I
Cyclopedia of American horticulture
i
■'rt^><^°
Cyclopedia of
American Horticulture
COMPRISING SUGGESTIONS FOR CULTIVATION OF HORTI-
CULTURAL PLANTS, DESCRIPTIONS OF THE SPECIES OF
FRUITS, VEGETABLES, FLOWERS AND ORNAMENTAL PLANTS
SOLD IN THE UNITED STATES AND CANADA, TOGETHER
WITH GEOGRAPHICAL AND BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES
BY
L. H. BAILEY
Professor of HorticuJture in Cornell University
AsSISTKlt HY
WILHELM MILLER
, Associate Editor
AND MANY EXPERT CULTIVATORS AND BOTANISTS
JllusftratrU toitS ober
Ctoo 'iXiiousanti i^ngmal (lEngtat)ins0
/AT Four Volumes
AD
'CTorontP i
VIHTUE & COMPANY \
10 ADKLAIDK STKEET KAf»T 1
T!h' litiht* <if tettrvdiicdon mid of fninnhitiii,- tire Mtnctl!' •■■>'»'i>'>'<' i
Copyright, 1900,
By the MACMILLAN COMPANY
^ount ©Iraaant Drinictp
J Horace McFarland Company
HarrisbutK, t'a.
PREFACE
T IS THE PURPOSE OF THIS WORK to make a complete
record of the status of North American horticulture as it
exists at the close of the nineteenth century. The work dis-
cusses the cultivation of fruits, flowers and garden vegetables,
describes all the species which are known to be in the hor-
ticultural trade, outlines the horticultural possibilities of the
various states, territories and provinces, presents biographies
of those persons not living who have contributed most to the
horticultural progress of North America, and indicates the leading mono-
graphic works relating to the various subjects.
It has been the dream of years to close the century with a comprehensive
index to American horticulture, and for a long period the Editor, therefore,
has collected notes, books, plants and information for the furtherance of
the work. Before the active preparation of the manuscript was begun, a
year was expended in making indexes and references to plants and litera-
ture. Every prominent plant and seed catalogue published in the United
States and Canada has been indexed, and the horticultural periodicals have
been explored. A dozen artists have been employed in various horticul-
tural centers to draw plants as they grow. Expert cultivators and botanists
have contributed on their various specialties. All the important articles
are signed, thus giving each author full credit for his work, and holding
him ]'esponsible for it.
Th ) work is made first-hand, from original sources of information.
So fa' as possible, the botanical matter has been newly elaborated from
the p ants themseh v^a ; and in all cases it is specially prepared directly for
this Cyclopedia, and is not the work of copyists nor of space-writers. In
many of the most important subjects, two authors have contributed, one
writing the culture and the other the botany ; and in some cases the
culture is presented from two points of view. When it has been
necessary to compile in comparatively unfamiliar groups, the greatest
pains has been taken to select authentic sources of information ; and the
proofs always have been submitted to recognized specialists. In f^>ct,
(▼)
vi PREFACE
proofs of every article in the work have been read by experts in that
subject.
Every effort has been made to present a truthful picture of American
horticulture, by describing those plants which are or lately have been in
the trade, and by giving cultural directions founded upon American
experience. Therefore the Old World cyclopedias, which represent other
horticultural floras and other methods of cultivation, have not been fol-
lowed. Species which are commonly cultivated in the Old World, or
which are mentioned prominently in horticultural literature, but vhich are
not known to be in North American commerce, are briefly recorded iu
smaller type in supplementary lists. The object has been to make the
work essentially American and wholly alive.
Particular attention has been given to the tropical and sub -tropical
plants which are now being introduced in southern Florida and southern
California. These plants already represent the larger part of the cultivated
tropical flora ; and a knowledge of them will be of increasing interest
and importance with the enlargement of our national sphere. The work
is intended to cover the entire field from Key West and the Rio Grande
to Quebec and Alaska.
North America is a land of outdoor horticulture, and the hardy fruits,
trees, shrubs and herbs are given the prominence which they deserve. In
most works of this character, the glasshouse and fanciers' plants receive
most emphatic attention.
Since it is hoped that the work will be of permanent value, descriptions
of varieties are not included ; for such descriptions would increase the bulk
of the work enormously, and the information would be out of date with the
lapse of a few months or years. If the work finds sufficient patronage, it
is hoped that a small supplemental volume may be issued annually, to
record the new species and varieties and the general • progress of horticul-
tural business and science.
The illustrations have been m^de under the personal supervision of
the Editor so far as possible, and, with few exceptions, they are owned
and controlled by the publishers. No trade cuts have been purchased. In
various confused groups, copies have been made of old prints for the pur-
pose of showing the original or native lorm of a plant, and thereby to
illustrate the course of its evolution ; but credit is given to the source
of the illustration.
The point of view is the garden, not the herbarium. The herbarium
PREFACE ^ vii
is the adjunct. In other words, the stress is laid upon the plants as
domesticated and cultivated subjects. Special efforts have been made to
portray the range of variation under domestication, and to suggest the
course of the evolution of the greatly modified forms. Garden plants are
worthy subjects of botanical study, notwithstanding the fact that they
have been neglected by systematists. It is desired to represent the
plants as living, growing, varying things, rather than as mere species or
bibliographical formulas.
The Editor desires to say that he considers this book but a beginning.
It is the first complete survey of our horticultural activities, and it is
published not because it is intended to be complete, but that it may
bring together the scattered data in order that further and better studies
may be made. A first work is necessarily crude. We must ever improve.
To the various articles in the work, the teacher of horticulture may assign
his advanced students. The Editor hopes that every entry in this book
will be worked over and improved within the next quarter centuiy.
T TT RATI W\
Horticultural Department, ^' ^-^' -o-^^-i-L^-Ci -«■ •
College op Agriculture of Cornell University,
iTrfACA, New York, December SO, 1899,
■ ■ 'lah Miiiiri
COLLABORATORS
/. PARTIAL LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS TO THE CYCLOPEDIA
The asterisk designates the contributors to the first volume,
proofs and in other ways.
Many of the contributors have also assisted in reading
Adams, Geo. E., Asst. Horticulturist, R. I. Exp.
Sta., Kingston, R. I. {Rhode Island.)
*Ames, Oakes, Asst. Dir. Botanic Garden, and
Instructor in Botany in Harvard f niv., Cam-
bridge, Mass. {Many genera of Orchids.)
*Arnold, Jr., Geo., Florist, Rochester, N. Y.
{China Asters.)
Arthur, Prof. J. C, Purdue Univ., Lafayette,
Ind. {Phi"^.olog" of Plants.)
Atkinson, Geo. F., Prof, of Botany, Cornell Univ.,
Ithaca, N. Y. {Mushrooms.)
Balmer, Prof. J. A., Horticulturist, Wash. Exp.
Sta., Pullman, Wash. {fVashington.)
♦Barclay, F. W., Gardener, Haverford, Pa. {Na-
tive Asters. Various hardy plants.)
Barnes, Charles R., Prof, of Plant Physiology,
Univ. of Chicago, Chicago, Ills. {Fertiliza-
tion . Flower. )
Bayersdorfer, H., Dealer in florists' supplies,
Philadelphia, Pa. {Everlasting flowers.)
♦Beach, Prof. S. A., Horticulturist, N. Y. Exp.
Si a., Geneva, N. Y. {Corn. Thinning.)
*Bladle, C. D., Botanist and horticulturist, Bilt-
more, N. C. {Bamboos.)
Beal, Prof. W. J., Mich. A^Tie. College, Agri-
cultural College, Mich. {Article ''^ Grasses.^')
*Beckert, Theo. F., Florist, Allegheny City, Pa.
{Bougainvillea.)
Berckmans, p. J., Pomologist and nur«'eryman,
Augusta, Ga. {Eaki. Has read j>roof of vari-
ous groups of importance in the South.)
Blair, Prof. J. C, Horticulturist, 111. Exp. Sta.,
Champaign, Ills. {Glass. Illinois.)
♦Bruckner, Nichol N., Dreer's nursery. River-
ton, N. J. {The article ^^ Ferns." Many groups
of tender ferns. )
Buffum, Prof. B. C, Horticulturist, Wyo. Exp.
Sta., Laramie, Wyo. {Wyoming.)
Burnette, Prof. F. H., Horticulturist, La. Exp.
Sta., Baton Rouge, La. {Louisiana.)
Bush and Sons and Meissner, Bushberg, Mo.
{Grape Culture in the Prairie States.)
*BUTZ, Prof. Geo. C, Asst. Horticulturist, Pa.
Exp. Sta., State College, Pa. {Carnation.
Pennsylvania. )
•Cameron, Robert, Gardener, Botanic Garden of
Harvard Univ. ( Various articles and much help
on rare plants. Alpinia. Campanula, etc.)
♦Canning, Edward J., Gardener, Smith College,
Botanic Gardens, Northampton, Mass. {Many
articles and much help on rare plants. Anthu-
rium, Gloxinia, etc.)
*Card, Prof. Fred. W., Horticulturist, R. I. Exp.
Sta,, Kingston, R. I. {Nebraska.- Botany and
culture of many bush fruits. Amelanchier. Ber-
heris. Blackberry. Buffalo Berry. Currant.)
Clinkaberry, Henry T., Gardener, Trenton, N.
J. {Certain orchids, as Lcelia, Lycaste.)
♦Cook, O. F., Div. of Botany, Section of Seed and
Plant Litroduetion, Dept. of Agric, Washing-
ton, D. C. {Coffee.)
Corbett, Prof. L. C, Horticulturist, W. Va. Exp.
Sta., i^org.antown, W. Va. ( West Virginia.)
♦Coulter, John M., Professor and Head of the
Dept. of B tany, Univ. of Chicago, Chicago,
Illinois.
♦Craig, Prof. John, Horticulturist, la. Exp. Sta.,
Ames, la. {Canada. Gooseberry.)
♦Craig, Roblrt, Florist, Philadelphia, Pa. {Arau-
caria. Ardisia . Codiceu m . )
Craig, W. N., Taunton, Mass.
♦Crandall, Prof. C. S., Horticulturist, Colo. Exp.
Sta., Fort Collins, Colo. (Colorado.)
CusHMAN, E. H., Gladiolus specialist, Euclid,
^ Ohio. {Gladiolus.)
♦Davis, K. C, Science teacher, Ithaca, N. Y.
{Rannnculacew.)
♦Davy, J. BuRTT, Assistant Botanist, Univ. of
Calif. Agric. Exp. Sta., Berkeley, Calif.
{Acacia. Eucalyptus. Myrtacece.)
♦Dorner, Fred., Carnation specialist, Lafayette,
Ind. {Carnation.)
DoRSETT, P. H. , Associate Physiologist and Patholo-
gist Dept. of Agric, Washington, D. C.( Violet.)
Duggar, B. M., formerly Asst. Cryptogamic Bota-
nist, Cornell Exp. Sta., Ithaca, N. Y. {Pollen.)
♦Earle, Prof. F. S., Horticulturist, Ala. Poly-
technic Institute, Auburn, Ala. {Alabama.)
Earl^., Parker, Horticulturist, Roswell, N. M.
{Nfw Mexico.)
COLLABORATORS
*ElSELS J. D., Foreman Dreer's Nursery, River-
ton, N. J. {Cordyline.)
*Elliott, William H., Florist, Brighton, Mass.
{Asparagus plumosus.)
Emery, S. M., Director Mont. Exp. Sta,, Boze-
man, Mont. (Montana.)
*Endicott, W. E., Teacher, Canton, Mass. {Achim-
enes. Acidanthera.)
*EVANS, Walter H., Office of Exp. Stations, Dept.
of Agric, Washington, D. C. (Alaska.)
*Fawcett, Wm., Dir. Dept. Public Gardens and
Plantations, Kingston, Jamaica. (Tropical
fruits, as therimoya, Mangosteen, etc.)
*Ferxow, Prof. B. E., Dir. College of Forestry,.
Cornell Univ., Ithaca, N. Y. [Conifers. For-
estry.)
*Finlayson, Kenneth, Gardener, Brookline,
Mass. (Diosma. )
•Fletcher, S. W., Horticulturist, Ithaca, Y.
(ConvolvuIac€(B. HelianVuus. Papaver.)
*Franceschi, Dr. F., Manager S. Calif. Acclima-
tizing Ass'n, Santa Barbara, Calif. (Rare
plants of S. Calif., as Dasyiirion, etc.)
Garfield, C. W., Horticulturist, Grand Rapids,
Mich. (Michigan.)
*Gerard, J. N., Elizabeth, N. J. (Many articles,
especially on bulbous plants, as Crocus, Iris,
Narcissus. )
Gillett, Edwahd, Nurseryman, Southwiek, Mass.
(Hardy Ferns.)
GOFF, Prof. E. S., Horticulturist, Wis. Exp. Sta.,
Madison, Wis. ( Wisconsin.)
*GrOULD, H. P., Asst. Entomologist and Horti-
culturist, Maryland Exp. Sta., College Park,
Md. (Brussels Sprouts. Celeriac. )
Green, Prof. S. B., Horticulturist, Minnesota
Exp. Sta., St. Anthony Park, Minn. (Minne-
sota.)
Green, Wm. J., Horticulturist, Ohio Exp. Sta.,
Wooster, Ohio. (Ohio. Sub- irrigation.)
*Greiner, T., Specialist in vegetables. La Salle^
N. Y". ( Garden vegetables, as Artichoke, As-
pa rag us , Bea n. Cress.)
*Grey, Robert M., Gardener, North Easton, Mass.
(Cypripedium and other oi'chids.)
Groff, H. H., Simcoe, Ont. (Gladiolus.)
*Gurney, James, Gardener, Mo. Botanical Garden,
St. Louis, Mo. (Cacti.)
*Hale, J. H., Nurseryman and pomologist, South
Glastonbury, Conn. (Conntcticut.)
♦Halsted, Prof. B. D., Rutgers College, New
Brunswick, N. J. (Diseases. Fungi.)
Hansen, Geo., Landscape architect and botanist,
Berkeley, Calif. (Epidcndrum.)
Hansen, Prof. N. E., Horticulturist, S. Dak.
Exp. Sta., Brookings, S. Dak. [South
Dakota.)
Hasselbring, H., Instructor in Botany, Cornell
Univ., Ithaca, >",. Y. (Iris and certain orchids,
as Gongora, Odontoglossum.)
•Hastings, G. T., Asst. in Botany, Cornell Univ.,
Ithaca, N. Y. (Some tropical plants, as Berria,
Bertholletia.)
Hatfield, T. D., Gardener, Welles! ey, Mass.
( Gesnera and various articles. )
Hedrick, U. p., Asst. Prof, of Horticulture,
Agricultural College, Mich. (Evaporated Fruits.)
•Henderson & Co., Petf.r, Seedsmen, 37 Cort-
landt St., New York, N. Y. (Bulbs.)
•Herrington, a.. Gardener, Florham Farms^
Madison, N. J. [Chrysanthemum coccineian.)
Hexamer, Dr. F. M., Editor American Agricul-
turist, New York, N. Y. (A. S. Fuller. )
Hicks, G. H., late of Dept. of Agric, Washing-
ton, D. C. (Seed Testing.)
*HiLL, E. G., Florist, Richmond, Ind. (Begonia.)
Hoopes, Josiah, Nurseryman, West Chester, Pa.
(Hedges.)
•HoRSFORD, Fred. H., Nurseryman, Charlotte, Vt.
(Alpine Gardens. Has read proof of many ar-
ticles on native plants.)
HuNN, Charles E., Gardener, Cornell Exp. Sta.,.
Ithaca, N. Y. [Forcing of vegetables.)
Huntley, Prof. F. A., Idaho Exp. Sta., Moscow^
Idaho. (Idaho.)
Hutchins, Rev. W. T., Sweet Pea specialist, In-
dian Orchard, Mass. (Sweet Pea.)
•Irish, H. C, Horticulturist, Mo. Botanical Gar-
den, St. Louis, Mo. (Capsicum.)
•Jackson & Perkins Co., Nurserymen, Newark,
N. Y. (Clematis.)
Jordan, A. T., Asst. Horticulturist, New Bruns-
wick, N. J. (Xew Jersey.)
•Kains, M, G.,T)iv. of Botany, Dept. of Agric,
Washington, D. C. (Minor vegetables. Pot
Herbs. Importations.)
•Keller, J. B., Florist, Rochester, N. Y. (Many
groups of hardy herbaceous perennials .)
Kelsey, Harlan P., Landscape architect, Boston,
Mass. (yorth Carolina plants, as Galax and
Leucothoe.)
•Kennedy, P. Beveridge, Div. of Agrostology,
Dept. of Agric, Washington, D. C. (Many
genera of grasses. Begonia.)
Kerr, J. W., Nurseryman, Denton, Md. (Mary-
land.)
•Kift, Robert, Florist, Philadelphia, Pa. (Cut-
jlo' ers. I
King, F. H., Prof, of Agricultural Physics, Madi-
son, Wis. [Irrigation.)
•Kinney, L. F., Horticalturist, Kingston, R. I.
-- (Celery.)
•Lager & Hurrell, Orchid cultivators. Summit,
N.J. (Cattleya.)
COLLABORATORS
Lake, Prof. E. R., Hqrticulturi&., Ore. Exp. Sta.,
Corvallis, Ore. {Oregon.)
Lauman, G. N., Instructor in Horticulture, Cor-
nell Univ., Ithaca, N. Y. {Geranium. Pelar-
gonium.)
*LONSDALE, Edwin, Florist, Chestnut Hill, Phila-
delphia, Pa. {Conservatory.)
Lord & Burnham Co., Horticultural architects
and builde'S, Irvington- on -Hudson, N. Y.
[Greenhousr Construction.)
*LoTHKOP & IfiGGiNS, Dahlia specialists, East
Bridgewater, Mass.
♦Manning, J. Wcodward, Nurseryman, Reading,
Mass. {Pyreth'^um. Has read proof of many
groups of herbaceous perennials.)
Manning, Warren H., Landscape architect,
Boston, Mass. {Article^ ^^ Herbaceous Peren-
nials.")
Massey, Prof. W. F., Horticulturist, N. C. Exp.
Sta., Raleijfh, N. C. {Figs. North Carolina.)
Mathews, Prof. C. W., Horticulturist, Ky. Exp.
Sta., Lexington, Ky. {Kentucky.)
*Mathews, F. Schuyler, Artist, - Morley St.,
Boston^ Mass. {Color.)
Maynard, Prof. S. T., Horticulturist, Mass.
Hatch Exp. Sta., Amherst, Mass. {Massa-
chusetts.)
McDowell, Prof. R. H., Reno, Nev. {Nevada.)
♦McFarland, J. Horace, Horticultural printer
and expert in photography, Harrisburg, Pa.
{Border.)
*Mc William, Geo., Gardene'*.- Whitinsville, Mass.
{Dipladeni4i.)
*Mead, T. L., Horticulturist, Oviedo, Fla. {Cri-
nun. Has helped in matters of extreme southern
horticulture. )
Morris, O. M., Asst. Hoiticulturist, Okla. Exp.
Sta., Stillwater, Okla. {Oklahoma.)
Moon, Samuel C, Nurseryman, Morrisvi c>j Pa.
( Trees for orna ment.)
MuNSON, T. v., Nurseryman and grape hybridist,
Denison, Tex. {Grape culture in the South.)
MuNSON, Prof. W. M., Horticulturist, Me. Exp.
Sta., Orono, Me. {Maine.)
*Newell, A. J., Gardener, Wellesley, Mass. [Cer-
tain orchids. )
Norton, J. B. S., Botanical Assistant, Mo. Botan-
ical Garden, St. Louis, Mo. {Euphorbia.)
*Ogston, Colin, Gardener, Kimball Conserva-
tories, Rochester, N. Y. {Dendrobium.)
*0liver, G. W., Gardener, U. S. Botanic Gardens,
Washington, D. C. {Many articles on palms,
aroids, succulents and rare plants, and much help
on proofs. Alstrcemeria. Amaryllis. )
*0rpet, Edward O., Gardener, So. Lancaster,
Mass. {Many articles. Border. Cyclamen. Dian-
thus, and certain orchids.)
♦Peacock, Lawrence K., Dahlia specialist, Atco,
N. J. {Dahlia.)
♦Powell, Prof. G. Harold. Horticulturist, Del.
Exp. Sta., Newark, Del. {Cherry. Delaware.)
Price, Prof. R. H., Horticulturist, Tex. Exp.
Sta., College Station, Tex. {lexas.)
♦PuRDY, Carl, Speeialigt in California bulbs,
Ukiah, Calif. {Califoryiian native plants, a^
Brodieea, Calochortus, Fntillaria.)
Rane, Prof. F. W., Horticulturist, N. H. Exp.
Sta., Durham, N. H. {New Hampshire.)
♦Rawson, W. W., Seedsman and market -gardener,
Boston, Mass. {Cucumber.)
♦Reasoner, E. N., Nurseryman and norticulturist,
Oneco, Fla. {Many articles, and much help on
extreme southern horticulture. Ccesalpinia.
Cocos.)
♦Rehder, Alfred, Specialist in hardy trees and
shrubs, Jamaica Plain, Mass. {Botany and
culture of most of the hardy trees and shrubs.)
♦Roberts, Prof. I. P., Dir. College of Agric,
Cornell Univ., Itliaea, N. Y. {Drainage. Fer-
tility. Potato.)
Rolfs, Prof. P. H., Horticulturist, S. C. Exp.
Sta., Clemson College, S. C. {Florida. Egg-
plant.)
♦Rose, J. N., Asst. Curator, U. S. Nat. Herb.,
Smithsoniau Inst., Washington, D. C.
{Agave.)
Rose, N. J., Landscape gardener to New York
City Parks, New York, N. Y.
♦RowLEE, Prof. W. W., Asst. Prof, of Botany,
Cornell Univ., Ithaca, N. Y. {Nymphcea. Nar-
cissus. Salix. Definitions.)
♦Sargent, Prof. C. S., Dir. Arnold Arboretum,
Jamaica Plain, Mass. {Abies.)
♦Scott, Wm., Florist, Buffalo, N. Y. {Acacia. Cy-
tisus. ConvallariA. Cyclamen. Smilax, etc.)
♦Scott, Wm., Gardener, Tarrytown, N. Y. {Berto-
lonia and other dwarf tender foliage plants.)
♦Semple, James, Specialist in China Asters, Belle -
vue. Pa. {Aster.)
♦Shinn, Charles H., Inspector of Experiment Sta-
tions, Univ. of Calif., Berkeley, Calif. {Cali-
fornia. Fig, etc.)
♦Shore, Robert, Gardener, Botanical Dept., Cor-
nell Univ., Ithaca, N. Y. ( Various articles, as
Acniypha, Bedding, Marguerites, Dichorisandra,
Fittonia.)
♦Siebrecht, Henry A., Florist and nurseryman,
New York and Rose Hill Nurseries, New Ro-
chelle, N. Y. {Dracatna and various articles.
Much help on rare greenhouse plants, jmrticularly
orchids.)
SiMONDS, O. C, Supt. Graeeland Cemetery, Buena
Ave., Chicago, 111. {CemeterieSf in article on
Ljndscape Gardening.)
zu
COLLABORATORS
Slinqerland, Prof. M. V., Asst. Prof. Economic
Entomology, Cornell Univ., Ithaca, N. Y.
(Insects. Insecticides.)
*Smith, a. W., Cosmos cultivator, Americas, Ga.
( Cosm OS. Moon flower . )
*Smith, Elmer D., Chrysanthemum specialist,
Adrian, Mich. (Chrysanthemum.)
*Smith, Jared G., Div. of Botany, Dept. of Agric,
Washington, D. C. (Xearly all palms and va-
rious genera, as Centaurea,Cerastium, Cotyledon.)
Spencer, John W., Fruit-grower, Westfield, Chau-
tauqua Co., N. Y. (Grapes. Help on impor-
tant fruits.)
Starnes, Prof. Hugh N., Horticulturist, Ga. Exp.
Sta., Athens, Ga. (Georgia.)
*Stinson, Prof. John T., Dir. Mo. Fruit Exp. Sta.,
Mountain Grove, Mo. (Arkansas.)
Taft, Prof. Ii. R., Horticulturist, Mich. Agric.
Coll., Agricultural College, Mich. (Heating.
Hotbeds. )
*Taplin, W. H., Specialist in ^alms and ferns,
Holmesburg, Philadelphia, Pa. (Culture of
many palms, ferns and foliage platits.)
*Taylor, Wm. a., Asst. Pomologist, Div. of Po-
mology, Dept. of Agric, Washington, D. C.
(Nuts.)
♦Thompson, C. H., Assistant Botanist, Mo. Botani-
cal Garden, St. Louis, Mo. {Many genera of
Cacti.)
•Toumey, Prof. J. W., Biologist, Ariz. Exp. Sta.,
Tucson, Ariz. (Arizona. Date.)
Tracy, S. M., Biloxi, Miss. (Mississippi.)
♦Tracy, Prof. W. W., Seedsman, Detroit, Mich.
(Cabbage.)
♦Trelease, Dr. Wm., Dir. Mo. Botanical Garden,
St. Louis, Mo. (Aloe. Apicra. Gasteria. Ha-
worth ia.)
♦Tricker, Wm., Specialist in aquatics, Dreer's
Nursery, Riverton, N. J. (Aquarium. Aqua-
tics. Nymphoki. Nelumhrnm. Victoria, etc.)
Troop, Prof. James, Horticulturist, Ind. Exp. Sta.,
Lafayette, Ind. (Indiana.)
Turner, Wm., Gardener, Tarrytown, N. Y.
(Farcing Fruits.)
*TuTTLE, H. B., Cranberry grower, Valley Junc-
tion, Wis. (Cranberry.)
♦Underwood, Prof. L. M., Columbia University,
New York, N. Y. (Botany of all ferns.)
♦Van Deman, H. E., Pomologist, Parksley, Va.
(Date.)
Vaughan, J. C, Seedsman and florist, Chicago
and New York. (Christmas Greens.)
Voorhees, Prof. Edward B., Dir. N. J. Exp. Sta.,
New Brunswick, N. J. (Fertilizers.)
Waldron, Prof. C. B., Horticulturist. N. Dak.
Exp. Sta., Fargo, N. Dak. (North Dakota.)
♦Walker, Ernest, Horticulturist, Arkansas Exp.
Sta., Fayett^ville, Ark. (Anmials. Basket
Pla n ts . Wa tering . )
Watrous, C. L., Nurseryman, Des Moines, la.
(Iowa.)
♦Watson, B. M., Instructor in Horticulture, Bus-
sey Inst., Jamaica Plain, Mass. (Colchicum.
Cuttage. Forcing. House Plants.)
Watts, R. L., Horticulturist, Tenn. Exp. Sta.,
Knoxville, Tenn. (Tennessee.)
♦Waugh, Prof. F. A., Horticulturist, Vt. Exp.
Sta., Burlington, Vt. (Beet. Carrot. Cucumber.
Lilium. Pentstemon. Salad Plants. Vermont.)
♦Webber, H. J., In charge of Plant Breeding
Laboratory, Div. of Veg. Phys. and Path.,
Dept. of Agric, Washington, D. C.
(Citrus.)
Whitney, Prof. Milton, Chief Div. of Soils,
Dept. of Agric, Washington, D. C. (Soil.)
Whitten, Prof. J. C, Horticulturist, Mo. Exp.
Sta., Columbia, Mo. (Mi<f.souri.)
♦WiCKSOi-f, Edward J., Prof, of Agricultural Prac-
tice, Univ. of Calif., and Horticulturist, Calif.
Exp. Sta., Berkeley, Calif. (Almond, Apri-
cot, Cherry, Grape, etc., in California.)
♦Wiegand, K. M., Instructor in Botany, Cornell
Univ., Ithaca, N. Y. (Coreopsis. Cordyline.
Cyperus. Draco'na.)
♦Wyman, a. p., Asst. to Olmsted Bros., Land-
scape Architects, Brookline, Mass. {Dirca,
Epigcea, Halesia and other hardy trees and
shrubs, )
II. PARTIAL LIST OF THOSE WHO HAVE ASSISTED BY READING PROOF,
AND IN OTHER WATS
Andrews, D. M., Nurseryman, Boulder, Colo.
(Native icestern plants, especial I y neic hardy CacH.)
Ball, C. D., Wholesale florist, Holmesburg, Phila-
delphia, Pa. (Palms. Ferns. Foliage
Plants.)
Barker, Michael, Editor "American Florist,"
324 Dearborn St., Chicago, 111. (Many sug-
gestions. )
Bassett, Wm. F., & Son, Hammonton, N. J.
(Hibisctts and other plants.)
Berger & Co., H. H., New York, N. Y. (Japa-
nese and Californian plants.)
Blanc, A., Seedsman and plantsman, Philadelphiai
Pa. (Cacti. Novelties.) -
Breck & Sons, Joseph, Seedsmen, Boston, Mass.
(Portrait of Joseph Jireck.)
COLLABORATORS
xm
BUDLOKO Bros., Pickle makera, 1 -ovidence, R. I.
(Cucfimber.)
Clark, Mis8 Josephine A., Asst. Librarian, Dept.
of Agric, Washington, D. C. {Information as
to species since Index Kewensis )
COATES, Leonard, Napa City, Calif. [Fruit Cul-
ture in California.)
CoviLLE, Frederick v.. Botanist, Dept. of Agric,
Washington, D. C. {Suggestions as to con-
tributors.)
CowEN, J. H., lorticulturist, Ithaca, N. Y.
{Colorado.)
Dat, Miss Mary A., Librari.an, Gray Herbarium
of Harvard Univ., Cambridge, Mass. {Rare
books. )
Deane, Walter, Cambridge, Mass. {Various
botanical problems.)
Devron, Dr. G., Amateur in Bamboos, New
Orleans, La. {Batnb^os.)
Dock, Miss M. L., Harrisburg, Pa. {Bartram.)
Dreer, H. A., Seedsmen and plantsmen, Phila-
delphia, Pa. {Many and varied services, espe-
cially in aquatics, ferns, foliage plants and rare
annuals.)
Eqan, W. C. Amateur, Highland Park, Ills.
{Plants of exceptional hardiness.)
Ellwanger & Barry, Nurserymen, Rochester,
N. Y. {Hardy plants.)
Ganong, W. F., Prof, of Botany, Smith College,
Northampton, Mass. {Cacti.)
Halliday Bros., Baltimore, Md., Florists.
{Azalea. Camellia.)
LuPTON, J. M., Market-gardener, Gregory, L. I,
{Cabbage.) *
Makepeace, A. D., Cranberry grower. West Barn-
stable, Mass. {Cranberry.)
Manda, W. a.. Nurseryman, South Orange, N. J.
{Orchid pictures.)
Manning, Jacob W., Nurseryman, Reading, Mass.
{Dried specimens of herbaceous perennial
plants.)
Manning, Robert, See. Mass. Hort. Soc, Boston,
Mass. ( Biographical sketches. )
Mathews, Wm . , Florist , Utica, N. Y. ( Orchids. )
May, John N., Florist, Summit, N.J. {Florists^
flotccfs. )
Meehan & Sons, Thos., Nurserymen, German-
town, Pa. {Hardy plants.)
PiERSON, F. R., Nurseryman, Tarrytown - on -
Hudson, N. Y. {Bulbs.)
Powell, Geo. T., Pomologist, G'aent, N. Y.
{Important fruits.)
Rider, Prof. A. J., Trenton, N. J {Cran-
berry.)
Robinson, Dr. B. L., Curator Gray Herbarium of
Harvard Univ., Cambridge, Lla> . {Various
articles.)
Sr-ooN, C. K., Fruit-grower, Geneva, N. Y.
{Cherry.)
Sears, Prof. F. C, Wolfville, Nova Scotia.
{Canada.)
Shady Hill Nursely Co., Boston, Mass. {Her-
baceous perennials.)
Slaymaker, A. W., Fruit-grower, Camden, Del.
{Delatrare.)
Stokrs & Harrison, Nurserymen, Painesville,
Ohio. {Various plants.)
Suzuki & Iida, Yokohama Nursery Co., 11 Broad-
way, New York, N. Y. {Japanese plants.)
Thorbi'RN & Co., J. M., Seedsmen, New York,
N. Y. {Numerous important and rare plants,
especially ann uals. )
Todd, Frederick G., Landscape architect, Mon-
treal, P. Q. {Hardy trees and shrubs.)
Vick's Sons, James, Seedsmen, Rochester, N. Y.
{Various plants.)
Ward, C. W., Florist, Cottage Gardens, Queens,
L. I. {Carnation.)
Webb, Prof. Wesley, Dover, Del. {Delaware.)
White, J. J., Cranberry grower. New Lisbon,
N. J. {Cranberry.)
WiLLARD, S. D., Nurseryman, Geneva, N. Y.
{Important fruits, as Cherry.)
Wood, E. M., Florist, Natick, Mass.
Wright, Charles, Horticulturist, Seaford, Del.
{Delaware.)
EXPLANATIONS
HoRTicuLT is the art of raising fruits, vege-
tables, flower^ ud ornamental plants. The lines
of demarcation between it and the art of agricul-
ture on the one hand and the science of botany
on the other, are purely arbitrary. In thif? work,
the word horticulture has been interpretit^d liber-
ally. Herein are included discussions of land-
scape gardening, and brief notes of such impor-
tant agricultural subjects as Coffee, Cotton, Flax,
and such economic subjects as Cinchona, India
Rubber. Forage and medicinal plants are men-
tioned only incidentally.
fVHAT IS MEANT BY ''THE TRADE''
It is the design of the Cyclopedia to describe
fully all those species of plants which are in the
American trade, — that is, the species that are
bought and sold. In order to determine what
species are in the trade, catalogues of nurserymen,
seedsmen and florists have been indexed, and
other commercial literature has been consulted;
in addition to this, specialists have been consulted
freely for lists of plants. The work includes the
plants offered by foreign dealers who have Ameri-
can agents, and who circulate in America cata-
logues printed in the English language : therefore,
the work will be found to include many species
offered by the bulb growers of Holland, and by
most other large European concerns. The pur-
pose is to make a live record of the real status
of our horticulture, rather than a mere compila-
tion from the other literature. However, im-
portant plants which are not in the American
trade are mentioned, for they may be expected to
appear at anytime: but these plants are in sup-
plementary lists in smaller type. Thus, the size
of type indicates that Abobra viridifiora is in the
trade, whereas Abroma augusta is not. It will no
doubt be a surprise to the reader, as it has been
to the Editor, to discover the great wealth of
American horticulture in species of plants.
NOMEXCLATURE
The Editor has desired to be conservative on the
vexed question of nomenclature. This effort is
particularly important in the discussion of culti-
vated plants, because names become established
in the trade and are worth money. A plant sells
under a familiar name, but it may be a commer-
cial failure under a new or strange one. Since
plants belong as mi'ch to the horticulturist as to
the botanist, it is only fair that the horticulturist
be corisulter" before wholesale changes are made
in nomenclature.
It ifi well to bear in mind that changes in the
names of plants proceed from two general causes, —
(1) from new conceptions respecting the limits of
generi, species, varieties, and (2) from new ideas in
the merely arbitrary fashions or systems of nomen-
clature. Changes of the former kind are usually
welcomed by horticulturists, because they eluci-
date our understanding of the plants, but changes
of the latter kind are usually deplored. At the
present moment, there is the greatest unrest in
respect to systems of nomenclature. This unrest
is, to be sure, in the interest of the fixity or per-
manency of names, but there is no guarantee— if,
indeed, there is any hope— that the system which
may be adopted to-day will be accepted by the
next generation. In fact, the very difficulty of ar-
riving at a common understanding on the qutstion
is itself the strongest evidence that the systens do
not rest on fundamental or essential principles,
but upon expediency and personal preference.
There is no evidence that names which are mak
ing to-day will persist any longer than have those
which they are supplanting.
So-called reforms in nomenclature are largely
national or racial movements, often differing
widely between different peoples : consequently it
is impossible to bring together under one system
of nomenclature the cultivated plants of the world
without making wholesale changes in names.
Therefore, the Editor has accepted the most ten-
able names which the plants bring, without in-
quiring into the system under which they are
given. In general, however, he believes that the
technical name of a plant is comprised of two
words, and that the first combination of these
two parts should be accepted as the name. Such
double names as Caialpa Catalpa and Glaucium
Olaucitim are the results of carrying arbitrary
rules to the utmost limit, but their ugliness and
arbitrariness condemn them. It is to be expected
that in the names of plants, as in everything else,
the race will not long tolerate inflexibility. ^
(xiv)
EXPLANATIONS
XV
In generic names, the system of Bentham and
Hooker (Genera Plmtcium) hftS been followed.
This system makes fo»ver chanj^es m accepted
horticultural name t^an any other, and this ie
considered to be a disiinct merit. The chief rea-
son for adopting t le liritisL ideas of genera, how-
ever, is that Indfs Kewensis aflfcrds a complete
fiuding-llGt of suecies under those genera. It
would bo impossible, in a work like the present,
to follow the m jre recent system of Engler and
Prantl (Die Nitiirlichen Pflanzenfamilien), be-
cause there is no index or fiuding-list for *hu
species under those genera, and to make the
proper combinitions of generic and specific names
for horticultur: il plants would necessitate a compi-
lation practically equivalent to Index Kewensis.
However, the various contributors have been at
liberty to adopt their own ideas of generic limita-
tions, so that the work will be found to occupy a
somewhat mi idle ground between the British and
German ideas of genera.
CHIEF LITERARY AIDS
In the compilation of this worl iif Editor has
had access to most of the impor* it world-floras,
and to the leading geographical floras. In the
systematic botany, the greatest help has been
derived fr jm i,he following great general works :
Bentham and Hooker, Genera Plantarum (1862-
1883); Hooker & Jackson, Index Kewensis (1893-
1895); DeCandolle's Pi-^dromus (1824-1873)-
DeCandolle's Monogrr= phiee Phanerogamanim
(1878-1896, and continu'ig); Engler and Prantl,
Die Naturlichen Pflanzenfamilien (begun 1889) ;
Botanical Magazine (1786 to the present, and con-
tinuing); Botanical Register (1815-1847); Revue
Horticole, Paris (1829 to the present, and continu-
ing) ; Gardeners' Chronicle, London (1841, and con-
tinuing), Garden, London (1871, and continuing);
Loddiges's Botanical Cabinet, London (1817-1833);
Flore des Serres, Ghent (1845-1880); L' Illustration
Horticole, Ghent (1854-1896) ; Gartenflora, Berlin
(1852, and continuing) ; Garden and Forest, New
York (1888-1897); Nicholson's Illustrated Diction-
ary of Gardening, London (1884-1887); Mottet's
translation of Nicholson, Paris (1892-1899) ; Siebert
and Voss, Vilmorin's Blumengartneri (189G).
HOW TO USE THE KEYS
In order to facilitate the study of the plants, the
species have been arranged systematically, under
the genus, rather than alphabetically. However,
in all genera which contain 15 or more species, an
alphabetical index has been supplied for purposes
of rapid reference. The grouping of the species
is founded preferably on horticultural rather
than on botanical characters, so that the ar-
rangement does not always express botanical re-
lationships. The grouping and the keys are
arranged primarily to aid the gardener in making
determinations of species. Every effort is made
sharply to contrast the species rather than to de-
scribe them. A word of explanation will facilitate
the use of the keys. The species are arranged in
coordinate groups of various ranks, and groups of
equal rank are marked by the same letter. Thus,
group A is coordinate with aa and with aaa, and
B with BB ai^d BBB. Moreover, whenever possible,
the cooruinate keys begin with the same catch-
word : thus, if A begins "flowers," so do aa and
AAA ; and this catchword is not used for keys of
other rank. As an example, refer to Acer, page
12. Look first at a, beginning "foliage;" then at
AA (p. 15), also beginning "foliage." Under A
are the coordinate divisions B and BB, each with
"bloom" for the catchword. Under b there are
no subdivisions, but under BB there are divisions
c, cc and ccc, each with "fls." for a catchword.
Under o there are no subdivisions, but cc has
four coordinate divisions, D, dd, ddd, dddd, each
with "Ivs." for a catchword, and so on. In other
words, if the plant in hand does not fall under a,
the inquirer goes at once to aa. If it falls under
A, then he determines whether it belongs to B or
to BB, and so on.
A diagrammatic display of a scheme would
stand as follows:
A. Leaves, etc.
B. Flowers, etc.
c. Fruits, etc.
c. Fruits, etc.
BB. Flowers, etc.
AA. Leaves, etc.
B. Rootb, tjti.
c. Flo vers, etc.
D. Margins of leaves, etc.
DD. Margins of leaves, etc.
c. Flowers, etc.
BB. Roots, etc.
BBB. Roots, etc.
AAA. Leaves, etc.
PRONUNCIA TION
Accent marks are used to aid the reader in pro-
nouncing the name. The accent designates (1)
stress, or the emphatic syllable, and (2) the length
of the emphatic vowel. Following the American
custom, as established by Gray and others, a grave
accent ( ^ ) is employed to designate a long vowel,
and an acute accent (') a short vowel. Thus,
officinale is pronounced offici-nay-Vi ; microcdrpus
is pronounced microcarp'-us. Ordinarily in diph-
thongs the mark is placed over the second letter.
Thus, in aurca the au is meant to have its custo-
mary long sound, as if written awe. Double vow-
els take their customary English sounds, as ee and
I
XVI
EXPLANATIONS
00. Thus, the oo in Hodkeri is to be pronounced
as in hook. In most cases, the letters oi (from the
Greek, meaning like to) are to be pronounced sep-
arately : if the » is the penultimate syllable (next
to the last), it is long, as in yuccol-des ; if the i is
the antepenultimate syllable (third from the end)
it is short, as in rhomboi-dea. In dioicus and
monoicwi, however, the oi is a true diphthong, as
in moist. It should be remembered that the final
e terminates a separate syllable, as commh-ne,
vulga-rcy gran' -de. This final e takes the short
sound of », as in whip.
These pronunciations follow, in general, the
common English method of pronouncing Latin
names. However, many of the Latinized forms
of substantive and personal names are so unlike
Latin in general construction that the pronuncia-
tion of them cannot follow the rule. As a matter
of fact, biological nomenclature is a language of
itself thrown into a Latin form, and it should not
be a source of regret if it does not closely follow
classical rules in its pronunciation. It has seemed
best to make an exception to the literary rules in
the case of personal commemorative names in the
genitive : we retain, so far as possible, the pro-
nunciation of the original name. Thus, a plant
named for Carey is called Ca-reyi, not Carey-i;
for Sprenger, Spreng-eri, not Sprenger-i. The
original spelling ( as written by the author of the
name) of the masculine genitive ending is usually
retained, whether i or ii, but the syllable is usually
pronounced as if the « were single. Whether one
t or two is used in the making of a masculine
genitive, is largely a matter of euphony and per-
sonal preference.
It may be well to add what are understood to be
the long and short sounds of the vowels :
k as in eane.
A as in can.
d aa in mete.
6 as in met.
1 as in pine.
i &s in pin.
y is often used as a vowel instead of i.
d as in cone.
6 as in eon.
ii as in jute.
6 us in jut.
SPELLING
The original spelling of generic and specific
names is preferred. In some instances this origi-
nal orthography does not conform to the etymology
of the name, particularly if the name is made from
that of a person. Such a case is Diervilla, named
for Dierville. Ideally, the name should be spelled
DierviUea, but Tournefort and Linnaeus did not
spell it so, and a name is a name, not primarily a
monument to a man.
In accordance with the best authorities, the di-
graph re is u-^ed in the words cterulea, earuleseens,
ceespitosa, e.fsia ; a? is used in ccelestis and coe-
lestinum.
Digraphs (e and ce have been dropped from Latin -
made names which have come into the vernacular.
Thus, as a common or English name. Spiraea be-
comes spirea, Paeonia becomes peonia or peony,
Bougainvillaea becomes bougainvillea.
ABBREVIATIONS
/. OF GENERAL EXPBESSIINS
cult cultivated, etc.
diam diameter
E. east.
ft feet.
tn inches.
N north.
S south.
trap tropics, tropical.
W west.
11. OF BOTANICAL TERMS
fl flower.
^.s' flowers.
fid flowered.
fr fruit.
h height.
//. leaf.
1ft leaflet.
Ivs. . leaves.
sts . stems.
syti synonym.
var variety.
III. OF BOOKS AND PERIODICALS
To aid the student in the verification of the
work, and to introduce him to the literature of the
various subjects, citations are made to the por-
traits of plants in the leading periodicals to
which the American is most likely to have access.
These references to pictures have been verified as
far as possible, both in the MS. and in the proof.
A uniform method of citation is much to be de-
sired, but is extremely difficult, because periodi-
cals rarely agree in methods. With great reluc-
tance it was decided to omit the year in most
eases, because of the pressure for space, but the
student who lacks access to the original vohimes
may generally ascertain the year by consulting the p p Th "pi "" t
bibliographical notes below.
An arbitrary and brief method of citation has
been chosen. At the outset it seemed best to indi-
cate whether the cited picture is colored or not.
This accounts for the two ways of citing certain
publications containing both kinds of pictures,
as The Garden, Revue Horticole, and Gartenflora.
Tht figures gi.on below erplain the method of
citation, and incidentally give some hints as to
the number of volumes to date, and of the number
of pages or plates in one of the latest volumes.
A few works of the greatest importance are
mentioned elsewhere by way of acknowledgment
(p. XV.). The standard works on the bibliography
of botany are Pritzel's Thesaurus and Jackson's
Guide to the Literature of Botany; also, Jackson's
Catalogue of the Library of the Royal Botanic
Gardens, Kew.
A. F. . . . The American Florist. Chicago. A trade
paper founded August 15, 1885. The vol-
umes end with July. Many pictures re-
peated in "Gng." (14: 1524= vol. and page).
A. G. . . . AmericanGardening. New York. Repre.seiits
14 extinct horticultural periodicals, includ-
ing The American Garden (1888-1890).
Founded 1879! (20:896 = vol. and page.)
B The Botanist. Edited by Maund. No years
on title pages. Founded 1839. 8 vols.,
50 colored plates in each vol. ( 8 : 400 =
vol. and col. plate.) Cumulative index.
B. B. . . . Britton & Brown. An Illustrated Flora of
the Northern U. S., etc. New York.
1896-1898. ( .*i :588 = vol. and page. )
B. H. . . .La Belgique Horticole. Ghent. 35 vols.
(1851-1885.)
B. M. . . . Curtis' Botanical Magazine. London.
Founded 1787. The oldest current peri-
odical devoted to garden plants. The
vol. for 1899 is vol. 125 of the whole
work. Index to first 107 volumes by E.
Tonks. London. ( 7690 = col. plate. )
B. R. . . . Botanical Register (1815-1847). Vols. 1-14
edited by Edwards : vols. 15-33 by Lind-
ley. In vols. 1-23 the plates are num-
bered from 1-2014. In vols. 24-33 they
are numbered independently in each vol.
There are 688 plates ia vols. 24-33. "An
Appendix to the First Twenty-three Vol-
umes " (bound separately or with the
25th vol.), contains an index to the first
23 vols. An index to vols, 24-31 may be
found in vol. 31. (33: 70 = vol. and col.
plate. )
D Dana. How to Know the Wild Flowers.
New York. 1893. (298 = page. )
Em. . . . Emerson, G. B. Trees and Shrubs of Mas-
sachusetts. Boston. 2 vols. 149 plates.
F.C. . . . Floral Cabinet. Knowles & Westcott. Lon-
don. 1837-1840. 3 vols., 4to.
s' Exchange. New York, A
tra<le paper, whose pictures sometimes
are repeated in "A.G." Founded Dec, 8,
1888. (11: 1298 = vol. and page. )
F. M. . . . Floral Majrazine. Ix)ndon. Series I. 1861-
1871, 8vo. Series II. 1872-1881, 4to.
(1881 :450 = year and col. plate.)
F. R. . . . Florists' Review. Chicago. A trade paper.
Vol. 1, Dec. 2, 1897, to May 26. 1898. Two
vols, a year. (4:660= vol. and page.)
(xvii)
XVlll
ABBREVIATIONS
F.S.
G.C. .
O.F.
G.M.
Gn.
Gng.
Gt.
G. W. F.
HBK. .
I. H. .
Flore des Serres. Ghent. (1845-1880.)
Inconsistent in numbering, but the plate
numbers are always found on the plate
itself or on the page opposite. Valuable
but perplexing indexes in vols. 15 and 19
(23:2481= vol. and col. plate.)
Th«) Gardeners' Chronicle. London. Se-
ries I. (io4l-1873) is cited by year and
pr^e. Series II. or "Nevr Series "( 1874-
1886), is cit'd thus: II. 26: 824 = series,
volume and page. Series ill. is cited
thus: iFT. 26:4i ". Two vols, a vear, be-
ginniuj^ 1874. z.. select index is scattered
through 1879 and 1^.30. Consult II.
12:viii (1879), and similar places in sub-
sequent vols.
Garden and Forest. New York. 1888-1897.
( 10 :518 = vol. and page. )
, Gardeners' Magazine. London. Ed. by
Shirh'v Hibberd. Founded 1860. Vols.
31-42 are cited. ( i2 :872 = vol. and page. )
. The Garden. London. Founded 1871. Two
vols, a year. (56: 1254 = vol. and col.
plate. 56, p. 458= vol. and page con-
taining black figure.) An Index of the
first 20 vols, was separately published.
Complete Index of Colored Plates to end
of 1888 in vol. 54, p. 334.
Gardening. Chicago. Founded Sept. 15,
1892. Vols, end Sept. 1. (7:384 = vol.
and page.)
Gartenflora. Berlin. Founded 1852. (Gt.
48: 1470 = vol. and col. plate. Gt. 48, p.
670=vol. and page containing black
figure).
Goodale's Wild Flowers of America. Bos-
ton, 1886. (50 = col. plate.)
Humboldt, Bonpland & Kunth. Nova
Genera et Species, etc.
7 vols. Folio.
Paris. 1815-25.
J. H.
L. . .
L.B.C.
Lind. .
Lowe .
M. . .
M.D.G.
Mn. . .
N.
. L'lllustration Forticole. Ghent. (1854-1896.)
(43:72 = vol. and col. plate.) The volumes
were numbered continuously, but there
were 6 series. Series I.= 1854-63. Se-
ries II. = 1864-69. Series I II. = 1870-80.
Series IV. = 1881-86. Series V. = 1887-
93. Series VI. = 1894-96. The plates
were numbered continuously in the first
16 vols, from 1 to 614 : in vols. 17-33
they run from 1 to 619: in series V. from
1 to 190: in Series VI. they begin anew
with each vol. Valuable indexes in vols.
10 and 20. Series V. in 4to, the rest 8vo.
. Journal of Horticulture. London. Founded
in 1848 as The Cottage Gardener. Series
III. only is cited, beginning 1880. (III.
39:504 = series, vol., page.)
. In vol. 1 of this work, sometimes means
Lindenia, sometimes Lowe's Beautiful
Leaved Plants. See " Lind." and " Lowe."
. The Botanical Cabinet. Loddiges. 1817-
33. 100 plates in each vol. Complete
index in last vol. (20: 2000 = vol. and
col. plate.)
. Lindenia. Ghent. Founded 1885. Folio.
Devoted to orchids.
. Beautiful Leaved Plants. E. J. Lowe and
Howard. London. 1864. (60 = col. plate.)
. A. B. Freeman-Mitford. The Bamboo Gar-
den. London. 1896. (224 = page.)
, Moller's Deutsche Gartner-Zeitung. Erfurt.
Founded 1886. (1897:425 = year and page.)
, Meehan's Monthly. Germantown, Phila-
delphia. Founded 1891. (9: 192 = vol.
and page opposite col. plate. )
. Nicholson. Dictionary of Gardening. Vols.
1-4 (1884-1887). Vol. 5 in preparation.
P. F. Q. . . Lindley & Paxton. Flower Garden. Lon-
don. 1851-53. 3 vols. 4to.
P. G. . . . '•opular Gardening. Buflfalo. 1885-90.
'5: 270= vol. and page.;
P. M. . . . Pax'on's Magazine of Botany. London.
1834^ t9. ^ 16: 376 = vol. and page oppo-
site cot. (jiate.) Vol. 15 has index of first
15 vo's.
B Reich .nbachia. Ed. by Fred. Sander. Lon-
don. Founded 1886. Folio.
R. B. . . . Revue de I'Horticulture Beige et Etrang^re.
Ghent. Founded 1875 i (2.{: 288 = vol. and
page opposite col. plate. ) In the first vol. of
the Cyclopedia "R.B." .sometimes means
Belgique Horticole, but the confusion is
corrected in later vols., where Belgique
Horticole is abbreviated to "B.H."
R. H. . . . Revue Horticole, Dates from 1826, but
is now considered to have been founded in
, 1829. (1899:596 = year and page opposite
^ col. plate. 1899, p. 596 = year and page
opposite black figure.)
S Schneider. The Book of Choice Ferns.
London. In 3 vols. Vol. 1, 1892. Vol. 2,
1893.
S. B. F.G. . Sweet British Flower Garden. London.
Series I., 1823-29, 3 vols. Series II.,
1831-38, 4 vols.
S. H. . . . Semaine Horticole. Ghent. Founded 1897.
(3 : 548 = year and page. )
S.TI. . . . Semaine Horticole. Erroneously cited in
this fashion a few times in first vol.
S. S. . . . Sargent. The Silva of North America.
13 vols. Vol. 1, 1891. Vol. 12, 1898.
(12:620= vol. and plate, not colored.)
S. Z. . . . Siebold & Zuccarini. Flora Japonica. Vol.
1, 1835-44. Vol. 2 bv Miquel, 1870.
(2:150 = vol. and plate.)
V. or V. M. Vick's Magazine. Rochester, N. Y. Founded
1878. Vols, numbered continuously
through the 3 series. Vols, begin with
Nov. (23:250= vol. and page.) Some-
times cited as "Vick."
IV. OF AUTHORS OF PLANT NAMES
By common consent, the Latin name of a plant,
in order to be considered by botanists, must first be
regularly published by a reputable author in a rep-
utable book or periodical. As an index to this
name, the name of its author is published with it
whenever an accurate account of the species is
given. Thus, Abelia Chinensis, R. Br., means that
this name v.as made by Robert Brown. This cita-
tion at once distinguishes Robert Brown's Abelia
Chinensis from any other Abelia Chinensis; for it is
possible that some other author may have given
this name to some other plant, — in which case the
older name must stand. Thus, the Abelia serrata of
Siebold & Zuccarini is not the A. serrata of Nich-
olson. In some cases, the fact that there are two
plants passing under one name is indicated in the
citation: Abelia rupestris, B.OTt., not Lindl., means
that the rupestns of horticulturists is not the rupes-
tris of Lindley. "Hort." means that the particular
name is one in use amongst horticulturists, — that
it is a garden name.
The citation of authorities gives a clue to the
time and place of publication of the species. It is
ABBREVIATIONS
XIX
an index, to the literature of the subject. It is no
part of thti idea m rcl^ o give credit or honor to
the mm who mavlc name. It is held by some
that the authority is ^.a intej^ral part of the name,
and should always go w 'i it; but coraraon usage
dictates otherwise, for tlie authority is never pro-
nounced with the Latin *vords in common speech.
The authority is a matter of bibIiogra:>ny, not of
language.
It remains to be said (as already explained un-
der the discussion of Nomenclature, page xi» . ^ that
the Editor holds that the name of a plant io of t»ro
coordinate words. Therefore, it is the habit of this
work to cite the author who first made the combi-
nation of the two, not the one who first invented
the specific name. Thus, Linnaeus called a certain
plamt Eupatoritim ccelestinum ; DeCandolle, however,
prefers to pxit this plant in the genus Conoclinium,
and calls it Conoclinium coelestinum. For the name
in Eupatorium, Linnaeus is cited: for the name in
Conoclinium, De CandoUe is cited. Some writers
would cite both authors under Conoclinium, thus:
Conoclinium c<El€stinum, (Linn.) DC. The authority
in parentheses is the one who invented the specific
name itself: the other is the one who made the
particular combination. This double citation is
bungling, particularly for a horticultural work. Its
merit is the fact that it suggests the history of the
name; but it is not complete in this respect, for
the name may have been used in other combina-
tions, of which the citation gives no hint. The full
history of a name can appear only in the synonymy.
Adans. Michael Adanson, 1727-1806. France.
Ait. William Aiton, 1731-1793. England.
Ait. f. William Townsend Aiton, the son, 1766-1849.
England.
All. Carlo Allioni, 1725-1804. Italy.
Andr. Henry C.Andrews, botanical artist and engraver,
conducted The Botanists' Repository from 1799-1811,
and illustrated books on heaths, geraniums and roses.
Andrk. Edouard Andr^, once editor of Illustration
Horticole, now editor-in-chief of Revue Horticole.
Abn. George Arnold Walker Amott, 1799-1868. Scot-
land.
Baill. H. Baillon, author of the great natural history
of plants in French.
Baker. John Gilbert Baker, formerly keeper of the Her-
barium of the Royal Gardens, Kew, England.
'Balt. Charles Baltet, frequent contributor to Revue
Horticole.
Bean. W. J. Bean, recent writer from Kew in Gard.
Chron. on bamboos.
Beal'v. Ambroise Marie Francois Joseph Palisot de
Beauvois, 1755-1820. France.
Bbissn. L. Beissner, Inspector of the Botanic Gardens
at Bonn, and Instructor at Poppelsdorf, pub. Hund-
buch der Nadelholzkunde.
Benth. George Bentham, 1800-1884, one of England's
most distinguished botanists.
Benth. & Hook. George Bentham and J. D. Hooker,
authors of Genera Plantarum. England.
Bernh. Johann Jacob Bemhardi, 1774-1850. Germany.
Bert. Carlo Giuseppe Bertero, 1789-1831. Died be-
tween Tahiti and Chile.
BiEB. Friedrich August Marschall von Bieberstein,
1768-1826. German botanist; lived later in Russia.
Bigel. Jacob Bigelow, 1787-1879. Massachusetts.
Bl. See Blrrae.
Blume. Karl Ludwig Blume, b. 1796 at Braun-
schweig, d. 1862 at Leyden. Wrote much on Jav«ui
plants.
Boiss. Edmond Boissier, 1810-1886. Switzerland.
BoJER. W. Bojer, 1800-1856, author of a Flora of Mau-
ritius. Austria.
Bbitton. Nathaniel Lord Britton, Director New York
Botanic Garden, New York, N. Y.
Brongn. Adolphe Theodore Brongniart, 1801-1876.
France. ' •;
Bull. William Bull, plant merchant, London.
Bull. Pierre Bulliard, 1742-1793, author of the g^eat
Herhicr de la France in 12 folio vols., with 600
plates.
BuNGE. Alexander von Bunge, 1803-1890. Russia.
BuBM. Johannes Burmann, 1706-1779, Prof, at Amster-
dam, wrote on plants of Ceylon and Malabar.
BuRM. f. Nickolaus Laurens Burmann, 1734-1793. Son
of Johannes.
Carb. Elie Abel Carrifere, 1818-1896, distinguished
French botanist and horticulturist, editor of Revue
Horticole,
Cass. Alexandre Henri Gabriel Cassini, Comte de,
1781-1832. France.
Cav. Antonio Jos^ Cavanilles, 1745-1804. Spain.
Cebv. Vicente Cervantes, 1759 (1)-1829. Mexico.
Cham. Adalbert von Chamisso, poet and naturalist,
1781-1838. Germany.
Chapm. Alvan Wentworth Chapman, 1809-1899, author
of Flora of the Southern United States.
Chois. Jacques Denys Choisy, 1799-1859 Switzerland.
CUNN. Richavd Cunningham, 1793-1835. Colonial bot-
anist in Australia.
CcNN., A. Allan Cunningham, b. 1791, Scotland, d.
1839, Sidney, Australia. Brother of Richard.
Cuirt. William Curtis, 1746-1799. England. Founder
of the Botanical Magazine, now known as Curtis'
Botanical Magazine.
CuBTis. Moses Ashley Curtis, 1808-1873. North Carolina.
DC. Augustin Pjramus DeCandolle, 1778-1841, projec-
tor of the Prodromus, and head of a distinguished
family. Alphonse DeCandolle, the son (1806-1893),
and Casimir DeCandolle, the grandson, are also
quoted in this work.
Decne. Joseph Decaisne, 1809-1882. France.
Desf. Ren^ Louiche Desfontaines, 1750-1833. France.
Desv. Augustin Nicaise Desvaux, 1784-1856. France.
DeVb. Willem Hendrik de Vriese, 1807-1862, Prof,
of Botany at Leyden. Wrote on medical plants and
plants of the Dutch East Indies.
Dicks. James Dickson, 1738-1822, Scotch writer on
flowerless plants.
Dipp. Dr. L; Dippel, of Darmstadt, Germany. Den-
drologist ; pub. Handbuch der Laubholzkunde.
XX
ABBREVIATIONS
D. Don. David Don, brother of George, 1800-1841.
Scotland.
Don. George Don. 1798-1856. England.
DoNN. James Donn, 1758-1813, author of Hortus Can-
tabrigiensis. England.
DorciLAi*. David Douelas, 1799-1&J4, collector in north-
western America. Scotland.
Drude. Prof. O. Drude, of Dresden, Germany.
Duchesne. Antoine Nicolas Duchesne, 1747-1827.
France.
DmoRT. Barth^lemy Charles Dumortier, 1797-1878.
Belgium.
DuNAL. Michel Felix Dunal, 1789-1856. France.
Dyer. W. T. Thistleton-Dyer, Director of Kew Gar-
dens, present editor of the Flora of Tropical Africa,
etc.
Eaton, A. Amos Eaton, 1776-1842, author of a Manual
of Botany for North America, 1st ed. 1817, 8th ed.
1841.
Eaton, D. C. Daniel Cady Eaton, Prof, at Yale Col-
lege, and writer on ferns.
Ehrh. Friedrich Ehrhart, 1742-1795. Germany.
Ell. Stephen Elliott, 1771-1830. South Carolina.
Ellis. John Ellis, 1711-1776. England.
Endl. Stephan Ladislaus Endlicher, 1804-1849, Prof,
at Vienna, Numerous works.
Engelm. George Engelmann, 1809-1884. Missouri.
Engler. Prof. A. Engler, of Berlin, joint author of
Engler and Prantl's Naturlichen Pflanzenfamilien.
F. C. Lehm. See Lehm., F. C.
Fee. Antoine Laurent Apollinaire F^e, 1789-1874.
France.
FiscH. Friedrich Ernst Ludwigvon Fischer, 1782-1854.
Russia.
FoRB. John Forbes, catalogued heaths, willows, coni-
fers, and other plants at Woburn Abbey.
FoRSK. Pehr Forskal, 1736-1768, collected in Egypt
and Arabia.
FoRST. Johann Reinhold Forster, 1729-1798. Germany.
(Also Georg Forster, the son. )
Fraser. John Eraser, 1750-1811, traveled in America
1785-96. Had a son of same name.
Frcel. Joseph Aloys Froelich, 1766-1841. Germany.
F. V. M. Ferdinand von Mueller, Royal botanist of
Australia, author of many works on economic
plants. See Muell.
Gaertn. Joseph Gaertner, 1732-1791. Germany.
Gacd. Charles Gaudichaud - Beaupr^, 1789-1864.
France.
Gawl. See Ker.
Gmel. Samuel Gottlieb Gmelin, 1743-1774. Russia.
Goepp. Heinrich Robert Goeppert, 1800-1884, Prof, at
Breslau. Wrote much on fossil botany.
GoRD. George Gordon, 1806-1879, author of the Pine-
tum. London, 1858.
Gray. Asa Gray, 1810-1888, Harvard University,
Massachusetts, America's most noted botanist.
Greenm. J. M. Greenman, writes from Ha vard Uni-
versity on Mexican plants.
Griseb., Gris. Heinrich Rudolph August Grisebach,
1814-1879. Germany.
Hassk. Justus Karl Hasskarl, 1811- . Germany.
Hayne. Friedrich Gottlob Hayne, 1763-18.32, Prof, at
Berlin. Medicinal plants; trees and shrubs.
Haw. Adrian Hardy Haworth, 1772-1833. England.
HBK. Friedrich Alexander von Humboldt, 1796-1859.
Germany. Aim6 Bonpland. 1773-18.58. France. Karl
Sigismund Kunth, 1788-18.50. Germany. Authors of
a great work on plants of the New World.
Hemsl. W. Botting Hemsley, Keeper at Kew, has
written many reviews of genera of horticultural
value in Gard. Chron. and elsewhere.
Herb. William Herbert. 1778-1847. England.
Hochst. Christian Friedrich Hochst^tter, 1787-1860,
described many African plants.
HoFFM. Georg Franz Hoffmann, 1761-1826. Germany.
Hook. William Jackson Hooker, 178.5-1865. England.
Hook. f. Joseph Dalton Hooker, the son, 1817-
England.
Hort. Hortorum, literally of the gardens. Placed af-
ter names current among horticulturists, but not
necessarily all horticulturists. Often used with less
exactness than names of authors. Frequently in-
dicates garden or unknown origin. Many of these
plants have never been sufficiently described.
JAOtj. Nicolaus .Joseph Jacquin, 1727-1817. Austria.
Juss. Antoine Laurent Jussieu, 1748-1836, the first to
introduce the natural families of plants. France.
Karw. Wilholm Karwinsky von Karwin, d. 1855, col-
lector in Brazil.
Kaulf. Georg Friedrich Kaulfuss, Prof, at Halle, d.
1830. He described the ferns collected by Chamisso.
Ker. John Belleuden Ker, 1765 (?;-1871, botanist, wit
and man of fashion. First known as John Gawler.
In 1793 was compelled to leave army because of sym-
pathy with French Rev. His name was changed in
1804 to John Ker Bellenden, but he was known to his
friends as Bellenden Ker. First editor of Edwards'
Botanical Register.
Ker-Gawl. See Ker.
Klatt. Friedrich Wilhelm Klatt, a contemporaneous
botanist. Germany.
Klotzsch. Johann Friedrich Klotzsch, 1805-1860, cu-
rator of Royal herbarium at Berlin, monographer of
Begoniaceae.
Koch. Karl Koch, 1809-1879. Germany.
Koehne. Emil Koehne, Prof, at Berlin. Pub. Deutsche
Dendrologie. ^^ r
Kotschy. Theodor Kotschy, Asst. curator at Vienna,
1813-1866. Wrote on oriental plants.
Kranzl. F. Kranzlin, Berlin, writes on orchids in The
Gardeners* Chronicle.
Kunth. See HBK.
Lag. Mariano Lagasca, 1776-1839, one of Spain's most
distinguished botanists.
Lam. Jean Baptiste Antoine Pierre Monnet Lamarck,
1744-1829, author of the Lamarckian philosophy of
organic evolution. France.
Langs. Georg Heinrich von Langsdorf, 1774-1852,
Russian consul-general in Brazil.
Lauth. Thomas Lauth, 1758-1826, Prof, of Anatomy
at Strassburg, wrote a 40-page monograph on Acer
in 1781.
Lecq. Henry Lecoq. b. 1802, once Prof, at Clermont-
Ferrand, wrote an elementary botany, a dictionary
of botanical terms, a book on hybridization, etc.
LeConte. John Eaton LeConte, 1784-1860. Pennsyl-
vania,
ABBREVIATIONS
XXI
Lkdeb. Karl Friedrich von Ledebour, 1785-1851.
Kussia.
Lehm. Johann Georg Christian Lehmann, 1792-1860,
Prof, at Hamburg, wrote several monographs, and
described many new plants.
Lkhh., F. C. F. C. Lehmann, living German collector
in South America.
Leicht. Max Leichtlin, horticnlturist, Baden-Baden,
Germany.
Lem. Charles Lemaire, 1800-1871. Belgium.
LHer. C. L. L'H^ritier de Brutelle, 1746-1800.
France.
LiN'D. & Rod. L. Linden and E. Rodigas, once adminis-
trator and editor, respectively, of L' Illustration Hor-
ticole.
Linden. J. Linden, 1817-1898. Belgium. For many
years director of L'lllustration Horticole.
LiND., L. Lucien Linden, associated with J. Linden for
some years on L'lllustration Horticole.
LiNDL. John Lindley, 1799-1865, one of the most
illustrious of English horticulturists.
Link. Heinrich Friedrich Link, 1767-1851. Germany.
Linn. Carolus Linnaeus (Carl von Linn^), 1707-1778,
the "Father of Botany," and author of binomial
nomenclature. Sweden.
Lrs^>. f. Carl vo ,inn^, the son, 1741-1783. Sweden.
LoDD. Conrad -^Jdige^.. nurseryman near London,
conducted Lrd liges' Botanical Cabinet from 1817-33,
20 vol".. 2. COO colored plates.
LoiSEL. Jean Louis Auguste Loiseleur-Deslongchamps,
1774-1849. Fiance.
LorD. John Claudius Loudon, 17S3-1843, an extremely
prolific English writer.
LoUK. Juan Loureiro, 1715-1796, missionary in China.
Portugal.
Marsh. Humphrey Marshall, 1722-1801. Pennsylvania.
Mart. Karl Friedrich Philipp von Martins, 1794-1868,
Prof, at Munich, monographer of palms, founder of
the great Flora Brasiliensis, and author of many
works.
Mast. Maxwell T. Masters, editor of The Gardeners'
Chronicle, wherein he has described great numbers
of new plants of garden value ; author of Vegetable
Teratology, etc.
Max. or Maxim. Karl Johann Maximowicz, 1827-1891,
one of the most illustrious Russian systematic bota-
nists; wrote much on Asian plants.
Medic. Friedrich Casmir Medikus, 1736-1808, director
of the garden at Mannheim, wrote a book of 96 pages
in German on North American plants in 1792.
Meisn. Karl Friedrich Meisner, 1800-1874. Switzer-
land.
Mett. Georg Heinrich Mettenius, 1823-1866, Prof, at
Leipzig, wrote on flowerless plants.
Mey. Ernst Heinrich Friedrich Meyer, 1791-1851.
Prussia.
Met., C. A. Carl Anton Meyer, 1795-1855, director
botanic garden at St. Petersburg, wrote on Russian
botany.
MicHx. Andr^ Michaux, 1746-1802. France, but for
ten years a resident of North America.
MiCHX. f . Fran<;ois Andr^ Michaux, the son, 1770-1855.
France.
Mill. PhUlip Miller, 1691-1771, of Chelsea, England,
author of a celebrated dictionary of gardening,
which had many editions.
MiQ. Friedrich Anton Wilhelm Miquel, 1811-1871.
Holland.
MiTFORD. A. B. Freeman-Mitford, English amateur,
author of The Bamboo Garden .
MoENCH. Konrad Moench, 1744-1805. Germany.
MoxcH. See Moench.
Moore. Thomas Moore, 1821-1887, curator of Chelsea
Botanic Garden, author of Index Filicum, and other
well known works.
Mo<j. Alfred Moquin-Tandon, 1804-1863. France.
MoRREN. Charles Jacques Edouard Morren, of Ghent,
1833-1886.
MoTT. S. Mottet, frequent contributor to Revue Hor-
ticole, translator of Nicholson's Dictionary of
Gardening.
McELL. Arg. Jean Mueller, of Aargau, wrote for
De CandoUe's Prodromus, vol. 16.
MuELL., C. Carl Mueller, 1817-1870, who edited vols.
4-6 of Walpers' Annals.
MuELL., F. Ferdinand von Mueller, Royal botanist at
3Ielboume, h«s written much on Australian and
economic bctany.
MuHL. Henry Ludwig Muhlenberg, 1756-1817. Penn-
sylvania.
MrRR. Johann Andreas Murray, 1740-1791. Germany.
MuRR., A. Andrew Murray, 1812-1878, author of The
Pines and Firs of Japan. London, 1863.
Naud. Charles Naudin, 1815-1899, botanist, frequent
contributor to Revue Horticole.
Ndn. See Naud.
N.E. Br. N. E. Brown describes many new plants in
Gardeners* Chronicle.
Nees. Christian Gottfried Nees von Esenbeck, 1776-
1858. Prussia.
Nichols. George Nicholson, Curator at Kew, author
of The Dictionary of Gardening.
Nltt. Thomas Nuttall, 1786-1859. Massachusetts.
O'Brien. James O'Brien, current writer on orchids in
Gardeners' Chronicle.
Oliv. Daniel Oliver, once Curator at Kew, and founder
of the Flora of Tropical Africa.
Orph. Theodor Georg Orphanides, Prof, of Botany at
Athens. D. 1886.
Ortega, Ort. Casimiro Gomez Ortega, 1740-1818.
Spain.
Otto. Friedrich Otto, 1782-1856. Germany. :
Pall. Peter Simon Pallas, 1741-1811, professor and
explorer in Russia. Germany.
Pax. Ferdinand Pax, German botanist. Breslau.
Paxt. Joseph Paxton, 1802-1865. England. - ^
Pers. Christian Hendrick Persoon, 175.5-1837. Ger-
many.
Planch. Jules Emile Planchon, professor at Mont-
pellier. France.
PoHL. Johann Emmanuel Pohl, 1782-1834, Prof, at
Vienna, wrote a large book on travels in Brazil.
PoiR. Jean Louis Marie Poiret, 17.55-1834. France.
Presl. Karel Boriweg Presl. 1794-18.52. Bohemia.
Pi'RSH. Frederick T. Pursh (or Pursch), 1774-1820.
Siberia, but for 12 years in the United States.
zxu
ABBREVIATIONS
Raddi. Giuseppe Raddi, 1770-1829. Italy.
Raf. Constantinu Samuel Raflnesque-Sohmaltz, 1784-
1842. Prof, of Nat. Hist. Transylvania Univ., Lex-
ington, Ky.
R. Br. Robert Brown, b. Scotland, 1773, d. London,
1858. Author of many important worlts.
Rkqel. Eduard von Regel, 1815-1892, German, founder
of Gartentlora; Dir. Bot. Garden at St. Petersb ir ;.
Rkich. Heinrich Gottlieb Ludwig Reichenbach, 179:^-
1879. Germany.
Reich, f. Heinrich Gustav, 1823-1889, son of the pre-
ceding. Orchids.
Rich. John Richardson, 1787-1865. Scotland, [FVance.
Richard. Louis Claude Marie Richard, 1754-1821.
RiDDELL. John Leonard Riddell, 1807-1865, Prof, of
Chemistry in Cincinnati and New Orleans.
Rob. Dr. B. L. Robinson, Director Gray Herbarium of
Harvard Univ., is editing The Synoptical Flora of
North America.
Rod. Emile Rodigas, for some years connected with
L'lllustration Horticole.
ROEM. Johann Jacob Roemer, 1763-1819. Switzerland.
Also M. J. Roemer.
RoscoE. William Roscoe, 1753-1831. England.
Rose. J. N. Rose, Asst. Curator, U. S. Nat. Herb.,
Smithsonian Institution. Mexican plants.
Roth. Albrecht Wilhelm Roth, 1757-1834, Physician at
Vegesack, near Bremen.
RoxBG. William Roxburgh, 1759-1815. India.
RoYLE. John Forbes Royle, b. 1800 at Cawnpore, d.
London, 1858. Prof, in London. Plants of India.
Ruiz & Pay. Hipolito Ruiz Lopez, 1764-1815, and Jos^
Pavon, authors of a Flora of Peru and Chile. Spain.
RupR. Franz J. Ruprecht, 1814-1870. Russia.
S. & Z. See Sieb. & Zucc.
Sabine. Joseph Sabine, 1770-1837. England. [land.
Salisb. Richard Anthony Salisbury, 1761-1829. Eng-
Salm-Dtck. Joseph, Prince and High Count Salm-
Reiflferscheidt-Dyck, b. at Dyck, 1773, d. 1861. Wrote
on Aloe, Cactus, Mesembryanthemum.
Sabo. Prof. Charles Sprague Sargent, Dir. Arnold
Arboretum, author of Silva of North America.
ScHEiDW. Michael Joseph Scheidweiler, 1799-1861,
Prof, of Bot. and Hort. at Hort. Inst, of Ghent.
ScHLECHT. Diedrich Franz Leonhard von Schlechten-
dahl, 1794-1866. Prof, at Halle, wrote several memoirs
in Latin and German,
ScHLDL. See Schlecht.
ScHOTT. Heinrich Wilhelm Schott, 1794-1865, wrote
much on Aroids with Nyman and Kotschy.
Schrad. Heinrich Adolph Schrader, 1767-1836. Ger-
many.
ScHw., ScHWEix. Lewis David von Schweinitz, 1780-
1834. Pennsylvania.
ScHWER. Graf Schwerin, German authority on Acer.
Scop. Johann Anton Scopoli, 1723-1788. Italy.
Seem. Berthold Seemann, Hanover, 1825-1872, wrote
on palms, and botany of the voyage of the Herald.
SiBTH. John Sibthorp, 1758-1796, author of a Flora of
Greece. England.
Sieb. & Zucc. Philipp Franz von Siebold, 1796-1866,
and Joseph Gerhard Zuccarini, 1797-1848. Ger-
many.
SiKBEBT. A. SieVrt, Dir. of the Palm Gard.at Frank-
furt, joint author of Vilmorin's Blumengartuerei.
Sims John Sims, 1792-18.'J8. England, for many years
editor of Curtis' Botanical M- ^azine.
Smith. James Edward Smith. 1759-1828. England.
Sol., Soland. Daniel Solander, 17;i6-1782. England.
Spach. Eduard Spach, b. Strassburg, 1801, d. 1879.
Author of Histoires Naturelle des Vegetaux.
Spaeth. L. Spaeth, Berlin, nurseryman.
Spreno. Kurt Sprengel, 1766-1833. Germany.
Steld. Ernst Gottlieb Steudel, 1783-1856. Germany.
Stev. Christian Steven, 1781-1863. Russia.
St. Hil. Auguste de Saint Hilaire, 1779-lo53. France.
SwABTZ. Olof Swartz, 1760-1818. Sweden.
Sweet. Robert Sweet, 1783-18.35, author of many well
known works, as Geraniaceee, British Flower Garden.
Swz. See Swartz,
Thore. Jean Thore, 1762-1823, physician at Dax.
Thunb. Carl Peter Thunberg, 1743-1822. Sweden.
ToRR. John Torrey, 1796-1873. New York. [setts.
TrcKM. Edward Tuckerman, 1817-1886. Massachu-
Ukdebw. Prof. Lucius M. Underwood, Columbia Univ.,
New York, N. Y.. has written much on ferns, etc.
Vahl. Martin Vahl, 1749-1804. Denmark.
Van Houtte. Louis Van Houtte, 1810-1876, founder
and publisher of Flore ^^s Serres.
Veitch. John Gould Veitch, 18.39-1867, and successors,
horticulturists at Chelsea, England.
Vent. Etienne Pierre Ventenat, 1757-1808. France.
Vebl. B. Verlot, contributor to Revue Horticole.
Vebsch. Ambroise Verschaffelt, 1825-1886, founder pnd
publisher of L'lllustration Horticole at Ghent, Bel-
gium.
ViLL,. Dominique Villars, 174&-1814. France.
ViLM, Several generations of the family of Vilmorin,
Paris, seedsmen and authors of many books and
memoirs on botany and horticulture. Pierre Philippe
Andr^ Leveque de Vilmorin, 1746-1804. Pierre Vil-
morin, 1810-1860. Henry L. de Vilmorin, d. 1899.
Voss. A. Voss, author of botanical part of Vilmorin's
Blumengartnerei.
Wahl. Georg Wahlenberg, 1781-1851. Sweden.
Wall. Nathanael Wallich, b. Copeiihagen 1786, d.
London 1854, wrote on plants of India and Asia.
Walp. WUhelm Gerhard Walpers, 1816-1853.
Walt. Thomas Walter, about 1740-1788, author of
Flora Caroliniana. South Carolina.
Wang. Friedrich Adam Julius von Wangenheim, 1747-
1800. Gt-rmany.
Wats. Sereno Watson, 1826-1892. Harvard University.
Wedd. H. A. Weddell, wrote for De Candolle's Pro-
dromus, vol. 16, etc.
Wendl., H. Hermann Wendland, Dir. Royal Bot.
Garden at Herrenhausen, one of the chief writers on
palms.
Willd. Karl Ludwig Willdeuow, 1765-1812. Germany.
With., Wither. William Withering, 1741-1799. Eng.
Wittm. Max Karl Ludwig Wittmack, editor of Gar-
tenflora. Prof, at Berlin.
Wood. Alphonso Wood, 1810-1881. Of his Class-Book
of Botany, 100,000 copies have been sold in Amer.
Zrcc. Joseph Gerhard Zuccarini, 1797-1848, Prof, at
Munich.
Cyclopedia of American Horticulture
AB£LIA (after Dr. Clarke Abel, d. 1826). CaprifoUd-
eece. Small shrubs : Ivs. opposite, small, petioled and
mostly dentate: fls. tubular, unequally 5-lobed, in axil-
lary, 1-3-fld. cymes, sometimes forming terminal panicles:
fr. adry, leathery berry. E.Asia, Himalayas and Mexico.
Pree-flowering low shrubs for cool greenhouse or outdoor
cultivation. The Japanese and Chinese species are the
hardiest, but in the north require some protection during
the winter. The Mexican species are hardy only south.
If potted, a sandy compost of peat and loam will suit
them; in the often they grow best in sandy soil in a sunny
position. Prop, by greenwood cuttings in summer or by
layers in sp-lng.
Chin^nsis, R. Br. {A. ^-upistris, Lindl.). Lvs. ovate,
rounded at the base, serrate, hairy on the midrib beneath
and sometimes with scattered hairs above, deciduous:
fls. in terminal panicles, white, J^in. long; sepals f .sta-
mens exserted. Summer. China. B.R. 32:8. Gn. 27,
p. 424.
floribiinda, Decaisne. Shrub, 4 ft. : lvs. persistent,
oval,crenate-serrate, ciliate: peduncles axillary, 1-3-fld. ;
corolla rosy purple, 2 in. long; sepals 5. Summer. Mex.
B.M.4316. F.S. 2:5. R.B. 23:157.
^andifldra, Hort. (A. Chinensisxunijtdra, A. rupis-
tris, Hort., not LiTkdl. A. rup^stris, var. grandifldra,
Andr^. A. uniflbrd. Hort., not Turcz.). Lvs. ovate,
rounded or attenuate at the base, serrate, shining above,
nearly glabrous, half -'ivergreen : fls. in terminal panicles,
white flushed pink, over ^iin. Jong; sepals 2-5; stamens
not exserted. Of garden origin. Gt. 41:1366.— One of
th'* hardiest and most free-flowering Abelias; it flowers
continuously from June to Nov.
A. hifibra, Turcz. Lvs. ovate-lanceolate, hairy, coarsely ser-
rate, deciduous : fls. vhite: sepals 4. Manchuria, N. China. —
A. serrata, Sieb. & Zucc. Allied to A.biflora. Sepals 2. Japan.
S.Z.l:^i.—A.spathvldta,Sieb.^.ZnQC. Allied to A.biflora. Lvs.
ovate: fls. ovc lin. long, white tinged yellow in throat ; sepals 5.
Japan. S.Z.1:34. B.^LmOl.— A. tri/lor-a, R.Br. Lvs. persistent,
lanceolate, nearly entire, hairy : fls. white, tinged with pink;
Sep. 5, linear, long, hairy. Himal. P.F.G. 3: 91. R.H. 1870: 511.—
A.unifldra,R.Br. (A. serrata, Nichols. .notS.&Z.). Lvs. persis-
tent, ovate-lanceolate : fls. rosy white with yellow in throat;
sepals 2. China. B.M.461H. Gn. 27, p. 425. ^^^^^^ Rehder.
ABfiKIA(Mt.Aber). Bixindcecp. The Kei Apple of the
Cape of Good Hope; a spiny plant grown S. for hedges,
but killed in Fla. by freeze of 1893: is considered prom-
ising for S. Calif, and S. Fla. as a fruit plant. Int. 1891.
Fresh fruit used as pickles.
C&ffra, Hook, f . & Harr. Thorny, glabrous : lvs. obo-
vate, obtuse, cuneate at base, entire: fls. dioecious,
apetalous. G.C. III. 18: 737.
Abies (derivation doubtful). Conijercp. Fir. Tall,
pyramidal trees: lvs. lanceolate or oblanceolate, entire,
sessile, persistent for many years; on youu). plants and
lower sterile branches flattened, usually deep green and
lustrous above and silvery white below from the pres-
ence of many rows of stomata, rounded an>I variously
notched at the apex, appearing 2-ranked by a twist at
their base; on upper fertile branches crowded, more or
less erect, often incurved or falcate, thickened or quad-
rangular, obtuse or acute : fls. axillary, appearing in
early spring from buds formed the previous summer on
branch lets of ♦he year, surrounded by involucres of the
enlarged scales of the flower-buds: staminate fls. pen-
dent on branches above the middle of the tree: pistil-
late fls. globular, ovoid or oblong, erect on the topmost
branches: fr. an erect, ovoid or oblong cylindrical cone,
its scales longer or shorter than their bracts, separating
at maturity from the stout, persistent axis. Northern and
mountainous regions of the northern hetnisphere, often
gregarious. Twenty-three species are distinguished;
greatest segregation on the Cascade Mountains of Ore-
gon, in the countries adjacent to the Mediterranean, and
in Japan. All the species produce soft, perishable wood,
sometimes manufactured into lumber, and balsamic exu-
dations contained in the prominent resin vesicles in tl»e
bark characteristic of the genus. Handsome in cultiva-
tion, but usually of short-lived beauty. Moist, well-
drained soil. Prop, by sowing and by grafts. Seeds are
usually kept dry over winter and planted in frames or
seed-beds in spring. Young plants usually need shade.
Most species can be grafted with comparative ease;
A. Picea and A. balsamea are commonly used for
Spanish Fir.— Abies Pinsapo.
stocks. Many species which have been referred to Abies
are now included in Picea. S. S. 12. Heinrich Mayr,
Monographie der Abietineen des Japanischen Reiches.
Gn. 11, pp. 280, 281. See Conifers.
The following species, in the American trade, are here
described, the synonyms being in italics : amabilis, Nos.
4,8; Apollinis,12; balsamea, G; hrachyphylla,\\; Ceph-
alonica, 12; Cilicica, 3; concolor, 9; Fraseri, 7; Gordoni-
ana, 8; grandis, 8; homolepis, 11; Hudsonia, 6; Lowi-
ana,9; magnifica, 15; nephrolepis, 10; nobilis,14; Nord-
manniana, 2; Parson.'iianaj 9; pectinata, 1; Picea, 1;
Pichta, o ; Pinsapo, 13 ; Shasteusis, 15 ; Sibirica, 5 ;
Veitchii, 10. See supplementary list, p. 3, for other
cultivated species.
A. Euahies. Leaves fiat, grooved on the upper surface,
only occasionally stomatlferous above on upper
fertile branches.
B. Leaf blunt.
c. Foliage essentially green. — the leaves green above and
u-hitish only beneath.
D. Cones usually upwards of / tM. long.
1. FicetL,Liui\l.( A . pectindta , DC). Silver Fir. Fig.
2.C. Tree 100-200 ft. : trunk 6-8 ft. in diam. : lvs. flat, dis-
tichously spreading, dark green and lustrous above, sil-
very white below: cones slender, cylindrical, light green
to dark purple, 5-6 in. long ; bracts slightly longer than
their scales. Mountains oif central and southern Europe,
ojftt-ii gregarious. — Wood esteemed and much used;
yields Strasburg turpentine. Dwarf forms, with erect
and pendulous and with much abbreviated branches, are
common in gardens.
ABIES
ABiES
2. Nordmanniina, Spaeh. Fig. 2, e. Tree 100-130 ft. :
trunk 4-6 ft. iu diam. : Ivs. flat, crowded, dark green aud
very lustrous above, silvery white below: cones oblojjg-
cylindrical or ellipsoidal,dark orange-brown, 4-0 in. long;
bracts as long as or slightly longer than their .scales.
Mountains south and southeast of the Black Sea,and west-
ern spurs of the Caucasus. B.M. (J992. Ung. 6:51, — Very
hardy; one of the most desirable tirs iu northern states.
3. Cilicica, Carriere. Tree 45-60 ft. : trunk 2-3 ft. in
diam. : Ivs. narrow, flat, dark green above, silvery white
below: cones stout, cylindrical, orange-brown, 5-6 in.
long; b»*acts rather shorter than their scales. At high
elevations on the Anti-Taurus of Asia Minor, and on the
Lebanon. A. G. 16:255. Gng. 4:113. — Begins to grow
early in the spring and is often injured by late frosts;
hardy aud desirable in the northern states.
4. amdbiliB, Forb. TVhiteFir. Tree 100-150 ft.: trunk
4-6 ft. iu diam. : Ivs. crowded, dark green and very lus-
trous above, silvery white below, occasionally stoma-
tiferous on the upper surface : cones oblong, dark pur-
ple, 3V^-6 in. long; bracts much shorter than their scales.
Cascade Mountains of Washington and Oregon, and
Coast Ranges from Vancouver Island to Oregon. — One
of the handsomest of the genus, often forming groves
at high elevations ; in cultivation grows slowly, and is not
very satisfactory.
DD. Con*-H usually under 4 in, long.
5. Sibirica, Ledeb. {A. Pichta, Forbes).
Tree 60-100 ft. : trunk 2-4 ft. in diam. : Ivs.
crowded, dark yellow-green : cones cylin-
drical, slender, brownish yellow, 2>^-3 in.
long; bracts mucu.shorter than their scales.
Northern and eastern Russia to Kamt-
schatka and Mongolia, gregarious
on the Altai Mountains. — Very
hardy, the early growth often
injured by late frosts ; in cult,
soon becomes thin
and loose in habit
6. bals&mea, Mill.
Balsam Fir. F\g.2,h.
Tree 50-80 ft. : trunk
17-30 in. in diam. :lvv..
dark green and lus-
tree. Trees sold under this name are nearly always forms
of A. bafsnmea.
8. grindis, Lindl. (.4.awrf?»j7/.'<,Murr.,notForbes. A.
Gordonidna,CArr.). Fig.2,rt. Tree 200-300 ft., becoming
4 ft. in diam. : Ivs. thin and flexible, deeply grooved, very
dark green above and silvery white beneath: cones cy-
lindrical, 2-4 in. long, rounded orretuseat the apex, the
broati.scales somewhat squarrose and irregularly serrate
and furnished with a short point. Coast of northern Cali-
fornia to Vancouver Island and to the western slopes of
the Rocky Mountains of Montana. S.S.12: 612. Gn. 38,
p. 291. R.H.1894, p. 274. — Occasional specimens are seen
in parks and choice grounds, but
it rarely thrives in eastern states.
cc. foliage pale blue or tii^^
glaucous. .t^lJf^f*
9. cdncolor,
Lindl.&Gord. ^|»
A. Lowidna, O^T ■.>,
A. Murr. A. ^ --^.
Parsonsidna,
Hort.). White
Fir. Fig.2,rf.
2.
A. errandis
Picea; d.
Abies or Fir.
; b. A. balsamea ; c. A.
A.concolor; e. A. Nord-
manniana ; /. A. mai^ifica.
trous above, pale
tMU'lJii. B ■■wyy^^^w' my/ziia^^ below, rounded or
Vj'jr/'jir^mSSBK^B^SSSsr obtusely short-
W, J J ^f fj^^^K^^SM^^Km^ I ■ ^^^«PV. pointed and occa-
sionally emargi-
nate, acute or acu-
minate on fertile
branches : cones
oblong, cylindri-
cal, purple, 2}^-4
in long ; bracts
shorter or rarely
slightly longer
than their scales.
Eastern North
America from Labra.ior and the valley of the Athabasca
to Iowa and the mountains of Virginia. S. S. 12:610.
G.C. III. 17: 423, 425, 431.— Wood occasionally used for
lumber; Canadian Balsam, or Balm of Fir, is obtained
from bark ; in cult, loses its beauty early.
Var. Hudsdnia, Engelm. {A. Huds6nica, Hort.), is a
dwarf form.
7. Friseri, Poir. She Balsam. Tree .30-50 or even 70
ft.: trunk reaching 2% ft. in diam.: Ivs. flat, obtusely
short-pointed, twisted at the base so as to appear to be
crowded on the upper side of the branches, dark green
and lustrous : cones oblong-ovate or nearly oval, rounded
at the slightly narrower appx, 2^^ in. long and 1 in. thick,
the scales dark purple, twice as wide as long and at matu-
rity nearlvhalf covered by palereflexed bracts or points.
Mountains of Va., Tenn., and N. C. S. S. 12: 609. -Too
much like the baLsani fir to be prized as an ornamental
Tree 100-250
ft. : tnmk 4-6
ft. in diam.:
Ivs. elongated,
stoniatiferous on the upper
surface, on fertile branches
often falcate and thickened
and keeled above : cones ob-
long, gray-green, dark purple or bright
canary-yellow, :{-5 in. long; bracts shor-
ter than their scales. Western North
America from southern Oregon to Lower
California and to Utah, southern Colo-
rado, New Mex., Ariz, and Sonora. S.S.
12: 613. G.C. III. 8:748, 749.-Of all fir trees best with-
stands heat and drought; very hardy, grows rapidly,
and the most desirable of the genus in the eastern states.
Leaf pointed, especially on main shoots,
and usually rigid.
10. Vditchii, Lindl. (A. nephrolepis, Maxim.). Tree
80-100 ft. : trun' 3-4 ft. in diam. : branchlets slender,
pubescent: Ivs. crowded, dark green and lustrous above,
silvery white below : cones cylindrical, slender, dark
purple, 2-2 >^ in. long ; bracts shorter than their scales.
Mt. Fuji-san, Japan ; gregarious and forming great for-
ests, coast of Manchuria. — Very hardy in the northern
states, and in a young state one of the most beautiful
of fir trees.
11. hoill61epi8,Sieb.«feZucc.(4. brachyphfflla, Maxim.).
Tree 80-100 ft. : trunk 6 ft. in diam: upper branches long
and vigorous, ultimately forming a broad round-topped
head: Ivs. elongated, sharp-pointed, dark green and very
lustrous above, silvery white below: cones cylindrical,
stout, dark purple, 3-3^^ in. long ; bracts much shorter
than their scales. Mountains of central Japan, singly or
in small groves. B.M. 71 14. — Very hardy, and iu its young
state one of the most desirable of the fir trees for the
northern states. ^
12. Cephal6nica, Loud. Tree 60-70 ft.: trunk 2-4 ft. in
diam.: Ivs. l»road, rigid, sharp-pointed, standing out
from the branches at right angles: cones cylindrical,
slender, pointed, gray-brown, Cy-G in. long; bracts longer
or rarely shorter than their scales. Mt. Enos, on the Island
of Cephalonia. Gng. 6:49,— Hardy as far N. as south-
ern New York,
Var. Ap611iiiiB, Boiss. {A. ApMlinis, Link.), with nar-
row and blunter leaves, is remarkable in its power to pro-
duco vigorous shoots from adventitious buds. Mountains
of (treece and Roumelia, often gregarious: more hardy
tlian tlje type in the northern states.
ABIES
ABUTA
13. Pinsipo, Boiss. Spanish Fir. Fig. 1. Tree 70-80
ft.: trunk 4-G ft. in diara.: Ivs. short, broad, rigid,
sharp-pointed, bright green, spreading from all sides of
the stiff branchlets : cones cylindrical, slender, gray-
brown, 53^-6 in. long ; bracts shorter than their scales.
Mountains of central and southern Spain, often grega-
rious. G.C. III. 21:407.— Not very hardy north of the
Middle states.
AA. yobiles. Leaves hlne-green, often glaucous, stoma-
tiferous on both surfaces, flat or -i-sided on
sterile branches; 4-sidefl, acute, incurved and
crowded on fertile branches.
U. ndbilis, Lindl. Red Fir. Tree 150-250 ft. : trunk 0-8
ft. in diam. : Ivs. on lower branches grooved above,
rounded and emarginate at the apex: cones oblong-cylin-
drical, purplish or olive-brown, 4-0 in. long; bracts much
longer, thin and covering the scales, strongly reflexed,
palfl green. Cascade and Coast Mountains of Washington
and Oregon, often gregarious. S.S. 12:617.
G. C. III. 20: 275.— There is a var. glauca
in the trade.
15. magrnifica, A. Murr. Red Fir, Fig.
2, /. Tree 200-250 ft. : trunk 0-10 ft. in
diam.: Ivs. quadrangular, bluntly pointed
on sterile and acute on fertile branches:
cones oblong-cylindrical, purplish brown,
6--9in. long; bracts much shorter than the
scales. Sierra Nevada of California; gre-
garious and forming great forests. S. S.
12:618. On. 37, p. 591. — Wood occasionally
manufactured into lumber. Less hardy
in the eastern states than A. nohilis.
Var. Sliast^lisis, Lemm., of southern
Oregon and northern California, cones
somewhat smaller, vrith bracts as long as
or longer than the scales. S.S. 620.
A. Albertidna, Murr.=Tsuga hetero-
phylla. — A. Jiahorensia, Let. Lvs. dark,
silvery below, very numerous, }^-l in. long:
cones 4 or 5 together, reaching 7 or 8 in.
long and 1 in. diam. X. Africa. R.H. 1866,
p. 106.— 4. bifida, Sieb.
& Zucc.="A. firma— ^.
bracteata. Hook. & Am.
=A. venusta. — ^4. Can- --jnK^.r^^-.^^f^
adensis, Michx. = Tsuga :.->7VwiJiii*^^.C->?; -7* ?,
Canadensis. — A. firma, ' ' '" ' ^^-' - - — '
Sieb, & Z-icc.="A. Mome,
Sieb. Lvs. thick and rigid,
lin.long:cones cylindrical
often Sin.long.with keeled
scales. Japan. Promising
for S.— A. Hookeridna,
Murr.='Tsuga Mertensi-
&nai.—A .lasiocdrpa, Nutt.
Lvs. blue-green and glaneous: cones 3in. long, with very broad
spineless scales. Western L^.S.Gng.4:373. S.S. 12:611.— 4. macro-
<rd rpa, V.isey=»Pseudotsuga macrocarpa. — A. Jfdrieaij, Mast.
Small tree with crowded branches and short, dark foliage which
is pale below: cones large, dark purple. N.Japan. — A. Jlf<rtcn-
sidna, Lindl.=T iga heterophylla. — A. Numidica, DeLannoy
=»A.Baboren8i' A.Pindrow, Spach.,isaformof A.Webbiana,
but has longer If ;ives and smaller cones. Himalayas. — A. Hegi-
n(e AmdlUe— A. Cephalonica, var. Appolinis. — A. religiosa,
Lindl. Ix)ng, slender, drooping branches: lvs. silvery below:
cones Sin. long. Mex. B.M.675;i, — A.^'af/iaZ/rtPn*/*, Mast. Tall
tree, with pale bark, white buds, and long, slender, dark green
lvs.: cones 3 in. long. E.Asia. — A. «M6a7phm, Engelm.^lasio-
carpa. — A.veiiHsta, Koch. Lvs. acuminate, dark yellow, green
above and silvery below : cones 4 in. long, with Iv,ng, slen-
der bracts. California. S. S. 12 : 615, 616. B. M. 4740. — J..
Webbidna, Lindl. Lvs. l-2Kin. long, flat, silvery below: cones
cylindrical, 6 or 7 in. long- Himalayas. See Picea for A. Aja-
nensis, alba, Alcockiana, Engelmanni, excelsa, Gregoriana,
miniata, Morinda, nigra, obovata, orientnlis, pendula, polita,
pungens, Schrenkiana, Smitfiiana. See, also, Fseudotsuga and
C. S. Sargent.
ABOBRA (Brazilian name). Cucurbitdcece. Green-
house climber,cult. for its numerous small, showy fruits :
arrows rapidly, and may be planted out in summer. The
tuberous roots are stored like dahlias. Prop, by seeds or
rarely by soft cuttings.
viridifldra, Naudin. Height 10-15 ft. : lvs. much di-
viili'd: lis. small, pale green, fragrant: fr. a scarlet gourd.
Brazil. R.H. 18G2: 111.
ABBOMA (from a, not, and broma, food). Sterculid-
cexp. Greenhouse evergreen trees. Prop, by seeds or by
cuttings in spring from half -ripened wood under glass.
A. augtista, Linn. f. Lower lvs. cordate. 3-5-lobed : upper lvs.
ovate-lanceolate. Trop As. B.R.518.— A./Mtwdsa, R.Br. Lower
lvs. cordate. 5-lobed; upper lvs. ovate: fls. dark purple. Trop.
As., Austral.
ABBONIA (from abros, delicate, referring to involu-
cre). Nyctagindcecp . Trailing plants, with fragrant ver-
bena-like flowers suitable for baskets and rockeries;
commonlv treated as hardy annuals. Mostly tender
perennials from Calif. Height 0-18 in. For early and
continuous summer bloom, seeds may be sown in pots
of sandy soil the previous autumn and wintered in a
frame. Peel off the husk before sowing seed. Cf . Sereno
Watson, Bot. Calif. 2 : 3-5.
: A. Flowers yellow.
Fig. 3. Plant very viscid-pubescent:
lvs. thick, broadly ovate or reni-
form, obtuse, on distinct petioles:
root stout, fusiform. A. are-
ndria, Menzies, is probably the
same, but is considered distinct by
some. B.M. 6546. G.C. II. 16:365.
AA. Flowers pink or rose.
umbell&ta, Lam. Whole plant
viscid-puberulent : lvs. typically
narrower than the above, oval
or oblong : fls. pink. F. S.
11: 1095. P. M. 16: 36. Var. gran-
dilldra, Hort,, Las larger fls. and
broader lvs.
villdsa, Watson. Smaller and
slenderer than the last and t overed
with a glandular-villous pubes-
latifdlia, E^ch.
^■?i^r^i^
3. Abronia latifolia (X J-a).
cence:'lvs. rarely 1 in. long: fls. 5-15 in a cluster, rose.
Not common in cult. Int. 1891.
AAA. Flotcers white.
mellifera, Dougl. Stouter than A. t<»ihe7Za fa.* involucre
larger, scarious: lvs. longer and narrower. B.M. 2879.
Int. 1891.
frilgrailS, Nutt. Lvs. larger than in A. umbellata,
broader at the base and more tapering: fls. night-bloom-
ing. B.M. 5544.
A.pnlchHla, Nicholson. Fls. pinkish rose.— A. rosea, Hart-
weg.=»umbellata ? ^^^ ]y(^
ABBUS (from abros, soft, referring to leaves). Legti-
mindscf. Deciduous greenhouse climber, or used S.
outdoors for screens. Roots have virtues of licorice.
Needs strong heat for indoor culture. Prop, by seeds
or by cuttings tinder glass in sand.
precatdrius,Linn. Crab's-eve Vine. Weather-plant.
Height 10-12 ft. : leaflets oblong, in numerous pairs: fls.
varying from rose to white: seeds bright scarlet, with a
black spot, used by Buddhists for rosaries, and in India
as standards of weight. Tropics.— The absurd claims
made for itsweather-prophesving properties are exposed
by Oliver iu Kew Bull. Jan. 1890.
ABOTA (native name). Menispermdceop. Greenhouse
evergreen climber. Prop, by cuttinjrs under gla.ss with
bottomlu'at.- A . r»</»''.«c<'M.<{, Aubl. Lvs. ovate: fls. dark
purple within. S. Am. Unimportant.
ABUTILON
ABITTILON
AfitfTILON (name of obscure origin). Malvdcece.
Flowering Maple. Attractive coolhouse shrubs ami
window plants. Lvs. long-stalked, often maple-like: tls.
with naked 5-clef t calyx, 5 separate obovate petals, many
stamens united in a column about the many-branched
4. Abutilon striatum (X K^
Style. Of very easy culture in conditions which are suit-
able for geraniums or fuchsias. Usually grown in pots,
but sometimes bedded out in summer. Dwarf and com-
pact varieties suitable forbedding are becoming popular.
The tall varieties are adaptable to growing on rafters
or pillars. A .
striatum and A. ,_,
Thompsoni are
the commonest
type forms. Prop,
by greenwood cut-
tings at any sea-
son, preferably in
late winter or
early spring ; also freely by seeds. Many
horticultural varieties, some of them no
doubt hybrids, are in common cultivation.
Following are well known : Arthur Bel-
sham, red, shaded gold, Boule de Neige,
pure white, very free. Eclipse, foliage
marbled green and yellow: fls. of fair size;
sepals scarlet; petals orange-buff : suited
for baskets and vases : a form of A . mega -
potamicum (another Eclipse is known
Erecta, pink orange-veined erect fls. Gol-
den Bell, deep yellow, free-flowering. Golden Fleece,
pure yellow, free-flowering. Mary Miller, deep rose
pendulous fls. Mrs. John Laing, purplish rose. Roste-
flora, pinkish rose. Royal Scarlet, rich, shining scarlet.
Santana, deep red. Savitzii, dwarf, with white-edged
foliage: useful forbedding. Snow Storm, semi-dwarf,
pure white. Souvenir de Bonn, lvs. large, deep green,
not mottled, but edged with a broad white margin: dis-
tinct and striking: a useful bedding plant. Splendens,
bright red.
A. Leaves prominently lobed, mostly maple-like or-
vine-like.
— -B. Corolla iridely open or .spreading.
D4rwini, Hook. f. Strong pubescent shrub 3-5 ft.:
lvs. velvety pubescent beneath, thickish, 5-9-ribbed, the
lower ones lobed to the middle, the upper ones shallow-
3-lobed ; fls. 1-3 at a place, orange with blood-red veins.
Brazil. B.M. 5917. — Blooms in both winter and summer.
Much hybridized with other species. A . grandiflbrum
and A. compdctum are garden forms ; also A. floribun-
dum, Hort., R. H. 1881: 350.
BB. Corolla mostly longer and contracted at the mouth.
striatum, Dicks. Fig, 4. Glabrous throughout: lvs. thin,
deeply 5-lobed, the lobes long-pointed, rather closely ser-
rate, sometimes small-spotted: fls. rather small and slen-
der, hanging on peduncles 4-6 in. long, red or orange,
•with brown^red veins, the stamens scarcely or not at all
exserted. Brazil. B.M. 3840. P.M. 7: 53.— One of the har-
diest species, blooming continuously.
Tli6mp8oni, Hort. Fig. 5. Graceful but strong-growing
plant: lvs. vine-like, mostly3-lobed, the middle lobe long-
pointed, thin and usually glabrous, mottled with green
and yellowish blotches: fls. medium size, yellow or
orange with red veins, the column of stamens conspicu-
ously exserted in the single forms. R.H. 1885:324. G.W.
70:133.— Blooms in summer and winter. An oflFshoot of
A . striatum, or a hybrid with that species. In the double-
fld. form, the fls. are open-spreading. Cions often convey
the variegation to the stock. Common and valuable.
vendsum, Lemaire. Very strong grower: lvs. large,
deeply palmate-lobed and strongly toothed: fls. large, 3
in. long, on peduncles 10-12 in. long. Mex. B.M. 4463.
—A showy species.
AA. Leaves not lobed, cordate, but prominently toothed,
, sometimes angled.
B. Corolla wide-spreading.
insigne, Planchon. {A. igneum, Hort.). Lvs. medium
size, crenate-dentate, acuminate, villous pubescent un-
derneath: fls. large, flaring-mouthed, white with very
heavy and rich veiningand markings of purple and red,
onslenderhangingpeduncles. New Granada. B.M. 4840.
Gn. 18: 263. — Very showy; common.
longricuspe, Hochst. White-canescent shrub, with long-
acuminate, broad-cordate and blunt-toothed long-stalked
lvs., felt-like below: blue veiny wide-open fls. on mostly
many-branched axillary peduncles. Abyssinia. — Re-
cently introduced by S. Cal. Acclimatizing Assoc, irom
seed collected by SchweinfurtU and distributed from
Berlin in 1893.
BB. Corolla long
and narrow.
megapotdmicom,
St. Hil. & Naud.
(4. vex'lliiriumf
Morren>. Fig.6. Droop-
ing habit : lvs. rather
small, lance - ovate,
acuminate, sharp-ser-
rate : fls. 2-3 in. long,
on short drooping
stalks, the long calyx
bright red, the pro-
truding petals lemon-
yellow, the column of
stamens conspicuously
protruding. Trop. Am.
B.M. 5717. Gn. 37: 745. J. H. HI. 18: 359. -A strikingly
handsome species. Common in windows and baskets.
There is a variegated-leaved variety. Generally mis-
spelled mesapotamicum .
.4. ar6^r«im, Sweet. Lvs. cordate, tomentose: Us. pale yellow.
Abutilon
Thompsoni,
double (XVa).
ABUTILON
ACACIA
'PeTxi. — A.Be4fordidnum,^t.'H.\\. Lvs. lobed: fls. yellow with
red: very tall. BtazU.— A. globiAdrum, Don. Fls. large, cream-
i-olored. Mauritius.— A.inffOerrimum, Hooker& Jackson, Index
Kewensis. (Sidaintegerrima, Hook. B.M. 4360. i Lvs. entire, cor-
date, toraentnse below: fl». large, yellow, flariug New Granada.
— A..p<eoni4j^rum, W&lpen, Fls. rather small, piak. Brazil.
6. Abutilon mespjiotaniicum (X /^).
'-A.pulehellum,Sweet, '.nd ^4. pulchrum, Don.=»Plagianthus
pulchellus. — A.vitifdliv/n,Pres\. Lvs. lobed: fls. wide-spread-
ing, light blue ( a white-flowered var.) : plant one of the hardiest.
Chile. B.M. 4227, 7328. Gn. 51:1117. l H. B.
ACACIA (ancient name). Legumindscp, tribe Mimb-
nece. Shrubs or trees : lvs. twice-pinnate, of many leaf-
lets, or reduced to phyllodia or leaf -like petioles, as in
Figs. 8 and 9 (except the earlier lvs. of young seedlings,
and occasionally those on robust shoots) : fls. yellow or
white, minute, in conspicuous globular heads or cylin-
<lrical spikes, axillary, solitary or fasciculate, or diffusely
paniculate at the ends of the branches ; stamens very
many, exserted. Australia (chiefly); afew in N. and S.
America, N. and S. Africa and Asia. Ours Australian
unless otherwise stated. Prop, by seeds sown under
glass as soon as ripe, or by cuttings of half-ripened
wood taken with a heel, in summer; the seeds should
first be placed in hot water and left to soak 24 hours.
The bark of most of the Australian and of some other
species {es^pecia.Uy A. pycnantha, A. moUissima and A.
decurrens) abounds in tannins, which may eventually
make their cultivation profitable in the southwest. For
outdoor planting in Calif, and the S.,keep in pots until
large enough to place in permanent quarters, for they do
not transplant well. Several African species yield the
jrum arable of commerce, especially A. Senegal. Mono-
graphed in part by Baron von MUller in his Iconography
of Australian Acacias, cited here as F. v. 31. Icon.
J. BuRTT Davy.
Of several hundred known kinds, not more than 50 are
in cultivation, and a dozen species will cover those deserv-
ing of greenhouse culture, but these few are gems. All
of this most important section thrive in a winter tem-
perature ranging from 40° to 50°; in fact, little above
the freezing point is .suflicient. They do not like heat,
and consequently are not adapted for forcing. If win-
tered cool and allowed to come along naturally with the
increasing heat and light of the spring, they will flower
in March and April, a season when their graceful beauty
is appreciated in the private conservatory or is valuable
to the commercial florist. The prevailing color of all the
Australian species is yellow, varying from pale lemon to
deep orange. The tall-growing kinds, or rather those in-
clined to make lofcg, straight shoots, make excellent sub-
jects for planting permanently against a glass partition
of a conservatorj-, or against a pillar. There is scarcely
a more beantiful plant than A. pubeseens, with its
slightly drooping, yellow racemes. It deserves a fa-
vored place in every cool conservatory. The Acacias are
of easy culture. If planted permanently in the border,
provision for drainage should be made. A good, coarse,
tarfy loam, of not too heavy texture, is all they want,
with the addition of a fifth part of leaf -mold or well-
rotted spent hops. Few of our greenhouse pests trouble
them. Water in abundance they like at all times, and in
their growing season, which is the early summer months,
a daily syringing is necessary. Several 6t the species of
bushy habit are very largely grown as pot-plants in Eu-
rope, and are now largely imported and sold for the east-
em trade. A. armata and A. Dntmmondii are good
species for this purpose. We believe, with our hot sum-
mers, the commercial man will do better to import than
to attempt to grow them from cuttings. The Acacias
need pruning, or they will soon grow straggling and un-
shapely; more especially is this true of those grown in
pots. After flowering, cut back the leafling shoots rather
severely. Shift into a larger pot if roots demand it, and
encourage growth by a genial heat and syringing, giving
»t same time abundance of light and air. They should
be plunged out-of-doors as soon as danger of frost is
past, and removed to the greenhouse before any danger
of early fall frosts. Cuttings root surely but not quickly.
The best material is the side shoots from a main stem
in the condition that florists call half -ripened— that is,
not green and succulent as for a verbena, nor as firm
and hard as the wood of a hybrid perpetual rose in Nov.
The wood or shoot will be in aboiit the right condition
in June. No bottom heat is needed, but the cuttings
should be covered with a close frame and kept moder-
ately moist and cool by shading. The following spring
these young plants can be either planted out-of-doors,
where there is a good chauce to keep them well watered,
or grown on in pots, as described above. A few of the
finest species are A. pubescens, suitable for training on
pillars; A. Biceana makes a bush or can be trained;
A. longifolla, an erect species, de.serves a permanent
position in the greenhouse border. Of all the species
best adapted for medium-sized, compact pot-plants, A,
armata and A. Drummondii are the best. The former
has small, simple, dark green lvs. and glrbular, pure yel-
low fls. A. Drummondii has drooping, cylindrical, pale
lemon fls. As both these flower in March without any
forcing in our northern greenhouses, they are very val-
uable acquisitions to our Easter plants. The Acacia
has two distinctive charms: the foliage is either small,
.•simple and glaucous, as in A. armata, or much divided,
graceful and fern-like, as in -1. pubescens. All the Aca-
cias are among the freest-flowering of our hard-wooded
plants. Cult, by William Scott.
The species in the American trade are here described
under the following numbers: A. acinacea, 7; aneura, 38;
angustifolia, 16; Arabica, 49; argyrophylla, 15; armata,
5; Baileyana, 45; brachybotrya, 15 ; calamifolia, 3; Cate-
chu, 52; Cavenia, 48; celastrifolia, 16; cinerascens, 39;
cHltrata,12; cultriformis, 12; cuspid.ata, 1 ; cyanophylla,
20; Cyclops, 32; dealbata, 43; decurrens, 41; diffusa, 1;
dodonieifolia, 10; Drummondii, 53; extensa. 4; falcata,
17; falciformis, 18; Farnesiana, 47; filicina, 50; genista-
folia, !• " ^-'•a, 15; glaucescens, ,39; glaucophylla, 15;
c'^J^'*' Jreggii, 51; harpophylla, 29; hispidissima,
•io, ' . ^0; implexa, 30; juncifolia, 2; Lafrobei,
7', t ^i; leucophylla, 40; line&rifi, 27', lineata,
6, iin.'Cii ,. . I -'.gifolia, 36; Jongissima,37; lunata, 11;
M?issneri,9; m Manoxylon, 31 ; mollissima,42; myrtifolia,
16; neriifolia, 22 : normalis, 16, 41; obliqua, 8; obtusata,
21; ole<e folia, 11; Oswaldi, 27; oxycedrus, 33; paradoxa^
5; pendula, 28; penninervis, 18; penta'dra,4; pinifolia,
2; pravissima, 13; prominens, 14; pubescens, 44; pul-
chella, 43; pycnantha, 23; retinodes, 22; Riceana, 35;
rostellifera, 25; rotundifolia,8; salicina, 24; saligna, 19;
SophoraB,36; .suaveolens,26; undulata,5; vertieiliata,34.
A. Lvs. simple; that is, reduced to phyllodia (except
the earlier lvs. of young seedlings, and occasionally
those of robust shoots ) . Figs. 7, 8 and 9.
B. Fls. in globular heads .
c. Fhyll. ter3te, or only slightly flattened.
1. diffiisa, Lindl. {A.genisttefdlia.hmk.). A tall, gla-
brous shrub; branches angular: phyll. %-l in. long.
ACACIA
ACACIA
1-13^ lines wide, quadrangular-linear, l-nerved: fl. hds.
solitarv, or 2 or 3 together; peduncles short; fls. yellow,
May. B.M.2417. B:R. 634.
Var. ctispidita, Benth. (A. ctispiddta, Cunn.). Phyll.
% to rarely 2 in. long, slender, often not broader than
thick.
2. juncifdlia, Benth. (A.pinifblia, Benth.). Tall, gla-
brous shrub : branches slender, quite terete : phyll. 3-6 in.
long, often nearly tetragonous, linear-subulate, with a
scarcely prominent nerve on each side: fl. hds. solitary
or in pairs; peduncles short. F.v.M.Icon. 2: 8.
3. calamifdlia. Sweet. Broom Wattle. Tall shrub 6-10
ft. : phyll. 3-4 in. long, linear-subulate, slightly flattened,
with 1 nerve prominent or indistinct ; point fine, recurved
or simply oblique: fl. hds. 3 or 4, shortly racemed in
the axils of the terminal phyll. ; calyx shortly toothed or
lobed. Feb. B.R. 839.
4. ext6nsa, Lindl. {A. pentadrn, Kegel). Shrub:
branches angular or sometimes winged: phyll. ;i-4 or
even 8 in. long, slender, linear-subulate, almost tetrago-
nous, with a prominent nerve on each side: pedimcles
1-headed or rarely irregularly racemose in the axils of
the terminal phyll. : calj-x triangular, truncate. Mar.
cc. Phyll. vertically flattened.
D. Veins of phyll. 1, or very rarely i.
E. Fl. heads solitary or in pairs or clusters.
P. Length of phyll. 1 in. or less.
O. Stipules persistent as slender spines.
5. arm&ta, R. Br. (A. tindnhlta, V^illd. A. paraddxa,
DC. Mimosa paraddxa, Poir.). Kangaroo Thorx.
Fig. 7. Spreading shrub, 6-10 ft. high : branches pubes-
cent: phyll. 1 in. long, semi-ovate, undulate, obtuse, or
with a short, oblique point: heads solitary: peduncles
axillary, equaling the phvll. , borne all along the branches :
fls. fragrant. Feb. B.M. 1653. F.E.
9:401, 431.- Good hedge shrub.
Grown also for spring bloom.
GG. Stipules small, deciduous,
or 0.
8. line^ta, Cunn. Bushy shrub:
branches pubescent, terete: phyll.
\i-%\n. long, broadly linear; point
small, hooked : peduncle solitary,
axillarj', very slender, equaling or
exceeding the phyll., glabrous: fls.
rich yellow. Mar. B.M. 3346.
7. acin&cea, Lindl. [A.Latrbbei,
Meissn.). Shrub: branches gla-
brous, angular: phyll. M-%vn. long,
about 3 lines wide, obliquely oblong
or somewhat falcate, obtuse, with a
small, recurved point : peduncles
slender, about equaling the phyll.
Mar. F.v.M. Icon. 4:7.
8. obllqaa, Cunn. {A, rotundi-
fdlia, Hook.). Shrub : branches
glabrescent : phyll. H to nearly
34in. long, obliquely obovate or or-
bicular ; mid-nerve terminating in
a minute, recurved point : peduncles
very slender, mostly exceeding the
phyll. Mar. B.M. 4041.
9. Meissneri, Lehm. Tall shrub:
young branches glabrous, acutely
angular : phyll. %-l in. long, 2-4
lines broad, obovate-oblong or ob-
liquely cuneate, obtuse, or with a
small, hooked point : peduncles
shorter than the phyll. : fls. yellow.
_ _ May.
FF. Length of phyll. l%-4 in. ^^
10. dodoneeifdlia.Willd. Tall shrub, very resinous, shin-
ing : phyll. 2-4 lines wide, oblong-linear or lanceolate,
mostly obtuse, l-nerved, lateral veins prominent an«l
anastomosing: stipules 0: peduncles solitary or in pairs,
about ^iin. long. Mar.
7. Acacia armata
(X>^).
EE. Fl. heads in axillary racemes {rarely reduced to
a solitary head).
F. Phyll. 2 in. or less long, broad,
a. Racemes much exceeding the phyll.
11. luiiita,Sieb.( J..o?ecp/d?m,Cunn.). Glabrous shrub:
phyll. less than 1 in. long, obliquely-lanceolate or ellipti-
cal-cuneate, obtuse, or with a minute, oblique or recurved
point : fls. yellow : pods linear-elliptical, 3—4 lines broad ;
seeds placed close to the upper suture. Apr. B.R. 1352.
—Without the fruit this may easily be mistaken for A.
lini folia var. prominens,
12. cultriibrmis, Cunn. (^.cM?^r^to, Ait.). Tall shrub,
glaucous with wax when young : phyll. \4-%m. long,
falcate-ovate or almost triangular, mucronulate, with
thickened margins and usually a marginal gland at the
angle on the convex side: fl. heatis in axillary racemes
much exceeding the phyll. : pods flat, about 3 lines broad ;
seeds placed close to the upper suture. Mar. R.H. 18%,
p. 503. J.H. III. 34:131.
13. pravlssima, F.v.M. Tall shrub or small tree; gla-
brous: phyll. mostly 3-5 lines long, obliquely falcate-
obovate, or almost trapezoid, recurved, imperfectly 2-
veined; marginal gland much below the angle on the
convex side : fl. heads in handsome axillar>' racemes much
exceeding the phyll. : pods flat, about 3 lines broad ;
seeds placed along the center of the pod.
GG. Racemes not, or only slightly, exceeding the phyll.
14. linifdlia, Willd. Tall shrub: phyll. 1-1 Kin. long,
linear to linear-lanceolate, straight, rather thin ; marginal
gland small, near the base: fl. heads in slender, axil-
lary racemes about equaling the phyll. : pods linear, very
flat, 4-6 lines broad; seeds placed along the center. B.M.
2168. See No. 11.
Var. prOmimens, Moore {A . pr6minens, Cunn. ) . Phyll.
broader, linear-lanceolate to ol)long- falcate; marginal
gland prominent, distant from the base. B.M. 3502.
15. brachybdtrya, Benth. Tall shrub: phyll. K-lKin.,
rarely, in luxuriant specimens, 2 in. long, obliquely obo-
vate or oblong, firm, rather broad, obtuse or mucronu-
late: fl. heads few, in short, axillary racemes, about
equaling the phyll., or rarely reduced to 1 head: fls. 20-
50 in a head: pods flat, linear to narrow-elliptical.
Var. argryroph^lla, Benth. (A. argyrophylla. Hook.).
Silvery-silky, turning sometimes golden yellow: phyll.
mostly 5^-1 >^ in. long: fl. heads often solitary. B.M. 4384.
Var. glaucoph^lla, Benth. Glaucous and more or less
pubescent: phyll. mostly >^-%in. long: fl. heads mostly
2-5, shortly racemose.
Var. glabra, Benth. Quite glabrous : phyll. small and
narrow: fl. heads small.
16. myrtifdlia, Willd. Shrub, rarely tall : phyll. 1-2 in.
long, very variable, firm, usually acute or mucronate
and narrowed at base, with thickened, nerve-like mar-
gins, and a marginal gland below the middle: fl. heads
several, in short, axillary racemes about equaling the
phyll.: fls. 2-4 in a head, rather large: pods linear,
thick, curved, with very thick margins, 2-3 lines broad.
B.M. 302, as Mimosa myrtifolia.
Var. celastrifdlia, Benth. (A. celastrifdlia, Benth.).
Phvll. mostly lK-2 in. long and often 1 in. broad. B.M.
430(5.
Var. nonn&lis, Benth. Phyll. mostly 1-2 in. long and
about Jiiin. broad.
FF. Phyll. S-6-1S in. long {sometimes only 1% in. in
A. oittusata).
Var. angnstifdlia, Benth. Phyll. mostly 2-4 in. long,
2-4 lines broad.
G. Hie phyll. distinctly penniveined.
17. falcita, Willd. Tall shrub or small tree ; glabrous:
branches angular: phyll. 3 to above 6 in. long, lanceolate-
falcate, acuminnte, much narrowed to the base; margi
nal gland clo- to the ba.se or 0: sepals free, narrow:
pods rather nas ;<>w; funicle encircling the seed.
18. pennin6rvis, Sieb. Tree ; glabrous : branches angu-
lar: phyll. 3 to above 6 in. long, oblong to lanceolate-
falcate, acuminate, much narrowed to the base; margins
nerve-like; gland distant from the base or 0: pods broad;
funicle encircling the seed. Mar. B.M, 2754,
ACACIA
ACACIA
Var. ialcif6nniB, Benth, {A. falcif6rmin, DC). Phyll.
mostly larger and more falcate: young shoots and in-
florescence minutely hoarj' or golden-pubescent ; pod
nearly ^4 in. broad.
19. saligna, Wendl. Shrub 6-10 ft.: branchlets angu-
lar: phyll. 4-ti in. long, falcate-lanceolate or oblan«eolate,
narrowed to the base, rather obtuse, glaucous and
smooth, the lateral veins but little conspicuous: racemes
short; peduncles short: fl. heads few, large. Mar.
20. cyanophiflla, Lindl. Blt'e-leaved Wattle. Tall
shrub 18 ft.; stoloniferous : branches drooping: lowt-r
phyll. about 12 in. long; upper 6 in. or less and narrower,
linear-oblong to lanceolate-falcat«, much narrowed to-
ward the base, glabrous and often glaucous: peduncles
i^->^in. long: 11. heads 3-5, large, golden yellow. 3Iar.
Gn. 52, p. 99.
21. obtusiita, Sieb. Tall, glabrous shrub: phyll. lK-3
in. long, oblong-linear,or almost spatulate, usually almost
straight, rather obtuse, point not curved, thick, rigid,
with thickened, nerve-like margins; marginal gland 1,
distant from the base, not prominent : racemes about
^in. long, with densely packed heads; fls. 30 or more.
Mar.
GG. The phyll. thick, usually tcifh inconspicuous lateral
veins (conspicuous in A. pycnantha).
22. neriifdlia, Cunn. {A. retinddes,Sch\eeht. A.reti-
nddes,v&T. Jioribiinda, Hort. ). Fig. 8. Tall, handsome
shrub or small tree: branchlets slender: phyll. .3-5 in.
long. 2-5 lines wide, linear-lanceolate, falcate, much nar-
rowed to the base: racemes 1-2}^ in. long ; peduncles
about 2 lines long : fls. bright yellow. Mar. F.v.M.Icon.
5: 9. R.H. 1896, p. 505. A.F. 13: 880. -Useful as a street
tree in Calif.
23. pycndntlia, Benth. Golden Wattle. Small tree:
phyll. 3-6 in. long, lanceolate to oblanceolate, or, on vig-
orous shoots, even obovate-falcate, obtuse or acutish, dis-
tinctly penniveined, with a conspicuous marginal gland
near the base: fl. heads in axillary racemes, on short pe-
duncles, large, fragrant: funide scarcely folded. Feb.
R.H. 1896, p. 504. — Very variable in shape and size of
phyll.
24. ^alicina, Lindl. Small tree : branches drooping :
foli'tjre pale: phyll. 2-5 in. long, 2%-^ lines wide, ob-
1 iu,T-linear or lanceolate, narrowed at base, thick, rigid,
with a curved point; midrib and marginal veins scarcely
pro ninent: racemes short, often reduced to 2 or 3 heads,
or even only 1: peduncles slender: fls. about 20 in the
L'-ad: pods straight; funicle scarlet, folded under the
seed.
25. rostellifera, Benth. Tall shrub, perhaps only a va-
riety of J., snlieina, but, according to Bentham, different
in aspect and the nerve of the phyll. much more promi-
nent: phyll. linear-lanceolate, with an oblique or re-
curved caillous point.
26. snavdolens, Willd. Shrub .3-f) ft. high, glabrous:
branches acutely angled: phyll. 3-6 in. long, 2-4 lines
wide, narrowly lanceolate to linear; margins thickened:
racemes about %m. long before opening, inclosed in
large, imbricate bracts : fls. 6-10 in a head. Apr.
DD. Veins of phyll. several (rarely only 2),
longitudinal.
27. Oswaldi, F. v. M. Tall shrub: phyll. 1 ^i-2 in. long.
falcate-oblong to linear, rigid, mostly mucronate, finely
striate, twisted, mostly 3 or 4 lines broad. F. v. M. Icon.
6:10.
28. p^ndula, Cunn. Weeping Mtall. Handsome small
tree: branches pendulous: foliage pale or ash-colored,
with minute pubescence: phyll. \%-l%'\n. long, nar-
rowly lanceolate or almost linear-falcate, ending in a
curved cusp; nerves few, indistinct: racemes very short,
sometimes reduced to a solitary head; peduncles 5-6
lines long. F. v. M. Icon. 6: 8.
29. harpophJ^Ua, F.v.M. Tree: branchlets slightly an-
gular: phyll. 6-8 in. long, lanceolate, very falcate, nar-
rowed at the end but obtuse, much narrowed at the base,
coriaceous, pale or glaucous; nerves several, fine; reticu-
late veins few and indistinct: peduncles slender, mostly
clustered in the axils : funicle short. F. v. M. Icon.
6:9.
30. impl6za, Benth. Glabrous tree: branchlets nearly
terete: phyll. 3-6 in. long, 23'a-5 lines wide, lanceolate
and very falcate-acuminate, with a short, hooked point,
rather thin; reticulate veins numerous and distinct: pe-
duncles few, in a very short raceme, long and slender:
fls. pale yellow or dirty white: pods rather narrow, bi-
convex, curved or twisted, slightly constricted between
the seeds; funicle yellow, folded at the end of the seed
but not encircling it. F. v. 31. Icon. 8 : 2.
8. Acacia neriifolia, narroAV- leaved form.
31. melan6zyIon,F. Br. Australian B^^ckwood. Tall
tree, usually pyramidal, glabrous: branchlets slightly
angular: phyll. mostly 3 or 4 in. long, %-\ in. wide, nar-
rowly lanceolate to falcate-oblong, or even falcate-ob-
lanceolate, much narrowed to the base, verj' obtuse,
thick and stiff; reticulate veins numerous: racemes oc-
casionally reduced to 1 or 2 heads ; peduncles short,
stout : fls. pale yellow or dirty white ; petals connate
above the middle : pods flat, 3— 4 lines broad, often curved
in a circle ; funicle bright red, doubly Encircling the
seed. Mar. B.M. 1659.
32. Cyclops, Cunn. Shrub 6-10 ft.: branchlets angrular:
phyll. 1^2-3 in. long, nearly straight, narrow-oblong, ob-
tuse, rigid: racemes short, occasionally reduced to 1 or 2
heads : fls. yellow ; petals smooth, free : pods flat, 4-4>
lines wide, curved or twisted ; funicle richly colored,
doubly encircling the seed. Apr. F. v. M. Icon. 8:3.
BB. Fls. in cylindrical, or rarely oblong, spikes,
c. Phyll. narrow, pungent-poivted, %-! in. long.
.33. oxyc§dru8, Sieb. Tall, spreading shrub : phyll.
%-%, or rarwly 1 in. long, narrowly lanceolate, acumi-
nate, scattered, very rigid, striate, with 3 or 4 prominent
nerves on each side ; stipules small, often spinescent :
spikes often above 1 in. long. B.M. 2928.
34. verticillita, Willd. {Mimosa verticilldta, L'TIer.}.
Bushy, spreatling shrub : phyll. K-yiin. long, linear-
subulate to lanceolate c<r oblong, mostly whorled, rigid,
with 1 prominent central nerve; stipules minute: spikes
%-l in. long, dense ; fls. deep yellow. Apr. B. M. 110.
.35. Bice&na, Hensl. Tall shrub or small tree, hand-
some.dark green: phyll. K-?4»n. long, linear or subulate,
sometimes very narrow and 1-lJ^in. long, scattered or
whorled, 1-nerved; stipules minute: spikes interrupted,
slender, often above 1 in. long ; fls. pale yellow. Apr.
N. 1 : 7.
8
ACACIA
ACACIA
CC. Phyll. broader, leg* rigid, not pungent-pointed,
l%-6 in. long.
36. longifdlia, Willd. Sydney Golden Wattle. Fig.
9. Tall, handsome shrub: phyll. 4-6 in. long, oblong-
lanceolate, acuminate; longitudinal veins several, promi-
nent: spikes 1 in. long, loose, axillary, mostly in diver-
gent pairs; tls. golden yellow. Mar. B.R. 362. B.M,
2166. R.H. 1896, p. 504. -Useful as a street tree in Calif.
9. Phyllodia and racemes of Acacia
loneifolia.
Var. Sophdrae, F.v. M. (.4. Sophdrce, R. Br.). Phyll.
2-3 in. long, 5-8 lines wide, broadly oblong, obtuse.
37. linearis, Sims. (.4. 7oM<7Js.siwa, Wendl. ). Shrub:
phyll. 4-6 in. long, linear, with 1 prominent longitudinal
nerve : spikes 1-2 in. long, loose and interrupted, slender:
fls. pale yellow or dirty white. B.M. 2156. B.R. 680.-
Valued as a street tree in Calif.
38. aneura, P. v. M. Muloa. Shrubby; often hoar>-.
with minute piibescence : phyll. lS-3 in. long, 1-1 Va
lines wide, narrowly linear, without prominent nerves but
minutely striate, rigid: spikes short and dense on short
peduncles: pods broad, flat, short. T. v. M. Icon. 10: 8.
39. glauc68cena, Willd. (.4.c<Mfrc'sc<'N.s, Sieb,', . Glau-
»'ous tree 50 ft. or more high: phyll. 4-6 in. long. .5-12
lines broad at the middle, linear-lanceolate, narrowed at
both ends, falcate, striate, and with .3-5 more prominent
nerves, all free from the lower margin: spikes in pairs,
1-2 in. long : pods narrow-linear, biconvex, irregularly
twisted. Mar. B.M. 3174.
40. holosericea, Cunn. (.4 . lencophyUa. Lindl. ) . Shrub
or small tree 10-20 ft., white, silky : phyll. 4-6 in. long,
1-3 in. broad, oblong-lanceolate, with .'{ or 4 prominent
nerves confluent with the lower margin at the base:
spikes mostly in pairs, sessile, about 2 in. long. Mar.
AA. Ijvs. all bipinnate.
B. Fls. in globular heads.
c. Heads in terminal-axillarif panicles or racemes:
stipules small or 0.
D. Trees: pinmv in 8-15 pairs, fl. -heads panicled.
41. decurrens, Willd. Green* Wattle. Branohlets with
very prominent angles decurrent from the petioles ;
glabrous, or the young shoots slightly tomentose-pubes-
cent : leaflets 1-2 lines long, narrow, rather distant :
fls. whitish yellow: pods mostly less than 4 lines wide,
flat, more or less contracted between the seeds. Mar.-
M«y.
Var. norxn&lis, Benth. Leaflets 3-4 lines long.
42. molllssima, Willd. (A. decurrens var. m6lli»,
Lindl. ) . Black Wattle. Branchlets with decurrent an-
gles only slightly prominent: foliage and branchlets pu-
bescent, the young shoots of a yellowish or golden tinge;
leaflets 2-3 lines hmg, narrow, crowded: fls. fragrant:
pods mostly less than 4 lines wide, flat, more or less con-
tracted between the seeds. Dec-Mar. B.R. 371.— The
names of this and of the next species are often inter-
changed in gardens and even in herbaria.
43. dealb^ta, Link. Silver Wattle. Branchlets with
decurrent angles only slightly prominent : foliage and
branchlets very glaucous or hoar>', with a fine pubes-
cence, the young shoots whitish; leaflets 2-3 lines long,
narrow, crowded : pods mostly more than 4 lines wide,
flat, hardlv constricted between the seeds. Mar. A.F.
13:880. R.H. 1896, p. 502.
DD. Shrubs or small trees: pinncp mosthj in 3S pairs:
fl. heads racemed.
44. puMscena, R. Br. Hairy Wattle. Shrub 6-10 ft. :
branches and petioles hirsute: pinnae mostly 3-8 pairs;
leaflets 6-20 pairs, 1-2 lines long, crowded, linear, gla-
brous: racemes slender, longer than the Ivs. Mar. B.M.
1263. F.R. 1:733.
45. Bailey^na, F.v.M. Small.handsome tree: branches
and foliage glabrous and glaucous: pinnae 2-3 pairs;
leaflets about 13 pairs, lK-2)^ lines long, crowded,
linear: racemes 3-4 in. long. Jan. F. v. M. Icon. 12: 5.
G.C. III. 15:37.
CC. Heads on simple, solitary, or clustered peduncles:
stipules often spinescent.
46. ptilch611a, R. Br. Elegant shrub: branches slender,
glabrous or hirsute, usually armed with subulate axillary
spines : pinnae 1 pair ; leaflets 4-7 pairs, 1-2 lines long,
obtuse: fl. heads solitary; fls. yellow. Apr.
Var. gT^ndis, Hort. (A.grdndix, Henfr.). Shrub 6ft.,
glabrous: leaflets 8-10 pairs, longer: fls. yellow. Feb.-
May. J.H. III. 35: 369 (1897).
Var. hispidissima, Hort. {A. hispidlssima, DC).
Branches very hirsute, with long, spreading hairs :
leaflets narrow: fls. white. B.M. 4588.
47. 'Ea,Tnesiknei,\^i\ld.{A.leptophyUa,'DC.). Popinac.
Opopanax. Cassie. Huisache. Much branching shrub,
6-10 ft. : stipules straight, slender, sometimes minute
spines; pinnae 5-8 pairs; leaflets mostly 10-25 pairs, 1-2
lines long, narrow, linear, glabrous : peduncles 2 or 3 in
the older axils: fl. heads large, globular, deep yellow,
very fragrant: pods almost terete, indehiscent, at length
turgid and pulpy. Feb. -Mar. Tex., Mex., Asia, Afr.
and Austral. Grown in S. France for perfumery.
48. Cav6nia, Bertero. Espino. Cavan. Height 20 ft.:
spines stout: leaflets scabrous, scabious-pubescent. Oth-
erwise near to A. Farnesiana, of which it is sometimes
considered a mere variety. Chile. — A good hedge plant.
49. Ar^bica, Willd. Gum Arabic Tree. Fig. 10. Small
tree, with spiny stipules: pinnae ^{-6 pairs, each with 40
or less very- narrow leaflets : fls. white, in globular, pe-
dunculate heads, which are usually in 3's. Arab, and Eu.
.50. filicina, Willd. Unarmed shrub : pinn» 2-15 pairs;
leaflets 20-.50 or more pairs (rarely 10-15), very small:
fl. heads globular: pods linear, straight, flat, not pulpy.
Tex. and Mex.
BB. Fls. in cylindrical spikes. ;"7
51. Qriggii, (tray. Small tree 10-20 ft., pubescent,
often with scattered, short, stout, hooked prickles :
pinnae 2— i pairs, %-! in. long ; leaflets 3-5 pairs, 2 or 3
lines long, oblong or oblong-obovate, thick, and with 2 or
3 straight nerves : peduncles J4-1 in. long. Apr.
Tex., S. Calif, and Mex.
52. Cdtechu, Willd. Tree : pinnae 8-10 pairs, each bear-
ing 100 or less linear, pubescent leaflets : fls. yellow ;
spikes solitary or in 2's or 3's. E. Ind. — Yields Catechu,
a valuable tannin.
ACACIA
ACACIA
9
53. DrAmmondii. Benth. Bush or small tree: pinnsp
2-4 pairs, each with 4-10 linear, very obtuse glabrous
leaflets: fls. pale lemon-yellow, in dense, solitary-, droop-
ing spikes 1-1 J4 in. long. Austral. B.M. 5191. — Hand-
some, and popular for spring bloom, as at Easter.
In the following supplementary list, the heights given are
those attaine<l by the plants under glass in N. Euroi>e ; in the
open air in the southwest U. S. they often rrrow much taller,
and sometimes flower 2 months earlier. Except when other-
wise stated, the flowers are yellow. Those marked (*) are con-
sidered most desirable. Those marked " stove" need hothouse
treatment; the others can be grown in a coolhouse, or in the
open in California. A. abietina. Willd.=linifolia.— J., acan-
thocdrpa, Willd.=Mimosa acanthocarpa. — -4 . Acapuleemia,
Kunth.=Lysiloma Acapulcensis.— ^ . aciculdria, " Nee<11e-!cu-vcu
AciKla,"! ft.— -4.s/i;iis, Swt;et.=ueaibata.— .i.ff^dm, R.Br., 6
ft. May. B.R. 396.-4. amcena, Wendl.. 3 ft. May. Near to het-
erophyUa.- -4. angulata, Desv.=discolor.— .4. angustifblia,
Lodd.=longifolia, var. tloribunda.— A. argyrophylla, Hook.=
brachybotrya, var. argyrophylla.— J., dspera, Lindl. (A. Aus-
feldii, Kegel. A. densifolia, Benth.). 4 ft. ilay.—A.Ausfeldii,
Regel.=aspera..— J.. Bancroftidna, Bert.=CaPsalpinia bijuga.—
A. Bartheridna, Hort.=Berteriana?— A. Berland'Uri, Benth.
Fls.? 'Sle:aco.— A. Berteriana, Balb.=Pitliecolobium fragrans.—
il.6t/!dm, R. Br. 3 ft. May.— A. 6i/wrrd<a, DC. 8 ft. May.— .4.
Irachuacdntha, Humb. & Bonpl.— Mimosa aoanthocarpa.— j4.
brevifolia, Ijodd.=hiTi&ta.— A. brevipes, Cunn.=melanox5-lon.—
A. Burmannidna, DC. Fls.1 6 ft. Ceylon. Stove.— J^.frim/o-
/ia, Cunn. 4 ft. Apr. Hook. Icon. 164.— J.. <;<K»ia, Wight & Am.
(A. Intsia, Willd.). 20 ft. E. Indies. Stove.— .4. celastrifblia,
Benth. =myrtifolia, var. celastrifolia.—J^. centrophy Ha, DC. 20
ft.; white. Jamaica. Stove.— J^. Cera<^nwi,Willd. =MimosaCera-
tonia.— -4. chrysostachys, Hort.=Piptadeniachrysostachy8.— J..
cilidta, R. Br.=strigosa.— J., cinerdscens, Sicb.=glaucescens.—
A. cochledris, "Wendl. 4 ft. Apr. to May.— 4. conriuna, DC. 20
ft.; fls. white. E.Indies. Stove.— A. Concordtana, Loud. =Pithe-
colobium umbellatum.— 4. coH/erfa, Cimn. Apr.- J., corddia, a
trade name, probably belongs to some other 8i)eoies.— ^.cori-
deea, DC. 5 ft. May.— .4. cor7jfi7<'ra, Willd.=spadioigera. — .4.
coroniU(pfi:)Ua, Dest. 10 ft. N.Africa. Stove.— .4. crassiairpa,
Cunn. 6 ft. May.— A. eultrdta, Hort.=cultriformis.— .4. cune-
dta, Benth. Apr.— J., cuspiddta, Cunn.=diffusa, var. cuspidata.
—A.cycnbrum, Hook.=obscura.— .4. dflciV«iVp/t)Zia, Cunn. 6 ft.
June.— A. decipiens, var.prcemorsa, Hort.* 3 ft. May. B.M. 3244.
— A. deeurTen8,\ax. mollis, Benth.=mollissima.— j[. dmsifblia,
Benth.=aspera.— -4. dentifera, Benth. Apr. B.M. 4032.— .4. de-
pindens, Ciinn.=longifolia,var.mticronata.— 4. d^^ijie/j*, Burch.
3 ft. May. S. Afr.— -4. diptera, Willd.=Prosopis juliflora.- J..
dlptera, Lindl. Shrub : fls. 1—A. diptera, var. erioptera, Gra-
ham. Sept. B.M. 3939.— J., discolor, Willd. (A. angulata, Desv.).
10 ft. May.— A. dtcaricd^a, Willd.=Lysiloma Schiedeana.— .1.
Dvnkeldarii is a trade narae.=Mimosa?— A. doratoxy/on,*" Cur-
rawang,"a beautiful small tree : fls. golden yellow.— ,4. ditinosa,
Wight& Am.=latronum.— J..€6tir7i«a, Willd. 5ft. E.Ind. Stove.
—A.echinula, DC.=juniperina.— J.. ^d?/h"jj, Humb. & Bonpl.=
Famesiana.— -4. elata, —*. "Pepper-tree Wattle.'"— A. elongdta,
Sieb.*6ft. May. B.M. 3337. Especially suitable for damp, sandy
land.- .4. emargindta, Wendl.=stricta.— J., eriocldda, Benth.
June.— J.. Esterhdzia, Mackay. 4 ft. May.— .4. faleiformis,
DC.=penninervis, var. falcifomis. — .4. ferruginea, DC. E.
Indies. Fls.? Stove. — J^. Jlexicaulis, Benth.=Pithecolobium
flexicaule, Coulter.— A. Jtoribunda, Wiild.=longifolia, var. flori-
bunda.— j4.rtori6u»da,Hort.=neriifolia.— A. formbsa, Kunth.
^Calliandraformosa.— A. /rondo«a, Willd. ==Leuc»na glauca.—
A. fruticosa, Mart.=Piptadenia latifolia.— A. genistcefblia,
Link.==diffusa.— A. girdffce, Willd. "Camel-thorn." 40 ft. S.
Afr. Fls. ? Stove. — A.^^atiwra, Moench.=Leuc»ena glauca.— 4.
glauca, Hort.=A. glaucescens.— A.flrrdndw, Henfr.=pulchella,
var. grandis. — A. grata, Willd. =Piptadenia niacrocarpa.—
A. grareolens, Cunn.==vemiciflua.— A. OuayaqniUtisis, Desf.
=Mimosa Guaysiquilensis.— 4. Guianensis, Willd. =Stryph-
nmlendron Guianeuse. — A. gummifera, Willd. 30 ft.
Guinea. Fls. ? — A.Hoematoxyloji, WUld. 20 ft. Fls. yellow or
white. S. Afr. Stove.— A. hastuldta, Sm. 4 ft. May. B.M.
o^l.—A. heteracd)itha,B\iTcY\. l.")ft.: fls.? S. Afr.— A. ^e^^ro-
phylla, Willd. 5 ft. May. Mascarene Isls.— A. hispida, Hort.
=Robinia hispida.— J., hispidissima, DC.==A. pulchella, var.
hispidissima.— j4. homalophylla,* "Yarran."- A. homomdlla,
Wendl.=glaucescens.— J..If«^f/e?u, Benth.* Pale yellow. Feb.—
A. humifusa, Cunn. Austral.— A. hybrida, Lodd.=armata.—
A. intermedia, Cunn.=longifolia,var. floribunda. — A.intertijcta,
Sieb.=longifolia.— A. Intsia, Willd.=capsia.— A. Jnlibrissin,
Willd. =Albizzia Julibrissin.— A. jw/iip«rjna. Willd.* (A.echi-
nula, DC). 6 ft.: near to verticillata.— -4. ^a/Adrrt,G. Don.=
Albizzia Julibrissin.— A. Koa, Grtiy. Fls. ? Hawaiian Isls.
Stove.— A. Lambertidna, D. Don.=Calliandra Lambertiana.—
A. lanlgera, Cunn. 6ft. Apr. B.M. 2922.— A. latisili(iua, Willd. =
Lysiloma latisiliqua.— A. Latrbbei, Meissn.=iicinacea.— A. la-
frdnum, Willd. (A. dumosa, Wight& Am.). 20 ft.; fls. ? E.In-
dies. Stove.— A.^CTMn/o/ia. Willd. 4 ft. May. Pacific Islands.
Stove.— A. Lebbeck, Willd.=A]bizzia Lebl)ek.— A. leiophylla,
Benth.=8aligna.— A. lentiscifblia, Desf. 20 ft. Fls. ? Mexico.
Stove.— A. leprbsa, Sieb.* May. B.R. 1441. "Graceful, linear
leaves, and habit of a willow."— .4 . ifpr65a,var. tenuifblia. Benth.
Stove.— A. f<7>^)cdrpa, Cunn. 6 ft, Apr.— A. i<7>^>n«'Mra. Benth.
6 ft, Apr. B.M. 43oO,-A. kPtopAi/«a, DC.=Farnesiana.— A.
leucophloea. Willd. 12 ft. : pale yellow. Tropical Asia. Stove.—
A.leucophylla, ColvilL—holoserieea.- A. liguldta, Cunn.=8ali-
cina.— A. longifblia, var. floribunda, F. v. M. (A. floribunda,
Willd. A. intermedia, Cunn.). 6 ft. Apr. B.M. 3203.— A. tonfir»-
folia, var. mucrondta, F. v. M. (A. dependens, Cunn. A.
mucronata, F. v. M.). Mar. B.M. 2747.— A. longissima, Wendl.
""linearis.- A. lophdntha, Willd. =Albizzia lophantha.— A.
lophdntha, var. gigantda, Hort. = Albizzia lophantha, var. gigan-
tea. — A. liicida, Baill.=Albizzia lucida.— .4. Mdnyium,
Willd. 10 ft. Molucca Isls. Stove.— A. t/it<TojpAy»a, Willd.=-
Piptadeniaperegrina.— A. mdllis, Wall.=Albizzia Julibrissin.—
A.Nlmu, Willd. =Albizzia Julibrissin.- A. neuroedrpa, Cunn.
— holosericea — A. nigricans, R. Br. 6 ft. Apr. B.M. 2188.— A.
nudtyfdm, Willd. (A. Rohriana. DC). 30 ft.: white. W.Indies.
Stove.— A. o6«cura, A. DC. (A. cycnorum. Hook.). 2Kft- B M.
465?.— 4 ndornU'sirrtH, Wiiid.=AiDiz2ia odoratissima.— A. oif^-
^ita, Cunn.=lunata.— A. oligophylla, Hotimgg. i it. Habitat?
Sto-.-e.— A . omdta is a name in the trade, probably of some well-
known species.- A. paradbxa, DC=armata.— A. pentadtnia,
Lindl. 10 ft. May. B.R. 1.VJ1.— A.pmi/oiia, Benth.=juncifolia.
—A. pinndta, Link.=t.amarindifolia.— A. plafyphylla. Sweet.
10 ft. Jnne.—A.pluinbsa, Lowe. 20 ft. Brazil. B.M. 3366. A
stove climber.— A. poda/^no/o^/a, Cunn.* Tall shrub. G.C. III.
Vi.l>.3Q.— A. polybbtrya, Benth.* A beautiful pinnate-leaved 8i)e-
cies.— A. Portoricensis, Willd. =Calliandra Portoricensis. —
A.pri«md<t>a, HofTmgg. 6 ft. Habitat? Stove.— A.promi7K^«,
Cunn.=linifolia, var. prominens.— A. Pseudacdcia, Hort.=Ro-
binia Pseudacacia.— A. puicAerrt ma, Willd =Stryphnodendron
florbundum.— A. '7M<idranflruZdm, Link.=Calliandra tetragona.
—A. retinbdes, Sohlecht.==neriifolia.— A. ripdria, HBK. (A.
sarmentosa, Griseb.). 10 ft. W. Indies. A stove climber.-A.
i?oAridna. DC.=nudiflora.— A.rdsfo, Hort.=Robinia hispida.—
A. nisci/blia, Cxinn.==verticillata. var. latifolia.— A. sarmentbsa,
Griseb.=riparia.— A. scdndens, Willd. =Entada scandens.— A.
Sfmicorddta, Roxb. 40 ft.: fls. ? E. Indies. Stove.— A. Senegal,
Willd. 30 ft.; fls. white. Tropical W. Afr. Stove.— A.««rtVdra,
Cuna. Apr.— A. Simsii, Cunn. Apr.— A. Sophbrce, R. Br.=»
longifolia, var. Sophora?.— A. spadicigera. Ch. & Schl. (A. cor-
nigera, Willd.). 15 ft.; pale yellow. Jamaica. B.M. 7395.
Stove.— A. specibsa, Willd.=Albizzia Lebbek.— A. speetdbilit,
Cunn.* .^pr. B.R. ia43:46. Remarkably beautiful.— A. Spini,
Balb. 1,") ft.; red and yellow. Guadeloupe Isl. Stove.— A.»7«a-
vidta, Lindl. Apr. Ho«jk. Icon.'Plant.'Ml .— A .stenophylla, Cxxnn.
Mar.— A. stipuldta. DC.=Albizzia stipulata.— A. «^ric<a, Willd.
(A. emarginata, Wendl.). 2 ft. Mar. B.M. 1121.— A. «m'0d«a.
Link. (.\. ciliata, R. Br.). 4 ft.— A. strombulifera, Willd.=-
Prosopis strombulifera.- A. subuldta, Bonpl. 4 ft. May.— A.
sulcata, R.Br. 2 ft. July. B.R. 928.— A. -Swma, Gurz. 10 ft.;
fls. ? E. Indies. Stove.— A. tamarind! fblia, Willd. (A. pinnata).
4 ft.; white. S. Amer. Stove.— A. (oxiydKa, Lodd.=Riceana.—
A. tomentbsa, Willd. 20 ft.; fls.? E. Indies. Stove.— A. tri-
chbdes, Willd. =LeucaBna trichodes.— A. trinervdta, Sieb. 6 ft.
Apr.— A. tristis, Graham=armata.— A. umbelldta. Cunn. Apr.
— A-uncindta, Lodd.==undul8Bfolia.— A. undulcsfblia (A. uici-
nata, Lodd). 4 ft. May. B.M. 3394.— A. uropAyZZa, Benth. Pale
10. Acacia Arabica.
yellow. Apr. B.M.4.'573.— A. wdflPrt, Willd. 40 ft.; white. Brazil.
Stove.— A. r*»ni>8?rt,Willd.=Calliandra Portoricensis.— A . r^a,
Willd.=AraVdca.— A vemidftua, Cunn. (A. graveolens, Cunn.
A.virgata.Lodd.). 6 ft. Apr. B.M. ?r}m.'^2.~Q.—A.vertieilldta.\&r,
angusta, Hort. 10ft. Ai^r.-A.vertinlldta. var. latifbHa, Benth.
(.\. mscifolia. Conn. A.moesta, Lindl.). 10 ft. Apr. B.M 3195.
B.R.1846:67.— A.cf«rtm, Ker-Gawl.* 6ft. June. B.R.698.— A.
vimindlis. Ait. Adt.— A. virescens, DC. 20ft. S. Amer. Stove.—
A. virgdfa, Lodd. =vemiciflua.— A. rindirdwi*, Burch. »=Xero-
cladia Zeyheri. — A. viscidula, Cunn. 6 ft. Feb. Gt. 1109.
A. viscbsa, Schrad. = dodonjeifolia. — A. vomeriformis, Cunn.
Apr.— A, Wallichidna. DC=C)atechu. j^ BuBTT Davy.
10
ACACIA, FALSE
ACANTHOMINTHA
ACACIA, FALSE. i>ee Bobinia Pseudacacia.
ACACIA, ROSE. See Bobinia hhpida.
ACSNA (from aknina, thorn). Bosilcece. Dwarf,
hardy perennial sub-shrubs with i iconspicuous green
flow^ers, cultivated in roekeries for their showy crimson
spines, which are borne on the calyx; 1-12 in. As ground-
work for dwarf , spring-fluwering bulls, as trilliunjs, they
are unsurpassed. Useful in protecting native orchids and
bog plants. Prop, by cuttings, cree-ping rootlets, divi-
sions and seeds. Monogr. by T. Citt rne, in Revue des
Sciences Xaturelle« de I'Ouest, ISTl, Nos. 1,2, ;{.
microphylla, Hcwk. f. Lvs. evergreen, pale, pinnate,
serrate : spines attrm-tive all summer and autumn. N.
Zeal. — Grows well in either wet or dry soils.
ovalifdlia, Ruiz & Pav. Lvs. a little larger than the
latter; leaf ets oblong, subcuneate. Chile. Gn. 52, p. 46.
A. argentea, Hmz & Pav. Lvs. silvery. Chilean Andes.— J.
adacendena, Vsihl. Austral.— A. cunedta. Hook. & Am., is agood
species according to some, Imt may = A. serieea. Magellan. —.1 .
millefolia, Nicholson. Fmit not in globular heads. Hab. ? —
A. myriiiphylla, Lindl. Fern-like. Chile. Gn..'{7, p. 177.— J.
Novce-ZealdndUv, T. Kirk. Good species according to some, but
inay = A. niicrophylla.— A. ori/irt, A. Cann. Austral.— d. pin-
fiatifida, Ruiz & Pav. Chile.— .4. pulchella, Nicholson. Lvs.
\>T<inzy.—A. Santniiaorbiv, Vahl. N. Zeal.— A. sarmentoga, Car-
mich.=A. Sangtiisorbsp.— A. tericea, Jaeq. f. ilex.— A. splen-
dens, Hook. & Am. Chile. t r» y
J. B. Keller.
ACAL'^FHA (a name given by Hippocrates to a net-
tle). Eupho-rhidceip. Tender foliage plants much used
for greenhouse ornament, and especially for bedding-
out. For the latter purpose it is desirable to have strong,
well hardened plants in 5-in. pots, which should be set
out the last week in Slay, and grown in a rich soil with-
out check. Prop, by cuttings, chiefly in three ways:
(1) in fall from outdoor bedded plants ; (2) from plants
lifted in fall, cut back, and kept for spring stock ;
(3) from stock plants in pots reserved from the
previous season. The well ripened wood of these
last is a great advantage, and g^ves cuttings that may
%x^M{m
11. Acalypha Wilkesiana, var. Macafeana {X.%),
be taken with a heel. A mature stem will furnish sev-
eral beside the top one. This is the best method for gen-
eral purposes. Cuttings are taken below joints, and re-
quire mild bottom heat. For greenhouse ornament in fall
and winter, excellent specimens may be secured from
cuttings made in summer from such stock plants.
Cult, by RoBEKT Shore.
WilkesiAna, MUll. Arg. {A. tricolor, Hort. ex Seem.).
Lvs. ovate-acuminate, bronzy green, variously mottled
witli red: rts. inconspicuous. S. Sea Islands. Var. Mac-
ale&na, Hort. Fig. 11. Lvs. red, marked with crimson
and bronze. Perhaps the commonest variety. R.H.
1882:288. Var. margin&ta, Hort. Lvs. with a' crimson
margin. P.M. 1875: 156. Gn. 7, p. 521. Var. mus^ca,
Hort. Lvs green, with orange and red markings. Var.
obov&ta, Hoi-t. Lvs. obovate, green, edged white when
young, changing to bronzy green with n)sy pink margins.
Var. triamphans, Hort. (.1. triiimphans, Lind. & Rod.).
Lvs. Iarg»', spotted with crimson, green, and brown.
I.H. :J5:55 (1888).
Oodseffi&na, Ma«t. Lvs. ovate or ovate-lanceolate,,
green, with creuniy margin : fls. unknown. G.C. III.
28: 242. Gng. 6: 278. F.E. 10: .5.54. A.F. VA: 1286.
hispida, Burm. f. (.1. Sdnderi, X. E. Brown). Fig.
12. Cult, chiefly for its long red, amarantus-like spike.s
of flowers : lvs. green. E. Ind. Burm. Fl. Ind., p. .'JO."?,
t. 61, f. 1. A.F. i:{:1285. A.G. 19: 45;{, 827. F.E. 10: 554.
G.C. III. 2:^: 248. <it. 47: 276. (in. 54:1180. Gng. 6: 279.
— The lejMling novelty of 1899. Called by various names^
as Chenille Plant, Philippine Medusa, and others.
A. colordta, Spreng.=A. integrifoli.i.— A. Commersonidna ^
BaiIl.=A. integrifolia.- A. inacrophylla, Hort., not HBK.=A.
Wilkesiana, var. raacrophylla.— A. margindta, Hort., not
Spreng.=A. Wilkesiana, var. marginata.- A.o6ord<rt, Hort., not
Benth.=A. Wilkesiana, v.ir. olKJvata.— A. integrifhlia, Willd.
4-7 ft. : lvs. thick, glabrous, oblong, green above, colored below.
Madagascar. Other trade names are A. Uamiltonidna (Int.
1893), A. JfiVfontdna, and A. torfa. ^^ ]yj
ACAMPE (name<l from the brittle nature of the flow-
ers). Orvhiddceif. Greenhouse epiphyte.
.1. longifolia, Lindl. (Viinda longifolia, Lindl.). E. Ind. A
species of little decorative value, said to be sold by its synonym.
ACANTHEFHlPPIUM (meaning unknown). Often
spelled Acanthophippium. Orchidiiceo'. Terrestrial
stove orchids. Fls. rather large, racemose, few ; sepal.n
combined to form a broad pitcher. They do best in a
compost of loam and leaf -mold. Being natives of the
hottest, moist, densely shaded jungles, they require much
heat and moisture during the growing period. Good
drainage is essential. Prop, by dividing the pseudobulbs
as soon as growth begins. Cult, by E. O. Orpet.
Jav&nicum, Blume. Fls. yellow and red, with dis-
tinct longitudinal stripes. Java. B. M. 4492.
A.bicolor, Lindl. Fls. purple and yellow.— A. Cwrfwii. Reichb.
f. Fls. many colored. Distinguished by the five keels between
the side lacinia*. Malay Arch. G.C.U.Z'i ■.leO.—A. Sylhetirue.
Liiidh Fls. white, much sjKJtted. Himahiyas.
ACANTHODIUM. See Blephari.i.
ACANTHOLlMON {akanthos, spine, and limon, sea
lavender). Syn. ,Armeriasfntm. Plumbagindcecg. Hardy
evergreen perennials; dwarf, tufted, with sharp-pointed,
rigid leaves; less common than Statice and Armeria. An
oriental genus of slow-growing and sun-loving plants for
rockeries. Prop, by seeds (which germinate slowly) sown
carefully on a warm but somewhat shaded border, and
transplanted when plants are large enough to handle; by
cuttings made in late summer and wintered in a frame ;
by very carefully made divisions. Boissier describes 74
species in the Flora Orientalis. See A. Bunge, Die Gat-
tung Acantholimon, St. Petersburg, 1872.
glum^ceum, Boiss. Height 6 in. : lvs. green : fls.
r.mall, rose, on one-sided, spicate racemes, 6-9 in each
short, dense spikelet. July-Sept. Armenia. F. S. 7:677-
Gn. 31: 592. R. H. 1891, p. 489.
venttstum, Boiss. { Armeria. ttnitn dianthifolium, O.
Kuntze). About 8 in.: lvs. grey-green, very stiff : fls.
larger than the last, rose, 12-20 in each long, loose spike-
let. July-Sept. AsiaMinor. R.H. 1866: 450. Gn. 13: 117.
B. M. 7506. Gn. 53, p. 405. tot." .. i tT- -^r
* J. B. Keller and W . M.
ACANTHOMtNTHA. Labidtce. Thorny Mint. Ten-
der annual, with the habit of Lamium. Its chief inter-
est is botanical, the nearest relative of the genus being
the Brazilian genus Glechon. Only two species known.
Prop, by seeds in spring under glass.
ACANTHOMIXTHA
ACANTHUS
u
lUcUdlla, Gray. Height G in.: Ivs. petiolcd, ovate,
bluntly toothed:' fls. ;t-8 in a whorl, chiefly purple, with
yellow and white marks. Calif. B.M. 6750. Int. 1891.
— Less desirable than Laraium, which sec.
ACANTHOPANAX (a thorny Panax-like plant). Ara-
lidctip. Hardy ornamental trees and shmbs: Ivs. alter-
nate, long-pet'ioled, lobed or dit?itate, deciduous: fls. in-
12. Acalypha hispida (A. Sanderii.
conspicuous, in umbels ; petals and stamens 5 : fr. a
black 2-5-seeded berry. Cent. Asia ami Himalayas. Prop,
by seeds or by root-cuttings; A.pentaplvjlluni also by
hardwood cuttings.
A. Lvs. simple, palmately lohed.
ricinifdlium, Seem.(ArAUa Maximdwiczii, Hort. Kalo-
pdnax ricinifdliitm, ^liq.). Tree, 80 ft.: branches with
numerous stout prickles: lvs. deeply 5-7-lobed, 9-14 in.
in diam.. downy beneath when young ; lobes oblong-
lanceolate, serrate : inflorescet.se terminal, large, com-
pound. Japan. F.S. 20: 2067.— A very ornamental tree
of striking subtropical effect. A new form from Japan
has the lvs. less downy beneath and with short, broad
lobes. y J- w J
AA. IfVS. digitate.
sessilifldrtun, Seem. { Panax sessilifldrum, Rupr. &
Max.). Shrub, 12 ft.: branches with only few prickles:
leaflets mostly ',\, obovate-lanceolate or oblong-lanceo-
late, cuneate, acuminate, 4-7 in. long, irregularly cre-
nate-serrate. nearly sm<x>th : fls. dull purplish, sessile, in
globular heads on stout, downy peduncles. Manchuria,
N.China. G.C. ni.22: 339. Gt. 11: 3G9.- The freely pro-
duced heads of black berries are decorative.
pentaph^Ilum, Marsh. (.1. spit'dsum, Hort., not Miq.
Ardlia pentaphylla,Thunh.). Shrub, 5-10 ft. : branches
long and slender, with few compressed, straight prickles :
leaflets 5-7, oblong-obovate or oblong-lanceolate, cuneate,
acute, %-l>^in. long, crenate-serrate, smooth: fls. green,
in long and slender-peduncled umbels; styles 5, connate.
Japan.— A graceful shrub, with arching branches and
bright green, shininur foliage, excellent on rocky banks
and slopes. Var. varieg^tum, Hort. Lvs, edged white.
F.S. 20:2079.
A.aculedtum, Seem. Spiny shrub: leaflets .1-5. shortly peti-
oled, glabrous. Himalayas.— J., divaricdtum. Seem. Allied to
A. «e?silifloTnTn. Lt«, hairy beneath: fls. pedicelled. Japan.—
A. innovang, Franch. et Sav. L'narme*! small tree: lvs. fascicu-
late ; leaflets ;}-.'>, nearly sessile, glabrous. Japan.— A. seiado-
phulloXdet, Franch. et Sav. L'narmed tree, 40 ft. : leaflets .">,
long petiohilute, glabrous. Japan.— .4. Kcnticdtum, Harms. =
Eleutherococcus sentieosus.— .1. tpinosiim, Miq. Allied to A.
pentaphyllum. Lvs. often sparingly appressed-setose al>ove :
I>eduncles shorter than petioles ; styles 2, separate. China.
Alfred Rehder.
ACANTHOPHIPPIUM. See Acanthephippium.
ACANTHOPHGENIX {akantha, thorn, and phanix, a
date palm ). Palmdreif, Xr'xhe Arece(r . Tall palms, spiny,
with the stout trunk ringed : lvs. terminal, equally pin-
natisect, more or less armed with long slender spines, the
narrow segments linear-lanceolate, acuminate, scaly be-
low, midrib and nerves prominent, the thickened margins
recurved at the base, rachis somewhat 3-sided, sheath
long, smooth or spiny: spadix twice branched, pendent,
with a short, thick peduncle, glabrous or tomentose,
smooth or spiny, the T>ranches slender or thick and
twisted : spathes 2, compressed, deciduous : fls. red or
orange: fr. black, scarcely longer than a grain of wheat.
Species 3 or 4. Madagascar.
They need a temperature of 70°-90° F. ; never less than
60*'. The rooting medium should be somewhat light, with
a quantity of crushed charcoal. Drainage should be very
carefully arranged, as they demand an abundance of
moisture. Prop, only by seeds, which muy remain two or
three years in the seed-pan before germinating. For gen-
eral cult., see Palms aud Areca.
crinlta, H.Wendl. {Areca crinlta, Bory). Trunk 50-60
ft.: lvs. 7-13 ft. long ; petiole densely tomentose, 4-8 in.
long ; leaf-sheath 2%-4yiit. long, thickly covered with
.short brown bristles and spines: segments silver\' white
beneath, Mauritius. F.S. 16: 1706. F.R. 2: 201. -Young
plants have pale, yellowish green lvs.
rtibra, H.Wendl. {Arha rubra, Bory). Trunk 60 ft.:
lvs. 6-12 ft. long ; petiole glabrous, 2-4 in. long ; leaf-
sheath 2M-A%tt. long, thickly covered with long browTi-
black spines; pinn» slightly glaucous beneath: fr. glo-
bose, %-%\'a. in diam., with a prominent ridge extending
from the stigma to the base. Mauritius and Isl. Bour-
bon.— Young plants have dark green lvs. with red veins.
Jared G. Smith and G. W. Oliver.
ACANTHOBHIZA (akantha, thorn, and rhiza, root).
Palmaceir, tribe Corypheie. Spineless palm, with a rather
robust caudex, densely clothed with the bases of the dead
sheaths; roots spinescent at the base : lvs. terminal, the
orbicular blade deeply cut into 3- to many-parted cunei-
form segments, glaucous below, without any rachis ;
petiole flattened or convex above, smooth on the margins ;
sheath short, fibrous : spadix compressed : the short
peduncle and spreading thickened branches whit« : bracts
and spathes elongated toward the base of the branches,
coriaceous, deciduous; bractlets bristly, deciduous. Spe-
cies 2 or 3. Cent. Amer. About one-fourth of the soil
given them should be vegetable mold. Prop, by seeds in
bottom heat.
acole^ta, H.Wendl. (Chamceropsstauracdntha, Hort.).
St. spiny at base : lvs. orbicular, with a narrow sinus
at the base, whitish beneath. Mex. LH. 26:367. B.M.
7.302.— Succeeds in an intermediate house.
Chilico, Drude {Tlirinax CftMco, Mart. ). St. smooth,
about 30 ft. high, 9-10 in. in diam., slender, flexuous : lvs.
orbicular, with a narrow sinus at the base ; petioles slen-
der, 3-6 ft. long, smooth ; blade 6 ft. in diam., divided to
or beyond the middle; segments 15-20, lanceolate, acute,
1-2 in. wide, dark green above, paler and glandular be-
low. Braz.
The following species are rarely seen outside of botanic gar-
dens, aud need stove temperature: .1. Wdlli»i, H. Wendl.
Hab. ?— J.. Warscewiczii, H. Wendl. Panama.
Jared G. Smith and G. W. Oliver.
ACANTHUS (flrfcrt»^^05, thorn). Acanthdcece . Bear's
Breech. Mostly hardy herbaceous perennials of vigorous
growth and broad foliage, suitable for backgrounds of
borders and subtropical effects. The acanthus leaf is one
of the commonest of art forms. The ornamentation of
the Corinthian column is said to have been suggested
by A, spinosus. Height 3-4 ft.: spikes 1-lJ^ft, long;
12
ACANTHUS
ACER
fls. dull white to rose or purplish. Mostly sonthera
Europe. A . mollis may have su^Kested the more conven-
tionalized acanthuH leaf of Koman architecture. Must be
deeply mulched N. in winter. They need a rich, light,
well-drained soil and much sunshine. Excessive moisture
is fatal, especially in winter and spring. Fall-planted
stock should always be protected for the winter by long
13. Acanthus sptnosissimus.
Acanthus muUis.
litter or evergreen boughs, even where established plants
are hardy. Prop, by division in spring or early autumn,
and by seeds. Cult. by J. B. Kelleb.
A. Li'n. spiny.
spinosissimaa, Desf. Fig. 13. Lvs. dark green, pin-
nately parted; spines glistening: tls.infrequent; autumn;
spikes loose, pilose or glabrescent : spines of the bracts
recurved.
spindsus, Linn. Lvs. lanceolate, pinnatifid, pubescent;
spines short, whitish: fls. smaller than in the last; sum-
mer ; spikes dense, slightly villous. B. M. 1808. Gn.
8 : 147.
AA. Jyt's. not spiny.
mdllis, Linn. Fig. 14. Lvs. 2x 1 ft., cordate, sinuately
pinnatifid, mostly iwiical: fls. summer: spikes loose, pu-
bescent. Gn. 52, p. 239. —Also recommended as a window
plant. Var. latildlius, Hort.(.cl. /(i/iYd/tMN, Hort. A.Lusi-
tdnictis, Hort. ) is larger and hardier. Gn. 1, p. 303.
longifdlius, Poir. Lvs. radical, longer and narrower
than in A. mollis, hright green: fls. June. — Though said
to be a stove species in Eu., it is the hardiest of all at
Cambridge, Mass.
* . Cdroli-Alexdndri, Hausskn. 9-18 in. Lvs. few, radical, in
a,, xrosette, lanceolate, spiny; spikedense. Grewe.— .l.cnrdwt-
tblius, Linn.= Blepharis "arduifolia.— .4. ilieifblius (Dilivaria
ilicifolia, Juss.). Smooth greenhouse snb-shmb with leaves re-
sembling Ilex aquifolium, the Eu. Holly. Prop, by cuttings
under glass. E. Asi&.— A . montdnus . T. Anders. Lvs. pinnatifid
or sinuate-spinose. W. Afr. B.M. 5516. Stove species.
ACEB (classical Latin name). Sapinddcetr. Maple.
Trees, rarely shrubs: lvs. opposite, longpetioled, simple
and mostly palniately lobed, or 3-5-foliolate, deciduous.
fls. small, in racemes or corymbs; petals generally 5 ;
stamens 4-12, mostly 8 : fr. compound of two long-
winged nutlets called samaras. Asia, especially E. Asia,
N. Amer., Europe. Monograph bv Pax in Engler's Bot.
Jahrb., 6:287, and 8: 177 (188.5 and 188fi), suppl. in the
same, 10: 393 (1893), and Hook. Ic. Plant. 19, t. 1897
n880). The maples are among our most ornamental and
valuable trees for park and street planting. Nearly
all a.<«Hume a splendid color in autumn, especially the
species of N. \raer. and E. Asia, which surpass by far
the European maples. Many of them are valuable tim-
iM-r trees, and some American species, especially A,
mirt-harnm, pnniuce sugar. For purposes of shade,
the common sugar maple is b«'st and most popular.
The Norway maple makes a ver}' dense and round head,
and is excellent for lawns, but it is too low-headed for
the streets. The silver maple, A. saccharinum and its
vars., is aiso popular where quick-growing trees are de-
sired. The Japanese maples are among the most strik-
ing and showy exotic small trees, and are adapted for
flne grounds and for growing in pots. Prop, by seeds
sown in autumn, or stratified and sown in spring. The
early ripening species, like A. snccharinutn and A. rtt-
hrutn, must be sown soon after maturity ; the varieties
and rare species may be budded in summer on the
typical forms or allied common kinds; some shrubby
species, as A. palmatum, also A. cissifolium and A.
Itftum, var. nibrum, may be propagated by layers or
half-ripened greenwood cuttings in summer. Fancy
m:iples are readily winter-grafted by the veneer method,
the stocks l)eing grown in pots. The Japanese kinds
are usually worked on imported stocks of A. palmatvm.
Monograph of the garden forms and varieties by Graf
Schwerin in Gt., 1893; see, also, G.C. II. 10:75. About
100 species.
The following species of maple are cult, in this coun-
tn,': campestre, No. 8: carpinifoliura, 28; circinatuni,
■>.■); cissifolium, 30; dasycarpum, 1; Floridanum, 5;
Ginnala, 24 ; glabrum, 14 ; grandidentatum, 0 ; Hel-
dreichi, 20; insigne, 22; Italum, 7; Japonicum, 17; lae-
tum, 12: macrophyllum, 18; Monspessulanum, 9; Ne-
gundo, 31; nigrum, 4; Nikoense, 29; palmatum (poly-
mori)hum), 16; Pennsylv.jaicum, 27; pictum, 11; pla-
tanoides, 13; Pseudo-plantanus, 19; rubrum, ?• rufinene,
26; saccharinum, 1; saccharum, 3; spicatum, 25; Ta-
taricum, 23; Trautvetteri, 21; truncatum, 10.
A. Foliage of simple, mostly palmate Ifs. {occasionally
i-foliolate in ^'o. 14) ; fls. polygamous or monacious.
B. Bloom appearing long before the lvs. in dense lateral
cluste^rs: lvs. 5-lobed: fr. ripening in May or June.
1. sacchartnam, Linn. (A. dasycarpum, Erhr. A.
eriocdrpum, Michx.). SiLVEK Maple. Fig. 15. I.,arge
tree, 120 ft.: lvs. deeply 5-lobed to 5-cleft, 4-C in. long,
green above, silvery v.hite beneath; lobes deeply and
doubly serrate: fls. greenish yellow, apetalous: fr. pu-
bescent when young. E. N. Amer. S.S. 2:93. G.C II.
1:137. Em. 556. — Ornamental tree, with wide-spread-
ing, slender branches, growing best in rich and moist
soil, but succeeds almost anywhere. Lvs. turn clear
yellow in fall. Many garden forms: Var. Wi^ri, Schwer.
( rar. M'ieri laciniatum, Hort.). Branches pendulous:
lvs. deeply cleft, with dissected lobes. A graceful va-
riety, remarkable for its drooping branches and finely
divided foliage. Var. heteropb^llani, Hort. (var. hetero-
phyllnm laciniatum, Hort.). Upright: lvs. deeply cut
or lobed. Var. tripartitum, Hort. Upright : lvs. 3-
parted. Var. lut^scens, Hort. Lvs. yellow, bronze-col-
ored when unfolding. Var. albo-v»'^egiltum, Hort.
(var. J nil Ike i. Hort.). Lvs. spotted -vhite or rosy
pink. Var. crispum, Hort. Lvs. deepl> and crimped.
-Linnaeus evidently supposed this s^ :» to be the
sugar maple, and named it accordingly. He did not
know the true sugar maple.
2. rtibnun, Linn. Red or Scarlet Maple. Fig. 10.
Large tree, 120 ft. : lvs. 3-5-lobed, ^^-4 in. long, green
alx)ve, pale or glaucous beneath: lobes unequally and
crenately serrate: fls. red or scarlet, rarely yellowish;
petals 5: fr. glabrous. E. N. Amer. S.S. 2:94. Em. 557.
G.t. II. 1:173. —Very valuable tree for street and park
planting; attractive at every season from its excellent
habit, earliness of the scarlet fls., bright red fruits in
late -spring, and the beautiful foliage, which turns brijrht
scarlet or orange in autumn. Var. Columndre, Rehd.
Of upright, columnar habit. Var. globosum, Hort.
Dwarf, compact: lvs. glaucous beneath : fls. bright scar-
let. Var. Orummondi, Sarg. (A. Drummondi, Hook. &
Am.). Lvs. large, mostly 3-lobed, tomentose beneath
fr. bright scarlet. S. states. S.S. 2:95. Var. toment<>
ACER
■unit Arb. Muse. {A. tomentdtum. Deaf. A. rufcrwm.var.
fiilqfnx, Hort.). Of mo<i(»ratt' trruwth : Ivs. 5-lobed,
pubf scent beneath: fls. bright red.
BB. Bloom appearing uith or after the Ivs., distinctly
stalked.
c. F.n. on tonff, pendulous, mostly hairy pedicels, in
almost xeHnile corymbs, appearing with the Ivs.f
apetaloun; sepals connate.
3. siccharnm, Marsh. {A. saccharlnum, W^jiffh., not
Linn. A. barhittum, Michx.). Si(jak or Rock Maplk.
Fi>?. 17- Lwge tree, 120 ft., with gray barb ; Iv.s. 3-5-
lob<'d, cordate, .'MJ in. long, with narrow and deep si-
nuses; U jea acuminate, sparingly dentate, usually glau-
cous and glabrous beneath : fr. with little spreading
wings. E. N. Amer. S.S.'2:90. Em. 558. — An excellent
street and shade tree of upright, dense growth, turning
bright yellow and scarlet in autumn. It does w^U in
almost every s«.il. Var. Eug6li {A.Bng^li, Pax., .4.
sicrharum, var. barbdtum, Trel.). Lvs. iMobed, gener-
ally broader than long, 2-5 in. across, pale green or glau-
cous beneath, and at length mostly glabrous, coriaceous;
lobes nearly entire. Centr. states. S.S. 2:91, as var,
nigntm.
4. nlgnun, Michx. (^1. saccharlnum, var. nigrum,
Torr. & Gray. A. sdcchariim, var. nigrum, Britt.).
Black Maple. Fig. 18. Large tree, 120 ft., with black
bark: lvs. cordate, with the sinus mostly closed, gener-
ally .'Mobed, with broad sinuses, the sides of the blade
mostly drooping, green and pubescent beneath ; lol)es
acute, entire or obtusely toothed : fr. with diverging
wings. Centr. states. — Similar to A. xaccharum, but of
duller appearance and less dense habit. Var. monumen-
tAle (A. snechar\num var. monumentdle. Temple). Of
upright, columnar habit.
5. Floridinum, Chapm. (A. barbHtum, var. Floridd-
nnm, Sarg. ). Tree, rarely .50 ft. : lvs. mostly truncate at
the base, 3-lobe<l, 1 %-'i in. across, glaucous beneath and
mostly tomentose ; lobes obtuse, entire or slightly 3-
loh^d. Gulf states. S.S. 2:91. G.F. 4:148.
6. grandident^ttim, Nutt. Tree, 40 ft. : petioles com-
paratively short ; lvs. slightly cordate, .■i-5-lobed, with
broa<l sinuses, 2-3 in. across, pubescent beneath, coria-
ceous: lobes acute or obtuse, entire or slightly 3-lobed:
corymbs few-flowered, short-stalked. Rocky Mts. S.S.
3:92.
ACER
1'3
15. Acer saccharlnum (or A. dasycarpum).
«
FlK. in distinctly peduncled corymbs or short um-
bellate racemes, mostly erect, with petals and
distinct sepals.
Lvs. 3-5-lobed, with obtuse, entire or obtusely toothed
lobes: corymbs short-stalked : oviry pubescent :
winter-buds with several outer scales.
7. Itilum, Lauth. Small tree, 30 ft. : lvs. 5-Iobed, 3-5
in. long, glaucous beneath and at length glabrous; lobes
obtusely dentate, the middle ones often 3-lobed : corymbs
cc
D.
somewhat drooping : fr. with slightly spreading wingii.
S. Eu., Orient. — A variable species, similar to a smadl-
leaved sycamore maple. Var. HyTcinum, Pax. ( A .
Hyrednu'm,F.it[ M. A. Taiiri.'um, Hort. A.trilobdtum.
Hort., not Lam.). Petioles very slender, red, 2-4 in.
long; segments of the lvs. 3-lobed, with straight margins.
16. Red Maple.— Acer rubrum.
6, staniinate flowers; a, c, pistillate tlovsevs.
8. camp^stre, Linn. Shrub or t -ee, occasionally 50 ft ,
with corky branches : lvs. .3-.5-lobed, 'i%-'3%in. long,
green and pubescent beneath or nearly glabrous; lobes
entire or the middle ones slightly 3-lobed : corj'mbs
erect, hairy : fr. with horizontally spreading wings.
Eu., W. Asia. — Shrub or tree of moderate, dense growth,
with dull green foliage, valuable for planting as under-
growth and on dr>- ground. Many varieties and garden
forms : Var. arg^nteo-variegittum, Hort. Lvs. with
large white blotches. Var. pulverul6ntum, Hort. Lvs.
sprinkled with white. Var. Austriacum, DC. Usually a
tree : lvs. 5-lobed, with acute, nearly entire lobes. Var.
Tatirictun, Booth. Shrub: lvs, 5-lobed; small, lobes 3-
lobed. Var. hebec4rpiun, DC. Fr. and generally the lvs.
beneath pubescent.
9. Monspessulilntun, Linn. {A. trilobdtum. Lam.).
Shrub or small tree, 25 ft.; lvs. 3-lobed, coriaceous, 1-3
in. across, shining above, glaucous and <?labrous be-
neath ; lobes entire or with few obtuse teeth : corymbs
erect : fr. with slightly spreading wings. S. Eu., N.
Afr., W. Asia. — Shrub or small tree of slow growth, with
a dense, rounded head and in temperate regions nearly
evergreen foliage, thriving well in dry situations. Var.
Ibdricum, Koch. (.1. Ibericum, Bieb. ). Lvs. larger, the
inner lobes usually slightly 3-lobed, obtuse.
DD. Lvs. 5- or 7-lobed, green on both sides; lobes pointed ,
entire or with fete pointed teeth: ovary glabrous:
whtfer-huds with several outer scales.
10. trunc&tum, Bunge. Tree: lvs, deeply 5-lobed and
mostly truncate at the base, 2J^-4 in. across, glabrous;
lobes acuminate, setosely pointed, sometimes the middle
ones 3-lobed : fr. with short, diverging yellow wings.
N. China, — Hardy tree, with handsome, dense foliage.
11. pictum, Thunb. Tree, 60 ft. ; lvs. 5- or 7-lobed, 3-7
in. across, usually pubescent beneath when young ;
lobes entire, acuminate, sometimes very broad and shorty
fls. yellow: wings of the fr. upright, brown or browniso
yellow, hardly twice as long as the nutlets. Manchuria,
.Japan. Handsome tree, with bright green foliage. Var.
Mono, Maxim. Lvs. more cordate : wings of the fr,
reflexed.
12. IsBtum, C. A. Mey. Tree, 50 ft.: lvs. .5-7-lobed,
mostly cordate. 3-6 in. across, giabrous; lobes entire,
acuminate : Hs. greenish yellow : wings 2-3 times as
long as the nutlets. Orient, Himalayas. — Much resem-
bling A. pictum, but lvs. lighter green and of more
membraneous texture. Var, rtibrum, Hort. (A. Colchi-
cum, var. rubrum, Hort.). Lvs. dark blood-red when
14
ACER
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unfolding. Var. tricolor, Ilort. Lvs. dark blood-red,
sprinkled with rosy pink when young. These two beau-
tiful forms usually remain shrubby.
13. platanoides, Linn. Norway M^ple. Fig. 19.
Large tree, 100 ft.: lvs. 5-lobed, cordate, 4-7 in. across,
glabrous; lobes pointed, remotely serrate: fls. yellowish
green : fr. with horizontally spreading wings. Eu.,
Caucasus. — Large, handsome tree, with round, spread-
ing head, resembling somewhat A. sacehnrum. The
lvs. turn pale yellow in autumn. Many garden forms,
some of which are here arranged in two groups : the
first being chiefly remarkable for the manner in which
the lvs. are c- ♦ ; the second being chiefly remarkable
for their coloriag.
(1) Var. cucull^tnin, Nichols. Lvs. irregularly and
shortly lobed, crimpled, light green. Var. diss6cttun,
Jacq. Similar to var. Lorbergi, but with darker foliage
and of slower jrrowlh. Var. globdsum, Hort. Forming
a globose head. ', ar. lacini^tum, Ait. Lvs. irregularly
divided, the rlivisions bending downwards : growth
upright. Vav. L6rbergi, Van Houtte. Lvs. divided
nearly to the base, divisions deeply lobed.
(2) Var. ^'bo-varieg^tum, Nichols. Lvs. with large
white blotch 's. Var. atireo- marginatum, Pax. Lvs.
with yellow margin, somewhat irregularly lobed. Var.
17. Common Sugar i>I'»ple.— Acer sacchanim (X K).
Beltenbachi, Nichols. Lvs. greenish red when unfold-
ing, turning dark blood-red in late summer. Var.
Schw^dleri, Koch. Lvs. bright red when young,
changing to dark green.
DDD. Jyrs. S-6-lobed or S-foliolate, doubly serrate: icin-
ter-buds small, with 2 valvate ccales.
14. glilbrum, Torr. {A. Doiiglasi, Hook.). Shrub or
small tree, 25 ft., quite glabrous : petioles bright red ;
lvs. deeply 3-5-lobed or 3-parted, 1-5 in. across, dark
green and shining above, pale or glaucous beneath ;
lobes doubly serrate. W. N. Amer. S.S. 2:80. — Hand-
some shrubby maple, with graceful, shining foliage,
contrasting well with the red petioles and branches : fr.
often rose-colored. Var. tripartitum, Pax. (A.tripart\-
tum, Nutt.). Lvs. small, usually 3-foliolate.
DDDD. Ta's. 5-ll-(obed. lobes serrate: corymbs long, pe-
dnncled: winter-buds tcith 2 vaUate scales.
15. circin§ltam, Pursh. Small tree, rarely 40 ft. : peti-
oles and peduncles gIa])rous ; lvs. 7-l>-lobe<l, 2-7 in.
across, glabrous ; lobes acute, doubly serrate : fls. in
drooping corymbs, with purple sepals. W. N. Amer.
S.S. 2 : 87. — Handsome, round-headed trc or shrub, l)eau-
tiful with its delicate light green foliage, red tls., rose-
colored fr., and its orange and scarlet fall coloring.
16. palmitum, Thunb. (.4. pohjmSrphum , S. & Z.).
Japan Maple. Shrub or small tree, 20 ft. ; petioles and
peduncles glabrous ; lvs, .5-9-lobed or divided, 2-4 in.
across, glabrous, lobes oblong, acuminate, doubly ser-
rate or incised: corvmbs few-flowered, erect, with small
purple fls. Japan." S.Z. 1:145, 14G. A.F. 12: 11. -This
species and A. Japunicum are known as Japanese
maples. They are extremely handsome shrubs of dense
though graceful habit, and with elegant foliage, beauti-
ful especially in spring for its delicate shades of
green and red, and again in autumn, when the lvs. as-
sume the most striking tints. Some of the more vigor-
ous-growing varieties, like atropurp' renm, dissectum,
ornatum, and the typical iorms, are hardy even in New
England, while the most variegated forms are more ten-
der. They grow best in partly shaded situations and in
well drained, rich soil. There are many varieties, mostly
introduced from Japanese gardens, of which the follow-
ing are some of the best. They may be divided into .^
groups, representi:3g various degrees of dissection of
the leaves :
(1) A. palm&tum, var. Thiinbergi, Pax. (.4. palmd-
tum, Thuub.). Lvs. deeply 5-'J-lubed or c' i»ft ; lobes ob-
long-lanceolate, coarsely and doubly serrate or incised.
Var. atroptirpureum.Van Houi te. Fig. 20, c. Lvs. dark
purple, coarsely doubly serrute. F.S. 12:127:5. Var.
sanguineum, Hort., is brighter, i.nd var. nigrum, ITort.,
darker red than var. atroptirpureum. Var. bicolor,
Koch. (var. atropurpitreum variegAlum, Hort.). Lvs.
dark purple, with large carmine blctches, the lobes
half purple and half carmine. Var. ai'^'eum, Nich jIs.
Lvs. yellow. Var. versicolor, Van Houct ■. Lvs. bright
green, with large wni<^e spots. P.S. 4:1498. Var.
r6seo-margini<^'m, Van Houtte.
Lvs. small, deeplv cut. with nar-
row pink margin. Var. eric '■nm,
Andr^. Fig. 20, e. Lvs. small, . th
involute margins; of distinctly up-
right growth. J.H. i:?: 43.
(2) Var. bbpl^m'obum, Koch
(A. sept^hilobum, Tl'unb.). Lvs.
•nostly 7-lobed; lobes l>rc>ad, equal-
ly doubly serrate. Var. rubrum,
Schwer. Lvs. large, deep rea when
young, becoming almost green la^er.
Var. reticnlatum, Andr6. Fig. 20,
a. Lvs. greenish yellow,with green
margin and dark green veins. I.H.
13: 18. Var. tricolor, Hort. Lvs.
with red, pink and white spots.
(3) Var. linearilobum, S. & Z.
(var. scolopendri folium, Hort.).
Lvs. divided nearly to the base ;
lobes linear, remotely serrate or
nearly entire. Var. atroline^re,
Schwer. (var. linearilobum atro-
purpitreum, Nichols., vnr. pinnati-
folium atropurpureum, Hort.). Lvs. dark red.
(4) Var. diiisdctum, Koch (.1. polt/mdrphtim, var.
decomp6situm,ii.& Z.). Fig. 20, /. Lvs. divided to the
base in 5-9 pinnatifid lobes. S.Z. 1 :14G. Var. omiitum,
Carr. ( ya.r. dissMu m atropurp « reu m , Hort. ) . Fig. 20, d.
Lvs. deeply cut, deep red. Var. Fiederici-Gtdl^lmi,
Carr. (var. pinnatifidum rdseo-pictum, Lem.). Lvs.
finely cut, green, with white and pink spots. I.H.
14:523. R.H. 1807:391.
(5) Var. sessilifdliimi, Maxim. Lvs. deeply cut, with
very short petioles. G.C. II. 16. Of little decorative
value.
17. Jut.5ilicum, Thu-)b. Fig. 20, &. Small tree or shrub:
petioles and peduncles downy when young; lvs. 7-11-
lobed, cordate, ;M> in. acioss, light green, with silky hairs
when unfolding; lobes ovate, doubly serrate : fls. large,
purple. Japan. S.Z. 1:144. Var. mpcrophyllum, Van
Tnutte. Lvs. large, light g.een. Var. aureum, Hort. Lvs.
yeh w. Var. Parsonsi, Veii:ch. (var. filicifolium, Hort.).
Lvs. large, divi<lt<l nearr *o the base in 9-11 pinnatisect
segments.
ccc. Fls. inn gated, distinctl;/ peduncled racemes or
panicle.i.
D. Lvs. distincflt/ 5-lohed, large.
18. macrophj'llum, Pursh. Large-leaved Maple. Tree,
100 feet high: lvs. cordate, deeply ,'{-5-lobed or cleft, pu-
bescent when young, pale green beneath, 8-12 in. across,
middle lobe mostly 3-lobed : racemes pendulous: fr, with
yellow, bristly hairs, largely winged. W. N. Amer. S.S.
2: 8(), 87.— Handsome round-headet' ree. remarkable for
its large foliage, not hardy iu the l>orth.
ACER
ACER
15
19, Psetido-plitanus, Linn. Sycamore Mapi.e. Tree,
70 ft. lii^'b: Iv.s, 5-lubed, coarsely cronate-strrate, '.i}4-l
in. across, deep green above, glaucous and mostly gla-
brous beneath : racemes pendulous : fr. t \} rous. Eu.,
Caucasus. — Large tree of vigorous grrowth, vvith large,
spreading head; thrives well even in exposed situation?.
Many varieties and garden forms:
Var. villosum, Prsl. Lvs. charta-
ceous. i>ubescent beneath. Var.
pnrpurdscena, Pax. (vars. purpu-
rentu and atropurpuretim, Hort.).
Lvs. purplish red beneath : of ro-
bust growth. Var.Handjeryi,Spath.
{ var. Prinz Ha ndjenj, Hort, ) . Lvs.
pur])Iish beneath, bright red when
unfolding. Var. W6rleei, Hort. (var.
lut^.^censi, Hort.). Lvs. ytllow, Var.
ilbo-variegituin, Hort, Lvs. witL
white blotches an*' spots. Var. tri-
color, Hort. Lvs. spotted vitb red,
changing to white.
20. Heldreichi, Orx»h. Tree: lvs.
5-lt»bed, the middle incisions reach-
ing nearly to, the outer half way to
the base, ^-5 in. across, glabrous
<lark green and shining above,
glaucous beneath ; lobes coarsely
and doubly serrate : paniv'le erect,
long-stalked, ovate. S. E. Eu. Gt.
•UillSr). G.C.n. 1G:14L
2L Trautvetteri, Medw. (A. vcJutinum, Hort., not
Boiss.). Lvs. slightly cordate, deeply 5-lobed, 5-7 in.
across, glaucous beneath and pubescent when young ;
lobes coarselv crenflte-serrate : panicle erect, ovate. Cau-
casus. Gt. 40, pp. 2G4-2GG. B.M. GG97.- Similar to A.
insiyne, but hardier and with smaller leaves.
22. inslgne, Boiss. & Buhse. Large tree: lvs. 5-lobed,
deeply cordate, 5-10 in. across, bright green above, glau-
cous beneath , lobes broad, coarsely crenate-serrate :
panicles large, erect. Caucasus, N. Persia. G.C. HL
10: 189.— Remarkable for its large, handsome foliage;
not hardy in the North. May be divided into two varie-
ties: Var, Van V6lyemi, Pax, (A. \'an VnJjfmi. Mast,).
Lvs. at length glabrous beneath. Var. veltltinum, BoisK.
Lvs. densely pubescent beneath.
DD. Lvs. mostlij S-lohed or without lobes, gr^en beneath.
23. Tataricum, Linn. Shrub or small tree, 20 ft. : lvs.
roundish oval or oblong, cordate, sometimes slightly
' )bed, 2-4 in. long, doubly serrate, nearly glabrous: lis.
1 long peduncled panicles, white. S. E. Eu., Orient.
— Round-heav..^J small tree, growing best in somewhat
moist soil.
24. Ginniila, Max. (A. Tataricum, var. Ginnhla,
Hort. ). Fig, 21. Shrub or small tree. 20 ft. : lvs. 3-lobed.
V4-\\%\v. long glabroxis, the terminal lobe elongated,
doubly serrate : fls. in long peduncled panicles, yel-
lowish, fragrant. Manchuria. N. China. Japan. Gt.
1877: 308.— Graceful shrub, with handsome foliage, turn-
ing bright red in autumn; may be used as a substitute
for the Japanese maples where these are not hardy.
Var, Semenbvi, Pax. {A. Scmenbvi, Regel.). Shrub:
lvs, smaller, deeply 3- or nearly 5-lobed, Turkestan.
2."). spicJttiun, Lam. Mountain Maple. Shrub or
small tree, rarely 30 ft. : lvs. 3- or slightly 5-lobed,
coarsely serrate, pubescent beneath, 'IK—ili in, long:
racemes rather dense, long, tipright: fr. with diverging
wings, bright red in summer. E.N.Am. S.S, 2:82, 83.
-Valuable as undergrowth; lvs. turn vellow and scarlet
in fall.
20. rufin§rve, S, & Z. Tree with striped bark :
branches glaucous whrn young : lvs, rounded at the
base, o-lobed, 3-5 in. long, doubly serrate, fcrrugine-
ously pubescent beneath when young : racemes ferm-
gineously pubescent. Japan. S,Z. 2:148. Var. Albo-lim-
Mttim, liook. Lvs. edged with white. B.M. 5793.
27. Penn8ylv6niciim,Linn.{J..s7r/()/i/>H.Dur). Striped
MaI'le, Moosewooi*. Tree, rarely 40 ft,: bark greenish,
striped with white lines: lvs. slightly cordate, roundish-
ohovate, 3-lobed at the apex. G-8 in. lojig. finely serrate,
ferrugineously pubescent beneath when youug : racemes
glabrous, drooping. E. N. Ainer. S.S. 2 :84, 85. Michx.
Hist. Arb. 2:17. Em. 56G.— Handsome medium-sized
tree of upright, dense habit, with bright green, large
foliage, turning clear yellow in autumn, and attractive
even in winter from it.s smooth, greenish bark, striped
with white.
18. Black Sugar Maple. — Acer nigrum.
DDP. Lvs. not Jobed, fenninerved, doubly serrate,
acuminate.
28. ';erpinifdliiun, S. & Z. Horxbeam Maple. Tree,
30 ft. : lvs. oblong-ovate, acuminate, sharply aLd doubly
serrate, nearly glabrous, 3-C in. long: raceme few-fld.
S.Z. 2:142. G.C. II. 15:564.-Very distinct, hardy spe-
cies; the lvs. are almost exactly like those of Carpinus.
aa. Foliage of SS-foliolate lvs. {cf.No.l4): fls.
diacious.
B. Petioles and young branches with a rufous, villous
tomentum: fls. in terminal few- flowered racemes:
winter-buds ivith niayiy scales.
29. Niko^nse, Max. Tree, 40 ft. : leaflets ovate or ob-
ovate, acute, entire or coarsely serrate, 2-5 in. long,
villous-pubescent beneath : fr. hairy, with large wings.
Japan. G.F. 6: 185. — Very distinct; lvs. turning bril-
liant scarlet in autumn.
19, Acer platanoides.
BB. Petioles and branches smooth or velvety pnhescent:
fls. in long lateral racemes: winter-buds with S
or 4 outer scales.
30. cissifdlium, Koch. {Negiindo cissifoUum, S. & Z.).
Small tree: leaflets 3, long-stalked, ovate ,>r elliptic,
cuneate, coarsely serrate, ciiiate, 2>4-4 in. long: fls. in
16
ACER
ACER
long, npright racemes, vith petals. Japan.— Handsome,
round-headed tree, witli slender, spreading branches and
graceful bright greea foliage, turning orange-yellow and
scarlet in autumn • hardy.
31. Hegnado, hiiu. {Negiindo fraxinifdlium,'Sntt. iV.
aceroldes , Monch. ) Ash-lkaved Maple. Box Elder.
Large tree, 70 ft.: ivs.
pinnate ; leaflets J-5,
ovate or oblong"-' r.aceo- I
late, coarsely serrate or *
■^-lobed, mostly gla-
brous, 2-5 in. long: fls.
before the Ivs.; stami-
iiat« fls. in pendulous
corymbs, pistillate fls.
in pendulous racemes.
E. N. Amer. S. S. 2:
96. Michx. Hist. Arb.
Japanese Maples.
a. Acer paltnatum v.ir. re-
ticiilatum; 6. A. Japoni-
cum, type; c. A. palma-
turn var.atropurpureum ;
d. var. omatum; e. var.
Thiinbergi ; /. var. dis-
sectum.
2:18.— Large, rapid-growing tree of spreading habit,
thriving best in moist and rich soil. Much prized in the
W., where it withstands cold and dryness. Largely used
for shelter belts and for planting: timber-claims. See
picture, under Box Elder. Var. Galifdmicum, Sarg. (A.
CttlifdrnicHtn, Dietr. JVefjundo Califdrnicum, T<»rr. &
Gray). Branches pubescent when young: leaflets 'A,
densely pubescent beneath. W. N. Amer. S.S. 2:97^
Nutt. N. Am. Sylv. 2:72. Var, violaceum, Arb. Muse.
(.1. Califdrnienm, Hort. ). A vigorously growing form;
branches purplish with >,'lauoous bloom or ttnely pubes-
cent when youne:. Var, arg^nteo- varieg^ttun, Hort. Lvs.
with broad white margin. Pro))ably the most effective
of all variegated hardy trees. F.S. 17:1781. Var. atireo-
macul^tum, Hurt. Lvs. spotted with yellow. Var, aureo-
margin^tum, Hort. Lvs. with yellow margin, Var.
aur^tum, Spiith. Lvs. yellow, Var. crisptun, G. Don.
Leaflets curled. These horticultural varieties may be
grafted on commcm Bv)x Elder seedlings. Box Elder
also grows from hardwood cuttings, like the grape.
A. acHmindtum, Wall. (A. candatum, Wall. A. laevigatum,
Hort.. not Wall.). Tree : lvs. 5-lobed, deeply doubly serrate.
Himalayas. G.C. II. 15:;W4.— ,1. argutum. Max. Small tree:
lvs. small, 5-7-lobed. doubly serrate, nearly glal)rous. Japan.
G.C. II. 15: 725. Hardy and grnoeful speejes.— -4. .4 HS^Hff (•?*»»»,
Tratt.^A. camp«^stre, var. Austriacum— .i./*ar6«ff/m. Michx. ^
A, sacci- arum,— ^.2>af&i>i^rve, Max. AliieU to A, arteutum. Lvs.
3-5-lobed, pnbescent when young. Japan.— A. B6tcii, Spach.
Probably hybrid, A. MonspessulanumXtataricum.— A. Cali-
fomicum, Dietr.=A. Negundo, var. Californicum.— A. Califdr-
nicum, Hort.=A. Negundo, var. vitA-Areyini.—A.capillipet, Max.
Allied to A. ruliner\'e. Lvs. 3-lobe<i, glabrous. Japan.— ^. cau-
ddtum, \Ya,l\.=A. acnminatxim.— A. einerascens, Boiss. Shrub
or small tree : lvs. 3-lobed, i^-2 in. long. Similar to A. Mon-
spessulanum. Persia. — A, coridceum, Tsch. (A. Creticum,
Tratt. A. polymorphum, Spach.). Probably A, CreticumX
Pseudo-platanus.— .1. cratepf/i7t>ii7<m, S. & Z. Tree: lvs. oblong-
ovate, often slightly 2-Iobed at the base, inequally serrate, gla-
brous. Japan. S.Z. 1: 117. Hardy.— .-1. Creticum, Linn.=A.
orientale.— -l.fVe^icHm, Tratt. =A.coriaeeum, Tsch.— A.diaW/i-
f um, Blume. Tree, 30 ft.: lvs. 5-lol>ed, 3-G in. across, coarsely
dentate, green l)eneath and pubescent when young: lis. greenish.
Japan. G.O. II. 15: 5:a.— A. Di^cki, Pax. Probably A. LobeliX
platanoides.— .4. dissectum, Tlninb.=A. palmatum, var. dissec-
tum.— J.. dMylum, S. & Z. Tree: lvs. ovate, 5-7 in. long,
coarsely creuate-serrate, glabrous. Jai>an. G.C. II. 15: 499. — A.
Doiiglasi, Hook.=A. glabrum. — .4. Drummondi, Hook.=A.
rubrum, var. Drummondi. — -I. Duretti, Pax. Probably A.
MonspessulanumXPseudo-platrnus. — ^l. eriocdrpum, Michx.=
A. dasycarpum. — .4. glaueum, 3Iarsh.=A. dasycarpum. — A.
heterophyllum, Willd.=A, orientale. — .4. Ilobkeri, Miq. Tree,
60 ft, : lvs. cordate-oblong, serrate, 4-6 in. long. Himalayas,
China. — A. Hyrcdnum, F. & M.=A. Italum, var. Hyrcanum. —
A, Ayfirtdum, Spach. Probably A. ItalumXPseudo-platanus. —
A. hybridum, Baudr.=A. Boscii. — .4. Iberieum, Bieb.=-A.
Monspessulanum, var. Iberieum. — A. hengdtuin. Wall, Small
tree: lvs. oblong, nearly entire, attenuate at the base, green be-
neath, Himalayas, — A. hrrigdtum, Hort.=A. acuminatum. —
A. laurifblium, Don.=A, oblongum. — A. lettcoderme. Small. (A.
Floridanum, var. acuminatum, Trel.). Allied to A, .saccharum.
Small bushy tree with white bark: lvs. mostly 3-lobed, 3-4 in.
across, greenish and finely puljescent beneath; lol)es acuminate,
nearly entire: corymbs glal)rous. N. C.,Ala. — A. Lobeli, Ten.
Allied to A. laetum. Branches glaucous : lvs. rounded at the
base; lobes mostly undulateti, abruptly pointed. Italy. — A.
Mexicdnuui, Pax, not Gray.— A. serratum. — .4. micrdntkum,
S. & Z. Shrub or small tree: lvs. .5-7-lobed; lobes inci-sed and
doubly serrate, gliibrous : fls. and fr. small, S.Z, 1:141. — A.
Miydbei, }>liix. Tree, 40 ft.: branches corky: lvs. 3-5-lobetl, pu-
bescent and pale green beneath, 4-6 in. long ; lobes slightly
lobed. Japan. (i.F. 3: 143. — .4. montdnum, Ait.=A. spicatum.
— A.yeapolitdnit>t),Teu.=A. obtu.satum. — A. neglectum, Lange.
Probably A. cauii>estreXL<)>)eli. — ^4. oblongum. Wall. Tree, 50
ft.: lvs, ovate-lanceolate, entire, quite glabrous, glaucous be-
neath, coriaceous, Himalayas, — ^l. oWu«<i<ww, Waldst. & Kit.
Allied to A. Italum. Small tree : lvs, tomentose beneathj; lobes
short, rounded: peihuu'les hairy, S, Eu,,N. Afr, — .4. Opahts,
Ait,=A. Italum, — A. opidifblinm, Vill.=A. ItJilum, — A. orien-
tdle, Linn. (A, Creticum, Linn, A, svmpervirens, Linn, A.
het«rophyllum, Willd.). Shrub, 4 ft.: lvs. nearly evergreen,
orbicular or oval, entire or 3-lobed, %-l}4 in. long, glabrous.
Orient. — A. palmifoliuui, Borkh. =A. s.-iccharum. — A. pectind-
turn. Wall. Tree : lvs, 3-lol)ed, coarsely serrate, the middle
lobe elongated, acuminate. Himalayas, G.C, II. 15:365. — A.
polyn^rphum, S. & Z,=A. palmatum. — .4 . i>o?i/>n«rp/ium, Spach
=A. coriaceum, — A.purpurdscens, Franch. Very similar to A.
diabolicum. Fls. piuple, Japan. — A.Jiiigeli, Pax ==A, saccha-
rum, var, Rtigeli. — A.gaccharinum, Linn.=A. dasycarpum. — A.
saccharinum, Wangh,=A,saccharum, — A.saccharinuin, var. 7U-
grum, Torr. & Gray=A. nigrum. — A. sdcrharum, var. col-
umndre. Temple. =A, nigrum var, monumentale. — A. sdecha-
mm, var. nigrum, Britt,=A, nigrum, — .4. Schwerini, Pax.
Tree: lvs, cordate-oblong, slightly 3-lobe<i or entire, glaucous
beneath, 5-7 in. long, Himalayas. — .4. Sernendci, Regel.=A.
Ginnala, var. Semenovi, — .4. sempervirens, Iiiun,=.V, orientale.
— A. septemlbbum, Thuub.=A. palmatum, var, septemlobum. —
A.aerrdtnm, Pax (A. Mexicanum, Pax, not A.Gray). Allied
to A. Negundo. Leaflets 3, pul>eseent, eqiuilly serrate. Mex. —
A. Sieboldidnum, Miq. Allied to A. Japonicum. Lvs. 9-11-
lobed, serrate : fls. small, yellowish. Japan. — .4. Sikhimense,
Miq. Tree : lvs. cordate-ovate, entire or serrate, quite gla-
brous, cori.tceous. Himalayas. — .4. striatum, Dur.=A. Penn-
.sylvanicum. — ^l. Tatdricum, v.ir. iUnndla, Hort.=A. Ginnala.—
A. rafrtricum, var. ^acj/i/a^um, Regel.=A. Ginnala. — A. Tauri-
cum, Hort.=.\. Italum, var, Hyrcanum or A. campestre, var.
Tauricum. — .4. teg mentvftu m. Max. Allied to A. Pennsylvani-
cum. Lvs. .3-4 in. long, glabrous beneath ; lobes short : fls.
small. Manchuria. G.C. II. 15: 75. — .4. thfidum. Hook. & Am.
Small tree: lvs. cuneate-obovate, 3-lol)ed, small, glabrous; lol)es
entire. China, Japan. S.Z. 2:14.3. — A. trilohdtuni, Lam.==A.
Monspessulanum. — .4. tn'lobdtum, Hort.=A. Italum. vnr.
Hyrcanum. — .4. tripartUum, Nutt.=.\. glabrum, var. triparti-
tum. — A. Tschonbukii, Max. Small tree: lvs. 5-7-lobed, cordate,
2-3 ^4in. long, glabrous: lobes incised-serrate. Japan. Graceful,
hardy, shrubby tree. — .1. Ikurunduense, F. & M. (A. spicatum,
var. Ukurunduense, Max.). AUietl to A. spicatum. Small tree:
lvs. .5-7lobed, puliescent beneath. 4-5 in. long; lobes elongate<l.
deeply serrate. Mandmria, Japan. (i.C. II. 15: 172.— <d. Van
Volxemi, Mast.^^A. irisigne, var. Vau Volxemi. — ,4. velxitinum,
Boiss. =A. insigne, v.ir. velutinum. — .4. r<'fH^inHm,Hort.=A.
Trautvetteri. — A. viUf)8Uin, Wall. Tall tree: lvs. 5-lobed, cor-
date. 6-?( in. acros*. tomentose l)elow, coarsely serrate. Hima-
layas.— .1. Viniinidtnnn. Mill. =A. dasycarpum. — .4. Zaeschense,
Pax.=A. neglectum, Lange. Alfred Rehueb.
.\CEBANTHUS
ACEKANTHUS (a flower without horns). Berheri-
ddcece. Slender, hardy, herbaceous perennial.
A diphjillug, Morr. & Deone. (EpimMiuip Jipliyllum. Lodd.).
Pl-nt rhizomatous: leaflets obliquely cordate, green al>ove,
claucousbeneath: fls. small, bluish white. Japan. BM.3U8.
L.B.C.19:1858.
ACHANIA. See Malvaviifcus.
ACHILLEA ( its virtues said to have been discovered
bv Achilles). Comp6sit(e. Includes Ptamiica. Hardy
herbaceous border and alpine plants of easy culture.
Dwarf kinds make carpets in dry, sunny places. Large
kinds suitable for wild gardens. Lvs. simple, compound
or temate: fl. -heads small, corymbose.— Prop, in spring
jy division, cuttings and seeds ; chiefly by the first
method.
A. iPrt?/'' (i^**f ^» f^c*^pf t» double forms, half as long as
the ovate-oblong involucre; fls. white, red, or
^^ ' B. Fls.icJiite or red.
Millefdlium, Linn. Milfoil. Yarrow. Height 1-3 ft. :
lvs. bi-piunately parted, segments linear, ^^."icleft.' fls. in
flat corj'mbs. June-Oct. Eu., Asia, Amer. Common in
pastures. D. 95.— Less commonly cult, than vars. rn-
brum and roseum, with red or purple fls.
BB. Fls. yellow.
Tournef6rtii, DC. (A. ^gi/pfioea, Linn.). Height 12-
18 in. : lvs. pinnatisect ; segments roundish, coarsely
toothed : fls. pale yellow. June-Oct. Greece.
HUpenAvUhia,, h&m. {A. Eh pat dr in m, Bieb.). Height
4-5 ft. : stem erect, furrowe<l, almost hairy: fls. in dense,
convex compound corymbs, often 5 in. across. June-
Sept. Orient.— Needs staking.
tomentdsa, Linn. A woolly, carpet-like plant for rock-
eries. Heiirht 8-10 in. Eu., Orient, N. Am. B.M. 498.
Gn. 52, p. 421.
AA. Bays 6-20, as long as or longer than the rotund
or campanulate involucre ; fls. white.
B. Lvs. not divided.
PtArmica, Linn. Sneezkwort. Height 1-2 ft. : lvs.
serrate : lis. in loose corymbs ; all summer. N. Temp.
ACHIMENES
17
21. Acer QinnaUu
Reg. -Its full-double var., the Pearl, Fig. 22, is much
used for cut-flowers and in cemeteries, and is one of
the most popular of all hardy herbaceous plants. There
are other varieties.
S
Sibirica, Ledeb. (A. Mongdlica, Pisch. A. ptarmi-
coXdes, Maxim. K Denser than the last, more erect and
rigid : height lH-2 ft. : fls. larger and in more com-
pact corymbs. July-Sept.
BB.
Lvs. deeply divided.
macroph^lla, Linn. Height .3 ft.: lvs. long, broad.
July. Alps. Gn. .52, p. 421.— Better suited to shrubbery
than herbaceous border.
22. Achillea Ptarmica, var. The Pearl.
Clav^nse, Linn. (Commonly spelled A. Clavennce. A.
argentea, Hort., not Lam.). Dwarf, tufted, hoary alpine
plant : height 10 in. : lvs. dentate at apex ; segments
obtuse: fls. spring and summer. Eu. B.M. 1287. Gn.
52, p. 421. — Thrives in sand.
A. Ageratum, Linn. Fls. yellow. Eu. — A. ageratifblia, Bentli.
& Hook. (Anthemis Aizooii). Tufted, woolly, silvery gray: fls.
white. May-June. Greece. — A. alphia, Linn. Lv8. piunatitid:
fls. white. May-June. Alps. — ^l. asplenifblia, Vent. Lvs. pin-
nate, smooth: fls. white. There is a r'ni-flowered form. Hab.f
— A. atrdta, Linn. Dwarf, tufted, aromatic: radical lvs. petio-
late; cauline lvs. pinnatisect: fls. white. Alps. — A. decolorant,
Schrad. Lvs. undi\-ided: fls. pale yellow. July. Eu. — A.Herba-
rd<a, All. Dwarf , tufted, aromatic, alpine : lvs. undivided, ser-
rate: fls. white. May-June. — A.Ligfutica,AU. Lvs.pinnatifid:
fls. white. Eu., Orient. — A.moschatnjJaeq. Lvs. smooth, pin-
nately parted, lobes uncut: fls. white. Eu. — A. nnna, Linn.
Dwarf, hairy, woolly, aromatic : lvs. pinnatisect : fls. white.
Spring. Eu. Used in making Chartreuse. — A. odorata, Linn.
Lvs. pinnatisect; lobes cut : fls. white. — A. pectin a ta, Willd.
Fls. pale yellow. — A. rtipestris, Huter. Lvs. J^ in. long, lineur-
spatulate, entire. S. Italy. B.M. 6905. — A. santulinoides. Lag.
1 ft.: lvs. pinnatisect, hairj'- woolly: fls. white. July. Spain. —
^1. serrata, Retz. Lvs. pinnatitid, woolly: fls. white. Siberia?
— .1. umbeUiita, Sibth. Very wf)olly roek plant, 4-5 in.: lvs. piu-
natifid : lobes oblong, bluntish, entire or serrate : fls. white.
June. Greece.— ^l. l'ni^«iaca, Steiu. Lvs. pinnately parted: fls.
white. June-Aug. Eu. _.. _,
>\ . M.
ACHIH£:N£3 (Greek, cheimaino, to .suffer from cold ) .
Gesnerac('(t>. Greenhouse herbs, allied to gloxinias, na-
tive to tropical Amer. Fls. axillarj'; the 5 calyx lobes
narrow and short ; the corolla tube cylindrical and limb
spreatling; anthers 4, connivent in the corolla tube, and
a rudiment of a fifth stamen ; style long, usually ex-
serted, the stigma riiated or obscurely 2-lobed.
The rhizomes of Achimenes should be potted about
the first of April, it soil which has been made loose and
open by the addition of about one-third leaf -mold. Six
or seven of these in a o-inch pot, or nine or ten in a
f)-inch one, make specimens of the most convenient
size. The young growth appears in about eighteen days,
and from that time onward great pains should be taken
to keep the soil moist, for a single severe drying will
ruin the plants. Liquid manure should be K^ven twice
18
ACHIMENES
ACHIMENES
a week after flowering begins, i.e., toward the end of
May. The plants are generally tied up to slender sup-
j)orts as growth advances, and, so treated, make surpris-
ingly effective specimens. They may also be allowed
to grow naturally, when they will droop over the sides
of the pots and flower profusely. Still another way is
to pinch off the tops of the growing plants when they
are 4 or 5 inches high. As this produces a branching
growth, a smaller number of rhizomes should be allowed
to each pot. The flowers of Achimenes are produced for
several months without cessation, i.e., until Oct., p.nd
sometimes still later if the small-flowered kinds are
used. As soon as blossoming comes to an end, the plants
should be cut off level with the tops of the pots, which
should then be stored away, putting a reversed pot on
the top of each one that stands on its base, for otherwise
mice may destroy all the roots. Achunenes are propa-
gated usually by means of the natural increase of the
rhizomes, but all kinds may be grown from cuttings.
Another way, which produces many though weak plants,
is to rub off the scales and sow them as if they were
seeds. The roots should be separated from the soil dur-
ing the winter, and care should be taken that they do
not decay from getting too wet in the moist air of green-
house or cellar. Some of the best species are A. longi-
flora, purplish blue; A. longi flora var. alba maxima,
the best white kind; A. patens var. tnajor, a large flower
of purplish rose ; A. peduncuhita, orange ; A. hetero-
phylla, tubular, a fiery orange at one end and blazing yel-
low at the other. Some of the best varieties are Am-
broise Verscheffelt. white, with a network of violet lines ;
Chirita, deep, intense violet-blue with white throat ;
Dazzle, small, vivid scarlet, and late-blooming ; Lar'y
Littleton, rich crimson; Masterpiece, rosy violet wi.a
white throat ; Mauve Queen, a very large and substantial
variety of A, Inngi flora, pale purple; Rose Queen, rich,
rosy lake; Nisida, lavender, shading to white; Trevi-
rana rosea, like Dazzle, ex-
cept in color.For other points
in the culture of Achimenes,
see G. F. 7: 456, 477, 506,
518; 8: 16. In the grandiflora
group the tubers or bulbs
are clustered ; in the longi-
flora group the tubers are
pear-shaped bodies, growing
on the ends of root-like rhi-
zomes. The coccinea and
hirsuta groups (Fig. 23) are
late bloomers.
Cult, by W. E. ExDicoTT.
The garden Achimenes are
much confused by hybridi-
zation, and it is doubtful if
any of the pure species are
in general cultivation in this
countrj'. Years ago,the small
red-flowered types (of the
coccinea section) were fre-
quent, but modern evolution
has proceeded from the
broad-flowered purple spe-
cies. The following first
six species seem to have
contributed most larjyely to
the present garden forms.
Fls. colored, the tube usually not more than twice
the length of the limb.
B. Blossoms small, red or scarlet.
ocell^ta, Hqok. Roots small and tuberou.^. : st. 1-2
ft.: Ivs. rich green above and purple beneath, ovate,
strongly serrate, with conspicuous purplish petioles :
fls. small, 1 in. long, broad-tubed, spotted with black and
yellow, the lobes short and obtuse and well separated,
dr<»oping on reddish peduncles. Panama. B.M. 4;{59. —
Fine for foliage.
ooccinea, Pers. Height, 1-2 ft. : st. reddish : Ivs. 3-
whorled or opposite, green, ovate-acuminate, serrate:
flfi. small, scarlet the corolla twice longer than the erect
lanceolate parted, calyx on short peduncles. Minute Ivs.
often borne in the axils. Blooms late. Jamaica. — One
of the older types. See Fig. 23.
23. Achimenes ; tubers of
the coccinea section.
A.
heterophj'lla, DC. {A. ignfscens, Lera. A. Ghiis'
brechtii, Hort. ). Root fibrous: st. 1 ft. or less, dark pur-
ple, somewhat hairy: Ivs. ovate -acuminate, stalked, ser-
rate, the two of each pair usually unequal in size: fls.
solitary, on peduncles somewhat longer than the leaf-
stalks, long-tubular and slightly curved, with a narrow,
nearly equal flaring limb, rich scarlet, yellow within.
Mex. B.M. 4871. — This species has tubers like those of
the gra^^Jiflora section.
pedunculita, Benth. St. lK-2 ft., hairy, reddish: Ivg.
opposite, small, ovate, sharply serrate, green, hairy, on
short reddish stalks: fls. medium size, drooping and di-
lated upwards, yellow-red with dark markings and a
yellow throat, the limb comparatively short ; on long
(4-5 in.) bracted stems. Guatemala. B.M. 4077.— Stem
produces tubers.
BB. Blossom large, with ti'ide limb, blue, violet
or purple.
longiUdra, DC. Fig. 24. The root -like rhizomes pro-
ducing pear-shaped tubers at their ends : st. 1-2 ft..
24. Achimenes longiflora (X %).
hairy: Ivs. opposite or 3-4-whorled, ovate-oblong, ser-
rate, hairy, sometimes colored beneath: fls. solitary, the
corolla salver-shaped, with a long and graceful tube; the
limb very large and widely spreading, violet-blue and
whitish beneath, the lowest segment sometimes divided.
Guatemala. B.M. 3980. P.M. 9: 151.- A popular type.
grandiildra, DC. Lvs. mostly larger than in last,
rusty below, often oblique at base: fls. very large, dis-
tinctly red-tinged. Mex. B.M. 4012.— Popular type.
p&tens, Benth. Height, 1-13^ ft. : lvs. unequal, ovate-
acuminate, hispid and serrate : fls. violet-blue, with
downy calyx, tube shorter than spreading crenate limb.
Mex.
AA. Fls. pure tvhite, the tube 3-4 times the length
of the limb.
tubifldra, Nicholson, Suppl. p. 483 (GloxlMa tu!>ifl6ra,
Hook. Dolichodeira tubifldra, 'Q.&n.Bt.). St. sL^rt, with
opposite oblong-acuminate, crenate, short-petioled lvs.:
fls. 4 in. long, curved, gibbous at the base, the tube
downy, the pedicels opposite and 2 in. long. Argentina.
B.M. '3971. — Tubers solid, much like a potato.
A.amabili*, Decne.=Xapgeli.i mn'.tiflora. — A. atrosavguinea,
Lindl.==A. fnliosa. — A. Candida, Lindl.=Dicyrta Candida. — A.
cupreata , Hook.=Episoeacupreata. — .1. folibsa. Morr. Lvs. cor-
date, uin<iual: fls. crimson, Mith saccate tube Ij^ in. long, with
narrow limb. Guatemala. — A.gloxitticFflora, Forkel.==Gloxinia
glabr.tta. — A. hirsuta, DC Loose grower : st. bulbiferous : fls.
rather large, with swollen tube and oblique limb, rose, with yel-
low ami spotted throat. Guatemala. B.M. 4U4. P.M. 12:7.
Ouce popular. — A. Jauregula,\yiir^vz.=A. longiflora. — A.KleH,
Fast. Dwarf: fls. pink-purple. P.M. 16: 289. Form of A. longi-
flora? — A.multiflora,(jSLTi\n. Hairy: lvs. broad-ovate: fls. blue,
fring-Ml. Brazil. B.M. H993.— .l./nrta. Benth.-^Tydjea picta.—
A. rosea, Lindl. Fls. pink or rose, the peduncles many-flowered.
Guatemala. — A. SHnneri, Gordon, =A. hirsuta. — Garden forms
and hyhrids are Escherii, floribunda, intermedia, Jayii, Mount-
fordii, ncegelioldes, nana, venmta (P.M. 15:121), VersehaffeUii.
L. H. B.
ACHLYS
ACONITUM
19
ACHLTS (the goddess of obscurity). Berberiddeece .
HaMy herbaceous perennial. Fls. minute, numerous,
spi( ate, on a slender scape.
triph^lla* DC. Root-stock terminated by a strong,
scaly winter-bud : Ivs. 1 or 2 ; leaflets 3, fan-shaped,
sinuate-dentate, 23^x5 in.: scape 1 ft. long: spike 1 in.
long. Spring. W. N. Amer.— An interesting and deli-
cate plant. Int. 1881.
ACHBAS. See SapoJillo.
ACHYEANTHES. See Iresine.
ACIDANTHfiBA ( pointed anthers ) . Iridhcece. Ten-
der herbaceous perennials, intermediate between Gladio-
lus and Ixia. Lvs. many, linear ensiform, 1-1 >^ ft. long:
spikes ;M)-flowered, simple, lax : tts, long-tubed, some-
what pendulous : corms roundish, flattened, covered with
a matted fiber. — Prop, by seed or by the numerous corms.
bicolor, Hochst. St. 15-18 in.: fls. creamy white,
blotched chocolate brown within, fragrant : corms %-\
in. :n diam. Abyssinia. G.F. 1:486, 487. Gn. 47: 1014.
G.C. HI- 20:393. Mn. 8: 11.— Requires a somewhat
stiffer soil than the tender species of Gladiolus. May be
grown in a tub outdoors during summer, and flowered
within during Oct. Several corms in a large pot give
good results. Corms should be dried as soon as lifted,
to prevent rot.
A. cequinoctinlis. Baker. St. 3-4 ft., stout, stiffly erect: lvs.
strongly ribbeii: fls. white, blotched crimson or purple within:
conns large. Sierra Leone. B.M. 739:1 May be a stronger
growing and more tropical form of the above.
W. E. Endicott and W. M.
ACINl)TA ( immovable, the lip being jointless). Orc^i-
d()cece. Stout epiphytes with interesting pendent scapes.
Pseudobulbs conspicuously furrowed, slightly com-
pressed : I^af-blades smooth, conspicuously veined,
plaited and pliable : fls. globose. As a genus it is too
near to Peristeria and Stanhopea. The species are
rarely seen, as they are less conspicuous in their color-
ing than many orchids. They require a warm house and
plenty of moisture during the growing season, with a
decided rest, to make them flower. Use baskets, not pots,
as the flower-spikes are produced from the base of the
bulbs, as in Stanhopea, and should have free egress or
iney will be lost. Cult, by E. O. Orpet.
B&rkeri, Lindl. {Peristeria Bdrkeri, Batem.). Pseu-
dobulbs sub-conic, about 5 in.: leaf -blades longer than
in A. Uiimboldtii : fls. 12 or more, in pendent racemes,
golden vellow spotted with brown. Mex. B.M. 4203. I.H.
2:44. Gn. 54, p. 332. P.M. 14:145.
Humboldtii, Lindl. Pseudobulbs ovate, about 3 in.:
leaf -blades about 1 ft. long, lanceolate, acute: scapes
pendent, 2 ft. long ; fls. 6 or more, chocolate colored,
about 2 in. in diam. Ecuador, high elevations. Gn.
3:11.
A.chnisdntha,Liirn\\. Racemes pendent; fls. golden yellow,
with whitish labellum and crimson or purplish column; label-
Inm furnished with a long, blunt, papillose horn. Mex. — A.
denstt, Lindl. (A. Warseewiczii, Klotzseh). Fls. subglobose. fra-
griint. pale yellow, si)otted externally with reddish brown ; label-
lum yellow, spotted with reddish brown. Costa Rica. — A.Hni-
bfiana, Reichb. f . Fls. ivory white, in loose racemes ; lip spotted
purple.with erect side lobes. NewGrenada. — J..««icdfa, Reichb. f.
Similar to A. Humboldtii. Fls. yellow. Oakes Ames.
AC0EANTH£)RA (mucronate anthers). Apocyndcece.
Tender shrubs, cult, in greenhouses North, and outdoors
in Fla. and Calif. Fls. with the odor of jasmine, lasting.
spectibilis, G. Don. (Toxicophlcea spectdbiUs, Sond.
T. Thtiiibergii, Hort., not Harv.). Lvs. 3-5 in. long,
!-hort petiolate, leathery, elliptic, acute, shining above:
ris. numerous, in dense axillary, branched, short cymes,
pure white, very sweet scented. Natal. B.M, (»3o9. R.H.
ls7'J:270. G.F. 6:185. G.C. 1872 '-.3.- Poisonous. The
plants cult, under this name are s.ad by trade catalogues
to have pink or violet flowers.
venenata, G. Don. {Toxicophlaea cestroldes, DC. T.
77i«Hfcfrgr(t. Harv., not Hort. ). Fls. white or rose. Dif-
fers from the above in the well marked venation of the
leaves, its flowers athird smaller, its calyx not pubescent,
and its corolla-limb less widely spreading.
ACONITE, WINTER. See Em uf his.
ACONtTUM. Banunculdcea?. Aconite. Monkshood.
Wolfsbane. A genus of hardy ornamental, perennial
herbs, much used in borders, etc. Many species are
planted in European gardens, but only nine have been
much used in America. The number of species varies
from 18 to 80, with different botanists. Native in moun-
tain regions of Europe, temperate Asia, and five in N.
Amer. Root tuberous, turnip-shaped, or thick fibrous:
St. tall or long, erect, ascending or trailing : lvs. pal-
mately divided or cleft and cut-lobed: fls. large, irregr-
lar, showy; sepals 5, the large upper sepal in shape of a
hood or helmet; petals 2-5, small; stamens numerous;
carpels 3-5, sessile, many-ovuled, forming follicles when
ripened. The following species do well in any garden
soil, but rich preferred; they thrive in open sun, but
flowers last longer in shaded places. Aconites should
never be planted in or too near the kitchen garden or
the children's garden, as the roots and some of the
flowers have a deadly poison. Prop, easily by division.
Reichenbach Monographia Generis Aconiti, Leipsic,
1820, 2 vols., folio. Reichenbach lUustratio Specierum
Aconiti, Leipsic, 1822-7, folio.
A. Boots globular-tuberous.
B. Zrvs. deeply cut, but not to the base.
Fischeri, Reichb. {A. Columbidnum, Nutt. A. Cali-
forniv urn, Hort.). Stems 4-6 ft.: lvs. large, smooth, 3-
parted, attractive; segments much cut and divided: fls.
numerous, pale blue, panicled, pedicels pubescent; hel-
mets hemispherico-conical. Autumn. N. Amer. and
Asia. Int. 1889. B.M. 7130.
Camm^rum, Linn. (A. decorum, Reichb.). St. .3-4 ft.:
lvs. with short, bluntish lobes: fls. purple or blue; pani-
cles or loose spikes few-flowered ; helmet hemispheri-
cal, closed. July-Sept. Hunjrarj-. Int. 1889. A. Storkid-
num, Reichb., is a dwarf form of this, with fewer flowers
and somewhat fibrous roots.
uncin^ttun, Linn. Wild Monkshood. St. slender,
3-5 ft., inclined to climb: lvs. thick, deeply cut into 3-5
cut-toothed lobes : fls. loosely panicled, but crowded at
the apex ; blue, pubescent, 1 inch broad ; helmet erect,
nearly as broad as long, obtusely conical : follicles 3.
June-Sept. Low grounds of Penn. S. and W., Japan.
Mn. 4: 81. — Much planted now.
BB. Lvs. divided to the base.
varieg&tiun, Linn. Erect, 1-6 ft.: lvs. variously di-
vided into usually broad lobes and cut divisions; lower
petioles long, others short or none: fls. in a loose pani-
cle or raceme, blue, varying to whitish, rather smooth;
helmet higher than wide, top curved forward ; visor
pointed, horizontal or ascending. July. Europe. A.
album, Ait., is a pure white-flowered form of this, with
rather fibrous roots.
AA. Boots long-tuberous.
B. Cai'pels usually 5.
Jap6nicum, Decne. St. erect, 3-4 ft., smooth : lvs.
dark j;reen, shining, petioled; lobes 2-3 times cut, the
parts blunt and deeply toothed : fls. large, deep blue or
violet, tinged with red, on loose panicles with ascending
branches ; helmet conical ; beak abruptly pointed : fol-
licles 5. July-Sept. Japan. Int. 1889. R.'H. 1851, p. 475.
Var. coertlleuB, Hort. Fls. very abundant ; panicles
shortened.
BB. Carpels S or 4.
Nap61ItlS, Linn.(J.. Taxiricum, Jacq. A. pyramiddle,
Mill. ) . Trce Monkshood. Officinal Aconite. Fig. 25.
The best known and most poisonous species, an«l used
in medicine. Sts. erect, 3-4 ft.: lvs. divided to the
base, and cleft 2-3 times into linear lobes: fls. blue, in a
raceme; peduncles erect, pubescent; helmet broad and
low, gaping, smooth ish: fr. 3-4-celled. Jui^e-July. Gn.
12, p. 362. — Very many varieties, differing in sliade of
flowers, often mottled or lined with white. Var. dlbum
is nearly white. Var. bicolor and var. versicolor, much
used in gardens for the large blue and white flowers.
Reichenbach has divided this species into 20-30 species.
AAA. Boots in the form of a scaly, elongated bulb, «r
someu'hat fibrous,
— — ----- B. Sepals deciduous.
autumnjlle, Reichb. Autitmn Aconite. Fig. 26. St.
ii-5 ft.: lvs. peaately 5-lobed: fls. in a simple spike, be-
20
ACONITUM
ACROSTICHUM
35. Aconitum Napellus
coming a panicle ; blue, lilac or whitish; helmet closed.
Sept.-Nov. N. China.
Lyc6ctonam, Linn. {A. harbd.tum, Patr. A. squarrd-
aum,A. ochroleucum, Willd.). Pale Yellow Wolfs-
BA2iS. St. slender, simple, 3-6 ft. : Ivs. deeply cut into
5-9 lobes ; long petioles and un-
der ribs pubescent : fls. yellow or
whitish, in racemes ; helmet a
pinched elongated cone ; middle
sepals usually bearded : fr. usu-
ally 3-celled.' June^Sept. Eu.,
Siberia. B.M. 2570. G.M, 34: 124.
BB. Sepals persistent.
Anthdra, Linn. ( ^1 . Pyrend icuni ,
Pall.). St. 1-2 ft.: Ivs. parted al-
most to the base, parts deeply
ciit and lobed, more or less his-
pid beneath, smoothish above;
petioles long : fls. in lateral and
terminal racemes, pale yellow,
often large; racemes or panicles
generally pubescent ; spur bent
back or hooked ; helmet
arched, but cylindrical at
base: follicles 5. June-July.
S. Eu. B.M. 2654. -Several
varieties.
A . Chin^nse. Sieb. Deep bine
spike of fls. from the axil of
every leaf : foliage bold and
handsome. B.M. 3852. P.M.
5:3. — A. delphinifblium, DO.
Al'.led to A. Napellus.— Jl het-
erophylliim, Wall. Fls. yellow
and violet. Used as a tonie medicine in India. B.M. 6092.— .4.
Noteboracenae, Gray. Probably =A. panionlatum.— .4. panicu-
latum, Lam. (A. toxicum, Reichb.). Ha.s blue fls. L.B.C\ 9:810.
—A. pyramidale. Mill. Form of A. Napellus.- A. recUndtnm
Gray, of the AUeghanies, with white fls. and large Ivs., is worth
cult.— .4. septentrionale, var. Cnrpdtictim, Sims, is a beautiful
purple kind, closely relate<l to A. Lycoetomim. B.M. 2196.— A.
tortuotntm, Willd. Once listed in the trade; not now found.
K. C. DA^^s.
ACORUS (ancient name of unknown meaning).
Arouleif. Hardy, herbaceous water-loving plants. Lvs.
sword-shaped, erect; spadix appearing lateral, with no
true spathe: fls. inconspicuous. They thrive best in
moist soil, and may be grown in shallow water or on dry
land. Prop, easily in spring or autumn by division.
C^lamtis, Linn. Sweet Flag. Height 2 ft. : root-
stock horizontal, pungent, aromatic. Fls. early summer.
N. Amer., Eu. Var. varieg^tus, Hort. Lvs. striped deep
yellow when young, fading to a paler color later in sum-
mer. Eu. — Commoner in cult, than the type.
grazninetis, Soland. Height 8-12 in. Much smaller
than J.. Calamus, forming compact, grassy tufts. Japan.
Var. variegitus, Hort. Lvs. striped white. Used in hang-
ing basketSjVases, rockeries and for cutting. Often grown
indoors. j. B. Keller.
ACEOCLlNIUM. See Relipterum.
ACBOCdMIA (name means a tuft of leaver at the top).
Palmdcece, tribe Cocotnece. Spiny tropical American
palms: caudex erect, solitary, ringed and swollen at the
middle, densely spiny: lvs. terminal, pinnately cut; seg-
ments narrowly linear-lanceolate, long, obliquely acumi-
nate, the naked margins recui-ved at the base; midnerves,
rachis and petiole with long spines : fr. globose or ob-
long, glabrous or prickly; black or brown. Species 8,
mostly diflftcult to distinguish; allied to Cocos. They
need a rich, sandy loam. The chief danger with young
plants is overpotting, as few leaves are on a plant at a
time, and the roots are not abundant.
scleroc&rpa, Mart. (A. aculedta, Lodd.). Height .30-
45 ft.: trunk cylindrical, about 1 ft. thick, with black
spines 2-4 in. long: lvs. 12-15 ft. long; segments in ir-
regular groups of 2 or 3, 2-3 ft. long, %-l in. wide,
smooth and shining above, whitish, appressed-pilose be-
low, entirely free of spines, except along the midrib.
Braz. toW. Ind. I.H. 15:547.— Not hardy at On^co, Fla.
Cult, in Calif. "Gru-gru" and "corojo" are native names.
Havan^nsis, Hort. A slow-growing, thorny plant, of
which little is known. Trade name.
Jared G. Smith and G. W. Oliver.
ACB0P£BA. See Gongora.
ACBOFHtLLUM (Greek, top and leaf). Saiifragd-
eece. One Australian evergreen shrub, A. vendsum,
Benth. (A. verticUlAtum, Hook.), excellent for spring
flowering in the coolhouse. Prop, by cuttings in early
summer. Let the plant rest during summer. Do not
expose to frost. It produces many pinkish fls. in dense
spicate whorls near the top of the branches. Lvs. in
3's. sessile, dentate: fls. with 5 petals and 10 stamens.
4-6 ft. B.M. 4050.
ACBOSTICHTTH (derivation obscnre). Polypodi^ece.
Greenhouse ferns. Includes plants of great diversity of
foliage, which are often referred to many genera. Sori
spread in a layer over the entire under surface of tho
leaf or of certain of the upper pinnae, rarely over both
surfaces. Foliage rather coarse, the leaves simple or
pinnate, rarely forked. All the 140 species are plants of
tropical regions, two species growing in S. Fla. Some
kinds are adapted to covering walls, columns, trunks of
tree ferns, etc. The kinds with long fronds are excellent
for hanging baskets. As all kinds reqtiire an abundance
of water at the roots, the compost should be very porous.
r
26. Aconitum autumnale (X /^).
A mixture of two parts fibrous peat, one of chopped
sphagnum, and one of coarse silver sand is recom-
mended. For general culture, see Ferns.
The following species are cult, in Amer.: alienum.
No. 15; aureiun, 17; cervinum, 14; confonne, 7; crini-
ACROSTICHUai
ACROSTICHUM
21
ttJTTi, 9; flaccidnm, 8; >?ori?onenm, 11; lomarioides, 18;
muscosum, 3; nicotianspfolium, 16; osniundaceum, 19;
peltatum, 20; pilosum, 5: reticulatum, 10; scandens, 12;
simplex, 6; sorbifoliuin, 13; squamosum, 2; villosum, 1;
viscosum, 4.
A. Lvs. timple, 7ex,<t than 2 in. wide; veins free.
( Ehtphogloasum . )
B. Surface of lvs. densely scaly throughout.
c. Texture thin, flaccid.
1. villdsam, Swz. Fig. 27. Sterile lvs. ft-9 in. long;
fertile lvs, scarcely more than half as large, both with
ahmnlant slender, dark-brown scales. Mex. and W. Ind.
-Dwarf, variable.
cc. Texture thick, leathery.
2. squarndsum, Swz. Lvs. 6-12 in. long, the fertile
narro\v»-r, <»n longer stems ; both surfaces matted with
bright reddish brown linear or lanceolate scales. Tropics
of both hemispheres.
3. muscdsum, Swz. Sterile lvs. 6-12 in. long, fertile
much shorter ; upper surface slightly scaly, the lower
densely matted with ovate, rusty scales. Tropics of
both hemispheres. S. 1 : 211.— Very distinct in habit.
BB. Surface of lvs. slightly scaly.
4. viscdsuin, Swz. Sterile lvs. ♦>-12 in. long, narrowed
gra<luaJIy ap4be base ; the fertile shorter, on longer
.stems ;Sei^fture leathery, the surfaces somewhat viscid.
Tropics of both hemispheres.
5. pildSTUn, HBK. Lvs. ftesuous, 6-8 in. long, ^in.
wide, with tufts of star-like scales beneath; texture her-
baceous. Mex. to Columbia. — Chiefly of botanical in-
terest.
BBB. Surface of lvs. not scaly; texture leathery.
D. Margins of lvs. thick, cartilaginous.
6. simplex, Swz. Sterile lvs. 4-12 in. long, with a very
acute point, the lower portion gradually narrowed into a
short, somewhat margwigd stem. W. Ind. to Brazil.
7. confdrme, Swz. St^rrte lvs. 2-9 in. long, with a
bluntish point and wedge\shaped or spatulate base; fer-
tile lvs. narrower. Tropics of both hemispheres.
DD. Margins of leaves not thickened.
8. Hiccidam, F^e, Sterile lvs. 6-12 in. long, with very
acute point, the lower portion gradually narrowed to the
short stem; fertile lvs. on astern 3-4 in. long. S. Amer.
— Of botanical interest only.
AA. Lvs. simple; veins uniting to fortn a network.
B. Surface of lvs. densely clothed with narrow scales.
( Hymenodium . )
9. crinitum, Linn. Elephant-ear Fern. Lvs. 10-18 in.
long, 4-8 in. wide, on densely scaly stems ; fertile lvs.
smaller, on shorter stems. W. Indies. F.S. 9:9.36, as
H. crinitum.— Oraxt sand in potting, and avoid over-
watering.
BB. Surface of lvs. mostly smooth, 6-15 in. long,
10. reticuliltum, Kaulf. Lvs. on distinct stems, with
wedge-shaped bases, 1% in. wide; veins forming copious
meshes. (Chrysodium.) Hawaiian Islands. — Of botani-
cal interest only.
11. gorgdneum, Kaulf. Lvs. tapering gradually down-
ward to the short stem, 2-3 in. wide ; veins forming
meshes only near the margin. (Aconiopteris.) Hawaiian
Isl. — Of little decorative value.
AAA. Z/vs. pinnate.
B. Ferns climbing with narrow, fertile pinnce.
12. scAndens, J. Smith. Rootstock widely climbing :
lvs. 1-3 ft. long, with pinnae 4-8 in. long ; fertile pinnaa
.slender, 6-12 in. long; texture leathery. ( Stenochlifna.)
India. S. 1: 224,— A vigorous grower and coarse feeder,
much used in cooler houses of large ferneries.
13. sorbifdliom, Linn. Rootstock climbing. often prick-
ly: lvs. 12-18 in. long, 6-12 in. wide, with close veins; fer-
tile pinnae 2-4 in. long, narrow. (Lomariopsis.) E. and
W. Ind. to Braz.
BB. Ferns with creeping rootstocks and scattered lvs.
C. Feins united only near the margin ; fertile lvs. hi-
pinnate.
14. cervlnum, Swz. Fig. 28. Lvs. 2-4 ft. long, with
pimiac 4-9 in. long, 1-2 in. wide ; fertile pinnae slender,
narrow, 4-8 in. long. (Olfersia.) Mex. and Cuba to
Braz. S. 1 : 192.
cc. Veins forming meshes everywhere. {Gymnopteris.)
1.'). alidnum, Swz. Sterile lvs. 1-2 ft. long, iriangular,
with the upper pinnae decurrent, and the lower at least
sinuate or even incised ; fertile lvs. smaller, with nar-
row pinnap, the upper decurrent. Cuba and Mex. to
Braz,
16, nicotian aefdliiun, Swz. Sterile lvs, with .3-7 pinn»
which are 6-12 in. l(mg and 2-3 in, wide, with nearly
entire edges: fertile lvs, smaller, with 3-7 pinnae 3-4 in.
long. 1 in. wide. W. Ind. to Hraz.
27. Acrostichum villosum
(X3^). See No. 1,
Acrostichum cervlnum
(XK). See No, 14.
BBB. Ferns of swampy places, growing in crowns from
erect rootstocks.
17. aiiireain, Linn. Lvs. fertile only in the upper pinnap,
3-6 ft. long, with pinnae 6-10 in. long, short stalked,
coriaceous. Fla. to Braz, and in the tropics of the old
world, S, 1: 187. — Strong-growing. One of the best.
Should be treated as an atiuatic.
18. lomarioides, Jenman. Sterile and fertile lvs. dis-
tinct, the sterile shorter and spreading, the fertile taller
and more erect in the center of the cluster; pinnae 9-14
in. long, almost sessile. Fla. to Braz.
AAAA. Lvs. bipinnatifid or bipinnate ; veins free.
(Polybotra.)
19. osmond^ceum, Hook. Rootstock wide, climbing,
with long, linear scales : sterile lvs. 2-3 ft. long, the
lower pinnae 8-10 in. long, with numerous slightly
stalked segments; fertile lvs. tripinnate, with the lower
pinnae 1-2 ft. long, 4-8 in. wide, with narrow, cylindria
segments "%-% in. long. W, Ind. to Braz.- Probab?,y
the handsomest of the climbing kinds.
AAAAA. Lvs. palmate from creeping rootstocks:
plants small.
20. pelt&tum, Swz, Lvs, 1-2 in. each way on slender
stems, repeatedly forked into very narrow divisions;
fertile lvs, %-% in, wide, circular, or somewhat 2-lobed.
( Hhipidopteris. ) Mex, and W. Ind. to Braz.— A delicate
and distinct plant, needing moisture all the year round.
9*>
ACROSTICHUM
ACTINOMERIS
especially in the air. Avoid unnecessary disturbances
of roots.' Uh^ some partly decayed leaf -mold.
A. acuminatum , Hook., ^A: 182,^4.. canali4nilatum , &x\(\ A xau-
ddtum. Hook., all from S. Amer., relattnl to A. osmuntiaeeum. —
A.flagelliferum, Wall. Rooting at apex of terminal pinna. E.Ind.
S. l:*2tH. — -rl. fcenieulaceum. Hook. Allietl to A. peltatum.
Ecviador. — A. Hfrminieri, Bory. Lv8. simple. Allied to A. sim-
plex. W. Ind. to Braz. — A. heteromorphiim, Klotzsch, Lvs.
simple, 1/^-2 in. long. S. Amer. — A. latifblium, Swz. Lvs. sim-
ple. J>-18 in. Umg. Allie<l to A. conforme. Mex. to Braz. — A. lepi-
d^^u/n, Willd. Allietl to A. villosiim. Andes. — A.Quereifblium,
Retz. Allie<l to A. flagellifemm. Ind. — A. gerratifblium, Mert.
Pinnate, with lvs. 1-2 ft. long. Allied to A. aiirenm. Mex. to
Braz. — A.apicatum, Linn. Simple, with sori on long contracted
apex. (Hymenolepis.) E. Ind. — A . tacaefdlium , Hoo'k. Allied
to A. flagelliferum. Philippines. l_ -^i Underwood.
^-^^^
29. Actinidia arguta (X J^). <£i'
ACTS A (ancient name of the elder, transferred by
Linnteus). lianunculd.ce<v. Native hardy herbaceous
perennials, with showy spikes of small fls. and hand-
some clusters of berries in autumn. Leaflets of the
twice- or thrice-temate lvs. ovate, sharply cleft, and cut-
toothed. They like rich woods and shade. Useful for
rockery and wild garden. Prop, by seeds and by root-
division in spring.
Alba, Mill. (-1. rubra, Bigel.). White Baneberrv.
Height, 1-1>^ ft.; much like A. spicaia, but the leaflets
more cut, toeth and points sharper; plant smoother: fls.
white, in an oblong raceme, and a week or two later:
pedicels in fr. very thick, turning red : berries white,
ovate-oblong, often purplish at the end. N. states. D.53.
8pic4ta, Linn. Cohosh. Herb-Christopher. Plant
1-2 ft. : lvs. bi- or tritemate, serrated : fls. white or
bluish, in ovate racemes: berries purplish l)lack, oblong.
Apr.-Jiine. Eu. , Jap. — Less cult. than the red-fruited var.
Var. riibra, Ait. {A. rw^ra, Willd.). Red Baneberrv.
Rather taller than A. alba: lvs. bi- or tritemate, ser-
rated : fl. cluster white, larger than in A. spieata: ber-
ries bright red, very handsome. Apr.-June. Northern
states. K. C. Davis.
ACTlIftLLA {Greek, small-raijed). CompSsiftp. Har-
dy perennials from W. N. Amer., for cult, in alpine gar-
dens. Height ()-12 in.: fls. villow, .summer. Of easy
cult, in light soil. Prop, by division or by seeds.
grandifldra, Torr. & Gray. Plant densely woolly : lower
lvs. pinuately or bipinnately parted, with margined peti-
oles from broad, scarious bases; upper cauline lvs. sim-
ple or sparingly divided: fls. 2-3 in. wide, summer.— A
pretty alpine plant.
Bcapdsa, Nutt. Plant villous: lvs. radical, linear-spat-
ulate, 2-.'} in. long, punctate, entire: fls. lin. wide; scapes
single, leafless, 1-fld., ,3-9 in. long.
A. landta, PTirsh.=Eriophyllum cwspitosum.
J. B. Keller and W. M.
ACTINlDIA (aktin, ray ; referring to the rafliate
styles). Ternstrtemideece. Hardy climbing deciduous
shrubs, strong-growing and excellent for covering ar-
bors, screens, trellises, walls and low buildings. Re-
markably free from insects and fungi. Lvs. alternate,
long-petioled, serrate: fls. axillary, single or in corymbs,
polygamous, white, cup-8hai)ed, %-%m. in diam. ; sepals
and petals 5; stamens and stigmas numerous: berry
many-seeded, about 1 in. long, edible. E. Asia, Hima-
layas. Prop, by seeds, by greenwood cuttings in sum-
mer, or by hardwood cuttings; al«o by layers. Mono-
graph by Ma2umowicz in Diagn. Plant. As. Nov. 6: 422.
A. Lvs. dark green, shining, chartaceous.
argr^ta, Miq. {A. polygama, Hort., not Miq. A. volu-
bills, Hort., not Miq. ). Fig. 29. Petioles mostly setose:
lvs. 4-5 in. long, broad -elliptic, cuneate to subcordate at
the base, abruptly acuminate, smooth except the setose
midrib beneath, setulosely appressed serrate: fls. 3 or
more, greenish white; anthers dark purple: fr. green-
ish yellow, with flg-like flavor. June. Japan, Saghalin,
Manchuria. A. G. 1891:142.
AA. Zit'S. bright green, dull, membranaceous , sometimes
becoming in the summer handsomely variegated
above the middle: fls. fragrant: not climbing high.
polygama, Miq. Lvs. 3-4 in. long, broed-ovate or ovate-
oblong, cuneate to subcordate at the base, appressed-
serrate, mostly setose at the nerves on both sides: fls.
1-3, %in. in diam.; stigmas on a short, thick style; fr.
yellow. July. Japan, Saghalin, Manchuria. B.M. 7497.
—The plant attracts cats like valerian.
Kolomikta, Maxim. Petioles not setose ; lvs. downy
beneath when young, 4-6 in. long, ovate-oblong, rounded
or cordate at the base, unequally setulosely serrate,
sparsely setose beneath : fls. 1-3, }4m. in diam. ; stigmas
sessile. July. Japan, Saghalin, Manchuria. R.H.1898:.36.
A. callbsa, "Lindl. Allied to A. arguta. Lvs. mostly acute at
both ends. Himalayas. Alfred Rehder.
ACTINOLEPIS (Greek, a scale-like ray). CompdsitcF.
Hardy annuals from Calif.; freely branching, and
mostly yellow-flowered.
coron&ria, Gray (Shdrtia Califdrnica, Hort. Bceria
cnrondria. Gray). Figs. 30, 31. Lvs. opposite, except
the upper ones, 2 in, or more
long, deeply pinnatifid ; lobes 5-7,
distant, linear, entire. B.M. 3828,
as Hymendrys Califdrnica. — One
of the prettiest of annual flow-
ers, and deserving of greater pop-
ularity. Excellent for edging. An
everlasting.
30. Actinolepis coronaria.
Nearly natural size.
31. Actinolepis coronaria.
Known to the trade as
Shortia Califomica.
ACTIN6MEBIS (from Greek aktis, ray, and meris,
part, alluding to the irregularity of the rays). Com-
pdsifif. Native hardy herbaceous perennials suitable for
wild gardens and shrubbery. Tall, branching. Cult,
like Helianthus. Prop, by division.
squarrdsa, Nutt. Height 4-8 ft.: lvs. lance-oblong,
acmninate, subpetiolate, tapering to both ends: fls. nu-
merous, corymbed, yellow; rays 4-10, irregular. Autumn.
A.heUmithioide8,'S\xtt. Lvs. silky-villous underneath: rays
about 8, usually more than in A. squarrosa. Mn. 4: 129. — A.
prbcera, Steud., is only a taller form of A. squarrosa.
J. B. Keller.
ACTINOPTERIS
ADENOCARPUS
23
ACTIN6PTEBIS {aktin, ray, and pterin; the fronds
radiately cut). Syn., Actiniopteritt. Polypodiacecf .
Greenhouse ferns from India, resembling miniature fan-
palms. The sori are linear-elonprate and su})marffinal,
and covered with indusia. A. radidta. Link, is the only
recognized species. l. m. Underwood.
ADA (a complimentary name). OrchidHcece : tribe
Vditdea. A genus of epiphytes containing two species.
Petals and sepals slightly spreading from half their
length; labellum parallel with the column and united to
its base. Found at high elevations on the Colombian
Aufles. Useful for the coolhouse, where they may be
grown together with Odontoglossums, blooming in no
definite season.
auranti4c8, Lindl. Fig. .^2. Pseudobulbs 2-3 in.,
ovate to ovate-oblong, subcylindrical or slightly com-
pressed, tapering toward the summits, bearing 1-3 nar-
row leaf -blades 6-12 in. long: petals and sepals narrow,
pointed, channeled; labellum half as long as the petals:
scape drooping, bearing racemes of cinnabar-red fls.
L^hmanni, Rolfe. Leaves marbled with gray : label-
lum white.— Not much in cultivation. A recent species.
Oakes Ajies.
The Adas grow at the altitude of 8,500 ft. To grow
them successfully, a house that can be kept very cool in
summer is necessary, one having a northern exposure,
such as is construct -.d for Odontoglossums being best, as
the two plants are found growing together. Shading
will be found necessary' in summer during the hottest
weather, preferabiy by roller shades, that can be rolled
up in dull weather, as by this means a current of cool
air is constantly passing over the glass. The tempera-
ture inside the Vtructure can be kept below that outside
in hot weather by careful airing and spraying. A. au-
rantiaea is the best known, and is much valued for its
bright orange-colored spikes of bloom, which last a long
time. A. Lehmanni is very rare in cultivation, and is
distinguished, among other characteristics, by its white
lip and by being a summer-blooming plant, while its
companion species flowers early in spring. The usual
fern fiber and sphagnum moss compost will be found
best suited for their cultivation, taking care that the
plants are never dry at the roots, either in summer or
winter. E. O. Orpet.
ADAM-AND-EVE. See Sempervivum tectorum, and
Apltctrum hyttnale.
ADAMIA. See Dkhroa.
ADAH'S APPLE. See Citrus Limettn, Musa para-
disiac'i, and Taberncemontana coronaria.
ADAM'S NEEDLE. See Yucca.
ADANSONIA (named after M. Adanson, French bota-
nist). Malvdceoe. The Baobab is said to have the thick-
est trunk of any tree in the world. Adansonia has no
congeners familiar to the horticulturist : fls. large, pen-
dulous ; petals 5, white, obovate • stamens numerous ;
tivary ."i-lO-celled : fr. oblong, woody, indehiscent, filled
with a mealy pulp in which are numerous seeds.
digit^ta, Linn. Baobab Tree. Height not more than
()0 ft.; diam. said to be sometimes 30 ft. or more : Ivs.
palmate, with 3 leaflets in young plants, and 5-7 in older
ones: fls. (] in. across, with purplish anthers on longax-
illarj', solitary peduncles. Africa. B.M. 2791. — Rarely
cultivated in extreme S. Fla., where fr. is 9-12 in. long,
and called "Monkey's Bread."
ADDEE'S-TONGUE. See Erythronittm.
ADDER'S- TONGUE FEEN. See Ophioglossum.
ADENANDEA (from the glandular anthers). But(lce(f.
Small summer-flowering, tender shrubs from the Cape
of Good Hope. Lvs. alternate, small, leathery, subses-
sile, entire, glandular-dotted : fls. white or rosy ; petals
obovate. Prop, by cuttings from the ripened wood.
fr&grans, Roem. & Schult. (Didsma friigrans, Sims).
Breath op Heaven. Height 2-3 ft.: lvs. oblong, ob-
tuse, dark green above, whitish beneath, with a glandu-
lar, denticulate margin: fls. rosy. B.M. 1319.— A fa-
vorite in Calif.
ADENANTH£:BA (from the deciduous pedicillate
gland on each anther). Legumindsce. Tender, unarmed
evergreen tree, cult, in greenhouses only for its eco-
nomic interest, and also in Calif, in the open air. Prop,
by seeds, which should be softened in hot water previous
to sowing.
Fayonlna, Linn. Red Sandal-wood Tree. Leaflets
about 13: fls. in an axillary spike. Trop. Asia, where it
grows to a tree of great size.— The red lens-shaped
"Circassian Seeds" are curiosities with travelers, and
are used for necklaces, etc.
32. Ada aurantiaca.
a shows the lip and column.
ADENOCAL't^MNA {glandular covering; referring to
leaves, etc.). Bignonidcece. Tender climbing shrub,
closely allied to Bignonia. Grown in hothouses, requir-
ing considerable moisture. Prop, by cuttings in frames.
comdsum, DC. St. rough, punctate: lvs. opposite, tri-
foliolate; petioles thickened at junction with the blades:
racemes so densely clothed at first with large bracts as
to suggest the aments of the hop-vine ; fls. 2 in. across,
brilliant yellow, trumpet-shaped ; upper lip of 2, and
lower lip of 3 rounded, waved lobes. Braz. B.M. 4210.
ADENOCARPUS (from the glandular pod, which
easily distinguishes it from allied genera). LeguminoH(w.
Shrubs, rarely small trees, more or less pubescent: lvs.
alternate, trifoliolate, small: fls. papilionaceous, yellow,
in terminal racemes ; cal>'x 2-lipped : fr. a glandular pod,
oblong or linear, compressed. About 14 species in S. Eu.,
Asia Minor, N. and W. Afr., Canary Isl. Low shrubs,
rarely more than 3 ft., of spreading habit, with handsome
fls. produced profusely in spring ; verj' attractive when
in full bloom. They require a sunny position and well
drained soil. They are especially a<lapted for temperate
regions, but do not })ear transplanting well, and should
be grown in pots until planted. They are also hand-
some greenhouse shrubs, and grow best in a sandy com-
post of peat and loam. Prop, by seeds and greenwood
cuttings in spring; sometimes also by layers and grafting.
frankenioldes, Choisy. (A. anagprus, Spreng. ).
Branches pubescent : lvs. persistent, crowded ; leaflets
linear-oblong, complicate: fls. crowded, in short racemes ;
calyx glandular, the lateral segments of the lower lip
longer than the middle one, exceeding the upper lip.
Teneriffe.
interm^dius, DC. Branches villous : lvs. deciduous,
grouped ; leaflets obovate or oblong-lanceolate : fls. in
elongated racemes ; calyx glandular, middle segment of
24
ADENOCARPUS
ADIANTUM
the lower lip longrer than the lateral oneH, much exceed-
ing the upper lip. Italy, Spain, Sicily.
decdrticans, Boiss. {A. Poissieri, Webb). Shrub or
small iH't', 15-1'.^ ft.: branches tomento.se : Ivs. crowded,
persistent ; leaflets linear, pubescent : racemes short,
compact : caljTC villous, sej^ments nearly equal. Spain.
R.H. 188:? : 154). G.C. II. 2.", : 725. Gn. MO : 572. - Resem-
bles English Gorse, but is thomless. Bark peels natu-
rally. Thrives in poor, sandy soil.
A.anaodms, Spreng.=A. frankenioides. — A.Boisiiiri, Webb
"=A. tiecorticans. — .1. eomplicatus. Gay. (A. p;ir%'ifolius, DC.).
Branches nearly glabrous : racemes elongate*! ; calyx glandu-
lar. S. W. France, Hpain. B.M. 1.JH7, as ('j-ti.sus divaricatus. —
A.commutatu*, Guss. (A. Telonensis, DC). Branches villous,
pubescent : racemes loose : calyx villous. Spain, Orient. — A.di-
raricatus, Boiss. =A. intennedius when held to include A. com-
mutatuH and eomplicatus. — ^1 . folioldsus, DO. Branches and Ivs .
crowded, ^^llous : racemes compact, many-flowered; calyx \-il-
lous. Canary Isl. — A. grandiflorus, Boiss. Branches and Ivs.
glabrous : racemes few-flowere<l ; caljTC pubescent. S. France,
Spain. — A. Higpdniaia, DC. Branches velvety-pubescent : Ivs.
tomentose l>eneath : racemes dense, many-flowered ; calyx glan-
dular. Spain. — -I. parvifoUiig, DC.==A. eomplicatus. Gay. — A.
Teloninsis, DC.=A. commutatus. — A. Telonensis, Nicholson=
A. grandiflorus. Alfred Rehder.
AD£N6PH0BA iglatid-bearing; referring to the cy-
lindrical nectarj' which surrounds the ba.se of the style).
Campanuldcece. A genus of hardy herbaceous peren-
nials separated from Campanula only by minor charac-
ters, as the trilocular ovary and cylindrical nectary.
Fls. blue, nodding, on short pedicels, produced freely in
midsummer in slender but stiff, erect panicles or loose
racemes. For culture, see Campanula. Prop, by seeds
or cuttings in spring. The plants do not take kindly to
division or other disturbance of the roots. Many other
species than those in the trade are worthy.
commtinis, Fisch. (A. VUflbra, Schur. A.Flscheri, G.
Don. A . UUifdlia . Ledeb. ) . Radical Ivs. petiolate. ovate-
rotund, cordate, crenate-dentate ; cauline Ivs. sessile,
ovate-lanceolate, coarsely serrate : fls. numerous, in a
pyramidal panicle ; lobes of the calyx triangular ; style
exserted.
Lamirckii, Fisch. Lvs. ovate-lanceolate, sharply ser-
rate, ciliate: fls. racemose; lobes of the calyx lanceolate ;
style not exserted.
PotaxL'.ni, Hort. Shrubby: spikes 2-3 ft. high: fls. 1%
in. across, light blue. July-Aug. Int. 1899.
J. B. Keller and W. M.
ADEN6ST0MA {aden, gland, stoma, mouth ; calyx
with 5 glands at the mouth). Moshceai. Shrubs, rarely
small trees : lvs. linear, small : fls. white, about 1-5 in.
broad, in terminal panicles; petals 5, stamens 10-15: fr.
a small akene. Two species in Calif. Heath-like ever-
green shrubs ; very handsome when in full bloom.
They may be cult, in temperate regions in a sunny posi-
tion and well drained soil. A. fasviculatum stands
many degrees of frost. Prop, by seeds and greenwood
cuttings in spring.
fasciculitum. Hook. & Am. Shrub, 2-20 ft. : lvs. fas-
ciculate, linear: panicles rather dense, 2-4 in. long: fls.
nearly sessile. May-June. Ranges northward to Sierra
Co. The characteristic shrub of the chaparral or
chamisal regions of the coast ranges of Calif. Int. 1891.
sparsifdlixun, Torr. Shrub or small tree, 6-12 ft.,
rarely 30 ft., resinous : lvs. alternate : panicles loose ;
fls. pedicelled, larger, fragrant. S. and Lower Calif.
Int. 1891. Alfred Rehder.
AD£SHIA {not hound; referring to the free stamens).
Jjegumifidsie. Tender shrubs from Chili.
A. baladmica, Bertero. Lvs. 1-1^ in. long ; leaflets 10-16 in
pairs : racemes 3-8 fld. ; fls. %m. across, golden yellow. B.M.
^21.— Has the odor of balsam. Not in Amer. trade.
ADHATODA (native name). Acanthdcece. Tender
shrubs, distinguished from Justicia by the less spurred
anthers, and often by the habit and calyx. For culture,
see Justicia.
cydoniaefdlia, Nees. Lvs. opposite on short petioles,
ovate; lower lip broadly obovate, purple Brazil. B.M.
4962. F.S. 12: 1222. R.H. 1873: 110.- Cult, in Calif.
A Fd»ica, Nees. Lvs. ovate-lanceolate, acuminate: fls. white,
streaked red. Ceylon. B.M. 861 &a Justicia Adhatoda.
ADlkNTnU.{Greek,untretted). Polypodiiteefw. Maidex-
hair Pern. A large genus of widely distributed ferns
of tropical countries largely, with polished black or pur-
plish stems, mostly smooth ror..ge to which water will not
adhere, and marginal sori attached vmdemeath an inrolled
portion of the segment, which thus forms a protecting in-
dusium. The requirements of cultivation are plenty of
space, good drainage, and a compost of peat, loam and
sand. Of the one hundred or more species, Ave are na-
tives, of which A vedatum is the best known.
L. M. Underwood.
The genus Adiantum furnishes us some of the most
useful and popular species of commercial ferns. They
are easy of cultivation. They need a slightly shaded
position, mo<ierately moist atmosphere, and a temp, of
60-65° F. The soil should be composed of rich loam and
leaf-mold in equal parts, and should be kept moderately
moist. Some of the most useful ones for general pur-
poses (givenundertheir trade names) are: A.enmulum,
grows about 12-15 in. high, and has verj' graceful dark
green fronds; A. helium, a dwarf, very compact species
6-8 in.; A. cuneatum, A. cuneatum var. grandicepx, with
long, heavily-crested, drooping fronds ; A, cuneatum
var. variegattim makes a neat specimen; A. concin-
num, gracefully drooping dark green fronds 15 in.
long, with overlapping pinnae ; A. conrinnum var. la-
tum, of upright growth, is 24 in. high; A. decorum
is very useful, 12-15 in., and has young fronds of a
pleasing metallic tint; A. excisum var. multifidum ;
A. formosum ; A. Fergusonii ; A. fragrantissimum ;
A. pubescens ; A, tenerum and var. roseum ; A. Wie-
gandi ; A. LeGrandi, ver\' dwarf; A. mundulum, a
very neat, dwarf species ; A. rubellum, a dwarf spe-
cies with mature fronds light green, young fronds of
a deep ruby tint. The above may easily be grown from
spores, if sown on a compost consisting of half each of
finely screened, clean soil and leaf-mold or peat, and
placed in a moderately moist and shady place in the
greenhouse in a temp, of 60° F. To be grown most
economically, they should be transplanted in clumps
of 3 or 4 plants as soon as the first pinnae have appeared,
and, as soon as strong enough, potted off, either in
clumps or singly.
Some very desirable species to grow into large, tall
specimens are: A. ^Sthiopicum, A. Bnusei, A. Collisii,
A. Fergusoni, A. formosum, A. Lathomii, A. Peru-
vianum, A. princeps, A. rhomboideum, A. Sancton
Catharin(r, A. trapeziforme, and A. WilUatnsii. The
following are also recommended for special purposes:
for fern-dishes, .1 . fulvnm; for cutting, A . gracillim urn .
The following kinds are economically prop, by divi-
sion, temp. 65° F. : ^. Farleyense, the different varieties
of Capillus- Veneris , A. rhodophyllum, A. assimile, etc.
Some kinds, as A. dolabriforme, A. caudatum and A.
Fdgetcorthii, form small plants on the ends of fronds,
which may be detached and potted separately, and if
33. Fruiting pinnules of Adiantum pedatum.
kept in a close atmosphere will in a short time grow
into choice little plants. Temp. 65-70° F. The last three
kinds are adapted for hanging baskets.
NicHOL N. Bruckner.
The following species are in the American trade, the
names in italics being synonj-ms : {A. rdseum is an unde-
termined horticultural name, possibly referable to A.
ADIANTUM
ADIANTUM
25
rubellum): (rmtihtm, No. 28 : iEthiopieum, 24 ; affine,
9- amabile, 29 ; amttmil*', 24 ; JtaHHei, 19 ; bellum. 27:
Capillus-Veneris, 26 ; oaudatnni, 2 ; Collisii, 22 ; con-
cinnum. 2M ; cuneatmn, 2H ; curvatum, 1(5 ; ctfclo-sortim,
30 • decorum, 30 ; diaphanmu, 8 ; digitutuiu, 35 ; dolabri-
34. Adiantum Farleyense
forme, 1; £ilgeu'orthii,2; el€gans,SO; emar-
ginatum, 20 ; excisum, 25 ; Farleyense, 18 ;
Fergusoni, 26 ; formosum, 11 ; fragrantissi-
mum, 28 ; gracillimum, 34 ; hispiduiura, 17 ;
intermedium, 10 ; Jordani, 20 ; Kaulfussii, 5 ;
Lathomi, VJ ; LeGrandi, 34; lunulatum, 1;
macrophyllum, 4; Mairisii, 26; monochlainys,
32; Moorei, 29; mtindulum, 28 ; Novje-Cale-
donise, 14 ; Oweni, 30 ; palmntum, 35 ; peda-
tum, 15 ; Peruviauura, 3; polyphyllum, 7; princeps, 19 ;
pubescens, 17; pulveruientum, 12; rhodophyllum, 19;
rhomboideum, 13 ; rubellum, 31 ; Sanctce Vatharince, 6 ;
HiebrechtU, 30 ; speciosum, 35 ; tenerum, 19 ; trapezi-
forme, 6 : variegatum, 28; venustum, 33; Versail-
lenae, 28; Victorire, 19; villosum, 13; Wagneri, 30;
Wiegandi, 30 ; Williamsii, 21.
A. Fronds with a single row of small leaflets on either
side, rooting at the aptx.
1. lunulatum, Burm. (.4. (7o7n6r»/'(5r»if, Hook.). Fronds
1 ft. long on blackish wiry polished stipes; lower leaflets
nearly semicircular, all on hair-like stalks. India, Trop.
Amer., Australia.
2. cauditum, Linn. {A. Edgeworthii,T{oo\i.). Fronds
6 in. to 1 ft, long on short brownish densely hairy stipes;
leaflets deeply cut into several spreading narrow lobes.
Old World.
AA. Fronds with ttsualhf a single row of large leaflets
on either side, not rooting at the apex.
3. Peruviinum, Klotzsch. Fronds 1 ft. or more long, on
polished stipes, with obliquely ovate pointed leaflets, 2 in.
long by 1 J^ in. wide, on slender stalks : sori 8-10 on either
side of the leaflet, twice as long as wide. Peru.
4. macrophi^lltim, Swartz. Fronds 1 ft. long, on rather
stout polished stipes, with 4-6 pairs of wedge-shaped ses-
sile leafletH lK-2 in. long by %-l in. wide ; induRi'um
nearly continu(»us on either side of the leaflet. Trop.
Amer.
5. Kaulfussii, Kunze. Fronds 6-8 in. high, on slender
blai'k stalks; leaflets 5-11, 2 in. long, ^4-1 in. wide, with
unequal base; indusia very long and narrow, forming an
almost continuous marginal band on either side of the
leaflets. Mex., W. lud.
AAA. Fronds at least hipinnate, the segments dimidiate,
i. e. with the Vf inlets all springing from thr linrrr
side of the leaflet, whi'h is twice as lung as broad.
B. Leaflets 1}4~2 in. long.
6. trapezif6rme, Linn. Fronds 18 in. ormorehisrh. with
theterniinal leaflet longer than the lateral; leaflets trape-
zoidal, with parallel sides, H-/4in. wide, lol>ed, and with
numerous sori. A. Sdnrttp-Catharlncg is a form with
deeper lobes. Trop. Amer.
BB. Leaflets smaller, an inch or less long.
c. Stalks polished, smooth.
7. polyphyllum, Willd. Fronds often tripinnate, with
stout black stalks; pinu«p 6-8, long, with closely set leaf-
lets which are %-l in. long, the upper margin curved,
with 4-6 circular or oblong indusia. S. Amer.
8. diiphanum, Blume. Fronds simply pinnate or usu-
ally with 1 or 2 pinnae at the base ; leaflets 3-2in. long,
J4in. wide, with numerous sori placed in the sinuses of
the inner and outer edges. Asia to X. Zeal.
9. afiine, Willd. Fronds bipinnate, with a central pinna
and several lateral ones; leaflets not exceeding •^in. long,
34in. wide, the upper edge parallel with the lower, and
creuate, bearing numerous rounded sori on the upper
and outer margin. N. Zeal.
cc. Stalks polishvd but somewhat tomentose.
10. intermedium, Swartz. Fronds 1 ft. or more long,
with a terminal pinna and 1-3 lateral ones on eju-h side;
leaflets 1 in. or more long, with interrupted sori on the
upper and two-thirds of the outer margins. Trop. Amer.
CCC. Stalks rough or hairy.
11. formdsum, R. Br. Fronds 1-2 ft. long, two-thirds
as broad, mostly tripinnate, with rough scabrous stalks
and rather small deeply lobed leaflets J-.-^'-tin. long, with
rounded and toothed outer margins. Austral.
12. pulyerul6ntum, Linn. Fronds often a foot long. with
a large terminal pinna and several lateral ones, l)ipin-
nate ; stalks purplish, hairy, as are also the rachises ; leaf-
lets %-l in. long, ^4in. wide, closely placed, the outer
edge rounded or truncate. W. Ind.
13. villd8um,lLinn. (^.r7io»j6o}(?fii»j, Swartz). Fronds
large, with a terminal and several lateral pinnse 6-12 in.
long, on stout villous-hairy stalks ; leaflets numerous,
nearly 1 in. long %m. wide, trapezoidal, with the inner
side parallel to the rachis ; indusia forming an almost
continuous line along the upper and outer margins. W.
Ind. and S. Amer.
14. Ndvse-Caleddniae, Keys. Fronds 6-8 in. long and
■wide, somewhat pentagonal, once pinnate with one or two
secondary basal pinnae on the lower side at base; leaflets
attached "to the rachises by a broad base, nearly 1 in. long,
pointed, irregularly incised, bearing 1-4 rounded sori
next to the base. New Caledonia.
AAAA. Fronds forked, the two branches bearing pinnce
from the upper side.
B. Stalks j)olished, smooth.
15. ped&tum, Linn. Fig. 33. Common Maidenhair of
our northern states, with circular fronds on purplish
stalks 1 ft. or more high. — Sometimes transplanted into
gardens, requiring a shady, moist and protected place.
16. curvatum, Kaulf . Fronds forked and with the main
divisions once or twice forked; leaflets 1-1% in. long,
nearly J^in. wide, the upper margin rounded and lobed.
BB. Stalks scabrous (or rough).
17. hispidulum, Swartz {A. puhescens, Schk.). The
two divisions branching like a fan, with the largest pinnae
6-9 in. long, made up of numerous leaflets T^in. or more
long, two-thirds as broad, with numerous circular indusia
on the upper and rounded outer margin. Old World.
26
ADIAXTUM
ADIANTUM
Fromls at lea^tt bipinnnte, often tripinnate or
quadri pinnate, with numeroun rather »mall
tan-nhaped or tredge-nhaped leaflet* K'ith vein$
radiating from the Itane.
B. Leaflet* an inch or len» acronn.
C. Edgett deeply cut into a series of narrow lobe*.
18. FarleyAnse, Moore. Fig. 34. Fronds often reach-
ing 15-24 iu. in length, furmin^ a rich profusion of
closely overlappinjif pin-
n», light green; leaflets
more or less wedge-
shaped at base, with cur-
ved sides and the ou.er
margin rounded and
deeply cut into 10-15
narrow lol>es, which rare-
Iv bear sori. Barbadoes.
LH. 19: 92. -Said to be a
garden variety of A. te-
nentm, but apparently a
good species.
cc. Edges not lacin-
lately cut.
19. Unenun, Swartz.
Fronds deltoid, 12-15 in.
long, two-thirds as wide,
the terminal leaflets
equally, the lateral un-
equally wedge-shaped at
base, all of them rhombic
and deciduous when dry,
with 10 or less small sori
on the outer and inner
margins. A. Lathomi,A.
Victdrice, A. rhodophyl-
lum, A. prince ps, and ^4 .
Bausei are horticultural
forms. Fla. and Trop.
Amer.
20. J6rdani, C. Muell.
(A. emarginCttum, D. C.
Eaton, not Hook.).
Fronds 1 ft. or more long,
G in. wide, mostly twice
pinnate, with nearly
semicircular leaflets ;
sori elongate, the indusium almost continuous around the
margin of the leaflet. Calif, and Oreg.
21. Wllliamsii, Moore. Fronds triangular, nearly 1 ft.
high ; leaflets nearly semicircular, 3-4-lobed on the outer
margin, bearing 5-^ sori covered with oblong indusia.
Peru. — Similar in habit to the last, but smaller and with
more numerous sori.
BB. Leaflets mostly less than a half inch across.
C. Fronds at least quadripinnaie, broader than long.
22. C611isii, Moore. Fronds 1 ft. or more long, very
broad, the black rachises apparently repeatedly forking;
leaflets rhombic-ovate or cuneate, those towards the outer
portions longer and larger than those nearer the base.—
Of garden origin, possibly a hybrid.
CC. Fronds mostly triangular or oblong, longer
than broad.
D. Shape of leaflets rhombic, the indu- ia kidney -.shaped
or nearly circular.
23. concinnmn, HBK. Fig. 35. Fronds 2-3-pinnate,
12-18 in. long. G-9 in. wide, on rather stout black stalks;
leaflets rhombic-oblong, slightly lobed; sori 4-8 on each
leaflet, usually set close together. Mex. to Braz.
DD. Shape of leaflets roundish tcith obtuse base, small
or medium size.
24. JEtMdpicTim, Linn. (.4. «s«j'»mj7<', Swartz). Fronds
1 ft. or more long on slen<ler stalks, 2-3 pinnate, rather
narrow; leaflets roundish or obscurely 3-lobed, the mar-
gin finely serrulate; sori 2-3 to a leal.et, with oblong or
kidney-shaped indusia. Afr. and Austral.
25. excistun, Kunze. Fronds 2-3-pinnate. r>-12 in. long,
3-4 in. wide; leaflets about J^in. wide, roundish, with the
margin cut into small rounded lobes ; sori large, 2-4 to
each leaflet, kidney-shaped or circular. Chile.
35. Pinna of Adiantum
concinnum. Natural size.
DDD. Shape of leaflets distinctly cuneate at the base.
K. Indusia oblong or indistinctly lunate.
26. CaplUuB -Veneris, Linn. {A. Fergusoni, A. Mai-
riaii, MiM>re) . Fig. 3t», Fronds 2-3-pinnate, 6-20 in. long,
3-8 in. wide; leaflets nearly %m. wide, more or less ir-
regularly lobe<l at the outer margin ; sori 1-3 to each
leaflet, with oblong or more or less elongate narrow
indusia. Native southward, and widely distribute<I
throughout the Old World.— Exists in many varieties,
some of them deeply lobed, like A. Farleyense ; a com-
pact imbricated form is ver>' effective.
27. bdllnin, Moore. Small, .3-8 in. high, bipinnate ; leaf-
lets with the outer margin erose and often divided into
2-:{ shallow lobes ; sori 2-3 to each leaflet, rather long
and broad or somewhat lunate. Bermuda.
EE. Indusia nearly circular, with a narrow sinus.
28. cime&ttun, Langs. & Fisch. (A. i^mulum, A. mtin-
dulutn, Moore. A. VersailUnse, A. fragrantissimum,
Hort. ) . Fronds 3-4-pinnate, deltoid, 6-15 in. long, 5-9 in.
wide ; leaflets numerous, obtuse or broadly wedge-shaped
at base, the margin rounded and more or less crenately
lobed ; sori .3-5 to each segment, with rather small rounded
indusia. Braz. — Runs into many forms, of which A . va-
riegiitum is one.
29. Modrei, Baker {A. amdbile, Moore, not Liebm.).
Fronds 2-3-pinnate on long slender stalks, 6-15 in. long;
leaflets li-^in. long, rhomboidal, with wedge-like base,
deeply lobed ; sori of medium size, 4-6 to each leaflet.
Peru.
30. W4gneri, Mett. (^4. dh-omm, A.Wi^gandi, A. He-
gans, A. Oweni, A.cyvlosd-rum, Moore). Fronds 2-3-pin-
nate, 6-9 in. long, 4-6 in. wide; lateral leaflets rhomboid,
the terminal cuneate, slightly lobed or incised ; sori 4-6
to each leaflet, with very large membranous circular in-
dusia. Peru. — J.. Siebrechtii, Hort., "supposed to be a
cross between A. decorum and A. Williamsii," has
strong, graceful fronds thickly set with round pinnules
of firm texture.
31. rub^Uum, Moore. Fronds 4-6 in. long, deltoid, bi-
pinnate ; texture membranous, bright green, reddish
when young ; leaflets >^in. wide, deltoid or the lower
rhomboid, the outer margin deeply lobed and the lobes
finely toothed ; sori round at the apices of the lobes.
Bolivia.
n
W:
i
r
*5
s
36. Pinna of Adiantum CapillusVeneris. Natural sizt .
ADIANTT^l
£CHMEA
tl
^
32. monochlAmyi, D. C. Eaton. Fronds ovate-deltoid,
6-12 in. lonjf, tripinnate ; leartets '410. wide, cuneate at
the"baHe, the upper ed^e rounded, nliKlitly ttMithed, with
a single Horun or rarely two in a decided hollow at the
upper edi^e. Jap.
Xi. venufltum, Don. Fronds ovate-deltoid, tri-quadri-
pinnate, (»-12 in. lon^ ; leaflets '•uneate at the base, )^in,
wide, with the upper edjfe irrejrularly rounded or with
3 indistin«'t l<>l>es. flnely toothed, bearing 1-3 sori iu dis-
tinct hollows. Ind.
BBB. Lenflt'ts minute, innumerable; fronds 4-€-pinnnte.
'M. grracillimum, Hort. Fronds 1 ft. or more long",
nearly as wide, 4-6-pinnate, w^ innunienible ver\- small
leaflets, which are Yt-y^'m. wi<le and usually bear a single
t»orus or rarely two. — Dense, compact forms are in cult,
under the name of A. LeGrdndi.
AAAAAA. St. climbing, several ft. long,3-4-pinnate.
3,"). difiriti^ti^^t Presl. (A. specibsum. Hook, A. pal-
wdtiim, Mf>oret. Fronds 2-3 ft. long on a stalk IH in. or
more long, with palmately lobed leaflets 1 in. or more
vide. S. Amer. L. M. Underwood.
ADLUM, JOHN. Plate II. Grape experimenter, and
author of "Memoir on the Cultivation of the Vine," 1823
and lb28, the first separately published American grape
book. Bom in York, Pa., Apr. 29, 1759. Died at George-
town, D. C, Mar. 1, 18;W. He was a soldier in the Revo-
lution, major in the provisional army in the administra-
tion of the elder Adams, and later a brigadier-general in
t4ie militia of Pennsylvania. He was also a .surveyor
and civil engmeer. He also held an associate judgeship
in Lycoming county, Pennsylvania, having been ap-
pointed by Gov. Mifflin. He was a friend of Priestly, and
endeavored to apply the scientific knowledge of his time
to agriculture. He early became interested iu the ame-
lioration of the native grapes, and established an experi-
mental vineyard in the District of Columbia. He en-
deavored, but without success, to secure the use of cer-
tain public land in Washington for the purpose of "cul-
tivating an experimental farm." He brought the Ca-
tawba grape to public notice. He was a pioneer in the
awakening industrial activity of our new countrj*. The
botanist, Rafinesque, commemorated his name in the
pretty genus Adlumia ; but otherwise he has remained
practically unknown until very recently. For further
information, see Bailey, "Evolution of our Native
Fruits." L. H. B.
ADL0MIA (from John Adlum). Fumarihcece. Ahardy
biennial vine, which climbs overhigh bushes in our moist
woods. Sow seed in spring in a damp, cool place. Trans-
plant in fall, if possible, if transplanted at all. It flowers
the first season.
cirrhdsa,Raf. CLiMBi>fa Fcmitory. Mountain' Fringe.
Allegheny Vine. Figs. 37, 38. Climbs by the slender
young leaf-stalks. Lvs. thrice pinnate ; leaflets cut-
lobed, delicate : fls. white or purplish, in ample panicles.
G.W.F. 13.
ADONIS (a favorite of Venus, after his death changed
into a ri<»wer). Ifaniincuhlcece. Hardy annual and per-
ennial herbs with showy flowers. Six well known
species, natives of temperate regions of Eu. and Asia.
Fls. solitary, terminal ; petals 5-16, yellow or red ; car-
pels many: st. about 1 foot high, very leafy: lvs. alter-
nate, cut into very narrow divisions: fr. an akene. Cul-
ture easy in any good soil, light, moist earth preferred.
They thrive in full sun or partial sha-le; the perennial
species well suited for rockwork, borders, etc. Annuals
prop, by the seeds, which are slow-genuinating, sown
in autumn or earliest spring ; perennials by seeds or
root divisions.
A. Annuals : fls. crimson or scarlet.
B. St. simple except at top: center of fl. yellow.
aestivitlis, Linn. Pheasant's Eye. Stems erect, often
branched at top : fls. crimson ; petals flat, obtuse, half
longer than cah-x. June. Var, citrlna, Hoflfm., is a
garden variety with citron-yellow fls.
BB. St, branched: center of fl. dark.
auttunnilis, Linn. Flos Adonis. Fig. 39. St. branched :
fls. small, crimson, with dark center, globose ; petals
6-8, concave, slightly larger than calyx. May-Joly Gu.
12, p. 131. — Sparingly naturalized.
AA . Pe re n n in Is : fh. yello w .
B. St. not branched.
▼em&lis, Linn. {A. Apennlna, Jacq. A. Davxirica,
Reichb. ). Spring Adonis. St. simple: lower lvs. scale-
38. Flo^ver of Adlumia.
Natural size.
like, others Tdth lobes
numerous, entire: fls.
large; petals 10-15, lan-
ceo ate , slightly
toothed; sepals smooth.
Earlv spring. Gn. 5, p.
519; 39:797. A.dist&rta,
Tenore, from Italy ; a
form with later fls.
Apennlna, Linn. (A.
rernnlis, var. Sibirica,
DC. A. Sibirica,^a.t'
T\n.). This species is
much like A. vemalis f
fls. larger : lower lvs.
sheath-like. Apr. Si-
beria.
BB. ,S7. branched.
Pyreniica, DC. St.
branched: petals 8-10,
obtuse, smaller than in
A. I'ernalis: lower lvs.
with long branched pe-
tioles; upper ones ses-
sile.the numerous lobes
always entire. July.Gn-
39.p.'209. A.Ircut'idnaf
DC, a form with some
radical leaves ; lobes
dentate.
Vol§:6nsi8, Stev. {A.
Wolytnsis, Hort.).
Much like A. vertMlis, but st. branched: lvs. scale-liko
at base, petioled or sessile above : fls. like^. Pyrenaica,
but sepals pubescent on under side. Apr. Volga region.
A. Amurensis, Kegel & Radde, a beautiful species, with broad
yellow fis. : not much cult, iu An^er. : has many Japanese varie-
ties. B.M.7490. U.M.40: 169. Gn.o'J: lV2o.—A.mi^:rocdrpa, DO. .is
a pale-flowered variation of A. sestivalis. — A.parviflbra, Fisch.
Allied to A. aestivalis. xr n t\
2!CHH£!A (from aichme, point; referring to the rigid
points ou the calyx), liromelidcece. The A^chmeas are
closely allied to the Billbergias, from which they are dis-
tinguished by smaller flowers, which are little exserted.
from the calyx and not widely expanding, short filaments
and small anthers, sharp-pointed sepals and conspicuous
sharp-pointed flower-bracts. They are epiphytic herbs,
of about 60 species, natives of Trop. S. Amer. Flower-
cluster arising from a cluster or rosette of long, hard
leaves, which are usually serrate ; petals 3, tongue-
shaped, obtuse or pointed, 2-3 times the length of the
spine-pointed cal>-x-lobes ; stamens 6, shorter than the
Adlumia cirrhosa.
28
NOUMEA
petals : ovary inferior, 3-celled. The flowers are sub-
tended by (in the axils of ) flower-bracts; the entire head
or flower-cluster is often reinforced or subtended by
conspicuous leaf -bracts; in the compound-inflorescence
types, the individual branches are usually subtended by
branch-bracts. In some species, as A. lAtlindei and A.
Marice-Kfiiimf , the large colored leaf-bracts are the
most conspicuous part of the plant. In others, as yl.
Veitchii, the entire head is the showy part. Monograph
39. Adonis autumnalis.
by Baker, Joum. Bot. 1879: 129, IGl, 226. Includes Ca-
nisfrum, J^chinostachys, Hohenbergia, Hoplophytum,
Zrtimproeocctts, Pironneava, Pothiiava; and some of
the species have been referred to BiUbergiUy Cryptan-
thiis, Gnzmannia, Tillandsia, Chevaliera, etc. For cul-
ture, cee Billbergia.
A. FL^. S-ranked on the branchlets.
distichantlia, Lemaire. Lvs. 2-3 ft. long, with a di-
lated base 4-5 in. long and half as wide, the blade rigid
and channelled, edges prickly: scape 1-1)4 ft.: fls. in a
bipinnate panicle 4-7 in. long and half as wide, the
petals tongue-shaped and red-purple, longer than the
obtuse-cuspidate sepals: fl. -bract pocket-like, 3^ in. long.
Braz. B.M. 5447.
AA. Fls. multifarious, — in several or many rows on the
spi^'e or branchlets.
B. Inflorescence simple,
c. Ovary compressed or flattened.
Lalindei, Lind. & Rod. Large (3-4 ft.), with long and
broad spine-edged lvs. : spike very dense, greenish
white, from the color of the aggregated calices, the fls.
subtended by many deflesed, showy red, long-pointed,
entire bract-lvs.: corolla not exserted. New Granada.
I.F. 30: 481. -Striking.
Mariae-BeglnaB, "Wendl. Smaller than the last in all
its parts : petals blue-tipped when young, fading to
crimson like the bracts, half as long again as the mealy
cuspidate .sepals ; fl. -bracts entire, small, not showy :
bract-lvs. toothed. Costa Rica. B.M. 0441. — One of the
best species.
Veitchii, Baker. Lvs. spotted, serrate : i>etals pale, a
little longer than the sepals : fl. -bracts conspicuous,
toothed, scarlet: bract-lvs. greenish, erect, serrate, not
encompassing the inflorescence. S. Amer. B.M. 6329.—
Referred to Ananas by Bentham & Hooker.
cc. Ovary terete {cylindrical),
""' D. Head oblong. " '
Lfndeni, Koch (Hoplophytum Undent, Morr.). Lvs.
dilated and entire at base, the blade minutely toothed
and 2-3 ft. long, the' tip broad-ro«nded and »hort-cuspi-
da*e petals lemon-yellow, twice as long as sepals. Braz.
B.M. 6565.
-fflCHMEA
DD. Head globose.
cali 'i&ta, Baker ( Hoplophytum calycnlAtum, Morr.).
Lvs. about 1 ft. lontr, with an oblong, dilated base, the blade
minutely toothed and rounded at the tip, but terminated
with a minute cusp: scape shorter than the lvs., with
several deciduous lanceolate bract-lvs.: petals tongue-
shaped, not half an inch long, bright yellow: fl. -bracts
small, entire, reddish, S. Amer.
fasciilta, Baker (Billbergia fascidta, Lindl. B. rho-
docyuneu, Lemaire). Lvs. 1-2 ft. long, with an ol)l(mg
entire clasping base, the blade strongly toothed and the
back marbled with whitish cross-lines, the tip rounded
and mucronate : scape 1 ft. h'gh, floccose, the several
bract-lvs. pale red and erect ; petals ^in. long, pink.
Braz. B.M. 4883. B.R. 1130. F.S. 3: 207. -Inflorescence
sometimes forked.
BB. Inflorescence branched (or compound).
c. Calyx and ovary not longer than the fl.-bracf.
glomerata, Hook. Lvs. strongly toothed, \%-l ft.
long: fls. in dense, rounded spikes disposed in a narrow
panicle 1 ft. long ; petals blue or violet, longer than the
calyx : fl. -bracts long, pointed, scarlet (in one variety
whitish). Braz. B.M. 5668.
cc. Calyx prominently longer than the fl.-hracf.
D. Panicle large, 3-pinnate; petals bright red.
gpectdbilis, Brongn. Lvs. 2-2}.^' ft. long, minutely
serrate : fl. -bracts very small ; petals twice as long as
sepals, Guatemala. R.H. 1875: 310.
DD. Panicle 1- or S-pinnate ; petals blue or violet.
E. Fls. pedicellate.
cserol^scens, Hort. Lvs. 134-2 ft. long, with small
prickles: panicle 4-5 in. long, 2-pinnate, with lax few-
fld. crowded branches; petals bluish red, 3^in. long: fl.-
bracts none or minute. S. Amer. Gt. 1871:694. — Pro-
duces white berries.
EE. Fls. sessile.
coelSstis, Baker. Lvs. much as in the last : panicle
deltoid, 3-5 in. long, 2-pinnate, floccose, the lower
branches subtended by red branch-bracts 1 in. Jong ;
petals nearly half an inch long, blue. S. Amer.
folgens, Brongn. (^ii7. discolor, Hort. ) . Lvs. broad, with
small distant teeth, with a broa<l cuspidate end : panicle
large, simple above, branched below, glabrous, bearing
numerous fls, ; petals blue-tipped, exceeding the rich
red calvx; fl. -bracts minute or none: branch-bracts yel-
lowish." S. Amer. B.M. 4293.
Weilbachii, F. Didr. Lvs. rather short, overtopped by
the red-stemmed and red-bracted scape : panicle narrow,
1-pinnate, the fls. rather crowded, blue and red. S.Amer.
R.H. 1871:170.
Var. Leodi^nsis, Andr^. Lvs. violet and spotted : fls.
shorter. Braz.
^.augiista, 'Baker. Allied to ^E.Mariae-ReginiB. Plant large:
fls. braall, rose; petals short -protruded; panicle 1 ft..high, del-
toid. Braz. R.H. 1881, p. 437 (as Hohonbergia femiginea).— J?.
a«ra/irtac«, Baker. PI. vigorous : lvs. expanded in the middle :
fls. yellow, 2 in. long. S. Amer. B.H. 1873:15 (as Canistnini au-
rantiftOum).—.^.iidri^«, Baker. Fls.2-ranked; corolla pale yel-
low. Honduras.— ^£. lirasiUen*is, Regel. Lvs. much dilated at
base, whitish l)elow, black-tootlied: petals light blue, calyx and
ra<'hisred: panicle hran<'hed. Braz. (jit.l88o:1202.— -.i-'-fcroweiwe-
/6/iVi, Baker. Dense spike : lvs. whitish below, 3-4 ft. long, ser-
rate or spines<*ent: fls. light yellow. S. Amer,-~^E.Cornui, Carr.
=^E. niKlicanlis.— ^./>railp«na,Ai\dre. Lvs.whitish, finely den-
tate : spike simple and lax ; lis. long-tubular, light blue ; bracts
and ovaries cond-red : berries rose, becoming 1>1ue. .S. Amer.
R.H. 1888, p. 401.— J?, exsudans, Morr. Lvs. whitish l)elow :
spike globular and dense, nunnlaginous ; petals yellow. Braz.
L.B.C. 9:801. B.H. ISlS-.'SOli.—Ai:. Fiirstenbergii, Morr.=Strepto-
oalyx Fiirstenbergii.- ^\ fernigUiea, €arr.=^lil. aiigusta.— ^.
Hustrix, Morr. Lvs. lepidote, whitish, crowJetl : spike oblong,
dense ; fls. purple, tomentose. Guaiana.— ..'?. macracaiitha,
Brongn. =^E. Schie<leana.— JE. Melindnii, Hw>k. Punicle ."pin-
nate, dense ; petals bright red : lvs. spiny, 1^4-2 ft. (luaiana.
B.M. '^'£io.—^E. Mexicdna, Baker. Lvs. long and large, flno-
toothed : panicle 3-pinnate, long and lax, the ixHliincles mealy;
petals crimson. Mex.— ^\ minidta, Hort.= Billl)ergia thyr-
soidea? — ^\ ntpriophylla, Morr. Allied to .^. distiehantha.
Lvs. narrow, 2-3 ft., spiny, silvery-soaly on the back : fls. red. ♦ ,e
petals fading blue. Trop. Amer. B.yi. Q9'.tQ.—Ji. nndicaulit,
Griseb. Lvs. long and straight, brown-toothed : bract-lva. sub-
tending: spike large, brilliant red; petals yellow. Tr«)p. Amer.
R.H. 188.5::{6 (as JE. Comiii, which is a form with shorter and
denser spike).— .f£,panicu/it/era, Griseb. Lvs. large and long:
^CHMEA
AE RIDES
29
nanicle 1-2 ft. long, with few-flowered branches : scape tall,
rwldish dowuy : fls. purple. Trop. Amer. — ^\ Schiedeana,
SfhltM'h't. (.E.macriM'anthii, Brongn.). Lvs. large, rigid, strongly
armed • pauicle 3-pinnate, puljescent ; lis. pale yellow. Xlex.
Gt. im-.l'o.—^.zebrliM is Billbergia zebrina. ^ jj g
iEGLE (from ^Egle, one of the Hesperides). BttOceo',
tribe AHraHtie(r. Small, strongly spinose trees, with al-
ternate, trifoliolate leaves. Distinguished from the nearly
related genus Citrus ( f particularly C. frifoUata) by
the hard, gourd-like rind of its fruit and its viscous,
woolly seeds.
Mannelos, Correa. ELErnvN'T Apple. Maredoo. Ben-
gal (^i INCE. Bhel Fbcit. Small tree: fr. large. 2-4 in.
in diam.. round or pear-shaped. Trop. Asia. — Cult,
in S. Fla. and Calif., and in hothouses. The wood is
valued for its strength, and the sweet, aromatic pulp is
used medicinally in India for diarrhoea and dysentery,
and also as a lemonade and conser%'e. j^ j Webber.
iSGOFODIUM {air, goat, and podion, a little foot;
piobably from the shape of the leaflets). Umhrllifero'.
GoiTWEE ». Coarse, hsirdy herbaceous perennial, with
creeping rootstocks, biternate lvs., sharply toothed,
ovate leaflets, and white tts. in umbels.
Podograria, Linn., var. variegitmn, is a variegated
form of this European weed, which makes attnu!tive
mats of white-margined foliage. Common in yards.
AERANTHUS. Consult Amjrircum.
AERiDES(Greek,air-j9/aHt).Orc7i»rf(ic<'«',tribe fdnderp.
Epiphytes: stems erect, roundish : lvs. distichous, strap-
p^'uped and spreading, coriaceous, de*' jjy channeled at
the base, obtuse: peduncles from the axils of the lvs.;
fls. in loose or dense racemes; petals narrower thm the
sepals. A genus of remarkably beautiful plants, which
develop well under cultivation. Species contined to the
tropics of the Old World. The genus Aerides, though
not in general cultivation, has many sterling qualities
to recommend it. Some of the species produce dense
racemes of great beauty, which emit a pleasing fra-
grance, and for decorative purposes have few if any
rivals in the Or>-hid family. The genus offers no excep-
tional difficulties to the horticulturist, q vkes Ames.
All the species of Aerides are of easy culture in the
warmest greenhouse— one that has a minimum tempera-
ture of 6.")° F. in winter being best. They should be kept
constantly moist, well shaded, and warm, with fresh live
sphagnum round the roots at the base of the stems. A.
odoratum is perhaps the best known. Other favorites
are A. Lnwrencice and A. Fieldingii ; the latter often
has racemes 18 inches or more long, of a beautiful rose
<^«1"'"- Cult, by E. O. Orpet.
Following are in the American trade: A.iiffine,'So. 11;
Amesianum, 9 ; Augustianum, 8 ; Ballantineanum, 4 ;
Bermanicum, 1 ; crassifolium. 15 ; crispum, 14 ; cylin-
drirum, 18; Dayi num, 2 ; EUisii, 2; expaunum, 10; fal-
catuni, 10; Fieldingii, 13; Godefroyunum, 11 ; HouUeti-
aninti, 10; Japonicum, IG; LarperiUe, 10; Lawrencia?, 9;
Leeanum, G; Leonan, 10; Lindleyanum, 14 ; Lobbii, 11 ;
nijvculosum, 12: niajus, 1 : niaximum=?; mitratiim, 19;
multiflorum, 11; odoratum, 1; pallidum = I; purpu-
rascens, 1 ; quiiiquevulnerum, .5; radicosum, 17; Beichen-
bachii, 4 ; Ktebelenii, ^ ; Kohanianum, 4 ; ro.'H'iim, 11 ;
Sanderianum, 9 ; Savageanum, U ; suavissimum, 4 ;
Thibautianum, 7; vandarum, 18; virens,2; Wameri, 14.
A. Odoratum section : middle lobe of labellum
narroic -oblong.
1. odorittum, Lour. Lva. 6-8 in. long, l-l">^in. wide,
unequal at apices, d' ep green: peduncles not branched,
pendulous ; rts. numerous, crowded ; racemes cylin-
drical, as long as or longer than the lvs.; lateral sepals
ovate; petals obovate-lanceolate, white, with a carmine
apical spot ; labellum trilobed, mi<llobe magenta, side
lobes white, dotted with magenta; spur recurved, green-
ish or white. Cochin China. B.M.4i;?9. (in. 49, p. 158.
Gt. 8:273. B.R. 18:1485. Var. Benndnicum, Reichb. f.
Fls. sraallei' than in the type, the apices of the petals
with mauve lines and dashes instead of blotches. Var.
purpurascenB, Hort. Produces large racemes, sepals and
petals tipped with pale amethyst. Var. m&JTis, Hort. Fls.
larger ; racemes longer.
2. vlrens, Lindl. Peduncles 12-15 in long, 15-20 fld.;
spur dotted with magenta; petals and sepals tipped with
magenta. Java. P.M. 14:197. B.R. bO: 41. — This species
is very similar to A. odoratnm, of which it is considered
by some to be a geographical form. Var. Ellisii, Hort.
(A. Ellisii, Hort.). Sepals and petals white, suffused
with rose, tipped with amethyst-purple. Var. Day^num,
Hort. Racemes very long ; tis. bright, large.
3. Savage&ntim, Hort. Sepals white at base, dotted
with purple, otherwise crimson-purple; petals similar,
narrotver ; labellum crimson-purple, with a greenish,
straight spur ; midlobe denticulate on the margin.
4. BuavissimTUn, Lindl. (A. JHeichenbachii, Linden.
A. JioiHiniauKm, Reichb. f. ). Plant robust, niore lax in
habit than type: tls. 20-30, 114 in. across; petals and se-
pals white, suffused with carmine at apices ; labellum
trilobed, yellowish dotted and suffused with carmine ;
apex of spur white. Straits of Malacca. Var. Ballan-
tineanum. Racemes shorter; blooms earlier; sepals and
petals tipped with amethyst-purple.
5. guinquevulnerum, Lindl. Racemes 1 ft. long ; fls.
crowded; d<jrs<il sepal an<i petals equal, lateral sepals
orbicular, all tipped with magenta; midlobe of labellum
magenta. P.M. 8:241. Var. Roebelenii (A. Eoebelenii,
Reichb. f. ). Sepals and petals shading to green at
bases, petals denticulate ; lobes of the labellum lacer-
ated, midlobe rose-colored. Manila.
6. Leeinum, Reichb. f . Peduncles much longer than
the lvs.: pedicels rose-color ; sepals rose-purjtle, white
at base ; petals similarly colored; labellum small ; mid-
lobe deep purple ; spur green tipped. India.
7. Thibautiinum, Reichb. f. Racemes pendulous,
longer than the lvs.; sepals and petals rose-color; la-
bellum amethyst-purple ; midlobe narrow, acute. Ma-
laya.
8. Augustianum, Rolfe Petals and sepals shaded
with rose ; spur long, straight. Philinpine Isls. G.C.
III. 7: 233.
9. LiLwrenciae, Reichb. {A. LaivrenciUnum, Hort.).
Largest species of the section. Fls. 20-30, \%-2 in. in
diam.; sepals and petals flushed with amethyst-purple
at the apices ; labellum yellowish ; midlobe amethyst-
purple. Philippine Isls. Gn. 35: 702. Var. Amesi&num,
40. Aerides.
a. A. LawrencifB ; b. flower of miiltiflonim section;
c. flower of odoratum section.
Kranzl. More robust: fls. more intense in color. Var.
Sanderi&num, Hort. Lvs. narrow : fls. yellowish, with
amethyst on face of spur, otherwise like the species.
AA. Falcatum section : lateral lobes of
labellum falcate.
10. falc&tum, Lindl. & Pax. (A. Larphitrr, Hort. A.
erpdnsum, Reichb. f.). Lvs. loosely arranged, 0-8 in.
long, IVain, broad : fls. loosely arranged on racemes 1ft.
30
AERIDES
long, 134 in. in diam.; sepals and petals white, tipped
with amethyst; side lobes of labellum falcate, pale ame-
thyst ; front lobe convex, denticulate, keeled above,
amethyst in center, margined with white and barred
with rose; spur short. Upper Burmah. Var. Houlleti^-
num {A.Uoulletidnum, Reichb. f.). Fls. large, IJ^in. in
diam.; petals and sepals pale buff, magenta apical
blotch ; labellum creamy white; side lobes penciled with
maerenta. front lobe keeled. Cochin China. R.B. 21 : 205.
R.H. 1891:.T24. Var. Lednaei (A. Leb>mi, Reichb. f.).
Side lobes blunt and retuse.
AAA. MnUiflnrum section: apical lobe of
labellum hastate,
B. Peduncles not ascending.
11. multilldrum, Roxb. {A.afrine, Wall. A. rdseum,
Lodd.). Plant compact, dwarf : Ivs. stout, leathery,
6-10 in. long, dotted with brown ( ? ) : scapes 15-20 in.
long, often branching : fls. small and crowded ; petals
and dorsal sepals ovato, equal in leijgth, rose-colored
shading to white at the base, dotted and spotted with
crimson, inferior sepals pale, less spotted ; labellum
cordate-rhomboid at right angles, with other segments
scarcely trilobed, deep rose ; spur compressed, very
short. 'India. B.M. 4049. Gt. 8:2C7. Var. L6bbi (.1.
Ldbbii, Hort.). Lvs. crowded: peduncles more branch-
ing : fls. more intensely colored ; very distinct. I. H.
15:559. Var. Godefroyanum, Hort. (.1. Godefroydnum,
Reichb. f. ). Fls. laiger than in type and more brilliant
in color. R.B. 17: 1C9. Tliis is the most widely distributed
of the East Indian species, if we except A . odorattim,
12. maculdstun, Lindl. Plant compact : lvs. dark
spotted : racemes pendent, sometimes branching ; se-
pals ard petals pale rose, dotted with purple; anterior
lobe rose-purrjle, white at base. India.
1j. Fi61dini?ii, Lodd. Fox-brush Orchid. Tall: lvs.
glossy, 7-10 i?K long : peduncles pendulous, branched
ne.tr the base, 18-24 in. long : fls. crowded, petals and
sepiils wlfite, suffused and dotted with rose ; labellum
scarcely trilobed, white sufl ised with rose. Sikkim,
Assam.
14. crlspum, Lindl. St. brownish : lvs. rigid, 5-8 in.
'ong : peduncle often branchv^d, pendulous ; fls. not
dense, large; petals and sepals white, flushed with rose-
crimson, deeper colored on dorsal surfaces; lip trilobed,
siae lobes small, midlobe rose-«niv^thvst. S. Ind. B.M.
4427. F.S. 5:438. Gn. 4, p. 85. B.R. 28:55. Var. Lind-
leyantun, Hort. Larger: fls. paler, racemes branching.
Var. W&meri, Hort. Dwarf: fls. smaller and paler than
in type.
15. crassifdlium, Par. & Reichb. f . Compact in growth :
lvs. (5-10 in. long : fls. l^ain. in diam. j petals and sepals
bright rose -magenta, shading off towards bases; label-
lum trilobed, side lobes subfalcate, rose-magenta, front
lobe ovate, deeper colored. Burma.
16. Jap6nicum, Reichb, f. Smallest species of the ge-
nus in cult. : lvs. 3-4 in. long, linear oblong : fls. few :
peduncles loosely racemose; sepals and smaller petals
greenish white, lateral sepals barred with araethyst-
purpie ; labellum creuate, ridged, dark violet, with 2
erect lobules. Japan. B.M. 5798. — This interesting spe-
cies marks the N. limit of the genus Aerides. Requires
cooler treatment than the other species.
BB. Peduncles ascending.
17. radicdsum, Reichb, Lvs. 8 in. long, 1 in. wide :
peduncles ascending, 8-10 in. long, sometimes branching
near the base : fls. ^^in. across, purplish ; sepals and
pt.rals pale rose, verging on crimson; column winged.
India.
AAAA. Vandanim section : lip various : lvs. terete.
18. vanddrum, Reichb. t. (vl. ri/?£Mfirj>um, Hook.). St.
slender: lvs. 4-4) in. long, channeled above, clasping at
bases, alternate: peduncles 2-3 fld.: fls. \%-2 in. in
dia.n.; segments undulate; sepals white, lanceolate;
pet. \ white, irregularly obovate; lip trilobed, nearly di-
videti in front, dentate, sides erect. Sikkim Himalava,
4,000-5,000 ft. B.M. 4982. J.H. III. .^4: 417.~Much like
Vanda teres in foliage. Subtropical species.
19. mitriltain, Reichb. f. Lvs. semi-terete : racemes
manv-rtd.; sepals and petals white ; labellum rose-pur-
pie. Burma. B.M, 5728. Oakes Ames.
^SCHYNANTHUS
MRYK (name of no signification). Amaranthcece.
Tender herbs or shrubs, allied to Achyranthes. Lanate
plants of Trop. Asia and Afr., with perfect or imperfect
fls., the perianth segments short and hyaline: stamens
5 or 4, sterile filaments intervening : fls. very small,
usually in clusters, white or rusty.
8anguinol6nta, Blume (.1. sanguinea, Hort.). Lvs.
lVa-2J2in. long, opposite or alternate, ovate, acuminate,
soft, pubescent, pale beneath. Java.— Cult, for its dark
red leaves.
JESCHTNANTHUS {aischnno, ashamed, ugly, and
anthos, flower; probably referring to the wide-mouthed
gaping of the tls.). Gesnerdre(e. About 40 species of
tropical Asian twining or rambling parasitic small
shrubs, bearing very showy, more or less fieshy tubular
fls., and cult, in warm houses (stoves) : lvs. opposite or
verticillate, thick, or even fleshy: perfect stamens 4,
ascending under the upper p^rt of the imperfectly 2-
lobed corolla ; stigma entire : capsule 2-valved.
Nearly all the species of this exceedingly interesting
genus are from the hot, tropical forests of Java and
Borneo, where they grow in company with orchids and
other plants on the trunks of trees. The fls., which are
produced in the axils of the lvs. and at the ends of the
shoots, last a long time in perfection. Being epiphytal
under natural conditions, they should be put in a root-
ing medium which will require renewal not oftener than
once in two years. They must have perfect drainage, as
they suffer from stagnant moisture, but during the
period of growth they must have copious supplies of
water. Prop, by seeds, cuttings, and division. Cut-
tings are the most satisfactorj' in building up a flower-
ing plant from the beginning. Seeds are slow, and di-
vided pieces, unless th^ir TO">ts «rp in a g:ood condition
previous to the operation, do not make as good plants as
cuttings. Cuttings should be taken early in the spring,
and kept close until they are rooted and established in
small pots. During the first year they should not be
allowed to bloom, but encouraged to make growth by
pinching out the ends of the shoots and shifting into
larger pot-s as they require it. Most of the kinds look
their best when grown as basket plants suspended from
the roof of the stove. Wire baskets are best. In pre-
paring them, first put in a lining of moss, next a goodly
quantity of rough cinders, and the rooting material may
consist of chopped fibrous peat, sphagnum, charcoal, and
small pieces - ' pots or bricks, with a little coarse-
grained sand or a basket 12 ki. across, several small
plants out of ii-iuch pots may be used, and in a hot, hu-
mid atmosphere the growth
is encouraged until the
sides of the receptacle are
covered. During winter
they should be rested by
withholding water to a cer-
tain extent, and decreasing
the temperature consider-
ably. A good method of
growing the scandent
kinds, where facilities are
at hand, is to start the
small plants on blocks of
wood, attach these to damp
but warm walls, to which
they will cling by means
of the roots thrown out
from every leaf joint.
Cult, by G.W Oliver.
A. Calyx deeply 5-parted, the lobes acute.
grandifldra, Spreng. St. creeping, mostly herbaceous,
4-5 ft.: lvs. lanceolate, acuminate, 4-5 in. long, repand-
serrate, fleshy: fls. aggregated; calyx fleshy and short;
corolla arched-tubular, 2-3 in. long, downy, orange-scar-
let. E.Ind. B.M.3843. P.M. 5: 241. -Will succeed in an
intermediate house.
AA. Calyx tubular, entire or shortly 5-toothed. '
pulchra, Don {JE.ptilcher,DC.). Figs. 41, 42. Trail-
ing : lvs. broadly ovate, distantly small-toothed : ct)rolIa
glabrous, brilliant scarlet, 3 times longer than the gla-
l)rous greenish cah-x. Java. B.M. 4264. R.B. 18:13.
K.H. 1883: 204. P.M. 16:161.
41. JEschynanthus pulchra
(X>^).
iESCHYNANTHUS
Lobbiina, Hook. The commonest species in cult, in
this countr>' : differs from ^. piilchra in narrower and
nearlv entire lvs„ corolla downy and projecting only
twice' or less the length of the purple downy calyx.
Java. B.M. 4260, 4261.
£ Boschidna, De Vr.= ^. L.amponga. — J?, ftilgens, "Wail.
Lvs lanceolate: calyx tubular, short-toothed, glabrous: corolla
al)OUt 2 in. long, orauge-red, pul)escent. E. Ind. B.M. 4i«l.—
^ Javdnica, Hook. Allied to ^. pulchra: differs in pubescent
^SCULUS
31
42. JBschynanthus pulchra.
calrx and corolla. B.M. 4503. F.S. 6:558.— ^.ionij)<5nflra, Miq.
Lvs. ovate or elliptic-, obtusisli. entire : Ci.lj-x cylindrical, gla-
brous: corollatwiceas)ong(2in.), pubescent, scarlet. Sumatra.
P.M. 13:175.— -J?, longiflora, Blume. Vigorous: lvs. 3-5 in. long:
calyx deeply cut, the divisions linear-subulate: corolla tubular,
scarlet, very long: fls. fascicled. Java. B.M. 4328. P.M. 15:25.
—^. minidta, Lindl. Fls. vermilion, in 3's in the axils of the
oval or elliptic entire lvs.: corolla pul)escent. Java, Borneo.
P.M. 16:65.— -^E. specibsa. Hook. Branches knotty: lvs. large,
oval-lanceolate, nearly sessile, the upper ones verticillate or in
3's : lis. fascicled, numerous ; cab'x with linear-suVnilate divi-
sions: corolla large, orange- red, curved. Java. B.M.4.'{20. P.M.
14:199. Gn. 51 : 1109.— ^. spleudens, Lindl. & Paxt.=^. speciosa.
— jE. splendida, garden hybrid, with scarlet-spotted black fls.,
in terminal fascicles.—.^, tricolor. Hook. Lvs. small, oval or
lanceolate, hairy at the base: ca^x obconic, pul>escent : corolla
small, pul)escent, blood-red, throat orange, upper lobes striped
black or purple: fls. mostly twin. Borneo. B.3I. 5031. R.B.IO: 7.
LH. 5:169. F.S. 13:1384, J.H. HL 35:57L t tt r,
Li. U. H.
SSCTTLUB (ancient name of some oak, or mast-bear-
ing tree). Sapinddcefp. Horse-chestnut. Buckeye.
Deciduous trees and shrubs: lvs. opposite, long-petioled,
digitate ; leaflets 5-7, large, serrate : fls. sjTumetrical in
terminal, showy panicles; petals 4-5, stamens 5-9: fr.
a large trilocular capsule with 1-6 seeds. N. Amer., E.
Asia, Himal., N. Greece. Ornamental trees and shrubs
with handsome fls,; hardy except the Califomian and
Himalayan species, growing best in moist and loamy
soil. The larger-growing species are excellent shade
trees, and the fls. are show>' and interesting. The fr. is
not edible. Prop, by seeds, to be sown in the fall or
stratified, or by grafting and budding on common species,
and the shrubby forms also by layers. ^. parviflora
prop, also by root-cuttings.
A. Winter-btfds resinous: claws of (he petals not longer
than the calyx; stamens exserfed.
B. Petals 4-5 ; calyx can'panulate, 3-lobed ; stamens
5-8: fr. globular. (Hippocastanum.)
Hippoc&stantim, Linn. Common Horse-chestnit.
Fig. 415. Large tree, 60-80 ft. ; leaflets 5-7, sessile, cune-
ate-ohovate, acuminate, obtusely serrate, nearly gla-
brous : panicles 8-12 in. long, very showy : fls. white,
tinged with red: fr. echinate. May. From Himalayas to
N. Greece.— Many garden forms, as var. fldre pl^no, with
double fls.; bears no fr. LH. 2: 50. Var. pdmila, Dipp.
Dwarf form. Var. umbraculifera, Hort., with compact,
roundish top. Var. lacinijlta, Dipp. (var disserfa. Hort.,
var. heterophylla, Hort.), leaflets laciuiate. Var. M^m-
mingeri, ITort., leaflets dorted with white. Some other
varirgated forms. The horse-chestnut is one of the most
popular of shade trees on the continent of Europe, and
is also much planted along roads and in parks and private
grounds in this countr}-. It is particularly a<iaptHble for
bowers and places where seats are destrti, as the top
stands heading-in and makes a vniy dor ^e shade. Hardy
in the N. states.
turbin&ta, Blume ( JE". Sinensis, Hort., not Bunge.).
Tree, 30 ft. : petioles pubescent; leaflets 5-7, nearly ses-
sile, cuneate-obovate, crenatc-serrate, pubescent be-
neath when young : panicles 6-10 in. long, deitse and
rather narrow ; fls. yellowish while, smaller than those
of A. Hippocastanum: fr. rugose. June. N. Chiua,
Japan. G.C. ni.5:717.
Cimea, Hayne (-jF. Ilipp^cdstanunixPdvia. A. rubi-
CTinda, Loisel. ). Tree, 20—40 ft. : leaflets mostly 5, nearly
sessile, cuneate-obovate, crenate-serrate, nearly gla-
brous : panicles 5-8 in. long ; fls. varv'ing frum flesh-
color to scarlet : fr. with small prickles. B.R. 1056.
L.B.C. l.{ : 1242. F.S. 2229-.30. - Many garden forms, ac-
cording to the different shades in coloring, and one with
double fls. Commonly planted in parks and on road-
sides. Handsome and desirable.
BB. Petals 4, white or pale rose-colored ; calyx S-lipped;
stamens 7-0: fr. pear-shaped, smooth. { Calothyrsus.)
Califbmica, Nutt. Tree with broad top, 30-40 ft.:
leaflets 5-7, petioled, oblong-lanceolate, cuneate or ob-
tuse at the base, sharply serrate, smooth: panicles .'i-8
in. long, rather dense. Calif. B.M. 5077. R.H. 18.55, p.
150. Gn. 49, pp. 490, 492. S.S. 2:71,72. F.S. 13:1312.
AA. Winter-buds not resinous: claws mostly longer
than the 5-toothed calyx.
B. Petals 4, yellow to scarlet; stamens included or
somewhat exserted : leaflets petioled. (Pavia.)
glabra, Willd. (^. Ohioensis, Michx. Pdvia glabra,
Spach. P. ;)rt??i<fa, Spach.). Small tree 15-30 ft.: leaf-
lets 5, oval or cuneate-obovate, flnely serrate, smooth:
panicles 5-6 in. long ; fls. greenish yellow ; claws as
long as the caljTc; stamens exserted: fr. echinate. May.
N.Amer. B.R.24:51. S.S.2:67,68. Var. argtlta, Robins.
{A. argftta, Buckl.) Shrub: leaflets 6-7, obovate-lanceo-
late, unequally serrate.
43. Opening foliaee of .Ssculus Hippocastanum.
ocUndra, Marsh. (^. fldva, Ait. ^. littea, Wangh.
Pdvia lutea, Poir.). Large tree, 40-90 ft.: leaflets 5,
oblong-obovate or elliptical, cuneate, equally serrate,
smooth or pubescent beneath : p.inicles 4-6 in. long ;
petals yellow, very dissimilar; stamens 7, shorter than
the petals : fr. smooth. Mav-Juno. N. Anu'r. L.B.C.
13:1280. S.S. 2:69. 70. Var. discolor (var. /i.vfcr/V/rt,
Sarg. A. fldra, var. piirpurdscenn, iiray. A. discolor,
Pursh. .1. Mirhnuji, Hort.), Lv.**. tomentose beneath:
fls. red or purple. B.R. .'{10. An intermediate form is
A. negl4cta, Lindl. B.R. 1009.
32
^SCCLUS
AGAPANTHUS
versicolor, Dipp.(^. Of /fi>K7rrtxP()r/«. Pdria hybrida,
Spach. ^. or P. Lyoni, Hort,). Intermediate between
A. octandra and A. Pavia. Lvs. pubescent beneath: fls.
yellow, tinged with red or nearly red.
Pivia, Linn. (Pdvia rubra, Poir. P. Michauii,
Spach.). Shrub or small tree, 4-20 ft.: leaflets oblong
or elliptical, acute at both ends, finely serrate, smooth
or pubescent beneath : panicles 4-7 in. long, loose ; fls.
purplish to dark red ; petals very dissimilar ; stamens
mostly 8, nearly as long as the petals : fr. smooth.
May-June. N. Amer. B.R. 993. L.B.C. 13:1257. Var.
htimilis (A. humilis, Lmid.). Low shrub, 2-4 ft.:
leaflets coarsely and unequally serrate, tomentose be-
neath : fls. red, tinged with yellow ; calyx dark red.
B.R. 1018.— Many garden forms, as var. cdmea, Hort.
Fls. flesh-colored. Var. atrosanguinea, Hort. Fls. very
dark red. Var. Whitleyi, Hort. Fls. brilliant red. Var.
p^ndula, Hort. {P.pumUn, var. pendula, Hort.). Dwarf
form, with pendulous branches : lvs. smooth. Some
forms with variegated lvs.
BB. Fls. pure white, small; petals 4-5 ; stamens more
than twice as long as the petals. ( Macrothy rsus .)
parvilldra, Walt. {uE. macrostdchya, Michx. P(\via
dlba, Poir.). Shrub, 3-10 ft.: leaflets 5-7, elliptical or
oblong-ovate, nearly sessile, finely serrate, pubescent
beneath : panicles 8-16 in. long, narrow ; fr. smooth.
July-Aug. S. states. B.M.2118. Gng. 7:81. — One of
the handsomest plants for a lawn clump.
£. Chinengis, Bunge. Allied to A. turbinata. Leaflets dis-
tinctly i)etioled. rounded at the base. China. — AC. Indica,
Colebr. Fls. similar to JE. Hippocastaniira: lvs. obovate-laneeo-
late. distinctly petioleil, smooth. Himal. B.M. 5117. — Al.Pdrryi,
Gi-ay. Similar to A. Califomica. Leaflets small, olMivate. ca-
nescent-tomentose beneath : calyx 5-lobed. Calif. G.F. 3: 35C.
Alfred Rehder.
£THI0N£MA (aitho, scorch, and nema, filament;
probably referring to appearance of stamens). Crucif-
ercp. Dwarf shrubs for the hardy herbaceous border or
rockerj-. Less common than Iberis. The genus differs
from Iberis in having all its petals equal, and from Le-
pidium in having its four stamens longer, winged and
toothed. Fls. various shades of pink and purple. "W. B.
Hemsley, in On. 9, pp. 108, 109.
They dislike a moist or stiff soil or shatly places ; but
in light, sandy loam, on drj- and sunny slopes, they are
compact and branchy, and when once fairly established
will last for many successive years without replanting or
renewal, while under the opposite conditions the plants
grow feeble and lanky, and may die after a year or two.
They keep fully as well as the C'andvtufts in water, and
can "be cue with longer and straighter stems. Prop, by
seeds in spring or by cuttings in summer ; annual and
biennial kinds by seeds. j. b. Keller.
coridifdlium, DC. (Iberis jucunda, Schott & Kotschy).
Branches numerous, thick, 4-6 in high : lvs, crowded,
short, neryeless, linear or linear-oblong, acute or obtuse:
fls. smaller and later than in the next, in dense, short,
rounde«l racemes. Chalky summits of Lebanon and
Taurus. B.M. .5952. — Good for edging. A. pulchtllum
was sold under this name for many years.
grandifldrum, Boiss. & Hohen. Branches 1-1 J-^ ft.:
lvs. usually longer than in A. coridifolitiui . more linear
and more acute: fls. as large as those of A i ibis alpiuttf
in slender, elongated raceme;--; petals 4 times as long a^i
the sepals. Persia. Gn. 9:5.
F^rsicum, Hort. Stout, erect, shm y, dwarf. Fls.
deep rose. Best of dwarfs. Int. 1892, by J.W. Manning.
pulchtllum, Boiss. & Huet. Similar to .d. coridi folium,
but more diffuse and trailing. Fls. smaller and brighter-
colored; petals 2% times as long as the sepals. Persia.
Gn. 25:436. ^. j^l,
AOALM^LA (agalma, ornament, and hule, wood; an
ornaiuent to the woods in which they grow wild). 6'?»-
neriiceif. Tender climbers from Java, which may be
grown in a basket like J:Ischynanthus.
A. loi}(jistyln,QxrT., is considered a synonym of the next. R.H.
187:{: 270. — A. staminen. Blume. St. rooting from the lower sur-
face: lvs. alternate, with an aV)ortive one opposite the base of
each ; petioles 4-8 in. long : ]»la«le as long, ovate, serrate : fls. in
large axillary sessile fasoifjes of 12-14; utameus exserted. B, M.
6747. P.M. 15:73. F.S.4:358.
AOANlSIA (Greek aganos, desirable). A small genus
of tropical American epiphytal orchids, little cult, in N.
Amer. Botanically allied to Warrea and Zygopetaluni.
Need a humid atmosphere. Grown on blocks in high
temp. Prop, by dividing pseudobulbs.
tricolor, N. E. Brown. Fls. in a raceme; sepals whit-
ish; petals light blue; lip in the form of a saddle, marked
with orange-brown. S. Amer.
pulcWlla, Lindl. Fls. white, blotched yellow on the
lip, in a racemose spike from the base of the bulb.
S. Amer.
The above species are the only ones known to have been offered
in the Amer. trade. ThereareSorCothers. A.ccenllea.Keivhh.f.
Fls. in axillary peduncles, blue-blotched, the lip bristled. Braz.
—A. cydnea, Benth. & Hook, (not Reich]>., which = Aeacaulis
cyanea). Much like A. tricolor, the lip blue and undulate at the
tip. B.R. 1845:28, as Warrea cinerea, Liudl.; also, W. cyanea,
Lindl. (see Rolfe., (i.C. III. 6. p. 492).
AOAFANTHUS («sra/)^, love, and an/ftos, flower). Lil-
idcae. Conservatory plants, with tuberous rootstocks,
tall simple scape, and 2-bracted umbel of handsome fls.:
perianth with 6 wide-spreading divisions, nearly regu-
lar: pod many-seeded ; seeds flat, winged above : foliage
evergreen.
In this countr}', Agapanthuses are usually grown in
tubs (the roots are apt to burst pots), and are flowered
in late spring or early summer in the conservatory, win-
dow garden, or living room. The plant is kept dormant
during winter, as in a frame or light cellar, only enough
life being maintained to prevent the lvs. from falling ( the
xar.albidns usually loses its leaves). When in bloom,
give abundance of water. Plants will bloom many years
if given a large enough tub, not allowed to become over-
crowded in the tub, and supplied with manure water,
sending up many clusters each year. Good results can
also be obtained in single pots. It forces well. If kept
dormant until spring, they may be bedded in the open,
or massed in vases, for summer bloom. Prop, by divid-
ing the roots ( and rarely by seeds ) . Old roots break up
more easily if soaked in water a few hours. When dor-
mant, the plant will stand a few degrees— usually 10° or
less — of frost.
tunbell^tus, L'Her. Afripax Lily. Lilt op the Nile.
Fig. 44. Lvs. 2 ft. long and numerous, thick, narrow:
44. Affapanthus umbellatus.
scape rising 2-3 ft. from the leaf -rosette, bearing an um-
bel of 20-.50 handsome blue fls. ; perianth funnel-shaped,
with a short tube. Cape of Good Hope. B.M. 500.— One
of the best known of half-hardy liliaceous plants. There
are white-flowered varieties (the best known is var. 41-
bidtts); dwarfs, as var. minor and var. MooreftruB, both
with blue fls.; giant forms, as var. m4zimu8 (both blue
i i
AGAPAXTHUS
aga\t:
33
;
:
,'
;J
1 ;
antl white-fld.) ,with scape 4 ft. high ; double-fld. variety ;
Yiirit'sated-lvd. varieties, as var. aureus and var. varie-
ir^tas^; var. Leichtlinii, a compact-trussed blue form ;
and others, L. H. B.
AGABICUS. a genus of fleshy fungi, considered under
Jltishroom.
AGATH^ffiA. See Felicia.
Ji.GA.T'HISiagathis, glome; thefts, in clusters). Tender
Australian conifers, allied to Araucaria, yielding Dam-
mar resiu. Cones axillary, globular or short.
robiista, Hook. {Ddmmara robusta, C. Moore).
Branches somewhat verticillate, horizontal : Ivs. broad,
oval-lanceolate, obtuse : tree reatrhing 130 feet in Austral.
-Cult, in Calif.
45. Aeave Americana, as commonly cTfown in ereenhousei.
AGAVE (Greek, agauas, admirable). Am,aryllidd,ce(B.
Important decorative and economic plants from hot
American deserts, the most familiar of which is A.
Americana, the American Century Plant. St. short
or wauting : Ivs. mostly in a close rosette, mostly stiff
and more or less fleshy, persisting from year to year, the
margins mostly armed with teeth and the apex tipped
with a more or less pungent spine : fls. in spikes or
panicles; perianth 6-parted, moreor less funnel-shaped;
stamens 6, mostly long-exserted ; style 1 ; ovary infe-
rior, 3-celled ; seeds numerous, flat, thin, triangular,
black. Some species flower but once and die, others oc-
casionally, while others flower from year to year. The
number of species is about 150, although more than 32.5
have been described. One of the largest collections is
at Kew, where there are 85 named species. The largest
collecti<>ns in the United States are at the Botanical
Garden of Washington and the Missouri Botanical Gar-
den, where there are about 75 species each. Amateurs
often cultivate a greater number of species than are de-
scribed in this account. Agaves are essentially fanciers'
or amateurs' plants. This noble group of plants has
never received the attention it deserves, and yet no ge-
nus of plants in America furnishes so many suitable
decorative plants. Sir Joseph Hooker places It next to
the palm and aloe, but the former is a great family of
1,100 species. While in the United States we think of
the Agaves only as decorative plants, yet in Mexico,
their native home, they are the most useful of plants.
Many species furnish fiber, others soap, while still
others produce the two great Mexican drinks. Pulque
and MeHcal. Pulque, which is a fermented drink, is ob-
tained from several species, especially A. atrovirens.
Mescal, which is a distilled drink, is usually not ob-
tained from the same species as Pulque, although there
is a general belief to the contrary. The species from
which is made most of the Mescal used in Jlexico is
unknown. The species vary so much in size and form
tliat they can be used in a great many ways. Some of
the smaller species are suitable for the house, and even
some of the larger species are so used. The larger spe-
cies are well adapt«'d for vases in large gardens and
^rrounds, along walks, terraces, etc. These plants, com-
ing, as they do, from arid or even desert regions, where
they have a hard struggle to exist, can be grown with
little or no care, but they respond very quickly to good
treatment. The species are propagated in various ways;
some produce suckers at the base or even underground
shoots ; others give oflf buds from the stem, which fall
off and take root, or may be detached and planted ;
while not a few produce bulblets in the flower-clusters,
and sometimes in great abundance, while all may be
produced from seed. But as most of the species flower
only after a long interval, and many have not yet been
known to flower in cultivation, this latter means of
propagation can not be relied upon. In cultivation,
fruit is set very sparingly or not at all without artificial
pollination, although this can be accomplished with
very little trouble. Monograph by J. G. Baker, Ama-
rj'lfidete, 1888. j. n. Rose.
None of the Agaves are at all difficult to grow. The
soil should be principally loam and sand, and if any vege-
table soil be given it should be in small quantities. Good
drainage and firm potting are necessarj'. To grow small
plants of the large-leaved kinds into good-sized specimens
quickly, they should be plunged out in a sunny spot in
spring, taking care that the pots are large enough so that
they will not require repotting in the fall. Nearly all of
the large-growing kinds are easily increased from suck-
ers, which, when the plants are grown in a pot -bound con-
dition, are produced very remlily. They should only be
taken off from the parent plant when furnished with suf-
ficient roots to give them a start. Some kinds are raised
only from seeds, which, when freshly gathered, germinate
in a few weeks. Cult.' by G. W. Oliver.
The classification of the Agaves is a very difficult one.
This is partially owing to the great number of species,
to the difliculty of preserving study material, and to the
inf requency of fiowering in many spe-
cies. In fact, many species have never
been known to flower. The most
usable characters for classification
are to be found in the leaves, and,
although such an arrangement is
more or less artificial, it is certainly
the most satisfactory in naming a
collection. From a botanical point
of view, however, the inflorescence
shows the true relationship of the
species. In this way the genus is
usually divided into three groups or
subgenera. These are : First, the
Euagave, having a paniculate in-
florescence, with candelabra - like
branches. Second, the Littcea, hav-
ing a dense spike of flowers. (The
section Littcea has been considered
by some a good genus, but it seems
to ct)nnect with the first section
through certain species.) The third
section, Manfreda, is very different
from the above, and is considered by
the writer as a distinct generic type,
although treated here in accordance
with general usage. Manfredas are
all herbaceous, appearing each year
from a bulbous base, the Ivs.
are soft and weak, dying down
annually, while the inflores-
cence is a slender open spike,
with solitary' fls. from the axils
of bracts.
The f(dlowing Agaves are
here described : albicans. No.
30 ; Americana. 1 ; Amuren-
sift, 27 ; angustifolia, 3 ; ap-
planata, 7 ; atrovirens, 5; at-
tenuata, 19 ; Beaucamei, 28 ;
Botteri, 29; brachystachys,
40; Cnndelabrum, 'i ', Celsii,
31 ; coarctafa, 5; cochlearis, 6; dasvlirioides, .3G ; densi-
flora, 32; Deserti, 10; echinoides, 34 ; Elemeetiana, 20 ;
ensiformis,M; filifera, 13; geminiflora, 10; Gilbevi,
20; glaucescens, 19; heteracantha, 22 ; horrida, 20;
ixtlioides, 3 ; Kerchovei, 28 ; Kochii, 27 ; latissima, 5 ;
Lecheguilla, 23; Lehmanni,5 ; macracantha, 8 ; macu-
Agave Americana In
flow^er.
34
AGAVE
AGAVE
lata, 39 ; maculosa, 38 ; Mexicana. 2 ; micracantha, 33 ;
mitis, 33; mitrifformis, 5; Nissoni, 25; potatorum, 11;
Potosina, 41; Pringlei, 4; recurva, 34; liichardsii, 'M;
rigida, 3; rigidis.fima, 28; Salmiana, 5; schidigera, 14;
Scolymus, 11; Schottii, 18; 8hawii, 9; Sisalana, 3; stri-
ata, 34 ; stricta, 34 ; Taylori, 17 ; Thnaeanensis, 5 ; uni-
vittata,21; Utahensis, 12; vestita, 15; Victoriap-Reginse,
24; Virginica, 37; xylonacantha, 27; yucctpfolia, 35.
A. Foliage persisting from year to year: inflorescence
dense, many-fid.: plants flowering after a more
or less long interval, often but once, in others
occasionally.
B. Infloresence a compact panicle; fls. borne in clusters
near the ends of horizontal branches. (Euagave.)
1. Americana, Linn. Common Centcrv Plant. Figs.
45, 46. Plants becoming very large : Ivs. 40-50, either
straight or the tips recurved; the margin scalloped be-
tween the sharp teeth: fl. 3 in. long, yellow. The most
common species in cult. A.F. 7:503. Gn. 12, p. 397.
G.C. III. 19:17. Gn.47,p.59. F.E.10:595. Trop.Amer.*
Several varieties, of which var. picta, var. varieg&ta (B.
M. 3654) and var. recurv^ta are the best known. — Some
forms have Ivs. striped, and others bordered with yellow.
This species is the one which is commonly grown as a tub
I)Iant by florists, being used out-of-doors in the summer
for lawn and porch decoration.
2. Mexicana, Lam. Plants becoming very large : Ivs.
20-30 ; similar to A. Americana. Common in Eu. Int.
about 1S17, from Mex. G.C. II. 19:149.
3. rfgida. Miller. St. wanting or sometimes 4 ft. long:
Ivs. thin, narrow, elongated; the margin either smooth
or toothed. S. Mex. Perhaps more than one species in-
cluded under this name. Jl. «Hgns/j7o?irt, Haw., seems
to belong here. B.M. 5893, as A. ixtlio\des. Gng. 5: 89.
Var. elnng&ta, Baker {A. Candelabrum, Todaro). St.
much elongated.
Var. Sisalana, Engelm. Sisal Hemp. Margin of the
Ivs. entire. Yucatan. Naturalized on Fla. keys. — Rec-
ommended for cult, on a large scale in certain cheap
lands of Fla. Largeh* grown in Yucatan as a fiber plant,
the tiber being exported to U. S. and used in making
cheap cordage.
4. Pringlei, Engelm. Lvs. sword-like, very stiff, 18
in. or less long, narrowed from near the base to the
sharp tip, the margin with small, hooked, brown prick-
les: fl. \%\n. long, yellow. Lower Calif.
5. atrdvirens, Karw.( .4. T/jHrtcauf'HSJs, Karw. A. Sal'
midmt, Otto). Often attaining a great size: lvs. few,
10-30, becoming 9 in. broad and 7-9 ft. long, very thick
at base and glaucous throughout, tipped with a stout
spine; the upper part of the margin homy: fl. 4 in.
long Mex. G.C. II. 8:177. —Several species have passed
under this name.
Var. latissima {A. latissima, coarctUta, Lehmanni,
and mitrceformis, Jacobi). Lvs. broader, oblong-spatu-
late (8-9 in. l)road above the middle).
6. cochle^ris, Jacobi, Pulque Plant of W. Mex.
Very similar to the above, but lvs. longer and a foot
wide, not glaucous. Int. about 1867, but rare in col-
lections.
7. applan^ta, Lera. Stemless : lvs. sometimes 150,
B-'i%'\i\. broad, stitf and glaucous, with long, pungent
end spine: fl. 3 in. h>ng, greenish yellow. —A beautiful
species from Mex. Int. about 1862.
8. macrac&ntha, Zucc. Small, stemless, compact: lvs.
about 50. a foot long, very stiff and pungent, glaucous:
fls. in a lax raceme. Int. about 1830, from central Mex.
G.C. II. 8:137.
9. Sh&wii, Engelm. Stemless : lvs, .50-€0 or even
more, oblong-spatulate, 8-10 in, long, dull green and
slightly glaucous, with a brown tip-spine an inch long,
the edge with upturned brown teeth ^in. or less long:
fls. 3-3J-^in. long, greenish yellow. S. Cal. Int. about
1875.
10 Des^rti, Engelm. Stemless: Ivs. few, in a rosette,
oblanceolate, a foot or less long, deep concave above,
very glaucous, tip-spined, the lower half of the blade
with hooked prickles : fl. yellow, 2 in, or less long. S.
Cal. Int. about 1875.
11. Scdlymus, Karw. Lvs. 20-40. 9-18 in. long. 3-^ in.
wide, glaucous; the margin indented between the teeth:
fl. 2-3 in. long, yellowish. Mex. Gn. 12, p. 397. Int.
about 1880. — Said" to be common, with several varieties.
A. potatdrum, Zucc, may be only a form of the above.
12. Utahensis, Engelm. Stemless : lvs. .sword-like, 1
ft. or less long, thick and rigid, the sharp tip-spine an
inch long, the margin with triangular teeth, glaucous:
fl. an inch long. Utah and Ariz.
BB. Inflorescence a dense, cylindrical spike; fls. usu-
ally borne in twos. (Littcta.)
c. Margins of lvs. not toothed.
D. Lvs. linear, stiff, smooth, with the margins splitting
off into fine threads.
13. filifera, Salm-Dyck. Plant small, compact, about
1 ft. in diam. : lvs. about 100, linear, stiff, 9 or 10 in. in
diam., light green in color, with a verv pungent tip: fl.
2 in. long, brownish: stalk 5-8 ft. long. Mex. G.C. III.
21: 167. I.H. 7: 243.-
Several species are often
found in collections un-
der this name.
14. Bchidigera, Lera.
Very similar to the
above, but with some-
what broader Ivs. and
the margin splitting off
into white ribbons. Mex.
B.M. 5641. -Frequently
flowers in cult.
47. Affave
attenuate.
15. vestita, Watson, also of the type otA. filifera, is a
very recently described and introduced species. Lvs.
more bronzy than that species. Mex. table lands. A.G.
1892:609. — It deserves a place in any large Agave col-
lection.
16. geminifldra, Ker-Gawl. (Bonapdrtea jiincea,
Haw.). Lvs. often 200-300, narrowly linear, somewhat
recurved, lH-2 ft. long, somewhat convex on both
sides: flower stalk sometimes 25 ft. long. Mexico, where
it grows commonly along streams. B.R. 1145, F.S. 7,
p. 6, — Very common.
17. Tiylori, Hort. A garden hybrid of A.geminiflora
and A. densiflora is often seen in cult. Mn. 7:111.
G.C. II. 8:621.
18. Schdttii, Engelm. {A. gemnifldra var. Sondne,
Torr.). Stemless : lvs. linear, 1 ft, or less long and only
Jain, broad, flat or concave, very rigid, sharp-tipped,
the margin usuallv with white threads: fls. IJ^in. long
S. Ariz. B.M. 7567'.
£.•'
AGAVE
AGAVE
35
DD- Lvs. broad and fleshy.
19 attenuftta, Salm-Dyck (A. glaucSseens, Hook.).
Fies 4'-*9- St. 4-5 ft,, crowned by a great mass of lvs.,
sometimes 6 ft. in diam. : lvs. about 20, 2-3 ft. long, 6-8
in broad at the widest point, very glaucous on both
fiidp^i- fl.-spike5 ft. long; fl. 2 in. long, greenish yellow.
0^10:95: G.C.II, 2:218, 223. G.C. III. 17:4.-^,457.
B M. 5'SXi. Gn. 51,p. 407.— This is one of the most ma-
jestic of the Agaves. It has flowered only twice in the
United States, — in the Washington Botanical Garden, in
1897 and 1898.
20. Elemeetiina, Koch. Very near the above, but
stemless: lvs. about 25, l>^-2 ft. long, 4^-6 in. wide ;
pale. B.M. 7027. G.C. II. 8:749.— A var. subdentita is
sometimes sold.
cc. Margins of h'S. more or less toothed.
D. Border of lvs. horny throughout. ;
21. tmivittita, Haw. Stemless: lvs. about 50, rigid,
2-2 ^^ ft. long, dark green
except a pale band down
the center: fls, yellowish.
Mex. B. 31. (W55. — Int.
about 1830.
22. heteracAntha, Zucc.
Verycoiumou. Forms seen
in collections show a very
polymorphous species.
Stemless : lvs. about 20,
with a pale band down the
center; teeth widely sepa-
rated, never banded, 12 in.
long, 2 in. broad. Mex.—
Numerous varieties. Int.
1862.
23. Lechegrtillla, Torr.
Rather coinniun in collec-
tions, but usually passing
as A.heteracantha. Seem-
ingly a gt od species,
though referred l)y Baker
to ^4. heteracantha. Lvs.
not banded, and spine verv
long. W. Tex. and X. Mcx".
48.
Flowers of Agave
attenuata.
24. Victdriae - Reginae,
Moore. Stemless : lvs.
sometimes 200, very compact, rigid, 6-8 in. long, VA in.
broatl, the margin and bands on the back white, obtuse
at apex, tipped with a small spine. Mex. Gn. 8, p. 351.
G.C.II.4:485; 11.18:841. I.H.23:413. -A very remarkable
species. Int. in 1872, but now seen i^. all collections. Prob-
ably more cult, than any ot'ier kind except J.. Americana.
25. Nfssoni, Baker. A small species usually growing
in clumps ; especially desirable for large vases. Lvs. .5-6
in. long, with a pale band down the center. Mex. — Not
knowTi to have flowered.
20. h6rrida, Lem. Stemless : lvs. about 40, compact,
rigid, with a very stout end spine, not striped: fls. nearly
2 in. long, yellowish. Mex. B.M. 6511. — Many forms.
Var. Gilbejri, Baker. Lvs. with a pale stripe down the
center. G.C. I. 33:1305. Gt. 1874, p. 84.
27. xylonac4ntlia, Salm-Dyck. Stout-stemmed: lvs. 20
or less, sword-like, 3 ft. or less long, with a sharp brown
point, slightly glaucous green, with a few darker green
lines on the back, the margin with a few large teeth : fls.
I'^in. or less long, greenish yellow. Mex. B.M. 5660.
G.C. II. 7:523.— .4. Amtirinsis and A. Koehii, Jacobi,
are forms of this species.
28. Eerclxdvei, Lem. (A. Beaucdrnei, Lem. A.rigid-
u.sima, Jacobi). Stemless: lvs. 20-30, sword -like, a foot
ur less long, rigid, dull green with a pale central band
alwve, not dark-lined below, with lanceolate curved
teeth: fls. V4m. long. Mex. G. C. IT. 7: 523.- Many
forms, as diplac&ntha, macroddnta, pectin^ta.
DD. Border of lvs. not homy.
E. Lvs. oblong, with small teeth.
29. B6tteri, Baker. Stemless : lvs. ,50, 2 ft. long, broad,
pale green; triangular teeth on margin, crowded and
black. Mex. B.M. 6248.— A very beautiful species.
30. Albicans, Jacobi. Stemless: lvs. about 30, in a dense
cluster, 15 in. or so long, 3-3>^in. wide, tapering to a
weak spine, glaucous on both sides, the margin lined
with small black teeth: spike of fls. about 15 in. long;
fls. yellowish. Mex. B.M. 7207. G.C. II. 8:717.-Thi8 is
one of the smaller Agaves. It does not die down after
flowering. A form with variegated lvs.
31. C6l8ii, Hook. (4. Cf/sifina, Jacobi). Stemless: lvs.
20-30, oblong-spatulate, 2 ft. or less long, not strongly
spine-tipped, the marginal lanceolate spines unequal,
glaucous : fls. 2 in. or less long, purplish green, the tube
very short. Mex. B.M. 4934.
32. densindra, Hook. Stemless: lvs. .30-40, oblanceo-
late-spatulate, 3 ft. or less long, glaucous when young
but becoming green, the end-spine 3^in. long, the mar-
ginal deltoid prickles 1 line or less long : fls. 2 in. or
less long, greenish brown. Mex. B.M. 5006.
33. mitis, Salm-Dyck. Short-stemmed: lvs. 30, oblan-
ceolate, 15 in. or less long, 3 in. at broadest part, tip-
spine weak, the teeth very small and green or only ob-
scurely brown-tipped, green : fls. 2 in. long. Mex. — JL.
mjcracaH/^a, Salm-Dyck, is very similar.
EE. Lvs. very narrow, weak, the surface mostly ribbed:
the margin minutely serrulate
.34. striata, Zucc. Stemless or nearly so: lvs. 1.50-200,
linear from a wide base, 2%tt. or less long, scabrous on
the edge, sharp-tipped, glaucous-green, and ribbed on
both surfaces: fl. IJ^in. long, brown-green. Mex. B.M.
49.50. Cult, under several forms, as var. reciirva, Baker,
Lvs. larger and more falcate, not sharp-tipped. Var.
stricta, Baker {A. strict a, Salm-Dyck). Dwarf: lvs.
very stiff, 1 ft. long. Var. echinuides. Baker {A. echi-
noVdes , Jaeohi. A. ensifdrmis and .4. Richardsii, Hort.).
Dwarf and stiff: lvs. only J^ft. long.
35. ynccaefdlia, DC. St. short: lvs. 20-40, much nerved,
linear and recurved, with a pale center, entire or nearly
so. Mex. B.M. 5213. -Int. about 1800.
36. dksylirioldes, Jacobi. Stemless : lvs. about 100,
linear, stitf. very glaucous, serrulate, finely striate ver-
ticallv on both faces: fl. nearlv 2 in. long, yellow. Mex.
B.M. "5716.
AA. Foliage weak and soft, dying dotcn annually : in-
florescence a slender open raceme or spike : st.
arising from true bulbs. {Jtfanfrtda.)
37. Virginica, Linn. Lvs. few, green, 6-20 in. long,
spreading, lanceolate; pale green or brown mottled, with
a narrow white and nearly entire margin: stalk 3-6 ft.
high: fls. greenish. S. states. B.M. 1157.
Var. tigrlna, Engelm. , a form from South Carolina and
Mi-jsouri, has spotted lvs.
38. maculdsa, Hook. Fig. 50. Basal lvs. 6-10, blotched
with brown or green, soft and fleshy, somewhat recurved,
the margin serrulate: st. 15-25 in. high, bearing a few
scattered lvs. or leaf -like bracts: fls. 10-25, nearly ses-
sile. 2 in. long, purplish; stamens a little longer than the
segments of the fl. S. Tex. B.M. 5122.- Generally la-
belled A. maculata.
49. Cross-sections of leaf of Affave attenuata.
39. macnlita, R«gel. A name commonly used for the
above, but a very uncertain species. It is probably A.
protuberans, Engelm.
40. brach^stachys, Cav. Lvs. lanceolate, green with a
pale nearly entire edge: fls. reddish. B.R. 25:.55. — Rare
in collections, but a very important plant in Mexico, fur-
nishing much of the "amole " of the natives.
-J
36
AGAVE
AGRIMOXIA
41, Potoslna, Rob. & Greenm. An odd little species,
rest-nibling very much ^1. I'irginica. Sometimes met
with under the name of Delpinoa gracillima.
The gartlener may find the following names (those market! *
are or have been offered by American dealers) : A. KonnetiCtna,
PeacjH'k, is considered by J. It. Baker to be a form of A. ferox. —
*A. lioiKhei, JiU'obi. Fls. in spikes : Ivs. oblance<ilate. glawous
when young, brown-toothed. Int. lAU. G.C. III. 'JlrlW), 1«7.
B.M. 7558.— *.l. Can'fcaw, Baker. Fls. in spikes: Ivs. lanceolate,
with very minute and close teeth. Isle of Martinique.—*.! . cat-
eidna, Hort.— *J^. chloracdntha, Salm-Dyck. Fls. in spikes:
Ivs. oblanceolate, bright green, weak-spine<l. Int. alnmt 1860. —
A. eoceinea, Koezl. Has never Hd. Apparently common in
Europe, with at least one variety. Lvs. spatulate, dark green,
repand-prickly.- A.c^rH/eAf*'««.Salm-Pyck, is a glaucous -leaved
variety of A. lophantha.— *J^. Curderoyi, Baker. Has never fld.
in cult. : lvs. sword-like, rigid and spreading, channelled, spine-
edgetl.— *.I. rffn'/JjV/j*. "Tall-growing: lvs. dark green. Fla." —
A. EngeluMtini, Trelease. A.F. 8:109.— *J^. embescens, Hort. —
*A. ferox, Koch. 8;iid to l>e not uncommon in cult., but it has
never rtd.: lvs. slightly glaucous, the brown teeth Hin. lonjf.
G.C. III. 20: 525.— *.!. Fratuogini. " Large-growing, of peculiar
bluecolor." — *A. GaiiUniana, Hort. — *J.. GhXeshreghtii, Koch.
Int. about 1862. Several varieties. Lvs. glossy green, minute-
toothed. It has never tld. Some plants circulatetl un<ler this
name are A. pruinosa.— .1. ^ra/itiirf^i/dia, Jiicobi, is a var. of A.
horrida.- J^. Oustariana, Hort. Oonsidere*! by Baker as belong-
ing to .\. Maximiliana. Lvs. slightly glaucous, with brown
prickles.— *.l. Henriqni'si, Baker. Fls. in spikes: lvs. lanceo-
late-oblong, rigid, bro>vn-eilged and prickly. — *J.. UouUetii,
Jacobi. Has never fld. in cult. Lvs. oblanceolate, not spiny.—
A.Jaciitiiniana, Schult. Now considered a variety of A. luri<Ia.
Lvs. oblanceolate, ver>- glaucous, with bhu-k prickles. B.M. .5097.
— *A. Margarita. " Dwarf, very compact and prickly. Lower
Calif.**— *A. w^rword^rt, Roezl. Fls. in panicles: lvs. glaucous,
repand-priekly.- *A. Jf<'«o^i7io. " Pale stripe down the center of
the leaf : similar to A. I.ie<'heguilla, but of larger and stouter
growth."—*.! . viicracdntha. 8alm-I)yck. A small-spin?d form of
A. horrida. — *A.Miradoretisis, Jacobi. Fls. in panicles: lvs. ob-
lanceolate, the prickles very 9ms>\\.—*A. Nickelsii. "Similar in
appearance to .\. Victoria} -Reginje, except that it is of much
more robust gro^vth, the lvs. being thicker and the white mark-
ings on same being broader and more distinct." F.E.7:618. —
A.<>M«««'/f;*«'MJtdHa,Jacobi=A. albicans.— *J^.Fdi»Jcrt, Engelm.
A l)eautiful species from Ariz, and Mex. Stemless: lvs. oblanceo-
late, glaucous, repand-prickly.- A. Pdrryi, Engelm. Now con-
sidered as a variety of A. applanata.— *J.. polyacdntha. Haw.
Fls. in spikes : lvs. oblanceolate, green when grown, bni^^ni-
toothed. Int. about 18*20.— A.pn/jnosa, Lem., see Ghiesbreghtii.
— *.l. pitlcherrima, Hort.— .1. liegelidna, Jacobi = A. horrida.—
*A. Iiobini,tlort.—*A. ritpicola.Regel. Fls. in spikes : lvs. ob-
lanceolate, bright green, jagged.— *J.. »S'i»ioroH. "Resembling
A. .\mericana, but ashy gray in color, and of smaller growth:
thorns on points of lvs. much longer." Calif.- A. Simorri. Hort.
Same as above?— *.!. spectdbil is. Todaro. Lvs. nearly 2tH), lan-
ceolate, very glaucous, brown-toot he<l.— J.. »ubuldta, Hort.— *.!.
gylrestris, Hort.— *.!. ToUinensis. Hort.- *J^. Yandenrinneni,
Jacobi. Lvs. oblong-spatulate, dull green, brown-edged and
toothed —J.. Yerschaffi'ltii. Lem. Is ustially considered a form
of A. Scolymus. I.H. 15: oW.— *.t . Wildingii. Todaro. Lvs. few,
oblong, bright green, with small brown teeth. j_ \;^ RoSE.
AGD£STIS (a mythical hermaphrodite monster, the
genus being an anomalous one in its order). Phytolac-
cdce(f. Amonotypicgenus. Tender climbing shrub from
Mes. Cult, in Calif.
clematidea, Mo^. & Sesse. Lvs. alternate, petiolate,
cordate: d.s, a.\illary or in terminal, branched, racemose
cymes, white, star-shaped; sepals 4; petals 0.
AGERATUM (Greek for not growing old, probably
applied tirst to some other plant), Compdsifif. About
40 species of trop. Amer. herbs, with opposite staliied
lvs. and blue or white fls. in small terminal cymes or
panicles.
conyzoldes, Linn. (.1. Mexichnum, Sims, and Hort.).
Fig. h\. Annual and pubescent: lvs. ovate-deltoid,
crenate-serrate : fls. blue or white, or varying to rose.
Ordinarily a rather loose-growing plant a foot or two
high, but there are dwarf and compact forms ; al.so va-
riegated forms. Trop. Amer, B.M. 2524. — This is the
common ageratum of gardeners and florists. It is easily
grown from seeds, sown in the border where the plants
are to stand, or started in the house or hotbed. If the
plants are to be used for bedding, they should be placed
a foot or less apart. They thrive in any garden soil and
exposure. They bloom all summer : and if sown in
late summer or fall, they give winter bloom under glass.
The plant sold as A. eonspicuum is an Eupatorium ;
and that sold as A. Lasseduxii is a ConocUnium.
L.H, B.
AOLAIA (Greek, splendor; from the order and gen-
eral appearance). Melidcece. Tender tree from China,
with minute, yellow, fragrant fls., said to be used in per-
fuming certain teas. Prop, by cuttings.
odor&ta, Lour. Lvs. alternate, .>-7 pinnate : fls. in axil-
lary, branching panicles. Cult, sparingly in Calif.
KQUiOIftUA {Greek, bright thread). AroXdeo'. About
15 species, of trop. Asia and Africa, allied to Arum,
Alocasia and Dieffenbachia, and requiring essentially
the same treatment as those genera. Evergreen, often
beautifully variegated. Aglao-
nema may be divided, or cut-
tings may be taken from
plants that become too tall
and weak. In either case the
cuttings and divisions should
be put into the sand-bed pre-
vious to potting, to develop
new roots. All of the kinds
will succeed in fibrous loam
enriched with rotted ma-
nure, with the addition of
a moderate quantity of
leaf -mold, sand, and some
crushed charcoal.
Cult, by G. W. Oliver.
picttun, Kunth. Dwarf :
lvs. somewhat unequilateral, ob-
long or elliptic, ovate (4-7 in.
long and 2-.'{ in. wide), very dark
green, blotched with white, the
central markings usually ex-
tending the whole length of the
midrib : spathe white or whit-
ish, 1-1 Vain. long. Sumatra.
I.H. 29: 445.
nebulosum, N. E. Brown.
Somewhat larger: lvs. narrower
(5-8 in. long, iHin. or less
wideS more acuminate, the
markings rather more broken
and not so continuous along the
midrib. I.H. 1887:24. A.G. 16:
361, and F.E. 7: 961, as A. pic-
tum. — This and A. pictn)» are
confused in the trade. Both
species deserve more attention
than they have received in this
country.
C08t4tum, Veitcb. Very dwarf
and compact: lvs. heart-shaped,
thick, 3 in.
wide, one-
third longer
than wide,
seldom ex-
ceeding 5 in.
long. dark.
shining green, with midrib
ivory-white and scattering
blotches of white. Holds its
tufted lvs. through the win-
ter. Moluccas.
A. commutdtum, Schott.=Scindapsus Cuscuaria. — A. Ra-
hlinii. Hort.. is"a fine de<*orative plant, with thick, leatherj- fo-
liage" (Manda). — A. versicolor, Hort., is probably a form of
either A. pietum or A, nebulosum. ^ tr «
Lt. U, B.
AGBIMONIA (old name of obscure meaning). Rash-
c€<r. Agrimony. Hardy native herbs, with interruptedly
pinnate lvs. and small, numerous, yellow fls., produced
through summer. Lvs. aromatic, astringent. Sometimes
cult, in shrubbery and wild gardens.
Eupatdria, Linn. (A. officinalis. Lam.). Common Afi-
RIMONV. Fig. .")2. Petals twice as long as calyx, latter
making a small, lightly adhering bur. Cult, in herli
gardens to make a tonic tea, also in wild borders. Com-
mon in woods; also native to Eu. Grows 2-3 ft. high, in
little clumps, from a short rootstock.
SO. Agave maculosa.
AGRIMONIA
AILANTHUS
37
odorita, Mill. Lfts. narrower than in A.Eupatoria;
leaflets pubescent ; lobes more deeply crenate-dentate :
petals more than twice as long as the calyx. Italy. Oc-
casionally cult, in Am. j. r. Kellek and W. M.
51. Ageratum conyzoides.
AGROFtRTTM (Greek for fjVW and tr^ectf). Graminece.
Perennials or annuals, with leaf-blafles tiat or convo-
lute : spike terminal, usually stiff ; spikelets large, 3-8-
fld., compressed, sessile at each joint of the simple
spike, the side of the spikelet placed nest the axis.
Species about 30. Temperate regions of Amer. and Eu.
ripens, Beauv. Quack Grass. Couch Grass.
QikkGrass. QuitchGrass. A smooth, pale green
or glaucous perennial, very variable, with the in-
ternodes of the rootstock long. In many places it
Las become one of the worst weeds, spreading in-
veterately by its underground stems. Fig. 53. It
may be destroyed by constant and thorough tillage.
Often valuable to hold loose lauds. Considered by
some stock raisers as a valuable hay grass.
AGKOSTllMMA. See Lychnis.
AGEOSTIS (agroH, field ; the place of growth).
Gramiueif. Bent Grass. A genus containing many
u<eful grasses for lawns, pastures and bouquets. Pani-
cles variable, usually spreading :
spikelets very small, awnless or oc-
casionally a short awn present.
Species about 100, distributed over
the entire globe ; abotit 9 useful in
cult. Some species are much con-
fused with Aira. In Agrostis the
spikelets are 1-fld.; in Aira 2- to
several-fld.
A. Spikelets ahouf 1 line long : panicle-branches short.
Perennial latrn and pasture grasses.
B. A irnleKS spikelets.
41ba, Linn. Creepino Bent Grass. A well known per-
ennial, creeping or stoloniferous, 1-3 ft. : sheaths
smooth : leaf-blade linear or narrowly lanceolate, 4-8 in.
long, scabrous : panicle open, 4-10 in. long, the branches
sometimes widely spreading : spikelets about 1 line
long: ligula 1-4 lines long, — Suitable for meadows, pas-
ture mixtures, or exclusively for lawn-making.
Var, vulgr^s, Thurb, {A.i'ulg(iris, With,), Red-top.
Fine Bent Grass, Distinguished from the type by
the smaller ligule, which is truncate, and less than 1
line long. — Commoner in cult, than the type.
Var. Btolonifera, Linn. (A , stolonifem, Linn,). Panicle
contracted linear; culms extensively creeping or stolo-
niferous : ligule 1-4 lines long.
BB. Au-ned spikelets.
canlna, Linn. Brown or Dog's Bent Grass. Rhoi>e
Isi.AN^i Bent Grass. Slender, creeping, 1-2 ft. : panicle
pyramidal. 4-<j in, long : spikelets near the ends of the
branches, very small. 1-9 of an in. long: small bent awn
on back of flowering glume. Int. from Eu, — Makes a
close sod.
AA, Spikelets about % line long; panicle-branches long
and hair-like. Annual ornamental grasses.
B. Culms, Ivs. and panicle-branches smooth.
neboldsa, Boiss & Reut. {A.capilh\ris, Hort. ), Cloud
Grass, Fig. 54, A low grass, with extremely delicate,
feathery-like panicle and small spikelets: Ivs, few and
very small, Spain. — Very useful for vases and bouquets.
minutifldra, Hort. Very similar to^. nebulosa, bnt
smaller, with fewer Ivs. and shorter panicles. — Useful
for vases and bouquets.
BE. Culms, Ivs. and panicle-branches .^scabrous.
8c4bra, Willd. Rough-bent, Tickle Grass, Flt-
AWAY Grass, Hair Grass. Silk Grass, Hair-like, deli-
cate, with widely spreading, capillary panicles, which
at maturity break away from the culm and fly about in
the wind: spikelets very small, clustered at the ends of
the branches. — Before panicle expands it is often sold in
the vicinity of large towns for dry bouquets.
^4. elepans, Hort., not Thore, and A. pulchella, Hnrt. These
names are applied by florists to Aira elegans and Aira caryo-
phyllea, which see.
P, B, Kennedy.
52. Agrimonia Eupatoria (X 3) . Flower and bur.
AGUACATE, ALLIGATOR PEAR, AVOCADO. See
Persia.
AILANTHUS (from its native name Ailanto, me&ning
Tree of Heaven). Simarubdcees. Large trees : Ivs. al-
ternate, large, pinnate, deciduous : fls. small, in large
terminal panicles, polygamous ; petals 5 : stamens 10 ;
fr. consisting of 1-5 distinct samaras. Five species in
Cent, and S. Asia and N. Austral. — Large, ornamental
trees of loose and somewhat spreading habit, with ele-
gant, feathery foliage. Very rapid growers. Good for
smoky cities. Suckers from the roots. Prop, by seeds
and root cuttings.
glanduldsa, Desf. (.4, Jap6nica, Hort.). Tree of
Heaven. Tree, 00 ft. : Ivs. odd-pinnate. l>^-2 ft. long ;
leaflets 13-25, petiolulate, ovate-lanceolate, nearly gla-
brous near the base, with 2-4 coarse teeth, each with a
large gland beneath: fls. greenish: samaras 1 Kin, long.
June. China, cult, in Japan. — Valuable tree for street
planting, much used in the temperate regions and nat-
uralized in some localities ; somewhat tender north in
38
AILANTHUS
AKEBIA
a young state. For street planting, the fertile plant
only should be used, because the male exhales a disa-
greeable odor when flowering, and the pollen is said to
cause catarrhal troubles. It grows in almost any soil,
but best in a light and some-
what moist one, and stands dust
and smoke w"ll. Var. erythro-
c&rpa {A. ertffhrocdrpa, Carr.
^1. rubra, Hort.). Lvs. darker
green above and more glaucous
beneath : fr. bright red, very
effective in late summer and
autumn. Var. penduli!dlia,Carr.
Lvs. very large, drooping. — The
Ailanthus foliage gives a tropi-
cal effect when the growth is
very strong. If plants are cut
back to the ground after they
have become established ( in two
or three years after planting),
they will throw up very strong
shoots and make an excellent
screen, as shown in Fig. 55.
This practice may be repeated
year after year. Sumacs, pau-
lownias.basswooiis, mulberries,
and other fast-growing things
may be treated in this way.
The Ailanthus foliage is very
like that of the Cedrela (which
see for illustration of differ-
ences).
A.excelsa, Roxbg. Tall tree: lvs.
3 ft. long, abruptly pinnate; leaflets
20-28. teeth without glands. India.
Can be grown only in tropical re-
gions or in tlip hothouse. — ^4. rta-
rescens, Carr. = Cedrela Sinensis.
Alfred Rehder.
AIBA (an ancient Greek name for Darnel). Gramin-
ece. Haih Grass. A genus containing delicate annual
grasses, with slender, loose panicle-branches: spikelets
very small, of two perfect contiguous flowers: flowering
glume acutely 2-cleft at the apex, bearing a slender
twisted awn below the middle. Eu., N. Afr. — This genus
is much confused with Agrostis by florists. Nat. from
Eu. and cult, for dry bouquets.
caryophyll^a, Linn. {Agrt^stis ^legans, Hort., not
Guss. I. A slender and elegant tufted annual. 10-20 in.
high, bearing a very diffuse panicle of purplish and at
length silvery scarious spikelets.
61egans, Gaud. (AgrSstis ilegans, Hort., not Guss.),
A slender, erect and very pretty annual, from a few
inches to a foot high, with widely spreading capillary
panicles of many small spikelets.
-1. erespitosa, Linn.== Deschampsia capspitosa.— .4. erprfilea,
Linn.= Molinia eoerulea. Munch. — J., flexuosa. Linn.= Des-
ehampsia tiexuosa. p^ g^ Kexnedv.
Agrostis nebulosa.
AIB- PLANT. In common speech, any plant which
grows on tin- trunk or in the top of another plant is
called an air-plant. The proper term is epiphyte (that is,
growing on a plant). In horticulture, the term air-plant
is usually applied to epiphytal orchids, tillandsias, and
the like. Most of these grow upon <dd bark, perhaps de-
riving some of their nourishment from the bar'i, but nw.xt
of it from the air and rain. They are not parasites,— do
not derive their support from the juices of the host.
AjtJQA{not yoked; thecalyxnot bilabiate). Labiatip.
Bugle Weed. Hardy herbaceous European perennials,
creeping by stolons. Height ft-12 in.: fls. numerous, in
whorls, normally blue or purple, with rosy or white
varieties. Prop, by division or seeds.
Genev^nsis, Linn.(.4.rM^d.<»rt,Hort. ^. a ?pina, Hort.).
St. erect : cauline lvs. oblong-elliptic or obovate, nar-
rowed at the base ; lower ones petiolate ; floral lvs. ovate
or wedge-shaped, coarsely toothed, sparsely hairy : upper
fl. -whorls spicate ; lower whorls distant.
55. Ailanthus shoots ; with a f e v sunflower plants.
56. Akebia quinata.
The expanded flowers are pistillate; the others are staminate.
pyramid^lis, Linn. St. erect : cauline lvs. obovate,
hardly petiolate, in a 4-sided pyramid ; floral lvs. broadly
ovate, the highest often colored; all lvs. entire: fl. whorLs
usually all spicate.
T^ptans, Linn. St. prostrate : lvs. ovate or obovate.
entire or sinuate, shiny.— A low, dense, fast-spreadin?
creeper, excellent for covering shady slopes. The typical
and white-fld. forms are less cult, than the following :
Var. rtlbra, Hort. More value<l for its dark purple lvs.
than its blue fls. Var. varieg&ta, Hort. Lvs. splashed
and edged creamy yellow.
met&IIica var. erf spa, Hort., int. by
Henderson, 1899, is described as dwarf
(4-5 in.), with curled, metallic glossy and
blue fls. in a pyramidal spike. A bed-
ding plant, int. from Germany.
J. B. Keller and W. M.
AK£;BIA (from Akehi, its Japanese
name). Jierberiddc€(p. Twining glabrous
shrubs: lvs. long-petioled, digitate, coria-
ceous: fls. monoecious in axillary racemes,
pistillate at the base, staminate at the end
of the raceme ; sepals 3 : fr. consisting of
one or more very large, oblong berries
with numerous seeds. Two species in
Japan and China. Very ornamental, hardy
climbing shrubs of graceful appearance,
especially adapted for places in which
very dense shade is not wanted. They
require a sunny position and well drained
soil; also valuable in the cool greenhouse
for covering pillars and walls, growini?
best ia a sandy compost of loam, leaf soil
gji
AKilfelA
ALABAMA
39
and peat. In Japan the fr., which is very showy, but
with us rarely produced, is eaten, and the stems are
much used for wicker-worls. Prop, by seeds, by green-
wood or hardwood cuttings, and
also by root division and layers.
quinita, Decaisne. Figs. 56,
57. Climbing 12 ft. orniore: leaf-
lets 5, oval or oblong-obovate,
entire, emarginate, 1-2 in. 16ng:
rts. fragrant, the pistillate pur-
plish brown, about 1 in. broad, the
staminate smaller, rosy purple,
in early spring: berry oblong, 3-5
in. long, dark purple with glau-
cous bloom, seeds black. -Hardy,
handsome, not attacked by insects
or fungi. Very graceful and de-
sirable. China, Japan. B.R. .33 :
28. B.M. 48G4. U.F. 4:137. A.G.
March. 1891. Figs. 5, 7, and plate.
R.H. 1853:141. S.Z. 77.
lob&ta, Decaisne. Leaflets 3,
broadly ovate,
coarsely crenate :
fls. in long racemes,
smaller than those
of A. quinata. Ja-
pan, China. B.M.
7485. A.G. March,
1891, p. 140. S.Z. 1:
1^. — A .clematifblia
and A. quercifolia,
Sieb. & Zucc, are
probably only va-
rieties of this spe-
cies.
Alfred Rehder.
ALABAMA, HOETICUL-
TUBE IN. Fig. 58. Commer-
cial horticulture has not as-
sumed the proportions in Ala-
bama that it has in the neigh-
boring southern states. This
must be largely due to acci-
dental causes, since in soils,
climate and transportation
facilities the state presents
conditions fully equal to any
of the others. At present the
most important horticultural
centers are at the extreme
northern and southern ends
of the state. Mobile has long been known as one of the
chief sources of supply for early vegetables for the
northern and western markets, and the truck business is
gradually extending from Mobile county to the adjoin-
ing counties of Baldwin and Washington. Early cab-
bage and Irish potatoes are the most important crops,
though snap beans, peas, radishes, an«l many other vege-
tables are grown in considerable quantities. The tomato,
so important a market crop in many southern localities,
is very little grown here, owing largely to the preva-
lence of bacteriosis, often called southern tomato blight.
Huntsviile, in northern Alabama, has a large and flour-
ishing nursery business. Several large wholesale es-
tablishments are located there, and the fertile Tennes-
see River Valley lands prove to be admirably adapted to
the growth of a good quality of nursery stock. Over
1,300 acres are now devoted to this business in this
neighborhood, the annual shipments fill 150 cars, inchid-
ing 1,500,000 fruit trees, besides roses and other orna-
mentals; and the sum of $40,000 is paid out annually for
labor.
Beginnings have been made in fruit and vegetable
growing at various other points in the state, particularly
at Cullman, Montgomery, and Evergreen, on the Louis-
ville and Nashville railroad, and at Fruithurst, in north-
eastern Alabama, on the Southern railway. No data have
been secured as to the total shipment from these various
points, but the combined amount is very small, as com-
pared with those from the Mobile regioia. One road, the
Akebia vine.
Mobile and Ohio, forwarded 343 cars of home-grown
fruits and vegetables from the Mobile depot during 1897.
These figures do not include the shipments from other
stations on this line, nor those carrie»l by the Louisville
and Nashville.
Such, in brief, is the present status of commercial
horticulture in Alabama. In attempting to outline the
possibilities of its future development, it will be neces-
sary to glance at some of the more prominent topograph-
ical features of the state. For our purpose, it may be
roughly divided into four regions. First, at the north is
the Tennessee River region, or, as it is often called, the
grain belt (Fig. 58, A). Its strong clay soils produce
abundant crops of corn, wheat, clover and timothy, and
were originally covered by a heavy growth of hardwood
timber. Next comes the mineral belt (B), including the
mountain region of northeast Alabama, and extending
in an irregular way nearly across the state to its western
border. This is a large region, containing a great variety
of soils, rantrintr from rich creek and river bottoms, and
the fertile red soils characteristic of the Piedmont region
of Georgia, to barren sands and sterile, rocky hillsides.
The surface is very much broken, and great areas are
still covered with the original forests of mixed pine and
hard woods. Below the mountain country, and forming
an irregularbeltor girdle across the middle of the state,
is the prairie region (Fig. 58, C). This is narrow at the
east, where the mountains press farthest southward, but
broadens out toward the western border. The soil varies,
in some places being light and sandy, but for the most
part it is a dark, retentive loam, resembling that of the
northern prairies. While cotton is a staple crop in all
parts of the state, this is preeminently the cotton belt.
Below the prairie comes the timber belt (D ) . covering the
southern third of the state, and extending to the Gulf-
Before the advent of the lumberman this extensive re-
Horticultural
regions oi Alabama.
glon was an unbroken forest of long-leaf yellow pine,
with magnolias and other broad-leaved evergreens bor-
dering the water courses. The surface is rolling, or in
40
ALABAMA
ALASKA
gome parts vpry hilly. The soil is a light, sandy loam,
usually underlaid with red or yellow clay. It is naturally
poor, beini? deflcient in potash and phosphoric acid, and
yields only scanty crops without fertilizers. It can,
however, be made very productive by judicious manur-
ing, and it builds up rapidly under intelligent intensive
t'arn.ing. This region is well adapted, both by soil and
climate, to the production of early vegetables, and it
seems probable that the business of truck-farming will
ultimately spread widely from its present center at
Mobile. Among fruits most promising for this region
are grapes, oriental pears, tigs, Japanese persimmons
and strawberries. Satsuma oranges on hardy trifoliata
stocks can be safely planted at the extreme south, and
peaches and Japanese plums in the more northerly por-
tion. Pecans thrive admirably, and the better kinds
should be widely planted.
The soils of the prairie region, being mostly rather
cold and wet in tiie spring, are not well adapted to early
vegetables. Their fruit-growing capacitj' has not been
fully tested, cotton claiming almost universal attention.
Peaches and plums will thrive on some of the lighter
soils, though the trees are usually short-lived. Apple
trees grow well on the heavier prairie soils, and it seems
probable that with a proper selection of varieties and
due attention to spraying, their cultivation would prove
profitable.
The mineral or mountain region presents so great a
varietj- of soils and conditions that it is hard to charac-
terize it as a whole. Some portions present almost ideal
conditions for peaches, plums and grapes, and in the
moister, heavier lands apples thrive and j'ield abun-
dantly. If the people of Alabamaever interestthemselves
in fruit-growing as their neighbors in Georgia do at the
present day. then these choice mountain locations will
certainly be covered with orchards and vineyards, and
this mountain region will advance to the first place in
the magnitude of its horticultural interests.
The northern region already has its well established
nursery business, which seems destined to increase.
Owing to late spring frosts, peach and plum crops are
too uncertain here to make commercial plantings advis-
able. It is, however, a promising apple country, and
strawberries, raspberries and blackberries succeed well.
An undeveloped but promising industry for this region
wouhi seem to be the growing of late crops of cabbage
and Irish potatoes for the southern market. The allu-
vial soils found here seem well adapted for this purpose,
and all the southern towns and cities offer a near and
ready market. F. S. Eable.
ALANQIUM (from the Malabar name). ComUcere. A
few species of shrubs or small trees of the Old World
tropics, with alternate en<-ire evergreen Ivs, and small,
perfect purple fis. in axillary clusters. Rarely cult, in
Old World stoves, but probably not in the Amer. trade.
ALASKA, HORTICULTURE IN. Fig. .')9. When con-
sidered from uliorticulturul or agricultural point of view,
Alaska may be very conveniently divided into two divis-
ions, the southern coast region and the interior. These
two regions differ very materially in their cliniite, and
may be ultimately found as unlike in their possibilities.
The climate of the coast region, whicli extends from
Dixon's Entrance on the southeast to Unalaska on the
southwest, is characterized by a heavy rainfall, a great
preponderance of cloudy weather, and a rather low sum-
mer temperature, with little or no diurnal variation in the
readings of the thermometer. The winter temperature is
not excessively cold, zero weather being seldom experi-
enced,while in the summer it is seldom high. The average
rainfall, as shown by data from the Government Weather
Service, varies from 55.9 inches at Killisnoo to 92.1 at
Unalaska, about one-third of the precipitation fallitig
during the growing period, from May to September. The
data concernins: the interior portion of the country are
mainly from along the Yukon R'ver, that being the great
thoroughfare of the region. He. . the rainfall is sljjjht,
and during summer clear skies are the rule. The intense
cold of winter is followed by comparatively warm tem-
perature in the summer, with a growing period of about
four months, although occasional frosts have been re-
ported from the upper part of tho valley during the
summer months.
The soils of the two regions are very similar, being
largely of vegetable origin overlying rock or glacial de-
posits. In the coast region arable areas are confined to
rather narrow valleys and the slopes along the sea. In
the interior are rei»orted more extensive areas of cnni-
paratively level land. Of the coast region, the most t x-
tensive area of land adapted to cultivation is that on tlie
Kenai Peninsula, and, extending across Cook Inlet, is
continued up the Sushitna River. This region, on -c-
countof its position relative to ocean currents, partakes
more of the climatic characteristics of the interior, al-
though still somewhat modified.
The accompanying map shows regions where some
attempts have been made in gardening, from which d<ti-
nite reports have been secured. From the data at hand
59. Sketch map of Alaskiu
it seems probable that the local supplies of hardy vege-
tables might be produced nearer at hand than the Puget
Sound. This is undoubtedly true of the southeastern
portion of the country, where the production need be
limited only by the demand for such supplies and the
ability to secure arable lands at a cost that will permit
the producer to compete with the Sound country. For
some time certain economic features will enter into the
subject of extensive horticulture. Among these are the
high price of labor, the standard being at present deter-
mined by the wages paid for gold mining, the question
of transportation, and the rather limited markets.
As it exists at the present time, horticulture in Alaska
is of a very primitive type. A few gardens here and
there, with perhaps a row of berries along the side and
an occasional fruit tree, represents nearly all that is done
along this line. Near Juneau and at Killisnoo are mar-
ket-gardens of considerable importance, but elsewhere
only small areas are cultivated.
It has been said that during the Russian occupancy
of the country many attempts were made to cultivate
gardens and fields, but the data are often so meager and
contradictory as to throw doubt upon the sincerity of
the endeavor. In the accompanying account, it is de-
sired to place on record some of the horticultural achieve-
ments as gathered from reports from gardeners in many
places, as well as the personal observations of the writer
during two seasons in the country
Fruits. — The great abundance both in kind and quan-
tity of native fruits, especially berries, has doubtless
contributed to the delay in the attempted introduction
and cultivation of other sorts. Some effort has been made
in this line, as is shown by the presence at Sitka of a
number of old apple trees, remnants of the Russian days,
which bear a very inferior fruit. A few young bearing
trees of unknown variety are grown at the same place.
At Wrangell there are apple trees of what are thought to
be the Red June variety in bearing, and young thriving
trees are known to be at Juneau and Metlakahtla. Plum
and cherry trees have been recently planted in several
places, but so far have not fruited. The mountain ash
( Sorbns sfimbuci folia ) is grown as an ornamental tree in
a number of places. Currants flourish wherever planted,
and gooseberries have been seen, but they were usually
ALASKA
ALASKA
41
*
badly mildewed. Cuthbert raspberries do exceedingly
wellat WrantfHJl and Sitka, the fruit bf ini? of tine size
and iiuality. Tlie same is true of strawberries at the sev-
eral places where they are cultivated. Attempts have
b»«'n made at a number of places to cultivate some of the
in<li»renous fruits, and the dewberry or "kneshent-ka"
(Kubua steUatus),'v.'\\iX currants (HihfH riihrum an<l Ji.
braetfostim), and the strawberry {Fragaria Chihim-
aisf) have all been domesticated, and their fruit is
fullv equal, if not superior, to the wild produc*.
Veuetables. — More attempts have been ma<le to grow
vegetables than fruits, and some definite data have been
obtained, showinsrwhat varieties are known to be adapted
to Alaskan conditions. Most of these data have been se-
cured from Sitka and Wrangell. in the southeastern part
of the country, and from the Holy Cross Mission, near
Koserefski, on the lower Yukon. A recent report from
the latter place states that potatoes of tine quality, weigh-
ing \% pounds, and turnips weighing 0% pounds, were
grown during the summer of l<i98. In atldition, notes
were given of some of the varieties of vegetables adapted
to the region, as follow .< : Cabbage— Early Jersey Wake-
field, Flat Dutch, ard Drumhead ; cauliflower— Early
Snowball, Early Dwarf Erfurt ; turnips — Early Flat
Dutch, Yellow Globe, and Extra Early Milan ; ruta-
bagas—Improved American; radish — French Breakfast
and Chartier ; onions — Extra Early Red and Yellow
I>'\nvers; letttice — Golden Heart; peas — American Won-
der and Early Alaska; beets — Eclipse and Edmand's
Blood Turnip ; carrot— Oxheart ; parsley— Extra Early
Double Curled; celery— White Plume, Giant Pascal;
rhubarb- Victoria,
The same varieties, with numerous a<lditions, have suc-
ceeded in the coast region. Snap beans. Challenge Black
Wax and Golden Wax, have done fairly well at Sitka,
where some experiments were conducted by the United
States Department of Agriculture during 1898, and the
Kiiglish Windsor is quite in its element. At this place
the Philadelphia Butter and San Francisco Market let-
tuce made fine heads of a most superior quality. Par-
snips and carrots grow well, and salsify and spinach
were successfully grown at Sitka for perhaps the first
time. Peas were found to grow and yield well, and in
addition to the varieties above given, some of the dwarfs
and the Norwegian Sugar peas continued to produce
their crop until cat off by the frost. The blood beets,
Extra Blood Turnip and Extra Early Egyptian, grew
well at Sitka, but in many places beets are a failure on
account of their tendency to run to seed. This unde-
sirable trait on the part of biennial plants is shared by
other vegetables, principally turnips, although cabbage
and caulirtower have bi en reported as doing likewise.
It is believed by some growers that the flat type of tur-
nip is more su>»,iect to run to seed than the globe type.
Celery of exceedingly fine quality has been grown at a
number of places, although at Kadiak specimens were
seen in which the central axis was greatly elongated.
The leafstalks were also lengthened in about the same
proportion, and this trait was not considered undesirable.
Potatoes are more extensively grown than any other
crop, and the quality varies with the variety, locality,
season, and culture. Usually little choice is exercised in
the matter of varieties, but Polaris, Beauty of Hebron,
and Early Rose appear well adapted to the conditions
existing in this region. The two last are the most ex-
tensively known varieties, and very favorable reports
iiare been received from a few trials of the Polaris,
Season and method of planting undoubtedly exert a
strong influence on the crop. If the soil, which usually
contains a high proportion of organic matter and mois-
ture, is well drained or thrown up into beds, as is the
custom in many places, good potatoes can be grown in
the average season. In some parts of the country, espe-
cially from Cook Inlet westward, the natives cultivate a
small round potato, called the Russian, that seems to be
well suited to the country. It is said to have been brought
from Siberia fifty or more years ago. Close planting of
potatoes, as well as almost every other vegetable, is the
rule, and often to this fact alone may be attributed many
failures. The object seems to be to grow a large crop
by planting an abundance of seed. The result is a large
growth of tops that completely shade the ground, thin-
ning being seldom or never pract'.ced. Along the coast,
where cloudy weather is the rule, it is safe to say mat
the sun's rays never strike the ground after the grow-
ing season has become well a<lvanced. Under such con-
ditions it is not an uncommon sight to see a crop of small
potatoes borne in the axils of the leaves above ground,
no tubers being formed below the surface.
In general, considerable judgment is shown in the
choice of garden sites. A southwestern siope is always
preferred, and if well drained the garden is usually a
thrifty one. In many places the earth is thrown up into
beds 4 or 5 feet wi<le and the crop planted crosswise the
beds. Where it can be easily obtained, sand is added to
warm and to lighten the soil. Kelp is extensively em-
ployed as a fertilizer in some places, but its value when
ad<led to a soil already largely composed of vegetable
debris is questionable. Gardens have been successfully
maintained at Dawson, Circle City, and other of the great
raining centers of the upper Yukon, and the dirt roof of
the miner's cabin is frequently utilized for early gar-
dens, the heat from within supplying the necessary
warmth required for growing early radishes, onions,
lettuce, turnips, etc.
Wild Berries.— The abundance of native fruits, espe-
cially of berries, has already been mentioned, and an
enumeration of some of them would seem not out of place.
Of widest distribution are the salraonberries (liubus
speetabilis. Fig. 60), two so-called cranberries ( i'ibur-
num pattciflorum and Vaccinitim yitis-Id(pa), currautH
{Kibes rubnnn , li.brarteosum, and Ji. laxiflorum) .crow-
berries (Empetntm wij/rMm ), huckleberries ( Vuccinium
nligitwaum and its var. mucronatum), blueberries ( 1^.
ot'alifolittm), red huckleberries ( V. pan'iflontm), the
molka or baked-apple berry {Rubus Chnm<pmoriis) im-
properly called salraonberry in the interior, and rasp-
berries {Bubus strigosus). Ot less gen-
eral distribution, yet very abunuant in
places, may be mentioned strawberries
{Fragaria Chiloensis), dewberries i Bu-
bus stellattis), thim-
ble berries {B. par"
viflnrus ) . salal ( Gan l-
theria Shallon), bog
cranberries ( I'accin-
itim Oxy coccus ),he&T-
berries (Arctostaph-
ylos alpina), etc.
60. Salmonberry. one of the wild fruits of Alaska.
Floriculture.— This branch of horticulture is not
wholly neglected in Alaska, although but few data are
available. Many of the hardier plants of the old-fash-
ioned flower garden are to be seen. Pansies of great size
and brilliant color are common, and they remain in
flow'jr all summer. In some parts of the country sweet
peas Jo well, and poppies, nasturtiums, mignonette,
12
ALASKA
sweet alyssura, chrysanthemums, stock, candytuft, ver-
benas, and marigolds are not uncommon where any at-
tempt is made to grow flowers. Window gardens and
boxes add many sorts to the list already given.
A single season's experimentation at Sitka, under the
direction of the Office of Experiment Stations. United
States Department oi Agriculture, has shown that nmch
can be accomplished in horticulture if rational methods
of culture and a proper selection of varieties and seed
be followed. Walter H. Evans.
For further information, consult Yearbook of Dept. of
Agric. for 1897, and Bulletin 48, Office Exp. Sta., Dept.
Agric. L. H. B.
ALB£RTA (from Albertus Grotus, commonly known
as Albertus Magnus). Bubidcie. Tender evergreen
shrub from Natal, suitable for greenhouse. Little
known in commerce in this country.
m&gnBL, E. Mey. Bark pale : Ivs. 4-5 in. long, obovate-
oblong. obtuse, entire, narrowed into a short, stout pet-
iole ; midrib stout : panicle terminal, erect, 6 in. high
and nearly as broad at the base ; corolla tube 1 in. long,
slightly swelling in upper part ; lobes 5, small, triangu-
lar, recurved. B.M. 7454. G.C. IIL 22: 416. Gn. 53:1171.
ALBtZZIA (after Albizzi, an Italian naturalist). Le-
gumivdsip. Trees or shrubs, unarmed : Ivs. alternate,
bipinnate ; leaflets small, oblique : fls. in axillary, pe-
duncled spikes or globular heads ; calyx and corolla
tubular and 5-lobed ; stamens 'ong, exserted : fr. a
large strap-shaped pod. Twenty-flve species in trop.
and subtrop. region^j of Asia, Afr. and Austral. Orna-
mental trees and shrubs with graceful, feathery foliage
and yellowish, white or red fls. in summer. For cult.,
see Acacia.
A. Fls. in cylindrical axillary spikes : Ivs.
persistent.
loph^ntha, Benth. {Acdcia l^phdntha,'W\Ud.). Shrub
or small tree, 0-20 ft. : Ivs. with 14-24 pinnae, each with
40-60 leaflets, about 5 lines long, linear, obtuse : spikes
mostlv 2, about 2 in. long, yellowish. S. W. Australia.
B.M. 2108. B.R. 5:361. L.B.C. 8:716.-Sometimes cult,
as greenhouse shrub and flowering in spring, and in the
open in the S. Often known as Acacia speciosa. There
is a var. gigant^a in the trade.
AA. Fls. in globular heads : Ivs. deciduous.
B. Stamens united only at the base.
C. Leaflets ovate or oblong, obtuse.
L6bbek, Benth. {Accicia L^hbek, Willd. A. sped-
bsa, Willd.). Tall tree : Ivs. with 4-8 pinnae, each with
10-18 leaflets, obliquely oblong or oval, 1-lJ^in. lone,
nearly sessile: fls. greenish yellow, in short-peduncled,
axillary heads, 3—4 together. Trop. Asia, N. Austral.
occidentjtlis, Brandeg. Small tree, 15-25 ft. : Ivs. with
8 pinnae, each with 6-10 leaflets, oblique-oval, %-\'%m.
long, glabrous: fls. ye"'>wi.sh, in axillary heads. Juue-
July. Mex., Lew. Calif. — Perhaps only a variety of A.
Lebbek, and not indigenous.
odoratissima, Benth. {Acacia odoratissima, Willd.).
Tall tree: Ivs. v.ith downy rachis; pinnae 6-14, each with
16-50 leaflets, oblique-oblong, %-\ in. long, glaucous
beneath : heads few-fld., numerous, greenislx white,
forming large, terminal panicles. E. Ind.
prdcera, Benth. {Acdcia prdcera, Willd.). Tall tree:
Ivs. with nearly glabrous rachis; pinnae 6-10, each with
12-16 leaflet.-*, oblifjue-oblong, 1-1 Hin. long, glabrous:
heads few-fld., greenish white, forming large, terminal
panicles. Trop. Asia, Austral.
Mclucc^na, Mi(j. Tree : rachis of the Ivs. with man>
glands; pinnae 14, each with 12-40 leaflets, obliquely el-
liptic-oblong.glaucous and pubescent beneath. Moluccas.
cc. Leaflets falcate, with the midrib close to the upper
edge, acute.
Julibrissin, Durazz. (AcAcia t/M^iferfssiH, Willd. A.
iV^^mM, Willd. Alblzzia rdsea, Crtt.). Tree, 30-40 ft.:
rachis of the Ivs. with a small gland at the base; pinnae
8-24, with numerous leaflets, falcate-oblong, Hin. long:
heads pink, crowded on the unper end of the branches.
ALEURITES
Trop. and subtrop. Asia md Afr. R.H. 1870: 490. FS.
21: 2199. — This plant is the hardiest species, and will
.stand many degrees of frost. Hardy as far north us
Washington.
Var. mdllis, Benth. {A. mdllitt, Boiss. Acdeia mdllis.
Wall.). Leaflets broader, densely pubescent.
bapul&ta, 3oiss. (AcHcia stipuldfa, DC). Tall tree :
young br*- -hes with large, persistent stipules: rachis
of the Ivs ..ith many glands, pubescent; pinnae 12-40,
with numerous leaflets, oblong-linear, 34-Xin. long, \>n-
bescent beneath: heads in axillary simple or terminal
compound racemes. Trop. Asia.
BB. Stamens connate into a long, narrow tube.
fastigi&ta, Oliv. (Zygia fastigidta, E.Mey.). Tree :
branches and petioles rusty-pubescent ; pinnae 8-14.
each with 16-30 leaflets, trapezoid-oblong, >^-J^in. lontr.
pubescent beneath : heads in terminal corymbs on tlie
end of the branches. Trop. Afr. Alfred Rehder,
ALBt^CA {whitish ; the color of the first-described
species). Liliclcece. Tender bulbs from the Cape of
Good Hope allied to Omithogalum, and treated, in the
same way. Prop, by offsets or seeds.
atirea, Jacq. Bracts yellow : fls. 10-30, pale yellow,
upright.
m^jor, Linn. Bracts red : fls. 6-15, greenish yellow,
nodding. B.M. 804. L.B.C. 12: 1191.
ALCHEMILLA (from an Arabic name). Roshceo'.
Hardy herbaceous perennials with corymbose, incon-
spicuous fls., suitable for rockeries and front rows of
borders. Of easiest culture. Height 6-8 in. Prop, by
division or seeds. Native in Eu., and A. arv^.nsis is
sparingly naturalized in this countrj. There are also
tropical species.
alplna, Bieb. Lvs. digitate, 5-7 cut : leaflets usually
7, lanceolate cuneate, obtuse, serrate a. apex, silky hairy
beneath, shiny. Eu.
serlcea, Willd. Lvs. larger than in A. alpina, 5-7
nerved, digitate; leaflets 7, lanceolate, acute, deeply ser-
rate from the middle to apex, downy beneath. Cau-
casus.
vulgilris, Linn. {A. monfdna, Schmidt). Lady's Man-
tle. Lvs. 7-9 nerved, 7-9 cut ; reniform, plicate-con-
cave. N. Temp. Zone. j 3 kbller.
ALDEH. See Alnus.
ALETBIS (Greek word for female slave who ground
corn; alludingto apparent mealiness of the fls.). Eif-
madordcece. Hardy perennial, smooth, stemless, bitter
herbs. Lvs. thin, flat, lanceolate, grass-like, in a spread-
ing cluster: fls. small, in a spiked raceme, terminating
a slender scape 2-3 ft. high; perianth not woolly, but
wrinkled and roughened with thick set points which give
a mealy appearance July-Aug. They like a moist but
sunny situation. Prop, slowly by division or seeds.
atirea, Walt. Fls. bell-shaped, fewer and shorter than
in A. fa rinosa, yellow ; lobes short, ovate. Eastern N.
Amer. B.M. 1418, erroneously as A. farinosa.
farindsa, Linn. Fls. longer and more tubular than in
A. aureit, white; lobes lanceolate-oblong. N. Amer.
L.B.C. 12:1161.
Japdnica, Hort. Fls. reddish or deep purple, in long
spikes. J, B. Keller.
ALEUBlTES (Greek: farinose or floury). Euph.
bi<)ce<t\ Half dozen or less tropical species of evergreii.
trees, with small monoecious white fls. in terminal, lax
cymes and alternate, entire or3-lobed lvs. '"ith 2 glatid.s
at the top of the petiole.
triloba, Forst. Candlenut, or Candleberrv Tree.
Small tree, with 3-5-lobed pubescent lvs., originally from
the eastern tropics, but now widely distributed : cult.
for its edible nut, which is spheroidal, n' arly 2 in. in
diani., 2-locuIed, each compartment contaiuiiig a walnut-
like seed. The dried kernels are burned for illumina-
tion by natives. The nuts yield oil which is used in
food or as a dryer m paint. The oil is variously known
as Indian Walnut Oil, Kekune Oil, Kukui Oil. Spar-
ingly cult, in S. Calif, and S. Fla. Fruits in S. Calif.
ALEURITES
ALLAMAXDA
43
cord4ta, Steud. Lvs. broadly ovate, aruminatp, deeply
cordate, i^") cuspidate or lobed. S. China. — Yields au
excellent lac varnish. L. H. B.
ALFALFA, LUCfiENE {MedicAgo saf)va, Linn.). A
deep-rooted perennial forape plant of the Leyumindafe.
The plant grows a foot or two high, bears pinnate lvs.
with .{ ovate-oblong toothed leaflets, and sraall head-like
racemes of purple clover-shaped fls. It is native to Eu.
In the arid parts of the U. S. it is the staple bay and
fora^'e plant, and it is also grown to a considerable ex-
tentln the E. Two to six mowings may be made each
year from established meadows. Fifteen to 20 lbs. of
seed are sown to the acre; and the seed is preferably
sown alone, without another crop. Alfalfa should not be
pastured the first year. In two or three years it be-
comes thoroughly established and productive, and it
should continue for manjr years. June grass often runs
it out in a cool, moist climate. Alfalfa often becomes
a weed in waste places.
ALFIL£BIA. The West American or Spanish name
for Erbdinm cicutdrium, L'Her. Geranidcecp. A hairy
annual which is used for pasture in dry regions.
ALGA, plural ALGiE. A general name for chloro-
phyll-bearing thallophytes. They are flowerless plants,
allied to the fungi, and generally inhabit water. Those
occurring in salt water are known as seaweeds. None
are cultivated. The green "moss" on flower-pots is made
up of algae.
ALGABOBA is the fruit of Ceratonia siliqua
ALHAGI (its Mauritanian name). Legu4ninbsa>. Low,
^iuy, much branched shrubs: lvs. oblong, small, ob-
tuse, entire, alternate : fls. papilionaceousj in few-fld.
racemes. Summer. Three closely aided species from
Greece and Egypt to Himalayas, prot.acing the Persian
or Alhagi Manna. They may be cult, in temperate re-
gions in dry and sunny positions and prop, by seeds and
greenwood cuttings under glass with u little bottom
heat.
A. catnelbrum, Fisch. Camel's Thokn. Glabrous at length:
ovarj' glabrous. Cau. to Himal. — A. manroruiti, DC Pubes-
cent: ovao" pubescent. £851)1 to Persia. — A. ffra-ronnn, Boiss.
Very spiny and more densely pubescent : ovary pubescent.
Greece.^ ALFRED Rehder.
ALISMA (derivation doubtful). AUsnu\ce(v. Hardy
aquatics, with small white or pale rose fls. on scapes
with whorled, panided branches. Perennial by a stout
pro'.iierous corm. Useful in ponds. Prop, by division
or seeds.
Plantigo, Linn. Water Plantain, Lvs. variable,
but usually broadly cordate-ovate : thinner and nar-
rower when growing under water. Panicle 1-2 ft. long.
Common in swales and still waters in U. S.; also inEu.
dt 8, Linn., is now referred to the nionotypic genus
fcilsiTu (> natans, Buch.). It is native to Eu., and is offered in
■loifues. Fl. white, single, on a long i)eduncle: float-
'le \ ' -•! 'c and obtuse.
."^^ ;A, ALKANET. SeeJwf*f<.«o.
iii.K£K£NGI. See Physalis.
ALLAMANDA (Dr. Allamand,Leyden). Apocynfieeoe,
Greenhouse shrubs, nu)stly climbers. Lvs. entire,
whorled: fls. terminal, large and funnel-shaped, with a
jaat-spreading or reflexed limb, the tube inflated below
the throat: ovary 1-loculed: stamens 5, the filaments
very short.
Allaniandas are of easy culture. They are usually
grown in tlie ground or in large tubs, and trained on the
rafters. For best results, they should have plenty of
sun. The bushy kinds, as^. neriiMhi, A. graadl flora
and A. Williamsi, may be grown as specimen plant.n
in pots. The strong kinds, as A. Schoftii, are some-
times used as stocks upon which to graft the weaker
ones, particularly if root plants are desired. Prop, by
puttings of growing wood in a bottom heat of 75°; also
by layers. The species are much confused.
A. Flu. purple.
Blanch6til, DC. {A. violdcea, Ctardn.). Lvs. in 4's,
hairy on both sides: fls. in terminal clusters, H in. across,
salmon-purple: habit of -4. mthartica. Brazil. B.M.
7122. Int. into U. S. in Ih'J^.
AA. Fls. yellow or orange.
B. Corolla with a swollen or bulb-like base.
neriifdlia, Hook. A stocky, bushy grower, useful for
pots, although it usually needs to be staked or grown
against a support if allowed to take its full course: lvs.
in 3's-5's, glabrous, oblong or elliptic, acuminate : co-
rolla smaller than A. Schottii or ^-1. Hendersoni, deeper
yellow, streaked with orange. S. Amer. B.M. 4594.
— Early and profuse bloomer.
BB. Corolla tube long, slender and stem-like.
C. Lvs. and calyx more or less hairy.
n6bilis, Moore. A strong, tall climber, with purple
twigs: lvs. in 3's or 4's, large, acuminate, very short-
stalked: fls. very large (4-5 in. across), nearly circular
in outline of limb, bright, cle:ir yellow, with magnolia-
like odor. Finest fls. in the genus. Braz. B.M. 57G4.
cc. Irvs. and calyx glabrous {except perhape ix A.
Williamsi).
D. Plant tall-climbing.
cathdrtica, Linn. Lvs. rather small, obovate, usually
in 4's, and more or less wavy-margined, thin, acuminate :
fls. golden yellow, white-marked in the throat, the lobes
acuminate on one angle, 3 in. or less across, the tube
gibbous or curved. S. Amer. B.M. 338. P.M. 8:77.
—The species first described, but now rarely seen in
cultivation.
Schdttii, Pohl. Strong-growing, suitable for rafters:
young shoots and petioles slightly pubescent, the older
stems warty: lvs. in 3's or -i's, broadly lanceolate and
acuminate: corolla large, rich yellow, the throat darker
and beautifully striped. Braz, B.M. 4351, but this por-
trait is considered by Index Kewensis to belong to .4 .
cathartica. A. magnifica, introduced into the U. S. in
1893, is probably a form ot this species.
H6nder80ni, Bull. (,1. ^Vardleytina, LeV Fig. 61.
Tall and vigorous, free-flowering, excel. or roofs:
61. Allamanda Hendersoni (X K)-
glabrous: lvs. large, elliptic-ovate, thick and leathery,
in 4'&: fls. large, yellow-orange, with 5 liglit spots in the
throat, the corolla of thick substance, purplish on the
exterior when in bud. (in. 29:542. I.H. 12:452. — The
conunonest Allamanda in this country. By some authori-
ties considered to be a variety of A. cathartica; by oth-
ers referred to A. Schottii. Int. from Guiana by Hender-
son * Co., St. John's Wood, England, and distributed
by Bull about 1865.
44
ALL AMANDA
ALLIUM
DD. Plant erect-bushy.
Sn^ndifldra, Lam. St. thin and wiry: Ivs. thin, ovate-
lanceolate, pointed, usually in 3's: lis. somewhat smaller
than those of A. Htndersoni but larger than A. cathar-
tica, lemon- or primrose-yellow. Braz. Gn. 39 : 794.
P. M. 12: 79. — Thrives well when grafted on stronger
kinds.
Williamsi, Hort. Very dwarf : Ivs. and young growth
generally somewhat pubescent, the Ivs. long and narrow,
vcuminate usually in 4"s : tis. in continuous clusters,
i.-ather smaller than those of A . Hendersoni and of better
substance, fragrant. Gn. 40: 832. — Certificated in Eng.
in 1891 by B. S.Williams & Son, and int. in U. S. in 1893.
Supposed to be a hybrid. Promising for pots.
L. U. B.
ALL-HEAL. See Bninella vulgaris.
ALLIOATOB FEAB, AGUACATE, AVOCADO. See
Per sea.
Allium (ancient Latin name). Lilihcece. Bulbous
plants, mostly cult, in the open ; but a few, of which A.
jVeapolitanum is an example, are of tener grown indoors.
Fls. in a simple umbel, from a 1-2-lvd. usually scarious
spathe; stamens and perianth segments 6; style slender,
the stigma either entire or parted.
Alliums are of the easiest cult., for which consult
'^ITLBS. For the vegetable-garden members of the genus,
see Chives, Garlic, Leek, Onion, Shallot. Allium
I'inedle, a bad weed in parts of the northeastern states,
has a slender scape sheathed below with hollow thread-
shaped Ivs., and greenish rose-colored fls. (or bulblets
in the place of fls.).
The following species are known to be in the Amer.
trade : acuminatum, No. 4 ; anceps, 26 ; attenuifolium,
21; Bidwelliap, 23; Bolanderi, 17; cernuum, 9; Cusickii,
16; falcifolium, 25; fimbriatum, 24; Geyeri, 13; hsema-
tochiton, 11; ffermettii,3; madidum, 15; Moly, 1; Nea-
63. Allium Neapolitanum.
politanum, 3; platycaule,27; reticulatum, 12; roseum,5;
Sanbornii, 20; scaposum, 14; Schoenoprasum, 8; senes-
cens, 6; serratum. 22: stellatum, 19; tricoccura, 7; uni-
folium, 18: validum, 10; Victorialis, 2.
A. Camptchdtirum, catalogued by Meehan, is perhaps
a form of some other species. It is described as "dull
pink. July. 1>^ ft."
I. Exotic garden Alliums.
A. Fls. yellow.
1. Mdly, Linn. Lvs. flat, broad : fls. numerous, in a
dense umbol, in early spring. S. Eu. B.M. 499.— Well
known, and a favorite for massing. Hardy in the N.
AA. Fls. white or whitish.
B. Lvs. very broad, obtuse.
2. Victori&lis, Linn. Tall : lvs. ovate or broad-oblong,
short : fls. greenish white, in large heads. Spring. Si-
beria. B.M. 1222.- Hardy.
BB. Lvs, narrow, acute or tapering.
3. Neapolit&nom, Cyr. Fig. 62. Lvs. long and rather
narrow, loose-spreading, shorter than the scape : tis.
large, pure white, with colored stamens on long pedicels.
Eu.— Needs protection if grown outdoors. Much used
for cui-Uowers in winter and spring. The most popular
species, A. Herm4ttii jrandiflbrutn, recently intro-
duced from Holland, is a clear white odorous variety,
well adapted to forcing.
AAA. Fls, pink, rose, or lilac.
B. Segments ivith recurved tips.
4. acuminiLtum, Hook. Scape 4-10 in.: lvs. 2-4, not
longer than the scape, very narrow : umbel many-fld. :
perianth segments a third longer than the stamens, the
inner ones serrulate. W. Amer.
BB. Segments not recurved.
5. rdseom, Linn. Scape 12-18 in.: lvs. narrow, with in-
rolled tips: fls. few (10-12), on long pedicels in an open
umbel. S. Eu. B.M. 978.
6. sen^scens, Linn. Scape 1-2 ft. : lvs. narrow, erect,
often twisted: fls. rather small, numerous, in a rather
dense head. Eu. B.M. 1150,
II. The above species comprise those which are in gen-
eral cultivation in this country. Aside from these there
are v^arious native species, mostly from western Amer-
ica, which are offered by dealers in American plants.
These are recorded below. Monograph of American Alli-
ums by Sereno Watson,in Proc.Amer.Acad. Sci. 14: 226.
A. Bulbs clustered, narrowly oblong; scape terete,
B. Lf'S. elliptic-lanceolate, 2 or 3.
7. tric6ccum,Ait. Common Wild Leek. Fls. greenish
white on scape 4-12 in. high ii early spring. Grows in
clumps. N. Eng. to Wis. and N. C.
BB. Lvs. terete and hollow, several.
8. Schoendprasum, Linn. Cives or Chives. Fls. rose-
color, in dense little heads: lvs. short, in dense mats.
N. U. S. and Eu.
BBB. Lvs. linear, flat or channelled.
9. c6maum, Roth. Fls. rose-colored or white, in open,
nodding umbels. Alleghanies W.
10. v&lidum, Wats. Fls. rose-colored or nearly white,
in dense erectish umbels : scape l-iHft., very stout.
Nev.,Cal.,Or.
11. haematochlton, Wats. Fls. deep rose, in a small,
erect umbel : bulb-coats deep red : scape 1 ft. or less
high. Cal.
AA. Bulbs usually solitary, globose to ovate:
scape terete or nearly so.
B. Coats of bulbs fibrous.
12. reticuliitum, Eraser. Scape 3-8 in. : fls. white to
rose, with thin segments. W. Amer. B.M. 1840, as A,
stellatum.
13. Geyeri, Wats. A foot high : fls. rose, with broad
acute segments. W. Amer.
BB. Coats of bulbs not fibrous.
c, Lvs. 2 or several,
D. Ovary ivifh only 3 crests, or none at all,
14. Bcapdsum, Benth. Fls. white, red-veined, in a
loose, few-fld. umbel : bulbs dark : scape 1 ft. or more.
W. Amer.
15. mAdidum, Wats. Fls. white or nearly so, in a many-
fld. umbel: bulbs white: scape less than 1 ft., angled. Or.
16. Ctlsickii.Wats. Fls. rathernumerous, nearly white:
lvs. 2, ^in. wide: scape 3-4 in. Or.
ALLIT
ALMOND
u
I
17 BoUnderi, Wats. Fls. rose, few, the segments ser-
rulate: scape 4-10 in. Calif.
18 unifolium. Kellogg. Lvs. several, narrow and flat:
.scape stout. 1-i ft. : fls. rose, 10-30, the segments ovate-
lanceolate, exceeding stamens and style. Calif.
DO. Ovary distinctly G-cresied; fls. usually rose-colored.
E. Scape usually more than 6 in. high (in the tcild).
19. Btellattun, Fraser. Bulb-coats reddish: scape 6-18
in • pedicels 14-%'m. long; stamens and styles exserted.
W.AnKr. B.M. 1576.
oQ, Sinbomii, Wood. Bulb-scales white: scape 12-24
in?' pedicels shorter; umbel densely many-fld. ; stamens
ami styles exserted. Calif.
'I. attenuifdlium, Kellogg. Lvs. channelled : scape
su'niler, 6-15 in., leafy below; umbel dense ; fls. nearly
white. W. Amer.
EE. S'-ape usually less than 6 in. high (in the wild).
2'1. serratum, Wats. Lvs. very narrow : filaments
broadened at the base. W. Araer.
2;{. Bidwelliae, Wats. Scape 2-3 in.: umbel few-fld.,
the pedicels Kin. long : filaments filiform. Calif.
cc. Lf. solitary, linear or filiforw: scape 2-5 in. high:
cnjisule 6-crested.
24. fimbriitxun, Wats. Lf. filiform and revolute :
scape 3 in. : fls. deep rose , stigma 3-cleft. S. Calif.
AA. Bulbs mostly solitary : scape stout, 2-winged :
lvs. 2, broad.
B. Stamens not exserted.
25. falcifdlium, Hook. & Am. Fls. rose, the segments
minutely glandular-serrate and twice longer than sta-
mens : scape 2-3 in. W. Amer.
2i). anceps, Kellogg. Fls. white, with purplish veins,
the segments little longer than stamens. Calif., Or.
BB. Stamens exserted.
27. platycaMe, Wats. Fls. rose, the segments long-
acuminate: scape3-5in. Calif. B.yi.(j22~,&s A. anceps.
L. H. B.
ALLOPLfiCTUS (diversely plaited ; referring to ap-
pearance of the calyx). Gesnerdce(e. Tender tropical
evergreen shrubby plants, with tubular yellowish axillary
fls., borne singly, to w-. grown in hothouses and given
the treatment required by Gesneras.
A. repens, Hook. Trailing by means of roots thrown out be-
tween the pairs of lvs.: lvs. ovate, coarsely serrate, hairy or
smooth: calyx pale green, blotched with purple; coroUayellow,
tinged red, gaping; tube swollen at the base ; limb of four spre.id-
tiig segments, the uppermost being twice cut. E. Ind. B.M. 4250.
—A. sparsiflonts. Mart. Erect : lvs. ovate-oblong, jicute entire;
petiole and nerves beneath often red : calyx of a cordate or tri-
angular dark blood or purple sepals, fi)rming a striking contrast
to the yellow club-shaped densely hairy corolla; limb of corolla
of 5 equal segments. Braz. B. M. 4'JIP, erroneously as A.
dichrous.
Allspice. The dry berry of the Pimento (Pimenta
•ifficindlia, Lindl.), an evergreen tree of the Myrtitcece.
The tree grows in the W. Indies. Jamaica yields much
of the product. The fresh berry is about the size of a
pea. It is borne in clusters. The word allspice is also
applied to various plants with aromatic fragrance, as
Calycanthus.
AXMOND. A name given to the tree and fruit of Pru-
iif(«' Aiuifijddlus, Baill. (Amygdalus communis, Linn.),
of the lf<>s<)ce(p. It is also applied to certain -hvarf orna-
mental trees or bushes, a.s Flowering Alnioiul (see Pni-
iiHx). The Almond has been cultivate*! from time im-
memorial. It is thought to be native to the Med iterranean
basin. Some enquirers have stipposed it to be the original
of the peach, but this idea is evidently untenable. The
flowers are peach-like and handsome (Fig. 6!{)- The
Almond nut of commerce is the pit or stone of a pearli-
like fruit (Fig. 64). The fleshy part, which is so thick
and edible in the peach, is thin and hard, and it splits at
maturity. There are two general tribes or races of
.\lnionds,— the bitter and the sweet. The former has a
I'irter kernel, which is used in the manufacture of flavor-
in? extnicts an«l pnissic acid. It is grown niostly in
Mediterranean countries. Of the sweet or edible Al-
63.
Flower of common
Almond [X %).
mends, there are two classes,— the hard-shell and the
soft-shell. The former is of little value, and is not grown
to any extent. The soft-shell type produces the edible
Almonds of commerce. Some of the thinnest-shelled
forms are known as Paper-shells. It was once thought
that almond-growing could be successfully practiced in
the peach-growing sections of
the East, but vagaries of late
spring frosts, and other difiicul-
ties, have caused the effort to be
abandoned commercially. Indi-
vidual Almond trees are occa-
sionally seen, and they fre-
quently bear profusely. They
are nearly as hardy as the peach.
The commercial cultivation of
the Almond is confined to west-
ern America, and the remainder
of this account is, therefore,
written from the Californian
standpoint. L. H. B.
Almond-growing in California
has received the attention of
horticulturists for nearly half a
century, and during the whole
of its course the industry has
been marked by vicissitudes
which, it must be admitted, are
not yet ended. Two chief sources of difficulty are now
clearly discerned to have attended the effort from its be-
ginning, and present knowledge may enable planters to
avoid, in the future, errors which have led to much dis-
appointment and loss — the vestiges of which still encum-
ber the ground, I'^ough clearing is proceeding rapidly.
Thus far the Almond tree has yielded more firewood than
any other single fruit tree which has been largely planted
in California, and yet planting has continued, in the hope
of better results, until in 1897 there were about 1,500,000
trees included in the reports of the county assessors, of
which number about two-thirds had attained bearing age
at that datte. The product of 1897 was 218 carloads, and
the competition in the eastern markets with imported
Almonds was so grievous that prices fell below what is
considered a profitable return. In 1898, because of un-
timely frosts, the product fell to 25 carloads, which is
counted about equal to the local consumption of the Pa-
cific coast. At the present time, 1899, planting has prac-
tically ceased, and a considerable acreage of thrifty trees
of bearing age is being cleared for other purposes, be-
cause growers in certain places are out of patience with
the Almond. In spite of these facts, the Almond will re-
main an important California product, through the satis-
factoi-y performance of trees enjoying favorable envi-
ronment.
The two chief sources of failure with the Almond are
the sterility of many varieties without cross-pollination,
and the extreme propensity of the tree for e»rly bloom-
ing, with the consequent destruction of the bloom or the
young fruit by temperature very little below the freezing
point. These two evils have been singularly associated
historically, and only lately have they been shown to be
independent factors and both of them demanding the
closest attention from planters. At first it was thought
that the wide planting of self-sterile varieties by them-
selves was the cause of disappointment, because, after
years of chopping-out or grafting-over oM, unproductive
trees to the Prune d'Agen, for which it is an excellent
stock, it was observed, by chance, that the Languedoc va-
riety adjacent to Drake's seedling, of local origin, was
heavily laden with nuts when it was sterile without such
association. Attention was then directed to the growth
of seedlings, and a large lot of seedlings of the bitter
Almond, grown by A. T. Hatch, exhibited such satis-
factory bearing habit and such striking variation toward
new types of the soft-shell sweet Almond that the growth
of new, selected California seedlings was seized upon as
a paTu\cea for the previously experienced troubles with
the Almond. Those now varieties were conceived to be
not only self-fertile but hardy, and large plantations were
made withotit due regard to the frosty character of the
locations. Low valley lands of great area, and some ex-
tent of high plateaux, were planted. Fine, large trees
grew only to lose their crops year after year by frosts
46
ALMOND
ALMOND
from February to April, until the growers cast the trees
upon the wood-pile. As a deduction of the experience of
several decades, we have arrived at what seems now to
be the proper conception of the situation of the Almond
in California, which is, that the most prolific varieties
must be chosen, must be associated for purposes of cross-
pollination, and must be planted in places of least lia-
bility to frost. There is a factor of some moment in the
late-blooming habit of some varieties, which will be con-
sidered presently.
The soil best suited to the Almond is a light, well-
drained loam. The tree makes a strong and rapid root-
growth, and is more tolerant of drought man any other
of our leading deciduous fruit trees. For this reason, as
well as to avoid frost, it is often desirable to place the
Almond on the higher and drier lands of the valley —
providing the soil is not heavy and too retentive of sur-
plus water in the rainy season. The root is most intol-
erant of standing water, and will quickly die if exposed
to it. Because of its thrift in light, dry soils the Almond
root is used rather largely as a stock for the Prune
d'Agen, and to some extent for the peach in the dry
valleys.
Almond trees are grown by budding into seedlings
grown from either the sweet or the bitter hard-shell
Almonds, the bud being set during the first summer's
growth of the seedling, and then either planted out as a
dormant bud the following winter or allowed to make one
season's growth on the bud in the nursery. The tree
grows so rapidly, both in root and top, that only yearling
trees are used.
At transplanting, the young trees are cut back so as to
form a low head with only about a foot of clear trunk.
They are allowed to make free growth during the follow-
ing summer, and in the following winter are cut back so
as to encourage branching on the main limbs within a
foot of tlieir attachment to the trunk. At the same time
the branches are reduced to 4 or 5 in number, symmet-
rically arransred around the stem and at good distance
from each other, so that they shall not unduly crowd
each other as they enlarge. Another full growth during
the following summer and another cutting back the fol-
lowing winter give the trees the vase-form on the out-
side, with enough interior branches to fill the inside of
the tree without crowding. Thus the tree is systemati-
cally pruned after each of its first two years' growth in
the orchard. After that, shortening-in of the branches
usually ceases, and the third summer's growth is allowed
to stand for fruit-bearing, with only thinning-out of
growth to prevent crowding. This thinning-out has to
be done from time to time in later years, otherwise the
tree becomes too thick, and interior branches dwindle for
lack of light. The amount of thinning varies in the dif-
ferent climates of the state : the greater the heat, the
denser the tree for its own protection. With the proper
adjustment of heat and light, fresh bearing wood may be
encouraged in the lower part of the tree, otherwise it
becomes umbrella-shaped, with the fruit wood at the top
and bare poles below.
The Almond is the earliest bloomer of our common
fruits. It puts forth ^lowers sometimes as early as Janu-
64. Almond nuts (X %
ftry, but the usual date is about February 10 for the ear-
liest bloomers in the warmer parts of the state, with
the later bloomers at intervals thereafter until April 1.
Records of full bloom of a number of varieties wi«lely
grow^n in California, which have been kept at the Uni-
versity of California sub-station, situated in the Sierra
foot-hill region, show the following succession : Commer-
cial, February 27 ; Sultana and Paper-shell, March 10 ;
King and Marie Duprey, March 11 ; IXL, March 12;
Languedoc, March 19 ; Nonpareil, March 20 ; Routier
Twin, March 24; Pistache, March 25; Drake Seedling,
April 2. Obviously the late bloomers have greater
chance of escaping frost, and there is at present some
disposition to make this a consideration in selecting
varieties for planting. The dates just given show an
extreme variation in time of blooming. Some years the
intervals are much shorter, but the relation seems to be
constant. The crop ripens from August 15 to October 1,
according to locality. Early maturity does not follow
early blooming— that is, as with other fruits, the first to
bloom are not necessarily the first to ripen.
Not less than 25 varieties of Almonds have been grown
to a greater or less extent in California. Varieties of
foreign origin have almost wholly given place to selected
seedlings of local origin, and of these a very few consti-
tute the main crop at present. These are named in the
order of their acreage, as follows : IXL, Nonpareil,
Ne Plus Ultra, Drake, Paper-shell, Languedoc. Of these,
the IXL and Nonpareil occupy not less than three-
fourths ot the acreage.
In handling the crop the local climate modifies methods
somewhat, and the growth-habit is also involved. In
regions very free from atmospheric humidity in the
summer, the hull opens readily and discloses a clean,
bright nut, which can be marketed without treatment.
Where this is not the case, and the nut is more or less
discolored, bleaching in the fumes of sulfur has to be
practiced. The nut must be dry before sulfuring, or the
fumes will penetrate and injure the flavor of the kernel.
Sulfured nuts also lose largely in power of germina-
tion. The practice is to gather the nuts, dry for a few-
days in the sun, then spray with water very lightly, so
that only the sui^'ace of the shell is moistened, and
then use the sulfur. In this way a light color can
be secured w'ithout penetration of the fumes. The nuts
can usually be gathered from the ground as they nat-
urally fall, or can be brought down by shaking or the use
of light poles. Some varieties are more easily harvested
than others, and the same variety falls more readily in
some localities than in others. A greater or less per-
centage, according also to variety and locality, will have
adhering hulls, and for clearing them locally-invented
machines, called almond hullers, are used. Early rains in
•ome localities are apt to stain the nuts. Such stains
cannot be removed by sulfuring, and the nuts have to
be crushed and the product marketed as kernels for the
use of confectioners. Machinery is also used for this
operation, and a considerable fraction of the product
reachet* the market in this form.
The standard of excellence in the Almond, from a
commercial point of view, as learned by the experience
of California producers, is that the kernel must be as
smooth, symmetrical and plump as possible. The twin-
ning of kernels, welcome as it may be to searchers for
philopenas, results in misshapen kernels, which are
very objectionable to the confectioners, who are very
large users of Almonds. Constancy to single kernels is
thert'fore a good point in a variety.
Large proportion of kernel to shell by weight is also,
obviously, an important point to almond buyers. At the
same time, the shell may be so reduced in strength as
to break badly in shipping in sacks and in subsequent
handling. Incomplete covering also exposes the kernel
to the sulfur and to loss of flavor. The ideal is such
degree of thinness of shell as can be had with complete
covering of the kernel and durability in handling.
Careful comparison of the proportion of kernel weight
to gross weight of the popular California varieties, as
compared with a leadin, ; imported variety, was made by
a committee of the California Horticultural Society, with
the following result: From one pound of each of the
following varieties the net weight of kernels in ounces
was: Imported Tarragona, 6 2-5; California Languedoc,
7H; El Supremo, 7H; Drake, 8% ; IXL, 9 ; Commer-
cial, 9^; La Prima, 93^; Princess, 9>^: Ne Plus Ultra,
10; King, 10; Paper-shell, 11; Nonpareil, 11 to 13.
Edward J. Wickson.
ALMOND, DEHERABA. See Terminalia Catappa.
ALMOND, FLOWERING. See P/unu».
ALNUS
ALNUS
47
ALNUS (the ancient Latin name). CupuUfercf, sub-
Umily Betuldce<B. Alder. Trees or shrubs: Ivs. alter-
uivte shortly petioled, deciduous: fls. apetalous, nionoe-
ciou:s in catkins, staminate ones elongated and pendu-
lous pistillate ones erect, short, developing into an
ovoid ligneous cone with persistent scales : fr. a
small' nutlet. Twenty species in the northern hemi-
sphere, in America south to Peru. Hardy ornamental
trees and shrubs, suitable for planting on damp soil,
-where they grow very rapidly, but A. cordata, firma,
jjjpojjjV,,^ and also A.tinctoria prefer somewhat drier
soil. The profuse male catkins are pleasing in early
spring. The wood is valuable for its durability in water.
Usuallv prop, by seeds gathered in the fall and «-ell
dried: sown in spring with but slight covering, and
kept moist and shady, they germinate soon ; a slight
covering with moss, taken off when the seedlings appear,
•will be useful. At the end of the same year or the fol-
lowing' springthe seedlings are transplanted, usually into
rows 1-- ft. apart and 6 in. from ea h other. After two
vears they can be planted where they are to stand. The
shrubby species, also A . gliitinosa, grow from hanlwood
cutting's placed in moist and sandy soil, also from layers,
and A. incana from suckers. Rarer kinds are grafted
on common potted stock in early spring in the propa-
gatintr house ; grafting out-of-doors is rarely successful.
Index: aurea, No. 10; cordata, 5; conlifoUa,'i\ denticu-
lata. 10: firma, Sieb. «fe Zucc, 2 and 4; glauca, C; t^'luti-
nosa, 10; imperialis, 10; incana, 0; incisa, 10; Japonica,
4; laciniata, 6 and 10; maritima, 3; multinervis, 2 : oft-
i.iM^fi/*!. 3 and 10 ; Oregana,^ ; pf/rifoHa, 5 ; rubra, 8 ;
ru5>rinerva, 10; rugosa, 9; serruJata,9 ; Sibirica, 1;
tiliacea, 5 ; tilicefolia, 5 ; tinctoria, 7 ; viridis, 1,
A. FU. opening in the spring with the Ivs.; pistillate
ones en ^losed in buds during the winter: fr. tvith
broad tnembraneoits wings. Alnobetiiln.
1. viridis, DC. Green Alder. Shrub, .3-6 ft. : Ivs. usu-
ally rounded at the base, round-ovate or oval, sharply
serrate, 1/^-4 in. long, pale green and pubescent on the
veins beneath: cones 3-4, oblong, slender peduncled.
Northern hemisphere, in the mountains, in different
varieties.— Hardy low shrub with handsome foliage, of
very pleasant effect on rocky streamlets, with its long,
male catkins in spring. Var. Sibirica, Regel. {A. Si-
birica, Hort.). Sometimes tree, 25 ft.: Ivs. larger, cor-
date-ovate.
2. firma, Sieb - Zucc. Tree, to 30 ft.: Ivs. oblong-
lanceolate or 0"» . -lanceolate, sharply and doubly ser-
rate, with 10-15 pairs of veins, 2-4 in. long, often nearly
glabrous beneath : cones 2-4, peduncled. Japan.
Var. multin6rvis, Regel. Lvs. with 14-2^ pairs of
veins, thicker. — Handsome tree with dark K^een lvs.,
growing on dry and rocky soil; quite hardy.
AA. Fls. opening in the fall from catkins of the same
year: lvs. not pi icately folded in the bud.
3. maritima, Nutt. (.4. oblongata, Regel., not Ait. nor
Wilkl.). Tree, to 30 ft.: lvs. cuneate, oblong or obovate,
shining above, pale green beneath, glabrous, remotely
and crenatelj' serrate, 2—4 in. long: cones 2-4, large, on
short, stout peduncles. Del., Md. S.S. 9:458. O.F.
4:209. Nutt. N. Am. S. 1: 10.— Ornamental shrub or
small tree with handsome shining foliage, attractive in
autumn with its male catkins.
AAA. Fls. opening in early spring before the lvs., from
catkins formed the previous year and remaining
naked during the tvinter.
B. Lvs. not plicate in the bud, green beneath, veit *
arcuate, ending mostly in the incisions: female
catkins usually solitary in the ajrils.
4. Japdnica, Sieb. & Zucc. (.1. ftrma, Hort., not S. &
Z.). Tree, 50-80 ft. : lvs. cuneate, oblong-lanceolate, acu-
minate, sharply and irregularly serrulate, glabrous at
lenirth, bearded in the axils of the veins beneath, 2-6
in. long : cones 3-6, peduncled. Japan. G. P. 6:345.
—Tall, pyramidal tree with dark green foliage ; the
largest and perhaps the most beautiful of all Alders.
5. cordata, Desf. (A. cordifdlia, Ten. A. tiii<}cea,
Hort.). Small tree, 20-50 ft. : lvs. cordate, ovate or round-
ish, acuminate, 2-4 in. long, bearded in the axils beneath,
glandular when j'oung : cones 1-3, peduncled. Italy,
Caucasus. L.B.C. 13:1231. G.C. H. 19: 285.— Round-
headed tree with handsome, distinct foliage, changing
orange yellow in autumn, resembling that of a linden or
pear, therefore sometimes as A. tiliafdlia, or A. py-
rifdlia, in gardens. Not quite hardy North.
BB. Lvs. plicate in the bud, the veins going straight to
the points of the larger teeth: female catkins 3-6
in every axil.
C. Under side of lvs. glaucous ; not bearded.
6. incana, "Willd. Shrub or tree, to 60 ft. : branches pu-
bescent: lvs. oval or oblong-ovate, acute, 154-4 in. long.
65. Alnus elutinosa (X H)-
doubly serrate, pubescent or nearly glabrous beneath :
cones 4-8. mostly sessile, ^ain. long. Northern hemi-
sphere, in different varieties.
Var. glauca, Ait. (A.gla iica , Michx. ) . Shrub, to 12 ft. :
lvs. often nearlv glabrous beneath. N. Amer., Eu.
Em. 251.
Var. vulgaris, Spach. Tree, to 50 ft. : lvs. usually
densely pubescent beneath: cones 1 in. long. Eu., Asia.
Var. pinnatifida, Spach. (var. laciniUfa, Hort.). Lvs.
pinnately lobed or cleft, with dentate lobes.
7. tinctdria, Sargent (J.. tHC()na, var. finrfdria, Hort.).
Tree, to 00 ft. ; lvs. broadly ovate, 4-6 in. long, membra-
naceous; coarsely doubly serrate, slightly lobed, glau-
cous and rufously pubescent on the veins beneath. Ja-
pan. G.F. 10:4(3. — Handsome ornamental tree of very
vigorous growth, with large foliage.
8. rtbra, Bong. (.4. Oreguna, Nutt.). Tree, 40-50 ft.:
Ivs. oblonsr-ovate, 3-5 in. long, crenate-serrate, slightly
lobed, revolute on the margin, nearly glabrous beneath;
petioles and veins orange colored: cones 6-8, oblong.
W. N. Amer. S.S. 9: 454. Nutt. N. Amer. S. 1 : 9.
CC. Under side of lvs. green or brownish green; usually
bearded.
9. rugdsa, Spreng. (A. serrtiliita, V^iUd.). Shrub, to 25
ft.: lvs. usually cuneate, obovate or elliptic, acute or
rounded at the apex, 2-5 in. long, finely serrate, usually
pubescent on the veins beneath: cones short-stalked.
E. N. Amer., from Mass. south. Em. 248.
10. glutindsa, Gff tn. Black Alder. Fig. 65. Tree, to
70 ft. : lvs. orbicular or obovate, rounded or emargiiiate
at the apex, 2-5 in. long, irregularly obtusely serrate,
with .5-7 pairs of veins, nearly glabrous beneath, glu-
tinous when unfolding: cones distinctly peduncled.
Eu., N. Afr., Asia, naturalized in some localities in N.
Amer.— A vigorously growing tree with dark green,
dull foliage, valuable for planting in damp situations.
Commonly planted in many forms : Var. atirea, Versch.
Lvs. yellow. I. H. 13:490. Var. denticulita, Ledeb.
{A. oblongata, Willd.). Lvs. usually cuneate, serrulate.
48
ALNUS
ALOCASIA
S, Eu. Var. imperils, Desf . Fig. 66. Lvs. deeply pin-
nately lobed with lanceolate or nearly linear lobes. Var.
incisa, Willd. ( var. oxy acanthi fdlia, Spach.). Lvs. small,
deeply incised, like those of Crattegus oxyacantha . Var.
laciiiiiLta, Willd. Lvs. pinnately lobed ; lobes oblong.
66. Alnus elutinosa. var. imperialis {X %.)
Var. rubrin6rva, Dipp. Lvs. large and shining, with red
nerves and petioles ; pyramitlal tree of vigorous growth,
very handsome.
A.acutmndta,li'BK. Tree: lvs. usually ovate and pubescent
beneath, doublj' serrate. €. Amer., north to Ariz.— A. AUiobet-
ula, Hort.=A. viridis.— J., barbdta, C. A. Mey. Allied to A.
glutinosa. Lvs. pubescent on the veins beneath, ovate. Cauca-
sus. Perhaps hybrid of A. glutinosaXsubcordata.— J.. Cana-
densis, Hort.=A. rugosa.— J., commiinis, Desf.=A. glutinosa. —
A.cordifdlia,Tei\.=A. cordata.— .1. crispa, Pursh=A. viridis.
— A. firma, Hort.=A. Japonifa or A. subcordata.— A. glaiica,
Michx.=A. incana.— A. JorM/i^njM«, HBK. Allied to A. acumi-
nata : lvs. oblong-lanceoUite, coarsely dentate. C. Amer.— A.
macrocdrpa, Lodd., not Regel.=A. glutinosa var.— A. macro-
phylla, Hort.=A. subcordata.— A. oblongata, Willd. = A. gluti-
nosa, var. denticulata.— A. oblongata, Regel.=A. maritima.— A.
oblongifblia, Torr. Tree, 20-"0 ft.: lvs. oblong-ovate, cunoate,
doubly serrate, 2-3 in. long: strobiles K~l in. long, peduncled.
N. Mex. and Ariz. S.S. 9:4o7.— A. Oregana, Nutt.=A. rubra.—
A. on'entalis, Decaisne=A. subcordata.— A.j?ufce«cen«, Tsch. (A.
glutinosaXincana) . Lvs. roundish-ovate or obovate, irregularly
serrate. i)ul)escent beneath. Natural hyhrid.— A. rhombifolia,
Nutt. Troe. 60-80 ft.: lvs. cuneate, oval or ovate, 2-334in. long,
finely serrate, yellowish green and pubenilous beneath: stro-
biles ol)long, pe<luncletl. W. N. Amer. S.S. 9: 4r>6.— A. serntldta,
Willd. =A. rugosa.— A. Sibirica, Hort., not Fisch.=A. viridis
Sibirica.— A. smwa^a, Rydb. Allied to A. viridis. Shrub, 3-16
ft.: lvs. slightly lobed, semlate, glabrous, thin. W.N. Amer.
— A.subconlata, C. A. Mey. (A. orientalis, Decaisne. A. firma,
Hort.. not S. & Z. A. m.acrophylla, Hort.). Tree, 30-50 ft.: lvs.
rr.unded at the base, ovate or oblong, 2-6 in. long, crenately ser-
rate, often pubescent beneath. Allied to A. cordata. Caucasus,
Asia Minor.— A. subrotunda, Hort.==A. glutinosa var. denticu-
lata.—.1. tpnuifolia, Nutt. (A. incana, var. \'irescens. Wats. A.
o'-cidentalis. Dipp.). Small tree, occasionally 30 ft.: lvs. ovate,
2-t in. long, slightly lolled and doubly serrate, green and nearly
glabrous beneath. W. N. Amer. S.S. 9:455.—A.unduldta,
Willd. =A. viridis. . „
Alfred Rehdeb.
ALOGASIA (name made irom Colocasia). Arotdece.
Stove foliage plants, of .30 or more original species,
from trop. Asia and the Malayan Isls. Closely allied to
Caladium and particularly to Colocasia, which see.
These three genera differ chiefly in characters of fniit.
Monogr. by Engler in DeCandoUe's Monographiae Pha-
nerogamarum, Vol. 2. In 1890, 52 species and speciftc-
allv named hybrids were in cult. (Bergman, Jour. See
Nat. Hort. France. LH. .'{7:80).
Alocasias are propagated by suckers or cuttings o(
the rhizomes, placed in small pots containing a mixture
of light, fibrous peat and sand in equal proportions, and
plunged in a cIo.se frame or propagating box with bot-
tom heat. They may also be grown from seeds sown in
4-inch pots, in a light, peaty soil in a temperature of
75° F. The month of March is the best time for propa-
gating. The evergreen species (as A.cuprea, lonf/iloba,
Lowii, Regina) thrive best in a compost of two parts
fibrous peat and sphagnum moss and one part lumps of
fibrous loam, to which should be added a sprinkling of
silver sand and a few nodules of charcoal to keep the
whole.sweet. The herbaceous species (as ^. wacror A ua)
do best in good fibrous loam to which % of well-rotted
cow-manure or pulverized sheep-manure has been added.
Perfect drainage of the pots is ab.solutely nece.ssary,
and in potting, the evergreen species should be coned
up two or three inches above the rim of the pot, and
finished off with a surfacing of live sphagnum moss.
The season of active growth commences about the first
of Jlarch,. when they should be given a temperature of
70° at night, with a rise of 15° by day, and the atmos-
phere must be kept in a humid condition. They should
be given a position free from draughts and direct sun-
light. They require an abundance of water at the roots
as the leaves uevelop, and are greatly benefited by an
occasional watering of clear liquid sheep or cow-manure
wat^r. To obtain the best development of the leaves,
heavy syringing should be avoided, but frequent spray-
ing on all fine days with an atomizer sprayer is veiy
beneficial. Towards winter the humidity of the atmos-
phere and the supply of water to the roots should be
reduced with the evergreen species, and gradually with-
held altogether as the leaves mature with the herba-
ceous species. The temperature during winter should
not fall below 60°. Cult. by E. J. Caknixc;.
The propagation of most of the Alocasias consists of
cutting up the stems, so that each piece will have at
least one dormant bud. The pieces should be placed
amongst moss, in a hot propagating frame, where they
vegetate quickly. Such kinds as A. Sanderiana. A.
macrorhisa,Y&T.variegata, and A.Jenningsii (Colocasia)
have creeping rhizomes, at the ends of which small
resting tubers are formed. These should be carefully
collected, and the two first named started in a propa-
gating frame in a pan of moss and sand. A. Jenningm
roots readily in ordinarj* soil. Most of the kinds require
a soil which is very fibrous, with a little moss added. The
pots should be half filled with potsherds as drainage.
Cult, by G. W. Oliver.
A. Lvs. distinctly notched or undulate on the margin.
princeps, Nicholson. Lvs. sagittate, the basal lobes
narrow and spreading, the margins deep-sinuate; upper
surface olive-green, with darker veins, the under lighter
colored, with brown veins and margin; petioles brown-
spotted, slender. E. Ind.
Sanderi&na, Bull. Fig. 67. Lvs. long-sagittate, with
deeply notched margin, the basal lobes wide-spreading;
deep glossy green with metallic reflection, with promi-
nent white margins and veins; petioles brownish and
striped. Philippines. Gng. 1897: 84.— One of the best of
recent introductions. Runs into various forms, and has
entered largely into cultivated hybrids.
AA. Lvs. plane and entire on the margin.
B. Markings chiefly on the petioles, the blades green.
zebrina, Koch & Veitch. Lvs. triangular-sagittate ;
petioles beautifully marked with large zigzag bands of
green. Philippines. F.S. 15:1541-2.
Villeneuvei, Lind. & Rod. Lvs. sagittate-ovate, the
veins of lighter green and prominent, basal lobes very
unequal; petioles spotted with chocolate-brown. Large.
Borneo. I.H..34:21. — Named for deVilleneuve, Brazilian
ambassador to Belgium.
BB. Markings or coloration chiefly on the leaf-blades.
c. Veins and midrib light yellow.
Lindeni, Rod. Lvs. cordate -ovat«, long-pointed. 8-12
in. long, bright green, with yellowish veins curving off
ALOCASIA
ALOE
49
Much like A. longiloba : Ivs.
dark nu-tallic j?reen, promi-
f roni the midrib and vanishing near the margin ; petioles
nearly white. New Guinea. l.H. .W: G(i;{.- Bruised Ivs.
emit a strong odor.
cc. Veins and midrib white or silvern .
longiloba, Miq. {A. giganfki, Hort.). Petioles 2 ft.,
ereeiii-'h white, mottled purple ; blade saifittate, 18 in.
lone the basal lobes ver>- long and erect, the upper sur-
face "Teen, with silvery or gray bamls along veins and
mi.lrib. the under surface light purple. Java-
Putz^ysi.N. E.Brown.
broader (oval-sagittate),
nentlv veined and bordered white, the petioles pale red-
purple, under surface dark purple. Sumatra. I.H.
2j. 4:];)]_More brilliant than A. longiloba, and has wider
space.^ between the veins.
Tliibautiina, Mast. Petioles 3 ft., greenish ; blade
" ft. 1"U>? '-^^^^ iH-liO in. broad, ovate-cordate, the basal
Im'> bnuwl and rounded, olive-green, with broad silvery
veins an<l rib, the under surface deep purple. Borneo.
0.0.111.17:485. I.H. 28: 419.
L5wii, Hook. Petioles 2-3 ft., rose-color ; blade nar-
row-ovate, 18 in. long and a third as wide, long-pointed,
the basal lobes long-acute, upper surface olive-green,
with very distinct silvery bands, under surface rich
puri'le. Borneo. B. M. '}'.>'(). A. F. 1895; 5.59 as var.
gnnidls. Var. picta, Hook. (B.M. 5497), has surface
covered with small white reticulations. This var. is
A. re<7</i/«, Schott. (var. retYc/tu", Engler).
( re. Veins icJiite and leaf blotched and mottled.
macrorhiza, Schott. Large, reaching 10 or 15 ft. : leaf-
blades 3 ft. long, long-sagittate and pointed, the lobes
short and obtuse, margin often somewhat wavy, the
midrib very broad and conspicuous, the blotches or
patches of green and white (in the var. variegdta, which
is the common form) very striking. Ceylon. I, H.
(;.;{().-,, — One of the commonest species. Lvs. sometimes
almost white.
cccc. Veins dark or purple, or the leaf darh-eolored.
ctiprea, Koch {A. metdllica, Schctl. ). Petioles 2ft. or
less long, green ; blade ovate and peltate, 18 by 12 in.,
nou-hed at the base and cuspidate at the point, dark
metallic green with darker ri1> and veins, the under
side rich purple. Pomeo. B. M. 5190. L H. 8: 283.
Lowe. 60. Gn. 50: .336. — One of the best, and common.
67. Alocasia Sanderiana.
Eegina, X. E. Brown. Lvs. thick, ovate-cordate, ob-
tuse or cuspidate, the basal lobes short and nearly or
quite obtuse, the ribs and veins beneath pubescent,
-oinewhat tieshy, dark green above with darker veins
ami lirown-purple beneath; peti(»les terete, pubescent,
spotted purple. Borneo. I.H. 32: 544.
."Several cult, varieties and hybrids are in the trade in
thiscouutry: A.argyrea, hybrid of longiloba xPucciana;
/)<!^;r/V'H.'<i.>«, petiole dark purple; lf.-bla<le dark green;
I'h-tnfrieri {raised by Chantrier Bros.. Mortefontaine,
France), hyb. of cupreax Sanderiana. with long wavy
1^«.. purple below and prominently white-veined (I.H.
■":W. R.H. 1887, p. 405); Chelsoni, cupreax longil(d)a,
with lvs, purple below and green above ; g\gas, much
like Villeneuvei ; intermedia, hybrid by Veitch 25 years
ago; La ISallidna; Iritcidna, ThibautianaxPutzeysi,
with lvs. dark green above and whitish veins and mar-
gins, purple beneath (I.H. 44:27); Mortefontainensis,
Lowii X Sanderiana ; Pticcitina, PutzeysixThibautiana;
tSedeni, cupreax Lowii, with ovate-pellate lvs. purple be-
neath and white veined above (I.H. 24:292); Van
Houttei.
The following names are also in our trade: A. illiis-
^W«=Colocasia Antiquorum; */e'»»«>u/.>}«/=('<docasia af-
finis; Jo/jn.s^on//=Cyrtosperma .Tohnstvonii; Marchdllii
= Colocasia Marchallii ; violdcea = CVlocasia Anti-
quorum ?
The following may be expected to appear in the American
trade: A. Auyimtinidiia, hind. He Rod. Lvs. peltate and wavy,
green above and below, with pale nerves, the i>etioles brown-
spotte«i : allied to A. zebriua. I.H. 33: 593. New Guiuea? — 4.
Viirtisi. N. E. Brown. Petioles 3 ft. or les.s, purple-barred : If.-
blade 20 in. or less, and half as wide, shining green and gn^ey-
ribbed above, deep purple l>eneath. Penang.— A. ennnens, N. E.
Brown. Lvs. i)eltate, the blade 2 ft. or less long and nearly half
as broad, purple beneath, green and light-veined a1)ove; neti-
oles 5 ft. or less, barred. E. Ind.— .1. grdndis, N. E. Bro^vn.
Larsje : lvs. 2 ft. or less long, ovate-sagittate, half as broad,
blaek-green below, bright green alwve ; petioles 4 ft. or less,
blackish. E. Ind. — .1. guttata, N. E. Brown, var. iniperinlis,
N.E.Brown. Lvs. sagittate, acute, li^ ft. or less long and half
as broad, purple l>eneath, brown-greon and dark-blotched above.
Borneo. I.H. 31: S41.— A.I ndica, Schott. St. G ft. or more, stout
and fleshy: lvs. very large (often 3 ft. across), ovate-cordate,
bright green on both sides. E. Ind. F. S. 21: 2206.— .1. Jldr-
garit'V. Lind. & Rod. Lvs. slightly peltate, wa\-5', shining, green
with blackish midrib, the veins and brownish petioles pubes-
cent. New Guinea. I.H. 33: Gil.— A. war^ma^a. .Said to have
come from Braz. Lv.^. 2 ft. or less long and very broad, slightly
wavy, rounded and short-pointed, pale green, striped and mot-
tled with purple; petioles bro\vn-niarked.— A. />/»/»»)!/<'«, Hort.
=grandis?— .1. reversa, N. E. Brown. Dwarf and compact, the
petioles 6 in. long, blade less than 1 ft. long, bright green, Avith
rib and nerves olive-green. B.M. 7498. Philippines.— A. Hodi-
gasidaa, Andre. ThibautianaXRegina.— A. Sanderiana, var.
Oandarensis, Rod. Lvs. wa\'j-margined, piirple and blotched
l)eneath. I.H. 43:56.— .1. seabrimcula, N. E. Brown. Lvs.
f preading, not dettexed, sagittate and not peltate, shining green
aV)ve and paler beneath. Borneo.— A. sinudta, N. E. Brown.
Lv.T. sagittate and sinuate, dark green above with lighter areas,
and whitish green l>elow. Philippines.— A. Watsonidna, Hort.
=Putzeysi.— .1. Warri)iid7ia, Masters. Lvs. ere<'t, toothed, not
sagittate, lanceolate and long-i>ointed. dark green; pet. des
purple-spotted, winged. G.C. III. 23:243. F.E. 10:886. Gn.
55: 183. Celebes. L. H. B.
ALOE (Arabic name). £filidcew,trihe Aloinetv. Acau-
lescent or variously caulescent succulents : lvs. often
large, usually crowded in rosettes or along end of st. :
lis. red or yellow, often paler-striped, straight, tubular,
with short, straight limb, equaled or surpassed by the
stamens. Afr., especially in the Cape region, one species
about the Mediterranean and extensively naturalized in
all warmer parts of the world, and one in China. Plants
of thecoolhouse, best planted out in a well-drained place
in summer, when they flower prettily. Prop, by seed,
which usually is not true to name, and by suckers or
cuttings weJ dried-ofF. Branching for this purpose may
be induced by searing the crown of old plants. Hy-
brids are said to occur with Gasteria (A. liedinghan-sii
=A. ari.'itataxG. nigricantf : A. Beguini=A.arisfatax
G. verrurond ; ^1. Lapaixii=A. aristata xG. mncnlata;
A. L}/nrhii=A .stria tax G. vemicosa , an«l A. Nnwotnyi
=A . aristata x ), and with Lomatophylhnn {A . Ho\ieri=
A. serrntaxL. sp.). J. G. Baker, in Jour. Linn. Soc.
Dot. 18, pp. 1.52-182. William Tkelease.
Old plants of Aloe will keep healthy for several years
in the same pots without a renewal of soil, and flower
freely at the same time. The soil most suited to their
needs is sandy loam three parts, lime rubble and broken
brick one part, with a little decayed manure to strengthen
the mixture. Very firm potting is necessary. Drainage
is a more important item than soil, and must be per-
fectly arranged to enable the surplus water to run freely
fnmi the soil. Broken bricks are preferable to pieces of
pots, larsre pieces for the bottom of the pot or tub, and
smaller pieces above, till the last layer is quite fine.
Some of the species need freer rooting conditions than
others. A. ciliaris will grow from .5-7 ft. in a season.
A. Abyssinica is of robust growth, and differs from
most others in the color of the flowers, which are pure
50
ALOE
ALOE
yellow, most of the others y)eing orange and orange-
scarlet. A. plicatilis makes an ornamental tub plant
when i or 5 ft. high. Except during the period in which
the spe<'ies are in active growth, they need very little
water, the principal idea beiug to keep the soil sweet
and porous even when in growth. At all times the
air of the house should be as dry as possible, full
sunshine not hurting them. Prop, by seeds, suck-
ers and cuttings. The arborescent kinds should be
rooted after they have completed growth. Dust over
the cut part cf the cutting with powdered charcoal and
<lry in sunshine before putting it in to root. Insert
singly in as small pots as they will go into, and ]>lunge
in a sand bed. Very little moisture is necessary while
rooting. G. W. Oliver.
The erenerie or scientific name Aloe is a Latinized
fonn of an Arabic name. As an English word it is pro-
nounced in two syllables, thus, A'-loe. Popularly this
wonl is loosely used, the common American Aloe being
Ai/ai'e Americana, the common-st "Century Plant."
The "bitter aloes" of commerce is a resinous juice much
used as a laxative. The best quality is called " Socotrine
or Zanzibar Aloes," a product of ^1. Perry i, which was
known by the Greeks of the Fourth century B.C. to
come from the island of Socotra. The " Barbadoes Aloes "
is the product of A. veni, a species much planted in
the West Indies. Genera allied to Aloe are Apicra, Gas-
teria, Haworthia, Pachi«lendron, and Phylloma. The
group is an extremely difficult one for the botanist, there
l>ein<; few authentic specimens in the herbaria, because
of the large size of the plants, the infrequent flowering,
and tlie difficulty of suitably drying them.
Aloes are much cultivated as decorative plants, being
amongst the most popular of desert and succxilent plants
for their stiff, harsh and nigged habit. They are often
grouped about larsre public Tmildings, where they em-
l>hasize certain architectural features. Larjye collections
are to be seen only in botanic gardens and in the col-
lections of a few fanciers. The largest dealer has nearly
a hundred kinds, ))ut grows only five or six kinds in
4:[uantity. For inclex to the following species, see sup-
plementary list, p. 51. TX. M.
A. Arrangement of Ivs. spiral (except in seedlings) .
B. Form of Ivs. broadly lanceolate, acute : size of Ivs.
moderately large.
C. Border of Ivs. thin, horny : margin entire or
denticulate.
D. Color of Us. grayish : shape of h-s. flattened.
1. stTikt&,'Ha-<x. (A. paniculdfa, Jacq. A. dlbo-cincta.
Hort.j. Caulescent
Ivs. at length large, finely dark-
line«l, scarcely mottled,
with entire white border :
inflorescence compound,
broadly cjTnose : fls. red,
constricted above the
ovary. Cape. B. M. 5210.
Hybrids with A. semilaia
and .1. grar'Vi ntata oc-
cur, having ^u.-'i'-d Ivs.
Var. ri -('ociiscta (^1 .
rhodocinci Ilort. A.
Hanburidha ,S&nd.) . Lvs.
pur lish, very glaucous,
with entire reddish bor-
<l('r.
2. serrulita, Haw. Fig.
68. Lvs. less striate, ob-
scurely mottled, the white
border denticulate : inflo-
rescence less cymose.
Cape. B.M. 1415.
Color of lvs. clearer green : shape of lvs. more con-
cave : teeth small and cut nearly through the
borde r.
3. macroc&rpa, Tod, Lvs. interruptedly green-lined,
more evidently mottled: inflorescence branched with
elongated racemes. Abyssinia.
4. Schlmperi, Tod. Lvs. coarsely green-lined, scarcely
mottled : racemes short and cymose. Abyssinia, Chinaf
Aloe serrulata.
DD.
CC. Border of lvs. usually only near the apex:
mottling present.
5. sapon&ria. Haw. {A. disticha. Mill., not Linn, nor
Thunb. A. umbelldta, DC). Shortly caulescent: lvs.
somewhat gray-green or purplish, the small teeth re»
mote : racemes short and compact.
Cape. B.M. 400. — Varies into many ||j
forms.
Var. Iflteo- Striata, Haw. Lvs.
concave, coarsely pale-lined.
69. Aloe heterarantha.
fi. latifdlia, Haw. (A. sapontLria, var. latifblia, Hort.).
Lvs. apple-green, thick aad broad, concave, the con-
spicuous pale blotches irrej^ularly transversely confluent;
teeth larfje. mostly curved, rather remote : racemes
short and dense. Cape. B.M. 1346.
7. commut^ta, Tod. Lvs. rather thinner : racemes
several, somewhat elongated. Abys.
8. obscflra, Mill. {A.picta, Thunb.). Lvs. rather nar-
rower and thinner : racemes elongated. Cape. B. M.
1323.
9. grandident^ta, Salm. Lvs. and racemes still more
elongated. Cape.
ccc. Border of lvs. nearly absent : mottling scarcely
present : lvs. involute at tip.
10. gl&ixca,,^UU. {A. rhodacantha, DC). Caulescent:
lvs. not mottled, very glaucous, the irregular red or brown
teeth subconfluent : inflor. simple, densely racemose;
^ fls. red, scarcely constricted above the ovary. Cape.
'B.M. 1278. A hybrid with A. humilis, var. inctirva, is
A. cyanea.
Var. mnricilta, Sch. Lvs. jjlaucous. with large teeth,
those on the keel or apex more developed.
11. heteracintha, Bak. (.4. iw«''rmts, Hort,.notForsk.).
Fig. 69. Nearly stemless, often densely cespitose : lvs.
dark green, sometimes with a few obscure yellowish
green spots, slightly striate at base, entire or with a few
remote small teeth. Cape? B.M. 6863.
BB. Form of lvs. ovate-lanceolate , acute, thick, mostly
tnberculate on the back : size of lvs. large.
12. ferox, Mill. {A. muricdta, Schult. A. h6rrida.
Haw. Pachidendron ferox. Haw.). Caulescent, un-
branched : lvs. crowded at summit, glaucous, the margin
and both surfaces remotely coarsely punerently toothed:
inflor. branched, with elongated very dense racemes;
fls. reddish, with stamens twice as long as the perianth.
Cape. B.M. 1975. G.C. II. 3: 243. -Varies into several
less muricate forms.
13. mitrifdrmis, Mill. (.4. m itra>f6rmis ,^11111. , not DC.
nor Haw. A. Comm^lyni, Willd. A. spinuidsa, Salin.
A. pachyphy lla, Hort. A.xanthacdntha,\yilUi.). Fig. 70.
Somewhat branching: lvs. spaced along the stem above,
dark green, with strong, separated marginal teeth, both
faces usually muricate: inflor. sometimes branched, with
short, compact racemes: stamens not exserted. Cape.
B.M. 1270. — Varies into numerous forms.
ALOE
ALOE
51
BBB. Form of Iva. elongated, grodudlhj tapering: size
of h'S, large : border absent : terth nsnalhj coarse.
14. B^tlnesii. Dyer. (A . Bdrbenp, Dyer.). A very large
forking tree, in cultivation becominif tall, thuiigh at tirst
slender : Ivs. very concave, dark green, remotely den-
tate, spaced along the stem above, with white-marsrined
sbeathing base : inflor. short and compact, the rf*ddi!*h
"ti^ tumid. S.Afr. G.F. 3:115. G.C. II, 19, pp. 500-571,
ff. 117, 119, 120, 122. B.M.0848.
15. v^ra, Linn. (--1. vulgaris. Lam. A. Barbadensis,
Mill-)' Low or small, slender tree : Ivs. broader, less
olianueled, pale gray-green, coarsely dentate, not sheath-
ing: tls, yellow. Suckers, freely produced in cultivation,
bare clear apple-green mottled linear Ivs. Me<literra-
iiean region, and naturalized through the warmer parts
of the world.— The ohlest known and probably the com-
monest species.
Var. officinalis, Forsk. (A . rtto^scens, DC. A . Indica,
Royle). Lvs. purplish: tts. red-orange. Orient.
16. Succotrina, h&m. (A. si nniita, Thunb., not Willd. ).
Related to the last : Ivs. relatively narrower, <liirk green,
coarsely serrate : fls. red, variously tipped and striped.
Cape. B.M. 472. Gn. 45, p. 303. -A hybrid with A.cili-
ai-is is A.de Laetii.
Var. purpurdscens, Gawl. (A. piirpurdacens, Haw. -4 .
ramostt. Haw.). Lvs. purplish. B.M. 1474.
17. arbortscens. Mill. (A. fruticosa. Lam.). Low, slen-
der tree: St. roughened by old leaf bases: lvs. dark green,
glaucesceut, coarsely green-dentate to hooked serrate
when separated, with whitish sheathing bases : fls. red.
Cape. B.M. 1300.
Var. frutSscens, Salm.i .4. frntesrens, Salm.). Smaller,
suckering freely : lvs. blue-glaucous, the sheathing bases
coarsely green-striate.
BBBB. Form of lvs. lanceolate, acute, flat : size of lvs.
small: border absent : teeth ciliate: mottling
absent : lvs. sheathing, %vith perfoliate margin.
18. cili^ris.Haw. St.elongated.very slender.branched:
lvs. dark green, the slender white teeth longer about the
base: intlor. axillary, somewhat elongated, loosely few-
M. : fls. red. Cape.
BBBBB. Form of h'S. various, thick, plano-convex : size
of lvs. small : border absent : mostly toothed
on the back: mottling absent: lvs. crowded.
19. brevifolia, Mill. (A. prolifera, Haw.). Short-
stemmed : lvs. spreading, broadly lanceolate, acute,
shortly and pungently white-toothed ; a few similar teeth
occasionally on both surfaces. Cape. B.R. 990.
20. htunilis, Mill. (.4. pc/t/na^a, Willd. .4. suberMa,
Haw A. subtubercutat(t,llaw.). Acaulescent : lvs. as-
cending, lanceolate, gradually attenuate, loosely soft-
serrate, both surfaces coarsely tuberculate or eehinate:
raceme somewhat elongated, loosely fld: fls. red. Cape.
-An extremely variable species, of the habit of certain
Haworthias.
Var. Canddllei, Bak. L.B.C. 15:1481. Var. incurva,
Haw. B.M. 828. Var. acuminllta. B.M. 757. L.B.C.
1G:1504. Var. minor, Hort., is iu cult.
21. aristita, Haw.(.4. ?OHfirjar«sM/a,Schult.). Lvs. as-
cending, attenuate into a long bristle. Cape.
AA. Arrangement of lvs. S-ranked : lvs. rather small.
22. varieg&ta, Linn. Short - stemmed : lvs. erect,
V-shaped, acute, with finely warty horny white margin
and keel, mottled, the pale blotches variously trans-
versely confluent: raceme short, rather loose: fls. red-
dish. Cape. B.M. 513. F.E. 8: 98.-Common.
AAA. Arrangement of lvs. S-ranked : lvs. elongated.
2.3. Codperi, Bak. (.4. Schmidti()na,Reg:el.). Acaules-
cent: lvs. suberect, linear-oblong, sharply-grooved and
keeled, mottled, faintly striate, the small white teeth
subcoiifluent: inflor. subcyraose: fls. reddish or brown-
ish, tumid below. Cape. B.M. 0377. Gt. 970.
24. plicdtilis, Mill. (Rhipidodhidron plicdtile. Haw.).
Becoming tall and stout, branching : lvs. glaucous, flat,
lingulate, obtuse, serrulate and bordered at least near
theapex: inflor. shortly racemose: fls. reddish, the petals
nearly free within the tube. Cape. B.M. 457.
William Trelease.
In the following alphabetic list are included (1) the more im-
portant spe<*ies (which are numljered, and have been fnlly
desi-rilHMl previously), (2) synonyms of the alxive (which are
followed by the sijfn of equality and a number), {'A) the less im-
portant sptfies (which are briefly doscrilted in the present list,
tiut not previously). Those marke«l with an asterisk (*; are
advertised ill the catalogues: A.Ahyasinica, \^:\m.,\s\T Peacockii,
Bak. Lvs. 20-,'M) in a dense sessile rosette, 1' 2ft. long, 5-Q in.
broad at base, glaucous green, not mottled, the margins with
close, spreading, deltoid spines, with homy reddish brown tips:
in tlor. as long as the lvs., aG-8-branched panicle. B.M.Cti20. —
*A.Africana, Mill. St. stout, marked with scars of fallen lvs.:
lvs. alternate, st.-embraci'i;;. concave ; teeth conical, re<ldish
orange at tip: scipe l>earing a dense many-Hd. spike of long cy-
lindrical fls. B.M.2o'7.— A ajanvfulia, Tod. Allied to A. tri-
color. St. short: lvs. dense, copiously white siwtted, lanceolate;
teeth large: fls. racemose, red. Tro-p. Atr.—* A. a Ibo-ci acta =1.-—
A. arboreseens, 17.— .4. aristata, 21.— A. Jiarbadcngis = 15.— A.
Bdinesii, 14.— A. Iidrber(e=li.—A. brnchystachus, Bak. Allied
to A. Al»ys8inica. St. long, slender: lvs. ensiform, in a dense
rosette at the top of the St., all drooping, except the youngest,
13^-2 ft. long, 2 in. broad al>ove the dilated base, bright green,
not mottled; margin:il prickles deltoid, not brown: peduncle
flexuose; raceme dense; I)racts with rr-1 distinct Virown stripes.
Zanzibar. B.M. T.vm.—A.brcvifblin, 10 — 4 . ('hincnsis. Bak. Al-
lie<l to A. Abj-ss'.pica. Lvs. 1.V20 in a sessile rosette, %-l ft. long,
lK-2 in. wide at base, deeply channelled in upper part, pale
green: scape sim >le, Ij^^ft. long: bracts few, distant, small, del-
toid. B.M. KWl. ilab.f— *A. eiliaris, IS.— A. Coiiunelyni=\'3.—
A.comititttata, 7.— .1. Cobperi, 23. — A.eydnea = 10. — A.dich6t-
o//m, Linn.f. Allied to A. Bainesii. ArlKirescent: st. tall, much
branched: lvs. in dense rosettes at the tops of branches, lanceo-
late, 8-12 in. long. Namaqua-land. (t.(M873:713. f. i:t71. 1H74:
567, 571, f. 118, 121.— A. distang. Haw. (A. mitrjpfonnis. var brevi-
folia). St. 3 or more ft. liigh: lvs. ovjite-acumin.ite, concave,
scattered along the st.,with a few white spots on the back;
teeth short, distant: fls. red, tipped green. S.Afr. B.M. 1.362.
—A. disticha=5.—A. echindta = 2i).— A. elrgana, Tod. Little
^ 70, Aloe mitriformis.
known. Not mentioned by Baker. Hab.?— A. f^rox, 12.— *A.
frntescens. Salin.= 17.— *J.. fniticusa = ll.—A. glaiica, 10.—^.
gracilis. Haw. Allied to A. ari)orescens. St. long : lvs. loosely
arranged. 6-10 in. long, 1 in. wide at the base, ensiform, .icumi-
nate, not lined or st)otted; prickles minute, spreading, tipped
brown : fls. yellow, tube with long lanceolate segments.— *4.
grandidentdta, 9. — A. Grehiei, Bak., in the Pictap group, is
readily distinguished by the elongated racemes and the strong
52
ALOE
ALPIXIA
constriction of the perianth below the middle. Lvs. 12-15, in
dense rosette, lanceolate, channelled, bright green ; prickles con-
ne<*tetl by a narrow homy line : tls. pale salmon ; bra<"t8 awl-
shajHHl. purplish, (."ape ' B.M. Qo'M.—*A.IIanburidHa = l.—A.
hvttracantha, W.—A.Uildehrdndtii, Bak. St. l^j-^ ft.: inter-
mnles spotteil white : lvs. loosely arrange*!, 6-10 in. long, glau-
cous green ; teeth small, ascending : inflor. a Ijus: panicle, l/ift.
long, with 10-12 branches : remarkably prolific of tls. 11. M. 6981.
—.1 . h'Jrrida=^\2.—*A.humili8,'l().—A . Indiat^V^.—A . inermis,
\\,—A.iiigignis, Brown. A hybrid of A. drepanophyllaX A. e<'hi-
nata. G.(,'. 11.24: 41.— .l.A'«>ilu, Bak. St. vcr>- short: lvs.30-K>.
in a dense rosette, green, not spotted ; teeth large : intlor. 2 ft.
loiig, 3-branched : tls. red. Zanzibar. B.M. 7386.— J. A-/i»Mo-
/(oit/f*. Bak. Acaulescent: Ivs.linear, rigid, serrulate: intlor. an
elongated raceme. Hook. Icon. 19;{9.— J . de L<rtii=\Q.—*A . lati-
fblin=G.—A.lonaiaristdta='l\.— A. Liintii, Bak. A very distinct
species with no marginal prickles: st. short: lvs. 7-8, in a dense
rosette, 1 ft. long, 2 in. wide at base, pale green, not spotted:
l>eduncle much longer than lvs: panicle of A-'y long, hix racemes;
a marked character. B.M. 744iS.— J. inacracdntha, Bak. St. 2-3
ft.: lvs. 20-30, in a dense rosette, lanceolate, bright green,
much lined ; prickles large, brown and horny in upper half :
inrtor. a dense corjTiib; tls. yellow, tinged red; tul>e constricted
above the globose base. B.M. 6580. Said to \ye the finest of all
spotted Aloes.— *A. macracdrpa, 3.— .1. medica, Hort. Alver.st)n
= ? —A. inicracdntha, H;iw. I..vs. linear, l3'2ft. long, l\>in. wide
at base, deeply channelled, mottled; spines very minute, white:
fls. greenish nnl, in a hix umbel-like raceme ; brjwts large, ovate-
acuminate, striate. S. .Vfr. B.M. 2272.— .1. MiUMHirt, Bak. Hook.
Icon. 242:j. A recent and little known species.—*.! . initrcefdrinis
=^13.— *J.. mitrifi'irinis, 13.— .4. //(MrJcrt<a=12.— .1. tujbilig. Haw.
Allied to A. distans and A. mitriformis. Sts. long : lvs. loosely
dispose<l, not spotted, ovate-lanceolate : fls. red. S. Af r.— J . ob-
sn'ira, 8. — A. pacfii/pliylla =VA. — *A. paniculdta=\. — A. per-
cdssa, Tod.= A. Abyssinica.— A. Pprr,i/i. Bak. St. 1 ft. long: lvs.
12-20, in a dense rosette, lanceolate, 1 ft. long, 3 in. wide at base,
dull green, tinged red ne ir the base, channelled : prickles y4in.
apart : pe<hmcle puri'lish : racemes oblong-cj'lindrical, 3-6 in.
lon<i; lis. red. Socotra. li.'Sl.G:}96.—*A.picta=S.—A.plicdtilis,
24.— A. praten8is,Bn\i. AlliedtoA.humilis. St. none: lvs. 60-80,
not spotte*! : spines large, re«l-V»rown, homy: peduncle 1 ft. long,
stout : bracts numy. B.yi.GlOTy.—A.prolifera^ld.—A.purpu-
rdscens—lG.—A. rambsa=lG.—*A. rfiodacdtitha=10.—*A. rho-
docincta =1.— *A. rbsea-cincta , Hort. Blanc = ■'— .4 . rfibegcens =
1.}.— *A . sapondria, 5. — A . Schittiperi, 4. — A . Sch m idtidiia = 2^i.—
A. Srillid ris, Hort. Alverson. Typographical error for A. cili-
aris ', —*A . scopeldnia, Hort. T. B. Shepherd = I —A . Si'rra, DC
Allied to A.brerifolia and A. glauca.— A. «»'rni/«^a, 2.— A. «/«»-
dta =IG.—*A . ISocritrdiia =16.— .1 . spinnlosn =13.— .4 . striata. 1.
—A. sitberecta='20.—A. subtiiberculdta =2{).—A. Succotrtna, 16.
—A. tricolor, Bak. Differs from A. saponaria by its nicemose
(not capitate) inflorescence, and tul)e constricte<i in the middle:
white spots very numero\'S, oldong, in single or double lateral
rows : fl. tube spotted whi e at ba.se. B.M. 6324.— A. uutbelldta
= .■).— *.4. variegdtn ,22. —*A . r?ra,la.—A. rj r<»n«. Haw. AUieil to
A. humilis. Stemless: lvs. .k.'-^O. lanceolate, white spotted, chan-
nelled. notline<l: prickles green: raceme lax. 1.V18, in. long; fls.
red. B.M. 1355.— *A. rulgdris. 15.— A. xanthacdntha=12.
ALONSO A ( Alonzo Zanoni, Spanish botanist) . Scroph -
nlaridceif. Trop. AnuT. plants, cult, as annuals in the
open, or rai'ely grown in pots. They are tender, and need
protection from frost. Seeds are u.sually started under
glass in the N.. although plants bloom well from seed.s
sown tlirectlyin the open. Use only finely prepared soil.
Fls. showy; plant of good liabit. The corolla is very
irregular and turned upside down by the twisting of the
pedicel, bringing the larger lobe uppermost: stamens 4:
lvs. (at lejist below) opposite or in 3's. Cult, species
mostly from Peru and Mex.
incisifolia, Ruiz & Pav. (A. urtictefdUa, Hort. Cihia
urtiaefdlia, Sims, B.M. 417). About 2 ft. high, erect:
lvs. ovate to oval-lanceolate, long-stalked, deeply cut-
toothed: fls. nearly Kin. across, very irregular (some-
what hood-shaped), scarlet, witli protruding organs, on
slender axillary peduncles. Also a white-fld. var.— An-
nual; but perennial in warm countries or under glass.
Var. Warscewiczii, Boiss. (.1. WcfrsceHlcsii, Kegel.
A. grandUlbrit, Hort.). Fls. larger (often 1 in. across),
rose-red, the plant more herbaceous and more perfectly
annual. Also white-fld. — The commonest form in our
gardens.
myrtifdlia, Roezl. Plant 2-.3 ft. : lvs. broad-lanceolafe,
carmliculate, prominently serrate: fls. large, scarlet (a
white var. ) . — Perennial under glass. Useful ^or winter-
growing in pots.
linifdlia, Roezl. Plant l?-2 ft. or less high: lvs. lanceo-
late or narrower, entire: fls. bright scarlet.
A.acutifolia, Ruiz 8c Pav. Lvs. le.sscut than in .\. incisifolia:
scarlet.- A. caulialdta, Ruiz & Pav. Lvs. less cut than in incisi-
folia : fls. smaller : st. 4-anglwi. — ^4 . linearis, Ruiz & Pav. Lvs,
linear, entire or ver>- nearly so, often fas<-icled : fls. scarlet.
(ireenhmist^. — A. ilatheir»ii, Benth. Lvs. lanceolate, toothed:
fls. scarlet, in terminal racemes. Greenhouse.
ALOtSIA. See Lippia.
L. H. B.
ALPINE GABDENS. In the successftil culture of
alpine plants, the iiiu>t important point is to give them
as near their natural alpine conditions as possible. So
far as .soil is concerned this is not difficult, but when it
comes to moisture with good drainage and surroundinjf
atmospheric conditions, especially in the dryer atmos-
phere of some of our western states, we have a more
difficult task. In their natural homes, many of the al-
pines are found growing under very similar conditions
to our bog plants, an«l the two classes, for the most part,
may be brought together in cultivation. Of course, the
mountain Primula might never withstand the stagnation
to which the roots of the water Arum (Peltandra I'ir-
ijinica I penetrate in the wet bog, nor should we expect
the Peltandra to surviv.^ the wintry blasts to which the
i'rimula is exposed, but the two may be grown together
with very good results in a moist, springy situation, in
the same bed and soil. Any light, sandy soil, well
drained, but through which water is constantly passing
in and out, so that there is no stagnation and always a
little moisture on the surface (which makes it cooler
fnmi the evaporation), will answer for most of the bog
jjlants and the niajt)rity of the alpines also. There
should be a imtural slope to the surface of the ground
for such conditions, and if the surface is undulating, so
as to make .some parts drier than others, those plants
which require the most moisture can go into the wettest
{)laces. Alpines like a deep soil, into which their roots
can penetrate. Leaf-mold should be used in place of
any manure, and if the soil is a ver>' fine one a mixture
of gravel should be introduced. Shade and sun are
rather necessary, as some of the alpin«'S wcmld hardly
stand the full scorching sun of our hottest days in sum-
mer, even though the surface of the soil were moist,
while others require full sun. Alpines have been suc-
cessfully grown in sphay'num moss. This is done with
best results in the rockery, where the various pockets
are filled with the fresh moss and the plants set in it.
Water should be supplied often enough to keep the
moss always moist. The evaporation from the wet moss
creates a cool atmosphere an>und the plants, thus giving
them a condition somewhat like that which they have in
alpine regions, surrounded by mountain fogs, or in the
moist bog. Many alpine-garden plants are not confined to
alpine situations. They grow in moist places in much
lower altitudes as well. Such species as ffou.sto}iia
cifrulea, Pamassia CaroUniana, and Sniilaeina steUata
may be mentioned among these. Most of the alpines,
when set in the fresh, damp sphagnum, do nicely in full
sun. but for the alpine ferns shade should be given.
Those which grow in drier places, like the little }Vood.iia
glabella or 11'. Jii/perborea, need less shade and moisture,
while A,*tph'n ill m viride and ^4. Trichomanea want more
moisture about their roots, and deep shade.
F. H. HORSFORD.
ALFtNIA (Prosper Alpinus, an Italian botanist).
Scitamindceie. Stove herbs, cult, both for lvs. and the
racemes or panicles of fls. The fl. has 3 exterior parts
and 4 interior parts. The lowermost part is lobed or
tubular. Stamens with petal-like filament. They need
high temperature, much water, light soil, and abundance
of room. After t!owering, al'ow them to rest in heat,
but do not dry them off. Prop, by dividing the ginger-
like roots.
Alpinia contains many handsome species, but only a
few are common in cultivation. They are tropical plants,
and require a moist air and a temp, of 55° to G0° F. A
mixture of 2 parts loam, 1 part leaf-mold, and 1 part
dried cow-manure forms an excellent compost. While
growing, they need an abundance of water, and the large-
growing kinds require large pots or tubs. The plants are
prop, by division in the spring. A. iiHfaus is grown for
its handsome fls., and attains a height of 12 or 13 ft. A .
viitata is popular on account of its variegated foliage.
A . hiiitira has very showy fls., but is probably not in the
American trade. Cult. b- Robert Cameron.
ALPINIA
ALSTRfEMERIA
53
ntitans, Roscoe. Shell-flowek. Striking plant, reach-
ing 10-1- ft., with long, lanceolate glabrous long-veined
Ivs.: rts.orchid-like, yellow with pink, sweet-scented, in
« lontr drooping, terminal, spike-like raceme. E. Ind.
GC.III. 19:.'i01. I.H. 43:2.j9. B.M. 194)3. P.M. 1.3:1 2.^.
R.H. 1J561, 51. — Fine for foliage masses, and an old
favorite.
vitUta, Hook. (-i»i<^/«MW vittHtuni, Hort.). Lower:
Ivs. in tufts, lanceolate, with whitish bars or strip«'s be-
tween the nerves : is. red, in uxillary spikes. South
Sea Islands. A.F. F: 787. Gn. 4. p. 2.').
dlbo-line^ta.Hort. A plant
3-4 ft. high. with broad bands
of white an«l pale green on
the elliptic - huiceolate Ivs.
Probably a form of some
other species.
Other species are .1 .Alhiuhas,
Ros<'oe,t1s. in terminal pjuiicles,
whit€ and rose; .4. iiidi/nifica,
Ros<'oe = Amomuni ; A. J upon-
idx. Miq., oiiee int. into U. i^. by
Pitcher & Manda ; .1. inutiea,
Roxbg., tls. white and yellow,
with crimson veins, in spicate
racemes. £, H. B.
ALS£U6SMIA {alsos,
grove, and enosme, fra-
grance). Capri foli<ice(F .
Tender greenhouse shrub
from New Zealand.
A. inacrophylla, A. Cunn.
Lvs. .'J-6 in. long, elliptic or ob-
lanceoliite, acute, serrate: lis. in
small axillarj' clusters, droop-
ing, 1^'oin. long, creamy with
dull red streaks : corolla lolies
fimbriate. B.M. 6951.
71. Pinna of
Alsophila australis.
ALSIKE.
Trifoliuin.
See Clover and
ALSdPHILA (Greek, grove-loving). Ct/athedceo'. A
genus of tropical tree ferns, with simple or forked free
veins, round sori, and no indusia. Nunierous species are
found in the tropical regions of both hemispheres.
Of the diflFerent species of Alsophila, only one is in
general commercial use. A. a list nt lis is a very graceful
ami rapidly growing tree fern, with finely divided fronds
of !i pleasing shade of light green, with the stipes thickly
covered with light brown, hairy scales. It is irrown from
spores, which can only be obtained from old and large
specimens, and which, like the spores of m<>st commer-
cial terns, will germinate very freely if sown on a com-
post consisting of finely screened soil, leaf-mold and sand
in equal parts. To develop a good crown of fronds in
old specimen {dants which may look starved, the stem
may be covered to any thickness consistent with good
appearance with green moss, which may be attached
with thin copper wire, and which, if kept continually
ui«>i«;t, will soon be thickly coverecl with fine roots. Al-
sonhilas should be grown in a temperature of 60° F.,
and the soil should never be allowed to become very dry.
Cult, by NicHOL. X. Bruckner.
A. Lvs.hipinnate; rarhisiS merthj fibrillose,
Eeb6ccaB, F, Muell. Lvs. ample, from a caudex 8 in. or
so high; pimup 12-15 in. long, with 20-.30 pinnules on
each side, which are 2-3 in. long and serrate or crenate
throughout. Australia.
AA. Lvs.tripinnatifld or tripinnate ; rachises armed
with spines.
B. Segments long, strong I {/ curved ; pinnules tapering
to a slender point.
exc^lsa, R. Br. Lvs. coriaceous, with more or less
woolly rachises; pinna> (>-10 in. wide, with crowded pin-
nules, which are provided with about 20 pairs of seg-
ments, which are strongly curved ami more or less
enlarged at the ends. Norfolk Is. — Said to have a trunk
6M-H0 ft. high.
Co6peri, Hook. Smaller than the last: rachises with
pale brown scales : pinna? spear-shaped, with linear
pinnules 4-5 in. long. Queensland.
Ianal4ta, R. Br. Lvs. rather thick herbaceous, from
smo«fth riodiise-*; pinnules cl<»se. 5-0 in. long, with 20-30
pairs of stginents, which are finely serrate throughout.
BB. Segments JaJM. or /<?«« long.
australis, R. Br. Fig. 71. Rachises straw-colored ;
lvs. ample, with primary pinnfp 18 in. long, G-10 in. wide;
jdnnules deeply pinnatitid, with segments broadest at
the base, ovate-oblong and sharply serrate. Tasmania
and Australia.
fdrox, Presl. iA. aculedta, J. Sm.). Rachises brown-
ish; I innie 12-18 in. long: pinnules narrow. 3-4 in. long,
'a-Sm. wide, with 1.5-18 pairs of segments, which are
narrow and slightly serrate. Trop. Amer.
AAA. Lvs. quadripinnatifid.
oligocdrpa, Fee. Yxxx. 72. Raidiises smooth, grayi.sh
straw-colored ; pinnules l,?2-2 ft. long, the segments
ligulate. ileeplypinnatifid.with blunt lobes; sori median,
4-6 on the lower lobes. Columbia. , ,, ■,,
L. M. L nderw(k:>d.
ALSTONIA (Dr. Alston, once professor of botany at
Edinburgh). ApocyndreiF. Between 30 and 40 species
of trees or shrubs of E. Ind. and Australia, with small
white fls. in terminal cymes, and simple entire lvs. in
whorls or opposite. ^4. scltolaris, R. Br., is the Devil-
tree or Pali-mara of India, the bark of which is medici-
nal. Trees yield caoutchouc.
macroph^lla, Wall. A tall tree, with milky juice, spar-
ingly cult, in S. Fla., and perhaps in S. Calif.
ALSTBQEMfiBIA (Baron Alstroemer. friend of Lin-
n^us). AmaryllidHcevp. Coolhouse and stove plants,
with tuberous roots, treated as bulbs. Fls. small (2 in.
or less long), comparatively narrow, with 6 segments,
parted nearly or quite to the ovary, often irregular;
stamens mostly declined ; stigma 3-cleft ; sts. slender
and leafy, weak, or even disposed to climb. Monogr. by
Baker. Handbook of the Amaryllidea*.
Some of the Alstra'inerias have survived the winters
in Washington of late years only when a heavy mulch
has been given, as A . aurantiaca and its form A. atirea.
-~ 72. Alsophila oligocarpa.
A . Chilensis and its forms. Evidently among the hardi-
est are .4. Jirasiliensis and A. pulche'lla, although some
of the others have not been tried. For outdoor planting,
Alstroemerias are at their best in a partly shaded posi-
54
ALSTRCEMERIA
ALUM -ROOT
tion, and at all times durintc their growth the roots must
have an abundance of water. In fact, there is little use
in attempting their cultivation out-of-doors where these
conditions cannot be given. In colder climates, the Al-
stroemerias can be grown very successfully by planting-
out in spring, and, as soon as they die down, lift, and
keep over winter in a place from which frost is excluded.
An annual lifting, or, when grown in pots, an annual
shaking-out, should be given, because they increase to
such an extert that the younger and smaller crowns are
apt to take ttie nourishment from the large, flowering
crowns. The largest ones ought to be separated from
the smaller ones, and either grown in pots or planted
outside when the proper time arrives. In this way the
genus will become much more popular than it now is,
either for cutting or for the decoration of the border.
The soil best suited to their requirements is largely com-
posed of vegetable humus; when this is not to be had,
old, well-decayed cow or stable manure should be incor-
porated with the soil. When they
are planted outside, the tubers
should be put deep in the ground,
and the soil shouhl be well worked
for at least 15 inches. The tubers
are slightly egg-shaped, attached
to a common stem ; the roots are
made from the ends of the tubers,
and also from near the growing
points of the crowns.
One of the best for greenhouse
work is A. Pehgrina, var. alba.
Other kinds which may be con-
sidered tender north of Washing-
ton are A. hrptnantha, A. versicolor (or
Peruviana) and its forms, A. Hookerii
and A . violacea. Some of the Van Houtte
hybrids, raised from Hookerii and hieman-
tlia. are extremely pretty, but, with the
others, they are rather unsuitable for pot-
culture, owing to the peculiar formation
of the roots.
The species are easily raised from seeds,
which should be sown ratiier thinly in
deep pans, and allowed to remain without
pricking off or shifting for the first season.
Cult, by G. W. Oliver.
A. Lvs.nf fl. stem (or scape) broad, ob'
long or oblong -spat ulate .
ptilch^lla, Linn. f. {A. psittaeina,
Lehm.). Sterile st. a foot or less long,
with aggregated petioled Ivs.: flowering
St, 2-.'J ft., with scattered Ivs,: fis, in a
simple umbel, on pedicels 1-134 in. long,
long-funnel-sha{)ed,the segments unequal,
dark red and tipped with green and spotted
inside with brown: stamens nearly as long
as limb. Brazil, Fij. 7'A is a copy of tlie
A. psittaeina, B,M. 3033.— An old garden 73. Alstroem
plant. (X
Chil^nsis, Cree. Stout, 2-4 ft. : Ivs. scat-
tered, obovate or spatulate, or the upper becoming lan-
ceolate, twisted at the base, fringed, somewhat glaucous :
fls. large, rose or red (or varying to whitish), the two
lower segments longer and straighter : umuel with 5
or 6 2-fld. peduncles. Chile.
AA. Lvs. of fl. St. lanceolate (at least the lower ones).
B. Fls. purplish or red.
Felegrrina, Linn. Fl, st. stout, a foot or less high : lvs,
about 30, thin, ascending, 2 in. or less long and I4m. or
less wide: fl, 2 in. or less long, lilac, the outer segments
broad and cuspidate, the inner ones spotted red-purple:
umbel few-rayed, normally simple, but becoming com-
pound in cult. Also a pure white var. Chile. B,M. 139.
Gn. 40, p. 472, L,B.C. 13: 1295.
haem&ntha, Ruiz & Pav. (A. Simsii, Spreng.). Fl. st,
2-3 ft. : lvs. crowded and thin, somewhat stalked, 3-4 in.
long and %in. or less long, the upper becoming linear,
glaucous beneath : fls. 2 in. or less long, bright red
tipped green, the inner ones with red-purple spots on a
red-yellow ground : umbel very compound, the branches
i-"' in. long. A white-fld. variety is cult. Chile. B..M.
23o3, aa A. pulchella.
BB. Fls, yellow or yellowish.
aoranti&ca, Don. Fl. st. 2-4 ft. high : lvs. nearly .50,
thin, somewhat petiolate, slightly glaucous below, ;i-4 ft,
long and !iin. wide : fls. 10-30, in a compound unjbel,
the perianth bright yellow, outer segments tipped green
and inner ones spotted brown. There is a form with
pale, unspotted fls. Chile. B.M. 3350, as ^.aurea. Gn.
26:472.
Brasilifensis, Spreng. St. 3-4 ft. : lvs. remote, thickish.
obloug-lauceolate, 2 in. long: fl. \}^ in. long, in a 5-rayed
umbel (each ray bearing 1-3 fls.), the segments oblo'ng-
spatulate and reddish yellow, the inner ones spotted
brown; stamens shorter than segments. Brazil.
AAA. Lvs. of flower stem linear.
versicolor, Ruiz & Pav. (.1. Peruviana, Van Houtte.
A. sulphurea and A. tigr'inu.
Hort.). Fl. St. short (1 ft, or les*
high ) ; lvs. many, the lower ones
about 1 in. long : fls. 1 in. long, in
a nearly simple umbel, yellow
spotted purple, the segments all
obhmceolate and acute. A mar-
ginate var. Chile.
Ugta, Linn, Fl. st. lK-2 ft.:
lvs. 20-30, thin, the lowermost
becoming lanceolate, 2-3 in. long:
fls. 134 in. long, in a nearly or
quite simple umbel, whitish, lilac
or pale red, streaked purple, the
inner segments often obtuse. Var. pulchra,
Baker {A. pulchra, Sims, B.M. 2421. A.
Flds-Mdrtini, Ker.), has narrower and
longer lvs., and all the segments acute or
cuspidate. Chile. Common and variable
in cult. A. Hodkeri, Lodd., is a form of
A. Ligtti.
The A. Ligtu of B.M. 125 is A. caryo-
phyllea, Jacq,, with long-clawed, very un-
equal segments in two sets or lips, red and
red-striped. Brazil.
-p. violilcea, Phill. St. 1-2 ft, : lvs. scattered
l]iP^ and spreading, 1 in. or less long, those on
sterile shoots larger, ovate-oblong and 5-
nerved : fls, on forked pedicels in a 5-rayf d
umbel, 13^-2 in. long, bright lilac, the
outer segments obovate, truncate and with
a short cusp, the inner oblong-acute,
spotted. Chile. l. H, B.
ALTERNANTHtRA. See Telanthera.
ALTH£A (Greek, to cure). Malvhceoe.
Tall biennial or perennial herbs, of the
warm-temperate regions of the Old World,
sria pulchella of about a dozen species. Fls. axillary,
34). solitary, or racemose in the axils or at
the summit of the stem, with 6-9 bracts
below the calyx. A. fritter and A. ccelestis, Hort., are
Ilibiscus Syriacus.
officinalis, Linn. Marsh Mallow. Downy: lvs. ovate,
often heart-shaped or 3-lobed, frequently undivided,
tomentose : fls. 1 in. across, blush or rose, clustered in the
axils of the lvs. Perennial. E. Eu. — Root used for mu-
cilage and for other purposes ; also medicinal. The
root of commerce has its brown outer covering removed.
Rarely cult., but occasionally escaped in marshes near
the coast.
rdsea, Cav. Hollyhock, which see for culture. St.
strict and spire - like, hairy: lvs. large and rough,
rounded-heart-shaped, wavy-angled or lobed: fls. lar^'e
and nearly sessile, in a long wand-like raceme or spike,
in many forms and colors. Biennial. China. B.M. 3198.
ficifblia, Cav. Biennial, 5-8 ft.: lvs. 7-lobed, toothed:
fl. yellow or orauire, large, in terminal spikes, showy.
Eu, Int. by Franceschi, Cal., as A. sidaifblia.
L. H. B.
ALUM-ROOT. See Heuchera.
ALYSSUM
AMARANTUS
55
r ''
74. Sweet alyssum (X K).
ALtSSUM (clasgiral name). Cntclfenr. Low plants,
mostly perennials and used for rock work. The Sweet
Alvsfium ii* one of the commonest annuals, jjrovvu l»uth
in the open and forced
in benches, beds or
[I >i. It is of the easi-
est, culture, either in-
doors or out. The com-
/^i>^'*"*Sy*^ i ' JttL. P**' vars. are most
i /: '*'"'^^*'"*>.^_ V^^y prized for pot-culture.
*« ■ ' * i^-^a^-L^ Under glass, requires
temperature of a car-
nation house. It will
8tand considerable
frost in the open, and
may be sown early ; it blooms all summer, and until
killed by winter. Useful for window pardens and bas-
kets. For winter bloom, sow seeds late in Aujj. or in
Sept. When blooms begin to fail, cut back the plant, and
it will bloom again. The perennial species are usually
prop, by dividing the roots ; also by cuttings and seeds.
A. Fls. white.
maritimum, h&m. { A . odoriit u m , Hort.). Sweet Alys-
srM. Fig. 74. A low, spreading, light green annual, with
lanceolate or linear entire Ivs., tapering to the base, and
small honey-scented tls. in terminal clusters, which be-
come long racemes. Eu. Many cult, vars.: B6iithami
or comp^ctom, a dwarf and compact form, not over 0 in.
hitrh ; variegitum, with pale white-edged Ivs.; gigan-
tdum. robust, broad-lvd.; procumbens, of spreading
habit : and various horticultural forms with trade names.
spindsum, Linn. A woody-stemmed little perennial,
with lanceol.Hte acute silvery Ivs., spiny 11. branches,
and very small numerous fls. Eu. Rockwork ; 3-6 in.
AA. Fls. yellow : perennials.
B. Lvs. K in. or less long.
serpyllifdliam, Desf. (.1. alpesfre, Linn.?). Dwarf
i:!-4 in. high), somewhat woody at the base, vith rough-
hoary ivs., and pale yellow Hs. in racemes Eu. Int. 1892.
BB. Lvs. 1 in. or more long.
Baz&tile, Linn. Golden-tcft. A foot high, woody at
base : lvs. oblanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, entire or
wavy, hoary-tomentose : fls. golden yellow, numerous,
in little compact clusters. Eu. B.M. 159. A. F. 5:37.
-Common in rockwork, making a spreading mat, bloom-
ing in early spring. There is a dwarf var. (cotnprictum ,
ami a pretty variegated variety sold as.l. variegAfiim.
Gemon6nse, Linn. Less hardy than the last: lvs. lan-
ceolate, velvety : fls. lemon-yellow : st. usually more
woody at base. Eu.
rostr^tum, Stev. {A. Wierzbiekii, Heuflf.). About 20
in.: lvs. 2 in. long, broad-oblong, pointed, hairy: fls.
deep yellow, in dense heails, in summer. Asia Minor.
arg6nteum, Vitra. Dwarf and dense grower, 15 in. or
less: lvs. oblong-spatulate, silvery beneath: fls. yellow
in clustered heads, all summer. Eu. t tt r>
1j. il. rs.
AMANITA. See Mushroom.
AMARABOYA (native name). Melasfomdceo'. A ge-
nus of only three species of tender shrubs from New
Grenada, which are showy both in foliage and flower.
Lvs. large, opposite, sessile, with three prominent
nerves, brownish red beneath: fls. large, cymose; petals
usually 6; stamens 12-15. For cult., see P/eror««. Not
known to be in American trade.
A.amdfnlis. Linden. Fls. white, margined carmine: stamens
white; style re*!, exserte<l. l.H. 'M:9. — A. princess, hmden.
Fls. carmine : stamens white : styles white. I.H. .'54: 4. — A.
splendidn. Linden. Fls. 6^ in. across ; petals narrower at the
base than in the other species; stamens yellow; style red, ex-
serted. I.H. 'M-.M.
AMABANTUS (Greek, unfading). Amarantdcece.
Amaranth Coarse annual plants, grown for foliage and
the showy fl. -clusters. Related to the Cockscomb. The
Amaranths are usually treated as open-air annuals.
They thrive best in a hot and sunny situation. In very
rich soil the lvs. become very large but usually lack in
bright coloring. Seeds may be sown in the open or in
frames. The dwarf and compact vars., which often have
beautifully variegated foliage, may be grown in pots or
used for bedding. Give plenty of room.
A. Lvs. linear-lanceolate, long and drooping.
lalicifdlini, Veitch. Graceful pyramidal habit, 3ft,:
lvs. 5-8 in. long and Hin. wide, wavy, bronze-green,
changing to orange-red. Philippines. (I.C.I. 1871:1550.
F.S. 19:1929.
AA. Lvs. broad, mostly orate.
B. Spikes drooping.
caud&tnfl, L'nn. Love-lies-bleedino. Fig. 75. Tall
au«l diffuse (3-5 ft.): lvs. ovate to ovate-oblong, stalked,
green : spikes red, long and sh-nder, naked, in a long
and droo[>ing panicle, the terminal one forming a long,
conl-like tail. Also vars. with yellowish and whitish
panicles. India. G.W. 6:709. — Common, and an old
favorite.
atropurpilreus, Hiirt. Foliage blood-red. Probably a
form of A. candatus. Perhaps the same as Roxburgh'*
A. atropurpureus from India.
BB. Spikes erect.
hypochondrlacus, Linn. Prince's Feather. Tall and
glabrous : lvs. oblong-lanceolate, acute: spikes blunt,
aggregated into a thick, lumpy terminal panicle, of which
the central part is elongated: bracts long-awned. — An
old garden plant, with the heavy heads variously col-
ored, but mostly purple. Lvs. mostly purple or purple-
green. Probably Asian. Cult, also as A . cru^ntus and
.1. atropurpureus. Sometimes a weed in cult, grounds.
panicul&tus, Linn. St. usually pubescent : lvs. usu-
ally broader than in the last, and spikes acute or acutish,
and in an open, more graceful terminal panicle: bracts
awn-pointed. — Common, and sometimes a weed. Lvs.
usually green, but often blotched or bright purple. A
showy form is A. specidsus, Sims, B.M. 2227. Cult,
also as .^1. sanguineus. Probably originally Asian.
Gang^ticos, Linn. (.fl. melanchSlicus, Linn.). Usually
a lower plant, 3 ft-, or less and often only 1 ft., with thin,
ovate-pointed lvs., and fls, in short, glomerate, inter-
rupted spikes, both terminal and axillary. — Very varia-
ble. Cult, by Anier. Chinese (Fig. 76) as a pot-herb
under the name of Hon-toi-moi, with green lvs. (Bailey,
Bull. 67, Cornell Exp. Sta.). A form used for bedding,
with foliage red. yellow and green, is Joseph's Coat, or
A. tricolor (G.W. 6: 709). A form with fiery red lvs. is
known as A. hicolor. Various dwarf and compact bed-
ding forms. Used more for foliage than for fl. panicles.
Asian.
Other garden Amaranthuses are A. Abyssinicus,
dark red ; A . gifihosus, Hort., a form of A . paniculatus;
A. H^nderi, probably a hybrid with ^-1. salicifolius, or a
Amarantus
caudatus (X M)-
var. of it, with long-drooping, orown lvs., and tall, pyra-
midal stature ; A. 66rdoni, or Sunrise, with bronzy
banded lvs. aud brilliant scarlet lvs. on top; A.superbuSf
int. 1893. Other Amaranthuses are common weeds: A.
5C
A3IARANTUS
AMARYLLIS
retron^rns, Linn., A. chlordstachifn, Willd., A. (flhus,
Linn., A. blitoWes, Wats., ^1. spinosus, Linn. The two
lirst are known as pigweeds and bee* -oots; the third is
a common tumbleweed. f^_ fj. B.
7C. Amarantus Ganeeticus {K}^).
AMAB'^LLIS (classical name). AmaiyllUhlcecf.
BiiU>ous plants from Cape of Good Hope, dowering in
late suninuT or in fall, the Ivs. appearing later. Perianth
with a short ribbed tube, the divisions oblong or lanceo-
late, the filaments distinct and no scales between them,
fls. 5-12, in an iin)l)el. on a tall scape. Monogr. by Her-
bert, Amaryllidacese, 1837 : and by Baker, Handbook of
the Amaryilidea*.
In dealing with the culture of Amaryllis, it is cus-
tomary to speak of the genus in its horticultural sense,
— to include Hippeastrum and related things. Such is
the understanding in the following cu' ral directions.
There are two widely differing methods of cultivating
the Amaryllis to produce showy tiowers in the spring
months.— the liordt-r method and the pot method. Any
one trying both of these methods will soon come
to the conclusion that they differ not only in method,
but in tlower-producing results. The first method
is to plant the bulbs out in a prepared border after
they are done flowering, say about the middle of May.
The border selected should have perfect drainage, and,
if convenient, be situated on the south side of a house or
wall, fully exposed to the sun during the greater part
of the day. The bulbs are set out in rows, necessarily
with as little disturbance of the roots as possible, because
if they are bulbs which have undergone simihir treat-
ment the previous year, by the middle of May they have
made a considerable number of new roots: besides, the
foliage also has gained some headway, and may be cou-
sidered in the midst of actual growth. In planting, care-
fully firm the soil around the old balls, give one water-
ing, and on the succeeding day, after the surface of the
soil has been raked over, cover to the depth of 2 inches
with half-decayed cow-
manure. With frequent
watei'ings during the
summer and the re-
moval of weeds, they
will need no more at-
tention until the ap-
proach of cool weather,
when they should be
lifted, sized, and pot-
ted ; Iiowever, at this
season, if wet weather
has predominated,
some of ti.e bulbs will
be in a semi-dormant
state, while the ma-
jority will yet be in
active growth. Here
is the drawback to this
method : the roots are
large and fieshy, they
take ,'n considerable
room iii a 6- or 7-inch
pot, and the soi can-
not be evenly distrib-
uted amongst them,
neither can it be made
as firm as it should be.
The result is the par-
tial decay of the roots
a. id leaves, and in the
spriiiir.when tlie Mower
scapes appejAr, they are developed at tlie expense of the
bulb, through having insufficient roots ) take up nour-
ishment from the soil. The Mowers which are pro<lu<'ed
are small, few in number, and do not show what the
Amaryllis Belladonna.
Amaryllis is capable of. To partly ameliorate these con.
ditions, the bulbs in active growth at lifting time may
be heeled-in on a greenhouse bench until they gradu-
ally ripen, taking care that some of the soil is retained
on the roots ; otherw 'r^ the ripening process is altogether
too rapid, so that ♦he -. ots and leaves sud«lenly lose their
robu'^t r <ture, become tiHbl)y, and eventually die. For
this method, it can be said that a larger number of bulbs
can b'i gre.vn with less trouble than by the pot method,
but neither bulbs nor flowers compare in size with those
kept i.i pots the year round. For the purpose of simply
increasing stock, the outdoor method is to be preferred.
Most o." the kinds are naturally evergreen ; potting under
those conditions is best done either after the plants have
made tLeir growth in the fall or after they have flnisinnl
flowering in April. When done in the full, they are al-
lowed to remain rather dry during the wnnter; this will
keep the soil of the original ball in a sweet condition
until the time arrives to start them into growth, which
may be anywhere after the 1st of January, or even
earlier if necessary. They will winder all right, and keep
their foliage, in a l>rick frame in which the temperature
is not allowed to fall below 45° F. By the beginning of
February, in a structure of this sort, they will be showing
flower-scapes, and should then be taken to a position
where more heat and light can be given, A weak solu-
tion of cow-manure will much help the development
of the flowers. When in bloom, a greenhouse tempera-
ture, with slight shade, will prolong the flowering period.
After flower ng, the greatest care should be taken of the
plants, as it is from that period till the oud of summer
that the principal growth is made. A heavj' loam, en-
riched with bone-dust and rotted cow-manure, suits them
well. The seeds of Hippeastrums should be sown as soon
as ripe, covered very lightly with finely sifted leaf -mold,
and if this shows a tendency to dry too quickly, cover
with panes of glass until germination takes place. As
soon as the flrst leaves are de\eloped, they should be
potted in the smallest sized p.^ts and kept growing. In
the propagation of varieties, it will be found that the
large bulbs make two or more offsets each season: these
should not be detached until it is certain that they have
enough roots of their o»vn to start with af*er being
separated from the parent. If a well-flowered specimen
clump is desired, the off* 3ts may be allowed to remain
attached to the ptir*^ it; iT ?y will, in most cases, flower
the second year ' .er gt •'^"s treatment. AtnartjlUs
Belladonna and j plant Kuown as A. longiflora (really
a Crinum ) are I .rdy in the District of Columbia ; A .
lonr/iflora thrives even in damp, heavy soils, with no
protection, and flowers abundantly each year. The seeds
are about the s^ize of a chestnut, and if not gathered as
soon as ripe, they are apt to gerHkinate on the surface of
the ground during the next rainy spell succeeding the
ripening. A . Belladonna needs a warm, sheltered spot,
with deep planting, Cult. by G. W. Oliver.
Bellad6nna, Lii.n. Bel.ladonna Lily. Fig. 77. Scape
2-4 ft., with a 2-lvd. dry spathe or involucre just under-
neath the umbel: fls. lily-like, short-tubed, and flaring,
with pointed segments and style, and 6 stamens detiexed,
on short pedicels, fragrant, normally rose-color; scape
solid : Ivs. strap-shaped, canaliculate and acute. B.M.
7X\. Gn. ;«: G41, 47. p. 40, 4'.). p. 27(5. 54: 414. G.C. Ill,
24:. 315. An old favorite. There are varieties ranging
from white to red, and varying in shape and size of fls.
A. biiinda, (Jawl (B.M= 1450), is a large form, with wliite
fls., fading to blush. A. IFdllii, Ho.-t., from N, Chiiuj,
but probal>ly not native there, is evidently only a form
of the Belladonna Lily. For var. rdsea perf^cta, see Gt.
45, p.44:{: gpectabilis tricolor, 45, p. .T)8. See Brinm-
viffia for A. fjhjantt'ti urMlorienfalis: Crinum for ^./i'*(;,'i-
folia a,xu\ ornat(t ; Hippeastrum for A. aulira, «>'/(»»'.'<-
triH, fulffida , J ohnxoni , Leopohlii, j)ardina,procera. Jit-
ghup, reticulata, vittata ; hycons fot A. an rea ; Nerine
for A. Nerine; Sprekella for A, fofniosis.'<ihia ; Stern-
berjiTia for A. Intea ; Vnllota for A. purpurea ; Zephy-
ranthes for A. AtamaKco and Candida. The following
tra<le names probably belong tootiier genera, most likely
to Hippeastrum : A. crdcea, (rrove<)na, tnacnhitha, re-
fnlijina. A . enih^.sn un, of Horsfo-d's Cat., 1S!>!) (by
mistake print<'d crubey 'en)> , is Zephyranthes erubes-
cens, Wats, It is not l /.v otfered.
L. H. B.
AMASOXIA
AMES
m
AMASONIA (afrer Thomas Amason, early American
traveler). I'frbi'mlcecp. Greenhouse shrub from Trini-
dafi. with lonK, tubular, hairy yellow fls. and bright red
bracts, which remain attractive two or three mouths at
a time.
calyciaa. Hook. f. ( A . punicea, Hort. not Vahl.). Lvs.
(;-l2 in. Ion??, elliptic, acuminate, coarsely irregularly
tooriied or sinuate, glabrous, except the floral ones : fls.
1 1^-2 in. long, drooping; calvx nearly 1 in. long, red.
B.M. 6915. Ga. 27: 479. R.B. 20: 13.
AMBROSlNIA (Giacinti Ambrosini, an Italian).
Aro'idi'ut. A dwarf, perennial, tuberous herb of Italy and
Alfferia. Half-hardy; planted in the open or in pots,
ami blooms in the fall. A single species.
78. Amelanchier
alnifolia(X34)
Basdii, Linn. Three or 4 Inches : lvs. 2 or 3, over-
topping the spathe, the leaf-blade ovate or ovate-ellip-
tic, obtuse, often retuse: spathe % in. long, tippe<l witii
a hruwn tail, divided lengthwise, the anthers being in
one corapaitmeut (which has a hole to admit insects),
pnd the solitary ovary in the other, thus preventing au-
tmuatic close poL'ina'tion. B.M. (kJGO. — Prop, by seeds
-tarfed inside or ia frames, or by division in spring.
There is a narrow-leaved form ( var. a nffusfifdliti , G tiss. ) ,
a spotted-leaved form (var. vuicuh)tn, Kngler), and a
f'Tiii with pule green reticulations (var. rrtu-iilatu,
^'"^'M. L. H. B.
AMELANCHIEI (Savoy name). Bosdcea . Shriibs
or small trees of Eu.,Asia and Amer. : lvs. altern.it
siiiiple. Usually serrate : tls. white, in racemes, rarely
solitary; calyx tube campanulate, .'i-lcibed, lobes narrow,
ri'tiexed, persistent ; petals 5 ; ovar 2-5-colled, each
sulxlivided and containing 2 ovules : rry round or ob-
loiL', with prouiinent cavity, red or : purple, sweet,
juicy. Temperate regions around . globe. Species
nd closely related. De.-iirable ...r ornament, the
.>arf varieties also valuable as fruit-bearirg plants.
Bloom very early in spring, often before lvs. appear.
They thrive upon a variety of soils and overa wide range,
succeeding well in dry climates. Prop, by seeds or
suckers. A. ofdlis and A. aliAua of horticulturists,
sometimes purporting to come from Eu.. are our native
Pyrus nigra, which see. See Jnmbtrry.
A. IfVS. acute or acumhuite, finely serrate.
B. Petals ,.a. . tw, lanceolate, ohlanceolate or spatulate.
Canadensis, Medic. Common SnAD-Bt-sH. Tree. i!.')-40
ft., upright, narrow, oblong, roun<l-topped : trunk tall,
straight: branches small, spreading: lvs. oval or ovate,
acute or acuminate, rounded or cordate at base, sharply
anil tinely serrate, soon becoming glabrous : fruit glo-
bose. Early sunim«>r. Newfoundland to Fla., west to
Ark. and Minn. S.S. 4: 11)4.
Botry^pium, DC, (.1, Canadensis, var. ohlongifolia,
Torr, & Gray), Common Dwakf .Jinebekky. Bush or
small tree : lvs. and tlower-stalks whitish woolly when
Jf^oung, often nearly or quite glabrotis when old; lvs. ob-
ong, broadly elliptical, seldom cordate, often pointed at
base : racemes dense, shorter than in A. Catiadensis;
fls, smaller: fr. juicy, of good flavor. New Brunswick
to Fla., west to Mo. and Minn. B.M, 701!), G.C. III.
21: 333, S.S. 4:195, as A. Canadensis var. obot'illis, Sarg.
Asiitica, Endl, (A. Canadensis, var. Ja pon i ra. ^liq.
A. f/aj)uniea. Hurt.). Small tree with slender branches:
lvs. ovate-elliptical, acute, densely w(M)Ily when young:
racemes dense, compound. China and Jap.
BB, Petals broad, obovate.
OligOC&rpa, Roem, Low shrub 2-9 ft,, nearly glabrous
throughout: lvs, thin, narrowly ovate or oblong, pointed
at each end, finely and sharply serrate : ra<'emes few-
flowered ; petals broa<l, obovate : fr. dark blue-purple,
pear-shaped, with heavy bloom, sweet, of pronounced
flavor. Swamps, Lab. to N. Y, G,F, 1: 247.
AA. Lrvs. broader, obtitse or rounded at apex, coarsely
serrate or dentate.
alnifdlia, Nutt. Fig. 78. Shrub : lvs, thick, broad,
oval or nearly circular, coarsely toothed toward the
apex: petals narrowly obovate or ohlanceolate, "uneate:
fr, dark purple or blue, with blocmi, large, sweet, juicy.
W Out. to Mich., New Mex, and westward, G.F. 1:185;
5: 41."). S,S, 4: 11M>. — A valuable species for fruit or or-
nununt. Anniia alnifolia of some lists.
rotundifolia, Roem. {A. Canadensis, var. rotundifdlia,
Torr. & Gray). Low, stragglish bush: lvs. rounded,
coarsely serrate : fr. ripening after A.
Canadensis. N. Brunswick to Minn.
spicita, Dec. Small bush l-.1ft,: lvs.
elliptic or oval, rounded at both ends or
somewhat conlate at base : fls in numer-
ous 4-10-fld, racemes : plant woolly on
ytmng gn)wths, but becoming glabrous.
Dry, rocky places. Pa, and N. J.
vulgS.ri8,Mr)nch, Sekvick-berry. Dwarf
shrult : lvs. roundish, coarsely serrate,
woolly beneath when young : racemes short; petals long-
narrowly ohlanceolate : fr. blue-black. Cent. Eu. — Cult,
for ornament ; also for fr. under the name of European
Juneberry. pj^j-o W. Card.
AMES, FREDERICK LOTHROP (.June 8, 18.15-Sept.
13, lMt3), of the fourth generati«>n of a family distiil-
guishe<l in the history of Massachusettts enterprise, was
born in North Eastoi in thnt state. He was graduated
from Harvard Coll ^e in the class of 18.14, an I devoted
his life to the nianagenu'ut of great connnercial and in-
•liiHtrial int«'rests. Business did notoccui)y all his atten-
tion: )u' was a Felh»w of Harvard College, a trustee of
the Mas.ijwhusetts Society for Promoting Agrioilture,
mill of the Miiseum of Fine Arts; and an active ami
faithful director of i irritable and benev.olent institu-
tions. A numitlcent patron of arts and sciences, he was
sui'cessftil in stimulating the increase of knowletlge iu
mail'- M.'lils of humtin research. Devoted tarough his
w V iivo to horticulture, he gained distinction for hi.s
wi ■ il accurate ..nowledge of tro]ucal orchids and
thi « altivation, and his collection of these plants at his
country place In his native town was the most complete
58
AMES
AMORPHOPHALLrS
in the New World. His important services to botany and
horticulture are commemorated in Liflia Ameniana,
JUflia anceps var. AmeaiaMa, Phaltenopsis F. L. Ames,
Cypripedium AmesianHm, Cypripedium inaitftie var.
Amesianum, Vanda Amesiana, Stanhopea Amesinna,
Miltonia vexillaria var. Amesiana, Odontocflosxum
Jio.ssifp var. Amesiana, and Cattleya Hardynnn var.
Ames'ana. C. S. Sargent.
AMHfiESTIA (Countess Amherst and her daughter,
Lady Amherst, promoters of botany in India). legu-
minosiB. One of the noblest of flowering trees, native
to India, where it reaches a height of 40 ft. and more.
Gaudy red fls. 8 in. long, with wide-spreading petals, the
upper ones gold-tipped, and colored petal-like bracts, in
long, hanging racemes : Ivs. pinnate, nearly 3 ft. long.
The tree first flowered in Eng. in 1849. It requires hot-
house treatment. The fls. last only 2 or 3 days. Demands
rich, loamy soil, and abundant moisture during the grow-
ing season, after which the wood must be ripened firm.
B.M.4453. F.S. 5: 513-516. -
AMiANTHIUai. i^ee Zygadenus.
AMMOBIUM (Greek, living in sand). Compdsitce.
Hardy herb, cult, as an everlasting or immortelle. Florets
Perfect, yellow, surrounded by a dry, silvery white invo-
lucre, and subtended by chaffy scales; pappus of 2 bris-
tles and 2 teeth. Commonly treated as an annual, but
seeds are sometimes sown in Sept., and the plant treated
as a biennial. Of easiest culture, the seeds being sown
where the plants are to grow. In the N., sow seeds in
spring. Cut the fls. before they are fully expanded, and
hang in a dry, shady place. They will then remain white.
aUttun, R. Br. Three ft. or less high, erect and
branchy, white-cottony, the brunches broadly winged :
early root-Ivs. ovate at the ends and long-tapering be-
low (javelin shap»^'d) ; st.- Ivs. linear or linear-lanceolate,
entire or nearly so : lieads 1-2 in. across, the involucre
becoming pearly white. Australia. A large-headed form
is var. grandifldrun. L, Ij, B_
AMMOCHABIS (rtmjrto.s-, sand: cAort's, beauty). Ama-
ryUidiiittr. Greenhouse bulb from Cape of Good Hope.
J. G. Baker, Amaryllideee, p. 9G. For cult., see Bulbs.
falcata, Herb. Bulb ovoid, sometimes 6-9 in. in diam.,
with brown tunics : Ivs. 1-2 ft. long, 1 in. wide, strap-
shaped, spreading, produced before the Ivs.: fls. 20-40,
in an umbel, bright red, fragrant. Winter. Probably
the fruit figured in B.M. 144:5 is that of a Brunsvigia,
mismatched with the flowers.
Ammocharis falcata requires rich, loamy soil. It
starts to grow in the spring. Give plenty of water during
growing season in summer. It can be cultivated out-of-
do rs. When perfected and finished in autumn, the bulb
can be put under the greenhouse bench : keep moder-
ately dry in sand or earth ; can be potted in January,
after wliich it will soon throw out its fine, fragrant
blooms. Cult, bv H. A. Siebrecht.
AMMONIACAL CARBONATE OF COPPER.
JFumjtcidi .
See
AHMOPHILA (Greek, sand-loving). GraminffP. A
coarse perennial. wit>i long, hard rootstocks. Spikelets
1-fld., in large, spike-like panicles, jointed above the
empty glumes: flowering glume surrounded at the base
by a tuft of hairs : axis of spikelet terminating in a small
bristle-like rudiment. Species one. Eu.andN.Amer
aren&ria, Link. [A. arundimXcea, Host.). B^eoh
Grass. Marram Grass. Abundant plong the sandy
coasts of the Atlantic, and the great lakes. Adapted for
binding drifting sands of coasts. i> r> f .
X . r>. IVENNEUY.
AMOMUM (Greek-made name). Scitaminiicecf. Hot-
house ginger-like herbs, with narrow entire Ivs., and fls.
in dense cone-like spikes, which are usually near the base
of the plant or on a scape. Closely allied to Alpinia
(which see for culture).
C4rdamon, Linn. Cardaman. Thick, spicy, lanceolate
Ivs.: plant 4-8 ft.: fls. brownish, in a r»-funibent com-
pouud tipikfi. E. lud. Produces the Cardomoa seeds of
commerce. Not to be confounded with Elettaria Carda-
mom um (which see).
Other species tire A.angustifblium, Sonner.with linear-lanceo-
late Ivs. and yellow fls., Mada<;. ; A. Ddnielli, Hook., Ivs. laiif*.
oblong and fl. large, r?d and yellow, Afr. ; A. Granum-Parad'iH,
Linn. (A. grandiriorum, Smith), •with colored stems and white^
tinted tls , Afr. ; A. magntficum, Benth. & Hook. (Alpinia m,%g-
nifica, Roscoe), 1()-12 ft., fls. very numerous, in a gaudy braeted
head, large, red, Mauritius, B.M. .3192; A. vittdtttni, Hort.=Al-
pinia \ittata ; A. vitellinum, Lindl., with oval Ivs. and yellow
fls.,E.Ind. L. H. B.
AMORPHA (Greek amorphos, deformed; the fls. are
destitute of wings and keel). Legumir.dsce. Shrubs:
Ivs. alternate, odd-pinnate, deciduous, with entire leaf-
lets : fls. in dense, terminal spikes, small, papilionaceous,
but without wings and keel ; stamens exserted : pod
short, slightly curved, with 1-2 seeds. Eight species,
6 in N. Amer. Hardy flowering shrubs, with graceful fo-
liage, well adapted for small shruV)beries, especially in
somewhat dry and sunny situations. Prop, usually by
seeds ; also by greenwood cuttings under glass in early
summer, or by hardwood cuttings, placed in sheltered
situations early in fall and left undisturbed till the fol-
lowing autumn. They may be grown, also, from layers
and suckers.
can^scens, Nutt. Lead Plant. Low shrub, 1-3 ft.,
densely white-canescent : Ivs. sessile, 2-4 in. long, leaf-
lets 21-49, nearly sessile, oval or ovate-lanceolate, 4-7
lines long : fls, blue, the spikes crowded into terminal
panicles. June. S. states. Mn. 5:707. B.JI.6618. R.H.
1896:280. — Handsome free-flowering shrub of den^e
habit, well adapted for rockeries and borders of shrub-
oeries in sunny and well-drained situations.
fruticdsa, Linn. Bastard Indigo. Shrub, 5-20 ft.:
Ivs. petioled, (i-16 in. long, leaflets 11-21, oval or elliptic,
mostly obtuse and mucronulate : spikes dense, 3-6 in.
long, usually in panicles ; fls. dark purple. From Wis.
and Pa. south. B.R. 5 : 427. — Interesting ornamental
shrub of spreading habit, with fine, feathery foliage ;
remarkab'e for the unusual color of its dark violet-
purplish ris. A very variable species; slightly diflfering
forms have been described, and are cult, under many dif-
ferent names, as. e. g. : A. Caroliniana, Croom ; croceo-
lanata,Vi'ats.; dealhata, Hort.; elata,Ilort.; fragrans,
Sweet; glabra, Desf.; hevigata, 'Sntt.; Le w is i, hodd.;
Ladoviciana, Hort. ; mimosifolia ,'H.0rt.; orna/a, Wend.;
panici'lata, Torr. & Gr. ; Tennesseensis, Shuttlew. ;
Texana, Buckl.
A.Califvrnica.'Sntt. Allied to A. fruticosa. Pubescent: sts.
and leaf-stalks furnished >vith prickly glands : spikes usually
single. Calif.— .1. fierbdcea, Walt. (A. pubescens,Willd.),2-l ft:
Ivs. nearly sessile, puT)escent or glabrous ; leaflets with blaek
glands l>eneath : spikes mostly panicled ; fls. blue or white. S.
states. L.B.C 7: 685) - A. microphylla, Pursh. (A. nana, Nutt.'.
One ft. high : leatlois small. J'oin. long, crowded, glandidar \>e-
ne;ith : spikes usually sint'^ From Minn, and Iowa west to
Rof'ky Mts.— A. rirgata, yniiil. Allied to A. fruticosa. Peren-
nial, 2-6 ft., sparingly branched: leaflets bror.d, coriaceous":
spikes single or few. S. states. Alfred Rehdek.
AMORPHOPHALLUS (Greek-made name). Aro\de<f.
Giant aroids, from the eastern tropics, grown as curiosi-
ties in hothouses. Spathe (or "flower") springing from
the great bulb-like tuber in advance of the Ivs., the latter
usually pedately compound : differs from Arum and re-
lated genera by technical characters. Monogr. by Engler
in De Candolle's Monographiee Phanerogamarum, vol.2.
1879.
Amorphophalluses are i)ropagated by offsets of the
tubers. Towards the end of March the plaiits should be
taken from their winter quarters and placed on the
stages of a moderately warm greenhouse and kept moist,
where, .f the tubers are :-itrong enough, tliey will soon
flower. The leaves l>egin to grow immediately after the
floweri.;g season. Towards the end of May they should
be planted out in the open ground, or they may be used
in subtropical bedding. Plants should be lifted in the
fall, before frost, and potted in any good, rich soil, and
placed in a warm greenhouse to ripen oflf the leaves, after
which fhey may bo st^)red away under the greenhouse
stages, or any convenient pla<'e where the temperatun-
does not fall lielow 5(t°, giving just sufficient moisture tn
keep the tubers from shriveling.
Cult, by Edward J. Canning.
A3IORPHOPHALLUS
AMPELOPSIS
59
79. Inflorescence and
bit cf leaf of
Amorphophallus Rivieri.
Kivi^ri, Dur. Devils Tongue. Snake Palm. Fig. 79.
Scape ( sent up in early spring) preceding the Ivs., :i-i ft.,
dark colored and speckled with light red: If. often 4 ft.
across, pedately decompound, the petiole mottled, stand-
ing on a stalk like an umbrella: spathe
rosy, calla-like, with a long-project-
ing and slender dark red slightly
curved spadix, the whole "flower"
often measuring 3 ft. long. Cochin
China. R.H. 1871, p. 573. — The best
known species in Amer. gardens.
Has a strong and disagreeable odor.
campanul^tus, Blume. Stanley's
Wash Tub. Scape lower {2 ft. or
less): spathe nearly or quite 2 ft.
broad and 15 in. high, with a hori-
zontal, spreading fluted bor-
der (not calla-like), red-purple
on the margin and grayish,
spotte<i white lower down', and
becom.ng purple in the cen-
ter : spadix 10-12 in. high,
the purple top enlarged and
convoluted: If. much as in A.
Rivieri: tuber weighing 8-10
lbs., shape of a flat cheese. An
old garf'en plant from E. Ind.
B.M. 2812. F.S. 1.^k1G02-:J. G.C.
72:1720, 1721; III. 5:755.
gigrantdus, Blanc. «F1. larger
than A. campamtlafus (often 2
ft. across) and much more pleas-
ing in color, shading from deep
red to cream color towards the
center. The club-shaped spadix
is dark maroon, with yellow and
red base. After* flowering, the
foliage -stem aj)pears,— a stout
stem of deep green color, mottled
with gray. After growing at the
rate of several inches a day, it ex-
pands into a large palm-like leaf,
of a rich, dark green color, often measuring 5 ft. across."
Blanc, 1892, received "under this name from India." A.
cainpiunlatus t Probably not the J., giganfens of Blume.
Simlense, Blanc. "Fl. 15 in. long, the inside of peculiar
polden color, .-^potted purple; the Sack is metallic brown.
Fine palm-like foliage." The cut in Blanc's catalogue
shows a spathe produced into a long foliaceous summit,
and a long, slender, recurved spadix. Probably of some
other genus : very likely an Arisjema.
.1. Afz^Ui, Hovt. (Corynopliallus Azelii, Schott)==Hydrosine
Leonemis.— A. Eichleri, Hook. f. iSpatlie'J in. across, purple and
white : spadix 5 or 6 in. high, thick, brown : If. single, much di-
vided. W. Afr. B.M. TOUl — .4. Lacimrii, Linden. (Pseudodra-
contium Lacourii, N.E.Br. ) . Petioles l)arred with yellow ; l)lades
mucii cut, green, spotted white. Cochin China. I.H. 'i.^: 316.—
A.LeopoJdianiiH, Nicholson (Hydrosme Ijeoiw)ldiana, Masters).
Spatlie reddish, long acuminate on one side, with undulate mar-
gins: spadix 2-3 ft., terete, recurved : If. 2-3 ft. across. Congo.
I.H. ^i :23 : 42, f. 49.-A. nirosus, Lem., I.H. 12: 424 = Dracon-
tium aspemm.— A. Titanum, Beccari. One of the most rem .rk-
able plants known. Tul)er .5 ft. in circ. : If.- stalk 10 ft. : if .- blade
45 ft. in circ. : spathe 3 ft. in diain. : spadix 6 ft. high. Bloomed
at Kew in IXSM), the tuber dying thereafter. Sumatra. B.M.
7153-5. G.C. III. .5:748. L. H. B.
AMF£L6PSIS (Greek ampelos, vine, and opsis,\ik.e-
ness). Vitdcecf. Shrubs, climbing by tendrils opposite
the Ivs.: Ivs. alternate, petioled, digitate, bipinnate or
.«iinple : corymbs opposite the Ivs. or terniinnl : fls. per-
fect, greenish and small ; petals and stanu ir^ usually 5 :
fr. a 1— 4-seeded berry. Allied to Vitis, but easy to dis-
tiuiTuish, even in the winter state, by its bark bearing
lenticels and the white pith of the branches, while Vitis
has a shredding bark and brownish pith. About 20 spe-
cies in N. Amer., E. Asia and Himal. Haniy and <»rna-
niental climbing vines, thriving in almost any soil.
Prop, by seeds and by hardwood or greenwood ctittings.
A. (luinquefolia is usually increased by hardwood cut-
tings, while A. fricuspiilatd grows best from seeds
planted un<ler glass or out-of-doors : also from green-
W(»od cuttings in spring or early summer, under glass.
Layers also root readily. Ail species may be prop, by
cuttings with a good eye placed in sandy soil under bell-
glasses in Sept. Monogr. by Planchon' in De T'andoUe,
aionographice Phanerogamafum, 5:447-463. Cf. Cissus.
\. Tendrils mostlu disk-hearing : berries dark purple
with blue bloom, pea-sized. {Partheno issus.)
qtdnquefdlia, Michx. {A.hederdcea^DQ. Tl^j's qtiinque-
f dl id, L&ni,). VikginiaCreepek. Fig.80. High-climbing:
Ivs. digitate ; Ifts. usually 5, elliptic or oblong-obovate,
coarsely s'-rrate. N..Amer. Em. 2: ,")35. Var. radicantis-
sima, Rehdcr. Young branches and Ifts. beneath pubes-
cent : tendrils with many ramifications and well devel-
oped disks. Var. murdrcun, Rehder. {A. hederdcea, var.
murdrum, Fofke. A. murdrum a^" \ mur<)l is, Uort.). In-
florescence and tendrils like the fomier ; Ifts. glaucous
and glabrous b'*neath. Var. flngelmanni, H<>rt. Similar
to the last, with smaller and more dense foliage. Var.
latifdlia, Dipp, {A Boi/lei. Hort. ) . Of visrorous growth :
Ivs. very large, shining. Var. Grsebneri, Reh<ler. Pubes-
cent, intense vscarlet in full. Gt. 48: 14G2. Var. vitacea,
Knerr. Aerial roots none, and the tendrils scarcely disc-
bearing : berries large and early. ]Mich. to Kans. Does
not cling to walls.— A very valuable climber of vigorous
growth, coloring bright scarlet in autumn ; the varieties
radicantissiria and nurorum well adapted for covering
walls, clinging firmly, growing more straight upward
than the following species.
tricuspidata, Sieb. & Zucc. (A. Viitchi, Hort. A.
Rui/lt-i, kiuvt. Vitis iucdustans, Miq.). Japanese Ivy.
Boston Ivv. Figs. 81, 82. High-cJimbing, with short
and di.sciferous tendrils : Ivs. iMobed or 3-foliolate,
coarsely and remotely dentate, shining and glabrous on
both sides: racemes short-stalked. China. -Jap. R B.
1877: 11. Gng. 4: 353, 1; 373.— A hardy and very useful
climber, clinging firmly and covcing walls densely ;
the glossy foliage stands dust and smoke well, and turns
to a brilliant orange and scarlet in fall. Probably the
favorite of all hardy vines in cities.
AA. Tendrils without disks : not climbing very high.
B. Lvs. not lobed or rarely tricnspidate.
COrd&ta, Michx. ( Tl/ts tn(?ti'}sa, Willd. Cissus Am-
peldpsis. Peru.). Nearly glabrous : lvs. cordate, round-
ish-ovate, acuminate, acutely serrate : berries bluish or
greenish. From 111. and Ohio south.
BB. Lvs. S-o-lobed or divided.
heterophi^Ua, Sieb. & Zucc, Lvs. cordate, slightly 3-
or deeply ;i-5-lobea, nearly glabrous and shining be-
neath, lobes serrate or incised : berries light blue, punc-
0. Leaves and fruit
of Virginia Creeper (Xi^)
tate. E. A»ia. B.M. 5(JS2. Gt. 1873: 7rc>.- Well adapted
for covering rocks and low trellis work ; handsome in
autumn, with its freely produced light blue berries.
Var. ileg&ns, Koch (A. tricolor. Hort,). Lvs.
blotched and striped with white, flushed pink when
young : slow-growing and tender. Gn. 54, p. 5.
€0
AMPELOPSIS
ANACARDIUM
aconitifdlia, Bnnge. {A. quinque folia, x&r, aconitifblia,
Hort. ). Lvs, ."{- or 5-cleft, the middle lobe often pin-
nately lobed, shining: and nearly glabrous beneath: ber-
ries small, yellow. N.China. Var. di886cta, Koehne ( ^ .
dissecia, Carr. A. afflni^f, var. dissecta, Hort.). Lvs.
5-parted, the middle or the three inner lobes pinnatitid.
R.H. 188;i. p. 318. Gn. 5, p. 52.3. -Graceful climber for
trellis work.
Ampelopsis
tricuspidata.
Showijjg a yoiniK leaf and the disks on \\u- tendrils by which
the plant is attached to walls.
serjamaefolia, Bunge. Roots tuberous : lvs. .3-5-parted
or digitate, chartaceous, shining and dark green above,
the divisions pinnate, with winged rachis. the pinna^
separate from the wings : bem* small, blue, punctate.
Jap., N. China. Gt. 16:531. R.H. 1870, p. 17.
BBB. Li's. hipinnate, leaflets distinctly stalked.
arbdrea, Koehne ( litis liipinniita, Terr. «fc Gr. Cissus
stdii.'i, Pers.). St. erect or somewhat climbing: pinnte
and leaflets usually 5 ; leaflets ovate or cuneate-obovate,
coarsely toothed, %-\%iii. long: berries dark purple.
S. .states, Mes.
A. bipinnata, Mifhx.=A. arborea. — A. brerippdunculdta,
Koehne=A. heterophylla. var. — A. citruUo'ides riort.==hetero-
phylla. — A. Dnridiann. Mottet=Vitis Pa»:rtucci. — ^4. dissecta,
Hort.=A. aconitifolia. var. dissecta. — .i. hederacea, DC.=A.
Qiiinqiiefolia— .1. hederucea, Hort.=A. quinqiiefolia. var. mnro-
nini.— A.H(>.w/,H.ort.=A.tricnspidata. — A .hu niri Ufblia.Bwnge.
==A. heterophylla var. — A.iua'mstans, MiQ.=.t. tricuspidata. —
A. Japi')nica,Y{ort.=A. t'^icuspidata. — A. lucida,Viirr'=^A. aeo-
nitifolia. — 4 .napifi'r, mif , ('arr.=A.seriani»'folia. — A.orientalis,
Planch. Allied to A. arborea. Petioles longer: lvs. ovate-ellip-
tic, quite glabrous: p'.tals and stamens 4. Orient. — A. Hit y lei,
Hort.=A. quinquefoha. var. latifoliaor A. tricuspidata. — .4. nt-
bricnuli8,i^&TT.=A. wonitifolia.— J . sempprvireHS. Hort.=Cis-
sus striata. — A.Sieholdi, Hort.==- A. heterophylla. var. elegans. —
*4. tripartita, Carr.^A. aconitifolia.— A. trilnbata, C»rr.=A.
aconitifolia. — A.tiiberttsa, ('arr.-=A. serjani«»folia. — .4. Veitchi.
Hort.^A, tricuspidata,— A. Virainidtia, Hort.=.\.qiiinquefoliH.
Alfred Rehder.
AMPELOVlTIS. See I'it
ts.
AMPHICARFJEA (Greek, alluding to the two kinds
of fruits). Ltiinmiuoxir. A half-dozen little herbaceous
vines of E. Amer. and Himalayas, bearing subterranean
cleistogamous tls. : lvs. pinnate, of 3 leaflets: fls. small,
purplish. Two common species ure^l. ntonoica. Nutt.,
anu .-1. Pitcheri. Torr. & Gray ( ilso known as Falcata
comosa and F. Pitcheri). Not kuown to be in cult.
AMFHICCME (itniphi, both, and kome, hair ; the seeds
having a tuft of hair at both ends). liiif»oni(ice(r. (ireen-
house herbaceous rockery plants from the Himalayas,
with lartre. rosy, funnel-shaped, 5-lobed H.s.
.4. arijiita, Hoyl»>. Height ;{ ft.: leaflets in :!-4 pairs, sessile,
lanceolate. ;MMiniinate, deeply serrate : fls. in terminal racemes,
fewer than in the next : corolla tube not orange-colored : calyx
lobes long, awl-shai)ed. P. M.6:7».— A. Emodi. Koyle. Height
ly-i-'i ft. : leatlets in .'»-7 jiairs, cordate-ovate, obtnse, shortly
petiolulate. margin crenat. lobate : Hs. at first corj-nihnse : co-
rolla tul»e and throat orange: calyx lobes short, t luck, fleshy.
B.M. 4890. Un. », p. 25. tin. M. p. 4'}t<. F.8. IMlOS*.
AMSONIA (named for Charles Amson). Called also
Ansonia. ApocunacefP. Tough-barked perennial lierbs
of eastern N. Amer. and .Jap., with terminal panicles of
blue or bluish nhrrow-limbed small fls. in May and .June,
the inside of the corolla tul)e bearing reflexed hairs.
Grown in the hardy border, mostly with shrubbery.
Prop, mostly by lividing the clumps; also by seeds
and by cuttings iu summer.
Tabemaemont^na, Walter ( .1 . lati folia, Michx. A.sa-
Ueifdlia, Pursh. Tabertup.nonicina Amsonia, Linn.).
Glabrous or nearly so. 2-3 ft. ; lvs. willow-like, ovate to
lanceolate, acuminate, altern.^te, short-petioled : ris.
many, with lanceolate spreading lobes, succeeded by
slender, milkweed-like follicles or pods 2-3 in. long.
Holds its foliage late. N. C. to Tex. B.M. 1873. L.B.C.
592. B.R. 151. G.W.F. 48.
aninistifolia, Michx. {A.cilidta, Walt.). Villous when
young, the stem 1-3 ft. : lvs. linear to lance-linear, an
inch or two long, much crowded, 'nargins becoming revo-
lute : corolla lobes ovate-obloug to linear-oblong. S.
states. Int. 1883. l, jj, b.
AMYGDALOPSIS. See Prunus.
Alf^GDALXJS (Greek-n.ade name, referring to the
furrowed pit). Jiosaceit. A name given to the peaches,
apricots and their kin, I'ut here treate<l as a section of
the genus Prunus, whicli see.
AN ACAMPSEROS (Greek-made nyrae). Portulacucece.
Succulent herbs, of ;t dozen species, from the Cape of
Good Hope, but not j^rown in this country except in bo-
tanic gardens. The} are irreenhouse plants, with ovate
fleshy lvs., fls. expanding in the sun ; prop, by seeds or
by cuttings of stem > or leaves.
ANACABDIUM ( name refers to the heart-shaped cliar-
acter of the nut). Anacardidcece. Eight or ten species
native to tlio Amer. tropics, of which one is .videly cult.:
occidentale, Linn. Cashew.
A large, spreading tree, very
impatient of frost, and there-
fore adaptable only to extreme
southern Fla. in the U. S. :
lvs. oval, rounded, or even
emarginate at the top ; fls.
rosy tinted, fragrant, in pani-
cles terminating the young
branches : nut kidney-shaped
or heart-shaped, the size of a
large bean, the kernel edible.
This nut is borne on a fleshv
82. Ampelopsis tricuspidata.
receptacle (the cashew apple) which varies from the size
of a cherry to that ».'f a pear, from white to yellow and
red, and is acid and edible, (in. 11, j). 211. — A vinous
liijuor is mad(» from the apple. The kernel of the nut
yields oil, antl is e«lible wIk'II roasted ; the shell of the
nut is exceedingly acrid, even the fumes from the
ANACARDIUM
roasting beinff highly irritant. The tree yields a gum
which is the basis of a varnish, being used to protect
books and woodwork from the ravages of white ants and
other insects. The tree grows 20-40 ft. high. l. H. B.
ANAGALLIS (Greek, meaning delightful). Primuld-
ctit. i'lMPEKNEL. Annual, biennial or perennial herbs
cult, in the open. In Amer. only the annual species are
peneraliy known. Fls. axillary : Ivs. in pairs or 3's.
These aie easily grown in a warm soil, the seed usually
being sown where the plants are to grow. The perennials
are prop, by division and are grown in glass houses, or
well protected if grown in the open.
arv^nsis, Linn. PoorMan'sWea her-glass. Spread-
ing and low : Ivs. ovate, pale, shorter than peduncles :
ri . small, red to white, the petals fringed with glandular
teeth. Annual. Eu. — Often runs wild. Fls. said to
close on the approach of ruin.
Var. caerulea, Neilr. (.1. cceriilea. Lam,). Blue tls.
Supposed to be more tender,
linifdlia, Linn. More upright, a foot high : Ivs. linear
or lanceolate : fls. J4in. in diam., blue. Many named
varieties, in various colors and habits. Biennial or per-
ennial, but most of the annual Anagallises of gardens
are supposed to be forms of it, as ^. grand (flora. An-
drews (blue annual); A. coIDna, Schousb. (vermilion,
greenhouse); A. Morelli, Linn, (blue, greenhouse);
A. WiJmoreaua, Hoo!i (purple). S. Eu. and N. Afr.
H.M. 319, 8'M (as A. frutieo.sa), 3.380. -The biennial
forms often cult, in cool greenhouses. l_ u_ 3^
ANANAS (modified from aboriginal S. Amer. name).
Written also x4H(nK/.sjs«. Uromelidceie. Stove herbs, al-
lied to the Billbergias. and demanding the same general
treatment. As ornamental subjects, grown mostly for
the rosette of rigid Ivs. and the strange often colored
head of tleshy fls., which are G-cleft, with C stamens and
one style. The ripe head is composed of the thickened
rachis, in which the fleshy berry is imbedded, and the
fleshy persistent bracts ; in the pineapple, the fls. are
altortive. Prop, by the leafy crown or topknot, by
5trong suckers, or by small offsets from the base : these
are treated as cuttings, being rooted in sand with bottom
heat, or in the S. set directly in the field. Monogr. by
Mez, DC, M'^nogr. Phaner. 9.
sativus, Scu 't. f , Pineapple, which see for field cul-
ture. Fig. 83. Plant producing a single shaft 2-4 ft.
hiirn, and when 12-20 mos. old bearing r head or pine-
apple, on the top of which is a rosette of stiff Ivs.: Ivs.
long and sword-shape !, stiff, more or less rough-edged.
The same stalk does not bear a second time, but a new
shoot may arise from the same root and bear another.
Berter results are usually secured l)y severing the
sucker or crown, and growing a new plant. Amer.
tropics. B.M. 15.")4. B.R. 1081. — There is a common
cult, form ( var. variegata or strati folia ) , with striped Ivs.
(ill. ')l, p. '}'. A . Portednus. Koch, is a form of A . sativns,
with olive-green, sharj.-spined Ivs. with a yellow central
band. A. Corhinrhlnnisis, Hort., is another form (in-
trodaced by Pitcher & Manda, 1891).
A.braetcatus, SohuU. t., is a showy si)eoie5 with red heads,
al! the bracts being clongatetl, spiny and prominent. Bniz.
H.M. .')()2.">. Rcgiirded }>y Meza.s a form of A. sativus. — .4 . tnac-
roih'mtes, E. Morr..like a Bromelia, has large toothed braots.
liraz.— .1. Mordilonvs. Hort., a form of A. sativus probably,
has variegated spineless Ivs. L H B
ANAPHALIS (Greek name of a plant). Compositir.
EvKKLASTiNo. Much like Antennaria, but differs in the
I'appus-bristles of the staminate fls. not being thickened
(these are thickened upwards in that genus) and the
St. leafy. Hardy border plant ; useful for immortelles.
margaritAcea, Benth. & Hook. A foot or two high,
with many corymbose heads, white : Ivs. sessile, linear-
lanceolate, long-pointed : involucre pearly whit* , hence
the value of the plant as an everlasting. "X. sta.js.
ANARRHINUM isnouflesK). ScrophuIariAce<r. A
dozen biennials and perennials of S. Eu. and N. Afr.
Allied to Antirrhinum, but not cult, in this country.
Fls. small, in spike-like racemes, white or blue.
ANASTATICA. See Sesurrection Plant.
ANDROMEDA
ei
AKCHtrSA {anehousa. a. paint for the skin). Bora-
giniicfif. Alkanet. Hardy plants, with fls. blue or pur-
ple, in panicled scorpioid racemes, the corolla trunipet-
shaped and the throat clo.sed by scales. Of easy cult, in
sunny position. Prop, by seed generally.
83. Ananas sativus (pineapple).
A. Fls. smill, like forget-me-nots.
Barreli^ri, Vilm. Perennial : height 2 ft. : Ivs. ovate-
lanceolate, smaller and shorter than in A. Italica : fls.
with a white tube and j>ink throat. May. Eu. and Asia
Minor. B.M. 2:{49. — Valued for its earliness, and for cut
fls. The least common of the three species.
Cap6nsis, Thunb. Biennial : height 114 ft. : Ivs. nar-
rowly lanceolate and less hispid than in A. Italica : fls.
red-margined, with a white throat : biuls red ; calyx in-
flated after the fl. bar. withered ; divisions .short, obtuse.
June-Sept. Cape of Good Hope. B.M. 1822. -Fine for
cut fls. Often winter-killed, but seeds itself freely.
aa. Fls. large.
Italica, Retz. Perennial : height .3-5 ft,: Ivs. largest
of the three species here contrasted, ovate-lanceolate,
rough, shining ; radical ones sonietimes 2 ft. long.
Mediterranean. B.M. 2197. L.B.C. 14: i:{8:{.-lf not al-
lowed to goto seed, will bloom continuously from June
to Sept. Commonest and perhaps best species.
A. Agdrdhii, l^i'hm. Lvs. linear. Siberia. Rare— A. mj/osoh'-
diflora, Lehni. Lvs. large : radical ones long-petiolate. cordate-
reinform ; eaidine oties sessile, oval. Siberia, Caucasus.— .4.
officindlisA^nn. Lvs. lanceolate ; radical ones clustered : fls.
opening in pairs. June-Oct. Eti. B.M. 1897 is A . officinalis var.
angustifolia. — .4. s«'mp«5rr»r#'H<s, Linn. Lvs. broadly ovate;
lower ones petiolate : racemes short, generally bracted at the
base. Eu. Esteemed in France, t d t-^, , „„ , -rv -\c
J. B. Keller and W. M.
ANDIKA (Brazilian nanu'i. Legnmino)«r. Nearly 30
spfcits of tropical Amer. trees, with conspicuous fls. in
racemes. Tw<» or three species are sometimes cult, in
hothouses in the Old World.
ANDR6MEDA (Greek mythological name). Erich-
cea . Low slirub, quite glabrous: lvs. small, evergreen,
entire, short-petioled : fls. pedicelled, in terminal umbels ;
corolla trhdx.se-urceolate, with 10 included stamens :
capsule splitting into 5 carpels, with numerous very snmll
sefd<. One species through the northern hemisphere;
iu America from Penu. northward, and Alaska. Low,
62
ANDROMEDA
ANEMIA
evergreen shrub, with delicate fls.. errowing best in peaty
or sandy soil. Prop, by seeds, sown thinly soon after
maturity, in pots or pans of sandy peat soil, placed in a
coolframe. Thej- germinate easily if sown in cut sphag-
num, but must be pricked into boxes as soon as they can
be handled. Cuttings from mature wood, placed in sand
under glass in fall, and kept in a cool greenhouse during
the winter, will root easily ; also increased by layers.
See, also. Lencothoe, Chamiedaphne, Pieris and Zenobia.
polifdlia, Linn. (.1. rosntarinifdlia, I*ursh;. One-half
to 2 ft.: Ivs. oblontf-lanceolate or linear, %-iyiin, long,
whitish-glaucous beneath, with strongly revoiute mar-
gins: fls. nodding, white or pink. June. L.B.C. 0:546,
ir» : 1591 , 18 : 1714. — There are a mimber of fonns, differing
in the color and size of the fls. and shape of the Ivs.
JL.ac7/m("«rtfa, Ait.=Leucothoepopulifoli:i.— -LarWrffl, Linn.
= Oxydendrum arboreum. — ^. axHiitris, Miclix.-= Leufotho«
I'atesba'i. — J. nxUlaris, Lain.= L. sixillaris. — A. calyndata,
Linn.= (-'hamjedaphiie calyi-ulata. — .4. canipanufata, Miq.=
Enkiantluis canipanulatus.— .1. cnndidn. Hort.= Zono)):a piil-
venilpnta.— .1. fa.*?.*//* fa'/o/ta,Vent.= Z. pulvenilenta.— .4 . Cates-
<>ipi,Walt.=Leucothoe Catesbaei.— J. ivniwa, Miq.=-Enkianthus
cernxmH.— A. (lealhata, Lindl.= Zenoltia pulvenilenta.— .1. fas-
tigidtn, W;>.ll.= Cassiopc fastigiata. — J., ferruginea, Walt.=
Lyonia femiginea.— ^1 . floribiinda, Piirsh = Pieris riorilmnda.—
A. ^or/^insff, Walt. = Pieris formosa.— J../7/'x?><'rt,Hort.= Zen(>bia
pidvenileiita.— JL.i^rty«'<;(/>rt,Thtinl).=Pieris.Iap<>nica. — -l./»V/"*-
/^i/Ja, Muhllig.= Lyonia ligiistrina.— .1. J/arta/('/, Linn. = Pieris
Mariana.— .1 . iiitida. Hartr.= Pieris nitida.— .4 . iinilifolia,'\YHU.
= Pieris ovalifolia.— .4. pantcitlata. Ait. = Lyonia ligustrina.—
A. parabolica. I)iih.~ L. ligu.strina.— -4.po^?(//m^//«. Lam.= Leu-
■cothoe populifolia.— .4. ;'7//rfr?</^/i/^. Partr.= Z»^nobia pulveru- '
lenta.— .4. rncembsa. Linn.= I^etifothoe racemosa.— .4. si>ecidsa,
Mi('hx.= Zenobia pulvendenta. — A.tftrdijona, Linn. ^^Cassioin^
tetragona. — .4. toiiifntdsa, Hort., not Ihim.-Cours.--- Lyonia
ligustrina pul>escen3. . „
Alfred Rehdek.
ANDROFOGON (Greek-made name, referring to the
bearded flowers). Gramineiv. A p<»lyni(>rphous genus,
.spread over all parts of the world in the tropical and
temperate zones. The species prefer dry places, .^ipe-
cially plains. Lvs. usually long and narrow: spil vS ter-
minal and axillary; spikelets in pairs at each node of the
jiunted hairy branches, one sessile and perfect; the other
with a pedicel and either staminate, empty, or reduced to
a single scale: a strai>;ht or twisted awn present. Spe-
cies, about 180. Includes many species of useful pasture
grasses. Two or three sp cies are prown occasionally for
ornament. They are of easiest culture, eitluT from seeds
or division of cfumps.
arg6nteu8, DC. Silver Beard-G^jass. A stout, tall
grass, 2—1 ft. high, with a distinct ring of white hairs at
the nodes : panicles narrow, silver-bearded : If.- blades
long : spikelets covered with loujr white hairs at the
base : awn 1 in. long. —A handsome ornamental grass.
Probably a form of ^1. saccharotdes, Swartz, of Trop.
Amer.
Halep^nsia, Brot. Johnson Grass. A stout perennial,
with smooth, erect culms, '3-6 ft, high, and strong,
creeping ro' '' - : panicles variable, more or less
drooping, e <ys mostly in whorls of 4, rarely 2-(> ;
sessile .' able ; pe«licellate spikelets stami-
nate « narrower than the sessi!e ones.
S. E\ alia. Gn. i;{, p. 305. —Abundantly
grov 1 states f<ir hay, where it makes a
ver J hen once it has become established
it is ult to eradicate, and hence it has
becom. l ome weed in some parts. Miich
«dmirt >mamental grass, and sometimes
<'ult. in t . purpo.se.
SchcBP ( .4 . form ds u .s' . A.c ifrd / f« ,s , Hort . ) .
Lemon G .• v '^■•indsome tropical trrass. growing
in tine cli , li; eflfective for borders and as
single law. , .. S. Asia, Japan, and Trop. Africa.
On. 10. p. t p. 405.— Cult, in Imlia and Ceyion.
Yields a, fra^ Lealled l>oth .m1 of verl)eini and lemon-
grass oil. Us -timulant a;i;! antispasmodic for neu-
ralgia and rh sm, and also in the adulteration of
attar of roses.
A. Sdrdris, lAm
theeitronellaoil.w
Forty thousand pou
S. Asia and N. Au.s
(Sorghnni \iilgare, I.
vated Sortjhuui ; of 4
ONEi.LA Grass. Ttdt. in Ceylon. Yields
used for scenting soap and perfumery.
f oil distilled annually from this grass.
(Jn. 12, p. 4'.t.'>. — J. Si'iriihuin. Brot.
. Includes all the varieties «>f culti-
ecouomiu valuo for su£;ar, brooms,
brushes, fodder, alcoholic drinks. Seed prized for poultry
E. Ind.— A. «qu«rro«u*, Linn. Rhizomes fragrant. L^seil in India
for thatching, weaxing into mats, fan.s, brushes. Roots said to
keep garments free from insects. Sold by druggists in Europe
under the name of R. Mx anatheri. Introduced into Louisiana.
India, W. Ind. Is., ;^nG '^razil. P. B. Kennedy
ANDROSACE (Greek-made name). Primuf.)r,(f.
Ro<-K Jasmine. Small tufted plants cult, in the aljiiue
garden, those known in Amer. being perennials. Fl.s.
con.stricted at the throat, primtila-like, in umbels, ori
short leafless scapes. Fl. in very early spring. Many
species are known in European gardens, but alpine-gur-
dening is little known in this countn-, and only those
species which have been found to succeed, and' are ia
the tradi>, need to be mentioned.
A wel'drained .soil, partial shade, free circulation rf
air, frequent waterings during our dry simuuer months,
and protection from heavy fall and spring rains, will
lead to success with these channing alpines. A heavy
shading of eversrreen boutrhs in winter will be found of
great benefit. Close covering is not to be recommended,
because it smothers the plants. A great many species
have been tried in this countrj', with variable' and not
very encouraging results, but in a few instances, with
extra cure, plants have done well. The northern aspect
of a steep rockery seems to be the most favorable ;>osi-
tion for them. Prop, by division, seeds or cuttings.
Plants sliould be kept in pots until thonmghlv es-
^'»'*^''^^>«^'^- Cult, by J. B. Keller.
lanuginosa. Wall. Lvs. scattered, oblong-obovate,
acute, I in. lone, silky-hairy : fls. rose-purple with yel-
low eye, the niouth contracted with a crenated ring, in a
dense umbel : plant 0-10 in. high, with many trailing
shoots, makin.,* a good drapery for rocks. Hiraal. B.M.
4005. Gn. 41), 287.^
sarmentosa, Wall. Lvs. oblanceolate or spatulate.
silky-hairy on the edges, in rosettes : plant pro<lucin2
many pink runners, which root freelv : fls. in umbels of
10-20, pink with white eve. Himal. 'B.M. G210. Gn. 54,
p. 128.
camea, Linn. Lvs. very narrow and pointed : fls. a
half dozen, flesh-color, with yellow eye. Switz.
Var. ezimea, Hook. Lvs. less rigid, strongly recur\-ed:
fls. larger (3^<i in. across). Switz. B.M. 590<i. L.H.B.
ANDROSTfiPHIUM (Greek made name, referrin- to
thec<'rona). JAlicLceije. Small ^i-nus of S. W. United
States, with funnel-shaped, spreading-limbed, 6-Iobtd
perianth, G stamens, and .'{-anjrled ovary, and a corona
or crown at the mouth : lvs. linear, radical : scape
simple, leafless. Plant in a sunny plsu*e in sandy soil.
placing the bulbs 4-G ft. deep : ])rotect in winter. Prop.
by division of the bulbs ami by seeds.
violaceum, Torr. Slender. r>-10 in. : fl, blue, 1 in. long,
3-(J in loose umbel. Blooms in spring ; pretty.
AN£IL£)MA (Greek : mo involucre). Commelinocea.
Sixty tropical perennials, of which ^4. biflbrtttn, R. Br..
an<l A. Suiicum, Liiidl., are sometimes cult, in Old
World hothouses. These species are blue-fld., diffuse or
trailing plants.
AN£MIA (OJreek, naked; the panicles devoid of
sporaniiia). Schizifdre(p. A genus of tropical ferns.
with the lower pair of pinna> elongate and bearing the
sporangia in panicles at their extremities. Of tlie 40
species, twn. are f(»und in the southern states, and a few
are occasi dly in cult. l. ji. Underwood.
Anemias ...e dwurf. co-npact ferns, suited for shelves,
or for growing n«'ar the j^lass in warm pits or low
houses. They prefer being grown in small pots to being
planted out in the fernery. Their growth is too slow to
make them })oi>ular decorative ferns for general pur-
poses. Prop, by spores, which germinate freely ; tufted
kinds by division between Mar. 15 and Apr. IJO. — Schnei-
der, Book of Choice Ferns.
A. Leaf 2-ti-pinnate, tvitJi narroH' divisionK.
adiantifdlia, Swz. Leaf (V-O in. hmg on a stalk often
twice :is ionij. the ultimate divisions oblong or linear-
cuneate, with the outer margin toothed. S. F'la. and
tropics.
ANEMIA
ANEMONE
63
Li
AA. Leaf only ones pinnate with broad pinntf.
B. Veitis free.
Mexic^na, Klotzsch. Leaf <>-9in. loner, with 4-(i pinnra
irlrr<i<le. which are distinctly stalked, ovate-lanceo-
f"re ami roundtd on both sides at the base : panicles
V4 in. Ion?, dense. Tex. and Mex.
collina. Raddi. Plants a foot high, on hair>- stalks ;
I !i with about 10 leaflets on each side, which are
rouiuU<l at tlie outer ends and truncate at the upper side
at the base : panicles about l}4 in. long, dense. Braz.
BB. Veins anastomosing (rttnning together).
Pbyllitidis, Swz. (A. hinceolafa, Lodd. .1. Inm/ifnlia,
ink A>mnidicfi/o}i Phi/Uitidis, Willd ). Leaf 4-12 in.
ktntf with 4-1- pairs of sessile pinna*, with a crenulato
'iVirt'in and a roun<le«l or unequal base ; veins form-
in'^ lonjr, narrow are<d8e : panicle .'J-'J in. long, denize.
Cuba and Mex. to Braz. S. 1 : ^90. l, m. Underwood.
ANEMIDlCTYON. i<ve Anemia.
ANEMONE (Greek, uind). Anemone, or Anemony.
WiNi'FLOWEK. liatuniealiueir. A genus of about 8.") spe-
cie-, with many handsome garden forms; all hardy per-
ennials : chieliy native of the north temperate and
Dioiintainous regions. Stems usually erect, with great
variation in height. Basal leaves l<»bed, divided or dis-
(.(■i-ti'd, those of the stem forming an involucre near to,
or remote from, the flower. Sepals few or many, ])etal-
likf: notrue petals. Stamens many, shorter than sepals.
(.■arpel>= niiineriais : fruit a 1 -seeded akene.
The plants thrive best in a fresh, rather rich, sandy
loana. well drained; but most «)f the species will do well
in an'v srood garden soil. The tuberous species are suit-
able for hardy borders, while most of the others i>refer
a place in a rocker>', and some are partial to shady ]daces.
A.hortensls. coro;-'-' fuhjms and others will well
repay the littie indoor or greenhouse care they require
for producing winter blossoms. They require esst-ntially
the same handling as tulips and hyacinths, and are usu-
allv classed with bulbous plants. Tubers placed in pots
in Sept. or Oct. bring forth a beautiful show of Idoom by
Jan. or March. For this purpose they should be well
drained, and not kept very
wet or too wann before the
growth is well started ;
they prefer more moisture
at flowering tii.ie. Nearly
all the species can l»e read-
ily propagated by both root
division and seed. The
season for both out and
indoor planting will di-
rectly influence the flower-
ing season. Good seasons
for outdo'.r planting are
Sept., Oct.. Nov., Dec,
Feb. and March. As a
rule, the tuberous Anem-
ones will blossom at any
time desired, being influ-
<-nced 1>y the time they are
kept out of tlie ground.
Tlie bulbs may be ripened
after flowering time liy be-
ing taken from the ground
to dry, or by coverintr the
bed to keep out rains. A .
Jnponica is one of the fin-
est of all falI-l>!ooming
herbs. Pritz«l. Revision
of Anemone, in I^inna>a
l.TilIM (1841). Britton. >'.
i\mer. Anemone, in Ann.
N. V. Acad. Sci. 0: 217
(1H'.)1-9lM.
Alphabptiral list of species described below (syno-
nyms in italics) : A. acutipetala. Hort., (J ; acutipetitfa,
Sell!.. 4 ; alpina, Linn., (i ; alpina, Hort., o ; npennina,
I'i; l»landa. 14; Canadensis, 211; Caroliniana. 11 ; coro-
iiari!', 7; decapetala, 11; deltojdea. 17; dichotomti . 2'A;
tulgeus, b ; Grayi, iU j Halleri, 2 ; horteuais, Liuu., 9 ;
hortenifis. There., 8; Japonica, 21 ; multifida, 22 ; nar-
cissiflora, 24 ; nemorosa, lH ; nemoro.sa, var. quinque-
folia, \i\ ; occidentalis, ft ; Oregana, 19 ; palniata. 10 ;
patens, ;j ; Pavoniana, 8; Pennxylvanicn. 2'A ; Pulsa-
tilla, 4 ; quinquefolia, 16 ; ranunculoides, 18 ; rubra, 4 ;
sfellata, 9; sulphurea, 1; sylvestris, 12; umbellata,
24 ; vernalis, 1 ; Virginiana, 20. See supplementary
li.,t.
84. Anemone patens, var.
Nuttalliana (X }'»).
85. Tubers of Anemone coronarla.
A. Akfnes ivith long styles, which may htcome feather
like OH ripening; fls. solitary .— Pnlsntilla sec
tion.
B. Involucre bell-.shaped, dissected into numerous lineai
equal lobes.
1. vernalis, Linn. {Pulsatilla vernalis, Mill. A. sul-
phurta. All. ). Very shaggy, (J in. high or less: Ivs. pin-
nately parted, segnients tritid: fls. purple without, whit-
ish within, and smoothish ; erect, on very short pedun-
cles ; sepals C>, rarelv spreading. Apr. Cool, moisl
places. Eu. 1890. .J.H. HI. .'52: 22.?. Gn.25:436.
2. Halleri, All. Villous, G in. or less in h< 'ght ;
simple: Ivs. pinnately divided with segments .'J-4 parted:
the lesser divisions lanceolate-linear ; involucre of lona
narrow segments, sessile : fls. large, erect, whitish
])urple ; sepals ('» ; anthers vellow. Apr. Sunnv places.
Switzerland. 1889. L.B.C. 10: 940.
.'{. patens, Linn. Miich like the first variety below,
which is more common in Anier., l»ut differs in it?
broader and shorter leaf-segments and smaller fls. Eu.
Var. Nuttalliana, Gray {Pulsatilla hirsutissima,
Brit.), Wild Patens. Ameri''an Pasi^ie Floweh. Fig.
84. ^'illous, with hmg, silky hairs, 4-9 in. high : radical
Ivs. petioled, others sessile, all nnich divided into narrow,
linear, acute Iol>es : fls. appearing before the root-lvs.,
bluish purple or whitish, erect, sehlom nodding ; akenes
silky : styles plumose, becoming 2 in. long ; peduncle
elongates several inches after flowering. Apr. Low
ground. N. central states and Siberia.
Var. ochroleuca, Sims. Fls. creamy white, appearing
at .-anie time as basal Ivs. Mar.- Apr. J. H. III. 30: 343.
B. M. 1994.
4. Pulsatilla, Linn. (Pulsatilla vulgaris, mil. A.
acutipe'laht, Schl.). Pa^.^ie Flower of Europe. Villous,
hairy, rising %-\ ft. : basal Ivs. finely thrice-pinnately
divided, on slender petioles ; involucre sessile, deeply
cut into long narrow lobes : fls. blue to reddish purple,
l}4-2% in. across. Apr. Well-drained soil or stony
Vdaces. Eu. Gn. .32: (523. i . B. C. 18: 1704. Var. rubra,
Hort. (.1. rubra. Lam.). l>warfer : fls. always erect.
Var. vanegata, Hort. Fls. pale, appearing in May.
BB. Involucral leaves S, on short petioles, sheathing
the strm.
."). occidentalis, Wf^ts. (J. a //))«<?, Hook., not Linn.).
Silky-hairy, >.2-lM ft. high, simple : Ivs. 2-parted, the
divisions deejdy pinnatifid into usually incised linear,
acute lobes ; involucre sbort-petioled ; basal Ivs. long-
p«'tioled : fls, solitary, white or purple, varying. 1-2 in.
across ; recepta* 'e conic, sometimes much elongated :
akenes pubescent : plumose styles reflexed ; peduncle
becominir much elongated after sepals fall. May. Calif,
to Brit. Columbia, lut, 1892.
64
ANEMONE
ANEMONE
AA.
B.
6. alplna, Linn. (A. acutipetala, "Rort.). Closely al-
lied to the alH)ve. Stem %-\%{t. hi^h, from thick, strong
roots : Ivs. large, finely divided, cut and serrated, smooth
or hairy ; Ivs. of involucre similar : tls. .'"ew, in an umbel
or solitary, 2-3 in. in diam., creamy white inside, purple
outside, but varving much ; anthers vellow. Mountain
sides. Eu. May-.June. L.BAWl.mi. B.M. 2007 {var.
major). Var. sulphfirea, Hort. Fls. a delicate sulfur
yellow, larger, dovvnv beneath : Ivs. larger. Moist, rich
soil. 1382. Gn. 35:G82.
Akenes tvoollif or smoofliish. with short sfylea.
(Antmone proper. )
Peduncle 1 {rarely 2); involucre mostly 3-leaved.
c. Head of fr.cylimlric ; akenes tvooUy.
D. Soots tuberous ; involucre usually sessile.
P(IPPY-FLOWEKEI) A. Figs. 85,
1 ft. high, from tuberous roots :
Ivs. cut iut<» many fine lobes
and lobules; involucral Ivs. ses-
sile. :{-4-parted, deeply cut : fls.
1 ^4-'2}i in. across, poppy-like, of
many colors and mixtures of
red, blue, white, etc.; stamens
blue. Early in spring to June.
Meadows Mediterranean region.
Vick's Mag. 11:257. B.M. 841.
Gn. 50: 1073 ; ll>, p. 111. R.H.
86,
. coron&ria, Linn.
87. One-half to
86. Anemone coronaria,
single-fid. form (Xy'a).
87. Anemone coronaria, double-
fid, form (XJ4).
1S93: 2.T2. Caen, Scarlet, The Bride, St. Brigid, Victoria
Giant, etc., are some of the trade names given to the
single forms. Var. Qdre-pldno, Hort. Fls. double, as
shown in Fig. 87, by the pistils becoming petal-like, the
stann'Hs mostly remaining perfect ; many colors, scarlet
being the most common at present. F.S. IG: 1G78. Var.
chrysanthemifldra, Hort. A seedling variety produced in
Islfi. and introduced many years later. Fls. more com-
pletely doubled than the above variety, by the stamens
all becoming petal-like. A dozen forms, beautiful, self-
colorr>d, as deep red, skj'-blue and even pure white,
have been fixed and named. Useful a^ cut fls. Gn. 30: 564.
R.H. 1887:36; 1897, pp. 418-19. R.B. 21:260-1.
8. fulgens, Gay (J. Pavovidna, var. fulgens, DC.
A.hortensiUjlihorG.). F"ig. 88. One ft. high, simple:
basal Ivs. ;i-5-lobed, with rounded outline, followed later
by <leeply cut Ivs. ; sessil(> involucre several inches be-
low the solitary fl.: fls. vivid scarlet, 2 in. across : sta-
»nens black. May and June. France. Sometimes c-dled
a variety of A. hortensis, Linn., from which it may have
descended. Several garden forms, as annuata-grandi-
fl.>ra, raultipetala. and Southern Star. Gn. 11:65. Gt.
37:66. R.B. 21:262-3. R.H. 1877: 270.
9. hort^nsis, Linn. (.1. stelldfa, Lam.). Broad-
L.EAVEi> Gakden A. Fig. 89. St. simple, erect, 10 in.
high : basal Ivs. lobed and cut irregularly : involucre
small, .'t-5-lobed, usually 3 or more in. below the ri.; fls
red, rosy purple, or whitish, single, IJ-ij in. across ; sta-
mens brownish violet. Rich, light soil. S. Eu. May.-
This differs from A. coronaria in its coarse, broad Ivs.
and its elongated, rather narrow-pointed sepals. (Jar-
deu names are given to the forms with different colora-
tion. B.M. 123, from which Fig. 89 is taken.
10. palmiLta, Linn. St. 6-9 in. high from tuberous
root: basal Ivs. leathery, .'i-5-lobed, cordate, toothed;
involucral Ivs. 3-parted : fls. golden yellow, solitary or
in 2's ; sepals 10 or more. May-»Tune. Deep, fight
soil, Mediterranean region. B.R. 200. — Three good va-
rieties in the trade. Var. fldre-pl6no, Hort., with <loubIc
yellow or white fls. Var. ilbida, Sims (var. «//^(r, Hort.)
Fls. white ; basal Ivs. lobed, B.M. 207y. L.B.C. 2: m,
Gn. 22:364. Var. lutea, Lodd., like the last, but with
yellow fls. L.B.C. 17: 1660.
11. Carolini^na, Walt. (.1. decap4tala. Amer. authors.
not Ard.). St. simple, slender, %-\ ft. high, arisin?
from a large tuber: Ivs. of involucre sessile, with 3 wedge-
shaped clefts ; basal Ivs. thrice divided, and much lobed
and parted, slender-petioled : solitary fl. erect, 1-134 in.
broad, creamy white or purple ; sepals often numerous :
akenes densely woolly. April-May. Open places. C S.
DD. Ronfutock creeping : Ivs. of involucre petiohd.
12. sylv^stris, Linn. St. 1-13^ ft., simple, or branched
88. Anemone fulgens
(XM).
89. Anemone hortensis.
Reduced from an old cut, to sho-
a little-improved form.
once at involucre, from a creeping rootstock : Ivs. 3-4
parted, deeply cut at top, hairy beneath : involucr-
petioled ; fls. solitary or in 2'.s, pure white, IK in.
across, nodding, sweet-scented ; sepals 6. May-July.
Wooded places, Eu. and Liberia. B.^I. 54. Gn. 18, p. ."jiil ;
30, p. 173. L.B.C. 18:17.39. Var.flore-pleno.Hort. Double
Snowdrop A. Has large, white, double fls. G.C. III.
19:739.
cc. Head of fruit hemispherical ; akenes
silky-pubescent.
D. Hoots tuberous.
13. Apennlna, Linn. St. simple, slender, 4-9 in.:
Ivs. twice-divided and lobed, much toothed : fls. sky-
blue, m in. across; sepals 10-12. elongated, obtuse;
anthers white. Mar.-Apr. Wood-, Italy. Gn. 46:975.
— This ami a form with whitish fls., both well suited
for shady nooks in clumps of shrubberj', etc.
14. bldnda, Schott & Kotschy. St. 4^ in. high, from
a cylindrical rootstock: Ivs. like A. apennina, but
harder and smoother, and principal divisions ses.sile :
fls. intense sky-blue, differing from above species iu
being larger, more finely rayed, styles black-pointwl,
and sepals smooth on the outside ; opens in earliest
spring or mild winter weather. From Taurus Mts. and
Greece, Rocky places. Inc. 1898. Gn. 14 : 143 ; 46, p. 152.
ANEMONE
ANEMOXOPSIS
DD. Boofstock shnfhr, creeping, cylindrical.
r, nemordsa, Linn. Wood A. St. simple, .1-8 in.,
arlv siuootli : rootstock horizontal, 3-4 times the st.
fn diameter : Ivs. of involucre petinled, 3-5-parte<i ; ba-
sal Ivs appearing after the fl. St., u-parted. divisions
wedge-shaped, toothed : fls. white or purplish, solitary,
1 in across : akenes pubescent ; styles hooked, Apr.-
Mav Eu. and Siberia. Three or more horticultural va-
rieties, Var, dlba, Hort, (var, ^/o»r-p/<'«o, Hort,), Fls.
larirer pure white, and abun«laut. Int. 1883. Gn. 32: (ilS.
n ''5. Var. Bobinaomina, Hort, (var. ccenUen, Hort.).
A robust form. r)-12 in., with broader and thicker Ivs.,
and large tls.. becoming blue. Sometimes given as a
separate species. Mar.-Apr. Gn. 4(;. p. 153; .32:018:
34.'). Var. rdsea, Hort. {\&r. rubra flore-pleno, Hort.).
Fl^. a reddish purple ; now much used.
16. quinquef61ia. Linn. {A. nemordsa, var. qulnqnefh-
lia. Gray), This American species differs from A , netuo-
ro^a in having smaller fls., Involucral Ivs. less lobed. fo-
liaee paler, and much more slender st. and petioles. The
common Winddower or Spring Anemone, formerly called
A. nemorosa.
17. deltoidea, Dougl. St. simple, si- er, G-12 in.
hiffh, fruui a slender rootstock : Ivs. irifoliate, basal
ones' petioled, others nearly sessile, coarsely crenated,
often incised : fls. solitary, whitf. rather large: akenes
several, densely pubescent ; style very short. Spring.
IPacific slope.
DDD. Rootstock horizontal, fleshy or somewhat tuberous.
18. ranunculoides, Linn. Yellow Wood A. St. "^-S
in., from elongated, somewhat tuberous rootstock : Ivs.
3-5-parted, divisions deeply cut and serrated : fls. gol-
den yellow, usually solitary, single or semi-double.
Mar. and Apr. Rich, light soil in open places and woods.
Eu, and Siberia. Gn. 35: 099. L.B.C. 0: 550.
19. Griyi, Behr. ( A . Oregdna, Gray ) . St. slender, .'M2
in. high, from a fleshy, brittle rootstock: basal Ivs. slen-
der-petioled. 3-parted, coarsely serrate ; involucral Ivs
petioled, trifoliate, the parts 2-3-lobed, much toothed .
sepals blue or purplish: akenes pubescent, in a globose
head. Moist, shady slopes. Oreg. and Wash. In gardens
west of the Rockies. Int. 1892.
BB. Peduncles S-5 (mostly S).
C. Fruits (akenes) woolly or rery silky ; secondary
involucre present.
20. Virginiana, Linn. Plant hairy, 2-3 ft. high, stout,
branching at the involucre: the petioled involucral Ivs.
3-parted, the leaflets cleft and lobed; basal Ivs. similar,
broader tnan long, on long petioles: fl. peduncles naked
(or the lateral ones 2-lvd. ) : fls. greenish or white, 1-1 Kin.
across: akenes woolly, in an oblong head ; styles short,
awl-shaped. June-Aug. Woods and meadows. L^.S. and
Canada. G.M. 33:703.
21. Jap6nica, Sieb. & Zucc. Fig. 90. Stately, branch-
ing St., 2-3 ft. hitfh : plant soft and downy, with short
liaii.s : Ivs. ternate, much lobed and toothed : fls. rosy
purple or carmine; 1-3 whorls of sepals, 2-3 in. in diani.,
on long peduncles from leafy inv<»lucre ; stamens yel-
low : akenes silky. A very useful species for mixed
borders or for pot culture. Hardy in N, states. Sept. to
late frosts. Rich soil, Chinaavd Japan. 1844. Gn. .30;,5.")8.
B. M. 4:M1. p. M. U: 25. A. G. 19: 305. Gng. 1 : 221 ;
3:131. G.C.III. 10:001. A.F.r2:29. F.S.2:74. Var. ilba,
Hort. HONORINE JOBERT. The BrIDE. WHIRLWIND, etc.
Two or three whorls of large, white sepals : fls. 2-3
in. across, lasting until hard frosts. Vick's Mag.
14:47. Gng. 5:117. R.H. 1807:11. Var. hybrida, Hort.
(vars. rosea and elegans, Hort.). Radical Ivs. 5-lobed,
often cordate; lobes twice s*^ rate: fls. somewhat paler,
earlier; sepals rather brot.dei-. Said to be a hybrid oi A.
Jnponica and A. vilifolia; produced in Royal Gardens,
1848. G.M. B. 1:17. Var. nibra, Hort. Ladv Ardilaun.
Probably the same as the type, but having Ivs. and fls.
with s. waxy gloss: plant 4-5 ft. high.
22. multifida, Poir. Plant si»ky- hairy, somewhat
branched, J^-lKft. high, from a branched, upright root-
stock : main involucre 2-3-lvd., others 2-lvd. or naked,
short petioles, similar to the root Ivs., 2-3 times 3-parted
and cleft, divisions linear: fls. y^~l in. across, red, vary-
ing to white or yellow: akenes very woolly. Early sum-
mer. Rocks and uplands. Middle states to Hudson Bay.
cc. Fruits (akenes) glabrous at first; fls. white,
somewhat umbellate.
23. Canadensis, Linn. (.4. PeMw.sy/fanica, Linn. A.di-
chotoma, Am. Auth. & Michx.,not Linn.). Hairy, stout,
1-2 ft. hitrh, branching at or above the involucre : the 3
Ivs. of main involucre sessile, .3-cleft; upper invrducres
each 2-lvd. ; basal Ivs, broader than long, much divided,
cleft and toothed; petioles long: fls. white, 1-2 in, across:
akenes wing-mar>rined, naked, becoming pubescent,
grouped into a spherical head. Summer, In shaded
woods and open meadows, N. Amer. Gng. 2:21.
24. narcissifldra, Linn, (^.«m6«/?d^a. Lam.). St. erect,
rather stout, >ij-lKft. high : Ivs. of involucre sessile;
basal Ivs, petioled, 3-5-parted, divisions deeply cut: fls.
white, }4-l in. across, several in an umbel ; anther*
yellow : akenes smooth, with short style. May-July.
Mountainous regions. Northern hemisphere. Gn.30, p.
173. B.M. 1120.
i*>
90. Anemone Japonica.
A . dlba, JnsR. Allied to A. i?ylvpstris, if not the same. L.B.C.
4:322. B.yi.^lG'.— A. cyliHdrica,iirny. A tall native specie's,
used for beauty of foliage and fruit. — A. decapetala, Ard.
(A. trilobata, .luss. A. heterophylla, Nutt.). Native and eulti-
vate<l in S. states. 18!U.— A. Fd«Hini, Haw. Fls. pure white, 2-3
in, across: 5 ft. high: Ivs. 1 ft, across. B.M. 6958. Gn. 34: 664.—
A.parvifldra, Michx. Pretty white Hs. Native of N. states and
Vanadn.— A. poli/diUfius, Don. Allied to A. narcissitlora. B.M.
6*^0. J.H. III. 32: 259.— A. pratensis, Linn. Allied to A. Pnlsa-
tilla." L.B.C. 9: 900.— A. pratensis, v&r.obsoldfa, Sims. Fls. pale:
leaflets terminated with a sort of bristle. B.ii. 1863.— A . spheno-
phylla, Poepp. Fls. blue. .S. W. U. S.— A. trifdha, Linn Lvs.
beautifully reffid.ir: tls. white, 1 in. across. Two V>!ue vars. B.M.
6846.— A. vitifolia. Ham. Allied to A. Japonica. Has cordate,
5-7-Darted lvs. B.M. 3376. v ^ r\
K. C. Davis.
ANEMONllLLA. Sea Syndesmon.
ANEM0N6FSIS (Anemone-like). Fanuncuh}ee(r. A
moMotypic genus from Japan, now much planted in
American gardens. A beautiful hardy plant for border
purposes. Perennial herb, with erect stem.^ ; radical
and stem lvs. rcther large, ternately compound and
66
AXEMOXOPSIS
AXC^R.KCrM
much incised, similar to Actapa : sepals many (often
only 9), repTixlar, petal-like, deciduous ; petals many
(often 12), hhort, sessile, with nectariferous impression
at the base ; carpels few (iJ—t), fomiinj? many-seeded
follicles. In general appearance similar to the Japanese
Anemones, but smaller in all its parts, and with numer-
ous droopiiijr tls.. about 1 ,S in. across, of pale purple ccdor.
Thrives well in rich, deep loam, in well-drained situations
in partial shade. Prop, by division or seed, in late fall
or early spring.
macrophylla, Sieb. & Zucc. (.1. CaUfS^rnira, Hort.).
The only known species. The petals, instead «)f spread-
ing, form a half-closed bud-like cone within the sepals.
K. C. Davis.
ANEM0F2GMA. Consult Bignonia.
ANllTHUM. See Dill and Peucedanum ; also Fennel.
ANGELICA (supposed to have angelic healing vir-
tues). L'mhellifenr. A large genus in temperate re-
gions, widel}' distributed. A number of them are native
to X. Amer. See also Archangelica.
Cartisii, Buckley. Stout perennial, 2-5 ft., glabrous :
Ivs. 2-ternate, with quinate divisions, the leaflets thin,
ovate lanceolate, irregularly sharp-toothed. Pa. to X. C.
— Grown for the subtropical effect of its finely cut, ample
foliage. Int. by H. P. Kelsey, 1891.
hirsuta, Muhl. (Archangelica h i rsuta, Torr. & Gray).
Pubescent above : Ivs, twice pinnately or ternately
divided, the leaflets thickish and serrate. E. states.
Int. 1892 by H. P. Kelsey.
AJSTGELONIA (South American name). Scrophula-
ridceie. Perennial herbs or sub-shrubs, with pretty,
irregular 2-lipp'>d axillary tts., in a long, leafy terminal
raceme: Ivs. opposite, long: branches 4-sided. Grown as
pot plants in warm glass-houses, and prop, by seeds or
softwood cuttings.
salicariaefdlia, Humb. & Bonpl. Three ft. or less: Ivs.
lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate, sessile, toothed, closely
pubescent : fls. deep blue. S. Amer. B.M. 2478. P.M.
5:7.1. B.R. 415.
GArdneri, Hook. Lvs. linear-lanceolate, more strongly
toothed throughout their length : fl. purple, white-cen-
tered, handsome : plant pubescent-glandular and aro-
matic. S. Amer. B.M. .3754. — The plant sold in this
country as A. grand i flora probably belongs here. The
A. grandi flora introduced by Benary in 1897 (a good
annual), however, is represented as an entire-lvd. pot
plant : see the picture in Gt. 46, p. fil2 ; G.C. III. 22 : .307 ;
Gn. 52, p. 401 ; R.B. 23: 272. l^ h. B.
ANGIdPTEEIS (Greek, vessel-fern). Marattii\cece.
An Old World genus of coarse greenhouse ferns, with
twice- or thrice-pinnate lvs., and the sporangia arranged
in boat-shaped marginal onceptacles. In cultivation,
requires plenty of room and abundant drainage. The
only recognized species is
ev^cta, Hoffm. Growing from an erect caudex, 2-G ft.
high : lvs. G-15 ft. long, mostly bipinnate, with swollen
rachises ; leaflets 4-12 in. long, 3^-lKin.wide, the margin
entire or slightly toothed. India and Jap. to Madagas-
car and Queensland. S. 1:399. — Known under various
names in cultivation, as A. longi folia, etc. The trade
names, which appear to indicate species, may be re-
garded as varieties. l. M. Underwood.
Angiopteris grows wild in swampy places, and is of
robust habit. If grown in pots, the poL^ may stand in
2 or 3 in. of water. Although spores are freely produced,
no seedlings are on record. Easily prop, by the fleshy
scales at the base of each frond. Each scale contains "t
least two dormant buds, and should not be divided.
They may be laid in sand, covered with sphagnum, and
kept in a close case for .3-5 months. They start quicker
in early spring. — Schneider, Book of Choice Ferns.
ANG^PHORA (vessel-bearing : Gre^'k, in allusion to
shape of fruit). Jfj/rfdcefe. Five or six Australian
trees or shrubs, sometimes cult, in glass houses in the
Old World, but not known to the trade in this countrv.
ANGB^CUM (Malayan name). Orchiddctce, tribe
Vdndeip. Epiphytes. Lvs. variably distichous, coria-
ceous : racemes few- to many-flowered, produced trom
the axils of the lvs. : labellum exserted into a conspicu-
ous spur, sometimes many inches long. Trop. and S.
Afr., Madagascar and Jap. With exception of A. fnlca-
turn, the species of this genus require high tempera-
tures in order to develop satisfactorily. For culture,
see Orchids. Prop, by removing upper portion and
planting separately. It should include a few roots.
Angrapcums are valued for their winter-flowerim: and
lasting qualities. The compost found most suitahjf is
fresh-growing sphagnum moss, no earthy matter Ixing
desirable, as most of the r(K)ts are seen striking out into
the atmosphere for their needs, and do not take kindly
to couflnement in pots. Moisture is essential at a!l
times, as Angra?cums do not have bulbs to fall l)a<k <.n
for their sustenance during rest or bloimiing, in wliioli
respect they resemble the Aeritles, Vandas and Sacco-
labiuras. The moss must not be allowed to become de-
cayed, but kept living by renewal when seen to be
necessary, usually in springtime. Some of the fav(»rite
species are A. Ellisii, siiperbnm, sesquipedak,
Uumblotii and falcatum. Cult, bv E. O. Orpet.
Alphabetical list of American favorites : A. articula-
tum, 6; citratum, 9; distichum, 4; eburneuw. IJ;
Ellisii, 7; falcatum, 3; Humblotii, 1 ; ..1. Leonis, l;
modestum, 8 ; pertusum, 11 ; Sanderianum, 8 ; Scotti-
anum,5; sesquipedale, 2 ; superbum, 12 ; virens, 12.
A. Pedicels ivinged.
1. Humbldtii, Reichb. f. (.1. Leonis, Hort. Aerdhthm
Leonis. Reichb. f. ). Lvs. sword-shaped, equitant, about
8 in. long : fls. few, white : spur longer than win>jed
pedicel ; petals and sepals lanceolate ; labellum rotund.
Comoro Isls.
AA. Pedicels not winged.
B. Fls. rarely more than 6.
2. sesquipedale, Thouars (Aerdnthes sesqiiipeddli^,
Lindl.). Lvs. coriaceous, oblong, about 1 ft. in length,
2 in. wide, bluntly bilobed at the summits, dark green:
fls. fleshy, 7 in. across, ivory-white ; petals and sepals
similar ; labellum ovate, serrate in part, acuminate ;
spur nearlv 1 ft. long. Madagascar, in low, hot districts.
A.G. 1892:'217. A.F. 7: 831. Gn. 2, p. 5. F.S. 14: 1413.
B.M. 5113. — Xoblest of Angroecums.
3. falc&tum, Lindl. Lvs. linear-lanceolate, about 2 in.
long : fls. whitish, about % in. across ; sepals and petals
linear, acute or nearly so ; labellum trilobed ; spur as
long as pedicel. China. — One of the first brought into
cultivation.
4. distichum, Lindl. Plants rarely exceeding 5 in. in
height : lvs. short, those below clasping those above at
base : fls. inconspicuous, white, borne singly. Sierra
Leone. — Xot worth cultivating.
5. Scottianum, Reichb. f. Lvs. terete : peduncles
slender ; fls. inverted, pale yellow. Comoro Isls.
BB. Fls. numerous.
c. Color white or yellowish.
6. articul^tum, Reichb. f. Dwarf: lvs. oblong-cuneate,
4—5 in. long, unevenly bilobed : fls. white, in pendent
racemes. Madagascar. R. 55.— A pretty species, diflicult
to grow.
7. fillisii, Reichb. f. St. stout: lvs. oblong: peduncles
pendulous ; fls. white. Madagascar. Often confused
with A. articulatum, but distinguished from it by its
orange-colored spurs. L. 92.
8. modestum. Hook. f. (A. Sanderidnttm, Reichb. f.).
Dwarf : Ivs. elliptical, coriaceous : fls. whitish, in pen-
dent racemes. Madagascar. R.H. 1888: 516. R.B. ir):217.
9. citr&ttun, Thouars. Lvs. oblong-lanceolate, 4-") in.
long, 1 in. wide: racemes of vellowish fls. Madagascar,
in vicinity of swamps. B.M.'5624. L. 238. I.H. 33: 592.
10. pertiisum, Lindl. Lvs. ligulate : peduncles about
6 in. long ; fls. small, white. Bourbon. B.M. 4782.
cc. Color of fls. green.
12. superbum, Thouars (A. ebumeum, Lindl.). Lvs.
coriaceous, striated, 2 in. wide, over 1 ft. long, strap-
shaped, light green, unequal at the summits : peduncle
ANGR.ECUM
ANISE
67
from nearthe base of the st. ; fls. large, preen and white,
plaoe<l alternately baok to baek ; sepah an<l petals
spreaflinjr, green : labellum whitish, round, thickish ;
snnr irreen. Valuable ; grows to enormous proportions.
MadaL'ascar. B.M. 4701. B.R. 1522. L. 2.%. Var. vlrens,
Hort. [A. vlretti, Lindl.). Fls. smaller ; labellum tinge<l
with jrreen. B.M. 5170. Oakes Ames.
AUGULOA (tledicated to Don Francisco de Angulo).
OrcA»/*)r«-<F, tribe \'du(lf(f. Pseudobulbs rathertall ( when
<»l(li, spiuose at the summits with the remnants of leaf
veins : leaf-blades 1-2 ft. long, prominently nerved, as
in A<-in» ta. Stanhopea and Lycaste : fls. large, sub-
gldbtilar. <»n en'ct scapes : habit similar to Lycaste,
which is a member of the same sub-tribe. The Anguloas
pri)\v uinler shade of trees in leaf -mold. Some growers
riud that they do well when placed under vines. They
are coolhouse orchids, but reqxiire a moderate rise in
temperature during the growing season. Qakes Ames.
Anpuloa is a very interesting genus of cool orchids
that thrive well in an ordinary' greenhouse t^^mperatiire,
in which a minimum of 50° can be maintained. They are
natives of the Andes of Colombia and Peru, The popular
name of "Boat Orchid" somewhat suggests their
.«hape and gencal appearance, the lip, being delicately
hintred at its base, allowing this organ to oscillate when
sliaken. A. Clou-esii is the best known as well as
the most decorative species, its color being clear yel-
low. A. Backeri is similar in stnicture, but the fls
are chocolate-brown, with a decided aromatic fragranci ,
resembling Anise. There is also a white variety of A .
Cloiresii, but it is very rare in cultivation, as are all of
the white foVms of well known orchids, this making
them ver\' valuable commercially. A.nniflora is also a
pretty plant, with white flowers, spotted with pink. Pot
culture is best, as they require similar treatment to
L'jcaste Skinneri. E. O. Orpet.
unifldra, Ruiz & Pavon. {A. virginAU.'i, Hort.). Pseu-
dobulbs about Gin.high( sometimes considerably higher) :
leaf -blades 1}4-- ft. long, lanceolate : fls. whitish, some-
times spotted within, or the labellum streaked with rose.
Colombia. G. C. III. 19:423.
A. F. r.: 607. -There is a
white-fld. var.
C16wesii, Lindl. Larger
in every way than the above :
tis. lemon-yellow, labellum
tending toward white, mar-
bled with orange. Colombia.
Euckeri, Lindl. Smaller
than A. Clowesii: fls. yel-
low, spotted with crimson.
A variety has been figured
with the crimson or red ccdor
predominant (var. sanguiu-
ta, A.F. 6: (i07). Colombia.
ebiimea. Nicholson. Simi-
l:trto.l. (7o«r('.s//.but sepals
and petals pure white and
lip spotted pink. New Gra-
nada. Oakes Ames.
ANHALONITJM (name of
no siyrniticance). Cactdcece.
Top-shaped succulent des-
ert plants, mostly buried in
the ground, the 'flat aerial
portion covered with angular
tubercles bearing no spines. A genus of 4 or 5 species,
strictly Mexican, except that a single species {A. Engel-
nutmii) crosses the Rio Grande into Texas. It is referred
to Mamillaria by some. For A. Williamaii and A.
Lewinii, see under Ucfiinoi-actus, section Lophophora.
For culture, see Cactus.
A. Upper surfaoe offnhercle with a broad and deep wool-
bearing longitudinal groove, which widens below.
Engelmanni, Lem. (A . fisHuriitinn. Engelm.). Living
Rock. The flat tubercle-cf-vered top 2-5 in. across, taper-
ing below into a thick root : tubercles imbricated and
oppressed, triangular in outline, }i-l in. long and about
as wide at base, the upper surface variously fissured,
even to the edges, presenting an irregular warty aj>pear-
ance : fls. central, about 1 in. long and broad, shading
from whitish to rose. On limestone hills in the "Great
Bend " region of the Rio Grande in Texas, and extending
into Mexico. I.H. 10, p. 7:{, and fig.
Kotchiibeyi, Lem. (A. sulcatum, Salm-Dyck). This
appears as a tra<le name, but the form is very uncertain,
as no type seems to be in existence. According to the
description, it is very much like the preceding species,
except that the upper surface of the tubercle is not ir-
regularly fissured, but is smooth, at least at the edges,
except for the central furrow.
B. Upper surface of tubercle not grooved.
prism^ticum, Lem. The flat top .3-8 in. across: tuber-
cles iiiibrieate, but s<|uarrose-spreading, sharply triangu-
lar-pyramidal and very acute, with a sharp, cartilaginous
tip, which usually disappears with age and leaves the
older tubercles blunt or retuse, -'^-l in. long and about
as wide at base, the upper surfa<*e almost plane and
smooth, except that it is more or less pulverulent, and
often bears a small tomentose tuft just behind the clav.-
like tip : fls. rose color. Mts.of Mex. — Resembles an Aloe.
John M. Coulter.
ANIGOZANTHUS {Greek, expanded-flower). Hifmo-
dordcetp. Eight or 10 species of Australian greenhouse
or half-hardy perennials, with greenish, yellow or purple
fls. and sword-like Ivs., cult, in Europe, but unknown
to the Amer. trade.
ANISACANTHUS {Greek, unequal acanthxis). Acan-
th&cem. A genus of six species of Mexican and Ameri-
can shrubs, with mostly lanceolate, entire, petioled Ivs.,
and loosely spicate or scattered red fls. an inch or more
long ; corolla lobes 4 ; stamens 2, equaling or exceed-
ing the corolla lobes.
Wrightii, Gray. Height, 2-4 ft. : Ivs. 1-2 in. long, ob-
long- or ovate-lanceolate, acute or acuminate. S. and W.
Tex. — Once sold by John Saul, Washington, DC.
91. Informal disposition of annuals,— a mass ^i|e>
asainst a backeround. (See Annuals, p. 6S.)
Anise. UmbelUfera. An aromatic condimental and
medicinal herb {Pimpin^Ua Amsum, Linn.) of the Ori-
ent. It is an annual, and is easily grown from seeds in
any warm and mellow soil. The seeds are commonly
sown where the plants are to stand. The seeds are used
in medicine and in cookerj-, and for flavoring liquors.
They yield a highly perfumed essential oil. They are
mostly grown in Mediterranean countries. The leaves are
also used as seasoning and garnishing. The plant reaches
a height of 2 ft,, bears twice-pinnate Ivs, and small yel-
lowish white fls. in large, loose umbels. The seeds are
oblong lad curved, ribbed on the convex side, grayish,
m
ANISE
ANNUALS
the size of caraway seed. In common with all umbel-
liferous seed. Anise seed does not retain its viability long,
the normal longevity being 1 to 3 years.
Annuals. Plants which, in cultivation, are prefer-
ably grown from seeds each year are commonly classed
as Annuals. More strictly, Annuals are plants which
normally live but a single season. Among Annuals are
found a number of the most showy flowers. As a rule,
they are easily grown, producing quick results and af-
fording a variety of brilliant colors. The class is, there-
fore, one of the greatest value. Some of the Annuals last
only a few weeks in bloom, others continue throughout
the summer. There are trailers and climbers, dwarfs and
tall growers. By a judicious selection and arrangement
of kinds, the handsomest effects may be produced. Many
of the showy kinds are adapted to mass etfects, while the
dwarf-growing sorts make tine floweringedgings for beds
or walks. With the latter, handsome ribbon-beds are pos-
sible, but this requires care in the selection of kinds, and
as the use of the trimming shears is almost precluded it
is best to limit oneself to simple designs. Annuals are
well adapted to the covering of bare spots of ground in
the border. Annuals, like other flowers, show off best
when seen against a background of foliage. See Figs.
91, 92. The tall and leafy kinds make excellent covers
for unsightly objects ; see Screens. For climbing and
twining kinds, see Vines. See, also. Everlastings and
Grasses.
In the case of others than the continuous bloomers, a
succession of sowings or plantings is desirable to pro-
vide for a continuous display ; then as a kind begins to
fail its place may be filled with young plants of the same
or other species. The usual method of securing suc-
cession is to sow the seeds in flats, or beds, and trans-
plant the seedlings first to pots. The potted plants may
be set out at any time, with but little check to growth.
Most Annuals prefer an open, sunny situation, but
pansies, forget-me-nots, and some others, thrive where
they get the full sunshine for only half the day. In all
cases the best results are obtained only when the soil is
well enriched and thoroughly prepared previous to sow-
ir.<j: or planting ; and it is far better to make this prepa-
ration a fortnight or more in advance. A considerable
proportion of humus in the soil is desirable, rendering it
less subject to baking and drying out. Cow -manure,
stable-manure or leaf-mold, worked in liberally, will sup-
ply this. Beds should be spaded thoroughly and at least
a foot deep. If the surface is then again worked over to
half this depth, better results will be obtainable. The
soil shouM not be disturbed, however, unless it pulver-
izes readily. For the reception of seeds, the surface
should be mellow and smooth. The seeds are sown in
drills or concentric circles, according to the method of
planting decided upon. Taller growing kinds are sown
jR. Alttiuals fiilinff the formal space between • '
tcvard the center or back of the bed. Only the best
seeds should be purchased, and it is generally best to
get the colors in separate packets. In the open ground,
seeds may be covered to a depth of four or five times
their own th'ckness, but when sown indoors in trays or
pots, the rule is to cover them to about their own thick-
ness. The position of each row or kind should be marked,
so that when weeds and flowers spring up there will be
no trouble In separating the sheep from the goats. After
covering, the soil should be pressed firmly over the see<l
with a board or hoe, or the feet. In soils which are in-
clined to bake, a sprinkling of sand or fine litter over
the surface after sowing will remedy this evil. E'-^r-
freen boughs placed over the beds until the seedilngs
L-ve appeared will afford useful shelter from beatmg
rains. It is desirable to sow the seeds thicklj^. When
up, the plants may be thinned to their prop ^r distances.
Particular care should be given to this matter, and to
keeping down weeds, or the plants may become weak,
spindling and valueless. No seed pods ?! ould be allowed
to form, else the vitality of the plants will be exhausted.
The flowers may be freely gathered with advantage to
the flowering.
It is customary to divide Annuals into three classes:
(1) Hardy Annuals are those which are sown directly in
the open yrround where they are to grow. They are vitally
strong, developing without artificial heat, and may be
sown from February to May, according to the season and
latitude. Some of them, as sweet peas, may be sown
even in the fall. For this class, a well prepared border
on the south side of a fence or wall, or other sheltered
place, is usually preferred for early sowings. From here
the seedlings are transplanted later whero they are to
grow. Some sorts, however, do not bear transplanting^
well, consequently must be sown in the places they are to
occupy. Among such are poppies, eschscholtzia, barto-
nia, Venus' looking-glass, lupine, malope, and the dwarf
convolvulus. (2) Half-hardy Annuals are usually sown
in February or March in the window or a warm frame.
The season is usually rot long enough to enable them to
reach full development in the open. In the early stages
of growth, they need protection and warmth.' Such
kinds are sometimes sown in the fall and wintered over
in a coldframe. When once established, they are hardy
with slight protection. Pansies and some other kinds
are grown to their greatest perfection only in this way.
(3) Tender Annuals require still more warmth, and are
started from January to May in the greenhouse or other
suitable place. They commonly need a temperature of
from G0° to 70°. The danger with early grown seedlings,
especially those started in the window, is crowding and
want of light. As soon as crowding begins, the plants
should be thinned out or transplanted to other trays, or
into pots, TTid reset from time to time, as they need ;
frequent transplanting is usually an advantage. The
last transplanting is preferably into small
pots, as then the seedlings may be readily
set out in the open ground at the proper
time, with little or no check to growth.
Some of the staple or general-purpose
types of Annuals in the North are the fol-
lowing : Petunias, phloxes, pinks or dian-
thuses, larkspurs or delphiniums, calliupsis
or coreopsis, pot marigolds or calendula,
bachelor's buttons or Centaurea Cyanus,
clarkias, zinnias, marigolds or tagetes, col-
linsias, gilias, California poppies or esch-
scholtzias, verbenas, poppies, China asters,
sweet peas, nemopliilas,portulacas, silenes,
candyiufts or iberis. alyssum, stocks or
matthiolas, morning-glories, nasturtiums or
tropapolums. Other species are mostly of
special or particular use, not generul-use
types. In the South, andoccasionallj at the
North, some of the Annuals come up volun-
tarily year after year from sjelf-sown seeds.
Petunias, phloxes and morning-glories r.re
examples.
For further suggestions, see Seedage.
For an annotated list of Annuals suited for
northern climates, see Bull. 161, Cornell
Exp, Sta. Ernest Walkeb.
.nd a tree-group
ANCECTOCHILUS
AXONA
69
A5(ECT0CH1LUS (Greek, open lip). Orchidhce<w,
tribe yeottUa. A ^enus cultivated for the beautifully
reticulated Ivs., which are oval or ovate, membranaceous
and diversely colored. Fla. small, not ornamental. The
known species belong to India and the Malay Archi-
pelago. Although many methods have been adopted for
the successful cultivation of the best species and varie-
ties failure has been the general rule, so that at the
present time few Amer. collections contain even a single
specimen. "For a time— it may be two, or even five
years— they will grow and remain in health, and then
suddenly they go wrong, the plants perishing one after
the other, in spite of all one can do."— W. Watson.
Balleni, Low. Lvs. about 2 in. long, bronze-green,
with 3 longitudinal bands of copper-red. Borneo.
regilis, Blume. One of the most attractive species of
the group : lvs. oval, large, bronze-green netted, veined
with gold, the surface of the lvs. like velvet. Java.
B.M. 412.3. F.S. 2: 79 as J.. sefdceu«. — Several good va-
rieties exist.
B6xburghii, Lindl. Lvs. ovate, median line of pale
green, reticulated and veined with gold. Java and Ind.
Many si>ecies are described and figured in foreign publica-
tions, but they pre all fancifrs' plants. Other names which ap-
pear in the Amer. trade are: ^1. Dayana=^]—A. Ddicsoni
{])aicsonianus)=}item&ria. — A. Lincii, Hort.=Dossima.— A.
Petbla, Hort.=Maeodes.— A. Veitchidnus, Hort.=Macodes.
Oakes Ames.
AN0MATH£CA. See Lapeirousia.
ANONA (aboriginal name). Anondcecp. Custaed-
Apple. Tropical trees and shrubs, cult, for their large,
fleshy fruits, and for ornament. Fls. perfect, solitary,
terminal or opposite the lvs. : petals typically C, but half
of them sometimes reduced to small scales or even want-
ing: pistils many, each with one erect ovule, united into
a fleshy fruit-like body or syncarpium. Small trees or
shrubs, over 50 in number, of Tropical America, and a
few in Africa and Asia. Some of the species have been
introduced into southern Florida, but they are generally
imperfectly known, both to horticulturists and botanists.
Aside from the species described below, various other
Aconas have beeen introduced into southern Florida, but
their botanical status is unknown and some of them
are probably forms of old species. Amongst these
names are A. Mexicana, which was a catalogue name
used by Loddiges, the species never having been fully
described; A. Africana, a very obscure species founded
by Linna?us upon an American specimen, with lanceolate
pubescent lvs. ; A.trilobata is undoubtedly ^.si»«inrt tri-
loba ; A. auranliaca, A. macrocarpa, A. maritima, A.
reniformis, and A. suavissima are either horticultural
names, or belong to other genera ; the Beriba, introduced
by Reasoner Bros., from Brazil, is evidently a Rollinia,
possibly a. orthopetala. For A . longi folia, see Duguetia ,
and for A . muscosa , see Rollinia. Some of the species
are imperfectly evergreen. See Artabotrys.
Anonas are of easy culture, requiring no special treat-
ment in frostless countries. They propagate readily by
seeds, and are usually thus grown ; also, by ripened "cut-
tings under glass. In the U. S. they are sometimes
grown under glass as ornamental subjects. They should
then be kept fairly dry in winter, for at that time they
assume a semi-dorraant condition. They thrive best in
heavy loam.
A. Petals cordate-ovate or obovate, the inner ones
conspicuous.
B. Exterior petals plainly acute, inner ones obtuse.
c. Fruit bearing weak spines.
muriciita, Linn. {A. Astdtica, Linn.). Soub-Sop.
GUANABENA. CORKESOL. SUIRSAAK. SUSAKKA. Small
tree, the sizo of a peach tree, evergreen, the young
growth scurfy-pubescent : exterior petals scarcely exceed-
ing the interior ones, 1-2 in. long, and y^lowishor green-
ish,the inner ones yellow or red: lvs. elliptic and pointed,
varnished above and rusty beneath, but becoming gla-
brous: fr. very large (6-8 in. long and weighing from 1-5
lbs.), oblong or conical and blunt, dark green, the skin
rough and spiny; pulp sof*, white and juicy, subacid, with
aturpentin'" like flavor, vVest Indies, where it is apopa-
lar fruit.— It is grown with especial excellen in Porto
Rico, and is common in the markets of Key West, whither
it is shipped from the islands to the southward. A
favorite drink is made from the juice. It is one of the
tenderest trees of the genus, and thrives only in extreme
southern Florida and California. Introduced in the Old
World.
cc. Fruit nearly or quite smooth (or in A.pyriformis
undescribed) .
glabra, Linn. {A. laurifdlia, Dunal). Pond-Apple.
Mamox. Fig. 93. Small nearly evergreen tree, with
smooth growth: exterior petals somewhat exceeding the
93. Anona glabra. Nearly 14 natural size.
iiiterior ones, greenish: lvs. oblong-ovate or long-ovate,
pointed, green on both sides and glossy above : fr. the
size and shape of a Bellflower apple or an ox's heart, yel-
low or brownish yellow, smooth, the stem pulling out
of the fruit at maturity and leaving a very deep cavity;
pulp cream-colored and very fragrant, fair in quality.
Native in swamps, both salt and fresh, in southern
Florida, and on the Indian River; also, in the West Indies.
B.R. 1328. SS. 1:17, 18. -The fruit, although acceptable
to many people, is not generally prized.
pyrifdrmis, Bojer. Climbing, glabrous : petals of the
two series nearly equal, oblong-spatulate or obovate
(about 2 in. long) , flat, the outer ones hooded or cucullate
at the top ; sepals joined half their length : lvs. nearly
oblong (3-6 in. long), obtuse or acutish, thick and rigid,
somewhat shining and glaucous. Mauritius.— Said to
have been introduced into southern Florida recently, but
it is imperfectly known.
BB. Exterior petals obtuse or nearly so.
paltlstris, Linn. Alligator - Apple. Cork -Wood.
Monkev-Apple. Bltjya. Tree, 10-15 ft. high, the young
growth smooth: exterior petals ovate, exceeding the ob-
long inner ones, a half -inch or more long, and yellow, with
a red spot at the base within, the interior red inside: lvs.
ovate-elliptic or obbmg, with a short, narrow point (or
occasionally bluntish), smooth on • both sides, rather
thick, and more or less evergreen: fr. 2 in. in diam., yel-
low, and somewhat roughened or scaly. Cuba to Rio
Janeiro; also, in Africa. B.M. 4226. — Introduced in
southern Florida, bitt imperfectly known in cultivation.
Unless improved by cultivation, the fruit is probably
unworthy of cultivation.
BBB. Exterior and interior petals all acute.
paluddsa, Aubl, Shrub, with rusty-villous tranches -.
outer petals acute, twice longer than the canescent innei •
ones : lvs. oblong-acute, rounded at the base, sparsely
pubescent above and tomentose beneath : fr. ovate and
tuberculat i, pubescent when young. Guiana.— Intro
duced into southern Florida, where it is yet very littU
known.
70
ANONA
ANTENNARIA
Cherimover,
li>-20 ft. hi:!jh,
lis. opposite
AA. Petals {exterior) linear or ohlong, the inner ones
minute {or conspicuous in A. muscosa).
B. Fruit smooth or very nearly so (in A.atnplexicaulis
undescribed).
C. Lvs. velvety beneath.
Cherimdlia, Miller { A . tripHa la , Alton )
or Cherimoya. Jamaica-Apple. Tree,
with young growth scurfy-pubescent
the lvs . greenish, and fragrant, the exterior petals ob-
long-linear and keeled on the inner side, velvety ; lvs.
ovate or oblong (about 3 in. long), obtuse or scarcely
acute, dark green, and sparsely hairy above and velvety
beneath : fr. very large (from tlie size of a large apple
to 8 in, or more in diani. ), spherical or slightly flattened
at the ends, nearly smooth, brownish yellow, sometimes
with a red cheek, the flesh soft and rich. Peru and ad-
jacent regions northward, but naturalized in Central
America and Mexico, thu West Indies and parts of the
Old World. B.M. 2011.- It is a well-known fruit of the
tropics, and it thrives upon the Florida keys and the
adjacent coasts. It is also grown to a limited extent in
southern California. Fruit will stand transportation if
picked green. Possibly the plants sold as A . macrocdrpa
and A. suavissima are forms of the Cherimoyer. See
Cherimoyer.
cc. Lvs. not velvety.
reticuliita, Linn. Ccstaru-Apple. Bcllock's-Heart.
Frita 1)E Conde. a tree, 15-25 ft. high, with growth
smooth or nearly so: fls. with the exterior petals oblong-
linear and keeled on the inside, acute, greenish, with
purple spots at the base : lvs. lanceolate or oblong and
pointed, glabrous above and rough beneath, but becoming
smooth: fr. 3— i in. in diam., smooth, with small depre.?-
sions, in nous shades of yellow or even russet, with
a soft yei cream-like pulp next the skin, and a white
pulp at thf middle, swe?t and excellent. West Indies,
where it is a very popular fruit. It thrives in southern
Florida, where it has lately been introduced. B.M. 2911,
2912.
94. Anona squaniosa, firo^vn in Bermuda (X /^).
amplexicaillis, Lam. Erect shrub, glabrous : outer
petals oblong and obtuse (iVain. long), the inner very
much shorter and lanceolate and pointed : lvs. oblong or
ovate, obtuse or acute [4-4} in. long), thick and rigid,
glaucous and somewhat shining, deeply cordate-clasping
at the base. Mauritius and Madagascar. — 8aid to have
been lately introduced into southern Florida. Little
BB. Fruit tuberculate.
squarndsa, Linn. {A. cinerea, Dunal). Sweet- Sop.
SiiJAR-ApPLE. Fig. 94. Diffuse small tree, or a shrub,
10-20 ft. high; fls. with the out«r petals oblong -linear and
blunt, keeled on the inner side, greenish: Irs. thin, ob-
long-ovate, very sparsely hairy on both sides, but cfton
becoming smooth, glaucous : fr. egg-shaped, or of the
form of a short pine cone, 3-4 in. in diam., yellowish
green, and tuberculate (each carpel forming a protulter-
ance); the pulp creamy yellow and custard-like, very
sweet. West Indies to Brazil. B.M. 3095. — Much prizt-d
in the tropics, and considerably grown on the Florida
keys, and extending north, with some protection, nearly
to the middle of the state; also cultivated in California.
Introduced in the Old World. Lvs., green frs., and seeds
said to be used for destroying vermin. l^ jj. B.
ANS£LLIA (John Ansell, African explorer). Or-
chiddeeie, tribe Vdndea?. Inflorescence terminal : stems
tutted, jointed, nodes conspicuous : lvs. lanceolate, alter-
nate toward the summit of the stems, visibly nerved,
about G in. long. The species require high temperatures
for successful development. Epiphytes. For further
culture, see Orchids.
AfricJtna, Lindl. Plants 2 ft. or more high : stems
cylindrical : fls. numerous (40-80), yellowish, verging on
green, marked with curiously oblong, brown -purple
spots ; labellura yellow, 3-lobed. Sierra Leone. B.M.
49<)5. — This is undoubtedly the type, all other forms so
far known being departures from it of horticultural
merit only.
gigant^a, Reichb. f. (Cymbidium Sdndersoni, Harv.).
Habit as abo\e. Sepals and petals sparinglv, if at all,
spotted. Natal? Oakes Ames.
ANSONIA. See Amsonia.
ANTENNAEIA (pappus likened to antenna). Com-
pd.situ-. Everlasting. Cat's-Ear. Small, white-woolly
perennial herbs, with spatulate or obovate root-lvs.. and
mostly leafless scapes, bearing small gray or white
hea Is which remain stiff and dry. They are interesting
for rock work and the edges of borders, and for this pur-
pose have been sparingly introduced in the last few
years. They are perfectly hardy, and thrive in poor
soil. The fls. are often cut before fully mature and
dried (and often dyed) as everlastings. Several spe-
cies grow wild. Prop, mostlx by division of the mats ;
also by seeds. Allied to Anaphalis and Gnaphaliuni.
Dioecious. See Everlastings.
A. Pappus of sterile fls. not thickened at the tip,
minutely rou(jhened.
dim6rplia, Torr. & Gray. Tufted with spatulate lvs.
and a sparsely-leaved fl.-st. an inch or less high, from a
stout, much-branched cau«iex. Neb. west.
AA. Pappus of sterile fls. thickened at the top.
B. yot spreading by stolons.
Qefeti, Gray. Stout, thick-woolly, from a woody base:
fl.-st. 3 in. or more high, very leafy to the top : pistil-
late heafls narrow : involucre with rose-purple or ivory-
white tips to the inner scales. Cal. N.
BB. Spreading by stolons.
c. Heads solitary or in a cymose cluster.
diolca, Linn. Basal lvs. 1% in. or less long, 1-nerved
or only indistinctly 3-nerved : st. 2-12 in. : involucral
bracts" all light green or light brown, with white or
pinkish tips. N. states and Eu. — The plant in the trade
aii A. tomentdsum is probal)ly a form of this species.
Also in cult, under the proper name. A. dioica.
alpina, Ga?rtn. Plant 1-4 in,: involucral bracts infer-
tile heads, dark brownish green, acute. Canada, Rocky
Mts.. Sierra Nevadas.
plantaginildlia, Rich. Basal lvs. l}4 in. or more long,
distinctly 3-nerved : st. 6-18 in. high. Stoloniferous,
making broad patches. Common in fields and old pas-
tures. Perhaps not in cult.
cc. Heads loosely pa nicled.
' racamdsa, Hook. Light-woolly. 6-20 ia. high, the sts.
sparsely hafy, the heads mostly on slender peduncles :
involucre bro\^ni8h. Rocky Mts, l, jj, p.
ANTHEMIS
ANTHURIUM
71
ilVTSEMIS (Greek name of the chamomile). Com-
mJ chamomile. Pyrethrum-like heavy-scented
Slants annual, biennial or perennial, members of a
Hr?e Old World temperate-region genus. Heads many-
Sered, the disk yellow, the rays white and yellow and
fhitbe common cult, species) pistillate, the receptacle
ionicd and chaflfv, the akenes terete or ribbed, and
Pither naked or bearing a minute crown : Ivs. pmna^ely
(lics-cteu Two or three of the species are weeds.
Others are excellent border plants. The true chamo-
mile is a medicinal plant. The hardy perennial species,
whi-h alone are grown in this country, are easily
handled in the border, where they bloom from midsum
mer till frost. They thrive in almost any soil, but need
full jxposure to sun. Prop, by seeds or division of the
clumps, usually the latter.
A. Bays normally yellotc.
tinetdria, Linn. Golden Marguerite. Of bushy
habii, 2-3 ft., with angular st. and pinnately divided,
audagaiu pinnatifid or cut-toothed Ivs., and large, daisy-
like, golden yellow lis. (1-2 in. across). A. Keluayi,
Hort (or var. Keluayi, Hort. ), has finer-cut foliage and
deepor yellow fls. There is also a pale-rayed var. Gu.
52: r 49.— An excellent hardy border plant, and useful at
the same time for cut fls.
AA. Bays white.
B. Perennial ; ctdtivated.
nbtilis, Linn. Chamomile. Half-spreading and much-
brant bed, downy, the Ivs. very finely dissected : pappus
wanting, chaflf of the receptacle blunt.— A pleasant-
scent?d herb, sometimes escaped from cult. It yields the
nieditinal chamomile fis. of commerce. For medicinal
purposes, the heads (the single preferred) are cut as
soon as fully expanded, and dried. Cult, also as a hardy
border plant ; often double.
BB. Biennial or annual ; weeds.
arv^nsis, Linn. Pubescent, not ill-scented : Ivs. rather
coarsely 1-2 pinnately parted : pappus a minute border:
heads Tin. or more across : rays pistillate. — Not common.
Cotula, DC. May-weed. A common weed along road-
sides, ill-scented, growing a foot or two high, with finely
dissected Ivs., neutral rays, and many aster-like fls. 1 in.
across.
A. A i20on,Griseb.= Achillea ageratifolia.- A. Ardbiea, Linn.
=Cladanthus.— A. corondria, Hort.=Chrysanthemum coro-
narium. L H B
ANTHEB. See Flower.
ANTHflBICUM ( Greek, flower hedge ) . Includes Pha-
langium. Lilidcerr. Herbs, with tuber-like rhizomes,
and racemes of rather small, white, deep-cut fls. : peri-
anth rotate ; anthers attached between their basal lobes,
and the locules many-ovuled— in these characters differ-
ing from Paradisea. Grown in borders, where the roots
should have a cover of leaves or litter in winter ; also
in pots and under benches in coolhouses. L^seful for
lawn vases. Prop, naturally by stolons ; increased also
by division and seeds. Of easiest culture. Give plenty
of water when in bloom. A. Liliastrum, St. Bruno's
Lily, will be found under Paradisea. A . picturafum , va-
ritgatum and vitf<ttum will be found under Chlorophy-
tum. A. CaUfornicum of some catalogues perhaps be-
longs to Chlorophrtum.
Lili&go, Linn. St. Bernard's Lily. F".g. 95. Stem
simple, 2-3 ft. high, bearing an open raceme of open-
spreading fls. 1 in. or less across, the segments linear-
oblong : Ivs. long and narrow. S. Eu. and N. Afr. B.M.
914. Var. mAjor, Sims, is larger in all its parts. B.M. 1635.
ramdsum, Linn. {A. graminifdlium, Hort.). Stem
branched : fls. somewhat smaller. £u. B.M. 1055.
L. H. B.
ANTHOL'tZA (name from the Greek, of no particu-
lar application/. Iriddceif. About 20 Cape and Trop.
African cormous plants, with linear or sword-shaped
Ivs. and bright fls. in 2-sided spikes. Perianth long-
tubular, curved, dilated above, the uppermost segments
largest: stamens 3 : style branched: ovary 3-loculed.
Cult, the same as glatlioli, being taken up in the fall.
The tubers are often started in a frame or in the house
before planting in the open. See Baker, Irideae.
a. Perianth red, segments very unequal.
Ctmdnia, Linn. Corm small: st. simple, 1-1 H ft.:
Ivs. about 4, linear, 1 ft. or less long : fls. 4-6, In a
lax spike, bright red, an inch long, the stamens reaching
to the tip of the upper segment. Cape. L.B.C.20: 1971.
95. Stolon of Anthericum Liliaso.
C&ffra, Banks. Corm large : st. 2 ft. or less : Ivs. nar-
row-linear, 1 ft. : fls.12-20, in a lax spike, bright red, 1-1)4
in. long, stamens not quite reaching tip of upper segment.
Cape. — Has been hybridized with gladiolus.
AA. Perianth red and yellow, segments less unequal.
JEthidpica, Linn. Corm large : st. branched, 3-4 ft.:
Ivs. several, sword-shaped, 1 in. broad and 1-lK ft. long:
spike 6-9 in. long, rathe.* dense : fls. l>^-2 in. long, red
and yellow ; stamens reaching to the tip of the upper
segment. Cape. B.M. 561.
Var. minor, Lindl. {A.hlcolor, Gasp.). Dwarf: Ivs.
narrow : fls. red at top, pale yellow below.
Var. vittlgera, Baker (var. ringens, Nichols.). Tall
as the type : fls. bright yellow, striped red. B.M. 1172.
Var. immarginitta, Baker. Fls. red, with dull yellow.
L. H. B.
ANTHOXANTHDM (yellow-floicer, "rom the Greek).
Graminecp. A. odordtum, Linn., of the temperate parts
of the Old World, is the
Sweet Vernal Grass. It is
a perennial, of low growth,
very early bloom, and
sweet odor when mown.
It is used in mixtures of
pasture grasses, and is also
spontaneous in the E.
states in pastures, mead-
ows, and along roads. A .
P'tiliif Lee. & Lamotte.
is an annual species, of
smaller size, sometimes
used in forage mixtures.
ANTHtKIUM (Greek,
tail - flower). Aro)d e (f.
Tropical herbs, of 200 or
more species, cult, mostly
in stoves, grown for the
showy spathes and spadi-
ces or for foliage. Spathe
usually spreading or even
reflexed, only rarely par-
tially enclosing the spadix.
DiflFers from Alocasia and
allied genera in technical
characters. Monogr. by
Engler in DeCandolle's
Monographic Phanero-
gamarum. Vol. 2 (1879).
Propagation is effected by suckers or cuttings of the
rhizome inserted in small pots containing a mixture of
peat fiber, chopped sphagnum mosts and silver sand in
96. Anthurium Scherzerianum.
72
ANTHURIUM
ANTHUPJUM
equal proportions, and plunged in a propagating box in
a temperature of 75^ to 80°, with bottom heat. About
the end of January is the most suitable time to take the
cuttings. Anthuriuras may also be propagated by seeds
sown in a mixture of very fine fibrous peat and chopped
sphagnum nios-s in 4-inch nots. The seeds should be
lightly covered with sphagnum and the pots placed
either in a propagating case or under bell glasses, where
a temperature of 80° can be maintained. A coustant hu-
mid atmosphere is very necessary to induce the seeds to
germinate. The compost in which Anthuriuras thrive
bgst is a mixture of one-third fern root, or the fiber of
peat with the dust shaken out, one-third sphagnum
moss and one-third broken crocks and charcoal. The
pots must be well drained, and the plants should be
coned up 2 or 3 inches above the rim of the pots, and
finished oflf with a surfacing of Jive sphagnum moss.
Established plants will only need repotting once in 2
or 3 years, but should have a fresh top-dressing every
year ; the best time to overhaul them is about the end
of January, or before active growth commences. They
should be given a shaded position, free from draughts
of cold Hir, and ordinary stove temperature.
Like most evergreen aroids, they require a copious
supply of water at the roots and a humid atmosphere
during the spring and summer months, and at no season
of the year must the plants be allowed to become dry.
Care must also be taken not to nar the 'eaves by hard
spraying. The temperature during winter should not
fall below 55°. Cult. by Edward J. Canning.
Anthuriums such as A. Andneaniim, A. oniattim,
and their numerous hybrid progeny, require at all times
a high and humid atmosphere. Under those conditions
and in a good rooting medium, they ought to be contin-
ually in flower. A bloom is produced from the axil of
each leaf, and immediately beneath this leaf a new root
is produced, thick and succulent at first, becoming tough
with age, and, if not allowed to bur}* itself among the
compost in which the plant grows, it eventually hardens
and is of no help in the sustenance of the plant. There-
fore, the growing point of the specimens should not be
allowed to get too high, or the flowers will be few and
poor. When the plant forms stems above the pot, the
compost should either be built up around the stem, to
catch the roots,or the plant may be cut over.rooted afresh
in sand, and given a new start in a pot. The two cvna-
mental-leaved species, A. Veitchii and A. Warocque-
anum, should be treated in the same manner. When cut
down, we may look for the old stocks to send out small
growths, which in course of time may be taken oflf and
put in small pots. All of the above are such free-rooting
kinds that they may, with the addition of some rotted
manure, be grown in sphagnum moss. A good mixture
is as follows : Sphagnum, chopped not too fine, one part ;
fern or kalmia roots, chopped up and the fine substance
removed, one part ; another part to be made up equally
of sand and rotted manure. With well-drained pots, this
forms an admirable rooting substance. Most of the other
charcoal and sand. Good drainage, and less water than
is needed for the Andreanum section, will be necessarv.
A. Svherzerianiim, although thriving well in the hottest
house, will succeed in an interme-
diate house. Seeds are obtained by
pollinating the flowers, the stig-
mas of which become mature long
before the anthers. The seeds
97. Anthurium Andraeanum
species and their forms, including A. Scherzerianum
and A. crystallinum, will thrive better in material
mainly composed of rough, fibrous loam and peat with the
fine material sifted froju it. This rough, fibrous material
i aould be mixed with a small quantity each of oph&gnum,
98. Anthurium Veitchii.
Young leaf, not yet showing the
arched depressions.
should be sown on the surface of a pan of chopped moss
and sand covered with glass; they sometimes show signs
of germinating almost before being gathered, so that it
is dangerous to keep them any length of time before sow-
ing. To prevent damping.the seedlings should be pricked
off round the edge of a 3-inch pot as soon as the first leaf
is large enough to handle. Seeds of such kinds as crys-
tallinum and regale will germinate well on the moss of
nepenthes baskets. q^]^^ ^y q ^ Oliver.
A. Lv8. plain green: grown mostly for the shoivy
^flotvers."
Schorzeri&num, Schott. Fig. 96. A foot or two high,
evergreen : Ivs. long-lanceolate (the blade 1 ft. or more
long and petiole of nearly equal length), thick, usually
somewhat revoiute, with a strong vein parallel with each
edge and close to it, and many cros?-veins : scape long
and slender (1-2 ft.), red : spathe ovate-oblong, 3-4 in.
long, spreading or deflexed, intense red (sometimes
double, I.H. 37: 67): spadix slender, often curled, vel-
low. Central Amer. B.M.5319. R.B. 22:121. A.F=6:'569
(in variety).— An old favorite. Runs into many forms :
Spathe white, vars. album, album magnificum, Idcteum,
rndximnm album, Williamsii, Vervaneum ; spathe par-
ti-colored, vars. Andegavinsis (scarlet on the back,
white and scarlet spotted eiboxe^, mutdlile (white-bor-
dered), neliilosum (double, white spotttd rose), Soth-
schildidnum (scarlet mottled "^hite, Gn 30:570), Wa-
rocquednnm (not A. Warocqxiednum) white spotted
red); spathe very large, vars. gigantetim, mdximum,
Wdrdii, Woddbridgti. Very dwarf is var. pygma>um ;
rose-salmon spathe and orange spadix is var. Parisi-
^n$e ; sharp-pointed Ivs. and spathes is var. Binnettii,
ANTHURIUM
ANTHYLLIS
73
SpathipMniiM, N. E. Brown. Two ft. or less, stem-
less or ut^arlv so: leaf-blade 2 ft. or less, jiarrow-lan-
ceolate, attenuate in & straight line from the middle to
the base, acuminate, bright preen above and grayish
beneath, with prominent midrib : spathe 2 in. or less
long and a half or more as wide, erect, boat-shaped, pule
greener whitish : spadix 1 in. long and very blunt, pale
yellow. Trop.Araer.
Andrsiinum, Lind. Fig. 97. Low species, with leaf-
blades drutJi'ing like an Alocasia and cordate ovate-lan-
ceolate : spathe cordate-ovate, thick in texture, 6-10 in.
long, orange-red, widely open-spreading : spadix 3-4 in.
long! yellowish, with white band marking the zone in
which the stigmas are receptive. Colombia. B.M. 6616.
A.F.6:569; 10:1065. Gt. 38:129.3. I.H.24:271; 37:105.
— Beautiful and popular. Runs into many varieties, some
with very large spathes and others with white ones.
Also hybridized with other species.
AA. Lvs. prominently marked wi h white or colors, or
with deep hands of green: cult. mostJij for foliage.
B. Markings green or greenish.
V^itchii, Mast. Fig. 98. Tall and robust species ( st.
2-3 ft.): If.-blades pendent, like a fine Alocasia, often
'i-\ ft. long, cordate or eared at base, metallic green, but
marked by deep-sunk nerves, which arch oflf the mid-
rib : spathe 1 ft. long, horizontal, green : spadix 6-8 in.
long, straw-color. Colombia. G.C. II. 6: 773. B.M. 6968.
3In. 8: 187. -Striking.
BB. Markings white or essentially so.
Warocque^num, Moore. Fig. 99. Very vigorous: lvs.
obloug-lanceolate, long-i£ipering, hanging, 2-4 ft. long,
deep velvety green, with rib and principal veins of a
prominently lighter shade, making handsome contrasts.
Colombia.— A handsome and striking foliage plant.
magnificum, Lind. Leaf-blaie deep cordate, oval,
2 ft. long, upper surface olive-green with white nerves :
petiole 4-angled : spathe small, oblong, green : spadix
green, cylindrical. Colombia.
crystallinum, Lind. & Andr^. Like A. magnificum :
differs in petiole terete or only very imperfectly ang)ed,
sinus of blade smaller, veins wide-banded and whiter
and very regular : leaf -blade ovate-cordate, short, deep,
velvety green, with the midrib and two consecutive
bands crvstal white : spathe linear-oblong, acuminate,
green. Peru. I.H.20: 128. G.C.III.24: 417(var. z/^Ms/re).
regllle, Lind. Leaf-blade cordate-oblong, long-cuspi-
date. 3 ft. or less, at first tinged rose, but becoming dull
green and marked with white veins ; petiole nearly
terete : spathe broad -lanceolate, greenish. Peru.
Various horticultural forms and hybrids are in cult,
in this country : A. amdhite. Lvs. soft rose : crystalli-
num X magnificum.— .4. cdrneum is a hybrid of Andrse-
anum and ornatum. — -4. Chantrieri. Lvs. triangular,
with wide-spreading basal lobes : spathe ivory-white,
erect: nymphffifoliumxsubsignatum. — J^. Clarkidnum.
Lvs. large and broad : spathe resembling that of An-
dr»anum but salmon-rose. -A . FerrierSnse. Lvs. large,
cordate: spathe cordate, brilliant red: omatumxAn-
<lr8eanum. — ^ . florihtindum , Linden and Andp6=Spathi-
phylium floribundum.— ^. Fnebelii. Lvs. large and cor-
date : spathe deep carmine : Andraeanura x ornatum.—
A. gfrflnt7e = magnificum.- ,4. hijhridum. Lvs. large,
lobed at base, obtuse, green.— J.. miishicum.—A. oi-nh-
turn. Lvs, oval or oblong, cordate : spathe linear-oblong,
white, purple-tinted.— J.. ^f»/no7dsj«)M?«m, various forms:
Ferrierensex Andrapamim? — 4. Siebrechfidnum. Lvs.
much as in magnificum, rich, velvety green, with thick
margins : spathe light g^een shading to cream : spadix
large, crimson. — J.. rWit»!jo^fln». Lvs. long-heart-shaped,
bright green with lighter veins : spathe narrow, green:
spadix greenish white.
A. adltum, N.E.Brown. Lvs, 8-10 in.loTig, triangnlar and
longacumiiiate, green : spathe reflexed, green : spadLx deep
grpea. Braz. — A. A llendorfii : Andreanvuu X Grusoni. — A .
Baki ri. Hook. Lvs. elliptic-lanceolate or linear, Rreen : spathe
small, reflexed. green : spadix 3 in. long, yellowish green, be-
coming lonpfer and red and drooping in fmit,— the chief merit
of the plant. Costa Rioa. B.M. 6261.— A. Jiogotense, Schott.
Lvs. with a very broad halberd-shaped base and a long-acumi-
Mte middle lobe, dark green. Gt. 46, p. 52.'i.— .4 . brevilobnm,
N. 15. Brown. Lvs r/val-acuminate, cordate, 8-10 in., pape'-'like,
««sen : spathe lanceolate, purplish : spadix purplish brown.—
A. Chdmberlaini, Masters. Lvs. 4 ft. long, broadly cordate-ovate
and narrowly long-pointe<l, green : spathe erect, lK)at-shaped,
8-4) in. long, purplish ontside, crimson inside, partially inclosing
the purplish spadLx. Venezuela. G.C. III. :J: 46.5. I. H. 35: 62.
B.M. 721)7. — A. Glaziovii, Hook. Leaf-blatle obovate-oblong, not
hanging, tapering to petiole, green and strongly light-veined :
spathe linear-oblong, often twisted, purple (as is also the
spadix). Braz. B.M. C8.-„3.— .l.i/i#/fliH<', Ma.sters. G.C. 11.6:365
==^Philodendron tripartitnm. — -1. Kalbrc'ieri, Hort. Climbing :
lvs.9-pr',rted. XewGranaila. G.CII.16:117. — A.nymphcefdlitnn,
Koi-h. Spathe white: spadix purple. Venezuela. — A.purpxireitm,
N. E. Brown. Lvs. oblong-l.-inceolate, thick, green : spathe and
spadix purple. Braz. — A. signatum, Kooh. Lvs. 3-lobed, deep
green. Venezuela. — A. splendidum. Bull. Lvs. ovate-cordate,
short-jwinted or blunt, the basal sinus narrow, bullate and Jiot-
tled green, 1 ft. or less long : spathe lanceolate, white : spadix
green, becoming yellow and briok red : peduncles winged. S.
Amer. G.C. 1883, 1:381. B.M. 6878. Gt. 33: 145, 146. I.H.31:510.
— A. trifidum, Oliver. B.M,6339=signatum. L. H. B.
99. Anthurium Warocqueanum.
AKTHTfLLIS (Greek, meaning downy flowers). Kid-
ney Vetch. Leguminhs(e. Perennial herbs, or some-
what shrubby, prized for their spikes or heads of yel-
low, purple or white fls. and usually silky pinnate foli-
age ; also for forage. In the Old World, prized mostly
for rockwork. The cult, is the easiest, as the plants
thrive even in p'lor soil. Prop, by seeds or division, or,
rarely, by soft cuttings. Not generally known in U. S.
Vulner&ria, Linn. Sa>'d CL<o^^:B. Wottndwort. A
foot bi^h : Ifts. 5 or more : fls. normally yellow, but
there are red and white varieties. Eu.— A deep-rof)ted,
clover-like, hardy plant, excellent for sandy and li^ht
lands. Useful for forage, and, for that purpose, occa-
sionally grown in thi.j countr5\ Requires 20 lbs. of seed
to the acre.
74
ANTHYLLIS
APHANANTHE
mont&na, Linn. A foot or less hi p:h, silky-hoary : Ifts.
numerous: fls. purple. Herbaceous. Eu. L,B.C6:578.
B&rba-Jdvib, Linn. Jupiter's Beard. Glasshouse
silky evergreen, 3-8, or even 12 ft, hijrh, with severHl
to many pairs of narrow, pointed Ifts. : tis. straw-colored
or whitish, in clover-like heads. S. Eu. B.M. 1927. — In
frostle3s countries, endures sea-winds and salt spray.
L. H. B.
ANTIABIS tozic^ria, Lesch. Urticdcece. Upas Tree
of JavH. The juice and gum are virulently poisonous, and
it was once supposed that no life could exist in the neigh-
borhood of the tree, but this is false. The tree has been
grrown in botanic gardens. See Hooker, in Companion
to Botanical Magazine, (in. 12, p. 407.
ANTID£SMA( Greek, for and band, the bark of A . Bu-
nius being used for cordage). EuphorbiAceir. Tropical
trees or shrubs.with simple, entire Ivs. and inconspicuous
unisexual fls., in spikes : fr. a 1-seeded little drupe.
Btmius, Spreng. A tree with dark green foliage and
small, round berries of a subacid taste, much used for
preserves : the V)ark yields a fiber. Adapted to S. Calif,
and S. Fla. Malay. — Cult, in S. Calif.
ANTlGONON (name from the Greek). Polygnndcecr.
Tropical tendril-climbers : sepals 5. colored and petal-
like, the 2 interior ones narrower ; stamens 8 ; styles 3,
and ovary 3-angled : Ivs. alternate and entire : fls. in
racemes, which end in branching tendrils.
16ptopas, Hook. & Am. Mountain Rose. Rosa de
Montana. San Miquelito. Probably the only species
cult, in thii countrj*. Stem slender and tall, glabrous,
or nearly so : Ivs. cordate and acuminate, or hastate-
ovate, 3-5 in. long : fls. 6-15
in the raceme, handsome rose-
pink. Mex. B.M. 581G. G.O.
in. 17 : 797. - One of the hand-
somest summer - blooming
greenhouse climbers, requir-
ing abundance of light ; usu-
ally grown from seeds, bu' also
from cuttings. In the S. 'fc
blooms freely in the '-pen, pre-
ferring sunny and hot places ;
protect the root well in win-
ter, or plant deep. It is tu-
berous-rooted. Give plenty of
water when in fl., but keep
dry when at rest.
Guatemal^nse.Meissn.
(A. insigne. Mast.).
Pubescent: Ivs. broad-
er: fls.nore numerous,
the sepals nearlj* twice
longer ( 1 in. long) than
in the last. Guatemala.
G.C. II. 7:789.
L. H. B.
ANTIBBHlNUM
(Greek, snout-flower).
Sc rop hnl a r i (> cecp.
Snapdragon. Over 60
species of herbs, na-
tives to the Old and
New World, in warm
temperate regions.
Lvs. usually opposite
below and generally
entire, never com-
pound : corolla saccate
or gibbous at base, but
not spurred, personate
or closed at the throat :
stamens 4. Closely al-
lied to Linaria, from
which it differs in the
spurless fls.
Snapdragons are flowered either in the open or under
glasi^. The common varieties are forms of A . ma jus, and
Me perennial, although the first crop of bloom is usually
the only one which is desired. Most of the varieties of
this species are hardy in the N. if well covered durinij
winter. Seeds sown very early in the spring, especially
under frames, and transplanted. produce blooming plant's
the same season. It is usual, however, if early bloom is
desired, to sow the seeds in Aug. or Sept., and cover
100. Y0U44S s .ike of a dwarf form
of Antirrhinum majus (X 3^).
101. Antirrhinum maurandioides. in bud iX}4).
the plants with a mulch on the approach of cold wc her.
These fall-sown plants may be transplanted into pots (or
grown in them from the first) and flowered in the house.
For forcing in this way. Snapdragons are very satisfac-
tory. The temperature and treatment required for gera-
niums and carnations suit them well. Dwarf vars. are
used for edgiLgs.
A. Common Snapdragons, st'^\ctly erect.
m&jos, Linn. Common or Large Snapdragon. Fig.
100. Perennial, or practically a biennial under culr.:
1-3 ft., not downy except in the fl. -cluster : lvs. oblong
or lanceolate, entire, sometimes variegated : fls. larjje,
long-tubular, with spreading, very irregular lobes, in an
elongated terminal spike or raceme. In many colors and
varieties (ranging from red and purple to white), in
forms both tall and dwarf. Mediterranean region ;
sometimes running wild about gardens. A.F. 9:lH)y;
13:949. I. H. 41:22. A.G. 17:379. F.E. 7: 711.-There
are double forms. Someof thevarietal names used by hor-
ticulturists aredlbnm, bicolor, coccinemn, variegdtnw.
Ordntium, Linn. Small Snapdragon. A low, slender
annual, with linear lvs. and small fls. purple or white
(J'2 in. long) in the axils. An occasional weed in cult,
grounds, 6 in. or less high ; not cult.
AA. Native species, producing tendril-like branches in
the i» florescence.
Orcutti^num, Gray. Slender, 2-4 ft., glabrous: corolla
% in. long, white or violet, lower lip not much larger
than the upper : lower lvs. spatulate-lanceolate, the up-
per linear. Annual. Lower and S. Calif. Int. by Orcutt
in 1891.
AAA. Climbing vine.
maurandioides. Gray {Maurandia ant irrhini flora,
Willd.). Fig. 101. Climbing 2-S ft. by means of the
coiling petioles and peduncles : lvs. 3-lobed, halberd-
shapo : fls. axillary, 1 in. or more long, violet or purple,
handsome. Tex. to Calif . B.M. 1G43.— Attractive plant
for the window, cool greenhouse or conservatory.
Suitable for baskets. l_ jj yk.
ANTBOPHYUM (Greek, srroMtn^ in caverns). Poly-
podid.ce(f. A grenus of inconspicuous, simple-leaved
ferns rarely found in cultivation. Require high temp.
AF£BA (Greek, undivided ). Gramine<r>. One or two
European and Asian grasses of the tribe Agrostide<r. A.
arundinacea, Hook., is a tender grass from New Zea-
land, of erect habit and exceedingly long, pendulous
panicles, grown under glass ; but it really belongs to the
genus Stipa. G.C. III. 22 : 283. Likely to come iato
American trade.
AFHANANTHE (Greek, aphanes, inconspicuous,
an«l anthe. flower). Urticdcece. Trees or shrubs : lvs.
alternate petiolate, serrate : fls. monoecious, inconspic-
uous ; staminate iu corymbs; pistillate single, axillary:
aphananthe
APIOS
75
fr a drnpe. Three species in Jap. and Austral. Prop,
bv seeds or perhaps in the same way as Ce.tis, and also
bv grafting on Celtis.
'iaoera Planch. Small tree : Ivs. ovate, oblique, acu-
minate, serrate, 2>^-t in. long, rough to the touch : ds.
Ireeni^h, with the Ivs.: drupe globular, biack, sleader-
stalked Jap. -Hardy tree, with slender branches, not
much different in appearance from Celtis orridentalis.
Little known in this country. Alfred Rehoer.
APHELANDEA (Greek-made name). AcanthUcea.
\eariv 7U species of evergreen trcpical Anieric^an shrubs,
trown in hothouses for the tine foliage and sh.wy 4-sided
terminal spikes of red or yellow gaudy-bracU;d fls. Of
ea.sv culture, if given plenty of diffused light in the grow-
ine'season, and plants are not allowed to become tall and
leegv. It i« well to grow new plants frequently. Prop,
bv s'eed:? when obtainable, or by cuttings of partially
ripened wood at any season. They bloom in autumn,
but can readily be brought into flower at other seasons.
When done blooming, the plants should be rested in an
intermediate temperature, kept rather dry, but not al-
lowed to wilt or shrivel. Require treatment of Justicias,
aud thrive along with Allamandas and Poinsettias.
L. tl. B.
All Aphelandras like t »«fovehon8e temperature and a
light leaf -mold, with a lil -ral proportion of sand. They
should not be kept very vet in winder. They propagate
readily from cuttings and seeds. The leatimg trade
names axe A. atirantiacafChry sops, Fascinator.. Hv^lii.
A. ehrysops is one of the handsomest of the group.
H. A. SlEBRECHT.
A. JFls. in shades of yellow.
Chamissoniina, Nees. (A. punctdta, Bull). Lvs. ob-
long-lanceolate or elliptic -lanceolate, acuminate, the
center banded with white, and white dots running off
towanls the margin, the midrib green : fls. and spiny
bracts bright yellow. S.Amer. I. H. 29:457. B.M. 6027.
squarrdsa, Nees. (J.. LeopoUli, Hort. A. ehrysops,
Hort. ). Lvs. large, ovate to ovate-elliptic, acuminate,
dark green above (pale below), with white rib and main
veins : fls. bright yellow and much exserted beyond the
vellow crenate-dentate bracts. Braz. A . squarrdsa itself
is probably not in cult., the showy plant in the trade
(and described above) being called A. squarrdsa var.
Leopold i by Van Houtte (F.S. 9: 889). -One of the most
showy.
Blanchetiina, Hook. f. {A. amana, Bull). St. thick
and >tuut : lvs. ovate-aciiminate, with many pairs of con-
spicuous nerves, green, the midrib, and often the main
veins, white: fls. dark yellow, exceeding the long, entire,
cusp-pointed red scales : spike sessile. Braz. B.M.
7179. — Known in the trade as A. amoena, having been
described under that name before it had flowered in
cult.
AA. Fls. orange, verging to scarlet.
aorantiaca, Lindl. Lvs. ov- te-elliptic, deep green
above, light green below, strongiy veined, but not parti-
colored, slightly wavy edged • fls. orange, with a tinge of
scarlet, the sp»^ading limb overhanging the greenish
sharp-toothed scales. Mex. B.M. 4224. B.R.31: 12.
Var. Boezlii, Nicholson {A. Raeslei, Carr. ). Fls. with
more scarlet: lvs. twisted, with silvery^ hue between the
veins. Mex. — Showy and good. Not so tall as A. au-
rantiaca.
AAA. Fls. red.
Fascinator, Lind. & Andr^. Lvs. ovate to ovate-ellip-
tic, the rib and veins widely margined with interlocking
bands of white, the under surface purple : fls. large,
brilliant vermilion, obscuring the inconspicuous bracts.
New Granada. LH. 21:164. — Very showy and desirable.
A. atrbrirens, N. E. Brown. Dwarf : lvs. very dark green
above and purplish beneath : fls. yellow, 1 in. long. Braz. I.H.
31:527. — A.cri^tdta.R.BT. Lvs. ovate-elliptic, green: fls. dark
red, very lo!.g and curving, 2-3 in. Long known. W. Ind. B.M.
lIilS.—A. Liboniana, Linden. Dwarf: lvs. ovate and long-acu-
minate, with a white rib, green below : fls. deep yellow, small,
scarcely exserted beyond the red bracts. Braz.? B.M. 5463.—
A.Macedcidna, Lind. & Rod. Said to be a form of A. atrovi-
rens. Lvs. with white rib and main veins. Braz. I.H. 33:583.
—.1. Margarita, Hort. Lvs. elliptic-acuminate, barred with
white, purple below ; fls. yellow, the bracts stronx-toothcd.
Once cataVg-ied by Tohn Saul. Braz. G.C. ITT. 2:585.— A. nlteni.
Hook. ' \>mi>act : lvs. ovate, thick, shining green above, dark
purple i^neath : fls. vermilion-scarlet, large, the bracts rot
s.howj-. jN'ew (iranada. B.M.574L Gn. 48:1027. — A. orientdlis,
offered in Ameiica, is iwssibly a form of some well knowa
species. L H. B.
APiCBA [not bitter, from the Greek). LiliAcea;, tribe
Alointce. Shortly caulescent small succulents : hs.
spirally arranged or crowded along the stem : fls. green-
ish, often striped with white, straight, tubular or pris-
matic, with short, flat or spreading white limb surpass-
ing the .stamens. Cape region. Agave house or cactus
house ; suitable for rockeries during the summer.
Prop, like Aloe. Monogr. by Baker. G.C. II. 11:717
(1879) ; Joum. Linn. Soc. Bot. 18: 216.
A. I^vs. as broad as long, acuminate, horizontal.
folioIdBa,Willd. {Aide foliolbsa. Haw. Hawdrthia folio-
Idsa , Haw. ) . Lvs. densely crowded, thin-margined, very-
acuminate, smooth, serrulate : fls. smooth. Cape. B.M.
13.>2.
AA. Lvs. more elongated, thick, acute, erect or ascending,
except in age.
B. Fls. smooth.
Aapera.Willd. (^4 loe dspera , Haw. Ha tcSrthia dspera.
Haw.). Lvs. small, crowded, finely tuberculate, rough-
ened on the back and margin, only the uppermost erect.
Cape.
pent&gona, Willd. {Aide penti'gona. Haw., not Jacq.
Haudrthia pentdgona, Haw.). Fig. 102. Ivs. larger,
from slightly concave and
angled becoming biconvex ;
5-ranked ; finely pale-tuber-
culat« on back and margin.
Cape. B.M. 1338. -Includes
several forms : Var. Wil-
dendvii, Baker ; var. bullu-
lita, Willd. {Aide hulluldta,
Jacq.); var. spirilla, Baker
{Aloe spirilla, Salra. Ua-
wMhia gpirella, Haw.).
BB. Fls, rough-tuberculafe.
spiralis, Bak. {A. t,. bri-
cdta, Willd. Aide spiralis,
Linn., not Haw. Hawor-
thia imbricdta,Ha.vr.). Lvs.
small, irregularly dispersed,
smooth, the margin and keel
denticulate. Cape. B. 31.
1455.
Other species are : .1. hicari-
ndta Haw. (Aloe bicarin.-ita,
Sp^eng.) ; J. . con^esfa, Bak. (Aloo
congesta, Salm.) ; A. deltoldea,
Bak. (Aloe deltoidea, Hook. f.).
B.M. 6071.
WlLLI.^M TrELEASE.
102. Apin-a pentagona.
AFIOS {pear, from th*» Greek, alluding to the shape of i
the tubers). Legumindsce. Perhaps half t dozen species
in N. Amer. and Asia, of twining, tubero is-rooced pin-
nate-leaved herbs. Fls. in dense, short .ticemes : pod
linear and flat, several-seeded. A light st il and sunny
place are essential to free growth. Under these con-
ditions, the plant covers a trellis or other support in a
comparatively short time.
tuberdsa, Miinch. Groundnut. Wild j5ea.n. Four
to 8 ft., climbing over bushes : root bearing strings of
edible tubers, 1-2 in. long: leaflets 5-7, ovate-lanceolate:
fls. fragrant, chocolate-brown, the standard very broad
and turned back, the keel long, incurved an 1 of scj'the-
shape. July-Aug. G.W.F. 44. — Common in l>w grounds.
The fruit often fails to mature. Prop, by the tubers,
2 to 4 of which should be planted together a : a depth of
3 or 4 inches ; also, by seeds. Grows well in the wild
border, in any loose, rich soil. Likely to bec' )me a weed
in rockeries.
A. Fortune!, Maxim., is occasionally cult, in Japan for its
small, ovate, edible tubers. A.G. 1892:77.— J.. Pricidna, Robin-
son, native to Kentucky, may be expected to appear in the trade.
The root is a single large tuber, becoming 6 or 7 n. in diam.:
fls. greenish white, tinged with roue-purple or mag« nta. A vig-
orous climber, first described ,.in 1^8 (^ot. Gaz. i'^: 451, rritl.
illustration). j. p. Keller and /.. H. B.
76
APIUM
APPLE
APIUM. See Ctlfry.
APLfiCTRUM (Greek, MjVZt MO /?;)Mr). OrrhidHretr. A
email orchid, with smallish dull-colored lis. in a raceme,
on a leaHess scape, which springs from a larjfe corm-like
tuber. Single species, ia woods in the N. states.
hyem^le, Xutt. Putty Root. Adam and-Eve. Fig.
10;{. Sentls up a pointed green If. 2-0 in. long, wliich
lasts through the vinter, and in spring a stalk about a
foot high, bearing a raceme of rather large greenish
brown tls., which are succeeded by
hanging, oblong-pointed pods ( Fig.
103). Hardy. May be grown in rich,
loamy borders. Interesting, but not
showy.
APLOPAPPUS (Greek, simple
pappus). Syn., Haplupappua. Com-
poaitif. About 11.5 species, mostly
from California and Chili. Fls. yel-
low, in summer and autumn. The
only species known to be in Ameri-
can trade is
lanugindsus, Gray. Hardy alpine
herb, woolly, 4 in. high, from creep-
ing rootstocks : Ivs. soft, nurn»wly
spatulate, or upper linear, 1-2 in.
long : rays l.")-2(t. Mts. of Wash.
and Mont. Int. 1889, bv F H. Hors-
ford.
A. ericoidfs. Hook. & Am. Shnib, 2-.")
ft. high : Ivs. verj- numerous, filiform,
those of the dense fascicles 2 or 'A lines
long: tls.very numerous. O.C. III. 20: 301.
APCCYNUM (Greek for dog-bane).
Apo<:y}ti)ie(e. Doo-bane. Inhan
Hemp. Tough perennial herbs, chiefly
of N. Temp, zone, with oblong or
ovate opposite Ivs., milkw. d-likefls.
in small cymes, and slender follicles
or pods. About 25 species, 3 or 4 native
to N. Amer.
androssBinifdlium, Linn. Three ft.
or less high, usually glabrous, the
branches spreading : lobes of corolla
revolute and tube of corolla longer
than the calyx : Ivs. oval or ovate,
short'petioled: cjTnes loose: fls. bell-
like, white or pink. N. states : com-
mon. B.M. 280. D. 189.-Sold by
dealers in native plants. Useful for
the hardy border.
cacn&binum, Linn. Branches erect
or nearly so: lobes of corolla nearly
erect, the tube not longer than calyx:
Ivs. ovate to lance-oblong, short-
petioled : cymes dense: Hs. greenish
white. N. states: common.— Not
known to be in the trade, but apt to
be confounded with the above.
APONOGfiTON (Greek uame, re-
ferring to its habitat in the water).
Naiaudcece. About 20 tropical or sub-
tropical water plants. Fls. in twin
terminal spikes, wholly naked, but
subtended by a double row of petal-
like bracts.
dist&chyum, Thunb. Cape Pond-weed. Water Haw-
THOKN (from the fragrance i. Forked spikes 4-8 in. long,
■with several pairs of pure white bracts, borne on the
emersed ends of long scapes : fls. very fragrant, with
purple anthers : Ivs. with very long petioles, the blade
floating, oblong-lanceolate, round-based, parallel-veined,
3-G in. long. Cape of Good Hope. B.M. 1293. F.R.
1:463, P.G. 4: lOH. — A charming ai.d interesting plant.
In a protected pool, especially if it can be covered in
winter, the plant is hardy in the N., blooming nearly all
summer. Removed to tubs in the fall, it blooms nearly
all winter ; or it can be grown permanently in tubs or
deep pans in the house. Requires about 2 ft. of ■^ater,
103. Fniit of Aplec-
trum hyemale.
Nearly natural size.
or ont-of -doors It may have twice that depth. Prop,
chiefly by seeds, but fls. should be pollinated and kept
above water at least 24 hours afterwards, an<l set-ds not
be allowed to become dry. Var. La^^ngei, Hort. i j.
Lagriitvjfi, Hort.), is a rare and beautiful variety, with
violet bracts and Ivs. violet beneath. It props, slowlv
R.H. 189.'):. 380. l H. b''
APPLE. RosiieefP. The apple is native to .«!0uth\ve>tern
Asia and adjacent Europe. It has been cultivated from
time immemorial. Charred remains of the fniit are found
in the prehistoric lake dwellings of Switzerland. Now
widely cultivated and immensely variable, it is grown
in every temperate climate, and is the most important
commerci;il pomological fruit.
The apple has come from two original stems. All the
common apples are modiflcations of Ptp-im Jfahin (r<e"
Pyrus), a low round-headed tree, with thick and fuzzy,
irregularly dentate, short-stemme Heaves and fairly com-
pact clusters of woollystemme(i flowers. The crab-
apples nre derived from Pyrus baccata, commonly known
as the Siberian crab. This species is probably- of more
northern oreasternorigiiithantheother. It is of smoother
and more wiry growth, with narrower atul tliinner es-
sentially glabrous long-stemmed leaves, and more open
clusters • f glabrous->tenmied flowers. The fruit i s small
and hard, and tbecalyxlobes fall at maturity, leavingthe
ey" or basin of the fruit smooth and plain. Hybrids be-
tween these species have given the race of large-fruited
104. A ten -year-old Nebraska apple orchard.
The trunks are protected from the sun by board jackets.
crab-apples, of which the Transcendent and Hyslop are
examples. This race is known to botanists as Pyrus
prunifolia. Certain apples are native to North America.
Two species, pyrus Joaisis and P. corona ria, are of in-
terest to the pomologist. Tbe former is the prairie-
states crab, and is the more promising. In characters of
growth, leaves and flowers, it bears a striking resem-
blance to forms of Pyrus Mnlus. The fruit is spherical
or spherical-oblong, short-stemmed, very hard, and re-
mains green-colored. The fruit of the eastern-stn *
crab, Pyrus coronaria, is distinctly flattened endwise,
and is long-stemmed. The leaves are deep-cut and often
three-lobed. There are no improved varieties of this
eastern species, and no authentic hybrids between it and
the common apples. The fruit is sometimes used by set-
tlers, but it has little comestible value. Pyrus lofusis
has produced a number of promising hybrids with the
common apple, and this mongrel race is known as Pyrus
Souhtrdi. The Soulard crab is the best known of these.
Its value lies only in its extreme hardiness. The pomo-
logical value of the u.itive crabs is prospective. For a
completer pcccunt of the native apples, see Bailey, Evo-
lution of our Native Fruits.
The most perfect apple region of this country—consid-
ering nroductiveness, quality, long-keeping attributes,
longevity of tree — is that whicb begins with Nova Scotia
and extends to the west and southwest to Lake Michigan.
Other important regions are the Piedmont country of
Virginia and the highlands of adjacent states, ihe Plains
regions, the Ozark and Arkansas region, and the Pacific
-•X-^r-
APPLE
APPLE
77
reeion the last comprising the foothills in California and
the country to the northward. All parts of the United
Statt'H north of Florida and the Gulf borders, and exclud-
ing tlie warra-teraperate parts of the Southwest and the
Paoinc coast, are adapted to the apple in greater or lesser
decree. North America is the leading apple-^rowinff
country of the world. A full crop for the United States
and Canada, of all kinds and grades, is probably not less
than 100,000,000 barrels. The apple is a cosmopolitan
fruit ; and since it thrives almost anywhere, it is com-
monlv neglected. The plants which are most difficult to
cultivate are tne ones which are best cultivate<l.
The apple was early introduced into this country. In
the early days it was prized chiefly for cider. It is an
anrient and common notion that any apple is good enough
for citler ; and this is one reason for the neglect in which
the api'Ie plantation is commonly allowed to stand. The
best results in apple-growinjr are to be expected when
the land i-t tilled. The reasons for tilling the orchard are
those which apply to other crops,— to make plant-food
availalde, to extend the area in which the roots can grow,
to conserve moisture. It is especially important, in our
hot an<l sunny country, that the roots extend deep enough
to escape the disastrous effects of drou.lit. The ideal
treatment of orchard land is to fit the groi id deep before
the trees are planted, to plow deep for a year or two or
three in order to force the roots down and to thoroughly
ameliorate the soil , and to practice shallow tillage in order
to conserve moisture. (See Tillage.) Since trees make
105. A eood New York apple orchard at 23 years.
most of their growth early in the season, the tillage should
be l)eguu as soou as the land is fit in spring; and it may be
discontinued by midsummer or August. This cessation
of the tillage allows of the growing of some cover crop
or catch crop (see Cover Crops) late in the peason, in
order to secure humus and to improve the physical tex-
ture of the soil. If the land is v.'ell handled in the first
few years, it will not be necessary to turn a furrow in the
orchard thereafter, but merely to loosen the surface in
the spring with a spading harrow, spring-tooth harrow,
or other tool, in order to reestablish the surface mulch.
The only reasons for turning a furrow will occur when
the land is so hard that the surface tools cannot mellow
the surface, or when it is desirable to turn under a green-
manure crop. Even hard lands may be got in such con-
dition, by means of tillage and green-manures, that they
may be worked up with harrow tools when the orchard
comes into bearing. Plowing the orchard, therefore, has
two legitimate objects : tc mellow and ameliorate the
lan<l to aconsiderable depth, so that the roots may forage
deep ; to turn under a cover crop. The former purpose
should not be necessary after the first few plowings. An
incidental object of plowing is to facilitate the making
of the annual surface mulch ; and this mulch is to save
the moisture.
The apple thrives in a variety of soils, but it is most
productive and longest-lived on land which has a con-
siderable original admixture of clay : that is, in a clay
loam. Lands which yield good crops of wheat and corn
may be expected to be good apple lands, if other condi-
tions are right. Rolling, inclined, or somewhat elevated
lands are generally considered to be most desirable.
Apple badly attacked by
the scab.
Their value lies in the better drainage of water and air.
The trees may be set in either fall or spring. Forty feet
apart each way is the 8tan<lurd distance for apple trees ;
but some varieties, as the Wag-
ener and the crabs, may be set
closer. In the South and on the
Plains, trees may be set closer,
as they do not attain such great
size as in the northeastern
states. In general, it is best to
devote the land to apples alone;
but persons who are willing to
give the plantation the best of
care may plant other trees _
between the apples, as fill- "
ers. The more diverse the
kinds of trees which are
planted together, the more
diffi'nik it is to give the
proper care to each. Some
of the shorter-lived varieties of apples make excellent
fillers in the apple orchard ; and in special cases dwarf
apples may be used.
It should be the general purpose to till the apple
orchard throughout its life ; but whenever the trees seem
to be arrowing too ra{»idly, the plantation may be seeded
down for a time. That is, tillage is the general practice;
seeding-down is the special practice. For the first few
years, annual crops may be grown in the apple orchard;
it)ut every year a more generous open space should be
left about "the trees. Till as often as the land becomes
crusted or baked. On strong soils which are well han-
dled, it is rarely necessary to apply concentrated fertil-
izers until the trees are old enough to bear. What fer-
tilizers are then needed, and bow much to apply, are to
be determined by the behavior of the trees. If the trees
ure making insufficient growt-h, and the foliage lacks
color, one or all of three things may be the trouble : the
trees may need water ; they may be suffering ^rom in-
sects or disease ; they may lack nitrogen. If it is thought
that they lack nitrogen, tliis material may be supplied in
the form of nitrate of soda, sulfate of ammonia, or the
unl>urned animal substances, as blood and tankage. Two
to three hundred pounds to the acre of th ^ nitrate of soda
or sulfate of ammonia are liberal applications on well-
tilled lands. If the trees are making vigorous grow^th,
the probability is that ihey are not in need of more nitro-
gen. Potash and phosphoric acid may then be applied.
Three hundred pounds of muriate cf potash, or other
concentrated material, should be sufficient for an acre,
under ordinary conditions. As a rule, all orchards tn
full bearing should have a liberal annual application of
fertilizing materials. In the East, apple trees should be
in profitable bearing at 10 years from planting, and
should continue in that condition for 30 years.
The two staple enemies of the apple are the apple-
worm (the larva of the codlin-moth ) , and the apple-scab
(Fig. 10(5). These are readily held in check by spraying,
— with arsenical poisons for the worm, and with Bor-
deaux mixture for the scab. (See Spraying,) Spraying
for the worm should be performed as soon as the last
107. Ready for the first seneral spraying.
petals fall ; for the scab as soon as the buds are well
burst (Fig. 107). In badly infected regions and on very
susceptible varieties, it may be necessary tc spray first
for the scab before the buds swell. Since there are insects
( as canker- worms, case-bearers, oud-moch) which appear
78
APPLE
APPLESEED
before the flowers open, it is advisable to add Paris jrreen
or other arsenical poison to the Bordeaux mixture jit the
early spraying. The number of times to spray depends
108. Spur and fruit-
bud of apple.
109. One apple t.
a cluster.
upon the thoroughness of the work, the pests to be com-
batted, and the season ; but it is a good rule to expect
to spray with the combined Bordeaux and Paris green
mixture when the buds burst, and again when the petals
have fallen. In the Plains country, less spraying may
be necessary for the fungous diseases.
The apple commonly bears on spurs. The fruit-bud is
distinguished by its greater size (usually somewhat
thicker than its branch), its jjreater width in proportion
to its length, a»-d more conspicuous pubescence. It is
also distinguished by its position. A fruit-bud is shown
in Fig. 108. A fruit-scar is shown near the base of the
branch. If this fruit was borne in 1898, the side branch
grew in 1899, from a bud which came into existence in
1898. If we go back to the spring of 1898, the matter can
be made plain. A cluster of tlowers appeared. One
flower set a fruit (Fig. 109). This apple is at the end of
the branchlet or spur. The spur cannot increase in
length in the same axis. Therefore, a bud appears on
the side (Fig. 110). The fruit absorbs the energies of
the spur. There is little nourishment left for the bud.
The bud awaits Its opportunity ; the following year it
grows into a branchlet and makes a fruit-bud at its end
( Fig. 108) ; and thereby there arises an alternation in
fruit-bearing.
The apple is budded or root-gratted upon common
apple seedlings. These seedlings are usually grown from
110. ShoiArine the side bud wrhich is to continue
the spur the following year.
seeds obtained from cider mills. In the East, budded
trees are preferred. In the West, root-grafted trees are
preferred, largely because own-rooted trees of known
hardiness can be secured. (See Graftage.) In Russia,
seedlings of °ynis baccafa are used as stocks. They
prevent root-killing, and give earlier fruit-bearing. Ap-
pies are dwarfed by working them on various kinds of
Paradise and Doucin stocks. These stocks are merely
naturally dwarf forms of the common apple, and which.
in some remote time, have originated from seeds. Dwarf
apples are much grown in Europe, where small-area cul-
tivation and wall-training are common, but they are lit-
tle known in America. Apple trees are i^sually planted
when two or three years old.
The varieties of apple trees actually ou sale in North
America in any year are not far from 1,000 kinds. Each
great geographical area has varieties which are particu-
larly adapted to it. In the northern Mississippi valley,
there are few of the eastern-states apples which thrive.
Varieties have been introduced from Russia with the
expectation that they will be adapted to the region ; but
more is to be expected of their progeny than of them-
selves. Varieties of local origin, coming from various
stem types, are now providing that country with satis-
factory apples. In the selection of varieties, one should
be guided by this adaptation to the region, and by the pur-
pose for which the fruit is designed to be grown. Con-
sult the recom-
mended lists of
the state horti-
cultural socie-
ties ; ask per-
sons who have
had experience
in the given re-
gion ; write to
the experiment
station; enquire
at the markets.
The leading
commercial va-
rieties in North
America are Al-
bemarle Pippin,
American Gol-
den Russet, As-
traehan, Baldwin, Ben Davis, Blue Pearniain, Duchess
of Oldenburg, Fameuse, Gilliflower, Gravenstein, Janet,
King, Lawver. Maiden's Blush, Missouri Pippin, New-
town Pipp'-i, Northern Spy, Peck's Pleasant, Pennock,
Rhode Island Greening, Rome
Beauty, Shocklev, Twenty Ounce,
Wealthy,Willow Twier. Wolf River,
York Imperial. See Plate I. Bald-
win and Ben Davis, the former of
inferior quality and the latter of
worse, hold the supremacy in
American market apples. The
apples of the eastern and central
country tend towards flattened or
oblate shapes (Fig. 111). The typi-
cal form of the sc-called long or
conical American apple may be
seen in Fig. 110. The apples of
Europe are often distinctly attenuated and ribbed at the
apex (Fig. 112); and this form is also accented in the
regions beyond the Rockies.
Three books devoted wholly to the apple have ap-
peared in North America: Warder, Apples, 1807 (the
best) ; Todd, Apple Culturist, 1871 ; Bailey, Field Notes
on Apple Culture, 1886. Consult, also, Vol. 25, Nebraska
State Horticultural Society, 1894 ; The Apole, a report
of the Kansas State Horticultural Society, 1898. Nearly
all the fruit manuals devote space to the apple.
L. H. B.
AFFL£SE£D, JCZNNY. An interesting and eccen-
tric character, who sowed apple seeds in the wilds of
Ohio and Indiana between 1801 and 1847. His real name
was Jonathan Chapman. He was bom in Boston in
177.5, and died in 1847. For 46 years he walked bare-
foot through the wilderness, and was never harmed by
snakes, wild animals, or Indians. He was often clad in
a coflfee-sack, in which he made holes for the arms and
legs. He would never kill any creature, and considered
pruning and grafting wicked. Swedenborg and the
111. The flat or oblate American apple.
112, An Irish apple.
APPLESEFD
APRICOT
79
113. Apricot leaves.
P. Mume on left ,
P. Armeniaca on rifeht.
New Testament he read aloud in many frontier log
cabins He had many peculiarities, but was always
welcomed and re; pected everywhere. In the war of
1812 he saved maiy lives by warning the settlers of
HuH's surrender &nd the approach of the Indians. He
lived to see trees bearing fruit over a territory of
100 000 acres. The story of this self-sacrificing: and
useful man is told by W. D. Haley in Harper's,
4;'}: 830-836 (1871). W. M.
APRICOT. Roshceoe. The apricot is a fruit some-
what intermediate between the peach and the plum.
The tree is a round-headed, spreading grower, with
dark, somewhat peach-like bark, and ver> broad or al-
most circular leaves. The fruit, which generally ripens
in advance of ix)th the peach and plum, is peach-like in
shape and color, with a smoother skin, rich, yellow flesh
and large, flat, .mooth stone. The
flesh is commonly less juicy than
that of the peach, and, as a rule,
perhaps, of higher quality. The
apricots are of three species, all
probably native of China or Japan.
The common apricot of Europe
and America is Prunus Armeni-
aca: fr. variable, but smooti at
maturity, red or yellow, the sveet
and Ann flesh free, or very ne.irly
so, from the large, smooth, flat
stone : tree with a round, spread-
ing top, and a reddish, cherry-like
orpeaca-likebark: lvs.{Fig. 113,
right ) ovate or round -ovate, with
a short point and, sometimes a
heart-shaped base, thin and bright green, smooth, or
very nearly so below, as are the gland-bearing stalks, the
margins rather obtusely and mostly finely serrate : fls.
pink-white and borne singly , sessile or very nearly so,
preceding the leaves (Fig. IIG). The Russian apricot
is a hardy but smaller-fruited race of this species. The
Japanese apricot, in Japan grovvr for flowers rather
than for fruit, is Pntnus Mume : fr. small, yellowish or
greenish, the flesh rather hard and dry, and adhering
tightly to the pitted stone : Lree like the common apricot,
but with a ^&yKCOT greener bark and duller f'^liage :
Ivs. grayish green, generasly narrower (Fig. 113, left)
and long-pointed, more or k-ss hairj' along the veins be-
low and on the shorter mostly glandless stalk, thick in
texture and prominently netted beneath : fls. fragrant,
borne singly or in 2's, and sessile (without stalks).
Only recently introduced into this country, chiefly under
the iiame of Bungoume plum. The third species is the
purple or black apricot, Prunus dasycarpa, which is
little cultivated : fr. globular and somewhat plum-like,
with a distinct stem, pubescent or fuzzy even at ma-
turity, dul] dark purple, the sourish, soft flesh clinging
to the plum-like fuzzy stone : tree round-headed, with
much the habil of the common apricot, with Ivs. ovate
and more or less tapering at both ends, thin, dull green,
on slender and pubescent mostly glandless stalks, finely
apf)ressed-serrate, and hairy on the veins below : fls.
large and plum-like, blush, solitary or in 2's, on pubes-
cent stalks a half inch or more long, and appearing in
advance of the leaves. See Prunus for related species.
The apricot-plum, Prunus Simonii, is discussed under
Plum,
The apricot is as hardy as the peach, and it thrives in
the same localities and under the same general cultiv-a-
tion and treatment, but demands rather strong soil. It
is grown commercially in New York and other eastern
states. There are three chief reasons why the apricot
has remained in comparative obscurity in the East :
Ignorance of the fruit ; loss of crop by spring frosts,
because of the very early season of blooming of the
apricot ; the fondness of the curculio for the fruit. To
these may be added the fact that we have not yet ar-
rived at an understanding of the best stocks upon which
to bud the apricot ; but this difliculty may be expected to
disappear as soon as greater attention is given to the
fruit and our nurserjnnen begin to propagate it exten-
sively. Aside from the above difficulties, there are prob-
ably no reas(ms why apricots should not be grown in the
East as easily »« plums or peaches. The varieties of
apricots which are chiefly prized in the eastern states
are Harris, Early Moorpark, and St. Ambroise for early ;
Turkish or Roman (Fig. 114), Montgamet, Royal and
Moorpark for mid-season and late. Of the Russian race,
the best known are Alexander, Gibb, Budd, Alexis,
Nicholas, and Catherine.
The ideal soil for the apricot seems to be one which
is deep and dry, and of a loamy or gravelly character.
The rolling loamy lands which are well adapted to apples
seem to be well suited to the apricot, if the eicposure
and location are right. The apricot seems to be particu-
larly impatient of wet feet, and many of the failures are
due to retentive subsoils. Particular attention should
be given to the location and exposure of the apricot
orchard. In the East, the best results are obtained if
the plantation stands upon elevated land near a large
body of water, for there the spring frosts are not so
serious as elsewhere. Generally, a somewhat backward
exposure, if it can be obtained, is desirable, in order to
retard blooming. Apricots will be sure to fail in frosty
localities. The apricot should always be given clean
culture. For the first two or three years some hued
crop may be grown between the trees, but after that
the trees should be allowed the entire land, particu-
larly if set less than 20 feet apart. Cultivation should
be stopped late in summer or early in the fall, in order
to allow the wood to mature thoroughly. The trees are
pruned in essentially the same way as plums. The fruit-
buds are borne both upon spurs (two ax-e shown in Fig.
115), and also on the wood of the last season's grrowth,
on either side of the leaf -bud, as shown in the twin and
triplet buds above a in Fig. 115. Each bud contains a
single naked flower (Fig. IIG). As the fruit b( gins to
swell, the calyx-ring is forced off over the top (Fig. 117) ;
and the injury from curculio may then be expected.
When grown under the best conditions, the anricot
may be considered to be nearly or quite as prodr.cti'/e
as the peach. Like other fruit trees, it bears in alter-
nate years, unless the crops are very heavily thinred;
but it can never be recommended for general or indis-
criminate planting. Only the best fruit-gr(>wers can
succeed with it. Apricots are to be considered as a
dessert or fancy fruit, and, therefore, should be neatly
packed in small and tasty packages. The most serious
enemy of the apricot is the curculio, the same insect
which attacks the plum and peach. It seems to have a
particular fondness ^or the apricot, and as the fruit sets
very early the crop may be expected to be destroyed un-
less the most vigilant means are employed of fighting
the insect. Spraying with arsenical poisons is uncertain.
The insect must be caught by jarring the t-ees, in the
114. Apricot, the Roman (X 3^).
same manner as on plums and peaches, but the work
must be even more thoroughly done than upon those
fruits. The jarring should begin as soon as the blos-
soms fall, and continue as long as the insects are nu-
merous enough to do serious damage. It will usually be
80
APRICOT
APRICOT
necessary to catch the insects for three to six weeks, two
or thr?e times a week, or, perhaps, even every day. The
work must be done early in the morning:, while the cur-
culio is indisposed to fly. The operation consists in
knocking? the insects from the tree by a
quick jar or shake, catching? them upon a
white sheet or in a canvas hopper. The
catcher most commonly used in western New
York is a stront? cloth hopper mounted upon
a wheelbarrow-iike frame, and running upon
two wheels. The hopper converges into a tin
box, into which the curculios roll as they fall
upon the sheet. One man wheels the device,
by barrow-like handles, under the tree, then
drops the handles and jars the tree ; or some-
times two men go with a machine, one wheel-
ing it and the other jarring the trees. This
device ia us d extensively by practical fruit-
growers for catching the curculio on the vari-
ous stone fruits.
It is not yet certain what are the best stocks
for apricots in the East, in commercial or-
chards. It is proV>able that no one stock is
best under all circumstances. The apricot
root itself seems to be impatient of our cold
and wet soils, which are drenched by the drain-
age of winter. It needs a very deep and rich
soil, but it is doubtful if it is safe for the
East. The con mon plum (not myrobalan) is
an excellent stc •■ for plum soils, and the apri-
cot does well either nursery-budded or top-
worked upon it. Peach is probably the com-
monest stock, and, for peach soils, it is prob-
ably the best that can be used. If the apricot
thrives upon various stocks, it is thereby
adapted to many soils.
The apricot is often trained on walls, where
the fruit reaches the highest perfection. Care
should be taken that the wall
does not face to the west or the
south, or the early-forced flowers
may be caught by frost. An over-
hanging cornice will aid greatly
in protecting from frost.
L. H. B.
The Apricot in California.
— The apricot is one of the lead-
ing commercial fruits of Cali-
fornia. It was introduced by the
Mission Fathers, for Vancouver
found it at the Santa Clara Mis-
sion in 1792. However, there is
no relation between this early
introduction and the expansion
which quickly followed the Amer-
ican occupation, because the Mis-
sion Fathers had only seedling fruits, while the early
American planters, shortly before the gold discovery,
introduced the best French and English varieties, and
were delighted to And that these sorts, usually given
some protection in the Old World, grew with surpris-
ing thrift of tree and size of fruit in valley situations
in California in the open air. Upon these facts the apri-
cot rose to wide popularity. The acreage has steadily
increased during the last fifty years, and with particu-
larly swift rate during the last twenty years, until the
number of trees at the present date (1899) is about three
millions, occupying upwards of forty thousand acres of
land. This notable increase, and the present prospect of
much greater extension, is based upon the demand which
has arisen for the fruit in its fresh, canned, dried and
crystallized forms, in all the regions of the United States,
in England and on the Continent, where, by reason of
its superior size and acceptable manner of curing, it has
achieved notable popularity. The year 1897 was the
greatest thus far in amount of dried product realized,
viz.: 80,000,000 pounds. The year 189.T was greatest in
amount of canned product, which reached upwards of
360,000 cases, each containing two dozen 2/^-pound cans.
The shipment of fresh apricots out of California during
the summor of 1897 was 177 carloads.
The chief part of the apricot crop of California is
grown in the interior valleys. In the low places in
115. Fruit- buds of the
apricot.
Borne beside the leaf-
bud, as on the peach,
and also on spurs.
these valleys, however, the fruit is apt to be injured and
sometimes almost wholly destroyed by spring frosts, al-
though the trees make excellent growth. In foothill
situations adjacent to these valleys, there ^s also serious
danger of frost above an elevation of about fifteen hun-
dred feet above sea level, and the tree is rarely planted
for commercial purposes. In southern California the
apricot succeeds both in the coast and interior valleys.
But along the coast northward, excepting the very im-
portant producing regions of the Alameda and Santa
Clara valleys, eastward and southward from the Bay of
San Francisco, the apricot is but little grown, owin^ to
frost troubles. In respect to these, the apricot is some-
what less subject to harm than the almond, but it is
less hardy than the peach, and has, therefore, a much
narrower range of adaptation. The average date of the
blooming of apricot varieties is about two weeks later
than that of the almonds. The apricot is adapted to a
wide range of soils, because to the rather heavy, moist
loams which its own root tolerates, it adds the lighter
tastes of the peach root, upon which it is very largely
propagated. However, attempts to carry the apricot
upon heavier, moister soils by working it upon the plum
root have not been very successful, owing to the dwarf-
ing of the tree; and the movement toward the light, dry
loams, by working upon the almond root, has failed be-
cause the attachment is insecure, and the trees are very
apt to be snapped off at the joining, even though they
may attain bearing age before the mishap occurs. The
apricot root itself is a favorite morsel with rodents, and
is for that reason not largely used. Our mainstay for the
apricot, then, is the peach root, and the soils which this
root enjoys in localities sufficiently frost-free are, there-
fore, to a great extent the measure of our apricot area.
Apricot trees are produced by budding on peach or
apricot seedlings during their first summer's growth in
the nursery row, from pits planted when the ground is
moist and warm, at any time during the preceding win-
ter. When there is a great demand for trees, planting
in orchard is sometimes done with dormant buds, but
ordinarily the trees are allowed to make one summer's
growth in the nursery. The trees branch during the first
year's growth from the bud, and usually come to the
planter with a good choice of low-starting branches, from
which to shape the 1' w-headed tree which is universally
preferred. The method of securing such a tree is iden-
tical with that already described for the almond, but the
t'-eatment of the tree after reaching bearing age, in its
third year, is very different from the after treatment of
the almond. The apricot is a ram-
pant grower and most profuse
bearer. Unless kept continually in
check it will quickly rush out of
reach, and will destroy its low shoots
and spurs by the dense shade of its
thick, beautiful foliage. There is
continually necessary, then, a cer-
tain flegree of thinning of the sur-
plus shoots and shortening of the
new growth to continue the system
of low branching, to relieve the
tree from an excess of bearing
wood, and to avoid small fruit and
exhaustion of the tree, risulting in
alternate years of bearing. In the
coast regions, where the tree makes
moderate wood growth, it can be
kept in good form and bearing by
regular winter pruning. In warmer
regions, where the tendency is to
exuberant wood growth, the main
pruning is done in the summer,
immediately after the fruit is
gathered. This has a tendency to
check wood growth and promote
fruit bearing, and where the main
cutting is done in the summer, win-
ter pruning is reduced to thinning
out shoots, to prevent the tree from becoming too dense
and to lessen the work of hand-thinning of the fruit later
on. In addition, however, to the most intelligent prun-
ing, much fruit must be removed by hand when there
is a heavy st ot it, io order to bring the fruit to a size
116,
Flowers of
apricot.
the
APRICOT
.QUARIUM
81
117. Young apricots
sheddine the rine.
satisfactory to shippers or canners, and to reach he
highest grades, if drying is practiced. California apri-
cot orchards are al". trrown with clean tillage, for the
main purpose of moisture conservation. In regions of
good rainfall and sufficiently
retentive loams no irrigation is
required ; good tillage will suf-
fice for the production of large
fruit and perfection of <'ruit-bud8
for the following year. As the
trees are becoming older and
bearing larger crops the demand
for moisture increases, and the
use of irriL'ition water is grow-
ing. In i! -t places, however,
one irrigatmn is sufficient, and
that is given after fruit gather-
ing, to carry the tree through the
last half of its season's work. In
the regularly irrigated regions of
the state, water i; periodically
applied through the growing sea-
son, in such amount and at such intervals as the local
climate and soils require.
Though probably all the good varieties of the apricot
in the world have been introduced into California during
the last half century, and scores of sele ted seedlings
of local origin have been widely tested, the varieties
which have survived the tests and are now widely grown
are comparatively few in number. Most of the rejected
varieties met this fate because of shy bearing, and those
which now constitute the bulk of the crop are very regu-
lar and full bearers under rational treatment. A local
seedling, the Pringle, was for many years chiefly grown
for the earliest ripening, but this has recently been
largely superseded by another local seedling, the New-
castle, which is of superior size and about as early.
The European varieties. Large Early and Early Golden,
are fine in a few localities where they bear well, and do
better in southern California than elsewhere. The uni-
versal favorite is the Royal ; probably three-fourths of
all the trees in the state are of this variety, though re-
cently the area of the Blenheim has been increasing
largely. The Hemskirk stands next to the Blenheim in
popularity. The Peach is largelv grown in the Sacra-
mento valley. The best apricot grown in California is
the Moorpark ; in size and lusciousness, when well ri-
pened, it heads the list. It is. however, rather shy in
bearing, and is forsaken for this fault in most regions.
It shows the best behavior in the Santa Clara valley, and
is there retained, in spite of frequent lapses, because of
the high prices which it commands at the canneries.
About a dozen other varieties are carried in small num-
ber by the nurserymen to meet limited looal demand*.
Apricots for canning and drying are graded according
to size : Extra, not less than 2% inches in diameter ;
Xo. 1. 2 inches ; No, 2, 1% inches ; No. 3, I inch. The
first tiiiee g-ades must be sound, clean and free from
blemish, anc. No. 3 must be of good merchantable quality.
The shippers and canners require well- colored but only
finu-ripe fruit, beeause both the long rail transportation
and the canning process require it ; soft-ripe fruit will
neither can nor carry. For drying, riper fruit is used,
and yet over-ripeness has to be guarded asainstto avoid
tea dark color. For canning, the fruit must be carefully
hand-picked ; for drying, much is shaken from the
trees. The drying process consists in cutting the fruit
in halves longitudinally, dropping out the pits and plac-
ing the halves cavi>^y uppermost upon light wooden
trays. Breaking or tearing the fruit open ^ill not do ;
it must show clean-cut edges. When the trays are cov-
ered they are placed in a tight compartment, usually
called a "sulfur box," though it may be of considerable
size, and the fruit is exposed to the fumes of slowly
burning sulfur, to ensure its drying to the light golden
color which is most acceptable to the trade. The pro-
duction of the right color is the end in view, and differ-
ent dryers regulate the amount of sulfur and the length
of exposure accordinir to the condition of their fruit and
their judgment of what it needs. The exposure varies
from half an hour to two or three hours, according to
circumstances. After sulfuring, the trays are taken to
open ground, and the fruit is cured in the sun. Only a
very small fraction of the California product of evapo-
rated apricots is cured in an evaporator. It requires about
sis pounds of fresh apricot." to make one pound of cured
fruit.
118. A museum-iar aquarium.
More animal life would make a better equilibriuii..
A moderate estimate of the yield of apricots might be
placed at seven and one-half tons to the acre : extreme
yields are far away from this both ways.
The apricot is, as a rule, a very healthy tree in Cali-
fornia. It is, however, subject to injury by scale insects
of the lecanium group in some parts of the state. Dur-
ing recent years there has been increasing injury by a
shot-hole fungus, which perforates the leaves and niakes
ugly pustules upon the fruit. Such fruit is unfit for
canning except the fruit be peeled, which is little done
as yet. It also makes low-grade dried prodi ct. This
fungus can be repressed by fungicides of the copper
*^^*^^' EdwAKD J. WiCKSOK.
AQUABIUM. An aquarium, to be in a healthy condi-
tion, should contain living plants — oxyj^enators — which
are as necessary as food, as fish cannot live on food only.
The aquarium must be kept clean. The sediment should
be removed from the bottom with a dip tube twice a
week, and the inner side of the glass cleaned with a
wiper once a week. Encourage the growth of the plants
at all seasons ; admit plenty of light, but no direct sun-
shine. There should also be a few tadpoles and snails
in the aquarium. These are very essential, as they are
scavengers, and devour the confervoid growth that fre-
quently accumulates on the plants. In fall, give a thor-
ough cleaning and rearrangenient of the aqimrium, so
that all are in the best condition possible before winter
sets in. In March
it should be care-
fully looked over,
and undesirable
plants removed or
transplanted. Ad-
ditions may be
made,or any change
if necessary. Fol-
lowing are some of
the best p4ants to
place in the aqua-
rium, all of which
can be easily and
cheaply procured
from dealers who 119. A rectangular glass aquarium,
make a specialty of
aquatics : Cnbomha viridifoJia {C. Carnliniana), the
Fanwort (sometimes called Washington Fish (trass,
being found in quantities in D.C. and southward), is
82
AQUARIUM
AQUATI.
IVt. Permanent aquariurn tnad«
of MTood and 2lass.
a most beautiful and interesting plant of a light green
color. The leaf is fan-shaped, composed of tilameut.s
or ribs, much like a skeletonized leaf. Ludwigia Mu-
lerttii is also a beautiful plant, aa well as a valuable
oxygenator, having dark green, glossy foliage, the
under side of the leaf bright red. Vallisneria gpiralis
is the well known
eel grass : Lvs. strap-
like : root creeping
and spreading: tit^.
strictly dicBcious :
a very interesting
plant in large aqua-
riums. Sagittnria
nufans somewhat re-
sembles Vallisaeria,
but tiie lvs. are wider
and x\ot so long, of a
bright green color,
and it makes better
growth in winter,
wL'^h is ve"y desirable. Myriophyllut.i verticillafum :
lvs. pinnately parted into capillary divisions ; foliage
and stem of a bronzy green color. This, with M. hete-
rophyllitm, as well as Cabomba, are sold by dealers in
bunches, buc establislied plants are preferablo for stock-
ing the aquarium. The above plants are wholly sub-
merged, growing under the surface of the water, and
are of the most importance in the aquarium. Another
submerged plant that does not require planting, and
is sometimes used, is Strntiotes aloides, the water
soldier or water aloe. The young plants are very
pretty, but the large plants are stiff and the edges of
the lvs. are dangerous, being armed with spines. Nu-
merous floating plants are adapted to the aquarium,
but too many must not be in evidence, or tht; fish may
become suffocated. The Azollas are very pretty, and the
flsh will occasionally eat the plants. Tne Salvinia is
another small plant often seen in the aquarium, but
under favorable conditions it grows very rapidly, and
forms a complete mat, wliich must be avoided. The Eu-
ropean and American frog's-bits (Limnobium Spnngia,
Hydrochuris Morsns-rancp) are very attractire plants,
tlieir long, silky roots reaching down in the water. The
water hyacinth, Eichhornia erassipes, var. major, in a
small state is a curious and pretty plant, but does not
continue long in a good condition, generally resulting
from too much shade and unnat
ural conditions of atmosphere.
This plant is of benefit to the
aquarium in the breeding sea-
son, as the roots are receptacles
for fish spawn. The water
lettuce (Pistio Stratiotes) is
another very attractive plant,
but it should be avoided except
where the water is kept warm.
William Tkicker.
Aquariums are rapidly in-
creasing in popularity for home
use, and are of great service in
nature study. The following
points, together with the illus-
trations, aie taken from Life
in an Aquarium, Teachers'
Leaflet No. 11, published by the
College of Agriculture, Cornell
University, Ithaca, N. Y.: A
permanent aquarium need not
be an expensive affair. The rec-
tangiilar ones are best if large
fishes are to be kept, but they
are not essential. A simple
home-made aquarium of glass
and wood is described in Jack-
man's Nature Study, as follows
(the dimensions being slightly
altered): "Use an inch board
IVA inches wide and 12 inches
long for the bottom^ and two
boards of the same thickness
and length, 10^ inches high,
for the ends. Three-eighths of an ir\o]i from the edge
on either side, with a saw, make a groov.> J^^inch deep
and wide enough to receive loosely double-strength
glass. Groove the end boards and fasten them to the
bottom with screws, so that the grooves will exat-tiy
match. Partially fill the grooves with soft puity. or,
better, aquarium cement, and presa into each side a
pane of glass. By making the bottom board 1 1 % inches
long, an ordinary 10 x 12 window pane will be the proper
size. Whenl'.ie glass is pressed to the bottom of the
groove, draw the two ends in at the top until the glass
is held firmly and then fasten them in place by narrow
strips of wood, one on each side of the tank, placed on
top of the glass and screwed to the end pieces. These
strips also protect the hands from injury while working
with the snecimens in the aquarium. Before filling with
water, the inner surface of the bottom and ends sliould
be well rubbed with oil or parafline and the grooves
inside Ihe glass well packed with putty." After the liox
is nade it would be well to let it stand in water for a
day or two. The woo<len sides will swell and tijjhten
the joints, and leakage will be less probable.
AQUATICS. America is the most highly favored coun-
try in the world for the cultivation of A<iuatic plants.
Collections can easily be Liade t > furnish a disphiy of
flowers from April to October in the open without arti-
ficial heat.
All Aquatics require a rich soil, and this without limit,
a depth of water from 1 to .3 feet, and ample space to
spread their succulent leaves. In a natural pond, where
there is an accumulation of humus overlaying a clayey
subsoil, nothing more is wanted, but on a sandy or
gravelly bottom it is necessary to place a layer of rich soil
12 to IP inches deep. In artificial pon<ls, built of masonry
(Fig. 122), a layer of rich soil is necessary if the plants
are to be planted out, as is best for Nelumbiums. The
soil best suited for Aquatics is a turfy loam, inclining
to heavy, and thoroughly rotted cow-manure, two parts
of the former to one of the latter, and, where possible,
it should be composted some time before using, and
turned over two or three times to thoroughly incorporate
the manure. When cow-manure can not be obtained,
other thoroughly rotte<l manure may be used. The next
best fertilizer is pulverized sheep manure, but, this being
less bulky and stronger in proportion, sho ild not be used
as freely as other manures ; one part sheep manure to
^
«
I ,o^-
L
1
^"
:r>
««
c^^
T>-
SCCTJON ON UNE A-B
121. W^orkins drawines for making: box shown in Fig. 120.
AQUATICS
AQUATICS
83
nine of soil is sufficient. Chemical manures, pround
bone, horn shavings, etc., .should not be used unless in
extrt^iie ca.«ies. and then verj- cautiously.
Depth of Water.— In natural ponds, water-lilies are
f("in(l frrowinjr in water from a few inches to 4 and 6
feei deep, hut in artificial ponds a depth of 12 to 18 inches
will be found sufficient for most Nymphieas, and 18 to 24
inches is a good depth for Victorias. In const.'ucting an
artificial pond, a depth of 2 to 2^ feet is ample. Water
ti» the depth >f 12 iuches abovo the crowns oi: the plants
is sufficient, and a box containing the soil may >^e 12 inches
tleep. Thus a pond 2 feet in depth is deep enough, an'l
will allow a man, with hip V)Oots on, to walk betv,-een the
plants with ease. For a small pond, less than 12 feet
over, a plank laid across will suffice for all operatious.
Pkotection.— Wtiere severe frosts are prevalent 'n
winter, and ice 12 to 18 inches in thickness is found,
there will be danger of the roots freezing. In such cases,
an additional depth of 6 inches will be a great advantage,
and a protecti<m of bracken, salt hay, green manure,
leavt's. or any other non-conducting materials should be
used to protect the masonry, in severe weather, against
expansion and breakage.
Planting. — All hardy Nympha^as may be planted any
time between the 1st of April and the 1st of September.
Those planted early, other things being equal, will give
good results the same season, while those planted late
will get well established before winter, and will be in
excellent condition to start at nature's summons early
the following spring. The hardy Nymphteas diflFer con-
siderably as to rootstocks. Those of the native varie*'"s
are long and of a spong}-, soft texture, and ramblin n
growth, while the European species have a muc' ' u ..er
and very firm rootstock, and grow more com^ . In
planting, all that is necessarj- is to press the r stock
tirmly into the soil, and if there is any dangi r of the
ri)Ot rising to the surface, place a brick or any weight
upon it, to keep it in position until anchored by its own
roots. Tender Nymphaeas shoul-^ rot be planted until
the hitter end cf May or beginning of June, a<*cording to
location. They should not be plant -d out before Coleus,
Alternanthera, and other tender beiiding plants. They
reijuire to be start<'d indoors, and will be grown in
pots, which are much handier to plant than roots of the
hardy varieties, and can be j)lanted under the water with
ease and facility. Nelumbiums should not be planted
until about the 1st of May. Southward the season is
earlier. The existing conditions should be such that
tubers shall start at once into active growth. They should
be alrea<ly "started" before setting out. The" tubers
should be laid horizontally in a slightly excavated trench
aud covered with 2 or .'} inches of soil, using a weight,
if necessary, to keep the tubers in position. Plants,
established in pots or pans, are very convenient for
planting, and may be purchased when tubers can no
lousier be procured, and can be planted a month later in
the season with good results.
The Victoria Jiegia has always been an aristocrat
among water-lilies, and few cultivators could indulge in
such a horticultural luxury. To grow it satisfactorily,
a large surfa<'e space with a greater depth of water is
necessary than for other aquatics, and a higher tempera-
ture is needed at the early stages. It can be cultivated in
the open air, but artificial heat must usually be applied
and protection afforded, so as to maintain a temperature
of 8.")=* F. This applies more particularly to the varieties
I'. Beifia and F. Randi. In 1898 the introducer of >'.
Trickeri brought the Victoria within easy reach and cui'
ture of all lovers of aquatic plants. V. Trickeri is en-
tirely distinc* from other known varieties, and can be
grown in the open alongside of Nymphcea Zamibnrensia
and y. DevonieHHix, and under precisely the same con-
< .'• ■
*"" ^
123. Tub of water-hUes.
m. Lawn pond of aquatics, with mason-work marKin.
ditions. When planted out about the middle of June,
the plants grow rapidly, aud will develop their gigantic
leafage and magnificent flowers in August, and continue
to do so until destroyed by frost.
Enemies.— Aquatics, like other plants, have their ene-
mies in the line of insect pests, though in a less degree
than most plants. Aphides are sometimes troublesome,
or at least very unsightly. These, however, have their
eneniie.1, especially the coccinella (lady-bird), insectiv-
orous birds, etc. Where these do not keep them down,
a weak application of kerosene emulsion will make a
clearance. Another method of getting rid of these pests,
especially in a small artificial pond, where an overflow is
(or should be) provided, is to take the hose with a spray,
using a little force, and drive the i»»^eets off the plants,
and, as they readily float on the water, the action with
tlie hose will drive them out at the overflow pipe. Re-
cently an insect pest that has its iiome in Florida has
migrated northward, causing some annoyance. The larva
of the moth (Hydrocampa proprialis) eats the leaf, and
also cuts out pieces of the same, which it uses for protec-
tion, thereby greatly disfiguring the plant, and at the
same time making it difficult to get at the enemy. The
best remedy for this and the Nelumbium moth, which is
very much like it, is a lamp trap. Any ordinary lamp
placed near the plants at night, and standing in a shal-
low vesessl containing kerosene, will attract the insects,
which, on striking the lamp, fall into the kerosene and
are no further trouble. Muskrats are more or less
troublesome, especially where Nelumbiums are grown.
They will eat the tubers in winter and early spring, and
will make sad havoc with banks. They will also eat the
roots of some Nymphieas. The best remedy for these is
the steel trap. A sporadic disease has also made its ap-
pearance. The leaves are affected with spots, which,
under a damp, warm atmosphere, sprea<l rapidly. Such
climatic conditions, followed by bright sunshine, cause
the affected leaves to shrivel up. This greatly weakens
and chec'ks the plants. This disease yields readily to a
weak s»)lution of Bordeaux mixture. The same remedy
is also very valuable in ridding the pond of all con-
fervoid growth.
Tib Cri.TrKE should be resorted to only from lack of
space, or when no other method can be adopted ( Fig. 12:5 ) .
For this system of culture, N'ymphwas should be selected
that are moderate growers, yet free-flowering, and other
miscellaneous a4}uatic plants. The tubs should hold
from 4 to 12 cubic feet of soil for Nymphceas, according
84
AQUATICS
AQUILEGIA
to the variety, some being moderate growers, others vig-
orous and robust. „, _,
W iLLiAM Thicker.
[The best book on the American culture of Aquatics is
The Water Garden, by Wm. Tricker, N. Y. 1897, pp. 120,
to which the reader is referred for extensive cultural
directions and for lists of Aquatic plants. For l>otanical
descriptiors of the various kinds of Aquatics, with brief,
special cultural directions, the reader may consult the
Cyclopedi V OP American Hoktktltur'e, under the
variotis genera, as yy mphcca , JVelumbium, and Victoria.
-L. H. B.J
AQIJIL£6IA (from aqnih-gus, •watfcr-<irawer, not from
a^ (//('«. eagle). Raniinculticea>. Columbine. Hardy per-
ennial herbs of the northern hemisphere ; mostly with
paniculate branches, terminated by showy flowers, and
l-'i ternately-compourd leaves, commonly glaucous; the
it''
■ill*
124. Aquileeia
Canadensis.
le'\flets roundish and obtusely lobed : fls. large, showy,
usually in spring or early summer ; sepals 5, regular,
petaloid ; petals concave, produced backward between
the sepals, forming a hollow spur ; stamens numerous:
fr. of about 5 many-seeded follicles. About 30 distinct
species. The Columbines are among the most beautiful
and popular of all hardy plants. Seeds sown in pans, in
coldframes in March, or open air in April, occasionally
bloom the first season, but generally the second. The
different species should be some distance apart, if pos-
sible, if pure seed is desired, as the most diverse species
hybridize directly. They may be propatfatod by division,
but better by seeds. Absolutely pure seed is hard to ob-
tain, except from the plants in the wild state; and some
of the mixed forms are quite inferior to the true species
from which they have come. A, ctrrulea, glandulom
and vulgaris are likely to flower only two or three years]
and should be'treated as biennials; but -4. t-ulgari's mav
be kept active for a longer period by transplantimr. A
Gray, Syn. Flora of N. A.,Vol. 1, Part 1, Fasc. 1, pp. 4LM5!
J. G. Baker, A Synopsis of the Aquilegia, in Gard. ("hron
II. 10:19, 7G, 111, 203 (1878). k. C. Davis
A light, sandy soil, moist, with good drainage, <ih<l-
tered, but exposed to sun, is what they prefer. Some vi
the stronger specie*?, when of nearly full-flowering size.
may be transplanted into heavier garden soil, even tieavy
clay, and made to succeed ; but for the rearing of vounlr
seedlings, a light, sandy loam is essential. The seed of
most Columbines is rather .dow in germinating, and it h
necessary to keep the soil moist on top of the ground
until the young plants are up. A coldframe, with medium
heavy cotton covering, is a good place to grow the plants.
The cotton retains sufficient moisture to keep the soil
moist on top, and still a<lmits sufficient circulation of air
to prevent damping-off of the young seedlings. When
large enough, the seedlings may be pricked out into
another frame for a time, or, by shading for a few days
until they get a start, they may be set into the permanent
border, or wherever they are to be placed.
F. H. HORSFORD.
The following is an alphabetical list of the species de-
scribed below : A. alpina, 16 ; atrata, 9 ; atropurpurea,
31iq.,6; «/ro/)«r«rea, Willd., 4; bicolor, 10; blan(la,9;
Buergeriana, 6; ca?rulea, 15; c(Frt<?efl, var. flavescens.a;
Californica, 11; Canadensis, 5; Canadensis, vht. aurea,
13 ; Canadensis, var. fomiosa, 11 ; caryophylloides, 19;
chrysantha. 13; tlabellata, 7; flavescens,o; flavi flora,')-,
fomiosa, 11 Gameriann,10; glandulosa, 17; Jonesii.l;
lactiflora, 3 ; leptoceras, Fisch. & Mey., 8 ; leptoceras,
Nutt., 1.5 ; leptoceras, var. chrysantha, 13 ; longissima,
14 ; macrantha, 15 ; Olympica, 9 ; oxysepala, 2 ; Sibir-
ica, 10 ; Skinneri, 12; jS)t/M n^ri, var. hybrida, 13 ; sped-
osa, 10 ; stellata, 9; Stuarti.18; truncata, 11; viridiflora,
4; vulgaris, 9; Wittmanniana,9.
A. Sepals not more than l^ or %in. long : expanded
fls.l or l%in. in diam.
B. Limb of petal shorter than the sepal.
1. Jdnesii, Perry. True st. very short or almost want-
ing, soft pubescent : tufted root-lvs. 1-2 in. high from
the stout, ascending branches of the rootstock, biter-
uately divided; partial-petioles very short or none; leaf-
lets very crowded: fls. blue; sepals oblong-obtuse, equal-
ing the spurs and twice the length of the petal-limbs
and head of stamens : follicles glabrous, large, nearly
1 in. hmg. ; styles half as long ; peduncles lengthening to
about 3 in. in fr. July. Wyom. and Mont. G.F. 9: 3(J5.
2. oxysepala, Traut. & Mey. Plant 2}4 ft., slightly
pubescent above : radical Ivs. long-petioled, secondary
divisions sessile : sepals blue, ovate-lanceolate, much
exceeding in length the petal limbs, which are 6 lines
long, white, rounded-truncate ; stamens not protruding:
beyond the petal limb : spur knobbed, bent inward,
shorter than petal -limb : follicles pubescent, with styles
their own length. June. Siberia. — In 1898 F. H.Horsford
said : "The flrst to bloom with me, and one of the most
attractive in the list. It is one of the most dwarfed ;
fls. large, blue, yellow and white : it comes so much be-
fore the others that its capsules, as a rule, all fertilize
before any of the other species come into flower." Only
recently introduced.
3. lactifldra, Kar. & Kir. St. IJ^ft. high, glabrous in
the lower part : partial-petioles of root-lvs. 1 J-2-2 in. long;
Ifts. sessile or short-stalked, 1 in. long, many lobes reach-
ing half way down; st.-lvs. petioled and compound: fls.
about 3 to a st. : sepals nearly white or tinged with blue,
over Kin. long, narrow; petal-limb half as long as sepal;
spur ?';iin., slender, nearly straight, not knobbed at tip;
stamens equal in length to the limb. June. Altai Mts.,
Siberia.— A desirable species, but not much used.
BB. Limb of petal about equal to sepal.
4. viridifldra, Pallas. St. 1-lKft. high, finely pubes-
cent throughout, several-fld. : thepartial-petiolesof root-
lvs. 1-2 in. long ; Ifts. sessile or the end one shortly stalked,
AQUILEGIA
AQUILEGIA
85
lobes rather narrow and deep ; lower at.-lvs. petioled,
biternatf : s^^-pals oblong, obtuse, ascenditiK. greenish,
equaliugthe broad, greenish petal-linih. but not rea<-hing
the hea4l of stamens ; spur straight, slender, ^ain. long,
not knobbed: pubescent follicles as short as their styles.
Summer. E. Siberia.— Not so much used as the follow-
ing variety :
Var. atropurptirea, Vilm. {A. atropurpurea , Willd.).
Limbs of ^l.e petals dee] ^'ue or lilae-puritlt-, and the
sepals an<l spur somewhat tinged with the same hue.
B.R. 922.
'.. Canadensis, Linn. Connox CoLrMBiKE of America.
Fi". 1-^- height 1-2 r't. : primary divisions v* .)eti«des
cfl'out-ivs. 1-2 in., having 3 divisions ; 2 or 2 of the st.-
jvs. pt-ioled, bitemate : tls. several to a st. ; sepals yel-
lowish or tintr<< < n the biu-k with red, about ^'ain. long,
not reflexmg ; limb of petals a little shorter, yellowish,
truncate ; spur -^^in. long, nearly straight, knobbv-d at
the end, bright red throughout; stamens much protrud-
ing : follicles ?4in. long, with styles half as long. May-
Julv Stonv banks, etc., east of Rockv Mts. Int. 1890.
B.M. 246. L.B.C. 9: 888. Mn. ,5:21. R.H. 189t>, p. 109.
G W.F. 1. '""icre are some beautiful hybrids of this
and the blue species. Var. nJUia, Hort. Plant 1 ft. high
or less: tls. like the type.
Var. flav^scens, Hook. A pale-lvd. yellow-fld. variety.
Very pretty. Int. 1889. This has often been called A.
fhive.scens^ Wats.; A. e(erulea,\&r. flarescena, Lawson;
and A. flnviflora, Tenney ; A. Canadensis, var. flavi-
flora, Brit. B.M. 6552 B.
6. Buergeriana, Sieb. & Zucc. (.1. atropurpurea ,
Jliq.). More slender than A. vulgaris; 1 ft. high,
finely pubescent toward the top ; branched to form sev-
eral heads, bearing 2-3-petioled, biternate Ivs. ; partial-
petioles of basal Ivs. K-1 in. long, with :5 sessile divis-
ions : fls. yellow, tinted with purple, 1-1 % in. in diam. ;
sepals 54in. long, acute, spreading ; spurs erect, nearly
straight, as long as the limb of petals, and about equal-
ling the sepal ; head of stamens equal to limb in length :
follicles pubescent, ^in. long, style half as long. Early.
Japan. — Brought from St. Petersburg, 1892.
AA. Sepals about 1 in. Jong : expanded fJ. about 2 in.
in diameter.
B. Spurs shorter than the petal-timb. and incurved.
7. flabell^ta, Sieb. & Zucc. Stem 1-lK ft., few-fld. :
partial-petioles of root-lvs. 1 in. or more, lft«. nearly
sessile ; st.-lvs. large and petioled : fls. bright lilac, or
pale purple or white ; sepals 1 in. long, obtuse ; limb of
petal half as long, often white in the lilac-fld. form: spur
shorter than the limb, slender toward the end, much
incurved ; stamens not protruding beyond the petal-
limbs : follicles glabrous. Summer. Japan. R.H. 1890,
p. 109. Var. n4na-&lba, Hort. (var. f lore -alba, Hort.).
Fls. pure white : pluat dwarfish. R.B. 15: 157.
BB. Spur at least as long as petal-limb.
c. Stamens short, not much protruding.
8. leptocdras, Fisch. & Mey. Stem several-fld., about
1 ft. high : partial -petioles of root-lvs. over 1 in., Ifts.
sessile ; st.-lvs. petioled, biternate . fls. violet, with the
tips of the sepals greenish, and tips of the short petal-
limb yellow ; spur slender, slightly curved, Kin. long,
not knobbed ; stamens protruding a little beyond the
limbs of petals : follicles slender, glabrous, nearlv 1 in.
long. Summer. E.Siberia. B.R. 33:04. F.S. 3:290.-
Little used in America.
9. vtagiris, Linn. (A. stelliita, Hort. A. atrdta,
Koch). Common C. of Europe. Stems 1^^2-2 ft. high,
many-rtd., finely pubescent throughout : root-lvs. with
3 partial -petioles l}4-2 in. long, secondary branches
certain, ultimate leaf-lobes shallow and roundish, tex-
ture firm ; lower st.-lvs. petioled and biternate : fls.
violet, furnished with a claw, acute, 1 in. long, half as
wide ; petal-limb ^4in. h)ng, equ^ing the head of sta-
mens : spur about same length, stout, much incurved,
knobbed : follicles densely pubescent, 1 in. long, style
lialf aslong. Summer. Eu., Sib., and naturalized in Am.
Gn. 12, p. 288. Var. fldre-pl^no, Hort. Fls. much dou-
bled, ranging from pure white to deep blue. Here be-
long many horticultural varieties with personal names.
Var. Vervaene^na, Hort. (var. foliia-aureis, Hort. Var.
afroi-ii.lactii. Hort.). Lvs. with yellow variegated lines.
Var. nivea, Baumg. (var. dlba, Hort.). Mijnstead's
White r. Often 2-3 ft. high : a great prof usion of large,
pure white fls. for several weeks in early spring.
Var. Ol^mpica, Baker (A. Olftmpica, Boiss. A.Witt-
manniiina, Hort. A. bldhda. Lem.). A fine variety,
with several large flowers ; sepals light lila(! or bright
purple, 1 in. or more in length ; petal-limb white. I.H.
4:146. R.H. 1890. p. 108.
Var. h^brida, Sims. Mu»*h like the last variety, but
wnth stojt. lilac-p' rple spurs as long as the sepals, only
flight. . incurved. Probablv a hvbrid of A. vulgaris and
A. Canade, sis. P.. M. 1221."
10. Sibirica, Lam. {A. bivolnr. Ehrh. A. Gaiineridna,
Sweet. A. speciosn, iX'.i. Stem \}i-2 ft. high, many-
fld.; often nearly glaI»rous throughout : jiartial-petioles
of root-lvs. 1-2' in., sometimes showing 3 distinct
branches; terminal Ifts. 1 in. or more l)roaU, lobes rather
shallow and rounded ; lower st.-lvs. petioled and biter-
nate : fls. pale or bright lilac-blue ; obloi g sepals fully
1 in. long, sprea<ling or reflexed a little ; petal-limb half
as long, equaling the hea<l of stamens, and often white ;
spur rather stout, ^oin. or more, very much incurved,
Jr even coiled : follicles glabrous, 1 in. lontr. stvle ^8in.
Summer. E. Siberia. S.B.F.U. 11. 1 : 90. Var. fldre-pleno,
Hort. (^-1. birolor, var. flore-pleno, Hort.). Fls. much
doubled by the multiplication of both the limbs and the
spurs.
Var. 8pect4bili8, Baker {A. spectdbilis, Lem.). A
large, bright lilac-fld. var.; petal-limbs tipped yellow.
Amurland. I.H. 11:403,
CO. Stamens long, protruding far beyond the petal-limb.
11. formdsa, Tesch. (A. Canadensis, var. formdsa,
Wats.). Habit as in A. Canadensis ; root-lvs. and st.-
lvs. like that species, but fls. brick red and yellow, or
wholly yellow, and sepals larger, quite twice as long as
petal-limb ; spurs more spreading, somewhat more slen-
der, and often shorter. Mav-Aug. Sitka to Calif, and
E. to the Rockies. Int. 188*1. B.M. 0.')52. F.S. 8:795.
Gt. .12 : 372. R.H. 1896, p. 108. G.C. 18.")4 : 836. Var. h^-
brida, Hort. (A. Californica,x&T. hybrida, Hort.). Fls.
large, with scarlet sepals and yellow petals ; spurs
sprea<ling, long and slender. A supposed hvbrid with
A. chrifsantha. F.M. 1877: 278. Vick's 1: 33 f. 2. Var.
itibra pl^no, Hort. (var. flore-pleno, Hort.). Fls. as in
var. hybrida, but several whorls of petal-limbs. Var.
nana 41ba, Hort. Fls. pale, often nearly white ; plant
not exceeding 1 ft.
Var. tnmciLta, Baker (.4. tmncdfa, Fisch. A. Cali-
fdrnica, Lindl.). Fls. with short, thick spurs and very
small sepals and a small petal-limb. Int. 1881. F. S.
12: 1188 (as A.eximia, Hort.).
12. Skinneri, Hook. Stem 1-2 ft. high, many-fld., gla-
brous : root-lvs. long-petioled, with both primary and
secondarj' divisions long ; Ifts. cordate, 3-parted ; sev-
eral st.-lvs. petioled and biternate : sepals green, keeled,
lanceolate, acute, never much spreading, %-l in. long ;
petal-limb greenish orange, half as long as sepal; spur
brigt red, tapering rapidly, over 1 in. long ; stamens
protruding far beyond the limb : styles 3 : fr., at least
when yoiing, oearing broad, membranous, curled v, ings.
After flowering, the peduncles become erect. Julv-Sept.
Mts. of Nor. Mex. B.M. 3919. P.M.10:lf»0. B.H.4;1.
F.S. 1: 17. Vick's 1:33 f. 5 (poor). -A hun« 'ome plant,
reqxnring a light soil in a sunny border. " flore-
pleno, Hort. Fls. double. Gt. 34:57. Very fine.
BBB. Spurs very long, several times the length of
petal-limb,
13. cbrysantba, Gray '.1. leptoceras, var. chrysdntha,
Hook.). Fig. 125. Height 3-4 ft.: root-lvs. with twice
3-branched petioles, Ifts. biternate ; st.-lvs. several,
petioled : fls. many on the plant. 2-3 in. across ; sepals
pale yellow, tinted claret, spreading horizontally ; petal-
limb deep yellow, shorter than the sepals, an<l nearly as
long as the head of stamens ; spur rather straight, very
slender, divergent, about 2 in. long, descending when
fl. is mature : follicles glabrous. 1 in. long ; style half
aslong. May- Aug. N. Mex. and Ariz. Gn. 10: 198. B.M.
S"-'»
86
AQUILEGIA
AQUILEOIA
6073. Gn.51, p. 385. R.H. 1896: 108. F.R.2:169. Pft.
33:84. G.C. 1873- 1501. F.M.1873:88. Vick's 1 : .{.J f . .{.
F.S. 20: 2108. Var. flav^scens, Hort. ( A . aurea . Junk.
A. Canad^nnix, var. ahrea, Koezl.). Fls. yellow, tinned
with red ; spurs incurved, and shorter than in the type.
Gt. 21:7.34. Var. &lba-pldLa, Hort. (var. gmndiflbra
dlba, Hort. ). Fls. very pale yellow or nearly white, with
two or more whorls of petal-limbs. Int. iwwy. Vick's
12:311. Var. n^na, Hort. (A. leptoceran, var. littsa,
Hort.). Like the type, out plant nlways small, not ex-
ceedJng 134 ft. Var, Jaeschkai^i, Hort. About the same
height as last . fls. lar^., yellow, with red spurs. Thought
to be a hybrid of A. cI.ryseHt.'aX^^kinnrri. hence some-
times called -1. okinneri, "^tt. hybrida, Hort.
14. longlssima, Gray, lall, somewhat pubescent with
silky hairs, or smt thish : . >ot-lvs. biteruatt even in
the petioles ; Ifts. u, "ply lobed and cut, green above,
glaucous beneath ; st.-lvs. similar, petioled : fls. pale
yellow, sepals lanceolate, broadly spreading, 1 in. or
white
ctr
A
lite or yellow. The true form of this is probably A,
ruleaXA.ehrymntha. On. 51, p. .'{8.5. R.H. 189<;- itin'
G. 15: US. Gn. Ifi:iy8. I.H.43: 01 (189G). Var. flore-
pldno, H- ft. Fls. longer and very showy, more or less
doubled t "ward the center.
BB. Spur.i 'neurved and hardly hngf than petallimba.
16. alplna. 'Jnn. (incl. var. .suplrba, Hort.). Fig. 120.
Stem nearly i 't. high, finely pubescent upwards, 2-5-
fld., bearing peti 'ed, biternate Ivs.; partial-petioles of
basal-lvs. 1-2 in. lon^. with 3 nearly sessile division;*,
deeply lobed : expanded fl. \%-2 in. a<-ross, blue, rarely
pale or white ; sepals 1% in. long, half as broad, acute ;
petal-limb 1 alf i... long as sepals, often white; spur
stout, incurved, same length as the limb ; head cf sta-
mens not protruding : follicles pubescent, 1 in. long ;
style much shorter. Mav-June. Switzerland. L.B.t".
7:657. Gn.9: 17.
17. glanduldta, Fisch. Fig. 127. Stem 1-1 V^ ft. high,
125. Aquileeia chrysantha (X /4)-
125. Aauilegia alpina (X ^).
127. Aauilegia elandulosa(X ^4)-
more, the spatulate petals a little shorter, about equal-
ing the head of stamens ; spur with a narrow orifice, 4
in. long or more, always hanging. Distinguished from
A. chrysantha by its longer spur with contracted orifice,
by the narrow petals, and by the late season of flower-
ing. Late July to Oct. 1. Ravines S.W.Texas into Mex.
G.F. 1 : 31.- The seed must be obtained from wild plants,
as those cult, usually fail to produce seed ; hence not
much used.
AAA. Sepals 1'^4-iy^ or even 2 in. long : expanded fls.
2%~S in. in diam.; stamens not protruding.
B. Spurs long and not incurved.
15. caenilea, James (^1. leptoceras, Nutt. A. ma-
crdntha. Hook. & Am.). Stem 1-1 >4 ft., finely pubescent
above, bearing several fls.; lower st.-lvs. large and bi-
ternate ; basal-lvs. with long 3-branched petioles ; Ifts.
3-lobed on secondary stalks : fls. 2 in. across, whitish, but
variously tinted with light blue and yellow; sepals often
blue, oblong, obtuse, twice as long as the petal-limb ;
spurs long, slender, knobbed at the end, rather straight,
but curving outward ; head of stamens equaling the
petals : follicles pubescent, 1 in. long ; style % in. Apr.
-Julv. Lower mt. regions, Montana to N. Mex. B.M.
4407. Gn. 16:198. Mn.6:61. Vick's 1: 33 f. 4. B.M.
5477. F.S. 5: 531. Var. &lba, Hort. Fls. of same size but
entirely white. Int. 1883. Var. htbrida, Hort. Sepals
some shade of blue or pink, or mixed, and petals nearly
glandular pubescent in the upper half^ 1-3 fld. : partial-
petioles of root-lvs. 1-2 in. long, each with 3 distinct
divisions; 1ft. -segments narrow and deep ; st.-lvs. few,
bract-like : fls. large, nodding ; sepals bright lilac-bhie,
ovate, acute, about 1 J4 in. long and half as broad; petal-
limb same color, but tipped and bordered with creamy
white, less than half the length of the sepals, very broad ;
spur very short, J^in., stout, much incurved ; stamens
not protruding : follicles 1 in. long, fe-10 in number,
densely hair>', with short, falcate style. Allied to A. al-
pina, but a taller plant, with shorter spurs, larger fls.,
and a greater numl>er of follicles. May-June. Altai
Mts. of Siberia. B. 5: 219. F.W. 1871 : .3.-)3. (in. 15: 174 ;
45, p. 193. Gt. 289 f. l.-One of the handsomest.
Var. JQC^nda, Fisch. & Lall. Fls. rather smaller than
in the type ; petal-limb white, more truncate at the tip ;
stamens as long as limb. B.R.3.'{:19. F.S. 5: 535.— A
fine variety, with some tendency to double.
18. Sttiarti, Hort. A recorded hybrid of A.glandu-
losa X -1- vulgaris, var. Olympiea. Fls. verj' large acd
beautiful. It very much resembles the latter in form of
sepals and petals, and the former in shape of spurs and
coloration. May-June. Int. 1891. Gn. 34:670.
19. caryophylloldes is a garden name given to some
very mixed forms, with a great variety of colors. Spe-
cial characters seem not to be well fixed.
K. C. Davis.
ARABIS
iSiABlB (Arabia). Cmclf»r(P. Rock-cress. Snmll
mreuuial or annual herls, with white or purple Hs.,
f'T' ,*n mostlv in rockwork. Fls. inoHtly in terminal
[ ;i"9 o*" raceiiu'S, small, but often many, or appearing
for a con-^idcrable per-od of tim*» : siliques lon^, linear,
»lat : stigma 2-1 jbed. In tempe.^ 4tc ..,, -ions, several .la-
tive to this couiitry. ITfinHii/ •. by division; also
by seeds and cuttings, ilardy, r» iring plenty of nuii,
and thriving even in poor soil. '''*ie following four
gpecies are perennials:
A. Fl». purple or roi*e.
morilis, Bertol. {A. rdsea, DC), a foot hlfrh, with a
ratbt-r (l»-nse raceme of pretty tin.: Ivs. oblong, sessile
(the radical ones with a long, narrow base), promineu'ly
and distantly blunt-toothed, sparsely pubescent. Sprin,r
and summer. Italy. B.M. 3240.
AA. Fls. white.
serpyllifdlia, Vill. (A. tii veil is, Guaa.). Tufted, 2-6 in.:
radical ivs. entire or few-toothed, the st. Ivs. small and
gejisile, not clasping : fls. in a short cluster, the calyx as
long as the peduncle, the limb of the petals linear-
oblong and erect. Eu.
tilbida, Stev. (A. Cawcrfsico, Willd.). A few inches
hi>?b, pubescent : lower Ivs. narrow at the base, the up-
per auriculate-claspiug, all angle-toothed near the top :
fls. in a loose raceme, the calyx shorter than the pedicel,
the petal-limb oval and obtuse. Eu. B.M. 204(5. Also a
variegated var. (Gt. 45: 108). — Blooms early, is fragrant,
and is well adapted for rockwork an<l edgings, and for
covering steep banksj.
alplns, Linn. Fls. smaller than in the last, plant only
slightly pubescent and hairy : Ivs. somewhat clasping but
not auriculate, small-toothed nearly or quite the entire
length, thecauline ones pointed. Eu. B.M. 226. — Blooms
very early, and is one of the best rock plants. There is
a dwarf form (nana compacta, Gt. 44:203); also a va-
riegated variety.
A. arenbsa. Scop. Fls. rose varying to white : Ivs. pinnatifid,
those on the st. (leep-toothetl. Eu.— .1. blcpharophi^lla, HiHtk.
& Arn. Fls. lart^e, rose-puri>le : Ivs. sharp-toothe«l, sessile or
Hasping, the niargins hairj'. Calif. B.Sl. 6087.— -4. lurida,
Linn. f. Fls. white : Ivs. shining, olwvate, clasping. There is a
variegated form. En.— .4. t/joWm, Stev. Fls. white : Ivs. pubes-
cent,large-toothed, the lower ones rounded and long-stalketl,
Ea.— ^. petroea. Lam. Fls. white : Ivs. toothe«i, the radical
ones often parted, the st. Ivs. oblong-linear. E\i.— A . pr7ecoT ,
Wald. <& Kit.=A. procurrens.— vl. prodirretig, Wald. & Kit.
Fls. white : Ivs. oiliate, those on the st. entire and sessile, the
others sta!ke<l : stoloniferous. A variegated var. Eu.— .4.
rer/ii, R. lir. Annual, hairy: fls. large, purple: Ivs. oblong-
oviite to round-oblong, the upper ones clasping, rather coarse-
toothed. Eu. B.M. 3331. L H B
ABACE.S. See Aroidete.
ABAGHIS (<Treek, tcifhouf n rachis). Legumindste.
Peanit. (iOobek. Sometimes grown in the economic
house of botanical gardens. The genus has seven spe-
lics, of which six are Brazilian. Fls. 5-7, yellow, in
a dense, axillary, sessile spike. As a hothouse annual,
the seeds of the Goober may be sown in heat, and the
plants potted in sandy loam. For outdoor culture, see
Pfitutif, by which name the plant is commonly known.
hypogoea, Linn. One ft. or less high : Ivs. abruptly
pinnate, with two pairs of leaflets and no tendril. Mn.
7:105. Procumbent.
ARALIA, including Dimorphdnthus (derivation ob-
scure). A r<ili(ice<r. Perennial herbs or shrubs : Ivs. al-
ternate, <leciduous, large, decompound : fls. small,
whitish, in umbels, usually forming large panicles ;
petals and stamens 5: berry, or rather drupe, 2-5-seeded,
black or dark purple, globular, small. Some of the
Aralias are hardy outdoor deciduous herbs and bushes;
others are fine stove plants, botanically unlike the true
^ralias as defined above. Alfred Rehder.
There are about 35 kinds of tender Aralias in cult.
Some of them are of robust growth, and make handsome
specimens for greenhouse and hothouse decoration when
grown to a heitrht of 10 or 12 ft.; others of more deli-
cate and slender growth, such as A. Chahrieri (really
ARALIA
87
an EliBodendron), A. coneinna (see D»Iarbrea), A. ele-
gant is si ma and A. Veitehii, var. gracillima, are most
beautiful as smaller plants, say from 1-3 ft. in height.
These small plants are very beautiful as table pieces,
and are not surpassed in delicate grace and symmetry
by any plants; A. yeitchii,var. gracillima, is one of the
very finest of the dwarfer-growing kinds. The more
robust sorts are usually prop, by cuttings, in the usual
manner, or by ioot cuttings, as Bouvurdias are. The
more delicate varieties, as A. Chahrieri, elegantissinm,
etc., do best when grafted on stronger-growing varie-
t»*»* "ke A. Gullfoylei, A. reticulata (which is an Oreo-
^anax), etc. The slender-growing sorts require light,
rich Si)il, made of equal parts of sandy loam and peat or
leaf-m >1<1. They re<iuire plenty of water and a moist
atmosphere. They are much subject to attacks of scale,
Which may be removed or prevented by frequent care-
ful sponging with a weak solution of seal-oil soap, flr-
♦ree oil, or other like insecticide.
Cult, by Robert Craio.
The glasshouse species are much confused, largely
because some kinds receive trade and provisional
names before the fls. and frs. are known. See Acantho-
pauax for A. Alaximowiczii, pentaphylla, and ricinifo-
lia ; Defarbrea for A. coneinna and A. spectabilis ;
Ehfodendron for A. Chabrierii ; Fatsia for A. Ja-
pnnica, papyrifera, and Sieboldii ; Oreopanax for .-i .
reticulata ; Polyscias for A. latifolia ; Sriadophi/llum
for A. Amboinense. Other related genera are Hepta-
pleurum, Monopanax, Oreopanax, Panax, Pseudopanax.
A. Tender evergreen Aralias, grown only under glass.
(By some regarded as belonging to other genera.)
B. Lvs. digitate.
KerchoveiLiia, Hort. Lvs. the shape of a Ricinus, the
7-1 1 leaflets elliptic-lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, with
undulate and serrate margins and a pale midrib. S.
Sea Islands. Certificated in Eng. in 1881 ((in. 19, p.
457). R.H. 1891, p. 225.-Slender-8temuied, of beautiful
habit.
Veitehii, Hort. Leaflets 9-11, very narrow or almost
filiform, undulate, shining green above and red beneath.
New Caledonia. — One of the best and handsomest spe-
cies. Var. grracillima, Hort. (A.graciDna, Linden, R.H.
1807, p. 38). Leaflets
still narrower, with a
white rib. R.H. 1891,
p. 22G. Gn. 39, p. .565.
Very dfc.sirahle. Origi-
nally described as A.
gracilina ( thin -lined ) ,
which name has been
mistaken for gracil-
lima (very graceful).
eleganti88iina,Veitch.
Peti des mottled with
white: leaflets 7-11, fil-
iform and pendulous.
New Hebrides.— Ex-
cellent.
leptoph^Ua, Hort.
Slender plant : leaflets ijs. Aralla GuiUoyleL
filiform and drooping,
broadened at the extremities, deep green. Australasia.
Regrina, Hort. Graceful : petioles olive, pink and
brown : Ifts. drooping, roundish. New Hebrides.
BB. Lvs. pinnate.
QullfoyIei,Cogn.& March. Fig.128. Leaflets .V7( digi-
tate-like), ovate or oblong, irregularly cut on the edges
or obscurely lobed, white-margined and sometimes gray-
splashed ; St. spotted, erect. New Hebrides. — Rapid
grower, showy, and good for pots.
monstrdsa, Hort. Leaflets 3-7, ovate-acute, deeply and
often oddlv cut, broadlv white-margined, also gray-
spotted : lvs. drooping. 'S. Sea Isl. R.H. 1891, p. 225.
Gn. 39, p. 505.
filicildlia, Moore. Stem erect, purplish, white-spotted:
lvs. fern-like (whence the name); leaflets .3-7 piirs,
lance-oblong and acuminate, long, deeply notch-tootued.
88
ARALIA
AKAUCARIA
deep green and purple ribbed. Polynesia. l.H.23:240.
R.H. IH91. p. 224. On. 39, p. 5»;5.' A.«. 19:;^74.-One
of the best.
I. Ohabri^ri. Hort,; s**p ElaNxJendmn.— /*. eragni folia. So-
lan J ; see Pseudopaimx.— J. longipfa, Hort. Lvs. digitate, the
Itt*. oblong-lanreolate. a<*uminate, wavy. X. Austral.— .1. no-
bilia, Hort. "A theophrastalike plant, with closely packed, bold
foliage, the lvs. oblong ol)ovate-acuminate, undalate at the
margins." Once oflfere<l by Saul.— .1. Oayana, Hort. Like A.
leptophylla. but leaHcts d»»eply bitid, and nenes and veins
brown. S. S. Isl. — .1. quercUuUa, Hort. Leatlet.s ;j, sinuate ; lvs.
opposite. New Britain.— J. rotunda, Hort. Ix'af of a single
orbicular-conlate leaflet or sometimes 3-foliolate, white-toothed.
Polynesia.— A. apectnbiUg, Hort.-=A. filicifolia.— .1. «;>/<^nrfiV/<j-
«t/Mi, Hort. Lvs. pinnate, the leaflets shiny green. NVw (.'ale-
donia. — .4. terndta, Hort. Lvs. opposite, temate or ;Mol)e<l,
the leaflets oblong-lanceolate and sinuate.— .1. Victdrice, Hort.
See Panax. Some of the above probably belong to Ore<.panax
and other genera. r rr o
L. il. r>.
AA. Ilardy or true Aralin.'*.
B. Prickhf ^ihrubs or rarely low tree.'< : lvs. bipinnate,
j?-.> ft. long : utnbel,H M»iwi»roM.s, in a large, broad,
compound panicle : styles diKti>irt.
spindsa, Linn Angelica Tkee. Hercules' Club.
Devils Walking-stick. Stems very prickly, 40 ft.
high : lv8. 1S-2H ft. long, usually prickly above ; Ifts.
ovate, serrate, 2-3 '-a in. long, glaucous and nearly
glabrou.s beneath, mostly distinctly petioled : veins curv-
ing upward before the margin. Aug. J<. .states north to
Tenn. S.S. 5:211. Gn. .'lO. p. 12»J.-The stout, armed
stems, the large lvs., and the enormous clusters of Hs.
give this species a very distinct subtropical appearance.
Not quite hardy north.
Chin^nsis, Linn. {A. Japdnica, Hort. .4. Mand-
ghiirica, Hort.). Chinese Angelica Tkee. Stems less
prickly, 40 ft. : lvs. 2—1 ft. long, usually without prickles :
Ifts. ovate or broad ovate, coarsely serrate or den-
tate, usually pubescent beneath, nearly sessile, 3Vii-<i in.
long ; veins divitiiug before the margin and ending in
the points of the teeth. Aug., Sept. China, Japan. — In
genaral appearance very much like the former species,
but hardier. Nearly hardy north. Grows w^U also in
somewhat dry, rocky or clayey soil. Var. elata. Dipp.
{DimorphdnthHn elatus, Miq.). St. with few prickles :
Ifts. pubescent beneath. The hardiest and most com-
mon form in cult. Var. can^scens, Dipp. (.4. caa^scens,
Sieb. & Zucc). Lvs. often prickly above; Ifts. gla-
brous beneath, except on the veins, dark green above.
More tender. Var. Mandshdrica, Rehder \Dimorphdn-
■j^ ' ■(}
129. Unsymmetrical Araucaria grown from a side shoot.
thus Mandshurieua, Maxim.). St. prickly : Ifts. pu.
bescent only on the veins beneath, more sharply and
densely serrate than the foregoing var., aufl hardier.
There is also a form with variegated lvs. (LH. 33: »i()9),
SB. Cnarmed herbs: styles united at the base,
c. Umbels numerous, in elongated puberulous pani-
cles : 3-10 ft. high.
racemdsa, Linn. Spikenard. Height 3-ti ft.: glabrous,
or slightly pubescent : lvs. (juinatelj- or ternately de-
compound : leaflets cordate, routidish ovate, doubly and
sharply st-rrate, acuminate, usually glabrous beneath.
2-0 in. long : Hs. greenish white. July, Aug. E. X.
Amer. west to Minn, and Mo. B.B. 2: 500.
Califdmica, Wats. Height 8-10 ft.: resembles the
preceding : Ifts. cordate, ovate or oblong-ovate,
shortly acuminate, simply or <loubly serrate : panicle
loose ; umbels fewer, larger, and with more immerous
rays. Calif
cord^ta, Thunb. (A.^dulis. Sieb. & Zucc). Height
4-8 ft.: lvs. ternately or quinately tlecompound, pinnsi
sometimes with 7 Ifts.; Ifts. cordate or rounded at the
base, ovate or oblontr-ovate, abruptly acuminate, un-
equally serrate, pubescent on the veins beneath, 4-8
in. long. Japan. Gt. 13:432 as A.racetnosa,var. ISacha-
lin^n.ii.s. R.H. 1890. p. 55. A.G. 1892, pp. 0. 7.
Cachemirica, Decne. (.1. Cash.neriana, Hort. Saul
1891. A macrophylla, Lindl.). Height 5-8 ft. : lvs,
quinately compound, pinnsp often with 5-9 leaflets ; leaf-
lets usually rounded at the base, oblong-ovate, doubly
serrate, glabrous or bristly on the veins beneath, 4-8 in.
long. Himalayas.
cc. Umbels several or few on slender peduncles ;
pedicels glabrous: 1-3 ft. high.
Llspida, Vent. Bristly Sarsaparilla. Wild Elder.
Height 1-3 ft., usually with short, woody stem, bristly:
lvs. bipinnate ; Ifts. ovate or oval, rounded or nar-
rowed at the base, acute, sharply and irregularly ser-
rate, 1-3 in. long : umbels 3 or more in a loose corymb;
fls. white. June, Julv. From Newfoundland to N. Caro-
lina, west to Minu. and Ind. B.M. 1085. L. B.C. 14:1300.
nudicaolis, Linn. Wild Sarsaparilla. Small
Spikenard, Stemless or nearly so : usually 1 leaf, 1 ft.
high, with 3 quinately pinnate divisions ; Ifts. oval or
ovate, rounded or narrowed at the base, actiminate,
finely serrate, 2-5 in. long : umbels 2 or 3 ; fls. greenish.
May, June, Newfoundland
to N. Carolina, west to Mo.
B.B. 2:506.
A. quin'fUefdlia, Decne. &
Planch. =Panax quinquefolium.
—.4. trifdlia. Decne. & Planch.
= Panax trifolium. (See also
Ginseng.)
Alfred Rehder.
ABAUCABIA (Chilian
name). Couifene, tribe
Arauciirieoe. About 15 spe-
cies of S. Amer. and the
Australian region, grown for
their striking symmetrical
habit and interesting ever-
green foliage. In the S. some
species will thrive in the
open, where the climate is not too dry, but in the N. all
are grown under glass only. Lvs. stiflF, sharp-pointed,
crowded: cones globular or oblong, terminal, hard and
woody, of some species several inches in diameter.
Most of the species become gigantic forest trees in their
native haunts. As here treated, the genus includes Co-
lumbea and Entarta. l. H. B.
There are some 15 Araucarias in cultivation. Most of
these, however, are grown in limited numbers in private
and botanical collections. The kinds most popular in
this country are A. txeelsn and its varieties glauca and
robusta compacta. Of A, ercelsa, probably 2.50.000
pliwits in 5-inch and 6-inch pots are annually sold in the
U. S. These nre nearly all imported in a young state
from Ghent, Belgium, where the propagation and grow-
ing of them is made the leading specialty at many nur-
AKArCARlA
ARAlT.iRIA
89
(M.ries of which there are over TOO in that one city. The
' le of the world has been supplied for many years
fri.m r.hent. Some of the large EnRlish growers have
130. Good specimen of Araucaria excelsa.
bejnin to srrow them in " .derable quantities in the
past five years, but it is i-kely that Ghent will be the
main source of supply frr .nany years to come. A few
are now propagatt d in chis country, and as they grow
easily here, it is likely that the number will be largely
increased in the near future, the high price of labor
being the greatest drawback. The Arati'iiria is the
most elegant and symmetrical evergreen in cultivation,
and for this reason is very popular as an ornamental
plant for home decoration. It is particularly popular at
Ohristnias time, and is then sold in great quantities.
Araucarias are propagated from seed and from cuttings ;
the latter make the most compact and handsome speci-
mens. To make symmetrical specimens, take cut-
tingrs from The leading shoots (see Fig. 129). If used
as bouse jdants, they thrive l>est in a cool room, where
the temperature is not over 60° at night, and they
should be placed near the light. In summer they
grow best if protected by a shading of light laths,
placed about an inch apart, which will admit air and
at the same time break the force of the sun's rays.
They do well in any good potting compost, and should
be shifted about once a year (in the spring) into larger
pots. The cuttings should be planted in light
compost or sand in the fall or during the winter
in a coo! greenhouse, with moderate bottom
h»-at, and will root in about 8 or 10 weeks, after
which they may be potted into small pots. In
addition to A. ercelsa and its variations, the
following attractive species are grown in small quanti-
ties : A. BidwiUii, which, being of a tough and hardy
nature, does remarkably well as a room plant, and it is
hardv in Florida and many of the most southern states;
A. Gohlieana, a very distinct and handsome form, and
rather scarce at present; A . eleijana (a form of A.
Bni-iliuna), an elegant form of dwarf and exceedingly
graceful habit, and a most beautiful table plant.
Cult, by Robert Craig.
A. Li's. {or most of them) airl-like.
excelsa, R. Br. Norfolk Island Pine. Figs. lao.
131,132. Plant light green : branches frondose, the Ivs.
curved and sharp-pointed, rather soft, and densely
placed on the horizontal or drooping branchlets. Nor-
folk Isl. F.R. 2:411. — The commonest species in this
country, being much grown as small pot specimens. A
blue-green form is cult, as A. gUtuca. There is also a
Strong-growing, large variety, with very deep green fo-
liage (A. rohuAta). In its native wilds the tree reaches
a height of over 200 ft. and a diamtter of even 9 or 10
ft. The solid, globular cones are 4 or .'> in. in diam.
F.S. 22: 2:M)4-.'). — An excellent house plant, and keeps
well in » cool room near a window. In summer it may
be used on the veranda, but must be shaded.
Canninghami. Sweet. Plants less formal and sym-
metrical than A.fxeflxa.xXn'^ upper branches ascending
and the lower horizontal : Ivs. stiflf and very sharp-
pointed, straight or nearly so. There is also a glaucous
form {A. glduca); also a weeping form. Austral.,
where it reaches a height of 200 ft., yieldinj; vuiuable
timber and resin. Locally known as Hoop Pine, More-
ton Bay Pine, Colonial Pine, Coorong, Cumburtu,
Coonam.
Codkii, R. Br. (.1. eotnmntiris. Hook.). Branches dis-
posed as in ^1. ejrceUa,hut tree tending to shed the lower
ones : young Ivs. alternate and rather distant, broad
and slightly decurrent at base, slightly curved, mu-
cronate ; adult Ivs. densely imbricated, short and
ovate, obtuse : cones 3-4 in. in diam. and somewhat
longer. New Caledonia, where it reaches a height of 200
ft., making verv straight and imposing shafts. B.M.
4635. A.F. 12: 559. -Named for Captain Cook.
AA. Lvs. broader, usnttUy plane and imbrirated.
BMei, Muell. Leafy branchlets very long : Ivs. oval-
elli{)tic. imbricated, plane or lightly concave, arched to-
wards the branch, nearly or quite obtuse, with a promi-
nent dorsal nerve. Variable at different ages. When
young, the branches are often drooping and the Ivs.
compressed and obscurely i-angled and nearly or quite
subulate (var. pulymnrpha, R.H. 1866. p. 350. There is
a var. com/Jtic^j ). New Caledonia. Reaching 50 ft. in
height. R.H. 1866, p.. M92. and plate. I.H.22:204. The
figure in G.C. 1861 : 868. is .4. Mitelleri, Brongn. &Gris.,
a broader-leaved species.
Goldie^na, Hort. Like A . Rulei, and perhaps a form
of it : Ivs. in whorls, dark green, variable : branches
drooping.
Bidwillii, Hook. Fig. 1.13. Rather narrow in growth,
especially with age, the branches simple : Ivs. in two
rows, lance-ovate and very sharp-pointed, thick, firm
and shining. Austral., where it attains a height of
131. Araucaria excelsa.
A ragged plant, grown with insufficient room and attention.
90
ARAITARIA
ARCHONTOPHa:NIX
133. Araucaria excelsa (X )^).
rM^
133. Araucaria BidwillU (X >i).
150 ft., and is known as Bungn t»un>ra. R.H. 1897. p.
500. U.C III. 15: 4«>.'). Hhowinjf the piueapple-like cont*.
— One of the best and handsomest specie** for pot cul-
ture.
Braziiiilna, A. Rich. Branches verticillate, somewhat
inclined, raised at the end$<, tendin^if to disappear below
as the plant jfrows :
Ivs. alternate. (>l)l()nK-
lanceolate, somewhat
decurrent, much atten-
uated and very j* * p-
pointed, deep Kr^"*".
loosely imbricated :
coue large and nearly
globular. S. Hraz..
reaching a heigitt of
100 ft. F.S. 2\: '2-202 .
A. flagana. Hurt., is
a form with very
numerous branches
and more crowded
and often glaucous
lv8. Var. BidoUiiinn,
Gord., is a more robust
form, with larger and
longer Ivs.
imbricjtta, Pav.
Monkey Puzzle.
Branches generally in
5'8, at first horizontal,
with upward-curving
(sometimes downward-
curving) tips, but fi-
nally becoming much
deflexed, the If. -shin-
gled branchlets in opposite pairs : Ivs. imbricated and
persisting, even on the trunk, ovate-lanceolate, very
stiff and leathery and sharp-pointed, an inch long and
half as wide, bright green on both sides : cone 6-8
in. in diam. Western slope of the Andes in Chile,
reaching a height of 100 ft. F.S. 15: 1577-80. R.H.
1893, p. 153; 1897, pp.271, 319. Gt. 44:115. G.C. III.
21: 238 ; 24: 154. — Hardy in the S. This is the species
which is grown in the open in England and Ireland.
When 25 or 30 ft. high it begins to get ragged.
L. H. B.
Arboriculture. The culture of trees, it is a
generic ttrm, covering the whole subject of the plant-
ing and care of trees. More specific terms are xylvicul-
ture, the planting of woods : orchard-ctiltttre, the plant-
ing of orchards or fruit trees.
Arbutus (ancient Latin name). Erichcefp. Trees or
shrubs : branches smooth and usually red : Ivs. ever-
green, alternate, petiolate : fls. monopetalous, ovate or
globular, white to red, about J'ain. long, in terminal
panicles : fr. a globose, many-seeded berry, granulose
outside, mostly edible. About 10 species in W. N. Amer.,
Mediterranean reg., W. Eu., Canary Isl. Ornamental
trees, with usually smooth red bark and lustrous ever-
green foliage, of great decorative value for parks and
gardens in warm-temperate regions ; especially beautiful
when adorned with the clusters of white fis, or bright
red berries. They grow best in well-drained soil in some-
what sheltered positions not exposed to dry winds. Very
handsome greenhouse shrubs, thriving well in a sandy
compost of peat and leaf soil or light loam. Prop, by
seeds sown in early spring or in fall, or by cuttings from
mature wood in fall, placed in sandy peat soil under
glass; they root but slowly. Increased also by budding
or grafting, usually veneer-grafting, if seedlings of one
of the species can be had for stock. Layers usually
take two years to root.
A. Panicles short, nodding : Ivs. usually serrate.
Unddo, Linn. Strawberry Tree. From 8-15 ft.:
Ivs. cuneate, oblong or oblong-lanceolate, 2-3 in. long,
glabrous, green beneath : fls. white or red, ovate : fr.
scarlet, warty, %in. broad. Sept. -Dec. S. Eu., Ireland.
L.B.C. 2:123. Var. integr^rrima, Sims. Lvs. entire.
B.M. 2319. Var. rtibra, Ait., and var. Crodmi, Hort.
(On. .1.1. p. .120), have red fls, — Very beautiful 'nauturnn.
when the tree bears its large, scarlet fruits aud at the
same time its white or rosy fls.
AA. Panicles erect: Ivg. usually entire.
Minzieii, Pursh. Maphona. Occasionally 100 ft. high:
trunk with dark reddish brown bark : lvs. rounded or
slightly cordate at tlie base, oval or oblong, 3-4 in. lonu.
glabrous, glaucous beneath : fls. white, in 5-0 in. loni;
panicles : fr. bright orange-red, J'sin. long. Sprinir.
W. li. Amer. B.R. 21:17.53, as A. prdrera, Doijjfi.
S.S. 5:2.1. P.M. 2:147. G.F. 3:515 ; 5. 151. Mn.:{:h5.
— The hardiest and probably the handsomest specie*
of the genus ; it stands many degrees of frost.
Ariz6nica, Sarg. (A. Xalap^nsis, var. Ariz/mira,
Gray). Tree, 40-50 ft. : trunk w^ith light gray or nearly
white bark : lvs. usually cuneate at the base, oblong-
lanceolate, IJ3-3 in. lonj,, glabrous, pale beneath : tls.
white, in loose, broad panicles 2-3 in. long : fr. globo!*e
or oblong, dark orange-red. Spring. Ariz. G.F. 4: 318.
S.S. 5: 233. — The contrast between the white bark of the
trunk, the red branches, and the pale green foliage
makes a very pleasant effect*: fr. and fls. are also very
decorative.
A. Andrdchiif, Linn. From 10-30 ft.: lvs. oval-oblong, usu-
ally entire, yellowiali (jreen beneath : fls. yellowish white : fr.
bright reil. (ireece. Orient. B.M. 2024, B.R. 2:li:j.— ^.a/jdrafA-
noideg. Link (A. Andrat'hne X Unedo. A. hybrida. Ker. A.
serratifolia, Ixxld.). Lvs. serrate: panicles drooping; fls.
white. B.R.8:611). L.B.C.6:.'>80.— .1. Ca;janVn*««, Limil. Height
10-30 ft. : lvs. oblong-laneeolate, serrate, gl.-iucous Vteneath :
panicles erect ; fls. greenish white. Canary Isl, B.M. 157T.—
.4. densiflora, HBK, Height 20 ft,: lvs. oblong or ovate, ser-
rate, downy beneath : fls, whit'*. Mex.— A, hybrida, Ker. =.\.
arachnoides.— J. laurifblia. Hi. jk,= A. Menziesi.— .4. laurith-
lia, Lindl.= A. Xalapensis.- A. indlUs, HBK. Shrub or small
tree : lvs. oblong, serrate, pubescent beneath : fls. white, often
tingetl greenish red. Mex. B.M. 4o95.— A. pt7d«a, Grah.= Per-
nettya pilosa.- .4. procera, Dongl.= A. Menziesi.— .4. serratHh-
lia, Lodd., not Sj.lisb.='A. andrachnoides.— -1. Texana, Buckl.
^.A.. Xalapensis.— .t. tomentbsa, Pursh.= Arctostaphylos to-
mentosa.— .4. Ura-l'rsi, Linn.= An'tostaphylos I va-Vrsi.— J.
A'rt/a/»r/i»M.HBK. (A.laurifolia, Lindl.). Height IKJOft.: lvs.
oval or ovate-lanceolate, entire or crenntely 8err.ite, glahrons
or downy heneath : fls. r?<l(lish ; corolla abruptly contracted
above the middle. Mex., Tex. S.S, 5:232. B.R. 2.-.. 67.
Alfred Rehder,
ARBUTUS, TRAILING. See Epigcea.
ABCHANG£LICA (Greek, chief angel, from fancied
medicinal virtues I. L'mbfllifene. A few strong-smell-
ing coarse herbs closely allied to Angelica, but diflferin?
in technical characters associated with the oil-tubes in
the fruit.
officinalis, HofTm, A European and Asian biennial or
perenui:*], known also as Angelica Archangelica. Stout
herb, with ternately decompound lvs. and large unihels
of small fls. The stems and ribs of the lvs. were once
blanched and eaten, after the manner of celery, and
they are still used in the making of sweetmeats. Little
known in this country, although it is offered by Ameri-
can dealers. Its chief value to us is its large foliaee.
Seeds may be sown in the fall as soon as ripe, or the
following spring,
ARCHONTOPH(ENIX (Greek, majestic phcenir). Pal-
mAcetr, trihe .1 reci'p. Tall, spineless palms, w ith stout,
solitary, ringed caudices : lvs. terminal, equally piti-
natisect ; se;rments linear-lanceolate, acuminate or bi-
dentate at the apex, the margins recurved at the base,
sparsely scaly beneath, the midnerves rather promi-
nent, nervcM .slender ; rachis convex on the back, the
upper surface strongly keeled ; petiole channelled
above, sparsely tomentose ; sheath long, cylindrical,
deeply fissured ; spadices short-peduncled, with slen-
der, flexuose, glabrous, pendent branches and branch-
lets : spathes 2, entire, lonsr, compressed, deciduous :
bract.<? crescent-shaped, a<lnate to the spadix ; bractlets
persistent ; fls. rather large : fr. small, globose-ellip-
soidal. Species, 2. Austral. They are beautiful palms,
requiring a temperate house. Prop, by seeds. The
Seaforihia elegans of gardeners belongs here (see
Ptychosperma tor picture of it). For cult., see Pabnx.
AKCHONTOPHCENIX
ARDISIA
91
A. Le<if tfg*nf»t9 trhitinh underneath.
AlexAndreai, H. Wendl. & Drude i Ptyehosp4rma Alex-
diuinr. K. Muell.). Truti' 7(V-80 ft.: Ivs. several ft,
[oog: rachis very broad arn' thick, K^ttbruus or aiiehtly
«curfy : sejriufnts nuniero- h, the longer ones I'^i ft.
lone. '»-! '"• b"""**!' afural»jate .".nd entire or Rlitrbtly
notcbeti. u'ree" above, asby ((laacoun beneath. Queens-
land. F.S. 18:iyi6.
AA. Lt'df segmtnta green on both aidet.
C^nnitlgliamii, H. Wendl. & Drude {Ptyrho^prrma
(7„,, nijlfimii. H. Wetidl.). Trunk and jjeneral habit
like ae preceding, but the segments acuminate and
entire or scarcely notched. Queensland and N. d. W.
B M. mi as Seaforthia elegans. j^^^^ ^ ^^^^^
ABCTIUH (frona Greek word for bear, probably al-
iuditijf to the shaggy bur). Compdsitir. Bi'kdock. A
few coarse perennials or bienniuls of temperat" Eu. and
Asia, some of them widely distributed as weeus. Invo-
lucre ijlobulur and large, with hooked scales, becoming
a bur : receptacle densely setose : pappus deciduous, of
bristles : Ivs. large and soft, whitish beneath: plant not
prickly : Hs. pinkish, in summer.
Lappa, Linn. (Ldppa miijor, G»rtn,), Common Bik-
IKX'K. The Burdock is a common and despised weed in
this country, although it is capable of making an excel-
lent folia;;e mass and screen. In Japan it is much cult.
for its root, which has been greatly thickened and ame-
liorated, affording a popular vegetable. It is there
known as Gobo (see Georgeson, A.G. 13, p. 210).
ABCTOSTAFHTLOS (Greek, bear&nd grape j. £ricd-
c^^r. Manzamta. Shrubs or small trees: Ivs. alternate,
evergreen, usually entire, rarely deciduous : lis. small,
urceolate, mostly white, tinged retl, in terminal, often
panicled racemes, in spring : fr. usually smtjoth, a red
berry or rather drupe, with 1-10 l-see«led, separate or co-
herent cells, Al)out .30 species in N. and Cent. Amer.,
2 species al>o in N. Eu. and N.Asia, Handsome ever-
green shrubs, though generally with less conspicuous fls.
and frs. than those of the allied genus Arbutus, Some
Cent. Amer, ppecies however, as A.nrhutoideH, arguia
and polifolia are beautiful in flower, and well worth a
place in the greenhouse or in the garden in temperate
redons ; of the American species, A. Prhiglei, riscida
and bicolor are some of the handsomest. Only the trail-
in£: species are hardy north. For culture, see Arbutus.
Includes Cotnarostaphy i is .
A. Trailing or creeping : Ivs. }^-l}4in. long : fls.in
short and rather few-fid. clusters.
tva-t^rsi, Spreng, Bearberry, Lvg, obovate-ob-
''>ng, tapering into the petiole, retuse or obtuse at the
ex: lis. small, about Min, long, white tinged with
red. Northern hemi'^phere, in N. Amer. south to Mex.
Em. 2:431.— Hanly trailing evergreen shrub, like the
following valuable for covering rocky slopes and sandy
banks. Cuttings from mature wood taken late in sum-
mer root readily under glass.
Nevad^nsis, Gray, Lvs. obovate or obovate-lanceolate.
ahruptly petioled, acute or nnicronate at the apex : fls.
in short-stalked clusters, white or tinged with led.
Calif., in the higher mountains.
AA. Erect shrubs : lvs. usually 1-2 in. long : fls. in
mostly nniny-fld, panicled racemes.
B. Lvs. gl'tbrous, rarely minutely pubescent.
C. Pedicels glabrous.
pungens, HBK. From 3-10 ft.; glabrous or minutely
pubescent : lvs. slender-petioled, oblong-lanceolate or
oblotig-elliptic, acute, entire, green or glaucescent : fls.
in short, umbel-like clusters : fr. glabrous, about J^in.
broad. Mex., Low. Calif, B.R. 30:17. B.M. 3927.
Manzanita, Parry (.1. pmhstcms. Authors). Fig. 134.
Shruti or small tree, to 30 ft. : lvs. ovate, usually obtuse
and nmcronulate at the apex, glabrous, dull green : fls.
in prolonged panicled racemes : fr. glabrous, H-H in.
broad. W. N. Amer., from Ore, south. G.F. 4: 571.
CC. Pedicfls glandular.
gUdea, Lindl. From 8-25 ft. : lvs. oblong or orbicular,
obtuse and mucronulate at the apex, glaucescent or pale
green : fls, in prolonged panicled racemes ; p(>dicels
glandular : -fr. minutely glandular. Calif. Int. 18!H,
▼iscida, Parry. From 5-15 ft.: lvs. broad ovate or el-
liptic, abruptly mucronulate, acute or rounded at the
base, glaucous : fls. in slender and spreading, panicled
racemes ; pedicels v'scid : corolla light pink : fr. de-
pressed, about Hin. ttroad. stnootli. Or»-. to Calif.
134. Manzanita.— Arctoataphylos Manzanita.
BE. Lvs. more or less pubescent ; branchlets moitly
bristly-hairy.
tomentbsa, Dougl. From 2-6 ft,- lvs, oblong-lanceo-
late or ovate, acute, sometimes serrulate, pubescent be-
neath, pale green : fls, in rather dense and short, usu-
ally panicled racemes ; pedicels short : fr. puberulous,
glabnms at length. W. N. Amer. B.R. 21:1791. B.M.
3320. — The hardiest of the erect species.
Pringlei, Parry. Shrub : lvs. broad-ovate or elliptic,
usually abruptly mucronulate, pubescent, sometimes
glabrous at length, glaucous : panicled racemes pedun-
cled, usually leafy at the base, many-fld.; slender pedi-
cels and calyx glandular-pubescent : fr. glandular his-
pid. Calif., Ariz.
bicolor. Gray, From 3-4 ft. : lvs, oblong-oval, acute at
both ends, revolute at the margin, glabrous and bright
green alH)'-e, white-tomentose beneath : fls, in nodding,
rather dense racemes ; pe<licels atid calyx tonirutose ;
corolla .'a in, long, rose-colored : fr. smooth. Calif,
A.alplna.Svreng. Prostrate shrub : lvs. decid'oas. obovate,
serrate : racemes few-rtd.: fr. black. Arctic regir^i ■; and moun-
tains of northern hemisphere.— -t. arhuto'ides, Honisl. Five to
6 ft.: lvs. lanceolate-oblong, femigineously pubescent lieneath:
panicles erect, loose. Guatem. B.R. 29:150.-^. anjiita, Zuec.
(A. nitida, Benth.). Five to 6 ft.: lvs. oblong-lam-eolate. ser-
rate, gl.incous and glabrous : panicles loose, erect. S. Mex.
B.R. ai: ;«. B.M. :KHU as A. nitida.—-!. Califurnica. Hort.=A.
Nevadensis.— A. duvr»i7d?io. Parry- Six tol.*)ft.: lvs. ovate or
narro«r-ol»long. acute, usually serrate, tomentose l)eneath : ra-
cemes elongate<l. Calif. Mn. .t:2:U.— .4. »n7irfa, Benth.--A. ar-
giita— .4.;>«)h'M//a.HBK. Heijfht l-3ft.: lvs. linear-lanceolate,
glaucous and puberulous beneath: Us. red, in Uwse, erect ra-
cemes. Mex. Alfred Rehder,
ABCTOTIS (Greek for bear's ear, alluding to the
akene), t'ompositie. Herbs with long-peduncled heads
and more or less white-woolly herbage, of 30 or more
African species : akenes grooved, with scale-like pappus :
involucre with numerous imbricated scales : receptacle
bri.stly. One species, treated as an annual, is sold in
this country.
brevisc&pa, Thunb, (A. leptorhXza, var. breviscdpa,
DC. ). Steraless or nearly so (6 in. high) , half-hardy, read-
ily prop, from seeds, and to be grown in a wirm, sunny
place. Lvs. usually longer than the scape, iL ised-den-
tate : scape hirsute, bearing one large fl. with dark cen-
ter and orange rays.
ABDISIA ( pointed, alluding to the stamens or corolla
lobes). Myrsinctceae. Large genus of tropical trees and
shrulis, with 5-parted (sometimes 4- or 6-parted) rotate
corolla, 5 stamens attached to the throat of the corolla,
with very large anthers and a 1 -seeded drupe the size of
92
ARDISIA
ARECA
a pea. Lvs. entire, dentate or crenate, thick and ever-
green : fls. white or rose, usually in cymes. Ardisias
are grown in hothouses or conservatories, and bloom
most of the year.
There are about a dozen Ardisias in cultivation ; only
two, however, are grown in quantity in America, — .4.
crenulata (red-berried) and A. Japnnica (white-ber-
ried). The former is the more beautiful and valuable.
It ia one of the haudsomest berrv-bearinp plants, and is
very popular, particularly at Christmas time. The A.
Japotiica is not nearly so showy nor handsome as A.
creintlntn, and for this reas*)n is not so generally grown.
Ardisias are readily grown from seed, which should be
sown in the spring ; the seedlings will bloom the fol-
lowing spring, and the berries will be well colored by the
next ('hristmas. They will tlirive in almost any good
potting compost and in a winter night temperature of
about .^0°. They are most beautiful when about 2 feet
high, after which they generally lose their bottom fo-
liage, and present a naked or " leggy'' appearance. When
they get in thi? staie it is well to root the tops over
again, which raa> best be done without removing them
from the plant, by making an incision in the stem and
covering the wounded part with moss, which should be
tightly wrapped with string and kept damp ; the moss
will be filled with roots in about a month, when the tops
may be cut oflf and potted, thus obtaining most beautiful
young plants, covered with foliage to the bottom. This
process will not interrupt the blooming at all; they fre-
quently set an abundance of buds while undergoing this
operation. The crop of berries on an Ardisia will re-
main on the plant for more than a year, if the plant be
grown in a cool temperature, say not jxceeding r>0° at
night in winter. Two full crops of ripe berries at one
time are not unusual. Ardisias may be propagated also
from cuttings of half-ripened wood ; early spring is the
best time to strike them. The greatest insect enemy of
the Ardisia is the large brown scal*^ ; frequent spongir.g
of the stems and lvs. with strong tobacco water is the
best preventive. Cult. by Robert Craig.
A. J^ls. rvd or rose-colored.
cremilata, Lodd. {A.cren(Ha,'^\m9.. A.cri)spa,'RoTt.).
Fig. VSd. As cult., a compact and neat shrub, with lance-
oblong, wavy-n)argined, alternate lvs. and drooping
clusters of small coral-red frs. Sweet-scented. Prob-
135. Ardisia crenulata (X /^).
ably native to E. Ind. or China. B.M. 1950. L.B.C. 1 : 2.
Mn'. 1 : .'iS. A.F. l.'J: 558. — The commonest species. It
thrives in a conservatory temperature (not lower than
4.")°). Best plants are obtained from seeds. The young
plants should be given bottom heat and kept growing
rapidly. If they become stunted, it is very difficult to
make them into satisfactory plants. Well-grown plants
should bear fruit in a year from the seed. The seed
may be sown whenever ripe. The fruits often hang on
for a year and more. Hardy in the South.
hflmilis, Vahl. Lvs. lance-oblong, shining : frs. shhi-
ing black. India.
Oliveri, Mast. Lvs. nearly sessile, recurved, oblanceo-
late and acuminate, 6-8 in. long, entire : tls. pink, in
large, dense heads, like an Ixora, the limb rotate, ^ain.
across. CostaRica. G.C. 11.8: G81. — Elegant8tove plant.
AA. Fls. v'hite.
J&p6nica, Blume. Lvs. short-oblong or somewhat cu-
neate, whorled, serrate : tis. on red f>edicels in drooping
racemes : berries white. Dwarf. Jap. Probably hardy
in the North.
polyc^phala, Wall. Lvs. bright green, red or wine-
colored when young, opposite : fr. ])iack. E. Ind.
AAA. Fh. black-dotted.
Pickerlngia, Torr. & ' "• Glabrous, 5-9 f*.: lvs.
ovate to lance-oblong", e. narrowed to a petiole :
panicle many-fid.; corolla lo. , oval and becoming re-
flexed: fr. as large as peas. E. Fla. Int. 1891.
A. umhellata is offered in this country as coming from India.
The A. umbellata. Baker (of the l>otanists), is u MadaKascar
plant, and it is doubtful if it is in cult, in this countrj-. Si>e<'ies
with white Hs. are^l. acuminata, WilKl., B.M. 1678; capitata.
Gray: t)wmillatn,'iiance : punctata, Roxbg. ; ni7/d»a, Wall.
8pe<'ies with red or reildish fls. are A. macrornrpa. Wall.,
B.M. 6.S.57 ; paniculdta, Roxbg.. B.M. 2364 ; rfcrrw/afn, Swartz;
Fd'/«VAi», DC. j^ ^j j^
AB£1CA (from a native name in Malabar). Palmarcip.
tribe Arece(t>. Spineless palms, with trunks solitary or
cespitose in a ring: lvs. terminal, equally pinnatisect,
the segments lanceolate, acuminate, plicate, with the
margins recurvin^^ at the base, the u{>per oue.s conflu-
ent and bifid or truncate and myny-parted : rachis ;(•
sided, convex on the back, the upper face acute, the
base and petiole concave : sheath elongated ; spadix
broad or narrow, the spreading branches at length pen-
dent : spathes 3 or nniny, papery, the lowest coini)lete,
the upper ones bract-like ; lis, white : fr. medintii or
large, red or orange. Species, 24. Trop. Asia, .Malay
Arch., Trop. Austral, and New (iuinea. The name
Areca is one of the most familiar of all palm genera,
but most of the well-known species are now referred to
other genera. A. lutescens, the most popular kind, is
Chry.salidocarpus lutescens. A. Catechu m\(\ A.frian-
(Ira are both very quick in germinating. They form very
ornamental plants for a moderate sized greenhou.>>e.
For A.aurea, see Dictyospertna. For ..1. Madagitsrm-
insis, see Di/psis.
Alicese, W. Hill. Sts. several from the same rhizome.
9 ft. or more high, slender: lvs. ;{-(J ft. long ; segiuenis
acute, several confluent, especially at apex. (Queensland.
Catechu, Linn. Betel Nut. St. solitary, 40-100 ft.:
lvs. 4-Gft.; leaflets nunierous, 1-2 ft., tipper confluent,
quite glabrous : fr. H.i-2 in., ovoid, smooth, orange or
scarlet. Asia and Malayan Islands.
llsemanni, Hort. Resembles a red-stemmed Chrysa-
lidooarpus : young lvs. very <lark red, beciniiinir green;
fronds slender, arching, with curving pinnae. Oceanica.
A.G. 20:223 (1899).
triandra, Roxb. Trunk 40-50 ft. high, 1 ft. thick, cy-
lindrical : fronds 8 ft. long ; segments with G primary
nerves about 1 line apart; petiole about 1 ft, long. India.
A. alba, Bory.=Dictyospenna a,\ha.— A. liatieri. Hook. f.=
Rhopalostylis Baueri.— A. elegatitissi ma, HoTt. Trade name?
—.4 . turfurdcea, Hort.=Dictyospernia furfuracea. — .4 . gigautea,
Hort.=^ Pinaiiga Ceniatensis.— .4 . gracilis, R«)xb.=Pinanga gra-
cilis.—.1. grdcilfs, Thou.=Dj-psis pinnatifrons.- .4. grdrilig,
Gi8eke=Dryniophloeus appendiculatus.— .1. lutescens, Bor>.=
Olirysalidocaiims lutescens.— -4 .mono8tdcnya,Miki >.. -Bm'ularia
monostachya.— .1. inontdna, Hort. Trade nanie?—.4. iV'i7j)/;ij;,
Griff.-^Oncosperma filamentosum.— 4. olerdcea, Jacq.= <>reo-
doxa oleracea.— .4. pii/HiVa, BIume.=Nenga Wendljindiana.— 1.
rubra, Hort.=Dictyospemm rubra— ..4 . rubra, Borj'.= Acantho-
phopnix rubra.— .4 . Sanderidnn , Hort. Trade name ? — .4 . sapida,
Soland.= Rhopalostylis s.-ipida. — J. speciosa, Hort. Trade
name f — .4. tijiiUdria, .Taclc.--= Oncosi)erma filanieutosa. — ii.
Ver$€haffeltii, Hort.=Hyophorbe Versehaflfeltii.
Jaked G. Smith.
ARENAR^ \
ARGEMONE
93
^;^5ARIA {areun, sand, where many of the species
ffjow). Caryriphyllhceai. Low herbs, mostly with white
Is^. usually forming mats, and suitable for rockwork or
alpine jrartlens. Only the perennial species are com-
monlv cult. Of easiest culture in almost any soil. Prop.
by division ; also by seeds, and rare species sometimes
by cuttings. The species inhabit temperate and cold
regions. The stamens are usually 10 ; styles :} or 4 ;
petalH ') as a rule, entire or emargjinate. Nearly 200 rec-
^ized species. Monogr. by F. N. Williams, Joum.
Linn. Soc. 33:326(1897-8).
A. I/v 8. ovate or lanceolate.
Baledrica, Linn. Wry low (3 in. high), with small
ovate glossy Ivs. Balearic Is., Corsica. — Not hardy in
latitude of *New York City.
macroph^lla, Hook. Sts. decumbent and angle<l. pu-
bescent : ivs. lanceolate or elliptic, mostly acute : pe-
duncles slender, 1-5-fld. Lake Superior to the Pacific.
Int. 1881.
AA. Lvs. linear or awl-like.
B. Sepals obtuse.
GroenlAndica, Spreng. Annual : very low, forming
raat<«, the decumbent or erectish sts. bearing 1-5 fls. :
Irs. linear and obtuse, J^in. or less long : sepals and
petals blunt, the latter sometimes notched. High alti-
tudes and latitudes, but coming to the sea coast in part:*
of N. Eng., and ranging down the mountains to N. Car.
Int. 1884. — A neat little alpine.
graminifdlia, Schrad. A foot or less high : lvs. long
and tilifi'rni, rough-margined : fls. in 3-forked loose pu-
bescent panicles. Eu.
BB. Sepals pointed m' even aicned.
g^ndifldra, Linn. Varial V; : 6 in. or less high : lvs.
flat-awl-shapt'd, 3-nerved and ciliate : fls. solitary or in
2's or ;rs, long-stalked. Eu.
mont^na, Linn. Smaller: lvs. linear or nearly so: fls.
hTii*', solitary, very long-stalked. S. \V. En.
v^ma, Linn. {Alslne vfrna, Bartl.). Dwarf: 1-3 in.
high: lvs. linear-subulate, flat strongly 3-nerved, erect:
fls. on tilifonn peduncles, witti strongly 3-nerved sepals.
Eu. and Rocky Mts. — Excellent little rock plant. Var.
caespitbsa, Hort.. is a compact, leafy form.
aculeita, Wats. Sts. 4-6 in. high : lvs. stiflf and sharp,
plaucuus, fascicled, white, but often purple. W Amer.
Int. 1889.
Frinklinii, Dougl. Sts. .^-.5 in. high, nearly or quite
glabrtius : lvs. in ,3-C i>airs, narrow-subulate, sharp-
pointed : fls. in dense cymes at the top of the st. W.
Amer. Int. 1881. t ti o
Li. xl. 15.
AEI)NGA (derivation doubtful). Palmdcece, tribe
Arkfif. Spineless palms, with the thick caudex clothed
above with dead, fibrous leaf-sheaths, at length bearing
vigorous shoots. Lvs. terminal, elongated, unequally
pinnatisect, the linear or cuneate somewhat petiolate seg-
ments prfemorse or obliquely divided at the apex ; mid-
veins prominent ; nerves parallel ; margins irregularly
toothed above the middle, recurved at the base and one or
the other of them auricled, pale below: petiole plano-con-
vex, with the margin spiny : sheaths short, reticulate-
fibrous, the margin crenate : spadix hvrge, with short
retit'xed peduncle and elongated, slender, pendulous
branches ; spathes numerous, attached to the peduncle,
membranaceous, deciduous : bracts and bractlets broad:
fls. brown or brownish green or purplish: fr. yellow,
fleshy. Species 5. Trop. Asia, Malay Archipelago. New
Guinea, and Trop. Austral. Jared G. Smith.
Arenga saccharifera , in a young state, is surpassed in
beauty by most palms. Specimens eight to ten years
old, however, show their characteristics well, and from
that period till they begin to flower (which they do from
the top of the stem downwards in the axils of the leaves ) ,
they are among the most striking subjects for high and
roomy conservatories. The temperature shotild not be
allowed to fall below 55° F. during the colde>t wtatlicr.
G. W. Oliveh.
obtusildlia, Mart. Trunk 20-30 ft. high, 1-1 Hft. thick:
fronJs 9-13, 12-16 ft. long : petiole thickly spiny : seg-
ments IHin. apart, 2-3 ft. long, lV^-2 in. wide, alternate,
lanceolate-linear, unequally acutely dentate, attenuate,
2-auricled at the base, the lower auricle the larger,
glaucous beneath ; branches of the spadix short, lax,
nodding. Java.
saccharifera, Labill. Trunk 40 ft. high : petioles
smooth : segments fasciculate, in 4's or 5's, linear-ensi-
form, 1-or 2-auricled at the base, the lower auricle the
longer, 2-lobed or variously dentate at the apex, white
or silvery beneath ; branches of the spadix long, fas-
tigiate, pendulous. Malaya. j^^j.^ ^ g^j^^^
ABETH0SA (the nymph Arethusa). Orchiddceat.
A few species of handsome terrestrial orchids. Fl. gap-
ing, the sepals and petals lanceolate and nearly alike^
arching over the column.
bulbdsa, Linn. A very pretty hardy orchid, 8-10 in.,
with one linear, nerved If. and a bright rose-pink fl. on
an erect scape, the lip recurve<l and bearde«l. Bogs, N.
Car., N. and W.; not common. May, June. Mn. 5:141.
G.W.P. 17. — Requires a moist and shady, cool situation
and open, porous soil. A shady nook on north slope of
rockery, where it can be watered in dry weather, is an
id( I place. Prap. by the solid bulbs.
J. B. Keller.
AB£TIA. See Doufjlasia.
AEGEMONE (fanciful name). Papaverdcecp. Argb-
MONY. A few American plants, mostly herbs, with prickly
sepals and pods, .'Mi-lobed stigma, coarse often white-
spotted foliage, and yellow juice. Annuals, or cult, as
annur.ls. Easy to manage from seeds sown where the
plants are to stand, or transplanted from pots. They
nead a light soil and full sunny exposure. Monogr. by
Prain, Joum. Bot. 33: 207 et seq.
A. Fls. yelloic or yellowish.
Mexic&na, Linn. (.1 . speridsa , Hort. ) . Prickly Poppy.
Fig. 136, A moderately prickly-stemmed herb, 1-2 ft.
high, sprawling, glaucous : lvs. coarsely sinuate-pin-
136. Areemone Mexicana ( X ^^) .
natifid : fls. sessile or nearly so, the petals obovate and
an inch or less long, orange or lemon-colored. Trop.
Amer., but naturalized in E. and S. states and in the
Old World. B.M.243.
Var. ochroleilca, Lindl. Petals yellowish white, and
style longer. Tex, B.R, 1343.
!?^'-j*i
^
ARGEMONE
ARISARUM
AA. Fls. white {rarely purple).
^andifldra, Sweet. Glabrous and glaucous, 1-3 ft.
high, almost destitute of prickles : Ivs. sinuate-pinnatifid,
the lobes only weakly spinescent: bracts scattered along
the fl. branches: capsule valves scarcely crested. S. W.
Mex. B.R. r2W. L.B.CMG:1546. B.M. 3073.
platyc^ras. Link & Otto. Robust. VA-4 ft., very spiny,
the Ivs. glaucous ; Ivs. sinuate-pinnatifld, spiny : fl.-
bracts aggregated below the fls.: petals large (rarely
purple) : capsule valves crested or spiny. Mex. to Colo.
V'ar. hispida, Prain. {A. hispida, Gray). Petals
rounded : sepals and capsule densely prickly : plant
hispid. Wyo. and Ark., W. and S. l. H. B.
AB6YR£IA (ailvery, referring to the under side of
the Ivs.). Conrolriil(icf<p. Temler climbers from the
orient, allied to Iponioea. Lvs. usually large, silvery,
tomentose or villous beneath : cymes usually few-fld.
They require too much room before flowering to be popu-
lar here. A.cuneata is one of the dwarf est and most florif-
•erous kinds. Light, rich soil. Prop, by cuttings or seeds.
tilisefdlia. Wight. Lvs. heart-shaped : fls. white and
violet. Prop, from seeds. E. Ind.-lnt. 1890 by Peter
Henderson & Co.
AEIA. See Sorb us.
ARXS.SMA (Greek-made name, of no particular sig-
nificance). ArdidftP. About ()0 widely distributed herbs,
with tuberous roots, and a spathe roiled in or convolute
about the spadix below, and often arched over it : fls.
unisexual, the pistillate on the lower part of the spadix,
and each consisting of a 1-loculed ovary, and generally
ripening into a showy l)erry. Some species are native,
and several of them are hardy in the open ; others are
cult, undercover, as recommended for Arum (which see).
Monogr. by Engler in De Candolle's Monographiae Pha-
nerogamarum, Vol. 2.
A. Leaflets 7-11.
Drac6ntiam, Schott. Dra(.on-root. Sending up a
solitary leaf 1-2 ft. high, pedately divided into oblong-
AA. Leaflets S.
triph^IItun, Torr. Jack-in-the-Pulpit. Indian Tcr
NIP. Fig. 137. Usually dioecious : lvs. usually 2. with
ovate or elliptic-ovate Ifts.: spadix club-shaped and
137. Jack-in-the-Pulpit, Arisaema triphyllum (X %).
lanceolate pointed Ifts.: spadix long-pointed and pro-
j«^fting beyond the greenish spathe : scape much shorter
taan the leaf. Low grounds in E. Amer. — Occasionally
giown in borders and rockwork.
138. Aristolochia macrophylla.
covered by the arching purplish spathe. Common in
woods. G.W.F. 28. D. 281. -Tuber or conn flattish and
large, very acrid, often employed as a domestic remedv.
Berries red and showy, ripening in early summer.
Planted in a moist, shady place, the lvs. remain until
fall ; but in expo.sed places they die down early in sum-
mer. This and the last are very Interesting native
plants of easy culture, propagated by tubers and by
seeds.
fimbri^tum, Masters. Fringed Calla. Leaf solitary,
the petiole a ft. or less high, sheathed below ; Ifts. broad-
ovate and acuminate, short-stalked : scape as long as
the petiole, bearing a large, purple-limbed, white-
streaked, long-pointed spathe : spadix ending in a long
and gracefully drooping, feather-like appendage. E.
Ind. G.C. 11.22:689; III. 15:763. B.M. 7150. Mn.8:59.
—A handsome and striking pot-plant, blooming in sum-
mer. Grow in rich soil. Dry oflP the tuber when th<' ks.
turn yellow after flowering, and keep dry in sand or
earth until spring.
Other species are: A. andmaZum, Hemsl. Lfts. 3, broad-ovate,
acuminate: spathe small, purplish and streaked, arching over
the short spadix : suggests A. triphyllum. Malacca. B.M. 7211.
— A. concinnum, Schott. Leaf solitary, with 10 or more lfts.:
spathe colored, tailed. India. B.M.5914.— J.. curt'd^w w, Hoot.
=A. tortuosum.— .1. galeatum, N. E. Br. Leaf solitary, with U
lfts.: spathe purple inside. India. B.M. 6457.— A. Griffithii.
Sehott. Lvs. 2, lfts. 3, nearlj' orbicular : spathe very large, with
a spreading and wrinkled limb several inches broad, and rich
purple with green veins. India. B.M.&l!)!. One of the hand-
somest of all Arisa^mas.— J . ncpentfioidrs, Mort. Leaf pedate,
of 5 narrow lfts.: spathe auricled. India. B.M.C446.— A.ri/ij;«i^,
Sehott. Lfts. 3, ovate, acuminate : spathe piurle, arched. Japan.
Perhaps hardy in the open. Gn. 37, x>. 577.— A. Sieboldii. Pe
Vriese.=A. ringens.- A . speeidsutn , Mort. Lfts. 3 : spathe large
and very dark purple ; spadix with a very long, string-like tip.
India. Gn. 37:758. B.M. 59t>4.- -A.^irfwosHm, Sohott. Lvs. usu-
ally 2. with several or many lfts.: spathe purple outside: spa-
dix long-tailed but erectish, greenish. India. B.M. 5931 (as A.
eurvatnm).- A. t<^7<', Hook. Lvs. 2, with3crenate lfts.: spathe
redilish, green-ribbed : spadix purple : tubers eaten by natives
in India. B.M. 6474. — J. Ifrd.i/i. Hemsl. Leaf solitary, pedate,
the lfts. lanceolate : spathe green or whitish : spadix slender,
recurve<l. India. B.M. 7105.— Except A. ringens, probably all
the above species require pot cult, in the N. l_ jj_ 3^
ARISARUM (old Greek name). Aroidece. Three or
four variable species of Arum-like plants of the Medi-
terranean region. Differs from Arisaema, its nearest
ally, in having the margins of the spathe connate rather
than convolute, and in other techuical characters. For
culture, see ArisoBma and Arum,
ARISARUM
ARISTOLOCHIA
95
rolg'^T^' Targ. (Arum Arisdrum, Linn.). A foot
' cordate or somewhat hastate, long-stalk ,'d :
high
snathe purple, incurved at the top. — Has many forms
JLa mnnv names. Can be grown in the open with pro-
open
pro-
and many names
tei'tion.
^BISTOLOCHIA (named for supposed medicinal vir-
tues). Aristolochidceve. Birthwort. Many species of
tropical and temperate regions,
reniarkal)le for the very odd-
shaped tls. The corolla is want-
injr, but the calyx is corolla like,
tubular, variously btnt, ami com-
,i,only tumid above the ovary :
stamens commonly G, short and
aduate to the style (Fig. 140).
Mostlv woody twiners, the great-
er part of them known to cult,
only in warm glass-houses. Many
species are evergreen. The ten-
der species are cult, for the strik-
ingly irregular and grotesque fls.
Jlon'oirr. by Duchartre in De-
('andolle's 'Prodromus, Vol. 15,
Partl(ia64). L. H. B.
139. Flower of Dutchman's Pipe. Aristolochia macrjphylla.
Showing the ovarj' jtt a,
and the swelling of the calyx-tube at b. Natural size.
The best known representative of this genus is Aris-
t<\lochia maoqphylla (or A. Sipho), the "Dutchman's
Pipe," than which there is no better hardy climbing vine
for shade or screen purposes. No insects or other trou-
iiles seem to mar its deep green foliage, for which it is
most valued, as the fls. are small, siphon-shaped, and
iueonspicuous, in early spring soon after the Ivs. are
formed. There are many tropical Aristolochias, the fls.
of some of them being of extraordinary size, structure,
and t J!or, but they are rarely seen on account of the last
characteristic, the odor being so suggestive of putridity
as to make its proximity apparent to all, and even to
<ie''eive the flies as to its origin. One of the most gi-
irint'C varieties is A trandiflora, var. Sturtevauiii.
Another fine species : A. Goldieana ; but the best of
thetropical kinds for general culture in glass structures
i- .4. elegans, as it is very easily raised from home-
L'lDwn seeds, flowers the first year, is very decorative
•Hs a climber, and has no odor. We find it very easy of
culture in rich soil, and it is evergreen, as, indeed, are
nirtst of thetropical kinds. The Aristolochias are of easy
culture, requiring only good loam and careful attention
to keep them thrifty and free of insects. They can be
trained on trellises, pillars, or rafters. Most of them
r»^i|uire a rather warm temperature, but if in pots they
may be flowered in the conservatory. The large- growing
species require much room, and do not bloom, as a rule,
until they are several feet high. Prop, readily by cut-
tings in a frame. Except as oddities, most of the Aristo-
lochias are of little value. ^ i^ i 17 r\ <-»
Cult, by E. O. Orpkt.
A. Herbs, not climbing.
Serpent&ria, Linn. Virginia Snakeroot. Height 3
ft. or less : pubescent, with short rootstocks and aro-
uiatic roots : Ivs. ovate to lanceolate, cordate, acuminate
at the top : fls. terminal, solitary, S-shaped, much en-
larged above the ovary, greenish. E. states. — Occasion-
ally cult. Roots used in medicine. Reputed remedy for
snake bites.
Clematltis, Linn. Two ft. or less tall, glabrous : Ivs.
reniform-pointed, ciliate on the margins : fls. axillary
and clustered, straight, greenish. Eu. — Rarely cult.',
and occasionally escaped.
A A. Woody, twining.
B. Cultivated in the open.
macrophylla, Lam. (A. S'lpho, L'Her). Dutchman's
Pipe. Figs. \:i8, 139, 140. Very tall, twining, glabrous :
Ivs. very large, broadly reniform or rounded, becoming
glabrous : fls. solitary or 2 or 3 together in the axils,
U-shaped, enlarged above the ovary, with a 3-lobed,
spreading limb, purplish. E. states. B.M. 534. G.W.F.
43. Gng. 1:.53. G.F. 5:509 (habit). — An excellent vine
for porches, the great Ivs. affording a dense shade.
tomentdsa, Sims. Much like the last, but very tomen-
tose : Ivs. less rounded : fl. yellow, with reflexed lobes.
N. Car. to Mo. and S. B.M. 1369.
Calif6niica, Torr. Silky pubescent, 6-10 ft. : Ivs. ovate-
cordate, 2-4 in. long, oVjtuse or acutish, short-petioled:
fls. U-shaped, little contracted at the throat, the limb
2-lobed, with the upper lip of 2 broad, obtuse lobes and
a thickening on the inner side. Calif.
BB. Greenhouse or warm house.
c. Flower-limb of 2 narrow lobes.
ridicula, X. E. Br. Very slender, stiff-hairy through-
out : Ivs. round-reniform, cordate : fls. axillary and
solitary, 2 in. long aside from the limb, with a long sac
at the base of the tube, pale yellow with dull purple
veining ; limb of two spreading, dellexed, narrow lobes,
glandular, reminding one of donkeys' ears. Brazil.
B.M. 6934. G.C. II. 20:361.
re. Flower-limb ample and flowing.
cjnnbifera, Mart. & Zucc. (A. labidsa, Sims).
Gla-
brous : St. striate : Ivs. reniform, obtuse and deeply cut
at the base, pedately 7-9-nerved, long stalked : fls. iong-
stalked, 8-10 iu. long, strongly 2-lipped ; the upper lip
short and lanceolate, acute or acuminate : the lower lip
(which, by position of fl. may seem to be the upper) very
large, dilated at base, and produced into a long, boat-
140. Longitudinal section of (lower of
Dutchman's Pipe.
Showing the ovary, and short column of stauieus at q.
96
ARISTOLOCHIA
ARIZONA
shaped (whence the name, from cymba, a boat) usually
2-lobed projection : H, creamy white, marked and
blotched with maroon. Brazil. B.M. 2545. P.M. 6:53
as A. hi/perborea, Paxt.
BrasiU^nsis, Mart. & Zucc.{ A . omifhoc^phala , Hook.).
Glabrous : Ivs. cordate-reniform, obtuse, with deep sinus
at base : peduncle 8-10 in. long, l-Pd.: fl. very large,
dingy yellow, with marks and reticulations of purple,
the limb strongly 2-lipped ; upper lip 5 in. long, lan-
ceolate-acuminate, projecting from the inflated head-
like tube like the long beak of a bird, hairy within ;
lower lip on a stalk 2 in. long, then expanding into a
Hattened, wavv, beautifullv marked limb 4-6 in. across.
Brazil. B.M. 4120. Gn.
45, p. 289.— A most odd
and interesting species,
not infrequent in fine
establishments.
grandifldra, S w a r t z
( A. g'lga >s, Liudl.). Pel-
ican - FLowEK. Goose-
flower Fig.141. Downy
climbing shrub : Ivs.
cordate- acuminate ; pe-
duncles opposite a leaf, stri-
ate, exceeding the petiole, 1-fld. ;
the fl.-bud is " bent like a siphon
in the tube, so as to resemble
the body and neck of a bird,
while the limb, in that state,
resembles the head and beak
thrown back upon the body, as
a pelican when that hird is at
rest, whence the name" (Hook,
in B.M. vol. 74) : the great ex-
panded cordate-ovat« limb sev-
eral inches across, wavy-mar-
gined, purple - blotched and
veined, terminating in a long
and slender ciliated tail : strong-
scented. W. Ind., Cent, and S.
Amer. B.M. 4:{i;h-9. B.R. 28:00.
F. S, 4:3.')l-2. G. F. 3:597-9.
A.F. 10:157. G.C. III. 19: 73.
Gng. 3: 23. Gn. 50: 378. Var. Stiirtevantii, W. Wat-
son, is the form chiefly known in cult., being very
large-fld., and with a tail 3 ft. long. Var. Hodkeri,
Duchartre (A. gignntea, Hook.), is glabrous, in-
odorous, with a short-tailed fl. B.M. 4221.
Goldieina, Hook. Glabrous : Ivs. ovate-cordate or
triangular-cordate, acuminate, the base deeply cut:
fls. very large, greenish outside but brown-veined
and blotched inside, the lower part of the tube
straightish and 8 in. long, the upper part sharply
bent over and a foot long, with a funnel-shaped,
spreading limb a foot or more across, and indis-
tinctly 3-lobed, each lobe terminated by a short tail :
stamens 24. W. Afr. B.M. 5672. G.C. III. 7:521 ;
21:337. G.M. 1890:286.
elegans. Masters. Slender, glabrous, the fls. borne on
the pendulous young wood: Ivs. long-stalked, reniform-
cordate, 2-3 in. across, with wide sinus and rounded ba-
sal lobes, the tip obtuse : fls. solitary, long-stalked, the
tube yellow-green, 1^ in. long, the limb cordate-circu-
lar, 3 in. across, purple and white blotched, white on the
exterior, the eye vellow : not strong-smelling. Braz.
(i.e. II. 21:301; 111.22:123. B.M. 6909.-A small-fld.
and graceful, free-blooming species.
.4. aftfsttima. Dent. Fls. 2i". or less long, brownish. Sicily
and Algeria. Would probab!> be hardy with protection in the
Middle states. B.M.6.t86.— A. an^Mfcida, Jacq. Lvs. long-cor-
date : fls. small, 1-2 in. long, with a long-pointed limb. New
(}rana<la. B.M. 4361. F.S. 4: .344.— /I. barfcd^a, Jacq. Lvs. ob-
long .ind cordate : fls. 2V2 in., purple. Venezuela. B.M. 5869. —
.,1. caudata, Booth=A. marroiira.— .4. cilidta. Hook., and A.
cilidsa, Benth.=A. fimbriata. — ^4. clupeata. Lindl. & Andr^.
Lvs. triangnlar-ovate, pointed : fls. with a large, oval, purple-
spotted. taille.s.s limb. S. .4raer. I.H.17r40. B.M. 7.=)12.— A.
Diiclidrtrei, Andre=A. Rixiziana.— A. fimbriata, Cham. Lvs.
small. cordate-orTiicidar : fls. small, the little limb glandular-
vlliate. Braz. B.M. 37.56 (as A. ciliala).— A. Alnn«, Willd. Lvs.
round-cordate : fls. bronze-green, with lolxni limb and a hairy
l)eak. Veneztiela. B.M. 7i!7.'J. Allied to A. Brasiliensis.— .^1.
Kdmpferi, Willd. Tali-climbing : lvs. ovate-cordate or hastate.
variable : fls. solitary, tomentose, with narrow rim, yellow out-
side, purple inside. Jap. Probably hardy in the "S.—A.lnngi.
eaudata. Masters Lvs. ovate and cordate : fls. cream-colored
with purple markings, with a large sac-like tube, hairy at the
throat, with no exi>anded limb but a very long tail. S. Amer
G.C. III. 8: 493.— A. longifdlia, Cbamp. Branches climbing,
from a woody rootstock : lvs. thick, linear-lanceolate : fls!
U-shaped, with a 2-lobed purple limb 2l4 in. across. Hong
Kong. B.M.6884.— A. macrotira, Gomez. Lvs. reniform, lobed;
fl. dark, 6-spurred, the Up with a twisted cusp. Braz. B.M.
3769 (as A. caudata).— A. odoratigsinia, Linn. Lvs. cordate-
ovate : fl. solitary, purple, s-.veet. Jamaica.— A. rtna^J», Vahl.
Lvs. round-reniform : fl. 7-10 in. long, green marked with darlc
purple, hairy inside, with 2 longJips, one of which has a much-
exi>anded limb. Braz. B.M. 5700.— A. Ruizidna, Duchartre.
Lvs. reniform - cordate : fls. with
tube 1 in. or less long, the cordate-
ovate limb 3 in. across, and brown-
spotted. Braz. B.M. 5880 and G C
1868:516 (as A. Duchartrei).-i.
sa4;cdta. Wall. Lvs. long-ovate : 3s.
small, U-shaped, with a very narrow
rim (suggesting ".e Dutchman's
Pipe), red. India. B.M. 3640.-i,
Sdlpinx, Mt.sters. Lvs. ovate-lan-
ceolate : fls. small, with a trumpet-
shaped, somewhat 2-lipped mouth,
purplish. Paraguay. G.C. II. 26:
457.— A. tricauddta, Lem. Lvs. ob-
long - acuminate, rugose, ciliate :
fls. pturple, with 3 long tails. Mex.
LH. 14:522. KB. 20:37. B.M. 6067.
—A. unyulifblia. Masters. Lvs,
3-lobed : fls. small, brownish and
reddish, ^,^th a ciliate, tongue-like
lip. Borneo. G.C. II. 14: 117. B.M.
7424.— Ji . WesUandii, Hemsley. Lvs.
oblong - lanceolate : fl. pendulous,
with a spreading purple - marked
limb 5 or 6 in. across. China. B.M.
7011- L. H. B.
AIIIST0T£LIA (after the Greek philosopher
Aristotle). Tilidcece. Trees and shruls from
the southern hemisphere, allied to Elceucarpus.
Lvs. nearly opposite, entire or toothed : fls.
polygamous; sepals 4-.', valvate: petals of the
same number : berries small, edible.
racemdsa. Hook. f.
fls. white. New Zeal,
em California.
Small tree, 20 ft. : lvs. glossy:
Cultivated somewhat in sout'h-
ABIZONA. In no part of Arizona, with the ex-
ception of occasional areas of a few acres in extent
ou the high mountains, is there sufiifcient raint i to
grow horticultural plants without irrigation. The
rivers of Arizona available for irrigation on an ex-
tended scale are confined to the southern half of the
territory. All of northern Arizona is drained by the
Colorado River and its tributaries, but here the river
lies at the bottom of a deep canon, and is practically
valueless in its application to horticulture. All of
this region has very limited possibilities from a
horticultural standpoint, the flow of the few avail-
able streams being small and very uncertain. On
the many mountain ranges of Arizona, at an ele-
vation varying from five thousand to eight thousand
feet, are isolated areas of limited extent where crops of
great variety are grown without irrigation. Althouph
these areas are utilizei' largely for growing hay, grain
and hardy vegetables, ?ome of the best flavored and
choicest apples, peaches and small fruit grown in the
territory are from these mountain "garden patches."
The mountains at every side temper the climate, offer
protection from winds, and make them almost ideal
localities for the growing of a great varietj of deciduous
and small fruits, as well as many sorts of vegetables.
Although these isolated, restricted areas are worthy of
consideration, it is only in the valleys of southern Ari-
zona having rivers of considerable size and regularity
in their flow that large areas of land are available for
cultivation. The shaded areas on the map (Fig. 142)
show the leading horticultural areas thus far developed.
One cannot get an adequate conception of the prob-
lems confronting the horticulturist in this region with-
out first carefully considering the meteorological condi-
tiotis of this, the most arid, the most desert-like part
of the United States. At Phoenix and Yuma, two repre-
ARIZONA
ARIZONA
97
sentatlve localities of southern Arizona, having the
greatest horticultural possibilities, the average year'y
rainfall is only 7 inches for the former and 3 for the
latter. In general, the precipitation is during two dis-
tinct seasons. The heaviest, or summer rains, begin
about the first of July and increase in frequency until
August, the month of greatest precipitation during the
rear. The winter rains are at their maximum in Decem-
ber, With the exception of infrequent intervals during
the rainy season, dews are unknown and fogs are of rare
occurrence. On the other hand, from experiments con-
ducted at Tucson, the evaporation is about 78 inches per
vear, reaching the maximum of 11 to nearly 13 inches
during the month of June.
At Phoenix the mean temperature may range from 32.2°
toBtiT. inJan. Itsteadily increases till July, when it may
ranee from 72° to 107°. It then steadily declines until
the next Jan. The corresponding ranges at Yuma are
42^-65° for Jan., and 77° to 100° for July. The variation
The shaded parts show horticultural sections.
There is also a horticultural section about Yuma.
in temperature from day to night is frequently, in sum-
mer, from 25° to 40°F., while in winter it is even greater.
Tbe annual range, however, is not so great as it is in the
northern states.
The intense heat and dryness of the atmosphere, with
continuous sunshine and frequent scorching winds, not
only draw the moisture in wonderful rapidity from irri-
trated fields, but the foliaere of cultivated plants, save
those with firm leaves, protected by thick epidermis, are
ivertaxed at times, and not infrequently the leaves
wither and bum, even when the roots of the plants are
weil supplied with water. In some instances the differ-
ence of a few days in time of irrigating makes or loses
the crop. At times, flooding at midday is disastrous,
destroying the plants as effectually as if swept by fire.
The temperature of water in irrigating ditches in mid-
summer often ranges from 8.5° to 92°F.
The rivers of Arizona draw their moisture from the
wooded moxmlains, but as these mountains are snow-
covered only during winter and early spring, as the sum-
mer advances their supply gradually becomes less and
less until the beginning of the rainy season. Conse-
quently the cultivation of all crops must lead toward
srreat economy in the use of water during the months of
May and June. All crops sown broadcast or in narrow
irills are irrigated by flooding, while orchards,vineyards
and crops grown in rows are usually irrigated by running
the water through furrows. In either system it is impera-
tive that the land be graded and thoroughly worked, in
order to attain the best results in the distribution of water.
The desert lands of Arizona, in their virgin state, are
seldom suited for orchards, vineyards, gardening, etc.
It is expedient to grow alfalfa for a few years before at-
tempting to produce horticultural crops. Usually the
virgin soil is deficient in humus and nitrogen, constitu-
ents which are most economically supplied by growing
alfalfa. Many orchards and vineyards have failed in
Arizona on account of being planted on virgin soil.
Market-gardening in Arizona is largely in the hands
of the Chinese, who practice high culture, and keep their
lands in a continual succession of crops. Cabbage and
cauliflower must be grown as winter crops. For years
it was thought that corn could not be successfully grown
in southern Arizona. When planted in the spring, the
excessive heat and dryness of June renders the pollen
impotent, and a well-developed cob bearing a few scat-
tered kernels of corn is the result. Experience has re-
cently taught that most excellent, well filled corn may be
grown, if planted in July and pollenized at the end of
the rainy season.
Artificial fertilizers are seldom used in Arizona. In
preparing the soil for nearly all vegetables, both in ama-
teur and commercial methods of culture, it is thrown
into high ridges and the seed sown in hills or drills on
either side of the ridge a few inches below the summit.
In irrigating, the water is run between the ridges, so that
it reaches the hills or drills without covering them, and
is allowed to run foi a greater or less length of time, de-
pending upon the ability of the soil to take water. In
many of the heavier adobe soils it is necessary, when
planting melon and many other seeds, to cover them with
sand. If the adobe soil of the field is used as a cover, it
bakes so hard that the germinating seeds are unable to
make their way to the surface. Beets, and occasionally
other vegetables, when planted on an extended scale, are
sown in drills without ridging the soil. After planting,
furrows are made between the rows in which to run the
water, it being imperative that the water be not allowed
to break through the furrows and flood the crop.
In fruit-culture, the important principle is practically
the same for all fruit, it being essential to fill the ground
with water during the winter season, when the ditches
are running full, and by thorough tillage during spring
and early summer to retain the moisture, to fortify the
plants against the lack of water in ^lay and June.
Orchards and vineyards may be flooded several times
during the winter, or the same or better results m»y be
obtained by making furrows at a distance of every 4 to
6 feet throughout the orchard, and running a subsoil plow
in the furrows to loosen and break up the soil to consider-
able depth. When so prepared, the soil will take water
with great avidity, and if the process be repeated two or
three times during the winter, water required for subse-
quent culture will be much lessened.
In orchards and vineyards, frequent irrigation with
little water is expensive and results are unsatisfac-
tory. The ground should be thoroughly wet through-
out, even between *^'" *ows, and as soon as practicable
after irrij^'inir and later leveled by using a
flne-tootbcd _ ~ ' i T^rocess will leave a mulch of
loose earth at '" chickness over the moist soil,
and assist g. ,tti. ^1»^ - ^'-a of moisture. Whenneces-
sary to impi ove the cojd. non of the soil by adding plant
food, it is most economically and satisfactorily accom-
plished by green-manuring, growing the crop during the
fall and winter and turning it under in the spring.
Great variation in temperature during February and
March is very disa:;trous to successful fruit and nut cul-
ture in southern Arizona. Almonds begin to bloom in
February, and are followed in succession b\' apricots and
peaches, all of which are likely to be injured by spring
frosts.
In humid regions, methods of pruning tend toward
thinning out the center of the tree, so that the sun may
reach the fruit spurs within. In Arizona fruit trees are
usually headed low, in order that the trunk be shaded.
Deciduous trees are usually cut back annually, throwing
the fruit spurs toward the center of the tree, that as
much as possible of the developing fruit be shaded by
98
ARIZONA
ARKANSAS
the foliage. Citrous, olive and fig trees are rarely if ever
pruned, and grapes are usually cut back to two or three
buds, Among small fruits, strawberries, although pro-
ducing the larger part of their crop during April or
May, ripen fruit every month of the year.
The following: is a brief list of the best and most prof-
itable commercial varieties of the more important fruits
and nuts grown in the irrigated regions. The list is
compiled from the answers to a circular letter sent to
60 of the largest fruit-growers in southern Arizona :
Almondi.—'Se Plus Ultra, IXL.
Apples, early.— Early HarN-est, Early Strawberry, Red Astra-
chan.
Apples, late. — White Pearmain, Ben Davis.
Apricots, early.— Benuefs Early. New Castle. Peach. Pringle.
Apricots, late.— Moo rpark, Royal, Smith's Triumph, St. Am-
broise.
Blackberries.— Lavrton's Early, Crandall's Early, Early Har-
vest.
Dewberries.— "Hay's.
Graphs.- Thompson's Seedless, Sultana Seedless, Rose of Peru,
Salem, Muscat, Rogers' No. 9.
Orape Frwif.- Triumph, Walter, Bowiu.
Lemons.— VUIr Franca, Sicily.
Mtilberries.-Downmg, Russian.
Olives.— yi&nzaniWo, Nevadillo Blanco, Mission.
Oranges.— Raby Blood, Jaflfa, Parson's Brown, Mediterranean
Sweet, Bahia (Washington Navel).
Peaches, early.— Early Crawford, Parson's Early, Triumph.
Sneed, Strawberry.
Peaches, late.— Globe, Salway, Oldmixon, Heath's Freestone,
Muir, December Cling.
Pears, early.— Wilder, Brandywine, Bartlett.
Pears, late. — Winter NelLs, Pia Beri-y.
PJum«.— Wickson, Kelsey, Botan White, Royale Hative.
Pomegranates.— Rwhy, Sweet, Red PapershelK?), Golden.
Quinces. — Champion. Portugal. Orange.
Strawberries.— AiizonsL Everbearing.
J. W. TOCMEY.
ARKANSAS. The horticultural products of Arkansas
are varied, owing to the great differences of climate,
elevation and soil. The seasons in the southern part of
the state are about three weeks earlier than in the north-
ern. There is much variation between nearby points.
In the western part of the state, owing to the differ-
ence in altitude, within a distance of 60 miles there is
from a week to 10 days difference in the seasons. This
admits of a great diversity of fruit and vegetable pro-
duction within the limits of the state.
The northwestern section of the state is noted for its
fine apples, and they are grown extensively for market.
This section has also produced a number of seedling ap-
ples that are being largely planted there as well as else-
where. There are several of these new apples, and
others of value are constantly coming into notice. A
few of those of special value are Arkansas, Oliver, Col-
lins, and Oivens. It is probable that some of these new
apples will become standard varieties, for in addition to
being productive they are good keepers. Winter apples
are not grown so extensively in other sections of the
state, but summer and fall varieties are grown to some
extent in all sections.
Peaches are grown for market along the lines of rail-
road in the western section of the state, and the acreage
is being largely increased each year. For marketable
purposes the Elberta is grown almost exclusively, and
is shipped in car lots to the northern markets. The
earlier varieties have not proved profitable for ship-
ping purposes. Peaches are grown for home market
throughout the state. Strawberry-growing is an impor-
tant industry in western Arkansas, and is carried on to
some extent in manj' localities in the eastern and south-
em parts, where they are grown in small quantities for
shipment. The acreage around some of the shipping
points in the western part is large, reaching about three
thousand acres at one point. The varieties grown most
extensively are Michel and Crescent. Owing to the
strict laws against the selliiigof wine in the state, grape-
growing is not carried on to any great extent. On the
elevated sections the table and wine grapes succeed
well, and in some localities table grapes are grown for
shipment. The Scuppernong succeeds in south Arkan-
sas. Pears are grown in some sections for market, but
not to any great extent, owing to the prevalence of pear
blight, while blackberries and raspberries are grown for
the home market in most sections. Cherries are grown
only for the home market, the Morello type alone being
successful.
In order to describe more accurately the horticultural
condition of the state, we have divided it into four sec-
tions, in the order of their present development and their
natural adaptability to horticultural productions (Fjg.
143). Section 1, located in the northwestern part of the
143. The horticultural zones of Arkansas.
state, is a mountainous country, fairly well developed,
and is adapted to all classes of horticulture. Section 2,
located south of section 1, is partly mountainous and
partly low land and, from a horticultural standpoint, is
not so well developed as section 1, while in sections 3
and 4, located in the extreme southern and eastern parts
of the state, horticulture has received little attention.
Section 1.— The elevation of this section ranges from
800 to 2,000 feet, the greater portion being about 1,200
feet. The country is mostly uneven, and parts of it are
somewhat mountainous. The Ozark Mountain system
enters the state from the northwest, while the Boston
Mountains, a range of this system, extend across the
section just north of and parallel with its southern
boundary. Fruit and vegetables are grown for shipping
along the lines of railroad in the western part. The re-
mainder of this section, although remote from railroads,
is well adapted to fruit-growing, and with transportation
facilities it promises to be equally productive. The apple
leads as a fruit product. In 1897, there were shipped
from the western part, principally from two counties,
over 2,000 cars of apples.
Section 2. — The elevation of this section ranges from
300 to 2,820 feet, the greater part of it, however, ranging
from 300 to 800 feet. Most of this section consists of
rough land. Strawberries are grown for shipment, prin-
cipally in the western part. The berries ripen early in
this locality, and the growers nsually begin shippin:;
the latter part of April. At a few points, peaches are
extensively grown for shipment. Plums, blackberries,
raspberries and summer apples are grown to some
extent in all localities, while winter apples are success-
fully grown on the higher land. Here, vegetable-grow-
ing for the northern markets is receiving much atten-
tion. Such crops as beans, peas, tomatoes and canta-
loupes are extensively grown in some localities along
the railroads. The area in cantaloupes reaches nearly
1,000 acres at some of the shipping points. Thesa crop?
can be gr -n early enough to bring good prices in the
markets o. he north, and are shipped in car lots.
Section iJ.— This section is mostly low, but the land
is uneven, and much of it is adapted to fruits and vepe
tables. It ranges in elevation from 140 to 3G0 feet.
Peaches and summer apples succeed on the higher land,
and are grown to some extent in all localities. Vege-
tables can also be successfully grown, but little atten-
tion has been given to these lines of farming here.
Strawberries are grown only for home market.
ARKANSAS
AR01DE.E
99
Section 4. — This section comprises the low lands of
the eastern part of the state. It ranges in elevation
from 130 to 350 feet, and the land is low and flat, with the
exception of a ridge a few miles wide running through
it uorth and south. But little fruit is grown in this
section for commercial purposes ; however, fruits could
be grown successfully for market in some parts of
it and early vegetables are now grown for market at
several points. John T. Stinson.
ASMENtACA. See under Prnnus.
ABM£BIA (an old Latin name) Plumbagindcece.
SeaFink- Thrift. Small perennial herbs, with rosettes
of narrow evergreen Ivs. on the ground, sending up
a naked simple scape 2-12 in. high, on which is borne a
compact head of pink, lilac or white fls., the head being
subtended by small bracts, forming a kind of involucre.
Species much confused. They are excellent for borders,
especially where a low edging is wanted; also for rock-
work. They are of easiest culture, being hardy and free
powers. Prop, by division of the stools; also by seeds.
•jee Boissier, in DeCandoUe's Prodromus, vol. 12.
A. Calyx-tube pilose all over.
maritima, Willd. Lvs. linear, 1-nerved, somewhat ob-
tuse, glabrous or slightly ciliate : scape low, somewhat
villose ; calyx-tube about the length of the pedicel, the
;imb nearly equal to the tube, with very short ovate and
aristate lobes. Eu. and Amer., along the sea coast.—
TTie J. vHhjhris of horticulturists seems to belong here.
A.Loiichtdna, Hort., with very bright rose-colored fls.,
is a form of it. Var. alba, Hort., has white fls. Also a
white-lvd. form. A. argentea, Hort., is perhaps another
form, with small white fls.
Sibirica, Turcz. Lvs. linear, 1 -nerved, obtuse, gla-
brous : scape rather taller, thicker ; calyx-tube longer
than pedicel, the limb about length of tube, with tri-
angular, short-mucronate lobes : involucre brown : fls.
white. S:beri\.
juncea, '"'hard {A. sethcea, Delile). Outer lvs. of
rii>ette nvrro AT -linear and subdentate, the inner ones
lunser and filiform: head small, with pale involucre, the
pedicel much shorter than the calyx-tube : calyx-limb
short, the U'()es ovate-obtuse and aristate: fls. pink. Eu.
AA. Calyx-fube glabrous, or pilose only on the ridges.
B. Lvs. elliptic-lanceolate or broader.
latifdlia, Willd. {A. cephaldtes, Link & Hoffm., not
Hook.). Glabrous and glaucous: lvs. broad-oblong, 5-7-
nerved, the margin remotely denticulate: head large, the
involucre dry : calyx-limb long, with very small or no
lihes and long teeth: fls. bright pink. S. Eu. B.M.7313.
P.M. 11:79 (as Sfatice Pseudo-A.rmeria).—A. fomidsa,
Hort., probably belongs here.
Mauritdnica, Wallr. (A. cephaldtes, Hook., not Link
i Hottni.). Lvs. broad -spatulate or elliptic-lanceolate,
-.') nerved, glaucous-green, the margin scarious-white :
ufads large (2-3 in. across), the involucre brownish, the
alvx short -toothed and aristate : fls. pink. Eu., Algeria.
B.M.4128.
BB. Lvs. linear-lanceolate or nai^rower.
alplna, Willd. Glabrous: lvs. linear-lanceolate, equal-
ing the scape, 1-nerved or obscurely 3-nerved : head
large, the involucre pale brown : pedicels shorter than
f^^alyx-tube, the tube equaling the oblong long-aristate
iobes: fls. deep rose. Mts.,Eu.
elongita, Hoffm. Lvs. linear, long, 1-nerved, acutish:
i; viiluore white : pedicels as long as calyx-tube, limb
' lualing the tube, and the lobes cvate-ari state : pink.
Var. purptirea, Boiss. {A. ptirpurea, Koch), has purple
Lt-ad;*. Central Eu.
plan taglnea, Willd. Glabrous: lvs. linear-lanceolate,
3-7uerved, acute or acuminate : scape tall ; head dense
and globular, the involucre white : pedicels as long as
ealyx-tube, the lobes ovate and long-aristate and as long
as tube ; pink. Central and S. Eu. Var. leucdntha,
Boiss. {A. dianthoidcs, Hornm. & Spreng.), has white
tiowers.
argryroc^phala, Wallr. (A. undtildta, Boiss.). Gla-
brous : outer lvs. in rosette, short and lanceolate or
linear-lanceolato and 3-nerved and often sinuate, the in-
ner ones linear or setaceous and 1-3-nerved : head large,
the involucre white : pedicel nearly as long as calyx-
tube, the calyx-limb with long-triangular aristate lobes ;
fls. white, showy. Greece.
aRMEEIASTBUM.
L. H. B. and J. B. Kelleh.
See Acantholimon.
AENATTO. See Biza.
ARN£BIA (Arabic name). Boraginhcea^. Annual or
perennial hispid herbs, of nearly 20 species in Africa
and Asia. Lvs. alternate : fls. yellow or violet, in ra-
cemes or cymes, the color changing with the age of the
blossom ; corolla slendtr-tubed, with 5 obtuse lobes.
echioides, DC. (Macrotdmia echio)des, Boiss. ) . Proph-
et - Fluwek. Hardy perennial, 3-12 in. high, short-
hairy, with spreading, obovate-oblong lvs.: fls. in a
scorpioid raceme or spike, yellow, with purple spots,
fading to pure yellow. Caucasus, Armenia, etc. B.M.
4409. G.C. II. 11 : 689. — Blooms in spring. In full sun or
in rather dry ground, it is difficult to keep this charm-
ing plant in a healthy condition ; partial shade is essen-
tial to its welfare. One can grow luxuriant specimens
on the northern slope of a rockery or close to a build-
ing on the east or north side. Prop, by seeds, division,
or by root -cuttings.
comtita, Fisch. & Meyer. Arabian Primrose. An-
nual, 2ft., bushy: lvs. lanceolate or linear-oblong,
pointed : fls. % in. across, yellow and black-spotted,
changing to maroon and then to vellow. Orient. G.C.
111.7:52. J. H. III. 31:29. A. F*. 5: 400. A. G. 44:181
(1890).— An attractive and not very common annual,
easily grown in the open.
A. Griffitkii, Boiss. Annual : lvs. narrow-oblong, obtuse, cili-
ate : fls. long-tnbed, with a black spot in each sinus : J>-r2 in.
India. B.M. 5266.— Not known to be in the American trade.
• L. H. B. and J. B. Kell.er.
ABNICA (ancient name). Compdsitce. Small genus
of perennial herbs, with clustered root-lvs. and large,
long-peduncled yellow heads. Native to Eu., Asia, and
N. Amer. — Tincture of the European ^4 . montana is used
in medicine. Grown mostly as alpines or in rockwork ;
some species also grow fairly well in the common bor-
der. Prop, by division, and rarely by seeds.
A. Radical lvs. cordate, ivith slender or winged petioles.
cordifdlia, Hook. Two ft. or less high, hairy : heads
few or even solitary, with inch-long rays ; involucre %
in. high, pubescent. Rocky Mts. and W.
latifdlia. Bong. Glabrous or very nearly so, the stem-
Ivs. not cordate or petioled : heads smaller than in pre-
ceding. Rocky Mts. and W.
AA. Radical lvs. not cordate, but petioled.
amplezicaftlis, Nutt. Glabrous or nearly so : lvs. ovate
to lanee-obioug, acute, those on the stem clasping and
dentate : stem leafy to the top. Oregon and N.
folidsR, Nutt. Pubescent : lvs. lanceolate, strongly
nerved, small -toothed, the upper ones somewhat clasp-
ing : heads sometimes solitary, short-peduncled : stem
leafy, strict. Rocky Mts. and W.
mont&na, Linn. Mountain Tobacco. Mountain
Snuff. A foot high, the stem sparsely hairy : radical
lvs. oblong-lanceolate, glabrous and entire : heaus 3-4,
large. Eu. B. M. 1749. J. H. III. .34: 441. -The best
known species in cult.; but none of the Arnicas are
common in American gardens. l^ jj, b,
AB0IDE2E, or ABACEJE. Aroids. A large order of
spathe-bearing, tuberous herbaceous plants, containing
many of the most highly prized greenhouse plants. The
culture of Aroids is too diverse to be given in any one
place. See the leading genera, as Aglnonema, Alocasia,
Anthurium, Arismma, Antm, Caladium, Colocasia,
Dieffenbachia, Dracunculus, Helicodiceros, Homalo-
mena, Monstera, Philodendron, Richardia, Schizmato-
glottis, iSpathiphyllum, Xanthosoma, etc.
y
100
AROXIA
ABONIA. See Sorbug. A. alnifolia, Nutt. = Ame-
lancbier alnifolia.
ABFOPntLLUM (Cimiter and leaf). Orehid(ice<r,
tribe Epidindretp. Epiphytes : racemes dense, cylin-
drical, erect : Ivs. strap-shaped or linear, on jointed,
terete stems : lis. small, inverted ; segments concave.
— Orchids of minor importance. Consult Epklfntlrum.
grigantdiun, Lindl. Plants robust : sts. about 10 in.
high : Ivs. coriaceous, strap-shaped ; peduncle stout :
raceme several in. long ; lis. numerous, pink-purple.
Mex. — Give plenty of litrht.
spicJltum, Llave et Lex, Smaller than thu above : Ivs.
linear : tls. paler. B.M.6022.
AEROW-ROOT. An edible starch, obtained from the
rhizomes of various scitaminaceous plants, as Maranta,
Curcuma, Tacca, Canna. The West Indian Arrow-root
is mostly from Maranta arandinaeea, Linn. The Bra-
zilian is from Manihot utilissima, Pohl. The East In-
dian is chiefly from Curcuma angustifoUa, Roxbg. Po-
tato and maize starches are also a source of Arrow-root.
Arrow-root is also obtained from Manihot.
ARTABOTETS {suspend qrapes, alluding to the hang-
ing fruit I. Anon^ceie. About 2.5 tropical climbing
shrubs, with 3-sepaled and 6-petaled solitary or fascicu-
late tls.. and shining e^'ergreen foliage.
odoratissimuB, R. Br. Lvs. oblong or lanceolate,
pointed, thick, dark glossy green : fls. brownish, very
fragrant : hooks on the peduncles. E. led. B.R. 423.—
Hardy in S. Fla. and S. Cal., and somewhat cult. The
ylang-ylang perfume is made from the fls. The lvs. are
used in native medicine.
ARTEMISIA (Artemisia, wife of Mausolus). Com-
p6sit(e. A large genus of aromatic herbs and small
shrubs, mostly in the northern hemisphere, and most
aoundant in arid regions. Lvs. alternate, often dis-
sected : heads small and mostly inconspicuous, numer-
ous, and generally nodding, with yellow or whitish
florets. In the West, many of the species, particularly
A. tridentata, are known as Sage Brush. Grown for
tneir medicinal properties or for foliage effects. The
cult, kinds are perennials, and thrive in the most ordi-
nary conditions, even in poor and dry soil. Prop, mostly
by division. For an account of the species, see Besser,
in DeCandolle's Prodromus, vol. 6, and Gray, in Synop-
tical Flora, vol. 1, part 2.
A. Heads with two kinds of florets (heterogamous).
B. Disk-fls. with both stamens and pistils, hut the
ovary aftortive {not producing seed): style usu-
ally entire.
Dracunculus, Linn. Tarragon. Estragok. Herb :
green and glabrous, with erect, branched stems 2 ft.
high : radical lvs. 3-parted at the top ; stem-lvs. linear
or lanceolate, entire or small-toothed : panicle spread-
ing, with whitish green, nearly globular fl. -heads. Eu.
R.H. 1896, p. 285. — Tarragon lvs. are used for seasoning,
but the plant is little grown in this country. The lvs.
may be dried in the fall, or roots may be forced in a
coolhouse in the winter. Prop, by division ; rarely pro-
duces seed.
Canadensis, Michx. Herb, 2 ft. or less high, glabrous
or very nearly so : lvs. usually 2-pinnate, with filiform,
plane lobes : fls. in a long, narrow panicle, with numer-
ous small greenish heads. Wild on banks and plains in
the northern part of the country. Int. 1891.
filifdlia, Torr. Shrubby, canescent, 3 ft. or less high,
very leafy, the branches rigid : lvs. filiform, the lower
usually 3-parted : panicle long and leafy. Plains, W.—
Plant has a purplish, mist-like aspect when in fruit.
BB. Disk-fls. perfect and fertile : style S-cleft.
C. Receptacle hairy.
frigida, Willd. Herb, 8-12 in., with a woody base,
silvery canescent : lvs. much cut into linear lobes :
heads small and globular, with pale involucre, in nu-
merous i-acemes. Plains and mountains W. Int. 1883.—
ARTICHOKE
Gootl for borders. Known in Colo, as " Mountain Frinjfe,"
and used medicinally.
Absinthium, Linn. Wormwood. Almost shrubby, 2-4
ft. high, spreading and branchy, white-silky : lvs! '2-3-
parted into oblong, obtuse lobes: heads small and nu-
merous, in leafy panicles. — Wormwood is native to Eu..
but it occasionally escapes from gardens. It isaeomnjun
garden herb, b* ingused in domestic medicine, especially
as a vermifuge. Wormwood tea is an odorous momor\-
with every person who was reared in the country.
arg^ntea, L'Her. Shrubby, erect : lvs. white-silky,
2-pinuate, the lobes linear or lanceolate : beads KJobii-
lar, tomentose, nodding, in racemose panicles ; 1-2 ft.
Madeira. — Cseful for rockwork.
cc. Receptacle not hairy.
Abr6tanam, Linn. Southernwood. Old Max.
Shrubby, 3-5 ft., green and glabrous, the st. rather
strict : lvs. 1-3-pinnately divided, the divisions flne-
filiform : panicleloose. with yellowish white heads. Eu.
— Southernwood is grown for its pleasant-scented foli-
age ; and it sometimes escapes into waste places.
Fdntica, Linn. Roman Wormwood. Shrubby, erect,
1-4 ft.: lvs. canescent below, pinnatisect, the lobes
linear : panicle open and long, with small, globular,
no<lding, whitish yellow heads. Eu. — Roman wormwood
i« used for the same purposes as A. Absinthium, tkuA
is more agreeable. Chief source of absinthe.
volg&ris, Linn. Mugwort. Herb, erect, paniculately
branched : lvs. white-cottony beneath but soon green
above, 2-pinnately cleft, with lanceolate lobes : upper
lvs. sometimes linear . heads many, oblong, yellowish.
Eu. and northern N. Amer., and naturalized in E.
states. — Mugwort is grown for the ornament of its foli-
age. There are variegated-leaved and golden -leaved va-
rieties. It was once a domestic remedy. Variable.
Stelleri^na, Bess. Old Woman. Herb, 2 ft., from a
woody creeping base, densely white tomentose : lvs.
pinnatifid, with obtuse lobes • heads large and niany-
fld., in a racemose-glomerate inflorescence. N. E.Asia
and on the coast of Mass. — Attractive from its whiteness.
Useful for borders.
Ludovici^na, Nutt. Herb, 2-3 ft., white-tomentose or
lvs. becoming greenish above : lvs. linear to oblong, the
lower ones toothed or parted, the upper ones entire:
heads small, bell-shaped, paniculate. Plains and banks,
W. Int. 1891.
AA. Heads with perfect fls. throughout : receptacle
not hairy.
arbuscula, Nutt. Sage Brush. Shrubby : a foot or
less high : lvs. short, wedge-shaped. 3-lobed, the lobes
obovate and often 2-lobed, canescent : panicle simple
and strict, often spike-like, the 5-9-fld. heads erect.
Plains, W.
trident^ta, Nutt. Sage Brush. Shrubby ; reachine
height of 12 ft.. although often only a foot high, branchy,
canescent : lvs. wedge-shaped, 3-7-toothed or lobeii.
truncate at the summit, the uppermost ones narrower :
heads 5-8-fld. Plains, W. Int. 1881. r tt r,
Lt. xl. £>.
ARTICHOKE ( Cyndra Scdlymus, Linn. ). Comp6sit<r.
A coarse and robust perennial, cult, for the edible fl.-
heads and lvs. The fl. -heads are 3-5 in. across just before
they open, and at this stage they are cut for the table.
The fleshy outer scales and the " bottom " of the head
(this is, the receptacle, the florets being removed) are
eaten raw or cooked. When the blue florets begin to show.
the head is too old for eating. Fig. 144 shows edible heads.
For pickling, the heads are often taken when only half
grown. The young sts. and lvs. are sometimes blanched
and eaten, after the manner of cardoons ; and these parts
comprise the "Artichoke salad '" of the markets. There are
a score or more varieties in European gardens, but the
Globe is the one generally sold here.
Although the Artichoke is perennial, the plant declines
in vigor after it has borne two or three crops. In the N.
the plants should be protected in winter with a liberal
mulch. Artichokes are of easiest culture on rich soil.
As they grow 3-5 ft. high and branch freely, and make
lvs. 3 ft. long, they should not be set nearer than 2 or 3
ARTICHOKE
ARUM
101
ft in the rows, and the rows should be 4 or 5 ft. apart.
In this country, the plant is propa^ted mostly by seeds.
These are sown early in the spring. Seedlings rarely
144. Edible heads of Artichoke (X ^V
give many heads before the second year. A quicker and
iietter method of propagation is to use the suckers, which
are freely produced about the crown. The suckers repro-
duce the'variety. The Artichoke is little known in Amer-
ica, but is worthy greater attention. The habit of propa-
iratiugr by seed is, perhaps, one reason why the Artichoke
has not obtained greater prominence in this country.
The great woolly, pinnatifld Ivs. and strong habit make
the plant an attractive ornamental subject. See Cardoon.
L. H. B.
ABTICHOKE, JEEUSALEM {Helidnthus tuberbstts,
Linn. I. Compos itcB. While the Globe Artichoke is sel-
dom seen in American gardens or on American tables,
and surely not appreciated by our people, the Jerusalem
Artichoke is so common as to be despised as a weed.
The Jerusalem Artichoke is the tuber of a perennial sun-
tiiiwer-like plant. (Fig. 145.) It thrives on almost any
drained land, without much attention as to manuring,
and without coddling. The tubers may be cut to single
• yes and planted like common potatoes. The cultivation
is about the same as that usually given to com or pota-
toes. Any time in the fall after frost has killed the tops,
« r the latter have matured, the crop can be gathered.
Pull up the whole plant by the roots, or dig the tubers
with a potato hook or prong hoe. Or, swine may be turned
into the field and allowed to root up and feed on the
tubers. All kinds of farm animals seem to be fond of
them. They may be ground and fed, mixed with ground
grains, to poultry
with good results.
As a succulent food
for cattle, sheep,
swine, and perhaps
other farm stock, this
tuber seems to de-
serve more general
attention on the part
of the American
farmer than it has
usimlly received. It
i> far ahead of the potato in productiveness, and much
more cheaply grown. Raw or boiled and served with
vinegar, the tuber also makes a very good winter or
i^pring salad, and for this purpose it may find a limited
sale in our markets. The chief demand for it will be
for seed purposes. The easiest way of keeping the crop
over winter is by leaving the tubers in the ground
145.
Tuber of Jerusalem Artichoke
where they grew, as they are not hurt by frost when
covered with soil. Tubers already gathered can be
pitted like beets or turnips, but will need even less cover-
ing of soil. The Mammoth White French is said by some
propagators to be an improved strain of the ordinary or
Jerusalem Artichoke. The plant often becomes a weed ;
but hogs will root it out. The plant is native to upi er
Canada and middle parts of the U. S. It was cult, by ae
Indians. See Belianthus. f^ Greixer
ABTOCARFUS {arfos, bread, and earpoa, fruit). L'rfi-
cAceie. Bread F'ruit. Tropical fruit plants, originally
from the East Indies, sometimes cult, with difficulty in
northern botanic gardens for their great economic inter-
est. They need a hot, moist atmosphere, much water,
and perfect drainage. Prop, slowly by cuttings of young
lateral growth. The fruits do not bear shipment to the N.
Incisa, Linn. f. Bread Frimt. Tree, .30-40 ft., with a
viscid, milky juice : branches fragile : Ivs. 1-3 ft. long,
leathery, ovate, cuneate and entire at base, upper part
3-9-lobed: m»le Hs. in a dense club-shaped yellow catkin,
lO-lGin. long; female fls. in asubglobularechinate head,
having a spongy recepta<'le : fr. as large as a melon,
typically muricated, but in the best cult, varieties reticu-
lated only, and seedless. Gt. 39, p. 273. Gng. 5: 2.33, and
B.M. 2809-71, where the romantic story of its transfer to
the West Indies is told. Sparingly cult, in S. Fla.
integrifdlia, Linn. f. Jack Fruit. Tree, 30 ft., with
milky juice: Ivs. 4-6 in. long, very various; those of fer-
tile branches nearly obovate, entire ; those of higher
branches more obovate and oblong; those of young shoots
from the root very narrow, or 2-3-lobed : fr. attaining a
weight of 60-70 lbs. Less palatable than the bread fruit.
The oily seeds when roasted are said to resemble chest-
nuts. G. C. III. 20:717. B. M. 2833-4. Gt. 39, p. 273.
Gn. 35: 4.55.
C&nnonii, Bull. Lvs. var>-ing from cordate to deeply
3-lobed, 1 ft. long, red beneath, bronzy crimson and pur-
ple above, very showy. Society Is. F.S. 21: 2231-2.
ABUM (ancient name). Aroidece. Tuber-bearing low
herbs, of few species, in Eu. and W. Asia. Lvs. simple,
the petiole sheathed at the base : spathe convolute, va-
riously colored, mostly including the short spadix : pis-
tillate lis. at the base. Grown usually as oddities, mostly
under the general name of Callas. Some of the species
are hardy ; others, as A. Palcestinum, are tender, and
require glasshouse treatment. The tender kinds are
managed in essentially the same way as the fancy-leaved
Caladiuras. Plant the tubers sufficiently deep that roots
may form from near the top. Give rich soil, and water
freely when growing or in bloom. The hardy species
should be well mulched in late fall. They thrive best in
partially shaded places and in rich soil. Prop, by nat-
ural offsets ; also by seeds or berries, which some spe-
cies produce freely. Some of the species are acrid-
poisonous. Monogr. by Engler in DeCandolIe's Mono-
graphia? Phonerogamarum, vol. 2.
The following names are in the American trade :
albispathitm, Nos. 5, 7; alpinuni, 6; AriifarHtn =
Arisarum vulgare ; JBifzantinum, 7; Canaritnse, 7;
concinnatum,!; eornutum = 'i', Corsic»rn,l; crinifum =
Helicodiceros crinitus ; cylindracenm, 7 ; Ct/priuni, 2;
detrnncatum, 3; Dioscoridis,2; DracHnculiis = Dra.c\in-
culus vulgaris; elongafum,5; gratum,5; immaculaium,
6; intermedium, 6; Italieum, 7; matnlafum, 6; Mahji,
6; mar mora turn, 7; nigrum, o; y'ordmanni,5; orientah,
5; Pahe.sfinum, 4; pictum, 1; sanctum, 4; spectabile, 2;
Sifriacum, 2 ; ternatum = Pinellia tuberifera ; vario-
latum, 5 ; vulgare, 6 ; Zelebori, 6.
A. Mature lvs. cordate, oblong-ovate.
1. pictum, Linn. f. {A. C6-rsicum. Lois.). Lvs. ap-
pearing in spring, long-petioled, light green : .spathe
bright violet, swollen at the base : spadix purple-black,
exceeding the spathe. Corsica, Balearica, etc.— Hardy.
AA. Mature lvs. hastate or sagittate.
B. Tuber round-flattened or oblate, the lvs. and pedun-
cles arising from a depressed center: lvs. appear-
ing before the spathe.
2. Dioscorldis, Sibth. & Smith {A. snectdbile, Kegel.
A. Syrlacum, Blume. A. Cyprium, Schott. ). Leaf-
102
ARUM
ARUXDO
blade oblonsr-tTianeular or ovate-trianenlar : spathe
tube pale within, the limb tJ-8 in. lon>?. ianceolate-oblon)?,
and colored with lar^e lentif ular pun»l«' syK>tM : spa<lix
short, included. Asia Minor. — Runs into many formn,
with variously marked spathes. Pots.
.1. detrune4ttim, Meyer. Lvs. more or less tmncate at
the base, the hla«ie shorter than in the last : yellowish
Ifreen and pur|>le-spotted, large (10-1.5 in. lontr) and
short-stalked, the liiub acummate. Persia,— Hardy.
146. Arum Italicum (X K).
4. Falaestlnnm, Boiss. {A. sanctum, Hort.). Black
Calla. Solomon's Lily. Lvs. cordate-hastate, 6 in.
broad across the base and about equal in length, the
middle lobe broad-ovate aid nearly blunt : spathe about
the length of the leaf, with a short gjeen tube, and an
elongated lance-oblong-tapering limb, which is greenish
on the outside and continuous black-purple within, the
tip sometimes recurving : spadix shorter than the
spathe. the upper part dark colored. Palestine. B.3L
5.^09. Gn. 4.T, p. IHl. — Perhaps the most popular Arum at
present, being grown in pots as an oddity.
5. orient^le, Bieb. A foot high : lvs. brownish,
broadly hastate-sagitate, the front lobe oblong-acute :
spathe tube oblong-ovoid and white within, the limb
ovate to oblong and intense black-purple (rarely pale),
resembling A. wiculatnni.—A hardy species from Asia
Minor, running into many forms. Some of the plants
referred here are A. ttigrum, variohitiim, ^^ordniantii,
gratum, Schott.; A. eloufjatum and A. albispathum,
Steven (not A. albispathum, Hort., which i? A. Ital-
icum).
BB. Tuher ovoid or oblong, propagating horizontally,
the lvs. and peduncles arising from the apex:
lvs. appearing before or with the spathe.
6. mSLCulktum, hinn. {A. rulgd re. h&m.). Lords-axd-
Ladies. Cuckoo Pint. Wake Robin (in England).
About a foot high : lvs. usually black-spotted, hastate
or sagittate, the front lol)e triangular ovate, about as
high as the spathe : the spathe swollen at its base, the
margins of the lance-ovate limb becoming inrolled,
spotted with purple : spadix shorter than the spathe,
purple. Eu. — A hardy species, of many forms. A form
with spotless lvs. and a whitish tube with a medial pur-
ple zone, is A, immaculdtum and Zelebdri, Schott.
Var. uiffTUtitiiin, Engler, has a narrow light-purple
spathe u-1. intermedium, Schur. A. Mnbji, Schott.).
Var. alplnom, Engler (.-1. alp)num, Schott. & Kotschr)
hax peduncles longer, and an ovate-lanceolate spathe.'
7. ItAlictun, Miller {A. cylindrdceum, Gasp.). Fig.
140. Larger than the last : lvs. hastate, nearly truncate
below, light-veined : spathe scarcely swollen below, th**
limb erect and not expanding and including the short
spadix (tip sometimes deflexed after dowering). Yel-
lowish or white and faintly striate. Eu. B.M. 24:{2.— A
hardy species ; also grown in pots. In the open, the
lvs. appear in the fall. A very variable species. Var.
Canari^nse, Engler (A. Canarihise, Webb. & Btrtli.K
has narrow leaf-lobes and spathe. Var. concinn^tum,
Engler (A. concinndtnm and marmorfltHm , Schott.),
has broad gray-spotted lvs. Var. Byzantintim, Engler,
(A. Bijzant'innm, Schott.), has spathe tube oblong,
white inside and purple at the mouth, and an acuminate
purple or green limb. Var. albisp^thuin, Hort., has a
white spathe. l. H. B.
AB0NCU8 (old name). Hosdceas. Tall perennial herbs,
often referred to the genus Spiraea, with numerous small
dioecious white fls. in panicled spikes : stamens many ;
pistils commonly 3. Two species, American and Japanes*-.
sylvfister, Kost. {Spir(ea Ariincus, Linn.). Tall |.i-7
ft.), erect branchy herb : lvs. large, 1-2-pinnate, of 3-7
ovate Ifts. : follicles deflexed in f r. Rich woods, N. Amer.,
N. Eu. and Asia. — A desirable hardy border plant of
easy culture.
astilboides, Maxim. (Spirtpa Artincus, var. astilbo)des,
Maxim. jS'. astiU>n)des, Hort. Astilbe astilbohles, Le-
moine, Gn. 48, p. ;{.")-<» ) . Dwarfer an«l more graceful than
the above (2 ft.): pedicels erect in fr. Japan. — Neater than
the American species. See Astilbe for illustration.
I IT R
ABUNDINABIA. See Bamboo.
ABtJNDO (Latin, r^-^-f?). Graminerv. Tall leafy per-
ennial grasses resembling bamboos, 5-15 ft. high, or
even 30 ft. in favorable locations. Lvs. broad and grace-
fully arching : sts. leafy to near the top, terminating in
an immense plume 1-2 ft. long : spikelets long and
pointed.
Ddnaz, Linn. Giant Reed. Figs. 147, 148. Toweringr
straight stems 8-30 ft. high, which grow very rapidly,
clothed with broad, pointed leaves at regular intervals.
Grown for lawn decoration and to conceal unsightly ob-
jects. In some countries used for laths, woven work
and thatching, and the
roots as a diuretic. The
tall, showy plumes are
reddish at first and last
a long time. Mediter-
ranean, Orient. Gn. 1,
p. 391; 3, p. 493; 8, p.
199 ; 17, p. 407. P.G.
3:2. Var. varieg4ta,
Hort. (var. versicolor,
Hort.). Much dwarfer
and less hardy than
the tj'pe. usually 4-7 or
even 12 ft. high, with
elegant longitudinal
stripes of creamy white
and green. Gt. 39, p.
209. F.S. 14:1425. Var.
macTophylla, Hort..
has large, very glau-
cous lvs.
conspicna, Forst. f.
A rare and handf'^me
form, bearing silky
white fls,, which are
beautiful for months.
Less hardy than A.
Donax, and with nar-
rower lvs. Lvs. 2-4 ft.
long, very slender, involute, coriaceous, deeply chan-
neled ; upper surface, margins, and long, slender point
roughish. N. Zeal. B.M. 6232. Gn. 18, p. 479 ; 49, p.
229, p. B, Kennedy
'^:^'*
147. Anindo Donax.
ARUNDO
ASCLEPIAS
103
^rimdo Ponaz is one of the most popular of all frrtmseH
or hardy foliajfe plants, especially wherever the Pampas
Gra^A is not hardy. Although it succeeds almost any-
where in borders, beds, and on lawns, it is really at home
in moist soils and
near the water. It
is, therefore, one
of the standard
plants for striking
aquatic effects. Prop,
chiefly by division, or
as follows: The ripe
canes may be laid on
damp moss during
winter, and in a few
months nearly every
joint will sprout and
form a small rooted
plant. The canes
may then be cut up
and the young plants
potted off singly, to
be planted out the
following spring.
J. B. Keller.
ASAEITM (obscure
name). Ariatolochi-
dcece. Low, nearly
stemless herbs of a
few species, but
widely disseminated
in N. Temp, zone,
with odd purplish or
brown fls. on the sur-
face of the ground
(or nearly so), under-
neath the heart-like
or kidney-like Ivs.:
corolla wanting, but
calyx corolla - like ;
stamens 12 : ovary
inferior. The Asa-
rums inhabit rich,
shady woods, spread-
ing on the ground,
and the fls. are un-
seen except by the
close observer. They
are of easy culture if
transplanted to rich,
moist places. They
make attractive car-
pets in borders and
groves. The species
(iescribed below are sold by dealer;, in native plants.
Some of the species are reported to have medicinal
properties.
A. Plant markedly pubescent.
Canad^nse, Linn. Wild Gikger. Canada Snakeroot.
Lvs. about 2 to a plant, thin, kidney-shaped, pointed,
with a deep and open sinus, not mottled : fl. slender-
stalked, with lance-acuminate calyx-lobes an inch or
more across at the expanded mouth, chocolate-brown :
stvle 6-lobed. Frequent in woods E. B.M. 2769. A.G.
13:517. D. 279.
H4rtwegi, Watson. Tufted, loose-pubescent : Ivs.
large and thick, cordate, with rounded basal lobes,
mostly acute at the apex, margin ciliate, glabrous and
mottled above : fl. stout-stalked, the lobes often ovate
and long-pointed, the ovary inferior : styles 6. Sierra
Nevadas, 4,000-7,000 ft. alt.
Europaenm, Linn. Lvs. kidney-shaped, evergreen,
cark green, the petiole 3-5 in. : fls. greenish ])urple,
Viin., with incurved lobes : styles 6, and grooved or 2-
parted, recurved. Eu.
AA. Plant slightly or not at all pubescent.
caudiitam, Lindl. Rather slender, with long root-
st.^oiis, sparingly pubescent : lvs. cordate-kidney-shaped,
and more or less cupped or cucuUate, acute : fls. slen-
148.
Plume of Arundo
Donax.
der-Rtalked, the calyx-lobes oblong and attenuate :
styles united. Pacittc coast.
Limmonl, Watson. Like the last, but lvs. plane or
flat, rounded at apex, less pubescent, calyx lobes short.
Sierra Nevadus.
Virginictun, Linn. Lvs, broad-ovate or orbicular,
rounded at the top, the sinus narrow : fl. short -stalked,
puri»le, the calyx-lobes broad and rounded : styles 6,
2-lobed ; anthers not pointed. V'a., S.
arifdlium, Michx. Lvs. thickish and usually mottled,
orbicular to hastate, obtuse : fl. stout-stalked, urn-
shaped and much contracted at the throat : styles 6, 2-
lobed ; anthers pointed. Va., S.
L. H. B.
A8CL£PIAS (ancient Greek and Latinized name).
Asclepiadaee(P. Milkweed. Silkweed. Many herbs,
mostly North American, generally with opposite or
whorled lvs., milky juice, and umbels of odd fls. The
fls. are gamopetalous, the corolla segments generally
strongly reflexed ; stamens 5, attached to the corolla,
the anthers more or less united about the stigma ; be-
tween the cc.-roUa and the stamens is a crown of flv-e
cornucopia-like appendages ; pollencoheringintoawaxy
mass (pollinium), which is removed bodily by insects
which visit the fl. The pollination of an Asclepias fl. is
fehown in Fig. 149. The pollen-masses are usually twin
(as at b), and the handle or caudicle lies in a chink on
the side of the stigma. The pollen-masses become at-
tached to the legs or mouth parts of the insect, and
are thereby transferred to another fl. The Milkweeds
are common in waste places in N. Amer., and are
rarely cult. Several species (described below) have been
int. by dealers in native plants. The Butterfly-weed and
some others are very showy and worthy of more general
attention. The large-lvd. kinds are desirable when heavy
foliage effects are wanted. They are all perennials of
the easiest culture. Prop, by division, rarely by seeds.
See Gray, Syn. Fl. N. Amer. 2., pt. i (which is here
followed).
A. Pis. (corolla and crotrn) orange.
tnberdsa, Linn. Butterfly-Weed. Pleurisy Root.
Hairy, 2-3 ft. high, from long, horizon* il roots, with
more or less alternate, lance-oblong or laiice-linear lvs.:
umbels several, short-peduncled : pods pubescent, erect.
Dry banks and fields ; widespread, and not infrequent.
B.R. 76. D. 223. -A handsome plant.
AA. Pis. in shades of red or purple.
Curass&vica, Linn. Plant glabrous, 2 ft. or less : lvs.
opposite and short-petioled, thin, oblong-lanceolate :
corolla sc&rlet : pods glabrous, erect. Fla. and La.
B.R. 81.
incam§ita, Linn. Glabrous or nearly so, leafy and
branching, 3 ft.: lvs. opposite, oblong-lanceolate : co-
rolla rose-purple to flesh color, with oblong lobes ; pods
glabrous, erect. B.R. 250. Var. pulchra, Pers. Hirsute,
and lvs. broader. Swamps. — Common.
AAA. Fls. greenish, yellovish orwhite (sometimes pur-
ple-tinged, especially in A. quadrifolia).
B. Pods tomentose and soft-spiny.
specidsa, Torr. (^1. Douglasii, Hook.). Stem stout
and simple, 3 ft. or less, flne-tomentose or becoming
glabrous : Ivs. large and broad, ovate, transversely
veined, short-petioled : fls. purplish and large, the pe-
duncle of the umbel shorter than the lvs. Neb. W, and
S. B.M. 4413.
Comtiti, Decne. (.4. Syrlaca, Linn.). Differs from last
in having obtuse and short hoods to the crown, taller,
less pubescent : lvs. oblong or oval : fls. dull purple,
in large, more or less nodding umbels. Mn. 7:221.—
The common milkweed of the E. states.
BB. Pods glabrous and unarmed.
c. Fruii*t\g pedicels decurved or de flexed, the pods
erect or ascending.
amplezicattliB, Michx. Plant glabrous and glaucous :
St. decumbent, 1-2 ft. long : lvs. numerous, cordate-
ovate and clasping, obtuse, succulent : corolla green-
purple. Barrens, N. Car. and S.
104
ASCLEPIAS
ASPARAUL'S
phytolaecotdet, Pursh (A. n\vfa. Sims). Plant srla-
br<'U>s HJi.l irr»»'n, ;j-4 ft., erect : Ivh. thin, oval to lance-
oval, acuminate and nhort-petioletl : tt<*. j?reenisli. In
large, looHe umbels. Moist ground ; frequent. B.M.1181.
149. Milkweed flower, showinK pollination.
variegita, Linn. Two ft. or less high : Ivs. 3-7 pairs,
oval, ovate or oblong, thinnish, preen and f labrous above
and pale beneath : tls. white and pink, in 1-3 umbels.
Dry, shady places. Cent, and S, states. B.M. 1182.
erioc&rpa, Benth. Densely woolly all over : Ivs. alter-
nate or in 3'9, long-oblong or lanceolate, short-petioled :
fls. dull white, in few or several umbels. Calif.
CO. Fruiting pedicels erect, and the pods erect.
quadrildlia, Linn. About 2 ft., not branched, with Ivs.
towards the top of the st. in whorls of 4 : Ivs. ovate or
lance-ovate, acuminate, thin, nearly or quite glabrous :
tls. pink to white in 2-4 loose umbels. Dry soil ; fre-
quent. L.B.C. 13:1258.
verticill&ta, Linn. About 2 ft., slender, very leafy:
Ivs. in whorls of 3-6, very narrow-linear and revolute :
fls. greenish white, in many small umbels. Dry soil ;
frequent. L.B.C. 11: 10G7.
Var. pfUnila, Gray. A few in. high, from a fascicled
root : Ivs. filiform, crowded. Plains, W.
MezicAna, Cav. Height, 5 ft. or less : Ivs. in whorls
of 3-*'}, or sometimes opposite or fascicle«l, linear or
narrow-lanceolate : fls. greenish white or purplish in
dense, many-fld. umbels. Ore. W. and S. l^ g_ g^
ASCYBUM (Greek, not hard or rough). Ilypericdcefr.
Low herbs orsubshrubs, with bright yellow fls.. 2 small
sepals and 2 large ones, 4 petals, and many stamens.
Dry, sandy soils in E. states (also one or two West In-
dian and one Himalayan species), sometimes grown in
borders. Of easiest culture, but should be covered in
winter in the N. Prop, by division ; also, by seeds.
hypericoldes, Linn. {A. Crxix-Andrecp. Linn.). St.
Andrew's Ckoss. A ft. or less high, branchy : Ivs. ob-
long or obovate, narrowed to the base : styles 2. G.F.
5:257. Mn. 3:65.
st&ns, Michx. St. Peter's-wort. Taller, scarcely
branched : Ivs. broad -oblong or oval and clasping':
styles 3-4. L. H. B.
ASH. See Fraxinus.
AStMINA (from Assiminier, a French -and -Indian
name). Anondcece. Papaw (the papaw of literature is
Carica, which see ) . Small trees or shrubs : Ivs. alternate,
entire, usually deciduous : fls. purple or whitish, campan-
ulate.solitary or few, axillary; sepals3; petals 6, the inner
ones smaller ; stamens numerous : fr. consisting of one
or a few large berries. Eight species in E. N. Amer. Or-
namental trees or shrubs, with large fls, in early spring,
and handsome foliage. Only 2 species are enltlratpd, of
which the arlnirescent one is the hardier and the hand
somer in foliage, while the more tender A. gmndiflorn
has larger and showier fls. They grow best in ri<h anil
moist soil. They transplant with «lifliculty. Prop, by seeds
sown in autumn, or stratified and sown'in spring', or \,y
layers in autumn; also, by root -cuttings. In the North,
the seeds should be sown in pots or pans. Description
of all species is given in Gray, Syn. Fl. N. Amer. 1, pt. l,
pp. 62 and 464.
triloba, Dun. (J nAwrt /rf/oftrt, Linn.). Fig. 150. Small
tree. It)— 40 ft.: Ivs. cuneate. obovate-oblong, acute. !j-l
ft. long, glabrous: fls. with the Ivs. from branches of the
previous year, green when expanding, changing to pur-
plish red, with yello\K in the middle, 2 in. broad : fr.
oblong, 2-6 in. long, dark brown. S. states, north to N.
York, west to Mich, and Kansas. S.S. 1:15, 16. fin
33. p. .321. G.F. 8: 495. A.G. 44:713.- This is the only
arlK)rescent species of the gtuus. It is well worth a
place in the garden, for its large foliage is very hand-
some and the fls., appearing in the early spring,' are at-
tractive. The large fr. is edible, and may be still im-
proved by cultivation and careful selection of the htest
varieties. Many people do n )t relish the highly aromatic
flavor; and the large see«ls are a disadvantage. Th*- tree
has proved hardy in Mass. and Ontario. One or two
named forms have been offered.
grandindra. Dun. Shrub, 2-6 ft. : Ivs. cnneate, obovate
or obluui;. obtuse, 2-4 in. long, rufous-pul^escent when
young, at length glabrous and chartaceous : fls. large,
appearing with the Ivs. ; outer petals cream-colored, over
2 in. long, much larger tht. i the inner ones: the large fr.
is said to be very delicious. S. Georgia, Fla.
Alfred Rehder.
ASPARAGUS, ESCULENT (Aspdragus officiuiilis,
Linn.). LiliUctif. A pt-rennial herb, cult, for the succu-
lent young shoots which arise from the roots in spring.
The plant is naf ve to Eu. and Asia, and has been cult.
for 2,000 years and more. It was known to the Greeks
and Komans. The so-called Ivs. of asparagus are really
leaf-like branches. The Ivs. are the scales, which are
well shown on the shoot at the left in Fig. 151. From
150. Asimina Uiloba (X>3).
the axils of these scales branches may arise, n a. At
b b are shown clusters of brauchiets, or "leaves," issuing
from the axils of scales or Ivs.
Asparagus, being a rather rugged plant, will live, and
in a measure thrive, on almost any kind of soil, even
under neglect. One frequently finds apparently thrifty
plants in neglected fence rows, or strong stalks pushing
up through stone heaps or other rubbish piled several
feet in thickness upon an abandoned asparagus bed.
The stalks that are wanted for the table and for a dis-
ASPARAGl'S
ASPARAfJUS
10.1
criiDin»iin>? market, however, are those an inch ormor«
ifl dianieter anti deliciously succulent, which oimj can
CTowtuly on »c»^Kxl plants net far enough apurt on well-
ilrain*-"', well-manured an<l well-tilled »oil. To secure
f»rliut'"*"< of crop, the laml selected for an Aspara^Ui^
iiatch should be a warm loam, prffiTHhly exp«»«ed to
south or east. Manures of any kind may be used with
.^atest liberality, too much beintc ain)o?^t out of the
question. Unlens the soil is already well supplied
with reiretable iiiatter, and f<»r that r«'as«»n very loose
and mellow, bulky munures, such an fairly-well rotted
stable manure or rich compont, are almost indii^pensablo
at tbfc ''tart. A heavy dressing is to be plowed under.
Afterwards concentrated manures, rich in nitrojfen an<l
T)ota«h. will do very well for loLse Sfiils, and may be
used broadcast on top, as the crop seems to need them
from year to year. Much depends on good plants.
The^e are easily grown. To jrrow one's own supply for
Marling a plantation is ordinarily a safer plan than to
depend on purchased plants. Use strong 1-year plants
in preference to older ones. The male, or pollen-bearing
plauts. are more vigorous, therefore more productive of
PKkI i»tall;s and more profitable than the female or seed-
bearintf plants ; but it is not always an easy tank to dis-
tinguish the one from the other at an early age unless
they bloom. To raise the plants, sow seed in early
spring thinly in drills, in a well-prepared seed-bed.
Have the drills a foot apart ; cover the seed half an inch
to an inch deep, and thin the plants early to stand 3
inches apart. With the same attention as that demanded
by other close-planted grarden vegetables, strong plants
will then be the sure outcome. Get the land ready for
jetting the plants by deep and careful plowing and
thorough harrowing. Then plow out furrows 5 or even
6 feet apart. If the demand is for the green stalks
(those grown above ground), popular in some markets,
the furrows may be made 6 or 7 inches deep. If
blanched shoots are wanted (and they are of superior
flavor and tenderness, provided they are grown in mel-
low soil and under high and skillful culture), they have
to be grown below ground; hence the furrows are to be
matle a few inches deeper than for plants set for green
stalks. Set the plants in the furrows not less than 2
feet apart, each on a little mound of soil, spreading the
roots in the same way as they grew in the seed bed.
Cover with mellow soil to the depth of a few inches, and
afterwards, in the course of some weeks and by means
of suitable tools (smoothing harrow, cultivator, etc.),
gradually fill the furrows even with the ground level.
A still better plan wheiie the material can be had, is to
fill the furrows with fine old compost, as the covering
above the crowns of the plants can not be made too
loose. It is advisable, and will insure closer attention
in cultivation, to grow some hoed crop, like beets, tur-
nips, cabbage, beans, peas, radishes, etc., between the
rows of Asparagus the first year. In the fall, and e very-
fall thereafter, cut the Asparagus stalks close to the
ground and remove them from the patch, to avoid the
scattering of the seed.
In early spring of the second year, the surface of the
Ifround is to be loosened by shallow p»lowing or deep cul-
tivating; and when the first sprouts appear, the rows
may be hilled up to some extent, especially if blanched
staiks are to be grown. The wi.sdom of cutting that
season more than a very few, if any, of the shoots for
the table or sale may well be doubted. Plants left intact
until the third year will grow mtich stronger and be
more productive afterward. In the absence of a spe-
cially devised Asparagus knife, any ordinary table or
pocket knife may be used for cutting the shoots, or in
mellow soil the shoots may be broken off at the base with
the finger. In cutting, be very careful to avoid injury to
later shoots or to the crown of the plant. The third sea-
son and every year thereafter loosen up the ground as
directed for the second season. The shoots are now to
be cut indiscriminately and clean, up to the beginning
of the green-pea season. After that, allow them to grow
undisturbed, but continue cultivation, to keep the ground
surface mellow and free from weed growth. For market,
wash the freshly-cut stalks and tie them in neat, com-
pact bunches of the size demanded by the particular
market, using some bright-colored ribbon, or perhaps
rubber bands. If to be shipped, especially for a longer
distance, pack the bunches in moist mosH or other ma*
terial that will prevent the stalks from wiltiui;. Varia*
tious in tbeAsparagusf lant are due more to differences
in culture and envjronment than to those
characteristic of the variety. American
seedsmen offer the following as distinct
varieties : Colossal (Conover's), Palmetto,
Mammoth (Barr's), Columbian (Mammoth
Columbian White). The la>t named in
perhaps the only one having an undisputed
151. Leaves and
branches of
common Asparagus.
I II,
claim to varietal distinction, on account
of the white color of its young shoots.
To save the seed, strip the scarlet berries
off the ripe stalks by hand, or thresh them
off with a fiail, put them in a sound barrel
or tank, and mash them with a wooden
pounder, to separate the hard, black seeds from the
pulp. Clean them by washing in plenty of water, pour-
ing off the pulp and skins ; dry and store.
In the Atlantic coast states, north of Virginia, the
Asparagus rust {Puccinia Asparagi) has often done con-
siderable damage. Outside of that region this fungous
disease is hardly known. Burning the infected stalks
is recommended. According to the Massachusetts Ex-
periment Station, *'the best means of controlling the
rust is by thorough cultivation in order to secure vig-
orous plants, and in seasons of extreme dryness plants
growing on very dry soil with little water-retaining
properties should, if possible, receive irrigation." As-
paragus anthracnose has appeared in a few instances.
Of insect enemies, only two have thus far attacked As-
paragus plants in America, namely, the common Aspara-
gus beetle {Crinctris Anpnragi, Linn.), and the 12-
spotted Asparagus beetle (C. IS-ptinctata, Linn.). The
following remedies are recommended : Chickens and
ducks ; close cutting of the young shoots in the early
season, and the free use of fresh, air-slaked lime or of
arsenites dusted on the dew-wet plants after the cut-
ting period. Even with all kinds of vegetables in abun-
dant supply and much cheaper than ever, there is hardly
any danger that a superior article of Asparasrus will go
begging for customers in any of our markets, or that the
grower of such product could not get several hundred
dollars per acie for his crop.
There are no books of American origin devoted wholly
or chiefly to Asparag^is ; but all the vegetable-garden-
ing manuals discuss it. f , Gkeiner.
106
ASPARAGUS
ASPARAGUS
ASPABAOUS, OBNAMENTAL. LiliUceat. The genus
Asparagus comprises about 1 r)0 species, which are widely
dispersed in warm or tropical regions, being particularly
abundant in S. Afr. The species are of very various
habit. 8onie are climbers, some dnx»ping or trailing, and
some erect-bushy. Many of them are highly prized for
their very graceful and tine foliage. Some species even
surpass the most delicate ferns in elegance of habit and
deiicm'y of spray. The foliage is really composed of leaf-
like branches (cladophylla) rather than of true Ivs. (see
Fig. 151. and the discussion of it). Although all are per-
ennial, the sts. of some kinds annually die down or cast
their Ivs. With the exception of A . rerticillatus, the fol-
lowing species mus* be grown under glass, except in
S. Fla. and S. Cr-^.L They are of easy culture. Best
when propagate.! by see<ls (which are usually freely pro-
duced), but ar" also multiplied by division and cuttings.
Roots genera ly tuberous. Mongr. by Bftker, .lourn.
Linn. Soc. 14 » I'STri ) ; account of cult, species by Watson,
G.C. 111.23:12.% 147,178.
A. Foliage ovate.
medeololdes, Thunb. (ifyrsiphfillum nsparaffo)de.f,
WilM.). Smilax of rtorists. Fig. 152. Tall, slender, gla-
brous twiner: cla<lo[»hyria 1 in. c more long, thick,
glossy green on both sides, strong-nerved, standing edge-
wise to the branch : tls. single, fragrant ; berries dark
green. 8. Afr. B.M. 5,')84.— Much grown by florists for
use in decorations (see cultural notes below).
AA. Foliage narrow, but distinctly flat and plain.
Spr^ngeri, Kegel. Figs. 153, 154. Tubers fleshy, white:
branches long and slender, branched, drooping : Ivs.
1 in. long, glossy green: fls. small and whitish, in short
racemes, fragrant : berrv small, coral-red. Natal. Gn.
54, p. 88. A.G.18:8«>. 88;?: "19:101. Gng.4:l«)7. F.E.9: sup.
Mn. 8:151. — One of the most popular basket and decora-
tive plants, of easy cult. Prop, by division, but most
efficiently bv seeds, which can be purchased. At a night
temp, of (55'^ they germinate in 4-5 weeks. Int. to horti-
culture by Dammann & Co., Italy, in 1890. and named for
their collector, Herr Sprenger. There is a white-lvd.
variety.
Iticidus, Lindl. Cliiaber : tub* rs 1 Vain, long : sts. 4-<J
ft., spiny, branching : Ivs. narrow aiid curved, 2 in. or
less long, 2-ii in a cluster, more or less deciduous : fls.
small, white, axillary : berries pink or white. Hin. in
diam. China and .lapan. where the tubers are eaten
(A.G. 13:78).— Needs warm treatment.
AAA. Foliage filiform or threa^H-like.
plTUndsus, Baker. ¥\g. 155. Tall-climb.'ng, with spiny
teri'te sts. (10-15 ft.): branches flattish and spreading
horizontally in elegant sprays : Ivs. short, bright green,
in clusters : fls. white, commonly solitarv : berrv black,
nearly globular, 1 -seeded. S. Afr. G.C. III. 23:140.—
One of the most j)opuIar of decorative plants, the cut
strands holding their shape and color for weeks ( see note
on culture below). It is propagated bj* seeds, division, and
cuttings. Several garden forms. Var. niinus, Hort., Fig.
plant or seeds bting the onl methods .,hat answer for it."
A. F. 11:1178. Var. tenulssimus, Hort. {A. tenuissimux,
Hort.). Fig. 150. Only partially climbing, very light
152. Asparagus medeoloides, or Smilax.
Natural size.
155 (but not dwarf, as its name implies), is commoner
than the type, from which it is distinguished, according to
Watson, "by the fulness and flatness of its fronds, and by
its refusal to multiply by means of cuttings, division of the
153. Asparaeus
Sprensreri (X %)
green : sprays more open and delicate than those of
the type, because of the fewer and longer Ivs. Var.
declin4tu8. Hort., has drooping sprays Var. cristitufl,
Hort., has forking-tasseled sprays.
Comor^nsis, Hort. Similar to A. plumosns : more ro-
bust, (hirker green, softer foliage : berries globular.
G.C. III. 23:181. I.H. 42, p. 61.
crfspus, Lam. {A. denimhens, .Tacq., and Hort.). Tu-
bers many, oblong: climl)ing (2-4 ft.), the sts. tine or
almost h,:ir-like and annual, the branches zigzag: Ivs.
numerous, usually in close pairs, very short (V4in.),
glaucous-green : fls. white, with orange anthers :
berry large (Vi^in. long), oval, soft, brown, about
G-seeded. S. Afr. A. defUius. Hort., is probably
a form of this species.
verticilliltUB, Linn. Tall-climbing (10-15 ft.)
hardy plant : rootstv k woody : sts. stout (Vain, in
diam.), sat ' '^> be edible when young, but becom-
ing woody I'iny : Ivs. in tufts, hair-like, 2 in,
or less long : fls. small : berries red. Persia, Si-
beria.
retrofrdctus, Linn. (A. retrofrdctus arhdrens,
Hort.). Sts. slender (4-8 ft.^. becoming woody and
gray, scarcely climbing, zigzag, spiny, the branches
wiry: Ivs. in close clusters, green, hair-like. 1-2 in.
long: fls. white, small, umbellate: berry small,
nearly globular, l-see<led. S. -**r.
virg&tus, Baker. A bushy, bi , achy plant 3-0 ft.,
the branches arching : Ivs. in 3's, dark green. 1
in. or less long : fls. small, white: berries red, 1-seeded.
S. Afr.
A. aentifbliim. hinn. Hard.v. rigid, .5 ft.: Ivs. tuft e<l, hair-like:
fls. yellow: berry red. E}x.—A.^thidpicus,^Ainx. Suiigests A.
ASPARAGUS
ASPARAGUS
107
I
■i
Spr^ngpri : evergreen : Ivs. flat ami falcate, in Mnsters o' 3-6.
\fj-.A,Afriednua, Lam. CllmlKT: hs. rigid, dark gret'n, flus-
(p^, ererirreen. 8. Afr.— .4. Asidtinu, Linn. Tall t^limlier:
ivs. hair-like, soft, i^\n.—A. Codperi, Baker. Similar u, A. plu-
mosus. S. Afr.— .4. declindtus, Linn. .Mlied
to A. phimosus, from whif h it differs In having
deltoid prickles, pale green stems, and smHiler
Ijerries." S. Afr. — vl.7ff'ca<t«, Linn. Very tall
(25-30 ft.), climbing: Ivs. in whorls. Hat and
falcate. S. Afr., Trop. Asia. ii.V. III. 2^. I'Si,
178.— il. lariclnua, Burch. Shoots annual, Ifr-l'J
ft.: Ivs. hair-like, persistent, in clusters. Simi-
lar to A. retrofractus. S.Afr. G.C. III. 23:122.
— A . procutnheim, a tratle n.tnie. —A . racemdmts,
Willd. ('liml>er: Ivs. grayish, 4-angled : fls.
whitish, fragrant ; racemes 2 in. lonp. Trop.
Afr. and A.,ia. G. C. III. 2:{:147.— .4. Htirmeiitd-
mis, Linn. Not c'imhing, hut loose, 4 ft.: Ivs.
green and flat : berries bright red. Trop. Asia
(and Afr.?). G.CMII. 10:747; 23:179.-^.
scdndeng, Thnnb. Climbing, slender: Ivs.
in 3"8. cun-ed, tl-it. dark green. S. Afr.—
A. Sehoberioldea, Kunth. One ft.: ivs. de-
ciduous, in 3's or 4'8, IHear, curved : fls.
sessile: berries red. Hai 'v. ,^ai>.— A. ten-
uifhling. Lam. Shrubby, iiardy, 3 ft.: Ivs.
grayish, linear,*'urved: berries very large,
red. S. Eu. Not to be confounded with
A. tenuissimus, which is a form of A. plu-
mosns.— A. trhhophyllns, Bunge. Sta. an-
nual.weak, 3H5 ft.: Ivs. clustered, stiff and
awl-like : fls. long-pe^licelled. Hardy. Si-
\\ — beria.China.— .4.f/H//;»'//«/M«, Link. Some-
what shrubby, the sts. wiry :
Ivs. 3-angled, stiff, in dustors:
fls. white, fragrant, in uiubels.
L. H. B.
CrLTi'RE OP Smilax
( A apd rdf/itx mt'dt'ololdes ) .
— Comiuercially, Sinilax is
grown in soli<i bed.s under
glass, and the tall growth
is tied to strings. These
strings are cut for sale.
Some growers do not renew
their beds of Smilax for.'J or4 years. It is, doubtless, the
most profitable to replant with young stock every year.
Smilax, like all its family, is a heavy feeder. A heavy
loam with one-fifth half-rotted cow-manure is the best
compost for the bed. A light house is not essential. The
m (lie of an equal-span house nmning north and south
is un ideal place for it, if there is height sufficient to run
up the s, rings 7 or 8 feet. Plant as early as possible in
July. Many florists who grow a few hundred strings of
Smilax make the mistake of putting them in a coolhouse.
It will grow in a temperature of .50°, but not profitably :
60° at night, and even 65°, is the right temperature.
The plants should be 8 in. apart in the rows and 10 in.
between rows. If not syringed frequently, red spider
attacks the Srailax ; but there is no excuse for that, as a
daily syringring is a sure preventive. When cutting the
strings, avoid picking out one here and there. Begin to
154. Strong
new shout of
Asparagus Sprengeri
«
^
*-^s
'<*.
should also betaken in I'utting, forniaTiy times there will
b« several young growths a f .)ot or so high that can be
saved for a future string, and they may bt, worse than use-
less if cut. Smilax for planting in July should be raised
from seed sown in February. When 2 or 3 in. hiirh, and
showing its character-learos.it should be potted in 2-in.
pots. In May, they should go into 3-in. pots. It is very
important that the first growth, which is always weak,
should be made in these 3-in. pots ; then, when planted
out, the first growth in the beds is strong enough to make
saleable strings. Never neglect tying up Smilax as soon
as the precef'.ing crop is cut. Contrary to what 's the
case wiih many plants, the hotter Smilax is grown the
hardier and more duinble the leaves, providing it is not
cut prematurely. William S< ott.
CiLTrRE OP Asparagus plum* us.— Th. rst and
all-important factor in the cultivation of .asparagus
is the construction of the bed. To meet with any degree
of success, tiie bed must have perfect drainage. The
house should be 2') or 30 feet high, and wired at the top
and bottom. The wires beneath are made fast to each
cut at one end of the bed and, as much as possible, clear
off all the strings, because when denuded of so much
growth the fleshy roots are liable to rot if over-watered;
little water is needed till young growth starts. Care
156. Asparagus plumosus. var. tenuissimus (X M).
side of an iron trellis about 8 inches apart and at the
top an equal distance apart, in order that the strings
may be as nearly straight as possible.
Theearly growth of yl.s7?rtraf7KS plumosus, var. nanus,
is very slow ; but as soon as it is transplanted anu well
rooted in a rich soil, the growth is more rapid, the t'.tder
shoots developing into a vine which will be ready to cut
for the market in about a year. There is great di.^iculty
in obtaining the seed of the nanus. In a whole house,
there may be only a few seed-bearing strings. After
being picked, the berries are alloved to dry for a month,
and are then ready for planting. A good, rich soil, cov-
ered with a thin film of sand, serves very well to start
them. The temperature should be about rM°, and as
nearly constant as possible. When the plant is well
rooted, it is removed to a deeper soil or potted in 3-
or 4-inch pots and placed on a bench. Here it remains
a year, and is then placed in the bed.
Up to this time a small amount of labor suffices to keep
the ]ilant growing in a healthy con«lition : but from now
on great care must be taken and much labor expended
to produce the best cro[». The bed into which
the young plant is set should be carefully laid
with rocks at the bottom, so the water can
;2S£^ escape freely. Over this place two or three
:"3^»^ feet of soil, manure, ancl
dead leaves. It is but a short
time now that the roots have
room to expan<l before the
shoots appear above the trel-
lis, and the stringing begins.
Strong linen thread is used
for strings.
The first crop will not be
ready to cut before the end
of the second year ; that is,
from the time tl:e seed is
planted. As soon as this crop is exhausted, new strings
are put in place of the old, and another crop is started.
This goes on year after year. Now that the plant has
gotten its growth, it is more hardy, and is constantly
<»
155. Asparagus plumosus, var. nanus (X ^)
*«a*
108
ASPARAGUS
ASPHODELINE
sending; up new shoots. If the bed is well made in the
beginning, the Aspara>ru.s need not be disturbed for eight
or ten years. However, at the end of that time it is well
to take the plants up and till the beds Avith fresh soil
and manure.
In the spring, when the sun gets high, the Asparagus
houses are shaded with a light coating of white lead,
whiting and kerosene oil. This is absolutely necessary,
as the summer sun would in a very short time bum the
tops of the vine. The vine flowers in the fall, and only
on strings that have been matured six months or more.
The vine alone is not the only source of profit. When
the plant is a year old, a few of the most nearly perfect
sprays may be taken without injuring its growth. These
are very desirable in the market. There is, of course,
some waste in working up the Asparagus to be shifted,
but, on the whole, it is very slight. The different forms
in which it is sold utilize by far the greater part of it.
Insects destroy the shoots and sprays. This is pre-
vented to a great extent by insect powder. The cut-
worms do the most damage. About the only way to get
rid of them is to pick them oflf the strings during the
night, as they generally seek shelter under the thick
clusters of the plant at daylight. There are many draw-
backs in growing Asparagus, among which are expensive
houses, the slow growth of the plants (which makes it
necessary to wait at least two years before receiving
any return from the expenditure), injury from insects,
an<i the great amount of labor involved in looking after
the houses. William H. Elliott.
ASFASIA (Greek personal name, of little significance
here). Orchiddcetr, tribe y'dndeie. Pscndobulbous: Ivs.
sub-coriaceous : racemes radical : peri h spreading :
lateral sepals free, the upper one conna at the base of
the petals : labellum concave : column semi-terete :
pollinia 2. Eight or 10 Trop. Amer. species. The genus
is closely allied to Odontoglossum.
epidendroldes, Lindl. Lvs. linear-lanceolate : racemes,
with about 4 lis. ; erect : sepals and petals streaked with
brown ; labellum white, dotted with violet-purple. Pan-
ama and Colombia. Oakes Ames.
ASPEN. See Populus.
ASP£B£LLA (diminutive of asper, rough). Syn., .ils-
prella. Graminete. Perennial grasses, with looser and
more slender terminal spikes than EljTnus. Spikelets
usually in pairs, on short pedicels, empty glumes wanting
or appearing as simple rudiments in the lowest spikelets
of each spike. Species 4. N. Amer., Siberia, New Zeal.
H^striz, Humb. Bottle -brush Grass. Spikelets
stand out at right angles, suggesting brushes used for
cleaning bottles. A native grass, growing in woodlands
and on the borders of thickets ; sometimes used for
lawn decoration. p, g. Kexxedy.
ASF£BULA {roughish ; referring to lvs.). Riihidicece.
jNIostly dwarf, hardy herbs, for borders, rockeries and
shady places, with square stems, whorled lvs. (some of
the lvs. are really stipules), and many small, 4-parted
fls., produced freely from May to July. The commonest
species is A. odorata, the Waldmeister of the Germans,
which is used in their Maitrank, or May wine, and in
summer drinks. The dried lvs. have a hay-like fra-
grance, lasting for years, and are often kept with
clothes. The plant occasionally escapes from gardens.
A. hexaphylla , with its delicate, misty spray, is used
with sweet peas and other cut-flowers that are inclined
to look lumpy. Other plants for this purpose are Gyp-
sophila panicttlata, Statice lati folia, and several Gali-
nms, all of which have small, abundant fls. in very loose
panicles on long, s'ender stems. In half-shaded and
moist soil, Asperulas grow very luxuriantly until late
fall. In drj' and sunny places they soon become stunted,
and die down before the season is over. Prop, by divi-
sion and by see<ls.
A. Pla nts peren n ia 1 : fls . wh He .
B. Corollas 4-lobed.
odoriLta, Linn. Sweet Woodruff. Fig. loT. Habit
erect or ascending : height (^-8 in. : lvs. usually in
whorls of 8, lanceolate, finely toothed or roughish at the
margin : corollas campanulate : seeds rough. Eu. and
Orient. — Increases rapidly, and is used for carpeting
shady places, and for edgings.
hexaphylla. All. Plant-stem glabrous: habit ascend-
ing, slender : height 1-2 ft.: lvs. in whorls of ti, linear,
acute, rough : corollas tubular-funnel shaped : panicles
157. Asperula odorata.
very loose : fls. larger than the bracts : seeds smooth.
Italy, Hungary, Pyrenees on high passes and dry mt.
sides. — Well grown specimens may be 3 ft. in diani. and
nearly as high.
BB. Corollas often S-lohed.
tinctdria, Linn. Dyer's Woodruff. Habit procum-
bent unless supported : height 1-2 ft.: lvs. linear;
lower ones in 6's, middle ones in 4's, uppermost ones in
2's : bracts ovate : fls. reddish on outside : roots large,
creeping widely, reddish. Dry hills and rocks of Eu.
AA. Plants annual : fls. blue.
orient^lis, Boiss. & Hohen. (A. azurea and A. sefosa,
Jaub. & Spach. A. azurea-setosa and A. setosa-azurea,
Hort. ). Height 1 ft.: lvs. in whorls of 8, lanceolate,
bristly : fls. longer than the bracts. Eu. and Orient.
^' ^ '• ^-^- J. B. Keller and W. M.
ASPHODEL. See Asphodeline and Asphodelus.
ASPHODELlNE (name modified from Asphodelus).
Lilihcece. Hardy herbaceous plants, distinguished from
Asphodelus by their erect and leafy sts. They have
long racemes of yellow or white fls. in June and July.
All the older species were described under Asphodelus.
In 1830, Reichenbach made the new genus Asphodeline
for A. lutea and others. The only species advertised in
America is A. luteus, but all those described below are
likely to be in cult. Monog. by J. G. Baker in Jouru.
Linn. Soc. 15 : 273-278 ( 1877) . -^ ^i
The culture of Asphodeline lutea is simple. Any soil
will suit. Partial shade is allowable, but fls. are often
better in the sun. Prop, readily by division.
A. Stems leafy up to the raceme.
B. lis. yellow.
Ititea, Reichb. (Asphddelus luteus, Linn.). True As-
phodel of the ancients, or King's Spear. Height 2-t
ft. : roots thick, fleshy, stoloniferous : ivs. 3-12 in. long:
margins rough : racemes (>-18 in. long, 3 in. wide: bracts
large, membraneous, persistent. Italv, Mauritania and
Algeria to Tauria and Arabia. B.M. 773. L.B.C. 12:1102
as A. Taurictis. — The best species.
BB. Fls. white.
Tatlrica, Kunth. Height 1-2 ft. : roots slender: lvs.
3-9 in. long; margins membranaceous: raceme 6-12 in.
long, 1 ^'2-2 in. wi<le: bracts 9-12 lines long. Caucasus,
Tauria, Syria, Asia Minor, Greece. G.C. III. 21 : 175.
AA. Stems leafy only a third or half the tvay to the
raceme.
B. Fls. white : raceme dense,
globifera, J. Gay, Height 2-3 ft. : capsule globose
Cappadocia.
ASPHODELIN 5
ASPIDISTRA
109
BB. Fls. yellow : raceme lax.
c. Bracts large, G-12 lines long, loug-cuspidqte.
tenMor, Ledeb. Height 1 ft. Caucasus, Annen., N.
Per-^ia. B.M. 2626. — Smaller than ^4. l(iten.t,yf^ith finer
I vs. ami smaller, fewer and paler tis. Especially dis-
tinguished by the stalk being naked at the uppt r part,
below the raceme of fls., and the bracts as short as
or shorter than the peduncle.
cc. Braffs small, 1%-S lines long, short-cuspidate.
'bnmica, Reichb. {A. Critica, Vis., not Boiss.).
ght 1-2 ft. Greece, Crete, Dalmatia. Austria, Italy,
not Asia Minor. L.B.C. 10: 915 as A. Cretica.
brevicatilis, J. Gay {A. Cretica, Boiss., not Vis.). St.
often flexnose, that of all the others here described being
erect and strict. Asia Minor, Syria, Palestine, Egypt.
iuu. Stems leafy only at the base: fls. white: racemes
dense.
B. Racemes usually simple.
c. Stems having leaf-scales : height 8 ft.
imperi^lis, Siehe. Tallest species of the genus : tis.
large, reddish white. Cappadocia. G.C. III. 22: 397.
cc. Stems not having leaf-scales : height l}^-2 ft.
Damasc^na, Baker. Height lV^-2 ft.: bracts membra-
naceous, lanceolate, the lowest 9-12 lines long. Mt.
Lebanon.
Bal4n88B, J. Gav. Height 2 ft.: bracts scarious, 6-9
lines long. Cilicik. Gt. 40, p. 521. G.C. III. 23: 111.
BU. Uacemes much panicled.
isthmocirpa, Gay. Height 2 ft. Cilicia. G.C. III.
23: 117. W. M.
ASPHdDELUS (Greek name of unknown origin). Lili-
hce(f. Hardy herbaceous stemless plants, with white,
lily-like flowers in long racemes, fleshy, fascicled roots,
and firm, linear, radical. tufted leaves.
Perianth funnel-shaped ; segments 6,
oblong-ligulate, obtuse, equal, with a
distinct nerve on the back, and always
ascending. The Asphodel of the an-
cients, or King's Spear, is Asphode-
line lufeus, which see. Homer men-
tions the Asphodel raea('ows of the
dead, where the shades of heroes con-
gregated in Hades. The Asphodel in
Greek mythology was the peculiar
flower of the dead. It has always been a
common weed in Greece, and its pallid yel-
low flowers are as.sociated with desert places
and tombs. The word daffodil is a corrup-
tion of Asphodel. The Asphodel of the early
English and French poets is JVarcissus
Pxeudo-narcissus. J. G. Baker, in his re-
vision of the genus in Jour. Linn. Soc. 15:
2ti8-272 (1877), refers 40 species of other
botanists to A. ramosus, the dominant type, of which he
makes three sub? ^ecies. These subspecies are here kept
distinct, for horticultural purposes, as good species.
They are the ones first described below. A . ra mos us and
A. albus are the only current trade names in America.
Culture simple; see Asphndeline.
A. Plant perennial : Ivs.S-angled.
B. Scape long.
c. Racemes simple or sparingly branched.
41bu8, Miller, not Willd. Branching Asphodel.
Bracts buff colored when young : filaments deltoid at
the base : capsules medium-sized, 5-6 lines long, sub-
globular or ellipsoid. Southern Eu.
ceraslfenu, J. Gay. Bracts pale yellow : filaments
wedge-shaped at the base, but rapidly becoming awl-
shaped : capsule large, 8-10 lines thick, flattish globu-
lar, umbilicate. Western Mediterranean region.
cc. Racemes much branched or panicled.
microc&rpus, Vis. (A . (psDvus, Brot.). Bracts pale yel-
low at flrst : filaments 4-angled at the base : capsule small,
3-4 lines long,oboToid-globo8e. Mediterranean, Canaries.
BB. Scape short, almost wanting.
acatllis, Desf. Lvs. 6-20, in a dense rosette, 3-4 in.
long, minutely pubescent : fls. (>-20. in a crowded corymb :
segments of perianth 2-3 lines wide. Algiers. B.M. 7004.
AA. Plant annual : leaves cylindrical, hollow.
fistuldsus, Linn. Height 16-20 in. : lvs. 12-30, in a dense
rosette, (>-12 in. long, striate, awl-like, glabrous : seg-
ments of perianth 1-2 lines wide, lined with pink: buds
pink; fls. pinkish. fVance and Portugal to Svria. Arabia
and Afghanistan. B.M. 984. L.B.C. 12: 1124.-^ Needs pro-
tection under glass in winter. If removed early in autumn
to a greenhouse, it may be induced to seed freely.
A. Creticus =Asphode\ine Libiimifa.— .4. ?M/e««=A«ohi del-
ine Inteus.— A.'.Villdrsii, Verl.. is a form of A. ramosus, *i '♦m
E. France, with long, dense racemes and dark brown bracbS.
N. 1:125.
W. M.
ASPIDISTRA (Greek, a small, round shield; referring,
probably, to the shape of the stigma). LiliAcece. A
popular florists' plant, grown for its stiff, shining, beau-
tiful foliage, and still iiore interesting for its remarkable
fls., which are inconspicuous because borne close to the
ground. The casual observer never suspects that Aspi-
distra is a liliaceous plant. The parts of the fl. in mono-
cotyledons are typically in S's. The genus Aspidis-
tra is considered abnormal, as usually having its parts
in 4's. This tetramerous stute (which is here con-
sidered the normal one, and described below) is pic-
tured in B.M. 2499, but the species was first described
upon a trimerous state, and pictured in B.R. 628. In A.
lurida the trimerous state must be regarded as au ex-
ceptional reversion: in A. typica, B.M. 7484. the tri-
merous state is thought to be constant. Of all plants that
158. Aspidistra lurida.
are rented for the temporary decoration of public halls.
Aspidistra lurida U one of the greatest favorites, as it
stands much abu-e, suchas dust, dry air, and lack of
water and light, 't is, however, naturally fond of wa-
ter, and grows freely on the margins of ponds or streams,
especially south. In rich .-toil the variegation often dis-
appears altogether until the plants begin to starve, hence
a compost of nearly half sand is desirable. The best
method of propagation is by means of division in spring,
before active growth begins, as the young leaves are not
then disfigured.
liirida, Ker-Gawl. Fig. 158. Lvs. 15-20 in. long, stiff,
evergreen, obiong-lanceolate, sharp-pointed, radical ;
110
ASPIDISTRA
ASPLENIUM
blade narrowed into a channeled petiole a third of its
length: fls. lurid purple, on short 1-dd. scapes; perianth
segments 8 ; stamens 8 ; stigma broadly shield-shaped,
like a small mushroom. China. — The variegated form
is more commonly grown, the alternation of the green
and white stripes being singularly beautiful. No two
Ivs. are exactly alike. e. O. Orpet and W. M.
ASPtDIUM. See Dryopteris and Polystichum.
ASPLENfNDBIUM. See Thamnopteris.
ASPLENIUM (Greek, not the spleen; referring to sup-
posed medicinal properties). Polypodidceie. A large,
widely distributed genus of feins, containing some 200
species. Easily distinguished by the free veins, and by
the elongated sori covered by an indusium, which nor-
mally is attached to one side of a vein.
Aspleniums enjoy an abundance of moisture at the
roots, but they will turn brown in the winter months in
an excessively moist atmosphere. They should be kept
in a very lightly shaded position. A good potting ma-
terial consists of equal parts of rich soil and leaf -mold or
peat. The following are some of the most useful com-
mercial kinds : A. Belangeri, height 2Kft. ; A. hulbif-
erttm, 2 ft. ; A. laxum, which grows quickly into a
handsome specimen about 20 in. high, and seems to
stand the hot, dr> American summers better than other
species ; A. salicifoUum; and J., viviparum, which is
dwarf , compact, with lace-like fronds, and easily prt. pa-
gated. For hanging baskets, A. flaccidum is best. The
foregoing species and others of like habit develop small
plantlets on the surface and edge of pinnae. As soon as
these are sufficiently strong, they may be detached, with
a small piece of old pinna?, and pricked into shallow pans,
the older part being placed below ground to hold the
young plant firmly in position until roots have formed.
The best soil for this purpose is composed of equal parts
of fresh garden soil. leaf -mold or fine peat, and sand. Plant
very firmly, and place in a shady, moderately moist and
close position, where in 10 to 15 days they will make roots.
The foregoing ones do V^est in a temperature of 50° F.
A. cicutarium is easily grown from spores, and is very
useful for fern dishes. Nichol N. Brickner.
Alphabetical list of species described below : A. Adi-
antum-nigrum, 14 ; affine, 13 ; angustifolium, 10 ; Bap-
tistii,12; Belangeri, 2,*{; bulbiferum, 18; cicutarium, 20 ;
cuneatum, 15; ebeneiim, Si ebenoides, 4; Filix-foemina,
25; fceniculaceum, 16; fontanum, 17; formosum, 9; fra-
grans, 16; Hemionitis, 2; laxum, 18; myriophyllum, 19;
nobiliH,24; obtusilobum, 21 ; paltnafHm,2; parvulum, 7;
pinnatifidum,.3; platyneuron, 8; rhizophyllum,19; rutae-
folium, 22; salicifoUum, 11; serratum, 1 ; spinulosum,
27; thelypteroides, 26 ; Trichomanes, 6 ; viride,5; vivip-
arum, 24. The following are native and hardy : Nos.
3, 5, 6, 7, 10, 25, 26.
A. Sori linear or oblong, straight, borne on the
back of the If.
B. Lf. simple, with a serrate margin.
1. serr&tum, Linn. Lf. 1-3 ft. long, on a very short
stipe, 2-4 in. wide, gradually narrowed below: sori 1 in.
or more long. Fla. to Brazil.
BB. Lf. lobed or pinnatifid.
2. Hemionltie, Linn. (A. pahndtum, Lam.). Lf. 4-6
in. each way, hastate, with a triangular terminal lobe and
two lateral ones, and a large, rotmded sinus at the base:
sori often over 1 in. in length. Spain, Canary Islands.
S. 1:586.
3. pinnatifidtun, Nutt. Lvs. clustered, from a short
rootstock, 3-9 in. long, with mostly rounded lobes at the
base and terminating in a slender point ; texture thick,
herbaceous ; occasionally rooting at the tip. Pa. to Ala.
S. 1:628.
4. ebenoides, R. R. Scott. Texture thin : lvs. 5-10 in.
long, with a few irregular divisions near the base, and
a long, slender, much-incised apical portion, occasionally
rooting at the apex. A very rare native species.
BBB. Lvs. once pinnate.
C. Pinnce less than %in. long, blunt.
D. Machises greenish.
5. vlride, Huds. Lvs. 3-8 in. long, scarcely more than
J^in, T'ide, with numerous rather distant Ifts., which are
ovate and deeply crenate : sori abundant, oblique. A
subalpine species of N. Eu. and N. Amer. S. 1: 601.
DD. Rachises purplish or blackish.
6. Trichdmanes, Linn. Lvs. densely clustered. 3-8 in
long, Va iu. wide, with densely crowded oval leaflets
which are slightly crenate on the '
upper side and suddenly narrowed /)
at the base. Northern hemis- /v/
phere generally. A.G. 1892: 653. Wi^
S. 1:653.
7. p^rvolnm, Mart. & Galeotti.
Leaf 5-9 in. long, with 20-30 pairs
of mostly opposite Ifts., which are
l^-Va in. long, rounded at the
outer margin and squarely trun-
cate at the base. South-
em states and Mex.
cc. Pinnce %-l inch
long, with a strong
auricle at the up-
per side of the base
or deeply incised
on the upper mar-
gin.
8. platynetron, Oakes
{A. ebeneiim. Ait.).
Lvs. 6-15 in. long, with
30-35 pairs of Ifts.
which have an enlarged
auricle at the upper
side at the base, the
lower Ifts. reduced to
mere triangular auri-
cles : sori, when ma-
ture, covering the en-
tire surface. Canada to
S.Amer. A. 0.1892: 654.
S. 1:535.
9. formdsum, Willd.
Lvs. 12-16 in. long,
with numerous alter-
nate pinnae which are mostly deflexed, with the upper
margin deeply incised and the lower margin toothed :
sori 3-5 to each 1ft. Trop. Amer. S. 1 : 576.
CCC. Pinnce 3-6 in. long, linear or lanceolate.
10. angnstildliom, Michx. Lvs. 18-24 in. long on stout
stalks, 4-6 in. wide, with 20-30 pairs of nearly sessile
pinnae, which are truncate at the base and extend to a
tapering point ; fertile pinnie narrower and more dis-
tant. Moist woods northward. S. 1 : 496.
11. salicifdliom, Linn. Lvs. 12-18 in. long, with about
20 distinctly stalked horizontal pinnae, which are wedge-
shaped at the base, and curve upward to a long point :
sori strongly oblique to the midrib, wide apart, not
reaching either margin or midrib. W. Ind. to Braz.
BBBB. Lvs. fl-4 pinnate.
C. Ultimate divisions linear or cuneate : venation
somewhat fan-shaped : texture thick.
12. B&ptistii, Moore. Leaf bipinnate, with broadly
ovate pinnae 5 in. or more long, each with about 4 stipi-
tate linear toothed pinnules ; sori nearly parallel with
the midvein and close to it ; rachises scaly, with pur-
plish lined scales. South Sea Islands.
i:). aftine, Swz. Leaf 9-18 in. long, with numerous
pinnae on either side, the lower ovate deltoid, the upper
lanceolate ; pinnules incised : sori linear. Mauritius
and Ceylon to E. Ind.
14. Adi&ntum-nigrrum, Linn. Stalks brownish, lvs. 3-
pinnatifld from winged rachises, triangular, 5-9 in. long;
ultimate divisions ovate, sharply incised and Serrate on
both sides. Old World generally. S. 1: 486.
Asplenium rhizophyllum.
ASPLENIUM
ASTER
111
15. euneMnm, Lam. Lvs. 12-16 in. long, 4-6 in. wide,
^ripinnatt' helow. the ultimate divisions broadly obtuse
above and strongly cuneate below ; sori linear, usually
lontf for the si/e of the segments. Trop. regions
generally.
16. frigrans, Swartz {A. fcenieulhceiim , Kunth.).
Lvs. 2-3-pinQate ; ultimate segments lano.eolate, sharp-
serrate above ; veins simple or the lowest forked : sori
oblong, extending from midrib to near base of the lobes:
petiole brownish, rachis flattened. W. Ind. S. 1:577.
cc. Ultimate division rhombic, sharply spinulose:
texture herbaceous.
17. fontinum, Bernh. Growing in dense clusters :
lvs. iwi in. long, 1 in. or more wide, 2-pinnate; segments
witli 2-5 spinulose teeth which are widely divergent :
sori at maturity covering nearly the entire surface of
the segments. Eng. and Spain to the Himalayas. S.
l:57i.
ccc. Ultimate divisions longer, not spinulose : texture
membranous or herbaceous.
18. bulbiferum, Forst. (A. ldxum,'RoTt.). Lvs. l-13^ft.
long. 6-8 in. wide, 3-pinnatifld ; pinnae tapering to a
slender toothed point : often bearing bulbs from which
new plants originate while still attached to the leaf.
Afr. and Australasia. S. 1 : 508.
19. rhizophyiluiii, Kunze {A. myriophyllum, Presl.).
Fig. 159. Growing in extensive tufts, with grayish
brown stalks and rachises : lvs. (>-15 in. long, .'^-pinnate
or 4-pinnatifld, the ultimate segments frequently deeply
2-lobed with a single sorus to each division. Fla. to S.
Ainer.
20. cicat&num, Swz. Lvs. 3-pinnatifld with a winged
rachis, 8-18 in. long ; pinnules ovate, with 5-7 narrow
divisions, each bearing a single sorus ; texture thin,
membranous. Trop. Amer., rare in Fla.
AA. Sori linear, marginal or submarginal, on narrow,
linear, ultimate divisions of the leaf. (Darea.)
B. Lvs. bipinnatifid, less than a foot long.
21. obtriBilobuin, Hook. Lvs. 4-7 in. long, 2 in. wide
or less, with about 10 pinnae, which are made up of 5-7
narrow segments bearing occasional sori on the outer
margin of the segments. New Hebrides and Fiji Isls.
S. 1:624.
BB. Lvs. S-pinnate or 3-pinnatifid, over a foot long.
C. Pinnce short, with close segments.
22. rutaefdlium, Kunze. Lvs. 13-15 in. long, with 12-20
pinnae on each side, each with 7-11 narrow segments,
2 or 3 of the lower ones 2-fld. or rarely 3-fld. S. Afr.,
Ind. and Jap.
23. BeUngeri, Kunze. Fig. 160. Lvs. 15-18 in. long,
3 in. wide, with numerous horizontal pinnse on each side,
cut into about 12 segments on either side, which are set
nearly at right angles to the rachis ; the lower basal
segment often forked. E. Ind.
Aspleniuin Belangeri.
cc. Pinnai longer, with scattered narrowly linear
segmerts.
24 vivlparum, Presl. Lvs. 15-24 in. long, 6-8 in. wide,
on rather short stalks with pinnatifid pinnules and ulti-
mate segments, which are narrowly linear aad often
forked : plant often bulb-bearing, like A. bulbiferum.
Mauritius and Bourbon. Cult, under various names.
S. 1: 662. A. ndbilis, Hort., is a garden varietj-.
AAA. Sori more or less curved, sometimes horseshoe-
shaped : lvs. ample, 2—i pinnatifid.
25. Filiz-foemina, Bernh. Lvs. 18 in. to 3 ft., broadly
ovate-oblong, bipinnate ; pinnae 4-8 in. long, lanceolate,
with numerous more or less pinnately incised or serrate
segments. Eu. and N. Amer. — Very variable, especially
in cult. Schneider describes 56 varieties.
26. thelypteroldes, Michx. Lvs. 1-2 ft. long, on long,
straw-colored stalks : 6-12 in. wide, 2-pinnatifld, with
linear-lanceolate pinnae ; segments crowded, oblong,
minutely toothed : sori 10-12 to each .'segment. Kich
soil in the eastern U. S. S. 1: 651.
27. spinnldsom. Baker. Lvs. 9-12 in. each way, del-
toid, 3— 4-pinnatitid, with 9-12-pinn8B on either side, the
lowest much the largest ; segments short and sharply
toothed. China and Jap.
Supplemental.' list of less eommon trade names : A. acxded-
turn, Hort. Hab. ?— A. arbbreuin. See Diplazium.— A. biti-
dum=A. lineatum.— A. decussdtum. See Callipteris.— A. ellip-
ticum, Hort., a trade name.— A. fldccidum, Forst. Coolhouse
basket fern from Australia, Tasmania and N. Z. Fronds 2-3 ft.
long, 4-8 in. broad : stipes stout, flexible, greenish, naked ;
pinnse numerous, close or distant. lance<jlate, leathery. 4-8 in-
long, /^-%in. broad. Very variable. — A. Ooringidnum, var.
pictutn. Mettenius. (Athyrixim (roringianum, var. pictum,
Hort.). Distinguished from all other memljers of the genus by
the bright color of its entirely deciduous fronds, which are 10-
15 in. long, spear-shaped, and pendulous. Possibly the only
hardy variegate*! fern. It, however, nee<ls glass protection for
best results. Stalks purple or claret-colore<i: lvs. green with a
central band of gray; Ifts. divided into sharply toothed pinmdes
on which the oblong or kidney-shaped sori are arranged in two
rows parallel to the midvein. Jap.— A. Zd/tc^um. See Dipla-
zium.— A. linedtum, Swz. Warmhouse speoies from Mauritius
and Bourbon, is very variable, running into forms with Ifts.
again pinnate, which have either small, linear pinnules or these
again twice cut: lvs. 1-2 ft. long, 4-6 in. wide : stalks erect, 6-9
in. long, more or less scaly.— A. longissiinum, Blume. The best
of all the genus for large baskets. Lvs. 2-3 ft. long, 4-6 in.
broad ; stalks blackish, 3-12 in. long ; Ifts. sessile, auricled.
E. Ind. S.1:G02.— A. macrnphyllum, Swz. Coolhouse speeies
from Polynesia, Malaya, China, and Himalayas. Lvs. 6-18 in.
long, 6-12 in. wide ; stalk.s brownish ; Ifts. 6-12 pairs, stalked,
3-6 in. long, 1-3 in. wide, sharp-pointed, serrate.— A. Nidus, or
A. Nidus-Avis. SeeThamnopteris.— A.S/iepft«rdi. Spreng. See
Diplaziura. , „, i '.,,.., „^
L. M. Lndeewood.
ASFB&LLA. See Asperella.
ASTEB (a star). Compdsitce. Aster. Starwort.
MiCH^LMAS Daisy. A large temperate-zone genus of
attractive but botanically-confused
herbs, particularly abundant in N.
Amer. The genus is characterized
by numerous flattish rays (white,
blue, red, or purple), slender style
appendages, compressed several-
nerved akenea, and an involucre
with unequal bracts in few or sev-
eral rows, the pappus simple, soft,
and abundant (Fig. 161). Leafy-
stemmed, mostly blooming in the
autumn. Some of the species are
annual, but those in cult, are per-
ennial (or rarely biennial). All are
easy of cultivation in ordinary soil
and exposures, and are among the
best plants for the hardy border
or for naturalizing in the freer
parts of the grounds. They grow
readily from seeds, but are gen-
erally prop by division of the „ ^ ^^^n^.
clumps. Caliraens and Linosyns ^^ stamens; d, styles.
are kept distinct in this book.
A. Old World Asters, some of them old garden plants^
and S'^mewhat modified by cult.
B. Stems simple and scape-like, bearing a single fl.
alpinus, Linr. Lvs. entire and spatulate, forming a
cluster on t\e ground, those on the stem small and
linear: st. 3-10 in., bearing e large violet-rayed, hand-
some head. B.M. 199. — lu its wild state, the plant also
161.
Disk floret of
Aster.
'--:-'-^-:
112
ASTER
ASTER
occurs in the Rocky Mts. Valuable alpine or rockwork
plant, with fls. varying^ to pink and white. Var. specid-
8U8, Hort.,is taller and stronger, with heads 3—4 in.
across. Var. sup^rbus, Hort. (Gn. 54: 1193), is a large
and showy form.
Himal&iCQS, C. B. Clarke (A. Himalayensis, Hort.).
Similar to A. alpinux, but dwarfer : rays lilac-blue,
slightly recurved at the tip : sts. 4-12 in., slightly vil-
lous : Ivs. oblong or elliptic, nearly entire. Himalayas,
13,000-15,000 ft. -Little known in America.
diplostephioldes, Benth,
Two to 3 ft.. soft-pubescent
or hairy, the st. simple and
solitary : Ivs. obovate or
oblanceolate, entire but
ciliate: solitary head large,
inclined, 2-3 in. across,
blue or pale purple, very
showy. Himalayas. B.M.
163. Aster Novae-Angliae.
One of the best and most showy of native Asters
M^miesii, Lindl.
162. Aster cordifolius.
A handsome blue-flowered native
Aster.
6718. J.H. III. 33:262.-In the
Anier. trade has been mis-
spelled A. Deptostaphides.
BB. Stems usually branched
and several- to many-fid.
Am^lluB, Linn. St. simple or nearly so, few-fld. or
sometimes only 1-fld. : Ivs. oblong-lanceolate, acute,
somewhat serrate, more or less 3-nerved, roughish-
pubescent : involucre scales oblong, obtuse or nearly
so, spreading, in 4-5 rows; heads large, purple. Eu. and
Asia. Gn. 35: ()89. — Variable, and several well-marked
garden forms.
Var. Bessaribicus, DC. (A. Bessardbicus, Bernh.).
Lvs. oblong and attenuated at base : plant taller and
larger-fld., deep purple. Gn. 35, p. 173. — Showy and de-
sirable.
Var. Ca8StlbicU8, Hort. (A. Cassiardbicus, Maund?).
Fls. larger than in the type, the rays regular and de-
flexed, the disk bright golden and broad.
SibiricuB, Linn. A foot or less high, somewhat pu-
bescent, each branch terminating in a single head : lvs.
oblong-spatulate to broad-lanceolate, serrate : heads
violet or lilac. Arctic Eu. and Amer., and Rocky Mts.-
Excellent rockwork plant.
&cris, Linn. About 2-3 ft., slender-branched : lvs.
linear, or lance-linear : heads large and blue, with long,
distinct, handsome rays. S. Eu. Gn. 37: 744.
trin^rvius, Roxbg. About 3 ft., stout, corvmbose at
summit : lvs. lance-ovate and strongly toothed : heads
large, blue or purple (a pale var. ), wi/h narrow, spread-
ing rays. Himalayas. R.H. 1892: 396. — Hardy, hand-
some, variable.
Tatiricus, Linn. f. St. erect and striate, hispid,
corymbose at the summit, often 7 ft. high : lvs. large
(the radical 2 ft. long), lanceolate or oval lanceolate,
attenuate at base, entire : involucre scales purplisli at
tip ; heads blue or purple, late. Siberia. G.F. 4: 197.-
Excellent for the hardy border, particularly for its very
late blooming.
A A. Native Asters. These plants are one of
the charms of the Amer. autumn, and are amongst
the best oj. all hardy border plants. They gener-
ally improve greatly in habit when transferred
to cultivated grounds. Any of these wild Asters
are likely to come into cultivation
at any time. The number of kinds
is large. The student will find them
all described in Gray's Synoptical
Flora of North America, 1, pt. 2.
Those of the northeastern states
and adjacent Canada will be found
in Britton and Brown's Illustr.
Flora of the U. S., and Gray's Man-
ual. Those of the S. are described
in Chapman's Flora of the
S. states. The following list
comprises those known to
be in cult. Of these, only
A. Xova>-Angli(B is well
known in domestication.
The species are much con-
fused :
A. acumindtus, Michx.;
amethystinus, Nutt. (G.F.
5: 378 1 ; Audersoni, Grav ;
Bigelovii, Gray(B.M. 6430);
can^scens, Pursh ; Caroli-
ntd«M»,Walt. ; Cham issoniit.
Gray; Chdpmani, Tott. & (iray ;
commutdtus, Gray; cdncolor.Linu.:
conspicuous, Lindl.; cordifolius,
Linn. (Fig. 162) ; corymbosus, Ait.;
CusickiiyGr&y, diffustis, Ait., and
y&r.horizontdlis;Douglasii,Liin!i\.\
Drummondii, Lindl.; dtimbsus.
Linn.; erico)des, Linn.; falrdtus,
Lindl.; Fhul leri, Grny; folidceus,
Lindl.; Fremonti, Gray; gn.tidt-
fldrus, Linn.; Hdllii, Gray ; lli'r-
veyi, Gray (G.F. 2:473); integri-
fdiius, Nutt.; lifvis, Linn.; liuarii-
fdlitis, Linn.; Lindleydnus, Torr.
& Gray (G.F. 2:449); longifdliu!<.
Lam. (G.F. 9:507, G.W.F. 10):
macrophyllus, Linn. (G.F. 4:89);
multifldrus, Ait.; nemordlis, Ait.;
NoiHf-Anglice, Linn. (Fig. 163. A.F. 9:283), and var.
r<\se%ts ; Ndvi-Bdlgii, hinn.; oblnngifdlius, Nntt.; panic-
uldtns, Lam.; pdYews, Ait., and var. Meihanii; poly-
phylhis, Willd.; Porteri, Gray ; prenantholdes, Muhl.:
ptnrmicoides, Torr. & Gray (G.F. 3:153); pulch^lliii<.
Eaton ; puniceus, Linn. (Fig. 164;, and var. l(fvicauli!<
and var. lucidnlns ; raduUnus, Gray; sagitifdlius,
Willd.; salicifolius, Ait.; serfoct^s. Vent. (G.F. 5: 473);
Shdrtii, Hook. (G.F. 4: 473) ; spec/rf6i7is, Ait.(Mn.5: 41);
surculosHS, Michx. (G.F. 5:521); tanacetifolius, HBK.;
Tradescdnti, Linn.; turbinSUus, Lindl. (G.F. 6:17);
unduldtus, Linn. (G.W.F. 4); versicolor, Willd.
In the following list, those marked * are offered by Amer.
dealers: *A.coecineus Nevaden»is=l—*A.Ddtschi='i—*-il}d-
bridus nanus ^ I "Rosy color, only 6 in. high."— *A. lancito-
Uu9 Calif ornicus ==* 1 — *A. lilacinus Nevadiiisia == f — A.
ASTER
ASTER
113
jf^^Aani. Hort..is i well marked form of A. patens, fonnc
Joseph Meehan at Antietam.— M. yoiiTcoervleus- I—* A.,
fonnd by
Joseph Meehan at Amiexain.—-^.^ . .yoi iF-aennetis- :—*A.pur-
amiddU»=^ ?— .4. Reecesii. Hort., is A. eric-oides, var. Keevesii,
(rray, a "rigid form, comparatively stout, glabrous, except that
the Ivs. are often hispidulous-ciliate toward the base, the heads
and rays as large and the latter about as numerous as in A.
DoLvphyllus." "S. \mn.—*A.rotundifbliu*, Thunb.=Felicia.—
i Siklcimensis, Hook. Three to 4 ft., stout and erect : Ivs.
lanceolate-acuminate, spinulose-serrate : heads purjde, in large
corj-mbs. Himalayas. B.yi.4o5'.— A. Strdcheyi, Hook. Stem-
less and sarmentose, with 1-tld. braeted scapes : radical Ivs.
soatulate, hairy : heads lilac-blue, 1 in. across. Pretty. Hima-
iivas. B.yi.&il-.—*A.tenHinatis='i—A. Tuicnshendii, Hook.
A. Bigelovii. Gray (N. Amer.).
L. H. B.
The native Asters are amongst the very best plants f jr
borders and roadsides. They should be better kno jrn.
A.acuminatus grows well in shade in ordinary soil, not
necessarily moist; increases in vigor under cultivation.
.1. eordifiilius prefers open or partial shade ; improves
much under cultivation with good soil. A. corymbosus
prefers at least partial shade, and will grow tven in very
deep shade; seeds very freely; does well on dry ledges
and in small crevices in rock; very tenacious of life. A.
dumosuH prefers full sunlight aad dry situation. A. eri-
cokks wants full sunlight and dry situation ; will grow
in very poor or shallow soil, but does best where roots
can penetrate deep. A. hfvis grows in either full sun-
lisrht or partial shade and good soil. A. Novce-Anglim
will not endure much shade ; prefers moist soil, but
grows well in ordinary garden situations. Fall-sown
-eediings of A. Novi^-AmjUw, var. roseus, come prac-
tically true to varietal name, though varying in shade
of color, and these seedlings bloom later than older
plants and at height of 18 inches, making the plant of
value as a late bedding plant treated as an annual. A.
yovi-Behjii prefers moist soil ; will not endure heavy
shade. A. poniciilafns prefers moist soil, but will do
well in rather dry situations ; will endure more shade
than either of the two above species. A. patens wants
open or half-sha<led places, and good soil ; one of the
weaker species, often proving short-lived. A. pun ice us
will not endure shade ; prefers moist places, but will
srrow in good soil not over moist ; in dry situations it
loses its vigor ; spreads rapidly in favored locations.
A . spectabilis prefers open or partly shaded places ; one
of the weaker species in wild state ; rather short-lived.
A. unditlatns wants open or half shade ; late-flowering,
handsome plant, forming large bushes where allowed to
develop. A. rhnineus, althoughnot in the trade, is a fine
plant in cultivation. .^ „, _^
* F. V. . Barclay.
ASTEE, CHINA. CaUtstephus hoHensis, Cass. {Cal-
listephu.s Chhte'nsis, Nees. Callistemma hortinsis,
Cass. Aster Sinensis, Hort.). Conip6sit(e. The genus
Callistemma is older than Callistephus, but it is too like
Callistemon to stand. B.M. 7616. Gn. 53: 1163. -One of
the most popular of all garden annuals, being particu-
larly valuable for its fall blooming. The evolution of
the China Aster suggests that of the chrysanthemum
at almost everj' point, and it is, therefore, a history of
remarkable variations. The plant is native to China. It
was introduced into Europe about 1731 by R. P. d'lncar-
vilie, a. Jesuit missionary in China, for whom the genus
Incarvillea of the Bignonia family was named. At that
time it was a single flower ; that is, the rays or ligulate
florets were of only 2-4 rows. These rays were blue, vio-
let or white. The center of the flower (or head) was
comprised of very numerous tubular, yellowish florets.
Philip Miller, the famous gardener-botanist of Chelsea,
En?^. received seeds of the single white and red Asters
in 1731. evidently from France ; and he received the
single blue in 1736. In 1752 he obtained seeds of the
double red and blue, and in 1753 of the double white.
At that time there appears to have been no dwarf forms,
for Miller says that the plants grew 18 in. or 2 ft. high.
Marfyn, in 1807, says that in addition to these varieties
mentioned by Miller, there had then appeared a "varie-
gated blue and white" variety. The species was well
known to American gardeners at the opening of this cen-
tury. In 1806 M'Mahon. of Philadelphia, mentioned the
"China Aster (in sorts)" as one of the desirable garden
annuals. Bridgeman, a New York seedsman, ottered the
China and German Asters in 1837 "in numerous and
splendid varieties," specifying varieties "alba, rubra,
cerulea, striata purpurea, etc." In 1845, Eley said that
" China and (lerraan Asters " " are very numerous " in New
England. This name Germun Aster records the fact that
the first great a<lvances in the evolution of the plant
were made in Germany, and the seed which we now use
comes largely from that country. The first marked de-
parture from the type appears to have been the pro-
longation or great development of the central florets of
the heatl, and the production of the "quilled" flower.
This type of Aster was very popular 40 and 50 years atro.
Breck, in the first edition of his Flower Garden, in 1851,
speaks of the great improvement of the Aster "within a
.»"»,
164. Aster puniceus.
few years" "by the German florists, and others." and
adds that "the full-quilled varieties are the most highly
esteemed, having a hemispherical shape, either a pure
white, clear blue, purple, rose, or deep red ; or beauti-
fully mottled, striped, or edged with those colors, or
having a red or blue center." About 50 years ago the
habit of the plant had begun to vary considerably, and
the progenitors of our mo«lern dwarf races began to at-
tract attention. The quilled, high-centered flower of a
generation or more ago is too stiff to satisfy the tastes
of these later days, and the many flat-rayed, loose and
fluffy ra<*es are now most in demand, and their popu-
larity is usually greater the nearer they approach the
form of the uncombed chrysanthemums. The China
Aster had long since varied into a wide range of colors
114
ASTER
ASTER
of the cyanic series— shades of blue, red, pink and pur-
ple. The modem evolution of the plant is in the direc-
tion of habit, and form of flower. Some type varies —
generally rather suddenly and without apparent cause-
into some novel form, ntill retaining its accustomed
color. The florist fixes the variation by breeding from
the best and most stable plants, and soon other colors
appear, until he finally obtains the entire range of color
in the species. So it happens that there are various
well marked ra<'es or types, each of which has its full
and independent range of colors. The Comet type (with
very flat rays), now one of the most deserving of the
China Asters, illustrates these statements admirably.
The Comet form — the loose, open flower with long, strap-
like rays — appeared upon the market alx)ut 188<3 or 1887,
with a' flower of a dull white overlaid with pink. The
pink tended to fade out after the flower opened, leaving
the color an unwashed white. The rose-colored Comet
next appeared, and the blue was introduced in 189(). The
first clear white was introduced in America in 1892,
coming from Vilmorin, of Paris, and the China Aster had
reached its greatest artistic perfection.
It is impossible to construct a satisfactory classifica-
tion of the China Asters. It is no longer practicable to
classify the varieties by color. Neither is it feasible to
classify them upon habit or stature of plant, for several
of the best marked types run into both tall and dwarf
forms. Vilmorin, however, still divides the varieties
into two groups, the pyramidal growers, and the non-
pyramidal growers. The most elaborate classification
is that proposed by Barron, from a study of exten-
sive tests made at Chiswick, Eng, Barron has 17 sec-
tions, but they are not co<5rdinate, and they are really
little more than an enumeration of the various types
A. Plat-rayed Asters. In which all, or at least more than 5 ot«
rows of rays, are more or less promineutly flat and the
florets open.
B. Incurved or ball-shaped.
BB. Spreading or reflexed.
AA. Tubular or quilled Asters, in which all. or all but the2or3
outer rows of florets, have prominently tubular corollag.
B. Inner florets short, outer ones lonifer and flat. Repre-
sentetl by the German Quilled.
BB. All the florets elongate<l and quilled.
In 1895, 250 varieties of Asters were offered by Amer.
seedsmen. For growing in borders, perhaps the best
type is the Comet, in vari-
ous colors. Other excellent
races are the Branching
(Vick'sBranching is shown
in Fig. 1G5), Truffaut ( Fig.
lt>6), known also as Perfec-
tion and Peony-flowered;
Cbrysanthemum-flowere<l ;
165. China Aster— The branching type.
or classes. After considerable study of the varieties
in the field and herbarium, the following scheme seems
to be serviceable :
Lt
(ii
}h
<-\
f
^
v^/(?
\
166. China Aster—
Truffaut's Peony-flowered.
Asters make very showy
it is one of the best for
cut-flowers. Many other
types are valuable for spe-
cial purposes. The Crown
or Cocardeau is odd and
attractive. Amongst the
quilled Asters, the various
strains of German Quilled
(Fig. 167), Victoria Needle
(Fig. IG8), and Lilliput are
excellent. The very dwarf
tufted Asters are well
represented in Dwarf Bou-
quet or Dwarf German, and
Shakespeare. All these are
easily grown in any good
garden soil. For early
bloom, seeds may be
started under glass ; but
good fall bloom may be
had, even in the North, by
sowing seeds in the open
as late as the 1st of June.
bedding plants when grown in large masses, and are
also valuable for filling up vacancies in the mixfd
herbaceous border, where they ought to be planted in
clumps, the dwarfer kinds put in front and the taller
behind.
There are two or three insects which prey upon the
China Zoster, but they do not appear to be widespread.
The most serious difliculty with them is the rust, afunpis
( ColfoaporiHm Sonchi-ari'enxis) which attacks the under
side of the leaf and raises an orange-colored pustule.
Timely sprays with the copper fungicides will keep this
disorder in check. The Bordeaux mixture discolors the
plants, and it is, therefore, better to use the amnioniaral
carbonate of copper. Spray it upon the plants before the
fungus appears, and repeat every week or ten days. Use
a cyclone nozzle and spray upwards, so as to strike the
under sides of the leaves. L. H. B.
In recent years, the Branching Asters have come to be
prominent, and they are bound to increase in popularity
as their merits become known. The long stem, larpe
size, and soft shades of pink and lavender have made
this the most useful to the florist of all the Asters.
The Comet has been rather short-stemmed for a com-
mercial cut-flower. As to culture, it does not seem to
be generally understood, even by florists, that the young
Ast^r plants will stand more frost than cabbage. If
started under glass about the middle of February, in
New York state, they will be ready to plant out the
latter part of April or first of May. They will then come
in at about the same time they would if grown entirely
under glass, although not so long-stemmed. For fall
flowers, we sow out-of-doors with seed drill and culti-
vate with wheel hoe. I have had plants ruined by being
planted near squashes. The late brood of striped
beetles fed on the Aster flowers.
George Arnold, Jb.
ASTER
ASTILBE
115
Theflr!«t requisite to the jfrowiug of China Asters is to
have good, plump seed. As Hoon as the >fround is in
good or fair condition in spring, spade up a seed-bed
167. China Aster— Oerman Quilled.
where the ground is rich, and rake it fine. Then make
shallow drills about an inch deep ; whiten the drills
with air-slaked lime, to keep worms and insects from
eatiiif; the young roots. Sow the seed in the drills, cov-
'•rini; about ^410. deep with fine dirt run through a sieve
of !sin. mesh. "When plants are about an inch high,
draw good, fine dirt to the roots, so that the seed-bed is
nearly level and all the weeds are covered. The plants are
hardier and better when grown in the open ground than
when started under glass. For the permanent quarters,
plow firround thathas been well and heavily manured with
'■ow-manure the previous season ; then harrow thor-
oushly. Scatter 20 to 30 bushels of common lime to the
acre, if thought necessary, then plow airain and harrow
well. With a one-horse plow make furrows the leng:th
fif the field about 3 or 4 inches deep and 2H feet apart.
In these furrows one man drops the plants in two rows
Hbout 12 or 16 in. apart, for two men to plant. Do not
furrow nuioh ahead of the planters, so that they have
fresh dirt to put to the roots of the plants. By this
method the plants seldom wilt. If a dry spell follows in
three or four days, level the furrow with a hoe ; if wet,
!' t stand for about two weeks, then scatter 100 pounds
"f ?uano or other fertilizer to the acre, and work the
laml with a spike-tooth cultivator, with no shovels, so
that no dirt is thrown on the small plants. Hand-hoe
l)€tween the plants, running horse and cultivator twice
in each row. The cultivator loosens the ground as deep
as it was plowed. Cultivate and hoe every two weeks,
especially after it has rained, until buds appear ; then
keep clean by band. When blooms begin to appear,
mulch liberally with tobacco stems, to keep down weeds
and to kill aphis at the roots. When the lis. begin to
open, keep a strict watch for the black beetle. When it
makes its appearance, put about a pint of water and
a gill of benzine in an old can and hold it under the
bugs ; they drop into it. These pests last from six
to nine days. Have them looked after three times a
James Semple.
ASTlLBE (Greek name, of no particular significance).
Saxifraijdcecp. Inchnlt^H Hotr ia . Tall perennial herbs, of
7 or 8 species in eastern N. Amer. and Asia. They look
much like Aruncus (which see), and are often called
Spirflpa. Aruncus and iSpirapa are rosaceous genera, and
are characterized by many stan>ens and usually by sev-
eral to many separate pistils, whereas Astilbe has 8 or 10
stamens (twice the number, or of the same number, a.s
the petals), and a 2-3-lobed pistil (which finally sepa-
rates into more or less distinct follicles). Astilbe and
Aruncus are so much alike that they are constantly con-
founded by horticulturists and even by botanists. They
probably inter-cross. It is probable that they should be
placed in the same family, despite the technical botani-
cal differences. The Asfilbes are hardy plants of great
merit. They are easily grown in any well-made border.
They give conspicuous masses of bloom in summer.
Prop, mostly by division. l_ jj_ g
FoRciNQ OF Astilbe. — Few herbaceous plants force
with greater ease than Astilbe Jnponica and its var. com-
pactn; but three weeks longer time should be given the
latter to fully develop its feathery spikes. Astilbes are
so easily and cheaply imported that for the commercial
florist it is cheaper to buy than to divide and grow his
own plants. When first received, the clumps of roots
should be stored, with a little earth or moss between the
roots and a little soil over the crown, until the florist is
ready to pot them. No amount of freezing does them
the slightest harm ; but the boxes or flats in which they
are stored are best covered with a little straw or litter,
and should have the full benefit of rain or snow to keep
the roots from drying. From pottinjr or burying into the
greenhouse, it requires from ten to fourteen weeks to
bring them into
flower, according to
the earliness of the
season at which
they are wanted in
flower. The quality
of soil is of no con-
sequence, provided
it is light and easily
handled. They need
water in great abun-
dance. Tempera-
ture is also of little
consequence. Any-
thing above oO"^ at
night will do ; but
it is best not to flow-
er them in higher
temperature than
60°, or they will quickly
wilt when cut or used for
decorations. From the
time the sprays begin to
show white color until
they are fully developed,
every Astilbe should
stand in a saucer in
which there should be
constantly an inch of
liquid manure. When
sold for wir.dow plants
or for decoration, Astilbes are often disappointing. It
is merely want of water. Before the full development
of the shoots and Ivs. they are easily hurt by tobacco
smoke, and should be covered with paper or well wetted
168. China Aster— Victoria Needle.
m-
IIG
ASTILBE
ASTROC'ARYUM
when fumlpration is necessary. Aphis, spider or thrips
never trouble AMtilbe. As a border plant, Astilbe is one
of the hardiest of our hardy herbaceous plants ; but the
feathery plutne obtained in the jrreenhouse is much
shorter', more comi>act. and lacks the pure whitenes?* of
the outdoor-grown specimens. William Scott.
A. Fl.<<. opening white or yellowish.
decindra, Ttoni A .hitfmdfa .Britt.) . Somewhat pubes-
cent, :m> ft. : Ivs, 2-temate, the Ifts, ovate and cordate or
abrupt at base, sharp-ser-
rat* : fls. yellowish white,
in a large (H)-12 in. long)
racemose panicle ; sta-
mens 10. Wi>od8, Va. and
S. — Often confounded with
Antneus nylvester.
Jap6nica, Gray (Hot Ha
Jap6nir(i, Morr. & Decne.
B. bnrhdt a, Morr. & Decne.
Spircta Japdnica, Uort.).
Aruncus astilboides.
For comparison with
Astilbe.
Fig. 169. Erect, 1-3 ft..
hairy on the petioles
and ' nodes : Ivs. :{-2-ter-
nate, petiole reddish ; Ifts.
ovate-acute,tapering to the
base, serrate : fls. white,
in a pubescent racemose
panicle ; stamens 10. Ja-
pan. B.M. 3821. Gn. 48,
p. 3GG. Mn. 5:174.— Com-
monly known as a spring
glasshouse plant in this
country, but hardy in the
open. There are various
cult, forms, as var. grran-
difl5ra, Hort., with larger
an<l denser panicle ; var.
compacta, Hurt., the pani-
cle more compact ; var.
multiflora, Hort. ; var. va-
lieg^ta, Hort., with varie-
geted Ivs.; var. purpurea, Hort., with purple-shaded
foliage. AatilheJajxinini is often confused with Aruu-
CHK astilhoidfs ; Figs. 109 and 170 will aid iu distin-
guishing them.
Lemdinei, Hort. Foliage graceful, standing 1 Kft. high,
with Ifts. broad-oval, dentate and crimped, satiny green,
hairy : tls. with whit« petals and 10 pink stamens, very
numerous, in plume-like clusters disposed in panicles
iKft. long. Gn.48.p.:«r). R.H.1895. p. 5G7. A.F. 11:45;).
— (Jarden plant, supposed to be a hybrid of A.Japonica
and Ar^mcus astilboidea. Hardy, and forces well.
rivul^ris, Hamilt. Rhizome creeping : st. .3-5 ft. : Ivs.
2-ternate, the Ifts. ovate, dentate, the petioles tawny-
hairy: lis. yellowish whit«, changing to reddish, iu large
spikes, which are disposed in panicles; stamens 8 or 10,
pure white. Nepal. Gn. 48, p. ;{,')5. — Attractive Iwrder
species, bl<x)ming late. Probably needs protection.
Thdnbergrii, Miq. Silky-hair>', 1-2 ft. : Ivs. pinnate. the
Ifts. oval, serrate, yellowish green: tls. white, on reddish
stalks, changing to pink, in clusters on the ti.-branr-ht-i.
Japan. R.H. 1895, p. 5ti».— A graceful plant. Forces wt-ll.
AA. Fls. opening pink or red.
Chin^nsis, Franch. & Sav. Plant 1)^-2 ft., graceful:
Ivs. 3-temate, the Ifts. serrate : fls. in a branchy, rather
compact panicle, with purplish or pink retlectiuri, l.ut
the petals whitish. China. — Possibly a fonn of the pre-
ceding. Yet rare in Amer.
rtlbra, Hook. & Thom. St. simple, 4-6 ft., long-hain-:
Ivs. 2-temate ; Ifts. oblique-ov^ate, more or less cunlatV.
sharp-serrate : fls. numerous, rose-red, in compact, ro-
bust panicles ; stamens 10, shorter than petals. ln<iia.
B.M. 4959. — Needs protection. Little known in Amer.
L. H. B.
ASTEAGALUS ( ancient Greek name ot some sliruh .
Legumindsit. Milk \kt( h.
A genus of over 1.(MM) v{>e-
cies of hardy herbs or
subshrubs. Lvs. nuctly
odd-pinnate: fls. in spikes
or racemes, yellow, purjile
or white. They prefer a
light, porous soil ami no
shade. The dwarfcr kimis
may be placed in the front
of the border or in the
rockery. Prop, chit-tly U
seeds, which geniiinate
slowly, or slowly by careful
division in early sprinir.
Many kinds are likely to
die if divided or trans-
plant«'d. Many kinds are
cultivated in the Old
World, but the four de-
scribed below are the only
kinds commonly sold in
America. Of the many na-
tive kintls, mostly known
as rattle-weeds, the following ore ad-
vertised at present : ^-1. Canadt nsi.i=:
A. Carol inianus, A. earyocarjiu.i. A.
Drummondii, A. flexuosus, A. Lns-
manni, A. Parryi, A. racemostis, A.
Robbinsii, A. Shortianus. The Loco-
weed of the prairies, which is said to
poison cattle, is A. nioUissimus. For
these and many others the student i>
referred to Britton and Brown's Illus-
trated Flora, and Coulter's Manual of
Rocky Mountain Botany.
A. Fls. yellow.
alopecuroldes, Linn. St. erect, strict :
height 2-5 ft. : Ifts. ovate-lanceolate, pu-
bescent. Siberia. B.M. 3193.
AA. Fls. not yellow.
MonspesBulanus, Linn. St. trailing:
height 9 in. : fls. purple, purplish or
white, in smaller and looser head:* than
the above. Eu. B.M. 375.
hypogl6ttiB, Linn. Height .V24 in. : Ifts. 17-25 : fl^.
violet-purple, 6-10 lines long, in dense heads : pods 4-i
lines long, 2-celled, densely villous, with white hairs.
Eu.. Asia, and from Kansas W. to Nev. and N. to Alaska.
— Also a white var., excellent for pots.
alpinus, Linn. Height 6-15 in.: Ifts. 1.3-25: fls. violet.
keel darker : pods 1-celled, black-pubescent. Northern
and Arctic regions round the world.
J. B. Keller and W. M.
ASTBOCARYUM (Greek, astron, star, and karyon.
nut ; referring to star-like arrangement of the fruits i.
Piflni<ic€(f, tribe Cocoinecp. Spiny palms, stemless or
with a short caudex, or with a tall, ringed, spiny cau-
ASTROCARY'UM
ATKII'LKX
117
dex : It«. terminal, pinnately parted ; Reermenta ap-
ripiximate. e(|iii-<li?«tant or fasciculate, lancet»iate-acumi-
natc or attenuate to the obliquely truncate apex, plicate,
whiti!*h beneath, the terminal on«'« free or contluent, the
jjpinv raarjjins recurved at the base ; petiole verj' short;
sh»ath short, open : spadices short or lonjr. the finely
diviiied liranches pendulous, thickene<l at the base,
thence ver>' slender, lonj?, naked, th»j llorif«Tous nakecl
bii'*al portion, as it were, pedunculate ; si)athes li. the
lower one membranous, deciduous, the ui)p<'r fusiform,
coriacetms or woinly, open on the ventral si<le, persist-
ent ; bracts of the female fls, broad, imbricated, like the
lirac'tletH ; pistillate Hs, with a stipitate male one on
cither side: fr. rather lar>?e, ovoid or Hub)j:lol)o's.', beaked,
smooth or spiny, red or orange. Species 30. Trop-
ical America.
AstriH'aryums are elegant palms of medium height,
verv suitable for moderate 8ize<l conser\'atories. A.
Mn'r'jmiiru, A. Mexicannm and A.argt'nteum are the
kinds most commonly m»'t with in collections. The Ivs.
are pinnate, and in small plants, at least in some of the
species, the se^ients are narrow, four or five pairs of
these alternating with two very broad ones. A. argen-
ttum has the under surfaces of the Ivs. of a much
lighter color than the others. In a young state, the
plants require the temperature of the stove, and after
attaining the height of a few feet they may be removed
to a house where the temperature frequently falls as
low as 4.')^ F. Specimens 8-10 ft. hitrh fruit freely.
Prop, by seeds, which are slow in germinating. The soil
in which they are sown should be changed occasionally,
to prevent it from becoming sour. Be careful not to
overpot, or the fleshy roots will decry. See Pahnft.
A. Lvs. scurfy, at least beneatJi or on the petioles.
Murumuru, Mart. Lvs. 9-12 ft. long: segments lanceo-
late, somewhat falcate, rich green above, silvery beneath :
sts. 12-1") ft. high, densely c(»vered with st«)Ut, black
spines 0 in. long. Brazil. I.H. 22: Ul.*}.
arg^nteam, Hort. Petioles and under surface of the
Ivs. covered with silvery white scurf ; Ivs. arching,
wedge-shaped. 2-lobed, distinctly plicate, bright green
above ; petioles with numerous dark, spreading spines
1 in. long. Colombia. F.R. 3:5(39.
filiire, Hort. Small, slen'^'^r : Ivs. erect, narrowly cu-
neate, with 2 divergent lohet , inversely sagittate ;
petioles densely scurfy ; rachis scurfy on ])otb sides ;
spines numerous on the petioles and rachis, and on the
principal nerves above ; brown. Colombia.
AA. Lis. not scurfif.
Ayri, Mart. Trunks 18-30 ft. high, 8-12 in. in diara.,
usually csespitose : Ivs. 15 ft. long, equally pinnatisect
to the apex ; petiole piano-compressed, membranaceous
on the margins, densely scaly and with scattered spines;
lower segments over 3 ft. long. 1^4-2 in. wide, 2 in.
apart, the upper ones 2-2,^^ ft. long, 1 in. wide, IM in.
apart, conduplicate at the base, linear, long attenuate,
p<iinted, minutely and remotely spiny along the margins,
white-tomentose below. Braz.
Mexicinmn, Liebra. St. 4-r» ft. high, cylindrical,
thickly covered with rings of black, straight, ancipital
spines : petiole 2 ft. long, 4-sided, the 2 upper sides
concave, clothed (as is the rachis) with straight black
spines ; blade fi ft.; segments I.t-18 in. lonff. 1 in. wide,
alternate, broadly linear, acute, straight, white beneath,
with deciduous black spines along the margins. Mex.
Granat^nse, Hort., is an unidentified trade name.
Jared G. Smith and G. W. Oliver.
ASTKOPHtTITM. See Echinocactus.
ASTSTASIA (obscure name). Including Henfreija
and Macknya, Aranthctceo'. Twenty to 30 herbs or
^•hrubs of the Old World tropics. Corolla tube straight
or curved, the spreading limb 5-lobed and nearly or
quite regular : stamens 4, unequal : stigma blunt or
minutely 2-lobed : Ivs. thin, entire : fls. white, blue or
purple, in axillary or terminal clusters, often very showy.
General treatment of Justicia, in intermediate or warm-
bouses.
MIU, Benth. & Hook. {MnrkHyn hflln, Harvey).
Glabrous, upright subshrub : Ivs. ovate-oblong, acunii-
natf, spreading, short-stalked, sinuate-toothed : fls. li-
lac, 2 in. lonjf, with a !<»ng tiibe below the flaring throat,
the spreading segments ovate-obtuse, disposed on one
side of a raceme 5-8 in. long. S. Afr. B.M. .')797. — A
>>eautiful plant, rarely seen, and thought to be difficult
to manage ; but it seems to flower readily in fall in our
climate, if rested during the previous winter and
brouirbt on in the summer. Prop, by cuttings of firm
wood in spriiig or summer. Young plants in small potH
often bloom well.
A. Coromandelidna, Nees (A. Comorensin. Bojer. Juflticia
GaiiRPtica, Linn.). Zijjzatj subshrub : Ivh. ovate-cordate, wavy:
tls. purfde. nearly sessile, in tr-lo-tid. riM-eine. Ind. B.M. 4248.
P.M. U: ir>. F.S.2: llii.-A. scdndenn, Lindl. (Henfreya scan-
dens, Lindl.). Climbing: Ivs. olH>vate to ovate, thick, entire :
rts. Iart{e. yellow, white and blush, in a thyrse. Afr. B.M. 4449.
B.K.33:31. F.S. :»: 2:^1. r rr o
Lt. xl. rf.
ATAMASGO lily. See Zephyrunthes.
ATHANASIA. Consult Lonna.
ATHtBIUM. See ^.<«/)/«»«iM»w.
ATBAGENE. See Clematis.
ATBAFHAXIS (ancient Greek name). Pohjgonhcea.
Low shrubs : Ivs. alternate or fasciculate, deciduous :
fls. small, apetalous, in few-Hd. axillary clusters, form-
ing terminal racemes ; sepals 4-5 ; stamens (>-b : fr. a
small akene, enclosed by the enlarged inner sepals.
Summer. About 18 species in central and western Asia,
Greece, and N. Afr. Low shrubs of spreading habit,
with usually small Ivs., attractive with their numerou.s
racemes of white or rose-colored fls., which remain un-
changed for a long time, owing to the persistent calyx.
They grow best in well-draine<l soil and sunny situati(»ns,
but do not stand transplanting well when older. Prop,
by seeds sown in spring ; the seedlings are liable to rot
if kept too mojst, or in damp air. Increased, also, by
greenwood cuttings under glass in early summer, and by
layers,
.4. hiixifdlia, Janb. & Rpach. (Polygonum crispulnm. Sims).
Height 1-2 ft., spineless : Ivs. obovate, erenate. dark green,
3-2-1 in. long: racemes short. Transcaucasia, Turkestan. B.M.
1(H).">.— A. frutescena, Koch (A. lanceolata, Meissn.). Height
1-2 ft., spineless: Ivs. ovate-lanceolate, glauceacent, J^-1 in.
long: racemes loose. Caucisus.Turkest., Sii)eria. L.B.C. 5:489.
B.R. .'}:254,— A. latifolia, Koehne (A. Mu.schketowi. Krassn.).
Erect, 2-3 ft., spineless : Ivs. lanceolate, crenjite. %-2 in. long:
fls. white, incompact ra<'emes. Turkest. B.M.74;{."i. Gt.40:i:w4.
—A. spiiu)sa, Linn. Height 1-2 ft., spiny : Ivs. elliptic, entire,
glauceseent, /^-/^ in. long: racemes short. S. Russia, Orient,
Siberia. . ^
Alfred Rebder.
ATBIFLEX 'derivation disputed). Chenopodihcece.
A large genus containing many succulent weeds of des-
ert regions. A. hortensis is a garden vegetable used like
spinach ; for culture, see Orach. A. leptocarpa and A .
semihaccata are two plants lately introduced as supple-
mentary forage plants for arid regions. See Circular
No. 3, biv. of Agrost., U. S. Dept. Agric.
A. Garden vegetable (with ornamental-lvd. variety).
hortensis, Linn. Orach. Sea Purslane. Annual :
stem herbaceous, erect : Ivs, hastate, cordate, or trian-
gular-oblong, acute, 4-5 in. long, 2J^-3 in. wide ; petioles
12-18 lines long : fruiting bracts 4-8 lines long, short-
pediceled. Var. Atro-sangiiinea, Hort., is a crimson-
leaved ornamental about 4 ft. high, sometimes grown
with amarautus-like plants.
AA. Ornamental shrubs.
can^scens, James. A pale, densely scurfy shrub, 1-3 ft.
high : Ivs. oblanceolate, entire : fruiting bractlets with
4 vertical, reticulated wings. July-Sept. N. Mex. to S.
Dak. and W. to Calif.
Hdlimos, Linn. Low-spreading shrub with grey foli-
age, cult, in Calif, for hedges and for seaside planting:
Ivs. 1-1 /4 in. long : petioles 3-4 lines long : fls. purplish :
fruiting bracts 1% lines long, 2 lines wide, sessile, reni-
form, obtuse, entire : seed compressed, yellowish.
Mediterranean region and S. Afr. -^ -^^
118
ATROPA
AURICULA
ATBOPA (after Afropoa, that one of the three Fates
who cut the thread of life). Solandreir. Bellaix»nna.
Calyx with 5 ovate leafy dirisi«)ns, enlarii^inK in fruit ;
corolla bell-8haped or funm-l form. The purph* ber-
rit"< are poisonous. The plant is used in medicine.
Belladdnna. Linn. Plant low. spreading?: Ivs. ovate,
entire, pointed: fis. sint^le (»r in pairs, nodcling on latv.ral
peduncles; corolla dull purple. Eu. to India.
ATTALEA {(ittalits, magnificent). Palmdcecp, tribe
Covoineie. Spineless palms, with a single, thickish
rintfed or scarred caudex: Ivs. arising almost perpen-
dicular and the upper part arched, pinnately cut,
linear • lanceolate, acuminate, with the margins re-
curved at the base; petiole concave above: tls. yellow:
fr. rather large. Species 20. Trop. Anu'r. The leaflets
on the lower side of the rachis hang straight down, and
th )se on the upper side point straight up. The Attaleas
•re unprofitable to grow as commercial decorative
plants, because they tiike too long to make goo<l sized
plants from the seedling state. Perfect drainage, and
a soil having a mixture of leaf-mold or peat, with a tem-
perature ranging from GO" to 80° F., will be found to
suit them. Put the seeds about 2 in. deep in a box and
sink the box in a warm bonier out of doors in summer,
cover with a mulch of moss, and water frequently.
A. Trunks becoming tall.
exc6l8a, Mart. St. 90-100 ft. high in the wild, 16-20 in.
in tliain.: Ivs. erect-spreadin;;: pistillate tls. solitary on
the branches of the spadix: drupe obovate. Braz.
funifera, Mart. St. 18-30 ft.. S-U in. diam., smooth:
Ivs. as long as the caudex; petioles with very long hang-
ing fibers ; segments broadly linear-acuminate, in clus-
ters of 3-j, divaricate: drupe 4 in. long* Braz.
Cohtme, Mart. St. 40-r)0 ft.: Ivs. erect, pinnate, the
dark green pinnae 30-50 and 18 in. or less long; petiole
flat above and rounded below: drupe broa<lly ovate,
nearly 3 in. long, with a very short beak. Honduras.—
Fruit used for soap-making, and exported from Cent.
Amer. for that purpose. Used for thatching.
AA. Without tninJiS.
spect^hilis. Mart. Steniless, or with a very short cau-
dex: Ivs. l?s-21 ft. long, the lower segments 3— 4 ft., the
upper 12-16 in., li in. wide, linear-acuminate. Braz.
amysdallna, HBK. (.1. nurifera, Karst. ). Stemless :
Ivs., 5-6 ft. long, crowded, pinnatisect; segments 90-100
on each side, ensifomi, glabrous above, with hairs along
the outer margin.s beneath, 2-^^-2?^ ft. long, about l^in.
wide; petiole with rusty scales beneath- Braz.
.4. Guiehire is a tra<le name: "extremely long-leaved."— J..
Mdripa, Mart. (JL. Mariposa, Hort.) See Miiximiliana.
Jared G. Smith and G. W. Oliver.
AUBRlfiTIA (Claude Aubriet, French natural history
painter of last century). Cruciferie. Perennial, more
or less evergreen trailers, excellent for rockwork or edg-
ings. Prop, by seeds, or by layers orcittings. The genus
is distinguished chiefly by the outer sepals being saccate
at base, the shorter filaments toothed, and the valves of
the silique convex and not ribbed. Italy to Persia.
deltoidea, DC. Lvs. oblong- spatuUte, deltoid or rhom-
boid, with 1 or 2 teeth on either side, grayish, narrowed
into a very short petiole : fis. in few f!d., lax clusters,
the violet or purple petals twice the length of the calyx.
— Grows 2-12 iu. high. Pretty spring bloomer. Hardy
in the north. Var. Bougainvillei, Hort. Fls. light vio-
let : dwarf and compact. Var. Cimpbelli, Hort. Fls.
large, purple : plant large. Var. E^rei, Hort. Fls.
large and long, deep violet. Var. GraBca, Hort. Dwarf
and compact, large-fid. One of the best. Var. Hinder*
soni, Hort., probably the same as CamphelU. Var.
Lelchtlini, Hort. Profuse bloomer, pink fls. V^ar.
Ol^mpica, Hort. Fls. large, violet, like var. Eyrei.
Var. viol&cea, Hort. One of the largest forms.
L. H. B.
ATTCt^BA (its Japanese name). Crr*- ^uptt. One ever-
green shrub, with glossy, often var^ ^ i ,Vi lvs., enduring
smoke and dust: fls. small, dioeci:us, 4-n-.erous, in pani-
cles : f r. a 1 -seeded drupe. Hardv S. In the N. states, Au-
cubas are grown in coolhouses- those adapted toazaleu
are excellent— and they are kept evergreen by keepitijr
them in a pit during winter, or by holding them cool Htid
partially dry in the house. They will stand 5 or 6 df.
grees of frost in a pit. From cuttings of half riptued
wooil, go<Ml specimen plants may be had in 2 or 3 yew*.
Fruiting plants, with their numerous bright scarlet ber-
ries, are exceedingly attractive, but as the plnnt is
dioecious, there must be male plants with the female
ones. If grown in pots and under glass, the plant must
be fertilized by shaking the flowering male plant over
the female, or by applying the pollen with a camel's
hair pencil. If the male plant flowers earlier, the pollen
may be collected and kept <lry until the female plant is
in flower ; it remains elTective f<»r some weeks. In the
open, Aucuba grows well in any good, somewhat moist
though well-drained soil, in a half-shaded position. In
pots, it will thrive in a sandy loam with sufficient drain-
age, and requires plenty of water during its growing
period. Fruiting plants should not have too large pots.
Prop, very easily by half-ripened greenwood cuttings at
nearly any time of the year, uixler glass, and by seeils
sown soon after maturity ; the varieties are sometimes
grafted on the common form in early spring, under glass,
Jap6nica, Thunb. Shrub, 4-15 ft. : fls. usually ovate,
3-8 in. long, remotely and coarsely dentate, acuminate,
shining : berries scarlet, rarely white or yellow, usually
oblong. From Himal. to Jap. B.M. 5512. I.H. ll:31ft».
Var. Himal&ica, Dipp. {A. Himaldica, Hook. & Thoni.i.
Lvs, ovate-lanceolate, more dentate : panicles more
pilose: fr. orange to scarlet. Hima'. F.S. 12:1271. I.H.
6:197. — There are many garden forms, mostly with
variegated lvs.. which are more cultivated than the
preen forms. Han<lsome variegated varieties are: albo-
varieg^ta, aurea, aureo-macul&ta (Flor. Mag. 10:.'):':.
Flor. World 1876:353), bicolor, latimacul^ta, Urn-
b&ta, m^dio-variegjita, pictxir4ta, punctata, varieg&ta
(B.M. 1197. F.M. 5:277). The following forms have
green Ivs. : angustifdlla, dent^ta, macrophyila, ovata,
ealiciidlia, pygmaea. A. cranitolin, once ofifered in
Amer. trade, is probably a form of A. Japonica.
Alfred Rehder.
AUDIBERTIA ( Jf . Audibert, of Tarascon. Provence).
Labidtip. Perennial, hoary, aromatic herbs from Calif.,
with rugose, sage-like lvs.
grandifldra, Benth. St. villous, glandular, 1-.3 ft.
high : lvs. woolly beneath ; lower lvs. hastate, obtuse,
3-8 in. long, coarse ; bracts crowded, conspicuous : tls.
1-1 H in. long, red or crimson-purple, in dense, showy
glomes or clusters. — Prized for bees.
AUBlCULA {Primula Auricula, Linn.). Fig. 171. A
European perennial, sending up short scapes, bearing
fls. of many colors. It is one of the most famous of
florists' flowers, but it has never received the attention
in this country that it has in Europe. Our summers are
generally too hot for it. In this country generally treated
as a greenhouse plant ; but it is hardy, and in the Old
World is grown largely in frames. See Primula.
Auriculas may be propagated by seed for general pur-
poses and for the production of new varieties, but to
perpetuate very choice varieties, it is necessary to propa-
gate either by offsets or division of the plants. Seed
should be sown in shallow pans or 4-inch pots early in
March, so that the seedlings will be well developed be-
fore very warm weather sets in. The soil used in the
seed pans should be verv- light and sandy, the surfai'e
should be made smooth, and the seeds then pressed lightly
into the soil, after which a light covering of sand should
be given, and the pans placed in a temp, of 60° imtil they
have germinated, which usually takes from three to four
weeks ; they should then be removed to a light position,
shaded from direct sunlight, in a rather lower tempera-
ture, to induce a stocky growth. As soon as the seedlings
are large enough to handle convetiently, they should be
pricked off into other pans or shallow boxes containin?^
a mixture of i hree parts leaf -mold and one part sifted
loam and clean silver sand. Watering should be care-
fully attended to, and everything done to promote active
growth, so that, if possible, the plants may be large
enough to require a second shift into other boxes, simi-
larly prepared, by the end of June. Auricula seedlings
AURICULA
AZALEA
119
go through the hottest months much hotter in boxen than
in not- at they can be kf i)t more »'Vf nly nmist. For their
summer (juarters, a wowlen frame pla<'e(i on sifted eoal
ashet on t'le north side of a buil<ling or wall, or almoHt
an>
and
171. Auricula iXK).
IV poHiiion where they will l>e wheltered from the sun
„,id '•till receive plenty of li»fht, Hh«»uld he ifiven them.
The frame should be provided with sash, which shoul*!
W kept over the plants most of the time, jfivinjf air in
abundance in favorable weather, and during the warmest
weather the whole frame
should be raisetl by placing
a brick under each corner,
HO as to allow a good cir-
culation of air among the
plants. AlKjut the second
week in 8epteml)er the
young plants Hhould be
potted, using a conjpost of
two parts g(M>d, fibrous
loam, one part leaf-mold,
and one part well decayed
cow or sheep manure, with
a little san<l added. The
frame should be kept a
little close for a few days
after potting, and from
this time care must be
taken not to wet the foli-
age in watering. The
plants may remain in
the frame until dan-
ger of freezing, when
they should be trans-
ferred to a cool green-
house for the winter.
All decaying leaves
Hhould be carefully
removed, and but lit-
tle water will be re-
quired during the
dull winter months.
Towards the end of February the plants will show signs
of flowering, when they should be given a top-dressing
of pulverized sheep manure and placed in a light, airy
position, in a temp, of 55°. The flowering season lasts
about two months, after which the plants should receive
their annual potting. All diseased or decayed roots
should be cut away, and most of the old soil carefully
removed. The propagation of very choice varieties by
offsets or division is best done at this time. The pots
used in potting should be well drained, and no larger
than will just accommodate the plants. The soil best
suited is the same as before recommended. After pot-
ting they may be placed in their summer quarters.
Offsets should be inserted round the edge of 4-inch pots,
using very sandy soil, and kept in a moist, shaded posi-
tion until rooted. By annually repotting and giving a
little extra care during the summer months, a batch of
Auriculas will return very satisfactory results, and may
be kept in a good, healthy condition for several years.
Edward J. Canning.
AVflNA (classical name). Gramlnece. Oats. A genus
of annuals or perennials well known from the cultivated
oat. Panicles wide open, and loosely flowered, bearing
large 2-(J-flowered spikelets. A long, twisted, geniculate
awn present, except in the cultivated oat. Species,
about 'yO. Widely spread in the temperate regions of the
Old and New World.
!4taa, Linn. Wild-oats. Sand-oats. Resembles the
cultivated oat; can be distinguished by the larger spike-
lets and long, brown hairs on the flowering glume. Awn
an inch in length. Eu.— A very troublesome weed in
some parts. Not cult.
8t6rilis, Linn. Animated Oats. Much larger than the
cultivated oat : spikelets large, in a drooping panicle ;
awn very long and geniculate. Mediterranean region
and E.— Occasionally cult, for the odd behavior of the
"seeds." It is the twisting and untwisting of this awn,
when exposed to moisture and dryness, that has given
to the grass the name Animated Oats. The untwisting of
the awn causes the spiKelet to tumble about in various
directions, suggestive of independent motion.
Th« common oat in Arena aatirn, Linn., native of the Old
World. P»»t»irf* irraHHeK f»f>bl ait AveniiH are A . rlatior, winch is
an Arrhenttt!therum ; and .1. flaceacena, wbiih \* a Trisetum.
P. B. Kennedy.
AVERRHdA (after Averrhoes, the Arabian physi-
cian). Uifiiniiicfuje. Tropical fruit trees, cult, in India
and China, and sometimes grown under glass for orna-
ment. Lvs. alternate, o<l<l-pin-..ute; Ifts. alternate, ovate-
acuminate, entire, stalkeil, sensitive : tts. borne on the
naked stems an<l branches, minute, fragrant, rose-colored
to redilish purple, racemose; calyx red; corolla campanu-
late ; petals 5.
Carambdla, Linn. Carambola. Height 13-20 ft. : Ifts.
4-5 pair.s : rts. rosy purple : fr. varying in size from a
hen's egg to a large orange, ovate, acutely 5-angle<l, yel-
low, fragrant, the pulp acid. The half-grown fr. used as
pickles ; the ripe fr. for preserves. Sai<l to produce 3
crops a year. P.M. 15:231. Cult, sparingly in S. Calif.
A. Bilimhi,\Ann. CrcfMBER Tree. Bilimbi. Height H-15
ft.: Ifts. .Vlo pairs : fls. red. in longer racemes than the al>ove :
fr. smaller than the ('araral>ola, cucximlter-shaped, smooth,
sreen rind, and acid palp. Extensively cult, in S. Amer. P.M.
15: 231.
AVOCADO, ALLIGATOR PEAR. See Peraea.
AZALEA (from Greek azaleos, dry : Linnaeus be-
lieved them to grow in dry locations). Ericdlcece.
Shrubs : lvs. deciduous or persistent alternate, more
or less nairy and ciliate, rarely glabrous and never lepi-
dote or scurfy : fls. in terminal umbellate racenies,
rarely lateral ; corolla 5-lobed, funnel-form, campanulate
or rotate ; stamens 5-10 ; ovary 5-celled, hairy or se-
tose, with or without glands : fr. a loculicidal capsule
(Fig. 172), with numerous minute seeds. This genus is
often united with Rhododendron, which is easier to dis-
tinguish by its lvs. and general habit than by its fls. In
Rhododendron, the lvs. are coriaceous, generally per-
sistent, usually revolute at the margin, glabrous or to-
mentose beneath, often lepidote, not ciliate, or ciliate
and lepidote : stamens usually 10 : ovary glabrous,
glandular, lepidote or tomentose, never st'ose, some-
times more than 5-celled. The glabrous species of
Azalea have 5 stamens and deciduous lvs. There are 25
species in Asia (especially E. Asia) and N. Amer. Con-
sult Maximowicz, Rhododendrej© Asiie Orientalis, St.
Petersburg, 1870. The Azaleas belong to our most orna-
mental and beautiful flowering shrubs, and are often
completely covered with large showy fls. of brilliant and
various colors. They grow best in peaty or sandy soil
containing no limestone, and prefer somewhat moist and
half-shaded situations. In regard to the culture, they
may be divided into two groups : Hardy deciduous
Azaleas, and Indian Azaleas.
Hardy Deciduous Azaleas.— These include the spe-
cies of the sections Euazalea and Rhodora, and the hy-
brids known as Ghent Azaleas. They are hardy, but in
the N. and in exposed situations a protection with bru>h,
hay or mats should be given during the winter, to pre-
vent the hower-buds from sudden changes of tempera-
ture. They are usually increased by seeds sown in early
spring in frames or pans, in sandy peat, without cover-
ing, and kept moist and shady. When the seedlings ap-
pear they should have pir and a daily syringing. In au-
tumn they are transplanted into boxes or frames, in
sandy, peaty soil. The seeds germinate very readily
sown in cut sphagnum, but ought to be pricked into
boxes as soon as they can be handled. The second year
the seedlings should be planted out in beds, suflBciently
wide apart to allow a growth of two years. Long upright
branches should be shortened, to secure well-branched
plants. The named varieties are grafted on any of the
common species, usually by veneer-grafting in autumn
in the greenhouse, on potted stock. They may also be
increased by cuttings of mature wood 2-3 in. long, taken
with a heel late in summer, and placed in sand under
glass. Layers usually require 2 years to root sufficiently ;
they are made in spring, and the buried part enclosed in
moss. Azaleas are easy to transplant, either in early
spring or in early autumn, when the year's growth
has ripened. If desired, they may be planted for deco-
rative purposes in early spring, in betis, without injuring
the abundance or brilliancy of the flower, and after-
120
AZALEA
AZALEA
wards removed to prive space for other decorative plants,
and planted carefully in nursery beds, where they remain
till next spring? ; and so on every year. Especially the
hybrids and varieties of A. mollis are often and easily
forced for wiater-riowering. If intended for early forc-
ing, they should be grown in pots, and care taken to
allow them to finish their growth as early as possible ;
for later forcing, after Christmas, they may be potted in
fall, or even just before bringing them into the for ing-
house. With a temperature of 50-55° at night, they will
bloom in about 6 weeks. The Ghent Azaleas are grown
in great quantities in the Low Countries and in (iermany
lor export to America ; it is usually more profitable to
buy this stock each fall than to attempt to raise it here,
where labor is high-priced and the climate dry and hot.
In the open, the flowering period of hardy Azaleas ex-
tends from April to July. First comics A . Canade »s i s , A .
rhomhira and A. Vaseiji ; then^l. nudiflora 9.x\*\. A . mol-
//.•*, followed by A. Potitica and A. calendulacea, and
nearly at the same time A. Schlippenbachi and A.
Albrechti ; somewhat later, A. occidentalis, and last, A.
arbortsrens and A. vLscosa. One of the most beauti-
ful is the American A. calendulacea, which is hardly
surpassed in the brilliancy and abundance of its flowers
by any of the Ghent hybrids. Some good hybrids, or
Ghent Azaleas, are the following :
Single-fld. varieties : Albicans, white with yellow
blotch, fragrant ; Admiral de Ruyter, deep red scarlet ;
Altaclarensis, white, bordered pink, spotted yellow,
fragrant, B.K. 28:27 ; Anthony Foster, orange-yellow;
Comte de Gomer, bright rose, spotted orange, R.B.
1 : 97 ; Daviesi, nearly pure white, fragrant, Gt. 42:1307;
Directeur Charles Baumann, cherry red, spotted j'ellow;
G^ant des Batailles, deep crimson ; Hilda, red-orange ;
Louis Hellebuyck, carmine, blotched orange, F.S. 19:
2019; MarieVerschaffelt, pink, blotched yellow; Morteri,
rosy pink with yellow blotch, S.B.F.G. II. 1: 10 ; IMn-
'•essed'Drange, salmon-pink; Sanguinca, deep crimson;
Tsarine, brightpink,R.B.20:277; Van Dyck, blood-red;
Viscosa floribunda, pure white, fragrant.
Double-(ld. varieties : Arethusa, creamy white, tinged
yellow ; Bijou de Gandbrugge, white, bordered rose,
F.S. 19: 2024 ; Louis Aim«5 Van Houtte, carmine, tinged
orange, F.S. 19: 2022 ; 3Iadame Mina Van Houtte, pink,
tinged salmon and white, F.S. 19:2021 ; Murillo, pink,
tingedpurple, K.B^19:2:{2 ; Phebe, yellow, tinged or-
ange, R.B. 19:
OtO.
Raphael de Smet.pink; Virgile, pale
rose, striped yellow in the center, R.B. 19:232.
Indian Azaleas. —This group contains A . Jndica and
other species of the section Tsusia and the hybrids of
them. They are well known evergreen shrubs in the N. ,
requiring cultivation in the greenhouse during the win-
ter, but some varieties, as A. Indira, var. Kirmpferi and
var. anioena, are hardy even near New York. A. ros-
marinifolia and A. lineririfolia will stand many de-
grees of frost in somewhat sheltered positions. Thoy
are rarely iucrensed by seeds, which may be sown in the
j.reenhouse in the same way as with the former group.
Usually they are propagated by cuttincs or grafting.
The cuttings root best when made in August from half-
ripened wood, and placed in sand under a frame, with
gentle bottom heat. Choicer varieties are usually in-
creased by veneer- or tongue-grafting, either in winter
or in.luly and Aug. on vigorous-growing varieties raised
mostly from cuttings. Grafting on Rhododendron is
now used in some German nurseries with very good re-
sults. The best soil for Azaleas, jf grown in pots, is a
sandy compost of half peat and lialf leaf-soil, with an
addition of good fibrous loam. It is essential to plant
them firmly, and to give very good drainage. The base
of the stem should be just above the surface. The best
time for repotting is after flowering, when the new
growth commences. Duringthe summer, they should be
kept in a coldframe or in the open in a sheltered spot,
with the pots plunged in the soil, or planted out in pre-
pared beds, where they nmke a very vigorous and
healthy growth. In Sept. they should be repotted ana
transferred to the greenhouse. They must have plenty
of water and free syringing during the hot months.
The natural flowering time is from April to June, but in
the greenhouse. Azaleas may be had in flower from Nov.
till June. Affainst the red spider and thrips, from which
the Azaleas are liable to suffer if the air is too dry, free
syringing with water is the best remedy. Most of the
plants used for forcing in this country are imported
from Holland and Belgium ; and it is cheaper to huv
them than to attemjtt to raise them. Formerly Aziiltas
were kept in summer in shade or partial shade, but now
it is the custom of tae best growers to give them full
exposure to the sun, either planted out or in tbe pots
plunged to the rim in ashes or other good drainaire ma-
terial ; in the lattt-r case a top-dressing of 2 or 3 iiuhes
of old cow manure is very beneficial. The only Auieri-
can treatise is Halliday's Treatise on the Propagation
and Cultivation of Azalea Indica, Baltimore, IbbO.
Some of the best varieties of Indian Azaleas are the
following ( for acompleteraccount,see August Van Geert,
Iconographie des Azalees, abbreviated here as Ic. Az.i:
Sinffle-fld. : Antigone, white, striped and spotted vio-
let. R.B. 7: 241 ; lc.Az.3; Apollo, vermilion. Ic Az. 20;
Charmer, rich amaranth, very large, F.M. o:30.'{-4. 1;
Comtesse de Beaufort, rich rose, blotched deep crim-
son ; Criterion, rich salmon-pink, bordered white and
blotched crimson, F.S. 8: 796 ; Diamond, white, blotched
dark crimson, F.S. 21: 2233-34 ; Due de Nassau, rich
rosy purple, very free and large; Eclatante, deep crim-
son, shaded rose ; Fanny Ivery, deep salmon-scarlet,
blotched magenta, F.M. 10: '42 ; Fielder's White, pure
white, early, A.F. 13:1109; Flambeau, rich, glowing
crimson, Gn. 16:242,4; Fuerstin Bariatinsky, white,
striped red, Gn. 16, 242, Ic.Az. 13 ; Jean Vervaene, sal-
mon, striped, bordered white, R.B. 2: 145, Ic.Az. 11;
John Gould Veitch, lilac rose, bordered and netted
white, striped crimson, F.S. 20:2071-72; La Victoire,
reddish, white towards the edges, spotted maroon crim-
son; Louise von Baden, pure white, sometimes speckled
pink ; F.S. 17: 1796, F.M. 3: 158 ; Madame Charles Van
Eeckhaute, pure white, with crisped edges ; Madame
Van Houtte, scarlet rose, bordered white, F.S. 23:2383,
Ic. Az. 5 ; IVIarquis of Lome, brilliant scarlet, very
fine ; Miss E. Jarret, pure white, with crisped edges.
R.B. 14:213; Mrs. Turner, bright pink, bordered white,
spotted crimsop, F.S. 8 : 451 ; Mons. Thibaut, orange-red ;
President Victor Van den Hecke, white striped and
speckled crimson, with yellow center, F.S. 15: 1567-C8 ;
Princess Alice, pure white, one of the best ; Princesse
Clementine, white, spotted greenish yellow ; Reine des
Pays-Bas, rich violet-pink, bordered white, I.H. 13 : 479 ;
Roi de Hollande, dark bloo<l-red, spotted black ; Sigis-
mund Rucker, rich rose, bordered white, blotched crim-
son, very showy, F.S. 19:2010-11, Ic.Az. 31; Stella,
orange-scarlet, tinged violet ; W'ilson Saunders, pure
white, striped and blotched vivid red.
Double-fld. : Borsig, pure white ; Alice, deep rose,
blotched vermilion, I.H. 23:244; Baron M. de Rothschild,
rich purple-violet, large, F.S. 23: 2477-78 ; Bernard An-
172. Capsule of
Azalea nudiflora.
173. Azalea nudiflora (X J 3).
dr^, dark violet-purple, large ; Bernard Andr«5 alba,
white, I.H. 17:15, Ic. Az. 19; Charles Leirens, dark sal-
mon, blotched dark purple, good form and substance, F.S.
19: 1971-72; Charles Pynaert, salmon, bordered white,
R.B. 10:25; Chicago, deep carmine, bordered white,
large ; Comtesse Eugenie de Kerchove, white, flaked red-
carmine; Deutsche Perle, pure white, early, R.H. 1886:
AZALEA
AZALEA
121
516. Gn 3^: 649.1c, Az. 25 ; Dominique Verveene, bright
orange ; Dr. Moore, deep rose, sha«ied whire and violet,
vervtine. R. Br. 11:G1; Empereur du Bresil, rich rose,
banded white, upper petals marked red, Ic. Az. 15 ;
Franvois de Vos, deep crimson, LH. 14:512, Ic. Az. 14,
P.M. 8:443; Imbricata, white, sometimes flaked rose,
1 H, 24:281, F.S. 22:2284-85; Imperatrice des Iiuies,
sulmon-rose, festooned white and dark carmine. F.M.
isriia", Ic. Az.2l ; Johanna Gottscbalk, white ; Louise
Pynaert. white, K. B. 4: 209 ; Mme, Iris Lefebvre, dark
orauire-carraine, shaded bright violet and blotched brown-
ish red, F.S. 18: 18(52-63 ; Madame Van der Cruyssen,
pink, tine form. A.F. 12:1003 ; Madeleine, white, larcre,
serr--double ; Niobe, white, fine form ; PharaiUle Ma-
fhilde,whit> , spotted cherry-red, R.B. l.{:145; President
Ghellinckd ;Wulle, bright rose, upperpetals spotted yel-
low and striped crimson; President Oswald deKerchove,
pink, bordered white, blotched carmine ; Raphael, white ;
Sakuntala. white, very free-Howering; Sou v. du Prince
Albert, rich rose-peach, broadly margined white, very
free-Howering, F.M. 4:201, Ic. Az. 24; Theodore Rei-
niers, lilac, large ; Vervjeueana, rose, bordered white,
sometimes striped salmon.
The following Azaleas are a ■>scribed below : A . alba,
Xo. 15; albirtora, 10 ; Albrechti, 12 ; amoena, 14; arbo-
rescens, 2; 6rt7.s«mi>u»'/^/or«, 14; calendulacea, 5; Cali-
for./.cu, 1 ; calyciflora, 14 ; Canadensis, V, cauescens, 4;
crispiriora, 14 ; crocea. 5; Danielsiana, 14 ; flanimea, 5;
Oandavensis, 7 ; glauca, 'i ; hispida, 3 ; Ind4ca, 14 ;
Kii'mpferi, 14 ; lateritia, 14 ; ledifolia, iC- ; Uliifiora, 15;
maerantha, 14 ; mollis, 8 ; narcissiflora, 15 ; nitida, 3 ;
nuditlora, 4; obtusa, 14; occidentalis, 1; Pontica, G;
punicea, 15 ; purpurea, 15; rhombica, 10; ffoUisaoni, 14;
TosiHora, 14 ; rosmarinifolia, 15 ; Schlippenbachi, ];! ;
Simsi, 14 ; Sinensis, 8 ; speciosa, 5 ; Vaseyi, 11 ; vis-
c<>sa, 3.
A, Fls. in terminal l-many-fld. clusters.
B. Zc.s. and fls. from diffennt hiids : vinter-buds with
niitny scales: Ics. deciduous.
c. Corolla irith rather h>ng tube, and nsualhj acute
segments, pubescent or hairy outside : stamens 5:
Irs. ciliate. (Euazalea.)
D. Stamens as long as or longer than the limb: tube
long and itarrow, outside glandular.
E. Color white, pink or rose.
1. OCCidentMis, Torr. & Gray (Ithododend ran occiden-
t()le, Ciray, A. Californica, Hort.). Height 2-6 ft.:
branchlets glabrous or pubescent : Ivs. obovute-oblong,
finely ciliate, slightly pubescent beneath when young :
corolla 2-23^2 in. long, white or slightly tinged rose, with
yelli.w on the upper lobe, fragrant. May, June. Calif.
B.M. .1005. F.S. 14:1432. Gn. 34:673.
2. arbor^scens, Pursh {Rhododendron arbor^scens,
Torr. I. From 8-20 ft. : branchlets nearly glabrous : Ivs.
obovHte orobovate-oblong, acute, ciliate, glabrous, green
or glaucescent beneath : fls. white or tinged rose, 2 in.
lone:, fragrant ; style and stamens red. June, July.
Alle-h. Mts. G,F. 1:401, L.B.C. 17:16.32, as A. verti-
cil In fa.
.{, viscdsa, Linn, {Rhododhidron viscdsum, Torr.).
Frotii 4-H ft.: winter-buds glabrous: branchlets with
stiflf hairs : Ivs. obovate-oblong, obtuse or niurronulate,
ciliate, bristly hairy on the veins beneath : fls. w bite or
tinijcd rose, 1^2-2 in. long, viscid outside, fragrant ;
style red. June, July. E. N. Amer. Em. 2:438. Var.
nitida, Nichols. From 1-3 ft. : Ivs. oblanceolate, bright
>:re»'n on both sides : corolla tinged red. B.R, 5:414.
^a^. glauca, Ait. Lvs. wliitish-glaucous beneath, dull
an.l-laucous above. L.B.(\ 1(;:1518. Var.hlspida, Britt.
{A. hispida. Pursh). Pedicels bristly hispid : fls. usu-
ally pink : lvs. glaucescent beneath. L.B.C. 5: 441.
4. nudifldra, Linn. (^1. lutea. Linn. i?. nudiflorum,
Torr. I. Figs. 172, 173. Height 2-6 ft.: winter-buds
more op less pubescent : branchlets pubescent and often
^ith stiff hairs : lvs. oblong or obovate, hairy on the
WKlrib or pube.scent beneath : fls. pink to nearly white,
before or with the lvs., about Vi in. broad, not viscid
outside. Apr., May. E. N. Amer. B.R. 120. L.B.C.
1:51. G.W.F. .36. Mn. 2:17. Var, can^scens, Rehder
(A. cnnescens, Michx.K Lvs, tomentose or pubescent
beneath, usually elliptic.
EE, Color yellow to flame-red.
5. calendulacea, Michx. (R. calendulAceum, Torr,).
i:'rom 4-10 ft. : branchlets glabrous or with stiflf hairs :
ivs. obovate or ovate, usually pubescent beneath, serru-
late-ciliate : fls. orange-yellow or flame-red, often 2 in.
broad, with the lvs., nearly scentless ; tube usually
shorter than the limb ; stamens thickened at the mid<lle.
May, June. E. N. Amer. Var. fldmmea, Michx. (.1.
speciosa, Willd.). Fls. flame- or orange-red. B.R. 145.
L.B.C. 7:624. B.M, 180. Var. crdcea, Michx. Fls. vel-
low or orange-yellow. B.M. 1721. L.B.C. 14:1324. -One
of the most showy species.
6. Pdntica, Linn. (R. fliivum, Don). Plant 2-6 ft.:
branchlets hairy: pedicels and petioles glandular : lvs.
cuneate, oblong, usually hairy on both sides when young,
2-4 in. long : tls. yellow, 2-2 >^ in. broad, very fragrant ;
stamens as Icng as the limb. May. Orient, Caucasus.
B.M. 433; 2383 (var. albiflora), — A very fragrant an«l
free-flowering species, not common in cult. Nearly all
varieties referred to this species in nursery catalogues
are hybrids, for w^hich the collective name A. Ganda-
vensis may be used.
7. Oandav^nsis, Hort. Ghent Azaleas, Fig, 174.
These are hybrids between A . Pont lea, ami the American
174. Ghent azalea— A. Gandavensis (X ^a).
species, and A. Sinensis, now more in cult, than the
typical species. Of a number of them the parents are
easily recognized, but many are hybrids of the second
degree or more, and it is impossible to be sure about
their parentage. They vary in all shades of white, yel-
low, orange, pink, carmine, lilac, and red, with single
and double fls.. and also in the time of flowering, from
May to July. A short selection of some good varieties
has already been given.
nn. Stamens shorter than the limb: corolla fuunel-
form-camponulate, outside pubescent, not glan-
dular.
8. Sinensis, Lodd. (A. mollis, Blume. R. Sinense,
Sweet). From :*-8 ft.: branches hairy : lvs. oblong or
obovate-oblong. 2-4 in. long, appressed-setose above,
glaucescent beneath and nearly glabrous except on the
midrib, rarely pubescent ; fls. 2-2H in. broad, yellow,
oranee or pink. April, Mav. China, Japan. F.S. 19:
2032-36. Gn. 46, p. 265, 546. B.R. 15:1253. L.B.C. 9: 885.
122
AZALEA
AZALEA
Gt. 16:556. Gng. 4:279.— A valuable species, with large
but scentless lis. A large number of varieties and hy-
brids has been raised, which are well adapted for forcing
purposes and also for groups in the open, being as hardy
as the American species. See Rhododendron for picture.
CC. Corolla with very short tube, rotate-campannlate
or two-lipped, glabrous outside : seg.nents oh-
tu^'i: stamens 7-10. (Rhodora.)
T>. Limb of corolla H-lippcd, not spotted, the two
lower segments divided nearly to the base: fls.
before the I vs.
9. Canadensis, O. Ktze. (Rhoddru, Canadensis, Linn.
Rhododendron Rhodora, Don). From 1-3 ft.: Ivs. oval,
obtuse and mucronulate, glaucous and slightly pubes-
cent beneath : tls. 5-7, on very short pedicels l-l/<i in.
broad, rose-purple ; segments narrow, the lower ones
revolute : stamens 10. Apr.. Mav. E.N.Amer. : New-
foundland to Pa. Em. 2: 4#1. B.M. 474.
10. rh63lbica, O. Ktze. {Rhododendron rhSmbicum,
Miq. ) . Shr-ib, 3-8 ft. : Ivs. rhombic-elliptic, acute at both
ends and sparsely hairy above, yellowish pubescent at
the nerves beneath : tls. 2-3 ; corolla 13^-2 in. broad,
somewhat campaDiilate, bricrht rose-colored, segments
oblong; stamen' 111. Apr., May. Japan. B.M.6972. Gt.
17:586; G.C. III. 20: 38.
Dr. Limh of corolla rotate-campannlate, or slightly
2-lif pel, divided Visually till below the middle:
upptr lobi'S spotted.
11. V4p>eyi, Rehder (Rhododendron Vdseyi, Gray).
From 5-15 ft. high ; brai chlets without bristles : Ivs.
oblong or obloner-lanceoh te, acute, sparsely hirsute :
fls. before or with the Ivs,; corolla slightly 2-lipped,
lower lobes widely spreadinjr^ stamens 7, rarelv 5. Apr.,
May. N. Car. G.F. 1:377. 'i.C. III. 20: 71. -Excellent.
12. Albrechti, O. Ktze (Rhododendron Albrechti,
Maxim.). From 2-5 ft.: branchlets glandular-pilose:
Ivs. obovate or elliptic, acut-*, 3-5 in. long, appressed-
pilose above, pubescent along the veins beneath : fls.
purple, with the Ivs, 2 in. broad ; stamens 10. Japan.
13. Schlippenbachi, O. Ktze. {Rhoc^odendron Schlip-
penbachi,^liixhn.). Three to 5 ft.: branchlets glandu-
lar-pilose : Ivs. cuneate, broadly obovate, 2-5 in. lor
rounded and mucronate at the apex, hirsute on 1»
sides ov glabrous at length : lis. with the Ivs., 2-3 in.
broad, pale rose-colored, upper lobes spotted reddish
brown : stamens 10. May. Japan. B.M. 7373. Gn.
46:972. G.C. III. 19:561.
BB. J^vs. and fls. from the same terminal bud: winter
buds with i—i scales of nearly equal length :
corolla glabrous outside: Ivs. usually persistent.
(Tsusia.)
14. tndica, Linn. (Rhododendron Indicum, Sweet).
Figs. 175, 176. From
1-8 ft.: branchlets,
Ivs. and pedicels more
or less rufously ap-
pre88ed-strigo8e:lv8.
lanceolate or obo-
vate: fls, 1-3 ; calyx
densely setose, not
glandular, with usu-
ally small lobes : co-
rolla pink or purple,
upper segments spot-
ted ; stamens 5-10.
China, Jap. Gu. 50,
p. 192; 54. p. 487.
K.B. 20:121: 21:85;
23:37. A,G. 14:473.
Ong. 4:3.59. F. E.
9:431. F.R. 2:579.—
This is a very vari-
able and much -cul-
tivated species, and
the following varieties are often described as species.
(1) Lvs. lanceolate or elliptic, acute, £-3 in. long, dull
above and rufously strigo.'<r : shrubs, t-8 ft.
high, somewhat loosely branched.
Vhr, Eeempteri, Rehder. Lvs. deciduous, only a few
small ones below the fi.-buds persisting till spring,
\,
V
175. Azalea Indica (X K)-
elliptic, bright green: fls. 2-3, with or before the lvs.;
calyx-lobes oval, rounded ; corolla 1-2 in. broad, pink
or orange-red: stajaens 5, with yellow anthers. Apr.,
May. Jap. — This is the hardiest variety ; hardy even
in New Eng.
Var. Simsi, Rehder (A. Indica, Sims, not Linn.).
Lvs. persistent, dark green, lanceolate : fls. 1-3, rose-
176. Double-flowered Azalea Indica (X K).
colored o' irmine ; calyx-lobes lanceolate ; stamens
10, with .rple anthers. May, June. China. B.M,
1480. L.i3.C.3:275.
') Lvs. obovate or obovate-lanceolate, obtuse, rarely
acute ; }^-3 in. long, less strigose, and usually
shining above : low, much-branched shrubs.
Var. macr^ntlia, Reichb. (A. macrdntha, Bunge, A.
Danielsicina, Paxt,). Lvs. coriaceous, dark green.
shining, obovate or oval : fls. usually single, 2-.{ in.
broad, pink or purplish pink ; stamens 5-10, usually
cuciosed. May. June. China. P.M.I: 129. S.B.F.(i,lI.
3:261. — From this variety nearly all of the beautiful
garden forms of the Indian Azaleas have originated by
cross-breeding with other varieties and forms of ,.4,
Indica introduced fromJapanese and Chinese gardens,
and by hybridizing, especially with ..4. rosmarinifdlid.
To this variety may be referred the following re-
markable forms : Var. crispiflfSra, Van Houtte. Fls.
large, rose-colored, with distinetlv crisped segments.
F.S. 9:887. B.M. 4726. Var. laterltia, Lindl, Lvs.
oblong-lanceolate : fls. salmon or brick-red. B.R. 1700.
Var. rosifldra, Rehder (A. rosifldra, Flor. Mag. ^4,
balsamino'fldra, Carr. A. R6llis.soni, Hort. ), Lvs. ob-
long-lanceolate: fls. salmon-red, very double, with im-
bricated, oblong segments, resembling the blooms of a
camellia-fld. balsnm. F.M. 19:418. Gn. 18:249.
R.H. 1882:4.32.
Var. obttisa, Rehder (A. obtusa, Lindl.). Lvs. obo-
vate or ovate, obtuse : fls. 1-3, pink or orange-red ;
corolla 1-lH in. broad, lobes oval-oblong ; stamens 5,
exserted, anthers vellow. Mav. ('hina, Jap, B.R.
32:37, G.C. 1I.25:'585. R.H. "1876: 370. Var. obtusa
Alba, Hort. Fls. white. G.F. 9:395. Var. calyciflbra,
Rehder (A . catycifldra, Hort.). Fls. brick-red, corolla
double (hose-in-hose).
Var. amoena, Rehder (A. amcena, Lindl.). Lvs. obo-
vate or elliptic, obtuse or acute, }i-l In. long, dark
green : corolla usually double (hose-in-hose), purple,
J^-l in. broa<l : stamens 5. Apr., Mav. China, Jap.
B.M. 4728. F.S. 9:885. G.C. III. 23: fig. 125. AG.
1 5 : 373 ; 1 8 : 568. G n g. 2 : 385. A . F. 12 : 33. F. E . 9 : .')7.{.
— Flowering early and very abundantly ; hardy north
AZALEA
AZOLLA
123
to New York. There are some forms and crosses of
this variety, of which the following may be recom-
mended : Caldwelli, with larger purple fls., Gccrt,
Ic.Az. 18 ; Marvel, lilac-carmine, double. Flor. Mag.
11; 14: Princess Maud, rosy magenta, R.H. 1886: .516;
Mrs. Carmichael, crimson-magenta ; Princess Bea-
trice, bright mauve ; Prime Minister, soft pick ; Miss
Buist, pure white.
15. rosmarinifdlia, Burm. (A. dlba, Svre*'t. A. ledi-
fdlid. Hook. A. lilii flora, Poit.). Much branched, low
shrub, 1-3 ft.: branches, Ivs. and pedicels densely ru-
foiisly appressed-strigose : Ivs. elliptic or elliptic-lan-
ceolate, persistent, 1-3 in. long : fls. 1-3 ; calyx with
lanceolate serrate-glandular lobes ; corolla pure white
or ro*»y purple, 2-3 in. broad, fragrant ; stamens usually
10. May. China. B.R. 10:811. B.M. 2901. L.b.C. 13:
1253. — Some remarkable varieties of this species are
the following : Var. dlba, Rebder (^4 . Indiea , var. dlba,
Lindl. i?. hucdnthnm, Bunge). Fls. white, sometimes
striped pink. Var. purptirea, Rehder (B. ledifolium,
var. /;!<»•/)'> re Hw, Max.). Fls. rosyptirple. Var. narcissi-
fldra, Rehder (A. nareissiflora, Fort.), Fls. double,
white; rarelypurple. Var. ptmicea, Rehd. (A.punicea,
Sweet. A. ledifolia, var. phwnicea. Hook. A. Indiea,
var. cali/c)ua. Paxt.). Fls. single, purple; calyx with
linear, not serrate and less glandular lobes. B.>I. 32.'{9.
L.B.C. 18:1735. A. rosmarinifdlia has prodace<l, with
A. Indka, a large number of beautiful hybrids, of
which one of the first was figured in 1833 as jihododen-
dron pulchrum.
AA. Fls. from lateral 1-fld. buds toward the end <>f the
branches: corolla rotate campanulate, glabrous.
{Asaleastrnm.)
16. albifldra, O. Ktze. (Rhododh\dron albifldrum,
Hook. ). About 2-3 ft. : branches strigose and glandular
when young: Ivs. oblong, pale green, appressed-stri-
gose above and at the midrib beneath, slightly ciliate :
fls. nodding, on short pedicels ; corolla white, 5-cIeft,
about 1 in. broad ; calvx glandular ; stamens 10. Rocky
Mts. B.M. 3670.
A. Dahurica, Koch = Rhododendron D.-thnricnm. — 4. di-
anthifldra,VarT.=A. rosmarinifolia, var. dianthitioni.— ^. dila-
tdta, O. Ktze. (R. dilatatum, Miq.). Allied to A. rhombica. Lvs.
glabrous: stamens 5. Japan.— A. Fdrrercp, Koeh (A. squa
mata, Lindl.). Allied to A. Schlippenbachi. Lvs. rhomb<)id-
ovate, somewhat coriaceous: fls. whitish pink, spotted. China.
B.R. ;«: 3.-^1. Japonifa, Gray=A. Sinensis.— A. A'awi«cAa<ica,
0. Ktze. (Rhododendron Kamschatieiim, Pall.). Low or pros-
trate shrub, to 10 in. high : lvs. obovate, setose : fls. 1-5, long-
peduneled, 1/4-2 in. broad, campanulate, purple. N. E. Asia,
N.W. Amer. Gt. .36:1260.— A. Lapponica, Linn.= R. Lapponi-
c'um.— A. linearifdlia. Hook. (R. linearifoliura, Sieb. & Zuc<'.).
Allied to A. rosmarinifolia. Lvs. linear-lanceolate : corolla
pink, deeply divided into 5 linear-laneeolate segments. April,
May. Japan. B.M. 5769.— A. macros.^pala, O. Knntze (R. maoro-
sepalum, Maxim.). Height 1-2 ft.; branehlets densely villose :
lvs. de<Mduous or semi -persistent, elliptic : fls. umbellate, rose-
lilac, spotte«i, alK)ut 2 in. broad : calyx pubescent-glandular.
Japan. (it.l9: 662.— .i.. mxicrondta, Blume=A. rosmariuifolia.—
A. ohtUsa, Lindl. =A. Indiea, var. obtusa.— A. ovata, Lindl. (R.
ovatum. Planch.). Allied to a. alb'^ora. Height 2-12 ft. ; I'-s.
ovate, glabrous: fls. pink or nearly white, spcted. rotate, 1%-X%
in. broad: stamens 5. China. B. M. -5064.— A. reticulata. Koch
=A. rhombica.— A. semibarbdta, O. Kuntze (R. semibarbatum,
Maxim. ). Allied to A. albiflora, Lvs. elliptic, crenately cili-ite,
setose beneath : fls. greenish yellow, spotted purple, ?^-^4in.
broad Japan. Gt. 19: 660.— A. serpyllifblia, (}ray (R. serpylli-
folium, Miq.). Allied to A. Indiea. Low, rigid shrub : lvs. de-
ciduous, obcvate, yi-^Jn. long: fls. single, rosy red, >^-44in.
broad. Japan. B.M. 75<)3.— A. Si^fto^t/i, Miq.=A. Indiea.— A.
squamata, L.indl.=A. Farrerae.- A. Tschonoiikii, O. Kuntze (R.
Tschunoskii, Maxim.). Allied to A. Indiea. Low shrub : lvs.
elliptic. J^-^iin. long: fls. 2-4, white, ^in. broad. Japan.
Alfred Rehder.
AZABA (I. N. Azara, a Spanish promoter of science,
especially of botany ) . Bixdcete. Shrubs or small trees :
lvs. evergreen, alternate, with usually enlarged and 'eaf-
like stipules : lis, small, in axillary peduneled racemes
or clusters, apetalous ; sepals 4-5 ; stamens numero'.?",
rarely 5 : fr. a raany-seed»'d berry. About 20 species
in S. America, especially Chile. Handsome evergreen
shrubs, with small but fragrant fls.. for warm temperate
regions ; probably only .1. mirrophi/lla will thrive f:ir-
ther north in a sheltered position and protected during
the winter. Grow best in a sandy compost of loam and
leaf .ioil. Prop, by seeds or cuttings of mature wood
in autumn, placed in slight bottom heat under glass.
microphylla, Hook. f. From 3-12 ft. : lvs. obovate, ser-
rate, or nearly entire, %-%m. long, shining, glabnms,
the stipules similar, but half the size : fls. greenish, in
few-fld. clusters; stamens 5: berries orange. Feb., Mar.
Chile. G.C II. 1: 81. — Graceful evergreen shrub, regu-
larly pinnately branched, excellent for covering walls ;
the hardiest of all the cultivated species.
Gilliesi, Hook. & Am. Height 10-15 ft. : lvs. 2J^-3 in.
long, broad-ovate, with coarse, spiny teeth, glabrous ;
stipules orbicular, much smaller ; fls. in dense, elliptic,
nodding heads, yellow. Feb., Mar. Chile. B.M. 5178.
F.S. 23: 2445. -The handsomest of all Azaras.
A.crassifblia, Hort. = A. Gillie.si. — A. d^ntdta. R. & P.iv.
Height 12 ft. : lvs. obovate or elliptic, crenate- serrate : fls. yellow,
in small corymbs. Chile. B.R. 21:1788.— A. inteurifblia. R. &
Pav. Height 10-20 ft.: lvs. entire: fls. yellow, in oblong heads.
Chile. Has a variegated form. . „
Alfred Rehder.
AZOLLA (Greek, to destroy by drying). Salrinidceif.
A small genus of floating aquatics with small, pinnate
stems and minute fleshy 2-lobed lvs.. producing two
sorts of spores in globular sporocarps. The species mul-
tiply rapidly by self-division, but will grow readily in
water containing a little nutriment. The species are
distinguishable only by microscropic examination.
Carolini^na, Willd. Plant %-l in. long : anchor-like
processes of spores with septa. N. Y. to the Gulf of Mex.
filiculoides. Lam. Plants 1-2 in. long : anchor-like
processes without septa. Calif, to Chile.
L. M. Underwood.
BABIANA (said to come from Dutch for hnhoon, be-
cause those animals eat the bulbs). Iriddcecp. About
50 cormous plants of S. Afr. Fls. showy, red or purplish,
in a short spike like cluster or raceme, tubular at the
base, the segments with claws or narrow bases, and the
limb erect-spreadiner : ovary 3-loculed : Ivs. narrow,
hairy, plaited, standing edgewise to the stem. Low
plants, of easy culture if treated like freesias or hya-
cinths. Three or 4 corms in a 4-in. pot give attractive
bloom in March or later. Grown only indoors or under
frames in the N. They are showy and useful plants.
Monogr. by Baker in Handbook of the Irideae, 1892.
A. Perianth limb regular orvearly so, and wide-
spreading.
stricta, Ker. (B. rillosa, and B. purpurea, Ker.).
Fig. 177. A foot or less high: Ivs. broad, oblong-lanceo-
late or sword-shaped, barely reaching the spikes : fls.
scattered, showy, usually red or purple, with a promi-
nent tube, the searments oblong-lanceolate. B.M. 583,
621. — Babianas are not sold under species-names in this
177. Babiana stricta {X%).
country, but as mixed varieties. These varieties are
chiefly, if not wholly, of this species. Many forms and
colors. Var. anguatifdlia, Sweet, Lvs. linear. B.M.
637. Var. nibro-cy^nea, Ker. Limb lilac, throat red.
B.M. 410. Var. sulphiirea, Ker. Yellow or whitish.
B.M. 1053. Two other long-cultivated types are de-
scribed below.
AA. Perianth limb distinctly ringent or gaping.
plic^ita, Ker. Low : lvs. lanceolate, hairy, usually
overtopping the spikes : fls. lilac or red, long-tubed, the
segments oblong and unequal. B.M. 576.
dfsticlia, Ker. Differs from the last in having the
perianth-tube distinctly exserted from the spaihe.
L. H. B.
BABY'S BKEATH. See Gypsophila.
BAGCHABIS {bakkari.<i, an ancient Greek nnme).
Compotiitie. Groundsel Tree. Shrubs or herbs : lvs.
alternate, usually serrate, deciduous or persistent : heads
of fls. small, white or yellowish, dioecious ; involuc-re with
many imbricate scales: akenes with pappur-. About 250
species in America, mostly in tropical regions. A few
species are cultivated particularly for the snow-white
pappus, which gives the fruiting plant a very showy
appearance. They grow in almost any well drained soil
in a sunny position, and are well adapted for dry and
rocky slopes, and valuable for seashore planting. Prop,
by seeds or by cuttings under glass.
halimifdlia, Linn. Shrub, 3-12 ft. ; branches angular:
lvs. cuneate, oblong or obovate, coarsely toothed, the up-
permost entire, glabrous, 1-2 in. long: fls. in large pani-
cles : pappus white, about Kin, long, Sept. Seaooast,
from N. Eng. southward. Gng. 7: 113. — Tlie hardiest
species ; in fruit resembling a shrub with abundant
snow-white fls.
/?. Patauonica, Hook. & Am. Low evergreen shrub: lvs.
y^~li\n. long: heswls mostly axillary. Patag.— B. pilularis. DC.
Height 6 ft.; evergreen: lvs. 1 in. long: heiwis in racemose pani-
cles. Pacific coast.— B. salicifolia. Torr. & Gray. Allied to B.
halimifolia. Lvs. narrow-oblong or linear-lanceolate. Colo, to
^ '^^'^^^- Alfred Rehder.
BACHELOB'S BUTTONS. See Centaurea Cyanus,
Gomphrena globosa and Itanunculus acris.
BACTBIS (Greek, ftatfron, cane; the young stems used
for walking-sticks). Palmdce(e, tribe Cocoinefe. Usually
low palms, ver>- rarely entirely spineless, with solitary or
fasciculate ringed, spiny or smooth caudices, sprouting
from the roots : lvs. terminal or scattering, equally or
unequally pinnatisect, glabrous or pubescent; segments
sparse or aggregated, or more or less imperfectly con-
nate, forming a bitid blade, acute or rarely obtuse at the
apex, the ciliate margins recurved at the base ; petiole
short or long; sheath long, spiny; spadices sessile or pe-
dunculate, perforating the leaf -sheaths ; spathes 2, the
lower short, open at the apex, the upper coriaceous
or woody, exceeding the spadix, or fusiform, ventrally
dehi.scent, smooth, bristly or spiny ; bracts persistent :
fls. .small or medium, pale yellow or greenish: fr. small,
green, ovoid or globose. Species, about 100. Tropical
America. Ornamental, but little grown on account of
the spines. See Palms.
A. Spines yellow, tipped black.
pallidisplna, Mart. (B. flavispma, Hort.). St. 10-18ft.
high, 1-2 in. in diam., the internodes spiny: lvs. showy,
5-9 ft. long, equally interruptedly pinnatisect ; petiole
4-6 ft., brown-scaly, thickly covered with very long
{%-2%m.), black-tipped yellow spines, either solitary or
in groups of 2-4 ; segments linear-lanceolate, caudate-
acuniinate. prickly on the margins, the basal ones 2-8 In.
long, l>^in. wide, the upper, 12 in. by IJ^in. Brazil.
AA. Spines black.
B. Lf. -segments acute at both ends.
mSlior, Jacq. St. 9-15 ft. high, l-lJ^in. in diam., armed
with rows of black spines, 2 in. long: petiole armed with
very long black, terete spines ; lvs. 4-<i ft. long, equally
pinnatisect nearly to the rachis; sheath and rachis spiny
and white or brown tomentose ; segments linear, acute
at both ends.2,'>-35 on each side, 1 -nerved, 8-12 in. long,
%-yim. wide, glabrous on both sides, densely setose,
with black hairs along the margin. Brazil.
(124)
!1
BACTRIS
BALSAM
125
BB. Lf.- segments acute at tip.
Gasipies, HBK. (Guiliilma speciosa, Mart.). St.
about 60 ft. higrh, single or cspspitose, with rings of subu-
178. Balaka Seemanni.
late-compressed black spines, 1 in. long, the rings about
as far apart as the diam. of the st. : Ivs. 6 ft. long, curv-
ing: segments dark green above, pale green below, vory
numerous, approximate, l^^ft. long, 1J4 in. wide, linear-
lanceolate, long-acuminate, bristly or minutely prickly
alons: the margins. Lower Amazon.
hdrrida, Uerst. Ctespitose stems 6-8 ft. high, 8-9 in.
diam., very spiny, sheathed for most of its length with
bases of dead Ivs.; spines 3-4 in. long, 4-sided, whitish
tomentose, at length glabrous: Ivs. 2^3-3 ft. long; sheath
8 in., brown -tomentose ; petiole IJ^ft., densely spiny,
subtetragonal, densely brown-tomcntose beneath ; seg-
ments 7 in. long, J^in. wide, lanceolate, rigid, glaucous.
Nicaragua. Jared G. Smith.
BACULARIA (Latin.&a<'»/Mm,a small walking-stick).
Pnlmdcete, tribe Areeeie. Low spineless palms, with an-
nular reed-like single or fasciculate sts: Ivs. terminal,
unequally pinnatisect; segments membranous, broad or
narrow, split or toothed at the apex, the broader ones
many-nerved, the narrow ones l-nervad, the terminal
contiueut ; midrib and nerves without scales below;
marsrins not thickened, recurv^ed at the base; petiole and
rachis sparsely scurfy, convex on the back, flat above or
concave toward the base : sheath short, open : spadices
numerous, longer than the Ivs., spreading, recurved :
pe<luncle very slender, scurfy, compressed at the base :
spathes 2, remote, the lower one at the base of the pe-
duncle tubular, the upper membranaceous, linear, ensi •
form : fls. green : fr. small, elongate-ovoid, subacute,
green. ^i-Vtm. long. Species 2. Temperate and tropical
Australia. See Palms.
monost^chya, F. Muell. {Areca monostdchya, Mart.
Kentia monostdchya, F. Muell.). Trunk 6-12 ft. high:
Ivs. l>2-4 ft. long ; the sheath broad, coriaceous, about
6 in. long, produced into 2 stipular lobes; segments very
irregular, acuminate, very variable in breadth and dis-
tance, adnate to the rachis, or tapering at the base, the
longest about 1 ft. long. Queeu-land, N. S.W. B.M. 6644.
Jared 6. Smith.
BA£BIA (after the Russian zoologist, Karl Ernst von
Baer). Compdsitce. Californian annuals (or one peren-
nial species), with numerous showy, inch-wide yellow
tls. in early summer.
gr&ciliB, Gr&y {Biirrielia gracilis, DC). Easily dis-
tinguished from Actinolepsis coronaria by its hairy sts.
and foliage and undivided Ivs.: plant much branched:
height 4-12 in. : Ivs. opposite, connate, linear-lanceolate:
fls. solitary, on slender terminal peduncles : involucre
leafier than in Actinolepsis coronaria, thescales longer,
downy, in 2 series: rays 8-12. B.M. 3758. — This is likely
to be cult, as Lasthenia Californica, which, however, is
not hairy and has much longer Ivs.
B. chrysnstoma, Fisch. & May. Lvs. narrowly linear, 1 line
or less wide : lis. larger than in B. gr,tcilis : habit more erect.
—B. coro/idria= Actinolepsis coronaria.
BALAKA (the Fijian vernacular name). Palmdceof,
tribe Arececp. Differs from Ptychosperma in having
the seed not sulcate, and in tiie half-rhomboid seg-
ments of the lvs.; and from Drymophloeus in the form
of the leaf and the caducous spathes. Species 2. Fiji
Islands.
Sedmanxu, Becc. (Ptychosperma Seemanni, H.
Wendl.). Fig. 178. Caudex slender, 8-12 ft. high,
straight, ringed, about 1 in. in <li:tm.: lvs. pinnatisect,
4 ft. long ; segments erose-dentate at the apex, alter-
nate, 9 on each side, semi-rhomboid, obliquely truncate,
the upper margin longer, cuspidate at the apex, the
terminal one deeply bifid. Growing as underwood in
dense forests. Fiji. — Stems used for spears by natives,
because of their strength and straightness. Fig. 178 is
adapted from Seeman's Flora Vitiensis.
Jared G. Smith.
BALLOON VINE. See Cardiospermum.
BALM {Melissa officindlis, Linn.). Labidtct. Sweet
herb, the lvs. being used for seasoning, particularly in
liquors. It has a lemon-like flavor. It is a hardy peren-
nial from southern Eu. The plant grows 1-2 tt. high,
somewhat hairy, loosely branched, with ovate-crenate
lvs. and yellowish or whitish fls. in
loose axillary clusters. Thrives in
any warm position, and is easy to
grow. Prop, by seeds ; also by di-
vision.
179. Pod of
garden Balsam.
180. Explosion of
Balsam pod.
BALSAM., Impdtiens Balsdmina, Linn. {Balsdmina
hortt^.nsis, DC. Balsdmina Impdtiens. Hort. Impdtiens
cocclnea, Sims, B.M. 1256). Geraniaeecp, An erect,
ranch-branched, half succulent annual, long ago intro-
duced from India, and now widely cult, for its showy
126
BALSAM
BAMBOO
fls. It has varied immensely in the doubling, size and
color of its fls. and in the stature of the plant. It wa.s
known to Gerarde in 1596. The plant has lanceolate,
toothed Ivs., the lower ones being mostly in pairs. The
fls. are clustered in the axils of the Ivs.. on very short
181. Camellia-flowered tsalsam.
stalks ; sepals and petals similarlj- colored and not
easily distinguished, one of the sepals (of which there
seem to be 3) long-spurred ; petals apparently 3, but
two of them probably represent two united petals,
thus making 5 ; stamens 5. The pod, shown in Figs.
179 and 180, is explosive. It has 5 carpels and very thin
partitions, and seeds borne on axile placentse. When
the capsules are ripe, a pinch or concussion will cause
the valves to separate and contract, the seeds being
thrown with considerable force.
The full-double Balsams are known as the Camellia-
flowered varieties (Fig. 181). In well selected stock, the
greater part of the flowers from any batch of seedlings
should come very double. The colors range from white
to dark blood-red, yellowish and spotted. Balsams are
of very easy culture. They are tender, and should be
started in thumb-pots or boxes indoors, or in the open
when danger of frost is past. The seeds are large,
and germinate quickly. The plants prefer a rich, sandy
loam, and must not suffer for moisture. Transplanting,
and pinching-in the strong shoots, tend to make the
plants dwarf and compact. It is well to remove the first
flower-buds, especially if the plants are not thoroughly
established. Better results are obtained when only a
few main branches are allowed to grow, all the secondary
and weak ones being pmcheu out. The lower Ivs. may
182. The EfU'den Balsam.
be removed if they obscure the fls. Well grown plants
.•<hould stand 2 ft. apart each way. and the tall kinds will
reach a height of 2-2K ft. Seed of the finest double
strains is expensive, but inferior or common seed
gives little satisfaction. Plants started early in May
should give fls. in July, and should bloom until frost.
A full grown plant is shown in Fig. 182. At the present
time. Balsams are grown chiefly for their value as
flower-garden plants ; but some years ago the fls. were
largely used as "groundwork" in florists' designs, par-
ticularly the double white varieties. The flowers were
wired to toothpicks, and were then thrust into the moss
which formed the body of the design. t u o
BALSAMOBBHlZA (Greek, balsam root). Compdsittr.
liow perennials with thick, deep, resinou? roots, tufts of
radical Ivs., and large, yellow fls. Cent, and W. N. Amer.
Hodkeri, Nutt. Height 4-12 in. : Ivs. lanceolate, 1-2-
pinnately parted : fls. solitary, on naked scapes. Int.
1881 by E. Gillett, but scarcely known to horticulturists.
BAMBOO. Various giant perennial grasses consist-
ing of the genera and species of the tribe Bambiisece,
order Gramine(e. Usually large and often tree-like,'
woody, rarely herbaceous or climbing, of wide geo-
graphical range. The species are irregularly distributed
throughout the tropical zone, a few occurring in sub-
tropical and temperate zones, and reaching their maxi-
mum development in the monsoon regions of Asia.
About 23 genera, only 2 being common to both hemi-
spheres. Something more than 200 species are recog-
nized, of which upwards of 160 occur in Asia, about tO
in America, and 5 ia Africa. They extend from sea-level
to altitudes of more than 10,000 ft. in the Himalayas and
15,000 ft. in the Andes, and under the most favorable
conditions some species may attain a height of 100-120
ft., with a diam. of culm of 8-12 inches.
An attempt to portray the many economic uses of the
giant-grasses would greatly overreach the field of this
article ; but as objects of grace and beauty in the garden,
conservatory, and special conditions of landscape, the
Bamboos are invaluable. Not only are they available to
planters where the climatic conditions are very favora-
ble, but it is possible to grow certain species where the
cold of winter may reach zero Fahrenheit, or even occa-
sional depressions of greater severity.
Bamboos delight in a deep, rich loam, and generously
respond to good treatment, A warm, slightly shady
nook, protected from the prevailing winds of winter,
and where moist but well-drained soil is plentiful, is an
ideal location for these beautiful grasses. A top-dress-
ing of manure and leaves is not only beneficial in winter,
by preventing the frost from penetrating the ground too
deeply, but it also preserves the moisture that is so es-
sential to the welfare of the plants during the growing
season. Seme species produce rampant subterranean
stems, and spread rapidly when once established. It is
best to plant each group of but one species, and to re-
strict the rapidly-spreading sorts to isolated positions.
The most effective results to be obtained by planting
Bamboos are secured on gentle banks above clear water
and against a strong background of the deepest green.
In such situations the gracefully arched stems, the
dainty branches, bending with their wealth of soft green
Ivs., and the careless lines of symmetry of each individ-
ual, lend a bold contrast of the richest beauty. It will
require a few years to thoroughly establish a clump of
Bamboos in the open air, and until this is effected the
vigor, hardiness and beauty that characterize some noble
sorts are lacking. During the early life of the groups,
some protection should be given where the winters are
trying, and even with this precaution it is likely the
plants will suffer to some extent at first during cold
weather. Planted out in conservatories or confined in
tubs or large pots, the Bamboos present many admirable
qualities. As decorative plants in tubs or pots, either
alone or associated with palms and other stock, several
species offer many inducements to their cultivation, es-
pecially as they may be grown in summer and wintered
in a coolhouse. Propagation is best effected by careful
division of the clumps before the annual grrowth has
started. The difficulty of procuring seeds in some in-
stances is very great ; indeed, the fruiting of a number
of species has never been observed. Some species flower
annually, but the majority reach this stage only at inter-
vals of indefinite and frequently widely separated peri-
ods. In some species the fls. appear on leafy branches ;
BAMBOO
BAMBOO
127
in others the Ivs. fall from the culms before the fls.
appear, or the inflorescence is produced on leafless, radi-
cal stems. Fructification does not exhaust the vitality
of some species ; but others, on the other hand, perish
even to the portions underground, leaving their places
to be tilled by their seedling offspring. Owing largely
tj the difficulty in obtaining flowering specimens, the
svstematic arrangement or nomenclature of the Bamboo
\i in a sad plight. As it is sometimes even impossible to
liccurately determine the genus without fls., the correct
jiositions'of some forms are not known.
Four subtribes of Bambusero are regarded by Hackel,
namely: Anindinariece. — Staraens 3 ; palea 2-keele(l :
tr. with the seed grown fast to the seed-wall. To this
belongs Arundinaria. Unbambusece. — Stamenn 6 : fr.
with the seed fused to a delicate seed-wall. Bambusa is
the only garden genus. DendrocalameiP. — i^tamens G
rarely more) : palea 2-keeIed : fr. a nut or berry. Here
belongs Dendrocalamus. 3fe?orrinM«?«. — Characters of
last, but palea not keeled. Melocanna is an example.
The genera Arundinaria, Bambusa and Phyllostachys
contain the most important species in cultivation, some
of which are briefly described below. Roughly, the
species of Arundinaria nmy be separated from Phyllo-
stachys by the persistent
sheaths and cylindrical
stems. In Phyllostachys the
sheaths are early deciduous,
and the internodes, at least
those above the base, are flat-
tened on one side. Arundina-
ria and Bambusa cannot be
snparated by horticultural
characters. It is probable
that many of the forms now
classed as species of Bam-
busawill eventually be found
to belong to Arundinaria.
Extended information re-
t:arding the Bambuseae may
be found in the following publications :
.Munro's Monograph, in Transactions of
the Linniean Society, vol. 26 (1868);
Hackel, in Die Naturlichen Pflanzenfa-
milien, vol. 2, part 2, p. 89 (1887
iish Translation by Lamson-Scribner &
Southworth, as The True Grasses, N. Y.,
1>90; papers by Bean in Gardeners' Chron-
icle III., 15: 167, et seq. (1894); Freeman-
Mitford, The Bamboo Garden, 1896, N. Y
MacraiUar, p. 224 ; A. and C. Riviere,
Les Barabous, Paris, 1879. The first two
are systematic ; the others contain popular
and cultural notes. The following species are commended
as being among the hardiest : Phyllostachys Ilenonis,
P. nUini, P. viridiglaucescens, Arnmlinaria Japotiica,
A. nitida, A. macrosperma, Bambusa pahnata, B. tes-
selliita and B. pygnvea. C. D. Beadle.
The illustrations in the present article are adapted
from Mitford's Bamboo Garden. Mitford's work cannot
lie praised too highly. It has done much to create a
popular appreciation of Bamboos, and also to clear up
the complete confusion into which the trade names have
fallen. Mitford's book has a literary quality that is
very rare in horticultural writing, and represents a type
thatdeserves the warmest appreciation in America; viz.,
the discriminating enthusiasm of the expert amateur.
Arundinaria is derived from Latin r.rundo, a reed ;
Bambusa from a Malay name ; Phyllostachys from
Ureek phyllon, leaf, and stachys, 8\nke. W. M.
The following alphabetical list contains all the kinds
of Bamboos known to be cult, in Amer. A = Arundina-
ria ; B = Bambusa; D = Dendrocalamus ; P=Pbyllo
stachys; T=:Tharanocalamus, which is here considered
a subgenus of Arundinaria. No Japanese native names
are given below, although many Bamboos are still ad-
vertised under such names. The prevailin>r tendency is
to discard Japanese native names in every branch of
horticulture, as they breed hopeless confusion,
B. angustifolia, 15 ; B. arundinacea, 11 ; B. aurea, 28;
P. aurea, 28; A. auricoma, 16; P. bambusoides, 32;
i*.Castillonis,26 ; A. chrvsantha. 17; h. rhnfsnntJia,l7;
B. disticha, 18; B. erecta, 10 ; A faicata,' 9; B. fal-
cata, 9 ; A. Falconeri, 8 ; T. Falcdneri, 8 ; A. Fortunei,
14; A. Fortunei, var. aurea, 16; A. Fortunei, var.
viridi.t, 22 ; B. Fortunei, 14 ; B. Fortunei, var. aurea,
16 ; B. gracilis, 8 ; B. Henonin, 30 ; P. Henonis, 30 ;
A. Hindsii, 10 ; A. humilis, 22 ; A. Japonica, 6 ; P. Ku-
masaca, 33 ; P. Kumasasa, 33 ; A. macrosperma, 4 ; A.
tnacroHpenna, var. suffruticosa , 5 ; B. AInximou-iczii, 7 ;
B. Mazeli, 29 ; B. Metake,6 ; B. mifis, 25 ; P. mitis,25 ;
//, Hiina, 18 ; .4. Narihira, 7; B. Narihir(t,l', B. nigra,
24; P. nigra, 23; A. nitida, 3; B. palmata, 19; B.plicata,
7; A. pumila, 2; B.pinnila ,2; B, pygma^a, 21; B. quad-
rangularis, 12 ; B. (^iiilioi, 29 ; P. Quilioi,29 ; B. Baga-
mou'skii, 20; B. rusci folia, 33 ; P. ruscifolia, 33 ; A.
Simoni, 7 ; B. Simoni, 7 ; A. tecta, 5; B. tessellata, 20 ;
A. Veitchii, 1 ; B. Veitchii, 1 ; B. Vilmorini, 15 ; B.
viminalis, 33 ; B. violascenit,2i ; P. violascens, 24 ; B.
riridi-striata, 7 ; B. viridi-glaucescens, 31 ; P. viridi-
glaucescens, 31 ; B. vulgaris, 13.
Sectio?j I. — Internodes not flattened: sheaths persist-
ent. {The genera Arundindria and Bambusa.}
A. Color of stems purple, or 2>urplish.
B. Height 1-2 ft.
1. A.VMtchii, N. E. Brownt Bumbiisa Veitchii, Carr. ).
Fig. 183. Heightabout2 ft.: stems pur-
ple, white-waxy below the nodes : Ivs.
5-7 in. long, about 2 in. wide, bright
--• green above, below pale and minutely
pubescent, serrate. Jap. M. 77, but
not G.C. III. 15: 169, or R.B. 23, p. 270,
183. Arundinaria Veitchii.
which are pictures of B. palmata, as explained iu G.C.
III. 15:209. — This is also liable to confusion with /?. ^«'.'j-
sellata. No. 20. The edges of the Ivs. wither in lute au-
tumn, giving a variegated but shabby appearance.
2. A.pumila, Mitford(5./)«m<7rt,Hort.). Heightl2-20
in. : stems very slender, purplish, white-waxy below the
notles : Ivs. 4-5 in. long, % in. or less wide, minutely pu-
bescent, bright green. — Much rarer than No. 1, dwarfer,
the stems merely purplish, the Ivs. shorter and nar-
rower. The Ivs. are a darker green than in A . humilis,
shorter, narrower, and tapering less gradually : nodes
less well defined and less downy, but having a waxy
bloom; internodes about 2% in. long.
B: . Height 6-8 ft. or more.
3. A. nitida, Mitford. Fig. 184. Stems slender, about
the size of a goose-quill : Ivs. 2-3 in. long, l^ in. wide,
shining green above, pale beneath ; sheaths purplish,
pube.scent. China. M. 73. G.C. III. 18: 179; 24: 211. Gn.
49, p. 388. — Considered by Mitford the daintiest and
most attractive of all the genus, and exceptionally
hardy. Some shade is needed, as the Ivs, curl up in full
sunlight. Easily distinguished from Nos. 1 and 2 by
the deeper color of the stems, which are almost black,
and from .4. Falconeri. which it resembles in habit, the
branches of both occurring in dense clusters.
wAA. Color of stems green.
B. Height more than 6 ft.
C. Species native to the U. S.
4. A. macrosp6rma,Michx. LAKciECANE, Height 10-20
ft,, branches numerous, short, divergent : Ivs. 4-6 in.
128
BAMBOO
BAMBOO
long, %-2 in. broad, smoothish or pubescent : sheaths
very persistent : stems arborescent, rigid, simple the
first year, branchiup the second, afterwards fruiting at
indefinite periods, and soon after decaying. Banks of the
mm
184. Arundinaria nitida.
larger rivers N. C. to Fla., forming cane-brakes. — This
and the next are the only two species of Bamboos native
to the U. S. They are rarely cult, in Calif, and Eu. as
ornamentals.
5. A. t6cta, Muhl. (A. macrosperma, xa.r. stiff ruticdsa,
Munro). Small Cane. Switch Cane. Scutch Cane.
Heijrht 2-1.5 ft.: stems slender: Ivs. 3}4-8 in. long,
4-rj lines wide, roughish : sheath bearded at the throat.
.Swamps and moist soil, Md. and S. Ind. southward.
li.B. 1 : 233. — Sometimes fruiting several years in suc-
cession.
CC. Species not native to the U. S.
D. Plants relatively hardy.
E. Branches home singly in the axils.
G. A. Japdnica, Sieb.& Zucc.(i?.Jfe<f/fce,Sieb.). Height
G-10 ft.: Ivs. 0-12 in. long, 1-2 in. wide, above smooth
and shining, below whitened and finely pubescent :
sheaths conspicuous. Jap. M. 1. G.C. III. 15:239:
18:18."). — The commonest of all hardy Bamboos, and
readily distinguished from all other tall kinds by the
broader and larger Ivs. and by the broad, persistent
sheaths which almost cover the sts. It is especially dis-
tintruished from A. Simoni by the bud being a simple
flattish scale instead of a complex scaly one, and also by
the less amount of waxy bloom on the st. Particularly
recommended for cities.
EE. Branches home in dense, semi-vertirillate clusters
{which easily distinguishes the Himalayan spt-
cies from Phyllostachyx).
F. Plants sometimes variegated.
7. A. Simdni, A. and C. Riviere (B. Shnoni, Carr. B.
viridi-stridta, Hort. A. and B. yarihira, Hort./
Height 10-20 ft. : Ivs. 8-12 in. long, about 1 in. wide!
pale beneath, very minutely pubescent, tapering to a lougi
tine point : mid-vein glaucous on one side toward the
apex, green on the other. Himal. and China. G.C. 111.
1.5:301 ; 18: l8l. — Asilver variegated formig sometimes
known as B. Jfaximoiriczii, Hort., and B. plicata, Hort.
B.M. 7146. This is the tallest of the genus, and, next to
P. mitis, the tallest of all hardy Bamboos. The plant is
very late in beginning growth, and many of the culms
should be removed in order to let the strong ones ripen,
as weak shoots are untidy. It fiowers occasionally, but
does not die thereafter. It has a shabby apj earance
until midsummer, and may take several years to be-
come established, meanwhile sending up dwarf, slender
shoots and narrow foliage, but Mitford urges patience.
as the plant is hardy, and ultimately very vigorous and
handsome.
FP. Plants never variegated.
8. A. Filconeri, Mitford (T. Fdlconeri, Hook. f. B.
gfrrfej/i.'i, Hort., not Wall.). Height 10-15 ft. : stems slen-
der, bright green, the internodes white-waxy : Ivs. thin.
3-4 in. long, about M in. wide. Himal. — Not'very hardy.
The leaf -sheaths are smooth, cut short at the tup, with-
out a fringe, and with an elongated ligula ; while A.
falcata, No. 9, has very downy leaf -sheaths, fringed with
long hairs at the intersection with the leaf. The serra-
tions of the leaf -edges are more pronounced in A. Ful-
coneri, especially on one side. Venation of Ivs. on upper
surface is striate, not tesselated.
9. A. falcita, Nees {B. falcdta, Hort.). Height f>-10
ft.: Ivs. 3-5 in. long, about 3^3 in. wide, light green:
stems annual (perennial under glass), slender, tufted.
Himal. — The great majority of the plants cult, under
this name are really A. Palcnneri, which has lartrer
Ivs. In a small state, ^4. ^«/t(;/« can be distinguished
from No. 8 only by the glabrous leaf-sheaths of the
latter. The flower-bearing and leaf -bearing sts. of .1.
falcata are distinct, the former flowering and seed-
ing each year.
10. A. Hindsii, Munro {B. erecta, Hort.). Height
sometimes 7 ft., branches quasi-verticillate : Ivs. up-
right at first, of various lengths up to 9 in., and about
5^ in. wide ; veins conspicuously tesselated; internodes
3-7 in. long, waxy-white ; leaf-sheaths with a few hairs.
Jap. — The erect habit of growth is very marked. A re-
cent species of doubtful hardiness. Adv. by Dr. Fran-
ceschi, who considers it one of the hardiest.
DD. Plants relatively tender {Xos. 11,12, IS].
E. Branches spiny.
11. B. arundiniicea, Retz. A majestic species, often
attaining a height of more than 40-60 ft. The stems. which
are produced in dense clumps, are green and shinin;:.
with more or less spiny branches: Ivs. 4-8 in. long, %\vi.
or a little more wide, nearly glabrous ; sheaths persistent :
fls. are produced at long intervals, and after perfecting
seeds, the plants die. India. — Nos. 11 and 12 are green-
house plants, not recommended by Mitford for outdoors.
EE. Branches not spiny.
12. B. quadrangnl^ris, Fenzi. Stems square. especially
in older plants, 20 ft. or more high : Ivs. deep green,
serrate, 6-7 in. long, about 1 in. wide. Jap. — Franceschi
says it is as hardy as any Phyllostachys. See No. 11.
13. B. vulgaris, Schrad. Height20-80 ft.: stems hollow.
4 in. in diani. or more; branches numerous, striate;
internodes 1-1 >^ ft. long : Ivs. usually 6-10 in. long, 8-15
lines wide, sometimes 1 ft. long, 2 in. wide, rough on and
near the margins and beneath. India. G.C. 111. 25: M'.«>.
— Sold south, but not recon)mended by Mitford. This
and D. giganteus are the only two Bamboos extensively
cult, in the Orient, though others are more useful. It is
also naturalized and cult, in the W. Ind., Mex. andBraz.,
but there is no evidence of an Amer. origin.
BAMBOO
BAMBOO
129
BB. JTfi'jht less than 6 ft.
C. Variegation ichite.
14. A. F6rtunei, A. and C. Riviere {B. Fdrtunei, Van
Houtte, and var. varie(ji\ta, Hort. ). Heijjht 3— t ft^: Ivs.
4-5 in. long, half a^ wide or a little more, striped with
white. Jap. F.S. 15: 1535. — Loses its Ivs. in winter, but
quickly recovers in spring. More popular than the next
two species. The internodes are rarely more than 1 in.
apart, while in A. auriroma they are 3-5 in. apart. Var.
aureit, Hort., with yellow variegation, is A. atiricoma.
Var. viridis, B.ort.= A . humilis . This is an old favorite,
and far more common than the next 4 species. Rhi-
zomes are more active than the next, and demand more
room.
15. B. angTlBtifdlia, Mitford (B. Vilmorlni, Hort.).
Height alx.ut 1 ft.: sts. slender, purplish or light green:
Ivs. 2-4 ill. long, about V^ in. wide, serrate, frequently
variegated with white. Jap.
CC. Variegation yellow.
16. A. aurlcoma, Mitford (.1. and B. FMunei, var.
adrea, Hort.). Height 2-3 ft. : Ivs. 5-6 in. long, about 1
in. wide, brilliantly variegated with yellow, softly pu-
bescent beneath, serrate. Jap.
17. A. chrysAntha, Mitford (B. chrysdntha, Hort.).
Height 3-5 ft.: ivs. 5-7 in. long, 1 in. or less wide,
nearly smooth, sometimes variegated with yellow, but
not so brightly as in A. auricoma. Jap. Also dis-
tinguished from ^4. auricoma by the lower surface of
the leaf being markedly ribbed, and lacking the soft,
velvety down. " Being neither frankly green nor frankly
variegated, it is rather a disappointing plant."— Mitford.
CCC. Variegation absent.
D. Arrangement of Ics. distichous.
18. B. disticha, Mitford {B. ndna, Hort., not Roxb.).
Height 2-3 ft. : branches numerous : Ivs. 2-2K in. long,
54 in. wide or less, serrate, green, produced in two ver-
tical ranks. Origin uncertain. A recent and rare spe-
cies of great interest, the distichous arrangement of Ivs.
being quite unique among Bamboos, and giving a very
distinct habit.
DD. Arrangement of Ivs. not distichous.
E. IjVS. long, 10-18 in.
19. B. palm&ta, Burbidge. Fig. 185. Height 2-5 ft
Ivs. 10-15 in, long, 2-3*^ in. wide, bright green, sharply
serrate, smooth and shining above, below pale and mi-
nutely pubescent : longitudinal veins very prominent.
Jap. M. 79. Gn, 49, p. 59, shows a clump 36
ft. in circumference.
20. B. tessellita, Munro {B. Ragamdwskii,
Hort.). Height 2-3 ft. : Ivs. 12-18 in.
long, 3-4 in. wide, smooth and shin-
ing above, whitened beneath, sharply
serrate ; midrib prominent, and
bearing a tomentose line on one side, China
ami .Jap. O.C, III. 15: 167; 18: 189. R.B. 23,
1 .209. — Produces the largest Ivs. of any hardy
B:imbusa in cult., which is especially remark-
able on account of its dwarf habit. Much con-
fused in gardens, but unnecessarily, with .4.
I'eHchii, as the tomentose line on one side
of the midrib is unique in B. tessellafa. The
Ivs. are used by the Chinese for wrapping tea.
EE. Lvs. shorter, 3-6 in. (Here might be sought
A. piimila, No. 2.)
21. B. pygmsea, Miq, Height H-1 ft, : stems very slen-
der, much branched : lvs, :i-4 in. long, about % in. wide,
serrate, pubescent, bright green above, glaucous and
pubescent beneath, Jap.— The smallest of Bamboos, and
remarkably hardy. It is especially valuable for making
a thick carpet in wild places, but its rampant growth
makes it a nuisance in a border. The sts. are purple :
the nobles prominent, and furnished with a waxy, glau-
cous band round the base.
Hort,). Height 2-3 ft.:
proportion to sts, : lvs.
branches in 2*9 and 3's, long in
4-6 in, long, the largest about
%in. wide : internodes 2-5 in, apart. Dies down in a
hardy winter. A rare species, liable to confusion with
A. pumila, No. 3.
SerTiON 11. — Tnternndes flattened, at least on one side :
sheaths early deciduous. { The genus Phylldstachys.)
A, Color of stems black.
23, P. nigra, Munro {B. nigra, Lodd.). Black Bam-
boo. Fig, 186. Height 10-20 ft, : stems green at first,
but changing to black the second year : Ivs. very thin,
2-6 in, long, 6-10 lines broad. China and Japan. M, 142,
and frontis. G.C, III. 15:.369 ; 18:185. R.B, 23, p. 268,
— One of the most popular of all Bamboos, and verv dis-
tinct by reason of its black stems. Var, pnnctilta, Hort.
Franceschi, has yellowish stems spotted with black.
24, P. violascens, A, and C. Riviere {B. violascens,
Carr,). Height sometimes 13 ft,: stems violet, almost
black the first months, changing the second year to a
dingy yellow or brown : Ivs, very variable in size, 2-7 in.
long, J^-2 in, wide, thelarger Ivs. borne on young shoots
or on the ends of the lower branches near the erround. The
lvs. are sharply serrated and have a well-defined pur-
plish petiole. Franceschi says it is hardy, and that P.
bambusioides is often sold under this name.
AA. Color of sterna yellowish, or striped yellow.
25, P. mitis, A. and C, Riviere {B. mltis, Hort,, not
Poir.). Height 15-20 or more ft. : stems arched, yellow-
ish ; internodes at the base not short : leaf characters
identical with P. aurea, with which it is closely allied.
Japan. Gn. 17, p. 44. -The tallest of all Bamboos, but,
unfortunately, not one of the hardiest.
26, P. Castilldnis, Hort. (B. Castilldnis, Hort.).
Unique in the genus for having both sts, and lvs, varie-
gated. Height 6-20 ft,: sts. 1 in. or more thick, much
zigzagged, bright yellow, with a double groove of green:
lvs. sparingly striped yellowish white, 7 in. long, l}4 in.
wide, serrated on both margins : leaf-sheath topped by
a whorl of dark brown or purple hairs. Jap, — Cult, by
Dr. Franceschi. Santa Barbara, Calif.
27, B. Btri&ta, Lodd. Height 4-5 ft.: stems striped
yellow and green, as thick as the thumb ; internodes 4-6
in, long : lvs. 6-8 in. long, %-l in. broad, China.
0)
2. A. hamiiis, Mitford (A. Fdrtunei, var, vlridis,
185. Bambusa palmata.
B.M. 6079, which shows a flowering specimen with con-
spicuous anthers, red-purple at first and fading to lilac.
Not described by Mitford. Sold S. and by Yokohama
Nursery Co.
130
BAMBOO
BANANA
28. P. atoea, A. and C. Riviere (B. auren, Hort.).
Height 10-15 ft, : stems straight, yellowish ; internodes
at the base remarkably short : Ivs. narrowed from near
the base to the apex, minutely and regularly serrate on
only one border, usually 2-4 in. long and ^iiu. wide, but
variable, light green, glabrous ; sheaths deciduous,
marked with purple. Japan. (»n. 8, p. 206. A. K. 5:41.
— The name is not distinctive, as others of the Phyllo-
stachys group have yellowish stems. Hardier and easier
of cult, than /*. mMix.
AAA. Color of Httiint ijreen, often yellowish when ripe.
B. Ueiijht 6-lS ft.
C. Lvs. spotted with brown.
29. P. Qtlilioi, A. and C. Riviere (B. Qnilioi, Hort. B.
Maz^i, Hort.). Height sometimes 18 ft.: habit looser
than in P. mitia or aitrea :
stems arched : lvs. much
larger and especially
broader than in any other
Phyllostachys, the largest
8 in, long, 1% in. wide, the
serration of one edge cor.-
spicuous; lvs. dark green,
often spotted brown, very
186. Phyllostachys niera.
glaucous beneath ; leaf-sheaths a peculiar feature, be-
ing pinkish brown, deeply mottled with purple spots.
Cult. S. and in Calif.— Rare.
cc. JjVS. not spotted with brown.
D. Habit slightly zigzag.
30. P. Hendnis, Mitford (5. IT'^wdMi.s, Hort.). Height
6-15 ft. : stems arched : lvs, 2-3 in, long, a little under
^^in. broad, narrowed below the middle to the base and
long attenuate at the apex, bright green ; sheaths decid-
uous, yellowish, inclined to purplish: internodes 5-6 in.
long near the base and middle of the stem, distinctly
grooved with a double furrow. Japan. — This is Mit-
ford's favorite Bamboo.
DD. Habit strongly zigzag.
31. P. viridi-glaucescsns, A. and C. Rivi&re (B. viridi-
glaucescetis, Carr. ). Height 10-18 ft.: stems slender,
zigzag, arched, bright green at first, fading as they ripen
to a dingy yellow : lvs. 3-4 in. long, about ^in. wivie or
little more, bright green above, whitened below. China.
Gn. 7, p. 279, G.C. III. 15:433 : 18: 183. -The name is
unfortunate because not distinctive, as all Bamboos have
green lvs. with more or less whitened lower surfaces.
Very hardy and common.
32. P. bambusoides, Sieb. «& Zucc. Height about 5 ft.
in the second year : stems zigzag, green at first, ripen-
ing to yellow, the branch-bearing side flattened rather
than grooved, as in other species of Phyllostachys : in-
ternodes long in proportion to length of stem, sometimes
8 in. : branches in 3's, the longest at the middle of the
St., and only about 9 in.: lvs. of various sizes, the
largest 8 in. long, l>i in, wide, edges serrate, sharply on
one side, Jap. — Cult, by Dr. Franceschi, Santa Bar-
bara, Calif.
BB. ITeight 2 ft. or le»» : habit zigzag.
33. P. nucildlia, Hort. Kew. (P. Kumaadca, Munro
P. KnmaxiiKii. Mitford. B. riincifiMin, Sieb. B. limi-
ntilis, Hort.). Height 1 .V2-2 ft. : stems zigzag, dark green-
sheaths purple : lvs. 2-3 in. long, about 1 in. wide, ovate
in outline. Jap. G.C. HI. 15: 369. G.C. HI. IH: 189.-
The stem is channeled on the branching side, almost
solid ; nodes 1-2 in. apart : branches in 3's and 4"*,
not more than l-l>a in. long. — Dwarf est species of
Phyllostachys. c. D. Beadle.
Tlio following are trade names in America of rare kinds-
H. agrentis, Poir. India. Cochin China. Adv. by Ydkuhama
Kurs. Co.— /y. aryentea, Hort.^^B. argent ea-«triata. Keyel >.—}{
aureit-striata, Kegel. .lap. — .1. foliU-rarienatig, Hort.. is pre-
sumably A. Fortunei. the commonest low-growing, v,»ri«-K;nt-<l
Arundinaria. -//. Marlidcea, Hort. Adv. by Yokohama Xun
Co. as a "vvriiikini
Bamboo." I)(..il,stles .
named after M. La-
tour Marliac. the cele-
brated French hyhh-
dizer of water-lilie-i.
and dealer in Bam-
boos and aqiuitics.-
/>. membrniHieaii>,
Munro. Height at-
taining 60-70 ft.: lv«.
4-T in. long, 4-6 lines
wide, roundish or narrowed at the base, nmcronate,
rough above and on the margin, hairy Wlow, petio-
late. Burma. Rare. Adv. by Dr. Franceschi, Santa
Barbara, Calif.— F. heteroeycla, Carr.. the "Tor-
toise Shell Bamb«)o," is really an abnormal or
malformed condition of several species. es;)ecialiy
P. mitis, aurea and nigra, as explained in (i.e. III.
24: 92. For the first foot or two aix>ve ground eacli
intemode is long on one side and very short on the other,
which makes a grotesque appearance. >I. 160, G.C. III.1,'>:,t.t{».
—.1. Metake, Sieb.=A. Jap*mica.— A. Narihira, Hort., Yoko-
hama Nurs. Co., is presumably A. Simoni.— .B. orientdlit,
Nees. E. Ind. Adv. by l)r. Franceschi. Santa Barbara, Calif..
who regards it as a form of B. arundinacea, with lvs. larger
and velvety to the touch. It forms clumps quickly.— /*.»/H(jd-
rangttldris, Hort., Yokohama Nurs, Co.=B. quadrangularis !-
B. scriptoria, Dennst. (Beesha Rheetlei. Kunth) — Melocanna
bambusoides, Trin. This was John Saul's favorite hardy
Bamboo at Washington in 18',)0, but is no longer advertisetl.
— B. striatifblia, var. aurea, Hort., John Saul, 18SK), an ab;in-
doned trade name never recognized by botanists.— B. strictn.
Hort., Saul, 1890, an old trade name, probably not B. stricta,
Roxb.— I), strictug, Nees. Int. 1?<89 by Reasoner Bros., Onwi,
Fla., and now adv. by Dr. Franceschi, Santa Barbani, I'alif.
Height .">0-60ft.: sts.3in.in<liam. Thetrue species flowers tner>-
year. Ind.— ii. ran'e(fdta, Sieb.=A. Fortunei. — B. rertifiUata.
Hort. Franceschi. Height 15-'J0 ft. : stems orange-yellow : Irs,
in whorls, striped white, \;_ ^,[_
BANANA (ifusa sapihitium, Linn., chiefly). SnV-
aminciceif. This very valuable tropical plant is prizid
for its fruit, textile fiber, and decorative effect in land-
scape gardening. Most species are cultivated for their
fruit, and one or two species for fiber- although all
sorts have a fiber of considerable value. Every spe-
cies is worthy a place in decorative planting. For au
account of the species and their ornamental values, set
Musa.
The species mostly in demand for fruiting seldom cr
never produce seed.s, and naturally increase by sucker-
around the base of each plant. These form a lar;:f
clump, if allowed to grow without care. They are most
readily separated from the parent root-stalk by a .spade,
and are then fit for further planting. This is a slow pro-
cess of increase, but it is sure, and the suckers so pro-
duced make large and vigorous plants. A quicker
method of propagation is to cut the entire root-stalk
into small, wedge-shaped pieces, leaving the outer sur-
face of the root about 1 by 2 inches in size, planting'
in light, moist soil, with the point of the wedge down
and the outer surface but slightly covered. The best
material for covering these small pieces is fine peat. oM
leaf -mold, mixed moss and sand, or other light material
which is easily kept moist. The beds so planted shouM
be in full open sunshine if in a tropical climate, or given
bottom heat and plenty of light in the plant -house. The
small plants from root-cuttings should not be allowed to
remain in the original bed longer than is necessary to
mature one or two leaves, as that treatment would ftunt
them. The textile and ornamental species, also, may be
BANANA
BAPTISIA
131
increased by the above proopss, bnt as these species
usuftKv prixiuce spjmJs freely, Mee<llinf;s can be more
(luii'kly (jfTown. and with less trouble. The seeds of
Bananas should be sown as fresh &.<* possible, treating
them the same as recommended for r<K)t-cuttinffs. As
soon an the seedlings show tlu'ir Hrst leaves, they should
be transplanted into well-prepared be«ls of rich, moist
soil, or potted off and plunged info slitcht bottom heat,
a? the needs of the grower or his locatitm may demand.
Both seedlini^s and r(K>t-cuttint;s should have proper
tran.HplantinK. sufficient room and rich soil, as a rapid,
unchecked growth gives the best and quickest results.
The cultivation of Bananas for fruit is carried on very
extensively in all tropical countries. In the West Indies,
Central America and Mexico, they are raised for export
to the United States and Canada. The site selected is
usually a level plain in the lowlands, near the coast, or
in valleys among the hills, where the rainfall or artificial
nn'i^ture is sufficient. The variety most commonly
CTownat present is the Martini<jue. having large bunches,
with long, yellow fruit. The Bara«,'oa (or Re«i Jamaica)
is more sparingly grown now than formerly, and its dark
red fruits, of largest size, are not commonly exported.
F<»r distant shipping, bunches of fniit are cut with
"machetes" or knives, after they reach their full size
and are almost mature, but quite green in color. Ripen-
inir i" eflfected during shipment in warm weather, and
bv storing in dark, artificially-heated rooms during cold
weather. Banana flour is a valuable product of ripe
Bananas prepared among the plantations in the tropics.
It isi nutritious, and has an increasing demand and use
as human food. A recently invented process of drying
ripe Bananas has been found very successful, and the
imiustr}' promises to be of vast importance as the mar-
ketable article finds ready salt. In the United States
There isi little commercial cultivation of Bananas, since
the frostless zone is narrow and the fruit can be grown
iana, and southwestward to the Pacific coast. The plants
will endure a slij;ht frost without injury. A frost of 5
or G degrees will kill the leaves, but if the plants are
nearly full grown at the time, new foliage may appear
and fruit may form. If the entire top is killed, new
suekers will spring up and bear firuit the following year.
A stalk, or trunk, bears but once ; but the new sprouts
which arise from the roots of the same plant continue
187. A bearing Banana plant.
^0 much more cheaply in Central America and the West
h'\m. Small Banana plantations are common in south-
*^rn Florida, however, and even as far north as Jackson-
ville. They are also grown in extreme southern Louis-
188. Tip of flower-cluster of Banana.
the fruit-bearing. A strong sprout should bear when
12-18 months old (from 2-3 years in hothouses). The
plantation will, therefore, continue to bear for many
years. A bearing stalk, as grown in southern California,
is shown in Fig. 187.
The peculiar flower-bearing of the Banana is shown in
Fig. 188, which illustrates the tip of a Hower-cluster.
This cluster may be likened to a giant elongating bud,
with large, tightly overlapping scales or bracts. Three
of these bracts are shown at a a a, in different stages of
the flowering. As they rise or open, the flowers below
them expand. The bracts soon fall. The flowers soon
shed their envelopes, but the styles, b, persist f«)r a
time. The ovaries soon swell into Bananas, f. The bracts
are royal purple and showy. g^ x. Reasoner.
BANGBOFT, GEOBGE. The famous American his-
torian (1800-1891) deserves remembrance among horti-
culturists for his splendid collection of roses at his sum-
mer home in Newport, R. I., an account of which may
be found in the American Garden, 1891. For a portrait
and sketch, see Appleton's Annual Cyclopedia for 1890.
In Mr. Bancroft's garden, (teorge Field found a rose with-
out a name, which is now known to be the French variety
Mme. Ferdinand Jamin. It was introduced by Field &
Bro. as the American Beauty. Though little known
abroad, it is, probably, the most famous of all roses cult,
in America.
BANEBEEBY. SeeActaa.
BANKSIA ( Sir Joseph Banks, 174S-1820, famous Eng-
lish scientist). Profedceie. Many species of Australian
evergreen shrubs, with handsome foliage, but scarcely
known in cult. here. Prop, by nearly mature cuttings,
in frames.
BANYAN IEEE. See Ficus Indica.
BAOBAB. See Adansonia.
BAFTlSIA (Greek, to dye, alluding to the coloring
matterin some species). Syn., Podalyria. Legumindsce.
Small 'genus of perennial herbs of eastern N. Amer.
Corolla papilionaceous, the standard not larger than the
wings : calyx campanulate, the 5 teeth separate and
equal or "the 2 upper ones united: stamens 10, distinct :
pod stalked in the calyx. — Plants usually turn black in
drying. Baptisias are suitable for borders. They thrive
in any ordinary soil and under common treatment, pre-
ferring free exposure to sun. Prop, by division or
seeds.
132
BAPTISIA
BAKKY
A. Lvs. simple : flu. yellow.
aiinT)licif61ia, C'riMdn. BnnM-liy. 2-:{ ft.: lv«. 2-4 in.
\in\ii. si'«isih', liroiuUy ovatt* ami obtuse : lis. in muuiToUH
teriuinuJ racemes. Fla. — Int. ISUl.
perfoli&ta, R. Br., of S. Car. an«l Ga., with small axil-
lary rls. iiii<i l»roa<l pfrfoliat*' lvs.. in oocasicmally planted,
and i« hardy as far N. as Washington, but is evidently
not in the trade. B.M. iVl\.
AA. Lvs. compound, S-foliolate.
B. I^ls. yellow.
tinctdria, R. Br. Wild Indioo. Bushy-branched. 2-4
ft., jiii'brous : lvs. stalked, the Ifts. small, oljovate or
oblani'eolate. and nearly or (piite sessile and entire : fls,
Kin. long. I»ri};ht yellow, in numerous few-tld. rm-emes.
Common in E. States, B. M, lUUU. Mn. 5: hi.
lanceol&ta, Ell. About 2 ft., pubescent when young,
but becoming nearly glabrous : lvs. short-stalked, the
Ifts. thick, lanceolate to obovate and obtuse : tls. large,
axillary and solitary. Pine barrens, N. Cur. S.
BB. Fls. blue.
atxstrilis, R. Br. (/?. ccerulea. Eat. & Wr. 7?. cxaJtdta,
Sweet). Stout, 4-t) ft., glabrous: lvs, short-stalked;
Ifts. oblanceolate to oval, entire, obtuse : tis, lupine-like,
nearly or (piite an in. long, in l«K)se-rtd., long terminal
racemes. Penn. W, and S. J.H. III,2',>: (14 ; :U: .')11,—
Handsome. Probably the best species for cultivation.
BBB. Flu. uhite or wJiifish.
ilba, R. Br, Wide-branching, 1-3 ft,, glabrous : ivs.
stalked ; Ifts. oblong or lance<date, obtiis*-, thin, dry-
ing green : tls. white, J^in. long, in long-pe<luncle<l,
elongated lateral racemes. N. Car.W. and S. B.M. 1177.
leucdntha.Torr. & Gray. Branching, more or less suc-
culent, 2-4 ft., glal)rous : lvs. stalked ; Ifts. obuvate to
oblanceolate to cuneate, very obtuse, drying bla«"k : tis.
white, nearly an in. long, in loose-fld., lateral racemes.
E. states,
leucophsa, Xutt. Stem stout and angled, but low and
wide-branched, \-2% ft., hairy or nearly glabrous : lvs.
short petioled ; Ifts. oblanceolate to obovate, stiff, dry-
ing black : lis. large and cream-colored, on slender erect
pedicels, borne in 1 -sided declined racemes. Ga. W.
B.M. 5900. Mu.3:177. F.S.23:2449. L. H. B.
BABBAC£NIA (Barbacena. a Brazilian governor).
Aunt) i/llidaictf. About 20 Bn'/ilian jilauts, with scape
bearing a single large i)urple liower. Grown mostly in
baskets, after the manner of many orchi<ls. B. purpiirea,
H(»ok., is occasionally seen in tine collections, but does
not appear to be in the Amer. trade. Grown in a warm,
moist house. It has many scapes and long, grass-like,
toothed lvs. B.M. 2777.
BARBADOES LILY. See Ilippeasfrum.
BABBAB£A (from the old name. Herb of Saint Par-
bara). Critvifertx. Hardy biennials, with yellow fls.;
allied to watercress and horseradish.
vulgaris, R. Br. Coxniox Winter Cress. Upland
Cress. Yellow Rocket. Height 10-18 in.: lower lvs.
lyrate, the terminal lobe round, the late'"al usually 1-4
pairs : upper lvs. obovate, cut-toothed at the base. Eu.
Asia, —Cult, for salad. Var, variegata, Hort., lvs.
splashed and mottled with yellow, is cult, as a border
plant, and grows freely in rich soil. If the lis. are picked
off, stem and all. before they open, the plant will be
practically perennial. A common native.
praecoz, R, Br. Early Winter, or Bell Isle Cress.
Distinguished by the more numerous «livisions of the
lvs. (4--8 pairs). Slightly cult, as a salad, an*' knowuS. as
Scurvy Grass. Naturalized f rom E ' j^ g_ Keller.
BAEBE DE CAPUCIN. See Chicory.
BABBERBT. See Berberis.
BABBI£BIA (after J. B. G. Barbier, French physi-
cian). Le<juminds<f. A genus of only two species, one
from Porto Rico and one from Peru, Its nearest allies
familiar to the horticulturist are Indigophera and Te-
phrosia. It Is distinguisheil from allied genera by the
long t1«. Tender evergreen shrubs, with <Mld-pinn»te
lvs., numerous entire Ifts., and awl-shaped stipules : fls.
large, racemos© red. Prop, by seed.
Polyphjlla, DC. (Cliffiria pnlyphylla, Poir. K Lfts.
9-11 pairs, ellij.tic-oblonir. mucronate, pubeMctnf with
age : racemes few fli.. sliortt-r than the lvs.: tls. 2 in.
long. Porto Rico. — /y. gtabellu, Hort., Peter Henderson
& Co., 1899, is probably a variety.
BABK. Is often used in n general way to desltTiat*-
the softer outer envelope of a stem or root. In this
sense, it includes all that peels remlily. as the liark of th«
hemlock and oak. used for tanning leather. In a stricter
sense, it is applied to the corky layers formed <in thfi
outer surface of vvfM>dy plants. It is formed fnnn an
active layer of tissue, — the phellotfen. The bark is de
veloped in different ways upon dift'erent trees. So dis-
tinct are the resulting tis>^nes that snecies of trets may
be readily rec()trniz«'«l by tiieir bark alone. Cork of com-
merce is the bark of the cork oak, a native of south-
western Europe. w. ^. Rowlee.
BABKfiBIA. ^ee Epidemlrtim.
PABL£BIA (.T, Barrelier, 1G0G-1C73, French botanist),
Aeanth(ic((t . Many species of tropical shrubs, mostly
African, sometimes seen in fine collections of stove
plants, but not offered in the Amer. trade. They hav«
large fls. (yellow, purjde or white), often in dusters.
Prop, oy softwood cuttings. B. crist^ta, Linn., E. Ind.,
is a good blue-rtd. bedder.
BABLET. Various kinds of ff6nleum of the Oramlu-
eve. Common Barley is //. sat) rum, Jess. Accordintr
to Hackel. it "undoubtedly originated from H. xpnnti).
nenm, C. Koch, which grows wild from Asia Miiu»r and
Caucasian countries to Persia and Beloochistaii. as well
as in Syria, Palestine, and Arabia Petrapa." The com-
mon Barley has a 4-rowed ear or head. There are also
2-rowe<l and (5-rowed races, and other well marked forms.
They are probably all domestic forms of one parent stock,
BAB6SMA (heavy .fcent). Butclce(r. Some 2.") to 30
South African heath-like shrubs. They are evergreens,
and in the N. nnist be grown under glass. Prop, by
mature-wood cuttings. B. pulchella, Bart. <t Wendl.,i*
now handled by florists from imported stock. It grows
.3 ft. or less high, and has axillary purplish fls., with 5
sepals, 5 petals and 10 stamens.
BABRY, PATBICK. Plato II. Nurseryman, editor
ami author; was born near Belfast, Ireland, in May, 181t).
and died in Rochester, N. Y., June 2;{, 1890. He came
to America at the age of twenty, and after four years of
service with the Princes, at Flushing, on Long Island,
he foun<led, in 1840, with George Ellwanger, at Roches-
ter, N. Y., the Mount Hope Nurseries. Ellwanger and
Barry intro«luced fruit-growing into western New York
at a time when there were no collections of fruits. «•>
railroad or telegraphic facilities, nor any fast ocean
steamers to bring over their importations from Europe.
From 1844 to IS.Vi, Barry edited "The Genesee Fanner.'
an excelh'nt an<l influential paper— afterwards mcrccil
in "The Cultivator and Country Gentleman." After the
death of A. J. Downing he succeeded to the editorshii*
of "The Horticulturist," which he removed to Rochester,
until June, iH-w, after which this famous magazine had
many vicissitudes until 1887, when it went to swell the
number of periodicals now represented commercially hy
"American Gardening." In 1851 appeared his "Treatise
on the Fruit-Garden," a new and thoroughly revised
edition of which was issued in 1872, under the title of
"Barry's Fruit-Garden." Ic is still one of our nio<t
popular books on pomology, and deserve ily so. The
catalogue of fruits whi.^h he compiled for the American
Pomological Society is a monumental work. Mr. Barry
did much to make Rochester a city of nurseries and
western New York a famous fruit-growing region. The
Western New York Horticultural Society, of which he
was president for more than thirty years, and until his
death, has long exercised a more than sectional influence.
The work of Barry was truly national, and essentially
^1
/
/ 1
\
x
l^Ui^f ^£ r.i.iM-l
^
V
Plate II. Prominent American Horticulturists.
BARRY
BASKET PLANTS
133
that of a pioneer. He must be considered in the front
rank of poniolojiieal authors, with the Duwuinj^s, Warder,
aiul Thomas, whose combined weifriit gave a great
iiupulse towards establishing orcharding on a large scale
in \nierica. For a fuller account, with portrait, see
"Annals of Horticulture," 1890, 287-290. w. M.
BAETdNIA. See Mentzelia.
BAETRAM, JOHN. Called by Linnseus the greatest
ii.itur:»i botanist in the world. Was born at Marple, near
IKirby, Pennsylvania. Mar. 23, 1()'J9, and died Sept, 22,
1777.' He was a (Quaker farmer, who became interested
ia botany after the age of twenty-four. In 1728, at King-
sessiiifTt'onthe Schuylkill River, he established the first
botanic garden in America, which, together with his
house, built in 17."{1, of stone hewn by his own hands, Is
happily preserved to-day as part of the park system of
Philadelphia. He traveled much in America, and was
for many years the chief medium of exchange between
Europe and America of plants of all kinds, especially
new and important species, as lihododendron maximum
and Vypripedium iicatile. His correspondence with
Peter Collinson lasted nearly half a century. The let-
ters, preserved to us in Darlington's "Memorials of
John Bartram and Humphrey Marshall," are rich in
botanical, historical and general interest. "Observa-
tions on the Inhabitants • * • made by John Bar-
tram in his Travels from Pensilvania to Onondago,
Oswego, and the Lake Ontario • • » London, 1751, '
is similarly readable, and a document of great value in
the study of aboriginal races.
At the age of seventy he undertook, with his son Wil-
liam, an expedition to Florida, which is recorded in the
'Journal Kept upon a Journey from St. Augustine up
the River St. Johns." Bartram was probably the first
American to perform successful experiments in hybridi-
zation. His sons, John and William, continued his
franlen. For many years it was the largest and best col-
lection of trees and shrubs in America, and the services
of the garden to early American horticulture were very
great. He is commemorated in Bartraraia, a genus of
mosses, and in "Bartram's Oak," for the literature of
which, see I. C. Martiuale's "Notes on tlie Bartram Oak,
Quercus heterophi/Un, Michx.," published at Camden,
N. J., 1880. Bartram's garden is a unique spot in
America. Many of the trees have attained great age,
size and beauty. The garden also contains many quaint
and picturesque relics which have associations of great
interest. On the whole, John Bartram is one of the most
illustrious, and by far tfie most picturesque, of the early
botanists and horticulturists of America, and his simple,
wholesome, powerful personality presents a picture that
is altogether amiable. New editions of the works of
Bartram and Darlington are much to be desired, and
o"- » T)ro' ising field to critical labors. John Bartram's
' u Vi.'Iia.'' is well known to students of x\merican
'- .' ^ 'a«Observations on the Creek and Cherokee
1 r. i ;*s<--. • It is very much to be regretted that no
i ''rait of John Bartram is known. For an
. I ' ii.iistrated account of Bartram and his garden,
0 1' article by Miss M. L. Dock in Garden and Forest,
y:IJl-124 (1895). See also Harper's Mag. G0::}21-;{30
(l^^SO)- ;;;,,. :^ W. M.
BASfiLLA (native Malabar name). Chetwpodii)ce(r.
M.vLABAK Nightshade. A genus ccmtaining only one
species, which is, however, remarkably varial)le. An-
nual or biennial herbs, cult, in the tropics as a pot-herb,
like spinach. Rarely cult. N. as an ornamental warm-
house climber. It may also be started indoors, an<l set
out May for use as a ganlen vegetable, to follow
^pina, a. Prop, by seeds.
r^bra, Linn. Lvs. succulent, alternate, rarely oppo-
site, almost entire, of various forms : fls. not pedicelled,
in simple spikes or racemes ; spikes short or long, lax,
ffwrid. The following species are now considered only
forms of the above : lifhn, a white-fld. form rarely cult,
as a trailer from roofs of warm-houses, or as a basket
plant; caninifdlin ; cordifdlia, with heart-shaped lvs.
47") in. long and 2-2V2 in. wide ; crassifdlia ; Jap6inca ;
lurUla, from India ; n\gra, a Chinese form ; ramdsa and
volubilis. Under the name of Sweet Malabar Vine, A.
Blanc advertises a form with tiny yellow and ted fls.,
and lvs. variegated with white, pink, and green. He
sajs, "with age it assumes a drooping habit. When cut
keeps fresh for weeks."
BASIL. Species of Ocimum, of the Lahidfrp. They
are Indian annuals, and are cult, as pot-herbs, the clove-
flavored foliage being used as seasoning in soups, meats
and salads. They are of easiest culture, the seed being
sown in the open as soon as the weather is settl"'!.
Common Basil is O. Basilicnm, Linn., a ft. high, branch-
ing, with ovate toothed lvs., and white or bluish white
fls. in leafy terminal racemes or spikes. O. niinimtimf
Linn., the Dwarf Basil, is lower, and smaller in all its
parts ; rarely seen. When Basil is in bloom, it can be
cut and dried for winter use.
BASKET PLANTS. Fig. 189. Under this term are
included all those plants which, from their habit of
growth and blooming, have been
found especially suitable for use in
hanging baskets. Most of these are
dwarfish plants of indeterminate
growth, of gracefully drooping or
vine-like habit, and are valued either
for their grace, or for freedom and / >^^ \^9
daintiness of bloom. Some of the * ~
plants used in baskets are of upright
habit. These are either
plants of naturally small
stature, or are practically
such for a season from a
slow habit of growth. The
suitability of these erect-
growing plants for the
purpose is determined,
aside from their stature,
by their freedom of bloom,
beauty of foliage, striking
form, or grace of habit.
Such plants are used prin-
cipally for filling the cen-
tral part of the basket ;
whereas, plants of trail-
ing hal)it are inserted near
the sides— some to droop,
others to twine upwards
on the cords or handle by
which the basket is sus-
pended. In addition to the
long drooping or climbing
plants, there are a
number of half-erect
habit, like the lobelia,
sweet alyssum and
russelia. These may
droop somewhat, but are
not of a truly vine-like
habit. Some plants are
tnore suitable than others
for shady places : the
selaginellas, for instance.
Others thrive only with
several hours of direct
sunshine each day.
The following" list of
common trade names em-
braces a number of the
most important basket plants, arranged according to
their habit of growth an«l tilooming. The list is not given
as a complete one. Any list would need amending from
year to year to suit individual taste and experience.
Plants which will bear considerable shade are marked
with aJi asterisk (*); those which will bear more are
marked with two asterisks (**):
1. PLA^^TS OF VINE-LIKE HABIT.
a. Lox<J-PR<)OPixo.
**English I\T. *Kenilworth Ivy,*Vinca major, *V. Har-
risonii, Saxifraga sarmentosa, *Cissus discolor,* Money-
wort I\-y. Tropaeolums (Naaturtiiims). Lonicera Halli-
ana, L. aurea, var. reticulata. Nepeta Glechoma, Ampe-
lopsis quinquefolia. A. Veitchil.
Note.— The Ampelopsia is deciduous, and not suitable
for winter baskets.
nf
189.
Basket.
■a
9
134
BASKET PLANTS
BAUHINIA
6. CUMBING.
Maarandia, **Lygodium scandens, *Senecio scandens,
Thunbergia, Cobsea scandens, Japanese Variegated Hop,
Manettiabicolor, Lonicera Hal liana, L. aurea, var. reticu-
lata. Clematis poccinea, Tropaeolum peregrinum,
c. Short-drooping, or Half-esect.
*Lol>t^lia Erinus,*Othonna crassifolia,*Sweet Alyssum,
♦Tradescaiitia, Petunias, Uxalis tloribuida, *Russelia
juncea (also bears sua well), *Fittonia, *Fuchsia procura-
bens. It-e Plant, Verbena, *I\-y Greranium, **Selaginellas,
*Begonia glaucophylla, var. scandens, *Sedum Sieboldi,
*S. carneum, var. variegatum, *Asparagus Sprengerii,
*Passifioras, *Panicum variegatum, Gjizania splendons,
Abutilon MegaiK)t»raicnm and var. variegatum. Lantana
dCiicaUssima, Solanum jasminoides, S. SeaTorthianum,
Convolvulus Mauritanicus.
2. PLANTS kjY upright HABIT.
O. LOW-OROWINT..
1. Flowering Plants.
♦Torenia. *Pansy, Cnphea platycentra. C. hyssopifolia,
♦Primula ol»conica. Dwarf Alyssum, Bellis perennis,
Linum or Keinwardtia trigynum. Phlox Drummondii,
Dutch bulbs.
2. Foliage PlanU.
♦Peperomia. *Begonia Rex, *Farfugium grande, Alter-
nanthera. **Maidenh<iir Fern, (.Geraniums (especially
Mme. Salleroi), *Isolepis gracilis (droops with age).
h. Talt^er Growing.
1. Flowering.
Geraniums — Pelargonium *Fuchsias, Petunias. ♦Bego-
nias. Browallia. *8tevia serrata. var. nana. Madag.-iscar
Periwinkle. *Nierember}jia, Lantana.*Impatiens Sultana,
Cuphea Llavea, bwainsona. Chrysanthemum frutes-
cens, Salvias.
2. Foliage.
*I)usty Miller, *Crotons, *Palms, **Fems, *Fancy Cala-
diuras, Coleus. Achyr.int lies. **Aspidistra, *Cyperus alter-
nuolius, *Draca3na iudivisu, *D. termiualis, Coccoloba
platyclada.
Some of the above plauts make large subjects when
growing in the open ground. Of such, only young or
smaller plants are available for use in hanging baskets.
Ordinarih', several diflferent sorts of plants are used for
filling a basket. In some cases, however, a pretty
basket is made by using but one kind of plant. A hang-
ing basket filled with sword fern, for instance, makes
a handsome object.
Baskets of a variety of patterns are obtainable from
florists and other deplers. The baskets most extensively
used, perhaps, are made of strong wire, woven into hem-
ispherical or other forms. These are sometimes plain,
and again of ornamental character. The better form has
a flat bottom, or a stand, formed of wire, to support the
basket in an upright position when it is not pendent.
Another style is fLrmed of rustic work. Here the vessel
or plant basin is covered about the sides with rough
bark or knotted roots. For this purpose the roots of the
laurel are much used. Above the basket there is an arch
or handle by which it is suspended. Again, earthen-
ware vessels, to be suspended by wires, are offered for
sale in a variety of shapes. Some of these are moulded
and painted in imitation of logs, and are known as "stick"
and "log baskets." ^uch baskets are often without pro-
vision for drainage. When this is the case- holes should
l>e drilled at the lowest point in the bottom A special
form of l)asket is much used for orchids. It is made of
square cedar slats in raft- or log-fashion. Fern-fiber and
broken bits of brick, flower-pots or charcoal, are used
for filling them.
The soil used in hanging baskets is simply p'ood,
common florists' potting soil. This usually contains
about 25 per cent of humus, and a small amount of
sharp sand to make it porous. Prior to filling, wire
baskets must be lined with moss. This is merely com-
mon woodland moss from rotting loffs. or rich, ilamp soil.
In filling baskets, a few drooping or climbing plants are
disposed around the sides ; then one or more upright-
growing or half-erect plants, according to the size of the
plants and basket, are planted in the center. Immediate
effects require plants which have alreatly made consid-
erable growth. Florists usually carry a stock of suitable
plants. In case seedlings or cuttings are grown for the
purpose, it is usually best to start them in seed-pans or
cutting-boxes, end transfer them later to the ba&ket.
Seeds may be sown, or the cuttings started in the basket,
but it is so long before they fill the basket that there is
no advantage in it.
A common mistake in arranging baskets is crowding,
or filling them too full. Fewer plants will appear more
graceful, growth will be more vigorous, and the basket
will retain its grace and beauty for a longer time. Exer-
cise vigilance and care in watering. After the roots
have well filled the basket, watering is best done by
dipping the basket in a tub or barrel of water, and al-
lowing it to remain until it is well saturated. Dippiug
the basket in weak liquid manure once or twice a month
will greatly promote vigor when the plants have been
long in the basket. These remarks also apply in a
general way to vases and rustic stands.
Ernest Walker.
BAS8W00D. See Tilia.
BAST. The soft part of the flbro-vascular bundles in
plants, abundant in the inner bark. It increases m
thickness simultaneously with the wood, but much less
rapidly. The fibrous elements in the bast of Basswood
have been used in making cordage ; also in making
strong paper. ^VV. W. Rowlee.
BATATAS. See Ipomcea.
BATEMANNIA (in honor of James Batoraan, the dis-
tinguishtd collector and cultivat<»r, and author of im-
portant works on Orchids). Orchidtlcece, tribe ydndife.
Pseudobulbs short : leaf -blades coriaceous : fls. large,
2^2-3 in. in diam., single or in pairs. Cult, like Cattleya.
During the growing period they should be well supplied
with water and kept from strong sunlight.
CoUeyi, Lindl. Petals and sepals pu.rplish or uraber-
brown. shading to vellowish green at the base. Deme-
rara. B.R. 1714. B.M. 3818.
Mele^igris, Reichb. f. Petals and sepals pale yellow.
brown toward the summits, broad at the base : labellum
white at the base. Brazil.
B. Jiurtii, Endr. & Reichb. f., with 1-fld. peduncles, =Zygo-
P^^»l^^- Oakes Ames.
BAlTHtNIA (after John and Caspar Bauhin, sixteenth
century herbalists ; the twin leaflets suggesting two
brothers). Legumindsa, but lliere is nothing to sug-
gest the legume family to the northern horticulturist ex-
cept the pod. MorNTAiN Eboxv. A genus of over 200
species, allied to Cci'cis. Tropical trees, shrubs, or vines,
with showy fls. ranging from white to purple, and Ivs.
which may be entire or 2-lobed, in some cases the Ifts.
being entirely free ; the petiole is prolonged into a
short but characteristic awn between the Ifts. : petals 5.
The number and fertility of the stamens are important
characters in determining the subgenera. They are
much cult, in S. Fla. and S. Calif, in sandy soils. Prop.
by seeds ; rarely by cuttings of half -ripened wood.
B. variegata and B. purpurea are two of the com-
monest and showiest small trees of India, and, although
fre^iuently introduced into northern greenhouses, have
rarely succeeded permanently. B. variegata is much
cult, in India, and, when covered with blossoms, resem-
bles a gigantic Pelargonium. The astring'jnt bark is
used in tanning and dyeing, and the Ivs. and fl.-buds as
a vegetable, the latter being pickled. "The reason for
these plants being so little grown in our hothouses."
says J. D. Hooker, "is, no doubt, that they nmst attain
some sizfc t»efore they flower, and that they re(|uire a
dry season to ripen their wood, the giving of which,
without killing the plant by drought, is the standing
crux of all establishments." Great ntambers of species
of Bauhinia are likely to be introduced from time to
time because of their gorgeous appearance in the trop-
ics. In the experience of Old World gardeners, the most
relisible species under glass are B. variegata, B. coriftn-
bnsa, and B. XatalenKi.s. These can be planted outside
here in summer, and kept over w inter as oleanders are.
A. Lvs. divided not to the middle.
B. Fls. usually colored.
variegata, Linn. Tree, G-20 ft. : lvs. ,1-4 in. acros?,
orbicular, '.♦-II nerved, lobes rounded ; petiole 1-2 in.
long : fls. about 7, in a short raceme, 4 in. across ; calyx
BAUHIMA
BEAN
135
8oathe-like ; petals 5, clawed, obovate-oblongr, veined,
ro*e-colore«l, the lowest one larger, broader above the
middle, strongly marked with crimson : pod 1-2 ft. long.
India. B.M. '>8'l8.— The colorinfr of the fls. varies.
Vai". Candida, Roxb. (A. dlba, Buck-Ham.)- Height
12 ft.': fls. white, beautifully veined with green : fls.
Feb. to May. B.M. 7.'U2. "A taller grower than A.
acuminata, hloommg in late winter and early spring.
Verv quick-growing, and ornamental even when not in
bloom."- Reasoner Bros.
purpCirea, Linn. Height 6 ft. : Ivs. coriaceous, rufous-
tomentose beneath when young ; Ifts. broadly ovate,
4-nerved : petals red, one streaked with white on the
claw, lanceolate, acute ; fertile stamens 3, very long, the
rest sterile or abortive : pod 1 ft. long. India, Burma,
China.— Without doubt one of the finest flowering small
trees in S. Fla. Flowers are borne in the greatest pro-
fusion, 3 to 5 inches across, varying in color from
almost white to a shade of rich purple, and marked
and shaded with many tones. The plant is very robust
and hardy here, growing to a height of 15 feet in less
than 2 years, and blooms all winter and spring.
Gdlpini, N. E. Brown. Half-climbing shrub, 5-10 ft. :
Irs. 1-3 in. long, 2-lobed from one-fifth to one-half their
length. 7-nerved ; petiole about H in. long : racemes
6-10-tid.: petals 5, all alike, 1-1 >^ in. long; claw as
Ions as the limb ; limb orbicular, cuspidate, brick-red ;
fertile stamens 3 : pod 3-.") in. long ; seeds dark brown.
S. and Trop. Afr. B.M. 7494.-Discovered 1891. Fls
borne continuously from spring to late autumn.
BB. Fls. pure ivhite.
acuminata, Linn. Height 5-0 ft.: Ifts. ovate, acumi-
nate parallel, -l-nerved. closing at night : fls. 2-3 in.
across : fertile stamen long and nearly free, the other
9 short, connected, and sterile. India, Malaya, China.
-One of the most satisfactory of all, either for open
ground or greenhouse culture, as it will bloom the flrsf
summer, when but a few months old and but a foot or
two high, an<l in succeeding summers blooms continu-
ously from May to September.
AA. Lvs. divided beyond the middle.
B. Leaflets not entirely free: fls. colored.
corymbosa, Roxb. Woody climber, branching from the
ground.: branches grooved: tendrils opposite, revolute:
lvs. VA-'2 in. long, outer edges slightly rounded, inner
edges straight au(l parallel; nerves 2-4 : fls. numerous,
corymbose, 1 in. across, rosj', ithw fluted petals, and
chara'^teristic venation ; stamens 3, bright red, 3 very
long, the rest abortive. China. B.M. 6G21.
BB. Leaflets entirely free : fls. white.
Natal^nsis, Oliver. Small shrub : lvs. numerous ;
leatiets each 1 in. long, with a midrib and a few nerves,
dark green ; petioles };i-%\r\. long : fls. single or in
2s, \\.,\n. across, white, the midvein of the 3 upp'^r
petals reddish ; petals erect or spreading, the 2 lower
ones larger ; stamens 10, 5 long and 5 short : pod 3 in.
long. S. Afr. B.M, 608(5. — Not advertised at present.
B. Honkeri, F. Miiell.. from Austral., and B. Eichardsoni,
Hort., Franceschi, are also advertised at i)resent.
E. N. Reasoner and W. M.
BAY-TKEE. See Latims.
BEAN. A name applied to various plants of the Ler/u-
minMif. The Beans chiefly known to agriculture are of
tive types : (1) The Broad Bean ( Vicia Faha), or the
Bean of history, an erect-growing plant, producing very
large an<l usually flat, orbicular or angular seeds. Prob-
ably native to S.W.Asia (Figs. 190, 191, a). See Vicia.
These types of Beans are extensively grown in Europe,
mostly for feeding animals. They are either grown to
full maturity and a meal made from the Bean, or the plant
is cut when nearly full growuand used as forage t>r made
into ensilage. The Broad Bean nee«ls a cool climate and
long season. In the U. S. the summers are too hot and
dry for its successful cultivation on a large scale, and the
plant is practically unknown there. In Canada, the plant
IS used in connection with corn to make ensilage; and
this combination is known as the "Robertson mixture."
(2) Kidney Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris, which see ; Figs.
191, 6, 192). This is the plant which is everywhere known
as Bean in North America, comprising all the common
field, garden, snap and string Beans, both bush and
climbing. By the French it is known as Haricot, and this
190. Broad Bean —Vicia Faba ^X 1-5).
word is often found in our literature. Its nativity is un-
known, but it is probably of tropical American origin.
For inquiries into the nativity of the Bean, see DeCan-
dolle. Origin of Cultivated Plants ; Gray & 'irumbull,
Amer. Jour. Sci. 26:130 ; Sturtevant, Amer. Nat. 1887:
.332 i Wittmack, Ber. der Deutschen Bot. Gesellschaft,
6:374 (1888). (3) Lima or Sugar Beans (Phaseolus lu-
natus, which see). Long-season, normally tall-climbing
plants, producing large, flat seeds (Figs. 191, c, 193),
Native to S. Amer. See Bailey, Bull. 87, Cornell Exp.
Sta. (4) Various species of Dolichos (as i>. sesquipe-
dalis). Vines which produce very long, slender pods and
small, narrow Beans (Figs. 191, d, 194). Native to trop.
Amer. See Dolichos. (5) Soy, or Soja, Bean (Glycine
hispida, which see). A bushy, erect, hairy plant, pro-
ducing small pods in clusters, and pea-like seeds (Figs.
191, <', 195). In this country comparatively little known,
and used mostly forforage. Native to China and Japan,
where it is much grown. Aside from these types, there
are others of less economic importance. The Scarlet
Runner type is a perennial Phaseolus (P. wul/iflorns),
grown in this country mostly for ornament (Fig. 196).
Various other species of Phaseolus are also cult, ni
various parts of the world under the name of Beans. P.
radiafiis is prized in Japan, and has been int. into the
U. S. as Adzuki Bean (see Georgeson, Bull. 32, Kans.
Exp. Sta.). V'igna Sinensis, known in N. Amer. as
Cow-pea (which see), is sometimes called a Bean. The
Velvet Bean of the South is a Mucuna (which see). The
.Tack Bean is a Canavalia (Fig. 197). The Sea Beans to
the Florida coast are seeds of various tropical legumi-
nous plants, and are transported by ocean currents (see
Coe, in G.F. 7:503). l. H. B.
Ci'i.TrRE OF THE Be AN. — The practical grower usually
divides the many varieties of Beans into two groups —
the bush and the pole Beans. The one includes all those
136
BEAN
BEAN
grown as "field Beans" for the dry-shelled seeds, as also
both the green-podded and the yellow-podded garden,
string, or snap Beans. The pole or running sorts are
usually grown for garden purposes, and rarely for the
dry-shelled Bean. The ordinary bush Beans make no
frreat demands for soil fertility. They do well on ordi-
narily goo<l, warm farm loam. If the soil contains a
fair proportion of humus, the plants will secure much
of their nitrogen from the air ; and if addilional fer-
tilizer; are needed, they may be given in potash and
phosphoric acid alone. Plant only after danger from
late frosts is past.
The work may be
done by hand, or
with any of the
various tools de-
vised for the pur-
pose. The rows
are to be from 2-3
feet apart, with
plants standing
singly every 3-6 in., or in
bunches of 3 or 4 every
12-18 in. A quart of seed
•will plant about 150 ft. of
row. Keep the soil be-
tween the rows well stirred
with a fine-toothed, nar-
row cultivator.
Hand - hoe
when needed.
The pods of
the garden
Beans are
picked and
used as snap
or string Beans
as soon as well
formed, and
must be picked
if the plant is
wanted to remain
long in bearing. Pods
left to ripen seed stop
the growth and de-
velopment of others.
In growing field
Beans, early and even
ripening is desirable
above almost every-
thing else. For har-
among yellow-podded sorts are Black Wax or Oerman
Wax, Golden Wax. Kidney Wax and White Wax. The
Wax or Yellow-podded sorts need a richer soil than the
other kinds. A good strintr Bean has a thick, meatv
191. Types of Beans. Natural size.
a Vicia Faha. b, Phaseolus vulgaris, c, Phaseolus lunatus.
d. Dolichos sesquipedalis. e, Glycine hispida. f, Phaseolus
multidorus.
vesting the crop, special tools have been devised and
are in use by those who make a business of Bean-grow-
ing ; but when a regular Bean-puller is not available,
or when hand labor is cheap, the plants may be pulled
by hand and placed in rows on the trround, bottom-
side up, and when sufficiently cured put in stooks or
taken to the barn, and, in due time, threshed with the
flail or with aregular Bean-thresher. After beingcleaned
by running through a fanning mill, picking over by
band will also be required in most cases.
Among the leading sorts of field Beans are White Mar-
rowfat, Navy or Pea Bean, Medium, and the Kidneys.
For Ktring Beans, Early Valentine, which has various
strains, probably stands tir.-,t in popular favor as a
green-podded variety for the market-garden at the
present time. Other ijood current sorts are Stringless
Green Pod, Early Mohawk, Kefugee, etc. The best
192. Common or Kidney Bean — Phaseolus vulgaris.
pod, which snaps off completely when broken, leaving
no strinfT alonj? the back. Fig. 198 shows ideal pods.
Pole or running varieties of Beans require fertile soil;
and for that kint^of table Beans, the Lima of all t'orm«,
too much can hardly be done in the way of enriching
the ground. Warm soil is one of the first essentials of
success in growing pole Beans. When poles are to he
used for support, they should be set not less than 4 ft.
apart each way, before the Beans are planted. Four or
five Beans are to be placed arounU '^ach pole, 1 to 13^ in.
deep. While it is a safe rule to pat the seed eye down-
ward, it is not a necessary condition of prompt and
ui.iform germination. In ca**" of absence or scarcity of
poles, a serviceable, cheap and ornamental trellis may
be constructed by settinjr posts firmly at proper dis-
tances along the row, connecting them with two wires,
one a few inches and the other 5 or Oft. from the ground,
and finally winding cheap twine zigzag fashion around
the two wires. Cultivate an<l hoe frequently. A top-
dressing of good fertilizer, or of old poultry or sheep
manure, hoed in around
the plants, may be of
jrreat help in keep"ng up
the productiveness of
the plants to the end of
the season. To have a
continuous supply dur-
ing the entire season, the
pods, when large enough,
must be gathered fre-
quently and clean.
Anions: the varieties
used both for string and
shell Beans, we have the
Green - poddea Crease-
back, several wax varie-
ties. Golden Cluster, and
the popular Horticultural
or Speckled Cranberry
Bean, besides any num-
ber of others. A very
fine Bean is the Dutch
Kunner (Fig. 1%), which
approaches the Lima in
quality and resembles it
in habit of growth. The seed is of largest size and
clear white in color. Highly ornamental is the closely
related Scarlet Runner, with its abundance of showy
scarlet blossoms. This Bean is grown in Europe for
eating, but is rarely used for that purpose here.
193. Large White Lima Bean
BEAN
BEAUMONTIA
137
Of all pole Beans, the Limas have nndoubtedly the
greatest economic value. They enjoy a deserve-l popu-
larity, and are usually ^'rown with profit by the raarket-
pardener. The varieties might be classed in three types,
-that of the Large Lima, the Dreer Lima, and the
Small Lima or Sieva. Each of them has a nunibei of
sub-varieties or strains, and appears in both pole and
bush form. The old Large Lima (Fig. lO.'J) is a very-
large, Hat Bean, and yet largely grown for main crop.
To the same type belong Extra-early .Jersey, King of
the Garden, and others. The pods of these are very
large, and the Beans in them somewhat flattened. The
dwarf form of this type is known as Burpee's Bush
Lima. The Dreer Lima of both forms is appreciated
especially for its high quality. The seeds are more
roundish and crowded close together in the pods, the
latter being much smaller thai those of the Large Lima.
The seeds of these two types are light colored, with a
greenish tinge, but tne Large Lima is also represented
Dv red and speckled (red-and-white) sports. The Small
Lima, or Sieva, with its dwarf form, Henderson's Bush
Lima, seems to be hardier and earlier than the two
L^rir^r types, but pod and Bean are quite small. The
color of this Bean is nearly clear white, but there is also
a speckled sub-variety of it. Wherever there is a place
for the Sieva, its bush form will be appreciated. The
bush forms of the two larger types, however, are not
uniformly productive enough to take the place r-f the
pole forms entirely. The latter will often be found
preferable where a long season of continuous bearing is
desired. For further notes on Lima Beans, dwarf and
pole, see Bailey, Bulls. 87 and 11.5, Cornell Exp. St a.
Beans are easily forced under glass, in a temperature
suitable for tomatoes. They may be grown either in
pots or beds The bush varieties, as SJion House, are
preferred. Keep them growing, and look out for red
spider. See Bailey, Forcing-Book ; and for the forcing
of pole Beans, see Rane, Bull, 62, N. H. Exp. Sta. See
Fore hi fj.
Three other members of the Bean tribe might be men-
tioned in this connection ; namely, the Black Bean or
Cow-pea of the South, the Japanese Soy Bean, and the
English or Broad Bean. The Cow-pea takes in some
measure the same place in the southern states that red
clover takes at the North, being used both as stock food
and as a green-manure crop. There are many varieties
of it, early and late, some of strictly bush habit and
some producin long runners, (See Cow-pea.) Of
greater value for he same purposes, north of New .Jer-
sey, seems to be the Japanese Soy Bean, which is early
enough to come to maturitj' almost anywhere in the
United States, Its foliage is rather thin or jpen, how-
ever, which impairs its value for green-man aring. The
dry Bean constitutes one of the richest vegetable foods
known, and its flavor seems unobjectionable to all kinds
of stock. Sow 1 bus, to the acre. Similar to this in value
is the English Broad Bean, several varieties of which,
as the Broad Windsor, the Horse Bean, etc., are grown
tention in the cooler parts of the country. Being about
as hardy as peas, they may be planted mufh earlier than
would be safe for ordinarv Beans. The Windsor is used
194. Dolichos sesquipedalis, or Yard-long Bean.
and are pop'ilar in England and in some parts of the
European continent. Inmost parts of the United States
they are scarcely known, and in none generally culti-
vated. Only a few of our seedsmen list them in their
otherwise complete catalogues. Yet they are a decidedly
interesting group of plants, and worthy of greater at-
195. Soy Bean — Glycine hispida (X %).
by people in England much in the same way that we
use Lima Beans ; but the latter are so much better
that in the United States we have no need of plant-
ing the former as a table vegetable. _ ,,
BEABBERRT. See Arcfostaphylos.
BEAR'S BREECH, See Acanthus.
BEAUCARNEA, See Xolina.
BEAUMONTIA (afterMrs. Beaumont, of Bretton Hall,
Yorkshire, Eug,). Aporynacne. A genus of three East
Indian trees or tall climbers, with ver}' large, white,
fragrant, bell-shaped tis. in terminal cymes. The genus
is more nearly allied to the familiar greenhouse
shrub Trache lospermum jasminoide.t than to the splen-
did tropical climbers in Allamanda and Dipladenia.
B.grandi flora has been neglected of late, presumably
because it needs so much room. It snould be planted out
in the strong, fibrous, loamy soil of a warm house, as it
rarely succeeds in pots. It is best traitied to the roof, as
full light is necessary for dowering, if not for growth.
The shoots may be thinned if the large Ivs. cast too
nmch shade on th. plants beneath. The wood should be
well ripened to produce an abundance of winter bloom.
The fis. are produced on the growth of the previous
season. After flowering, the plant should be severely
pruned to produce lateral shoots for the next season's
bloom. In its native country, this vine climbs over very
tall trees.
grandlfldra, Wall. Lvs. obovate, cuspidate, wavy
margined : sepals 5, large, ovate, wavy, pink-tipped ;
corolla tube veined with green, the limb 5-cleft. B.M.
321J. Ga. 45, p. 138 ; 49, p. 314. J.H. III. 28: 243.
■'*^,
138
BEDDING
BEDDING, or BEDDING-OUT. The temporary use
out-of-doors of plants that are massed for showy and
striking effects. There are four main types : spring,
summer, subtropical, and carpet bedding.
Sprino Bedding is the most temporary of all, and is
usually followed by summer bedding in the same area.
196. Phaseolus multiflorus. Natural size. ( See Bean, p. 135. )
It is the only kind that largely employs hardy plants, as
crocuses, narcissi, daffodils, tulips, hyacinths, and other
Dutch bulbs. All four types of bedding are commonly
seen in public parks, but spring bedding is the most
appropriate for amateur and home use, as the bulbs
flower at a dreary time of the year, when their hrave
colors are most cheering, and also because they are
much more familiar than the subtropical and foliage
BEDDING
plants of summer. Then, too, hardy bnljlis are more
easily cultivated than any other class of plants, and they
are cheap. The main principle is to plant them early
enough to secure a strong root development. Hence
they should be ordered early, and planted in the latter
part of October or first of November. The colors may be
massed or mixed according to taste, the terms massed and
mixed bedding referring to unity or variety of effect
and being applicable in each of the four main types men-
tioned above. Opposed to this style of bedding is the
naturalizing of bulbs in the lawn. Crocuses and squills
are particularly charming when they appear singly, or in
twos or threes, at unexpected places in the lawn. Daffo-
dils are usually naturalized in large masses in spots
where the grass is not mowed. Pansies are the only
other plants that are used extensively for spring bed-
ding. English double daisies and catchtiies are largely
used for edgings. Pansies are set out between April l
and 15. In large operations, pansy seed is sown in Aufrust
of the preceding year, and the young plants are trans-
planted once and wintered in a coldframe. After flower-
ing, the plants are thrown away. The other method is to
sow the seed in a greenhouse in January. The Auffust-
sown pausies give larger and earlier blooms, but the Jan-
uary-sown pansies will last longer, and in partially
shaded places will give scattering bloom all summer,
especially if projected from «lrought.
Summer Bedding often follows spring bedding in the
same space of ground, and employs chietiy geraniums,
coleus, begonias, ageratum, salvia, vinca. alyssum,
petunia, verbena, heliotrope, grasses, cacti, and aquatic
plants, the culture and varieties of which may be sought
elsewhere in this work. As to tenderness, these fall into
two groups, the first of which may be set out about
May 15 in New York, and the second about June 1.
Geraniums are the most important of the first group,
and coleus is an exami-le of the tenderest material,
which is set out simultaneously with subtropical plants
when all danger of frost is past. As to fondness for
sunlight, there are again two groups, but the only bed-
ding plants ot importance that prefer shade are tuberous
begonias and fuchsias. The wonderful popularity lately
achieved by the former in Europe will probably never
be duplicated in America. The secret of their culture is
shade, shelter, and moisture at the roots. Hence a clay
bottom is desirable for a bed of tuberous begonias, as
being more retentive of moisture than a sanc'y or porous
soil. They enjoy cool air and as much indirect light as
possible, but not the direct rays of the sun. Hence the
north side of a building is better forthdm than a station
under trees, as the trees usually give too dense a shade,
and their roots interfere. On the other hand, coleus is
more highly colored in full sunlight than in shade.
The only fibrous-rooted begonias largely used for Ited-
ding are varieties of the semperflorens type, of which
Vernon and Erfordii are extremely popular at present.
In the manipulation of tender perennials, there are often
two methods of propagation, either of which may be
better, according to the ideal in view. As a matter of
general tendency, propagation by cuttings gives bloom
that is earlier but not as continuous or profuse as by
seeds. Salvias and verbenas are pronounced examples.
On the contrary, cutings must be depended on. as a
rule, to keep the choicest varieties true to type, as the
mission of seeds in nature seems to be to produce more
variation than can be attained by non-sexual methods nf
propagation, as by bulbs or cuttings. Salvias are also an
example of plants thiit are particularly effective when
seen at a great distance, and also of plants that are
generally massed fur unity of effect, and not mixed with
others. Verbenas are commonly grown by themselves,
but this is because they demand much room by reason
of their trailing habit.
SrBTRr>FMrAL Beiidino is a department of summer
bedding which employ.^ chiefly cannas. nuisas, castor-oil
plants, crotons, palms, ferns of coarser habit, screw-
pines, dracaenas, araucarias, elephant-ear caladiums. and
to a lesser extent, abutilon, acalyphas, achyranthes,
anthericum. Carica Papaya, sanchezia, and others.
Cannas are by far the most pop\iiar at the present rime,
especially for mass-work. S<mietiri'»es the tall, purple-
leaved, old-fashioned, small-flowered t>7»es are used in
the center or at the back of the bed, :uid the dwarf,
i
BEDDING
BEDDING
139
modem, larpe-flowered types around the edges or in
front. Frequently, massing with a single variety of
canna is practiced. Next to cannas in popularity prob-
ablv come the crotons or codiseuras,— the broad-leaved
types, a3 Queen Victoria, being better for thia purpose
198.
Typical Snap, or
Strine Beans
than the narro\rer - leaved or simply cu-
rious kinds, as Codiaum interruptum
and C. ro/w/j/m, which belong to fan-
ciers' collections. For carpeting the
ground in a croton bed, two variegated
trailers can be used with good effect, the
wandering jew or tradescantia and Op-
Usmenns Burmanni. which is famil-
iar to gardeners as Panicum variega-
tum. The large leaves of bananas give
a very rich tropical effect, especially if
they can be so sheltered that the wind
will not split them. One of the very
best plants for encircling a public
fountain is the huge-leaved elephant-
{X}^). (See p. 136.) ear caladium. For interesting pomts
concerning its culture, see Colovasia.
Among the first half-dozen favorites for subtropical bed-
ding is the castor-oil plant, or ricinus. Its marvellous
grow-th from seed in a single season makes it one of the
very best of all plants for rapidly tilling up large areas
temporarily. Grasses furnish an exception to the general
rule that bedding plants are tender. There are many
kinds of bamboos that are perfectly hardy in the north-
ern states, and these are bound to increase in popularity.
A favorite combination of grasses for bedding is
Arundo Donax, the giant ree<l, surrounded by eulalias.
brasses and their kind are particularly effective in
aquatic groups. No well kept establishment is complete
without a pond or body of water in whicli aquatic plants
are naturalized. For a nior« extended account of this
attractive subject, see the article Aquatics. There is a
large class of tender material— as palms, screw-pines,
the coarser ferns, dracienas, araucarias — a class of foli-
age plants which really does better outdoora during
summer in a shady and sheltered position than indoors
all the year round. In the more formal styles of orna-
mental gardening, such plants often form the nucleus of
a subtropical bed, the large tubs of the palms being hid-
den by lower-growing plants, as begonias, or whatever
may be left over from the spring operations. In less
formal gardening, the tubs may be hidden by plunging
them half-way into the ground and grading the sod, which
has been previously broken, in such a manner as to
conceal the tubs entirely. The plants are arranged in a
freer and more natural manner, and the outer fringe of
begonias and the like maybe dispensed with. The chief
dangers to such plants are from the sun and wind.
Palms once scorched or wind-whipped are ruined.
Hence, a sheltered position on the north side of a build-
ing, or under the shade oJ trees, is usually the best spot
for their summer vacation.
Carpet Beddino is che most formal and most expen-
sive of all kinds (>f bedding, and employs plants that
stand pinching and shearing, as coleus, achyranthes,
alternanthera, lobelia, one of the dusty millers (Cen-
taurea gymnovarpa , — C. caudidisxima will not bear the
shears), certain succulents of the hen-and -chickens
type (as echeveriast, and many others, which list may
be found in a classifi«Ml and ccmvenient form at p. 245 of
Bailey's Garden-Making. The terms "geometrical bed-
ding" and " fancy bedding" are soniewliat synonymous.
Here belong the imitations of buildings and animals,
the portraits of men, the lettered greetings to conven-
tions, the calendars, floral clocks, and similar ingenui-
ties. A single exanifde is ]ii<ture<l in Fig. 199. A ground
plan for a fancy carpet bed is shown in Fig. 200. For
designs and for extended cultural information, the
reader is referred to the numerous German books on the
subject, to Mot'^t't's La MosaTculture. and to a book piib-
lished by Geo. A. Solly & Son, Springtield, Mass. This
style of bedding requires the highest d<'gree of tech-
nical skill, and is especially enjoyed by the Germans,
whose gardeners excel in it.
The position of a bed is far more important than the
style of bedding or the kinds of plants that arc used.
The natural school of landscape gardening, as opposed
to the various schools of ornamental gardening, makes
no ol)jection to beds in themselves, but dislikes their
usual ]>osition. They are commonly given the most con-
spicuous places, where they must be seen, whether peo-
ple like them or not. They should be in a place by
themselves where they do not interfere with the quieter
and larger pictures of the whole place. Sunken areas,
t^Su^biiltil^i*^*^'^
Jilt 1 1!', j,'.".""tmiiiiii luin.... .
ivwu;vi!3a:'«^"=iKK;ai:5a, •
199. Example of fancy bedding.
as in Fairmount Park, Philadelphia, are particularly
commendable. A flower-bed should not be in the mid-
dle of a large lawn, because it distracts the attention
I
140
BEDDING
BEET
from thf larcTPr picture, and because the lawn is the
canvas up<)n which the landscape gardener makes his
picture. The chief merit of beds is their attract! v»ness
and brijfhtness, which accounts for their presr-nc*- in
parks and public places. On the other hand, they are
expensive, and they are at their Ix-st only two or three
months in the year, while a mud-hole in a lawn for
nine months of the year is an uusitrhtly object. Formal
be«ls. especially of foliaere plants, with their jiraudy colors
and unchanging monotony, are considered by some the
most unnatural and the least artistic style of garden-
ing. Nevertheless, they require a high degree of techni-
cal skill, which deserves appreciation.
A few practical suggestions may be given for making
a bed. The soil should be rich and full of vegetable
matter. If a foot or 18 in. of the surface soil is so poor
that it must be removed, it may be replaced by two parts
of tibrous loam and one of well-rottod manure, with
some upturned broken st is in the bottom for drainage.
The fall is the proper time to apply manure, and if the
bed be thoroughly spaded over and left rough during
the winter, the alternate freezing and thawing will tine
both the soil and the fiber of the manure. Beginners
nearly always fail to supply perfect conditions for wa-
200. Plan oi a complex carpet bed.
tering. A midsummer mulch of half -rotted manure en-
ables the plants to take all the moisture they need dur-
ing the drought and to keep it. The soil should be in ideal
condition before the plants are set into it, — mellow,
rich, full of fiber, and of firm and in; I rm texture.
Begin in the middle and work toward t., ages. When
the bed is finished, give it one thorouc .! conking, to settle
the soil at the roots. ^,^^^^^^ g^^^^
BEECHER, HENRY WAR-> (181.3-1887). The cele-
brated American clerygyraan and orator deserves espe-
cial remembrance for his work as ediror of the Western
Farmer and Gardener in pioneer days of western horti-
culture. A selection of his contributions was printed in
1859 as a book of 420 pp., entitled '"Plain and Pleasant
Talk About Fruits, Flowers and Farming." A second
edition was published in 1874 as "Pleasant Talk, etc.." a
book of 498 pp., containing also articles written for the
New York Ledger. These papers have a higher literary
quality than is usual in horticultural writings, and are
still entertaining and suggestive. They did much to
spread the taste for country life and gardening. Beecher
was always deeply interested in horticultural affairs.
BEET. There are 4 or 5 species of the genus Beta,
which are sometimes cultivated under the name of
Beet, but Beta vulgaris, Linn., is the only one of practi-
cal importance. From it all our common garden varie-
ties are derived. According to DeCandolle, the aborigi-
201. Bassano Beet.
nal slender-rooted species is found in sandy soil, and
especially near the sea, throughout southern Europe
and on nearly all the coasts of the Mediterranean. It
also occurs as far eastward as the Caspian Sea and
Persia. "Everything shows that its cultivation does not
date from more than two or three
centuries before the Christian era."
It is now highly improved, princi-
pally in the one <lirection of large
and succulent roots, and is much
esteemed in all civilized countries.
See Jicta.
Young Beets constitute one of the
most important early crops in truck -
gardening. Many acres of them are
grown iii'ar all the city markets, and
as the}' bear transportation well, tht y
are often grown at comparati^-ely
remote |>laces. Large quantities are
shipped early fnmi Norfolk, Va., and
from other southern points to north-
ern markets. Like all root crops, the
Beet needs a loose, light, fresh,
clean, rich soil, which must be in the best condition
of tillage. No fermenting manure should be used, but
instead fully rotted barn manure, with some good pot-
ash fertilizer. The seed for the first crop is sown
early in spring, as soon as the soil can be well
worked. Where intensive gardening is practiced, the
drills maybe as close as 1 ft. apart, in which case the
young Beets are thinned to G in. apart in the row. But
in ordinary gardening, it will be found most convenient
to run the rows 2-3 ft. apart, allowing cultivation with
the horse. The plants in such rows can be left 4 in.
apart at thinning time. The thinning is done when
the young plants are large enough to be pulled for
"greens," for which purpose they find a ready market.
Beets are also grown in quantities as a fall crop, and
are stored for winter use. When this is to be done, the
seed is sown in June, and the plantation is managed in
all respects like the spring sowing. Beets are some-
times forced in greenhouses, but as they are hardly
profitable, they are grown only in vacant spaces or after
f)ther crops are out. When the young roots are ready
for the early market, they are pulled and tied in bunches
ftf five or six. The fall crop is pulled soon after the first
frost, the tops are removed, and the roots stored in pits
or root cellars.
The most popular varietal types of the garden Beet are
the following: Bassanoi Fig. 201 ) . — Flesh white and light
red mixed ; an old-time early variety, now less grown
than formerly. Early Blood Turn jp. — Rich, deep blood-
red, flattened turnip-shape ; an old and well-known
sort. Udmand. — 'Moderate size ; handsome, rounded,
smooth, deep red ; good grain and flavor ; not quite
first early. i^cZ*/).'*c. — Uniformly globular, bright red;
fine-grained and sweet ; one of the best quick-growing
early Beets. Egyptian Turnip. — Topn quite small;
ro<»t3 fair size, rich, deep red ; a standard early variety.
For field culture of culinary Beet3, the long-rooted
varieties are chiefly used. These are sown in the field
as soon as the weather is settled, in rows far enough
apart to allow of tillage by horse. Most of them require
the entire season in which to mature. They are grown
mostly for storing for winter use. They were once
grown for stock, but the Mangel-wurzels give much
greater yields. The various types of Long Blood Beet
(Fig. 202) are chiefly used for field culture.
Favorite varieties of Mangel-wurzels are Golden
Tankard, Golden Yellow Mammoth, Mammoth Long Red.
Several sorts of Sugar Beets, mostly imported from Ger-
many, are being grown in divers places in America. Of
Chard, there are no selected varieties offered in America.
The varieties of Beta vuhjaris may be conveniently
divided into five sections, though the distinctions are
somewhat arbitrary and of no fundamental importance.
These sections are as follows :
1. Garden Beets. Varieties with comparatively small
tops : roots of medium size, smooth, regular and fine-
grained : mostly red, but sometimes whitish or yel-
lowish.
2. Mangel-wurzels, or Manoels. Large, coarse-
growing varieties, with large tops and often very large
BEET
BEGONIA
141
foots, the latter frequently rising some distance out of
the ground : rather coarse-grained. Extensively grown
for stock-feed intr.
3. ScoAB Beets. Sometimes said to belong to another
species,
hut doubtless to be classified here. Rather
small-growing varieties, with ujedium tops : roots
small to medium, usually fusiform, smooth, nearly
always yellowish or whitish.
4. Chard, or Swiss Chard. Varieties with compara-
tively large tops, broad leaf-blades and very large, suc-
culent leaf-stems, which are cooked and eaten somewhat
like asparagus. The thrifty, tender young Ivs. make a
verv excellent pot-herb. Chard has sometimes been re-
ferred to a separate species, Beta Cicla, but should be
included with B. vulgaris. See Chard.
5, Foliage Beets. A race which has been developed
to proluce luxuriant foUage of many colors and varieil
markings. Of such varieties are the Brazilian. Chilian,
Victoria, and Dracaena-leaved. The ribs of the Ivs. are
usually beautifully colored. Where the leaf-blight fungus
is not serious, these foliage Beets make excellent bor-
ders where strong and heavy effects are desired, and
they are excellent for bedding. RaiscMl from seeds, as
other Beets are ; roots may be kept over winter.
The Beet is not often damaged by insects. It is
sometimes attacked by rust, rot, spot-diseases, and
202. Long Blood Beet.
scab, of which the last is the worst. The scab is the
same disease which attacks the potato, and one of the
chief precautious is, therefore, to avoid following pota-
toes with Beets. For the most part, clean culture and
proper rotations will forestall serious injury from plant
diseases. Spra5'ing with Bordeaux mixture may be ex-
pected to prevent the leaf diseases. „ 4 -nr
* ^ F. A. Waugh.
BEGONIA (named after M. Begon). Begonicice(f.
Elephant's Ear. Beefsteak Geranium. A large ge-
nus of very popular and useful plants for the house,
couservatory and garden. Succulent herbs or under-
shruhs, having the stem in some cases reduced to a thick
rhizome, in others to a distinct small tuber, while a few
others possess a semi-tuber, in which there are a num-
ber of closely set scales or suppressed Ivs., resembling
bulbs : Ivs. variable, alternate, more or less unequal-
sided, entire, or lobed, or toothed, ovate-acuminate, or-
bicular or peltate : fls. usually in axillary cymes, moncp-
cious, large ; males usually with 4 petals, females with
5 (rarely 2), pink, white, rose, scarlet, yellow, and all
shadesofthese,beingrepresented ; stamens numerous ;
filaments free or united at the base ; styles 2 or 4, free,
sometimes connate ; stigmas branched or twisted like a
corkscrew : fr. usually a 3-winged capsule, which is
often colored ; ovary inferior ; seeds numerous, very
minute. The first Begonia was introduced into England
in 1777. Since then, out of the 350 species known, about
150 have proved of value to the horticulturist. Few
other plants have been improved so rapidly, there being
thousands of varieties now in cult., displaying the most
gorgeous colors in- their fls. and beauty and coloring
in their Ivs. Their geographical distribution is very dis-
junctive and localized. They are indigenous to Mex.,
Cent, and S. Amer., Asia, and S. Afr. They seem to
have no genetic relationship with other plants now
living. For literature, see Dryander, The Genus Be-
gonia, Trans, of the Linn. Soc, Vol. 1, 1789 ; Klotzsch,
Begoniaceen-Gattungen und Arten, 12 plates. 1»55 ; De-
Candolle's Prodromus, 15, lb(i4; Ravenscroft. B.C., Be-
gonia Culture for Amateurs, 1894 ; Wynne, Tuberous
Begonias.
The Begonias now in cult, may bo roughly divided
into four sections or groups :
I. FiBROUS-ROOTED, OR WlXTER-FLOWERlNO.
Nos. 1-71.
11. Semi-tubkrous, OB Socotrana.
Nos. 72-76.
III. TCBEROrS, OR SUMMKR-FLOWERINO.
Nos. 77-99.
IV. Rex, or OrnamentaL-leaved.
Nos. 100-103.
In the following account, the dates refer to intro-
duction into cultivation, not into American trade. They
are European dates. p^ j3_ Kennedy.
There are four sections of the Begonia family, and as
each requires somewhat different directions for their
cultivation, it is desirable to treat them separately. The
first section, the Fibrous-rooted, comprises such varie-
ties as B. nitida, seniperfloremt, var. gitjantea rosea,
albo-picta, Haageana, and Burhartrei. Cuttings taken
from clean, healthy stems will strike readilj' in an ordi-
nary propagating box or bench, and if potted -on. as
they require root-room, will make fine plants for late
winter- and spring-flowering. As soon as one neglects
good treatment, especially in regard to light, fresh air
and fresh soil, the red spider, a physiological disease
appearing like rust, and the dreaded nematodes, will
soon attack them and give them a sickly and stunted
appearance. They require a temperature of from 5.>-00°
at night and 65-70° in the day time. The plants should
be kept close to the glass during the early stages of
their growth, on account of the tendency of many of the
varieties to send out rather long shoots. A compost of
3 parts good loam, 1 part well-rotted manure, and 1
part sand, will be found very suitable for their growth.
While Begonias in general are injured by too strong
sunshine during summer, they are benefited by all the
sunshine they can get during the winter and early spring
months. Strong sunshine, however, pouring through
imperfect glass upon wet foliage, is apt to blister the
leaves of any Begonia. Such varieties as B. Bregei and
Wf^fon/ensis, which produce at their base a thickened,
fleshj' stem like a potato, may be propagated either by
division or by cuttings. Nearly all the varieties be-
longing to this section can be grown by amateurs, and
make excellent house plants, especially B. manicatn,
rubra, speculafa, argyrostigma, var. picta, ricinifolia,
heracleifolia.
The second section, the Semi-tuberous, comprises
such Begonias as B. Socotrana and Gloire de Sceaux.
They require greater care, and should be grown in a soil
with considerably more leaf -mold and a temperature of
65-70*^ in the daytime and 60° at night. Of Gloire de
Sceaux and other hybrids, plants 2 years old will be
found best for decorative purposes.
The third section, the Tuberous Begonias, are grown
in pots, boxes or baskets, under glass, or as bedding
plants in a shaded border. If the plants are intended
for pot culture in the greenhouse, it is best to use the
tubers. For early flowering, start the tubers in February
or March, either in small pots or shallow boxes. The soil
may be composed of loam, sharp sand and leaf-mold, and
the temperature about 60°- 65^. When the plants are
ready for repotting, well-rotted manure may be added, and
when the roots have taken a fresh hold a cooler tempera-
ture may be maintained. For bedding purposes, seed-
ling plants, as well as tubers, may be used, providing they
are of a first-class strain. Tubers are preferred if early-
flowering pluuts are desired. They bloom more abun-
dantly in the early part of the season, as they have the
strength of the already formed tubers. Plant in the mid-
142
BEGONIA
BEGONIA
die of May or bej?inniniEC of June, arcordinff to locality,
from 3 'a- or 4-inch pots. Although they >rrow fairly well
under trees, the north side of a buildini^ is to be preferred ;
but they must not be crowded. Plenty of li^ht, with mois-
ture at the roots, and araulchin^ with half-rotted leaves
/.''/-y-,'i^v-'
203. Youns plants startine from the incisions on a
Beeonia leaf.
in hot weather, will greatly benefit the plants. Water,
when necessary, under the leaves. See Bedding.
The tubers should be lifted after the first light frost,
and stored. Seeds sown in March will produce flower-
ing plants by July or August, but 2-year-old tubers
are more satisfactory for continual blooming. The seed
may be sown in any shallow box or seed-pan. which
should first be tilled with material which will give plenty
of drainage, over which place some finely sifted soil to
receive the seed. Scatter the seed thinly. SufKcient
covering will be given by simply pressing the soil down
level. Keep in darkness by covering with glass or paper
for a few days, in a temp, of not less than 70°. As soon
as the seedlings appear the covering must be removed,
and when the little plants attain roots about 3^4 in. long
they may be pricked into nicely prepared soil. In most
places in this country, Tuberous Begonias do not thrive
out-of-doors, but in some places and with careful treat-
ment they do well. They are very satisfactory for
blooming in a well-shaded greenhouj^e in the summer.
The fourth section, the Rex Begonias, are grown en-
tirely for the beauty of their foliage. They may be
prop, by means of either shoot- or leaf-cuttinss, the
latter being the better when plants have to be raised in
quantity. Large and
well-matured, but still
healthy and vigorous,
leaves may have the
principal nerves cut on
the under side. The
leaf is then pegged or
weighted down on the
surface of a well-
drained propagating
bed. If carefully
shaded, roots will be
formed at every cut, a
tiny leaf will follow
(Fig. 20;{), and the lit-
tle plants may be in-
serted singly in small
pots. Another method
is to cut the large
leaves into triangular
parts, with a bit of the
main petiole at the tip
of each, and insert the
pieces about 1 in., with
the lower or thickest
end of the lib down-
ward {Fig. 204). Still
another method is to
cut the leaf in two,
across the veins (Fig.
205), and stand it edgewise in the propagating bed. The
young plants may be potted-up into small pots, using a
light, porous, sifted soil. Keep shaded in a low house
with a moist atmosphere. The soil may be gradually
204. Plant arising from the base
(or tip) of a trianeular leaf-
cutting.
made coarser with each potting until, in the final shift,
an unsifted compost of 2 parts loam, 1 part leaf -mold, 1
part well-rotted manure, and I part sand, is used, add-
ing a sprinkling of lime. While watering, avoid wt'ttinj
the leaves as much as possible, and keep large, well de-
veloped plants in a shaded house, with plenty of ven-
tilation day and night during the summer.
Robert Shore.
The Begonia is exacting in its requirements ; yet these
requirements are simple. It responds readily to intelli-
gent culture ; most of the varieties are extremely rapid
in growth, and a year's time will produce an excellent
specimen from a rooted cutting. For horticultural pur-
poses, Begonias are usually divided into three gt-ntral
classes : the Tuberous-rooted, Rex, and Shrubby or
Flowering sections. Tuberous-rooted Begonias attained
a short-lived popularity in this country some 12 or 15
years ago, when they were imported in large quaiititiei
from France and England and used as betiding phmt-^.
It was hoped that they might share patronage with the
Geranium, but our burning summers and long-continued
di oughts wrought such havoc with them that they
speedily fell into disfavor, and very few growers now
handle them. This is much to be regretted, for they are
gorgeous flowers, and careful selection has produced
blooms of enormous size and wonderful form, in the
most vivid shades of red, white, yellow and pink.
The Rex division has been a great favorite for many
years. In no other class of plants are the rich metallic
shades of various colors found so satisfactorily blended
205. Uprieht leaf-cutting of Begonia.
as here, while the form and size of the Ivs. are of the
greatest variety ; those of the old Rex and of Mrs. Bon-
ner are frequently a foot and more in length, while little
Marquis Peralta makes a compact mass of tiny zoned
foliage averaging only 2 or 3 in. long. To the Rex va-
rieties showing bright green, pure silver, bronze, and
velvety green, ha%-e been added Lucy C'losson and Louise
Closs<m, both showing bands of bright, rosy plum color,
and Mme. Gache, with its zone of light, dull red. A
class of Hybrid Rex contains some of the most useful
and beautiful of ornamental plants. They are nearly all
crosses between Lesoudii and Diadema. These all
show the Rex texture and general habit, while the Ivs.
are deeply notched and zoned ; they are more substan-
tial than the average Rex, and they make symmetrical
specimens with less trouble. Some of the principal
American varieties of this section are Anna Domer,
Elsie Coles, Bertha McGregor, Flora Hill, 31rs. Shep-
herd, and Richmond Beauty. Rex Begonia culture is
simple. Soil should be a mixture of loam, woods earth,
sharp sand, and well-rotted cow-manure. It must be
light and porous. Temperature required is a warm
greenhouse for growing ; but grown specimens can be
hardened to a much lower temperature. They enjoy a
moist atmosphere, and must be shaded from hot sun-
shine. They have few insect enemies. Of later years
they have been subject to the attack of a verj' destruc-
tive fungous-like disease, but careful attention to han-
dling and propagation will keep it in check. The propaga-
tion of Rex Begonias is very simple, a leaf, or portion
of leaf with a strong midrib, rooting very readily in the
propagating bench with bottom heat.
The Shrubby or Flowering Begonias comprise a num-
ber of ornamental sorts with inconspicuous flowers, and
also varieties that are huge bouquets of bloom. Anioti?
the former are Albo-picta, Diadema, Nigricans, 3Ime.
BEUONIA
BEGONIA
143
Lionnet and Metallica, all forming beautiful specimens
of folia),'f. Of tlu' Howt-rint; sorts, two of the most
widely cultivated are the old favorites, Rubra and Wel-
toniensis. Vernon and Hrfordii are veritable weeds for
growth, and are covered with bhmm. Paul Bruant is
one of the freest bl(M»mers of the jrnnip, the plant beinj?
covered with tls,, while the ivs. are lar«;e, dark, pointed
anil shining. Uloire de Lorraine is the most wonderful
of recent Begonias, a well grown plant being a sight
never to be forgotten. The ris. are large, bright pink,
and home in wonderful profusion. It is semi-tuberous
in character, and requires a season of rest each year.
Tlie Semperflorens gigantea class is a very useful one,
and many Improved varieties now add value to it.
Among them are La France, Elegantissima alba, (ioliath,
Masto<lonte and Obelisque. The Shrubby section thrives
in much the same soil as Rex, or a tritle heavier, re-
quiring less heat and moisture. Cuttings can be struck
as easily as those of the geranium. e, q. Hill.
Index to the Begonias here described : Abel Carri^re,
No. 104 ; Abundance, 39 ; A. Dalliere, 105; Admiration,
99aa; Adonis, 74; Adrienne .Schmidt, 105; alba tiinbriata,
99aa; Albatross, 20 ; albo-coccinea, ID ; albo-picta, 15 ;
Alice Manning, 9yAA ; athieirtora, u^^aa ; Amelise, 40 ;
annularis, 41 ; argenteo-guttata, US; argyrnstigma, 28 ;
Ascotiensis, 42 ; atropurpurea compacta, 20 ; Autumn
Rose, 76 ; aucuhirfolia, 12 ; Baron A. Vriere, 104 ; Bau-
mannii, 80 ; Bertha de Chateaurocher, 43 ; Bertha Mac-
Gregor, 108 ; Bexley White, ODaa ; bicolor, 87 ; Bijou,
76; BijoudeGand, 44 ; Bismarcki, 45; Boliviensis, 81;
Bntnnti, 47, sub 3 ; Caffra, 24 ; Cannell's Gem, 99aa ;
carolinisefolia, 46 ; Carriere, 47; Charles Baltet, 99aa ;
Chelsoni, 83; cinnabarina, 89; Clarkei, 84; Clementiuffi,
105; coccinea, 29; Comte de LimmingJte, 18; coraUina,
29; Corbeille de Feu, 48 ; coronata, 26 ; Count Erdody,
108; Countess Louise Erdo<ly, 107; Countess of Craven,
9'Jaa; Credneri, sub 3 ; Crimson Gem, 20 ; crinita, 90 ;
cyclophylla, 91 ; dapdalea, 32 ; Dandy, 99aa; Davisii,
77; Dewdrop, 47; Diadem, 20 ; diadema, 49 ; digitata,
50; Digwelliana, 66; discolor, 85; diversi folia, 87;
Domini, 107 ; Dr. Masters, 99aa ; Dr. Nachtigal, 23 ;
Dresrei, 24 ; Duchartrei, 2 ; Duchesse de Brabant, 108 ;
Duchess of Edinburgh, 20; Duchess of York. 20; Duchess
of Leinster, 9i)AA; Duke of York, 99aa; Duke Zeppelin,
99aa ; D. Wettstein, 105 ; echinosepala, 51 : Edward B.
Kennedy, 104 ; Ed. Pynaert, 104 ; elegantissima, 20 ;
eUtptica, 16 ; Erdoay, 107, 108 ; Erfordii, .'2 ; Evansi-
ana, 85 ; Fairy Queen, 20; Feastii,53; Flamingo, 99aa;
F. E. Lain g, 99a ; foliosa, 14; Froebeli, 7f> ; Froebeli
vtrnalis, 78 ; fuchsioides, 13 ; geranifolia, 92 ; gera-
nioldes, 80 ; Gilsoni, 54 ; glaucophylla, 18 ; Gloire de
Lorraine, 75; Gloire de Sceaux, 76; Glory of Stanstead,
99aa ; Goegoensis, 30 ; Goliath, 20 ; gracilis, 87 ; gra-
cilis, var. Martiana, 87 ; Grnhamiatia, 19 ; grandiflora,
94; (jrandis, 85, 107 ; Grifflthi, 100 ; gunnersefolia, 9 ;
Haa^eana, 3 ; HaAnkarli, 5 ; Hecla, 99aa ; Henri Dor-
neek, 105: Henri Vilmorin, 104; Henshaw Russell, 99aa;
heracleifolia, 33 ; hernandiiffolin, 63 ; hybrida multi-
tiora, 55 ; hydrocotylifolia, 8 ; Illustration, 20 ; imperi-
alis,4; imperialis, var. smaragdina, 4 ; incarnata, 12;
Ingrami, 56; insignis, 12; John Heal, 74; Julia, 74;
Knowlsleyana, 57 ; Kunthiana. 58 ; laciniata, 101 ; Lady
Balfour of Burleigh, 99aa; Lady Grinthorpe, 99aa ; La
France, 20 ; leopardinus, 107; Leopoldi, 107; Lesoudii.
105: Lin^e, 105; Lothair, 99aa; iiouise Closson, 108:
Louise Chretien, 108 ; Lubbersi. 59; Lucaniae, 60; Lucy
Closson, 108 ; lucida, 16 ; Lyncheana. 61 ; maculata,
28 : maculata, var. coraUina, 29 ; Mad. tl'Lamagny, 105;
Madame deLesseps, 62 ; Mad. Trevve, 104: Mad.Funck,
104 : Mad. F. Alesratiere, 104 ; 3iad. Georges Bruant,
105 ; Mad. Chas. Weber, 104 ; Mad. G. Van Meerbeeke,
104: Mad. Jos. xMoens, 104; Mad. Luizet, 104; Mad.
Isabella Bellon, 105 ; Mad. D. Wettstein, 105 ; Mau.
^asrnet, 107 ; manicata, 17; manicata, var. aureo-macu-
lata, 17; Margarita?, 6 ; Marquis de Peralta. 108: Jfar-
ti<ina, 12; Mastodon, 20: Margarita, 99aa; Matilda, 108;
M. Crousse, 105; metallica, 10; minor, 23; Miranda,
107 ; Miss Edith Wynne. 99aa ; Miss Falconer, 99aa ;
Miss A. de Rothschild, 99aa ; Moonlight, 99aa : Mrs.
Brassey, 99aa ; Mrs. J. Thorpe. 99aa ; Mrs, Re^nart,
99a A ; Natalensjs, 93 ; nelumbiifolia. 63 ; nisrricans, 68;
Qitida, 23 ; nitida, var. odorata alba, 23 ; Obelisque, 20;
obliqua, 23 ; Octavie, 99aa ; octopetala, 94 ; Olbia, .^6 ;
Otto Forater, 107; Parke, 99aa ; palmata, 50 ; Papillon,
105 ; parvHolia, 24 ; Paul Bruant, 64 ; Pearcel, 88 ; pel-
tata, 5 ; phyllomaniaca, 22 ; Picotee, 99aa ; picta, 100 ;
Pictavensis, sub 3; platanifolia. 9; polypetala, 95; Pres.
Belle, 104 ; Pres. Carnot, 65 ; Pres. de Boureuilles, 68 ;
Pres. de la Devanaaye, 104 ; Prince Troubetzkoi, 107 ;
Princess May, 99aa ; (^ueen of Whites, 99aa ; Reading
Snowdake, 20; Rex, 103; Rex xdiadema hybrids, 103;
Rexxdiscolor hybrids, 103 ; ricinifolia, 11 ; Ifoezlii, 61 ;
rosfeflora, 79; Rosy Morn, 1>9aa ; rubella, 34; rubra, 29;
rubricaulis, 96 ; Sandersoni, 6<i ; sanguinea, 31 ; Sauli,
53a ; scandens, 16 ; Scarlet Gem, 99aa ; sceptra, 49 ;
Scharffi, 3 ; Scharflliana, 1 ; Schmidti, 7 ; Schmidtiana,
7 ; Sedeni, 97 ; Selloivii, 20 ; semperflcu"eus, 20 ; sem-
perrtorens irigantea rosea, 21; Sieberiana, 21 ; Sir Jo-
seph Hooker, 104 ; Socotrana, 72 ; Souv. de Mad.
la Baronne de Bleichroder, 104 ; Sovereign, 99 aa ; spe-
cioHa,23; speculata, 35; Stanstea*! Surprise, 99aa ;
stigmosa, 67 ; sirigillosa, 32 ; subpeltata nigricans, 68 ;
Sunderbruchi,69: Sutherlandi,98; tenera,9:): Teuscheri,
37 ; Theodore Schmidt, 105; Thurstoni, 70; Thivaitfsii,
99 ; Torrey Laing, 99aa ; Triomphe, 99aa ; Triomphe
de Lemoine, 73 ; Triomphe de Nancy, 73 ; Veitchi, 82 ;
Vernon, 20; I'ersr hn f fc It i, 27; Verschaffeltiana, 27; Ve-
suvius, 99aa ; Wa.shingtoniana, 9 ; Weltoniensis, 25;
Wettsteinii, 71 ; Wilhelm Ptitzer, 105 ; Winter Gem, 74;
xanthina, 102 ; zebrina, 41.
I. FiBROrS-ROOTED OR WiNTER-FLOVVEKIXG.
A.
B.
Lvs. hairy, velvety, or downy on the upper surface.
Shape of lvs. oblignely ovate-acuminate, orbicular-
acuminate, or peltate.
c. Size of lvs. large, more than S in. wide.
D. Fls. with red hairs on ttnder surface of petals, large.
1. Scliarffid,na, Rejrel. Fig. 206. A robust herbaceous
perennial, l'-2 ft. high : lvs. large, thick, tleshy, hairy,
olive-green above, crimson below : stipules very large
and prominent : ds. waxy white. Braz. — This Begonia
requires warmth and care to succeed well. When well-
grown, it is an excellent bracket plant.
206. Beeonia Scharffiana.
No. 1.
2. Duchartrei, Hort., hybrid (B. echinosepala xScharf-
fi(ina } : st. 2-3 ft. high, branched profusely, hairy, pur-
ple: lvs. ovate-lanceolate acuniiiuite, green above, hairy,
red below; fls, large, waxy white, a few red hairs on the
under surface of petals.— Int. by Bruant in 1892.
3. Haage^na, Watson (B. Scharffi, Hook.). Fig. 207.
Tall-shrubby, whole plant hairy : lvs. ovate-cordate,
acuminate, wavy, red-nerved above: fls. rose-pink, with
a cyme 8-12 in. in diam., males with 2 round and 2 nar-
row petals, fenaalea with 5 equal petals, Brazil. G.C.
144
BEGONIA
BEGONIA
III. 16:633 (1894). B.M. 7028. as B. Schnrfii. -One of
the most beautiful plauts of the jremi"*. H«s been di?*-
tributecl as ti. Schiirff'ntnn by tniHtuke.
Ji. Credntri, Hurt. (/?. Schattfiiiua x metdllica). Int.
by Haaf^e Si. Schmidt. 18'J0. There is another plant named
li. Credneri, which was raised by Lemoine in iHiM from
the same parents. Bruant also used these two parents
in 18'J1, and called his plant tt. Pirtarifnsis. All three
plantH are identical, and can only be distintruished from
B. Uitagfiina by their smaller flowers and the peduncles
standing erect anu not >fracefully bendinjf over, as in
Han>?eana. There is another plant spelled B. Pictavensis,
raise«l by Bniant in 1881. a cross of B. Schmidt iixsem-
pt-rflorens. It has also been called B. Bruanti. (See
R.H. 1882, p. 377: 1883. pp. H. .^2. )
Dn. FIs. white or greenish white, small.
4. imperious, Lem. St. short, herbaceous, preen: Ivs.
4-6 in. wide, very hairy, brownish >;reen, with irre^lar
bands of bright jjreen along the nerves : tls, insigniS-
cant, white. I.H. 8:274. Var. mactil&ta, Hort., has
brown Ivs. with green blotches. Var. smaragdlna, Hort.,
has wholly bright green Ivs. I.H. 7: 202.
5. pelUta, Hassk. (B. Hdsskarli, Zoll.). St. per-
ennial : Ivs. peltate, ovateacnminate, thick and succu-
lent, covered with a whitish tomentuni, G-9 in. long: tls.
small, white, on long peduncles. Braz. — It is the only
Begonia in cult, with thick, felted, peltate, silvery Ivs.
cc. Size of h'S. small, less than i in. wide.
6. Margarltae, Hort. (B. metdllica x eehinose'pala).
Plant 1-2 ft. high : sts. purple, hairy : Ivs. ovate-acumi-
nate, sinuously dentate, green above, red beneath : fls.
in cymes, large, rose colored ; sepals with long hairs at
the base. — Int. by Bruant in 1884.
7. SchmidtiknAf Regel (B. Schmidti, Bort.). Dwarf,
herbaceous, 1 ft. or less in
height : Ivs. lobed, toothed,
hairy, about 2 in. long, reddish
beneath : ris. white, tinted with
rose. Braz. R.H, 1883, pp. 56.57.
Gn. 17, pp. 2()8.269. — A very use-
ful plant for summer bedding.
8. hydrocotylifdlia,
Otto. St, succulent,
creeping: lvs,rotundate-
cordate : petiole short :
whole plant hairy : pe-
duncles 1 ft. high, pilose;
fls. dipetalous. rose-col-
ored, Mex, B.M. 3968.
reniform, lobed, hispid on both sides, dark green, lob«i
acute, toothed, ciliated : lis. in axillary dicliotonioui
cymes, large, white, tinted rose. Braz. B.M. 3.i!M.-B,
207,
Beeonia Haageana
(XK). No. 3,
BB, Shape of haves incised, or parted.
c, Fls. white or wJdtish.
9. platanifdlia, Graham, St, 5-6 ft. high, erect, robust,
smooth, green, joints annulated : Ivs. 8-10 in. in diam,,
208. Begonia fuchsioides (X 3^), No. 13.
gunne ret folia, Lind. (/?, Wa/thinytoniana, Hort,), once
offered by Saul, is very similar to this, but its Ivs. are
not so deeply lobed and the tis, are very insignificant.
I.H, 22:212.
cc. Fls. pink.
10, met&llica, G. Smith. Sts. perennial, succulent,
hairy, 4 ft, high, branched : Ivs. obliquely cordate, lobed
and serrated. 3-6 in. long, upper surface green, shaded
w^ith a dark metallic color : tis. blush-white, uiider side
of petals clothed with red bristly hairs. There are a
number of varieties; p. g., var. variegata, var. veliitina,
var, c^prea, but thev do not diflFer much from the orijri-
nal. Bahia, R.H. 1844 : 218, G.C.II. 5: 397.-A very
attractive plant, both in foliage and tlower,
11, ricinifdlia, Hort, (B. Jierachifdliaxpeponifolia).
St. a short, thick rootstock : Ivs. large, bronzy greeu.
lobed, resembling castor-oil plant : tls. numerous, on
long, erect peduncles, rose pink,
AA. IfVS. glahrous, or only a fexr scattered hairs on the
upper surface or on the margins.
B. Under surface of Ivs. green.
C. Margins entire or toothed.
D, Width of Ivs. less than 1 in.
E, Fls. pink, scarlet, or carmine.
12, incarnita, Link & Otto (B. ancubcefblia, Hort
B. Martidna, Schlecht. B. insigni.s. Grab,), St, erect,
herbaceous, 2-3 ft, high : Ivs, uurqually cordate, lanceo-
late, toothed : tis, rose-colored, abundant, males Ik. in.
across, with 2 ovate and 2 narrow petals ; females
smaller, with 5 equal petals. B.M. 2900, as B. insignis.
A, G. 16:97, A,F, 12: 724-5 ; 13:588, R,H. 1870, p. 2tK);
1875: 151. V^ar. grandifldra, Hort., is a new and much
improved variety, which is very useful f or cut-tlowers or
decoration in winter.
BEOONIA
BEGONIA
145
13. tuehiioldei , Hook. Fig. 208. Rootstock woody :
gtg. tall and succulent : Ivs. ovate, IH In. lonj?, tinned
with red when younff : flu. droopinf; li>-- a fuchsia, rich
209. Beffonia semperflorens.
A recently struck cuUin«. To show the precocity of bloom.
No. 20.
scarlet, males with 4 petals, females with 5 petals. New
Granada. B.M.4281. Var. mini&ta, Linden (i?. cinna-
fjarlna. Hort.), differs ouly in having tiesh-colored fls.
R.H. 1855:221. F.S. 8: 787.
EE. Fls. white or whitish, small.
14. folidsa, HBK. Shrubby, sts. herbaceous, slender,
branchinitr : Ivs. frond-like, very small, 3-lobed,
glossy green : tis, white, tinged with rose. Blooms
early summer. New Granada. — An elegant basket
and ornamental plant.
15. 4Ibo-picta, Hort. Shrubby, compact gi*owth>
freely branched : Ivs. elliptical, lanceolate, covered
with numerous small silvery white spots: fls. green-
ish white, males with 2 broad and 2 narrow petals,
females of 5 subequal petal.s. Braz.— An elegant
foliage plant. Int. by Bull in 1885.
DD. Width of Ivs. more than 1 in.
E. Stem rhizomatous, creeping, or climbing.
16. scAndens, Swartz (B. I hcida, Otto & Dietr. B.
(Ulpticii, Kunth). Sts. climbing or trailing, clinging
by means of short aerial roots : Ivs. ovate, acuminate.
lobed. glossy green, 4 in. long: fls. small, white, hang-
ing in ball-like clusters. W. Ind. R. H. 1879, p. 300.
-An excellent basket or climbing plant.
17. manic&ta, Brongn. A short-stemmed, succulent
plant: Ivs. ovate, obliquely cordate, thick, fleshy, smooth,
shiny green, 6-8 in. long : petioles covered with tleshy,
s^'ale-like hairs: peduncles a foot or more long, bearing
loose panicles of pink dipetalous fls. Mex. Var. atireo-
macnlita, Hort., has large blotches of yellowish wuite
onthelvs. F.E. 8:1159. F.R.2:435.
18. glaucophyila, Hook. (B. glancophylla spUndens,
Hort. B. glaucophylla scdndetis. Hort. B. Comte de
Lmmiiifjhe, Hort. ). Probably a hybrid, but parents not
known. Sts. long, drooping or creeping: Ivs. ovate,
'^avy,3 in. long, glaucous-green, reddish and variegated
in bud : Hs. rose-red, males 1 in. across, with 2 ovate and
2 narrow petals, females of 4 equal petals. Braz. f B. M.
•iily. - A good basket plant, flowering freely all winter.
10
19. Albo-coceinea, Hook. {B. G'raAamidna, Wight).
Rootstock creeping : Ivs. peltate, ovate, leathery, 6 In.
long : peduncles 1 ft. long, coral red ; male fls. I in.
across, with 4 petals ; female fls. also of 4 petals, white
above, coral-red beneath. Flowers in winter. Bras.
B.K. 32:39. B.M. 4172.
KK. Stem erect.
20. temperfldrens, Link & Otto {B. Sellou-ii, R?.).
Fig. 209, St. herbaceous, smooth, green or reddish,
G-18 in. high : Ivs. ovate, rotundate, obtuse at the base,
toothed and ciliatt? along the margin, pale glossy green,
tinged with red on the midrib and petiole : peduncles
axillary, few-flowered : fls. white or rose-colored ; mal«s
with 4 petals, females with 5 petals : capsule green,
wings tinged with red. Braz. L.B.C. 15:1439. R.H. 1897,
p. 40. B.M. 2920. — This is an exceedingly variable species.
An endless number of garden forms has been pro<luced
from it. Some of the most important are as follows :
V'ar. atropurpurea compdrta, Gt. 44, p. 570 ( Vernon ), an
excellent bedder, deep red ; Fairy i^nten, bright rosy
carmine, bedding ; JDuchfsa of York, crimson, bedding ;
Crimson Gem, foliage crimson-bronze, fls. elegant car-
mine ; Duchess of Edinburgh, fls. large, white, easily
grown from seed ; Reading Snowflake, white ; Dia-
dem, dark rose; Illustration, carmine; Albatross^
elegantissima, Mastodontt, Goliath, La France, Obelis-
que, etc.
21. Var. grlgantSa rdsea (B. semperfldrensxLynche-
dna). Very distinct: rootstock woody ; sts. succulent,
about 3 ft. high : Ivs. on short petioles, ovate or reniform,
toothed at the margins, about 7 in. across, bright green,
with a red spot at base of sinus : peduncles axillary,
stout, 4-8 in. long, bearing large panicles of large rosy
red fls,, of which the males have 2 ovate petals, the fe-
males 2-4 smaller petals. A. F. 13:586. A.G. 16:41.-One
210. Begonia semperflorens. var. Sieberiana. No. 21.
of the best Begonias for winter decoration in the green-
house. Int. by Lemoine in 1888. Var. Sieberi&na, int.
by Lemoine, is shown in Fig, 210 (from the French).
146
BEGONIA
BEGONIA
22. phyllomanlaca, Mart. Fig. 211. St. perennial : Ivs,
obliquely cordate, attenuate, 4-0 in. long, sli(u:htly lacini-
ated and fringed : tls. pale pmk. B.M. .5254. Brazil.—
This species is peculiar in that it i^ioduces from the stem,
petioles and Ivs, innumerable Ifts. or small growths. It
is one of the most interesting of plants, though not of
much decorative value.
23. nitida, Dryander (B. m)nor, Jacq. B. specidsa,
Hort. B. obnqn'a, holier). St. :V4 ft. high, perennial,
fleshy, woody at the base when old : Ivs. obliquely ovate,
wavy, 4-6 in. across, glossy dark green : tls. on long,
axillary peduncles, pale pink, with a silvery blush ;
males \% in. across, with 2 broad and 2 narrow petals ;
females smaller, with .5 equal petals. Jamaica. B.M. 4046.
— A very useful plant in the greenhouse, flowering all
winter. Also interesting on account of being the first
Begonia introduced into Europe (1777). Var. odoriita
Alba is a very Imndsome variety of this species, which
BB. Lvs. red, reddish or red-veined on the under surface
c. Margins entire or serrate.
28. maculata, Kaddi (B. argyrostigma, Pisch.). St.
erect, branching, woody when old : lvs. cordate, lanceo-
late, wavy, 4-6 in. long, upper surface sometimes with
large white, roundish spots: fls. pale rose or whit*-, males
with 2 ovate and 2 narrow petals, females with .") e(iual
petals. It includes several forms. Braz. B.R.OC.ri. Var.
argyrostigma picta, Hort., is a common form, with ver-
large white spots on the lvs.
29. COCClnea. Hook. {B. rubra, Hort. B. maruldta.
var. corall'iHa, Hort. ). Tall, succulent sts. : lvs. on short
petioles, obliquely oblong, angular, with wavy red mar-
gins, 4-6 in. long: fls. deep coral-red; males %m. swnm.
with 4 unequal petals; females more attractive, owing to
the length and rich color of the ovary, which has .3 small
subequal wings. Braz. B.M. 3990. — The fls. are very
persistent
ceeJingly
Beeonia phyllomaniaca.
Showing the adventitious
plantlets. No. 22.
'ii'il'. ,.//'
has smaller fls. of the purest
white and sweet-scented. Dr.
Nachtigal, hybrid {B. nitida.
Dry., var. odorata albaxLynche-
ana), is similar in general form
to the above, but has fls. of a deli-
cate rose-pink, especially on the
inne^' surface of petals.
cc. Margins incised, lobed or
parted.
D. Width of lvs. less than 2 in.
24. Dr6gei, Otto & Dietr. (B.
Cdffra, Meissn. B. parvifdlia,
Giah. a. renif6rmis, Hort.).
Rootstock a fleshy, globular tuber ; sts. succulent, an-
nual, 1-2 ft. high : lvs. thin, small, green, deeply ser-
rated, reddish on the under side : Ms. white, small,
profuse. Cape of Good Hope, B.M. 3720.
25. Weltoni^nsis, hybrid (parents not known). St.
reddish, l^'2-2 ft. high : lvs. light green, smooth, ovate-
acuminate, lobed. dentate, 1%-- in. across : petiole red,
1-1 >2 in. long : fls. pink, profuse, on short peduncles.—
Int. by Major Clark, of Welton Park. Var. Alba, Hort.,
has white fls,
DD. Width of lvs. more th in 2 tn.
26. coron^ta, Hort., hybrid (B. caroliniift'dliaxpoltf-
dntha). St. shrubby, coarse, 2-r> ft. high, covered with
numerous withered stipules : lvs. large, lobe<l, or. long
petioles : fls. pale pink, with large, sometvhat droop-
ing cymes.
27. Verschaffeltiiina, Refal. {B. V'erschaffelti. Ilort.
B. hUDiivata x(aroliniaf(^ la f. St. a thick rhizome:
lvs. large, ovate, acuminate, lobed : fls. rose-colored,
pendent on long peduncles. I.H.2: 68. — Tail, coarse and
unsightly as an ohl specimen, but .hen well grown from
year to year from cuttings makes a splendid plant.
and ex-
oruamen-
1, especially when
planted out. Choice.
30. Ooego^nsis, Brown. Fire King. St.
a short, thick rootstock: lvs. peltate. ovate-
orbicular. 6-9 in. long, surface blistered
or puckered, green, with dark, bronzy
blotches, red on the under side : 3s.
small, rose-pink. Sumatra.— A distinct
and ornamental-leaved plant.
31. sangulnea, Raddi. Sts. perennial,
woody at the base, red : lvs. subpeltate.
obliquely cordate, thick, fleshy, smooth, shining, bright
green above, blood-crimson below: fls. small, white. Rio
de Janeiro. B M. 35' .—A handsome evergreen foliaged
Begonia.
.32. daedA) Lem. (j. ...igilldsa, Dietr.). St. a short,
thi''k rootst k: lvs. large, green, ovate-acuminate, cor-
date, margins slightly serrate and beset with hn\^ red-
dish hairs, suirace covered with a peculiar network of
russet-bro'vn : peduncles spotted and slightly hairy: fls,
white, tinged with pink. Mer. I. H. 8: 209. -A handsome
foliage plant, not very widely known.
cc. Margins incised, lobed •r parted.
D. Jt. creeping ; a short, thick rhizome.
33. heracleifdlia, Cham. & Schlecht. (B.jatrophcFfdUa,
Hon. ). St. a short, thick rhizome : lvs. (>-12 in. across,
palmate, lobes toothed, rich green : peduncles 3-4 ft.
loDtr: tis. white or rose-tinted. Mex. B.M. 3444. B.R.IOeti,
Var. nigricans, Hort., has the margins <if the lvs. bor-
dered with dark green. B.M. 498.!. Var. longipila, Hort.,
has lonir. fleshy hairs on the leafstalks aii<l peduncle?
Var. punctata, Hort., has green ivs., reddish ne.'tr the
margin : fls. rose-colored, with deep red spots on the
outside.
34. rub611a, Hamilt. St. a short, thick rhizome : lvs.
large, cordate, acuminate, deeply lobed, smooth, spotted
with irregularly shaped dark brown marks : fls. pale
pink, on lontr peduncles. Nepal.
35. speculAta, Hort.. hybrid ? St. a short, thick
rhizome : lvs. broadly ovate, acuminate, cordate, on long.
hairy petioles, dull green, rough, speckled with grey,
hairy, reddish on the under side, veins very prominent,
litrht tureen, profusely branched : fls. on long, hairy pe-
duncles, pink-white, mules and females both with -
petals : capsule green, with small red spots. — Orisrin lot
known, thctiirh quite common in cultivation. A liardy
and uselul Begor ..
BEGONIA
DD. Stem erect.
36. dlbia, Kerchove. St. leathery, 2-3 ft. high : Ivs.
lobed, hairy and olive -green above, smooth and red be-
neath, margins reddish, petioles grooved, smooth, veins
prominent as dark lines: tis. concealed by Ivs., in small
rlusters directly on the st. without peduncles, large,
white, male a;.d female in same cluster. Braz.
37. Tedscheri, Lind. 8t. 2-:{ ft. hifrh. erect, strong
{rrower: Ivs. large, acutely lobed, ovate-lanceolate, mar-
gins serrate, bright green above, with srreyish blotches,
redveir.ea below: fls. in axillary clusters, bright red,
large. Jlalaya. I.H. 26: ;r)8.
38. argfinteo- guttata, Hort. (B. dlbo-pktaxO'lbia).
Profusely branching: Ivs. shining green, ovate-acumi-
nate, slightly lobed, smooth, 2Hin. wide, 3-5 in. long,
thickly dotted wi;h white spots: fls. in clusters, variable;
petals white, tinged with pink: capsule rose-pink. — Int.
by Lemoine, 188'J.
PL'PPLEMEXTARV LIST — FIBROUS-ROOTED.
39. Abunda7ice (B. fucli.siov»:^«»yseinperflorens).
Plant, 2 ft. high : st. re- isi. . , -:^sy green,
ov;ite. 2 in. long, denta" •'' •. '»>.. ^„|i —Int. by
Lemoine in 1891.
40. .4/H»>?(Vp(B.BntantiXRoei.u.,. ""ar^ ■'*: ligh:
Ivs.green, broadly ovate, smooth- i. 'jsc', )red. "
-Int. by Bruaut iu 1H8U.
41. angtildris, Raddi (B. zebrina, •'-> ;. .. smooth, sue-
fuient, 2-3 ft. high: Ivs. elongate, ovate-acnminate, margins
unduUte, shiny green, vein.s white : tls. insignificant, light
link. Braz.
42. Aseotiensis, Webb. Lvs. ov.-»te, 2 in. long, smooth, brown,
margin green, dentate: fls. on i)eduucles 4 in. long, bright reu.
43. Bertha de Chateau rncher, Hort. Var. of B. Ascotiensis :
fa. bright currant-reu.— Useful for cut-flowers.
44. Bijon de Oand. Hort. Caulescent: fls. rose, in clusters.
Very similar to Teascheri (which see).
45. Blsmarcki, Hort. Caulescent: fls. in clusters, rose, males
insignificant, females a gorgeous display. Very similar to
Teuseheri.
Caffra, Meissn. See B. Dregei.
46. caro?mi>/dita, Regel. St.ere<t, thick, fleshy: lvs. palmate.
lobes deeply divideu into 6 or 8 : fls. pink, on long peduncles.
Mexico.
M.Carrierei.Yiort semperflorensXSchmidtii). Dewdrop.
BRr.\N-Ti. Plant. .V at 1ft. high: lvs. like semperflorens : fls.
white.— Excellent be<lding Begonia. Int. by Bruant in 1883.
BEGONIA
147
Fls.
48. Corbeille de Feu (B. semperflorens Xfuchsioides)
bright coral-red.— Int. by Lemoine in 1891.
49. (Z/ad^ma, Linden (B.sceptra. Hort.). Plant, 2 ft. high- lvs
green, deeply parted, blotched with white, dentate: fls. insignifi-
cant. Borneo. I. H. 29:446.
... Begonia Madame de Lesseps (X >4). No. 62.
213. Beeonia President Carnot. No. 65.
50. dimtdta, Raddi (B. palmata, Hort.). Lvs. palmate, i0-12-
parteii. somewhat pubescent, green above, brownish beuoath
Brazil.
51. echinosSpala, Hort. St. green, succulent : lvs. obliquely
oblong : fls. on axillary peduncles, white, with curiously papil-
lose sepals.
52. Erfordii, Hort. (B. Schmidtii X semperflorens Vernon)
\ ery dwart and bushy, iVaft. high: fls. abundant, rose-carmine
—Excellent for bedding. Int. by Haage & Schmidt in 1894.
5.1. Ft'astii, Hort. (B. m.anicitaXhydrocotylifolia). St. a short,
thick rootstock : lvs. sulx)rbicular, thick, red beneath, entire -
petioles irregidarly marked : fls. light pink, on long peduncles'
—Int. by John Feast, of Baltimore, before 1880.
Sauli, Hort., is a newly introduced species from Guatemala,
resembling Feastii in the shai)e and color of its lvs.. but with a
dist'uct red sinus at junction of petiole with leaf.
54. G««o»ii, Hort. (origin .Vraerican). Plant, 2 ft. high: st.
shrubby, coarse: lvs. large, lobed: fls. on long, erect peduncles,
pale pink.— Interesting as l)eing the only double-fld. fibrous-
rooted Begonia. Named for Gilson, colored gardener to Mrs
Livingston, N. Y.
55. h^brida mvWmra, Hort. (B. hybrida floribunda, Hort.).
I lant 2-4 ft. higli : lvs. small, 1 in. long, V^in. across, dentate,
green below : fls. rose-pink, hanging in clusters like a fuchsia.
56. Ingrami. Hort. (B. nitidaXfuchsioides). Combines the
characters of the two species : fls. light pink.— Int. by Ingram
111 1849.
inaignis. See B. inc lata, No. 12.
.*)7. Knowlslei/dna, lort. (origin not known), ""ery similar
'o B. iucamala.
.')8. Kunthidna, Walp. Stem erect : lvs. lanceolate, acumi-
n.ate, serrate, smooth, green above, red below : fls. white, large
B.M. 5284. Brazil.
,')9. Ltibbcriii, E. Morr. Stem a short rhizome: lvs. large,
palmate, green : fls. pir' on long peduncles. Brazil. G.C. III.
:!:301. R.H. 1888. p. 225.
CO. Liun'dnfp. Hort.. hybrid (B. Lyncheana X Bruant i). Fls.
large, in the axils »f the lvs., rose.— Int. by Bruaut in 1889.
f* '■tinchedna. Hook. (B. Ropzlii, Regel.). St. erect, tall.
8«i<^ •. '-'♦, smooth: lvs. green, 8nio«»th, ovHte-eordate ; sinus
rr . N. in axillary, dnwping omes. dwp, reddish crimson.
>i k.rani'da. B.M. 6758. — .Vlmost identic.il with B. semper
norens gigantea rosea, but not so strong a grower.
*^
148
BEGONIA
microphSlla, Willd. Is B. foliosa, Xo. 14.
minidta. Planch. & Linden. Is B. fuchsioides, No. 13.
62. Madam de Lesseps. Fig. 212. Strong, erect grower : Ivs.
acutely lobed, large, margins serrate, green above, red and
strongly veined below : fls. large, white, in axillary clusters,
males insignificant.
63. nelumtiifdlia, Cham. & Schl. (B. hemandiaBfoiia, Hort.).
St. a short, thick rhizome : Ivs. large, 12-18 in. long. 8-12 in.
wide, peltate, hairy on the under side : lis. small, white or
rose-colored, ilex.
Rcezlii, Kegel. See B. Lyncheana. Xo. 61.
64. ^.PaM?J?rufln<(B. manicataX(?) ). St. short, thick : Ivs.
large, olive-green tinged with red, deeply lobed : petioles large,
long, striped with red : a ring of fine hairs at the junction of
I)etiole and leaf : fls. abundant, pale pink, large, on long pe-
duncles. R.H. 1388. p. 544.— Int. by Bruant in 1892.
65. President Camo!. Fig. 213. Plant. 2-6 ft. high, leggy: Ivs.
ovate-lanceolate, aeute-lobed, ribs on the under side red : fls.
in a large cluster ; males small, insignificant ; females large,
bright red-carmine, 2 in. long, including capsule.— Striking.
B. Digwelliana.
66. Sdndersoni. hybrid (origin "not known.
Hort.). Fls. scarlet. 1882.
Sauli. See below B. Feastii, No. 53.
67. stiff mosa, Lindl. St. a short, creeping rhizome: Ivs. large,
cordate-acute, irregularly toothed, smooth above, hairy beneath,
green, with piirple-brown blotches : fls. insignificant, white, in
cymose panicles, ilex.
68. suhpeltoita nigricans, Hort. (B. nigricans, Hort.). Plant,
2-3 ft. high : Ivs. ovate, acuminate, blood-red below, silvery and
slightly hairy above, 4-8 in. long. 2-4 in. across : fls. rose-pink,
profuse: capsule wings equal, pink.— Very useful for decoration.
Var. Pres. de Boureuilles, Hort., has Ivs. of a much richer color,
and more profusely studded with red hairs : fls. of a deeper
pink.
69. Sunderbruehi, Hort. An American form of B.heracleifolia,
var. longipila : Ivs. bronze-green, silver bands along the nerves,
purple underneath.
70. Thurstoni, Hort. (B. metallicaXsanguinea) . St. 2 ft, high :
Ivs. orbicular-acuminate, shiny, smooth, rich purple, red on the
under side, veins prominent : fls. insignificant, small, rosy
white, on slender petiuncles. A.F. 7: 728,— Excellent.
veliUina, Hort. See B. metallica. No. 10.
214. Begonia Wettsteiiiii (X 14). No. 71.
71. Wettsteinii. Hort. Fig. 214. St. a foot high, branching
from the base : Ivs. slightly loljeil, elongated, ovate-acuminate:
fls. on long, slender, gracefiil i)eduncles, laige, in clusters,
bright red : capsule large, retl and showy, very profuse.
zebrlna, Hort. See B. angularis. No. 41.
BEGONIA
II. Semi-tuberocs or Socotran Section'.
72. Socotr^na, Hook. Fig. 215. St. annual, stout and
succulent, forming at the base a number of clcsely set
scales or suppressed Ivs. resembling bulbs : ivs. "dark
green, orbicular, peltate, 4-7 in. across, center depressed,
margin recurved, crenate : fls. in terminal few-fld!
cvmes, bright rose. B.M. 6555. Gn. 21 : 327. Gn. 49:1069
G".C. II. 15:8. A.F. 13:587, 588. -Semi-tubers were
brought from the burning hot, sandy island of Socotra
by Dr. I. B. 3alfour, and given to Kew in 1880, The
plant was discovered by Alexander Scott, the gar lener
accompanying the expedition to Socotra sent out by the
Geogr. Soc. of London. Semi-tubers should rest during
siunmer and be planted in heat iu winter.
The following are Socotrana derivatives :
73. Triomphede Lemoine {3. SocotranaXRcezlii). Stem her-
baceous, spreading, then erect and branching into numerous
flowering branches : Ivs. large, coriaceous, orbicular, somewhat
oblique, margins slightly cenerous,6 in. diam.: fls. in diohoto-
mous cymes from axils of Ivs., rose-carmine, female tls. ex-
ceedingly rare, males very profuse, plant resembling a large
bouquet when in full bloom. G.F.2:.'>57.— Int. by Lemoine in
1887. Retains its fls. after they are withered, a rare o<-currence
in Begonias. Another hybrid from the same parent is Trintnpke
de \anc}4, with fls. rich jrellow in the center, double, and the
outer petals of a paler hue.— Int. b^ Lemoine in 1888.
74. John Heal (B. Socotrana X Visscountess Doneraile). A
tuberous variety. Plant intermediate between parents, 9 in.
high, branching naturally and freely : Ivs. obliquely heart-
shaped, not peltate, as in B. Socotrana; light green: tls.home
loosely on gr.iceful peduncles, standing well above the foliage,
every stem developing male flowers, ll4 in. diam., bright, rosy
carmine. Blooms from Sept. to Jan. Gn. 35:691.— No female
fls. have been produced from this hj-brid, so that seedlings have
been impossible. Prop, by cuttings and semi-tubers. Int by
John Heal in 1885. Adonis (.John HealXtuberous variety).
Plant more robttst : fls. twice as large as John Heal, 3 in. diam.,
all male, soft rose color, on graceful, arching peduncles.— Int.
by John Heal. Winter Qem (B. SocotranaXcrimson tuberous
variety). Habit like B. Socotrana, but more compact: fls.
large, deep carmine.— It combines the characters of the tuber-
ous and semi-tuberous sections. Int. by .John Heal. Julia
(SocotranaX tuberous variety) . The plant is very similar to &
double summer-flowering tuberous Begonia. It has fls. of a
salmon-pink shade.
75. Gloire de Lorraine (B. SocotranaX Dregei). Lvs. small,
nearly regular, pure green : fls. almost exclusively male, 4-
petaled, large, borne in broad panicles, covering the whole
superior part of the plant, rose-colored, not deciduous. Gt. 42,
p. 111. A.F. 12:842. G.F. 5:247.-Although B. Socotrana is
semi-txiberous and B. Dregei has a thickene<l rhizome, the hy-
brid forms show neither, but the base of the stem throws out
many shoots, which can be separated and insure the multipli-
cation of the plant. Int. by Lemoine in 1892.— ExceDent.
76. Gloire de Sceaux (B. SocotranaXsubpeltata). ^ig. 216.
Plant stout, half shr ')by, erect, vigorous, compact, 2 ft. high.
1-1)^ ft. across : lvs. aark metallic green, thick, large, red be-
neath, veins red above, sub-orhicular, slightly oblique : tls. pro-
fuse, beautiftil rose-pink, sh my, females none. Fls. from Deo.
till ilay. R.H. 1884:516. G.F. 7:185.— Interesting as connecting
the fibrous-rooted and semi-tuberous sections. Int. by Thibaut
and Keteleer in 1885. Autumn Rose (B. SocotranaXin.^ignis).
Lvs. intermediate l)etween parents, but larger than either,
oblique; fls. interme<li,ate, clear, deep rose. Fls. all winter.— In-
teresting as connecting the fibrous-rooted and semituSerous
sections. Int. by John Heal, of Veitch & Sons, 1882. liijnu is
another hyl)rid from the same parents, witli large green lvs.
and red-carmine fls.; males and females present.
III. Tuberous or Summer-flowerin« Section
(Figs. 217,218, 219).
AA. Stemle.'if, Irs. springing directly from tuber.
B. Color of fls. bright red or brilliant scarlet.
77. r ivisi, Veitch. Stemless : lvs. springing directly
from a rootstock, ovate-cordate, shining green, slightly
hairy, nnderside red, petiole short, fleshy : peduncles,
pedicels, and fls. bright red. Peru. B.M. 0;
>-.)
F.M.
1876 : 231. G.C. II. 15 : G69. -A favorite with hyhridists.
Has given rise to numerous dwarf, erect-habitetl garden
forms, with small but brightly colored fls.
78. Froebeli, A. DC. Stemless: lv3. numerous, cordate,
acuminate, green, covered with fleshy, purplish hairs :
fls. in tall, ln\, drooping, branching cjnues, brilliant scar-
let, large. Winter. Ecua«l<»r. Gn. 12, p. 370.- A beauti-
ful flowering plant, useful for conservatory work in
winter. B. Froebeli verntilin, Hort., hybrid ( Froebeli x
Dregei), similar to type. Int. by Deieuil in 1880.
BEGONIA
BB. Color of fls. rose-red or white.
79. rosaefldra, Hook. Stemless : petioles, scapes,
bracts, and stipules bright red: Ivs. green, 2-4 in. wide.
BEGONIA
149
215. Begonia Socotrana (X %). No. 72.
on stOTit. hairy petioles. 2-6 in. long, orbicular, renifonn,
Concave. luurgius lohed, red, toothed : lis. 2 in, aooss,
Msered. Peru. B.M. .'iGHO. — Light colored seedlings of
tills species gave rise to Queen of Whites, put into com-
iiitTce in 1878, and destined to be a most important
factor in subsequent garden forms of the same color.
lut. in lSf)7.
80. geranioides. Hook. Stemless, rootstock fleshy :
ivs. radical, reniform, G in. across, lobed and toothed,
i-Tecn. hairy, petioles 8 in. long: peduncles erect, 6-12 in.
i"ng, reddish, hairy, bearing a lax panirl-^ of is., each
l^in. across, pure white, with a button-like cluster of
yellow anthers. Natal. B.M. .5583. -Planted in a border
in a sunny greenhouse, this is a fine Begonia, flowering
profusely during Oct. and Nov. Int. to Kew in 1866.
AA. St. present.
B. Color of fh. cinnabar-red, orange-red, bright red or
scarlet.
81. Bolivi^nsis, A. DC. St. herbaceous, succulent,
- ft. high, branching: Ivs. lanceolate, acuminate, ser-
rate, 3-5 in. long : fls, in drooping panicles, cinnabar-
'"'arlet, fuchsia-like ; males twice as Iwrge as females.
Hi'liria. B.M. 5657. -The first Tuberous Begonia intro-
'luced into England. 1864.
82. Vditchii, Hook. St.very short, thick, fleshy, green :
Ivs. orbiculate, cordate, lobed and incised, margins cili-
ated, green, princip'\l veins radiating from a bright car-
mine spot near the center, under side pale green , petiole
thick, terete pilose: fls. 2Min. in diam., cinnabar-red:
capsule smooth, unequal wings. Peru. B.M. 5663. F.S.
22: 2.126.— One of the progenitors of the Tuberous race.
Int. 1867.
83. Ch6l80m, Hort. (B. SedenixBoUviinsis). 'St.
fleshy, 2 ft. high : Ivs. oblique, lanceolate, irregularly
lobed : fls. large, orange-red, drooping. Gn. 4: 109.—
Int. by Veitch in 1870.
84. Clirkei, Hook. St. purplish, fleshy, stout : Ivs.
obliquely-cordace, serrate : fls. in pendulous racemes,
abundant, large, bright re(!. Bolivia, B.M, 5675,—
Resembles 5. Veitchii. It was the seed parent of Vesu-
vius and Emperor, two important and useful varieties
for bedding out.
BB. Color of fls. rose-red or pink.
85. Evansi^na, Andr, {B. di.<tcolor, R, Br. B. grdndis.
Dry.). St, herbaceous, branching, smooth, 2 ft. high :
Ivs, ovate-acute, su )-cordaie, lobed, margins denticu-
late, green above, underside and petioles red, p*^duncles
branching, axillary : fls. numerous, flesh-colored, large.
Java, China, Jap, B,M. 1473.— A handsome and ahn«.st
hardy species, Int, in 1804 to Kew. Little cult. now.
86. Batimannii, Lemoine. Tubers as large as ostrich
eggs : Ivs. large, orbicular, with short, thick petioles:
peduncles 18 in. high, bearing panicles of 4-6 fls., which
are rose-red, 4-petalled, from 3—4 in. across, and fragrant
a.s roses. Bolivia. Gt. 40:1348: 42, p. 25. A.F. 7: 561.
G.F. 5: 77. — It is described as plentiful in the moist val-
leys of the Cordilleras, where it is i-aten by cattle
Sweet-scented. Distributed by Lemoine in 1890,
87. gr&cilis, H.B.K. {B. &{co7or, Watson. B. diversi-
fblia, R. Grab.). St, erect, not branched, succulent:
Ivs. thinly scattered along sts., almost heart-shaped,
slightly hairy, lobed, denticulate, ciliate : fls. on short,
axillary peduncles, pink. Mex. B.M. 2966. — In axils of
Ivs. between stipules a cluster of bulbils is borne.
These may be gathered and sown as seed>. Along with
its varieties, anntilata, diversifolia, Hartiiina, etc., it
makes a very beautiful summer-flowering greenhouse
Begonia, Int, by P. Neil, of Cannon Mills, Edinburg.i,
in 1829,
88. PSarcei, Hook, St. 1 ft. high, succulent, branch-
ing : Ivs. lanceolate, cordate, acuminate, toothed, gla-
brous above, tomentose beneath, pale red on undt^r sur-
face : fls. in loose, axillary panicles, large, brighr yel-
low. Bolivia. B.M. 5545. — It has been the chief factor
in the production of the hundreds of yellow, buff and
orange-colored garden forms. Int. in 1865.
SrPPLEMEKTART LIST — TUBEROUS-ROOTED.
(a) The following tuberous-rooted species are not
known to be in the Araer. trade, but they are in cultiva-
tion in greater or less purity :
89. cinnaharina. Hook. Sts. annnal, short, green, zigzag,
sliKhtly downy : Ivs. on short petioles, obliQuely ovate, lob^
^i^^-Oi:^
216. Beffonia Qloire de Sceaux ^X H)- No. 76.
150
BEGONIA
BEGONIA
and serrated : peduncles 9-12 in. long, red ; fls. cinnabar-red,
2 in. across. Bolivia CM. 4483. P.M. 16: 225.— Int. by Hender-
son in 1849.
90. cri/iUa, Oliver. Sts. red. hairy, 1 ft. high : 1 vs. ovate-cor-
date, irregularly toothed, tinged with red on the under side :
peduncles erect, red, producing :{ pale rose-colored fls. Bo-
livia. B.M. 5897.— Int. by Veitch in 18G6.
91. cyclophylla , Hook. Stemless : Ivs. orbicular, 6 in. across,
green, with fimbriated margin : peduncles erect. 6 in. long ;
Ss. rose-colored, with the fragrance of roses. China. B.M.
6926.— Irt. to Kew in 1885.
92. geranifbUa, Hook. St. 1 ft. high, erect, greenish : Ivs. cor-
date, lobed, serrated, green, margins red, whole plant smooth :
fls. 2 or 3 on terminal peduncles, inter petals orbicular, red ;
the two inner obovate, w'lite. Lin^a. B.M. 3387.— Int. 183j.
93. Natalensifi. Hook. Sts. fleshy, annual, 1-2 ft. high : Ivs.
obliquely cordate. lobe<l. sinu.tte, 2-3 in. long, green, sometimes
mottled with grey, veins re<ldish : fls. bluish white, 1 in. across.
Natal. B.M. 4841.— Int. to Kew in 1854.
94. octopftala, L'Her. (B. grandiflora, Knowl. & West).
Stemless, Ivs. long, succulent, downy, petioles IV2 ft. long, cor-
date, deeply lobed and serrated, bright green : fls. greenish
white, males with 8 petals, females generally fewer. Peru.
B.M. 3559. F.S.20:205e-7. A.F. 4: 225 (var. Lemoinei).
2V/. Single Tuberous Begonia (X K).
95. polypetnla, A. DC. St. short, fleshy, annual: Ivs. ovate-
cordate, toothed, h.iiry, with raised veins, 10 in. by 8 in. : fls.
with 9 or 10 ovate-oblong petals an inch long, red : ovary hairy,
with one long wing. Peru. Gn. 14, p. 531.— Int. by Froebel in
1878.
96. rubricnnlis. Hook. TjVs.4-6 in. long, ov.ite, wa\'y, ciliate
along thf .v.i.»'gins, deep green : fls. large, males iVain. across,
5-petaled : tVuiales smaller. 6-peta ed, reddish. Country un-
known. B.M. 4131.— lul.to BirmiuLham Bot. <iar. in 1844.
97. S^deni, Hort., hybrid (B. Boliviensis X Veitchii ?). Lvs.
long, pale green : fls. solitarj', brilliant red ; females of 4
petals ; males of 5 petals. R.H. 1872: 90.— Int. by Thibaut and
Keteleer in 1872.
98. Stifherlandii, Hook. St. annual, herbaceous, 1-2 ft. high,
bright re<l : lvs. 4-6 in. long, lanceolate, lobed ard serrated,
green, with red vf»ins and margin ; iietioles slender, red : fls.
numerous, copj>ery or salmon-retl. Natal. B.M. 5689. — Int. by
Backhouse in 1807.
99. f^nera, Dr>-. CR. Thwaitesii, Hook.). Lvs. radic.il, cor-
dat«», ■'> in. long. copi)»'ry ureeii, mixed with purple and blotched
with grey, under .-surface crimson : fls. white, tinged pink.
Ceylon. B.M. 4692.— Chiefly interesting as a variegated plant.
Int. to Kew in IH.VJ.
(aa) The followiiitr list comprises some of the best nnd
most distinct of the iiinumerable {rarden forms nnd liy-
brids now existing, wbicii have ulmo.st all been pro-
duced from si^: species ; vU., B. Boliviensis, B. Pc/ircei^
B. Veitchii, B. rosipflora, B. Davisii, and B. Clarkei
by crossine: and rtTos.sing :
(1) SINGLE -FLOWERED VARIETIES.
a. Crimsons and Hcarli-Th.— Admiration, fls. vivid orange-
scarlet, of dwarf. compa«'t ^abit, free flowering : Charlet
Battel, rich, velvety vermilion . Dr. Masters, fls. large, with
immense spikes, deep redcrimscu ; F. E. Laing. deep, vel-
vety crimson, full and free; J/r» Brasseu, deep, glowing
crimson ; Lothair, dark scarlet -cannine ; Scarlet Gem. very
dark scarlet, dwarf, and very floriftrous ; VesHvius, bright
orange-scarlet, compact and free; one of the dnest bedders.
6. RoSE-rOLORED.— iadj/ Ouinthori'e, rose color, extralarge
and fine ; Marginata, large, round fls., white, with a margin
of bright pink ; Paeke, soft, rosy .td, shaded light rose;
Stanstead Surprise, deep rose, very large.
c. Whites.— J^f?>o fimbriata, a fin.*, large, pure white flower,
with fringed petals ; Bexley White, an immense flower of the
purest white ; Mrs. J. Thorpe, v hite, the petals edged with
reddish lake; Queen of Whites, large, erect, pure white fls.
of great substance ; Moonlight pure white, very free.
d. Orange and Yellows. —Duchess of Leinster, orange-
buff, large, erect fls. ; Miss A. fi£ Rothschild, pureyeUow; Sover-
218. Form of double Tuberous Begonia (X ^3).
eign, rich golden yellow, very free, and excellent in every
way ; Tvrrey Laing, reddish orange-yellow, an unusual color,
(2) DOUBLE-FLOWERED VARIETIES.
a. Crimsons and Scarlet.s.— Cannell's Gem, bright scar-
let; Dandy, intensely bright scarlet, extremely free-flowering:
Flamingo, brilliant scarlet ; Henshaw Russell, scarlet, one of
the l)est : Triomphe, rich, bright crimson ; Duke Zeppelin,
dazzling scarlet lis., new.
ft. Ro>R-roiiORED.—A?^ho'/^?ora, bright rosy cerise, distinct;
Duke of York, <'.eep rose ; Glory of Stanstfod. soft rose, light
center ; Hecla, bright, glistening pink, free bloomer ; Rosy
Morn, rose-pink, large, broad, wavy petals.
c. Whites.— (7oi/nf<'S8 of Craren. pure white fls., dwarf;
M ins Edith Wynne, pure crcimy white; <>r<«ri>, pure white
blossoms. ver>' floriferous ; P/cofff, delicate white, pink mar-
gin, dwarf ; Princess May, pure white, undulated orcriinplw
at the edges.
d. Yeli/iws.— iarfy Balfour of Burleigh, large j-ellow fls ,
erect ; Miss Falconer, clear yellow : Mrs Regnart, chrome-
yellow, petals prettily undulated ; Alic^ Manning, primrose-
yellow blossoms.
IV. Rex, or Ornamental-le.vved Section.
100. Griffithii, Hook. (B. picta, Hort.) St.-lvs. and
habit a.s in B. Rex : lvs. olive-green, with a broad zone
BEGONIA
BELLADONNA LILY
151
of grey, tinged with re<l on the under side : fls. large,
rieshy, pink : ovary curiously crinkled along the angles.
Assam. B.M. 4984. — Int. by Henderson, England, in
1856.
101. laciniita, Roxb. St. perennial : Ivs. roundly
ovate, lobed, pubescent, black-purple, with a broad zone
of green, reddish on the under side : fls. as in B. Hex.
India, S. China. B.M. 5021. — Int. to Kew in 1857. Var.
Bowringi^na, Hort., has green Ivs. and rosy fls. B.M.
very bright. Lucy Clo$son is very aim ilar, but more vigorons,
with the blotohes mor^ numerous and better distributed.
Marquis de Peralta. Lvs. small, margins hairy, numerous
silvery spots on surface. Ccmi)a?t, dense grower. Duchetse de
5:b2.
102. xantWna, Hook. Similar to B. Hex, and probably
only a form of that species : lvs. large, fleshy, cordate-
oraite, acuminate, sinuate-ciliated, dark green above,
purplish beneath : fls. yellow : capsule with one large
wing. B.n. 4683. -Var. pictiidUa, Hort.. B.M. 5102.
Var. L4zuli, B.M. 5107,
10.3. K6x, Putz. Fig. 220. St. a short, fleshy rhizome,
from which spring the long-stalked, large, ovate, wavy
lvs., which are hairy and colored a rich metallic green,
with a zone of silvery grey: peduncles erect : fls. large,
rose-tinted, males 2 in. across, with 4 unequal petals ;
females smaller, with 5 nearly equal petals : ovary .3-
angled. with 2 short and 1 long wing. Assam. F.S.
12: 12r)5-1258. B.M. 5101.— This magnificent species is
the principal parent in the production of the numerous
ornamental-foliaged Begonias, It has been crossed
with a fe\: species in the first place, and then hybrid
seedlings have been raised again and again from the
progeny. Fig. 220 is a copy of a part of the original fig-
ure in Flore des Serres (1857), ami is given here for the
purpose of showing what this species was like when first
known to horticulturists.
Following are some of the derivative types of Rex
Begonias :
m. RexX discolor hj/brids. I.H.2R:4.>4. Mad. Jos. Moens,
silver>- white, with green articulations towards the margins,
and a green disc. Mad. t'has. Weber, green, spotted with white.
Mad. G. Van Meerbeeke, silvery, with a narrow green edge, and a
central green disc running out along the veins. A'owr. de Mad.
la Barone de Bleichroder, disc and broad margin downy green,
central portion silvery. Mad. Fttnck, disc and broad margin
light apple-green, '. Mtermediate portion silvery. Baron A . Vriere,
disc dark green, ct. r silverj', margin broad, dark green, silver-
spoited. Others are Mad. Treyre, Mad. Ltdzet, Edic. B. Ken-
nedy, Uetiri Vilmorin, Fres. Belle, Sir Joseph H^'\ker, Ed. Py-
naert, Pres. de la Devansaye, Mad. F.Alegatiere, Abel Carriere.
105. RexXdiadema hybrid'^. R. H. 1888, p. 20. R. B. 15. p. 91.
LfSdudii, very similar to B. Rex, but larger leaved. Adrien
Schmidt, green on the margins, marked and spotted silver in
the center. Clementince, lobes very acute, white blotohes in
center. Mad. Alamagny, lvs. very large, deeply ioljed. piu"e
metallie-white, with a green center. Mad. Isabelle Bellon,
finely dentate, lol)ed and undulated, center olive-green, sur-
roande-l by a zone of white, becoming rose on the inner mar-
gin. M. Cronsse, very long, dentate, green center, band of
?i!ver around margin. Other * are Theodore Schmidt, Henri
Dnm^'ck, Linee, Papillon, Mad. />. Wettstein, D. Wettstein, A.
Dalliere, Mad. Georges Bruant, Wilhelm Pfitzer.
106. RexXSocotrana. A plant has lieen produced which com-
bines the characters of the two parents in a pleasing manner :
lvs. like B. Rex, but with shorter petioles, and crowfied on the
stem ; prettily colored : ris. in ereot. sttirdy nicenies. which
stand we'l above the plant ; like B. Sofotran;i in color, but
paler. Plant said to be evergreen.— Interesting as a connecting
link between the Rex and semi-tuberous sections. Int. by San-
der & Co. m 1897,
107. Miscellaneous Rex hybrids of known origin : Rex leop-
ardlim.s (Re.xXxanthina. var. Reichenheimei). Very similar
to B Rex. but much larger. F.S. 13: i:a7.— Int. by Van Hontte
in 1.<V.>. Grandis (RexXsplendidi). Very similar to B. Rex.
F.S. i:{:l:t:!'\— Int. by RolUson. Otto Forster (RexXimperialis).
Owf. habit : lvs. obliquely cordate, dark green, marbled with
silviry greyish green : fls. greenish white, inconspicuous.
Mtrnnda (RexXimperialis. v;ir. smaragdina). Ver>- similar to
above. ])ut marbled with silver. J)o>n in i ( RexXargent»'a ) . Leo-
poldi ((JriffithiXsplendida). I.H.6:20o. Prince Troubetzkoi,
liouhle hybrid (OriflithiXXanthina, var. marmorataand rubro-
^enia). I H. .'irl.'jS; also, from the same cross, Madame yVag-
'i?r, I.H.,'):1G1, and Miranda. Countcfis Ijouise Frdodu (Alex-
•mder, var. HimiboldtXargentea-cnpreatai. Fig. 221. Lvs.
"biiquely conlate. ovate-acute, the smaller of the two lobes
twisted in a spiral manner, with as many as 4 coils ; UT't>cr
Mirface silvery, with veins deep green : under surface reddish,
l;!!"se. l.H.:n:.=il»(. G.C. II. 22:2()...-Int. by F. Nemeczik, gar-
liener to Count Erdody, a Hungariau nobleman, in 1884.
108. Other Rex varieties* of unknown or uncertain origin :
lAiuise Clnsson. Lvs. ovate-acuminate, lobed, veins deep pur-
ple, surface blotched with deep piurle bronze, metallic luster
219. A type of
Tuberous Begonia,
. double-flowered.
Brabant. Lvs. large, purple, mar-
gins and surface hairy, otherwise
like B. Rex. Louise Chretien. Lvs.
green, with a zone of glossy silver
toward the center, covered with
very small white spots. Bertha
MacGregor. Lvs. ovate-acuminate,
lobed, white, center and margin
green. Cou7it Erdody. Silver-white,
green-striped along the veins, hairy;
lobes twisted into a spiral, hairy.
Matilda. Lvs. silvery white, center
and along veins gi-een, margins
liairy. Alice White. Large, bright
silver, center bronze, satin luster.
P. B, Ken'nedt.
BELEMCANDA (East Indian r
name). Iriddcece. Blackberrv
Lily. Leopard F'lovver. A
monotypic genus, containing an
interesting hardy, herbaceou.s
perennial plant, which is an old garden favorite. The
first of the popular names comes from the clusters of
shining, black, roundish seeds, and the second from the
flower, which is orange, spotted red. It is more commonly
sold as a Pardanthus, which also means Leopard Flower.
Perianth segments oblong, the ,*{ inner slightly shorter
and spirally twisting as they fade. Prop, by seeds or by
division. Of easy culture in rich, sandy loam and in a
sunny i)lace. Commonly spelled Belamcanda,
Chin^nsis. Leman. (Belamcnnda puncihta, Moench.
Ixiu Chint^'n.sis, Linn. Pardanthus Chine'}i.'<i.'<. Ker-
Gawl. A .Vin<?'H.sj.s,VanHoutte). Fig. 222. Height 2-3 ft, ;
rootstock ft short, stoloniferous rhizome : lvs, about 6, in
a lax tuft, equitant, striate, 1-1 32 ft. long, 1 in. broad :
outer spathe valves %-l in. long; pedicels 1-2 in, long:
ca{" iile 1-1^ in. hmg : valves reflexing, persistent.
("hi:m and Jap. B.M. 171. F.S. ir):l(;,T2. L.B.C. 19:18<4.
— The seed-stalks are sometimes us^d with dried grasses
for decoration. It is said that the birds sometimes mis-
take the seeds for blackberries.
BELLFLOWER. See Campanula.
BELLADONNA. See Airopa.
BELLADONNA LILY. See Amaryllis.
152
BELLIS
BENE
B£LLI8 (Latin, hellus, pretty). Compdaitcc. Eng-
lish Daisy. The Daisy, as it grows wild in England,
has a yellow center, siifrotinded bv numerous rays in a
220. Beeonia Rex, in its original form. No. 1U3.
(S«e Begonia, p. 151.)
single row, but the favorite cultivated forms are double,
the rays rising in tier upon tier, and frequently crowd-
ing out every trace of a yellow center. The English
Daisy is essentially a pink or pinkish fl. in ito general
effect, the tips of the rays sometimes and the under
surfaces usually being pink or red. There are 27 s v.ies
in the genu^. only one of which is American. B, inieg-
rifolia is found in moist soil from Ky. and Tenn. to
Ark. and Tex., but is too rare and sectional to become a
general favorite. The plant that is most commonly
called Dai.«5y in America is Chrysanthemum Leucan-
themtim. For an illustrated account of the various
plants known as Daisies in America, see Daisy.
Daisies are favorite border plant--, and are much used
in spring bedding, especially for e<iging. They thrive
in a cool soil and moist atmosphere, and are, therefore,
much better adapted to English than American gar-
dens. A light mulch is desirable for winter protection.
In home gardenii-^;, the plants, after flowering, are di-
vided into single crowns. These are planted about 6 in.
apart in good, rich garden soil. Each crown soon sends
out side growths, which, in time, form new crowns.
Before winter sets in the young clumps can be moved
readily to arv nlace in the garden where they are
wanted to ^ 'daisies ar j also forced by florists for
winter bl u Daisies are desired for edging
231. B. V. Begonia (X >i,). No. 107.
^ Begonia, p. 151.)
spring riower beds,
plants during the pi
to allow the new pJai
» clumps are divided into single
ous September, or early enough
to get a firm hold before wint^^r,
and are placed 3 in. art in a narrow trench. These
edgings must be renewed each year, as the plants, if
they grow well, spread too wide, or irregularly. In Urj
summers many roots fail, and if they remain in the
game spot year after year, the fls. will degenerate to the
single condition.
The simplest way of propagating and growing Eng-
lish Daisies for spring bedding in this country is to
sow the seed in shallow boxes about August 10. Aa
soon as large enough to handle, transplant 5 inches
apart into coldframes, and when the winter sets in
put on the sash, giving air whenever the weather may
be mild. Transplant to the flower beds as early as pos-
sible in the spring, where in a very short time they
will be a mass of bloom, and will continue to bloom flU
the beginning of June, when they should be throxoiout,
and the summer bedding plants
planted. Longfellow and Snowball
are the two best varieties for this
purpose. Myosotis alpestris and
Silene pendula may be grown the
same way, using "the Daisies as
edging when in the beds, and the
others as center pieces.
The Daisy is propagated by seeds
(which are sown early), and by di-
visions, the choicest varieties be-
ing maintained by the latter method .
The main types growd from seed
are the white, rose, quilled, and
white with red
center, all of
which are double.
A dark red is
less common. Of
kinds prop, by
seed, Longfellow is
now the best rose-
colored, and Snowball
the best white vari-
ety, the latter being
especially prized by
florists for cut-flow-
ers, as it has long,
stiff stems. Other
varieties are Maxima.
Snowflake, and Rob
Roy, which is per-
haps the best red.
per^nnis, Linn.
True or English
Daisy. Hardy herba-
ceous perennial, 3-6
in. high : Ivs. clus-
tered at the root,
spatnlate or obovate:
fls. 1-2 in. across,
solitary, on hairy
scapes. Apr.-June.
W. Eu.; naturalized
in Calif. ; rarely runs
wild in the eastern 322. Belemcanda Chinensis (X /i).
states. B.M. 228. F. (See Belemcanda, p. 151.)
S. 0:584, which shows
11 well cr 'ked types.— An interesting but not perma-
nent fom vhich is a result of overfeeding, is the "Hen-
and-Chickt..s Daisy,'" in which a number of small fl.-
heads are borne on short stalks springing out of the
main fl.-head. Cockscomb forms, in which several
scapes unite to produce a monstrous flower, are some-
times seen, but cannot be perpetuated. The rays are
sometimes wholly incurved, or reflexed, or quilled.
Other Ensrlish names of the Daisy are Herb Margaret,
Ewe- or May-gowan. Childinsr Daisy, Bone- or Bruise-
wort. Bone Flower. March Daisy, Bairn-wort.
J. B. Keller. E. J. Canning, and W. M.
BELLWOHT. In England, any member of toe Cam-
panulctcece. In America, Uvuldria.
BELVIDEBE, or Scimer Cypress. See Kochia.
BENE See Sesamum.
BEN I
BERBERIS
153
V£Hl, JAPANESE. See Curyopteris Mastacanthus.
BERINCASA (name of an Italian nobleman). Cucur-
hUhcev. One species from E. Ind. Annual, running,
squash-like herbs, with solitary yellow monoecious fls.,
the staminate long-peduncled, the pistillate nearly ses-
sile ; corolla deeply lobed ; tendrils 2-3-branched.
cerifera, Savi. Fig. 223. Wax Gourd. Zit-kwa.
CHI^■E^*E Preservino Melon. Chinese Watermelon.
Vine long, like a rauskmelon, hairy, with cordate lobed
Ivs.: fr. mostly oblong, 10-16 in. ^«ng. hairy, white-
223. Benincasa cerifera.
waxy, with solid white flesh and small, cucumber-like
seeds. Cult, the same as muskmelon or cucumber.
R.H. 1887:540. -Rp- ntly int. into the U. S. (Bull. 67,
Cornell Exp. Sta. ), and used for making preserves and
sweet pickles ; said to be eaten raw in warm countries.
L. H. B.
BENJAMIN BUSH. Benzoin odoriferum.
BEUT GEASS. See Agrostis.
BENTHAMIA. Referred to Comtis.
BENZOIN (of Arabic or Semitic origin, meaning a
gum or perfume). Syn., Lindera. Laurdcece. Trees
or shrubs, aromatic : Ivs. alternate, usually deciduous,
entire or sometimes 3-lobed : fls. polygamous-dioecious,
apetalous, small, in axillary, umbel-like clusters ; caljrx
6-parted ; staminate fls. with 9 stamens : fr. a berry.
About GO species in trop. and E. Asia and N. Amer.
Some E. Asiatic species yield an odorous oil, used in
perfumery. Only a few deciduous species are cult.
They are attractive on account of their handsome foli-
age, which turns bright yellow in fall, and their black
or scarlet fr. The hardiest species is li. odoriferum,
though B. obtuxilobum and B. hypoglaucum may also
be grown noith in sheltered positions. They thrive best
in peaty and sandy soil. Prop, usually by seeds sown
after maturity; also by layers, which root best in peaty
soil : of greenwood cuttings under glass, one-half may
be expected to root. The Benzoin of the druggists is a
balsamic resin obtained from Styrax Benzoin.
odoriferum, Nees (Lindera Bhizoin, Blume). Spice
BisH. Benjamin Bush. Wild Allspice. Fevek Bush.
Fig. 224. Shrub, 6-15 ft., nearly glabrous : Ivs. oblong-
obovate, finely ciliate, bright green, pale beneath, 3-5 in.
long: fls. yellow, before the Ivs.: berry red, oblong,
spicy. N. Eng. southward and west to Kans. Em. 365.
-The bark is aromatic, stimulant, tonic, astringem.
B. (Pfitivale, Nees=B. odoriferum.— B. grAeile, O. Kuntze
(Ditphuiilium gracile, Nees). Lvs. ovate, 3-nerved, chart? -
oeous. Habitat unknown. Stove plant.— JS. hypoglaucum,
Rehd. (Lindera hyiwglauca. Max.). Lvs. penninerved, glau-
cous beneath : clusters few-fld.. with or before the lvs.: berries
black. .Japan.— if. melissifclium,See!i,. Allied to B. odoriferum.
Branches pubescent : lvs. oblong, downy beneath. S. states.
B.M. 1470.— ii. vbtusilobum, O Kuntze. Lvs. 3-ner>ed, ovate or
3-l(»be<l j^ clusters many-tld. : berries black. Japan. <i.F.6:'J95.
—B. prcecrrz, S & Z. Lvs. penninerved. elliptic-oblong : clus-
ters few-tld., before the lvs.: berries browni.sh, ^ain. diam.
Japan— B. aericeum, S. & Z. Lvs. pennintned, pubescent be-
neath ; clusters many-fld., with the lvs. Japan.
Alfred Rekder.
BEBBEBID6FSIS (from Berberis and Greek ops is,
likene.«ss), Berberiddcece. Climbing evergreen shrub :
lvs. alternate, petioled, dentate : fls. on long pedicels in
terminal racemes ; bracts, sepals and petals gradually
passing into one another, &-15, the inner ones concave ;
stamens 8-9 : fr. a berry. One specii s in Chile, Orr.".-
mental low-climbing shrub, with aeep green foliage and
crimson fls. in drooping racemes, for temperate regions
or the cool greenhouse, growing in almost any soil.
Propag. by seeds sown in spring, by greenwood cuttings
in spring, or by layers in autumn.
coralllna. Hook. Lvs. cordate, oblong-ovate, coarsely
spinul(,.se-deutate, 2-3 in. long : fls. globose, over J^in.
long, crimson, in many-fld. leafy racemes. B.M. 5343.
F.S. 20:2137. Alfred Rehdek.
BfiEBERIS (Arabic name). Berherid<icea> . Bar-
BEKKV. Shrubs, with yellow inner bark and wood, often
spiny: lvs. alternate, often fasciculate, usually glabrous,
simple or pinnate, deciduous or persistent, mostly spin-
ulose-dentate : fls. in racemes, rarely umbellate or soli-
tary ; sepals, petals and .stamens 6 : f r. a 1-celled berry
with one or se-^'eral oblong seeds. Nearly iOO species in
America from Brit. Col. to Patagonia, Asia, Eu., and N.
Afr. Low ornamental shrubs, of which a large Tiumber
is cultivated. Most of the deciduous species are quite
hardy, while the evergreen ones are to be recommended
f<.r more temperate regions, except B. Aquifoliiim and
B. repens, which may be cultivated even north in some-
what sheltered positions. Both evergreen and deciduous
kinds aro very attractive in spring, with their bright or
orange-yellow fls., and in fall with their red, dark blue
or nearly black fruits. Some, as B. Amtirensis and B.
Tliunbergii, while amongst the handsomest in fr.,
assume a splendid fall coloring. They grow in almost
any soil, but prefer drier situations ; the e . ergreen
species thrive best in a sandy compost of peat and
loam. Prop, by seeds sown soon after maturity, or
stratified and sown in spring ; even B. vulgaris, var.
atropurpurea, may be increased in this way, as a large
percentage comes
true. The evergreen
species grow from
cuttings in Septem-
ber, placed in sand
under glass. Most of
the deciduous species
can be grown from
greenwood cuttings,
taken from forced
plants in spring and
put under glass with
slight bottom heat.
Layers put down in
autumn usually re-
main 2 years before
they can be sepa-
rated. Some species
may be propagated by
suckers. Rarer kinds
and varieties are
sometimes grafted on
B. vulgaris or Tliun-
bergii, in August
or September under
glass, or in early
spring in the green-
house. The root
and the inner bark
are sometimes used
fo* dyeing yellow.
Some species have
medicinal properties.
In wheat-growing
districts, plai^ting of
Berberis should be
avoided, as it is the
ho.st of the JS'ojrfJMm -stage of Puccinia graminis, a fun-
gus which causes the wheat-rust. Destroyin,? the Ber-
beris, however, will not check the prop* /al ion of the
fungus, as it is able to grow and to spread for yearr
without forming the JFcjdiwm-st.'.ge. Monojrr. of spe-
224. Benzoin
odoriferum
154
BERBERIS
BERBERIS
cies cult, in England in Flore des Serres, 6: 66 and 73
(1850-1).
Index : Amurensis, No. 2 ; Aquifolium, 21 ; aristata.
15 ; asperma, 1 ; atropurpurea, 1 ; Bealii, 19; buxifolia,
9; Canadensis, 4; Caroliniana, A; Darwini, 12; dulcis,
1,9; eniarginata, 3 ; Fortunei, 24; Fremonti, 17; Hako-
date, 2 ; heteropoda, 6 ; ilicifolia, 11, 14 ; integrifolia,
7 ; Jamesoni, 13, 16 ; Japonica, 2, 19 ; Maxiiuowiczi, 8 ;
•>>
\
225. Berberis vulearis, in fruit.
Nepalensis, 20 : nervosa, 22 ; Neuberti, 14 ; pinnata,
18 ; pluriflora, 8 ; repens, 23 ; Sieboldi, 2, and suppl.
list : Sinensis, 5 ; stenophylla, 10 ; Thunbergi, 8 ; vul-
garis, 1 ; Wallichiana. 13.
A. Lvs. simple, usuaflif fascicnlnfe in the arils of
spines, deciduous or persistent.
B. Foliage deciduous : lvs. membranaceous or
chartaceous.
C. Fls. in racemes.
D. Branches gray, except those of the purple-leaved
form .
1. vulgiLris, Linn. Common Barberry. Fig. 225, 22P.
From 4-8 ft., rarely 15: branches grooved, upright or
arching : lvs. oblong-spathulate or obovate. setulose-
dentate, membranaceous, 1-2 in. long : racemes pendu-
lous, many-fld.; fls. bright yellow : fr. oblong, usually
purple. May, June. Eu. to E. Asia ; escaped from cul-
ture and naturalized inE. N. Amer. Gn. 35: 693. — Hand-
some in spring, with its golden yellow tl.^ and light
green foliage; and in fall, with its bright scarlet fruits,
remaining through the whole winter. A very variable
species ; also the six following species are included by
some botanists as varieties. Of the many garden forms,
the most effective is var. atropurpiirea, Rgl., with pur-
ple colored lvs. Gt. 9:278, 1. There ar.^ also varieties
with variegated lvs. and purplish black, whitish or yellow
berries, as var. dlba, white-fruited ; var. a8i)^rma, seed-
less ; var. dulcis, less acid ; var. liitea, yellow-fruited ;
var. mitis, less thorny ; var. nlgrra, black-fruited ; var.
viol&cea or fructu-violiceo, violet-fruited. The pines
of the Barberry are, raorpholoerically, lvs., and the lvs.
are borne on short branches in their axils (Fig. 226).
The stamens are sensitive. Touch the filaments with a
pin when the fls. first open, and the stamens fly for-
ward upon the pistil.
2. Amur6nsi8, Rupr. {B. vulgaris, var. Amurensis,
Rgl.). Three to8ft.: branches straight, upright, grooved:
lvs. cuneate, oblong or elliptic, densely ciliate-dentate,
distinctly veined beneath, 1-3 in. long: racemes upright
or nodding, <>-r2-fld., about as long as lvs.: fr, oblong,
scarlet. Manchuria, N. China. Gng. 5: 119. Var. Ja-
pdnica, Rehd. (B. vulgaris, var. Japdnica, Rgl. B. Sie-
boldi, Hort., not Miq. B. Hnkodt^.te, Hort.). Lvs. firmer
and more chartaceous, prominenth veined beneath,
shorter pf^tioled, dark green above. Jap. G.F. 3:249as
B. Sieboldi. A. G. 18: 4.14. — Vigorous-growing shrubs,
standing drought well, with brilliant orange and scarlet
fall-coloring, especially the variety.
3. emargin&ta. "Willd. One to 3 ft., in culture usually
higher : spines simple to 5-parted, sometimes longer
than the lvs.: lvs. cuneate, obovate or obovate-oblong,
setulose-dentate, J^-15^ in. long : racemes short, up-
right ; petals usually emarginate. S. Eu. to Hinial.—
Low spiny shrub with handsome fall-coloring.
DD. Branches reddish brown or brown: lvs. usualhf
sparsely dentate, sometimes entire.
4. Canadensis, Mill. {B. Caroli nit\na ."LowA.) . One T(»
3 ft.: spines small, S-parte'' ; lvs. cuneate-obloug, re-
motely spinulose-dentate, rarely entire, 1-2 in. iong :
racemes few-fld., nodding, about as long as the lvs.;
petals retuse or emarginate : fr. short-oval or nearJv
globular, coral-red. Alleghanies.— The plant sold under
this name is usually B. vulgaris.
5. Sinensis, Desf. From 4-6 ft., with slender, often
arching branches and small, 3-5-parted spines : lvs. cu-
neate, oblong or obovate-lanceolate, coarsely setulose-
dentate, sometimes entire, green or glaucescent beneath,
1-2 in. long : racemes pendulous, slender-peduncled,
bright or pale yellow : berries oval or oblong, blood-red.
From Caucasus to Himal. and China. B.M. G573.-A
hardy, graceful species, very handsome in fruit.
6. lieter6poda, Schrenk. Three to 6 ft.: branches
stout, sprtadiug, with few short spines : lvs. broadly
obovate, entire or remotely serrate, pale bluish green,
1/4-2 in. long, some short and some slender-petioled:
fls. in long-stalked, few-fld. racemes, orange-yellow, fra-
grant : fr. oblong, dark blue with glaucous bloom. May.
Turkestan, Songaria. G.F. 8: 455. — Handsome and
very distinct species.
7. integerrima, Bnnge. In habit and appearance very
like No. 6. and ditticult to distinguish wfthout fl. -clus-
ters : stems terete and brown : lvs. broad -obovate. re-
motely dentate or entire, dark bluish green above : ra-
cemes dense and upright. Persia, Turkestan, Songoria.
cc. Fls. usually solitary, rarely in feiv-fld. umbeln:
lvs. entire.
8. Thtinbergii, DC. Figs. 227, 228. Dense, low shrub,
2-4 ft. : branches spreading, deeply grooved, brown,
with simple spines : lvs. obovate or spathulate, quite en-
tire, glaucescent beneath, %-\%'va.. long : fls. 1-3, pale
yellow : fr. elliptic or nearlv globose, bright red. Apr.,
May. G.F. 2:53. B.M. 6646. 'R.H. 1894:173. A.G. 18:357.
Gng. 4: li41 ; 5: 119, 3.")3, 355, Mn. 2:118. A.F. 8: 526.-
One of the most valuable species, especially remarkable
for its low, dense, horizontal growth, its large, brilliant
red f rs., remaining fresh till the following spring, and for
its bright scarlet fall-col-
oring ; hardy. Vei/ val-
uable for borders of walks
and drives. Endures par-
tial shade. Cattle and
sheep do not browse
it much. Var. Mazimd-
wiczi, Franch. & Sav.,
has the lvs. ereen beneath.
Var. pluriflbra, Koehne.
with 3-10 fls. in short, um-
bel-like raceme, is perhaps
a hybrid with B. vulga-
ris ; it has almost gray
branches.
226. Berberis vulgaris.
Natural size, showing the
spines and foliage.
BB. Foliage evergreen or half-evergreen.
C. Lvs. entire, or rarely with feic spiny teeth.
9. buxifdlia, Poir. (B. dulcis. Sweet). One to 3 ft:
branch»'s brown, grooved : spiies usually 3-parted,
short : lvs. cuneate, obovate or elliptic, %-! in. lonir :
fls. solitary, on long pedicels, orange yellow : fr. nearly
BERBERIS
BERBERIS
155
<flob«se, blackish purple. May. Cdile to Strait of Ma-
gelto. B.M. 6505. S.B.F.G. II. 1: 100. P.M. 10: 171.
-A very graceful, free-flowering shrub ; one of the
hardiest of the evergreen species ; will stand the win-
ter even north if somewhat protected.
10. Btenophylla, Mast. {li. Ddrwini x empetrifdHa).
Height 1-3 ft., with slender, arching branches : Ivs.
narrow-oblong, revolute at the margins, spiny pointed,
}i-lH in. long, dark green above : lis. 2-0, in pedun-
cled, pendulous umbels. Of garden origin. May. G.C.
111. 7:619. A.F. 6: 325. — Handsome shrub, nearly as
hardy as the former.
cc. Lvs. coarsely spiny dentate.
D. Fls. in simple racemes or clusters.
11. iliciJdlia, Forst. Holly-leaved. Lvs. partially ever-
green, persisting till late in winter, shining dark green,
ovate, tapering at base, coarsely spiny-toothed: pedicels
short, 4-fld., somewhat corjTubose ; . orange -yellow.
Terra del Fuogo. B.M. 4308. F.S. 3 it*l.
12. D4rwini, Hook. Height 1-3 ft. : branches brown,
pubescent when young : lvs. sessile, cuneate, obovate,
usually 3-fld at the apex, glossy dark green above, ^-1
in, long : racemes short, many-fld., pendulous ; fls.
orange-yellow, often reddish outside : style longer than
the ovarv : fr. dark purple. Chile to Patagonia. B.M.
4590. F.":v 7:663. P.F.G. 2:46.
13. Wallichi^na, DC. ( B. J(\mesoni, Hort., not Lindl.).
Shrub, to 10 ft., with grayish brown branches : spines
3-parted, nearly an inch long : lvs. sessile, oblong-ellip-
tic or lanceolate, remotely spiny serrate, shining on both
sides, 1-2 in. long : fls. long-pedicelled, nodding, 3-6 in
a cluster. Himalayas. B.M. 4656. P.F.G. 1:79.
14. Neuberti, Lem. {B. ilicifdlia, Hort., not Forst.
B. Aqiiifdliiim x vulgdris). Branches grayish brown,
without spines, upright : lvs. simple, oval or ovate,
sometimes with 1 or 2 smaller lateral Ifts., spiny or
setulose-dentate, dark grayish green above, lK-3 in.
long: fls. in racemes. Of garden origin. I.H. 1:111.
G.C. III. 9:73, 75. — Hardy north, but lvs. not persistent.
227. Berberis Thunber£li
228. Berberis Thunbergii
-^■1 **
no. Fls. in compound, pendulous racemes.
15. aristiita, DC. Bush, 2-6 ft.: lvs. oblong, semi-per-
sisteut. usually spinose-dentate, 1-3 in. long : fls. in
lontr-peduncled, compound racemes. Himalayas. B.R.
9:72;).
16. J^mesoni, Lindl. Shrub, much branched : lvs.
oblontr, 2-3 in. long, with few large and strong spines :
fls. orange, in drooping panicles or compound racemes.
Ecuador. I.H. 6:201.
AA. jLvs. pinnate, persistent : branches spineless.
(Mahonia.)
B. Petioles short or almost none.
C. Racemes few-fid., slender, mostly lateral.
17. Fr^monti, Torr. From .5-12 ft. : Ifts. 3-7, rigidly
coriaceous, ovate or oblong, with few strong, spiny teeth,
glaucous, dull, yi-l in. long : racemes loose, 3-7-fld. ;
229. Berberis Aquifolium (X %).
pedicels slender: fr. at least Kin. in diam., red, in-
flated, and rather dry. W. Texas to Utah and Mex.
G.F. 1: 497. — Remarkable for its pale, glaucous foliage
and large berries. Not hardy north.
cc. Racemes many-fld., dense.
18. pinn^ta, Lag. (Mahbnia fascictildris, DC). Two
to 3 ft. : Ifts. 5-17, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, coriaceous,
undulate at the margin and with few spiny teeth, dark
green, somewhat shining : fls. in short, fascicled racemes :
fr. blue. Calif., N. Mex. B.M. 2390. B.R. 9:702. -Not
hardy north.
19. Japdnica, Spreng. { Jf. Jap6nica, DC. B. Bealii,
Fort.). Height 5-10 ft.: Ifts. 9-13, roundish or ovate,
coriaceous, usually truncate at the base, with large, re-
mote, spiny teeth, 2-5 in. long : racemes 3-4 in. long,
fascicled: fr- bluish black. China, Japan. B.M. 4840,
4852. P.F.G. 1:11. F.S. 6:79.- Very effective by its
large foliage, thriving best, like the other Mahonias, in
a partly shaded position. Hardy north to New York in
sheltered positions.
20. Nepal6nsis, Spreng. (B. Japdnica, Hort.). Tall,
4-6 ft. : Ifts. 5-25, rigid, obovate-oblong, repand -toothed,
with few spiny teeth on each edge. India to Japan.
N. 1:182. A.G. 18:355.
BB. Petioles prominent or elongated.
c. Lfts. truncate or rounded at the base.
21. Aqoifdlium, Pursh (Mahonia Aquifolium, Nutt.).
Fig. 229. From .3-6 ft. : lfts. 5-9, oblong or oblong-ovate,
shiny dark green above. spinulose-<lent!ite : racemes
erect, fascicled: berries blue, small. Mav. British Co-
lumbia to Ore. B.R. 17:1425. L.B.C. 18:1718. P.M.B.
9: 5. — Handsome evergreen shrub, hardy north in shel-
tered positions.
22. nervdsa, Pursh. Dwarf evergreen shrub : sts. but
a few inche.^ high, tipped with lonr, husk-like, pointed
bud-scales : lfts. 11-21, lance-ovate, 3-5- ribbed, remotely
spiny-tooihed, borne on a strongly jointed stalk : ra-
cemes elong.?ted, erect: fr.oblong, blue. Ore. B.M. 3949.
L.B.C. 18;17G1. F.S. 2:127. P.M. 7:55, as ifahonia
glumacen.
23. repens, Lind!. {Mahbnia repens, Don). Rarely
over 1 ft. high, stoloniferous : lfts. .3-7, roundish ovate
or ovate, pale or glaucous and dull above, spiuulose-
dentate : fls. and fr. like the former. Brit. Columbia to
Calif, and N. Mex. B.R. 14:1176. L.B.C. 19:1847.
cc. Lff.t. cuneate at base, narroic-lanceolate.
24. F6rtun3i, Lindl. Dwarf : lfts. 5-9, distant, nar-
rowJv lanceolate; spinv teeth numerous, small ; racemes
erect, faF'.-led. China. F.S. 3:287 bis.
li. nctinacdntha , Mart. One to 3 ft., evergreen : spines 5-
parted : lvs. small, spiny : lis. in sessile clusters. Chile. B.R.
156
BERBERIS
BERTOLONIA
31:.'>5.— R ^titirngis. Prsl. Alliwl to B. pmarginata. Low,
dense shrub, with small Ivs. aud long spines. Sicily, Sardinia,
Corsica.— If. anguioga. Wall. Height 4 ft.: Ivs. deciduous,
small, entire or sparsely spinulose : lis. solitary or few. Him-
alayji-s. B.M. 7071.— W. Agidtica, Ro.\b. Three to 10 ft.: Ivs.
IKTsistent, oblong, entire or with few teeth, whitish beneath,
1-3 in. long : tls. in short, sessile ra<"emes. Himul. — B. Bel-
Htaniana. Hort. = B. virescens.— /f. brachylMrya, Edgew. = B.
emarginata, var.— J?. Chitria, Hamilton = B. aristata.— ^. con-
eintia. Hook. Low : Ivs. small, semi-persistent, glaucous be-
neath, spinulose : fls. solitary, pendulous. Himal. B. J. 4744.
— H. congegtiflora, (i.iy. Five to 7 ft.: Ivs. persistent, orbicular,
or broatl-oblong, spinos«>, glaucous l>eneath : t!s. in dense, glo-
bose clusters. I'hile. B..M.C770.— ii. coridcea, Lindl. = B. flori-
bunda.— if. cratceghia, DC. Low : Ivs, small, semi-persistent,
entire or spiuulose : fls. in short, erect racemes : fr. blue. Ori-
ent to Hiinal. — B. Cretica, Linn. Spines 3-parted : Ivs.det-idu-
ous, small, u.sually entire: fls. 2-5, in short, sessile umbels.
8. Eu., Orient.— A dealbdta, Lindl. Lvs. persistent, nearly
orbicular, with few spiny teeth : racemes short, dense, nmlding.
Mex. li.R.21:17M.—Ii.didphana, Max. Lvs. deciiluous, sparsely
spinulose: fls. long-pedicelled, fa.scicle<l : fr. translucid. China.
— B. empetrifolid, Lam. Low: branches slender : lvs. persist-
ent, linear, revolute at the margin : fls. 1-2, slender-iH'duncled.
Chile to Patagonia. B.R. '2*i:'l7.—B. faaeiculdris, Sims = B.
pinnata.— Jf. Fendteri, Gray. Allied to B. Cana<lensis. Spines
:!-.'>-fl(l : lvs. olK)vate-lanceolate, entire or spinulose : racemes
dense, i)endulous. Colo, to N. Mex. G.F.1:W2.—B. floribtinda.
Wall. Lvs. deciduous, entire or sparsely spinulose-ciliate : ra-
cemes long-pe«luncled. Himal. B.R. 27:46 (as B. coriaria) and
30:44 (as B. uml>ellata).— if. Ouimpeli, Koch = B. Sinensis.—
B. heterophylla. Juss. Lvs. persistent, ovate-l.inceolate, entire
or with 2-4 spiny teeth : fls. solitary. St-ait.-; of Magellan.—
B. Iberica, Stev. & Fisch. = B. crataegina.— if. Ib^rica, Hort.=
B. vulgaris, v.ar.— /?. Loxensig, Benth. Lvs. persistent, shining,
Avith few spiny teetli : fls. small, on peduncled, loose racemes.
Pern. F.S. 6, p. 69.— if. Lyciinn, Royle. Lvs. semi-i)ersistent,
obova:e-lanceolate, entiie or spinulose: racemes sessile much
longer than the lvs., drooping: fr. \iolet. Himal. B.M. 7075.
— if. i>d//(</rt, Benth. Lvs. pimijite, persistent ; 1ft s. 9-13, ovate
or ovate-lanceolate, spinose : racemes compound, loose. Mex.
B.R. 30:16.— if. ruscifblia. Lam. Lvs. persistent, oblong, entire
or with few coarse teeth at the ai>ex : fls. 4-5 on a short pedun-
cle. Argentina.— if. serotina, Lange. Allied to B. Sinensis.
Lvs. usually entire, bright green : racemes short, dense, i)edun-
cled. Origin unknown.— if. serrdta, Koehne (B. microphylla,
var. serrata, Hort.). Lvs. small, spinulose, deciduous: ra-
cemes dense, much shorter than the lvs. Origin unknown. —
B. Sibfrica, Pall. Lvs. deciduous, obov.-ite, remotely dentate-
ciliate: fls. short -podicelle<l, solitary or 2-3. Siberia. B.R. 6:487.
—B. Sieboldi, Miq. Low: branches brown, 2-edged towauls
the end : lvs. oblong, densely ciliate-dentate : raceme few-fld.,
nodding. Japan.— if . Sieboldi, Hort., not Miq. = B. Amurensis,
var.— if. teiiuifblia, Lindl. Lvs. pinnate, persistent ; Ifts. 3-7,
lanceolate, entire : racemes nodding, verj' long and loose. Mex.
B.R. 30:26.— if. trifolioldtn,'SloT\i.'. (B. trifoliata, Hartw.). Lvs.
3-foliolate, persistent : Ifts. sessile, pale, coarsely spinose-
toothed: racemes short, few-fld. Tex. to Mex. B.R. 31:10.
F.S. 1:56. P.F.G. 2:68.-if. trifiirca. Fort. Allied to B. Nepal-
ensis, and probably a var. Leaflets oblong-ovate. 3-pointed at the
apex and with few teeth at the base. China. P.F.(t. 3:57.—^.
uinbelldta, Wall. Lvs. deciduous, sparsely serrulate : racemes
long-i)eduncletl, uml)eMike. Himal. B.M. 2.>49.— B. rirescens.
Hook. Lvs. deciduous, small, entire or remotely spinulose,
pale green : fls. greenish yellow, fascicled, or in very short
racemes. B.M. 7116.
Alfred Rehder and Fred W. Card.
B£BCH£MIA (derivation uncertain). Rhnmndceop.
Shrubs, mostly clirabinff, rarely trees : lvs. deciduous,
alternate, slender, petioled, entire or nearly so, with mi-
nute stipules: fls. inconspicuous. .'S-meroiis, in terminal,
u.sually leafy panicles : fr. a small berry-Kke drupe with
2-celIed stone. Twelve species in E. Asia, N. Amer., E.
A fr.- Ornamental climbing shrubs, not quite hardy
north, with small, bright green graceful foliage, useful
for covering trellis work in sunny po.sitions. They
grow in almost any soil. Prop, by seeds and by root-
cuttings in spring under glass ; also by layering the
young shoots and by cuttings of mature wood in fall
under glass.
8c4ndens, Koch {B. volubilis. DC). Supple Jack.
Ten to 17) ft.: lvs. ovate or oblong-ovate, acuminate,
often undulate, 1-2 in. long, with 9-12 pairs of lateral
veins : fls. greenish white : fr, bluish black. June.
S. states.
racemdsa, Sieb. & Zucc. Closely allied to the former.
Lvs. cordate, ovate, with 6-S pairs of veins : fls. green-
ish : fr. flrst red, becomijg black at length. July. Jap.,
China. — Hardier than the former, not hiirh-climbing ;
attractive in late summer, with its red fruits.
Alfred Rehdfr.
B£B0AM0T. Name applied to various aromatic
plants, particularly to members of the Labidfrr, as
Menthas and Monardas. The Bergamot essence of
commerce is made from a citrous fruit. See Citrut.
B£BRIA ( after Dr. Andrew Berry, a Madras botanist).
Syn., JJirrya, DC, not Klein. TiliAi-ecf. A genus of
one or two species, with no familiar allies.
Ammonilla, Roxb. High tree: lvs. entire, heart-shaped,
long-petioled, smooth, 5-7-nerved, alternate : fls. in
racemes, small, white, very numerous: fr. a 3-celled cap-
sule with G wings, the .'i-12 seeds with stiff hairs, which
reatlily penetrate the skin and produce a painful itching.
Growing abundantly in the Philippines and Ceylon,
where it is one of the largest and most valuable timber
trees. The wood, being light and strong, is used for
building, for oil casKS, and for boats. It is exported as
"Trincomalee wood." Cult, by Dr. Franceschi, Santa
Barbara, Calif. q. T. Hastlvgs.
BERTHOLLfiTIA (after Louis Claude Berthollet,
French chemist). Myrtficete. Brazil Nct. Paka
Nut. Cream Nut. Nigger Toe. Large trees : Ivs. al-
ternate, bright green, leathery, about 2 ft. long, 0 in.
broad : fls. cream colored ; calyx j>arts united and tear-
ing into 2 parts when the flower opens ; petals 6, sta-
mens many, united into a hood-shaped mass, the upper
ones sterile : fr. round, about 6 in. in diam., with a hard
shell containing 18-24 y-sided nuts. Fig. 230. Spe-
230. Bertholletia excelsa.
Cross-section of husk, showing Brazil nuts (X J^).
cies 2, both of which furnish Brazil nuts. Curiously
enough, the common trade name of the Brazil nut is
(^astanea, which is properly the name of the genus that
includes the chestnuts.
exc61sa,Humb. & Bonpl. Fig. 2.30. A tree. 100-150 ft.;
with a smooth trunk 3-4 ft. in diam. : branches near the
top. It forms large forests on the banks of the Amazon
and Rio Negro. The natives gather the nuts in large
quantities, choppingthe fruit open. They are exported in
large quantities, chiefly from Para. An oil is expressed
from the kernels, and the bark is used at Para for caulk-
ing ships. The tree is of little value for decorative pur-
poses, and, according to the Bulletin on Nut Culture of
the Division of Pomology, U. S. Dept. of Agr., is too
tender for growth anywhere in the United States. — Cult.
at Santa Barbara, Calif. q_ "j.^ Hastings.
BERTOLONIA (after A. Bertolini, Italian botanist).
Mehtstomaceae. Splendid warmhouse foliage plants
from Brazil, always dwarf, and sometimes creeping; the
garden forms with membranaceous, 5-7-nerved leaves
.")-8 in. long, and purple beneath : fls. rose-colored, 5-
petaled, in scorpioid racemes or spikes. Within the
restricted definition of the latest monographer of the
Melastomaceie (A. Coigneaux. in DC. Mon. Phan. vol. 7),
there are only five good species, but some earlier bota-
nists do not separate certain allied genera which usu-
ally cannot be distinguished by habit alone. The surest
character is the inflated and 3-angled or 3-winged calyx
of Bertolonia. In Bertolonia, flower-parts are in 5's, but
BERTOLONIA
BESCHORN'ERIA
157
the ovary is 3-celled. Qravesia has a 5-ce!led ovary,
and Sonerila is trimerous. In Bertolonia the connective
of the anthers has no appendajfe ; in Salpinga there is
A spur below and behind the connective ; in Mouolena
there is a spur in front, and the calyx is not hairy.
Bertolonias are essentially fanciers' plants. It is
lomewbat difficult to bring out their true characteristics
under ordinary stove treatment, as they require a more
Dumid atmosphere than can usually be maintained, even
in a smull house. The additional shelter of a small
frame should be provided, where the atmospheric con-
ditions will be much more easily regulated. A plentiful
supply of water at the roots is necessary ; syringing or
rjprinkling overhead is not advisable. The most con-
venient method of propagation is by cuttings, which
strike readily, in a moderately close propagating case
lilled with sharp, clean sand. The pots should be thor-
oughly clean and drained, and the compost open and
porous. Thrive in dense shade. Old plants are not so
brilliant as young ones.
Bertolonias and their allies furnish an excellent ex-
ample of Van Houtte's triumphs in hybridization. The
two species described below have probably been im-
portant factors iu the plant-breeding, and Gravesia gut-
tata even more so. Gravesia is a Madagascar plant,
and has, perhaps, been crossed with the Brazilian Ber-
tolonias. Unfortunately, the pictures in Flore des Ser-
resshow no flowers, and the pedigree is not given. The
Bertonerilas figured and described in I.H. 43, pp. 188
and 189, with colored plates 04 and 68, are presumably
hybrids between Bertolonia and Sonerila. Excepting C.
maculata a.ud C. marmorata, the following are hybrids.
A. Veins not lined on both sides tvith a colored band.
marmcr&ta, Naudin. Stem less densely hairy than
the above : Ivs. more narrowly ovate, or ovate-oblong,
acute, sparsely 'airy, streaked with white along the
veins : calyx sparsely hairy, not glandular : petals
somewhat blunter, dilute purple. R.H. 1848: 381, as
Eriocncma marmorata. Naudin. F.S.7: 750, as B. macu-
lata, var. marmorata, Planchon. Coigneaux recognizes
two varieties, var. gennlna, with Ivs. green above, and
banded with w^ite along the veins ; var. snda {JUrioc-
nema lenea and B. cenka, Naudin), with Ivs. dark green
with a coppery cast, but not spotted or only slightly so.
MirdndsBi, Van Houtte. Spots red on the lower Ivs.
and white on the upper or younger ones : Ivs. purple
beneath. F.S.21:22«5 (1875).
AA. Veins lined on both sides with a white or colored
band.
B. Bands and spots magenta or purple.
mactQata, DC. Stem short, decumbent, rooting at the
base, densely clothed with rusty hairs : Ivs. long-
petioled, cordate, broadly ovate, obtuse, hispid above
and at margins, dark velvety green above, often spot-
ted: calyx densely clothed with glandular hairs: petals
obovate, somewhat acute, rose-colored. B.M.4551.
Houtte&na, Van Houtte {B. Van Hoidtei, Hort.).
Lvs. purple beneath. This was the sensational plant of
1874, and Van Houtte refused $2,000 for his stock of it.
It was originated by his propagator, Marchand. P. S.
20:2120.
BB. Bands and spots silvery white.
c. Spots very distinct.
Hrubyina, Van Houtte. This has bars of white con-
necting the veins. The under side of the lvs. seems to
be green instead of purple, at least toward the tip. F.S.
23:"2:i81.
Eodeckiina, Van Houtte. Distinguished from the
above and all others of this group by the abundance of
dark red color in the upper surface of the lvs. Veins
of the under side prominent and green. F.S. 23 : 2382.
CC. Spots very faint.
Legrelle&na, Van Houtte (5. Legrdlle, Hort.). There
are a few longitudinal bars, but they do not connect the
veins. Reterred to Gravesia guttata by Coigneaux.
F.S. 23: 2407.
Other trade names are B. guttdta. Hook, f.=Gravesia gut-
tota.~/i. margaritacea, Hort. Bull.=Salpinga margaritacea.—
o. priinulcefldra, Hort.= Monolema priinulaeflorii.— if. pub^-
cent, Hort., with long white hairs and a chocolate band down
the cent«r. Enuador.—B. punctatUgima, Hort.— B. auperbm-
*ima, Hort. (B. superba ? Hort.), with rose colored s-poU. which
are larjjer and brighter near the margin. F.M..151 (1875).—
Probably a var. of Gravesia guttata.
Wm. Scott, Tarrytown, N. Y., and W. M.
BERTONERlLA. A class of handsome foliage plants,
presumably hybrids between Bertolonia and Sonerila.
I.H. vol. 43 (18%). For culture, see Bertolonia.
BESCHORNfiKIA (after H. Beschomer, German
botanist). AmaryllidAcem. Succulent desert plants, al-
lied to Bravoa and Doryanthes. Lvs. in a rosette, glau-
cous, roughish at the margins, not so thick, firm or
fleshy as in Agave (which has a strong end-spine and
horny marginal prickles): rootstock short, tuberous.
In Beschorneria, the perianth is usually reddish green,
with scarcely any tube and with long, ohlaneeolate seg-
ments ; in Doryanthes the perianth is bright red , the seg-
ments long, narrowly falcate ; in Bravoa the perianth
is red or white, the tube curved, subcylindral, and the
segments short. J. G. Baker, Amaryllidete, 161. Culture
similar to Agave. The species are very closely allied,
and difficult to distinguish. The following are the only
kinds well known, and they are all from Mex. They flower
at long, irregular periods, as do century plants.
The species succeed best when treated similarly to
Agaves, with the exception of the soil, which may be
made richer by the addition of crushed bone and a
little vegetable mold. All of the species need green-
house protection in the northern states. Useful for
bedding.
A. Roughish on both surfaces of lvs.
tubindra, Kunth. Lvs. 12 or more, lK-2 ft. long, 1 in.
broad, linear, long-acuminate, narrowest of the genus.
B.M. 4642.— The oldest and best known species.
AA. Boughish beneath and on the margins of lvs.
B. Lvs. very glaucous.
Ton61ii, Jacobi {B. Tonelid,na, J emohi) . Allied to B.
tubiflora, but wit . looser habit and much broader lvs.
Lvs. 15-20, 1-1?^ tt. long, 2-2>^ in. broad, short-acumi-
nate, and more boldly contracted below the middle.
B.M. 6091.
BE. -Lvs. less glaucous.
c. Base of lvs. thick, about % inch.
Dek08teri4na, C. Koch. Lvs. 15-20, 2-i]4 ft. long,
2-2H in. broad, ohlaneeolate, long-acuminate, very grad-
ually tapering both ways from the middle, 1-1^ in.
broad above the base ; the bases thickest in the genus.
B.M. 6768.
CC. Base of lvs. thinner.
D. Narrowed to less than 1 inch above the base.
bracce^ta, Jacobi. Lvs. 20-30, lK-2 ft. long, 2 in.
broad, short-acuminate ; teyture thin but firm. B.M.
6641. — In the picture the margins are rougher than in
any other species, and they are also wavy or revolute at
intervals.
DD. y arrowed to J^ inch above the base.
yuccoldes, Hook. f. Lvs. about 20, \-\% ft. long, 2 in.
broad, lanceolate, short-acuminate. B.M. 5203.— The
lvs. are broader than in A. tubiflora, shorter acuminate,
and more boldly narrowed below the middle. In the
picture cited, the lvs. seem more spreading and less
revolute than in the rest of the genus.
B. CalifSmica is offered by Dr. Franceschi, Santa
Barbara, Calif., without description.
As Beschomerias can be certainly identified only
when in flower, the following key is added :
A. Inflorescence racemose.
B. Fls. highly colored, purple and red— ToneZti.
BB. Fls. dull-colored, reddish greQU— tubiflora.
AA. Inflorescence panicled.
B. Fls. 2 or 3 in a c\u%t^r— Dekosteriana.
BB. Fls. more numerous in the cluster, 3-7.
c. Peduncles bright r^d—yuccoides.
CC. Peduncle dull reddish htovfn—bracteata.
G. W. Oliveb and W. M.
158
BESLERIA
BETULA
BESLfiEIA (after Basil Besler, Nuremberj? apothe-
cary, an'l reputed author of ♦he. «uperb Hortus Eystetten-
ais, 1613). Gesner^' ece. Tropical plants, mostly sub-
shrubs, with somewhat 4-ansled stems, large, membra-
naceous, -^nr site, petiolate Ivs. prominently veined be-
neath, an How, white or purple fls. B. Imray is
herbaceoi , .v'ith serrate Ivs. and yellow axillary fls.
B.M. 634' Prop, by cuttings. None are known to be
offered in America.
B£SS£BA (after Dr. Besser, professor of botany at
Brody). Mexican Cokal Drops. An exceedingly pretty
summer-flowering bulbous plant, with umbels of pendu-
lous fls,, which are vermilion outside, have a white co-
rona or cup within, and long, purple stamens. It is a
monotypic genus allied to Androstephium. Perianth
cup-shaped, the tube shorter than the oblong-lanceolate
segments ; stamens 6. Culture simple. Bulbs planted
out, and lifted when ripe.
61egans, Schult. f. Bulb globular, 1 in. thick, tuni-
cated : Ivs. 2-3, about 10-12 in., or even 2 ft,, long:
g'^^pe 1-2 ft. long, hollow, fragile ; umbels 4-10-fld. ;
pedicels 1-1/^ in. long ; perianth 9-10 lin«s long, keeled
on the back, variously marked with white within, but
usually with vermilion margins ani center-band : fls.
borne through two months of late summer and early
autumn. G.F. 4:125. Gn. 25:423. B.R. 25:34. B.R.
1546, as Pharium fistulosum. F.S. 4:424. as B. tninia-
^um. — Strong bulbs sometimes throw up 6-10 scapes,
with 12-20-fld. umbels. "W. jj,
BfiTA( Latin name). Chenopodihcect. Perhaps a dozen
or 15 species of herbs, ranging from the Canary Islands
to eastern India. One polymorphous species yields the
cultivated Beets. This is B. vtilgaris, Moq., the origi-
nal form of which is perennial, and grows on the coasts
of southern Europe, reaching as far N. as the Straits of
Dover. Moquin (DC. Prodr. 13, pt. 2:56) divides the
derivatives of this species into three groups : (1) The
slender- and hard-rooted, essentially wild forms, includ-
ing B. maritimaot Linnaeus ; (2) Leaf Beet{.fi. Cicla),
comprising the various kinds of Chard or Spinach Beet
(see Chard); (3) the common garden Beets, or Beet-
root. The ornamental Beets, grown for their handsome
colored Ivs., are akin to the Chards. All these races
have been developed in comparatively modern times,
probably from one original form, Cf . Sturtevant, Amer.
Nat. 1887:433. See Beet. l, h. B.
BETEL, or BETLE. The leaf of Piper Betle, a kind
of pepper used in wrapping the pellets of betel-nut and
lime which are commonly chewed in the Orient. The
pellets are hot, acrid, aromatic, astringent. They redden
the saliva and blacken the teeth, and eventually corrode
them. The betel-nut is the fruit of Areca Catechu, a
palm.
BETCNICA and BETONY. See Stachys.
B£TULA (ancient Latin name) . Betuld.ftea>, a tribe of
Cupulifer(e. Birch. Trees or shrubs, with the bark usu-
ally separating into thin, papery plates : Ivs. alternate,
deciduous, petioled, serrate : fls. monoecious, apetalous,
in catkins, opening in spring with the Ivs.; staminate
catkins usually long and pendulous, formed in the au-
tumn and remaining naked during the winter, every
scale bearing 3 fls,, each with 2 stamens divided at the
apex ; pistillate catkins oblong or cylindrical, bearing in
the axil of every scale 3 naked ovaries : fr. a minute
nut, often erroneously called seed, with membranaceous
wings, dropping at maturity with the bracts from the
slender rachis. About 35 species in N. America, Europe,
N. and Oent. Asia, especially in the northern regions.
No tree goes farther north than the Birch ; in N. America
B. papyri fera rcaehes66°N. lat., and in Europe B. alha
goes to the North Cape, and is still a forest tree at 70°.
The hard and tough wood is often used in the manu-
•facture of furniture and of many small articles, in
n?.aking charcoal, and for fuel; from the bark, boxe?*, bas-
kets, and many small articles are made ; also canoes from
that of the B. papyrifera : in Russia and Siberia it is
used in tanning leather. The sap of some species i.i used
as a beverage. The Birches are very ornamental park
trees, hardy, except 2 or 3 Himalayan species, and espe-
cially valuable for colder climates. Their foliage is rarely
attacked by insects, and turns to a bright or orange-yellow
in fall. Their graceful habit, the slender, often pendulous
brunches, and the picturesque trunks make them con-
spicuiuis features of the landscape. Especially reniark<
able are those with white-colored bark, as B. papyrifera
popnUfolia, alba, Ermani, and also B. 3faximoiriczii
with yellow bark. Most Birches prefer moist, sandy and
loamy soil ; but some, as B. alba and poptili folia, grow
as satisfactorily in dry localities and poor soil as jn
swamps and bogs, and they are especially valuable in
replanting deserted grounds as nurses for other trees •
both are comparatively short-lived trees. Prop, readily
by seeds, gathered at maturity and sot in fall, or usu-
ally kept dry during the winter, or stratified ; but B.
nigra, which ripens its fniits in June, must be sown at
once, and by fall the seedlings will be several inches
high. The seeds should be sown in sandy soil, slightly
or not at all covered, but pressed firmly into the ground
and shaded. The seedlings must be transplanted when
one year old. Rarer species and varieties are grafted,
usually on B. lenfa, papyrifera, nigra or alba. Cleft or
tongue-grafting in early spring, on potted .stock in the
greenhouse, is the best method. Budding in summer is
also sometimes practiced. Shrubby forms may also be
increased by layers, and B. nana by greenwood cuttings
under glass. Monographs by Regel : Monographische
Bearbeitung der Betulaceae ( 1861) ; and in De Candolle,
Prodromus, 16, 2, p. 162 (1869).
Index : alba, 10 ; atropurpurea, 10 ; Bhojpattra, 2 ;
Carpatica, 10 ; cordifolia, 8 ; costata, 6 ; Dalecarlica, 10;
Ermani, 5 ; excelsa. 4, 10 ; fastigiata, 10, 13 ; glandu-
losa, 12 ; Japonica, 10 ; laciniata, 10, 9 ; lenta, 3 ; lutea,
4 ; Maximowiczii, 1 ; minor, 8 : nana, 14; uigra, 7; occi-
dentalis, 11 ; odorata, 10 ; papyract> . 8 ; papyrifera. 8;
pendula, 10, 9 ; persicifolia, 14 ; pi jphylla, 8; Pon-
tica, 10 ; populifolia, 9 ; pubescens, 10 ; pumila, 13 ;
pyrifolia,8; mihra, 7: tortuosa, 10; urticifolia, 10 ;
utilis, 2 ; verrucosa, 10.
A. Veins of Ivs- more than 7 pairs, usually impressed
above. Trees.
B. Zrvs. large, 4-6 in, long, deeply cordate: contH
cylindrical, racemose, 2-4.
1. Maziindwiczii, Regel. Tree, 80-90 ft., with smooth,
orange-colored trunk and dark reddish brown branch-
lets : Irs. long-petioled, broadly ovate, coarsely and
doubly serrate, membranaceous, pubescent on younger
trees, nearly glabrous on older ones : cones 'K-3 in.
long, slender, nodding ; fr. with very broad wings.
Jap, —This is probably the most beautiful of all Birches,
perfectly hardy north and of rapid giowth ; its large
foliage and the yellow color of the trunk render it a
highly ornamental and conspicuous park tree.
BB. Lvs. S-5 in. long : cones solitary, erect : wings nar-
rower than the fruit.
c. Shape of lvs. ovate or oblong-ovate, rounded and often
cordate at the base, broadest about the middle:
veins distinctly impressed above, comparatively
short-petioled.
2. tltilis, Don {B. Bhojpdttra,WsiU.). Tree, 40-60 ft. :
trunk with reddish brown bark : lvs. ovate, rounded at
the base, acuminate, densely irregularly serrate, pubes-
cent when young, 2-3 in. long, with 8-12 pairs of veins :
cones peduncled, cylindrical, 1-2 in. long ; bracts with
erect oblong lobes, the middle one much longer. Himal.,
Jap. — Not quite hardy N.
3. l^nta, Linn. Cherry, Sweet, or Black Birch.
Tree, 60-70 ft. ; trunk dark reddish brown, young hark
aromatic, of agreeable flavor : lvs. oblong-ovate, usu-
ally cordate at the base, sharply and doubly serrate,
hairy beneath when yofng, nearly glabrous at length,
2-5 in. long : cones ovoid-oblong, 1-1 % in. long ; bracts
with broad lobes, the middle one slightly longer. From
Nev'-fouiidland to Florida, west to Illinois and Missouri.
S.S. 9:448. Em. 232.— Very handsome tree, round-
headed, and with pendulous branches when older: at-
tractive in spring, with :*^$ ' >*'g staminate catkins.
4. Ititea, Michx. (B. " ■-». », Pursh. not Ait.). Yel-
low Birch. Fig. 231. ''r^f. sometimes 100 ft.: bark
BETULA
BETULA
159
silvery gray or light orange, on old trunks reddish
brown ; young bark aromatic, but somewhat bitter :
branehlets usually pilose : Ivs. ovate or oblong-ovate,
asuallv rounded at the base, acuminate, sharply and
231
Cone of Betula lutea.
Natural size.
doubly serrate, usually hairy along the veins beneath :
cones like the last, but thicker, and bracts larger pu-
bescent outside. From Newfoundland south to N. Caro-
lina and Tenn., west to Minn. S.8. 9:449. Em. 235.-
One of the most valuable forest trees in the northern
states, much resembling the former in habit. Var. per-
siciJdlia, Dipp., has larger and longer Ivs., often ovate-
lanceolate.
cc. Shape of Ivs. ovate, broad and usuaUy trtmcate,
soimtitnes cordate at the base: veins not im-
pressed above: long -pet ioJed.
5. £rmani, Cham. Tree. 60 ft. : trunk white; branches
orange-colored ; branehlets usually glandular and pu-
bescent when young : Ivs. broadly triangular-ovate,
acuminate, irregularly coarsely serrate, 2-4 in. long,
hairy when unfolding, with 7-10 pairs of veins : cones
oblong ; bracts pubescent, with linear-oblong lobes,
middle one somewhat longer. N. E. Asia, Japan.—
Handsome round-headed tree, with slender branches.
6. costita, Trautv. Tree, 50 ft. : bark yellowish brown :
branches not or slightly glandular : Ivs. ovate, rarely
oblong-ovate, irreerularly doubly serrate, with 9-12 pairs
of veins, long acuminate, 2-33^ in. long, glabrous :
cones elliptic : bracts glabrous, witli short, rhombic or
obovate lateral lobes. Japan. Manchuria.
CCC. Shape of Irs. rhombic-ovate, ciineate at the base;
veins slightly impressed above: petioles rather
short: cones erect, peduncled, cylindrical.
7. nigra, Linn. (7?. rubra, Michx.). Red or Rivkr
BmrH. Tree, 50-90 ft. : bark reddish brown, or silvei-y
gray on younger branches, separating into ijumerous
thin, papery flakes : branehlets pubescent : Ivs. rhom-
bic-o^-ate, acute, «h)ubly serrate, pubescent when youn>r,
at lensrth only on the veins beneath, pale or glaucescemi,
beneatli. 2-334 in. lung : cones 1-1 ?3 in. Ion \ cylindri-
cal, ripening in May or June ; bracts pube?.cent, with
erect, linear-oblong, nearly equal lv>l)ts. From Mass.
south to ^la. and west to Kans. und Minn. S.S. 9: 4,')2.
-A moisture-loving, graceful tree, with slender, very
numerous branches, and remarkable for its torn and
ragged bark.
AA. Veins of Ivs. 7 or less, not impressed pairs.
B. Wings usually broader than the nut.
c. Trunk with white bark. Trees; rarely shrubs.
8. papyrifera, Marsh.(5. jaapj/rdcca. Ait.). Paper or
Canoe Birch. Fig. 232. Tree, 60-80, exceptionally
120, ft.: branehlets glandular, hairy when young : Ivs.
ovate, narrowed to cordate at the base, acuminate,
coarsely and usually doubly serrate, pubescent on the
veins beneath or nearly glabrous, 1 3^-434 in. long:
cones peduncled, 1-2 in. long ; bracts with short and
broad divergent lateral lobes. N. states from the Atlan-
tic to Pacific coast. S.S. 9:451. Em. 2.38. G.F.8:223.
— Ornamental tree, with very white trunk and a loose,
graceful head when older. Var, cordifolia, Kegel. ( li.
pyrifdlia &m\ pIatyphyUa,TIort.). Lvs. broadly ovate,
usually cor late, large. Var. minor, Tuckerm. Low,
bushy tree with smaller lvs. and frs. Mts. of N. Eng.
and N. York.
9. populifdlia, Ait. {B. dlba, var. populi folia , Spaeh.).
White Birch. Small tree, exceptionally 40 ft., with
smooth white b.Mk : branehlets with numerous resinous
glands : lvs. slen<ier, petioled, triangular or deltoid,
long acuminate, coarsely doubly serrate, glutinous when
j'oung, glabrous at length and shining : cones slender,
?talked, cylindrical, about 1 in. long ; bracts pubescent,
the lateral lobes divergent, about as long as the middle
one. From N. Brunswick to Delaware, west to Ontario.
S.S. 9:450. Em. 1:242. -A small, graceful, but short-
lived tree, yet thriving in dry and poor soil. Var.
lacini^ta, Hort. Lvs. incised-laciniate. Var. p^ndula,
Hort. Branches distinctly pendulous. Var. purptirea,
Hort. Lvs. purple when young, gr^en at length. B.
populifoliaxpapyrifera is shown in G.F. 8:356.
10. dlba, Linn. European White Birch. Fig. 233.
Tree, sometimes 80 ft., with white bark: lvs. slender-^,
petioled, ovate or rhombic-ovate, acute or acuminatOt^
doubly serrate : cones erect or pendulous, cylindrical;
bracts with horizontally spreading lateral lobes about as
long as tlie middle one. From Eu. to Jap. — This very
variable species may be divided into 2 subspecies :
(1) p^ndula, Roth (B. rerruedsa, Ehrh.). Branches
more pendulous, glabrous, usually glandular : lvs.
rhombic-ovate, glutinous when young : cones all pen-
dulous. The following varieties belong here : V'ar.
atpc
^BO*»^
232. Staminate catkin (natural size) and flowers iCiilarged)
of Betula papyrifera.
atropurpilrea. Hort. Lvs. dark purple. Var. Dalecdr-
lica, Li'in. (/?./rtcini()^f. Hort.). Fig. 234. Lvs. more
or less deeply lobed with incised-serrate lobes. Var.
fastigi&ta. Hort. <>f straierht. upright, columnar
gro- th. Var. Jap^nica, Miq. (B. dlba, var. Tauschi,
160
BETULA
BIARUM
Kegel.)' Lvs. broad -ovate, usually truncate at the
base. Var. p^ndula, Hort. Branches slender, dis-
tinctly pendulous ; cult, in several different forms, as
var. p6ndula lacini&ta, Hort., with laciniate Ivs.: a
very graceful form ( Fig. 234) ; var. p^ndula Slogans ;
var. p^ndula Yotingi, and others.
(2) pub^scens, Ehrh. (B. odo r<)/a, Bechst.). Less
pendulous or upright, sometimes shrubby ; branchlets
usually pubescent, not glandular : h-'s. ovate, pubes-
cent beneath, at least when young : cones pendu-
lous or erect. The first grows more in dry situations,
while the latter is found growing in moist places,
often in swamps. To this subspecies belong the follow-
ing varieties : Var. exc^lsa, Kegel. iB. excilsa. Ait.).
Tree: Ivs. ovate, short petioled, pubescent beneath.
Var. pub^scens, Kegel. Branches and Ivs. pubescent,
at least when young ; Ivs. ovate, actite. Var. urtic'id-
lia, Spach. Lvs, small, deep g^-een, irregula?lf in-
cised-serrate, unequal at the base. Var. Carp&tica,
Kegel, F6ntica, Dipp., and tortndsa, Kegel, are small
trees, without any horticultural value.
cc. Trunk with dark bronze-colored bark.
11. occident&lis, Hook. Small tree, occasionally 40 ft.;
branchlets slender, glandular : lvs. broadly ovate or
nearly orbicular, acute or obtuse, sharply seriate, short-
petioled, glabrous or sparsely pubescent at the v^ins be-
neath, 1-2 in. long: cones 1-1J4 in. long ; bracts with
erect, oval lobes, the middle one usually longer. North-
west Amer., east to Dakota and Nebraska. S.S. 9: 453.
BB. Wings smaller th<' ,» the nut: shrubs 1-15 ft.: lvs.
small, short-peiioled : cones erect.
C. Branchlets glandular, not pubescent.
12. glanduldsa, Michx. Only 1-4 ft. : lvs. she oeti-
oled, rounded or cuneate at the base, orbicu r or
broadly obovate, obtuse, dentate, glabrous, J^-l/'a in.
long : cones peduncled, %-%m. long : lobes of bracts
nearly equal, slightly spreading. Newfoundland to
Alaska, south to Michigan, and in the Rocky Mountains
to Colorado. B.B. 1:510.
CC. Branchlets pubescent or nearly glabrous, not
glandular.
13. ptunila, Linn. Usually 2-8 ft., rarely 15 : branch-
lets tomentose or abescent, at least when young : Ivs.
orbicular or oval, ^cute or obtuse, coarsely dentate^ pale
and glabrous or pubescent beneath, 14-2 in. long: cones
peduncled, 3^-1 in. long ; lateral lobes of the pubescent
bracts spreading, shorter than the middle one. New-
foundland to Minn., south to Ohio. B.B. 1:511. Var.
fastigi^ta, Hort. (B. humilis
fastigiata, Hort.). Of distinct,
upright growth. B. piimila x
lenta is shown in O.F. 8:245.
14. n&na, Linn. Low, spreading, rarely 4 ft.: lvs.
o'bicular or cuneate-obovate, crenate, rounded at apex',
glabrous, }>i-%\n. long : cones nearly sessile, }i-]4\u,
long ; the upper bracts usually entire, the lower ones
233. Leaves of Betula alba. Natural size.
J34. Cut-leaved Weeping Birch— Betula alba.
3-lobed. Arctic N.E. Amer., N.Eu., Siberia. B.B. 1:511.
—A low, graceful shrub for rockeries and rocky slopes.
B. alnoldes, Hamilt. (B. cylindrostachya. Wall.). Tree, 50-60
ft.: bsrk brown : lvs. ovate-oblong, doubly cuspidately serrate:
cones racemose. Himal. Tender.— /?.aJpe«tn'«, Fries = B. inter-
media.—.B. carpinifdlia. Ehrh.=-= B. lenta.— -B. corylifdlia, Regel.
Allied to B. nigra. Lvs. broad elliptic or obovate, coarsely den-
tate : cones cylindrical. Japan. H. cylindrostachya, ^r]1.=
B. alnoides.— 5. Dahurica. Pall. Tree, to 60 ft.: bark brown:
lvs. ovate, pubescent on the veins beneath. 1-2 in. long : cones
oblong. Dahur.. Manchuria.-^. /rt/f»>o«a, Pall. Shrub, to 15
ft.: lvs. ovate, glabrous at length and usually glandular be-
neath, 1-2 in. long. Siber., Manchuria. — B. Omelini, Bunge=
B. fruticosa.— .B. grdndig. Schrad.=B. papyrifera.— J?, grbgta,
Sieb. & Zucc. Allie<l to B. lenta. Lvs. ovate, unequally serrate,
}4~2 in. long : lol)es of bracts rounded. Jap.— .B. htnnilit,
S<-hrank. Two to 6 ft.: branchlets glandular : lvs. Va-l/^in.
'cng, crenately serrate, glabrous M. and N. Eu., N. .Asia.— B.
hiibrida, Bechst. Natural hybrid of B. pendnlaXpubescens.
Tree.— .B. in^erw^dta, Thomas (B. albaXnana). Shrub: lvs.
orbicular or ovate, %-\ in. long, glabrotis. N. En.— ^. Med-
wedjeici, Regel. Tree, allied to B. Ermani : lvs. elliptic, 8-11-
nerved : cones cylindrical. Trans-Caucasia. Gt. 36. p. 384.—
B. Raddedna, Trautv. Allied to B. fruticosa. Tree : lvs. small,
ovate, pubescent on the veins beneath : cones oblong. Cauca-
sus. Gt. 36. p. 384.— /i. nlmifblia, Sieb.& Zucc.
Tree: lvs. ovate, doubly serrate, with 10-14 pairs
of veins : bracts of cone with linear oblong
lobes. Jap.— B. Yoitngipendula, Hort.= B. .-dba,
var. pendula Youngi. ALFRED Rehder.
BIABUM (old and obscure name).
Aro\deai. Dwarf, tuberous perennials of
the same tribe with our native jack-in-
the-pulpit. They are hardy in England,
but probably are suitable only for pot-eul-
ure in the northern U. S. They have a
spathe which is tubular at the bu.^e, mostly
wiih a long limb, and usually a long tail-
like spadix. They grow a few inches high.
Odd. Little known in America.
tennifdlium, Schott {Arum tenuifdlixm,
Linn.). Lvs. linear-lanceolate or spatu-
late, appearing after the fls. decay: spathe
long-acuminate, at len;?+h recurved and
twisted spirally, aboMt 10 in. long, out-
side green, streaked purple ; inside dull
purple, spotted : margins wavy : spadix
15 in. long. Spain. B.M. 2282.
Fyri,mi,Eng.{IscharumPyrdmi, Schott).
Lvs. oblong above the middle, narrowing
abruptly to a very long petiole, re .embliiig
BIARUM
BIGXOXIA
161
Calla pnhistris : spathe green outside, shining, velvety
jurple within, shorter nnd broader than in B. tnhiflortim ,
it length revolute ; tube swelling, connate only at the
rerv base : spadix thicker and shorter. Syria. B.M.
B6vei, Blume. Lvs. similar to B. Pyrami: spathe-
tube connate a fourth of its lenptL ; blade of spathe
lonfjer and more narrowly lanceolate, greeu outside,
dark purple within. Syria, Asia Minor.
itDE^S (hatm, tivice-toothed, reterring to the seed).
Compos iter. Bur Marigold. Mostly American hardy
annual and perennial herbs, allied to Dahlia and Core-
TOsis, and distingui**lif <1 ^'Y the barbed awns of the seed,
rhich. in B. frondnsa, our common Stick-Tight, or
lU'vil's Bootjack, are very trouldesorae by clinging to
tie clothiuiT. B. grandifldra, Balb., from S. Amer., is a
ytiiow-fld. haniy annual, growing 2 ft, high, bearing
gliLrous pinnatisect lvs.; occasionally cult. For B.
atr 'Bangui ne a, Hort., see Cosmos diversifclius.
BlilNNIAL, A i)lant living two years; particularly
one wh'ch does not bear flowers and fruit until tlie second
year fio.n the seed. Plants vary greatly in their dura-
tion, dep nding upon the climate in which they grow
and the ;. 'atment which they receive. Comparatively
few plants a~o true biennials. The common mullein and
bull thistle (Om'cns lanceolnfu.s) are examples. Most
cultivated bien-iials become annuals if grown in a warm
or long-season climate, as turnips, celery, cabbage,
onion. If the plPLts are crowded, or not allowed to attain
their full developm ?nt, they tend to run to seed and com-
plete their growth the first year. Gardeners are familiar
with this fact in celery, carrots and beets. Plants which
are practically annuals under such conditions, but which
have the power of carrying themselves over winter by
means of bulbs, corms, tubers, and other food-storage
parts, have been called p.<i<'t;d-an»iiuls. DeCandoUe esti-
mates that true or natural biennials comprise 1 or 2 per
cent of the total number of species of seed-bearing
plants- L. H. B.
BIFBENABIA (Latin for twice and strap, referring
to tlie corrective of the pollinii ). Orchiddcecp, tribe
Vdndeif. Very like Maxillaria, ami distinguished by
technical characters of the poll! ila. About 25 trop.
Amer. species, of which the two lollowing are best
known to the horticulturist. These species do well at
the cool end of the Cattleya house, and, in general,
should be treated like Maxillaria and L\ caste.
atirantlaca, Lindl. Pseudobulbs ovate or ovoid, mono-
phyllous ; leaf -blades about 6 in. long, oval or nearly
so : fls. about 1 in. across, yellow, dotted with deeper
yellow. British Guiaaa. B.M. 3597.
vitellina, Lindl. Fls. deeper yellow than in the above,
with a brown spot on the labelium. Brazil.
Oakks Ames.
BIGELCVIA (after Dr. Jacob Bigelow, author of
Florula Postoniensis, Medical Botany of U. S.,etc.).
Compositir. The only species in cult, is the original
one, which resembles a goldenrod. Prop, by cuttings
and by seed. Culture simple.
grav^olens, Gray (Bigehhcia draninculo\defi, DC).
Low shrub, 1-0 ft. high, densely white-tonientose, much
branched, very leafy, malodorous only in drying : lvs.
linear, 1-2 in. long : fl. -heads, yellow, 5-8 lines high,
very numerous, crowded, in terminal corymbose cvmes,
rayless. Alkaline soils Dak. to B. C. and S.to S. Calif,
and Ariz. Var. albicaillis is more permanentlv and
densely woolly, dwarfer, and recommended bv D. M.
Andrews. Boulder, Colo., for low hedges and edgings.
BIGELOW. JACOB. Botanist, phvsician, educator,
and founder of Mt. Auburn Cemetery, the prototype of
all garden and landscape cemeteries,' was born at Sud-
bury, Mass., February 27, 1787, and died at Boston, Jan-
uary 10, 1879. He was graduated from Harvard in 1806,
and began the practice of medicine in 1810. His Florula
Bo^toniensis, 18U (2d ed. 1824), was the first American
local flora of importance, and served for many vears as
the only popular manual of New England bo'tanv. He
was Professor of Materia Medica in Harvard from 1815
11
to 18.55. and for twenty years Physician to the Massachu-
setts General Hospital. His American Medical Botany,
1817-20, was the first work of its kind. Each of the three
volumes contained descriptions of 20 species, with a
colored plate of e"'h produced by the aqua-tinting pro-
cess, a method invented by Dr. Bigelow just before
lithography. His essay on " Self-limited Diseases," an
attack on heroic remo'lies and a plea for the recuperative
processes of nature, marked an epoch in medical reform.
Dr. O. W. Holmes said that it probably had more influ-
er 'e on medical practice in America than any work ever
published in this country. He also did much to introduce
science into colleges that were too exclusively classical.
The genus Bigelovia, named after him by DeCandolle,
was founded on a western plant resembling goldenrod.
He was the one man without whom Mt. Auburn C eme-
tery would never have existed. This cemetery has been
one of the most important factors in the development of
landscape gardening in America, and without the reve-
nues derived from it the Massachusetts Horticultural
Society could never have played so important a part in
American horticulture. Dr. Bigelow was one of the most
versatile, useful and interesting men of his day. The
popular use of the word "technoloffy " dates from his
"Elements of Technolotry." 1827. For a fuller account,
see the sketch bv L. H. Bailev, in Botanical Gazette,
8:217 (188.'i), and Scientific Papers of A. Gray, 2: 413.
See, also, Dr. Bigelow's book on the history of Mt. Au-
l>"'"n. ^v. M.
BIGNONIA (The Abbe Bignon, librarian to Louis
XIV, ). Bujnonidceiv. Climbing American shrubs, mostly
tropical, of more than 100 species. Fls. mostly large and
showy, long-tubular, with a contracted base, 5-lobed or
-toothed, 2-lipped limb; perfect stamens 4 : seeds winged,
in a linear, compressed capsule.
Bignonias are strong and rapid-growing evergreen
greenhouse climbers, requiring considerable space for
their best development, such as the roof of a large con-
servatory, or the back wall of a lean-to greenhouse. If
convenient, they should be planted out under the plant
stage ot the greenhouse, or otherwise in boxes placed on
the stage. A box 5 ft. x 1 % ft. and 1 ft. deep will be found
a convenient size fo'* them. As with most greenhouse
climbing plants, the roots like considerable freedom;
but with Bignonias the roots must be somewhat re-
stricted (though not to the limitations of a flower-pot),
otherwise an immense growth and few flowers will be
the result. They are not very fastidious as to soil. A
good, fibrous loam, to which one-third well decomposed
cow or sheep manure has been added, suits them admi-
rably. A winter temperature of 45° to .50°. with a gradual
rise as the days lengthen, should be given them, admit-
ting air freely whenever the weather is favorable. They
like plenty of moisture at the roots — especially during
the spring and summer (the growing season) — but per-
fect drainage should be ensured, as the soil at no lime
must become saturated or sour. Except when in flower,
a good syringing on all fine days will be very beneficial.
They should a' so be sprayed once or twice a week with
a moderately strong solution of kei ^sone emulsion, or
kerosene and water, to keep them free from mealy bug,
as they are very subject to this pest. The vines should
be trained so as to allow a free circulation of air amonc
the branches for the purpose of ripening the wood, as
upon this depends the assurance of flowers. All super-
fluous branches and weak shoots should be removed,
and before the growing season begins all the branches
should be shortened from 1 to ;{ feet, according to
their strength ; this will throw the energy of the plant
into the lateral buds, which will produce the flowering
branches, providing the wood has been properly ripened
the previous season.
Propagation is effected by cuttings taken in late
spring and inserted in sand under a bell glass, or in
a propagating box, in a warm temperature. Choose, if
possible, stout, short -jointed lateral gr )wths for the pur-
pose. They must be carefully watered until rooted,
which usually takes from 6 to 10 weeks.
Cult, by Edward J. Canning.
A. Li's, s triple, opposite.
magrniliica, Bull. Fri>e-growing and flonferons, need-
ing warm treatment: les. ovate-olliptic, stalked, eatire:
162
BIGXOXIA
BILLBEEGIA
fls. panicled. large (SJsin. across), ranginff from mauve
to purple-red, the throat primrose, limb wide-spreading.
Colombia. G.C. II. 12:73.
regalis, Hort. Lrs. elliptic-lanceolate : fls. large, yel-
low and red. Guiana. — Of recent introduction. Requires
wanu Treatment.
argyreo-violascens, Hort. Lvs. ovate, cordate at base,
short-stalked, purple when young, but becoming beau-
tifully veined and blotched with white : fls. purple.
S. Amer.? I. H. 13:469.
AA. Lvs. pinnately compound, the 2 lower Uts. us2tany
foliaceous and the others represented by tendrils.
B. Fls. normally from the arils of the lrs.
C. Pedicels 1-fld.
capreol^ta, Linn. Trcmpet-flower. Cross-vine.
Quarter-vine. Climbing lo great heights (often 50 ft.
or more), glabrous, evergreen : Ifts. stalked, oblong-
a'!uminate, cordate, entire : fls. in many 2-5-fld, short-
peduncled cymes, j-ellow-red and lighter within, tubu-
lar (2 in. long), with a stout limb Native from Md. S.
and W.. and often a pest in orchards, climbing on the
trees. B.M. 864. Gng. 1:370, 371. — Handsome vine for
outdoor use. Good for covering walls. Sometimes
grown in conservatories. A cross-section of the stem
presents a cross-form appearance, whence one of the
common names.
Var. atrosangruinea, Hook. f. (B. atrosangntnea,
Hort.). Lvs. longer and narrower: fls. dark purple,
the lobes short ?>nd triangular-ovate. B.M. 6501. F.R.
2 :27. — Handsome.
Tweedilma, Lindl. Leaflets lanceolate and pointed,
cordate, 3 in. or less long : fls. trumpet-shaped, 2 in.
long, orange-yellow, the limb of rounded, spreading
lobes and from 2-4 in. across. Argentina. B.R. 26:45.
Gn. 40:812.— Will stand a little frost if grown in the
open in the South.
cc. Pedicels S-fld.
Lindleyi, DC, Glabrous: Ifts. oblong or ovate-oblong,
cordate, acute, somewhat wavy-margined : fls. pale
purple, with spots and stripes, the tube oblong-cylin-
drical (2 in. long), the limb short and the lobes obo-
vate-rouaded and undulate. Argentina.— Blooms when
young.
specidsa, R. Grab. Glabrous: leaflets 3 in. long, ellip-
tical and more or less acuminate, shining, the midrib
235. Btgnonia venusta (X /^).
prominent : fls. 3 in. long, with compressed tube, which
is furrowed or plaited below and yellowish with lilac
streaks, the limb 2-3 in. across, purple .nd streaked, the
lobes spreading reflexed, ob'i use and wavy. Argentina.
B.M. 3888.— Needs warm or intermediate temp. : blooms
in spring and early summer. When grown in the open
in the S., will stand a little frost.
BB. Pl.f. in clusters terminating the hranchlets.
c. Branches prominently 4-anijled.
buccinatdria, Mairet. {B. Cherere, Lindl. B. Kerhe
Hort.). TuU: leaflets 2-3 in. long, elliptic or ovate-ob-
long, obtuse or only cuspidate, pelluci«l-dotte(l, the
petioles (as the racemes) tomentose : fl. lontr-tuhuiar
(4 in. long), blood-red, but yellow at base, the limb
rather narrow, with retuse lobes. Mex. Gn. 26:471.
B.M. 7516. R.H. 1898: 580. — Needs coolhou.se treatment!
Strong grower. One of the finest species.
c. Branches terete or very nearly so.
aequinocti^lis, Linn. Glabrous : Leaf.ets orate to
oval-lanceolate, obtuse or acum'nate, shining altore:
fls. in both terminal and axillary panicles ; corolla gla-
brous, trumpet-shaped, 2>2 in. long, purple, with dark
rose stripes (but said in garden books to be yellow);
fls. sometimes only in 2's. W. Ind. and S. Amer.-Per-
haps not the plant known under this name in the trade.
Chimberlaynii, Sims. Glabrous : leaflets ovate-acu-
minate, glabrous, shining above, paler beneath, more or
less tapering at base : fls. tubular, contracted below,
3-4 in. long, the limb comparatively short and spread-
ing, bright yellow ; cluster many-fld. Braz. B.M. 2148.
— Perhaps a form of the last. This species and B.
{fquioctialis are referred to the genus Anemoptfgma bv
some.
veniista, Ker-Gawl. Fig. 235. Sts. striate or some-
what angular, the young ones pubescent : leaflets usu-
ally 3, glabrous, ovate-acuminate, more or less tapering
at base : fls. in corymbose, mostly drooping raceme.s ;
corolla slender and iong-tubular, contracted in the lower
half (2-3 in. long), with 2-lipped limb and oblonpr. obtuse,
reflexing lobes, crimson-orange. Braz. B.M. 2050. A.F.
11: 1023. — Requires a rather warm house. Profuse
bloomer; early winter. One of the best rafter plants,
purpurea, Lodd. Glabrous, tall-climbing : leaflets
often 3, usually 2, lance-obovate, abruptly acuminate,
short-stalked, toothed or entire : fls. mauve or rose-pur-
ple, with a white eye, the flaring tube 1 in. long, the
wide-spreading lobes rouaded. S. Amer. B.M. 5800.
G.C. III. 24: 399. — Requires warm treatment.
B. adenophylla, Wall.=Heterophragma.— B. alba, Hort =
Pitheoo<-teniiin —B. grandiflbra, ThTinb.=Teooma.— ^. rarfi-
cans, Liiin.=Tecoma.— ^. suaveolens, Roxbg.=Stereosi)ermum.
—B. Thtinbergii, H.ort:=Tecoma. j^^ jj g
BILIl^I. See Averrhoa,
BILLARDlfiBA (after J. J. Labillardi^re. French
botanist and traveler. ) Piitospordcece. Tender Austra-
lian climbers, with terminal, solitary, pendulous, tubu-
lar, stalked fls., prenerally yellow, and edible fr. B. Ion-
giflora and B. srandens are cult, abroad as greenhouse
climbers. B. cymosa, cult, outdoors at Santa Barbara.
Calif,, is Sollya heterophylla.
BILLBfiEGIA (for the Swedish botanist, J. G, BiU-
berg), Bromeliacete. About 40 tropical American ever-
green epiphytal herbs, now much cult, by amateurs aud
in fancy collections. A few kinds are well known to
florists. A closely allied genus is .^^chmea, which see
for botanical differences. The fls. are in a spike or spi-
cate panicle, which rises from the cent'^r of the rosette
of long, spiny edged, and usually stiflF, pineapple-like
lvs. : fls. showy, with 3-parted calyx and 3 long petals.
0 c isertsd stamens, thread-like style, and berry-like
fr. The colored bracts of the fl. -clusters are usually
very showy. Cf . Charles Mez, the latest monographer.
in DC. Phaner. Monogr. 9. Species confused ; but
the artificial arrangement given below may aid the
gardener.
Billbergias can b3 cultivated best in greenhouses,
planted in nans, pots, wooden cribs, or wire baskets,
with loose, light material about their roots, such as
pieces of charcoal, roots of very fibrous plants, or fern
roots and sphagnum moss, and such material. They
require little water at the roots in winter, and nothing
but light sprinkling over the foliage is required to keep
thera alivt during tnat time. But in summer, when the
heat is great nnd they are making their growth, they
BILLBERGIA
BIRTHWORT
163
can withstand an abundance of moisture, at the roots
as well as at the top, most of the time hohling: water in
the funnel-like center or body of the plant. They ^f ner-
ally hrin^ their conspicuous, showy tlowers in the spring,
when moisture overhead or sprinkling should be with-
held iu order to prolong the beauty of the flowers. They
require at night a temperature of from 50°-75°, but, of
course, can stand atiy amount of heat in summer. Bill-
bei-gias, like all other Bromeliads, make very good house
plants, and they will thrive exceedingly well in a living-
room temperature. They love plenty of light and sun.
All tirst-class private garden establishments should
have at least a few of this class of plants. They are
propairated best from s\i 'kers or sprouts, which arise
from the base of the old plant, generally after it has
blvomed and performed its functiOiiS. The old plant
then gradually deteriorates, sending out from two to five
young plants from its base. These can be taken off as
soon as they are hardy and substantial enough, and can
be mounted or potted into the same kind of material.
Then, suspended in the greenhouse, conservatory, or
window for an exhibition, they thrive best. Besides
their beautiful and attractive flowers, they have very
handsome foliage, which is of a tough and leathery
texture. Billbergias, ^Echmeas, and the like, are na-
tives of the tropics, and, therefore, require a warm tem-
perature. iEchmeas are usually larger than Billbergias
and Tillandsias. Cult. by H. A. Siebrecht.
A. FIs. greenish or yellotcish, often tipped tcith blue.
B. Petals curling spirally tfter fl. expands.
[Helicddea.)
lebrina, Lindl. (Bromelia zebrlna, Herb. uEchmea
zebrhui, Hort. ). St. very short, or nore : Ivs. sheath-
ing, deep green, with blotches and zones of gray -white,
strongly spine-margined : fl. -cluster loose, long and
drooping : fls. green or yellow-green, the stamens be-
coming long-exserted : bracts salmon or rose, long-lan-
ceolate. S. Amer. L.B.C. 20: 1912. B.M. 2686.
decdra, Poepp. & Endl. {Helicddea Baraqiiinidna,
Lem.). Differs from the last in having longer petals,
denser spike and longer bracts : Ivs. 8-10, from 1-2 ft.
long, mealy, white-blotched and banded. Brazil. I.H.
11:421. B.:M. 6937.
BB. Petals not spirally twisting.
specibsa, Thunb. (B. amxna, Lindl. B. pdllida, Ker-
Gawl). Lvs. strap-shaped, connivent, and forming a
tube at the base, 1-2 ft. long, somewhat spine-margined,
green above and lepidote and somewhat striped on the
back : fl. -cluster large and loose, erect or drooping ;
bracts rose : fls. pale green or whitish, tipped with blue.
Brazil. B.R. IOCS. -An old and well known species.
nutans, Wendl. Stemless, stoloniferous : lvs. linear
and loug-pointed, 1-2 ft., distantly small toothed, finely
striate on the back : fls. 4-8, in a loose, drooping spike ;
petals green, blue-edged; bracts lanceolate, red. Brazil.
B.M. 6423. Gn. 32; p. 107.
AA. Fls. markedly red or purple.
B. Essentially red.
thyrsoidca, Mart. Lvs. 1-2 ft., broad-ligulate, spine-
margined, concave on upper surface, green above and
paler beneath, abruptly acuminate : fl. -cluster shorter
than lvs., farinaceous, densely red-bracted : fls. numer-
ous, bright red, petals reflexing. Brazil. B.M. 4756.—
Showy. Runs into several varieties, some of them with
purple-lipped fls. (as vars. spUndida and fastudsa,
Andre, R.H. 1883:. 300). B. spUndens, Hort., is evi-
dently one of the forms. Species too near the next.
pyramldilis, Lindl. (Bromelia pyramid(ilis, Sims.
B. Croijuhid, De Jonghe) . A foot high : diifers from the
last in having more gratiually acuminate lvs., which are
more strongly and distantly toothed and whitish, or even
banded on the back : fl. -cluster less farinaceous, broader
and looser, the fls. less numerous Peru. B.M. 1732.
BB. Essentially purple.
Mor6Iii, Brongn.(5. Morelidna, Hort. B. Wetherellii,
Hook.). Lvs. short (1-1 Va ft.), with few weak spines,
w-ide, glabrous and green : fl. -cluster exsertvd and
drooping, with showy, pointed red bracts, the rachis
woollv : fls. with red sepals and purple-limbed petals.
Brazil. B.M. 4835.-Very showy.
vexillaria, Andr^. Fig. 236. Hybrid of B. fJiyrso-
idea and B. Morelii. Fls. purple : lower bracts long-
pointed and red : spike-erect, exceeding
the lvs. R.H. 1889:468.
vittita, Brongn. {B. Leopoldi, Hort.,
not Morr. ). Vigorous, 2-3 ft.: lvs. lonff
and large, concave above, recurved at the
summit, obtuse or
abruptly pointed,
red - spined, cross-
banded on the back:
fl.- cluster loose and
nodding, shorter than
the lvs., red-bracted:
fls. deep blue, with
recurving limbs.
Brazil. Gn. 32: 608.
R.H. 1869, p. 87.
Liboniiina, De
Jonghe. Small, 1-134
ft., producing run-
ners: lvs. long-linear
o r strap - shaped,
spiny, very sharp-
pointed, concave and
green above and
whitish-mealy below :
fl.- cluster erect or
nearly so, rather slen-
der, the bracts not
prominent : fls. with
red sepals and erect
blue petals. Brazil.
B.M. 5090. F.S. 10:
1048.
Quesneli&na,
Brongn. ( Quesnilia
Cayenn^nsis, Baker).
Lvs. numerous, aris-
ing from a trunk or
stem, rigid and
spreading or recurved, concave above, very sharp-
spined, more or less white-marked on the back, long-
acuminate : fl. -cluster a dense, erect spike, with red and
white-blotched obtuse bracts : fls. deep purple. Guiana.
F.S. 10:1028.
In the American trade the following names have been used:
B. clnvata longifblia, once offered by Pitcher & Manda, is proba-
bly ..Eehmea bromeliaefolis.— ^. ^a«cid<a = ,^EIchmeafasciata.—
B. mdxima= ] — B. orndta=i—B. rhodocydnea = Mchme$k
fasciata.— B. striata^ ?
Any of the following may be expected to appear in the Amer.
trade at any time : B. Andegavensis, Hort.. is B. thyrsoideaX
Morelii; lis. red and blue.— B. Bakeri, Morr. (B. pallescens.
Baker). Fls. greenish, tipped purple. B.M. 6342.— B. £re«Hfe-
dna, Andr6. B. pallesoens X vittata, has reddish, purple-
limbed «s. R.H. 1885:300.— i?. Bruanti, Hort. B. Bakeri X
decora; fls. greenish, bracts red. —£.£^Hderi,Regel. Small : fls.
very deep blue ; bracts coral-red. Brazil.— B. iridifblia, Lindl.
Fls. red and yellow, blue-tipped. Brazil. B.R. 1068.-2?. Lietzei,
Morr. Fls. and bracts rose. Brazil.— i?. Portedna, Brongn.
Fls. green, the petals rolling spirally. Brazil. B.M. 6670.— J?.
Sanderidna, Morr. FIs. green. tipi)ed blue. Brazil.—^. Satin-
dersi, Bull. Fls. greenish, tipped blue : lvs. striking, green
above, reddish beneath, white-blotched and red-spined. Brazil.
Qt.39:im. L.H.B.
BUSTED. See Liquidambar.
BINDWEED. Name applied to various twining.weedy
plants, particularly to various kinds of Convolvulus.
BIOTA. See Thuya.
BIBCH. See Betula.
BIBD-OF-PABADISE FLOWEB. See Strelitzia.
BIBD'S-NEST FEBN. See Thamnoptcris.
BIBD'S-TONGUE FLOWEB. See Strelitzia.
BIBTHWOBT. See Aristolochia ; &lso Trillium.
236.
Billbergia vexillaria.
164
BISMARCKIA
BLACKBERRY
BISMARCKIA (in honor of Prince Bismarck). Pal-
mareir , irihe liordssi'tP. A pemis nearly related to La-
tania and Borassns, di.stiu^uisbed by fruit characters.
Forms a tree 200 ft, high, with a gigantic crown of pal-
mate Ivs. with white streaked petioles and blades 10
ft. in diam. : fr. borne in large, drooping clusters, dark
brown, plum-like, l^iin. in diam., with a thin outer
shell and a fibrous inner one enclosing a rounded,
wrinkled seed 1 in. in diam.. reticulated like a walnut
and ruminated, as in the nutmeg. Cult, as for Latunia.
ndbilis, Hildeb. & Wendl. Young plants : petiole con-
vex on the back, channelled above, finely serrate on the
ridges above, thinly clothed with tufts of fibrous scales,
half as long as the bla«le ; blade blue-green, rigid, 3 ft.
in diam. : segments 20, 2 in. wide, 1 ft. long, apex blunt,
obtuse, with a long curved filament from the base of
each sinus." .Madagascar. G.F. 6:246. F.R. 2:257.
Gt. 1221. Jared G. Smith.
BITTER-SWEET. See Celastrtis and Solanum.
BlXA (South American name). BiTiicetr. A genus
of two species of tropical trees with large, entire Ivs.
and showy lis. in terminal panicles. B. Ortllnna is cult,
in the E. and W. Indies for the Annatto dye which is
prepared from the orange-red pulp that covers the seeds.
It is the coloring matter chiefly used in butter and
cheese. It is also used in dyeing silks, and preparing
chocolate.
Orell^na, Linn. Height 30 ft. : Ivs. cordate : fls. pink-
ish. B.M. 14.")6. — It is rarely grown in northern green-
hou! fcs as an ornamental. Cuttings taken from a flower-
ing ilant will produce flowering plants of a convenient
size Plants from seed usually flower less freely, and
mu t attain a greater size before flowering.
I LiACKBERRY. A name applied to various species
of ubus, of which the receptacle remains with the
dr elets when fruit is picked. As a commercial fruit,
it known only in America. Although a well-known
237. Agawam Blackberry.
wild fruit from the earlie«t times, the Blackberry has
only recently made its appearance among tht- more
orderly and promising garden fruits. The type species
is Jiithnx Hiyrobaccus, although it has long been known
under the name liiihun i-illosiis (see Bubus). It is a
most variable species, and the number of forms whicli
may be recognized depends onlj* upon the judtniient of
the botanist who is reviewing them. There an- ^everai
distinct types or groups in cultivation. ( 1 ) Th.' Lonjj.
Cluster Blackberries, Buhns HigrolmcciiK. The plants
grow tall and upright, the leaflets are long-stalked, rather
finely serrate and taper pointed. The flower duster in
long, leafless and open, wita the individual flowers stand-
ing almost at right angles to the central stem. The fruit
is normally oblong or thimble-shaped, sweet, rather dull
in color, with drupelets small and closely packed. The
Taylor is one of the best representatives of this class.
(2) The White Bhickberry, B. nigro^accus, var. alhiniis.
Similar to the above, but with nearly round, yell(,wish
green eanes and pinkish cream- or amber-colored fruit.
Many varieties of this type have been introduced, but
none have attained pro.ninence. (3) The Short-Cluster
Blackberries, B. nhjrobavcns, var. sativus. This iis the
commonest form of cultivated Blackberry, an«l includes
such varieties as the Snyder, Lawton and Agawara (Fig.
237). In this type the clusters are shorter, but leafless,
the pedicels more oblique, the fruits shorter and rounder,
glossy black, the dnipelets large and irregularly set.
The leaflets are broader, coarsely and unevenly serrate,
or jagged and less tapering at the point. (4) The Leafy-
Cluster Blackberries, B. atgnfns. This is a lower and
more bushy form, with narrow, coarsely toothed, lisiht-
colored leaflets and short -luster, having simjde leaves
intermingled with the flowers. Its best common repre-
sentative is the Early Harvest. (3) The Loose-Cluster
Blackberries. B. ni(jrobaccnsxviIIo.'<us. This is a group
of hy)>rid origin, being intermediate between the Black-
berry and dewberry (s.e Dtwbtrnj). The plants have
a low, sprejuling habit of growth, broad jagged and
notched leaves, short dewberry-like clusters, with large,
roundish fruits, made ixp of very large, loosely set drupe-
lets. The Early Wilson and Wilson Junior are its best
known representatives (Fig. 238). (6) The Sand Black-
berry, B. cuneifoUt.s (Fig.'239). A sturdy little shnib,
armed with vicious recurved thorns, with thickish,
wedge-shaped leaflets, whitened woolly beneath. The
clusters are few-flowered, opening from the center out-
ward, the fruit roundish, loose-g.'ained, very black and
good. Known in cultivation only as the Topsy. or Tree
Blackberry. (7) There is still another type of Black-
berry, known as the Thornless cr Mountain Blackberry
(B. Canadensis), but it is not in cultivation. This is
characterized by smooth, unarmed canes, narrow, sharp-
pointed leaflets, the upper ones borne on long, slender
leaf-stalks, an open flower-cluster, a short, roundish,
glossy black fruit, with large drupelets. It ripens later
than the common Blackberry, and is not so good in
quality. For further account of the Blackberry tribes,
see Bailey, Evolution of Our Native Fraits.
The first Blackberry introduced into cultivation was
the Dorchester, which was exhibited before the Massa-
chusetts Horticultural Society in 1841. This was fol-
lowed by the La\vton a few years later, vrhicb became
much more prominent. The Kittatinny soon divided hon-
ors with this, and both now largely have given place to
the Snyder, which is undoubtedly the most widely
grown variety of the present day. This, like many com-
mercial fruits, is a variety of poor quality, but extremely
hardy and productive. The rapid strides made by the
Blackberry in cultivation prove that a place was ready
and waiting for it in the pomologicai world, a place which
it has proved itself eminently fitted to fill, owing both to
its desirable qualities in general and to its ability to
rapidly vary and develop new types. At the present
time it is one of the most important, most generally liked
and most profitable bush-fruits grown.
The Blackberr>' thrives on almriit all soils, but to reach
perfection drmands a strong loam, retentive of moisture
and tending toward clay rather than sand. Soil must
be well drained at all times. If too rich in humus ami
nitrogen, a tendency toward a rank growth of plant.
with diminished fruitfulness, appears, while a lipbt.
sandy soil will fail to carry the fruit through periods of
BLACKBERRY
BLACKBERRY
165
dronjr^t. which is usually the great. >stacle to suc-
cess with this fruit. For this reason a cool northern
exposure is always <lesirable, and in* the region of the
Plain?', a good windbreak on the south and west is very
Leneflfial. Fertilizers contuining a liiieral proportion of
potash are most suitable. Too much stable manure, or
nitrogen in other forms, will induce a rank gr )Wth of
canes at the exi)ense of fruit.
Plants are propagated either by root-cuttings, or by
means «( the suckers which naturally spring up about
the parent plants. The latter are most commonly used
in coiumer al work. Root -cuttings may be made in the
fall and carried over winter in sand, or started under
glass toward spring, or the cuttings can be made in
gprinc and sowed in furrows, like peas. Planting is
best done in spring, as a nile. If set in the fall, each
plant should be covered with a mulch of earth or strawy
manure, which should be removed in spring. The rows
pruning is the method of thinning the Blackberry, and
judgment nmst always enter into the question of thin-
ning fruit. In the region of the Plains, where moisture
is likely to be deficient, both in soil and atmosphere, it
is frequently found better not to cut back the growing
shoots in summer, but to let them develop one straight
cane, which is cut back to 2^4 or '.i feet in spring. This
will generally develop all the fruit which the plant can
carry to maturity under such conditions. A few grow-
ers in other parts of the country train to wires, and in
that case the shoots are also allowed to grow at will, but
are left much longer in spring and tied to the wires for
support. Close-pruned, stocky bushes may be covered
with straw as a protection against late spring frosts.
The best of cultivation is always demanded. In a crop
in which so much depends upon an abundant supply of
moisture in the soil, none should be allowed to go to
waste. Hence, the cultivation should be frequent and
238. Wild hybrid of Blackberry and Dewberry.
should be about 8 feet apart, and the plants may be set
from 2 to 4 feet apart in the row. At the latter distance,
cultivation may be given in both directions for the first
year or two. With high culture, good results may b"
obtained by planting in hills, 7 or 8 feet apart each wa.
Pruning the Blackberry is not difficult, yet upon its
proper performance depends much of the success of the
crop. The old canes should be removed yearly, prefer-
alily in summer, as soon as they have borne their crop
of fruit They then no longer interfere with the symmet-
rical uevelopment of the young canes, and if gathered
and burned at once, much is gained in keeping the field
clt-ar of certain fungi and insects. The young canes
should be clipped off when they reach a height of 18
inches or 2 feet, in order to induce early branching and
a stocky 'jush with well developed laterals, capable of
producing' and holding up a heavy crop of fruit. It is
very imp >rtant that the shoots be not allowed to get
hielier thim 2 feet before this clippin;* is done. They
will then elongate and make the bush high enough. If
neglected, and later cut back to 2 feet, the buds will be
'"'eak.the growth poor, the bush low, and the crop small.
The later; Is are usually cut back to about 18 inches in
length the following spring, but varieties differ in th^ir
habit of b-aring fruit-buds, and it is not safe to cut by
measure. It should be remembered that this spring
constant, but always shallow, for deep cultivation dis-
turbs the roots and induces increased suckering. In
small garden patches mulching may be substituted.
Growers in the middle West huve found mulching with
green clover in the row, and cultivating between, very
beneficial.
In many parts of the country winter protection is abso-
lutely essential to success, and often adds greatly to
the yield in other regions, where not considered a neces-
sity.* This protection is by no means always called for
by' reason of extreme cold. The winters of Nebraska
and Kansas are nearly always milder than those of cen-
tral New York ; yet during one of the mildest of these,
when the mercury reached zero but once, and was then
only five degrees below, Taylor Blackberries were killed
to the ground, while the succeeding winter, which was
decidedly colder, they came through unharmed. It may
be as much a matter of moisture as of temperature. The
needed protection is best given by loosening the earth
on both sides of the plant, carefully turning it down and
covering the tips with soil, laying the next plant upon
the roots of this, and so on. In mild climates, covering
the tips is sufficient ; in especially unfavorable ones the
whole plant must be covered. The cost of this need not
exceed $5 to $8 an acre.
The fruit of the Blackberry should be Ibft upon the
166
BLACKBERRY
BLECHNUM
plants as long as possible before picking, for it is not
ripe when it first turns blacit. It should never be
exposed to the sun after it is removed from the bushes.
The Blackberry generally outyieldi all the other mem-
bers of this family, and is usually one of the most proflt-
239. Sand
Blackberry.
able to grow when properly manftged, provided the cli-
mate and other general conditions are favorable.
There are several formidable enemies of the Black-
berry, but they are generally easily mastered by the
alert and energ»'tic grower. Cutting out the bearing
canes as soon as they are through fruiting will circum-
vent the borer wliich sometimes works in the canes, and
will aid in preventing the spread of anthracnose and
leaf rusts. The orange rust must be fought by digging
up and burning infected bushes as soon as detected, for
there is no cure. But this trouble is seldom serious.
Fred W. Card.
BLAC:SB£BBT LILY. See Belemcanda.
BLACKWOOD. t\ee Acacia.
BLADDER NUT. See SfaphyJea.
BLADDEBWOBT See Utricularia.
BLANDFORDIA (after George, Marquis of Bland-
ford ) . Lilicicece. Tender bulbous plants from Australia
and Tasmania, placed by J. G. Baker (Jour. Linn. Soc.
11:364) between Kniphofla and Funkia, but very dif-
ferent in general ap,)earance from Funkia. Roots tu-
berous fibers : Ivs. in 1 wo vertical ranks, narrowly linear,
hard, per-^istent : fls. large, Wi-'i in. long, showy, nod-
ding, in short raceme.-, usually orange-red to crimson,
with yellow tips.
Being tenderer thar the poker plant, and of more
difficult culture, Blaiidfordias are rarely grown in
America. B, ffamwulo . var. princeps, is the best kind.
In New South Wales hey grow in peat bogs and on
sLady mountain sides. During the growing season they
must be shaded from 1, right sunr'iine, and during the
resting season they may be placed ir i light pit, wher©
they are not crowded or sha<led by taller plants. They
like a moist atmosphere and plenty of air, but not
draughts. The chief element of the potting soil should
be peat ; if the peat is heavy, use sand freely ; if light
use some loam, ami i)ack tirmjy ; if spongy, aild some
charcoal. Pot after tlowerinir. in early sprintr, beine
careful not to overpot, and plan to leave roots undis-
turbed for two years at least. A top-dressing each year
and liquid manure during ffrowiner season, is necessary
to produce a ffood flowering. Prop, by see<ls sown in
sandy peat with mild bottom heat, or usually by careful
and not too frequent divisions of the root, made in early
spring, after Howerinpr, at the time of repotting, and
preferably when strong offsets are formed.
A. Margin of Ivs. not roughish.
Ctinrdnghami, Lindl. Lvs. 18-24 in. long, 3-4 lines
wide, broader than in B. flammea : fis. 10-15, or even
20. Blue Mts. of Australia. B.M. .')7;U. Gn. 24:411.-
This has lately been held to be synonymous with B.
grandi flora, but it is horticulturally distinct, and the
pedicels are shorter.
AA. Margin of lvs. roughish.
B. Fls. golden yellow, without any red.
atirea, Hook. f. Lvs. 8-12 in. long, 13^-2 lines wide:
fls. 3-0, the only ones in the genus not touciud with
red ; perianth wide-swelling, sometimes nearly as wide
as long, more bell-shaped than any other species. N. S.
Wales. B.M. 5809.
BB. Fis. red-tubed and yelloic-tipped.
C. Perianth long, 3-4 times as long as icide.
ndbilis, Smith. Lvs. 12-18 in. long, %-% lines wide,
dark green, sharply 3-angled : fls. 4-9, smallest of the
genus, and narrowest. Near Port Jackson. B.M. 2003.
B.R. 286.
fldmmea, Lindl. Lvs. 12-18 in. long. 2-2K lines wide:
fls. 4-12, typically constricted near the base of the tube
and much lower down than in B. Cunninghami. E. Aus-
tralia. B.M. 4819. P.M. 16:354. F.S. 6:585. F.S. 18:
1829, as B. Cunninghami.
Var. princeps, Baker (B. princeps, W. G. Smith), has
larger and brighter colored fls., and is the best of the
genus. The perianth is longer and less spreadinfr than
in the type, and swells very gradually from the base,
instead of being constricted near the base. B.M. 6209.
F.M. 1875:170. F.S. 22:2314. Gn. 47:101.3.
cc. Tube short, scarcely twice as long as wide.
grrandilldra, R. Br. Lvs. 12-18 in. long, 3-4^2 lines
wide: fls. 10-30. Distinguished from all others by hav-
ing the filaments inserted above instead of at the middle,
but in var. intermedia, Baker, which connects B. (p-andi-
flora and nobilis, the filaments are inserted at the mid-
dle of the tube, the lvs. are narrower, and the fls. smaller.
Tasmania. B.R, 924. — The name grandiflora is now a
misnomer, as the fls. are smaller than in any other spe-
cies except B. nobilis. The rar.-st species. \\r. M.
BLANKET FLOWEB. See Gaill.rdia.
BLAZING STAB. See Liatris.
BL£CHNUM( Greek name for some fern). Polypodia-
ce(e. Rather coarse greenhouse Ferns, with pinnatitid
or pinnate lvs., and rows of almost continuous sori par-
allel to the midvein and close to it, covered with a
membranous indusium. Blechnums will thrive in al-
most any compost, but their lvs. quickly turn brown and
then black if watered overhead. Prop, by spores. In
Blechnum we have a singular knot in nomenclatiire.
Linna>us described two species in 17.o3, and to the West
In<lian one he gave the name B. orientah, citing figures,
etc., to show that it is the plant that recent writers
call B. occidentale. His Fast Indian plant he simi-
larly called B. occidentale. The normal or ordinary
usake has been followed below, the name B. orientale
beinK given to the eastern plant.
Blechnums are very useful to florists for jardinieres,
and for specimen Ferns. To attain best results, it is
necessary to maintain an abundance of moisture at the
BLECHNOI
roots, with a d ner atmosphere than most other Ferns re -
quire, to preve it fronds from turning brown during win-
ter months. A verajfe temp. GfMiri" F. Soil, equal parts
of rich loam ai d leaf -moid or peat. The spores of most
Blechnums >j«'rminate very freely if sown on
a compost of loam and leaf -mold or peat in
equal parts, and placed in a moderately
moist and shady position in a temp, of 00-
65° F. Some of the species send out creep-
ing rhizomes, which develop young plants at
the ends. When of sufficient size these may
be detached and potted, and in a short time
they will develop into good specimens.
Some very attractive spe-
cies are found among the
hardy British Blechnums.
Cult, by N. N. Bbuckker.
A. PinntB strongly decurrent
at the base, joining with
the one next below.
Brasili^nse, Desv. Grow-
inj? from a stout, slightly ar-
borescent trunk 1 ft. or more
long : Ivs. 2-3 ft. hmg. 1 ft.
or more wide, with the pinn»
set at an acute angle with
the rachis, the lower much
shorter and more distant.
Braz. S. 2:4.
nitidum, Presl. Habit of
B. lirasiliense, but much
smaller: Ivs. pinnate; pinnae
oblong-falcate, thickish, 2— t
in. long, serrate. Braz.—
Plant 1-2 ft. high.
Corcovad6n8e, R a d d i .
Pinnae not cut to the rachis,
much crowded and shorter
than the last; longest pinnae
less than 6 in. long, attenu-
ate at the tips ; Ivs. crimson
when young, and gradually
turning to a metallic hue
before becoming perma-
nently green. By some con-
sidered a variety of B. Bra -
nliense. Braz. Var. crisptim, Hort., with wavy edges.
may be commoner in cult, than the type.
AA. PinncB contracted at the base to the midrib,
forming a very short stalk.
Cficidentiile, Linn. Lvs. from an erect caudex, which
is covered with brownish scales : lvs. 9-18 in. long, 4-6 in.
wide, with the piDn» truncate or even cordate at the
base and slightly falcate. Mex. and W. Ind. to Braz.
See Fig. 240.
serrulitum, Rich. Growing from an ascending nearly
naked rootstock : lvs. 1-2 ft. long, 6-1.1 in. wide, with
numerous narrow pinnap, which are contracted at the
base and of nei./ly uniform width throughout ; margins
finely serrulate; texture coriaceous. Fla. to Braz.
li. orientdle, Linn., is a large Ei-^t Indian and Polynesian
Feiu, with lvs. often 3 ft. long ; well worthy of cultivation.
L. M. Underwood.
BLEEDING HEABT. See Dicentra.
BLfiPHARIS (Greek, eyelash; referring to fringed
bracts). Acant1u\cece. An unimportant genus of dwarf,
often spiny shrubs and herbs, allied to Acanthus, and of
similar culture.
carduifdlia, T. Anders. {Acanthus carduifdlius, Linn.
Acnnthbditan carduifdlius, Hee^). Plant villous: lvs.
lanceolate, sinuate-dentate, spiny : spike terminal,
cylindrical : bracts roundish, palmately 5-spined at
the apex.
BLfiTIA ( Louis Blet, Spanish > otanist ) . Orchiddceoe,
tribe EpidCndrece. Terrestrial or epiphytal herbs, widely
distributed : lvs. plicate, membranaceous, sheathing the
St., erecf. This genus lends itself readily to cultivation,
BLOO.MEHIA
167
1-f
240. Blechnum occidentale.
but is not showy enough to be popular. They need a
long season of rest. The commonly cult, kinds are ter-
restrial, and thrive in ordinary orchid loam.
hyacinthlna, R. Br. Lvs. about 1 ft. long: fls. looking
down, in various shailes of purple, on a scape about 1 ft.
high. China. B.M. 1492, as Cymbidium hyaeinthinum.
— Stands some frost.
▼ereciinda, R. Br. The first exotic Orchid introduced
(17:11). Ha<'fmes showy and branching, 2-3 ft. : fls. pur-
plish. W. Ind. ; also in Middle and E. Fla.
8h6pherdii, Hook. Very like the last, and perhaps a
form of it : fls. deep* purple ; center of labellum yellow.
B.M.:{;U9.
Sherratiina, Bateman. Lf.-bla<les pointed at both
ends: fls. large, more showy than in the above, brilliant
lilac or ro.se color; labellum purple, with 3 golden yellow
lines. New Grenada. B.M. 5646.
p&tola, Hook. Fls. deep pink-lilac, numerous and large
(2 in. across). B. M. .'{318. — Requires culture given
Cattleyas.
campanuliita. La Llave & Lex. Fls. bell-like, purple,
with white center. Mex. — Not common in ctilt.
li. apfiylla, Nutt., is a native species growing as far N. as
N. Carolina.— B. Tdnkervillece, R. Br., is a Phaius.
Oakes Ames.
BLIOHT. An indefinite term, popularly used to desig-
nate any sudden and inexplicable death of plants. The
term is now restricted by botanists to parasitic diseases.
These diseases are of two classes,— those due to bacteria
or microbes, and those due to para.'-itic fungi. For an
account of these troubles, see Diseases.
^BLITE. ^ee Chenopodium .
BLOODBOOT. See Sanguinaria.
BLOOM£BIA (named for Dr. H. G. Bloomer). Lili-
d^eie. A genus of two species, natives of southern
California. In every way they are closely allied to
Brodiaea, but differ in having the perianth parted
nearly to the base. Bloomeria.* have a flattish conn,
much like Crocus, covered with fiber, and not often pro-
ducing off .V.' . The lvs. are
radical, sle^'^'^r, and grass-
like ; scape slender but stiff,
6 to 18 in. high, naked, ex-
cept for short bracts be-
neath the many-rayed um-
bel ; pedicel': slender,
jointed; fls. nearly rotate,
less than an inch across,
orange. Bloomerias prefer
a sandy, warm and well-
drained soil. In northern
California, with a minimum
temperature of 15° above
zero, they are perfectly
hardy. In a colder climate,
a covering of straw or leaves
or a position in the cold-
frame would be a judicious
precaution. Plant early, and
see that the soil is light and
sweet. They like the .-'lu,
and are good for forcing.
The light soil and warmth of
a pot more nearly approxi-
mates natural conditions
than the open
ground does in cool-
er climates. After
ripening, it
is best to dig
and replant
in fall. The
seeds grow
readily, and
the plants
flower in 3
to 4 years,
atirea, Kcilogg. Fig. 241. Scape roughish, 6-18 in.:
If. >4->^in. broad: fls. numerous, bright orange, In a
M
241. Bloomeria aurea (X ^).
'•''ft
-'Sli
168
BLOOMERIA
BOM AREA
dense umbel: stamens nearly as loii^ as the perianth,
the filaments dilate<l at the base. B.M. 58% (as yothos-
corilntn annum). (i.C. MI.20:G«7.
Cleveland!, Wats. More slender: lv9.3-7: fls, smaller,
keeled with brown, the stamens shorter. G.C III. 20:(»87.
-Less valuable than the other. ^^^^ p^,^^^
BLUEBELL. See Campanula.
«
BLUEBEBBT. Species of Vaceinium.
BLUE FLAG. See /W«.
»
BLUETS, ^ee ffoHsfonia.
3LUMENBACHIA (after Dr. J. F. Blumenbach, pro-
fessor at <tottingen). Loaxhcrce. Agronusof S. American
plants allied to Loasa and Mentzelia (Mexican prickly
poppy), not cult, in Amer. because of their coverini? of
stin^in^ hairs. The fls. are odd and pretty. The gar-
den forms are mostly treated as tender annuals.
R. Chuinitensis, Hook, f. Lvs. 8-10 in. long : tls. l>^-2 in.
long, brick re<l, tipped yellow without, and yellow within ;
petals 5-10. lK)at-8haped. Pern. Equador. B.yi.Gl^.—B.grandi-
flora, ii. Don (B. contorts. Hook. f. B.M. 6134). Lvs. 4-6 in.
long : fls. l>^-2 in. long, wholly red : scales Hin. long, cnp-
Khaped, green ; stamens in 5 bundles, with long lilaments.
Peru.— /f. ingignis, Sclir.-id. Stem climbing, 4-sided: i>etal3
white, ungiiioulate. B..M. 286.5.
BOCCONIA (after Dr. Paslo Bocconi. Sicilian botanist
and author). Papaverdcetv. Plume Poppv. A genus of
5 species, of which It. i-nnlata is the only one worthy of
cultivation. The large, handsome, glaucous lvs. remind
one, by their texture and lobing, of bloodroot and Sty-
lophorum, which belong to allied genera. The fls. are
very unlike our common poppies, being small and with-
out petals, bui they are borne in great feathery or
plumy masses, in terminal panicles raised high above
the heavy foliage, making the plant unique in its
picturesque general appearance. Hence, it :s much used
for isolated lawn specimens, or for very bold and strik-
ing effects, being especially adapted to be viewed at
long distances. It is also placed in shrubberies, wild
gardens, and at the back of wiile borders, as it spreads
i>
2ii. Bocconia cordata.
rapidly by suckers, any one of which, if detached, will
make a strong plant in a single season. The Plume
Poppy seems to be much hardier in America than in the
Old World. It was popular early in the century, but was
neglected, probably because it spread so rapidly.
Lately it ha.-, become popular again. It deserves to be
]• irom.iently naturalized in the American landscape.
*'o puxluce the largest specimens, it is well to [)lant in
%'ery rich soil, give the old clumps litjuid manure in
sprintr, and cut off the suckers. Prop, chiefly by suckers.
cordata, Wiild. (li.JapAuica.Hort.). Fig. 242. Hardy
herbaceous perennial: height 5-8 ft. : lvs. large, glau-
cous, heart-shap«'d, much-lobed. deeply veine(l : fls.
pinkish ; stamens alniut :u). China, Japan. B.M. 1905'
Gn. 54, p. 279. Gng. 5::U2.
J. B. Kelleb and W, M.
BOEHMISBIA (G. R. Boehmer, a German botanist).
UrticAcem. Many widely distributed species. B. n'u-ea
Gaud., of trop. Asia, is cult, in some countries as a tiher
plant, and has been intHnluced into this country fur that
purpose. It is a strong-growing, large-lvd. perennial,
well suited to the border as an ornamental subject.
H.nrt/f'nffa, Lind., a stove plant, is useful for subtropi-
cal bedding ; but it is not in the Amer. trade.
BOLANDBA (H. N. Bolander, Califomian botanist).
iSaxiffai/aettv. Two species of small west American
herbs, with purplish tls. in lax corymbs ; petals 5. in-
serted on the throat of the 5-lobed caljTc ; stamens 5
alternate with petals. Delicate herbs, suitable for rock-
work.
Oreg&na, Wats. A foot or two high, pubescent and
glandular : lvs. laciniately toothed and lobed : tls. deep
purple ; tube of the calyx equaling the teeth and a little
shorter than the petals : pedicels retlexed in front.
O'-egon. — Int. by Gillett in 1881.
The first-described species. B. Cnlif&rnica, Gray,
seems not to have been offered in the tratie. It is a
smaller species, less pubescent, with smaller fls.. the
lower lvs. round-reniform and 5-lobed : plant 3-12 in.
high, the stems weak and slender.
BOLDOA FBAGBANS, cult, in S. Calif. Set Peiimus.
BOLETUS. Consult Mnshrooms.
BOLLEA. See Zygopetalum.
BOLTONIA (James Bolton, English botanist). Com-
pdsitce. False Chamomile. Four or 5 species of aster-
like glabrous, often glaucous herbs of the United States
and eastern Asia. They are tall and leafy plants, bloom-
ing profusely in late summer and autumn, and excellent
for the hardy border. Differs from aster in having a
convex receptacle, short pappus bristles and awns, and
other technical characters. Boltonias are of easiest cul-
ture. They take care of themselves when once estab-
lished. Prop, by division. Should be better known to
gardeners. They stand without staking.
asteroldes, L'Her. {B.gla.^tifdUn,L'B.eT.). Sts.2-»ft.,
simple below and branching at the top : lvs. broadly
lanceolate or the upper narrower : heads short -peduncled.
numerous, the rays varying from white to violet and
purple; involucre bracts lanceolate and acute, greenish;
scales of the pappus numerous and conspicuous, the
two awns sometimes missing. Pa. to 111. and S. B.M.
2381,25.->4. Mn. 1:33. -Perennial.
latisqu&ma, Gray. A handsomer plant, wilii larger
and more showy heads with blue-velvet rays : invo-
lucre bracts oblong or obovate and obtuse (often bear-
ing a minute point); pappus scales small, the awns
present and conspicuous. Kans. and Mo. G.F. 5:271.
Perennial.
B. Cantoniensis, Franch. & Sav., is native to Japan,
where the young plants are used for greens. See ( ieorge-
8on. A.G. 13, p. 8, fig. 4. It is annual. Has not yet ap-
peared in the Amer. trade. Gray restricts Boltonia to
the U. S., and regards this species as of another genus.
L. H. B.
BOMAREA (derivation doubtful). AmarylUdiicetr.
Tender South American plants allied to Alstra^nieria,
and with similar fls. but a twining iiabit. Lvs. parallel-
veined, usually borne on sh* i:, rwisted petioles: fls. in
pendulous umbels, variously colored and spotted, borne
in early spring and summer : perianth funnel-shaped :
tube none. See Baker, AmaryllidesB.
Bomareas delight in a rich, flbrous soil, and require
plenty of water during the growing season, which com-
Plate III. A mixed Border.
A fHivless pianti'tion of her)>s uifiiinst a boundary hetlge.
BOMAREA
BORDER
169
mences early in sprinpr. Late in fall the stems are cut
down to the ground and the roots are kept in the soil in
a dry state. While they often make satisfactory pot
plants', they do best when planted out in an open, sunny
petition in a cool conservatory, where they have plenty
243. Bomarea Salsilla (X >3
of air in summer. Prop, by fresh seeds,
I. which germinate readily if sown in shallow
pans in a warm propagating-house. Also,
and more rapidly, by careful division of the rhizome,
to which some of the roots should be attached.
Cult, by N. J. Rose.
A. Perianth segments equal.
B. Umbel simple : fls. medium-sized.
oligintha, Baker. Lvs. 3-4 in. long, oblong, acute,
las. thin, densely pubescent beneath : fls. 6-8 in an
umbel: bracts large, leaf-like; segments l-l^in. long,
outer dull red, inner bright yellow with reddish brown
spots. Peruvian Andes.
BB. L'mbel compound.
c. Fls. small.
Salsilla, Herb. {B. oculiifa, ]>i. Roem. Alstrcemeria
ocnidt't, Lodd.). Fig. 24:}. i.vs. 2-4 in. long. 3^ in.
broad, lanceolate or oblong-lanc?olatc, moderately firm,
glabrous beneath : umbel 4-15-rayed ; rays 1-3 in. long,
1-3-fld.; bracts small: fls. pink or red, marked with
bhie and dark purple within. Chili. L.B.C. 19:1851
B.M. 3344.
cc. Fls. large.
Carderi, Mast. Lvs. 4-fi in. long, 1)^-3 in. broad, ob-
long, acute : umbel 1 ft, long, G-9-rayed ; rays 1-4-fld. :
bracts large, leafy ; perianth-segments 2 in. long, outei
pale pink, spotted brown near the top, inner greenish
white, much spotted. P.M. 1876: 239. G.C II. 5: 793.
Shuttleworthii, Mast. Lvs. 5-6 in. long, oblong, acute,
glabrous : umbel 1 ft. long. 5-10-rayed ; rays usually 3-
fld. : perianth segments 2 in. long, outer reddish, inner
greenish yellow. Colombian Andes. G.C. II. 17: 77 and
8'). The curious egg-shaped tubers terminate un-
branched roots, which spring from a rhizome about 1 in.
wide. Having no eyes or buds, they cannot be used for
propagating.
AA. Perianth segments not equal, the inner longer
than the outer.
B. Cmhel simple.
Patacoc6n8i8, Herb. ( B. confirta , Benth. ) . Stems pur-
ple-tinted, pubescent : lvs. 5-6 in. long, oblong-lanceo-
late, pubescent beneath : fls. 20-30 ; outer segments
Wi'm. long, bright red, inner ones 2% in. hmg, bright
red. yellow-keeled, with a few spots. Andes of Equador
and Colombia. G.C. II. 17: 187. B.M. 6692.-When well-
grown, the umbel is very dense and many-fld.
BB. Umbel compound.
vitellina, Mast. Lvs. 3-4 in. long, ovate-oblong : um-
bel about 12-rayed : perianth segments bright yellow,
outer 1% in. long, inner 2 in. long : bracts large, leafy.
Penivian Andes. G.C. II. 17: 151. w. M.
BoMBAX (a Greek name for raw silk, alluding to the
cottony contents of the po<ls). Mah'()ci'(f. Silk Cotton
Tbee. Ten or 12 tropical trees, with digitate 5-9-foliolate
lvs., 1-ttd. axillary or clustered peduncles, and usually
large white or scarlet fls. Specimens are rarely seen in
cult, in fine glass-houses, and none of the species appear
to be in the Amer. trade. The bark of some species pro-
duces commercial fiber.
BONESET. Eupatorium perfoliatum.
BORAGE (Bordgo officindlis, Linn.). Boraginhcem.
A <'<)ur.se annual plant grown for culinarj* use in some
parts of Eu.. as in Germany. Used as a pot-herb and
sometimes with salads. Only the young lvs.
are palatable. Mostly known in this country
as a bee-plant and for its handsome blue
or purplish racemed fls. It is a hairy plant,
IV2-- ft. high, with oval or oblong lvs. Eu.,
North Africa.
BOBASSITS. Palmriceai. Tall palms, with large pal-
mutely flabelliform plicate lvs.: sheath short: petiole
spiny*: ligule short, rigid : fr. large, subglobose, brown.
Species 1. Trop. Africa,
flabellifdrmis, Linn. Fig. 244, St, 30-100 ft. high: lvs.
8-10 ft. long; If.- segments bifid at the apex.— Widely
cultivated. One of the most useful palms of India.
The fruits are very large. Many parts of the plant are
utilized by the natives a?* food and in the arts. Wood
black, very hard. This plant requires rich soil and
strong heat for its best development, and is rather slow-
growing under ctiltivation, especially while young. The
illustration (Fig. 244) is adapted from Martius' Natural
History of Palms.
Jared G. Smith and W. H. Taplin.
BOBDEB. A narrow planting', particularly if it is
alongside a walk, drive, fence, or other boundary.
Plate III. Figs. 245, 246. The term border may >)e taken
to have meant originally a line of plants set out to mark
the edge or dividing line, or termination of a part of the
ground?, in many instances still to be seen in the most
ancient gardens of castles and other residences. These
are formed on the ter-
race, where no other
form of floral decora-
tion would be possible.
In these places are
often herbs, shrubs and
trees that are grand
old specimens of very
rare or ten<ler subjects,
that would not thrive
in any other location.
There are three dis-
tinct types of border :
(1) the shrubbery bor-
der, in which various
forms of garden plants
of fruticose habit are
blended so as to mahe
a harmonious whole.
(2) Another form of
border, now happily al-
most obsolete, is the
"ribbon border," in
which plants of dwarf
habit and bright color-
ing are used to produce
geometrical designs on
the greensward. This
form of gardening was
very common in parks
and public spaces until ^■^Vi'i^
recent years, but i)ub-
lic taste has been edu-
cated to see and to like
the old-fashioned bor-
der, or (3) the border
proper,— the one that
was used when gardening had to be done without the aid
of glass structures, all the occupants being hardy by na-
ture, whether of annual, biennial or perennial dura-
tion. It may be said that we are in the renaissance of
the flower border ; but much has been added to it, aud
Vs^
244. Borassus flabelUformis.
170
BORDER
BORDER
the greater possibilities we have are due largely to our
greater wealth in plants.
To have a good flower border is by no means an ex-
pensive undertaking if a few essentials are regarded.
245. Border on the side of a lawn, the body of the
plantation being made of shrubbery.
The first and most important requisite is a good depth
of soil ; it matters little what the kind of soil, if good,
but it is better, if possible, to vary the texture and be
able to control the quantity of moisture. Lilies are
among the most beautiful of border flowers, but they
like a soil that is light, cool and moist ; hence decayed
humus, as leaf -mold, is valuable. Many other subjects,
as annuals from warmer climates, like a soil that ab-
sorbs heat rapidly and retains it, such as a soil of a
sandy texture, in this will thrive all bulbs that die
down early in summer, such as tulips and narcissuses. It
enables the bulbs to mature well and remain dry in
winter, and to make an early start in spring. The great
majority of plants, however, require a retentive compost,
that will not dry out readily in hot weather, and it must
be made rich enough to grow vegetable crops. One
cannot starve the plant and expect a good harvest of
bloom. If the natural soil be not really good or suitable,
make it so. If it is not possible to do it all at once, be-
gin well, and add to it as time goes on and the plants
need the space, for it will be found that in a mixed bor-
der of plants which practically take care of themselves,
there will a'ways be plenty "for one's own use, and a
quantity of roots to spare.
The location of such a border is an important con-
sideration so far as general effect and efficiency are con-
cerned. Along the line of a fence or boundary, near the
margin of a walk, drive, or avenue, or next the house,
are good locations. The front line
may be straight, curved or irregular
in outline, according to the situation
or fancy of the owner. The plants
will lend themselves kindly to one or
all forms, oftentimes forming a line
of their own by outgrowing their al-
lotted spare. The number of subjects
suitable for this kind of work are
many. Begin with the old-fashioned
flowers, such as p' nnies, dicentras,
larkspurs, perennial poppies, py-
rethrums, iris, hemerocallis, and a
host of others. Hollyhocks are most
excellent, but in the East the disease
or rust must be kept off by thorough
spraying. The perennial garden
phlox must be added, but see to it
that it does not seed the bed and
produce a tiresome crop of poor,
weedy sorts. The same may be said
of the larkspur. In fact, unless
some specially marked flowers are wanted for seeds,
it is best not to allow border plants to seed in the
soil, for they speedily make trouble. Sweet-smelling
plants are very desirable, such as bergamot, monarda*
the perennial fennel, with its graceful foliage for blend"
ing with cut-flowers, a little bush of rue, one of marjo-
ram, a plant of the lemon-scented verbena or alovsia
(which may be wintered over indoors), the scented jrVra-
niums, southernwood, and many others that have old
associations, and help to take the memory back of self
and friends. Spring flowers must not be'neglected. as
they "come before the swallow dares." Narcissuses in
many kinds are hardy and permanent ; so, also, are the
Darwin tulips, even though unlike the florists' ideal.
This recent race of tulips and those of the Gesneriana
type live year after year and grow better, besides giv-
ing fine blooms for cutting. Crocuses may be placed near
the margins in warm ••omers, planting over them or
sowing a few seeds of annurls to cover the soil that
hides them in summer. *^tjcks, zinnias, asters and
mignonette are all admissible and most suitable, with a
ciumi or row of sweet peas near the back at intervals.
Gladioluses are excellent. The lilies ought to be planted
in a group, to «do them justice, and the bulbs can then be
covered in fall with a coat of dry leaves or pine needles
to protect them. The regal Japan iris needs much wa-
ter, and may be given a special bed, whereit can be sup-
plied freely, other semi-aquatic plants being placed With
them, provided the one border does not give the desired
variety of soils ; but the whole of the above-named
plants may be made to grow in a mixed border if it be
properly prepared.
One c f the best uses of a border is to make it a re-
pository r catch-all for hardy plants. Here plant wild
asters and goldenrods, wild lilies and buttercups, and
anything and everything which interests you in the
woods or fields. These plants may be dug even in sum-
mer. Cut off the tops, leaving a few leaves just above
the ground, plant them firmly, and most of them will
live. The border reflects the personality of its maker.
One caution must be given,— never spade up or fork
over such a border. Let all enrichment be given as a
top-dressing in fall, allowing the plants to come up
through it as they will. The best time to plant is early
in fall, before the soil loses
its stored -up warmth, as the
plants then get well estab-
lished before spring ; but if
division and replanting are
necessary, wait until things
have made a visible start
in spring, so that nearby
plants are not injured by the
246. An informal border alon£ the fence.
BORDER
BORONIA
171
spade or fork. The border is an important conception
in landscape gardening (see Landscape Gardening).
E. O. Okpet.
The Hardv Border may be made a most attractive
feature of any planting. A good model to follow may
often be found along a country road which has not been
"cleaned up" into formality and monotony. The charm
of the hardy border lies tis much in its happy faculty
of change as in its beaut* everj- day of the growing
season, and every week of the year, there appear new
points of interest. It is apparently nature's workshop,
and the changing habits of plants are of vital interest.
It is always crowded, never full ; the shy beauty found
on a ramble takes its place promptly among the older
friends. With a little care and previous observation,
and reasonable preparation of the soil, the hardy border
can be made to reflect the preferences and personality
of the planter. The available material is so rich and
plentiful that there need never be duplication. Nor is the
best hardy border an expensive luxury ; it requires no
rare exotics, and its chief members may well be the com-
mon plants of the neighborhood, bnught together under
conditions which give each a chance for development.
A border is recalled which shows as its chief glor>' in
September an enormous boneset ; visitors who exclaim
at its beauty do not recognize the roadside weed. This
particular border is most catholic in its hospitality to
all American plants — no foreigners are allowed admis-
sion. In early spring the great fiddle-heads of the un-
curling cinnamon ferns mate with the trilliums, and the
moss-pijk carpets the edge, alternating with the spring
beauty and bluet. The columbines hang, their bells
against a rocky point, which later is a glory of wild
roses. IShatiy comers have the laurels and the rhodo-
dendrons, and the warmth of early summer brings out
the yarrow and the rudbeckia, just before the happy
succession of asters and goldenrods start on their pro-
cession toward winter. No two days show the same
blooms ; often a visit in the afternoon gives a totally
different impression from the morning view.
Artistically treated, and with care to keep out any of
the formal and comparatively artificial plants (gera-
niums, coleus, verbenas, and the like), the hardy border
may be a source of much enjoyment and edification,
whether it be in a city back yard or a great park. Often
an existing cluster of shrubs or bed of lilies in the home
grounds may serve as a starting for the border ; and
some fine examples are remembered as incidental ad-
juncts to the farm vegetable patch, while one which has
a most distinct individuality of beauty unobtrusively
flanks a unique Connecticut grass garden.
To create an individual hardy border, the planter
must divest himself of prejudice, and cheerfully start a
burdock where its richness of foliage is needed, backed
up with a skunk cabbage for greater breadth of green,
if need be. He should estimate plants for their beauty,
their individuality and their season of bloom, as mem-
bers of his general plan. He should be prepared to con-
sider any plant a prize in the border if it fit? , and any
plant a weed if it is inharmonious.
J. Horace McFarland.
BORECOLE, ^e^ Kale.
BOBONIA (after Francis Borone, an Italian who lost
his life at Athens in the service of Dr. Sibthorp).
Butdce<v. A genus of Australian shrubs with numerous
fls. having a rue-like fragrance : Ivs. opposite, odd-pin-
nate, or simple. B. megastigma and its allies, B.elatior
and B. heterophylla, are remarkable for their very large
stigma (which is 4-lobed at the base), and their curious
stamens, 4 of which are small, yellow, pollen-bearing,
and hidden under the stigma, while the 4 large, conspicu-
ous ones are dark purple or black, and bear no pollen.
The chief value of Boronias is their delicious fra-
grance. A small specimen will perfume a whole house
for two or three weeks. Boronias are cultivated like
Cape heaths in a cool greenhouse. After flowering they
shouhl be cut back, in order to make compact, bushy
specimens. The leading shoots may be frequently
pinched, to prevent a straggling growth. As most of
them are natives of barren, sandy places, not bogs,
good drainage is necessary. Sour soil is very disastrous
to them. The English florist T»t their young plants in
the open ground during sum,. >i, being careful to shade
them with lath frames. Plants that have flowered two
seasons are thrown away and replaced by younger speci-
mens. Robert Cameron propagates them by cuttings
from half -ripened wood inserted in 4-inch pots, which
are filled to within an inch of the top with a compost of
finely sifted loam, peat and sand, over which is spread
a layer of sharp sand. After a thorough watering,
they may be placed under a bell-glass in a greenhouse
where the tempera^are ranges from 4.5-50° F., and
shaded from bright sunshine. Seeds germinate readily
in the same temperature, and make good flowering
247. Boronia megastigma (X %)•
plants in one season. Seeds can be obtained from Ger-
man or Australian dealers, large quantities being col-
lected in the wild. Boronias belong to a large class of
hard-wooded Australian plants that were popular along
with the Cape heaths in the early part of the 19th cen-
tury. These were largely replaced by quicker-growing,
soft-wooded plants. The renewed interest in Boronias
is largely due to the more recently introduced species,
of which the first three described below are the best.
American florists have lately grown them somewhat for
Easter, especially B. heterophylla. Many species are
likely to be introduced, as these shrubs are very bril-
liant in Australia, blooming when very young, and re-
maining attractive for two or three months.
A. Stigmas large.
B. lyfs. less than 1 in. long : leaflets in 1 or S pairs,
plus an odd one.
c. Fls. borne singly
megastigma, Nees. Fig. 247. Height about 2 ft. : Ivs.
very sparse, ys-% in. long, sessile, the upper with one
pair, the lower with two pairs of Ifts. beside the end
one ; Ifts. narrowly linear : fls. maroon-purple outside,
yellow within, borne less densely than in B. elatior. At
times some fls. are chieflv brown, others chiefly purple.
B.M. G04G.~The best species.
cc. Fls. borne in whorls of 4 or 6.
heterophylla, F. Muell. Height 5-6 ft. in Australia :
Ivs. 1-1 Vain, long, sometimes simple, usually with 1
pair, rarely 2 pairs of Ifts.: fls. bright scarlet, but
usually pictured as purplish crimson. Differs from B.
elatior and B. megastigma in its larger leaves, fewer
Ifts., more brilliant fls, and longer filaments. Cult, only
in its var. br6vipe8, Hook, f., which differs merelv in
the shorter peduncles. B.M. r)845. Gn. .T2: 622. -Of "late
years it has been grown for Easter by florists to a con-
siderable extent.
172
BORONIA
BOrGAlNVILL.EA
B. Lvs. more than 1 in. long: leaflets in 2-6 pairs,
plus an odd one.
elitior, Bfirtl. Height about 4 ft.: pubescence va-
riabk- : Iv.s. dose-set, 1-2 in. long, }4-% in. broad,
petioled, with Ifts. in 2-6 pairs : ifts. broader and
shorter-acuminate than in B. megnstiijma : fls. dark
red-brown, or rosy red. or purple, sometimes showing
groups of widely different colors on the same branch,
and borne so densely as to
hide one side of the branch.
'?.M. 6285. Gn 10:39, F.E.
'.♦:491.
AA. Stigmas small
pinnd^ta, Smith. Lft a
■J— i pairs, very 9mi>> , ti,
acute : peduncles dichoto-
mous, 5-7-fld.: stamens 8.
B.M. 176.1. L.B. 0.5:473.
tetr^udra. Labill. Lfts. in
4-5 pairs, obtuse, glabrous:
branches pilose : pedicels
short, 1-fld. : stamens 4.
W. M.
BOSTON
Ntphrolepis
FESN. See
^^P^
248. Botrychium obliquum.
BOTANY. The science
which treats of plants ; plant-
knowledge. In its widest
sense, and properly, it in-
cludes much that, by com-
mon consent, is usually in-
cluded in horticulture,— as
amelioration of plants by
<lomestication, hybridizing,
and the like.
BOTRtCHIUM (Greek, in
allusion to the grape-like
sporangia). Ophioglossiicece.
Native Ferns of woods and
pastures, with fleshy root3,
broad temate lvs., and
sporangia borne in a pani-
cle, which branches from the
common st. Grown in the
hardy border, or against a
building on the shady side.
They require no special
treatment, and are little cul-
tivated.
A. Lf. omple, sessile near
the middle of the stem.
Virgrini^num, Swz. Moon-
wort. Six in. to 2 ft. high,
with abroad, triangular leaf,
with 3 main tri-<}uadri-pin-
natifid divisions : sporophyll
long-stalked. Eastern U. S.
— The only species which is
large enough to make a display.
AA. Lf. stalked from near the base of the com-
mon stem.
obllqanm, Muhl. Fig. 248. Plant, 6-15 in. high, with a
temate If. 2-6 in. wide: segments obliquely ovate or ob-
long, yi-%\n. long : sporophyll long-stalked. {B. ter-
natum, Authors, not Swz., which is a very different
Japanese species.) Eastern U. S.
dl8S6ctuin, Spreng. Plant, 6-18 in. high, with a temate,
finely dissected If., .3-8 in. wide, the ultimate divisions
-n,- in, or less wide. Eastern U. S. — Evergreen; delicate
and graceful. Grows in woods. j^ ^j Underwood.
BOTTLE -BRUSH. See Metros ideros.
BOTTOM HEAT. Said of soil temperature which is
higher than that of the superincumbent air. Most ten-
der plants re(}uire to have the roots warmer than the
tops, particularly when grown under glass.
BOUGAINVlLL^A (De Bougainville, 1729-1811, a
Fren<'h navigator). Ntictagincicea?. A half dozen or
more species of S. American shrobs, with alternate
petiolate entire lvs. The tis. are small aud inconspicu-
ous, tubular, the margin ■■>-6-lobed ; stamens 7-8, on
unequal capillary filaments ; ovary stipitate. Fls. in S's,
each one subtended by a very large colored bract. These
bracts are vent- gaudy, and constitute the decorative
vahie of the plants. Two more or less scandent species
are chiefly known in cultivation. Bougainvilleas are
just now receiving much attention in this country.
glabra, Choisy. Fig. 249. Growing 10-16 ft. high and
wide, when planted in the ground and allowed to have
its way : glabrous : lvs. ovate and acuminate, glabrous
and bright green : bracts cordate-ovate, bright rosv red,
distinctlv veined. Brazil. G.C. III. 23: 168. Gn.".54.p.
257. R.H. 1889:276. A. G. 16:15. A.F. 11:137. F E.
10: 100. — Free-flowering and handsome ; often grown in
pots and kept dwarf. Var. Sanderidna, Hort. Very flo-
riferous, blooming even in very small pots: bracts deeper
colored. Gn. 45:962. A.F. 10:307; 11:977; 12:1185.
Gnf. 4:2.'>1 ; 5. 345. — A very worthy plant.
spect&bilis, Willd. (B. i,pecidsa, Lindl. B. splendens,
Hort. ). Te'ler and stricter, with larger and thicker lvs.,
hairy : fls. in large panicles ; bracts larger, deep rose
color, but varving tc purple and greenish. Brazil. B.M.
4810,4811. P'.M. 12:51. I. H. 42: ,30.- Variable ; known
also as B. Brasiliensis, B. bracte.atn and B. Peruviana.
Var. laterlria, Lem. (B. laferitia, Hort.), has brick-red
bracts. I.H. 14: 46(i. More showy than the last when in
full bloom, but more difficult to grow, and. therefore,
not so desirable. Int. to cult, earlier than B. glabra.
refdlgens, Bull. Lvs. pubescent : racemes long and
drooping, and bracts purple. Brazil. — Perhaps a form
of B. spectabilis. l H. B.
There is much confusion in species and varieties of
Bougainvilleas in the trade. They seem to vary consid-
erably. B. spectabilis and its varieties seem to be un-
promising. Our experience with thousands of plants of
B. glabra and var. Sanderiana leads us to say that we
cannot think of any class of plants so readily handled.
249. Boasainvillaea glabra (X K)•
They are easily propagated, are not particular as to soil
or treatment, their growth is strong and rapid, they can
be flowered with ease and certainly, and they are but
little subject to insect attacks. Their flowering charac-
ter is so persistent that a small stock of plants will afford
BOUGAIXVILL.EA
BOrVARDIA
173
cuttini — if.terial for almost six months. The bloom-
bracts are extremely durable. They harmonize well with
some of t^»e popular orchids, and also go well with Amer-
ican Beauty rosLS. Entire heads of plants produce very
decorative results, and are very satisfactory on account
of their durability.
Biiiiijiiinvilleas are propaprated easily in April, M:iy
anil .Iiine. Secure half -ripened or old-wood
cutriii:;-! — no woo«i is too old or too heavy—
ami cut into 6-r2-in. lenjjfths, or shorter if
more attention is given to them. Place the
lowr part 2-4 in. deep in sand in an airy
situjition, fully exposed to the sun during
April, with some bottom heat for this month,
in Miiy and June give no bottom heat, but
slight' shade should be given during the
briirliter hours of the day. The sand should
be kept moist, not wet, and cuttings be
svringed several times
every day in bright
weather. The foliage will
dDp mainly at the end
of the first week ; after
the second week, roots
may be seen. The time
of r")oting varies from 12
to .10 days, according to
conditions. In propaga-
tini? in quantity, it is ad-
visable to grade the wood
according to ripeness,
enabling the removal of
the same from sand with
less trouble and loss of
time. For first potting,
use a light, sandy loam, with pots to suit the
roots ; place in a sunny situation, keep them
on the dry side for a week or so. giving light
syringing daily, an<l shade during midday
hours. In four or five weeks they can be
shift 'd to larger pots, and water may be given
more freely ; after this they can be shifted
almost monthly. From the time they are in
5-in. pots they should have careful drainage,
as they will want daily syringing and a free
supply of water. They should be grown with
full sun exposure under glass, and plenty of
air, and in ,. uly and August may receive al-
most daily ('.renchings of water. All growths
should be exposed to the sun by occasional
turning of plants; this secures a ripened con-
dition of wood, which is essential to best
results. So grown, every shoot will flower
freely. If crowded or shaded, satisfactory re-
sults are risked. The aim siiould be to secure
strong, well-ripened growths by the last of
Octooer. For earliest bloom, plants may be
held drier from this time on, but in the case of
B. glabra not enough to yellow the foliage,
unless in very strong plants. "With a little
experience, the earliest rested plants can be
flowered for Christinas, and others can be
brought in successively. The new growths
will afford cut-flower material until midsum-
mer. In June, the flowering j>lants should be
held as cool and airy as possible, but not
shaded or only slightly so. If held too warm
or dry, the bracts drop in a short time. After
the flowering season is all comi»leted. the
plants may be held dry for a w»'ek or ten
days; then all old soil should be removed, the
roots an<l tops pruned to suit, and the plants
repotted to smallest suitable pots, with perfect
drainage. Then treat exactly as for a rooted
cutting. As an excess of water is injurious at
this stage, shade for a few days and syringe
frequently. Keep on the dry side until the
foliage indicates that water may be given more freely.
Hundreds of eyes will push from strong plants ; and
the plants will soon make rapid growth, when they may
be syringed and watered daily. A yellowish foliage is
evidence of too much water, but this will hardly occur
with plaats thoroughly drained and exposed to the full
sun. Growths may be pinched according to the end in
view.
Strong, well-ripened shoots of B. rjlahra, tied hori-
zontally, produce numerous laterals, whose inflorescence
is very distinct in character from the earlier bloom,
clusters of intense mauve bracts crowding the shoots,
offset by the dark green, glossy foliage. The arrange-
ment or disposition of the bracts on such
shoots is a revelation of beauty comi)ared with
the more familiar form. B. glaftra is gener-
ally spoken of as a climbing plant, which may
apply in a large state or when the plant is
unrestricte«l as to root room. In pots up to
12-15 in. we have frequently seen shoot.^ 2(>-25
ft. long, but these al'.vays prove mainly self-
supporting. Both B. glabra and its variety
make distinct and extremely showy subjects
for the lawn, in a partially shelteied situ-
ation they could be- held in fair condi-
tion for at least o. month.
B. glabra, var. Sanderiana. has
prove(l valuable as a decorative plant,
particularly for Easter, as it can bo
flowered unerringly, and possesses the
merit of being durable for wef^ks, — a
decide<l advantage over most subjects
grown for that season. B. glabra also
may be grown into showy specimens,
but, being less compact than Sanderi-
ana, requires more attention to secure
shapely plants. It should be noted that
B. glabra, — on account of the larger
size of the bracts ( fully three times as
large as those of Sanderiana ) and their
arrangement n the branches, offset by
luxuriant v: -y foliage, — appears to
be the : uesirable variety for cut-
flower terial ; while Sanderiana,
from i • > legant, compact habit, affords
a splendid subject for pots.
Theo. F. Beckeet.
BOUSSINGAtLTIA (J. B. Boussin-
gault, born in lbU2, a famous agricul-
tural chemist). Chenopodidcece. A few
tropical American climbing herbs. Fls.
small, perfect, with a o-parted, short-
tubed perianth, 5 stamens, and 3-
divided style, in long racemes. Lvs.
alternate, thick, entire.
baselloides, HBK. Madeira Vine.
Mignonette Vine. Fig. 250. Peren-
nial, root tuberous; stems smooth and
twining, reaching 10-20 ft. in a season,
and in late summer or fall bearing;
profusely of the fragrant white fls.
(which become nearly black witli age),
and pnxlucing little tubercles, by
means of which the plant is propa-
gated. Equador. B.M. 3620.— A com-
mon vine, prized for porches and ar-
bors. The roots are stored in the
winter, and planted out after dan-
ger of frost is past. The plant
will not endure frost. Sometimes
grown in the conservatory and
window garden. ^ H. B.
BOUVARDIA (Dr.Charles Bou-
vard, physician to Louis XIII.,
and superintendent of the Royal
Gardens in Paris). Bubificeir.
Between 20 and 30 American
(chiefly Mexican) shrubs or per-
ennialiierbs. Mostly tropical, but
some of them range as far N. as
Texas. They have entire and mostly sessile, opposite
or verticillate lvs. with small stipules interposed, and
terminal cymes of long-tubular fls. with 4-parted limb
(lobes becoming more numerous in cult.), 4 stamens,
and 1 style with a slightly 2-lobed stierma.
Bouvardias are very useful late fall or early winter-
'"^*W»
250. Madeira Vine, or Boussinsaultia
(XVa.)
174
BOUVARDIA
BOWIE A
flowering greenhouse plants. Though they may be prop-
atrate«i by cuttings inserted in sand in a propagating
frame with bottom heat, yet a better and more expedi-
tious way is to cut up the largest roots of a healthy
plant into pieces about 1 inch in length, placing
them thickly in puns of light, peaty soil and covering
them to the depth of 1 inch with the same mixture. If
the pans are then placed in a warm temperature with
bottom hear, every piece will quickly develop one or
more buds and grow into a young lant. March is per-
haps the best time for propagating. As soon as the
youi.g plants are well rooted they should be potted
singly into small pots and grown along in a tempera-
ture of about 60°. By the end of May the plants may be
planted out, either in spent hotbeds or frames prepared
with a goodly proportion of leaf -mold mixed with the
soil, if fine pot plants is the ultimate aim ; or if grown
for cut-tiowers only, they may be planted out in the
greenhouse benches about 15 inches apart, giving all
the air possible and a plentiful supply of moisture. In
both cases, the plants must be kept well pinched back
to in<luce a bushy habit, and also to insure a greater
profusion of flowers. Towards the end of September
those intended for pot plants should be lifted and potted
and placed in a close frame for a week or ten days,
keeping them moist and well shaded until they have re-
covered from lifting. Before the approach of frost they
should be removed to the greenhouse and given a tem-
perature of 50°. They are very subject to the attacks of
mealy bug and green fly. They therefore should be
sprayed once a week with an insecticide, with a vapor-
izer sprayer, choosing fine mornings for the operation.
After flowering, the plants should be rested by keeping
them almost dry. Towards the end of April they should
be well pruned back, and in May again planted out for
the summer. The same plants may be grown in this
way for several years, when in 4 or 5 years' time they
■will make very fine specimens.
Cult, by Edward J. Canning.
The Bouvardias of florists do not represent any of the
type species. They are sports, hybrids, and other types
of variations. The Latin-form names in American
trade catalogues nearly all belong to these garden forms.
The species which are of most import to the horticul-
turist are mentioned below:
A. Fls. in shades of red.
B. ^yvs. normally in 3's (except, perhaps, on the
branchlets).
triphtUa, Salisb. (B. Jdcquini, HBK,), Small pu-
bescent shrub, 2-6 ft. high : Ivs, in 3's or 4's (or oppo-
— The genus Bouvardia was founded upon this species
which was introduced into England about 100 year« ago!
It is evidently the most im}»<>rtant parent strain, al-
though it is prol)ably not in cult, in its original form.
Fiirs. 251 and 2.')2 partake ven.' strongly of this species.
In fact. Fig. 251 compares well in botanical characters
351. Common earden form of Bouvardia.
Terminal truss.
site on the branchlets), lanceolate to lance-ovate, glabrous
above : fls. an inch long, pubescent, red. Mex. , and reach-
ing N. to Ariz, B.M. 1854; 3781 as B. splendens, Grab.
252, Bouvardia.
Cluster from a side growth.
(except less long-pointed Ivs,) with the early pictures
of B. triphylla.
leitotha, Benth. Much like B. triphylla ; more bushy
and better errower : stems hairy : Ivs, hairy above : lis.
glabrous. Mex. R.H. 1851: 81. — Perhaps only a form of
the preceding.
Other red-ttd. 3-lvd. species are : B. angustifdlia, HBK.
Lvs. lanceolate, revolute, glabrous above and fine-pu-
bescent below : branches nearly glabrous. Mex. B.hir-
Ulla, HBK. Very similar : lvs. pubescent on both sur-
faces, Mex, B. scdbra, Hook, & Arn. Lvs. ovate,
short-stalked: lis. large, in dense clusters, pink : stem
hairy. Mex.
B. Lvs. opposite.
Cavanillesii, DC. {B. multi flora, Schult.). Hairy:
lvs. ovate-acuminate, broad at base, short-stalked, edges
hairy: fls. 1/^ in. long, very slender, glabrous. Mex.
AA. Fls. yellow.
fl^va, Decne. Lvs. opposite, ovate-lanceolate or lance-
elliptic, very short-stalked, ciliate : fls. very long,
drooping, in 3-5-fld. racemes, bright yellow. Mexico.
F,S. 1:43.
AAA. Fls. white.
longifldra, HBK. Glabrous, branching shrub : lvs.
opposite, ovate-acuminate, stalked : fls. lK-2 in. long,
with a very slender tube and a wide-spreading, large
limb, 2 or 3 together and aggregated into a terminal
cyme. Mex. B.M. 4223. F.S. 2:123.-Gray supposes
(Proc. Araer. Acad. Arts and Sci. iv., p. 314) that this
species belongs to the genus Houstonia. Not known to
be in the American trade.
Humboldtii, Hort. Lvs. opposite, ovate-acuminate :
fls. very large, fragrant, in a large, terminal cluster.
G.C. 1873:717. — This is a choice conservatory plant, and
is in the Amer. trade. It is usually catalogued as B.
Humboldtii corymbiflora. Blooms from summer to
winter. Probably a derivative of B. longi flora. B. can-
didissima, Hort., white-fid., is said to be a hybrid, with
£. Humboldtii as one of its parents.
jasminiflbra, Hort. Compact and dwarf, very florif-
erous, the fls. in close, terminal clusters. G.C. 1872:215.
—Probably a derivative of B. longiflora. t w R
BOWIEA(afterJ, Bowie, collector for Kew). Lilidcece.
A monotypic genus containing one of the most curious
plants in the vegetable kingdom, A round, green bulb
4-5 in. thick throws up yearly a very slender, twining
flower-stem 6-8 ft. high, with many compound, forked,
curving branches below, and numerous small green fls,
above. The st. is somewhat a^pajragus-like. There are
BOWIEA
BRAHEA
175
no ivs. except two small, linear, erect scales at the apex
of the bulb, which quickly vanish. The Ivs. show its
relation to Drimiu aud .Srilla.
voltibilis, Harv. Fig. 2r)3, Perianth 6-cleft to the base:
>i-,niieiit.s incurved at the tips. S. Afr. B.M. .'><»19.—
>o\i by Reasoner Brox., Oneco. Fla., and cult, in botanic
irardeiis with cactus-like Euphorbias and other curi-
osities. W. M.
Boiriea volubilis is a useful plant for twining on the
supports of a moderately warm greenhouse, and is of
the easiest possible crlture. Propagation is effected by
Bo\wiea volubilis.
seeds, or occasionally by the natural division of the
bulbs. The season of growth usually begins about the
tirst of October, when the bulbs should be repotted in
any light, rich soil, and kept well watered until the
stems begin to mature, which usually occurs in May,
when water should be gradually withheld, and the
plants stored away in some shaded part of the green-
house and kept quite dry until the season of growth
begins again. Edward J. Canning.
BOX. See Buxus.
BOX ELDEB (Acer Negundo, which see). Fig. 254.
A very pupular small native tree for planting on the
prairies and in trj-ing climates. It propagates most
readily from seeds' It is an excellent nurse tree for
other species. The wood is of inferior quality. It grows
with great rapidity for a few years.
BBACHYCH.STA (Greek, short bristle). Comp6sit<B.
^ne species, growing in open woods from Ky. to N. C.
and Ga. Closely allied to Solidago, from which it differs
in the very short pappus (the l)ristles shorter than the
akene), and the lower Ivs. cordate. B. cordita, Torr. &
(3rav, which has been int. by dealers in native plants,
is 2-r{ ft. high, soft-pubescent, with thin, serrate Ivs.:
rts. golden yellow, in small heads, which are borne on
racome-like secund branchlets. Recommended for the
native border.
BRACHYCOME {short
h'lir, from the Greek, al-
luding to th*? pappus).
Compdsitcp. Australian
herbs, with membrana-
ceous in\ olucral bracts,
naked re> ptacle. veiy
short pappus bristles, and
ditfuse leafy growth. One
specieN in cult. :
ihcrdifdlia.Benth. Sw^n
RiVEK Daisv. Figs. 2.'».5,
2«6. A very graceful little
annual! 6-12 in. high ) from
Austral., suited to bor-
ders, and also attractive
in pots ; seeds may be sown in the
open or under glass. Fls. blue or
white, an inch across: Ivs. small,
pinnate, with very narrow divis-
ions J glabrous. l. jj. B.
BBAHEA (Tycho Brahe, the
astronomer). Palmdcece, tribe
Cor^phece. Spineless palms, with
medium caudices, ringed below,
and clothed above with the bases
of the fibrous sheaths. Leaves
terminal, orbicular, somewhat
peltate, flabellate -plicate, split
down the middle, the lobes bifid,
infolded, filamentous on the mar-
gins; rachis short, narrow; ligule
subtriangular; petioles flattened,
dentate along the margins ;
sheaths fibrous : spadices long,
pendulous, paniculately much
branched, the ultimate long ver-
miform obtuse branches rigid,
spreading, very densely velvety
tomentose : spathes many, long-
linear, firm, coriaceous, split, glabrous ; bracts and
hractlets minute: fls. smaller than the diameter of the
branches, hidden in the tomentum: frs. % in. long, ob-
liquely ellipsoidal, minutely pubescent, laterally keeled,
pale when dry. Species 4, Mex to the Andes. Of sim-
ple culture in a fibrous compost, with an admixture of
sand. Prop, by seeds.
ddlcia, Mart. Palma Ditlce. Stem 10-20 ft., 6-8 in.
thick, cylindrical : Ivs. 4-5 ft. long ; petiole plano-con-
vex, green, with pale margins; ligule short, subtriangu-
254. Raceme of young
fruit of Box Elder.
255. Brachycome iberidifolia.
176
BRAHEA
BRASSIA
lar. preen, the soarious villous marerin at length de-
ciduous: fr. edible. Mex.
B. filamentdga, Hort.=Wa9hingtonia filifera.— B. filifera,
Hort.=W. fi\it^TT\,.—R. {ilnuca, Hort.=Wa.shingtoma filifera.—
B. rohuata. Hort.=Washingtonia.— B. RazUi, Lin<ll.(B. glauca,
Hort.)=Washinartnnia filifera. Jared G. SMITH.
BRAKE. A name applied to
various coarse ferns, particu-
larly to Pttris aquilina.
BRAMBLE. Thorny plants
of the genus Kubus, — raspber-
ries, blackberries, dewberries.
BRASfiNIA (meaning unex-
plained;. Nymph(t-itcfip. Water
Shield. One species of atjuatic
plant widely distributed ( in N.
Anier., Asia, Afr., Austral.).
Lvs. oval and entire, floating,
centrally peltate : fls. axillary
near the summit of ♦^he stem,
small, purple ; sepals 3 or 4 ;
petals 3 or 4. linear : stamens
12-18, on filiform tilaments ;
pistils 4-18, forming indehis-
cent follicles. B. pelt&ta,
Pursh, is not a showy plant,
but is interesting for ponds.
It is catalogued by dealers in
native plants. Grows in 1-0 ft.
of water. l. H. B.
BRASSAVOLA (A.M. Bras-
savola, Venetian botanist). Or-
chiddceie, tribe Epid^tulrecf.
About 20 Trop, Amer. epi-
phytes, closely allied to La^lia,
and demanding similar treat-
ment. Suspend on blocks. The
fls. are large, solitary or ra-
cemose, the sepals and petals
narrow and greenish, the lip
white: lvs. thick, solitary. For
the cultivator, the treatment of
Brassavola is identical with
that of the Mexican Lselias.
Plenty of sun to mature the
young growths, and water when
growing, with a somewhat drier
atmosphere when resting, will
B. Digbi/ona, Lindl., is Lalia
Digbyana; B.glauca, Lindl., is Ixflia ghiuca.
A. Flower solitary.
cucoll^ta, R.Br. (B. cu.spiddta, Hook.). Leaf terete
and subulate, grooved above: scape very short but bear-
ing a very long-tubed fl., so that the blossom seems to
be elevated on a stem: sepals cream-colored, tinged
red; petals white; lip 3-lobed, fimbriate, the middle
lobe beak-like. S. Amer. B.M. 543, 3722.
AA. Fls. in racemes on corymbs.
acaulis, Lindl. & Paxt. Low: lvs. very narrow: fls.
large, greenish white; lip cordate; tube red-spotted at
base. Cent. Amer.
cordiita, Lindl. Lvs. linear, rigid, recurved : fls.
corymbose ; sepals and petals lance-linear, acuminate,
pale green; lip roundish -cordate, cuspidate, entire,
scarcely as long as the claw. Jamaica, Braz. B.M. 3782.
noddsa, Lindl. (B. grandiflora, Lindl.). Lvs. lanceo-
late, acuminate, channeled above : fls. few and large,
corymbose ; sepals and petals linear-acuminate ; lip
round-ovate, long-cuspidate, entire. Ioniser than the
claw. Jamaica, Mex., S. B.M. 3229, of this name, is B.
subulifoUa. L_ jj^ B^
BRASSIA (William Brass, botanical collector of last
century). Orchidcicece. tribe Vavdeif. About 30 Trop.
Amer. plants, closely allied to Oncidium. Distinguished
from that genus by the verj- long and pointed sepals
256
Brachycome iberidifolia.
Natxaral size.
be found to suit them.
and the wingless column. The fls. are odd and spider-
WVv in form, and are cultivated chiefly for that reason.
They can be grown with ("attleyas. They bloom in sum-
mer, and during that time should have liberal supplit-c
of water. Keep them quiet in winter, b;-.t do not »lrv
them off completely. Grow in pot.s with th(,r<»infh
drainatre, in a soil of fibrous peat and sand. Prop, by
division.
The Brassias succeed well in the Orchid house de-
voted to C'attleyas, one that is not too warm \n winti-r
and furnishes plenty of air during the waTn nionrlis.
They have not been popular in gardens, as their il"\vtT»
icick brilliant coloring, but their shape is weird, and to
the collector they have charms that are almost as alhir-
ing as the O'ontoglossums. Pot culture is best, as the
plants make fine specimens, and are vigorous root-pro-
ducer , B. Z. vrenecana and its variety lottifissima,
with ; vemfro.a, are the best- Known in gardens, and
are most desirable fron. a cultivator's standpoint.
Cult, by E. O. Orpet.
A. Sepals and petals whitish or greenish.
verrucdsa, Batem. Fig. 257. Strong : foliage deep
green: fls. many and large, the greenish white petals
and sepals l>lotched v;\ih dark, purple, the lip white and
warty. Guatemala. Var. graindifldra, Hort., has lis.
twice larger than m tlie type.
AA. Sepals and petals greenish yeiiow.
mactllJita, R. Br. Sepals and petals pale or greenish
yellow, short for the genus, marked with large, irregu-
lar brown spots, the large lip white, spotted
with brown and purple. Jamaica. B.M. 1(591.
— Int. into Eu. in 180<>, being one of the first
known of exotic Orchids. Flowers large, but not very
showy.
Var, gntUta, Lindl. {B. Wrdya, Skinner). Fls.
greener, much spotted, lip yellowish ; spikes 2-3 ft.
high. Guatemala. B.M. 4003.
BRASSIA
BRASSICA
177
AAA. Sepals and petalu dearer yellow.
eaudita. Liidl. Spikes drooping, 12-18 in.: sej alM
and ]»«'tuls verv lonjr (4-6 in.), barred with brown; lip
yelluvv and l>ro.'d spotted. W. Inu A.F. (i.'UH-
L&nc^^na, Li idl. Robust, with 2 dark green ieavts
froiu < i.<'b pseu.lobulb: tls. large and numerous, vei-y
frasjrant, lastii./ 2 or .'} weeks; sepals and petals brigl t
velli'W. long and tapering, blotehe«l with br(»wn or rec,
the ii]) yellow and wavy, spotted at the base. S. Amer.
B..Vl.'."<-"»77. — A hundsome species. There are two oi'
three varieties.
Lawrenceina, Lindl. Sepals and petals bright yellow,
spottt-d with broWii and green; lip yelhiw tinged with
j.Teen : otherwise iimeh like the last. Braz. J.H. III.
;i0:275.
Var. longissima, Leiehb. f,. has a spike 18-20 in long,
an I vt-ry slender sepals, which are G or 7 in. long, the
lip purple-spotted n 'ar the base. Costa Rica. B.M.
o74S. — A remarkable plant.
Gireoudiana, Reichb. f. «S: Warsc. Large, with many-
flil. scapes: tis. larger than in H. L<iiiff(ni'i,thv sepals
and petals very long, •^hey and the lip bright yellow,
blotched with deep red. Costa Rica. l_ jj^ g
BBASSICA (old classical name). Crucifenr. Prob-
ably bH) species of annual, biennial and perennial herbs,
natives of temperate reirions of Europe, Africa, and
Asiia. Petals and stamet-s 4: pod long, beaked : seeds
not winged (Figs. 2.")8, 2."»9). Includes all the mustards,
cabbages, turni]>s, and the like ; and to these plants the
reader should refer for other information.
In common with nearly all cultivated plants, espe-
cially those which are perplexing, the Brassicas have re-
ceived too little attention fiom botanists. The inevita-
ble outcome of such neglect or of any superficial study
is a reduction of species, and in this direction Brassica
has suffered greatly. It is usually confusing to reduce
types. The most perplexing species in our manuals are
those which contain the greatest numbi^r of old types
or synonymous names. It is true that this is supposed to
orifdn is lost, and perspicuity demands that they be l.ept
distinct in a horticultural treatise.
The confusion into which our Brassicas have fallen is
'W.'
m
Flower of Mustard.
(X3.)
be primarily due to the va-
riation of the species or
groups, but it is often to be charged
to superficial study or insuflicient ma-
j "^it* ' 1 t^rial. Our manuals contain too few
!t*'^\fe a "■S'ther than too many species of
. «l \1J ; ■ Brassica; at all events, the miscel-
laneous dumping of rutabagas, tur-
nips, rape and other plants into
Jirassica campestris is unnatural,
and, therefore, unfortunate. One of
the best presentati(ms of the true
2^9. Pod or siliQuc Brassicas is that of De Candolle's
ofMustard-BrassicaProdromus, as long ago as 1824 (also
juncea (X2). in Trans. Lond. Hort. Soc. vol. 5,
and in Systema, 2:582-607), and the
following scheme closely follows that outline. Some
of the forms which are here kept separate as species may
be derived from their fellows, but the evidence of such
260. Flowers of Cabbage — Brassica oleracea (X J^).
in some measure due to the different vernacular names
which they bear in different countries. The French use
the word chou generically to in<'lude all forms of H,
oleracea and the rutabaga— that is. all the blue, thick-
leaved Brassicas — while in England the rutabaga is
called the Swedish Turnip. A tabular view of the dif-
ferent vernaculars mav be useful :
Freiuh.
Chou CabnS,
Chou de Milan,
Chou Je Bruxelles,
Choux-verts,
Chou- rave,
Cbou-navet,
Chon-flenr,
English.
Cabbage,
Savoy.
Brussels Sprouts,
Bore<*ole or Kale,
f Turnip Cabbage
\ or Kohlrabi,
I Turnip-rooted
-< Calihage «»r
( Swedish Turnip
Caulitiower,
American.
Cabbage.
Savoy Cabbage.
Bnissels Sprouts.
Borecole or Kale.
Kohlrabi.
Rut.ibaga.
Navet { or Chou-navet ) , Turnip,
Cauliflower.
Turuip.
A.
B.
Whole plant glancntis-hlue when in flower: Ivs. of
the flower-i<tem.H clanpinrf: fin. various. {Brassica
proper. }
Lvs. from the first more or less fle.<}hi/ throughout^
and glaucous-blue et'en when young: fls. large
and rreamy yellow, the petals conspicuously long-
clawed, and the sepals usually erect.
oleracea, Linn. Cabbage, CAfLiFLOWER, BRrssELS
Sprouts, Kale. Fig. 260. Lvs. smooth from the first,
and the root never tiioerous. Sea shores of the Old
World, and naturally perennial. See Cabbage.
N^pus, Linn. Rape. Lvs. smooth from the first ;
differing from Ii. oleracea chiefly in habit and more
deeply scalloped lvs. The botanical posi*ion of the
Rapes is open to doubt.
camp^stris, Linn. Rctabaga. Fig. 201. First lvs.
hairy, the root usually tuberous.
12
178
BRASSICA
BRASSICA
BB. Lvs. {except upon the f1ou-er-!ft>'m) thin and green:
fix. smaller and bright yellor-, less prominently
clawed.
C Plant pntenfiallft biennial (that t*. the roof hard and
thiekrned, often distinctly tnbetnus): foliitge firm
in texture.
D. Foliage distinctly hairy.
B&pa, Linn. Common Tirnip. Lvm. prominently
lyrate or interrupt«'(l b«'low,the root tube --ous. —Whatever
the oritfin of the Hutahaj;a an«l Turnip may be. the two
plant.s show ^<mm1 botanical charaeters. The tubers of
the two are (litf»Tent in season, texture and flavor. In
the Rutabaga, the small leaves immediately following
the seed-leaves are sparsely hairy, but all subsequent
leaves are entirely smooth, densely plaueous-blue. thick
and cabbaffe-Iike, with a Heshy petiole aiid nudrib. In
the Turnip, the ra<lical leaves are always ni<»re or le«.s
hairy, and they are green and ra<iish-like, thin, with
slender petiide.^and the leaves are much more lyrate,
with interrupted leaflets on the petiole; the small leaves
following the seed-leaves are also thinner an<l narrower
an<I more deeply scalloped. In the Rutabaga, the flow-
ers are large and more cabbage-like, whereas in the
Turnip they are small, jellow and mustard-like, with
shorter claws and more sprea<^.ing calyx. The Turnips
vary in hairiness, but the cone of expanding leaves,
or the "heart-leaves," always
shows the hairs distinctly,
while the heart-leaves of tiie
Rutabagas are entirely gla-
feathere*! petioles, sharply and irregularly toothed, with
a thin bloom : beak of the po<l more abrupt : root dis-
tinctly hard and tulK-rous, — This vegetable a[»peare(l in
France in 1HH2 from seeds sent by Dr. Brets«'hn<i(l,r
of tlie Russian legation, Pekin. It was offered by Anier!
seedsmen as early as 1889. The plant is a bienniHl'
with thin, bluish f«diage, and a small tuberous root like
a conical turnip. These roots reach a diameter of M or
4 inches, and are scarcely distinguishable from white
turnips in appearance, texture and flavor. In China the
tubers arc used as a winter vegetable, the seeds being
sown in summer. The plant is native to Cliina. It docs
not appear to have been brought to the attention of
botanists until Bretschneider published ati account of it
in a French journal in 1881. Paillieux an«l Boi>, jI^
Potager d'un Curieux) regard it as a variety of Brasxica
juncea, to which the (Jliinerte mustard belongs, but it is
very different from that plant. It Ls nearly related to
Pak-Clioi, and it may have sprung from the same spe-
cies; but it is cleiwly <listLuguished by its sharply
toothed Ivs., one of which is shown in Fig. 204.
CC. Plant truly annual: foliage profuse, loose and soft.
Pe-ts&i, Bailey. Pe-tsai
Cabbaoe. Fig. 2(5.'). Xu-
merous radical Ivs.. laree
and light green. ol>long <ir
ovate-oblong, crinkled and
ver>- veiny." and the mar-
gins wavy, contracted into
a flat and ribbed pitiole 1-3
261. Flowers of Rutabaga —
Bre\ssica campcstris (X. %).
262. Pak-Choi— Brassica Chinensis.
brous, fleshy, and remind one of the young shoots of
sea-kale. The Turnip usually produces seed freely if
the bottoms are left in the ground over winter : and
thereby the plant spreads, becoming a true annual and a
bad weed, with a slender, hard root.
DD. Foliage not hairy.
Cliiu^nsis, Linn. Pak-Choi Cabbage. Figs. 262, 263.
Radical Ivs. wavy and ample, glossy green, obovate or
round-obovate in general outline, either entire or ob-
scurely wavy or even crenat^, tapering to a distinct and
thick, strong petiole, which is generally not prominently
margined ; pod large and tapering into a beak half an
inch long; root sometimes tuberous. — This plant is
grown by the American Chinese, and is occasionally
seen in other gardens (see Bailey, Buil. 67, Cornell Exp.
8ta. ). It is impossible to determine if this particular
plant is the one which Linnseus meant to distinguish by
his Brassica Chinensis, but it best answers the de-
scription in hi.v Amoenitates (vol. 4). In Linnspus' her-
barium is a Brassica marked "Chinensis " in his own
handwriting, but it is purple-fld. and has lyrate-lobed
Ivs., whereas Linnseus de.scribed his plant as having
yellow fls. and CjTioglossum-like Ivs.
napifdrmis, Bailey (Sindpis jiincea.v&r. napif&nnis,
Paill. & Bois). TuBERors-ROOTED Chinese Mtstard.
Fig. 264. Radical Ivs. comparatively few, the blade thin
and oval iu outline, and on long and slender, slightly
in. wide, which is provided with a wide, thin, notched or
wavy wing; stem Ivs. sessile and clasping; pod of me-
dium size, with a short cone-like beak. — The Pe-tsai, or
Chinese Cabbage, is no longer a novelty in Amer. gar-
dens, although it does not appear to be well known, and
its merits are not understood. Its cultivation ari''. pecu-
liarities were described in France as long ag") as ii<40,
by Pepin, wLu says that, while the plant had bfru
known in botanic gardens for 20 years, it was brought ti
notice as a culinary vegetable only three yeais befoiu
he wrote. It appears to have attracted little attention
in Europe until very recent years, however, and it is
still included in the second edition of Paillieux & Bois'
Le Potager d'un Curieux, 1892. It began to attract at-
tention in the United States probably about 1.5 years
ago. The leaves tend to form an oblong, loose head,
like Cos lettuce. See Cabbage.
Jap6nica, Sieb. California Pepper-geass. Pot-
herb MrsTARD. Fig. 2<;6. Rathir numerous radi<al
Ivs., oblong or oblong-obovate, the margins eitljcr
crisped or cut into many very fine divisions, the petiole
distinct at its lower end ; stem Ivs. all petioled ; pod
verj' small, with a slender beak.— The soft, thin Ivs.
make excellent "greens." Long known, but with no
designative name, in old gardens in this country, and
occasionally runs wild. Int. in 1890 by John Lewis
Childs as California Pepper-grass. A ver>' worthy
plant (see Bull. 67, Cornell Exp. Sta.).
BRASSICA
BRECK
179
AA. ^yholf plant green or hat ^ilightly glauronn tvhfn
in flower: It'it. on the fl.-»temM »<>t prttniimuthj
rlosping : flu. amnll and yellow. Annmih.
{Siniipix or Mustard.)
B. Pod terete or nearly go.
juncea, C(>ss. {SinfipiM jiinrfn.hinn.). Chinese Mfs-
TAKi». Fijf-^. 27)9. 2<»7. Hunk and coarse grower, in the
common formn luukinf? great tufts of root-lvs. if sown
f-Hfly: nwlieal Ivs. generally abundant and often very
lariTi'. oval or obovul in outline, the blade angled or
toothed, tapering into a narrow petiole, which generally
Itears leafy appendages ; lower stem-lvs. more or less
t(Mttlie<l and petiolate, the upper ones oblong or oblong-
lanffulute, entire and usually sessile or clasping : flow-
criiiir steins and Ivs. more or less lightly glaucous : fls.
brijrlit yellow : pod slender, of medium size, tapering
into a short beak. Asia. — This much abused species is
held by Hooker and Thomson (Joum. Linn. Soc. v. 17i>
til include a great variety of f.>rms, us Sinapin hrvigata,
Linn.; A'. itttegrifiUia,\kiW\.\ H. ramoaa, rugoita, pa-
teus.vHneifolia, Roxbg. ; ^'. la nceolafa, DC, and others.
There are two types of it in cultivation in our gardens,
one with the radical Ivs. somewhat shuri>ly t<M)thed and
nearly smo<(th below (sometimes grown as BrasKica [or
^'/w(;/>i.'<] rugnsa), the other with root-lvs. obtusely
toothed and spinescent on the veins below (comprising
Chinese Mustard, Chinese Broad-leaved Mustard, and
Brown Mustard). Linnaeus founded his Sinnpis junvea
upon a figure in Hermann's Paradisus (Hermann, Para-
«li.>'u.s Batavus, t. 2:50, 170.")), which represents a plant
anth-tu>>e : fr. .3-celled, many-seeded. Native of the
mountain and table land r«-gion of Mex.— FMve specicH
have been describe*!, but recent explorations have
brought to light some 5 or 0 additional species. While
263. Tuberous Root of PaJc-Choi.
very like the former type mentioned above, and which
Hermann described as "lettuce-leaved."
(Llba, Boiss. Wild Mustard. Tall : Ivs. pinnatifld
and rough -hairy: pods spreading, hairy, the lower part
thick and few-seeded : seeds pale brown, large. Weed,
from Europe.
Sinapistnun, Boiss. Charlock. Tall : Ivs. strong-
foothfd, or sometimes nearly lyrate : pods knotty,
glabrous or hairy, the upper third indehiscent and
2-edged, usually 1-seeded. Weed, from Europe.
BB. Pod distinctly 4-angled.
nigra, Koch. Black Mustard. Fig. 208. Wide-
spreading and loose grower : Ivs. pinnatifld, somewhat
hairy : pods short and erect, glabrous ; seeds small and
dark brown, pungent, supplying the mustard of com-
merce. Cult, in Eu., but a weed in this country. — Com-
mercial mustard is the flour of the seeds of this species
chiefly, but the seeds of B. alba and probably of li.
juncea are sometimes used. L, jj. g^
BEAVOA { Bravo, Mexican botanist ) . ^4 mariflliddcaf .
A small genus, much resembling in some of its species
the tuberose ( Polianthes), and considered by the writer
as hardly distinct from it. Stems slender, from small
thickened rootstocks: Ivs. mostly basal: inflorescence a
lax spike or raceme; fls. always in pairs more or less
bent or curved ; stamens 0, included within the peri-
264. Lower stem-leaf of Tuberous-rooted Mustard —
Brassica napiformis.
the flowers are not as showy as the common tuberose,
yet the genus shouhl be fouu<l in every ch«»ice bull) col-
lection. Only one spe<M«'s has been cultivated to any
ext«»nt. an«l even this sp«' -ies is not well known. As the
species often grow iu the high mountains of Mexico,
they ought to l>e hardy in the
southern stretches of the tem-
perate zone.
geminifldra, Llav. & Lex.
Mkxican Twin P"'lower. Stems
1-2 ft. high: bulbs snuill, 1-13^
in. long, the outer scales cut
into fine fibers at the top: basal
Ivs. linear, erect, (5 lines or less
broa«l, smooth: fls. in a slender
raceme, reddish or orung<' -col-
ored ; ! 'bes minute, rounded.
H. M. »741. — Haiulsoine, and
worthy of more attention.
B. liulUana, linker. Bas.il Ivs.
described as lanceolate, 1-1 'i in.
broad : tls. in 5 or G pairs, white.
Seemingly too ncjir tlie little known
Poliantlies Mexicana. Notininilt.—
B. sessiliflora, B. deniii flora, ami B.
aini/uUflora are rare siKH-ies. only
known from herbarium sx)ecimens.
The latter two, however, should
probaldy be excluded from this
s^"!*- J. N. Rose.
BBAZIL NUT^ See Bertholletia.
BREAD FRUIT. See Artocarpus.
BREAD NUT is Brosimum Alicastrum.
BRECK, JOSEPH (1794-1873). Plate 11. Boston .seeds-
man, and author of " The Flower Garden, or Breck's Book
of Flowers," first j)ublished in 18.51. and reis.sued in 1866
265. Pe -Tsat Cabbage — Brassica Pe -Tsai.
180
BRECK
BRINCKLE
a« the "New Book of FlowerH." This was preceded, in
1833. by "The Voutjk Florist." In 1822. he founded the
seed businesH now conducted at 51 North Market St.,
under the name of Joseph Hreck & Sons. He was one
ttf the original raerabers of the Mbssachusetts Horticul
<:^^^^r^^
266. Brassica Japonica.
tural Society, and its president from 1859-1862. He
edited the ol«l New England Farmer for many years, but
discontinued it in 184«j, when he turned over his list of
subscribers to Luther Tucker, of Albany. N. Y., at the
time of the founding of The Hi>rticulturist, which was
edited by the ilhistrious A. .7. Downing. He also etlited
The Horticultural Register from 18.'Wi-18,'{8, in company
with Thomas Fessenden. The revision of his book in
l8(Hi was undertaken when the author was 70 years old.
It was a popular lM)ok in its day. A portrait of Joseph
Breck is seen in the catalogues of the present firm.
W. M.
BBEVOORTIA (J. Carson Brevoort, Regent N. Y.
State University). JLiliiieein. Differs from Brodiiea in
the long-tubular and 6-saccate corolla. One species.
Ida -Maia. Wood. (P. coccinen, Wats. Brodicpa coe-
ctnen, Gray). Floral Fire-Craoker. Lvs. slender,
grassy: scapes slend*^r, 1-2 ft. high, with 3-60 pendu-
lous tubular-saccat fls. 1-2 in. long, which are bril-
liant crimson-red, tipped with pea-green. N. Calif, to
Ore. B.M. 5857. G.C. III. 20: G87. Gn. 46, p. 503.-
The flowers are very lasting and beautiful. Half-hardy.
Needs partial shade and a deep, loose soil, thoroughly
drained, and with xome leaf mold. Bulb the size <»f a
nutmeg. Grows 2-3 ft. high. Qa^u Prunv.
BR£W£BIA ( Samuel Brewer was an English iM.ta-
nist of last century). CoHvolvulAeetp. Herbs, rarely
somewhat woody: Hs. much like those of Convolvuhis,
but style 2-cleft, the divisions simple, with capitn'a
stigma, the corolla pubescent outside in the bud : lvs.
simple. Trailing plants of 30 or more species in warm
climates.
grandifldra, Gray. Root tuberous : stem
pubescent : lvs. broa«i-ovate and very
short-stalked: peduncles 1-fld.: fl. ver>-
large (3 in. long), bright blue and showy,
funnel-shape<l ; stigmas large and glo-
bOi»e. S. Fla. — Int. bv Reasoner Bros.
BBIAR. In America, commonly appli»'d
to branildi's or thorny plants of the genus
Rubus. especially blackberries. In the
Old World, it is applied to large, wild-
growing roses.
BRICK£LLIA (Dr. Tohn Brickell, an
early American naturalist). CotnpdtiUd.
About 40 species of herbs cr small shrubs
in the warmer paits of the U. S. and Mey.,
only one of which seems to be in the
trade. Somewhat allied to Eupatorium.
Lvs. veiny, either opposite or alternate :
fls. white, cream-colored or flesh -colored,
small, with pappus either scale - like or
somewhat plumose : akenes striate.
grrandifldra, Nutt. Tassel Flower.
Nearly glabrous, 2-3 ft., branchy above :
lvs. triangular-cordate or triangular-lance-
olate above, coarsely toothed : heads about
40-dd., drooping, in large panicles, tassel-
shaped and yellowish white. Rocky Mt.-^.
— Recommended for moist, shady borders.
/
^A
BRIDAL WREATH.
ni folia.
See Spirtfa pni-
267. Broad-leaved Chinese Mustard — Brassica juncea.
BRIDGEMAN, THOMAS. Plate II. Gar-
dener, tlorist, seedsman and author; was
born in Berkshire, Eng., came to America
in 1824, and established thebusin«^ss which
is now conducted under the name of his
son, Alfred Bridgeman, at 37 E. IDth St.,
New York. An historical account of this
business may be found in the catalogue of
the present firm. In 1829, Thomas Bridge-
man published "The Young Gardener's
Assistant," which was many times re-
printed and eventually enlarged to five
times its original bulk. It was copyrighted
in 1847. when it appeared as a large-sized
work in three parts, covering fruit, vege-
table, and ornamental gardening. Two of
these parts were published separately in
the same year as "The Kitchen Gardener's
Instructor," and "The Florist's Guide."
The first-named work was revised by
Sereno Edwards Todd, and republished in 1806 by Alfred
Bridgeman. Thomas Bridgeman died in iH-'iO. \\ -yi^
BRINCKLfi, WILLIAM DRAPER. Plate II. Physi-
cian an<l amateur pomologist, was bom in Delaware,
began the practice of medicine at Wilmington in 1820,
moved to Philadelphia in 1825, where he passed most of
his life as a busy physician, and died at Groveville, N. J.,
in 186;}, at the age of sixty-four. In a room of his Phila-
delphia home he hybridized strawberries, and had fruit
at every season of the year. He also had a little ganlen
about the size of a parlor. He produced the Cushing
strawberry; the Wilder, President Cope, Cushing. and
Orange raspberries, and the Wilmington and Catherine
Gardette pears. Unfortunately, most of his work with
raspberries was done with Jfubus Idtetis, the Old World
species, which is not hardy in America, but his yellow-
fruited variety of raspberry is still regarded by many a*
268. Brassica
nigra.
Natural size.
BRINCKLE
BROin.l!:A
181
the a^me of qnality. He wa« for many ypum vlre-prpsl-
dent i)f the IN-nnsylvania Horticultural Swiety, ami
wart n*(fB>^i^d a.H a lea<ler of AnM'riran fMrniolojcy. In
raJ-*injf pear Ht'edllnjrM, he wan w<»Dt to Kraft an<l r«-jfraft
jinnu»Uy, after the Herond or thint year from seed. H«
thu'* prmluced new fruits in half the time required by
Van Mona, many of whoae novflties did not fruit within
twenty vearH from aeed. Dr. Brinckl^ grave away thou-
Hftiiils of jfraftM to amateurs and tratlesmen everywhere,
and always prepaid the carriage. In IHOO he edited
"Hoffy's North American Pomologiat," a high-claaa peri-
ixlipaf with colored plates, which. unf«»rtiinatelj', did not
survive. Some sprightly anec<lotes of Dr. Brinckl^ are
reprinted from the (iardener's Monthly for ISGJ, in
Bailey'a "Evolution of Our Native Fruits."
W. M.
BRITISH COLUMBIA. See Car^da.
BSlZA (Greek name of n grain). Oraminetr, Qt'ak-
iN<j Gka.-«s. a genus «>f grasses cultivated for the
graceful panicles, which tremble in th*^' slightest breeze.
Lvs. flat or convolute; panicles loosely flowered and
open : spikelets many-flowcre«i. triangular or heart-
shaped, ncMlding ; glumes membranaceous and rounded
on the back; awnless. Species, 12 in Eu., N. Afr., S.
Amer. About h are considere*! to be ornamental and
useful for dry boucjuets.
greniculita, Thunb. Fig. 2m. Plant 12-18 in. high:
culnis geniculate at the base: lvs. .'i-.') in. long, smooth
above, slightly rough below: spikelets showy, nodtling,
oblong-cordate, ^ in. long, 9-12-fld.,' with a striking
ribbed appearance.
m&xima, Linn. ( /?. miijor, Presl.). Annual, 14-18 in.
hitfh : lvs, long and linear-acuminate : panicles nod-
ding: spikelets oblong-cordate, l.{-17-rtd.
.some ornamental grass.
mMia. Linn. Common Qiakino Okas.«?.
2 ft. big.- : lvs. short, linear-a<-uminate :
angular, ^^in. long, 5-12-fld. Eu.
minor, Linn. (B. grdrilis, Hort. Ji. minima, Hort.).
Plant 4-15 in. high: lvs, !-.'> in.
long : panicle with hairlike
branches ; spikelets triangular,
• MJ-fld. ; empty glumes longer
than the flowering glumes. Eu.,
X. Afr. — An exceeclingly pretty
little ornamental grass,
P, B. Kennedy.
Eu. — A hand-
Plant C in. to
spikelets tri-
BRIZOPtBUM.
serin.
See Deama-
3H0CC0LI. See CauUnower.
BBODI^A (J. J. Brodie, a
Scotch botanist). Lilidcetf. West
American cormous plants of low
growth, some of which -e now
becoming popular in cu .. The
rts. are several on a scape, the
perianth mostly fuauel-form, and
either saccate or non-saccate,
ranging from purple to re<I, white
and yellow; stamens (J, 3 of them
sometimes reduced to staminodia.
In Hot. of Calif., Watson includes
under Brodiffa a number of
genera erected by previous au-
thors. Baker, in his latest re-
vision of Brodisea, still further
enlarges the genus by includine
some species of South American
bulbs heretofore separated under
Milla and Triteleia. Bnxliapa. as
thus outlined, includes Hookera, Triteleia, Milla, Calli-
prora and Hesperoscordum. For horticultural purposes,
it is better and more convenient to merge all into Bro-
tliaea. In this broad sense Brodiaea includes about '.\0
species, which must be divided into several groups.
The species differ so widely in every way that cultural
directions must follow the group. For B. volnbilis.
269. Briza geniculata.
(XJ4.)
see StrophoUrion ; for B. merinfn, se« Brevoortia.
Monogr. by Baker, In U.C. III. 20. pp. 2l;{. 2:J8, 4'i*J. G87:
also Watson, Proc. Araer. Acad. Arts and Scl. 14: 236.
Index to the species: Bridgesii, 4; Callfomica, 11;
can<lida.2; congesta. 19; Douglasii,22; erecta.G: fllifcdia,
IfJ: gracilis, 1»; gran<liflora, 10; Hendersoni, 5; Howellil,
23; byacinthina, 7; ixioiiies.H; lactea, H; laxa, 1; lilucina,
270. Brodiaeas.
At top. B. candidii ; at l>ottom. B. ixioides,
\ar. sitlendens : at left. B. Bridgesii.
8,23, and supplementary list; major, 8; minor, R, 12;
multiflora, 20; Orcuttii, Ifi; parvi flora, 20; peduncularis,
3; Purdyi, 18; ros'^a, 17; splendens, 6 ; stellaris, 14;
terrestris, 13.
Group 1.
In this group, which contains some of the best species
in cultivation, the plants have a fibrous-coated flattened
corm, resembling that of the crocus; not usually bulbif-
erous. The lvs. are few, all radical and grass-like; the
scapes are slender but stiffly erect, naked except for
bracts below the many-fld. umbel ; the fls. are oftener
broadly tubular, borne on slender pedicels, and are in
purples, white and yellow. All are hardy, but a protec-
tion of straw or leaves is advisable in the colder regions.
A light, loose, well-drained, sandy or loamy soil best
meets their needs, and an excess of moisture and very
rich soils are to be avoided.
1. l&za, Wats, Strong, with many broadly tubular
purple fls.: tube very narrow, and equaling or exceed-
ing the segments ; filaments verv slender ; stamens in
2 rows. N. Cal. G.(\ III. 20: 241. -Showy, and one of
the best. There are many variations.
2. c&ndida. Baker. Fig. 270. Mucn like B. lara in
characters of bloom, but segments whit' or bluish with
a green vein, and the fls. set at an angle on the pedicel,
so that they all face one way : further tlistinguished by
early flowering and the ver>* broad and glossy, scarcely
carinate lvs. Calif,
3. pedunctiliris, Wats. Still stouter (1-2 ft,), with
smaller and fewer white fls. on pedicels a few inches to
a foot long; filaments short or none. N. Calif. G.C.
III. 20: 243. — This species grows in wet, heavy ground
close to water, and is very bulbiferous,
4. Bridgesii, Wats. Fig. 270. Similar to B. laxa, but
stamens in one row, corolla with a spreading limb, and
color reddish purple ; filaments deltoid. Cent. Calif.
G.F. 1 : 126. — Grows a foot or more high.
5. H^ndersonii, Wats. Resembles E. Bridgesii: yel-
low, banded purple: filaments somewhat winged, but not
deltoid: small-fid. Central and N. Calif, to Ore.
182
BKODL
BROMUS
6. izioldes, Wats. Allied to B. la. «, but dwarfer (3 in.
to 2 ft.). Fls. few to many, on pedicels 1-4 in. long, in
shades of yellow and often purple-tinged ; dlanients
vs'inged. 2-toothed above. S. Calif, to Ore. B.R. 1590.
B.M. 3588{as Calliprora lutea). G.C. III. 20: +.lt>.-Many
handsome varieties. The best is var. spldndens, Hort.
(Fig. 270), with large, bright yellow Hs.. the limb wheel-
shaped. Var. minor, Hort. Dwarf : lis. yellow, with
dark band and blue anthers. Var. er^Cta, Hort. Dwarf.
7. hyacinthina, Bailey, Ann. Hort. 1891, 267 ( Tritele)a
hyacinth'nia, Greene). From 1-2 ft.: Ivs. linear : fls.
10-30, 1 in. or less long, milky white or purplish. Calif.
— Probably a form of the next.
8. iJictea, Wats. In the type, has the habit of B. laxa,
but the tis. have a short tube with a rotate corolla, and
are white, with green midvein: tllaments deltoid. Calif,
to Brit. Columbia, in many forms. B.K. 1639 (as Hes-
peroacordum lacteuvi and H. ht/acinthinum). G.C III.
20:459. — Var. liladna, Wats., is much stronger, very
bulbiferous, grows in wet, heavy soils, and has a larger
tl., which is usuaUy lilac -colored. Var. miiior, Furdy.
Like var. Hlacina, but Hs. white.
9. gr&cilis, Wats. A tiny species, with small yellow
fls. Scape 2-4 in. and purplish: If. 1: fls. Kin. long, on
pedicels of equal or greater length; ttlaments elongated
and very slender. N. Calif., in Sierras.
Grotip 2.
In this group thecorm is not flattened, and bears many
strong offsets ; the coating is hairy and reddish. The
Ivs. are linear and grassy; the scapes stiff, few-fld. ; the
fls. of a thick, waxy texture, funnel-form (except B.
Ptirdyi), very lasting, usiially purple. These Brodiaeas
are native to a heavy soil, in rather moist situations, and
are hardy. They will thrive under conditions recom-
mended for Group 1. (Hookera.)
10. grrandiflora, Smith {Hookera corondria, Salisb.).
Scape 4-10 in. high : Ivs. nearly terete, dying before the
fl.-st. appears: tls. 3-10. blue, of good size (1 in. long),
very lasting; staminodia obtuse; anthers line.ar. Calif,
to Brit. Col., Ore., and Wash. B.R. 1183. B.M. 2877.
G.C. 111.20:213.
11. Califdmica, Lindl. (Hoo i CaJifdrnica, Greene).
Very like B. grandiflora : scape longer ( 12-siO in. ) : fls.
10-20. \%-2 in. long, rose to deep purple : staminodia
linear and cuspidate. N. Calif. G.C. III. 30: 215.-"The
finest species for garden purposes,'' ace. to Baker.
12. minor, Wats. Very slender, :?-6 in. : fls. >^1 in.
long: staminodia broad and usually eraarginate: anthers
oblong. Calif, to Ore.
13. terr^stris, Kellogg. Scape short or practically
none, the umbel sitting on the earth : Ivs. nearly terete:
fls. %-\ in. long; staminod'a emarginate, yellowish: an-
thers sagittate-oblong. Central Calif., along the coast.
14. stelliris, Wats. Low: scape with long pedicels and
3-6 bright puri)le fls., with white centers : Ivs. nearly
terete: anthers winged behind: staminodia white, longer
than the stamens, emarginate. N. Calif. G.C. III.
20: 213. -Very pretty.
15. Orcuttii, Bailey, Ann. Hort. 1891, 267 (Hookera
Orcutfii, Greene). I'lant rather stout, a foot or more
high: Ivs. linear, flat or nearly so: fls. 5-15, less than
an inch long, short-tubed, lilac; staminodia a small,
triangular scale or none. S.Calif. G.C. III. 20: 215.
16. filifdlia, Wats, (Hookera fill folia, Greene). From
G-12 in.: Ivs. slightly flatten»^'l: fls. 3-€>, %m. or less
long, dark colored; staminodia triangular, twice shorter
than the anthers. S. Calif.
17. rdsea, Baker (Hookera rdsea, Greene). 'About
3-6 in.: Ivs, nearly terete: fls. 5-8, under 1 in. long,
rose-red ; filaments itilated ; staminodia white, obtuse
and entire, longer than the anthers. N. Calif. G.C. 111.
20:213. — A pretty species.
18. Ptirdyi. Eastw. Different from others in having a
short-tubed fl. with broadly spreading, declinate seg-
ments, the throat constricted. Cent. Calif., in Sierras.
Group 3.
In these pretty Broilia»as the corra is long r.nd bulbif-
erous. Lvs. grassy; the scape tall, slender and flexuous;
the fls. in a close, head-like umbel, t'ae separate fls.
waxy and narrowly tubular. They like a, loose, perfcptlv
drained, loamy soil, with some humus. Hardy. The spe-
cies are not readily distinguished. All are from Cent.
Calif, to Wash. Known as "California Hyacinths."
19. cong^sta, Smith, Tall (2-3 ft,), with a globular
head of purple fls.: Ivs. somewhat terete: fls. 6-12, ses-
sile or nearly so, % in. long ; filaments 0 ; staminodia
purple. 2-toothed. N.Cal. G.C. IIL 20: 213. -Blooms late.
20. moltifldra, Benth. Similar to B. congesta: fls.
6-20, sessile or short-stalked, umbellate, % in. longj
blue: staminodia lanceolate, entire. Calif , Ore., Utah.'
21. capit&ta, Benth. Lower (1-2 ft.): Ivs. narrow-
linear: tls. many, in a capitate umbel, % in. or less long,
lilac (avar.rt/6a); three inner anthers winged. Calif'
Utah, N. Mex. B.M. 5912. G.C, III. 20:238.-Early
blooming.
Var. parvifldra, Torr. Dwarf (.3-6 in,), very early.
Group 4.
Bulb as in Group 1 : fls, many, in a dense umbel, the
tube about as long as the segments.
22. Doilglasii, Wats, Lvs. linear: scape 1}4-2 ft.: fls.
few, in a close umbel, saccate as in Brevnortia coeciuea,
blue : segments as long as tlie tube, the inner ones
wavy: fllaments winged. Ore. and Wash. B.M. 6907.
23. Hdwellii, Wats. {Tritele)u HdirelUi, Greene).
Fls. bell-shaped, white: differs from B. Doug!asii in
smaller fls., and segments not more than half as long as
tube. Wash. B.M. 6989.
Var. lilacina, Hort. One of the handsomest of all
Brodia?as. and a good grower. Fls. porcelain-blue, sug-
CPfitive of Brevnortia eoccinea. Wash. G.C. III. 19: 767;
20 : 239. Gn. 46 : 992. - Large and strong.
B. crbcea, Wats. 1 ft. or more : fls. 6-13, yellow. N. Calif.— .B.
insuldris, Greene. Like B. capitata, but more robust and
larger fld. Islands off Calif. — B. Lemmorne, Wats. 1 ft.: fls.
small, deep orange. N. .\riz. — B. leptdiidra, Baker. 1 ft. or
less: fls. 2, pnrple. Calif. — B. lilacina. Baker. 1 ft. or less:
fls. 10-15. lilac-purple. Calif. — B.liigens, BaV?r. Like B. ixioides,
but fls. saffron color within and brown-biack.on tvbe ami ribs
Calif.— .B. Pdlmeri. Wats. Lvs. linear: fls, many, lilae. S.
Calif. (ir.F.2:245. — B.pulchella, Greene. Probably the same as
B. congesta. — B. scabra. Baker. Like B. ixioides, but scabrous;
fls. bright yellow. Calif. c^rl Purdy and L. H. B,
BROMfiLIA (Bromel, a Swedish botanist), Brome-
liaceip. About two dozen species of tropical Amer.
herbs, with stiff, pineapple-like lvs., and fls. in panicles;
corolla 3-parted; calyx of 3 ovate-oblong sepals. Differs
from Billbergia and Ananas in technical characters,
particularly in the deeper-cut calyx. Less popular as
stove plants than J^chmeaand Billbergia. B. bracteata
and B. macrodonteK of trade lists belong to Ananas.
Culture as for Billbergia, which see. Monogr. by Mez,
in De Candolle's Monogr. Phaner. 9.
Finguiu, Linn. PiNoriN of Jamaica. Wild Pine.
Three or 4 ft. high : lvs. broad-toothed and spiny,
bright green, but becoming pink and red with age : fls.
reddish, pubescent, in a dense panicle, with a mealy
rachis, the s«'pals acute : fr. as large as plums, acid.
W. Ind. — Makes a good hedge in tropical countries, and
the fr. yields a cooling juice.
Bindti, Morr. Panicle '-x: sepals rounded at the top:
habit open and spreadiuj,. Braz. l_ jj_ 3,
BROMPTON SiOCK. See Matthiola.
BROMUS (Greek, food). Gramineir. Brome Grass.
Annual or perennial grasses, with large spikelets. usu-
ally over 1 in. long. Lvs. flat, the sheaths often closed:
panicle branched, somewhat spreading ; spikelets sev-
eral-fld., erect or drooping, awned, rarely awnless;
empty glumes 2, unequal, atnite; flowering glumes usu-
ally rounded on the back ( except B. uriioloidea ) , .'species
about 40, most abundant in the North Temperate zone,
some also in temperate S. Amer. ; a few on the moun-
tains of the tropics. A number of kinds used as for-
age grasses. The common Chess is B. secalinus.
A. Spikelets lO-flowered or more.
brizsefdrmis, Fisch. & Mey, {B. squarrdsus, var. miiti-
CHS, C, A, Mey. ) . An elegant biennial grass with droop-
BROMUS
BROWALLIA
183
ingr panicles of spikclets about as larpro as those of Briza
maxima : Ivs. 5-7, soft-pubescent, blades 2-3 in. Ion? :
spikelets lO-lo-fid.. noddinj;. awn short. Int. from Eu.
-Very useful in the mixed border, and for dr>-ing for
winter decoration.
macrdstachys, Desf. {B. lancenhMns, Roth. B. divari-
(i)tns. Kiduie). An erect, smooth annual: Ivs. soft,
coverfd with hairs; sheaths sdit : panicles erect, nar-
row, the branches very short or the lower ones some-
what long ; spikelets large, lanceolate, lQ-16-fld. Medi-
terranean, Siberia.
AA. Spikelets from 1-10-f lowered.
Linn. {B. polifstfichifus. DC
'I. A soft, erect,
LONG-
slender
271. Bromvis Madritensis.
(X
.)
Madrit6nsis,
AWNEi) Bkome (tKASS. Fig.
annual, geniculate at tlie
base : sheaths longer than
the intemodes ; bladts 2K-'<
in.long; spikelets dull green,
7-10-fld. : flowering glume
linear- lanceoliite, about %
m. long, including the two
slender points: awn about 1
.n. long. — l*r«'tty oi aamentnl
'•ass. Int. from Eu.
tmioloides. II B K. (B.
Srhni(hrl, Kunth). RESCUE
Grass. A stout, erect an-
nual, 2-,3 ft. high : sheaths
shorter than the intemodes ;
blaties flat, smooth on the
lower side, scabrous on the
upper ; panicle variable,
about 8 ia. long; rays stout,
bearing 1 to few spikelets
along the upper part. N.
Anier.
B. inermis. Leys. (B. gigan-
ten<, Hort.). An erect peren-
niikl 2-5 ft. high. In Europe
<'!a>;se(l among the l)est forage
plants. Int. from Eii.— if. mol-
lis, Linn. An erect annual 1-3
ft. high. Resembles chess (B.
Recalinus), from which it differs
by its more erect panicle and
hairiness.— li. secdlhnis, Linn.
Chess. Ohe.xt. A well-known
weed y a n n n a 1 grass , with
spreading ar. '. more or less drooping panicles. As it very
often (X'curs in wheat fields, it is erroneously regarded as de-
generated wheat. Int. from Eu. p_ g^ Kexkedy.
BROOM. See Cytisus and Genista.
BROOM CORN. Brooms are made of the rays or pe-
duncles of the tlower-c luster of Androprxjon Sorghum
iSot'ijhum viibjare), the species which in other forms is
known as Sorghum, Kaflir Com, an«i (xuinea Com.
Broom Com is grown in various parts of the U. S.
BROSIMUM (Greek, edihle). rrtic,\ceir. A few
larfre trees of Trop. Anier., yielding edible fr. B. Ali-
edstrinn. Swz.. is the Bread -nut of Jamaica, but it is
not grown within the U. S. It bears round yellow fr.,
altnut an inch in diameter, containing a sinirle large,
edible seed. The tree has shining lance-elliptic Ivs.
BROUGHTONIA (Arthur Broughton. English bota-
nist!. Orchidiiceie, tribe Epidendreif, Two or three W.
Indian Orchids much like Lielia and Cattleya. Several
species which have been referred to this genus are now
distributed in Epidendrum, Maxillaria, Phajus. etc.
Plant producing pseudo-bulbs, and sending up a bracted
scape hearing several or many showy lis. : calyx of [\
equal lanceolate sepals; two lateral petals broad-ovate
and somewhat crisped, the labellum round-cordate and
somewhat 2-lobed, crenate, with a spur at the base ad-
nate to tfie t^wV^'. Require warmhouse treatment. Cul-
ture like that for Ladia. Do not dry off enough to
shrink the bulbs. Prop, by division.
sanguinea, R. Br. (/?. cncdnea. Hook.). Pseudo-
bulbs clustered, roundish-ovate and somewhat flattened,
often brown-marked : scape 1 ft. high: fls. stalked, in a
loose, erect raceme, bright crimson, lasting a long time
in perfev.um. Jamaica. B.M. 3070, 3536. l H. B.
BR0nSS0N£:TIA (after T. N. V. Broussonet, a French
naturalist). L'rticdceir. Trees or shrubs : Ivs. decidu-
ous, alternate, petioled, large : fls. dioecious, incon-
spicuous, apetalous, the staminate in cylindrical, nod-
ding catkins, with 4-parted calyx and 4 stamens, the pis-
tillate in globular heads: collective fr. globular, consist-
ing of small fleshy nutlets. Three species in E. Asia,
and there often cultivated, the bark being used for
paper-making. Ornamental trees with broad, round
heads, but under culture often shrubby, of vigorous
growth when young, and eflfective by its large, often
deeply lobed foliage, not hardy north or only in very shel-
tered positions. They thrive best in rich, somewhat
moist soil and sheltered positions. Prop, by seeds, sown
after matiirity or in spring, by greenwoo<l cuttings under
glass, or by cuttings of ripened wood, kept in colder
climates during the winter in the greenhouse ; also by
root-cuttings »nd layers. Budding in summer or graft-
ing in early spring in the greenhouse is sometimes
practised. Known as Paper Mulberries.
papyrlfera, Vent. Tree, .^(V-oO ft., with thick, pubes-
cent brunches: Ivs. long-petioled, usuallj- cordate-ovate,
acuminate, coarsely dentate, often deeply lobed, espe-
cially on younger plants, rough above, pubescent be-
neath, 3-8 in. long : fr.-heads % in. m r-oss, red. May.
China, Jap. B.M. 23.")8. — Many varie ics. Var. cuctll-
l&ta, Ser. (B. varicii/iYria, Lodd.). Lvs. small, curled
upward. Var. lacini^ta, Ser. Lvs. deeply lobed and in-
cised. Decorat've form, but more tender than the type.
Var. macrophylla, Ser. Lvs. large, usually undivided.
Kazindki, Sieb. (B.Kit'mpferi, Hort.). Branches slen-
der, glabrous at length : lvs. shori-petioled, ovate or
ovate-oblong, nearly glabrous, only somewhat rough
above, entire or 2-.3-lobe»l, 2-8 in. long : fr.-head less
than A in. in diam. China, .Tap. — This species is more
tendtr than the former, which is also cultivated some-
times as B. K(Ptnpferi, while the true B. Kawpferi,
Sieb., with the lvs. resembling in shape those of B.
Kazinoki, but much smaller and pubescent, and with
very small fr.-heads, seems not to be cultivated.
Alfked Rehder.
BROWALLIA (after John Browall, Bishop of Abo,
Sweden). Solitndee(e. A genus of about 10 South
American anuuals, with abundant blue, violet or white
flowers. The seeds can be sown in the open border, but
for the sake of the earlier bloom it is better to start
them indoors in early spring and transj)lant into the
open about May 15, where they will bU)om {)rofusely all
through our hot, dry summers, and until frost. They
can be grown in poorer soil than most half-hardy an-
nuals, and make excellent bedding plants. They are
also used for winter decoration, the seeds being sown iu
midsummer, earlier or later according to the size of
the specimens desired. They should be placed near the
glass and freqxiently stopped, in order to produce com
pact plants. Large specimens are excellent for cutting,
and snt.all potted plants should be grown more com-
monly by florists for home decoration at Christmas. It
is even possible to lift flowering plants from the open
before the first frost of autumn and pot them for con-
ser\-atory decoration, though the flowers are likely to
become successively smaller Blue flowers are rare in
winter, and Browallias are esj>ecially desirable for their
jirofuse bloom all through winter an<l early spring.
The flowers are, however, likely to fade, especially the
purple ones. In the names of the early species, Linnanis
connnemonited the course of his acciuaintancship with
Browall : ehtta, reflecting the exalted character of their
early intimacy ; demissa, its rupture ; and alienata, the
permanent estrangement of the two men.
A. corolla segments long, acuminate : fls. large.
specidsa, Hook. Lvs. sometimes opposite, sometimes
alternate : fls. thrice as large as in B. grandi flora, all
solitary, axillary: peduncle shorter than the lvs.: eo-
ndla-ttibe thrice as long as the calyx, and abruptly
swelle<l at the top into a globular form : limb of 5 ovat«,
184
BROWALLIA
BRUNFELSIA
striated, dark purple se^rments, pale lilac beneath.
Colombia. B.M. 4339. P.M. IG: 290. -There are blue,
violet and white-fld. varieties. Var. m^jor, Hort.. has
violet fls. 2 in. across. R.B. 20: 240. B. gigantda, Hort.,
is a florist's variety, with very deep blue fls. and long-
blooming habit. Int. into Amer. trade in 1899.
AA. corolla -segmeniis short, 2-lobed or notched : fls.
smaller.
B. Upper IvK. not stalked : fls. all in loose racemes :
calyx not hairy.
grrandifldTa, Graham (B. Hcezlii, Hort.). Stem and
Ivs. glabrous, or in the upper part of the plant minutely
clamray-puberulent : Ivs. ovate, the lower petioled :
calyx-teeth oblong, somewhat obtuse, equal, scarcely
shorter than the tube, spreading: corolla white or pale
blue, the limb wicler than in B.demissa. Peru. B.M.
30H9. In B. Raeziii, from Rocky Mts., some fls. are
white, some pale blue. No dark blue or violet colored
forms are known.
BB. Upper Ivs. stalked : fls. solitary and axillary
below, racemose above.
C. Calyx hairy.
demfssa, Linn. (B. eUlta, Linn.). Fig. 272. Stem and
Ivs. pubescent or glabrous : Ivs. ovate, with longer
stalks than in B. grandi flora : calyx-teeth acute, un-
equal, much shorter than the corolla-tube. The Ivs. are
variable, cuneate, rotund, or rarely cordate. S. Anier.
B.M. 34 and 11.3G. The following are now referred to
the above : B. Antericana, elhta, elongclta, nervbsa.
This species is the commonest, and is usually known as
B. elata. Blue, violet, white and dwarf forms are cult.
cc. Calyx sticky or clammy.
viscdsa, HBK. (B. pnlchella and B. Czerniakowski-
dna, Hort.). Plant viscous-pubescent: Ivs. short-peti-
272. Browallip demissa (X %).
oled, ovate, rough-hairy on both sides : pedicels a little
shorter than the calyx : caljTC teeth very clammy, oblong,
shorter than the corolla tube. The Ivs. are similar to
B. demissa, but the habit is stiflfer and the fls, more
numerous. The calyx teeth spread less than in B.
grandi flora. So. Amer.
B. Am,eric&nn, Linn., is considered by some a separate
spefies from the above, but in Germany, where most seeds of
annual flowers are grown, it is used by Siebert and Vos.s (in
Vilraorin's Blumengartnerei) to include B. demissa, J{. data
and other forms.— /f. Jamesonii, Benth. = Streptosolen .Fame-
sonii.— i?. pulchella, Hort., is likely to be either B. grandittora
or B. viscosa. ry -.r
BSOT^NEA (Patrick Brown wrote a history of Ja-
maica). Leguminbsce. Several small evergreen trees of
trop. Amer., allied to Amherstia, but little known in the
Amer. trade. Lvs. alternate and i)innate : fls. showv,
red, in dense terminal or axillarj' clusters. Cult, m
hothouses. B. Arlza, Benth. (B. PrincepA, Lind. i has
drooping heads of scarlet fls. B. grandiceps, Jaeq..rts.
red, in capitate spikes : Ifts. about 12 pairs, lance-oblon^r.
B. Bd8a-de-M6nte, Ber^;., fls. scarlet, in dense heads:
Ifts. 2-3 pairs, oval, acuminate.
BEUCKENTHALIA (after S. von Bruckenthal. an
Austrian nobleman). Ericficecf. Low. heath-like, ever-
green shrub, '-t-S in. high, with small, linear, whorled
lvs.: fls. rosy pink, nodding, in short, terminal racemes.
Only one species — B. spictilifldra, Keichb.,in the moun-
tain's of S. E. Europe. A pretty little plant for rock-
eries, quite hardy, and requiring the same treatment as
hardy Ericas. Alfred Rehdeu.
BBUGMANSIA. Consult Datura.
BBUN^LLA (probably from old German breitne or
bra line, quinsy, which it was thought to cure). Often
written Prunella. Labid.ta>. Low-growing, hardy, her-
baceous perennials, with fls. usually violet or purple,
produced all summer on heads an inch or more high.
They are best suited for the rockery and slightly shaded
parts t)f the border, succeeding in almost any soil that
is not excessively dry.
vulgaris, Linn. Self-Heal. Heal-All. Lvs. ovate-
obhmg. entire or toothed, usually pubescent : corolla
violet or purple, rarely white, %-%'ya. long, not twice
as long as the purplish cal>-x. Amer.. Eu., Asia.
D. 2.1.'}. — One of the most cosmpolitan of all plants, be-
ing too common in the wild to be cult. A fonu with
variegated lvs. is rarely found wild.
grrandifl6ra, Jacq. ( B. Pyrendica, Phillipe) . Lvs. often
toothed, especially at the base : corolla over 1 in. lone.
more than twice as long as the calyx. Eu. B.M. 'SM.-
The best of the garden kinds.
Webbi&na, Hort. Lvs. shorterthan in B. grandiflora,
and not so pointed : fls. very freely produced, more
than twice as long as the calyx, bright purple. June-
September. J. B. Keller and W. M.
BRUNF^LSIA (Otto Brunfels, physician and botanist
of the IGth century). Syn., Franciscea. Sohniaceiv.
More than 20 trees and shrubs of tropical America, a few
of which are grown in warm glasshouses. Lvs. entire.
oblong, often shining : fls. in terminal cymes or clus-
ters, or solitary, large and showy, fragrant ; corolla
with 5 routided and nearly equal spreading lobes (or two
of them a little more united) ; stamens 4, in the throat
of the corolla, the anthers all alike : fr. berry-like.
Brunfelsias are usually winter-flowering plants. The
wood n)ust be well ripened before flowering begins.
Grow in a rather sandy compost. Of easy culture. Re-
quire a night temperature of 50°. They bloom best when
pot-bound. Prop, by cuttings from the new growth in
spring.
Hope&na, Benth. ( Franciscea ITopeiina, Hook. F. uni-
fldra, Pohl. ). Compact and dwarf: lvs. lance-oblong,
alternate, paler beneath : fls. solitary or in 2's. with a
whitish tube and a bluish violet or purple limb. Brazil.
B.M. 2829. -Grows 12-18 in. high. One of the least
worthy species.
paucifldra, Benth. (F. calyc)na. Hook.). Branches
terete and glabrous, with abundant evergreen foliage :
fls. in large trusses, purple, with a lighter ring about
BRUNFELSIA
BRYANTHUS
185
the mouth of the tube ; calyx large, as long as the
curved tube of the core' la. Brazil. B.M.4r)8.'{. 0x0.40:815.
-A handsome plant, tlowering in succession most of the
rear. The commoner species in cult.
B. cnnfertifldrn, Benth.=B. ramosissima. — B. extmia, Bossa
=B. macrophyUa.— if. grandiflora, Don. Fls. large (2 hi.
across), greenish, in termiual corymbs.— if. LindeniAiia,
Nicholson. Fls. 3 in. across, violet-mauve.— B. rnacrophyila,
Benth. Fls. 2-'2%in. across, deep purple: Ivs. longer and duller
than those of F. calycina.— ^. ramosissima, Benth. Fls. Urge,
in crowded corj'mbs. deep violet-purple : foliage luxuriant.
One of the best; may be grown cooiti ir< winter than thr other
species. L. R. B.
BEUNSVlGIA (after the Duke of Erunswick\ Ama-
rijlliddceie. Tender flowering bulbs from S. Afr., with
umbels of large, numerous, brick-red lis. The bulbs
must be thoroughly rested from the time the Ivs. fade
until the scape appears, or from May to Aug. Bruns-
vigias are hard to flower. They require rich, sandy soil,
plenty of heat and sunlight. When growing, give water
and liquid manure freely. They propagate by offsets.
J. G. Baker, Handbook of the Amaryllideae, p. 96.
A. Lvs. strap-nhaped.
Josephlnae, Ker-Gawl. Bulb ,")-6 in. thick : lvs. 8-10,
strap-shaped, glaucous or greenish, thick, closely ribbed,
•2-3 ft. long, 13^-2 in. broad : scape 1 in. thick, 1% ft.
long: fls. 20-.'?0, rarely 50-00. in pn umbel: pedicels J^-1
ft. long : capsules smaller than in B. qigantea, less
conical and less .strongly angled. B.M. 2.578. F.S. 4:322.
-Named after the Empress Josephine, who purchased
the original bulb after it flowered at Malmaison.
AA. Lvs. tongue-shaped.
gigant^a, Heist. (Amaryllis gigantea, Van Marum.
A.orientdlis, Ecklon). Bulb very large: lvs. about 4,
tongue-shaped, closely ribbed, 3-5 in. broad, usually un-
der 1 ft. long: scape red or green, a finger's thickness:
rts. 20-30 in an umbel, paler than in B. gigantea, &a6.
less numerous ; pedicels stout, strongly ribbed, 4-6 in.
long. B.M. 1619 as B. multifora.
B.falcata, Ker-Gawl =Ammocharis falcata.
H. A. SiEBRECHT and W. M.
BBUSSELS SPBOUTS. Fig. 273. Although this vege-
table is popular in England and on the Continent, and
i.s extensively grown there, it is infrequent in Ameri-
can home gardens ; it is also but little grown as a
market-garden crop. The edible part of the plant con-
sists of the little "sprouts " or diminutive heads which
form along the stalk in the axils of the lvs. The'se
small heads may be boiled like cabbage or cooked in
cream the same as cauliflower. This is considered by
many to be one of the most delicately flavored vege-
tables of the whole cabbajre family. The requirements
of the crop and its general treatment differ but little
from those of cabbages and cauliflowers. Any soil
which will produce good crops of these vegetables is
well adapted to the growing of Brus.sels Sprouts— a
good, rich, well-drained soil beiuir the best.
For eaj-ly fall use, the seeds should be sown in April
(in the North), in a mild hotbed, or if the weather is
sufficiently warm the open ground will suffice. As soon
as the first true leaves have developed, the seedlings
should be transplanted to a coldframe or some pro-
tected place, being set 2-3 in. apart each way. These
plants will be ready to transfer to the field or garden in
fnne. June-set plants should be ready for use in
September.
For field-culture, the plants should be set in rows about
;i ft. apart and 18 in. to 2 ft. asunder in the rows. Ordi-
narily good cultivation should be given durinfjr the grow-
ing season. As soon as the sprouts become large enough,
so that they crowd at all, the leaves should be cut or
broken off as close to the stalk as possible, in order to
(rive the sprouts more room to develop. A tuft or ro-
sette of leaves only should be left at the top of the
stalk. These early-set plants will continue to develop
•sprouts for some weeks.
The crop for late fall and winter use requires the
same general treatment, up to the time of severe freez-
ing, as the earlier crop does, except that the seeds
should be sown in June. The plants will be ready for
setting out in August. These plants will make much of
their growth in the cool fall days, and by the time of
freezing weather they will be in condition for storing.
The late crop is usually less troubled by aphis, and
more profitable. Where the climate is not too severe the
273. Brussels Sprouts
plants may be left in the field undisturbed, and the
sprouts gathered from them during the winter as they
are desired. This method is followed by some of the
Long Island growers. But where the climate is too rigor-
ous, the plants may be dug, with considerable soil re-
maininar on the roots, and packed as closely together as
they will stand in some sheltered place, as in a vai'ant
coldframe or some similar place where they can be suffi-
ciently well protected, to prevent repeated" freezing and
thawing. The essentials for good storatre are the same as
for cabbages. Frosts improve the quality of the sprouts.
They are hardier than cabbages.
In marketing, the sprouts are cut from the stalk and
shipped in crates. They are usually sold by the quart.
To bring the best prices, much care must be taken in
preparing the sprouts. All discolored leaves should be
removed, and it is also well to have them as uniform in
size as pos.sible.
Although a dozen or more sort^ are catalogued by the
seedsmen, there is but little ditference between those of
the same type or form, they beinfj: little more than dif-
ferent strains of the same thine:. There are two forms,—
the tall and the dwarf. The former grows to a height of
2% ft. or more, and the sprouts are smaller and less
closely packed along the stalk than the dwarf ones are.
The latter seMotn exceed 18 or 20 in. in height.
For the botany of Brussels Sprouts, see Cabbage.
H. P. Gould.
BRYANTHUS (Greek, hrj/nn, moss, and anthos,
flower: growing among mosses). Sjti. Phi/lMdoce.
BricilceiV. Low evergreen shrubs : lvs. small, linear,
alternate, crowded : fls. in terminal umbels or short ra-
cemes, nodding, on slender pedicels ; corolla urceolate
or rotate-campanulate, 5-lobed; stamens 8 or 10: fr. a
many-seeded capsule. Eight species in arctic regions
186
BRYAXTHUS
BRYOPHYLLUM
of N. Eu. and N. Asia, in N. Amer. in the Rocky Mts.
southward to California. Heath-like prostrate shrubs,
quite hardy, with handsome, delicate Us., but rarely cul-
tivated. They thrive best in peaty and sandy soil, and
can only be grown successfully in localities where the
air is moist and cool, but i>. erectus is less particular.
Prop, by seeds, sown in spring in peaty soil or cut
monoecious, fascicled: fr. about the size of a cherry
spherical, preen, with prettv white markings, ^si'a'
Afr., Austral. F.S.12: 1202. '
Var. erythrocArpa, Naud. (B. ery throe drpa, Naufl )
Has red fr. with white marks. I. H. 12:4.31. F.S. 21:22:17!
On. 6, p. 19;{. — A warmhouse plant, rarely grown in p>ots
nn<l trained to rafters. Prop, by seeds. w' M
> •
274. Sprouting leaf of Bryophyllum.
sphagnum and kept moist and shady, by cuttings in
August under glass, and by layers.
empetrifdnnis, Gray. Five to 8 in. : Ivs. H~14 in. long,
finely serrate: tis. campanulate, 6 or more on slender,
glandular pedicels, in short racemes: corolla rosy pur-
ple, about % in. broad. Brit. Columbia to Calif. B.M.
3176 (as Memiesia empetrifomiis).
erectus, Lindl. (B. etnpetrif&rmis x Bodothdmmts
Chanurcistns). Six to 10 in. high: Ivs. slightly serrate:
fls. 2-10, rosv pink, rotate-campanulate, about J^ in.
broad. F.S. 7:"G59. P.F.G. 1: 19. -Of garden origin.
B. Brhveri, Gray. Allied to B. empetriformis. Fls. larger;
stamens exserted. Sierra Nevada.—^, glanduliflonis. Ciray.
Fls. urceolate-ovate, sulphur-yellow. Sitka to Brit. C'olunib.—
Ji. Gmelini, Don. Fls. small, rosy, 3-10, in slender peduncled
rafemes. Kamschatka, Behring's Isl.— .B. taxifblia. Gray. Fls.
ohlong-urceolate, purple. High Mts. of N. E. A jier., Greenland,
K. Eu., N. Asia, N. Jap. ALFRED Rehder.
BRYONIA (Greek, to sprout, referring to the annual
growth from the tuber). Cucurbitdceie. A genus of
7 species of perennial cucurbits, natives of Europe and
W. Asia. They are herbaceous perennial climbers, with
the staminate fls. in racemes, while Bryonopsis is an
annual plant, with the .staminate fls. in fascicles. All spe-
cies of Bryonia are dioecious except B. a Iba . Brjonopsis
is monoecious. See Cogniaux, in DC. Mon. Phan. 2:469.
A. Fls. dioecious : stigmas rough : fruits red.
didica, Jacq. Brvonv. Height 6-12 ft.: root long,
fleshy, branching, white, a finger's thickness: Ivs. ovate
or roundish in outline, 5-lobed, margin wavy-toothed,
rough with callous points, paler beneath : pistillate fls.
greenish white, i-orymbose. short-peduncled. Common
in Ens;, and in central and S. Eu. Rarer in W. Asia and
N. Afr. Not sold in Amer., but a common si^iht along
English highways. It grows rapidly over hedges and
fences.
AA. Fls. mouopcious : stigmas smooth : fruits black.
&lba, Linn. Height 6-12 ft. : roots thick, tuberculate,
yellowish outside, white within: Ivs. long-petioled: pis-
tillate fls. in long-peduncled racemose corymbs. Eu.,
Caucasus, Persia.
B. lacinibsa, Linn.=Bryonopsis laciniosa. \\r^ j^_
BRY0N6PSIS (Greek, Bryony-tike). Cueurbitdceo'.
A genus of two species of annual climbers. Consult
Brifottia for generic differences.
lacinidsa, Naud. (Brydnia lacinidsa, Linn.). Lvs.
deeply 5-lobed, rough, light green above, paler beneath;
segments oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, serrate : fls.
075. Flowers of Bryophyllunj (X K).
BRYOPHtTLLTTM (Greek, sprouting leaf). Cransu-
lAceie. A small genus of succulent plants in the same
order with stonecrops, houseleeks and Cotyledon. The
only species in cult, is a rapid-growing window-plant,
and, like the Begonias, a familiar example of plants that
are propagated by leaf -cuttings. It is hardly a decora-
tive ^lant, but is' very odd and interesting. It is only
necessary to lay the leaves on moist sand or moss, and
at the indentations new plants will appear after a time
(see Fig. 274). It is even possible to pin leaves on the
wall, and without water new plants will come. Useful
in botanical demonstrations.
calycinum, Salisb. Fig. 275. Height 2-4 tt.: stem
reddish, with raised, oblong, whitish spots : lvs. oppo-
276. Flowers of
BuckiArheat.
Natural size
site, fleshy, simple or ternate, ovate, crenate, obscurely
veined above: fls. pendulous, in terminal-comiHiuud
panicles : cah-x and corolla cylindrical, reddish green,
spotted white; calyx l^^in. long; corolla 2>^in. long,
BRYOPHYLLUM
BUDDLEIA
187
^th 4 slierhtly curving tips f Fijf, 275). Mex. B.M. 1409.
LBC. 877. — It is said that the Ivs. are sour in the morn-
ing, tasteless rc noon, and somewhat bitter towards
evening. This chantre has been attributed to the absorp-
tion of oxygen at night and its disengagement in daylight.
W. M.
BUCKEYE. Consult ^Esculus.
BUCKTHOE"^. Rhamnus. particularly R. cnfhartieus.
281. Apple twig, showmg an expanding flower-bui.
BUCKWHEAT (Fagoppnim esculentum, Moench).
Polligonuccif. A tender annual grain plant, 'iour being
made of the large 3-cornered fruit. It is much grown in
the northern U. S., usually being sown about the first of
July. It is also a favorite for bee forage. Buckwheat is
native to central Siberia and Manchuria, and is now
widely cult., although it is a grain of secondary impor-
tance. The flower-cluster is shown in Fig. 27(> The
Tartarian Buckwheat {F. Tatdrirum. Gsprtn.; is occa-
sionally seen. It has smaller and yellowish fls.. and a
smaller, roughish, wavy-angled fruit.
BUD. The undeveloped or embryo state of a branch.
As commonly known to the horticulturist, the bud is a
more or less dormant organ ; that is, the horticulturist
doe'* not recognize the bud until it has attained sufficient
size to be obvious or to suggest some practice in the
treatment of the plant. In this state the bud usually
represents a resting stage of the plant. The bud-cover-
ing protects the growing point in the cold or dry season.
The bud is a shortened axis or verv condensed branch.
377. Apple buds— fruit-
bud en the l«-ft. leaf-
bud on the right.
278. Pear twigs— fruit-
buds on the left, leaf-
buds on the right.
The dormant or resting bud (as the winter bud of all
trees) is covered with protective scales which are modi-
tied leaves ; and the core of it is the nascent or embryo
liranch or flower-cluster, with rudimentary leaves. 8in'ce
the bud is an embryo branch, it follows that disbudding
is a most efficient means of pruning. A bulb is a form
of bud; and a dense rosette of leaves (as in the common
house-leek) is intermediate in structure between a bulb
and a normal branch. A cabbage head is essentially a
gigantic bud.
Horticulturists speak of buds as leaf -buds and flower-
buds, according as they give rise to barren, leafy branches
or to flower l)ranches ( for flower-clusters are modified
branches). True flower-buds or fruit -buds are those
which produce only flowers, as those of the apricot
(Fig. 116) and the peach. Mixed flower-buds or fruit-
buds are those which contain both flowers and leaves, as
those of the apple (Fig. 281) and pear. On dormant
plants, leaf-buds and flower-buds are distinguished by
position, size and shape. The position of the flower-bud
varies with the kind of plant, but is commonly termi-
nal, either on a branch of common length or on a very
abbreviated branch or spur. The flower-bud is com-
monly larger and thicker than the leaf -bud, because it
contains the embryo flower. Illustrations of flower-
buds and leaf-buds are shown in Figs. 277-280. With
Fig. 279 compare Fig. 298, showing a section of cabbage
head. The reader is referred to The Pruning-Book f»r
detailed discussion of the subject.
Of all the buds which form, very many do not grow,
being crowded out in the struggle for existence. These
buds often remain alive and dormant for several years,
each succeeding year decreasing their chances of grow-
ing even if favorable conditions occur. It is a common
opinion that these dormant buds become covered by the
thickening bark, and grow when large limbs are re-
moved ; but this is an error. The shoots which arise
from a wound on an old limb are from true adventitious
buds, or those which are newly formed for the occasion
in the cambium. Buds are normally formed in close
proximity to leaves, usually in their axils; but adventi-
tious buds form under stress of circumstances, without
reference to leaves. Xj. H. B.
BUDDING. See Graftage.
B0DDLEIA (after Adam Buddie, an English bota-
nirt). Syn., Buddlea. Loiinniclcece. Shrubs or trees,
with usually quadrangular branches : Ivs. opposite, short-
petioled, deciduous or semi-persistent, usually tomen-
tose when unfolding, entire or serrate :
fls. in racemes, panicles or clusters ; co-
rolla tubular or campanulate, 4-lobed ;
stamens included, 4 : fr. a 2-celled cap-
sule, with numerous minute seeds. About
70 species in tropical and temperate regions
of America. Asia and S. Africa, of which
only a small number of hardier species is
cultivated. Ornamental shrubs, rtt»wering
freely in summer; not quite hardy north:
the hardiest seems to be li. Japonica,
which may be grown in sheltered positions
north, but also many of the others, as B.
'jlobosa, variahilix, Liiidlejfatia, Colvillei,
will stand many degrees of frost, and, when
killed to the ground, they freely push forth
279. Sections of pear buds -
fruit-bud on the left, leaf-
bud on the right.
young shoots, which will flower mo.stly the
same season, especially i^. Japonica, Lind-
Ivyana and intermedia. The handsomest
in flower are B. Colvillei, variabili.f, glo-
bo.'oi and Lindleifana. They grow best in
a light, well-drained soil, in a sunny po
readily by seeds sown in spring in gentle
280. Buds of
the peach.
The mid-
dle bud is
a leaf-bud
and the
large side
buds are
fruit buds.
sition. Prop,
bottom heat.
188
BUDDLEIA
BUFFALO BERRY
by greenwood-cuttings under glass, or by hardwood cut-
tings taken oflf in fall and kept during the winter in a
frost-proof room.
A. FI.H. in panicles.
B. Corolla small, ivith long, narrow tube, %-% in. long.
O. Color violet or lilac.
Japdnica, Hemsl. (B. cnrviflbra, Hort., not Hook. &
Am.). Three to 6 ft., with quadrangular, winged
branches : Ivs. ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, remotely
denticulate, slightly tomentose or nearly glabrous be-
neath, 3-6 in. long : tls. in dense, terminal, pendulous
racemes, 4-8 in. long : corolla slightly curved, lilac
outside, with grayish tomentum. Japan, I. H. 17:25.
R. H. 1870, p. 337, and 1878, p. 330.
Lindleydina, Fort. Three to 6 ft. : Ivs, ovate or oblong-
lanceolate, acuminate, remotely denticulate, pale green
beneath, and slightly pubescent or glabrous, 2-4 in. long:
racemes dense, erect, li-5 in. long ; corolla purplish
violet, slightlv curved, pubescent outside. China. B.R.
32: 4. F.S. 2:112. P.M. 14: 5.
intermedia, Carr. {B. JapdnicaX Lindlexjcina). Hy-
brid of garden origin, similar in habit to B. Japonica.
Lvs. ovate-oblong, dark green above, 4—5 in. long : lis.
violet, in slender, arching or pendulous racemes. 10-20
in. long. R. H. 1873: 151. Var. insignis, Hort. {B. in-
signis, Carr.), has the upright habit of B. Lindleyann.
Branches distinctly winged : lvs. oblong-lanceolate, of-
ten in 3's : racemes erect, rather dense, 4-6 in. long,
usuallv panicled at the end of the branches, with rosy
violet fls. B.H. 1878:330.
variabilis, Hemsl. Three to 8 ft.: lvs. nearly sessile,
ovate-lanceolate or lanceolate, acuminate, coarsely ser-
rate, whitish-tomentose beneath, 4-10 in. long : tls. in
dense, terminal, erect panicles, 4-6 in. long ; corolla
lilac, with orange-vellow mouth, glabrous outside.
China. B.M. 7609. R.H. 1898: 132. G.C. Ill, 24: 139.-
A newly introduced, very handsome species, with showy
and fragrant fls.
CC. Color yelloic.
Madagascari^nsis, Lam. Shrub, 6-12 ft., with densely
tomentose branchlets : lvs. ovate-oblong, rounded or
slightly cordate at the base, acuminate, entire, dark
green and lustrous above, whitish or yellowish tomen-
tose beneath : fls. tomentose outside, in large terminal
panicles, appearing during the winter. Madagascar.
B.R. 15:1259. B. M. 2824. -Hardy only in subtropical
regions.
BB. Corolla with broad cfflindrical tube, limb over
1 in. broad.
C61villei, Hook. & Thorns. Shrub, occasionally tree,
to 30 ft. : lvs. elliptic-lanceolate or lanceolate, serrate,
pubescent, and pale or grayish green beneath, 5-7 in.
long : panicles broad, pendulous. 12-18 in. long ; corolla
purple or crimson, with white mouth. B. M. 7449. R.H.
1893:520. I. H. 41: 10. F.S. 14:1487. J. H. Ill, 31 : 85.-
The most beautiful of all Buddleius. and a very desirable
shrub for warmer temperate regions ; only older plants
flower freely.
AA. Fls. in globular heads.
globosa, Lam. Three to 10 ft., with the branches and
lvs. beneath yellowish-tomentose : lvs. ovate or ovate-
lanceolate, acuminate, crenate, rugose al)ove, .3-7 in.
long : fls. orange-yellow, in dense, long-peduncled,
axillary heads at the ends of the branches ; fragrant.
Chile. B. M. 174. — A graceful and very distinct shrub,
standing some degrees of frost.
B. Americana. Linn. Eight to 12 ft. : fls. in globuliir clusters,
forming termiiiiil panick's. Peru. Tendtr.- /i. Asidticn. Lour.
Three to l."> ft.: fls. white, iu long, usually panicle*! spikes, fra-
grant. 8. Asia. B.M ^VZi.—H. capitata, Jacq.=B. glohosa. —
B. crispa, Benth.= B. panipul.'ita.- .B. fieterophylla, Lintll.= B.
Ma<lagasfariensis.— ^. Xefindn, Roxb.= B. AMntira —B. pan ic-
ttldta, Watt. (B. crispa. Benth ), 6-15 ft.: fls. lilac, in rather
dense panicles: branches and lvs. tomentose. B.M. 4793. F.S.
9: 9'^.—B. salicifoUa. .Fafq.= Chilianthns arb^reus —li. salici-
folia, Hort.^B. Lindleyana.— JB. saligna, Willil. = ('hilianthus
arboreus. ALFRED Rehder.
BUEL, JESSE. American agriculturist and editor
was born at Coventry, Conn., Jan. 4, 1778, and died at
Danbury. Conn., Oct. 6, 1839. He lived at Albanv from
1813 until 1821, when he retired to his farm near bv. He
was one of the founders, in 18.34, of The Cultivator, a
monthly, "to improve the soil and the mind," the sub-
scription price of which was fifty cents a year. In 1866
The Cultivator was merged with The Countrj- (Gentle-
man, a weekly founded in 18.'}3, and The Cultivator and
Country Gentleman is, therefore, the oldest surviving
American agricultural paper.
BUFFALO BEERY. Fig. 282. Shephlrdia argentea,
Nutt. {Lepargyrceaarghitea, Greene). Elfpagndce(f.The
282. Buffalo berry {X%).
Buffalo Berry has been long before the public, but it ia
only within the last few years that it has attained any
prominence as a fruit plant. In Hovey's MajLiazine of
Horticulture for 1841, page 251. it is mentioned as fre-
quently cultivated, indicating that it found its way into
our gardens earlier than the blackberry. Its position to-
day bears evidence that no such place was awaiting it
as stood ready for the blackberry, or that if there were,
it has lamentably failed in attempting to flll it. The
plant did not find its place as a cultivated shrub until
the settlement of the West created a demand for hardy
and drought-resisting fniits. The plant belonijs to the
Oleaster family, and now bears the name otLepargifnm
argentea (Nutt.), though more commonly known as
t>hepherdia argentea. It occurs commonly throughout
the Rocky Mountain region and the dry plains to the
eastward, from Saskatchewan to Colorado, and even
New Mexico. Its fruit is frequently used for jelly, and
i« sprightly and agreeable, but small with a single large
seed, and borne among numerous thorns, so that it is
far less promising than most of our other garden fruits.
Apparently its chief value lies in its adaptability to
regions where more desirable bush-fruits can not be
grovi-n. Where the currant thrives, there is little nee<l
for the Buffalo Berry, except as a novelty or fi»r orna-
ment. It possesses ornamental qualities of value, and
may well be planted for that purpose. It is often reconi-
mende«l as a hedge plant for the Northwest. There are
two forms, one bearing bright red and the other yellow
fruit. The plant propagates re^ulily, either by seeds <
cuttings, and also by the suckers which sonietiuie-
spring up about the base of the plants. It is dio-cious,
and both staminate and pistillate plants must be grown
together, or no fniit will result. These may be distin-
guished by the buds in winter, those of the pistillate
BUFFALO BERRY
BULBS
189
plant being more slender, less numerous, and arranged
in less compact clusters, those of the staminate plants
bem? rounded, and borne in dense clusters.
Fred W. Card.
BUGBANE is Cimicifuga.
BUIST, EGBERT. Florist, seedsman, and author, was
b,.ni at Cupar Fyfe, near Edinburgh, Scotland, Nov. 14,
Igi).'). and (lied in Philadelphia, July 13, 1880. He was
trained at the Edinburgh Botanic Gardens, came to
America in August, 1828, and was employed for a time
bv Henry Pratt. In 1830 he became the partner of Hib-
bert.who had established the first notable fiorist's busi-
ness iu Philadelphia. He became noted for his suc-
(,,.<<es with roses, which were at that time second in
popular favor to the camellia with the Philadelphians.
The great improvement of the verbena was largely due
to Vim, and was immediately followed by the introduc-
tion into America of a distinct class of bedding plants.
He intToduped Poinsettia pulcherrinia to the trade, and
hi* sale of the double form is said to have been the first
tran^iaction of the kind accomplished by ocean telegraph.
He was the author of The American Flower-Garden
Direi'tory, in 1832, The Rose Manual, 1844, and The
Family Kitchen-Gardener (copyrighted, 1847), all of
which were frequently reissued, and enjoyed a consid-
erable sale for many years. An excellent account of his
life may be found in The Gardener's Monthly 22:372
(1888). The frontispiece of the bound volume for the
year is his portrait. \y_ -^
BULB, BULBS. A bulb is a thickened, fleshy, and
usually subterranean bud, generally emitting roots from
its under side. The function of the bulb is to carry
thf plant over an unpropitious season, as over winter
or a dry period. True Bulbs are either tunicated,
formed in rings or layers, like those of hj'acinths and
oniims (Fig. 283), or scaly, like those of liliums (Fig.
284 i: but as popularly understood and in commercial
parlance, the term Bulbs applies to a lar^e class of
flowering and ornamental buJbous-like plants in their
which are solid, as crocus and gladiolus (Fig. 285);
tubers which are succulent and have the buds or eyes
near the surface, as the dahlia and potato (Fig. 280);
rhizomes, fleshy, creeping underground stems like cer-
283. Onion bulbs.
285. Corm or solid bulb of Gladiolus.
dormant condition, during which period they are col-
ieot*(l. dug, stored, shipped, sold and planted, like so
many potatoes. This class includes, in addition to the
true bulbs, many that are botanically known as corms.
286. Potato— Example of a tuber.
tain iris, ginger, and many wild plants (Fig. 287 ; also.
Fig. 53, p. 37) ; pips, the flowering crowns of lily-of-the-
valley ; and certain other dormant fasciculated fleshy
roots like those of peonies, ranunculus, etc. A variety
of bulbs is shown in Fig. 288. The true or feeding root's
grow generally from the base of the bulb, the stems,
flowers and foliage from the crown of the bulb, or the
eyes. There is an exception to this in certain iilies,
which throw out roots above the bulb also (Fig. 289).
The bulb is a storehouse for the plant, wherein is formed,
after flowering, new stems, leaves and flowers. In fact,
the bulb contains a new plant, which is protected and sus-
tained within the bulb by the reserve food and energy
collected therein during one season for the plant's suc-
cessor. After the flowering period, the plant above the
bulb and the roots beneath it ripen off and die away.
The bulb is then in a dormant condition. It is during
this state of rest, lasting approximately from three to
six months, that bulbs are taken out of the ground and
transported easily and safely from continent to conti-
nent, if required; after which the incipient roots, stems,
foliage and flowers develop with as much luxuriance
and perfection — conditions being congenial — as if the
bulb had remained in its original environment.
Bulbous flowering plants (bulbs) are very popular
with flower-loving people. There is a particular charm
and interest in growing them. As a rule, they produce
flowers of remarkable beauty, uTisurpassed by any other
class of plants, and many of them are deliciously fra-
grant. They comprise an endless variety in habit, form,
size and color, are adaptable for many purposes, and
many of them flower equally well under either garden
or house culture. Soon after their beauty fades they
hide away, or may be removed , and in the interval,
their places may be occupied by other seasonable flow-
ering plants. Not the least among the merits of bulbs
is their ease of culture, and the great certainty and
perfection with which their flowers are produced, under
suitable conditions.
Among bulbous plants are many that are sufficiently
hardy to withstand the severity of our northern winters.
The kinds that are suitable are nearly all dormant in
the fall, which is the proper time for planting them, and
they will flower the coming season. In March or earlier,
spring is ushered in with the blooming of snowdrops,
chionodoxas, anemones, scillas, cr<K'us, winter aconites,
bulbocodiums, etc., followed in April with brilliant hya-
cinths, tulips, narcissus and hosts of others. In April
appear the unapproachable late tulips, poet's daffodils,
dicentras, etc., followed in succession until frost, notably
with peonies, irises, hemerocallis, lilies, montbretias,
tritomas, etc. All these are useful for gardens, lawns,
and parks.
Gardeners usually think of bulbs as divided into two
classes, — hardy and tender, or those which stand freez-
ing and those which do not. There is a class from South
Africa known as Cape bulbs, which usually bloom in
the fall. There are now so many improved hybrids and
breeds that are crowding out the types, that the term
190
BULBS
BULBS
"Cape bulb" has lost its significance in this country. In
the present article, bulbs are treated under the follow-
ing general heads : hardy spring bulbs for design bed-
ding ; hardy bulbs in tlie herbaceous garden, mixed
rtower border or lavm ; summer- and autumn-ttowering
tender bulbs for spring planting ; bulbs for flowering
287. Example of a rhizome— Smilacina racemosa.
in the house and greenhouse ; keeping dormant bulbs,
tubers, etc. : hints on buying and selecting bulbs ;
catalogue of bulbs.
Hardy Spriso-flowerino Bulbs for Design Bed-
DiNO. — The only bulbs adapted for geometrical beds are
Dutch hyacinths and tulips. It is not best to use both
in the same bed for really fine effects. While there are
hundreds of varieties in both hyacinths and tulips with
colors, gr«ulations and variegations innumerable, yet for
this style of bedding only solid, bright, contrasting
colors should be used. This limits the selection in hya-
cinths to dark crimson, rose-red. pink, purple, blue,
lavender, white and yellow (the latter is seldom satis-
factory), and in tulij>s to dark blood-red, scarlet, rose,
blush-pink, yellow, white, and a bluish claret, which
last is s» ' 'om used. In ordering the bulbs for this style
of beddi it is important to select kinds that bloom
at the sail ime and are of uniform height. The bulb
catalogues ;;ive this information: or, deal with a reliable
firm and leave the selection to them. In planting bulbs
in "design beds," it pays for the extra trouble to first
remove the soil to a depth of 6 inches, spade up the
lower soil, using well-rotted manure and plenty of bone
dust worked in. Then level off, smooth, and cover with
an inch of sand. This prevents the manure from touch-
ing the bulbs, allows the water to drain away from im-
mediate contact with them, thus removing causes which
may lead to their decay. Bulbs set in this manner on
the sand may l)e placed in their exact position, after
which the top soil is carefully replaced. It is a difficult
matter to set bulbs just 4 inches deep and 4 to 6 inches
apart with an ordinary trowel. The planter is almost
sure occasionally to chop off a piece of a neighboring
bulb or displace it. Bulbs i)lant«d in the manner ad-
vised, being all of an even depth, will flower uniformly;
often, when planted with a trowel, some bulbs will be
an inch too high and some an inch too low, which in
early spring makes considerable difference in the time
of blooming. Besides, when bulbs are planted with a
trowel or dibble, there is danerer of "hanging" a bulb
occasionally, where it may perish on account of not
touching bottom.
Hardy Bulbs in the Herbaceous Garden, Mixed
Flower Border, or Lawn.— The mixed border is a
favorite place for most hardy bulbs. They should be
planted in little colonies here and there among the hardy
plants and shrubs ; and it is here that bulbs seem to
thrive and give the most pleasure. As spring ap-
proaches, the sombre winter browns and dull greens of
the deciduous and evergreen plants are suddenly trans-
formed into an unrivaled setting, studded with bril-
liantly colored and fragrant flowers, the contrasts being
exceedingly effective and cheery; and besides, from the
border one does not hesitate to cut a few flowers for the
house for fear of spoiling the effect, as would be the
case in formal bedding. Furthermore, bulbs seem to do
better and last longer in a border because the flowers
are cut freely in bud or when just approaching their
prime, which is the best possible time for the ht-nefit of
the bulb, for the efforts of any bulb to form see«l8 wt»k-
ens the bulb. A hyacinth bulb that matures seed is
virtually destroyed. Then, again, in an herbaceous bor-
der the bulbs are not disturbed. The foliage remains
uninjured until ripe, thus fulfilling its duty of re-
charging the bulb with new energy for the next
season's display.
Bold clumps of the taller bulbous plants are
very effective on the lawn, where beds of one kind
should be isolated, and be given a position not too
prominent nor too near. The object desired is a
mass of one color, which at a little distance is
more striking on account of the contrast with the
surrounding green grass and trees. Among the
best hardy bulbous plants for this purpose are :
hemerocallis, such lilies as candidum. tierinum,
speciosum and auratum; also dicentra, crown im-
perials, montbretias, tritomas, peonies, Kaempferi
and Germanica irises, etc.
Bulbs planted right in the sod on the lawn make
a very pleasing picture when in bloom in th«» early
spring. Make patches here and there of golden,
white and purjde crocus, the little chiono<loxas.'
snowdrops. Scilla amcena, winter aconite, snow-
flakes, bulbocodium and triteleia. These grow, increase,
bloom and ripen the foliage before it is necessary to
use the lawn mower, so that the surface of the lawn in
summer is not marred. The bulbs may be dibbled in
when the ground is moist and soft during the fall rains,
but it is better to cut and turn back the sod here and
there, plant the bulbs under it, then press the sod back
again.
For parks, groves and wild outlying grounds beyond
the closely clipped lawn, a very happy style of ''natural-
izing" bulbous and other plants is coming much into
vogue. Such bulbs should be used as can be planted in
quantity, twenty-five to a hundred or more of a kind in
a patch, and only those should be used which are hardy,
and will flower and thrive and increase under neglect.
Fortunately, there are many bulbous plants that suc-
ceed even better in sxich rough places than in the prim
garden. Among them are hardy anemones, caniassia,
convallaria, dicentras, erythroniums, funkias. certain
iris, liliums, poet's narcissus, Von Sion narcissus, tril-
liums, and numerous others.
In regard to the preparation of bods for hardy bulbs,
planting and treatment, we can only generalize. De-
tailed directions suited to the different species, and also
varieties where treatment varies, will be found under
their respective headings in this Cyclopedia. As a rule,
well-rotted manure (mind that it is well-rotted, not fresh
288. Various types of bulbs and tubers.
1. Tuberose. 2. Colocasia Antiquoram ( CaZadiwTn e^culentum).
3. Easter Lily. 4. Jonquil. 5. Gladiolus. 6. Lilium
pardaliuum. 7. Hyacinth. 8. Lily-of-the-Valley.
and heating) should be liberally applied and dug into
the ground deeply. It must be where the long, feedirg
roots can get at it, and yet not touch the bulbs, nor be
too near their base. This is easily accomplished by re-
moving a few inches of the top soil first, as described
under " Design Bedding," above. If it is impracticable to
BULBS
BULBS
191
do this, then it is not wlvisHble to use manure at all, for
the bulbs are liable to come in contact with it and
become diseased. Bone meal alone is then the safest
fertilizer to use, and it should be applied lavishly. Most
bulbs like rich food if properly applied. Although the
embro dowers were formed within the bulb the season
289. The Easter lily throws out feeding roots both
below and above the bulb.
before, yet their size, luxuriance and brilliancy this
season depend larf,'ely upon the nutrition the roots
receive. Liberal ai)plications of manure water, when
the bulbs are in bud, often produce excellent results.
The proper dei>th to plant bulbs varies according to
the kinds, it is a coninion fault to plant them too near
the surface. Some kinds, notably the Californian Hum-
bohltii and Washingtonianum lilies, do best when 10 to
12 inches deep ; hyacinths, tulips, narcissus, and simi-
lar large bulbs from 4 to 6 inches deep ; smaller bulbs
somewhat shallower. Hardy bulbs root during the fall
and early winter, and if planted too near the surface the
freezing, thawing and heaving of the upper crust of
soil in mild winters often causes the bulbs to break
from their roots, and. in consequence, only inferior
tlowers are produced. When good, cold weather has set
in and a light crust has been frozen on the soil, then
cover the bed with leaves, straw, marsh hay or reeds to
a depth of from 4 to 6 inches. This protects not only
from severe freezing, but from equally injurious unsea-
sonable thaws. Do not put the covering on too early,
for it might warm the soil so that the bulbs would com-
mence to grow and afterward be injure*! from freezing.
Gradually remove the covering in the spring.
The general run of bulbous plants thrive in a loamy
soil, inclining to sand. This soil attracts moisture,
allows free drainage, and admits air. If the soil is cold
and stiff, a liberal admixture of leaf -mold and sand, with
the addition of manure a[>plied as above described, will
be beneficial. The texture of the soil should be such
that stagnant water will not remain around the bulbs,
as it tends to rot them, particularly when dormant. An
excess of humus is, therefore, to be guarded against
for most bulbs. While the majority of bulbous plants
thrive under the soil conditions advised above, yet there
are many notable exceptions. Happy should be the man
on whose grounds can be found a variety of soils and
exposures, shade and sun. A small wooded valley or
ravine, with a brook flowing through it into an open,
moist meadow, affords conditions suitable for growing
to perfection the greatest variety of bulbous and other
plants, many of which cannot be enjoyed in the average
monotonous garden.
The sooner bulbs can be put in the ground after they
are ripe the better for the bulbs ; for, no matter how
long they will keep, they do not improve when out
of the ground, but tend to dry out and lose vitality.
There are, however, many reasons why bulbs cannot be
planted as soon as ripe ; and when they are to be kept
for certain purposes, they should be stored as advised
below. Hardy spring-flowering bulbs should be planted
In the open ground in the fall, not earlier than six weeks
before reg"jrar frosty and freezing nights are expected.
Plant as much later as necessarj', providing the bulbs
are keeping sound, but it is not advisable to plant them
earlier. Cool weather is necessarj' to deter top growth,
which is very liable t/> «t«rt after fonr to six weeks of
root development ; and young, suiculcnt top grov.th is
apt to be injured by the succeeding freezing. In Maine,
Ontario, Wisconsin, and other northern parts (about 45
degrees north latitude), such hardy bulbs as hyacinths,
tulips, narcissus, etc., may be planted in September. In
New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Ohio, etc. (about 40 degrees),
plant about the middle of October. In the latitude of K ich-
mond, Louisville, St. Louis, etc., the middle of Novem-
ber .s early enough. In the latitude of Raleigh, Nash-
ville, and south, do not plant until middle of December;
and for the latter section let the selection of bulbs run
to late-flowering varieties, such as Bizarre, Darwin and
late double tulips, late hyacinths, late narcissus, etc.,
for they are not so likely to be caught by the occasional
freezing weather in January and February, In this
southern latitude, however, very early-flowering bulbs,
such as Roman hyacinth> , Due' van Thol tulips. Paper
White narcissus, etc., if planted in September, are
usually through blooming before freezing weather be-
gins. South of the freezing belt, hardy spring-flowering
bulbs are not very successful, as a rule, there being no
sufficiently cool weather to deter top growth and force
root actit>n first, without which the flowers and foliage
will not devoljp beyond such sustenance as the bulb
can supply; and this sustenance is usually exhausted by
the time the flower-spikes are half grown. But there are
many half-hardy and tender btilbs that are more easily
grown and fli)wered in the South than in the North.
The treatment of bulbs after flowering is important
when the bulbs are to be used again, for it nmst never
be forgotten that the flowers and resources for the next
season are garnered within the bulb after blooming,
through the agency of the roots and foliage. Imper-
fectly developed and matured foliage this year means
poor flowers or none at all next year ; so it is best to
leave the bulbs alone imtil the leaves have died down.
When summer bedding plants are to be substituted, it
is sometimes necessarj* to remove bulbs before ripe. In
such cases, the bulbs should be carefullj- taken up with
a spade. Disturb the roots as little as possible, and do
not cut or crush the leaves. Heel-in the plants in a
shallow trench in some half-shadj' out-of-the-way place
until ripe.
Simmer- axd AurrMN-FLOWERixo Garden Bilbs
FOR Spring Planting. — This class (Tender) includes
some of our showiest garden flowers, which are almost
indispensable. Thej- are of the easiest possible culture.
Planted in the spring, after danger from frost is over,
in a sunnj' position in good, rich, loamj' soil, thej' will
flower with great certaintj- the same season. After flow-
ering and ripening of the foliage, they should be taken
up and stored for the winter as advised below, under
"Keeping Dormant Bulbs," until wanted the next spring.
Among the more important species of this class of bulbs
are the imdermentioned (those marked F must be kept
in a Ronii-dormant condition in a coldframe or green-
house): Agapanthus (F), alstroemeria (F), amorpho-
phallus,anomatheca ( F),antholyza (F),tuberous begonia,
bessera, colocasia (caladiura), cooperia, crinum, cypella,
gladiolus. galtonia(Hj'acinthus candicans), boussingaul-
tia (madeira vine), montbretia, nemastylis, border ox-
alis. omithogalum (F), pancratium, richardia (calla),
schizostylis (F), sprekelia, tigridia, tuberose, watsonia,
zephj-ranthes.
BiLBS FOR Flowering in the HorsE and Green-
HorsE. — There is no class of plants that gives more
satisfaction for this purpose, with so little skill, than
192
BULBS
KILBS
the various bulb^. Perhaps the most important class of
all l)uU)s for winter-flowering and f«»rcinjf are certain
hardy and half-hardy kinds. They are the m«>st easily
managed of all, and need occupy no space in the window
or greenhouse, excepting when in bud and bloom. Un-
der suitable treatment, they flower with great certainty,
and their flowering period may be hastened ( forced ) or
retarded at pleasure, so as to " bring them in " for certain
occasions, or to give a continuous succession of Idoom.
There is a great variety of kinds of bulbs to select from
for this purpose (see list of species at end of this arti-
cle), yet the great demand, at this writing, has centered
on the following leatlers, especially for forcing pur-
poses: AUiiim yeapolU(tnHm,A.Hfrmetti(jr(tn(iiflorum,
Anemone fuhjens, convallaria ( I^ily-of-the-Valley ), Free-
gia refractd alba, glmliolus "The Bride," early single-
flowering Dutch Hyacinths and "Romans." Canipemelle
Jonquil, Lilium candidHtn, L. llarriaii and L. Inngi-
florum. Several narcissuses are in demand, notably
among the large trumpet varieties : Emperor, Em-
press, Golden Spur, Horsfieldi, Maxiraus and Trumpet
major ; among the medium and small trumpets : Sir
W'atkins, Barrii conspicuus and Poeticus ornatus; of the
doubles are Von Sion and Orange i'ha'nix ; of the Poly-
anthus narcissus : Paper White graudiflora (Totus
albus),and Double Roman (Constantinople). Of other
species of bulbs, Ornithogalum Arabicum, Spinra aittil-
boides floribamla (Arimcus), and s'ngle and double
tulips of the early varieties are in demand. The prin-
ciples of culture for hardy bulbs for winter flowering
are the same, whether only a few are grown in pots for
the window garden, or whether tli»'y are to be forced by
the thousand by the florist. The first essential is to
secure the strongest bulbs. Remember that the flowers
were fonned within the bulbs the previous season. If
you buy bulbs of narcissus containing only one flower,
or hyacinths with ou' ♦en bells on a spike, the best
culture possible c;:iUt. r>ikt them produce more; but
good culture will develop fU'rh »'owers larger and better.
The next most in.poriaut e^set^ial — we mi;jht say the
secret of success in flowerin^' bul'.:* In the house or
greenhouse — is perfect root deveVipment before the tops
begin to grow. To aid the uninitiated in this important
matter, we will illustrate: When hardy bull»s are planted
in the open ground in the northern states in the fall, the
weather above them is cool or cold, the ground beneath
them is warmer, and the conditions are congenial for
root action but deterrent to top growth. This results in
the perfect development of such flowers as the bulbs
contain. On the other hand, when hyacinths, tulips,
narcissus, and most other hardy spring-flowering bulbs
are planted in fall in our extreme southern states, they
usually prove disappointing, because the weather is
warm, causing the flowers and foliage to begin to grow
before the roots ; and as so(m as such sustenance as the
bulb could supply has been exhausted, the plant stops
growing and dwindles. When we grow bulbs under arti-
ficial conditions, we must make them produce roots first.
Failure to do this is responsible for nine-tenths of the
disappointments.
When hardy bulbs are to be grown in pots for winter
blooming in the house or conservatory, the bulbs should
be potted as soon as they are procurable, between Au-
gust and November. Some writers recommend that
bulbs be planted in successional lots to give later and
continuous flowers, but we think such advice is at fault,
as the bulbs tend to dry out and lose vitality when kept
dry too long. It is no trouble to retard the flowering of
hardy bulbs in winter, as hereafter described, without
keeping them out of the ground.
The soil should be rich loam. Fresh manure cannot
be used. Of thoroughly rotted manure, some may be
pulverized and worked into the soil, but it is safer to
use pure bone meal, one part to fifty of soil. If the soil
is stiff and heavy, mix it with sand and leaf-mold or
peat. The size of pots depends upon the kinds of bulbs.
A .l-inch pot is best for a first-sized hyacinth, or large-
bulbing narcissus, particularly the Polyanthus type.
Tulips, small narcissus, and bulbs of a similar size,
while they can go individually into a 4-inch pot, are bet-
ter when put three or more of one variety together in a
larger pot, as the soil retains a more even tempemture
and moisture ; and for this reason some prefer earthen
290. Bulb with a cushion of
sand beneath it to prevent decay.
bulb-pAnii, which roinf> in various nizen, from 8 to 1ft
inches in ifianieter. In (Htttinir, place a little broken
pott»*ry t>r lumps of chnrcuMl in the bottom for drainaee
then till the |Hit with j«oil and shake it down, but <!<> not
pack it. Neither must the bulb Ik? pressed or screwed
int«> the soil, eUe the soil will l>e packed under it so
that when the roots start they often raise the bulb out
of the pot. Plant the bulb just deep enough that its top
will not show. Large and
soft bulbs, which are lia-
ble to rot, may l>e set in
a cushion of "sand, and
the bulb not covered with
soil until it ha> taken
root and become estab-
lished ( Fig. 'J'JO I .
When planting mixed
bulbs in the same jiot.
pan or box, care should
be used in selecting dif-
ferent varieties that will
flower at the same time.
An early-flowering Due
van Thol and a double
Tournesol tulip would
flower a month apart under the same treatment. Some
varieties of hyacinths, of narcissus, and of most species
of bulbs vary greatly in time of blooming, which, of
course, would spoil the etfect.
When florists force bulbs in quantity for cut-flowers,
they sehlom use pots, but shallow boxes, or flats, of a
size to economize bench room. Usually these boxes are
cut down from soap boxes to a depth of 3 or 4 indus.
The bulbs are planted closely in these, from an in, h to
2 inches apart, according to the kind. The tops of the
bulbs (excepting lilies) are kept about even with ihe
top of the soil. Do not water them unless the soil is
very dry, for bulbs in a <lormant condition resent an
excess of moisture. After the bulbs are potted, or boxed,
as described, they should be placed in a coldfranie or
cold-pit to root. This is the most important detail in
flowering bulbs under artificial conditions. Cover the
pots, boxes or pans with 4 inches of sand, ashes, rotted
leaves, tanbark or similar substance, and do not put the
sashes on until freezing weather, and even then remove
the sash on pleasant days. When no coldframes or pits
are available, the pots may be covered as advised in a
cool cellar. It is preferable, however, to sink them in
th«^ open ground. The writer never had finer flowers on
hardy bulbs than when treated as follows: A trench a
foot deep is dug in the garden where water will not set-
tle on it, and it is protected from the north and west
cold. Three inches of coal ashes is first placed in the
trench, to allow drainage and keep the wonns out. The
pots are then placed on the ashes, the earth is filled in
about the pots, filling the trench rounding over. No
further attention is required, as everj'thing is congenial
to perfect root development, while the weather is cool
enough to check top growth. When the weather gets
cold enough to freeze a crust on the soil, an additional
covering of about 4 inches of rough stable manure,
leaves or straw, is put over. Some early bulbs, such as
Roman hyacinths, Paper White narcissus. Due van
Thol tulips, etc., will root sufficiently in five or six
weeks to be taken up for first flowers, which should be
out by Christmas or earlier, but it is safer to allow all
bulbs not less than eight weeks for rooting. Even* two
weeks after the first removal of pots, or as needed, fur-
ther relays of rooted bulbs may be taken out for a con-
tinuous display of bloom. When the pots of hardy bulbs
have been taken up, place them in a cool greenhouse or
co()l, light store room, with temperature not over 50°.
This temperature will allow the flower stems and foliage
to grow, and at the same time prevent the opening of
the flowers until the t tems have attained their proper
height, after which the pots may be taken to a sunny,
warm window, or wherever they are wanted to flower.
Bulbs treated in this manner will produce perfect spikes
of flowers. A good rule to keep in mind in flowering
hardy bulbs is: Temperature, 40° for roots, 50° for foli-
age and stems, 60° for best flowers, 70° for quick de-
velopment. 80° to rush bloom with loss of substance
and risk of "going bliud" (producing uo flowers).
BULBS
BCLBS
193
The exceptions to the above advice are liliums and
lily-of-the-valley. Lilium JIarrisii and Lilium lomji-
fJoniM bulbs* particularly, in addition to throwing out
roots from the base of the bulbs, usually fomi rrxits
from the new stem just above the bulb, and the plants
and flowers derive much strength from these top roots.
So in potting lily bulbs, it is best to put them down so
(feep that tht-re will be sufficient soil al>ove the bulbs to
eatice and sustain the stem roots. In other respects
treat the bulbs after potting as just advised. Winter-
rtowering lily-of-the-valley foniis no new rot)ts. The
thick, fleshy, fibrous old roots should be trimmed at the
bottom, leaving them from 2 to :{ inches long. This al-
lows them to al>sorb the abundant moisture with which
they shoiild be supplied while the flowers and foliage
are' developing. They tlower just as well in sand or
moss, or anything that retains an even moisture and
temperature, as they do in soil, but lily-of-the-valley
for flowering in the house or greenhouse requires freez-
ing before it can be successfully broxight into flower.
Without freezing, many pips will "come blind," or pro-
duce malformed spikes. So it is just as well for ama-
teurs to plant their pips an inch or two apart in pots or
l»ulb-pans, and plunge them in the garden, as recom-
mended for other hardy bulbs. Florists generally freeze
their pips in refrigerators, or have them placed, just as
they arrive from Germany, 2,500 pips in a case, in cold
storatre, in a temperature of ifrom 28 to 30°.
After being forced or flowered in the greenhouse or
window, hardy bulbs are of little value, for most bulbs
suitable for the purpose have attained their maximum
size, and, in consequence, are ready to break up. Flor-
ists usually throw these bulbs away. Still, if space can
be spared for the bulbs to complete their growth after
flowering and ripening, many of them can be utilized
for planting in the mixed border or garden, there to
remain, where some of them will eventually recuperate
and flower.
Half-hardy bulbs for winter-flowering and forcing
should be treated the same as hardy bulbs, excepting
that after potting they should be placed for rot)ting
where they will not freeze. Yet they can go pretty close
to it and be all the better for it. In northern states, a
coldframe or pit or cold greenhouse to root them in is,
therefore, almost indispensable. For tender winter- and
summer-flowering greenhouse bulbs, the culture varies
with almost every species, and as no general instruc-
tions would suit all kinds, the reader may refer to their
individual cultures given under their respective head-
intrs in this Cyclopedia. (See list of species at the end
of this article, )
The flowering of bulbs in glasses, bowls, unique pots,
etc., is always interesting. Among the most successful
and interesting are hyacinth bulbs in glasses of water.
Use early-flowering single varieties only. The seedsmen
and dealers in bulbs supply special hyacintti glasses
for the purpose. They come in various shapes, colors
and decorations, and vary in price from 20 cts. to $1.50
each. These are simply filled with fresh, pure water.
A lump of charcoal thrown in absorbs impurities, but it
is not a})solutely necessary. The bulb rests in a cup-
shaped receptacle on top of the glass. In filling, the
water should not quite touch the bottom of the bulb.
Put in a cool, dark, airy place until the roots have
reached the bottom of tlie glass, which should be in
about six weeks. Do not place them in a close, warm
closet. They must have fresh air. As the water evapo-
rates, fill the glasses, and change the water entirely when
needt^d to keep it sweet and clear. After rooting, place
the glasses in a light storeroom where the temperature
averages about 50°, until tke stems and foliage have
developed ; then remove to a warm, sun.iy window for
flowers to open. There are other kinds that do equally
well when rooted in water, providing the largest healthy
bulbs are chosen. AmouT them are sprekelia ( Jacobapan
lily). Trumpet narcissus Horsfieldi and Golden Spur,
polyanthus narcissus Grand Monarque and Gloriosa,
large bulbs of Roman hyacinths, early single tulips,
and Mammoth Yellow crocus, etc. We have flowered
hyacinths on a piece of virgin cork floating in an aqua-
rium, a hole being cut through the cork for the roots to
reach the water. The so-called "Chinese Sacred Lily,"
a variety of Polyanthus narcissus, grows and flowers
13
luxuriantly in bowls of water, provided they are not
placed in a dry, furnace-heated room, which will cause
the buds to blast before opening. Sufficient pebbles or
shells should surround the bulbs to prevent them from
toppling over.
Crocus, Roman hyacinths and lily-of-the-valley pips
are very pretty when nicely flowered in columnar, hedge-
hog- or beehive-shaped hollow pots with holes for the
reception of the bulbs. A bulb is place<l in front of each
hole from the inside, with the crown of the bulb looking
outward. The pot is then filled with soil through the
large opening in the bottom, moss being pressetl in last
to hold the contents in place, after which the pots are
put «>utside for the bulbs to root, as explained for other
hardy bulbs for the house.
Keepino Dormant Bilbs, Tubers, Et<, — Bulbs and
tubers of the various species, as well as their varieties,
vary greatly in size. Some, like oxalis, snowdrops,
chionod(»xas, etc., often do not exceed half an inch in
diameter, while other bulbs, such as those of Calndium
escultutum, certain arums, crinums, etc., attain great
size, frequently weighing several pounds each. Such
solid bulbs as those of tulips, hyacinths, narcissus,
etc, will remain out of the ground soli«l and plump, in
a suitable place, for three or four months. The larger
the bulb the longer it will keep, as a rule. Large cri-
num bulbs have been kept for fifteen months. Still, it
is always better to plant the bulbs as soon as possible,
for, altiiough they keep, they do not improve, and their
tendency is always towards drying out and loss of vi-
tality.
Never keep bulbs packed up air-tight. They are apt
to generate heat or sweat, nudd or rot, or to start.
When solid bulbs are to be kept dormant for any length
of time, they should be store<l away from bright light in
baskets, shallow boxes or slatted trays, in a room or
cellar where there is a circulation of fresh air and the
temperature is as cool as possible. Forty degrees is the
desideratum for all excepting tender bulbs. Scale-like
bulbs, as liliums, soon dry out and shrivel if exposed
to the air for any length of time ; therefore, they are
best kept in open boxes packed with some substance
that will retain a slight and even moisture, such as
sphagnum moss, rotted leaf -mold, cocoanut fiber refuse,
or moist sand, but they must be kept cold to check any
efforts to start. Fleshy roots, like those of peonies,
certain irises, astilbes, etc., should be treated like the
lily bulbs. When a cold-storage room, with an average
temperature of 'Mii° to 40°, is available, it is the safest
place to carry over hardy bulbs and roots for spring
planting.
Lily-of-the-valley pips are carried in rooms of about
28° to 30°. The pips and packing freeze solid ; and here
they are kept for months until wanted for forcing.
When they are removed from this arctic chamber, they
must be thawed out gradually and as soon as possible,
by plunging in cold water, before they are subjected to
any heat ; otherwise, they are likely to rot. For this
reason, "cold-storage pips " cannot be safely shipped any
distance in warm weather, this often being the cause of
the country florists' disappointment in results.
Tender dormant bulbs, as begonias, gloxinias, araa-
ryllis, pancratiums, tigridias, tuberoses, etc., must be
kept in a warm, dry atmosphere, not below 50°. The
cause of tuberoses not flowering is often that the
bulbs have been kept below 40°, which destroys the
flower germ, although the foliage grows just as vigor-
ously. Tender tubers, such as dahlias, cannas, etc.,
should be stored in dry sand in a warm, dry cellar or
under the greenhouse bench.
Hints on Buying and Selecting Bulbs.— As already
said, bulbs can develop only the flowers which were
formed within them before they were ripened. A bulb
may be poor because not full grown or too young, or
because grown in impoverished soil or under unconge-
nial conditions, or because it may not have been matured
when dug ; or it may be injured from heating, sweating,
rotting or moldiness in storage or transit, caused by
improper curing or packing, or it may be dried out from
having been out of the ground too long. In the major-
ity of cases in which poor bulbs are planted, however,
it is the buyer's fault in procuring cheap bulbs, which
in many cases are second grades, lacking age and
194
BULBS
BULBS
proper size. The commoner varieties of a species usually
propat;ate the fastest, and it in generally these less
salable varieties ami inffrior seedlinjfs and cullings
from the named bull)» tiiat ^o to m'alct' up most "mixed
colors "and "mixed varieties." Therefore, for best re-
sults, it is advisable to expend a jfiven amount of money
for the first size named varieties, rather than for a
larger quantity of cheaper seconds and mixtures, unless,
of course, the bulbs are wanted for large permanent
plantings, as in promiscuous borders for naturalizing,
etc., wht're best flowers the first season are of secondary
consideration.
The best named hyacinths— "top roots," as they are
called in Holland — require fiom four to six years to
attain full size and give best flowers. Such bun)s, ec-
cording to the variety, shouhl measure from 20 to 24
centimettrs (8 to 10 in.) in circumference. These nat-
urally cost more to grow than the younger second or
"l)edding" grade of bulbs, measuring from 18 to 20 cen-
timeters (6 to 8 in.). There is a third size, ranging from
Ki to 18 centimeters (4 to G in.), that goes in mixtures,
and a fourth size (12 to 14 centimeters) that goes out as
"Dutch Romans," "Pan Hyacinths," "Miniatures," etc.
Some growers even scale their sizes a centimeter or two
less than mentioned, to enable them to quote lower
prices. Crocus, narcissus, tulips and many other bulbs
are also sorted into sizes, enabling the grower to catch
all classes of buyers.
A first size crocus bulb should measure 10 centimeters
(4 in.) in circumference, and such bulbs prcxluce from
€ to 12 flowers each. A small, cheap bulb produces only
two or three flowers. A narcisstis bulb of maximum
size will produce from 3 to 5 flowers (sometimes more),
and an inferior size usually but a single flower. A
White Roman hysuduth bull> 14- to 16-centimeter size
(5-6 in. circumference) will produce 3 and often 4 spikes
of firsts and several seconds, while an 11- to 12-centi-
meter size will average o?ily one first grade spike and a
couple of seconds, or perhaps nothing but seconds. The
best lily-of-the-valley pips bear from 12 to 16 bells on a
spike, usually all firsts. Cheaper inferior gra<les of pips
have seldom more than 7 to 10 bells. If the florist or
planter wants the best bulbs, he must pay more money
for them, but they are cheapest in the end, f<»r second-
grade stock takes u]) just as much room and requires as
much care, fire, and other expenses. It is the grade of
flowers called firsts that sell and pay a profit* The supply
of seconds is often so abundaut that the market price
for them does not pay the cost of the bulbs.
Catalogue of Bulbs. —To aid in the selection of bulbs
for particular purposes, we append a list of the leading
species that are procurable while dormant (between the
months specii'ed) from seedsmen and bulb dealers, and
we afllx a sign to each to indicate the purpose for which
the species — or certain varieties in it— are adapted. Some
kinds are useful for more than one purpose, and such
have a corresponding number of signs. For example: if
a selection of bulbs is to be made for winter-flowering
in the house, make a note of those to which an aste-
risk (•) is affixed, then ttim to their respective headings
in this Cyclopedia, where will be found full descriptions
of the V[.rieties as well as species— and cultural instruc-
tions—which will enable any one to make an intelligent
selection.
For winter-flowering bulbs for greenhouse or window, select
from species marked *.
For summer- and fall-flowering bttlbs for pots for greenhouse
and other decoration, select from species marked t.
For spring-flowering hardy bulbs for gardens, laicns, etc., select
from species marked X.
For summer- and fall-flowering hardy bulbs for gardens,
lawns, etc., select from species marked !|.
For summer- and fnll-flowering {not hardy) bulbs for spring
planting in garden, etc.. select from species marked §.
For climbing bulbous plants, select from species marked ?.
Those marked H are hardy ; H.H, half-hardy ; T, taider.
GKNEBA, ETC. HARDINESS. DORMANT.
Abobra %'i H.H Oct. to April
Aehimenes t . .^ T Oct. to April
Agapaiithus t § H.H Oct. to April
Albucat T Oct. to April
Allium* J H. & H.H Aug. to Pec.
Alstroemeria t § h.h Sept. to Nov.
Amarj'llis *t t Oct . to April
Amorphophallus § T Oct. to April
aXXXIU, «TC. HAKDISISS. dohmaxt.
Anemone 't ".A H.H Aug. to Not
Anomat heca I h.h Oet. to Aorii
Antholyzag H.H Oct. to April
Apiosi i.. H Oct. to April
Arlsa'um t H.H Oct. to April
Aruni't. T Aug. to April
Habiana ' H.H Aug. to Nov
Begf.li la. Tuberous tj t ()«. to April
BesHirai* h.h ....Oct. to April
Blandfordla* r..., Aug. to Nov
Bloomenal h Aug. to Nov*
BomHrea«lf . H.H Aug to Oct.'
Bous8inKaultia 1? t ( k-t . to A pnl
Bowiealt H.H Oit.toMwfh
Bravoaf... H.H Oct. to April
Brodiwa*t... H.H Aug. to Oct
Bolbocodium t H Aug. to ( »«'t'
Caladium t § T Oct. to April
t alochortns • J h.h Aug to Nov
Camassia il h Aug. to isov'
Cannat...... t Oct. to April
ChionfMloxa • J h Aug. to (H
Chlidanthus g h.h Oct. to April
Coli-iii.-um 1! h Aug. to Sept
Commelina | h.h Oct. to April"
Convallaria * J h Oct. to April
Cooperia^ H.H Oct. to April
Cop'dalts.! H Aug. to April
C n num t ^ t N o v . t o A p r 4
Crocus*:.. H Aug. to Oft
Crocosmia ? H.H Oct . to April
Crown Imperials J H Aug. to Oct
Cummingia t t Aug. to Oct
Cyanolla t h.h Aug. to ( H-t
Cyclamen Persicum • T Aug. to Nov
Cyelo»K)thra g h.h Aug. to No /
Cypella i t Oct.toI)«.
Cyrtant bus t T Oct . to April
Dahlias i. t Oct. to April
Dicentra I. h Oct. to March
Dioscorea 11 h 0<-t . to April
Eranthis J h Auj?. to Oct.
Eremurus !l h.h Ot. to April
Erythronium X h Aug. to Nov.
Eucharis t t Sept. to Dec.
Eurycles f t Oct. to March
Freesia * h.h Aug. to Nov.
Fritillaria * t H. * H.H Aug. to Oct.
Galanthus* J h Aug. to Nov.
Galtonia I h.h Oct. to April
Geissorhiza t H.H Aug. to Nov.
Gesnera * t T Oct. to April
Gladiolus I h.h Sept. to April
Gloriosa ^t T Oct. to April
Gloxinia t T 0<'t. to April
Griffinia t T Oct. to April
H^manthust t Aug. to Nov.
Helleborus X H 0<'t. to April
Hemerocallis li H Oct. to April
Homeria § H.H Aug. to Nov.
Hyacinth *{ h Aug. to Nov.
Hymenocallis ? t T Oct. to April
Imantophyllum t t Oct. to April
Iris, BuJtons* X H. A h.h Aug. to Nov.
Iris, Rhizomatous, etc. J li H Oct. to April
Ismene §t T Oct . to April
Ixia * H.H Aug. to Nov.
Ixiolirion X H Aag. to Nov.
Jonquils *X H Aug. to ( )ct .
Lachenalia * H.H Aiig. to Oct.
Leiicojum t i H Aug. to Oct.
Lilium * !l H Sept. to April
Lycoris § t H.H Oct. to April
Milla I H.H Oct. to April
Montbretia I H.H Oct. to April
Muscaria X H Aug. to Nov.
N»gelia * t T Oct. to April
Narcissus *X H Aug. to Oct.
Nemastj'lus g T Oct. to April
Nerine T T Aug. to Nov.
Omithogalum * ? H. & H.H Aug. to Nov.
Oxalis, Winter-flowering * t h.h Aug. to Nov.
Oxalis, for Ixirders § h.h Sept. to April
Paeonias i h Oct. to April
Pancratium t§ T Oct. to April
Phsedranassa * T Oct. to April
Polygonatum I! H Oct. to April
Puschkinia X H Aug. to Oct.
Ranunculus * H.H Aug. to Nov.
Richardia *tg T Sept. to Dec.
Rigidella § T Oct. to April
Sanguinaria X h Oct. to April
Schizostylis * § h.h Oct. to April
Scilla J * H. * H.H Aug. to Nov.
Sparaxis * h.h Aug. to Nov.
BULBS
BUPHANE
195
QtTtZflA, rrC. HAPDrXKii. DOKMAHT.
Spfrea < AntUbeJ • H Oct. to April
Sprt-Mia^ti! T Sept. to April
8ternl.ergift 9 H Aug. to Oct.
Tt^i>l»h V lea * , H.M Aug. to Oct.
Tiirri.lia i T Oct. to April
Trillium i H Ot . to March
Tritf leia t H.H Oct. to April
Tritonif* • H.M Aug. to Nov.
Tritoma ' H Oct. to April
Tn'Pi»^»Iuin. Tuljenius * 1 H.H Aug. to Dec.
TnticroHcs t T Nov. to May
Tulip •♦ H Aug. to Nov.
Tyiljfa 't T Oct. to April
lmH)lina t T Oct. to April
Vitllota t T Oct. to April
Wat soiiia * i. H.H Sept. to Dec.
Zephyranthes*? h.h Aug. to April
Piter Henderson & Co.
B''LBlNE (Greek, holbog, a bulb). Liliclcecf. Half-
banlv African |ilant.M. of several .speeie-s. allied to Antheri-
cuni. but practically unknown in thi.s country. Some of
the species are bulbous, and require the general treat-
ment given Tape bulbs (see Bulbs).
BULBIN£LLA. See Chryaobactron.
BULBOCOOIUM (Greek, woolly bulb). Lilidcece. A
half dozen low, crocus-like bulbous plants of the Medi-
terranean region and eastward, some spring-flowering
and others autumn-tlowering. The spring-flowering spe-
cies, B. vernum, is the only one in our gardens. It
is hardy, and demands the same soil and location aa
crocuses.
v^mam, Unn. Fig. 291. Blooms in earliest spring,
before the Ivs. appear, the fls. resting nearly on the
ground : fls. rosy purple, white-spotted on the interior,
l-:{ from each bulb: Ivs.
broad and channelled.
B.M. 153 (cf.Fig. 291).
''/f^ F.S. 11: 1149.- Bulbs
' should be taken up and
divided eve.-y 2 or 3
years. Plant in the fall.
Usually blooms in ad-
vance of the crocus.
L. n. B.
BnLBOPiHtLLUM
v.w,«f V ■■i^«ra«»v?5 •':• (Greek, bulb - Itaf).
l^-i^'i'^~-}\'r' Orchiddce(r, tribe £pi-
^^y'''<i': ^hidrece. Many species
i^^^r^" '. o^ trop. orchids, mostly
J^^^f-.' of the Old World, more
t'l^^BfeH^', I iifiE^'/V^-'. odd than ornamental.
Very few are known to
"j^ -'■^^SSBBfKSSS^^^i^^>m-m>~ cultivators. They are
:^S>clj^^^BKBiS8WiBf^^5^''^ '• plants with a stout,
yv TKrC»«^HiHwa K«f" ■ ~- "**->s ^'reepingrhizome, small
•yy^^fcj^^^^a^^rS^-' •■•. pseudobulbs bearing
^^•/4'^^^^^^^^xSr -;^^ one or two stiff Ivs, : lip
^^W'l^Sk^A£^ "•* • jointed, moving when
fiP''l^''^^\i(^!^i:i.^^- ' touched, sometimes
-j>t jjj^jj^. gg^ .jj racemes
or spikes, or solitary.
Require warm temper-
291. Bulbocodium vernum. a^ure and much water.
Do not dry them off.
They thrive on blocks or trunks of ferns. B. B^ceari,
Reichb. f., is one of the largest of orchids, its rhizomes
twining about trees, and its fls. emitting the vilest con- '
ceivable odor; see G.C. II. 11: 41, and 14: 326, 525;
B.M. G5G7.
L6bbii, Lindl. Leaf solitary, broadly lance-elliptic :
scape 1-fld., arising from the side of the pseudobulb,
shorter than the If.: fls. large and spreading (2 in.
across) ; sepals lanceolate and acuminate, yellow, more or
less marked with purple ; petals smaller, streaked purple ;
lip cordate-ovate, yellow and orange-dotted, not bearded.
Java. B.M. 4532. — Flowers in early summer. Once cata-
logued by Pitcher & Manda.
BULL, EPHEAIM W. The introducer of the Concord
grape lived a long, quiet, and useful life in Concord,
Masx., where he died S<^pt. 27. 1895, In his ninetieth year.
In commercial importance, the greatest event in the tar!y
history of American grapes was the intnxluction, early
in the fifties, of this variety of the northern fox-grape.
The first fruit of this grape was obtained in 1849. It«
exact origin is obscure. In 1840, Mr. Bull l>ought the
house in which he lived until his death. That year some
boys brought from the river some wild grapes, and
scattered them alwiut the place. A seedling appeared
from which Mr. Bull obtained a bunch of fruits in 1H43.
He planted seeds of this bunch, and a r«'sulting plant
fruited in 1849. This variety was named the Concortl.
It soon became the dominant grape in all eastern
America, as it was the first variety of sufficient hardi-
ness to carr>' the culture of the vine into every garden
in the land. It is a pregnant type, and has given rise to
no less than fifty honorable seedlings, which range in
color from greenish white to purple-black. The quality
of the fruit is excelled by many varieties, but the latter
usually demand more careful cultivation. The Concord
is the one most important type of American grape, and
the really successful commercial viticulture of the coun-
try <lates from its dissemination ; and yet this grape is
apuro native fox-grape, and evidently only twice removed
from the wil<l vine.
Ephraim W. Bull was loved of his neighbors and hon-
ored by every countryman who grows or eats a grape.
He made verj* little money from his variety, and (lied in
extreme poverty. The original vine is still preserved.
It is a sprout from the old root. l H. B.
BULLACE. A small wild or half-domesticated plum,
standing midway In-tween the cultivated European sort.s
(PrunuK domentica) and the wild sloe {P.Hpinosa). This
plum is usually referred to P. instititia, but it is so closely
related to the Damsons as to be best classified with them.
The Bullace would theTi take the botanical name of the
Damsons, P.dommticn, var. Dnmnscena (see Bot. Gaz.
27:481). This plum is rather common in parts of Eu-
rope, but is very seldom seen in America.
F. A. Waugh.
BUMELIA (ancient Greek name for an ash-tree).
SapotdceiP. Small trees or shrubs, usually spiny, with
rather small, entire, deciduous or persistent Ivs. and
small white fls. in axillary clusters: fr. an oblong black
drupe. About 20 species from S. N. America to Brazil.
None of them is of much horticultural value, but as
they grow naturally, mostly on dry, rocky or sandy soil,
they may be used sometimes with advantage for plant-
ing in similar situations. Prop, by seeds.
lanugindsa, Pers. Tree, sometimes 50 ft. : Ivs. oblong-
obovate or cuneate-obovate, rounded and often apiculate
at the apex, dark green and lustrous above, tomentose
beneath, sometimes nearly glabrous at length, 1-2)^ in.
long : clusters many-fld. ; pedicels slender hairj' : fr.
oblong or obovate, i^in. long. S. S.5:247. S. states
north to S. Illinois, west to Texas. — This species and B.
lycioXdes, Pers., are the hardiest. They have proved
hardy in very sheltered positions even in Massachu-
setts ; besides these, B. amjustifoUa, Nutt., and B.
Umax, Willd., are the most common species in the S.
states. B. Pdlmeri, Rose, from Mex., is illustrated in
G.F. 7:196. Alfred Rehder.
BUFHANE (Greek, eattle-deafroyer, alluding to poi-
sonous properties) . A ma rylliddcew. Two or three South
African bulbs, practically unknown in this country.
They are large plants, with many red fls. in an umbel.
Perianth tubular, segments equal and narrow, spread-
ing : stamens 6, exserted : Ivs. long and sword-like,
thick. See Baker, Amarjilideae.
dlsticha, Herb. {B. toxicdria. Herb., ff(emdnthu8
toxicdrius, Thunb. ). Bulb, 6-9 in. in diam. : Ivs. sev-
eral, distichous, 1-2 ft. long : peduncle or scape stout
(6-12 in. high) and solid, compressed, glaucous, bearing
a dense umbel. B.M. 1217. — Sparingly offered in this
country. Lvs. said to be very poisonous to cattle in
S. Afr. ; bulb furnishes arrow poison for the natives.
Another species is B. cilidrifi, Herb., with fewer,
shorter lvs., and shorter peduncle, bearing 50-100 fls.
Not known to be in the Amer. trade. l, g^ g.
196
BUPHTHALMUM
BUXUS
BUPHTHALMUM (Greek for ox-eye). CompdsUce.
A few Eluropean and W. Asian perennial herbs, some-
times grown in the hardy border. Heads large, with
long yellow rays : Ivs, alternate, entire or dentate :
pappus short, often connate into a corona : _akene8
g'abrous. Showy plants of easy culture.
specioaissimum, Ard. Lvs. cordate and clasping, the
upper ones oval and acuminate : heads solitary on the
ends of the stems : 2-5 ft., flowering in July and later.
salicifdlium, Linn. {B. grand! fldrunif Linn.). Lvs.
oblong-lanceolate. 3-nerved, somewhat pubescent and
slightly serrate : fls. solitary and terminal, large : lower
than the last.
specidsom, Schreb. (B. cordifbUtim, Waldst. & Kit.).
Lvs. very large, cordate, coarse-serrate : tis. very large
and showy, on an upward-thickened peduncle : 'A-A ft.,
blooming in June and later. B. M. ;W60, as Telekia spe-
«*^'*"- L. H. B.
BUFLEUSUM (Greek, ox and rib : of no obvious ap-
plication ) . Cm bellifertp. Weedy plants of the Old World,
of which one {B. rotttndifoUuM, Linn.), is naturalizec*
in the Eastern states, anc. another {B. falcatum, Linn.',
is cult, in Japan for greens (A.G. 13: 9).
BUBBtDGEA (after F. W. Burbidge, who discoveret.
It in Borneo). ScifamindceKP. A monotypic genus allied
to Hedychium, but with no lateral perianth segments and
the lip reduced to a small blade. The showy orange-
scarlet fls. rival cannas in brilliancy. For culture, see
Alpinia and Hedychium.
nitida, Hook. f. Tender herbaceous perennial : height
2-3 ft. : rootstock creeping, matted : stems tufted, slen-
der : leaf -blades glossy, 4-4) in. long, eared at junction
with the sheath : panicle terminal, 4-6 in. long, many-
fld, ; inner p.^rianth tube 1-lV^ in. long ; outer segments
134-2 in. long, orange-scarlet, the dorsal one shorter
and more roundish than the 2 lateral ones. B. Jf. 6403.
Sold by Siebrecht & Son.
BUBCH£LLIA (W. Burchell, botanical traveler).
Hubiiicert'. One species from S. Afr., an evergreen
shrub, with opposite short-petioled lvs. and dense ter-
minal clusters of sessile scarlet fls.: corolla tubular,
bell shaped ; stamens ,5. inserted in the tiibe : fr. a 2-
celled, many seeded berry. B. Cap^nsis, R. Br., is in
the Amer. trade, being cult, for its rich, dark foliage
and brilliant fls. It is very variable, and has received
several names. 3-10 ft. Prop, bv cuttincs. Grown un-
der glass. B.M.2339. R.H. 1886:"420. J.H. IIL 34: 81.
BUBDOCK. See Arctium.
BUKLINGTONIA. See Fodriguezia.
SUBNET (Poterium Sanguisdrba, Linn.). A hardy
rosaceous perennial, the piquant lvs. of which are some-
times used in flavoring soups and salads. The dried
roots are occasionally used as a family remedy. Burnet
Is little known in this country as a condimental herb.
It is worthy a place in the hardy border for the orna-
mental character of its odd-pinnate lvs. and its little
heads of fls. with drooping stamens. The leaflets are
very dark green, ovate and notched. .Stems 1-2 ft. high,
bearing oblong or globular monoecious heads. Of easiest
culture, either from seeds or by division of the clumps.
Native of Europe. L_ g g^
BUENING-BUSH. See Euonymus.
BUKElfiLIA. SeeJ?aeW«.
BUESABIA {Bursa, a pouch, alluding to the shape
of the pods). Pittosporcicete. Two species of shrubs
with white fls. in clusters ; sepals, petals and stamens
each 5 : fr. a 2-loculed capsule, in shape like that of the
Shepherd's Purse.
spindsa, Cav. An elegant spiny shrub or small tree,
with drooping branches and pretty white fls., produced
in summer : lvs. small, oblong-cuneate, alternate and
nearly sessile : fls. small, lateral or terminal, mostly
terminal. Australia, Tasmania. B.M. 1767.— Cult, in
S. California.
ee
BUBS£BA (Joachim Bursvir, a disciple of CVpar
Bauhinl. Burserdceie. Generally tall trees, ivith sim-
ple or pinnately compound lvs.: fls. small, m dusters
4-0 parted, with twice as many stamens as petals or
sepals, an<i a 3-pai :ed ovary containing 6 ovuK-s : fr. a
3-parted drupe with usually (mly 1 seed. About 40 spe
cies of trees in tn)pical America. For B. servidta je<
Protitim.
Simarubra, Sarg. {B. gummifera, Jncq.). Lvs. odd-
pinnate, with 3-5 pairs of Ifts. ; Ifts. ovate, acute, mem-
branous, smooth on both •sides, entire, the netted veins
prominent on the under side : fls. in a very kuottv ra-
ceme, 4-6 parted : fr. a drupe, with a 3-valved sui-culent
rind and 3-5 nuts. .\ tall tree with a straight trunk and
spreading head, found in Florida, Mexico, and (.intra!
America an<i the West Indies. — It yields a sweet, aro-
matic balsam, which is used in tropical America as a
medicine for internal and external application ; dried
it is known in the trade as Chibou, or Cachibou re^in!
c. Gomart resin. It is a hardy greenhouse plant, ami
chrives in a compost of loam and peat. Prop, by cut-
tings under glass, with bottom heat.
G. T. Hastings.
BU&3-FBUITS. A term used to designate those
small fruits which grow on wotxly bushes. It inchides
all small-fruits — as that term is used in America— ex-
cept strawberries and cranberries. Bush-fruits is an
English term, but it has been adopted i-itely in this
country, notably in Canl's book on "Bush-F/uits." The
common bush-fr-'its are currants, goosebeni'js, rasp-
berries, blackberries, and dewberries.
BUTEA (Earl of Bute). Leguminr<v. Three or four
species of trees or woody vines of In>i;:i and China, with
deep scarlet, papilionaceous ds. iti racemes and pinnate
lvs. In the Old World rarely grown in stoves. In this
country, one is cult, in S. Calif.
fronddsa, Koxbg. A leafy tree, yieldiner gum or lac :
Ifts. 3, roundish, pubesceiit beneath, the lateral ones
unsymmetrical : fls. 2 in. long, orange-crimson, very
ehowv ; stamens 9 together and 1 free. India. — Reaches
a height of 50 ft.
BUTOMUS (Greek, hous, ox, and temno, to cut; the
leaves too sharp for the mouths of cattle). Alismkcea.
Hardy perennial a<|uatic of easy culture on margins of
ponds. Prop, by division. All the species are referred
by DC, in Mon. Phan., vol. 3, to B. iimbellafuK, or to
th: Austraiiiin Butomopsis, which is also a monotypic
genus.
umbelli tug, Linn. Fi.owering Rush. Rhizome thick:
lvs. 2-3 ft. loug, iris-like, sheathing at the base, 3-<*or-
nered : fls. rose-colored, 25-30 in an umbel, on a long
scape ; sepals 3 ; petals 3. Summer. Eu., Asia.
BUTTERCUP. Species of Banunculus.
BUTTERFLY WEKD. Asclepias tuberosa.
BUTTEENUT. See Juglans.
BUTTON-BUSH is Cephalanthus.
BUTTONWOOD. Consult Platanus.
BUTTEEWOET. See Pin^juicuU.
BUXUS (ancient Latin name). Euphorhihcecf. Box
Tree. Evergreen shrubs or small trees : lvs. opposite,
short-petioled, entire, almost glabrous, coriaceous and
rather small : fls. montpcious, in axillary or tenuinal
clusters, consisting usually of one terminal pistillate
flower, with 6 sepals, and several lateral stamiuate tls.
with 4 sepals and 4 stamens : fr. an obovate or nearly
globular 3-pointed capsule, separating into 3 valres.
each containing 2 shining black seeds. About 20 specie*
in the mountains of Cent, and E. Asia, N. Afr., and S.
Eur., also in W. India and C. Amer. Ornamental ever-
green shrubs of dense but rather slow growth, with
shining, small foliage and inconspicuous fls. and fr.
The common Box Tree and B. microphylhi may he
grown in sheltered positions even north, while B. WaU
iichiana and B. Balearica, two very distinct and hand-
i«t.
BUXUS
BUXUS
197
some species, iettow in the warmer temperate rei^ons
onlv. li. »empervire»K stands pninin^ very well, and
in the ohl formal frardens of Europe was fomxerly much
used for hedges, and sometimes trimmed into the most
fantast'cal shapes ; the dwarf variety is still often
plante<' for bordering flower beds. The very hard and
olose->. rained wood is in great demand for engraving
and finer tnmery work. The Box Tree thrives in almost
any well-drained soil, and best in a partially shaded
position. Prop, by cuttings from mature wood early in
392. Puxus sempervirens.
(X ].,.)
I'he lower spray shows
toe uuder surface.
fall, kept during thj» winter in the cool greenhouse or
under handlights in J^he open ; in more temperate re-
gions they may be inser^ed in a shaxly place in the open
air: 4-<J in. is the best si/.e for outdoor cuttings. Layers
will also make good plarts. The dwurf variety is usu-
ally i>ropagated by division. In planting borders, it is
essential to insert the divided plants deeply and as firmly
as possible, and to give plenty of water the Urst time.
Seeds are sown soon after maturity, but it takes a long
time to raise plants of good size from them.
sempervirens, Linn. Com>ion Box Tree. Fig. 292.
Shrub or small tree, to 2i; ft.: branches quadrangular,
sparingly pubescent : 1 .. oval-oi>lor.g or oval, rarely
roundish oval or lanceolate, usually obtuse, J^-IH in.
long : fls. in axillary clusters ; staminate fls. sessile,
with a gland half as long as the calyx in the center. S.
Eur., N. Afr., Orient, CI ina. Very variable in size,
color and shape of the Ivs. ; some of the most cultivated
forms are the following : Var. angustifdlia, Loud, (var.
longifdUa, Hort.; var. uttUcifoHa, Ho'i^.). Lvs narrow,
oblong-lanceolate, usually shrubby. Var. arbor^scens,
Ijinn. Tall shrnb or small tree : lvs. usually oval. Var.
argdnteo-marginita, Hort. Lvs. edged white. Var.
aurea, Hort. Lvs. yellow. Var. atireo-margin&ta, Hort,
Lvs. edged yellow. Var. sufiraticdsa, Linn. (var. nf>«o,
Hort.). Dwarf : lvs. small, oval or obovate : tlowering
clusters usually only terminal.
Jap^oica, Muell. Arg. (B. obcorddta, Hort. /?. F6r-
tunei, Hort.). Shnib, C ft.: lvs. cuneate, obovate or
roundish obovate, obtuse or emarginate at the apex,
yi~\M in. long, with usually pubescent petioles ; clus-
ters axillary ; staminate fls. sessile, with a central gland
as long as the calyx. China, Japan.— Nearly a.^ hardy as
the former. There are also some variegated forms.
microph^'lla, Sieb. & Zucc. {B. Japdnica, var. micro-
phf/lla, Muell. Arg.). Dwarf, often prostrate shrub,
quite glabrous : lvs. obovate or obovate-lanceolate, J^-1
in. long : clusters mostly terminal ; staminate fls. ses-
sile, with a central gland, like the former. Japan.
BaieArica, Willd. Shrub, 6-15 ft.: lvs. elliptic or
oblong, acute or obtuse at the apex, 1-2 in. long, light
green : clusters axillary : staminate fls. pedicelled. S.
Spain, Balear. — Handsome shrub, but less hardy than
the former.
li. CalUomica, Lk. = Slmmondala Californifa.— .R. Fdrtunti,
Hort. = B. Jajwnica.— If. Hdrlandi, Ilance. Branches pul>es-
ceut : lvs. narrow obovate, emarginate, %-ll4 i"- long. China.
— li. litnyifolia, Boiss. Lvs. narrow-elliptic or lanceolate, 1-1%
in. long. Orient. China. —i?. lonpifolia, Hort. = B. sempervi-
rens, var. anewstifolia.— 7f. WallichiaDn, Baill. Branches pu-
bescent : lvs. liueai--elliptic, 1-2)^ in. long. Himalnyas.
Al.:^K£D ReHDUB.
CABBAOE. Brdssica olerdcea, Linn., is a crucifer-
ous plant which grows wild on the sea-cliflFs of we&tem
and southern Europe. Fi^s. 293 and 294. from nature,
^S/^
293. W^ild Cabbaee on the cliffs of the English Channel.
show the common form as it grows on the chalk cliffs of
the English Channel. It is a perennial plant, or per-
haps sometimes a biennial, with a very tough and woody
root, a diffuse habit, and large, thick, deep-lobed leaves
in various shades of green and reddish, and more or
less glaucous. The leaves of this plant were probably
eaten by the barbarous or half -civilized tribes ; and when
history begins, the plant ha(' been transferred to culti-
vated grounds and had begun to produce dense rosettes
or heads of leaves. It a]>pear8 to have been in general
use before the Aryan migrations to the westward. There
were several distinct types or races of the Cabbage in
cultivation in Pliny's time.
From the one original stock have sprung all the forms
of Cabbages, Caulirtowers, Brussels Sprouts and Kales.
For this family or group of plants the English language
has no generic name. The French include them all under
the term Chou, and the Germans treat them under A'o/j/.
These various tribes may be "^-lassified as follows (cf.
De CandoUe, Trans. Hort. Soc. London, 5, 1-43 ; Prodr.
1.213):
Var. ac6phala, DC. The various headless Cabbages.
It comprises the Kales, in many types and varieties, as
the tall or tree Kales, Curled or Scotch Kales, and Col-
lards. The Georgia Collards, gro\\'n in the south and
shipped to northern markets, is shown in Fig. 295. Its
likeness may be found wihl on the cliffs of the south-
eastern coast of England to-day. A Curled Kale is
shown in Fig. 29(J. The thick, tender leaves of the Kales
are used as "greens." See Collards and Kah.
Var. gemmlfera, Hort. The bud-bearing Cabbage, or
Brussels Sprouts i see Fig. 273). In this group, the main
stem or axis is tall and erect, and the axillary buds are
developed into little heads.
V^ar. capit&ta, DC. The head-bearing, or true Cab-
bages. In this tribe, the main axis is short and thick,
and the leaves are denselv packed into a gigantic bud or
head (Figs. 297, 298). the varieties of Cabbage are
very numerous and various. A serviceable classification
of them might follow this order:
A. Lvs. plain (not blistered).
B. Head oblong or conical (Fig. 299).
c. Green.
CC. Red.
BB. Head oblate or flattened (Fig. 299), including c and
CC, as above.
AA. Lvs. blistered or puckered. The Savoy Cabbages, Fig.
300 iB. olerdcea, var. bulldta, DC), to be further di^
vided, as in A.
Var. botr^tis, DC. Cauliflower and Broccoli, in which
the head is formed of the condensed and thickened
flower-cluster. See Cauliflower.
The Chinese Cabbage is a wholly different species
from the common Cabbages (see Brassica). It does not
form a compact and rounded head, but a more or less
open and soft mass of leaves, after the manner of Cos
Lettuce. It is of easy culture, but must be grown in the
cool season, for it runs quickly to seed in hot and dry
weather. l H. B. '
Ci'LTi'RE OF Cabbage. —The Cabbage is a gross feeder.
It endures much abuse. We may cover its leaves with
dust, dose it with all sorts of substances, mutilate its
leaves or roots as we choose, plant it in heavy clay,
black muck or pure sand, and it will do fairly well in
spite of all conditions if we but supply an abundance of
easily secured food and the right quantity of water to
enable the plant to take it in and make it available.
Next to plenty of food, its great requisite is a proper
supply of water, and, though its native home seems to
be near the ocean, it is by no means an aquatic, and suf-
fers as much from an over-supply of water as from any
untoward condition, '"iltbages cannot endure hot sun-
shine and dry air, ami ■ best at all stages of growth in
a cool, moist atmospl .e, and while young plants do
fairly well in a higher <.»ne, provided there is plenty of
light and air, the older ones cannot be made to form per-
fect heads in such weather as prevails in most parts of
the United States during the summer months. They are
quite hardy, and will endure a too low temperature' bet-
ter than one which is too high, their hardiness in this re-
spect depending largely upon the condition of the plant.
The leaves f>f one rapi«lly grown in a greenhouse will be
killed by 2° or 3° of frost, while it will take 20° to 25",
continued for some time, to kill one grown slowly out-
of-doors. It is clear that if the plant is to be grown suc-
cessfully in our southern states, it must be during the
cooler winter and spring months ; and at the north
seed-sowing must be so timed as to avoid bringing the
plants to a heading condition during hot weather. Cab-
bages can be grown without protection at the south
294. Wild Cabbage plant in seed.
wherever a minimum temperature of about 15° above
zero is the coldest that may be expected, and at the
north well-grown and hanlened plants for early crop
may be set out as soon as danger of a temperature btdow
about 20° above zero is passed. The earliest maturing
(198)
CABBAGE
CABBAGE
199
Tarieties-, when grown without check, will come into
headiug condition in about ninety days from the seed,
and the time necessary for the different sorts to perfect
heads varies from that to some 200 days for the lat^e.st.
In about sixty days from the seed the plant will be as
large as can be profitably transplanted, so that when
plants can be safely set out-of-doors early in March the
seed should be sown early in February, the date of sow-
ing to be determined by the local climatic conditions.
We think the best plan is to sow the seed in boxes,
about ',i inches deep, and of convenient size to handle,
filled with rather heavy but very friable soil. We plant
the seed in drills, about 2 inches apart, dropping about
tei. seeds to the inch. The seedlings need abundant
light and air, and the great danger to be guarded against
is their becoming soft and spindling through too high
temperature and the want of lighr. Thv^ should be fully
exposed whenever the weather will • mit. In from
fifteen to twenty days after sowing tLe seed the plants
should be "pricked out," setting them about 2 inches
apart, in a rich and somewhat heavier soil than was used
in the seed boxes, and as soon as well established they
should be given all the light and air possible. A few de-
grees of frost for a niirht will be an advantage rather
than an injury. It was formerly the custom, and one still
followed by some successful growers, to sow the seed in
the open ground in September, transplanting into cold-
frames in late October or November, and carry the plants
through the winter in a dormant or slowly growing condi-
tion. Such plants, being very hardy, can be set out early,
and. if all goes well, will mature somewhat earlier than
spring-grown plants, but this method is now generally
thought to be more expensive, less profitable and certain
than spring planting. For the later or general crop at
the north, and for those parts of the south where no pro-
tection is necessary, seed is sown in beds out-of-doors.
For this purpose, select a well-drained, level spot, of
rich, friable soil, as near the field where the crop is to
be grown as practicable, and get it into the best possible
condition as to tilth and moisture by repeated cultiva-
tion. In the latitude of New York, the latter part of
May or the first of June is considered the best time for
sowing seed for the general crop, but fine yields are
often obtained there from seed sown as late as the mid-
dle of July, and many of the most successful growers
wisely make several sowings, one as early as May 10,
and one or two later, so as to be sure to have plants in
the best condition for transplanting at the time when
the condition of the field and weather is favorable. The
seed should be sown in drills, about a foot apart, at the
rate of about fifty to the foot, or, if thicker, the plants
should be thinned to about one-fourth inch apart, as
sr .all roller, or, best of all, the foot ; this firming of the
soil is often quite essential to success. It is sometimes
the case that, in spite of all our efforts, the seed-bed be-
comes so dry that seed will not g' rminate. In such cases
one can often get a good stand by watering the ground
before planting, filling the drills two or three times with
295. Georsia Collards.
soon as fairly up. Some growers sow the seed and leave
the plants much thicker, but we think it pays to give
them plenty of room. The seed should be lightly cov-
ered, and the soil pressed lirmly over it with the hoe, a
296. Curhed Kale. Brassica oleracea, var. acephala.
water, and when it has settled away sow the seed and
cover with dry earth, well pressed down. In most cases
an attempt to wet the bed by sprinkling, either before
or after the seed is planted, will do more harm than
good. As soon as the starting seed breaks ground the
surface should be carefully stirred with a rake, and this
should be repeated at least as often as four times a week
un^il the plants are taken to the field.
A full stand of healthy, well-established plants is of
great importance, and does much towards assuring a
profitable crc»;). So important is it, that many growers
wait for damp weather before setting, regardless of the
season. We think they often make a mistake in doing
so, and, while a cloudy or damp day is desirable, it is of
far greater importance that our plants are set at the
proper time, and the moisture of the soil conserved by
cultivation before and stirring of the surface immedi-
ately after setting. Careful attention should be given
to so arrange the work that the young plants should be
taken up so as to save all the root possible, protected
from the sun, anfl set as soon as practicable. Just how
thi? can be best done will depend \ipon each planter's
circumstances and the help he has at his command.
There is one point in transplanting which is of especial
importance with Cabbage plants, that is that the roots
are not doubled ba<'k upon themselves. This is often
done by careless men, and some of the transplanting
machines are worthless because of this fault. A Cabbage
plant so set never does well, and seems to suffer much
more than if the root had been cut off instead of folded
back.
The Cabbage is very dependent upon a proper supply
of water, and suffers more from the want of it than most
of our garden vegetables. Its roots, though abundant
and of quick growth, are comparatively short, and less
capable of gathering moisture from a dry soil than those
of such plants as the bean. On the other hand, it is
quickly and seriously injured by an over-supply of
water at the root. Want of consideration of these ehar-
acteristics is a frequent cause of failure. Men seei.i to
think that, It.'cause the plant is a rank feeder, all that is
necessary is an abundant supply of food, and set tiiem
on rich, black soils, made up chiefly of vegetable mat-
ter, but so open that they quickly dry out during sum-
mer droughts and the plants die or Tail to do well, or
on lands so poorly drained that in a wet time the ground
is flooded and the plants drowned out. Not only shoul-'
we select ground where the natural water supply is
good, but one where the physical conditions are such
that we can conserve the soil moisture by frequent and
thorough cultivation, both before and after setting the
plants.
For the highest possible development, the evenness of
200
CABBAGE
CABBAGE
distribution and the de^ee to which the plant-food has
l)econie immediately available is of equal or greater
importance than the quantity. Land can be put into
the best condition for r&ising a maximun crop by a
heavy dressing of stable manure, thoroughly worked into
a well-drained, loamy soil, and repeating the process
yearly for several seasons. A much heavier dressing of
manure can be profitably applied to a soil which has
been well fertilized in previous years than to one which
has received little or none. The most successful grow-
ers use large quantities of manure, often as high as one
hundred tons to the acre. When stable manure cannot
be readily obtained, it may be supplemented by com-
mercial fertilizers, so made up as to contain about
seven parts of nitrogen to eight of available phosphoric
acid and about six of potash. If we depend entirely
upon fertilizers, we should use from 2,000 to 3,000 pounds
to the acre, and we should not forget that xipon all ordi-
nary soils the yield and profitableness of a crop of
Cabbage is largely dependent upon the amount of avail-
able and evenly distributed plant-food and the degree
to which the soil is kept always moist, and more with
conditions which can only be secured by frequent and
thorough cultivation.
Diseases and Sore of the Most Common Insect
Pests. — C7»<6-roo^— This is the effect of a fungus {Plas-
tnidiophora Brassicce), which develops within the cells
of the root, causing them to become distorted and the
plant to develop imperfectly or die. On the death of
the plant, the spores of the fungus become mixed with
the soil, where they lie dormant until roots of some
other host-plant come in contact with them, and tfie
conditions are favorable for their development. They
develop within several of our common weeds, and we
believe that the spores are to be found in most of our
cultivated fields, and need only favorable conditions to
develop. We have found that the disease is seldom
troublesome except where the cultural conditions, par-
ticularly as to moisture, are unfavorable to the Cab-
bage, and that the best preventive is careful attention
to the health and vigor of the plant. We know cf no
practical remedy where a plant or field is badly affected.
Flea Beetle.— A small, quick-moving black insect
(Phi/Uotreta vittata), which sometimes destroys the
seedlings before they have formed true leaves. By at-
tending to them promptly, we have always succeeded in
protecting our plants by dusting them with tobacco
dust, used liberally and as often as necessary, which
may be twice a day. A great deal depends upon using
the tobacco as soon as the first beetles appear. It is a
great deal easier to keep them off than to dislodge them
after they are«once there.
Cabbage Boot Maggot (Phorhia Bra ssic(r).— This is
the larva of a fly very much like the common house fly,
though a little smaller. They appear in the latitude
preventive, only practicable for use on early plants of
high prospective value, is to surround the plants with
shiel«ls formed of octagon pieces of tarred paper about
three inches across, and having a small hole in the cen-
ter, from which there is a slit to one edge, by means of
297. A modern Cabbage head— Early Flat Dutch.
of Detroit early in May, and the female deposits her
eggs in the ground at or close to the plant, usually put-
ting her abdomen into the opening in the soil formed
])y the movement of the plant by the wind. The eggs
hatch in a few days, and the magg<»ts feed upon the
roots and soon destroy them. An effective but costly
298. Section of Cabbaee I Jad.
Showing the thickened rachis and leaf-stalks, and the
buds in the axils.
which the guard can be slipped around the plant and
pressed down on the ground, so that the fly is prevented
from laying her eggs in the earth, and, laid on the sur-
face, they will perish for want of moisture. We have
also done much to prevent injury by scattering among
the plants bits of sticky fly-paper, by means of which a
great many of the flies are caught and killed. It is
important that the paper should be put out early, so as
to catch as many as possible before they have laid their
eggs. In the seed-bed, the maggot can be destroyed by
injecting bisulfide of carbon about the roots from a
svringe, or pouring it into a hole and quickly closing
the hole (cf. Slingerland, Bull. 78, Cornell Exp. Sta.).
The Green Cabbage Worm (PiVWs i?a;j<F).— We have
succeeded best in protecting our young plants from
worms by spraying with Paris green and water in
about the proportions used for potato bugs. As the plants
become larger, and the use of the poison objectionable,
we dust the plants with pyrethrum powder, which, if
pure, will be very effective.
Harvesting, Storing and Marketing.— Nearly all
of a well-grown crop of Cabbage of a good stock will
mature at about the same time, and, while the earlier
sorts remain in prime condition but a few days, the
later ones remain so for two or three weeks, and can be
stored so as to be salable for several months. Often the
maturing of the crop can be delayed to advantage by
partially pulling the plants and pressing them over to
the north. The southern crop is usually marketed from
the field as soon as it is fit, being sent forward in open
crates containing from two to ten dozen heads. The
early fall market is usually supplied by local growers,
who deliver direct to retailers. The late fall crop is
often shipped long distances in open or well ventilated
cars. At the north they may be stored till spring. We
have tried more than a'score of •highly praised methods
of storing, and found that each, under certain condi-
tions, had advantages, but we have found that generally
the best and most certainly successful plan, at least for
the latitude of Detroit, is' to store in trenches, as fol-
lows : Plow and replow several times a strip of well-
drained sandy land, where there is no danger from sur-
face water, and open a trench some 10 inches deep and
about 20 inches wide. Then pull the Cabbages, remove
a few of the outer leaves, stand them on their heads for
CABBAGE
CABBAGE
201
a few hours, that any wator at the base of the leaves may
escape, and set them in the trench, heads up and as com-
pactly as possible, throwing a little earth over the roots
as we do so. We have found it profitable to build a roof
of four rotigh boards over thera, but this is not essen-
tial, and they may be slightly covered with corn-stalks
or other coarse litter, or even the refuse leaves of the
299. Jersey Wakefield Cabbage.
Cabbage may be used. As soon as there is danger of
frost, cover with earth, to protetL them from it and the
rain. If the boards are used, they should be covered
with earth in the same way, and in both cases the cov-
ering should be increased as the weather grows colder,
and if it should be very cold, a covering of straw or
coarse manure is desirable. The aim is to protect the
heads from rain, but to keep them moist and at an even
temperature — one of about 32° is best, and one some-
what lower is less objectionable than one much higher.
The cost of growing an acre of general crop or late
Cabbage on good ground, not including ground rent, is
about as follows : Fertilizer, $20 to $40 ; preparation of
the ground, $10 ; growing and setting about 8,000 plants,
$13 ; cultivating and hoeing, $10 ; harvesting and mar-
keting, $10. The yield should be about 7,.')00 heads,
making the cost of growing a!)out one cent a head.
Varieties.— The Cabbage has been made more valu-
able to man by the development of a tendency to form
more and larger leaves, and thickening them with thick-
walled cells deposited both in the blade and the ribs.
There has also been a shortening of the stem, particu-
larly at the top, until the upper leaves are crowded and
folded over each other and form a bud or head, the inner
portion of which becomes blanched, tender and sweet,
and, through the loss of much of the naturally strong
taste, well-flavored. The thicker the leaves and the more
solid the head, the sweeter, more tender and better fla-
vored the Cabbage. If the leaves are long and narrow,
with large midrib and little blade at the base,
the upper part of the head may be solid ; but
the lower i)art, being made up chiefly of the
thickened midribs, will be open and coarse.
If the leaves are broad and proportionately
too short, they will not lap well over each
other, and the head will be soft and even
open at the center. Many varieties have been
developed, differing in season of maturity,
shape of head, etc., and adapted to different
cultural or iiiarket conditions. JMany of them,
though differing in some point, are essentially
identical, and, as the list is an ever-increasing
and constantly changing one, we would refer
our readers to the "various seedsmen's cata-
logrues for descriptions, onh- speaking of a
few representative sorts of the different types,
between which there are many intermediate
forms.
Jersey Wakefield (Fig. 299), Express, Netr
York. — These are small-growing, early-ma-
turing and small-headed sorts. Under favor-
able conditions they become fit for use in
from 90 to 110 days from seed, and contiime in
edible condition but a comparatively short
time. The plants are compact and erect-growing, with
very thick, smooth and smooth-edged leaves, and are
very hardy. The hearts are small, as compare<l with the
later sorts, more or less conical in shape, quite solid,
and of good quality. Owing to the hardiness and com-
pact habit of the plants, tbej* are the best sorts for forc-
ing under glass and early spring planting at the north,
and for winter culture at the south.
Winm'i/.'ifadf is in some respects much like the above,
but is larger in plant and head, somewhat later, and a
much better keeper. The heads are sharply conical, with
the leaves convolute rather than overlapping at the top,
and very hard ; of good quality, and remain a long time
in conditi(m for use. The type is very sure heading and
hardy, and will form good heads under circumstances
where most others would fail.
Jlenderson's Early Sumtuer, Early Flat Dutch (Fig.
297), All -Head, are strong-growing, vigorous sorts, be-
coming fit for use in from 100 to 140 days, and continuing
in condition nmch longer than the Wakefield type. The
plants are large, spreading, with large, broad, smooth,
thick leaves, anil form a more or loss flattened, oval head
of good size ; solid, and of good quality. They are best
adapted to early fall use.
Late Flat Dutch, Stone Mason, Late Drumhead. —
Strong-growing, sj) reading plants, forming very large,
solid hea«ls in from 120 to 180 days, and remaining a long
time in usable condition. They are th« best type for
general crop, will give the largest yield, and keep well
through the winter.
Hollander, Ltixemhurg. — A type of Danish'"origin,
which has become quite popular of late years, particu-
larly for shipping long distances. The ])lants are strong-
growing and the hardiest of all, enduring with but little
injury frost or drought which wouM ruin other sorts.
They come to maturity slowly, and form a comparatively
small but very hard round head of good ciuality, which
keeps well and which, because of its shape and solidity,
can be handled in shipping better than most sorts.
Savoy (Fig. 300). — A class of Cabbage in which the
leaves of both the plant and head are cnimpled or sa-
voyed instead of smooth, as in the preceding. There are
varieties of all the types found in smooth-leaved sorts,
thou;!:h generally they are less certain to form good
heads, and the heads are smaller. As a class they are
very hardy, particularly as to cold. They are extensively
grown in Europe, where they are esteemed to be much
more tender and delicate in flavor than the smooth-
leaved sorts.
Ifed Cabbage.— A class of which there are many varie-
ties, and in which the leaves of the plant are dark pur-
ple and those of the head bright red. The heads are
300. Savoy Cabbaee.
small, but usually very solid, and are especially esteemed
for use as "cold slaw."
Seed-«kowino. — It is only through the constant exer-
cise of the utmost care and skill in the growing of the
202
CABBAGE
CACALIA
seed that this or any other vegetable can be improved,
or even its present gooti qualities maintained. It would
8eem to be an easy matter to save and use only the seed
of a few of the most perfect Cabbages, for the plant is
capable of enormous seed production. We have known
a single plant to yield 35 ounces of seed, enough,
if every seed grew, to furnish the plants for 50 acres;
but it is not quite so easy as this showing would make
it — lirst. because the yield mentioned is an exceptional
one. and, secondly, because it is very seldom that an
isolated plant yields a crop of seed. The flower of the
Cabbage is sexually perfect, and I think there is no dis-
covered reason why individual plants are self-impo-
tent, but we have never succeeded in getting more
than a very few seeds from an isolated plant, either in
the open air or when enclosed in an insect-tight struc-
ture of glass and cloth, in which a nuniluT of lu'es were
confineci. Again, we have repeatedly isolated the best
plant of an hundred, setting the rest in a block, and the
few seeds obtained from the isolated one pro<iuce<l plants
showinji more variation, ami quite inferior in evenness
an<i type, than thoso from the block. At least one of our
popular varieties is made up of the descendants of a
single isolated plant, but it is a curious fact that in the
second and subseqiu>nt generati«>ns the stock was very
dilTerent in type from that of the selecte<i plant from
which it was descended. The originator of one of our
best varieties maintains that it is essential to the pnxluc-
tion of the best seed of that sort that seed-plants of very
different types should be set together, and by crossing
they will produce and give plants of the desired type.
In spite of those facts, we believe that the general rule
and practice which give the best results with other plants
are equally desirable for the Cabbage, and that in this,
as with other plants, we should first form a distinct and
exact conception of the plant we wish to proiluce, and
then raise seed from the one which comes nearest to that
ideal. It would s<>em that the necessity of a distinct and
well defined ideal of exactly what we want to produce
would be self-evident, but some seed-growers have a
very vague idea of the exact type wanted. Some years
ago we visited the originator of one of our best varieties,
for the purpose of learning what he considered the type
oi the variety. He was an iutelligrent man, a good culti-
vator, and had been growing this strain for over twenty
years. He took us into a field of as handsome Cabbages
as we ever saw. but which were far from uniform. We
asked him to select an ideal plant of his strain, and care-
fully noted its every characteristic. Going to another
part of the field, we asked him to select another, and he
picked out one which in color, shape, and general charac-
ter of the crop, was very different from the first. Both
were fine market Cabbages, but so different that if either
were taken as the true type of the variety, the other
should be thrown out of a seed crop as being a different
sort. Third and fourth selections were intermediate
between the first two. and the fifth very nearly like the
first. This man ha<l been growing this strain for twenty
years, and was intt-nt upon developing a strain of supe-
rii»r (juality for marketintr, and in his selection and
breeding had looked solel;. to the selling quality of the
heads. His course was as unwise as it would be for a
breeder of Jersey cattle to breed from black, red, white,
big or little cows, regardless ot anything but the qual-
ity of their milk. Having formed a carefully consid-
ered ideal, we sliould select from 10 to 10*0 of the
plants which come nearest to it. and from these make
an extra selection of about one-tenth of the best. We
would set the whole lot in a nearly sqtiare block, with
the extra selections in the 'H'uter. We would save and
plant seed from each extra select plant by itself, and
having, by very careful examination, ascertained which
lot adiiered most closely and evenly to our ideal type,
w«»uld select our ]>lants for next year's seeding from it.
rather than use tlie be^t individual plants foun<l in all
the lots. Experience has satisfied us that by this method
we can gradually fix and improve our stocks, and grow
seed much better than that usually produced.
In commercial see<l-growing, they aim to so time the
planting that the crop will be just coming to maturity
at the time of storing for winter. Mixtures and inferior
plants can be detected and thrown «mt then as well hs
when the plants are fully matured, iumI the younger
plants will (go through the winter and seed better thaa
those which are fully ripe when put away for the win-
ter. The plants are usually wintered in the manner
described for storing for market use. except that the
trench is usually narrower. The plants are set out for
seed-bearing as early as possible in the spring. It ig
usually necessary to carefully open the head by two
cross-cuts with a knife in order to let the tender "seed-
stalk break through. The plants are given double or
treble the space which they required the first year. It
is generally true that the more developed and better the
stock, the smaller the yield of seed, y^^ -^ Tiiact
CABdMBA (aborjginal name). yymph<T(\cea>. Haifa
dozen aquatics of the western hemisphere, with small
flowers having persistent sepals and petals, e.ach 3 or 4
and stamens few ; carpels '2-^i, free and distinct, and
submerged Ivs. finely dissected and mostly opposite.
CaroIiniJina, Gray (C. aqudfica, DC, not Aubl. c.
riridi folia, Hort.). Floating Ivs. green, oblong-linear:
fls. white, with 2 yellow spots at base of each petal •
stamens G. N. Car., S. an«l W. A.G. 15:157. — ('. mmt^.
fdlia, Hort., is a form with reddish Ivs. A.G. 15:157,
The true C. aqudtica. Aubl.. of trop. Amer., with
vellow fls. and nearly orbicular floating Ivs., is shovni
in B.M. 7090. l. H, B
Cdhomba CaroUniana is very largely used by growers
of aquatics. It is one of the indispensable plants for
the aquari'ira. It is grown largely in North Carolina,
District of Columbia an<l Maryland, where it can be ob-
tained in quantities during the year for persons in the
large eastern cities, where it is commonly called Fish
Grass, Washington Grass, etc. It is tied in bunches with
a metallic fastening, "which acts as a \veight, thus re-
taining the same in a natxiral position in water. In a
moderate temperature it soon emits roots and grows
freely. It is a submerged plant, except in midsummer,
when the flowers are borne above the water, accompa-
nied by a few floating leaves. It is one of the best
plants for domestic fish. It also grows in New Jersey,
where it is quite hardy. C. rostr folia is tender, does not
retain its delightful carmine coloring under confinement,
and is not so often met, except in Florida.
William Thicker.
CAC Alia ( ancient Greek name ) . Cotnp6sit(F. Peren-
nial herbs, of which 9 or 10 are native to the U. S.
Florets all hermaphrodite, with white or flesh-colored
corollas, each of the 5 lobes with a midnerve : akenes
\1#' /J
301. Cactus forms.
CACALIA
CACTUS
203
riabroTis : Ivs. petioled. None of the species are known
to he in the Anier. trade, but some of the native kinds
may be expected to appear in commerce. For an account
of the N. Amer. species, see Gray, Syn. Fl., vol. 1, p. 2,
pp. ;tt)4-6.
CACALIA of the florists. See Emilia.
302. Showing the remarkable condensation of the plant
body in a cactus— Mamillaria micromeris.
CACALldPSIS (Cura?m-7/Av). CompSsiUr. One spe-
cie*, with discoid, very many-fld. lieads of perfect yel-
low florets, and palmate Ivs.
Narddsmia, Gray. Strontr perennial, 1-2 ft. hisrh,
IcHise, woolly, but becoming nearly glabrous : Ivs. nearly
all radical. long-stalke<l, .">-0-cl«'ft or parted, the lohes
dentate or cut: heads an inch high, in a loose cluster
at the summit of the nearly nakeci stem, fragrant. Pine
woo<ls. Calif, to Wash. — int. by Gillett in 1881 as a
border plant.
CACAO, COCOA. See Theobroma.
CACTUS, CACTI. The peculiar forms included under
this uame constitute the family CactiireiF. They are
especially characteristic of the warm and dry regions of
America, their display being greatest in Mexico, although
extending from the plains of North America and east-
ward southward through the West Indies and Mexico to
southern South America. Aside from certain African
species of Rhipsalis, this great family, containing about
1,000 known species, is absolutely restricted to Amer-
ica. The common prickly pear {Opuutitj F)ciis-I>HJ)ra)
has long been naturalized throughout the Mediterranean
reeitin. and its pulpy fruit is eaten under the name of
"Indian fig." The chief display of Cacti in the United
States is in the Mexican border states, representing
the nt)rthern edge of the still more extensive Mexican
display.
The peculiar habit of the family seems to be the re-
sult of perennial drotight conditions, to which they have
l)eoonie remarkably adapted. The two-fold problem pre-
sented by such ctmditions is the storage of water and
the regulation of its loss. As a result of water storage,
the plant bodies are chara<'teristica!ly succulent. Loss
of water by transpiration is re«luced to a mininuim by
heavy epidermal walls and ciiticle. and other anatomi-
cal devices, but perhaps still more by reducing the sur-
face exposure of the bodv in comparison with its mass
(Figs. 301, 302. 303). For the most part, foliatre l.'aves
have been abandone<l entirely, and their peculiar work
has been assumed by the superficial tissues of the stem.
The stem itself is flat or columnar or gli>bular. the la.st
form representing the least exposure of surface in pro-
portion to the mass. The lat«'rally developed leaves and
branches common to ordinary stems are generally re-
placed by various ephemeral or abortive structures, the
most notable of which are th
varied spines. The real natur*
puted question, and not a very important one. When
rudimentary leaves appear, as in Opuntia. they are
found subtending the cushion or area in connection
^th which the spines are developed. This area is
clearly an aborted branch, and the spines represent
lateral members upon it ; and most probably these
lateral members represent leaves. The Cactus forms are
not always leafless or compact, for'the species of Peres-
kia are climbing, woody forms, with well developed
petiolate leaves (Fig. 309); and even the well known
prickly pears (Opuntia) are more or less expanded, and
have very evident ephemeral leaves.
The flowers are usually conspicuous, in many cases
remarkably large an«l brilliantly colored. The sepals
and petals are nunien>us, arrang<Ml in several imbrica-
ting series ; the stamens are indefinite in number and
inserted at the base of the con^lla : the style is promi-
nent, with spreading, stigmatic lobes (Fig. 305). The
inferior ovan." contains numerous seeds, ripening into a
smooth or bristlv or spinv fleshy fruit, often edible
(Figs. 304, 30<)). '
The largest forms are species of Cereus. with huge,
columnar and fluted, spiny bodies, bearing a few clumsy
ascen<ling branches, said to sometimes attain a height
of 50 or t)0 feet. These arlmrescent forms are especially
developed in the drainage basin of the Gulf of Califor-
nia. On the western slopes of Mexico proper, and on
the eastern slopes of Lower California, these Cactus
trees occur in extensive forests, forming the so-called
"cardon forests."
In Bentham and Hooker's Genera Plant.annn, 13 gen-
era of Cncfacfcr are recognized, while in Engler and
Prantl's Pflanzenfamilien, recently i>\iblishf<l. Schu-
mann recognizes 20 genera. Of these 20 genera, 15 are
included in trade catalogues, and five of them are rep-
resented in the United States. Generic and specific
lines among the Cortacect are very indistinct, and the
greatest diversity of opinion in reference to them ex-
ists. The group seems to be a very modern one geolog-
ically, and unusually plastic, responding readily to
varying conditions, so that fonns that have been de-
scribed as distinct species will undoubtedly prove to be
but different phases of a single species. The confxision
has l)een further intensified by the description of nu-
merous garden forms. As a result, many catalogue
names are very uncertain, being applied differently in
or abortive structures, the I ' "'■'^^!3^^/?]^^"'T^'i^
e bristles and remarkably |_^^» " / *•.:•;•*••■:"'%-'
e of Cactus spines is a dis- f* «.,'■- '- - ,-■■ ^-^**-''<r?
303, Extreme condensation
* Felecyphora ase
of the plant
litormis.
body—
204
CACTUS
CACTUS
different garden collections. In addition to forms which
appear normal, various so-called "monstrosities" are
apt to arise, both in nature and in cultivation. These
304. Fruit of Cere us Martinii
abnormal forms are of two general types : one, in which
the body takes the form of a fan or contorted ridge, is
designated by the varietal name cristatus and its gender
equivalents ; the other, in which there is an irregular
bunching of branches, is designated in the same way
as var. monstroi!n,s.
A brief sjTiopsis of the 15 genera announced in trade
catalogues is as follows :
A. Calyx tube produced beyond the ovary: stems icith
tubercles or tuberculate ribs.
B. Stems short: fls. in axils of tubercles or ribs.
1. Melocactus. Nearly globular, strongly ribbed and
spiny, easily recognized by the distinct flower-bearing
crown. About 30 species, found chiefly in W. India and
Brazil.
2. Mamillaria. Fig. 302. Globular to short cylindri-
cal, not ribbed, but with prominent tubercles bearing
terminal clusters of spines, and fls. usually in zones.
The largest genus, nearly 300 species being recognized,
ranging from northern U. S. into S. Amer.
3. Pelecyphora. Fig, .303. Like the last, but the
spirally arranged tubercles are flattened, and bear two
rows of flat, overlapping, homy scales instead of spines.
A single Mexican species.
4. Anhalon^Tun. Low, flat -topped forms, the tubercles
spineless and resembling thick, imbricate scales. About
BB. Stems short: fls. terminal, on tubercles which
are often confluent into ribs.
5. Echinocactus. Globular to short cylindrical,
stroiigly ribbed forms. The second genus in th«' num-
ber of its species, 200 being recognized, ranging from
the U. S. to Chile and Brazil.
6. Malacocarpus. Closely resemlding the last, and
often iiu'iudfd under it. Distinguished by the W(>ollv
tuft at the very apex of the stem. About 8 species are
recognized, restricted to Brazil and Uraguay.
BBB. Stems mostly elongated, erect or climbing,
branching, ribbed or angled.
7. CereuB. Fig. 304. From almost globular to stout
columnar, or slt-nder, climbing, creeping (»r deflexed. A
genus of abovit 100 species, extending from the U. S.
into South America.
8. Pilocereus. Distinguished from the large, colum-
nar forms of Cereus by the development of abundant
white hairs instead of rigid spines. About 45 species
are recognized, ranging from Mexico to Brazil.
9. Echinopsis. Like columnar species of Cereus, but
ver>' short (sometimes glol>ose) and many-ribbed, with
remarkably elongated calyx tubes. About 10 species,
restricted to southern S. Amer.
10. Echinocereus. Like cylindrical species of Cereus,
but small, and with weak spines and short calyx tubes.
About 30 species, found in both N. and S. Amer.
305. Flower of Phyllocactus.
6 species, all Mexican, one of which is found in the U.
S. The proper name of this genus is Ariocarpus. By
xnany it is considered as belonging to Echinocactus.
306. Fruit of Phyllocactus angrulieer.
BBBB. Stems flattened or winged, jointed.
11. Phyllocactus. Figs. 305, 306. Mostly epiphytic,
the joints flat, becoming thin and leaf-like upon cylin-
drical stems. About 12 species are recognized in Cent,
and S. Amer.
12. Epiphyllum. An epiphyte, with numerous hang-
ing, many-jointed stems. A single S. American species,
the other species usually referred to this genus belong-
ing to Phyllocactus. ^ * ^
AA. Calyx tube not produced beyond the ovary : stems
branching and jointed.
13. Bhipsalis. Small, epiphytic forms, with joints
ribbed, cylindrical or flat, with or without bristles. A
genus of 50 species, chiefly developed in Cent, and S.
America.
14. Opuntia. Figs. 307. 308. Branching, jointed forms,
the joints flat or cylindrical, usually bristly and spiny.
A large genus of 150 species, ranging from central N.
Amer. to Chile. The cylindrical forms belong to the
more desert regions, while the flat-jointed forms, or
"prickly pears," as a rule occupy conditions not so ex-
tremely dry.
1"). Fereskia. Fig. 309. Climbing, woody forms, with
perfectly developed Ivs. About 15 species are known,
ranging from Mexico to Argentine. The name is ordi-
narily written Pereskia.
The completest monograph of Cacti, with descriptions
of species, is Schumannn's Gesammtbeschreibung der
Kakteen, Berlin, 1899. Jqhn M. Coulteb.
CACTUS
CACTUS
205
CrLTrRE or Cacti.— To enable one to
hop*" to be fairly successful in the culti-
vation of a collecti<m of Cacti, it may be
well to observe the following sug^es-
tions : Always endeavor to secure plants
in May or early June, as at that time
any wVmnds caused by pa<king or in
transportation become quickly healed,
ami a perfect callus is formed, which
(reneraily prevents further decay. Again,
alwavH be sure that the plant is in per-
fect condition before it is potted. Plants
collected from their native habitats are
usually received without roots ; or, if
they have roots, they will be found, in
most cases, to be so injured that, for
the safety of the plant, they w^ould better
be takeu off close to the plant with a
sharp knife. This done, priweed to closely examine
the plant, and be sure that every part of it is per-
fectly free from all signs of sickness or rot. Plants
which have been on the roatl only a few days may arrive
with a certain percentage dead. Such plants undoubt-
edly looked good while being pa<'ked, but a careful
examination would have shown them to be unfit for
sale. If, on esaminatiim, any sign of sickness or decay
should be found, let the batl parts be at once taken out
until healthy tissue is re".ohed, after which place the
plants in full exposure to sun and wind, allowing them
to so remain until every atom of the treated part has
become covered with a dry and perfect callus. It may
sometimes be found necessary to use a hot iron where
decay is doing ver\' rapid work. When the plant re-
ceived 's very large and old, or the bottom has become
hard, dry and woody, or the roots injured, then at once
cut off the woody bottom up to living tissue ; and plant
only after the woun<l has been dried thoroughly. Treated
thus, the plant will produce, in most cases, an abundant
supply of new roots in a very short time, and thus give
a virtually young plant ; but if any old, woody part is
left on. the chances will be against the forming of new
roots. Never take the hard trunk of a plant for propa-
gating purposes, but choose the active, growing part,
in which the cells are full of life.
In preparing soil for Cacti, it will be found advisa-
ble to use one-half good, fibrous loam and one-half very
old lime rubbish, secured from some old, torn down
brick building, taking care to sift from it the fine, dusty
particles to ensure material of perfect drainage. To
this may be added good, clean sand. In potting Cacti,
it is generally supposed that a pot as large uo the body
of the plant is sufficient ; but it is better to select pots
of a rather larger size, for during the season of growth
the plant must be supplied with water, and when pots
are too small this cannot be done. In such case the
plant has to depend upon
its own resources. In the
process of potting, fill the
pot one-third with rough
lumps of coke or other
such material, on the top
of which place a liberal
supply of hnely broken
crockery. Now ' add the
soil, taking care to put the
coarsest soil directly on
top of the crocks, and then
the finer, on whicL to place
the cuttings or plants.
Take care to plant very
little below the surface.
Be sure that the soil is
fairly dry, and carefully
abstain from watering for
some time ; but if the
weather is verj' warm and
bright, a very light syring-
ing may be given once each
day. If pots are plunged
in open ground, this light
daily syringing will be
sufficient until the plant
307. Opuntia. shows signs of growth.
308. Leaf*Uke branches of Opuntia— Opuntia. or Nopalea,
coccinellifera. the cochineal plant.
It is a mistake to repot Cacti very often, unless the
roots have become infested with mealy bug or other
pest. Should this occur, the plant must be turned out
of the pot, roots thoroughly washed, and planted in a
new pot and in new soil. The condition of the soil in
each pot should be constantly and carefully examined,
and if the slightest sign of imperfect drainage is mani-
fest, the case should receive prompt attention.
In the summer season, some persons turn their plants
out of pots into the open borders. They may do well
during the season, but, as there is more or less danger
of bruising or injuring them in taking them up from
open ground and repotting, the practice is unwise.
Avoid inflicting any injury on the plants in the late fall
or winter. It will be found a much safer practice to
plunge the plants, in their pots, in late spring or as
soon as the cold spring rains are over. Any warm, well-
drained bed or border may be selected for this purpose,
where they may receive sunlight and perfect venti-
lation.
For winter protection, select a naturally damp house,
—one with floor sunken two feet or more. It should not
be made wet by constant syringing or by a leaky roof,
but by keeping the floor of the house damp, thus ren-
dering it unnecessary to be constantly watering the
plants. Let the temperature of the house be kept as
close as possible to 50°, promptly ventilating when the
heat begins to increase. Avoid all severe changes. Use
as mild a fire heat as possible to be safe from cold.
Cacti may be propagated from seed, by division of
large clumps, and by cuttings or offsets. The most
interesting, instructive and permanently successful
method is from seed. Plants grown in this way will
furnish the grower, in two or three years, with a fine
stock of thrifty plants which will be a permanent source
of satisfaction. Raising seedlings is better than import-
ing the plants from their native habitats if one desires
to secure a fine collection of Cacti. There would be
many n ore amateur collections of Cacti if persons
would sort by raising plants from seed. The most
206
CACTUS
C^SALPINIA
desirable Cacti to be raised from seed are Peleoyphora,
Maniillaria, Cereus, EchinopHis and Echinocactus. When
raised from seed, any of these may be successfully
grown as window plants, with little danger of loss.
Perhaps the most easily grown of the Cactus family
are Opuutias, but these are not to be recommended for
•window culture, on account of their full equipment of
barbed spines. Vertus flugtlUfurmis, Rhipsalis, and
Epiphyllums on their own roots, flourish well and are
exceedingly attractive. But the best of all are the Phyl-
locacti ; these are without spines, grow vigorously, and
produce an abundance of blooms if they are given a
sunny window and the necessary amount of water.
Cactuses generally are subject to insects and fungous
troubles. One i>f the most common pests is a scale in-
sect. The safest way to rid the plants of these is to
clean them off with a small brush which has bristles of
only moderate stiffness. The mealy bug may be easily
disposed of by dissolving 5 grams castile soap in hot
■water, and addinj; 1% quarts of alcohol ; then add 100
grams of fusel oil ; apply with a very fine spray.
_— James Gurney.
CADIA (Arabic name, Kadi). Legtimindsce, tribe
Sophdrvve. About ^ species of small evergreen trees of
Arabia and Africa, "'emarkable for their regular mallow-
like fls. : Ivs. pinnate : fls. axillary, mostly solitary,
drooping ; stamens 10, free.
purptirea, Forsk. (C rd ria, L'Her.), Lfts. 20-40 pairs,
■very narrow : tls. bell-shaped, pedunculate, rose-red,
pretty ; not spiny. Arabia. — Cult, in S. Calif.
C. Elliiiana, Baker, has few large lfts. and rose-colored fls.
Madag. B.M. 6685.— C pubescent, Bojer. Lfts. 8-10 pairs,
broad-oblong. Madag.
CJSSALFtNIA (Andreas Csesalpinus, 1519-1603, Ital-
ian botanist). Legumindscp. Brasiletto. Shrubs or
trees, with bipinnate Ivs. and racemes or panicles of
red or yellow tls., with obovate more or less clawed pet-
als, 10 stamens, and a very long style. The fls. are not
papilionaceous. The species, all tropical, are nearly 50.
The genus yields tanning materials and dye sti'ffs; and
most of the species are very showy in flower and are
favorites in tropical and semi-tropical countries. They
are grown rarely in warm glass houses. The botanical
status is confused. L. jj. 3_
In Caesalpinia, propagation is readily effected by
seeds, which should be well soaked in warm water for
some hours before sowing, A sandy soil should b«
chosen for the seed-bed, and lightly shaded. After the
plant.s show the flrst true leaf, they should l>e potted
off into small pots of ordinary fcarden soil, not t(Mj rich
made light by the ddition of .sand if of a clayey nature!
The plants grow verj' rapidly, and must be shifted into
larger pots as their size requires for jfreenhouse cul-
ture, but in tropical climates may be transpjunti-d into
permanent positions outdoors after they reach a fair
size in pots. The dwarf species are elegant .sul.jt ctM f,,r
subtropical gardening during the sunmier months in
temperate climates, provided a sunny location is given
them, as they revel in rather dry, very warm soil, ami
do not require artiflcial watering after being established.
A rocky, sunny situation may be given C. puhherrimn
and its varietv flora, where they will bloom during
many weeks of summer, until frost checks them, if
strong plants about a foot high are selected in early
Kumnier. Care should be taken to grmlually harden
off plants in the house, so that they may not be chilled
when transplanted outdoors. While they will do well
in a poor soil, an application of manure or chemical fer-
tilizer may be given them to advantage, causing them
to make a more vigorous growth and give better and
larger heads of flowers. In the tropics, and also in sub-
tropical climates, these shrubs and trees are ahvavs
admired and are commonly planted for ornament. The
R<»yal Poinciana (C Ji'^gia, but properly Poiuriana
Regia, which see), and also the Dwarf Poinciana, or
Flower -fence (C. pulcherrima), will thrive in close
proximity to the sea, and are valuable for planting in
exposed coast situations. e. N. Reasonek
A. Stamens long-exserted : fls. very showy: trees,
unarmed or nearly so.
Oilliesii, Wall. Shrub or small tree, with very many
small, elliptic pinnules : fls. light yellow, with brilliant
red stamens protruding 3-5 in., in terminal racemes ;
sepals hairv-f ringed. S. Amer. B.M. 4(M»(>, as Poinci-
ana Gilliesii, Hook. F.S. 1:61. R.H. 189:^, 400. G.C.
III. 15:73.— Endures mild winters. A very showy and
worthy plant.
ptUch^rrima, Swtz. Barbadoes Pride. Barbadoes
Flower-fence. Dwarf Poinciana. Shrub, with deli-
cate, evergreen, mimosa-like Ivs., few scattered prickles,
and very gaudy red and yellow crisped fls. on the ends
of the new growth : stamens and style red, and long-
exserted. Generally distributed in the tropics. B. M.
995. — One of the most popular shrubs in warm climates,
as S. Fla. and S.Calif. There is a var. flAva, with yel-
low fls.
aa. Stamens not much exceeding the petals, or
shorter.
B. Lfts. small, %~\ in. long, very obtuse.
C. Shrtib, unarmed.
panndsa, Brandegee. Shrub, 2-i ft., with slender
brtinehes clothed with white, r* jciduous bark : Ivs. de-
compound ; pinnae 2—4, each v. xth 4-6 oblong and retuse
lfts. : fls. yellow, showy ; '^^od glandular, 1-2-seeded.
Lower Calif..— A rapid-growing species, recently dis-
covered and introduced to the trade.
CC. Shrubs or trees, prickly.
D. Pod smooth : shrubs.
sepiiiria, Roxbg. Pinnules about 10 pairs, oblong,
rounded on both ends : fls. yellow. India.— Furnishes
dye wood ; also used as a hedge plant.
Japdnica, Sieb. & Zucc. Loose, spreading shrub, armed
with stout, recurved prickles : pinnules 7-9 pairs, ob-
long, very obtuse : fls, in large, panicle-like clusters,
canary-yellow, the stamens bright red. ,Tapan. Gn.
40: 837. J.H. Ill, 34: .531. -Endures the winters in some
parts of England. The hardiest species of the genus,
probably hardy as far north as Washington, D.C.
DD. Pod prickly : tree.
echin&ta, Lam. Tree, with prickly branches, blunt,
elliptic, shining, alternate lfts., yellow fls., and spiny-
pods ; stamens shorter than the petals. Brazil.— Yields
dye 770od.
C.tSALPINIA
CALADIUM
207
BB. Lftt. IS in. long, acute or mueronulate :
pod prickly.
MIhax, Hance. Diffuse shrub, thorny: pinnap 10, with
12-20 ovatf-lan-'eolate jrlabrous Ift.s., 1-1 Vi in. lonj? : ra-
cemes panicleil, nmny-t1(l., with verj' lar^e bra<"ts : fls.
white ami purple : pixls '-seeded ( seeds large and black ) ,
spiny. China.
fidnduc, Roxbg. Climbing shrub, with prickly, pubes-
cent Ivs., oblong-ovate nmcronate Ifts., l^-.'{ in. long,
vellow fls., and a few large yellow seeds in a short,
prickly pod. Tropics ; S. Fla.
C. hijiiga. Swtz. (Acaria Bancroftlana. Bert.). Spiny shrub,
with ultimate Ifts. in 'J pairs : tls. paniculate. Jamaica.— C
Regia, L>ietr.=»Poinciana Kegia.
L. H. B. and Alfred Rehder.
CAHOUN. Consult Attalea Cohune.
CAJANUS (aboriginal name). Leguminbsce. Tropical
shrub with pinnate. ;{-foliolate Ivs., yellow papiliona-
ceous fls., an<l a small, hairy pod bearing edible seeds.
Several species described, probably all derivatives of
the following :
tndlcus, Spreng. A shrub with yellow and maroon
fls., blooming all through the year, and bearing a con-
tinuous crop of highly nut-'itious peas. Lfts. elliptic-
oblong. Plant more or less hairy. Grows from 4-10 ft.
high, very diffuse and spreading. Much cult, in the
tropics for the seeds or pulse. It varies greatly in
stature and in character of seeds : C. fl()ni.H. DC, has
yellow fls. and 2-;{-seeded pods which are not spotted ;
C. bkolor, DC, has red-striped fls., and 4-5-seeded pods
which are spotted : see B.M.G440 and R.H. 1874: 190.
Usually treated as an annual. Probably native to Chi-
nese territory. Known under many \or&\ names, as
Pigeon Pea, Congo Pea, Dhal, Toor, and others.
L. H. B.
CALABASH OOTJBD. See Lagenaria,
CALADIUM (origin of name obscure). Ardideat. Her-
baceous perennials, arising from large rhizomes or
tubers, acaulescent, with beautifully marked, long-
petioled Ivs. with a deep basal lobe. Differs from Colo-
casia in floral characters. A dozen or less species in
Trop. Amer. Two of the species are immensely variable,
and many named horticultural varieties are in the trade.
Eugler in DC. Monog. Phan. 2: 452 (1879) ; also F.S. i:{.
In Caladium, propagation is effected by division of
the tubers at the beginning of the growing season,
which is about the first of March. The soil best suited
to them is a mixture of fibrous loam, leaf mold, peat,
and well-rotted cow or sheep manure in equal parts,
with a sprinkling of sand added. The tubers should be
potted at first in as small pots as will conveniently
accommodate them, and shifted on into larger pots as
they require it. But little water must be given at the
roots till active growth commences, when, as the plants
develop, they require an abundance. A warm, humid
atmosphere, such as is recommended for Alocasias, is
necessary for their best development. They must also
be sha«led from bright sunlight. As the leaves mature
in the fall, water should be gradually withheld, though
at no time mu.s't the tubers be alh)wed to become quite
dr%-. Caladiums should be kept for the winter in the
pots in which they have been grown, and stored away
in some convenient place in a temperature not less than
50° or more than 60°. E j Caxxing.
Fancy-leaved Cal.\diums.— As soon as the plants
begin to lose their leaves in the fall, water should
ffrailually be withheld until the leaves are all gone.
The pots should then be removed to a position under a
bench, and laid on their sides, or taken from the soil
and placed in sand. During the resting period they
should not be subjected to a lower temperature than 60°
F., and kept neither too wet nor too dry. Al)out the be-
ginning of March the tubers should be started for the
earliest batch to be grown in pots. Arrange the tubers
in their sizes, and keep each size by itself. The largest
sized tubers will start quickest, and it is desirable to be-
gin with these for pot plants. Start them in chopped
moss in boxes. The tubers may be arranged pretty close
together in the box, and merely covered over with the
moas to the depth of about an Inch. The new root.^ are
made from the top part of the tu)>er, so it is important
that this part should be covered to encourage the roots.
For starting, a heat varying between 70° and 85" will
suffice. As soon as a healthy lot of roots make their
appearance, the plants should >>e potted, usini; as small
sized pots as possible. The soil for this potting should
be principally leaf-mold, with a little sand. In a short
time they will need another shift ; the soil should on
this occasion l)e a little stnmger ; give a position near
the glass, and shade fnmi strong sunshine. New forma
are raised from seed, this operation being an exceed-
ingly easy one with the Cala4lium,as they cross-fertilize
very rea<iily. The flowers, unlike those of the Anthu-
rium, are monoe<?ious, the females ripening first. To
pollinate them, part of the spathe must be cut away.
Seedlings at first have the foliage green, and it is not
until the fifth or sixth leaf has been developed that
they show their gaudy colorings. Pro]>a;ration of the
kinds is effected by dividing the old tubers, the cut sur-
faces of which should be well duste«i with powdered
charcoal to prevent decay. As bedding plants, the fancy-
leaved Caladiums are gradually getting more popular.
To have them at their best for this purpose, the ground
sh<mld be worked for sfmie time previous to planting
out, with a giKidly ({uantity of l>one meal incorporated
with the soil. The tubers are best put out in a dormant
state, as then they make very rapid progress, and eventu-
ally make finer plants than when they are first started
in the greenhouse, as by this system they are too apt to
sustain a check in the hardening-off process, and lose
their leaves. The fine, highly colored kinds are not so
well suited for outdoor work as those having green pre-
dominating in the foliage, but some of the kinds, such
as Dr. Lindley and Rosini, do remarkably well. Fre-
quent watering with manure water is absolutely neces-
sary to the development of the foliage, both outdoors
an«l in. G. W. OuvER.
The following species and varieties, most of which
are in the American trade, are here described, the syno-
nyms being in italic : albinerviiitn,5o; albomaculatum,
16; albostriatulum, 51 ; Alfred Bleu. 16; atnoentan, 17;
Appuui<inum,5(j; rtrj/«/r»7<'.'<, 57; argyroneuron, 5; argy-
rospilum, 36; Baraquinii, 12; Belleymei, 49; bicolor, 8,
II; Brongniartii, 32; Chantini, 17; Co^ntta-rtii, 17; cor-
datum,3; cuprenm,53; Curwa«llii,37; Devosiannm,2H;
Devosianum,28; di)tcolor.2*J; Duchartrei, 35; Ecklmrtii,
23; elegans,54; Enkeanum, 45; erythrteum, 3; e.^tr/i/cM-
/Mm=Colocasia Antiquorum esculenta ; firmnlum, 9;
G(rrdtii,\'y, gri.'feo-aryenteitm, 39; Haageannm. 17;
haematostigmatxinj, 29; hifmostigmatHm , 29: hastatum,
50; Hendersoni.24; Houbyanum,26; Houlletii, 18; Hum-
boldtii. 57; Ketteleri, 13; Kochii,38; Kramerianuni, 20;
Laucheaninn, 43: Lemaireanum, ,55; Leopoldii. 15: Lin-
deni.46; macroi>hyllum, 39; marginatum, 19: niarniora-
tura, 7; mannoreum,2; Martersfeigianum, 17; mirabile,
.33 ; Mooreanum, 18 ; myriostigma, 58 ; Neumanii. 40 ;
Ottonis, 28; Osyanum, .52; jiallidinervium, 30; pelluci-
dum, 27, 29; Perrierii, 22; pictum, 4, .34; picturatum, 48;
poecile, 30 : porphyroneuron, 53 ; punctafissimuw, 17;
Piirdieanum,9; pti.silhtm.d; regale, 31; Iteichinhachi-
anum.W; J^ogierii.lo; roseum, 14; rubellum,41; rubi-
cundum, 11; rubronerviitm,42; rubrovenium, 42; sngit-
tie folium, 31: Schmi(2ii.3; Scho'lleri.o; Schomburgkii,
1; Sieboldii, 25; splendens, 14 : Sprnceanuni, 9; Stan-
geanum, 21; subrotundum,6; Suriname».>(e, 31; thripe-
destum, 7: transparens, 10; Troubetskoyi, .56 ; Vellozi-
anum,9; Verschaffeltii.47; viridissimum, 5o; Wagneri,
31; Wallisi, 28; Wightii, 44.
It will be seen that most of the cultivated Caladiums
are considered to be forms of C. bivolor and C. pictura-
tum. Only 5 species are concerned in the following list:
Schomburgkii. 1 ; marmorotum, 7; bicolor. 8; pictura-
tum. 48; Humboldtii, 57. C odoriltum, Lodd.= Alocasia
macrorrhiza.
A. Blade not at all peltate, obliquely elliptical-ovate.
1. Schbmburgkii, Schott. Petiole slender, 4 times
longer than the blade, sheathed % its length ; blf»;'.e
obliquely elliptical-ovate ; midrib and 4-5 acutely ascend-
ing primary nerves silvery, pale, or red ; sparsely spot-
ted above, paler beneath. French Guiana to Para. — Runs
into the following forms:
208
CALADIUM
CALADIUM
(1 ) Veinn red.
2. Var, marmdreum, En»fl. Hlude dull green, with
brownish red lu-rves, bordered with yellow.
3. Var. erythrsenm, Engl. ( C. Schmitzii, Lem. C. eor-
datum, llort.). Midribs and ner\"eM red. I.H,8:2i>7.
4. V^ar. pictum, Engl. With white or red spots between
the red veins. S Anier.
(2> I'finx nilrery or green.
5. Var. argyronearom, Engl. (C. anfyroneuron, C.
Koch. C. tSchalleri, Lem.). 31idrib and veins silvery.
I.H. 8:297.
6. Var. BUbrotundum, Eugl. (C.aubrotumlum, Lem.).
Leaf-blade rounded at the base, or shortly cordate, with
white or red spots. Brazil.
AA. Blade digtinctly peltate.
B. Zieaf gagittate-ohlong-ovate .
7. marmor&ttun, Mathieu (AlocHxia Jf<fzlii, Bull. C.
thript'lf'sfKtti, Lem. ). Petiole cylindrical, 12-16 in. long,
twice as long as the blade, variegated; bimledark green,
with irregular gray, yellowish green and snow-white
spots, glaucous-green beneath, sagittate-oblong-ovate,
the upper lobe semi-ovate, slightly cuspidate, the basal
ones unequal, % or % as long as the upper, connate
%-54 their length. Equwlor. I.H..^, p. .59.
310. Caladium bicolor. var. Chantini. (No. 17.)
BB. Leaf ovate-triangular, or ovate-sagittate.
8. bicolor, Vent, (jnim 6ico/or, Ait.). Fig. 310. Peti-
ole smooth, 3-7 times as long as the blade, pruinose to-
ward the apex ; blade ovate-sagittate, or ovate-triangu-
lar, variegated above, glaucous beneath; upper lobe semi-
ovate, narrowing gradually to a cuspidate point, the basal
ones }4 to but little shorter than the upper, oblong-ovate,
obtuse, connate 1-5- >3 their length. S. Amer. Intro-
duced into cult, in 1773. B. M. 820. — Very common in
cult., furnishing many of the fancy-leaved Caladiiims.
The marked varieties are as follows :
(1) Leaf-blade and I'eins of one color.
9. Var. Vellozi^nom, Engl. {C. Velloeidnum, Schott.
C. Purdieanum, Schott. C. pusillum, C. Koch. C.
Spruced nnm, Schott. C. firmnlum, Schott). Leaf-
blade dark green above ; basal lobes connate past the
middle. Brazil, Peru. R.B. 10:169.
(2) Leaf-blade more or less variegated.
(a) With a colored disc.
(b) Disc transparent.
10. Var. transp&rens, Engl. {C. transpdrens, Hort.).
Blade with a pale green, nearly transparent disc ; mid-
rib and primary veins red-purple.
11. Var. rubitundum, Engl. (C. bicolor, Kunth). peti-
ole green, or variegated green and violet; blml»- irreen
with a re<l. tran^'parent, central disr, and a very uarrow
red line between the di.sc an«l the margin.
(bb) Disc opaque.
((') Purple disc.
12. Var. Baraqulnii, Engl. (('. Baraqulnii, Hort.)
Petiole v'iolft ; blade with a purple-red disr; beautiful
green between the disc and margin; nerves and midrib
red-violet. Para. I.H. 7: 257. F.S. 13: 1378.
13. Var. KAtteleri, Engl. (C. KHteleri, Hort.). peti-
ole crimson, variegated toward the base ; bla*'" with
purple di.sc, midrib and primary vein ', sparsely marked
between the veins with many small, rosy spots.
(cc) Red disc.
14. Var. ipl6ndens. Engl. (C.rdseum, Hort. C.nph'n-
dens, Hort.). Petiole green below, red aJtove ; blade
with a red disc at the middle ; midvein and primary
veins red-purple ; green between the ner^•es and along
the margin. L. 4.
15. Var. Ldopoldl, Engl. (C. Leopoldi, Hort. G.
Oirrdtii, C. Koch. C. Rogieri, Ch. & Lem.). Petiole
violet beneath, red-purple alwve ; blade with a hroatl,
reddish disc ; margin green, red spotted ; midrib and
primary veins dark red-purple. Para, 1864.
16. Var. albomaculMum, Engl. {C. Alfred Bleu).
Petiole green ; blade green, with red disc, midrib ami
primary veins, and markeil clear to the margin with
many large, white spots between the nerves.
(ccc) Rose disc.
17. Var. Chintini, Engl. {C. Chantini, Lem. CCon-
lUfrtii, Hort. C. a ma num. Hort. C. Martersteigiiinum,
Hort. Cpunctatissimum, Hort. C. Haagehnum, Hort.).
Fig. 310. Petiole more or less violet ; blade broadly
red-puri)le along the midrib and primary nerves, ro!«iy
at the center, and with very numerous, "unequal spot;*
between the nerves clear to the marginal vein. I. H.
5: 185. F. S. 13: 1350. 1351. B. M. 5255. B. L. PI. 19
(1891). Para, 1858. A.F. 8:129.
(cccc) Light green disc.
18. Var. Hotdl^tii, Engl. ( C. HoulUtii, Lem. C. iln«r(-
dnum, Hort.). Petiole green, the sheath and a little of
the base violet-variegated ; basal lobes of the blade
somewhat introrse, rounded, connate % ; blade obscurely
preen toward the marprin, the midrib and primary veins
slightly reddish, and with a pale disc marked with many
Irreg^iiar white spots.
(aa) Without a colored disc.
(b) Margins colored throughout.
(c) Red margin.
19. Var. margriniitum, Engl. (C. marginatum, C.
Koi-h ) . Blade dark green, with a red line on the outer
° ' (cc) Yvllow margin.
20. Var. Krameri^nom, Engl. (C. Krameridnum,
Hort.). Veins purple : yellow margin.
21. Var. Btangeanum, Engl. (C. Stangednum. C.
Koch). Blade reddish ; green along the narrow mar-
gin, yellowish toward the margin.
(ccc) Solid white margin.
22. Var. Perri6rii, Engl. (C. ^VrrtVW, Lem.). Petiole
violet-black ; blade dull green, with many red-purple
spots, and white along the margin. Brazil, 1861.
(cccc) Spotted margin.
23. Var. fickhartii, Engl. (C. AVt^iaWti, Hort.). Peti-
ole violet-blotched at the base, g^een above the middle;
blade green, with few rosy spots along the margin, and
email white ones in the middle.
24. Var. H^ndersoni, Engl. (C. Hindersoni, Hort.).
Petiole variegated violet and green, reddish toward the
apex ; blade mostly green, reddish next the lower parts
of the nerves ; midrib and primary veins red-purple
spotted ; small red spots along the margin.
25. Var. Sieboldii, Engl. (6\ Sieboldii, Hort.). Peti-
ole violet and green, reddish toward the apex ; basal
lobes of the leaf somewhat introrse, connate /'s their
CALADIUM
CALADIUM
209
lemrth, dark jrreen ; midrib an«l primary reins beautl-
fullv red-purple spotted, and a very narrow white bor-
der, marlipd with small, purple-red spots. A.F. 8: 127.
(ccccc) Purple margin.
•f^. V'ar. Eoaby4nam, Kn«l. {('. Houhydnum, Hort.).
Petitilf dirty green on the lower Hurface, bright red
above ; blade brigbt green, with large pale spotn, an<l
small red-purple ones between the midrib and primary
vein«* ; a re<l-puri>l« ^P**^ above the insertion of the peti-
ole, and a pale purple line around the margin.
.i,. Var. pelliiciduin, Engl. (C. pellHcidum, DC).
Petiole reddish, variegated with violet ; blade broa<lIy
iTiMioh purple spotteti along the midrib and primary
vfin". and more or less marked with transparent, red-
A\*h purple spots between the primary veins ; a contin-
uous purple line along the outer margin.
(bb) Onlff the margin of the basal sinus colored.
2S. Var. DevosUnum, Engl. {C. DevosiAnutn, Leva
C. Wdllisi, Hort. C. Ottdnin, Hort.). Petiole green;
blade bright green, with small, irregular white spots be-
tween the midrib and primary veins, and a narrow
crimson border at the sinus. Para. I.H. 9: 322.
•jy. Var. haBmatottlgmattun, Engl. {C. hiematostig-
wa/Mm, Kth. C. peUuriilutn,l)C). C. discolor, Hort.).
Petiole violet ; blwle dark green, with a purple line on
the basal sinus, and sparsely marked with blood-red
spots. Para.
3U. Var. pcBClle, Engl. (C.pctcMe, Schott. C. pallidi-
nhi'ium, Hort.). Petiole reddish brown, or closely
streaked-variegated ; blade dark green ; midrib and
primary veins paler, often whitish ; a red-purple spot
where the petiole joins the blade, narrowly purple-mar-
pned in the sinus. Brazil.
31. Var. regr&le, Engl. ( C. regdle, Lem. C. Wdgneri,
Hort. C. Suritunntnue, Miq. C. sagittigfolium, Sieb. ).
Blade bright given, purple-margined at the sinus, every-
where marked with small, confluent white spots. West
Indies, 1710. I.H.9:31G.
(bbb) No colored disc or colored margin.
{:) Variegated green blade.
32. Var. Bton^idrtii, Engl. ( C. Brongnidrtii, Lem.).
Very large ; petiole vari( jjated violet and green, red-
dish toward the apex ; blade green, except along the
ner\"es below, where it in colored reddish, paler green
between the primary nerves, deep green toward the
margin ; veins and nerves red-purple. Brazil-Para,
1S5«; F.S. 13:1.348, 1.349. I.H.5, p. 58.
33. Var. mir&bile, Engl. {C. mirdbile, Lem.). Petiole
firreen : blade bright green, densely covered with large
and small irregular pale green spots between the pri-
mary nerves and midvein. Para. I.H. 10: 354.
(cc) Blue-green blade.
34. Var. plcttun, Kunth (C. pictttm, DC). Petiole
greenish , variegated beneath ; basal lobes connate 1-5
their length ; blade thin, blue-green, marked with
iar;:e. irregular, usually confluent, pale yellowish semi-
transparent spots. L. 43.
(ccc) Colorless blade.
35. Var. DuchArtrei, Engl. ( C. Buchdrtrei, Hort. ) . The
long petiole green above, variegated below the middle
with violet-black ; blade colorless, except the midrib and
all the veins, or here and there pale rosy or red spotted,
or even more or less dirty green. A.F. 8: 129.
(cecc) Solid green blade.
(d) Dark green.
36. Var. argyrdspilum, Engl. {C. argijrdspilum,
Lem.). Petiole grayish red, sparsely and finely
streaked ; blade a most beautiful green, with a crimson
spot at the middle, and with manv small white spots
between the primary veins. Para. F.S. 13: 1346,1347.
37. Var. CurwAdlii, Engl. {C. Curuddlii. Hort.).
Petiole gi'eenish, slightly violet-blotched toward the
base ; blade rc^ddish purple along the midrib and pri-
mary veins, marked between the veins with large white
spots, otherwiise dark green.
14
38. Var. Kdchii. Engl. {C. fC^rhii. Hort.). Leaf-
blade more rounded, dark green, with small white spots
midway between the midrib and margin. Para, 18*)2,
39. Var. macroph^lltun, Engl. {C. marrophyllum.
Lem. C grinfiftnjenfttnn, Hort.). Peti(de green;
blade dark Kreen, marked everywhere with many small,
Hcarcely confluent white or slightly rosy spots. Para,
1862. I.H. 9: 316.
40. Var, Netunannil, Engl. (C. XeHmannii, Lem.>.
Petiole green ; blade very beautiful dark green, with
scarcely paler veins, marked lietween the primary veins
with large and small white-margined, reddish purple
spots. F.S. 13: 13.'>2, i;{53. B.M.5199.
(dd) Light green.
(e) yot spotted.
41. Var. ruMllTUn, Engl. ( C. rubellum, Hort. C. Reich-
enbachitinnm, Stangl.). Blade green, with reddish
purple mi<lrib and primary veins.
42. Var. rubrovdniam, Engl. {C. rubrov^nium, Hort.
C.rubron^rviiim, Hort.), Petiole variegated green and
violet ; blade small, oblong-ovoid, the basal lobes some-
what introrse, obtuse, connate almost to the middle,
pale caulescent or red-green along the midrib and pri-
mary veins ; veins pale red or scarlet. Para, 1862.
(ee) Spotted.
(f ) With white spots.
43. Var. Laaeheintun, Engl. (C. Lauchednnm, C.
Koch). Blade bright green, with white spots at the
middle.
(flf) With purple and white spots.
44. Var. Wigrhtii, Engl. (C. Wlghtii, Hort.), Petiole
pale green ; blade very beautiful green, marked be-
tween the primary veins with large, red-purple and
small white spots. French (juiana.
311. Caladium picturatum, var. Belleytnei. (No. 49.)
(fff ) With red or crimson spots.
45. Var. Enke&num, Engl. (C. Kukednnm, C Koch).
Blade bright green, marked with large and small red
spots.
46. Var. Lindeni, Engl. (C. Lindeni. Hort,). Blade
bright green, with confluent small red spots.
47. Var. Ver8chaff61tii, Engl. (C. Verschafmtii,
Lem.). Petiole pale green ; blade very beautiful green,
with few irregular crimson spots. I.H.5: 185. B.M. 5263.
L.46.
BBB. Blade lanceolate -sagittate,
48. pictnratum, C Koch. Petioles usually green,
variegated below, elongated ; blatle lanceolate-sagittate,
cuspidate and submucronate at the apex, the upper lobe
nearly triangular, oblong or ovate-lanceolate, basal lobes
over half as long, lanceolate subacute, connate 1-6-34
their length, separated by a triangular sinus ; primary
210
CALADIUM
CALAMOVILFA
lateral veins 4-7, erect-spreading or spreading. Brazil. —
V'ariable, furnishing many of the fancy-leaved Caladi-
ums.
(1) TrnnKp^.ent white blade.
49. Var. Belle^mei, Engl. ( C. Bellei)mii, Hort. ). Fig.
311. Petiole greenish above, vanegated violet beneath;
blade slenderly haste::e-sagittate, white, translucent ex-
312. Caladium Humboldtii. (No. 57.)
cept the green veins and nerves, with small green spots
along the margin ; basal lobes 1-5, or rarely ^i or %
connate. Para. I.H. 7:252. A.F. 8:127.
(2) Pale green blade.
(a) With transparent blotches.
50. Var. hast^tum, Engl. (C hastdtum, Lem.). Peti-
ole long, stout, white, violet-spotted ; lalade hastate-
sagittate, slightly contracted above the lobes ; dull, pale
green, very irregularly marked with transparent blotches ;
basal lobe % connate, crimson margined in the sinus.
Para.
(aa) Opaque.
51. Var. albostri&tulam, Engl. Blade greenish white
along the midrib and veins, white-striped and dotted
between the nerves.
52. Var. Osyinom, C. Koch. Blade white along the
miilrib and primary veins, with purple spots between
the reins.
5.3. Var. porphyronetiron, Engl. (C. porphyroneuron,
C Koch. C cupreian, Hort. Alocdsia porphyrontura,
Lem.). Petiole pale reddish, variegated with dull vio-
let ; blade broadly hastate-sagittate, dull, pale green,
slightly reddish on the veins, opaque basal lobes 1-G-^^
connate. Peru and Brazil. I.H. 8:297.
(3) Dark green blade.
54. Var. dlegans, Engl. Petiole rosy, greenish below,
variegated ; blade narrowly hasta<'e-sagittate, slightly
contracted abi -'e the lobes, dark green above, broadly
red or purple next the midrib and primary lateral veins ;
ba.^al lobes 1-5 connate.
55. V^ar. Lemaire4num, Engl. ( C. Lemairectnttm, Barr.
C. picturHtuin albinervium, C. Koch. C. pictitrdtum
viridissimutn,C. Kochl. Blade shaped like preceding,
dark green ; midrib and primarv veins pale green or
white. S. Amer., 1801. I.H. 9: 311.
56. Var. TrouWtskoyi, Engl. <C. Troub4tskoyi, Chan-
tin. C Appunianum, Hort.). Petiole red, variegated;
blatle very narrowly hastate-sagittate, slightly con-
tracted above the lobes, dark green above, broadly
marked with pale red along the midrib and primary
veins, and with scattered, transparent, small white or
rose spots. F.S. 13: 1379.
BBBB. Blade oblong-ovate, or oblong: plant small.
57. Humboldtii, Schott (C argyrltes, em.i. Fie
312. Petiole slender, variegated, 2-3 times onger than
the blade ; sheath slender, narrow; blade oblontr-ovate
or oblong, green along the margin, midrib and primarv
veins, with many large and small transparent spots he-
tween ; shortly and very acutely acuminate, tlw apical
lobe oblong-ovate, twice as long as the oblong or ovate-
triangular, obtuse basal ones ; basal lobes 3/, connate
separated by an obtuse triangular sinus, the :i-4 priniarv
veins of the apical lobe uniting in a collective nerv«» re-
mote from the margin. Brazil. I.H. 5:185. F.S.1;M345
Gng.3:279. A.F. 10: 197. L. 22.
58. V&T. myriostigma, Engl. (<7. myriosticjmn. c.
Koch). Blade marked everywhere with small white
spots. ,
Jared G. Smith.
CALAMAGBOSTIS (Greek for reed grass). Grn-
minetp. Reed Bent-grass. A genus of perennial grasses
with running rootstocks. Very similar to Agrostis, but
spikelets usuaily larger. Can be distinguished from it
by the tuft of long hairs at the base of the rt.-^'lume,
and the flowering axis continued beyond the paletl
Spikelets 1-flowered (rarely an aborted or second tlower
present). Glumes 3, the first two nearly e(inal and
empty, the third, or il. -glume, awned on the back, usu-
ally below the middle. Species about 120. very widelv
distributed over the world in the temperate arid arctic
zones and on the high mountains of the tropics. For
C. brevipiJis, see CalamovUfa.
Canadensis, Beauv. Blue-joint Grass. Very com-
mon in the northern and northwestern states, usually
growing in moist meadows and swales. Under such
conditions it yieMs a large amount of indifferent hav.
which is used in some places. It is not used for horti-
cultural purposes. This species grows 3-5 ft., and has
flat, glaucous-blue Ivs. : panicle oblong, becoming open:
upper glume weak-awned near the middle.
Stricta, Beauv. (C. neglecta, Gfertn.). Pony Grass.
A rather slender, erect perennial, with narrow leaves
and a contracted, densely-flowered panicle. \\-f, in. long::
fl. -glume about % as long as the second empty glume,
and nearly twice the lentrth of the basal hairs ; awn
bent, exceeding the glume. Northern C S. — A varie-
gated form has been brought into cultivation for oma-
mental purposes. p g ^^^^^^^^
CALAMlNTHA (Old Greek name, m^dmmg beautiful
mint). Lahiiit(f. Various species of herbs or very small
shrubs, 2 or 3 of them occasionally grown in borders for
their fls. and aromatic fragrance. Calyx 2-lipped, ol)-
long or tubular ; corolla with a straight tube, and gen-
erally exceeding the calyx, the throat commonly en-
larged ; ;stamens parallel under the upjjer lip : fls. in
whorls, which are usually arranged in a long interrupted
spike. Plants mostly of temperate regions, and of easy
culture. The cult, kinds are perennial, more or less
hairy, mint-like herbs, 1-3 ft. high.
grandifldra, Moench. Lvs. ovate, serrated : stems de-
cumbent, branching from the base : fls. in axillary
whorls, quite large. \% in. long, with a straight tube;
upper lip flattened, purple ; June-July ; h. 9-12 in
Europe ; this and C. alplna. Lam., which is smaller in
all its parts, are the two best species for garden use.
C. offieindlis. Moench, the common Calamint of Eu.. is
sometimes seen in gardens, being an old domestic medi-
cinal plant. It has long, ascending branches, ovate
crenate-serrate lvs., and few-fld. cymes : 1-3 ft.
J. B. Keller.
CALAMOVlLFA (Calamos, reed, and Vilfa, a kind of
^rass). Gramine(v. A genus recently separatecl from
Calamagrostis. Distinguished from it only in that the
flowerini,' axis is not produced beyond the flower. Tall
grasses, with stout, horizontal lvs. and paniculate in-
florescence. Spikelets 1-flowered, with a ring of hairs
at the base of fl. -glume. Three known species, natives
of the temperate and subtropical regions of N. America.
brevipilis, Hack. {Calamagrdstis breviplUs. Gray).
PrRi'LE Bent-grass. Culms bar! wiry, 2-4 ft. hi^'h :
lvs. flat, with an open, purplish panicle.— A rare grass,
CALAMOVILFA
CALANTHE
211
apparently limited to the sandy swamps
rens of New Jersey. Now in cultivati<
ren
mental grass
and pine bar-
ation as an oma-
P. B. Kennedy.
CALAMPfiLIS is Eccremocarpus.
CALAMUS (Greek for reed). Pnlmi)ee(w, tribe Lepi-
docdrpa. Slender, cespitose or climbinjr palms, with
pinnatisect Ivs.; Ifts. with reduplicate sides, acuminate,
entire. with parallel nerves : fr, of many carpels, clothed
with reflexed, shining, closely imbricated appressed
scales : spathes tubular, persistent, flowering annually.
Species about 150. Tropical Asia.
ciliirifl, Blume. Stem slender, climbing by means of
long, axillary, leafless branches, covered wit'a hooked
spines: Ivs. 1 ft. long, 6 in. vide; Ifts, numerous, hairy;
petiole 2 in. long, with fen' hooked spines. Malaya.
F.R. 1:607. G. C. III. 21: SG.-Introdi^ced into cultiva-
tion in 1809.
C. Andreanum, Hort.. P. & M.=?— T. caUcdrj'fts. Griff.=
Djemonorops oalicarpus. Mart.- -C. Xeimtdnu«,Griff.=Diemon-
orops Lewisianus, Mart. Jared G. Smith.
Calamus is an easily growr group of i alms, very
ornamental, even in a you:i;^ state. Some of the spe-
cies have stems several hundred feet long, which enable
them to unfold their leaves at the tops of the tallest
irees. The leaves are peculiarly well adapted to assist
the plant in climbing, having numerous hook-like pro-
cesses arranged on a long continuation of the midrib of
the leaf. Where accommodations can be given these
plants should be selected, as their growth is rapid, and
they are capable of furnishing a large conservatory
quickly. Numerous suckers are produced, so that when
the main stem ascends the lower part is clothed in foli-
age. Valiimus tenuis (or C liojileamis) and C.liotang
furnish the rattan canes. Malacca canes are furnished
by C. Scipioniim. Young plants thrive best in a root-
ing medium containing a c<msiderable quantity of leaf-
mold. Older plants need soil of a more lasting nature;
a quantity of ground bone and charcoal in the soil may
be used to advantage. Old, well-furnished plants need
enonnons quantities of water. All of them require stove
temperature. G. W. Oliver.
CALAMUS or SWEET FLAG. See Acorxis Calamus.
CALANCHOE. See Kalimhoe.
CALANDKfNIA (J. L Calandrini,
Gtnevan botanist of last century). Por-
tuIacAcece. Fleshy, spreading, or nearly
trailing plants, with mostly alter-
nate Ivs. and red fls. of short dura-
tion. Petals 3-7; stamens 3-5-12.
A number of species in N. and S.
America and Austral. Sometimes
cult, in borders and rockeries, or
used for edgings in sunny places. Prop, from seeds, and
usually treated as annuals (which some of them are).
umbellita, DC. Four to 6 in.: Ivs. linear and hairy:
fls. in a corymb, or umbel-like terminal cluster, bright
crimson. Peru. R.H. 1853: 5. -This species is hardy in
many parts of the U. S., in our northern climate, it
should be planted in a well-sheltered position, or pro-
vided with ample prote'*tion in winter; sometimes it acts
like the biennials, but, as seeds are produced very freely,
young seedlings spring up constantly between the old
plants, and one does not miss the few which may decay
during die second year ; the plant forms a very neat,
slightly spreading tuft; flowers are produced in many-
flowered umbels, terminal, numerous, and large, glow-
ing crimson-magenta, saucer-shaped, very showy. June
to November. Full exposure to sun, atid light sandy
soil, ar? needed to bring out the rare beauty of these
plants. The flowers close up when evening comes, like
the annual portulacas, but they reopen on the follow-
ing day. In the sunny, sloping part of a rockery, even
when quite dry, or among other low plants in abed or
border, they are h!'?hly satisfactory. This is the only
species which we Imve'found to be tolerably hardy with
tia in the north as a perennial ; it may also be treated
like the annuals, as it flowers the firstsumnier just as
freely as afterwards. Can be prop, by cuttings.
discolor, Schrad. (C. /legans, Hort.). One to 2 ft,:
Ivs. fl»'shy and obovate, purple beneath : fls. bright
rose, with yellow stamens. Chile. B.M. 3357.
caul^scens, HBK., var. M^nziesii, Gray (C. specidsa,
Lindl.). Three to 12 in. high, with green herbage, gla-
brous, or nearly so: Ivs. linear, or 8patuIate-«»blanceolate:
fls. rose-red or purple, rather large and long-pedimcled
(petals J^ in. long). Calif., N. B. R. 1.598.- Variable.
There is a white-fld. var. advertised.
J. B. Keller and L. H. B.
CALANTHE (Greek for beautiful flnwr). Orrhidih
cetf. trilie Windiie. A jrenus of sub-epiphytal or terres-
trial orchids found in the eastern hemisphere, and spar-
ingly in the western hemisphere. Scapes erect, many-
flowered : Ivs. broad, plaited : fls. white or rose-colored,
rarely yellow : pseudobulbs angulate, with greyish
jrreen sheaths in the Vestitaj section, but absent in the
VeratrifoliiB section. Many species are known to orchid
fanciers.
vestlta, Lindl. (C.oculctta, Hort.). Lvs. broadly lan-
ceolate, nearly 2 ft. long, from greyish green pseudo-
bulbs : fls. nearly 3 in. across, numerous, in racemes;
petals and sepals whitish, all more or less overlapping,
the former oval-ol)long, the latter oV)i>vate-oblong; label-
lum flat, large, three-lobed, the midlobe cleft ; a yellow
or crimson blotch in front of the short column ;
scapes from 2-3 ft. high, hairv. Blooms in winter.
Malava. B. M. 4671. F. E. 9: 32*5. A. F. 0: G55. F. S.
8:816.— A most pop-
ular orchid. There
are many forms, of
which the following
are the most impor-
tant : Var. gigant^a, Hort.
Larger in all parts: fls. white,
with red eye. Var. nivalis,
Hort. Fls. pure white. Var.
Tumeri, Hoit. (C. Turneri,
Reichb. f. ). Fls. more numer-
ous, labellum with a crimson
blotch ; blooms later in the
season than the next. Var.
rtibro-ocul^ta, Hort. Label-
lum with a crimson -purple
blotch. October- February.
Var. lilteo-OCuUta, Hort. Yel-
low-blotched. Var. Begrni^rif I' |
Hort. (C Begnieri. Reichb. I ^
f. C. Stevemti()tia. Regnier). *
Pseudobulbs more elongated, with a depression above the
middle, labellum rose-colored, with a purple blotch in front
of column, less deeply lobed than in the type. A.F. 6: (555.
veratrifdlia, R. Br. Lvs. oblong-lanceolate, about 2
ft. long, from a creeping rhizome : fls. white, in dense
VI"
212
CALANTHE
CALATHEA
corymbose racemes ; petals obovate-spatulnte, sepals
obovate-oblong ; Jabellum 4-parted, the anterior lobes
usually broader than the posterior or basal lobes.
Blocms from May to July. Malaya. B.M. 2615.
Vditchii, Lindl. Fig. '.il'.i. A hybrid between C. rosea
and C. vestita : fls. rose-colored ; labellum with white
spot near the base. Winter-flowering. There is also a
white variety. This hybrifl was raised by Veitch, in
185(). B. M. o.'JTo. Forms of this are var. b^Ila, Hort.,
with pink ris. ; var. Sajidhursti4na, Hort., with crimson
fls.; var. S^deni, Hort.. vith deep rose fls. C. Eyer-
manii, Hort. (G.F. 4: 17), is a hybrid of C. Veitchii and
C. vestita. Var. sup^rba, Hort., has richer color.
Mastica, Lindl. Scape 2 ft. long, with large, many-
ribbed, dark Ivs.: fls. 1 in. across, the segments over-
lapping ; deep violet, fading to lilac, the lip deep violet-
purple. Summer and autumn. N. ^ndia. B. M. I"41.
Var. gn^ndifldra, Hort., is of greater size throughout.
C. discolor. I AmW.. ami C Japonica. Blume, both of Japan,
have been offered by dealers in Japanese plants; but they are
unknown to general cultivatioc Oakes Ames.
CALATH£A (Greek for basket, the application not
agreed upon). Scitamindcece. Perennial foliage plauts
which are commonly cult, as Marantas. From Maranta
the genus differs chiefly in technical characters. In
Maranta the fruit is 1-seeded, in Calathea usually 3-
seeded; in the former the fl. -clusters are branched and
few-fld., in Calathea usually capitate or cone-like. Of
Calatheas there are 70 or 80 species, mostly of trop.
Amer., but a few of trop. Afr. The Ivs., for whicn the
plant is grown, are variously mirked with shaaes of
green, red, brown, yellow, and white. The Ivs. spring
from the very base of the short stem, just above the rhi-
zome. Sepals 3, free and equal : corolla tubular, with 3
spreading lobes : stamens 3, petal-like, 2 sterile an'i 1
bearing an anther on its side (compare Canna). L.H.3.
Calatheas are among the handsomest of ornamental-
leaved stove plants. They may be propaf.'ated by divi-
sion of the crowns, or in those species which iiiaKe sec-
ondary growths, by cuctiugs taken just below the node
and inserte«i in shar.> silver sand 'u thumb-pots and
plunged in a propagating box with 1 ottom heat. About
the beginning of April, or just b for^ active growth
commences, is the best time for { ropatiating and also
for repotting. The soil best suited to ♦^I.ca is one-third
good, ttbrous loam in small lumps, one-third flbrous peat
or chopped fern-root, and one-third leaf -mold and clean
silver sand, to which may be added a few nodules of
charcoal to keep the mixture s- .'cet. In repotting, the
old soil should be shaken from the roots, and the plants
potted loosely in the new mixture, using clean, well-
drained pots, or for the creeping and shallow-rooting
species, pans are preferable. All matured leaves should
be removed at this time, and after repotting they should
be placed in a close, warm, moist atmosphere and kept
shaded, to induce active root growth. As the leaves de-
velop they require an abundant supply of water at the
roots, f re<iuent s ..*aying witij a fine syringe, and to be well
shaded from di- ect sunlight. TIese conclitions should
be reduced on ht approa<"h of winter, but at no season
must the };lants be allowed to become dry. The tempera-
ture uuring winter should not fall below 00°. Strong-
gro" Ing species, as C. zehrina, do best planted out in a
palm house under the shade of palm trees, while the
low-growing or "reeping species are excellent sul)jects
for inside rockeries, where a warm, humid atmosphere
can be maintained. q^i^^ ^y Edward J. Caxnixo.
There ar«' many species of Calathea i. fancy collec-
tions, but ;he following list includes those which are
known to be in the Amer. trade. Since the plants are
often named and descrioed before the flowers are
known, it is not always possible to determine the proper
genus. Consult Mamnta, Phrifnimn, and Stronumthe.
For horticultural purp>ses, botanical cha-acters cannot
be used in classification of the species ; • ^^e following
scheme, therefore, i'? based on evident lea^ characters.
Index : C. albo-lineata, 3; Bachemiana, 9; Chimbora-
censis, 10; crotalifera. 20; eximia, 21; fasciata. 4; La-
geriana, 7; Layrrel liana, li); Lietzei, 11; Lindeniana, 12;
majestica, 3; Makoyana, 13; Marcelli, 25; me<li(»-picta,
22; m'cans,23; niteus, 14; of»i;am,13; ornata, 3; Prin-
ceps, 15; pulchella. 2; regalis,ti; rosea-lineata,6-, rosea
picta, 6; smaragdina, 5; tubispatha, 8; Vandenheckii
24 ; Veitchiana, 10 ; virginalis, 2.> ; }ya(jneri, 0 ; Warl
scewiczii, 17; Wiotiana, 18; zebrina, 1.
A. Lvs. marked only by transverse bars.
1. zebrina, Lindl. (Maranta zebrina, Sims). Large
free-growing ])lant : lvs. 2-Mt. long, purple beneath]
satiny green above, with alternating bars of deep aud
pale green : fls. dull purple, on a very short scane
Braz. B.M. 1920. L.B.C. 5:494. R.H. "1805: 90. S.h!
1:104. L. 1. — The commonest species, occurring in
nearly all collections of warm greenhouse plants.
2. pulch611a, Kopm. Weaker grower than C. zebrina
the lvs. lighter colored, with two series (large and
small) of broad green bars. Braz. — By some considered
to be a form of C. zebrina.
3. oru&ta, Koem. (Maranta regdiis, Hort.). Dwarf:
lvs. oblong-acuminate, the stalks 1 ft. long and blades
usually shorter, red beneath, green abo\e and marked
with two bars bei»veen each of the transverse veins.
Colombia. — The transverse markings are usually bright
red. and this form is taken as the type of the'spedes
(I.H. 2: 74. L. 20). In var. ^Ibo-lineata, Hort. (Cala-
thea and Maranta dlbo-Unectta, Hort.), the lines are
white (F\S. 4:413. L. 55). Var. majestica, Hort. (J/.
majestica, Lindl.), attains a height of 4-5 ft. It has red-
striped lvs. I.H. 41: 1.
4. faaciita, Kegel & Koem. Dwarf: lvs. long-cordate,
the blade 10-12 in. long, pale green and purple-tinged
below, green above, with wh'te bands running off to the
margin. Braz. Gn. 2, p. 3. L. 23.
5. smaragdina, Lind. & Andr^. Two ft.: lvs. wide-
spreading, oblong-lanceolate and acuminate, silvery
greeu below, dark green above with prominent bauds
of different shades of green, the midrib prominent.
S. Amer. I.H. 17: 16.
AA. Lvs. variously marked and blotched, often mar-
gined, or only the miaHb colored.
B. ATarkings red, parallel with the margin.
6. rdsea- picta, Kegel (C. rdsea-'inedta, Hort.? J/.
Wdgneri, Hort.). Dwarf: lvs. nearly orbicular, purple
beneath, the upper side dark green, the midrib red. aud
an irregular led zone (sometimes twj zones) two-thirds
of the distance from the midrib to^vards the margin.
Amazon. F.f^. 10:107.5-6. Gn. 2, p. i
BB. Markings in sJiades of bro'vn or bronze.
7. Lageriana, Hort. Lvs. large, dark red beueatl
the prominent veins rich bronze.
8. tubispitha. Hook. f. Two feet or ^ ^ high: lvs.
obovate-elliptic, short -acuminate o- ite, thin,
greenish beneath, lively green abov. iiked mid-
way between the rib and the margin wii. lighter green
and squarish patches of brown. W. Afr. B.M. 5542.
EBB. Marfcings in shades of yelloiv and green.
9. Bachemiftna, Morr. Lvs. unequilateral. cordate at
the base, long, smooth, finely striate, >'-:t.h parallel
greenish or whitish markings along the primary nerves,
purplish beneacn. Brazil.
10. Cbimborao^nsis, Lind. Dwarf : lvs. oblong-ovate,
8-12 in. long, acuminate, green above and below, with a
very dark green white-margined band running length-
wise the blad« midway between the rib and each mar-
gin. Neighborhood of Mt. Chimborazo. I.H. 17:6.
11. Li^tzeif Morr. Lvs. oval-lanceolate, truncate or
shallow-cordate at base, undulate, purple beneath, deep
green -^ud shJv Ing above, with feather-like blotches of
deeper gre^n. iJrazil.
12. liindenlAna; Wallis (C. Undent, Wallis & Andr^).
Lvs. elliptic-oblong, short-acuminate ( 12 in. or less
long), deep gieen above with an olive-green zone either
side of the midrib, and bey md which is a darker zone
of green, the under side crunterfeiting ti e upper side,
but with purplish zones. Peru. I.H. 18::i2. — By some
considered to be a form of C. rosea-picta.
13. Makoy&.na, Morr. (Mardnta olivdris, Hort.).
Or»e to 4 ft. : lvs. broad-oblong, obtuse or somewhat
short-pointed, the stalks red, the leaf olive-green or
cream-colored above but marked against the midrib
CALATHEA
CALCEOLARIA
213
with outspreading, dark green blotches of oblong, oral
or pvriform shape, the under surface similarly marked,
but "in red. Brazil. F.S. 20: 2048-9. G.C. 1872:1589.
Gn. 4. p. 87.
14. nltens, Hort. Dwarf : Ivs. oblong, glossy green,
on each side of the rib marked with oblong, pointed
greenish bars, which alternate with dark green lines.
Brazil.
15. princeps, Regel. Leaf elongated or elliptical-lan-
ceolate. 7-10 in. long, .3-.3>2 in. broad, light green above,
with broad black-green, flaming, broken band along the
middle nerve, violet-purple below. Amazon.
314. Calathea Veitchiana.
16. VeitchiAna, Veitch. Fig. 314. Very handsome, 3-4
ft.: Its. large, ovate-elliptic, obtuse or nearly so, rather
thin, glossy, purplish below, dark, rich green above and
marked with one or two rows of light yellow-green
irretrular blotches running the length of the blade (often
shailinir into white). Tropical Africa. B.M. 5.535. G.C.
1870:924. Gn. 2, p. 545. F. S. 16:1655-8.- Common ;
one of the handsomest and most serviceable species.
The darker parts of the blade are often bronze-brown.
17. Warscewlczii, Kcern. Rather large : Ivs. 2 ft.
lonff. oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, purple beneath,
dark, velvetv green above, but the midrib broadlv feath-
ered with vellow-green. Trop. Amer. F.S. 9:939-940.
Gn. 17:238. L. 17.-One of the best.
18. Wiotiina, Makoy {C.Widti, Hort.). Lvs. bright
green, with two rows of olive-green blotches. Brazil.
BBBB. Markings white or very neariy so.
19. Le^rellitoa, Regel. Leaf elliptical, pointed, 5-6 In.
long, 2-;jV^in. broad, above shining green, with broad,
■white, flaming, broken middle band along the middle
nerve and numerous broken white linear small bands be-
tween the side nerves; lower surface whitish green and
marked with red and green Equador. — Neat species.
20. crotallIera,Wats. Rattlesnake Plant. Lvs.oval,
ahniptly acute at each end, 2 ft. or less long and half as
broad, yellowish green, with a white-maririned midrib;
petiole 2-3 ft. long, curved, sheathing: peduncles 1 or 2
and 8-10 in. high, bearing distichous yellow-fld. sp?kes.
Guatemala.— Offered in Fla.
21. eximia, Kcern. (P/in/HiMm fj-fm /urn, Koch). Peti-
ole grooved, greenish, closely covered with soft hair and
naked only on the somewhat thickened end. Leaf sur-
face somewhat long-elliptical, pointed, in full-grown Ivs.
8-10 in. long and 4-5 in. broad, lightly shining blue-green,
and marked with broad white cross bands ; the under side
of the Ivs. covered with short, velvety hair, and of a
brownish purple color. S. Amer. Gt. 686.
22. mddio-picta, Makoy. Lrs. oval -lanceolate and
tapering to both ends, dark green, with the rib feathered
with white from base to summit. Brazil.
23. mlcans, Koem. Very small : Ivs. 2-3 in. long, ob-
long-lanceolate, somewhat acummate, green nnd shining
above, the rib in a feathered white stripe. Brazil. L, 49.
24. Vandenli6ckei, Regel. Lvs. dark green, shining,
red-purple beneath, the upper surface marked with two
concentric zones of white, and the rib margined with
white. Brazil ?
25. virgin^Iis, Lind. Lvs. soft-hairy below, broad-
oval, rather blunt, 7-9 in. long. 4-6 in. broad, upper sur-
face light green, and below, intheconmion form, whitish
gre^n and lighter zones shown, as on the upper surface,
— or in another form, which has been distributed in gar-
dens as C. (Maranta) Marcelli, under side shaded alight
violet and without zones. Brazil. A.F. 7: 611.
C. argyriea, Koem. Has been offered in the American trade.
— C. arrecta, Lind. and Andre. Tall : lvs. oblong, red 1>eneath,
green alx)ve, with the nerves all prominent. Equador. I. H. 18:77.
— C. Baraqitini, Regel. Lvs. oval-lance<ilate, green, witli bands
of white. Brazil.— C Fascinator. Hort. Dwarf: lvs. broad-
ovate-oV)long. purplish l)eneatb, green above and with blotches
of lighter color and transverse narrow bars of red. Brazil.
I.H. 41:104, as Maranta Fascinator. — C. hieroglyphica. Lind.
and Andre. Dwarf: Ivs. short -ov.-ite. short-pointe<l, purplish be-
neath, green aViove and marked by m-nnj' oblique bands or bars
of silvery white. Colombia. I.H. 2():l'i2-3.— C i7/»»^r/s, Hort.
(Marama ilhrstris. Lind.). Dwjirf : lvs. broad-ovate or some-
what obovate, pxirple beneatli. green above, with oblique bars of
lighter green and an encinding zone of shaded white. Equador.
I.H. 14: ol.!.— C. leopnnVinn, Kegel. Medium to large : lvs. ob-
long, olive-green, with blotches of deep green. Brazil.— V. MaS'
sangeana, Hort.=Maranta Massangeana.— C. pardhia. Planch.
& Lind. =»C. villosa.-C.rHfiT/dW^rt. Hook. f. Brown-hairy: lvs.
long-oblong or linear-oblong, bright green a hove, and bluish
greenand violet -tingetllieneath: lis. yellow. Brazil? B.M. 7560.
— C gplendens and splendidn, Hort. = Maranta splendida.— C.
villdsa, Lindl. Large : lvs. 10-20 in. long, oblong-ovate, pale
green, with dark brown angular blotches: fls. yellow. S. Amer.
F.S. 11:1101-2. as C. pardina ; also, L. .T2.— T. rittata, Koem.
Lvs. ovate-acuminate, less th.%n 1 ft. long, light green, with
many transverse bars of yellow-white. Brazil. L. .38.
L. H. B.
CALCEOLABIA (Latin calceohis, a slipper, alluding
to the saccate fl.). Scrophnlaridcecp. Many species of
herbs and shrubs, chiefly natives of S. Amer., but some
in Mexico and New Zealand. Corolla 2-parted nearly to
the base, the lower part or lip deflexed and inflated-.s'lip-
per-like, the upper lip smaller and ascending, but usu-
ally saccate ; stamens 2 or rarely 3, and no rudiments
(A, Fig. 315) : fruit a many-seeded capsule: lvs. usually
hairy and rugose, mostly opposite. Calceolarias are
grown for the variously colored and usually spotted
lady"s-slipptr-like fls. The colors are often very rich and
intense. The genus falls into two horticultural" sections,
the herbaceous kinds, and the shnibby kinds. The former
are the only ones generally known in this country. They
are grown from seeds. They are often known as the
hybrid Calceolarias (C. hyhrida, Hort.), since the com-
mon varieties are evidently the products of inter-crossing
and plant -breeding. L. H. B
Of the hybrid section, seeds are best sown at the end
of J'.me or beginning of July, in pans. Care should be
taken to have the pans thoroughly clean. Good drainage
is essential. A good soil is one composed of equal parts
of sand, leaf -mold and sod soil. This should be finely
sifted. After filling the pans, thoroughly dampen, and
allow to drain before sowing. It is unnecessary to cover
the seetls with soil, but a close-fitting pane of glass should
be placed over the pan until the little plants are well
started, when the glass should be gradually removed. In
the early stages, watering is best done by inmiersion, but
it i8 not advisable to keep the pans standing lu water.
.X'
214
CALCEOLARIA
Prick oflf, when larp;e enough to handle, into pans or
shallow flats one inch apart. Same compost as for seeds
will suit. When plants begin to crowd, pot into thumb-
pots. This time the compost should have the addition of
a sixth part of finely sifted dried cow-manure. Subse-
quent shifts should be given as required, the last being
into 7-inch pots. Shade is necessarj- all along, but should
not be so heavy as to induce the plants to become drawn.
A house or frame with a northern elevation is most suit-
able for their culture, keeping the temperature as low as
possible during the warmer months. Later on, provide
a night temperature of 40° and a day temperature of 50°
to 55°. Water carefully, avoiding extremes, and when the
flowejT spikes begin to show, weak liquid manure may be
frequently use<i with advantage. Green-fly is the only
really troublesome insect enemy. This can be kept in
check by the free distribution of tobacco stems around
the benches where the plants are set. If it gets thoroughly
established, evaporate tobacco extract in the house.
The shrubby Calceolarias are grown extensively in
Europe, especially Britain, as a bedding plant, but the
heat of an American summer proves too much for them.
Propagation is effected chiefly by cuttings, which are
taken there the end of August, stnick, and wintered over
in cold frames protected from frost.
Wm. Scott, of Tarrytown.
Tlie herbaceous garden forms of Calceolarias cannot
often be referred to botanical species. In the following
account, the important stem species are described. Rodi-
gas considers the garden hybrids to be offshoots chiefly
of C. araeh)ini(ha and ere nati flora, and he has called this
race C. arachnoideo-crenatiflr'ra (f^e I.H. 31:528, 53G;
35: 54). Fig. ;{I5. C. crenatiflora seem? to have left its
impress most distinctly on the greenhouse forms.
-:^^^
315. Calceolaria arachnoideo-crenatiflora.
A. HerbnceouH Calceolaria f, parents of the florists^
varieties of this country.
B. Lvs. simple.
c. Fls. essentially yellow.
crenatifldra, Cav. ( C. phulu la , Sweet ) . One-2 ft. , t he
stem soft-hairy, terete: radical lvs. ovate and long peti-
CALCEOLARIA
oled {the petioles winged at top), undulate and dentate
sometimes obscurely lobed, rugose and pubescent, paler
beneath, of ten purplish towards the tip ; stem-lvs. shorter-
petioled and becoming sessile above : fls. in a forking
corymb, the slipper large, oblong or oblong-olK)vate, fur-
rowed or crenate, hanging, yellow, with orange-l»nnvn
dots. Chile. B.M. ir255.— From this species we seem to
have derived the spots of Calceolaria fls.
corymbdsa, Ruiz & Pav. One-2 ft., the stem 4-aiig;e(l:
radical lvs. ovate and sometimes cordate, obtuse or m-ariv
so, doubly crenate, rugose and hairy, whitish beneath-
stem-lvs. smaller and narrower, somewhat clasping, op'-
posite : fls. small (about half as large as in C. crmati-
flora), in a broad, somewhat loose corj-mb, the slipper
somewhat short-oblong, clear yellow outside and ruarked
with red lines inside. Chile. B.M. 2418.
amplezicaiilis, HBK. A ft. or two high: lvs. cordate-
ovate to ovate-lanceolate, long-acuminate, pubescent
woolly beneath and deep-rugose above, claspinjr : fls.
small, in an upright corymb, pale yellow and spotless,
the slipper hoof-shape<I Equador, etc. B.M. 4300.
cc. Fls. purple.
purptirea, Grab. Stems erect, pubescent, 1-2 ft. : radi-
cal lvs. spatulate and acutish, with a strong midrib
sparsely hairy, rugose, dentate; stem-lvs. broad-cordate
and clasping, less toothed : fls. in loose corymbs, small,
purplish or reddish violet, the slipper somewhat fur-
rowed. Peru. B.M. 2775.— Supposed to have entered
largely into purt)le-fld. varieties.
araclinoldea. Grab. Stem a foot or two high, terete,
branchy, woolly, with appressed hairs : lvs. oblong or
lingulate, narrowing into long winged petioles, clasping,
obscurely toothed, rugose, woolly on both sides : pe-
duncles in pairs, forking: fls. small, dull purple, the slip-
per nearly globular and furrowed. Chile. B.M. 2874.
B. Ja'S. compound, or essentially so.
scabiosaefdlia, Sims. Often 2 ft., the stem terete, hairy
and leafy: lvs. opposite, with clasping petioles, cut nearly
or completely to the midrib : Ifts. varying from lanceo-
late to broad-oval, acuminate, ciliate, dentate : fls. very
small, in small hairy corjnnbs, pale yellow, the slipper
nearly orbicular ifi outline. Peru. B.M. 2405.— In es-
sentially pure form, this is sold by seedsmen as an annual
and bedding plant.
piiui&t%, Linn. Often reaches 3 ft. or more : lvs. pin-
natifld or completely compound, the divisions short and
nearly entire, obtuse or nearly so : fls. small, sulfur-
yellow. Peru. B.M. 41.- The first known garden spe-
cies, still sold as an annual.
AA. Shrubby Calceolarias.
integrifdlia, Murr. (C. rugdsa, Ruiz and Pav. C.
sal via folia, Pers.). Two ft. or less high, branchy
and bushy : lvs. glabrous, oval-lanceolate, crisped
■""x and dentatp, the short petioles winged : fls. in ter-
minal clusters, small, yellow. Chile. B.M. 2523.—
Variable. Probably the chief source of shrubby
Calceolarias.
thyrsifldra, Grab. More shrubby : lvs. linear and
clustered, toothed, sessile, not hairy : tts. small, yel-
low, in a close, terminal cluster, (,'hile. B.M. 2915.
C. dUa, Ruiz & Pav. Shnilihy: lvs. linear, toothed above:
fls. sniiill, white. Chile. 15 M. 4157. 0.0.111.22:141. Gn.
51:1102. — C. And'tna, Benth. Shrubby, gl.tndnlar-pubesceut :
lvs. orbicular-ovate, t) k. ntgose. hairy : fls. small, yellow, the
slipper crenate. Chi B.M. "■{26.- C bi^olor, Ruiz A: Pav.
Shrubby: lvs. ovate, <; tate : fls. small, the slipper sulfur-
yeUovv above and white below. Peru. L? M.:Ui;{6. — <['. Jhhftidaei,
Hort. Handsome yellow-fld. hybrid of C Pavonii X (\ fuchsise-
folia. Gn. 47:1012. — *". flexwmi. Ruiz and Pav. Shrubby at
base : lvs. large-ovate, coarsely crenate-dentate : Hs. nither
large, clear vellow, with very lar^e green calices. Peru. B.M.
51.'>4. F.S. 22:2:«1. — C. fuchsiivfolia, Hemsl. JShrubby : lvs.
lanceol.'ite: fls. yellow, panided, upper lip very large. Peru?
Gn. 1.">:173. G.C. IT. l.'):26».— r'. Henrici, Hook. f. Shnibby,
evergreen : lvs. willow-like, small-toothe<l : fls. panided, clear
yellow, the upper lip large. Equador. B.M. .^772.— C. husum-
folia. HBK. Shrubby : lvs. erowde<l, small, lanceolate and
toothe<l, or at top of stem linear and entire, margins revohite:
fls. rather large, in many-fld. corymbs, pale sulfur-yellow the
slipper obovate-orbicular and crenate. Equador. B.M. 'tMS —
C. lf>bnta, Cav. Herbaceous : lvs. triangular-ovate, palniately
5-7-lobed, dentate : fls. in terminal clusters, clear, pale yellow,
CALCEOLARIA
CALIFORNIA
215
and spotted on the np-curved slipper. Pern, Bolivia. B.M.
(0^—C. Pavonii, Benth. Herbaceous : Ivs. large and wrinkled,
ovate, truncate or cordate at base, the radical ones winged, all
jagged and toothed : tls. large, clear yellow, the lip up-eiir\-ed.
Peni. B.M. 4i>2.'>.— C. Pisacomensia, Meyer. Shrubby : Ivs.
ovateconlate. nearly or quite obtuse, nearly sessile, irregu-
larly crenate, margins retlexed : tls. large, orange varying to
ml. the slipper up-cur^'e^l. Peru. B.M. 'iCTT.—f'. pJnnfowtHca,
Smith. Herbaceous, stemless : Ivs. ovate-spatulate, toothed at
top : scapes many, few-fld., the tls. large, yellow, the under
side of the slipper dotte<l with red. Chile. B.M. 280.5.— C. Sin-
elairii. Hook. Herbaceous, half-hardy : Ivs. oblong-ovate,
stalked, crenate-dentate, hairy : fls. small, lilac or flesh-col-
ored spotted within, the two lips nearly equal, not saccate.
New Zeal. B.M. 6.507.— f. tenella, Poepp. & Endl. Herba-
ceous, h."ilf-hardy. 6 in. high : Ivs. ovate or orbicular, small
{%m. longt, nearly or quite sessile : fls. yellow, spotte«l within.
Chile. B.M. 6231.— C. violacea, Cav. Shrubby : Ivs. small,
ovate-cordate, deep-tonthed, stalked : fls. yellow-salmon,
spotted within and without, the two lips not saccate. Chile.
B.M. 4929. L. H. B.
CALENDULA (Latin, calendce or calends: flowering
throughout the month.s ) . Compbsitce. Herbs of temper-
ate regii ns, of 20 or more species. Annuals or peren-
nials. With alternate simple Ivs., mostly large heads
with yellow or orange rays, glabrous incurved akenes,
plane naked receptacle, pappus none, and involucre
broad, with scales in one or two series.
officinalis, Linn. Pot Marigold. Fig. 316. Annual:
1-2 ft. high, more or less hairy : Ivs. oblong and more
or less clasping, entire, thickish ; heads solitary, on
stout stalks, large with flat, spreading ravs, sliowv,
closing at night. 8. Eu. B.M. 3204. -One o'f the most
universal garden fls., running into many vars., distin-
guished by size, color, and degree of doubling. The
color varies from white-yellow to deep orange. This is
the Marygold of Shakespeare's time. The fl. -heads are
sometimes used in oookerj', to flavor soups and .stews.
The Calendula is of the easiest culture in any warm,
loose soil. The seed.s are usually sown where the plants
are to stand, but they may be sown indoors or in a
frame and the plants transplanted. The akenes are
large and germinate quickly. The plant blooms the
whole season, particularly if the fls. are picked. It is a
hardy annual, and in the southern states will bloom
most of the year.
soffruticdsa, Vahl. More diffuse, annual : Ivs. ses-
sile, lanceolate, somewhat dentate : heads bright yel-
low, not doubled, very numerous, on long peduncles.
W. Mediterranean region.— Seeds are sold by American
dealers.
C. Pongei, Hort., and C. pluvialis, Linn., will be found under
Dimori>hotheca. L H B
CALICO BUSH is a Kalmia.
CALIFORNIA, HORTICULTURE IN. California oc-
cupies the mountain slopes and plain-like valleys of a
vast area, nmch of which is peculiarly well-fitted to
horticultural uses. New York, Ohio, 31ai"ne, New Jersey,
Vermont, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Connecticut,
Delaware, and Rhode Island, united, have a less area
than California. The range of products grown suc-
cessfully in California is nearly or quite as great as
that of all the rest of the United States ; the humid sea-
level islands of Florida are adapted to some plants,
such as Cassava, which do but poorly in California, but
on the sheltered uplands of California many species
which entirely fail in Florida are perfectly at home.
Here, as every tourist can see in a single summer, one
finds, and often on an enormous scale, the vines, wal-
nuts and prunes of France ; the olives, oranges, lemcms,
chestnuts, figs and pomegranates of Italy and Spain ;
the Acacias, Eucalypts, Casuariaas, and salt-bushes of
Australia; the melons of Turkestan; the cotton and to-
bacco of tiie south ; the hemp, flax, rye, Russian mul-
berries, and other products of the more extreme north,
the cereals of the great west, the bulbs of Holland, the
costly seed-crops of European gardens, and, in brief,
examples of the greater part of the useful horticultural
productions of the temperate zones.
While the American pioneers of Kentucky were fight-
ing Indians, and struggling to obtain the right to navi-
gate the Mississippi, the Spanish pioneers of California
were planting pear, orange and olive trees, date palms,
and European grapes, about the early Missions. After
the American conquest, and the gold discoverv' of 1848,
horticulture gained a foothold in the mountain lands
below the Sierra peaks. Every village and town had its
gardens and its beginnings of orchards. Soon the
thoughts of men turned to the broad, fertile, untilled
valleys, and in a f.?w years the wheat farmer became the
typical Calif omian. Lastly, the state entered upon a
magnificent and still continuing period of horticultural
development, which well deserves to be written down in
history as one of the most important facts of modem
material progress.
Not so long ago almost 160,000 square miles of
California were considered "nearly all waste." Now,
O.^.
316. Calendula officinalis, double-flowered (X%).
one finds that forests, pastures, farms, gardens, so sug-
gestively occupy the land that, although there is room
for many more, it is difficult to call anything worthless
except the great heights that shelter and water the val-
leys below. Even the deserts have underlying streams,
and blossom with tree and vine as men sink artesian
wells there. The miracles of Italy, ancient Palestine,
modern India, are being repeated over large districts of
California.
The great valleys and nearly level lands of Califor-
nia, the true cereal belts, subject to frosts, comprise
about 40,000,000 acres of land; the foothill fruit-belts,
216
CALIFORNIA
CALLIANDRA
of Coast Range and Sierra, hardly as yet one-tenth oc-
cupied, comprise fully 25,000,000 acres; in timber and
fine grazing lands, capable of perpetual renewals, are
12.000,000 acres; high mountains cover some 13.000,000
acres; arid lands, often yielding enormously under irri-
gation, or slowly conquered by neutralizing their super-
abundant alkali, occupy about 10.000,000 acres. Over
these greftt areas every wind current, every mountain
spur, eve; " alteration in slope or altitude, helps to make
a local climate. The complicated geological develop-
ment of California has produced soils almost as varied
as its local climates. Still, the state can be conveniently
divided into five characteristic oliraate-zones: in the
high Sierras the mean annual temperature is from 30'^
to 44°; in the lower Sierras it is from 44° to 52°; near
the Pacific ocean it is from 52° to 67°; in the central
valleys of Sacramento and San Joaquin it is from 60° to
68°, and in the southern counties from 68° to 72°. But
every part of California shows verj- sharp horticultural
contrasts upon farms not a mile apart. Local climate is
the key-note of California life. Placer county, for in-
stance, extends from the center of the Sacramento val-
ley east to the summit of the Sierras. It has upland
Canadian valleys, pines and snow-blockades at one end;
groves of oranges and lemons in the Sierra foothills, and
rich alfalfa fields along the "bottoms "of the Sacramento
valley rivers. See Fig. .317.
Statistics are apt to be dull reading, but the horticul-
ture of California can be shown only by some of its re-
sults in recent years. Let us glance at a few of the
records. Take the well-known industry of raisin-mak-
ing. In 1873, 120,000 pounds were produced in Califor-
nia. By 1894 this crop had grown to 103,000,000 pounds.
The interstate shipments of fresh fruits, beginning late
in the seventies, rose by 1894 to nearly 180,000,000
pounds. The interstate shipments of dried fruits rose
between 1884 and 1897, from about 2.000,000 pounds to
150,000.000 pounds. During the same period of only 13
years, the product of beet-sugar increased from about
2,000,000 to over 70,000.000 pounds. Oranges, for many
years a noted California pro<luct, rose between 1884 and
1898, from 850,000 boxes to 4.«340.000 boxes. Turning to
some other separate industries, in 1897 the dried apricot
crop was over 30,000,000 pounds, the prune crop was
over 97,000,000 pounds, the dried peach crop was over
I UTAH
>>Kv38ARI Z O MA
Fiff. 317. Horticultural resions of California.
27,000,000 pounds. The wine-production of the state in
1897 was 34,500.000 gallons. The pack of canned fruit
in 1898 was 2,000,000 cases. In 1893, in a very careful
tabulation of the area planted to fruit-trees and vines,
made by me for the Popular Science Monthly, I esti-
mated as follows:
Kind Acreage
Citrus and semi-tropic 9.i.(M)fl
Deciduous fruits 2(M»!(MMt
Nut-l)earing trees 2.">.<KiO
drapes 19l!im
Small fruits oMl
Total Tsif.oii
At the usual distances of planting, this would give
48,000,000 fruit trees and about 240,000,000 grape-vines.
Since 1893 nearly six years have passed, and ytt the
acreage has not greatly gained. Some vineyards and
worn-out orchards have been destroyed. The area in
small fruits has nearly doubled. The citi-us and semi-
tropic fruits have somewhat increased in area. Tliere
have been seasons of heavy frosts and of litrht rainfall.
The industry has been less generally profitable «luring
recent years. A multitude of lesser horticultural occu-
pations have attracted attention.
Among these new horticultural industries of the last
decade or so are the extensive growth of tree, flower and
vegetable seeds, of cut-flowers, of vegetables and of dec-
orative plants. California has always had important
nurseries and large market-gardens, but there is now a
tendency to specialize more than ever before, and to
supply, in many departments, the markets of America
and Europe. Portugese, Italian, Chinese and Japanese
peasants have settled in larere numbers in the richer
districts of California, introducing their special horti-
cultural industries. Large farms and orchards are still
profitable, but every year the small, well-tilled plots in-
crease in number and relative importance.
Charles H. Shikn.
CALIFOENIA POPPY is Eschscholtzia.
is Emmennnthe
CALIPOBNIA TELLOW BELLS
penduliflora.
CALIMEBIS (Greek, beautiful arrangement). Com-
pdsittv. A few Asian herbs, often united with Aster, but
horticulturally distinct, and differing from that frenus
in the hemispherical involucre of few, nearly equal,
scarious -margined bracts, and broad, convex receptacle
Akene flat and hairy. Hardy perennials of low growth,
suited to the border in front of stronger plants. C. Ta-
tarica is described in the genus Heteropappus.
inclsa, UC. (Aster incUus, Fisch. ). One to 2 ft., erect,
corymbose at the summit : Ivs. lanceolate, remotely in-
cise-dentate : scales of involucre red-margined :" fls.
large, purple-rayed or almost white, and yellow-centered.
— Of easy culture in any good soil, making a display
throughout July and Aug. The commonest species,
Alt^icB, Nees {Aster Altdicus, Willd.). Lower, pu-
bescent or hispid : Ivs. linear-lanceolate and entire :
scales of involucre pubescent and white-margined : rays
narrow, blue. l_ g q^
CALIPHEUBIA. See CaUiphruria.
CALLA (ancient np,me, of obscure meaning). Ardidea.
A monotypic genus, containing a native bog-plant with
a white spathe. Herbs, with creeping rhizomes and 2-
ranked Ivs. Differs from Orontium in the parallel sec-
ondary and tertiary veins of the leaf -blade. S?e liU-h-
ardia for C ^thiopica, albotnacuhtta, ElUottiava. and
nana. The Calla of florists, or Calla Lily, is Richardia.
palustris, Linn. Fig. 318, Rhizome bearing many dis-
tichous Ivs. one year, the next only 2 Ivs. and the pe-
duncle : petioles c*-Iindrical, long-sheathed : blade cor-
date : spathe elliptical, or ovate-lanceolate, white. Eu.,
N. Asia, and E. N. Amer. B. M. 18.31.— An interesting
little perennial plant, useful for outdoor ponds.
Jared G. Smith.
CALLIANDBA (Greek, beautiful stamens). Legu-
niindsre. Tropical American shrubs, distinguished from
Acacia by the presence of a thickened margin on the
pod. Lvs. bipinnate; Ifts. numerous: fls, usually borne
in glolK)se heads ; corolla small, obscured by the nu-
merous, long, silky, purple or white stamens. Cult, in
S. Calif., and prop, by cuttings.
CALLIANDRA
CALLIRHOE
217
LambertiAna, Benth. (Acdcia Lambertidna, D.Don).
Unarmed : branches terete : Ivs. puberulous-villous :
pinnae 2-3-yoked : Ifts. 9-12-yoked, oval-oblong, obtuse
at both ends : petiole not glandular : peduncles 3-5,
racemose : heads roundish ; stamens 20-25, exserted.
Mexico. B.R.721
318. Calla palustris.
tetrdgona, Benth. {Achcia tetrdgona, Willd.). Un-
armed, glabrous: branches tetragonal : pinnae 5-6-yoked :
Ifts. l&-29-yoked, linear, acute, the outer larger :' heads
pedunculate, axillary; fls. white : pod linear-obtuse,
thickened at the margiu.
Fortoricdnsis, Benth. {Acdcia Fortoric4nsis, V^'illd.).
Unarmed shrub, 10 ft. high: pinnte 5-yoked: Ifts. 15-25-
yoked, linear, obtuse; petioles not glandular: branch-
lets pubescent : heads globose, peduntulate, axillary :
calyx ciliate on the margin : filaments long, white : sta-
mens 20-25: pod straight, linear, tapering at the base.
West Indies.
CALLICABPA (Greek, heaitty and frttit). Verbend-
ceif. Shrubs or trees, mostly with rough, stellate hairs:
Ivs. opposite, usually dentate and deciduous : fls, small,
perfect, in axillary cymes ; corolla with short tube, 4-
lobed ; stamens 4: fr. a small, berr>--like drupe, red,
lilac or violet, with 2-4 seeds. About 30 species in trop.
and subtrop. regions of Asia. Australia. N. and C. Amer.
Some species are cult, chiefly for their decorative fr.,
profusely produced in fall ; the hardiest are C. pur-
puren and C Japonicn, and they may be grown even
north in sheltered positions, if somewhat protected dur-
ing the winter. If killed to the ground, young shoots
spring up vigorously, and will produce fls. and fr. in the
same season. If grown in the greenhouse, they require
a sandy compost of loam and peat, and plenty of light
and air. Prop, readily by greenwood cuttings in spring
or summer under glass, also by hardwood cuttings, layers
and seeds.
▲. Z(VS. tomentose beneath.
Americ&na, Linn. Shrub, 3-6 ft., with scurfy, downy
tomentum : Ivs. cuneate, elliptic-ovate, acuminate, ob-
tusely serrate, 3-6 in. long: cymes short-stalked; corolla
bluish, glabrous: fr. violet. .luly-Aug. Virg. to Texas
and W. India. — One of the handsomest in fr.,but more
tender than the Japanese species. There is a var. with
white fr.
AA. Lvti. glabrous beneath, hut glandular : corolla
glandular out aide.
Jap^nica, Thunb. Shrub, 2-5 ft. : Ivs. cuneate, ellip-
tic or ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, crenately serrate,
2J'^-5 in. long: cymes peduncled, many-fld. : fls. pink or
whitish: fr. violet. August. Japan. P.F.G. 2, p. 165.
purpi^iTea, Juss. {C. gracilis, Sieb. & Zucc). Shrub,
1—4 ft. : Ivs. cuneate, elliptic or obovate, coarsely serrate
above the mid<lle, entire toward the base, lK-3 in. long:
cymes peduncled, few or many-fld.; fls. pink: fr. lilac-
violet. Augu.st. Japan, China. Gn. 23: 3i^2. — Closely al-
lied to the former, but smaller in every part.
C. cdna, Linn. Shrub : Ivs. broadly elliptic, shining above
and whitish-tomentose beneath : fr. deep purple. E. India.
China. Philippine Isl.— C dichotoma, C. Koch = C purpurea. —
C. lanata, S<*hau.. not Linn.=C. peduneuJata.— C Ifu/iMrazflAri,
Sieb.=C. Japoniea.— C mollis, Sieb. & Zucc. Shrub, to 4 ft.:
Ivs. oblong-lanceolate, rounded at the base, tomentose beneath:
fls. and fr. pink. .JAj)&n.—C. jiednticvluta, R.Br. Shnib: Ivs.
oblong-ovate, nearly sessile, and rounded at the base, green and
slightly tomentose beneath: cymes slender-peduncled. E. Ind.,
Austr. Sieb. Flor.d..I.ird. 4: 1)7.— C n/frt^iio, Lindl. Shrub or
small tree, to 20 ft.: Ivs. cordate-ohlong, tomentose beneath:
fr. purple. Himal.. China. B. R. 11: 883. Y. S. 13: 1359 (as C.
purpurea). Alfred Rehdek.
CALLI6FSIS. Consult Coreopsis.
CALLIPHRtlEIA (Greek, beautiful prison; referring
to the spathe inclosing the flowers). Written also Cali-
j)huria. Amarf/lliddcetf. Tender bulbs from New
Granada, distinguished from Eucharis by the stamens,
the filaments being petalid, with three large linear teeth
on top, the middle one bearing the anther. The fls. ap-
pear with the Ivs. Prop, by offsets. J. G. Baker. Ama-
ryllideje, p. 112.
Hartwegi^na, Herb. Bulb ovid, 1 in. thick, stolonifer-
ous. with brown membranous tunics: Ivs. bright green,
firmer and more closely veined than in Eucharis, with
an oblong-acute blade 4-5 in. long, 2 in. broad, narrowed
into a petiole, which is flat above, and round beneath :
scape slender, 1 ft. long : fls. 6-8, in an umbel, white ;
perianth 1 in. long and wide. Andes of Bogota. B.M.6259.
Int. in 1889 by Reasoner, who has never flowered it.
C. subedentdta. Baker =■ Eucharis subedeutata.
CALLIPEC»EA is included in Brodio'a.
CALLtPTEBIS (Greek, beatitifulfern). Polypodidcece.
A genus of ferns allied to Asplenium, with elongate sori
formed on both sides of the veins, and the veins uniting
to form meshes or areolae. Some fifteen species are kno\^-n
from the warmer parts of both hemispheres. The follow-
ing is the only one in cultivation. Culture of tropical
Aspleniums.
prolifera, Bory {Asplenium decussdtum.S-wz.). Lvs.
2-4 ft. long besides the stalks, which are 1-2 ft. long, with
numerous pinnae 6-12 in. long, 1-2 in. wide, with deeply
crenate margins and frequently with bulblets in the axils ;
veins pinnate, with the branches of contiguous veins
uniting. Polynesia and Malaya. l^ jj^ Underwood.
CALLIEHOE ( Greek mythological name ) . Malvdcece.
Poppy-Mallow. Seven native species of hardy, showy
herbs of the easiest culture and deserving a much greater
popularity. The two kinds mentioned are chiefly prop,
by seeds, but the perennial species may also be prop,
by cuttings. The name is also written CaliirrhoS.
A. Annual: involucre ab»ent.
ped&ta, Gray. Fig. 319. Height 1-3 ft. : stem erect,
leafy : radical, and lower lvs. round-cordate, palmately or
pedately 5-7-lobed or -parted, the lobes coarsely toothed
or incised, upper 3-5-cleft or -parted, usually into narrow
divisions : fls. red-purple, cherrj' red, varying to lilac.
Common in Texas. R.H. 1857, p. 430.
218
CALURHOE
CALLUNA
AA. Perennial: involucre present.
involucrJtta, Gray. Height &-12 in., i>lunt hitpute or
even hispid : root lar^e. napiform : stems procumbent:
lv8. of rounded outline, palmately or pedately 5-7-parted
Thuja. The small cones have 4-6 separatinjr woody
scales : Ivs. smaU and scale-like, persistent. Of
attractive habit
V(
•ry
319. Callirhoe pedata.
or -cleft, the divisions mostly wedge-shaped, incised, the
lobes oblong to lanceolate : fls. crimson-purple, cherry
red or paler. All summer. Minn, to Tex. G.W.F. 26.
R.H. 1862:171, as C. verticUlata.
Var. lineariloba, Gray. Less hirsute than the type :
stems ascending: Ivs. smaller, 1-2 in. across, the upper
or all dissected into linear lobes.— An excellent trailer,
especially for rockeries. Thrives even in very dry soils,
the root penetrating to a great depth. A sunnv position
is preferable. j ^ ^^^^^^ ,^^^;^ ^, ^^
CALLISTllMMA. CALLlSTEPHUS. See Aster, China.
CALLIST£:M0N (Greek. kaUos. beauty; stemon. a
stamen ; in must of the species the stamens are a beau-
tiful scarlet color). Mifrf<lceif. Bottle-brush. Au-
stralian shrubs : Ivs. evergreen, short : tts. in dense,
cylindrical spikes, at first terminal, but the axis grow-
ing out into leafy shoots ; anthers versatile, with par-
allel cells opening longitudinally : fr. persisting several
years. Prop, by ripened cuttings in sand under a hand-
glass, which flower when small ; or by seeds, but the
seedlings are slow in reaching the flowering state.
Rapid growers ; very ornamental ; greenhouse in the
north ; hardy in California, thriving in any soil and
without irrigation.
A. Lvs. flat, penni veined.
specidsuB, DC. Lvs. thick, narrow-lanceolate, pubes-
cent when young : spikes dense, large : fls. scarlet, the
calyx and corolla pubescent ; stamens obscurely or very
shortly 5-adelphous. March-April. West Australia.
B.M. 1761, as Aletrosideros speciosa. Height 10 ft.
lanceolitus, Sweet. Fig. 320. Height 6-10 ft. : lvs.
crowded, thick, lanceolate, punctate, reddish when
young: spikeratherloose,of reddish fls. N.S.Wales. 6ft.
rlg^dus, R. Br. Lvs. linear or narrowly linear-lanceo-
late, rigid, almost pungent-pointe«l : spikes dense : fls.
red ; anthers dark. New South Wales. 4 ft.
AA. Lvs. channeled above, linear, nerveless or
1-nerved.
linearis, DC. Height 4 to 6 ft. : fls. dark or pale scar-
let : fr. more globular and more contracted at the mouth
than in C. rigidus. June. N. S. Wales.
J. Bi'RTT Davy.
CALLlTBIS (from the Greek for beautiful). Conif-
er(f, tribe Cupress\ne(s. About 15 trees or shrubs,
growing in Africa and the Australian region, allied to
The only species in the Amer. trade 13
robiista, R. Br. Cypress Pine. Somewhat resemhUs
our native red cedar, but is conical in form and very
dense. It is a fine tree for tall hedges and windbreaks.
Young trees planted out in S. Fla. make fine specimens*
branching from the ground. In Ave years the plants
reach 10-12 ft. high. Little known in this country.
Queensland. L. H B ' '
CALLt^NA (Greek, to sweep ; the branches are some-
times used for making brooms). Erichceo'. Heather.
Low evergreen shrubs with imbricated, scale-like lvs!
in four rows, the branchlets therefore quadrangular :
fls. in terminal racemes ; condla campanulate, 4-lobed
shorter than the 4-parted colored calyx ; stamens 8 :
fr. capsular. One species in W. and N. Eu., also in
Asia Minor ; in E. N. Amer. in some localities natural-
ized. For culture, see Erica.
vnlg&ris, Salisb. (tJr\ca vulgaris, Linn.). From 3^-3
ft.: lvs. oblong-linear, obtuse, sagittate at the base,
glabrous or pubescent : fls. small, in long, erect, rather
dense racemes, rosy pink, sometimes white. Aug.-
Sept. — Cultivated in many varieties: Var. 41ba (and
var. alba Hammondi), with white fls.; var. Alpdrti, of
more vigorous growth, with rosy carmine fls.; var. cor-
nea, with flesh-colored fls. ; var.'fldre-pl^no, with double
320. Callistemon lanceolatua.
rose-colored fls. ; var. p^gmsea, forming low, moss-like
tufts : var. tomentdsa, the branchlets and lvs. with
grayish tomentum. The Heather is a very handsome
-.."- +,'
CALLUNA
small shrub, well adapted for borders of erer^een
shnibberies, or for dry slopes and sandy banks and
preferring sunny positions ; it is also found growing
well in swamps and in partly shaded situations. Cut
branches keep their life-like appearance for many
months. Alfred Rehder.
CALOCHOBTUS (Greek for beautiful and grass).
Lilid,ceiv, tribe TuUpett. West American comious
plants, the occidental representatives of Tulipa. St.
usually branched, and fn-m a coated corm, more or less
leafy: perianth of unequal segments, the outer ones the
smaller and more or less sepal-like, the 3 inner ones
large and showy and bearing glands and hairs ; stigmas
3, sessile and recurved ; stamens 6 ; fls. showy, shal-
low-cupped on the inner segments, arching. Nearly all
the species are in cult. Monogr. by J. G. Baker, Joum.
Linn. Soc. 14: .'«)2-:{10 (1875); and bv S. Watson, Proc.
Amer. Aca<l. Arts and Sci. 14:2G2-2«)H (187!)). See also
Colochorti in the Sierra Nevada, by George Hansen,
Erythea, 7: 13-15; A. Davidson, Erythea, 2: 1-2, 27-:{0.
Li. H. B.
Calochortuses are natives of western North America.
One or two extend into British America, and a few. be-
longing to a peculiar grou]», are found in Mexico ; the
remainder are natives of the United States, from Ne-
braska to the Pacific ocean. While the generic charac-
teristics are unmistakable, the species and even varie-
ties have the most variable tastes as to soil, exposure
and climate. The Colorado desert and the summits of
the Sierra Nevada, the heavy clay lands of Califomian
valleys, the volcanic soils of the foothills and the mead-
ows of the Northwest, each has its own representa-
tives of this beautiful tribe. The character of the genus
can be treated better under the various groups. Nearly
every known species is in cultivation to some extent.
Some are readily grown, others present considerable
cultural difficulties ; but while there are some which
will probably always be difficult to cultivate, there are
many species — and the number includes the very best—
which can be successfully grown by any one who is
willing to give a little special care to "their culture; and
there are a few which possess such vigor and hardiness
as to be adapted to extensive cultivation. All Calo-
chortuses are hardy in the sense of withstanding ex-
treme cold, but they will not withstand alternate thaw-
ing and freezing nearly so well ; and thus we have the
paradox of their going safely through severe eastern or
European winters and suffering the loss of foliage in
mild ones. They should l)e planted in the fall, and it is
better to plant late, so that leaf growth is delaye.l until
spring. Diverse as are their natural habitats, oae soil
will answer the needs of all. In my own experience, a
light loam, made lighter with sand or sawdust, powdered
charcoal, or spent tan-bark, is best. My very best re-
sults have been with a mixture of equal parts of a good
light loam and spent tan-bark, with a littl? broken char-
coal. Wallace, one of the most successful English
growers, recommends making a bed sloping to the
south, composed of leaf-mold and road grit in equal
parts, with a smaller proportion of sharp sand. The
idea is a light, porous, not too stimulating soil, with
perfect drainage. Wallace recommends covering the
beds with reeds to throw off the heavy rains. I accom-
plish the same end by such thorough drainage that the
rains pass through quickly. It is better to lift the
bulbs as soon as they ripen, and replant in the fall.
Water sparingly at all times. They take well to pot cul-
ture with similar soils and treatment. While not to be
forced rapidly, they considerably anticipate their out-of-
door season. The same treatment can be used in cold-
frame culture, but do not coddle them too much. Under
suitable conditions they are really very hardy and tena-
cious of life, but excessive moisture, either in air or
ground, is not to their liking after the flowering season
arrives. Theoretically, all Calochortuses of Section A
(Star Tulips) should have shade, and all Mariposas (AA)
sunshine; but I find that the light shade of the lath-house
suits all alike, giving much finer bloom in the Mariposas.
The flowering season extends over three months, accord-
ing to species. Carl PrRDv.
Index: albus, No. 1 ; amoenus, 1, 6; apiculatus, 8;
atroviolaceus, 25 ; aureus, 22 ; Benthami, 4 ; cwruleus.
CALOCHORTUS
219
5; Cataline, 28; citrinus, 17,21; clavattis, 2.3; concolor,
21; elegans, t> ; flexuosus, 26 ; Oreenei, 14 ; Gunnisoni,
31 ; Howellii, 16 ; Kennedyi, 20 ; Leichtlinii, 30 : lilaci-
nus, 10; Lobbii, 6; longebarbatus, 15; luteus, 21 ^
Lyallii, 6 ; macrocarpus, 32 ; Maweanus, 3 ; nanus, 6 ;
nitidus, 13 ; nudus, 12 ; Nuttallii, 29 ; Obispoensis, 19 ;
oculatus, 21 ; Palmeri, 27 ; paniculatus, 1 ; pictus, 24 ;
Plummerff», 18 ; pulchellus, 2; Punlyi,9; purpurascens,
24 ; roseus, 3, 24 : ruber, 25 ; sanguineus, 24 ; splen-
dens, 25 ; sulphureus, 24 ; Tolmiei. 7 ; uniflorus, 11 ;
venustus, 24 ; Vesta, 24 ; Weedii, 17.
Star TvhiPS. — BIntisoms or fruit more or less nod'
ding : inner perianth segments strongly arched.
Fls. subglobose, nodding: st. usually tall and
branching. Globe Tulips.— These have a single
long and narrow shining leaf from the base, and
slender, flexuous, leafy stems, the perfection of
grace in outline. The flowers are exquisite in deli-
cacy of tints. Woodland plants.
1. ilbus, Dougl. Fig. 321. Strong, 1 ft. high : fls. globu-
lar, pendent, 1 in. across, of a satinv texture, delicately
fringed with hairs. Calif. B.R. 1G61. F.S. 11: 1171.-
Chaste and delicate.
A.
B.
321. Calochortus albus (XH)-
Var. paniculittus, Baker. Lower : Ivs. narrower, fls.
smaller.
Var. amoenus, Hort. Like C, albus, but rosy colored.
Cent. Calif.
2. pnlcMUus, Dougl. Similar, but fls. flatter, of pure
yellow, the edges of petals with a line of stiff hairs:
very handsome. Northwest Calif. B.R. 1662.
BB. Fls. bell-shaped, erect when open, mostly lined
with hairs, the pedicels becoming recurved: stem
mostly low, and fls. often more or less umbellate.
Star Tilips Proper. — Like the Globe Tulip, but
smaller as a rule, and the fls. dainty open cups.
All of the species resemble each other, and were
first included under C elegans.
3. Maweanus, Leichtl. Plant low (4-10 in.), usu-
ally branched : fls. white, purplish at the base, filled
with silky hairs, the gland covered by a broad semi-
circular scale : capsule long-elliptic. Calif. N. B.M.
,5976 as C. elegans. — \i\r'vAh\e. Var. miLjor, Hort. Fig.
322. Twice as large in all its parts. Var. rdseus, Hort.
Fls. tinged rose.
4. Benthami, Baker. Resembles C. pulchellus : sts.
low : Ivs. narrow: fls. nearly erect, yellow, the segments
J^ in. lone: and brown at the base. Sierra Nevadas, in
Calif. J.H. III. 30:o49.
220
CALOCHORTUS
CALOCHORTUS
5. cserfileafl, Wats. Similar to C. Mawfanu», but
lined and <lotte<l with blue : low, 2-5-fld., the pedicels
very slender : perianth ciliate inside: capsule nearly or
quite orbicular. Calif., in the Sierras.
6. ilegans, F*ursh. Similar to the last: petals greenish
white and purplish at base, bearded, little or not at all
ciliate: gland covered by a deeply fringed scale. Ore-
gon, Idaho.
Var. aoKBiias, Hort. Fls. lilac, large and showy. G.C.
III. 15:808.
Var. L6bbii, Baker (C. Ldbbii, Hort.). Dwarfer,
alpine: tis. straw-colored, with dark eye; anthers less
pointed. Ore.
Var. n&nus. Wood (C. Lyallii, Baker). Subalpine,
dwarf : petals narrow and usually more acute, more
hairy and ciliate. Mts. Calif., N.
BBB. Fls. bell-shaped : like be, hut fall (i ft. or more),
and stoutly erect, with several fine, erect cups,
similurto C.Mnweauus. Giant Star Tulips.—
In this splendid group we have the very dainty,
silky fls. and handsome, glossy Ivs. of the Star
Tulip, with a stout st. a foot or two high and
large fls. Unlike the others, they naturally
grow in open places, and have a vigor and
health which are a high recommendation.
7. TOimiei, Hook. & Am. Stout, a ft. high, generally
branched : petals often raor*' than an inch long, tinged
lilac, with pur]>le and white hairs : glan<l without a
scale : capsule broad-elliptic, acutish. Mt. Shasta, N.—
Remains a long time in bloom.
8. apicol^tUB, Baker. Taller and stouter, with umbel-
late straw-colored fls. N. Idaho.
9. Piirdyi, Eastw. Fls. silvery white, filled with blue
hairs. S. Ore. G.C. III. 23: 395. -Very handsome.
BBBB. Fls. bell-shaped, the petals naked or hairy only
at the base: low: leaf solitary. Meadow
Tl'LIPS. — These Calochortuses are natives of
wet meadows. C. lilacinus and C Vesta grow
well in all soils as long as well drained, and
as garden plants thrive everj'where. In habit
they are low, flexuous and leafy. The cups
are open, erect and numerous, an inch or so
in diameter.
10. lilacinus, Kellogg (C umbellhtus. Wood). A
handsome species, with large, clear lilac fls., hairj' only
at base : fls. 4-10, on long, slender scapes: capsule ellip-
tic, ob^-use. Grows naturally in wet meadows, and makes
offsets freely. N. Calif, and Ore. B.M. 5804 as C.
tinifldrus. Perhaps the same as the next.
11. Tinifldras, Hook. & Am. St. very short, bearing
bulbs at base, 1-2-fld. : petals lilac, with purple claw and
hairy on the lower half. Coast ranges, Calif.
12. ntidos, Wats, Low, delicate : leaf solitary : fls.
1-6, umbellate, small, white or pale lilac, not hairy, den-
ticulate. Calif., in the Sierras.
AA. MahiposaTwips.— Blossoms on stout, erect pedi-
cels, the stems stout and strict: fls. open-bell-
shaped. Excepting in B, the Mariposa or Butter-
fly Tulips have slender, grassy, radical Ivs,,
stiff, erect stems bearing cup-shaped fls., and
sparingly leafy and with an erect capsule. Bulbs
small.
B. Capsule actite-angled or winged : fls. lilac or vhite.
These are hardy species, growing in the meadows
from Oregon to Montana, where they endure
much cold. They form a connecting link between
the Giant Star Tulips and the true Mariposas.
Their Ivs. are like those of the Star Tulips— long,
broad and glossy. Like the Star Tulips, too, the
seed-pod is handsome, 3-cornered and winged.
The stems are stiffly erect: the fls. cup-shaped,
not so brilliant as the true Mariposas. but very
delicate: the plants are hardy, healthy and vig-
orous, and are to be highly recommended for
cold climates.
13. nltidus, Dougl. Scape erect, but not stiff : leaf
solitary, glossy, narrow: fls. 1-3, large and showy, lilac,
yellowish, or white, with a deep indigo blotch in the cen-
ter, lined with. yellow hairs. Meadows, E. Ore. to Mont.
— Very beautiful and showy.
14. Orednei, Wats. St. stout and branching, 1 ft., 2-5-
fld.: sepals with a yellowish hairy spot; petals lilac
barred with yellow below, and somewhat purplish, luose-
hairy, not ciliate : capsule beaked. Calif, and Ore.
15. longebarb&tUB, Wats. Slen<ler, about 1 ft. hiirh,
bulb-beuring near the base, with 1 or 2 narrow radical
Ivs., 2-branched and usually 2-fld.: fls. erect or nearly
so, lilac with yellow at base, scarcely hairy except the
long-bearded gland. Washington.
16. H6weUii, Wats. St. erect, 1 ft. or more, 1-2-fld.:
Ivs. very narrow: sepals ovate, short-acuminate; p^-tals
yellowish white, 1 in. long, denticulate, slightly filiate
near the base, brown-hairy inside, the gland" yellow-
hairy. Ore.
BB. Capsule obtuse-angled.
C. Color yellow or orange or orange-red, more or less
marked uith brown and purple {except in forms
of C. luteus) : in cult, forms running into other
colors.
17. We^dii, Wood. Radical leaf single, glossy, broad:
St. tall, leufy, bearing large orange-colored fls. dotted
with purple : petals triangular, square-topped : gland
small, hairv : bulb heavily coated with fiber. Calif.
B.M. 6200, as C. citrinus. G.C. III. 16: 183. -Varies to
white.
18. Flummeree, Greene. Similar, but purple and very
showy. Calif. G.C. III. 16: 133. J. H. III. 29: 289. Gn.
47:999. — A fine species, with fl. of large size and full
outline, lined with long, silky yellow hairs. It is the C.
Weedii, var. purpurascens, of Watson.
19. Obispo^nsis, Lemm, Tall and slender, branchins?,
very floriferous : petals yellow, verging to red at the
tip and less than half the length of the orange-brown
sepals. Calif. G.F. 2: 161. — Odd and bizarre.
20. Kennedy!, Porter. Bulb small and ovoid : st.
slender, 18 in., sometimes branches: Ivs.
linear, tufted from the branching of the
St. : fls. 2-5 ; sepals broad with a purple
spot ; petals red-orange to vermilion, not
ciliate nor prominently
hairy, purple-spotted at
the center. Desert spe-
cies of S. Calif, B.M.
7264. — Brilliant and desirable,
but difficult to grow.
21. ItteuB, Dougl. St. 1-10-fld.,
bulb-bearing near the base : Ivs,
very narrow : sepals narrow-lan-
ceolate, with a brown spot : petals
2 in. or less long, yellow or orange,
brown-lined, slightly hairy below
the middle, the gland densely
hairy. Calif. B.R. 1567.-Varia'-
ble. Some of the forms are sold
as C. venustus.
Var. citrlniUB, Wats. {C.ventis-
tus.VAr. citrlntis. Baker). Petals
lemon - yellow, with a central
brown spot.
V'ar. ocul&ttu, Wats. ( C. venits-
Calochortus Maweanus, tus, var. oculdtus, Hort.). Petals
var. major (X ^). P^^^ or white, lilac or yellowish,
with a dark spot.
Var. cdncolor, Baker ( C. cdncolor, Hort. ) . Petals deep
yellow, marked with red bands, hairy below. Gn.
48 : 1043.
322.
CALOCHORTUS
22. aiireuf, Wats. Very low: petals yellow, not hairy,
the hairy gland purple-bordered. S. Utah.
23. clavAtUi, Wats. Petals yellow lined with brown,
the lower part bearing club-shape<l (or davate) hairs,
the gland deep and circular; anthers purple. Calif.—
In this excellent sort we have the larjrest-riowered and
gtoutest-stennned of all Mariposas. The bulb is very
large, the sinjfle bare leaf 1 or 2 ft. lonj; : the st. is
heavy, stout and zigzag. The tts. are shaped like a
broad-based bowl, sometimes 5 or ti in. across. The
color in a deep, rich yellow, and the lower half is cov-
ered thickly with stiff yellow hairs, each tipped with a
round translucent knob, and in the light like tiny icicles.
There are various strains : El Dorado, the largest, not
80 deep yellow ; Ventura, very stout, deep yellow ;
Obispo, like the last, but the up[>er half of the back of
each petal is olive brown, which shows through the deep
yellow of the inside, giving changeable shades.
CC. Color white or lilac: sometimes running into
yellows.
24. veniiBtTis, Benth. Butterfly Tulip. Stout, 6-36
in.: petals white or pale lilac, with a reddish spot at
top, a brown-yellow center, and brown base : gland
large and oblong, usually densely hairy : capsule l-2^^ain.
long. Calif. B.R. 1669. P.S. 2: 104. Gn. 46, p. 395.-
Very variable. The yellow forms {ah var. sulphureus,
Hort.) are often treated as forms of C. luteus. To this
group of Calochortuses is properly applied the Spanish
name Mariposa (butterfly), for their brilliantly colored
fls., with eye-like spots on each petal and sepal, and
other delicate markings with dots, lines and hairs, which
are strongly suggestive of the wings of a brilliantly
colored butterfly. Botanists have variously divided this
great group of allied forms between C. luteus and C.
veniistus. Botanically all can be considered as either
strains of one variable species or as a number of closely
allied species.
Var. pictus, Wallace (G.C. III. 18, p. 14). Creamy
white, brilliantlv marked, often with a gold blotch. Gn.
48, p. 277.
Var. purpuriscens, Wats. Petals deep lilac or pur-
plish, darker at center, the fl. fully 3 in. across. Strong
grower. Gn. 46:986.
Var. rdseus, Hort. (C. rdseus, Hort.). Creamy white
or lilac, with an eye midway and a rose-colored blotch
at apex. Gn. 46: 986.
Var. saagTiineus, Hort. Fls. deep red, with very dark
eye. ami without the rose blotch at the apex. Perhaps a
form of C. Inttus.
Var, V68ta, Hort. (C. Vista, Wallace). Tall, long-
stemmed, vigorous, bearing large white fls. tinged witn
lilac and beautifully marked. Produces large offsets,
which flower in 2 years. Gn. 46: 986.
25. spl^ndens, Dougl. Strong and tall, 1-2 ft. : fls. 2-3
in. across ; petals large, pale, clear lilac, paler below,
with a darker claw and scattered long, white hairs be-
low the middle. S. Calif. B.K. 1676.
Var. atroviol^ceus, Hort. Tall and slender: fls. 1-lJ^in.
across, of a deep purple color, with a dark spot on the
claw, and short hairs on the lower third.
Var. rtiber, Hort. As large as the type but deep, red-
dish purple, with a dark purple spot at base of claw.
26. flexudsuB, Wats. Related to C. splendens, but
with sts. so weak as to almost be said to creep. The
fls. are large and very brilliant, a dazzling purple, with a
darker purple eye, and yellow hairs below. S.Utah.—
Int. by Purdy in 1897.
27. P^lmeri, Wats. St. 1-2 ft., very slender and flexu-
ous, 1-7-ttd., bulb-bearing near the base : sepals with
long, narrow, recurved tips, spotted; petals 1 in. or less
long, white (or yellowish below), with a brownish claw
and bearing scattered hairs about the gland : capsule
very narrow. S. Calif. — The C, Palmeri of dealers is
not always this species.
28. CatallnsB, Wats. Habit of C. venustus : st. 2 ft.,
branching : fls. white to lilac, or deep lilac, very large
and handsome, a large round black spot at base of each
petal.— A lovely species between C. splendens and C.
fenustus. Remarkable for blooming with the Star Tulip
CALOPHACA
221
323. Calochortus
Gunnisoni.
Natural size.
section, fully a month before other Mariposas. Native
to Santa Catalina Isl., off S. Calif.; also to Calif, coast.
29. Nattallii, Torr. & Gray. Seoo Lily. St. slender,
bulb-bearing at base, usually with only 1 cauline leaf,
1-5-fld. : sepals ovate-lanceolate, often dark-spotte<l ;
petals 1-2 in. long, white tinged with greenish yellow or
lilac, with a purplish spot or band above the yellow
base and hairy about the gland ;
anthers obtuse. Dak. to Calif,
and N. Mex. — There are no more
exquisitely beautiful fls. thnn
these Sego Lilies (the Morniof
name) of the Great
Basin. Most of them
are plants of the sage-
brush deserts. Thelvs.
are an ashy green, the
foliage scant, but the
great fls. are wonder-
ful in tintings. There
are sha<les in blue,
pink, lilac, and yellow-
ish; also white.
30. Lelchtlinii, Hook. f.
der alpine species (5-6 In.
by some regarded as a form of
C Nuttallii : fls. smoky white,
banded with green and marked
with dark brown. Sierra Nevadas.
B.M. 5862. F.S. 20:2116.
31. Gunnisoni, Wats. Fig. 323.
Much like C. yuttallii: anthers
acuminate : fls. light blue or al-
most white, delicate yellowish
green below the middle, purple-
banded at the base, and bearing a
band of green hairs across each
petal. Rocky Mts., Wyo. to New
Mexico.
32. macrocArptiB, Dougl. St. stiff, the cauline Ivs. 3-5:
fls. 1 or 2; sepals acuminate, sometimes spotted; petals
2 in. or less, acute, lilac with a greenish midvein, some-
what hairy. B.R. 1152. N.Calif, to Wash, and Idaho.—
This fine species forms a group by itself. It has a very
large bulb, a- stout almost leafless stem, and a laree
flower of an exquisite pale lavender, banded down the
back with green. Petals long, narrow and pointed.
Oarl Purdy and L. H. B.
CALOD^NDBUM (Greek, beautiful tree). ButHceai.
One of the handsomest deciduous trees at the Cape of
Good Hope. Cult, in northern greenhouses, and out-
doors in S. Calif, and S. Fla. Its great panicles of white
or flesh-colored fl«. are sometimes 7 in. across and 6 in.
deep. A monotypic genus. It is a symmetrical tree,
with attractive, evergreen foliage, an«l many interesting
features. Called "Wild Chestnut" in Africa. Prop, by
cuttings of half-ripened wood under glass in heat.
Capensis, Thunb. Cape Chestnut. Height in Africa,
70 ft.: branches opposite, or in 3's: Ivs. simple, decus-
sate, ovate, obtuse, retuse or acute, parallel-nerved, 4-5
in. long, studded with oil cysts, which look like translu-
cent spots when held to the light : panicles terminal ;
peduncles usually trichotomous : calyx deciduous : pet-
als 5, linear-oblong, \% in. long, 2 lines wide, sprinkled
with purple glands : stamens 10, 5 alternate, sterile,
and petaloid : seeds 2 in each cell, larger than a hazel-
nut, black and shining. G.C. II, 19: 217.
CALOFHACA (Greek, kalos, beautiful, and phaka,
lentil). Lttjumindste. Deciduous shrubs or herbs, with
alternate, odd-pinnate, pubescent, and often glandular
Ivs.: fls. papilionaceous, solitary or in racemes: pod
pubescent and glandular, cylindrical. About 10 species
from S. Russia to E. India. The two cultivated species
are low, prostrate shrubs, with grayish green foliage,
and rather large yellow fls. in erect racemes. followe«l
by decorative, reddish pods. They prefer a well-drained
soil and sunny position, and are well adapted for bor-
ders of shrubberies and sandy or rocky slopes. Proj>.
by seeds, sown in spring ; the young seedlings should
have plenty of light and air, as they are very liable 'o
222
CALOPHACA
CALTHA
damp-off if kept too moist and shady. Sometimes grafted
hiKh on Caragana or Laburnum, forming a very attrac-
tive, small standard tree.
Wolgiriea, Fisch. Two-3 ft.: pubescent and glandu-
lar : Ifts. 11-17, roundishovate or oval, H-J^ in. long :
racemes long-pedunded, with 4-7 tls. ; corolla over %
in. long. June--July. S. Russia, Turkt'stan. — C. f/ro »*(/»-
fldra, Kegel, is similar, >»ut Ifts. 17-2.'): racemes 10-16-
fld.; corolla 1 in. long. «. Russia. Ot. :«.'>: 12:U.
Alfred Rehdek.
CALOPHfLLUM (Greek, beautiful-leared). Gut-
tifrnU-rtf. Tropical trees, with shining, leathery, ever-
green prnninerved Ivs. and panicle*! fls. The following
is cTilt. outdoors in S, Fla. and S. Calif., and possibly in
>#liorthem warmhouses. Prop, by cuttings.
Inophyilum, Linn. Branches terete : Ivs. obovate,
usually niarginate : fls. white, fragrant, in loose, axil-
lary racemes; peduncles 1-rtd., usually opposite: sepals
4: fr. reddish, as large as a walnut. E. Tropics. — Int.
by Reasoner, 189.3. Also in S. Calif. A tall tree, with
beautiful glossy Ivs. and white tls. Oil is extracted from
the seeds. Has medicinal properties.
CALOFOGON (Greek, beautiful beard). Orvhiddcece.
One of our daintiest native orchids, with pink fls. an in.
across, grass-like Ivs., and a small bulb. The Up is on
the upper side of the flower, sprea<ling, distant from
the column, with a narrowed base. One of the choicest
hardy bog plants. A moist and shaded position and
very porous soil are most suitable for this pretty plant,
though I have seen it do admirably well on a rockery
only slightly shaded at midday, but here the plants were
watered very freely every day during hot or dry weatuer.
Prop, by offsets, separated from the old tubers, but the
old established plants should not be disturbed very
often. Collected clumps of all our native orchids are
offered at very reasonable figures, and these give imme-
diate satisfactory' results, while the small offsets would
not be strong enough to flower for several years, and
require much attention during the first year, or perhaps
longer.
pulchfiUus, R. Br. Height 12-18 in.: scape 2-6-fld.:
fls. pink, magenta, or purple : lip bearded with white,
yellow, and purple club-shaped hairs. Bogs, Newf. to
Fla., west to Minn, and Mo. G.W. F. 14. G. F. 10: 505.
J. H. in. 35: 45. B.M. 116, as Limodorum tuberosum.—
Eleven fls. on a scape is the average number in Penn-
sylvauia bogs. j g ^^^^^^ ^^^ ^ ^^
CALOTHAMNUS (Greek, beautiful bush). Ifyr-
tdceif. Australian shrubs somewhat similar to Calliste-
raon but more graceful in habit : Ivs. long, alternate :
fls, showy, usually red, in lateral clusters : stamens
united in bundles opposite the petals ; anthers erect,
attached by the base, oblong or linear ; cells parallel,
turned inwards, opening by longitudinal slits. Orna-
mental greenhouse shrubs. Hardy out of doors in Cali-
fornia. For cult., see Callistemon.
quadrifidus, R.Br. Height 2-4 ft. : Ivs. narrow, terete
or slightly flattened, heath-like, glandular-dotted: fls.
rich crimson, 4-merous ; calyx 2-lobed in fruit ; stami-
nal bundles nearly equal, of 15 to 20 or more filaments.
W. Austral. B.M*. 1506. j Burtt Davy.
CALF0ENIA (after Calpuniius, an imitator of Virgil,
because these plants are allied to Virgilia). Legumi-
nbsoe. Trees and shrubs from tropical and southern
Afr. cult, out of doors in S. Calif. Lvs. odd-pinnate ;
racemes long, axillary and terminal : fls. yellow.
sylvAtica, E. Mey. Shrub, 6-10 ft. high : lvs. 2-6 hi.
long: Ifts. in 3-10 pairs, membranous, obovate-elliptical,
retuse or obtuse : fls. ]/» in. long : ovary glabrous.
Caff raria.— Also rarely cult, north as a greenhouse
shrub.
lasidgyne, E. Mey. ( C. aurea, Benth. ) . A taller shrub,
with larger lvs. and fls., more coriaceous, more pulses-
cent, and exactly elliptical or oblong leaflets. The silky
ovary at once distinguishes it. Natal.
CALTHA (Latin name of the Marigold). Rnnuneu.
Idcetr. A genus of beautiful marsh plants, alxiut 10
species, of temperate and frigid regions. Succulent
perennial herbs, glabrous, with a fascicle of strong!
flbi'ous roots : lvs. simple, rather rounded-cordate at
base : fls. yellow, white or pink ; sepals larire, dccid.
uous, petal-like ; petals none ; stamens numerous, car-
pels sessile, becoming follicles, with two rows of
8eeds. They flourish best in wet places near runninij
water. Though naturally Iwjg plants, they suci-eed ad-
mirably well in an ordinary border in rather rich soil.
They should be introduced more liberally into f lie flower
ganlen, where they flower very freely year after year,
and generally mature a second quite abundant croi» of
bloom in the fall. The flowers last a lonj; time in water,
and sell readily in the cut-flower market. M<»n«>Kr. by
G. Beck, in Kaiserlich-Konigliche Zoiil.-Bot. Gesell-
schaft (Vienna, 1886), 36: 347-363 ; E. Hath, Monogr.
in Helios 9:69-74.
bifldra, DC. No true stem ; scape slender, usually
2-rtd. : lvs. as in C. palustris : sepals 6-9, nearly white
or sometimes bluish : follicles at maturity distinctly
stalked. Spring. Calif, to Alaska. Int. 1881.
leptos^pala, DC. Stout scape, 8-12 in.: lvs. all basal
or barely one on stem ; nerves at base nearly parallel,
otherwise like those of C.biflora: sepals 7-10, obi. mg,
becoming narrower, white; fls. solitary: follicles
scarcelv stalked. Mav-June. Alaska to Wash, and Colo.
Gn. 30:' 56.5.
palustris, Linn. Marsh ^Iariqold. Stem holfow. 1-2
ft., branching, several-fld. : lvs. cordate or reniform, den-
324. Calycanthus flor>..us.
tate, crenate or entire : fls. bright yellow, 1-2 In. broad;
sepals 5 or 6, rarely 7: follicles compressed, J-^ in. long.
Apr.-June. Wet ground. Carolina to Canada and west-
ward. Gt. 47, p. 6.30. D. 115, pi. 35. -Used before flow-
ering in the spring as "Cowslip greens." Var. mon*
FF5-
CALTHA
itr6ia*pIino, Hort. (var. flore-pleno, Hort.). An im-
pruv»imnt on the a»M)v«* : \U. larger, of jfreater sub-
gtsnce, and often much doubled. Very beautiful.
K. C. Davis and J. B. Kelmr.
CALTROPS. Trapa.
CALYCANTHUS | Kniyx and nnthnu, flower; the calyx
is lurjfe and conspicuous). ('nhjrnnfh<\ee(P, Cak«»lixa
AuLSPK'E. Sweet-scented Shrcb. Deciduous shrubs
of aromatic frajfrance : Ivs. opposite, petioled, entire,
usuullv rough aJ>ove : fls. terminal or axillarj', solitary,
rather lunre, with numerous sepals and no distinct petals;
8tanjens 5-2."{: fr. capsule-like, but not <lehisrent, like the
rose hip, forme<l l>y the calyx tube and containing nu-
merous akenes. Six species in N. America and E. Asia.
Oniamental shrubs, with rather large, handsome foliage
and mostly sweet-scented fls.; they are almost hardy
north, except V. oci-identalin and i\ priprnr. They grow
in almost any well drained and somewhat rich soil, and
succeed as well in shady as in sunny positions. Prop, by
seeds SO" ti in spring; also, increased by layers put down
in sumiii. r. and by suckers or division of older plants.
A. Winttr-hu(l» without xcaleit. very small: tin. brown,
in summer.
B. Lvs.denseb/ pubescent beneath.
fl6ridUB, Linn. Fig. .T24. Three-fi ft.: Ivs. oval or
broad-ovate, acuminate, dark green above, pale or grpyish
green beneath, VA-3 in. l<mg : fls. dark reddish brown,
fragrant, about 2 in. broad. Va. to Fla. B.M. .')():}. — This
species is the most cultivated for its verj' fragrant fls.
BB. Lvs. glabrous beneath or nearly so: fls. slightly
or not fragrant.
f^rtilis, Walt. ( C. femx, Michx. C. Icevigdtus, Willd.).
Thnt'-l) ft. : lvs. usually elliptic or oblong, acute or acu-
minate, green beneath, 2-.5/4in. long: fls. reddish brown,
IVjin. broad. AUeghanies. B.R. G:481.
glaucufl, Willd. Fig. .325. Four-6 ft. : lvs. usually ovate
or oblong-ovate, acuminate, glaucous beneath, 2-4^in.
long: fls. reddish or yellowi.sh brown, l^in. broad. Va.
to Ga. B.R. 5: 404. — Var. oblongifdlios, Nutt., with
oblong-lanceolate lvs,
occidentilis, Hook. & Am. {C. macrophylhis,H.OTt.).
Tu 12 ft. : Iv.s. usually rounded at the base, ovate or ob-
long-ovate, green beneath and sometimes slightly pubes-
cent. 4-<> in. long : fls. light brown, 3 in. broad. Calif.
B.M. 4808. F.S. 11:1113. R.H. 1854: 341.
CALYITROCJVNE
223
Calycanthus
Blaucus (X ^).
AA.
Winter-buds with scales: fls. before the lvs., axil-
lary, with 5 fertile stamens, i Chimonanthus. )
praecox, Linn. {Chimonanthus frAgrans, hindl.). Lvs.
elliptic-ovate or oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, green and
glabrous beneath, 3-5 in. long: fls very fragrant, 1-1 J^ in.
broad, outer sepals vellow, inner ones striped purplish
brown. China, Japan. B.M. 466. B.R. 6:451. L.B.C.
7:617. O.C. in. 11: 213. -Desirable for temperate regions
for its very early, sweet-scented fls.
The newly intrtnluced C. nitens, Oliv., from China,
allied to C. priprox, has the lvs. coriaceous, long-acumi-
nate, shining and smooth above. Alfred Rehdeb.
326. Calypso borealis.
CALTGOTOME {Kalyx, and tome, a section or cut ;
calyx looks as if cut oflf ). Legumindsai. Low, spiny,
divaricate shrubs : lvs. 3-foliolate, deciduous: fls. papilio-
naceous, yellow, fascicled or in short racoraes ; calyx
truncate, obscurely denticulate. Four species in the
Mediterranean region, of which two are sometimes culti-
vated ; not hardy north. They prefer a sunny position
and well drained soil. For prop., see Cytisus.
villdsa, Link. Two— 4 ft. : branchlets grayish tomen-
tose: leaflets obovate, densely silky beneath, under %m.
long : fls. %m. long, 3 or more, fascicled : pod villous.
May, June. — It is excellent for dense, low hedges.
spindsa, Link. Closely allied, but somewhat larger
in every part, and with glabrous branchlets and pods :
fls. solitary or few. B.R. 32: 55. Alfred Rehdeb.
CALYTSO (from the Greek goddess, whose name sig-
nifies concealment ; referring to its rarity and beauty).
Orchiddcea?. One of our rarest and most prized native
orchids, a delicate bog-plant, 3-4 in. high, with a small
bulb, one roundish or ovate, striated leaf, and one pink
flower with a spotted sac. A monot\'pic genus. For
culture, see Calopogon; but more diflicult to grow than
that plant.
bore41is,'Salisb, Fig. 326. Leaf an inch wide and
long : scape li-i in. high, with about 3 sheaths : sepals
and petals similar, ascending, lanceolate, acuminate,
pink : lip larger than the rest of the fl., with brown
spots in lines and purple and yellow markings, woolly-
hairy within : column petal -like, ovate, bearing the lid-
like anther just below the apex. Maine to Minn, and N. ;
also Eu. Abundant in parts of Oregon and Washing-
ton. B.M. 2763.
CALYPTE6GYNE (Greek-made name). Palmdcece,
tribe A recetje. Spineless stoloniferous palms, with short
orlongcaudices, ringed below: lvs. terminal, unequally
pinnatisect : segments a few joined together, narrow or
broad, falcate, very long-acuminate, plicate ; margin
224
CALYPTROGYNE
CAMBIUM
recurved at the base ; nerves numerous : ,»i;tiole very-
short : sheath short, open; spadices simple or branched
at the base, lontf-pedunculate ; spathes 2, narrow, the
lower much shorter than the peduncle, split at the apex,
the upper deciduous, elonjjrated, split its entire length ;
bracts -'onnate, borderinf? the lower lip of the flower-
bearing cavity ; bractlets minute : fr. small, oblong or
obovoi«l. Species 8. Trop. Amer.
limesbrechtiina, H. Wendl. [Geonbma Ghiesbreghti-
ihia. Lindl. & H. Wendl.). Stem short or almost none :
petiole 5 ft. long : Ivs. elongate-oval ; segments in 6
pairs, unequal, almost opposite, rather remote, lanceo-
late, very long-acuminate, falcate, the two uppermost
on each side very wi«le. Chiapas. Mex,
C. gpicfgera, H. Wendl. Stem evident : Ivs. irregidarly pin-
nate, 3 ft. or less long, the stalks flat on upper side. Guate-
mala.—(7. S^odrtzii, Hort., is a Geonoma.
Calyptrogj'nes are handsome palms, seldom seen out-
side of large collections. Special care must be given to
the soil so that it will be sweet and porous, especially
after the plants leave the seed-pan. Well-drained pots
and a little charcoal mixed wiAi the soil, and the plants
kept in a uniformly moist state, are conditions essen*ial
to the healthy growth of the plants.
In this genus, C. Ghienhrechtiana is the most widely
known species, another garden name for which is
Geonoma Verschaffelti. These are shade-loving palms,
having leaves of comparatively thin texture, and con-
sequently are subject to attacks of red spider unless
properly cared for in regard to moisture. Calyptrogynes
are most useful in a small state, old plants in general
being rather leggy and poorly furnished.
Jared G. Smith, G. W. Oliver and W. H. Taplin.
CALYSTfiGIA. See Convolvulus.
CALYX. The outer floral envelope. See Flower,
327, Camassia esculenta.
CAMASSIA(^Mamas/«or Camass is the Indian name).
Lili>)ct'(r'. Fls. blue, purple, or whitish, with (i spread-
ing, ;{-7-ner\'ed sepals, ami «i filiform stamens, filiform
style, and 3-angled, 3-vaIved, several-seeded capsule.
The Camassias are bulbous plants, found only in the
temperate regions of N. Amer., and closely allied to
Scilla, Bulb, as in Sciila ; the many lance-shaped Ivs.
sheathing at base : st. erect, many-fld., bracted beluw
each flower, and flowering in long succession from the
bottom. The genus has not been carefully studied, and
many forms are confused under the same names.
Mouogr, bv J. G. Baker, Jour. Linn. Soc. V,i:'>M; S,
Watson, Proc, Amer. Acad. Arts and Sci. Hr'itO. On
questions of nomenclature, consult Coville, Proc. Biol
Soc. Wash, 11: (>1.
Camassias are natives of rich meadows, very wet in
winter and spring but dry in summer. They do well in
any good loam, avoiding too rank manures. They are
perfectly hardy. Bulbs should be set in ep.rly fall," at a
depth oi-i-ii inches, and left undisturbed. As cut-flowers,
they open in long succession. The bulbs produce off'
sets very sparingly. Seeds grow readily, and seedlings
bloom in three to four years.
A. Plant S ft. or more high, robust: fls. very many
(30 or more).
Gtisickii, Wats. Bulb very large (weighing 4-8 oz.):
Ivs. numerous, broad, glaucous, somewhat undulate (15
in. long, often 1^2 in. wide): st. often 3 ft. high : fls.
30-100, very pale, delicate blue ; segments spreading,
crinkled atthe base, faintly 3-5-nerved. Ore. G.F. 1:174.
—One of the best of the genus, "^^iffers from C. f.scit-
lenta in its larger bulb, more num:;. us h.. and stouter
and more clustered habit. Grows on drier land. Hardy
in New £ng., and grows well in good garden soil.
i>..* Plant usiialli, less than 2 ft. high, with shorter
spikes : fls. fewer.
escul6nta, Lindl. Camass. Fig. 327. Not very stout,
1-2 ft. : Ivs. i^in. or less broad : fls. 10-40, dark blue or
purple, the perianth irregular (5 segments on one side
and 1 on the other, and deflexed); segments 3-5-nerved
and a little longer than the stamens, narrow and chan-
neled at the base : pedicel not exceeding the fls. : cap-
sule ovate to ob' .ng, obtuse, transversely veined. Calif.
toUtahandN. B.R. 18:1486. F.S. 3: 275. Gn. 4G, p. 3;}9,
983. — Bulb cooked and eaten by the Indians. The fls.
vary to white.
Lelchtlinii, Wats. Stout, often 3 ft. high: fls. cream-
colored, ranging to white, nearly regular, the stamens
and style ascending; segments broad aad flattened at the
base, usually 5-7-nerved : capsule oblong-ovate, eniar-
ginate. obliquely veined. Mts., Calif.. N. B.M. ()2^7
as C. esculenta, var. Leichflinii, Baker.— ^^urple-fld.
Camassias are sometimes referred to this species, but
it is doubtful if they belong with it.
Hdwellii, Wats. Bulb rather small : Ivs. few, 1 ft.
long and less than J^ain. wide : st. often 2 ft. high, many-
fld., with spreading pedicels twice or more longer than
the linear bracts : fls. pa.le purple, opening in the after-
noon, the segments 3'2iu. long, .3-5-nerved : capsule
small, broadly triangular-ovate and very obtuse. Ore.
-Int. 1892 by P'lkington & Co.
Fr&sen, .orr. Scape 12-18 in. high : Ivs. keeled : fls.
light blue, smaller than in C. esculenta ; segments 3-
nerved : pedicels mostly longer than the fls, Penn.,
W. and S. B.M. 1574, as Scilla esculenta.
Var. angr^sta, Torr. (C. angtista, Hort.). Very slen-
der, and Ivs. narrower (^iin. wide): fls. smaller, % or
J^in. long. La. and Ark. to Tex.
L. H. B. and Carl Plkdy.
CAMBIUM is a nascent layer of tissue between the
wood and bark of trees and shrubs. From it is developed
secondary wood and bast. The thickening of stems and
roots is mainly due to activity of the cambium. It is
most evident in June and July, when tissues are rapidly
forming. Woodsnun take advantage of this to peel bark.
Boys also take advantage of the readiness with which
bark and wood separate at the cambium to make whistles
of l)t>sswood or willow. Trees are more easily bruised at
this time in the year than at any t)ther. The cambium
plays an important part in the healing of wounds upon
steins. It is the union of the cambium layers of cion and
stock that makes grafting possible, y^^ w. Rowlee.
CAMELLIA
CAMELLIA
225
CAMELLIA (after George Joseph Kamel or Camellus,
aMoravian Jesuit, who traveled i; Asia in the seventeenth
century). Temstraemidceo'. Evergreen trees or shrubs:
Ivs. alternate, short-petioled. serrate: fls. large, axillary
or terminal, usually solitary, white or red ; sepals and
petals 5 or more: stamens numerous, connate at thel»ase:
fr. a 3-5-eelled, dehis-
cent capsule, wit4i
large, globular or
ovoid seeds. About
10 species in trop.and
subtrop. Asia, di-
vided into the sub-
ffenera EncnmeUin
and Thea, considere<l
by some to be distinct
genera, by some all
united under Thea.
The species of Eu-
329. Camellia
Japonica —
Lucida.
32S. Camellia
Japonica —
Abby Wilder.
camellia, especially ('.
Japonica, are popular
decorative shrubs, with
very showy fls. About 50
years ago one of the most
appreciated greenhouse
shrubs, and several hun-
dred varieties were culti-
vated. Of the second
subgenus, C. Thea is
cultivate J in nearly all subtropical coun-
tries and in the mountainous regions of
the tropics for its leaves, which yield the
well-known tea. and are an article of great
commercial importance. There is a mono-
graph of this tfenus by Seemann in Trans.
Linn. Soc. XXII. p. X^T-.'ia'J. Illustrated
monographs of the horticultural varieties
are: Curtis, Monogr. of the genus Camellia
(1819); Baumann, Bollweiler Camellien-
saramlung (1828); Chandler, Camellie^
( 1831 ) ; Berl4se, Monogr.du genre Camellia
a(18,3iM; Verschaffelt, Nouvelle Mono-
graphie du Camellia ( 1848-<)() ) : the last
with 57G and the foregoing with 300 colored
plates.
A. Fh. sesKile, erect, terminal and aril-
lary: calyx-lobes deciduous. Camel-
lia proper.
Jap6nica, Linn. Figs. 328-331. ^ • »
or tree, sometimes to 40 ft., ^:i- us
Ivs. very shining and dark green ^' " .
ovateor elliptic, acuminate, sharply
fls. red in the tvpe, ;*-,'> in. across •.
ish. China. Japan. B.M. 42. S.Z. .••-.
Var. ilba, Lodd. Fls. white. L.B.C. /:
24:5. Var. 41ba pl^na, Lodd. Fls. white, double. L.B C
3:2ti!». Var. anemonifldra, Curtis. Fls. red, with 5 large
petals, the stanit-iis changed into numerous smaller and
narriiw petals; the whole ti. resemb'ing that of a double
Aiumone. L.B.C. 537. B.M. 16,54. For the numerous
other garden forms, sev ♦he above mentioned mono-
graphs ; also. Flore des Sv rres, L'lllustration Horticole,
and other older horticultural publications contain a
larire nunibei of varieties with illustrations.
reticulata, Lindl. Large shrub, glabrous : Ivs. dull
preen, not shining above, reticulate, flat, elliptic-oblong,
acuminate, serrate, .'{-5 in. long : fls, .5-7 in. across, pur-
plish rose; petals 1.5-20, obovate.looselv arranged. China.
B.R. 1:{:107'' B.M. 2784. P.M. 3il01.-Var. pWna,
Hort. Fls. with twice as manv petals, and more regularly
arranared. B.M. 4976. F.S. l"2:127{»-80.
Sasanqua, Thunb. Shrub of loose, straggling habit,
with the branches pubescent when young : Ivs. elliptic,
15
bluntly pointed at the apex, crenate-serrate. shining,
dark green and hairy on the midrib above, li^-3 in. long:
fls. 1^-2 in. across, white ; petals 5 or more, obovate or
oblong. China, Japan, (in. .54:1 IHO. !S.Z. 83 (except the
red vars.). — Var. semiplena, Hort. Fls. seniidouble,
white. B.R. 1:12 and 13:1091. Var. anemcnifldra. Seem.
Fls. large, double, outer petals white, iinicr ones much
smaller, yellow. B.M. 5152. Var. oleifera, Kehd.i (\ oleif-
era, Lindl.). Of more robust habit, with Ivs. and ihe
single white fls. larger than in the tvpe. B.R. 11:942.
L.B.C. 11:106.5.
AA. Fls. pedicelled, nodding, mostly axillary : calyx-
teeth persisttnt. Thea.
Thda, Link. (C. theifera. Griff. Thea Sinensis, Linn.).
Tea. Shrub, sometimes tree, to 30 ft. : Ivs. elliptic-lance-
olate or obovate-lanceolate, acuminate, serrate, glabrous,
sometimes pubescent beneath : fl. white, fragrant, 1-
1 J4in. broad; petals 5. China. India. — Usually two varie-
ties are distinguished: Var. Boh^a ( Thea Bohea, Linn. ).
Lvs. elliptic, dark green, to 3 in. lon^: branches erect.
B.M. 998. L.B.C. 3: 226. Var. viridis (Thea viridis,
Linn.). Lvs. pale green, lanceolate, to 5 in. loiij; ;
branches sprea<ling. B.M. 3148. L.B.C. 3:227 and 19:
1828. The black tea, however, and green tea of commerce
do not come from certain varieties, but are the result
of different treatment of the leaves after gatherine.
C. axillaris, Roxb.= Gordoaia anomala.— C. drupifera. Lour,
(C. Kissi, Wall.). Shrub to 8 ft.: lvs. elliptic, long acuminate:
fls. iK'n. wide, fragrant, white: petals olx)vate. Himal., India.
L.B.C. 19:1815.— (J. euruoidfs, Lindl. (Thea eur5-oides. Booth).
Shrub to 4 ft.: lvs. ovate-lanceol.'ite. silky l)eneath : tls. white,
nodding. axUlary, rather small. B.R. 12:983. L.B.C. 1j:149.-5.—
C. euryoides, Hort.= C. rosiflora. var. malitiora.— C. rosi'ldra.
Hook. (C. .Sas.inqaa. fl. rubro. Sims). Shrub: lvs. ovate, acumi-
nate : Ha. pink : petals 5. obcordate : ovar>- glabrous. China.
B.M. .T044. Var. maliflora, Rehd. (C. malitioni, Lindl.). Fls.
dotible, ^)ink. B.R.
7:.547. L.B.C. 12:
11S4. B.M. -JOSO.
Alfred Rehdeb.
Camellias are
not hard to grow,
either the well
known C. Japon-
ica or the lesa
common V. Sa-
sanqua, and C.
Thea, the Tea
Plant. They re-
rjuire a coolhouse,
not too dry an
atmosphere, and
330. Camellia
Japonica —
h A. Downing
1;^
u.long:
round-
: 20:2121.-
,>J6. Gn. 54, p.
must never suffer
from dryness at th«
roots ; a somewhat
shady position is
helpful, and good
ventilation is essen-
tial. A night tem-
perature of 45°-50'^
F. is best for them
while at re.st ; this
is also the time of
blooming, but it
may be increased
tluring the period
of growth ; the <lay
temperature should be from (;o°-70° F. The soil for es-
tablished plants should be made mainly of well rotted
Hods, to which should be added some leaf -mold, rotted
cow-manure, and enough sand to instire goo«l drain-
age ; sod and leaf-mold should be unsifted. For young
plants, the Dutch growers use a rather fine soil of
peat, leaf -mold and sand ; the Japanese gardeners use
331. Camellia
Japonica —
President Clark
226
CAMELLL\
CAMPANULA
a heavier soil, appiirently containing some clay. The
pots and tubs should be well drained with potsherds and
charcoal, the drainage being protected by sphagnum to
insure durability, the older plants not requiring frequent
shifts. Potting should be done just Ijefore new growth
starts, when the flowering is about over; the exact time
can be determined by noting the beginning of the root
,'Xrowth, which generally precedes th" e:;i>anding of the
le^if-buds. The soil should be moi«t. r jt wet, and made
firm. Large shifts should be avoided: .u a.»^»..- oases, by
renewing the drainage and removing the surf ce soil, a
larger pot will be found unnecessary. After pt ;ting, the
temperature may be increased, and the plants should be
kept close until a new growth is established.
When the weather in May becomes settled, they should
be pla<'ed in summer quarters. This may be a cool green-
house, well shaded, or, preferably, a position in the open
air, protected from sun and wind. Lath screens may be
employed, or the shade of trees or fences. In any case
there must be j '"^nty o light and air. Great care must
always be given to watering, but especially at this time,
while they are nfaking and rpening their growth ; the
dr()pi)ing of flower buds in ^November is often the result
of careless watering in summer. Plenty of water must
be given to the roots, never in driblets, and the foliage
should be syringed night and morning in dry weather.
The forcible application of wate.'in the form of spray not
(mly keeps the plant in good c<mdit' - checks mealy-
bug and red-spider. In September tu M be prt in
the cool e.id of the coolhouse, or they c jred in a
pit and brought in later. The Camellia is nearly hardy,
but should not be exposed to actual frost. Large speci-
mens can be planted out in a coolhouse or winter gar-
den. They thrive wonderfully in the evenly moist soil
of such a position, and give an abundant bloom at Christ-
mas and New Year, when flowers are scarce; the foliage,
too, can be freely cut, since growth under these condi-
tions is so much improved.
Propagation is now ejected by cuttings and grafts.
Formerly inarching an(i even layering were employed.
Cuttings shoo.ld be ma«le, November to January, fn^m
wood of the previous season's growth, from 1)^-2 or 2J4
inches long, each having from 1-3 eyes ; in single-eye
cuttings the leaf is left entire, in others 1 or 2 leaves are
removed. Plant firmly in sharp sand, keeping them cool,
well watered and carefully shaded for the first few weeks.
Sometimes they will be sufiiciently rooted in June for
potting in thumbs, but at others they will not be ready
until ()ctol)er. Shift on the young plants as their gTo\\-th
requires, never giving them too large pots; they make a
surprisingly good growth when once established. Flower
buds should be picked from young stock ; sometimes
there is trouble from blind eyes, but a new bud will
eventually form. Grafting is done in November, Decem-
ber and January, using the improved veneer graft ; a
close frame is not necessary, but is often used, in which
case great care must be given to watering and ventila-
tion. If raflia is used for tying, it should be smeared
with grafting wax to prevent decay; the process of unit-
ing is lengthy. Stock can be obtained from seed or by
cuttings of easily rooted varieties. Mealy-bug and red-
spider can be avoided by proper syringing ; thrips and
aphis are kept down by tobacco fumigation; scale must
be checked by washing and spraying; a troublesome leaf-
eating insect is only removed by hand picking.
Consult Practical Camellia Culture, by Robert Halli-
day, Baltimore, 18^0. lUus. The only other American
book on Camellias is an American edition of The Abbe
Berlese's Monography of the Genus Camellia, by Gen.
Dearborn; Boston, Ib'AS. For a list of varieties, see also
Nouvelle Iconographie des Camellias, Amit, Verschaffelt
Fils; (Jhent, 1856-()0. Illus. B.M.Watson.
Camellias are general favorites with most people, and,
when well-grown, have few equals among hardwooded,
cool, greenhouse plants. They may be propagated by
seeds, cuttings, layering, grafting or inarching ; the
two latter methods are best for the double forms, as
they succeed better when grafted or inarched on the
single forms than on their own roots, the operation be-
ing performed immediately after the flowering season,
or just as soon as new growth is about to commence,
asd the method known as "side-grafting" is best if this
means of propagation is used. The single species arc
best propagated by seeds, if these can be obtained fresh.
They should be sown in early spring, in 4-inch pdts*
containing a mixture of peat, leaf-mold and sand, in
equal proportions. The pots should be placed in a
warm temperature, where they will usually germinate
in from 4 to G weeks. If propagated by cuttings, the
half-ripened wood should be chosen, and the cuttings
inserted around the edge of 4-inch pots containing a
sandy, peaty mixture, pressed very firm. The j.uts
should be placed in a shaded, close position, where an
even teniperature of about 60° can be m-iintaine*!. The
pots plunged in a half-spent hotbed woul«l be an ideal
place. If carefully attended to, they should be rooted
in about two months, after which they should be potted
singly, in small pots, and grown on as rapidly as possi-
ble. When of suitable height, stopping should be at-
tended to, to induce a bushy habit. As the plants in-
crease in size, a slightly heavier soil should be used
when potting, a mixture of equal parts loam, leaf-niolj
and fibrous peat being most suitable. Camellias re-
quire at all seasons a good supply of water at the roots
and during the flowering season they should have an
abundance. If allowed to become dry, the flower liuds
will fall off. They also require to be shaded from direct
sunlight during the spring and summer months. A
lean-to greenhouse, with a north a.^pect, is an ideal one
in which to grow Camellias. In such a house they niijrht
te planted out, providing an abundance of air conhl he
given during the summer ; they make nmch lareer
plants and flower more freely when planted out than
when grown in pots or tubs. The flowering season is
usually from the beginning of February to the middle
of April, if grown in ordinary cool greenhouse tempera-
ture, but they will staml gentle forring if the flowers
are wanted earlier. After tlowerine:. they should be kept
syringed to encourage the new growth, and also to keep
them free from thrips. If grown in pots or tubs, they
should be placed in a sheltered, shaded position outside
for the summer. „ . „
Edward J. Caxninc,
CAMEL'S THOBN. See Alhagi.
CAMPANULA (Latin, a little bell). Campanuliicra.
Bell Flower. A genus of about 300 species, confined
to the northern hemisphere, and containing some of the
most popular garden plants, especially of hardy her-
baceous perennials. The root-lvs. are usually larjrer
than the stem-lvs., and often of different shape, and
more or less transitorj*. Fls. blue, violet or white; calyx
5-fid ; corolla 5-lobed or 5-fid ; stamens 5, free ; liia-
ments wide at the base, memb.anaceous ; stigmas 3 or
5, filiform : capsule 3-.')-valved, dehiscing laterally hy
\\-Ti valves : seeds ovate, complanate, or ovoid. Allied
genera of garden value are Adenophora. Canarina, Jasi-
one, Lightfootia, Phyteuma, Platycodon, Speculuria,
Symphyandra, Trachelium, and Wahlenbergia. in which
genera many species originally described as Campanu-
las may be sought. Of these, perhaps the two host
known cases av^ Platycoflon qmndiflorutn, the ''Balloon
Flower," with its chara<'teristic inflated buds, dark
green, glossy leathery Ivs,, and Specithiria <Sy>tr»/«>H
{C. Spectiln>rt), "Venus' Looking-glass,"a pretty annual,
which grows in the grain flehls of S, Europe, and is
cult, .^r its violet fls. with a white eye. The calyx tube
of Specularia is much longer, proportionately, than in
any Campanula,
Botanically, Campanulas are divided into two impor-
tant groups, based on the presence or ab,-«ence of calyx
appendages. The subgenus Medium has the appen-
dages, and Eucodon lacks them. In straiirht* ning oat
one's garden labels, the calyx appendages are one of
the first things to be looked for, and they are often
minute and disguised. In cultivation. Campanulas tend
to become taller and more robust, less hairy, more
branched, and more floriferous. A very few have white
or yellowish fls.. with no blue or violet forms. Any blue
or violet-flowere«l form is likely t«» have white varieties,
and double an<l semi-double forms are common in
3 or 4 of the most popular species. All flowers tend to
become larger and more numerous on a stem. In culti-
vation, the 3-celle«l species are likely to have .'» stiirnias
instead of 3, and .5-celled capsules, often along with
normally constructed tls, on the same plant. The height
CAMPANULA
CAMPANULA
227
is the most variable feature of all, and in the scheme
below C. Carpatica and C. punctata especially will seem
wrongly placed to many. But the characters used by
De CandoUe in vol. 7, part 2 of the Prodromus are well-
nigh useless to the gardener, and nothing else but a
distinction of height can bring out the two important
cultural groups of Campanulas, viz: Border or tall
kinds, and rock-garden or dwarf kinds. The best gar-
den monograph of Campanulas is by F. W. Mover, in
The (Jarden, 48:294-299 (189.")). See, aLso, The Garden
for May 1.'^ 1899, and 8: 17.'i-180 (1875).
The most popular of all Campanulas is the Canterbury
Bell (C. Medium and its var. calt/ranthemn). Of all
wild forms the best known is certainlv C. rotnndifoUa,
the true "Hairbell," or " Blue Bells of Scotland." Of the
border kinds, the 6 most popular are probably C. Me-
dium, C. rotnndifoUa (in its many forms), Cpi/ramid-
alis, C. persici folia, C. glomerata and C Carpatica.
Of the rock-garden kinds, the most popular in America
are possibly C. Carpatica, Cccespitosa, and C.rotundi-
folia. The greatest curiosities are C. punctata, C. mac-
rostyla, C. Zoifsii and C. rotund ifolia, var. soldaneUai-
flora. For exhibition and for pot-culture, C.pyramidalis
la most used. For pendent effects in rockeries, baskets
or window boxes, C. fragilis is best. For edgings, C.
Carpatica is perhaps the favorite. For large, isolated
specimens, C. pyramidal is, the tfUest species, is best.
F. W. Meyer's choice of varieties and classification
should be consulted by all who intend to import Cam-
panulas. England is probal)ly the most favored spot in
the world for the culture of Bell-flowers, and the Eng-
lish dealers offer the greatest variety. Unfortunately,
Campanula-culture is at a low ebb in America to-day,
partly because the plants are less hardy here, and also
because rock-gardens an<l amateurs' collections are less
frequent than in England. Many failures with Campan-
ulas, however, are directly traceable to ignorance of
their natural term of life. Some opecies are perennial
in the wild, but practically biennial in cultivation, and
each kind must be studied by itself. Unless otherwise
specified, they are presumed to be perennial. C. Me-
dium may be treated as a hardy annual or biennial, or
as a tender annual or biennial. The general rule is that
Campanulas give the most and best flowers in the sec-
ond year, but C. Medium can be sown indoors in early
spring and set out later, with the expectation of getting
the best bloom the same year. As a rule, all border
C mpanulas that are propagated by division should be
divided every year, or every 2 years at most. Mr. Cam-
eron recommends several species which are not de-
scribed below, as they can be obtained only through
botanic gardens. W. M.
The genus Campanula is a very important one, and
contains many showj- and useful plants. Their cultiva-
tion is very easy, and most of the strong-growing kinds
can be grown in any rich, well-draine(l garden soil,
while the dwarf kinds can be grown in the rockery, and
many of them in the front row of the mixed border.
Propagation is done either by division, cuttings or seeds.
The genus can easily be divided into three groups —
annuals, biennials, and perennials.
The annuals can be raised in the border by sowing
the seeds late in April or May, or raised in the green-
house and then transferred to the border. The best of
the annuals are C. ramosi.ssima and var. alba, C. dra-
bifoUd, C. Erinus, C. macrostyla, and C. Americana.
Of the biennials, many will flower the first season if
the seeds are sown early in spring in the greenhouse
and the plants put out-of-doors when the weather is
favorable. One of the most important is C. Medium
(Canterbury Bells), and its numerous varieties. Its
variety calycanthema is so named because the calyx has
broadened out into a saucer-shaped secondary flower,
which is very showy and interesting. Canterburj- Bells
are generally raised from seeds, which can be sown in
April. May or later, in pots, boxes or beds, and can then
be transferred into sonu* sheltered place where they can
be slightly protected during the winter, and then trans-
planted in spring to their permanent places into good,
rich soil, where they will make a great show if they
have ol)tained the right treatment. A few other good
biennials are O. primulce folia, C. Siiiirica, C. spicata,
and C, thyrsoides.
Of the J iinial species, the best border plants are
the followny:: C. Carpatica and vars. alba and turbi-
nata ; C. gr/omerafa, especially var. Dahurica ; C. lac-
liflora ; C, lat ifolia, especially its vars. eriocarpa and
macrantha ; C. nobilia (about 2 ft. in height); C.per-
sici folia and its nimierous vars., especially the white
kinds ; C. punctata (about V/i ft.); C. pyramidalis, a
very showy plant when well grown, but not quite relia-
ble in the eastern states as to hardiness ; makes a good
pot-plant for the cool greenhouse ; C. rapunculoides,
which spreads rapidly and must be so placed that it will
not crowd out the other plants that are near it ; C. ro-
tundifolia; C. Trachelium ; C. Van ITouttei, a hybrid,
and one of the best bell
flowers.
The following are the best
low -growing kinds for the
rockery : C. Carpatica and
its varieties, C. Caucasica,
C. fragilis (which needs
protecticu, but makes a
good pot-plant), C. pnlla in
sheltered position, C. Por-
tenschlagiana, C. rotund i-
folia, and C. pusilla. Many
of the larger-growing kinds
are also good for the rock
garden. r. Cameron.
332. Canterbury Bells —
Campanula Medium.
Alphabetical list of species described : C. alliarisefo-
lia, 3 ; Allionii, 23 ; alpina, 26 ; Americana, 7 : bar-
bata, 24 ; Bononiensis, 1(5: cjespitosa. 41 ; Carpatica, ,35;
celtidifolia, 11 ; divaricata, 21 ; Elatines, 1; excisa, 41;
floribunda, 'AG ; fragilis, 29 ; (iarganica, IIO ; glome-
rata, 10; yrandis, 9 ; Grossekii, 5; Ilohenackeri, 27;
Hostii, 39 ; isophylla, .3(5 ; lactiflora, 11 ; lamiifotia, 3 ;
Langsdorffiana,iO : latifolia, 15 : latiloba, 9; linifolia,
var. Scheuchzeri. 40 ; macntntha, 15 ; macrnphylln, 3 ;
macrostyla, 1 ; Medium, 2 ; mirabilis, 6 ; mollis, 25 ;
muralis, 32 ; nobi I is, 22 ; persicifolia, 8; Portenschla-
giana, 32 ; pulla, 38 ; pumila, 41 ; punctata, 22 : pu-
silla. il: pyramidalis, 14 : Rainerii, .33; rapunouloides,
19; Rapunculus, 43; rhomboidalis, 17; rotundifolia, 39;
Huthenica, 16; Sarmatica, 4; Scheuchzeri, 40; Scou-
leri, 37; Sibirica, 27; Soldanella. .39; Tenorii, 34;
thyrsoides, 12 ; Trachelium, 18 ; tnrbinata, 35 : nrtici-
fnlia, 18; Vnldensis, 40; versicolor, 20; Vidalli, 13;
Waldsteiniana> 28 ; Zoysii, 42.
A. Tall or Border Campanulas, a foot or more high.
B. Calyx with an appendage at the base of each sinus.
c. Capsule 5-celled : stigmas 5.
D. Style excessively long, the stigma an inch or more
long.
1. macrdstyla, Boiss. & Heldr. Annual, 1-2 ft. high,
branched from the base, hispid with rigid, spreading,
scattered bristles : branches stout : Ivs. scattered,
small for the size of the plant, sessile, bristly on both
surfaces ; lower ones ovate-oblong, acute ; upper ovate-
lanceolate; recurved, cordate, eared at the base : caljrx
228
CA.MPANULA
CAMPANULA
tube hidden by the bladdery appendapes, small, broader
than lonj; : fls. solitary, on stout peduncles. 2-2% in.
broad ; corolla very broad and open, pale purple with-
out, dull purple within marked with violet and hairy to-
ward the bottom ; lobes verv broa<l, short an«l acute.
Mt. Taunis in Anatolia, (in. 15: 178 and 12, p. 209.
B.M. (k{94. — Easily told from all other species i»y the
very lonj; exserted style, which is brown and spin«lle-
shaped before spreading open. Self-sown seeds some-
times wait a year before sprouting.
i>D. Sft/h not excesKii'elif long.
2. Medium, Linn. C'AXTERBfRV Bells. Fig. 'M2.
Biennial, 1-4 ft. high : plant pilose : st. erect ; Ivs. ses-
sile, ovate-lanceolate or lanceolate, crenate-dentate ; peti-
oles not marginal : ra<'eme lax. many-fld. : calyx lobes
ovate-m'uniinate. the api>endages half as long as the
ample, ovate, obtuse lol»es : corolla verj- large, bell-
shaped, inflated. S. Eu. Much less cult, than var. caly-
c&nthema, Hort. CrPAV)»SAr("ER. Hose in Hose. Has
the calvx colored like the corolla. A fair per ceitt come
true fn'.m seed. (J.C.III. 24: «>.-. R.H. 1897, p. 2:{8. R.H.
18!H>::U)1. (ing. ,"): 88. (in. 48. j). 295. F.S. 19, p. 152.-
Canterlniry Bells are probably the oldest and most popu-
lar of all Campanulas. They are most commonly treated
as hardy biennials, the seed being sown in the open
border, but they do not flower the first year. They can
also be treated as ten<ler annuals, the seed being sown
in<loors in early spring and the 'plants set out May 1-
15. They will then flower well the first season, but
always better the second year. Double forms are very
popular and interesting, 1-^ perfect bells being formed
one within another. The name Me<liuni has no reference
to size of plant or flower, but was the name of an old
genus, now a subgenus of Campanula.
or. Capsule S-celled : stigmas S.
DD. Corolla uifh a curiouf projection at the base of
each sinus.
3. alliariaefdlia, Willd. (C lamiifdlia, Bieb. C. mac-
rophf/lla, 8ims). Fig. 3:}:{. Height 1J4-2 ft.: stem
erect, striate, woolly, branched only at the top: root-lvs.
large, heart-shaped, crenate, tomentoae : stem-lvs. on
petioles which gradually shorten upwards, the highest
being sessile: fls. white, nod-
<ling. on short stalks, borne
singly in the axils of the floral
Ivs. as in C. Har-
matica, but the
floral Ivs. larger
and broader :
calyx a third or
a fourth shorter
the corolla, with nuir-
rolled back, and appen-
dages less minut<» than in C,
Sarmatica : corolla always
whit*, 2 in. long, ciliated at
the margin, and with charac-
teristic tooth-like processes
at the base of each sinus,
which are especially interest-
ing in the bud. Caucasus,
Asia Minor. B.M. 912. -Int.
into England about 1805 by
Loddiges. No blue-fid. form
seems to be known. Prop, by
seeds,
4. Sarm^tica, Ker - (tawl.
Height 1-2 ft. : stem simple,
striate, pubescent : Ivs. re-
markable for their gray color,
harsh, leathery, wrinkled, to-
mentose, oblong-cordate, cre-
nate, the lower long-petioled,
the upper sessile : calyx with minute reflexed appen-
dages, and a short, <lensely hairy tuft : fls. about (i on
a stem, nod<ling ; corolla about 1 in. long, and \% in.
across, marked with 5 hairv lines. Caucasus, subal-
pine portions. B.M. 2019. L.B.C. 6: 581.
5. Ordssekii, Heuff. Has the habit and inflorescence
of t'. Trimhtlium, but the calyx is appendagt'd. Height
33. Campanula
alliariaefolia.
2'^ ft., branching from the base, angled, pilose: Ivg.
hispid, the lower cordate unequally petioled, doubly
crenate-serrate, the uppermost ovate-acute, narrowed
into a petiole : calyx setose-ciliate, lobes lanceolate
spreading, reflexed at the apex, appendages lanceolate!
a third shorter than the lobes ; corolla hispid, 2 or 3
times longer than the calyx lobes : fls. large, bell-
shaped, violet, in a long raceme. Hungary. Gt. 35, p.
477. f. .55. — A rare plant.
6. mir^bilis, Correvon. Height 1 ft. or more. "The
leaves forming the rosette are somewhat thick and
fleshy, the lower ones spreading otit to a diameter of
about 9 or 12 inches, the succeeding leaves snmller and
arranged in an overlapping manner." Upper Ivs. ovate-
serrate : fls. pale blue, hair)-, 2 in. across, bell-shaped,
sometimes stronglv angled : raceme lax or dense. Cau-
casus, (i.e. in. 24 :.•{:?. Gt. 47:192. Gn. 54. p. 454.-
Int. in Europe in 18% by Leicthlin. Very rare and in-
teresting. Probably a biennial rock plant. Slow from
seed.
BB. Calyx without an appendage at the base of
each sinus.
c. Fls. rotate or wheel shaped.
7. Americ&na, Linn. Annual and biennial : height ;}-6
ft.: St. erect, simple: Ivs. thin, serrate, somewhat pi-
lose, root-lvs. ovate-acute, subcordate, petiolate ; stem-
lvs. ovate-lanceolate, acuminate at both ends : calyx
tube long, obconical, the teeth linear-acuminate, almost
entire, spreading shorter than the 5-fid, wheel-shaped
corolla : fls. light blue, 1 in. br<»ad, in long spikes. soH-
tary or in 3's ; corolla shallow, lobes pilose outside
and at the apex ; style long, strongly declined and up-
wardly cui^'ed : capsule cylindrical, grooved. Shaded
low ground western N. Y. t«> Iowa, south to (ia. and
Ark. Rarely cult. It is possible that Phyteuma cnies-
cens is still cult, as C. Americana.
CC. Fls. saucer-shaped or broadly bell-shaped, i. «.,
the tube shallower and the limbs more widely
spreading than the bell-shaped.
D. Stem-lvs. linear-lanceolate, crenulate .
8. persicifdiia, Linn. Fig. 334. Height 2-3 ft. : stem
erect : Ivs. glabrous, rigid, crenulate ; root-lvs. lanceo-
late-obovate ; stem-lvs. linear-lanceolate or spatulate,
often 3 in. long : calyx lobes acuminate, wicle at the
base, entire, half as long as the broadly bt U-shaped
cor<dla : fls. blue or white, pedicelled, solitnry, terminal
and axillary, often \% in. long, 2 in. broad : capsule
ovoid, ;{-grooved. Eu. B.M. .397. Var. macr4ntha is a
large-fld. form with fls. all along the stem. ( Jt. 44. p. 148.
Gn. 48, p. :m\. A.F. G :38;{. S.H. 1 : 131. Var Alba grand-
ifldra and var. BAckhousei are among the p-tpular wiiite-
fld. forms. Ther<' are double and semi-double forms in
blue and white. The double white is useful for cutting.
The var. alba grandiflora is F. W. Meyer's favorite
of all Campanulas. This species occasionally nins wild,
especially in England. The Ivs. are very characteristic,
and, once seen, are never forgotten. Var. coron^ta,
Hort., is a semi-double white form. F.S. 7:G99. The
pictures in B.M. and F.S. show distinctly saucer-shaped
flowers.
DP. Stem-lvs. wider and coarsely toothed.
9. latiloba, DC. (C. grdndis, Fisch. «k Mey. Height
l-lVaft.: glabrcms : stem erect, simple, terete: stem-
lvs. .'{-5 in. long, 4-6 lines wide, lanceolate, narrowed at
both ends, crenate-serrate : calj-x lobes ovate-acute,
broad, entire, erect, one-half shorter than the broadly
bell-shape<l corolla : fls. blue, with a white fonn, often
2 in. wide, sessile, solitary or somewhat clustered,
pometimes equaling the ovate-acut«, dentate bracts.
Mt. Olympus. P.M. 10: 31. -Fls. like C. persicifolia.
Quickly forms a dense carpet. Int. into Eng. about 1842
from St. Petersburgh.
ccc. Fls. bell-shaped or tubular, n. t saucer-shaped.
V. Inflorescence a dense roundish head.
10. glomer&ta, Linn. One of the most variable :
DeCaudoUe makes 8 botanical varieties. Height 1-2 ft.:
typically pubescent : stem erect, simple, terete : Ivs.
serrulate, lower ones rough, with very short, stiflf
i^
CAMPANULA
CAMPANULA
229
hairs, lK-3 in. loni?, 1-2 in. wide, with a cordate, ovate-
oblon? blade shorter than t\w petiole : upper ones ses-
sile, ovate, acute : tls. in dense heails or itrlonies, 15-20
in the terminal heads, fewer in the axillary ones. Eu.,
Armenia, Persia, Siberia.
B.M. 2649 is var. epecidsa,
which has the largest tis.
L.H.C. 6:505 is var. sparsi-
fldra, with much smaller
dusters. — This is one of the
earliest tloweriuff and easi-
est of cultivation. Fls. typi-
cally dark purple, with no
recorded white varieties.
Var. Dahiirica, Hort., is
probably the commonest
form. Terminal clusters .'{
in. or more thick ; a very
characteristic inflorescence.
The fl. has a longer tube
than C. lactiflora and thyr-
suides.
I)D. rnfloreseence a spike
or racem*', dense or loose.
Color of fls. normally
white or yellowish.
P. Corolla small, short-
tubed.
11. lactifldra.Bieb. Heifrht
2J^-5 ft. : stem erect, branch-
ing : Ivs. sessile, ovate-lan-
ceolate, acutely serrate :
calyx lobes very broad,
acute, serrulate, one-half
shorter than the broadly
bell-shaped corolla: tls. in a
loose or dense panicle, vhich
may be 3% in. long and
thick ; corolla wh'te or pale
blue, 1 in. long, nearly 1}4
in. broad : capsule ovoid,
erect. Caucasus, Siberia.
B.M. 197.}.- Not advertised
in Anier. at present. C.
(eltidifolia, Boiss., referred to the above, may be a
strongly marked variety. A plant once cult, at Harvard
Botanic (Jardens has very characteristic, perfectly el-
liptical Ivs., blue tls., and more open inflorescence.
12. thyrsoldes, Linn. Biennial: height l-lj^ft.:
stem grooved : Ivs. all covered with long hairs at t!
margin ; root-lvs. sessile, spatulate or obtusely lanceo-
late, 2% in. long, % in. wide, in a dense rosette, lying on
the ground ; upper Ivs. more narrow and acute : fls.
40-oO, sulfur or creamy yellow, in a dense thyrse-like
spike, which mav be 6 in. long and 2*2 in. broad : stvle
exserted. B.M. 'l290. L.B.C. 17: 1644.-lntenningied
with the fls. in the spike are Ivs. which are longer than
the Hs., which is not true of C. lactiflora. Should not
be confounded with C. thyrsoidea, Lapeyr., which =
C. speciosa. No blue or purple fonns are known. The
picture in B.M. shows a characteristic red-tipped calyx.
FF. Corolla lartje, long-tubed.
13. VidAlli, H.C.Wats. Perennial: height 1-2 ft.:
stem branching from the base : some branches short,
sterile, others tall, fl<»rifer«»us, all groove<l, clammy,
glossy : Ivs. 3-4 in. long, oblong spatulate, coarsely ser-
rate, thick, fleshy. Arm, viscid, the upper ones gradually
becoming bracts : fls. 2 in. long, nodding, about 9 in a
loose terminal raceme; calyx lobes triangular, thick, one-
fourth shorter than the corolla ; corolla tubular, swelled
below, con.stricted above, with a yellow base. Azores.
B.M. 4748. F..S. 7:?29. A.Fl. 3: 116. Gn. 54, p. 299.
G.C. III. 18: 95. -Very distinct.
n. Color of fls. normally blue or purple, with white
varieties.
F. Size of fls. large,
o. Raceme pyramidal, usually dense.
14. pyramidiilis, Linn. Chimnev Campamla. Figs.
335,330. Ulabrous : Ivs. glandular-dentate, lower petio-
334. Campanula persicifolia.
(There are fonus with more
broadly bell-shai)ed flowers.)
lat«, ovate-oblong, snbconlate ; stem-lvs. sessile, ovate-
lanceolate : calyx lobes acuminate, spreading, half a.s
long as the broadly beU-shaped corolla : fls. num.'rous,
in pvramidal riweraes. Austria, near Adriatic, (in. 45,
p. 67 ; 48, p. 306 ; 51, p. 221 (a staked pot plant). K.H.
1897, p. 238. Gn. 53, p. .535 (with extensive cultural
not^s).
Var. compActa, Hort. S.M. 2:97. Gn. 47, p. 86 (with
very full cultiiral notes). The tallest of Campanulas
and one of the ohlest. Much grown in pots for exhibi-
tion. The compact variety is very floriferous an«l con-
venient for conservatory, but lacks the chara«'teristic
tall, pyramidal liabit.
<j<j. liaceme not pyramidal, usually looser.
15. latifdlia, Linn. Height :J— I ft. : ivs. large, doubly
serrate ; root-lvs, sometimes 6 in. long, petiolate, cor-
date, covered with soft hairs : stem-lvs. sessile, more
acurainate : pedimcle 1-fld. : calyx lobes long-acuminate,
one-third shorter than the corolla : fls. 6-15 in a loose
sp^ke or raceme about 8 in. long, erect, very large, 23^
in. long, purple or dark blue, hairy. Eu., Persia. Var.
macrtotha, Sims {C. tnacnintha, Fischer) is commoner
in cult, than the tj-pe, a little hairier, with a glabrou.s
calyx and very large fls. B.M. 2.55.3 and 3.347. K.H.
1897, p. 2.39. Var. erioc&rpa, DC, has the stem and Ivs.
pilose and more pallid, an«l a hispi<l calyx tube. There
is a white-fld. form. It is native to England, and is
easily naturalized in their wild gardens. The stem-lvs.
are probably the largest of any of the garden kinds,
often 3K in. long and 2 in. wide.
FF. Size of fls. small, less than 1 in. long.
16. Bononi^nsis, Linn. Height 2-23^ ft.: scabrous:
stem simple : Ivs. serrulate, ovate-acuminate, palli<i be-
neatlf; root-lvs. cordate-petiolate ,• upper Ivs. clasping:
calyx lobes acuminate, one-fourth shorter than the fun-
nei-shape<l corolla:
tis. normally pur
plish, in a long,
loo.se, pyramiilal
spike, which may
be 2 ft. long, with
60-100 small fls.;
corolla /<iin. long
and broad. E. Eu.,
W. Siberia, and
Caucasus. Var.
Buth^nica (C. liu-
the'nica, Bieb. ) has
Ivs. wider and to-
mentose beneath.
Caucasus and Tau-
ria. B. M. 2(5."i.3.
There is a white-
fld. form. The fls.
are much smaller
than in C lati folia,
and the raceme is
much larger.
335. Pot plant of Campanula
pyramidalis.
336. Nearer view of flow-
ers— Campanula pyramidalis.
17. rhomboldalis, Linn. Height 1 ft., sonu'times 2 :
stem simple, erect : Ivs. sessile, ovate-acut.', serrate :
calyx IoIh's awl-shaped, one-half shttrter than the bell-
shapeii corolle : fls. 8-10 in an almost corymbose ra-
ceme, the lower pedicels of which may be 3 in. long, the
230
CAMPANULA
CAMPANULA
uppermost 1 in. or less : corolla purplish blue, with a
white variety, 1 in. long and a little wider. Mts. of Eu.
B.M. 551. as C. azurea. — \X flowers in July and August,
after which the stems and Ivs. die down quickly.
18. Trach^lium, Linn. Fig. 337. Height 2-3 ft. : stem
angular, covered with dense, short hairs : Ivs. rough,
acuminate, coarsely crenate-dentate; root-
Ivs. cordate, ovate, short-stalked : caljTi
lohes erect, triangular - acuminate, one-
third shorter than the bell-shaped corolla:
peduncle 1-3-fld.: fls. erect at first, at
length tending to droop, in a loose raceme,
which may be 12-18 in. long : capsule
nodding. Eu., Caucasus, Siberia, Japan.
R.H. 1897, p. 2.'i9.
There is a double-fld.
form. — One of the
commonest and hardi-
est of the border per-
ennials, often running
out the other Campan-
ulas, and hence pass-
i n g under many
names, especially C.
'tirticifolia.
19. rapunculoldes,
Linn. Height 2-4 ft.:
stem a little rougher
than in C. Troche-
lii'.in : Ivs. rough,
ovate-acuminate ; root-
Ivs. petiolate, cordate,
crenulate ; stem - Ivs.
serrulate : calyx a lit-
tle rougher than in C.
Trachelium: lobes lin-
ear-lanceolate, at
length reflexed. one-
fourth shorter than the
funnel-formed corolla:
fls. solitary, nodding,
in long, racemose
spikes. Eu., Caucasus,
Siberia.
20. versicolor, Sibth.
& 8m. Height 3-4 ft. :
plant glabrou- : stem
ascending : s. ser-
rate ; root-lvs. long-petioled, ovate-acute, subcordate ;
stem-lvs. short-petioled, ovate-lanceolate, acuminate :
calyx-teeth acun inate. spreading, at length reflexed, one-
half as long as the corolla : fls. in long, spicate racemes;
style exserted : capsule spheroid. Greece.— Rare.
DDD. Inflorescence an optn, compound panicle.
21. divaric^ta, Miehx. Glabrous: height 1-3 ft.: stem
erect, slender, paniculate above : branches slender, di-
vergent : Ivs. sparse, subsessile, ovate-lanceolate, acu-
minate at both ends, coarsely serrate : calj'x-lobes awl-
shaped, one-half shorter than the tubular, bell-shaped
corolla : fls. small, nodding, blue, in a very open and
com}>ound panicle : style st raight exserted. AUeghanies,
from Va. to Gp. — Rare in gardens.
AA. Jjou'-grou'ing or rock-garden Campanulas, less
than a foot high.
B. Calyx with an appendage at the base of each simts,
often minute or disguised in form.
c. Throat of corolla spotted violet.
22. punctata, Lam. (C.ndbilis, Lindl.). Named from
the spotte<l corolla, the purplish spots being inside and
showing through faintly in the fresh fl. but more plainly
in the dried specimen. Height 1 ft.: stem with longer
and looser hairs than in C. alliari(efolia : upper h's.
nearly sessile, and more sharply toothed than the lower:
calyx-lobes one-third as long as the corolla, longer, looser
and hairier than in C. allinriafnlia, and the margins much
more recurved: peduncle 1-4-rtd. : fls. nodding; corolla
cylindrical. 2% in. long, white, spotted within, strongly
ribbed. Siberia, Japan. (■. nobilis has been considered
distinct. In F. S. 3: 247 the cor -11a is dark violet with-
out, the limb hairy, while in B. M. 172'6 {C, punctata ) the
337. Campanula Trachelium
corolla is white outside and not bearded. In F.S.6:.'563
(C. nobilis, \Ar. alba) the limb is not bearded aiid the
stem is red, and not hairy. The three pictures show
great differences in foliage, pubescence and appendages
This is one of the most interesting of all Campanulas
and is, unfortunately, usually considered more quaint
than beautiful. Cannot be use<l for cutting. The spot-
ted throat readily separates it from all Campanulas
See supplementary list for C. Van Uouttei, a supposed
hybrid.
CO. TJiroat of corolla not spotted.
D. Stems 1- flowered.
23. Ailidnii, Villars. Height .3-5 in. : rootsto<k slen-
der, creeping underground, sending up stems at inter-
vals of %-l in. : Iva. few, about 7 on a stem, 1-2 in, long,
linear-lanceolate, sessile, slightly hairy, entire, midrib
distinct, lower ones in a whorl of about 5, upper ones
similar but more erect : calyx-lobes lanceolate, half as
long as the corolla, the appen<lages ovate, reflexed. one-
third the length of the calyx-lobes : fls. purple, with a rare
whit« variety, only one on a stem, inclined or nodding,
1% in. long, and as broad across the mouth, the largest
for the size of the plant of any Campanula. A verv
local species, found only in the Alps of Piedmont anil
Savoy. B. M. 6588. — No white-fld. form is known. Int.
into Eng. about 1879 by G. Maw. "It is an excellent
rock-plant, and, though requiring plenty of raoi.sture, it
shouhl have a well-drained position, an<l is therefore
best grown in a narrow crevice filled with sandy loam
and an abundance of ^small stones and grit."— i^, W
Meyer.
DD. Stems several -flotvered.
E. Margin of corolla bearded.
24. barb&ta, Linn. Height 6-9 in.: stem pilose: Ivs.
villous, entire or nearly so; root-lvs. tufted, lanceolate;
stem-lvs. few, ligulate? : raceme loose, :{-4-fld. : fls. nod-
ding, pale blue ; calyr appendage ovate, obtuse, half as
long as the lobes ; corolla bell-shaped, shorter than in
C. Allionii, and with a beartied mouth. Alps. L.B.C.
8 :788. Gn. 48, p. 297. - ''here is a white-fld. form, but ap-
parently no purple. Readily told fnmi C. Allionii by
the different colored, bearded and smaller fls., which
are rarely borne singly, and by the dense, soft hairs of
the stem. Commonest species in the Alps. "In the
rock-garden it should be grown in poor, stony soil, as it
is apt to become somewhat coar>e when grown in rich
soil."-.?\ W. Meyer.
EE. Margin of corolla not bearded.
F. Fls. erect.
25. mdllis, Linn. Perennial : velvety gray : height
6-8 in. : stems procumbent, about 2-fld. : root-lvs. tufted,
obovate or spatulate ; stem-lvs. ovate or rotund : tls.
loosely panicled ; calyx-lobes lanceolate, erect, half
shorter than the glabnms, bell-shaped corolla ; appen-
dages minute, shorter than the calyx tube; corolla erect,
dark purplish blue or lavender, with a white throat, the
tube long, segments short, broad, spreading, acute.
Spain, Crete. B.M. 404. — Rock or border plant; not adv.
in America.
FF. lis. nodding.
26. alplna, Jacq. Height .3-8 in. : stem furrowed :
Ivs. smaller than in C. barbata, more narrowly lanceo-
late, entire, hairy : fls. typically deep blue, bell-shaped,
with broader and shorter segments than in C. barbata :
calyx-lobes proportionately very long, surpassing the
fl.-imd, and nearly as long as the flower, but widely
spreading. Swiss and Austrian Alps. B.M. 957. J.H.
III. 29: 5. —There is a white-fld, var. Int. into England
about 1805 by Loddiges. The plant has a characteristic
shaggy appearance from the hairy Ivs. Easy of cult.
27. Siblrica, Linn. (C. HUhenackcri, Fisch.), Seta-
ceous-pilose : stem erect, simple, panicled above : ivs.
crenulate ; root-lvs. petioled, obovate, obtuse ; stem-
lvs. lanceolate-acuminat« : calyx hairy, the lobes long-
acuminate, a third shorter than the corolla : calyx ap-
pendages like the lobes but half shorter and reflexed:
fls. 25 or more, violet, with a longer and narrower tube
than in C. alpina, and longer divisions of the limb.
N. Asia, Caucasus, W. Eu. B.M. (;.')9. R.H. 1861: 4.'?I.-
The type is rare, but var. ezimia, Hort., is somewhat
CAMPANITLA
CAMPANULA
231
eoTDTnoner. It is dwarf er. much branched, with long,
scabrous Ivs. and pale bluish to violet Ha. See Mottet's
translation of Nicholson. Diet. Gard. Var. divdrgrens,
Willd., has lart;er fls. and broader Ivs. than the type.
G.(\ HI. l«i:597. C. Sibirica usually does best when
treated as a biennial.
BB. Calyx without appendages.
c. Fls. very wide-itpreading, i.e., rotate, wheel-shaped,
almost flat.
D. Blossoms all erect.
28. Waldsteiniiina, Roem. & Schult. Perennial :
heijrht 4-0 in. : stems rigid, glabrous : Ivs. fleshy, ses-
sile. s;ray-green, lanceolate, slightly serrate-dentate, the
lower obtuse, the upper long-acuminate : calyx lobes
awl-shaped, spreadiuff or recurved, one-tourth shorter
than the corolla : fls. 5-i) in a corymbose raceme 1^ in.
bng, ?4in. wide, pale purplish blue ; corolla rotate, al-
most starlike, with a dark spot in the throat : pistil
large, white, twice the length of the corolla, with a yel-
low stigma. Hungary. Gn. 8, p. 173.— Not advertised
in America at present.
DD. Blossoms not all erect.
E. Habit trailing or pendulous.
29. frdgilis, Cyrill. Perennial : height 4-6 in, : stems
diffuse, trailing : root-lvs. long-petioled, roundish-cor-
date, obtusely dentate, or crenat<*ly lobed ; stem-lvs.
sm;»ller, scattered, the uppermost ovate-lanceolate : fls.
pale purplish blue with a white center, IJ^in. wide, in
loose corymbs ; calyx lobes linear-lanceolate, acumi-
nate, erect, almost equaling the corolla; stvle exserted:
capsule ovoid. Italy. B.M. r..")04. P.M. 11:25. Gn. 8,
p. 174, and 47, p. 278. Var. hirstita, DC, is a hairier
fonn.— This is the best species for hanging baskets,
window and veranda boxes, and for covering large
stones in the rockery. Prop, by cuttings in spriufr, the
roots being too fragile to divide well. Not so hardy as
C. Garganica.
31). Garganica, Tenore. Height .Vfi in. : stem diflFuse:
lower Ivs. renifomi-cordate, crenate-dentate ; upper Ivs.
ovate-acute, dentate : raceme lax : peduncles 1-2-fld. :
cahTC tube spheroid, the lobes spreading, a third or
fourth shorter than the glabrous corolla. Mt. Gargano
in Italy. B.R, 21 : 17G8, Gn. 48, p. 295. and 4.?. p. 25. Var.
hirstita, Hort., is a hairier form. Gn. 4«J, p. 253, and 48,
p. ■_".>7. — "Owing to the pendent character of its flower-
ing branches, its proper place is against a rocky ledge,
over wliich its masses of flowers may hang."— J^. C.
yiven. Half -shaded position. Prop, by cuttings or by
division.
EE. Habit not trailing or pendulous.
.11. Elatlnes, Linn. Perennial, more or less pubescent:
height o-d in. : Ivs. cordate, coarsely and acutely den-
tate, lower rotund, others ovate-acute : raceme lax :
calyx tube spherical, the lobes spreatling, linear-lanceo-
late, somewhat unequal, a half shorter than the rotate
corolla : style exserted. Piedmont. — Rare rock plant for
light, stony .soil.
;t\ Portenschlagriina, Roem. & Schult. (C. murdlis,
Port.). Heitrht (>-8 in.: stems somewhat erect : Ivs. all
alike petiolate. cordate, roundish, acutely angular-den-
tate: calyx tube spheroid, lobes erect, acuminate, a third
shorter than the infundibuliform corolla : fls. racemose.
Dalmatia.— Allied to f. 6^ar(7«w/r<i, but the corolla not
so deeply 5-cut. Little known. For conflicting descrip-
tion.s, see Gn. 8, p. llli, and 48, p. 297.
cc. Fls. broadly bell-shaped, less widely spreading
than in C, wider than in CCC.
D. Height 2-3 in.
:^.'!. R^nerii, Perpenti. Height2-3in.: stems suberect,
branchinfr; branches l-:{-rtd. : Ivs. subsessile. ovate, dis-
tantly serrate, the lower smaller and obovate: calyx tube
olxonical, the lobes lonff-acuminate. erect, half shorter
than the broadly infundibulifonn corolla: fls. large, soli-
tar}, erect, dark purplish blue ; style short, not exserted :
capsule obovate. 3Its. near Lake Como. F.S. 18:1908.—
One of the choicest roc": plants, but somewhat rare.
Several fonns of the hybrid Campanula G. F. Wilson
are often cult, under this name, but their Iva. are lighter
green and less tomentose than C. Rainerii. Enjoys a
well drained, sunny position.
DD. Height more than ?-3 in.
34. Tendril, Moretti. Height 8-12 in., glabrous : stem
a.scending or prostrate : Ivs. leatherj'; root-lvs. long-peti-
oled, ovate, subcordate, irregularly serrate ; stem-lvs.
petiolate, ovate-acute, coarsely serrate : calyx lobes
linear-lanceolate, spreading, half as long as the broadly
bell-shaped corolla : fls. racemose : capsule spherical.
Naples. — This is now referred to the Grecian species
C. versicolor, which is typically taller. In the garden,
C. Tenorii resembles C. pyramidalis in foliage and
flower, but is shorter.
E. Style not exserted.
35. Carpitica, Jacq. Fi>f. .'{.{8. Height 9-18 in., gla-
brous : stem branching : lowr Ivs. thin, long-petiole<l,
ovate-rotund, c<»rdate, coarsely dentate, undulate: upper
ones shorter petioled, ovate-acuminate: peduncles long,
terminal and axillary, 1-fld. : fls. large, often 1 Hin. wide,
deep blue or white: calyx tube obconical, the lobes a<'ute,
wide at thf base, subdontate, erect, a third or half as long
as the broadly bell-shaped corolla : .style not exserted :
capsule ovoid-cylindrical. Carpathian Mts. of Austria.
B.M. 117. Gn. 48, p. 297. Var. turbin^ta, Hort. ( C. turbi-
v(ita. Schott), is dwarfer, more compact, with fls. more
bell- or top-shaped, and often 2 in. across, purplish blue.
It also has larger Ivs. and more decumbent hal)it. ( in. 45,
p, 171, A form with pallid fls, is rarer, Var. Q. F. Wil-
son, Hort.. is a hybrid of var. turbinata antl C pulla,
with the large fls. of the former and the handsome dark
foliage of the latter. It is compact, dwarf, and small,
ovat«, very hairy Ivs., with crenate-serrate margin. O.
Haylodginsis, Hort., is a garden hybrid, probably be-
tweerfC Carp'itica and C cwspitosa. Raised by Ander-
son Henry, Hay Lodge, Edinburgh. Height 6-9 in. :
root-lvs. tufted, roundish cordate, slighcly dentate: stem-
Jvs. light green, ovate-cordate, con-
spicuously t<K)thed : fls. light blue,
bell-shaped, few, at the ends of
8tems. Var. pelvif6rmi8, Hort.,
from Crete, has very large, pale
lilac. almost saucer-
shaped fls. PH. 1882,
&509. Var. Henderson!,
ort.. is generally re-
ferred to var. turbinata,
b'lt is more robust. Lvs.
ovate and ovate-cordate,
IK in. long, ^in. broatl,
slightly huiry on both
sides, folded upwards,
serrate: petioles 1-1 Vain,
long: fls. dark blue, 1 J^-2
in. wide, in short, 6-9-
fld. racemes. — This spe-
cies is among the ttrst
dozen in popularity, and
is very variable in
height and in shape
of flowers.
EE. Style exserted.
.36. isoph^lla, Moretti
{C. floribunda, Viv,).
Stem suberect : lvs. all
alike, petiolate, round-
ish cordate, crenate-den-
tate: calyx lobes acumi-
nate, haif shorter than
the broadly bell-shaped
corolla: fls. pale blue, 1
in. or more wide, corym-
bose ; style exserted :' capsule ovoid. Italr. B.M. 5745.
Gn. 49, p. 483: 48. p. 297. -An excellent basket or rock
plant in sun or half shade. The white variety seems
to be more popular. Fls. may be saucer-shaped.
CCC. Fls. bell-shaped.
D. Style exserted.
37. ScoWeri, Hook. Height 8-12 in.: stem simple or
branched : Iv.-. acutely serrate, somewhat hirsute ; lower
ones ovate-acute, petioled ; middle ones ovate-lanceo-
338. Campanula Carpatica .
232
CAMPANULA
CAMPANULA
lat»' : upper linfar-latireolate. sessile : calyx lobes awl-
shaped, erect, (uie-third shorter than the eorolla : Hs.
racemose, or more or less panicled : style exserte<l :
capsule ovoid. C'olunihia river. — The capsular valves
are a little above the middle, while in C. Carpatieti and
(\ pernicifolia they are near the apex. A rare western
American species.
DD. Style not exserted.
E. Color ft-ry dark purple.
38. polla, Ijinn. Height '.Wt in.: stem normally 1-fld.:
Ivs. triabrous, crenulate-dentate ;
lower ones short-petioled, ovate-
rotund : upper sessile, ovate-
acute: calyx lobes long-acuminate,
erect, a half shorter
than the b e 1 1 -
shaped, nodding
corolla. Mts. of
Austria. In B.M.
2492 the calyx lobes
are short - acumi-
nate, a sixth as long
as the corolla. L.B.C.
6 : 5i>4. — Darkest flow-
ered of all Campanu-
las.
339. "Blue Bells of Scotland"—
Campanula rotundifolia.
Natural size.
EE. Color }tot very dark purple.
.39. rotundifdlia, Linn. Hair-
bell. Hakebell. Bue Bells
OF Scotland. Fit,'. 3:}i>. Height 340. Campanula rotundifolia.
(>-r2 in. Root-lvs. petiolate, var. soldanellaeflora.
cordate, crenate-dentate : stem-
Ivs. iiiiear or lanceolate, usually entire: cah-x lobes awl-
shape 1. erect.a third shorter tluln the bell-shaped corolla:
tl. Inids <rect. Eu., Siberia, W. N. Amer. On. 53: 1153,
— This is one of the most cosmopolitan of all Campanu-
la-. im<\ The true hairbell or bluebell of literature. In
the wild it is sletiderer and taller than in the garden.
In sliady woods it often gi-ows 2 ft. high. The type has
a white-fid. variety which is much less popular, but
G.C. LMU:098 shows an excellent pot-plant of it. Var.
Hostii, Hort. (C. Ildxtii, Baumg.), has larger fls. than
the type and stouter stems. The lower stem-lvs. are
lanceolate, remotely dentate, the upper linear entire :
calyx lobes lontrer than in the type, a half shorter than
the contUa. The white-tld. form is not as vitrorous.
The most pronounced form is var. floldanellsefldra,
Hort. (C. sohlanella, Hort.). Fig. 340. With semi-
double blue rts. split to the base into about 2.") divisions.
F.S. 18: 1880. — This curious variation is unique in the
genus. The alpine soldanellas are famous among trav-
ellers for melting their way through the ice. They have
fringed blue fls. The name of this species seems singu-
larly inappropriate until we have sought the root-lvs.
in early spring.
40. Schetichxeri, Vill. (C. ihii folia, var. Seheiichseri)
Height 4-12 in.: stem 1-4-Hd., usually 1-Hd.: rwt Ivs
roundish, ovate, or cordate : stem Ivs. linear or nar-
rowly lanceolate, sessile, denticulate, the lowest stem
Ivs. spatulate : calyx lobes slender, linear-awl-shapeU.
nearly as long as the bell-shaped corolla. Alpine and
subarctic regions of Newfoundland, Labrador, Alaska
F.S. 21: 220.*), not L.B.C. 5: 485, which DeCaudolle states
most emphatically is C. rotundifolia and nothing else.
The stem-lvs. of C. Scheuchzeri are 'Mstinctly serrate!
while in C rotundifolia they are entire ; the tl«»wer-
buds jhhI in the former, but are erect in the latter. The
calyx lobes are relatively longer in C. Scheuchzt ri, and
perhaps the l)ell is deeper.
41. caespitdsa. Scop. (C. pftmila. Curt. C. pusilJn,
HH>nk. I. Height 4-4J in. : root-lvs. tufted, short-petioled!
ovate, glandular-dentate, shining : calyx lobes linear]
erect, a third shorter than the bell-shaped corolla : tls!
no«lding, pale blue or white: p<dlen violet-colore<l. B M
512. Gn. 43 : 892. (in. 48. p. 297. - Dwarfer than C, roiun'.
difolia, with root-lvs, never renifonu, shorter-petioled,
and lasting until after tls. have gone. Perennial, quickly
forms a dense mat. Border, edgings, or nM;kery. The
European trade catalogues usually t>fter C. cii^spHonu
and C. punilla separately, and doubtless plants of dis-
tinct horticultural value are passing under these names,
but there seem to be no botanical or horticultural de-
scriptions that will distinguish them.
42. ezclsa, Schleich. Perennial, glabrous: height 4-5
in.: stems slender, 1-fld.: roct-lvs. spatulate: upper Ivs.
linear: calyx lobes bristly, spreading, at length retlexed,
a third shorter than the bell-shaped corolla : Hs. pale
blue, divided to about half their depth, with a round hole
at the base of each sinus, which easily distinguishes it
from C. pulla and all other Campanulas. Rare in Alps.
B.M.73i>8. L.B.C. 6: 561. — A rare rock plant. Likescool,
moist air, and not too full exposure to sun. Not adver-
tised in America.
occc. Fls. long-tubular, abnormal.
43. Z6yBii, Woif. Height 3-4 in. : plant tufted, gla-
brous : stems few-fld. : root-lvs. entire, crowded, petio-
late, ovate-obovate, obtuse: stem-lvs. obovate-lanceolate
and linear: peduncles 1-fld, terminal, rarely axillary i
cahT: lobes linear, awl-shaped, spreading, a fourth shorter
than the corolla : corolla long-cylindrical, constricted at
the apex, wider at the base, sharpiv angled. Austrian
Alps. Gn. 8,p. 173. G.C. III. 20: 183.'- A rare and abnor-
mal species. "Fls. large in proportion to the size of the
plant, azure blue. * * * terminated before expansion by
a pretty stellate process, arising from the infolding of
the segments of the corolla after expansion. These are
seen to be densely bearded, forming a mass of hairs sur-
rounding the large capitate stigma."— J'. C. JViven.
AAA. Kitchen garden vegetable: roots radish-like.
A salad plant.
44. Bapuncnlus, Linn. Rampion. Biennial: height 2-3
ft. : root spindle- or long-radish-shaped, % in. thick.
white : stem erect, sulcate : lower Ivs. obovate, short-
petiided, somewhat crenate: stem-lvs. linear-lanceolate,
entire: fls. lilac, in a spike or n-c ne: calyx tube obconi-
cal, lobes glabrous or brist?\ - ."i't, awl-shaped, a half
shorter than or nearly equal ' v tiie funnel-shaped corolla.
Eu., Orient, N. Asia, N. . \. The roots and Ivs. are
eaten as a salad. The seem, which are the smallest of
any kitchen garden vegetaule, are sown in the open
ground in early May either broadcast or in drills. A little
sand mixed with the .seed gives an evener sowing. Press
flrmly, and water carefully. Thin out the seedlings if
necessary. Water freely in hot weather. A fresh sowing
may be made in June, as early sown plants may run to
seed. Roots are gathered in October, and may be stored
in sand for winter use. Rapunculus means a little tur-
nip. Vilmorin-Andrieux, The Vegetable (iarden.
C abiet}na, Griseb. Rare, tiiftetl. rookerj- plant, with slender.
wiry stems 9-15 in. high : tls. light blue in loose, branchiiiK
spikes. July-Aug. E. Eii.—CcalycdntheitM. Hort. = C Me-
dium, var. calycunthema. — r. i'enisia, Linn. A rare rofk plant
from Mt. Cenis and other mts. of the Alps, is a rare tufted
rock plant with solitary deep blue tls. on stems 2 in.
high.
Root-lvs. obovate. obtuse : stem-lvs. ovate-oblong : all Ivs.
sessile-entire : calyx hirsute, the lol>es linear-lanceolate, li half
shorter than the deeply jHiut, spreadiuK corolla,— C. Dahdrica,
CAMPANULA
CANADA
233
Hort. Plants sold under this name are likely to b« C. glom-
•rata. var. spe<-iosa.— C Erlnus, Linn. Annual : plant hispid :
lieight :H>in.: Ivs. small, glossy, %-%\n. broad, coniate, deeply
eat, the iMiinted lolies conspicuous : lis. sessile, pale blue with
alight i-enter. tubular (or star-shaped.'), ^in. broad, with
acutf narrow lobes ; style long, conspicuous, colored like co-
rolla : racemes long, semi-prostrate, lO-2t)-rtd. Metliterranean.
Bare shortlived rock plant. Also for edgings and iwts.— 6*.
gramlUlora, Jacq.==Platyco<lon granditlorus.— f '. Lamdrckii,
D. hietr.— Adenophora Ijamarckii. — C. nitida, Ait.=C. plani-
HQff^—C, planiflora, h&m. ((.'. nitida. Ait.). Glabrous: height
3-flin.: stem simple: Ivs. sessile, leathery, shining: root-lvs.
crowded in a dense rosette, ovate or ol>ovate-ol>tuse, crenulate,
l^in. long: stem Ivs. linear-lunceolate, acute, nearly entire:
fls. blue or white, with double varieties, in spicate racemes ;
eaiyx l<)l)es ovate, acute, broad, erect, a third shorter than the
broa'JIy bell-shaped or saucer-shaped corolla. Not American,
though commonly so state<l. Habitat unknown. J.H. III.
33: 2h:j. RiM'k plant, for sunny position.— <'. specioga, Pourr., is
a rare species. Most of the plants passing under this name are
likely to he C. glomerata. B.M. 2t>49 is < . glomerata, var. sj»e-
ciosa.— r. Sfteeultim, Linn.=Si>ecularia Speculum. — C. tirtiri-
fblia. This name is now abandoned. Plants are likely to be C
Trachelium. — r. Van Houttei, Carr. Height 2 ft.: root-lvs.
longpetioled, roundish cordate, more or less lobed ; stem-lvs.
sessile, oval-lanceolate, irregularly bi-dentate, 2H^ in. long,
more or less villous, strongly ner\-e«l : fls. usually solitary-,
nodding at the end of a small branchlet, 2 in. long, half as
broa»i, indigo blue, or violet ; calyx lol)es linear, spreading, 1
in. long. A garden hybrid resembling ('. punctata. Int. into
France ISTXby Thibaut and Keteleer. R.H. 1878, p. 420(descr. ).
Var. j>allida has pale lavender fls. \y t^j^
CAMFHOBA (from camphor, made from its juice).
LaHrileece. The Camphor Tree {Camphb^nt officintilis,
Steud. ) is native to China and Japan, but it is now in-
troduce«i into S. Fia. Botanically, it is very closely al-
lied to the cinnamons, and is often referred to that
genus (a.s Cinnamomum Cuniphora), hut it diflFers in
its scaly buds, membranaceous calyx, and leaf characters.
Comphora officinalis attains a height of 40 ft., and en-
dures light frosts. It has alternate, ovate-elliptic, en-
tire, thick Ivs., and axillary panicles of small, yellow
fls. The whole plant contains camphor. The gum is
obtained from the extracted juice.
CAMPION. See Silene.
CAMPSIDIUM. See Tecoma.
CAMPTOSOBUS (Greek, bent sort, alluding to the
irrejTular arrangement I. Polypodidcecp. A small genus
of hardy ferns, with simple, pointed Ivs., which take
root at the apex, and are hence known as ''Walking-leaf
Ferns.'' A single species is na-
tive mostly on lime-bearing
rooks, and an allied species is
known from Japan and N. Asia.
rhizopli^lluB, Link. Fig. 341.
Lvs. simple, tapering from a
heart-shaped base, 4-12 in. long;
veins forming meshes near the
midrib ; sori irreg-
ularly scattered.
Canada to Alabama.
—Sometimes grown
in rockeries and
wiW gardens.
L. M. Under\vooi>.
CAMPYLOBO-
TEY8, See Hoff-
mminia.
CANADA. Figs.
342-4. The most
important fruit re-
gions of Canada are
those surrounded
wholly or in part by
bodies of salt or
fresh water. In the
extreme east the
Atlantic ocean with
its indentations, is
the influencing climatic factor. In central Canada the
great lakes. Ontario and Erie, serve the same usefiil
oflace, while in the extreme west the Pacific ocean, with
Camptosjfuj inizophyllus.
its gulf stream, tempers tlu* climate of British Colum-
bia, and gives sutlicifnt atmospheric moisture, so that
all but tropical and citms fruits may W grown in the
most favored localities. It is interesting to note that
while on the eastern Atlantic coast apples are success-
fully grown as far north as the 47th parallel north lati-
tude, and in British C«dunibia as far north as the 52d
degree north latitu<ie, yet in the interior of Ontario and
Quebec they have not succeeded north of the 4<ith par-
allel.
The fruits of Cana<la of to-day are attributalde to .'»
main sources : 1. Seeds, brought by tb-^ first Frencli
missionaries and English coh>nists. ]>. Seeds antl plants
obtained from Virginia and New England. .'}. Plants and
seeds brought in by United Empire Royalists. 4. Chance
seedling pro<luction. ,5. Recent importation from Europe,
and systematic plant-bree<ling.
In order to obtain an idea of the character of fruits
cultivated in the Dominion, it will be necessary to con-
sider the provinces separately :
Prince Edward Islaxi*. — Latitude, 4G degrees to 47
degrees north, area about one and a quarter million acres.
The surface is undulating, the whole island eminently
agricultural and pastoral. Soil, a reddish loam, some-
times sandy and (M-casionally clayish. Tlu- climate is
sufficiently mihl to a<lmit of the cultivation of pears and
of plums of the Prunns domentica type. The winters are
long and tedious, with heavy snowfalN. and freijuent
fogs and sleety rains. The first fruits introduce<l were
apples, by French colonists. Later, the English and
Scotch settlers brought other apples and pears, in addi-
tion to Kentish cherries. It is probable, also, that some
of these early fruits were introduced by the Acadian
French, We still find on the island a few of the old
Freneh orchards of apples and cherries. Cherries have
been cultivated — in fact, they have taken care of them-
selves—with success since the time of their first intro-
duction. They belong to the Kentish type, and ripen in
that locality a month later than do the same varieties
grown in eastern Ontario. Black-knot has lately ap-
peared, but is being attended to. Apple-growing is on
the increase. The better practices in fruit-growing are
being introduced; a few large orchards are already
established and are bearing satisfactorily. The climate
has an important effect upon the keeping properties of
apples and pears. Such late-maturing varieties as Ben
Davis, Stark, and Missouri Pippin do not, as a rule, at-
tain full size and perfection. The autumn and early
winter apples of the west are the most suitable varie-
ties. Of these are Ribston, Blenheim Pippin, Hubbard-
ston and Grimes Golden. The same is true of pears.
The early and midseason varieties do best. Clapp,
Bartlett, i Howell, and Aujou are doing well. Among
plums, Moore's Arctic, Early Damson and Lombard are
favorites. Peaches cannot be grown successfully unless
artificially protected during winter.
bmall-f ruits are grown successfully in all parts of the
island. The most important of these is the cranberry.
The area devoted to this fruit is extending rapidly. Tlie
product is shipped to England. There is undoubtedly a
future for fruit-growing on this island, with its natural
under-drainage in many parts, its equable climate, and
its proximity to the European market.
Nova Scotia ant* Cape Breton.— The Dominion owes
very much to this province for the good pioneer work
done in advertising the fruit-growing capabilities of
('anada in the European markets. The best advertise-
ment that could be given by any country was afforded bv
the magnificent display of fruit made by the Province of
Nova Scotia through its Fruit Growers' Association at
the Indian and Intercolonial exhibition in London in 188(5.
As early as the middle of the last century, the Acadian
French, who then peopled Kings and Annapolis counties,
cultivated apples and pears with great success. When
these lands fell into the hands of Connecticut and Eng-
lish immigrants in 17t>0, old pear and apple trees wen-
found in many places; some of the latter exist at the
present day. It must not be supposed that the apple
growing of Nova Scotia is restricted to the Annapolis
valley. This valley is only one of several, and the con-
tiguous fertile valleys of the Comwallis and Gaspereaux
rivers are equally well adapted and equally productive.
The protection afforded in this, the best fruit section of
2^
CANADA
CANADA
the pn>vince, by the low parallel lines of hills, known as
the north and south mountain ranjfes, is important and
valuable as windbreaks. The numerous bays and inlets
assist in etjualizing temperatures, and exercise a marked
intiuence upon the longevity of the apple tree in this
region. The soil consists of sand, sandy loam and clay,
overlaying sandstone formation. The enormous rise and
fall of the tiiles have pro<luced extensive deposits con-
stituting the present marsh and dyked lands. These
marsh lands serve the purpose of supply in tr an abundant
annual supply of herbage, in addition to > 'ding an in-
exhaustible store of cheap, natural fertili/.er, used by
fruit-growers with great advantage upon the upland
orchard areas. Figs. '.U2, 'MA.
Fruit Regions and i-VMiVs. — Kentville, Wolfville, and
Berwick are important fruit pro<lucing centers. Here
are found many of the old English types of apples, such
as Golden Pippin and Devonshire Quarrenden. Good
apples are grown in nearly all parts of the province, but
the valleys already mentioned contain the major portion
of the bearing orchards. The total orchard area is esti-
mated at 80,000 acres, and is rapidly increasing, i'ears
have long been cultivated, but the industry has not grown
like the apple. Plums are widely cultivated. Doniesticas
and Japans do well; Moore's Arctic is the favorite of the
former class and Burbank of the latter.
The export of apples to Britain began in 1875, and has
been steatiily on the increase since that time. The mar-
ketable crop of apples in 1896 amounted to 500,000
barrels, nearly all exported to Britain. The characteris-
tic apple of the province is Gravenstiin. This, with
Ribston Pippin, was imported from England by Hon.
Charles Ramage Prescott, between 18ii0 and 1835. Col.
John Burbidge introduced the Nonpareil Russet. Doctor
Inglis, the first bishop of Nova Scotia, introduced Yellow
Bellefleur to the Annapolis valley, where it is now known
by the name of Bishop's Pipjiin.
The cranberry industry is developing rapidly. In 1890
the output from the cultivated bogs amounted to 400
barrels; in 1898 it had nearly reached 4,000 barrels. The
varieties cultivated are selected from the wild marshes.
The fruit-growers of the province are intelligent and
energetic. The Provincial Fruit-growers' Association,
the oldest in the Dominion, assists in maintaining a hor-
ticultural school, which was established at Wolfville
and is affiliated with Acadia College.
The fruit-growing industry- in Cape Breton is yet in
its infancy. The climate and soil resemble that of Prince
Edward island, and practically the same class of fruits
are being tested.
New Brunswick.— The climate of this province fa-
vors a mixed husbandry. Wild raspberries, strawber-
ries, blueberries and cranberries grow in wild profusion,
and have to some extent hindered the growing of culti-
vated forms. Apples may be grown successfully for home
use in nearly all parts. Commercial orchards are now
tftWDfT
342. Ontario. Quebec and
Nova Scotia.
I, 1, peach and grape regions; 2. mixed
truit zone: 3 general agriculture, ami
apples. Nova Scotia : 1, plums, pears, apples; 2, apples.
being planted in the valley of the St. John river, at
and about Woodstock. Damson and Moore's Arctic
plums are grown to a considerable extent. A few grow-
ers have found it profitable to protect their plum trees
in winter by planting them in such a manner as admits
of the trees being reclined on the ground in the autumn.
The snowfall is heavy, and is a sufficient protection.
Thomas A. Sharpe, of WtiodsttK'k, is a pioneer in this
work. Of apples, the following varieties have l)een
most successful in the St. John river valley: Duche!«s
Wealthy, Fameuse, Pewaukee, Longfield, and Scott's
Winter. The small-fruit harvest is h week later than in
Nova Scotia. New Brunswi<-kers are therefore enahled
to place their berries upon the Boston market at a tijne
when competition from other <iuarters is light in these
classes of fruits. Native raspberries and wild cranber-
ries (VacriHiitm I'ifi.s-lthpu) are gathered and shi[»|K'd
in large quantities to Boston. T. Vifi>t-l<Jmi is com-
monly known in New Brunswick as Wolflierry or Low-
bush Cranberry. In the past, lumbering, fishing and
mining have absorbed much attention in New Bruns-
wick, but fruit culture is constantly receiving increased
attentum. Bright minds are at work in the province.
What to grow, and how to grow it, are questions receiv-
ing earnest attenti >n.
QiEBEC. — The climatic conditions in eastern Quebec
approach quite closely those obtaining in many parts of
New Brunswick. We find the principal fruit areas ly-
ing south of that great artery of commerce, the St.
Lawrence river. Here and there, not on the low clav
flats, but on the higher middle elevations, with gravellv
subsoil affonling natural drainage, we find (orchard's
made up of "La Belle Fameuse," Pomme Gris. and St.
Laurent, truly Canadian an<l truly delicious ai)ples. In
the lower St. Lawrence region, especially on the north
side, the keeping season of apples is very much ex-
tended— or rather, the ripening season is very much re-
tarded. At ('hicoutmi,on the Saguenay, Red Astrachan
ripens about the end of September and Wealthy is late
winter.
In L'IsIet county, about 70 miles northeast of the city
of Quebec, plum-growing has become a somewhat spe-
cialized industry during its evolution, which covers a
period of a century and a quarter. Varieties of Reine
Claude and of Orleans plums have originated, and are
now peculiar to that district. Reine Claude de Mont-
morency is a fine flavored strain of the parent gnmp.
All plums gi'ow in stocky form, with widely spreading
branches, and are very protluctive. The trees are
grown in sod, with little pruning and fertilizing.
The marketing season extends from September 15 to
October 15. Hardj- forms of Kentish cherries have also
been developed. The season is a month later than at
C)ttawa, Out. Between Quebec and Montreal, along the
St. Lawrence river, plums and apples are grown to a
limited extent only. The heavy blue clay of the re^'ion
between the Richelieu and St. Lawrence rivers is uu-
suited to the cultivation of fruits. A wild fniit which
is being grown by the French habitant of the Richelieu
and its tributaries is the choke cherry, Priinus Mr-
gin iana, Linn. The fruit is eaten
raw, but is also made into jellies
and conserves. A yellow variety is
common to gardens in the vicinitv
of St. Hyacinth, Que. The Island
of Montreal is undoubtedly the
cradle of the fruit industry of the
province. Here a truly intensive
style of fruit-growing prevails.
Apples. plums and pears are staples.
Strawberries, gooseberries, and
other small fruits are largely culti-
vated. Convenient market facili-
ties, both at-home and abroad, assist
the fruit-grower. The hardier types
of Primus dome.stica, such as Dam-
son and Orleans plums, succeed
except in seasons of unusual se-
verity, when their fruit buds fail. Japan plums have
not yet been sufficiently tested on the island, with the ex-
ception of Burbank, which fruits uncertainly. So far as
can be ascertained, the Island of Montreal is the home
of the Fameuse and St. Lawrence, and possibly Pomme
Gris. About the foothills of those curious outcrop-
pings of the Vermont moimtains th^t we find in the
Richelieu valley and in the eastern townships — locali-
ties peopled by U. E. Loyalists — fruit - growing is a
leading branch of rural labor. Beloeil, Rougemont
and Abbotsford are well known to Quebec fniit-growera
T'Srr-i
CANADA
M leadinjf fruit-growins: centers of the province. The
gtandard coniiueroial apples of Ontario and New York,
as GreeniuK. Baldwin and Spy, do not succeed. Faineuse,
Wealthy and Duchess, with Canada Baldwin and Win-
ter St. Lawrence, do well, the latter two beinj? natives
of the Province, and much appreciated. The fruit area
along the New York bound -
ar>- line is rapidly extending?.
Apples and plums are sta-
ples, while pears and lurrapes
are grown for home use.
The earlier varieties of
grapes only are grown. Con-
cord does not ripen with
certainty everj- year. Dela-
ware, Lady and Moore's
Early are generally reliable
in this western region.
Gibbland Farm, once the
home of Charles Gibb (de-
ceased 1890), a prominent
amateur fruit-grower and
philanthropist, is Undated at
Abbotsford, Que., and con-
tains a large collection of
Russian fruits. These fruits
were widely distributed in
Quebec through the efforts
of Mr. Gibb. A few of the
summer varieties have su-
perseded older kinds. The
only winter Russian apple
which has become at all
well known in Quebec is
Arabka of Ellwanger & Barry
CANADA
235
to 200 acres of land for a cow, but found no buyer. This
land is now valued at from $;{()() to $500 per acre. The
improvement of native fruits began in 1830 by the in-
tro4iuction of foreign varieties, and by the establishment
of home nurseries.
Cntnmercial and statisficnl.^The peach industry of
Apple orchards in the Annapolis valley. Nova Scotia.
Longfield is also suc-
cessful in eastern Quebec, where it keeps till midwinter.
Unless carefully managed, this variety soon deteriorates
by overbearing.
Montreal is the chief apple shipping port during Sep-
tember and October. Later in the year Ontario and
Quebec apples go to Europe via Halifax, Portland or
Boston. For a number of years past fruit-growers in
the vicinity of Montreal have shipped Duchess and
Alexander apples to Liverpool and Glasgow. The un-
satisfactory feature about the commercial side of fruit-
growing in Quebec is the scarcity of good winter export
apples. The old standards are not reliable and de-
sirable substitutes have not been found. Canada Bald-
win, Scott, Winter ano Pewaukee are generally rec-
ommended.
OxTARio. — Prom the star.lpoint of a fruit-grower, the
province may be divided as follows :
1. An apple-growing region in the extreme east, on
the north side of the St. Lawrence.
2. A pear, plum and apple-growing region between
Toronto and Kingston, along the shore of Lake Ontario.
3. An extended and distinctively apple-growing area
between Toronto on the south, Owen Sound on the
north. Haliburton on the northeast, and Lake Huron on
the west. [In the vicinity of Owen Sound, on the south
shore of Georgian Bay, plums of P. domestica class are
extensively cultivated.]
4. A peach, grape, pear, ])lum and small-fruit region
in the Niagara peninsula, between the overlapping ends
of Lakes Erie and Ontario. 1, Fig. .'U2.
5. A peninsula in the west, between Lakes St. Clair
&Q(I Fiiie— an area where fruits similar to those noted
in the last are cultivated. Pelee Island, in Lake Erie,
might be included in this fruit zone. 1, Fig. '542.
Historical.— Along the banks of the Detroit river, in
the extreme southwest, are gigantic pear trees. These
are from seed planted probably by French missionaries.
One of the oldest trees is said to date from 170.^. These
trees are productive, but the fruit is not valuable. The
planting of apple orchards began in this region about
the year 1784. The planting of vineyards, for which the
region is not^d, dates back about 40 years. The Niagara
Peninsula was settled somewhat later than the Essex
region. Here, between 1780-90, the United Empire Loy-
alists received grants of land from King George, and
planted seeds of apples brought from their homes in
the United States. Here we are told that John Smith,
in the early part of this century, offered to sell his claim
the Leamington district, in the west (5), is growing
rapidly. Though not more than 20 years has elapsed
since its inauguration, the present annual output is
very large. In lh94, 3.'), 000 baskets of peaches were
shipped from Leamington station, Essex county ; in 1895
more than double that fjuantity was sent out. In 189(i,
more than half a million peach trees were planted in
that region. In the Niagara district the output of
peaches is much larirer, and the fruit industry is more
uniformly diversitied. The Niagara fruit-grower is
strictly up-to-date. Electric cars run every half hour
past the doors of the fruit-growers residing between
Hamilton and Beamsville ; telephones connect their
homes, and bring daily market reports. During the
shipping season, a fruit train leaving Niagara Falls
daily and, running to Hamilion, carries away such
peaches, plums, cherries, grapes, pears and berries as
are not .^hipped by boat from St. Catharines, Port Dal-
housie, or Niagara on the Lake.
The standard varieties of apples of the province are
Spy, Greening and Baldwin. Ben Davis, York Imperial
and Ontario are being widely planted — the latter a native
of the province. It is a cross between Northern Spy and
Wagener, produced by the late Chas. Arnold, of Paris.
Princess Louise and 5lcIntosh Red, supposed seedlings
of Fameuse, are becoming well known in the eastern
parts of the province. Among other fruits produced in
the province are the Moyer and Jessica grapes, the Fitz-
gerald and Longhurst peaches.
C. C. James. Deputy Minister of Agriculture for
Ontario, gives the following estimated statistics regard-
ing fruits and fruit areas in the province in 1895. Area
in orchard, garden and vineyard, .'520.122 acres; number
of apple trees of bearing age, 5,91:5.900; young trees not
bearing, 3,548,053. In 1896, the yield of apples in the
province was estimated to amount to 20,000,000 barrels.
The Provincial Fruit-growers' Association has a mem-
bership of 5,000, and publishes a monthly Journal of
Horticulture. Secretary and editor, Linus Woolverton,
Grimsby, Ont.
A series of fourteen fruit experiment stations has re-
cently been estal)lished, so located as to cover the va-
rious climatic divisions of the province. The object is
to test and report upon all fruits, old and new. These
are under the joint control of the Ontario Agricultural
College and the Ontario Fruit-growers' Associaticm,
with L. Woolverton as executive officer, whose duty
it is to make an annual report of the whole to the Min-
ister of Agriculture,
I
236
CANADA
CANADA
MANrTOBA AND THB NORTHWEST TeKRITORIES. — As
far as the tret* fniits are concenied, those whioh can bo
jfrown sucofssfuliy in these rejfioMs without ext.aordi-
nary care have yet to be produced. A few Huxsian
apples and Siberian crabs have survived and have pro-
«luced some fruit in southeastern Manitoba. Pyrun
fntccdta (the Iwrried cnibof Europe) is hanly at the Doni.
Experiment Stations at Brandon, Man., and Indian Head,
N. W. Terr. This has been crossed with the hardiest
Itussian apples in the hope? that the resultant seedlinj^s,
of which there are now many thousands, will prove
hardy in tree, and pnwluce fruit of edible size.
With the protection afforded by belts of timber, small
fruits of nearly all kinds — grapes, however, beinsr a »'<'-
table excej)tion — are grown with a nnnlerate degree of
success. The natural obstjwles are appreciably less in
Manitoba than in the Provinces of Assinil>oia, Alberta
and Saskatchewan, where late .spring frosts, high winds
and perioils of summer <lrought utid severe winter cohl
make the cultivation of the hardiest fruits, such as
gooseberries and currants, difficult and precarious. Na-
tive types of these fruits are cultivated. Juneberries
are much appre«'i.ited. Without doubt the rancher and
wheat grower of these northwest provinces will be de-
pendent for his fruit supply upon Ontario and British
Columbia for many years to come. The chief sources of
horticultural information in this region are the l)t>-
minion experiment stations already referred to.
344. British Columbia. The fruit regions are lietwfeu the itarallel series of dotttnl lines.
British Colcmbia.— Fig. 344. I am indebted to
J. R. Anderson, Deputy Minister of Agriculture for the
province, for much of the following data. British Col-
umbia is wonderfully diversified, and has great fruit-
growing possibilities in its deltas, its coast line, its
valleys, its benches, its irrigated lands. Great climatic
variation means a corresponding widening of the possi-
bilities of fruit-culture, and tliere is here undoubtedly
a more extended range of therniometric variation and
atmospheric moisture than' is found in any other prov-
ince of the Dominion.
fl^<*7or/<vf/. — Regarding the early history of fruit-
growing, and some of its later developments, Mr. An-
•lerson writes as follows :
"It was soon discovered by the early settlers in and
about the old Hmlson's Bay C'ompany's forts of Victoria
and Langley. that apple trees would mature and bear
fruit. Tliere was, however, a deep-rooted belief that the
greater part of the country wouhl not produce fruit, or,
indeed, for that matter, crops of any kind. However,
gradually trials were nia<le by adventurous spirits,
miners, packers, and others (probably never by practi-
cal farmers or fruit-growers ), and it gradually da'wned
upon the sparse population that apples and field crops
would grow in most parts of the coast line of the
province, and of that part known as the dry belt lying
between the Coast Range and the Rocky mountains.
Then it appeared to occur to the residents that other
fruits might do, and thereupon trees and plants were
procured from California, and in mogt caaef^ all were
found to be successful. Up to this time (between 1855
and 1800), most of the fruit was the produce of seed-
lings, the offspring of seeds procured from other coun-
tries, which being acclimatized, with a gmxl climate
freedom (»f insect pests and diseases, pro«iuced womler-
ful crops without the trouble of cultivating, pruning and
spraying. Now, however, fruit trees of a superior «jual-
ity began to be imported, and for Home time throve
equally well as those of humbler origin, but by an<l hy,
f«)r some unacct)untable reas«»n. the trees did not hear
as well as formerly, nor was the fruit as gooil or &g
large as it use«l to be, and old-timers w<mdered what was
the matter, and so things went on from ba«l to worse
until people of a new generation began to settle in the
province, who so<m ascertained the cause of failure to
be due to the importation with the trees, from the
neighlH)ring states and pn»vinces, of pests and dis-
eases hitherto unknown in the province. It was then
that the legislature enacted the Horticultural Boanl Act
which provides for the appointment of a "Board," whose
duties are, inter alia, to inspect all fruit and fruit trees
entering the province, and orchanls within the province,
and to make such recommendations in the interest of
fruit-growers as they may <leem necessi r>'. It has fol-
lowed, as a matter of course, that in consequence of the
stringent regulations, a better class of nursery stock is
now imported into the province, anil although it is quite
impossible, even with the strictest in-
spection, to detect all infestations, and
although people have been slow in
adopting even those measures best cal-
culated for their benefit which have been
recon mended by the Board of Horticul-
ture, there is a marked improvement
in the state of the orchards of the j>rov-
ince, and of the fruit pro-
duced.
The young orchards
planted out since the inau-
guration of the newer and
more intelligent methods,
are likewise coming into
bearing. The production
of fruit Is even now in
many lines in excess of
local demands, and hence,
in view of the line of a<'tion
pursued by the Board of
Horticulture, which now
prevents this province
from being the dumping
ground for the refuse fruit
of the neighboring states,
it may reasonably be concluded that the imports of
fruits will be restricted in the future to those early fruits
which mature in the south, or to the production of the
antipodes at a time when those of this country are not
in season.
Fruits. — "The principal fruits produced in the
province are apples, pears, cherries, plums, prunes, and
all the small fruits. Other fruits, such as peaches and
grapes, have not been produced in sufficient quantities
to meet the demand, those like the first named havine:
been at first considered unsuitable to the country, but
are now found to do excellently in many parts."
Fruit Sections. — Some of the i)est fruit lands are to
be found along the mountains and foothills on either
side of the numerous valleys of the province. This is
particularly true of the region along the Eraser river
between Chilliwack and Hope. The region along the
Eraser river from Agassiz to the coast is one abun-
dantly supplied with water and now producing large
quantities of plums, apples and berries. Some of the
interior valleys are eminently adapted to the require-
ments of the tenderest tree fruits. Peaches are being
successfully cultivated here and there on the lower
bench lands. The accompanying map shows the princi-
pal fruit-producing areas of the province. At Vernon,
in the Okanagan valley, the Earl of Aberdeen, a late
governor-general of Cana<la. has an extensive orchard
of 200 acres. Here an irrigation plant, while not deemed
absolutely essential to fruit-growing, is thought to be a
CANADA
CANNA
237
J43. ttecils of Canavalia ensiiormis.
Full size.
desiraMe adjunct. This valley is producing apples,
pf»rH iintl plums of gtwtX quality.
M'lrkfts. — "The t-xportatiou (»t' fresh fruit to the North-
west Territory and Manitoba, which is the natural mar-
ket of the prov-
in4*e, is asstiminfc
larjife proportions,
more especially in
jilunis, for which
British rolunihia
is specially noted.
The markets of
the Orient and
Australia will in
the neai future
also be outlets for
the surplus fruits
of the country.
Canneries and
fruit - preserving
establishments of
various kinds also afford means of disposing of some
of the surplus fruits which are not in a condition to
be t'xported. The high price of labor, and the compe-
tition which has to be met, in the matter of the cheap
jams and other products, adulterated with foreign sub-
stances and glucose, which come from the east and
California, are, however, verj' serious factors which mil-
itate atfidnst the success of such establishments."
Pestn. — ^loHt of the pests which have caused such
serious loss to the orchardists of other countries have
made their appearance in the province, but, thanks to
the efforts ma<le for their suppression, the codlin moth
and curculio are notable exceptions.
Climate. — The climate of the coast is most equable.
The temperature seldom falls to zero nor rises above
75° or 80°. In the interior the variations are naturally
greater, but even there, in the coldest part of the win-
ter, the temperature does not long remain at or below
zero. On the coast, the precipitation is almost entire'v
in the form of rain, which is sufficient for the moiit
346. The parts
of the
Canna flo^ver.
(SeeCanna, p. 238.)
part for agricultural pur
poses, the .objection be-
ing that little or none
falls (luring the summer
months. In the interior,
where the preciriiation
is mostly in the shape
of snow, it is so light
that irrigation has to be
resorted to. John Craig.
CANASINA (from the Canary Islands). Campnnu-
Ideetf. Three species of tropical herbs closely allied to
Campanula, but with the tubes of the calyx and corolla
grown together, and the floral parts in 6's. C. cnm-
panulata, Linn., is a tender plant from the Canaries,
with drooping, inflated buds and solitary, hell shaped
ttn. more than 1 in. long and 1'.^ in. wide, dull yellow,
Hushed and veined with «lull purplish bn>wn. Lvs. has-
tate. B.M. 444. -Not in tlie Amer. trade.
CANABT-BIBD FLOWEB is a Tropaolum.
CANABT 0BA8S is a Phnlari».
CANAVALIA (an aboriginal name). Lequminf^Htp.
Trailing or twining iierbs : tis. in axillary riwemes,
with bell-shaped, 2-lippe*l calyx, papilionjweoujs corolla,
9 stamens united and 1 free for most of its length :
po<ls large and ribbed on edges. Several species,
widely distributed in warm countries.
eniilbrmii, DC. {C. ylafUAta, DC.). Jack Bean.
Chickasaw Lima. Figs. 197. :M.'». Grown in the s<.uth-
ern states for stock, but the pods make passable snap
beans when not more than 4 or t» in. I«>ng. In warm
countries it is a bushy plant, with ^
little tendency to climb. The pods
reach a length of 10-14 in., the walls
being very hard and dense when ripe.
The halves of the po<l. when split
apart, roll up spirally, often into an al-
most perfect cylinder. The large white.
347. Old-time Canna.
348. Modern floAArering Canna.
turgid beans, bearing a very prominent brown seed-
scar, are prcked crosswise the pod, imbedded in a very
thin white, papery lining. The tlowers are sniHil and
light purple, resembling those of the Cow-pea (though
larger) and of various species of Dolichos. The leaflets
areli, large and broad (5-8 in. long and half or three-fifths
as broad ), strongly veined and dull, dark green, abruptly
pointed and smooth. Tropics. A. G. 14:84. B.M. 4027.—
Beans said to be used as a coffee substitute, i^ jj g^
CANDLEBEBBT, CANDLENUT. See Alenrites.
CANDYTUFT. See Iberis.
Species of Arnndinaria (treated
CANE-BBAKE.
under Bamboo).
CANfSTBUM. See ^chmea.
CANNA (name of oriental origin, of no application).
Scitamindcetp. Stout, unbranched, large-leaved tropi-
cal and warm -temperate herbs of both hemispheres, with
large and ornamental foliage. Fis. mostly red or yellow,
238
CANNA
CANNA
in a tprminal raceme or panicle, very irregular : capsule
3-locule(l and st'veral-many-seeded (p, Fig. AM't) ; sepals,
«, 3 and small and usually p-een ; petals 3, cce, mostly
narrow and pointed, green or colored ; style single and
lonir. e ; the stamens are represented hy petal-like, oh-
lanceolate bodies or staininodia. (iiii;l>, 2 or 'A of which
are usually much pro»luced and broadened, and one is
deflexed and narrower and forms the lip of the flower,
/*; the pollen is borne in a sinijle-loculed anther, f, borne
on the side of a narrow and more or less coiled stami-
nodiuni.
A generation ago, ('annas were grown for their
foliage or mass-effect. Th«'y were tall and long-
jointed, with small and late tlowers (Fig. 'M~).
The parent of the old-time garden race of tall
Oannas was C Ann<ri, raised by M. Ann^e, of
France, from seeds of C. yt-
pahHsia, sown in 1848. The
flowers from which the seeds
were taken probably had betn
pollinated by some other spe-
cies, most likely with C ghnica .
In 18(>;{, a new race appeared,
as the result of the union of C
ifi'liflora with C Warsci'U'icsii.
This hybrid was known as ('.
Eh<'nutntn (and C. iridiflont
hyhrida). This was of interme-
diate stature, with showy foli-
age and t»ettt'r drooping flow-
ers. Under this name plants are still sold, butthoy
may not be identical with the original C. L'.'k -
m'tniii. This race has been variously crossed with
other species and forms, and from innumerable
see<llings there have been selected the ilwarf and
large-Howered raunas (Figs, .'US, 341>), which have
now practically driven out the old, tall, snutU-
flowered forms. These dwarf Cannas are often
known as Frendi t'anuas, from the country of their
origin ; also, as Crozy Cannas. from the most re-
nowned breeder of them. Within recent years,
another nK-e of Cannas h:is arisen from the anml-
gamation of our native i'nund rfacvuhi with the gar-
den forms and with C. iridi flora. These Iiave
come mostly from Italj' and are known as Italian
Oannas; also, as orchi«l-flowered Cannas. The tt«»w-
ers are characterized by soft ,nd flowing iris-like
outlines, but they are short-lived. Of this class
are the varieties Italia (Vis. ;{.")0), Austria, Bavaria,
Burgundia, America. Pandora, Burbankaud others.
For a sketch oi' the evolution of the garden Cannas,
see J. G. Baker, Journ. Roy. Hort. Soc, Jan., 1894:
also, Bailey, Plant-Breeding, 140 ; also, particu-
larly for the history of the Italian race. Revue
Horticole, 1895, 516, and Gardeners' Chronicle,
Dec. 14, 1895.
The culture of Cannas is simple and easy. They
demand a warin, friable, rich and moist soil. They
are injured by frost, and therefore should not be
planted <mt until the weather is thoroughly settled.
For mass ef ects, set the plants not more than 1
foot apart each way: but if it is desir'^d to show
individual plants and their flowers at the best,
give three times that annmut of room to a single
plant. Pick the flowers as soon as they wilt, to
prevent the formation of seeds { which causes the
plant to lessen flowering), ajid keep the plants in
tidy condition. If the best ]tlants are desired, give
the soil and treatment which produce the best re-
sults with Indian coi-n.
"New varieties are raised from seeds. The seeds
usually germinate slowly, an<l sometimes not at all,
unless the hard integument is cut or filed, or is
softened by soaking in water ; these pri'caution.s
taken, they germinate quickly. Sow late in winter, in
rather strong bottom heat, either in flats or pots. Prid;
out, and give ]>lenty of room as they grow. Commonly,
Cannas are propagated by dividing the rootstock. This
rot)tstock is a branchy mass, with many large buds. If
stock is not abundant, as many pi mts may be made from
a rootstock as tl ere ire buds, although 1;lae weak buds
produce weak pb >t •. Leave as mucb> tissue as possible
Willi each bud. These 1-bud partts usually give best re-
>^-
349.
Flowering or
FrenchCanna
— Prince
Hohenlohe.
suits if started in pots, so that the plant is 6-12 in. high
at planting time. The commercial Canna plants are grown
mostly in pots. If one has suflicient roots, however, it
is better not to cut so close, but to leave several strong
buds on each piece (as shown in Fig. 351). These pieces
may be planted dir iotly in the ground, although more
certain results are to be secured by starting them in the
house in boxes or pots. If strong effects are desired,
partictilarly in shrub borders, it is well to plant the en-
tire stcol. In the fall, when the plants are killed by
frost and the tops have dried a f 3w days, dig the roots,
and let them dry as if they were potatoes.
Then store them on shelves in a cellar
which will keep Irish or rotind potatoes
well. Take care that the roots do not be-
come too warm, particularly be-
fore cold weather sets in ; nor
too moist. Well cured roots
from well matured plants usu-
ally keep without difficulty.
Cannas are commonly used
only in formal beds, but most
excellent effects may be se-
cured by scattering them singly
or in very small clumps in the
hardy border or amongst shrub-
bery. Against a heavy back-
ground of green, the gaudy
flowers- show to their best, and
the ragged effect of the dying
flowers is not noticed. They also make
excellent center-pieces for formal beds.
The tall-growing Cannas, with small aid
late flowers, have given way almost
wholly to the modem race of Crozy or
French dwarf Cannas, which usually
remain under 4 ft. high, and give an
abundance of large early flowers. The Canna al-
ways must be used for bold planting effects, be-
cause the flowers have not sufficient durability to
be useful as cut flowers. As individual blooms,
the flowers are not ustially attrttctive, but they are
showy and interesting in the mass and at a dis-
tance. The new race of Italian or Flaccida Cannas
has more attractive flowers, buu even these are
most useful when on the plam. Of varieties there
are legion, and many new ones are imported each
year, chiefly from France: and there are so many
new aspirants each year that it is not worth while
to enumerate varieties in a cyclopet'ia.
The garden Cannas are now so nmch varied and
inter-bred that it is no longer possible to classify
them by the characters of the species. One of the
best cicssificaiorv schemes is the following ( adapted
from G. C. III. 14:432):
I. Tall varieties.
A. Foliage green.
B. Self-colored varieties.
c. Minor flower-segments narrow,
cc. Minor flower-segments broad.
BB. Bicoior fonns, in which the lip is of a dif-
ferent color from the other segments.
Divi<led into c and cc, as above.
BBB. Spotted varieties. Including c and cc, as
above.
Blt)tched varieties. Including c and co.
Margined varieties. Including c and co.
AA. Foliage pvirple. Divisions as under a.
II. Dwarf varieties. Divisions as under I.
BBBB.
BBBBB.
To many of the garden forms and hybrids spe-
cific Latin nai^^'S have been given: but the follow-
ing synopsis (aeapted from Baker's 'Synopsis of
the Species of Cannas," n G.C. 111. 13: 42, 70, KU,
190) gi'*es a general view of the original species. The
names here accounted for are ; aurantiaca. 14: aureo-
rittnta, 4; camea, 15; ('inniib<triHft,{>: coc<'inea, (J; com-
mufata, 14; compm'ta, 13; crocen, 14; densifolia,^', de-
nHdata, 20; discolor,19; divaricata. 20: edulis. U; Khren-
bergii, 5 ; e.H ulenta, 9 ; excelsa, 20 ; fxigna, 5 ; Fintol-
manni, 3; f^.accida, 21; flavescens, 5: florihutida. 4;
fonnoxn, 6 : fuhjida, iS ; tjiganfta, 7 ; glauca. 10 ; heli-
coniwfolia, IJ ; humiliHf o; liidica, 1; iridilJora, l^ ;
CANNA
CANNA
239
Roscoe).
ItgUt, 4 ; tagnnensin, 14 ; Lamberti, 2 ; lann^nosa, 12;
latifoliii. 7; leptocheila, 16; lencocarpn, 14; liliiflora,
23: linibata, 4 : lonqiMia, 10; lutea, 14; mnrrorarpa,
14; mitrrophtiUn, 7; maculnta, 14; Mexiran(i, 10;
iIorit^i<ina, 14; jyepalenniH. 16; occidentalis, 4; ori-
eatalis, 5 ; pallida. 14 ; paniculata, 20 ; patens, 4 ; pe-
(lunoulata, 8 ; polycla<la, 17; poffjuwrpha, Hi ; Porfori-
cf «»*."<, 6 ;/>«?'•/"■".•> : recurvata, -i; Ifeevesii,2\; Ho.s-
foearia, 14 ; rubra, t'*; saturate-riibra, i ; Schlechten-
dahlinnn, 3 ; Selloirii, 4 ; spfciosa. 16 : specfnbilfs, 4 ;
slolonifera, 10 : sulphiircn, H ; Siirhinnien.'ii.'<, d : syl-
vestris. 6 ; Texensis, 4 ; Tinei, 14 ; variabilis, 15 ; va-
rieijiita. 4; vetitrico.sa, 4; vitellina,
14 ; Warscewiczii, 18.
A. EUCASNA. — Corolla lobea and
xtfiminodia iiuifed into a short
tube : two or three of the upper
stamhiodia petal-like.
B. Three upper staminodia petal-
like.
c. Lt'S. of ordinary consistency or
thickness.
D. Lip entire.
1. tndica, Linn. Indian-
Shot. Stem slender, gla,-
bnms. green. ;}-.") ft.: Ivs.
oblong and aeute gree-
half as broa<i as long [i
ft. long): raeenies simple
and lax, some of the lis.
in pairs, the bracts green
and nearly orbicular : fls.
S3iall ; sepals oblonc, and
green, ^4 in. long; petals
lanceolate, pale green, about Ij^ in. long ; 3 upper 'W'/M'>
starainodia bright red. entire, 2 in. long but nar- '^'^'f'
row ; lip linear, red-yellow, spotted with red; cap- '
suie irlobose, 1 in. in diam. W. Indies and Guiana.
2. Lamberti, Lindl. Stem stout, green and gla-
brous. 12-14 ft.: Ivs. oblong, green, acute: raceme
simple or forked, lax and fe\v-dd.,the !*racts large
and oblong, green : sepals lanceolate, pale green,
i^in. long ; petals lanceolate, 2 in. long, reddish ;
staminodia entire, scarcely longer than the petals,
brieht crimson; lip bright crimson: caosule oblong,
large. W. Ind., 8. Amer.
3. Fintelmanni, Bouche. Stem green and glau-
cous, 4-5 ft.: Ivs. oblong and acute, green and
glaucous : raceme few-tiu. and lax. the bracts green
and oblong: sepals oblong, fain., green; petals lan-
ceolate, pale green, IJain.; staminodia obtuse and
entire. 2-3 in., yellow; lip oblanceoiate, vellow,
mottled red : capsule large. Trop. Amer. ' — Pos-
sibly a hybrid of C. glauca and C. Indica. C.
Schlechtendahli()na, Bouch^, is similar, but has the
staminodia spotted red.
DD. Jjip emarginate.
4. pitens, Roscoe. Stem slender, green and gla-
brou.-i. 4-5 ft. : Ivs. oblong and acute, jjrreen. the
lower 1 ft. long: raceme few-tld., simple and lax,
the bracts orbicular and green, the fls. s^igle or in
pairs : fls. small ; petals lanceolate, pale irrecn.
about lyUw. U»ng ; upper staminodia l>right red,
entire, 2 in. long, and narrow , lip bright red-vellow.
with minute red dots : c"psule globose, l' in. in
diam. Tr.>p. Anu-r. B.M. 1.54 as (\ Indica.
Var. limbita, Baker (C. limbcMa, Koscoo. C.
m/eo-vitf()f>i.hiHh\.). I'l^per staminodia bright red.wilh a
borderof bright yellow .-To ('. paten.^ Baker would re/er
the following: ('. fl»ribundu, lata, rerurvata, saturate-
nibru. Sellowii, spectabilis, Texensis, variegata and
ventricosa of Bouch^. C. occidentalis, Roscoe, has only
2 staminodia, petal-like.
5. orientalis, Roscoe. Stem slender, glabrous, ;j-4 . . :
lys. oblong-lanceolate, a fo(»t or more long : raceme lai,
simple or forked, the bracts oblonir : sepals oblong-
lanceolate, green, ^2in. or less long ; petals lanceolate,
p^enish. ll^in. long; upper staminodia 2'.2in. or h ss
long, bright red, often emarginate; lip red-vellow: cap-
sule globose and very sniali. Old Worhl tropics.
Var. flavSscens, Baker (C flnv^scens. Link), tapper
staminodia and the lip entirely yellow. — With C. orien-
talis probably belong C. densifolia, Ehrenbergii, exiguu,
humilis and pulchra of Bouch^.
6. coccinea, Miller (C. rM^m,Willd.) . Stem slender,
green, 4-6 ft. : Ivs. longer than those of C. Indica , oblong
and acute: raceme simple and lax, with small, green, or-
bicular br.Hcts: sepals lanceolate, J^in. or less long, ti.iged
with red; petals lanceolate, H'^in. long, tinge<' with red;
staminodia 2 in. long and narrow, often emarginate; lip
red-yellow: capsule globose and .small. Trop. Anier. — To
this species Baker would refer C. cinnabari. , rmosa,
fulgida, Portoricensis and Snrinamensis
of Bouch^.
Var. 8ylv68tris, Baker (C. sylvan fris.
Staminodia longer, plain deep
crimson, that and the lip with
a long claw. Trop. Amer.
7. latifdlia, Miller (C. gi-
ijanthi, DC C. macrophylla,
Bouch^). Stem stout and pu-
bescent, 10-16 ft. : Ivs. oblong
and acute, green, the lower
ones often 3—4 ft. long: fls. in
several racemes forming a
panicle, the bracts oblong or
the lower ones becoming sev-
<'ral inches long ; sepals oli-
long and green, ]4 in. long ;
■^^ petals lanceolate, 2 in. long,
tinged with red; staminodia 3
in. or less long, entire or emar-
ginate, bright red ; lip bright
red: capsule large. S. Anier.
B.M. 2316.
8. peduccul^ta, Sims. Stem
slender, green and glaucous,
glabrotis. 5-6 ft. : Ivs. oblong-
lanceolate, green and glau-
cous, 1-2 ft. long and 3-4 in. broad : fls. in a
many-fld. lax raceme, with a hairy rachis and
long-spreading pedicels, the linu-ts small, ob-
long and obtuse ; sepals oblong, small and
green; petals lanceolate, green, reflexed, 1 in.
loiig; staminodia emarginate. about 1 in. long, pale
vellow ; lip oblancei.late, plain vellow : ca])sule
globose, small. S.Brazil. B.M. * 2.323. -Probably
not in cult,
;». 6duli8, Ker. (('. tsculenta, I..odd.). Rootstt»ck
thick and edible: stem stout. 8-12 ft., purple: Ivs.
oblong, green or bronze. 1-2 ft. long : raceme lax,
forked or .simple: fls. usually in pairs; bracts or-
})icuhir or oblmg: sepals oblong-lanceolate, %\n.
long, tinged with red; petals lanceolate, lK-2
in.; stamino<iia entire or emarginate, 2K2in. long,
bright red or orange; lip bright red or yellow-red:
capsule large. Trop. Amer. B.M. 2498. — Starch
is procured from the roots, and for this purpose
the plant ' ■ wid«'ly cult, in the tropics.
10. glatlc^ Linn. Stem green and glaucous. 5-<)
ft.: Ivs. {.reea and glaucous, oblong-lanceolate and
very acute, tapering both ways (the middh* of the
dade about 4 in. wide): raceme lax, simple or
forked: sepals lanceolate, green, Vain, long; petals
lanceolate, yellow-green, l%-2 in.; staminodia en-
tire, 2*E-3 in., yellow, not spotted; lip linear, emar-
ginate, pale yellow: capsule oblong, l'2-2 in. long.
Italia Canna. Trop. Amer.— The (\ longi folia, Mexicana and
stolonifera of Bouch^ belong here.
vv. Lrs. thin and papery.
1 1 . heliconieefdlia, Bouch^. Stem 6-8 ft. : Ivs. oblor
green, 2-3 ft. long (resembling those of Heliconia) : tts.
in a panicle formed of several lax racemes; sepals lan-
ce<date. %m. long; petuls lanceolate, '.in. long, colored;
statuinodia not much lunger than th»' petals, scarlet; lip
scarlet: capsule ellipsoidal. \9^*^iq. Mex,
Two upper staminodia petal-like.
c. Ste.A icooUy-pubescent.
sa, Roscoe. Stem green, woolly, 4-<» ft.:
te, green : raceme 1 1^ nv-lld., simple
350.
BB.
12. lanugi
lv8. oblong,
240
CAyNA
CANTERBURY BELL
or forke«i. the bracts obtuse, small and p^een : sepals
lanceolate, green. %m. or less lonj; ; petals lanceolate,
\}4 in. lonpr, tinfre<l with re<l ; staminodia « : tire, red or
red-yellow ; lip the same color, oblanceolattr and emar-
ginate. Brazil.
cc. Stem glabrous.
D. Leaves green.
V.i. comp^cta, Roscoe. Stem stout and green : Ivs.
broad, oblong and acut«' : ra«'eme simple and manj'-fld..
dense : sepals lanceolate. Vgin. long ; petals unequal,
lanceolate. l\» in. long, red-yellow ; staminodia slightly
enian;inate. 1 H-2 in. lontr. bright crimson; lip emar-
ginate, red-yellow. Trop. Anicr.
351. Stool of Canna, showing how it may be divided.
14. Ifitea, Miller. Stem slender and green, 3-4 ft.:
Ivs. oblong an«l acute : raceme lax, simple or forked,
the small green bracts oblong and obtuse: sepals green-
ish, oblong. Sjin.; petals lanceolate, pale green, 1-1 J4
in. long : staminodia pale yellow, often emarginate,
\yi-2 in. long; lip linear, pale yellow, emarginate.
Trop. Amer.
Var. p&llida, Roscoe. Staminoaia and lip pale yellow,
spotted red.
Var. aurantlaca, Roscoe {C. Tlnei, Todaro). Petals
tinge<l red ; staminodia red-yellow ; lip red-yellow and
red -spot ted. — To C. lufea are to be referred C cnmmu-
tata, teiivocarpa, Moritsiami. and Nn.sroea na , of Bouchi^;
C. croeeaf Lag.; C Luguuensis, Lindl. ; C. inarulafa,
Link ; 0. moerocarpa, sulphurta and vitelUna, of Hora-
ninow.
15. varidbilis.WiHd.fC. crfrwert, Ro.scoe). Stem green,
3-4 ft.: Ivs. obiong and acute : raceme simple antl lax,
the small bracts oblong and obtuse : sepals lanceolate,
green, S^in. long; petals lanceolate, 1% in. long, pale
green : staminodia pale red, entire; lip linear and entire.
Brazil.
l«t. specidsa, Roscoe (C. leplocheUa and polymSrpha,
Bouche ), Stem green, .'i-O ft. : Ivs. broad-oblong, acute:
tls. in a deeply forked, long-branclied panicle ; sepals
lanceolate, i'^in. lonir. pale red : petals lanceolate. 2 in.
long, pale re«l ; staminodia '.\ in. long, em.arginate, bright
red ; lip emarginat", bright red-yellow. Himalayas.
B.M. 2317. — C.Af/j«/«''»«j.s, Wall., has 3 upper staminodia.
DD. Lvs. bronze or brown, at least on the margins.
17. polycl&da, Wawra. Stem tall and slender : lvs.
oblong and acute, base rounded. brown-edge<l : fls.
(often in pairs) in a long, much -branched panicle, the
bnwts nearly orbicular : sepjils lanceolate, 3'2in. long ;
petals lanceolate and uiiequ!.!, the longest 2 in., tinged
red; staminodia acute, not longer than the petals, brigiit
crimson : lip ohlanceolate. the claw yellow-spotted, the
limb bright crimsou. Brazil.
18. Wancewiczii, Dietr. Stem claret-ptirple and
glaucous, 3-4 ft. : lvs. oblong and acute, more or less
claret- or bronze-tinged : raceme simple an<l rather
dense, with ovate, brown, glaucous bracts : sepals lunce-
oblong, V-jin.. glaucous ; petals lanceolate. 2 in. long
reddish and glaucous ; staminodia (sometimes 3) entire
or nearly so, 2 V„-:{ in. long, bright scarlet ; lip oblan-
ceolate, emarginate, bright scarlet. Costa Rica. B AI
4854.
19. discolor, Lindl. Stem stout, 6-10 ft., purple and
glaucous : Ivs, broad-oblong, acute, brown-tinted, the
lower ones sometimes 3 ft. long : fls. in a deeply forked
panicle of lax racemes, the bracts small and orbicniar ;
sepals lance<date, Kin. long, green : petals lanceolate,
l}4 in. long, pale green ; staminodia entire. 2H in. l«.ni;[
bright red ; lip lanceolate and emarginate, brick-red.
Trop. Amer.
AA. DlSTEMOS. — Corolla tube short: vpper statu i-
nodia suppressed.
20. panicul^ta, Ruiz & Pav. {C. denudhta, Roscoe.
(\ exc^lsa, Lodd. C. divaricdta, Klotsch). Stem tall
and slender, glabrous : lvs. oblong and acute, green and
glabrous : racemes lax. disposed in » large panicle ;
sepals lanceolate, Kin. long ; petals lanceolate, yellow-
green, 2-3 in, long ; lip rather longer than the petals,
crimson. S. Brazil.
AAA. EvRYfiTYLVS. — Corolla tube 2-S}4 in. lomj : 3
staminodia produced, clawed : lip orbicular.
21. fl&ccida, Salisb. (C. Reei'esii, Lindl.). Stem preen
and glabrous, 4-5 ft,, very leafy below : lvs. oblonp-
lanceolate, green : raceme simple, lax and few-fld.. the
bracts very small : sepals lanceolate, 1 in. loi.g, green ;
corolla lobes lanceolate and reflexed. nearly as lontr as
the tube ; 3 upper staminodia obovate. sulfur yellow,
2-3 in. long by 1 in. broad ; lip large, yellow. Swamps.
S. Car. to Fla,, near the coast, L,B.C. 0 : 562. - Useful
for its good habit and iris-like lis.
AAAA. AcnimviA.— Tube of corolla and staminodia ns
long as the blade : fls. large and pendulous.
22. iridifldra, Ruiz & Pav. Stem green. 6-10 ft.: lvs,
oblong, bright green, slightly pubescent beneath : ra-
cemes paniculate, drooping : sepals lanceolate. 1 in,
long, green ; corolla lobes lanceolate, red-brown. 2'oin.
long ; 3 upper staminodia somewhat longer than the
corolla lobes, obovate, nearly or quite 1 in, broad, rose-
crimson ; lip narrow, deeply emarginate. rose-crimson.
Andes of Peru. B.M. 1968. R.H. 1861: 110.
23. liliilldra, Warscew. Stem robust, green. S-10 ft.:
Ivs. many, oblong, green, li— 4 ft. long, spreading from
the stem at a right angle : fls. in a corymbose panicle ;
septals linear, as long as the tube of the corolla ; corolla
lobes lance<date, 2-3 in. long, pale green, the tube of
equal length ; .3 upper staminodia white, xmited into a
tube for half their length, the blade obovate and spread-
ing; lip oblanceolate, as long as the staminodia. Colom-
bia. R.H. 1884: 132, F. S, 10: 1055-<i.- A flne species.
The white fls. finally become tinged with brown ; loni-
cera-scented. L. H. B.
CANNABIS (the ancient Greek name). Crticdcea?.
Hem?, a single species, probably native to central Asia,
and now widely cult, as a fiber plant. Hemp is also grown
occasionally as an ornamental plant, being grown from
seeds and treated as a half-hardy annual. It makes ex-
cellent screens in remote places. It thrives best in a rich,
nither moist soil. C. sativa, Linn., is the only species,
but various forms have received specif" names. In par-
dens, the form known as C. gigauten is commonest; this
reaches a height of 10 ft. and more. The seeds are usu-
ally sown where the plants are to stand ; but if (piick
effects are wanted, they may be started indoors in pt;ts or
boxes. Hemp is di»pcious. The staminate fls. aic in
axillary panicles, and have .'» sepals and 5 drooping sta-
mens. The pistillate fls. are in short spikes, with 1 sepal
folding about the ovary. Lvs. digitate, with ,>-7 nearly
linear, coarse-toothed leaflets. The plant is annnal,
nmghish and strong-smelling. L. H. B.
CANTERBURY BELL. See Campanula Medium.
CANTUA
CAPSICUM
241
CANTUA (from Cantu, Peruvian name). Polemonih-
ce(f. Ten species of South American flowering shrubs
with very variable foliagre and showy, tubular fls. of va-
rious colors. C. biixifolia is cult, out of doors in S.Calif.,
and is recommended in Europe as a coolhouse shrub.
Probably no tenderer than Fuchsias. Prop, by cuttings.
buxifdlia, Lam. ( C. dependens, Pers. ) . Much branched
shrub, about 4 ft. high ; branches more or less downy :
Ivs. very variable, generally oblong-obovate, acut€, taper-
injr at the base, entire or serrate, downy or glabrous :
fls 5-8, drooping vertically, in a kind of leafy, termi-
nal corjTub ; calyx pale, membranous, green-streaked,
5-toothed, a fourth shorter than the corolla tube; corolla
long-funnel-shaped, the tube 2Kin. long, red, usually
streaked ; limb of fringed, obcordate, crimson lobes :
stamens included. Peru. B.M. 4.")82. F.S. 7:650. R.H.
1858. p. 294. — One of the choicest of European green-
Louse plants. Very liable to red spider in our climate.
C. bicolor, Lem. Distinguished from the above by the entire
Ivs., which are shorter, about 1 in. long, and the solitary fls. . with
a short, yellow tube, the limb not fringed. The lis. droop, but
not vertically. Pern. B.M. 4729. F.S.4::J43. Probably less de-
sirable than the above.— C. pyrifdlia, Pers. Lvs. generally
broader and more toothed than in C. bicolor: fls. as many as 17,
in an erect, terminal, compound corymb ; calyx reti-tipped,
nearly half as long as the yellow corolla tul)e ; corolla about
l^in. long, with a white limb : stamens long, exserted. Peru.
B.M. 4:i86. F.S. 4:383. W. M.
CAPE
Treated
Bulbs.
BULBS.
under
CAFE CHEST-
NUT is Calod en-
drum Ca pen sis.
CAPE GOOSEBEKBY is a
Phyaalis.
CAPE JESSAMINE.
Gardenia.
See
CAPE PONDWEED. See
Aponogeton.
CAPEB. See CappaHs.
For Caper-spurge, see Euphor-
bia Lathy rus.
CAPPARIS (Greek, caper).
Capeu-bish, or Caper Tree.
Cappariddcece. Capers are
pickles made by preserving
the flower buds of C. spinosa,
a straggling shrub which
grows out of old walls, rocks,
and nibbish in Mediterranean
regions and India. Also rarely
cult, as a greenhouse flowering
shrub. The genus is large and
polymorphic, and none of its
relatives are familiar north.
Prop, by cuttings in green-
houses, and by seeds south.
spindsa, Linn. Spiny shrub,
3 ft. high : lvs. rotmdish or
ovate, deciduous : fls. borne
singly, alternately, and fading
before noon ; sepals 4 ; petals
4, oblong, clawed, wavy, white,
IHin. long: stamens 40-50:
filaments purple above, per-
haps the chief beauty of the
plant. B.M. 291. —What seema
to be the long stylo
with a short, un-
opened stigma, is
really the elon-
gated peduncle or
torus topped by
the pistil, which has no style and a minute stigma.
W. M.
CAPKIFOLIUM. See Lonicera.
CAPBlOLA (the wild goat, which feeds upon this
grass). Gratnine(P. Low, creeping perennials, with
short, flat leaves and slender spikes, which spread out at
the apex into finger-like branches. Spikelets 1-fld.,
awnless, sessile, in two rows along one side of a slender,
continuous axis. Glumes .'{. the first 2 narrow, keeled,
usually acute, empty; the third or floral glume broader
and usually a little longer than the t mpty ones. Species
4. One distributed throughout the tropical and warmer
temperate regions of the world.
Ddctylon, Kuntze {Cynodnn Ddctylon, Pers.). Ber-
muda Grass. Fig. 352. A widely dispersed grass, with
a '•reeping habit of growth, extending rapidly over the
surface of the ground and rooting at the joints. Used
extensively in the south for lawn-making, where Ken-
tucky blue grass and the bent grasses cannot be success-
fully grown. Except in the far south, however, it is not.
a desirable lawn grass, as it quickly turns brown upon
the approach of cold weather, and is rather late 'n be-
coming green in the spring. A variety known as St. Lucie
Grass is regarded as a more desirable form for lawns
than the species. Experiments made in central Michi-
gan by Heal seem to show that Bermuda Grass is val-
uable to mix with June grass for a lawn where the
soil is rather thin, the June grass occupying the soil
from early spring until hot, drj- vreather, when the Ber-
muda covers the ground. In the cool autumn, June grass
appears again at the surface.
P. B. KE>rNEDV.
353. Normal '2-loculed fruit of
Capsicum, in cross section.
Capriola Dactylon. Nat. size.
CAPbXCUM (name of uncertain origin, perhaps from
kapfo, t^) bite, on account of the pungency of the seed or
pericarp; or from capsa, a chest, having reference to the
form of fruit). Solandcea;. Red Pepper. Cayenne
Pepper. Herbs or shrubs, originally from trop. Amer.,
but escaped from cultivation in Old World tropics, where
it was once supposed to be indigenous. Stam branchy,
1-6 ft. high, glabrous or nearly so : lvs. ovate or subel-
liptical, entire, acuminate : fls. white or greenish white,
rarely violaceous, solitary or
sometimes in 2's or 3's ;
corolla rotate, usually 5-
lobed ; stamens 5, rarely 6
or 7, with bluish anthers de-
hiscinglongitudinally ; ovary
originally 2-3-loculed : fr.
a juiceless berry or pod.
extremely variable in funn
and size, many-seeded, an«i
with more or less pungency
about t!ie seeds and peri-
carp. Hg. 3.")3. The fruit be-
comes many-loculed and
monstrous in cultivation.
About 90 species have been
named, most of which are
now considered forms of one or two species. Monogr. by
Irish, 9th Ann. iJept. Mo. Bot. Gard. For culture, see
Pepper.
A. Annual or bien Ilia I.
innuum, Linn. Herbaceous or suffrutescent, grown as
annuals in temperate climates, but in warmer latitudes
often treated as biennials. All of the leading commer-
cial varieties in the United States readi'y find clast;ifica-
tion within the types or b( tanical varieties. The species
has never been found wild.
B. Pruit oblong-linear.
C. Calyx usually embracing base of fruit.
Var. conoldes, Iri.sh (C conoldes. Miller). Suffrutes-
cent: lvs. numerous, rather small, 2-3 in. long, %-2 in.
wide: peduncles slender, straight, erect: fls. small; calyx
obconicalorcup-shi>ped, usually embracing base of fruit;
corolla greenish »"hitt, spreading, ?^-5'8in. : fr. erect, sub-
conical or oblong cylindrical, about 13^in. long or less,
usually shorter than the peduncles an«l mostly borne
above the 'vs.. very acrid. Coral Gem, Tabasco.
Var. faaciculitum, Irish (C. fasciculcttum, Sturt. ).
Stem herbaceous, round or nearly so: branches few: lvs.
clustered or crowded in bunches about the summit, ellip-
tical-lanceolate, pointed at both ends: fr. also clustered,
erect, slender, alxmt 3 in. long by Hin. in diam., very
acrid. This is the Red Cluster Pepper.
IS
242
CAPSICUM
CARAGANA
Var. actiminitnm, Fingerh, (C. ChiUnse, Hort.). Her-
baceous. veryl>rani'hy. about 2!^ft. high, beariner a dense
mass of foliage : li. medium size, spread ]4-% in. : fr.
larger than the preceding, either erect or pendent.
Chile. Long Cayenne.
CC. Calyx not usually embracing base of fruit.
Var. Idngum, Sendt. ( C. dnnuum, Linn. C. h'nigum,
DC). Plants herbaceous, about 2J^ft. high, with com-
paratively few branches : Ivs. large, often 4 in. long by
2>^in. wide: fl. large; corolla* spreading. "^-iHin., dingy
white ; calyx usually paterifonn or funnel-form, rarely
embracing base of fruit: fr. often a foot long by 2 in. in
diam. at base : flesh thick and in some varieties very
mild. Black Nubian, County Fair, Elephant's Trunk,
Ivory Tusk.
BB. Fruit of various shapes, btit not oblong-linear.
Var. grrdssum, Sendt. (C. grossum, Linn.). Fig. 354.
Herbaceous, about 2 ft. high, with few branches : Ivs.
very large, often 3 by 5 in., sometimes coriaceous, lower
one's usually pendent ; petioles deeply channeled : pe-
duncles stout, about 1 in. long; corolla large, spreading,
%-l34in.: fr. large, oblate, oblong, or truncated,' 3-4-
lobed. usually with basal depression, more or less sulcata
and rugose; "flesh tb'ck, firm, and of a mild flavor. Em-
peror, Monstrous. Bell, Sweet Mountain, Golden Dawn,
334. Foliage and flowers oi Capsicum annuum, var. grossum.
Ruby King, Golden King, Brazilian Upright, Golden
Upright, Fquash.
Var. aborevi&tum, Fingerh. (C umbilicdtum. Veil. C.
litteum, L^m.). SutTrutescent: Ivs. broadly ovate, 2-4 in.
long: peduncles slender, straight or curved, as long as or
longer thsn the berry: fr. about 2 li:. long or less, varj'-
ing niuch in the different horticultural varieties, in gen-
eral ovare, quite rugose, except in one variety, sometirnes
tnrhitijite. While this variety is used to soir>e extent for
pickling, it is noted more as an ornamental plant. Celes-
tial, Etna, Kaleidoscope, Red Wrinkled, Yellow Wrinkled.
Var. cerr'sifdrme, Irish (C. eerasiforme, Miller). Fig.
355. Sufl'rutesccnt : Ivs. medium size, ovate or ol)long
acuminate, ubout l%-3}4m.: calyx seated on base of
fruit ; corolla large, spreading, %-lKin.: fr. spherical,
Bubcordate, oblate, or occasionally obscurely pointed or
slightly elongated, smooth or rarely minutely rugose or
sulcate ; flesh firm, one-twelfth-* « in. thick, extremely
pungent. Cherry, Yellow Cherry, Oxheart.
AA, Perennial.
frut^scens, Linn. Fig. 356. Shrubby, perennial,. V6 ft.
high, with prominently angled or somewhat channeled
stem and branches: branches loosely spreading or trail-
ing: Ivs. broadly ovate acuminate, 3-6 in. long. 2-3J4in.
wide: peduncles slender, 1-2 in. long, often in pairs, usu-
ally longer than the fruit : calyx cup-shaped, embracing
335. Capsicum annuum, var.
eerasiforme (X K).
base of fruit ; corolla often with ocherous markings in the
throat : fr. red, obtuse or oblong-acuminate, ^-H^in.
long, ^-%'m. in diam., very acrid. — Cultivated only in
the south, as the seasons in temperate latitudes are not
long enough to mature the fruit.
Var. baccatnm,
Iriii^h (C. bacc()tuui,
Linn.). Plants not
as tall, but more
erect than the spe-
cies : branches slen-
der, fastigiate, flex-
uose: corolla small,
spreading, about K
in. : fr. ovate or sub- ASA ^ MKfmssa£:% X\
round, about J^in. in
diam.
H. C. Irish.
CABAGANA (Car-
agan, its Mongolian
name). Legumindsit>.
Pea Tree. Shrubs
or .small trees : Ivs.
deciduous, abruptly
pinnate, often with
spiny - pointed and
persistent rachis ; Ifts. small, entire, mueronulate ;
stipules deciduous or spiny and persistent : fls. papilio-
naceous, axillary, solitary or fascicled, usually yt-llow :
fr. a linear pod. About 20 species from S. Rus>*ia to
China. Ornamental shrubs, with handsome yellow lis.,
appearing late in spring or early in summer ; quite
hardy, except a few Himalayan species. They grow in
almost any soil, but best in a sandy soil and sunny
position, and are well adapted for shrubberies. V. ar-
borescens is the only one which grows into a small tree,
and is of upright habit, like C. frutescens, which is about
half as high and more graceful ; all the other species
are low shrubs, of usually spreading habit. Prop, by
seeds sown in fall or in spring ; if kept dry durintr the
winter, soaking in tepid water for 2 or 3 days before
sowing will be of advantage ; also, increased by root-
cuttings and layers, or by grafting on seedling stock of
C arborescens in spring.
A. Lfts. 8-lS: rachis of the Ivs. deciduous.
arbor68cen8, Lam. Shrub or small tree, to 20 ft. : lfts.
8-12, obovate or oblong, sparsely pubescent beneath or
glabrous at length, >2-l in. long : fls. 2-4, pale or brif^ui
yellow, %in. long ; pedicels usually lunger than the lis.
May, Jime. Siber., Manchuria. — There are some varie-
ties, of which var. pendttla, Hort., with pendulous
bn nches, is the most remarkable ; it should be grafted
high.
microph^'lla, Lam. (C Alta-
g(ino , Poir. ) . From 4-6 ft. : lfts.
12-18, obovate. pubescent when
young, one-sixth- >3 in. long:
f s. 1 or 2, yellow, •>4in. long;
pedicel about as long as the fl.
Siber.. China. L. B.C.
11 : 1064. — Under this
name a dwarf form of
the former is often cul-
tivated.
AA. Leaflets 2-4.
B. Sachis of the '.vs. de-
ciduous: pec icelsas
long as or longer
tJian the fls.
frutescens, DC. { C
fritter, C. Koch). Fig.
.357. From 6-10 ft. : lfts.
4, approximate, nearly
digitate, cuneate, obovate
or oblong, rounded or
emarginate at the apex,
glabrous, ^3-l in. long : fls. solitarv, %-l in. long, yel-
low. Mav. S. Ru.^sia to China. G't. 10:348. S.B.F.G.
3 : '.ViT.— Var. grandindra, Hort. Fls. somewhat larger:
lfts. usually large and broad.
356. Capsicum
frutescens {XH).
CAR AG AN A
CARDIANDRA
243
Caraeana
frutescens.
BB. Bachis persiatent, spi-.ry • pedicels shorter
than the fis.
Chamlagru, Lam. Shrub, 2-4 ii.: spines long: Ifts. 4,
in 2 somewhat remote pairs, chartaceous, obovate, emar-
ginate or rounded at the
apex, glabrous, 34-% in. long:
fls. solitary, reddish yellow,
l?4in. long. May. N. China.
pygmaea, DC. One to 3
ft.: spines short, Min. : Ivs.
nearly sessile ; Ifts. 4, ap-
proximate and almost digi-
tate, cuneate, linear-elliptic
or linear-lanceolate, gla-
brous, %-)'^ in. long: fls.
solitary, %in. long, golden
yellow. Cauc. to Siber.
and Thibet. B. R. 12: 1021.
— Grafted high en C. arbo-
rescens, it forms a graceful,
standard tree, with pendu-
lous branches.
grandifldra, DC. Similar
to the former. Lfts. cuneate-
oblong : fls. IMin. long ;
calyx gibbous at the base.
Cauc. — Under this name
mostly a variety of C. frutes-
cens is cultivated.
C. Altagdna, Poir.=C. miero-
phjila.— C. arboresceits arend-
ria, Hort.=C microphyUa.— C.
arendria, Dipp.=C. aurantiaca,
Koehne.— C. arendria, Loud.,
see C. cuneifolia.— C auranti-
aca, Koehne. Allied to C. pyg-
maea. Fls. orange-yellow: calyx
a<5long as broad: ovary glabrous. Siber.— C brei:i8jnna, "Royie.
Spines 2-3 in. long: lfts. I'J-ie, pubescent: fls. 2-4, on a common
peduncle. Hiiial. P. F.G.2: 184.— (7. cuneifolia, Dipp. t'C. Ke-
dowskii, Hort., not D*^.). Probably var. of C. arborescens. Stip-
ules spiny: lfts. small, cuneate ; pe<licels shorter, p\ibescent :
seeds brown, spotted black. C. arenaria. Loud. (B. M.1886),
seems to be the same.— C. friitex, €. Koch=C. frutescens— C.
Gerariidna, Royle. Spines 13^-2 in. long: stipules large, scari-
ous: lfts. 8-12, densely pubescent: fls. 1-2, short-pediceUed.
Hitnal.— C\ gracilis, Hort.= C. pygmwa— C jubdta. Pall.
Branches spinj', villous, thick, with rounded Ivs.: "^ipules
large, scarious : lfts. 8-10, villous beneath : fls. whitish, * ort-
pedieelled. Siber. F.S. 19:2013. L.B.C. 6:522. Gt. 10:331. A
very distinct and curious looking species; hardy.— ('. Hedi^tv-
skii. Hort., not DC.=cuneifolia, Dipp.— C spinosa, DC. Spines
1 in. long: lfts. 4, rarely more, approximate, ciuieate-lanceolate,
glabrous: fls. solitary, short-pedicelled. Siber.— C spinosissima,
C. Koch = C. spinosa.— C. tragacatithotdes, Foir. Spiny: lfts.
4-8, cuneate, oblong, ptibescent : fls. solitary, short-pedicelled;
calj-x \'illous-pubescent. Himal.— C triflora, Lindl.=C. brevi-
spina.— C. vulgaris, Hort.=C. arborescens.
Alfred Rehder.
CAKAGUATA. By the latest monographer referred
to Guzniania, which see.
CARAMBdLA. See Averrhoa.
CAEAWAY iCi)rum Curui, Linn.). UmhellifercB.
A hieunial or annual herb grown for its seeds, which
are used in flavoring bread, cakes and cheese ; also oc-
casionally for the young shoots and leaves, which are
eaten. It grows a foot or two high, has finely -cut, pin-
natt'ly compound foliage, and small white flowers in
umbels. It is of the easiest culture. The seed is usu-
ally sown in spring and the crop of seed taken the fol-
lowing year. It thrives in anv garden soil. The plant
occasionally runs wild. See C'arum.
CARB£NIA (name of doubtful meaning). Compds-
it<f. BLE8SEU Thi.sstle. a monotypic genus allied to
Centaurea, and distinguished from it botanically by
involucre, achenes, pappus and anthers. Its habit in
the garclen is very different from the Bachelor's But-
tons, being thistle-Uke, and more interesting than oma-
niental. A hardy anntial. low-growing herb, rough,
branching and pilose. Once thought to counteract poi-
son. Culture easy. Fit for wild gardens and rockeries.
benedicta, Adans. {Cdrduus benedtctus, Authors.
Cnicus benedictus, Itinn. Centaurea benedicta, hinn.).
Fig. 358. Height 2 ft. : Ivs. alternate, sinuate-pinnatifid,
the lobes and t^jeth spiny: fls. terminal, yellow, 1 in.
wide. Mediterranean regions and Caucasus, Sometimes
cult. ; also rarely seen in waste places of southern Atlantic
states and Calif, as a weed adventive from Eu.
CABDAMINE (Greek name of a cress). Crucifer<x.
Small perennials growing in low, rich land, blooming in
spring or early summer. Petals obovate or spatulate ;
pods linear and straight, the wingless seeds in 1 row.
prat^nsis, Linn. CrcKOO Flower. Plant slender and
usually g'abrous, 12-20 in., somewhat branched : Ivs.
pinnately divided; lfts. of root Ivs. small and rounded
(% in. or less across), those of the upper stem-lvs. ob-
long or even linear and entire or somewhat toothed :
fls. % in. long, in a corymb, white or rose-color, pretty.
Eu. and Amer., in the northern parts. — In the gardens
it is chiefly known in the doublf-fld. form, which prob-
ably has been obtained from European rather than
American sources. There are other forms of it. It is
an excellent little plant to grow in moist places, particu-
larly along creeks and about springs. It is also useful
in drier places, as in rockeries.
angul^ta, Hook. Erect, 1-2 ft. high: Ivs. 3-5-folio-
late, the lfts. ovate or oblong and the middle one usu-
ally coarsely toothed : fls. rather large, white, in short,
few-fld. racemes. Mts. of Ore. and Wash. — Int. 1881 by
Gillett.
C. gemmdta, int. by Pilkington, 1892, is evidently Dentaria
macrocarpa. j^^ g^ g^
CAROAMON. See Amomum and Elettaria.
358. Carbenia benedicta.
CABDIANDBA (Greek, heart, and manor stamen:
alluding to the shape of the anthers). Sarifraqdcece,
Low deciduous shrub, allied to Hydrangea, with alter-
nate, rather large Ivs.: fls. in terminal, loose corymbs,
small, those of the margin large, radiant and sterile.
One species in S. Japan and China. Tender and suffruti-
cose, thriving in any good garden soil ; be.si; in a partly
shaded position. Prop, by greenwood cuttings under
glass.
altemifdlia, Sieb. & Zuce. 1-3 ft.: Ivs. broadly ellip-
tic to elliptic-lanceolate, tapering into a very short
244
CARDIANDRA
CAREX
petiole, coarsely serrate, sparsely pilose, membrana-
ceous, 3-7 in. long : fls. white, tinged red. Summer.
S.Z. 06, 67. Alfred Rehder.
CABDINAL FLOWER. Lobelia cardinalis.
359. Balloon Vine —
Cardiospermum Halicacabum.
CAEDIOSPfiEMUM (Greek, heart-seed, from ti
white heart-shaped spot or the round black seed; hen;
the plant was thought a c .re for heart diseases). Sa
pinddce(e. Thirty tropical American species of climbing
herbs, with alternate, bitemate Ivs., coarsely serrate
Ifts., and small white fls. in axillary racemes orcorj^mbs.
The most popular is the interesting Balloon Vine, which
is a rapid-growing, tender annua!, curious for its in-
flated seed-vessels.
Halic&cabum, Linn. Fig. 359. Height, 10 ft.: stem
and branches grooved: balloons an inch or more thick.
E. and W. Indies. B.M. 1049.— A general favorite, es-
pecially with children. "W. m.
CABDOON {Ctfndm Cardiineulns, Linn.). A thistle-
like plant of southern Europe, cult, for the thick leaf-
stalk and midrib. It is thought to be of the same spe-
cies as the artichoke, and to have been developed from
it by long cultivation and selection. The plant has been
introduced int:) South America, and has run wild exten-
sively on the pampas. Darwin writes that "no culti-
vated plant has run wild on so enormous a scale as the
Cardoon." From the artichoke it differs in talker and
more prickly growth and snuiller heads. The Cardoon
is perennial, bxit it is not hardy, and is treated as an
annual. Seeds are sown in spring, either in pots under
glass or in the open where the plants are to si and.
The later sowing is usually preferred. The plants are
given rich soil and should have abundant moisture sup-
ply, for they must make continuous and strontj growth.
When the leaves are nearly full grown, they are tied to-
gether near the top, straw is piled around the head, and
earth is banked against it. This is to blanch the plant,
for it is inedible unless so treated. From two to four
weeks is required for the blanching. The procedure is
not very unlike that adopted for the blanching of celery
or endive. If the plants are late, they may be dug just
before frost and blanched in a storage pit. The plants
are usually grown from 2-3 ft. apart in rows which are
.4 ft. apart. They are sometimes grown in trenches, after
the old manner of growing celery. Cardoon is almost
unknown in America, except amongst foreigners.
L. H. B.
CABDUUS. For C. benedictus, see Carhfinia.
CABEX (name of obscure origin). Cyperacea?.
Sedge. Hundreds of grass-like plants in temperate cli-
mates. Fls. unisexual, in spikes, the staminate naked
and subtended by a bract or scale, the pistillate com-
prising a single pistil enclosed in a thin sac or perigyn-
ium. The two sexes may be in the same or separate
spikes ; and rarely they are on different plants (plant
dicecious). Carices are very abundant in cool temperate
regions, both in species and in indivi' .-d plants. Many
of them grow on dry land, but the largest species grow
in low grounds and swales, and often form much of the
bulk of bog hay (Fig. 3(50 ). The spe«'ies are very diffi-
cult to distinguish because they are very similar, and
the study of them is usually left to specialists. Some of
our broad-leaved native species make excellent borders
and interesting clumps in comers about buildings and
along walls. Many of the lowland species are excellent
adjuncts to the pond of hardy aquatics. Others hnve
very graceful forms, with drooping spikes and slender
culms ( Fig. 3G1 ) . The following native species have been
offered by collectors: aurta, ehiirnea, flava, Grayi,
hystricina, lupulina and its var. peduncuhifa, lurida,
Magellanica , Pennsyli'anica, plantaginea, Pseudo-Cy-
pertis, retrorsa, Bichardsoni. riparia, Tuckermani,
iitriculata, vulpinoidea. The following species are in
the Amer. trade :
362. Carex Morrowi.
C. t
<wi, Boott. {C. Japdnica, Hort., not Thunb.
'.ssima, Hort. C. acutifdlia, Hort.). Fig. 362.
I
CAREX
CARICA
245
Lvs. stiff and evergreen, long-pointed, in the common
garden form with a white band near either margin :
culm 1 ft., with a terminal staminate spike and two or
three slender pistillate spikes (1 in. long) from sheaths:
perigvnium small and firm, somewhat excurved, 2-
toothed. glabrous. Jap. G.(MII. i:i:17:{. R.B.20, p. 9.
—A very handsome plant, suited for pots or the border.
The stiff, clean, white-edged foliage keeps in condition
for months, making the plant useful for decorations
in which pot-plants are used. It is perfectly hardy in
central New York, holding its foliage all winter. A use-
ful floristij' plant.
teniria, Hort. (C. f/nera, Hort.). Slender but stiff:
Ivs. narrow, rolling more or less when dry: staminate
spikes long-stalked : pistillate spikes 1 or 2, short-
stalked, short, with few large-turgid, tapering, shining
Oaadichaudiiina, Kunth (C. vulgaris. Pries, var.
GandichamUdind, ^ootX). Culms erect. 1-2 ft. : Ivs. long
and grass-like : staminate tls. in terminal spikes : pis-
tillate tis. in 2-3 cylindrical,
sessile or subsessile spikes :
perigynium lenticular, small,
very short beaked, ol)scurely 2-
toothed, finely nerved, longer
than the narrow scale. Jap..
Austral., N. Zeal. — Useful for
bog planting.
Fr^seri, Andrews. Lvs. 1 in.
or more broad, stiff, but with
no midnerve, flat and thick,
evergreen : culm 16 in. or less
high, bearing at its summit a
single whitish spike which is
staminate at top : perigynium
ovoid, thin and inflated, liich
mountain woods, Va. B.M. 1H91
as C. I'raseriana. — 'Ra.re, and a
very remarkable plant.
L. H. B.
CABiCA (a geographical
name). Passiflor&cece. Papaw.
Small trees, mostly with un-
branched trunks, the juice
milky. Lvs. near the top of the
trunk, alternate, large and vari-
ously lobed, soft, long-stalked:
plant usually <licpcious: fls. in
racemes from the leaf-axils, the
Btaminate funnel-shaped and
bearing 10 anthers on the throat,
the pistillate larger and with 5
distinct petals and 1 pistil with
5-rayed stigma. There are about
20 species, in tropical Amer.
They have somewhat the aspect
of palms. Under glass in frosty
countries, the common C. Pa-
paya is frequent, and
is grown for its foliage
and interesting habit
(Fig. 363). In frost -
less countries, this spe-
cies is grown for its
fruit ( Fig. 3()4 ) , wuich
is oblong or egg-
ehaped, a foot or so
long, orange - yellow
when ripe, thick-skin-
ned, with many small
black seeds. The young
fruit is cooked and
eaten, and the ripe
fruit is eaten by nc-
tives.
L. H. B.
The soil most suited
361. Carex loneirostris (X 3^).
360. Carex lurida. one of the common boe species.
(Natural size.)
or, staminate spike; b, b, pistillate spikes.
perigynia and awl-like, rough-pointed scales. Probably
Japanese. -Cult, for its stiff foliage. Grows 18-30 in.
ttigh. Allied to the N. Amer. C. bullata, Schk.
for Caricas is a rich loam, having perfect drainagre.
As the stem is succulent and tender," great care is nec-
essary to avoid bruising ; hence pot-grown plants are
much to be preferred to seedlings from the open
ground. Seeds should be selected from the best and
largest fruits and sown in a well-worked bed under a
Blight shade. If seeds art^ quite dry or old, they should
be soaked in warm water before sowing. The seed-
ling plants are delicate, and require close watching at
first to avoid damping-off. So<m as plants are well
up remove the shading, and after the third le»i ap-
pears they maj- be pricked o"* into a larger bed, or bet-
ter, potted off in fairly rich soil. After plants are a
few weeks old, and have been shifted once into larger
pots, they may be set permanently outdoors in the
tropics. Caricas seldom branch, but usually grow up-
rim:ht like a palm, hence cuttings are not often avail-
able. Sometimes small branches form, and these m:*y
be cut off and as readily rooted as most tropical x' -co-
ratire plants. provide<l the cutting is not too ycung
and tender. In temperate climates, Caricas have l>een
246
CARICA
CARLUDOVICA
found to be prood decorative plants for both conserva-
tory and summer beddinj?, the deeply cut. palmate leaves
forming a striking contrast to ordinary vegetation. In
bedding out, select open, sunny exposure, with perfect
drainage, and make the soil rich and friable. Constant
cultivation with a light hoe will cause a luxuriant growth
under these conditions, and
the planter will be amply re-
paid for his trouble by beau-
tiful, showy specimens as
unique and tropical-appearing
as palms.
Cult, by E. N. Reasoner.
Papjiya, Linn. Pap aw.
MEL.ON Papaw. IVIf.lon Za-
PoTE. Figs, [ifui, ;it>4. Trunk
reaching 20 ft.: 1 vs. often 2
ft. across, palmatt'ly 7-lobed:
fr. 6-12 in. long and half as
thick, hanging from the lower
axils of t? e pistillate plant.
Trop. Amer., but widely natu-
ralized. Grows spontaneously
in the wild in S. Fla. B.M.
2898-9. A. G. 18: I'M.- The
plant seems sometimes to be polygamous (to bear
both kinds of flowers}. The fruit is used as a
vermifuge and a cosmetic. The juice of, the fruit
or the macerated leaves, if rubbed on animal flesh,
make it very tender. It is best to roll the meat
and leaves together for a few hours. The fruits are
made into sauces or conserves, and are son:. rimes
eaten raw. The Papaw is variable. C. pyrifdrmis,
Hort., has pear-shaped fr. V. atrovioldcen, Hort.,
with purple fr., is evidently only a form of il,
grrdcilis, Hort. Larger than C. Papaya, with
finely cut palmate Ivs. with pink veins. A form of C.
Papaya f
Candamarc6nsis, Hook. f. (C. Cundinamarc^nsis ,
Lindl. I. Lv^. numerous, dark green above and pale
beneath, pubescent below, circular-cordate in out-
line (1% ft. across), r)-lobed to the middle, the lobes
more or less pinnatitid: fls. green and pubescent: fr.
small, obovoid and pointed, contracted at the base,
5-angled, golden yellow, 5-loculed. Equad<»r. B.M.
6198.— "Probab!y the most hardy of all Papaws ;
ID .Kes rapidly a bold foliage plant, the sweet-scented
jellowish flowers being produced here all the year."
—Frunceschi, S. Calif.
quercifdlla, Benth. & Hook. ( Vasconcella qtterci-
folia, St. Hil. ). Lvs. shaped like those of the Eng-
li'jh oak, palmatt ly 3-nerved, ovate or ovate-lance-
olate and sometiiiifs obscurely cordate, the margin
undulate or inequally few-lobed, the lobes
obtuse or the lower ones acute. S. Braz.
and S. — "A quick-growing, hardy kind,
with small fniits, but its large halberd-
shaped leaves contain a higher percentage
of papaine, row much used in medicine
in preference to pepsin. "—^ra«rf«cftj.
L. H. B.
CARtSSA (aboriginal name). Apocynd-
cfif . About 20 very branchy spinose shrubs
of the tropics of Africa, Asia and Australia, cult, for
ornament or for t'.ifc edible berry-like fr. Fls. white,
solitary or in cymes ; lobes of calyx and corolla 5, the 5
etamens free and included in the throat, the ovary 2-
loculed : lvs. opposite and thick, simple. In the Old
World sometimes cult, in warmhouses, but in this
country known only in the extreme !S. Prop, by seeds
and cuttings of ripe wood.
CarAndas, Linn. Caraunda. Christ's-Thorn. Ever-
green shrub or small tree, with dark green ovate or
elliptic mucronate entire lvs., strong axillary spines
(which are often forked) and fragrant white fls. in clus-
ters of 2-.'{, the corolla twisted to the left in the bud :
fr. the size of a cherrv (1 in. in diam.), reddish, pleas-
ant-tasted. India. L.B.C. 7: «6:i.-Reaches 20 ft. Half
hardy in central Fla. The fruits are eaten from the
hand when ripe, and pickled wh«a green. Might serve
lor hedges.
Ardulna, Lam. Amatunoula. Maritzoula. Spines
strong, often 2 in. long : lvs. ovate and subcordate,
mucronate, glabrous and entire : fls. white, the corolla
tTvisted to the right in the bud. S. Afr. — A choice ever-
green shrub, rather hardy, with thick camellia-like lvs,,
very glossy: fls. large, fragrant, .vhite, and borne pro-
fusely: fr. dark red, 1-1}^
in. long, resembling in fla-
vor red raspberries, and
having a papery skin and
few small seeds. A fine
pot shrub. Well worth ex-
tensive planting in S. Fla.
and Calif. The fruit is said
to bj unsurpassed for jam
making.
actunirita, DC. Spines
weak: lvs. oiuwUer, ovate-
acute, subcordate, mucro-
nate : peduncles short,
forked, axillary : fls. with
lance-acuminate calyx
lobes, the corolla twisted
to the right in the bud. S.
Africa.
grandifldra, DC. Natal Plum. Spiny shrub :
lvs. ovute-acute, tapering to the base : fls. large,
white, fragrant, solitary and terminal, twisted to
the right: fr. red, size of a cherry, good. S. Afr.
B.M. 6307. E. N. Reasoner and L. H. B.
CABLINA (said to have cured the army of Charle-
magne [Carolinus] of the plague). Compdsitie. Some
15 or 20 species in the Mediterranean region. Low.
rather coarse annuals, biennials or perennials, with
thistle-like foliage, large white or purplish heads, a
feathery pappus, and chaffy receptacle.
acatilis, Linn. A small and very dwarf hardy plant:
height 3-6 in.: lvs. glossy, pinnatitid, divided, with
spiny ends: fl. arising barely above the foliage, soli-
tary, very interesting, the scales surrounding the
flower-head being long and narrow and riy- or petal-
like, silkv, shinv: head 6 in. across when expanded.
June, July and late fall. G.C. II. 13:720, 721. -Cult.:
an open, sunny place and ordinary garden soil are all
they require. They are capital for the sunny part of
a rockery. Prop, by cuttings or seeds.
J. B. Keller.
CAELUDdVICA (Charles IV., and his Queen
Louisa, of Spain). Cyclanthhcece. Palm-like plants
of Trop. Amer., allied on the one hand to screw
pines and on the other to aroids. The plants are
monoecious, the two sexes being on the same spadix,
which is enclosed in a 4-leaved spathe.
Staminate fls. with many stamens and niany-
lobed calyx, 4 of them surrounding a pis-
363. Carica Papaya
364. Carica Papaya ( X 1-6) .
tillate fl. — the latter have a 4-8ided ovary, \ bar-en sta-
mens,and 4-lobed calyx: fr.a 4-sided, many-seeded berry.
The Carludovicas are usually regarded and treated as
palms by gardeners. They are useful tor decoration.
The family Cyclanthace® is exclusively American, of
t^jjaamttatmaammm
mm
CARLUDOVICA
CARNATION
247
35-40 species an«l 4 geuera (Stelestylis, Carludovica,
Lu('ovia. Cyclauthus); it is often united with the Pan-
danaceie or screw pine family. l. H. B.
Carludovica palmata is the species most frequently
met with under cultivation. Under favorable conditions
it jrrows to a height of about 8 feet. All of the kinds
need stove treatment during the winter months ; in
summer they may be used for subtropical bedding with
good results. They have a certain palm-like appear-
ance, but the leaves are of a softer texture than any of
the palms. They may be propagated by division, choos-
in? theearly spring for the operation. C. palmata seeds
freely. The fruit, when ripe, has an ornamental appear-
ance for a short time after bursting open. The seeds
are very small, and should be carefully washed free from
365. Carludovica palmata.
the pulp, and sown on the surface of a pan of finely
chopped sphagnum moss. Germination takes place in
two weeks from sowing if kept in a brisk, moist heat.
The species are not particular as to soil, but the drain-
age must be perfect, as the plants require an abundance
of water when growing. (j. y^^ Oliver.
A. Lvs. S-5-lobed.
palmita, Ruiz & Pav. Fig. 365. No trunk : petioles
3-(i ft. long, glabrous, terete and unarmed ; blades
4-lobed, the lobes again cut into narrow segments, dark
green, gracefully spreading, and drooping at the mar-
gin. Peru. R.H. 1861, p. 10. -The common species, and
a very useful plant. Panama hats are made from this
plant.
rotnndildlia, H. Wendl. Much like the last, but more
compact under cult., owing to the shorter petioles, but
growing much larger: petiole distinctly pubescent:
leaf-blade large and orbicular, 3- or 4-Iobed. Costa Rica.
B.M.7083.
^legans, Williams. Blades with 4 or 5 lobes, which
are very deeply cut into straiglit strap-like divisions.
Probably of horticultural origin.
AA. Lvs. s-lobed.
atrdvireni, H. Wendl. Blades very deeply 2-lobed and
very deep, rich green (whence the name, dark green),
glabrous. Colombia.
htunilis, Poepp. & Endl. Dwarf : blades angular,
2-lobed at the summit, the segments more or less jagged
but not divided, <^ foot or less broad. Colombia. R.H.
1869, p. 327. -One of the best.
Fliunerii, Kunth (C. palmoffdUa, Sweet). Caudez
erect : blades with 2 lanceolate and plicate divisions,
bright green above and pale beneath : spadices pendu-
lous. Martinique.
imperi&lis, Lind. & Andr^. Caudex short and pros-
trate : blades with 2 ovate-lanceolate entire segments,
with very prominent veins, the lobes about 5 in. wide
and shining green; petiole purplish, canaliculate, tumid
at the base. £quador. I.H. 21:166 (by error 165).
L. H. B.
CARNATION (Ptrfnfftus Caryoph^lhis, Linn.). Cary-
ophijlldcut. Figs. 366, 367. Half-hardy perennial, her-
baceous suffrutescent at base : height 2 ft. : stem
branching, with tumid joints : lvs. linear, gkiucous,
opposite : tls. terminal, solitary ; petals 5, tlesh-col-
ored, very broad, .. rdless margins toothed ; calyx
cylindrical, v^'ith Si .ly bracts at base. June-August.
Native of southern Eu. ; occasionally met in the wild
state in England, where it was introduced through cul-
tivation.
Theophrastus, who lived about 300 years B.C., gave
the name Dianthus ((ireek Dios, divine; aitthos, flower)
to the genus, probably suggested by the delightful fra-
grance. The specific name Caryophyllus ((Areek, Caryon,
nut; and phyllon, leaf) has betw applied to the clove
tree {Cartfophi/tliix aromaticus), and because of the
clove -like fragrance of the Carnation, this name was
applied to the species ; otherwise it would have no sig-
nificance. The name Carnation (Latin, carnatio, from
cam, carnis, flesh) has reference to the flesh-color of
the flowers of the original type. This plant has been in
cultivation more than 2,000 vears, for Theophrastus
(History of Plants, 300 B.C.) says : "The Creeks cul-
tivate roses, gillyflowers, violets, narcissi, and iris,"
gillyflower being the old English name for the Carna-
tion. It was not, however, until the beginning of the
sixteenth century that the development of the Carnation
into numerous varieties made an impression upon its
history. The original flesh-color of its flowers was
already broken up into its component colors, red and
white. The gardeners of Italy, France, Germany, Hol-
land and England, with their respective ideals of beauty
in this flower, contributed so many varieties that in
1597 Gerard wrote that "to describe each new variety of
carnation were to roll Sisyphus' stone or number the
sands."
There were many attempts at classification, but most
of them, like the varieties they serve, have disappeared.
Two of them are as follows : The French scheme ar-
ranged all varieties into three classes, thus : — Greuadins
(Fig 368), including those with strong perfumes, flow-
ers of medium size, either single or double, petals
fringed, an«i of but one color ; Flamands, including
those with large flowers, round and double, rising in
the center to form a convex surface, petals entire, either
iinicolored or striped with two or more colors ; Fancies,
including those with colors arranged in bands on light
grounds the petals toothed or not. The En.'jlish classi-
fication of these varieties makes four categories : Selfs,
or those possessing only one color in the petals ; Flakes,
or those having a pure ground of white or yellow and
flaked or striped with ^ne color, as scarlet, purple or
rose ; Bizarres. or those having a pure ground marked
as in the Flakes, but with two or three colors : and
Picotees. or those having a pure ground of white or
yellow, id each petal bordered with a band of color at
the mart,in. This last class h\^ been regarded with the
distinction of a race.
In tbe early part of the ninetec nth century English
gardeners exercised very great care, in the growing of
Carnations, to mature only perfect flowers. Imperfect
and superfluous petals were extracted with forceps ;
petals appearing out of place were arranged in a per-
248
CARNATION
CARNATION
feet imbrication ; the calj'x tube was cut partly down
between the teeth, to prevent excessive splitting at one
side and to pive more freedom to the expansion of the
366. Section of Carnation flower.
c, d, bracts; 6, calyx; a, style.
flower. These and many more tedious details seem to
have wrought the downfall of this sweet tlower about
the middle of the nineteenth century.
All the foregoing has reference to those types of Car-
nations which are but little known or grown in America
at the present day. The varieties so common in Europe
are usually kept in coldframes or coolhouses during
the winter, and as spring approaches the plants are
brought into their blooming quarters, for no tiower is
expected to appear until the month of Julj', when there
is a great profusion of blossoms, but for a short season.
Therefore, they can all be classed as a summer race.
They are also grown permanently in the open.
PERPETrAL-FLowEKiNG CARNATION ( Remontant,
Monthly, or Tree). — The Carnations so common in
America, and grown so extensively under glass for win-
ter cut-tlowers, originated about 1840 as a distinct race
of Perpetual-flowering Carnations. A French gardener,
M. Dalmais, according to M. Jean Sisley, of Lyons, ob-
tained the first real constant-blooming Carnation, which
was called Atim, and sent out in 1844. It was the result
of artificially crossing Oeillet de Mahon, or St. Martin,
because it was regularly bloomed in November, vrith
pollen from Oeillet Biohon. The first gain was crossed
with Flemish Carnation with repetition. In 1846 he
obtained a great number of varieties of all colors.
M. Schmitt, a distinguished horticulturist of Lyons, fol-
lowed in the work, and obtained several fine varieties,
like Arc-en-ciel and EtoUe Pohtire, which were culti-
vated for several years. The next enthusiast who aided
materially in the development of this new race of Car-
nations was i\I. Alphonse Alegatiere, who, by careful
crossing, obtained varieties with stiff stems. About
1866 the number of such varieties was increased, and as
a class they received the name of Tree Carnations, but
in America they were more generally termed the Monthly
Carnations. The earliest importation of this race of
varieties into America seems to have been made in 1868,
and included such varieties as Edwardsii, President
Degraw, La Purite and Variegated La Purite, and for a
period of ten years were grown as pot plants for sum-
mer or winter blooming. About 1875 bench culture was
introduced in coolhouses, and was attended with such
marked success that soon entire greenhouses were de-
vote<l to the cultivation of the Carnation, and there arose
the carnation specialist, or carnationist, the latter title
» being used first, in 1892, with such men as Starr,
f Swayne, Tailby and Dorner. There are now about 500
distinct varieties in this country, all of American origin.
The winter forcing of Carnations is now more liijfhly
develope«l in America than anywhere else in the world.
For sketches of the evolution of the Carnation, particu-
larly of the American cut-ttower race, see Bailey, "Sur-
vival of the Unlike."
ProprtfiTrt/toM. — The perpetual-flowering Carnations are
propagated by cuttings ( Fig. 369) . The best " wood " for
this purpose is found in the lateral shoots at the base of
thrifty branches ; shoots appearing high on the flower-
ing stem are not desirable. No cuttings should be taken
from stems bearing small, sickly, or poorly colored
flowers. Diseased plants, and plants which have been
greatly stimulated and forced in a high temperature,
should also be avoided in propagation. The material for
cuttings is pulled from the plants by a lateral move-
ment, and in this condition, — that is, without farther
cutting or trimming, — is considered by many propaga-
tors as ready for the sand-bench ; others remove a por-
tion of the leaves or the tips of the long ones. Cuttings
are successfully made from December 1 to May 1.
Growers choose different portions of this Y)eriod for
the best results. February is, perhaps, most frequently
chosen. The cuttings are usually planted in sand-
benches to be rooted, either in a separate propagating
house or upon a portion of bench prepared for the pur-
pose in the regular Carnation house. For a limited num-
ber of cuttings, "flats" may be used and placed where
they will receive proper treatment. The temperature in
which cuttings are best rooted is 50° F. for the first few
days, then increased to 55° or 60° F. During sunshine
the young cuttings are shaded, and at all times mois-
ture" is carefully regulated, to avoid the "damping off"
funsrus and the'flagging of the cuttings. In about four
weeks a good bunch of roots will be formed, and the
cuttings are transplanted into small pots or flats. They
are then kept in coolhouses (45 to 50° F.) until it is
possible to plant them in the field. Propagation by lay-
367. Showing the anthers becomine leaves.— a stage
in the doubling of the Carnation.
ering is practiced abroad (Fig. 370), but is too slow for
American conditions. Plants are grown from seed only
when it is desired to obtain new varieties.
.*'/^
CARNATION
CARNATION
249
Summer Treatment.— The young plants are carefully
hanlened in the sprintr, to enable them to be planted
in the open field in May. Various soils have Kiven
good results. A sandy soil yields fine plants if a drouj?ht
does not prevail ; a clay soil will make short, stiff
plants, which are slow to
yield flowers in the fall ;
a sandy loam is the best
soil.
The field soil is well pre-
pared by applying a liberal
quantity of well-
rotted manure or
an equivalent in
commercial ferti-
lizer, plowing
deeply and har-
rowing thorough-
ly. The plants are
then set, as soon
as danger from heavy frosts is
past, putting them 10 inches
apart, in rows 12 inches apart
if to be worked entirely by
hand, and 3 feet apart if to be
worked with horse and culti-
vator. Throughout the summer
tlje plants are kept free from
weeds and frequently culti-
vated. No blossoming by plants
intended for winter flowering
is permitted. All rising shoots
are cut back to 2-4 inches as
fast as they appear. Such prun-
ing ceases about August 1 to 10.
In the month of September the
plants are lifted and planted"
upon the benches. Some grow-
ers transplant with "balls" of
ground, others without any soil
clinging to the roots.
Vi^inter Tre<^tfment.— The Car-
nation house usually stands east
and west, and is provided with
both raised and solid benches.
Much experience and a long
controversy have resulted in
the conclusion that some varie-
ties of Carnations should be
planted on raised benclics and
others on solid benches. The
soil is prepared some time pre-
368. Grenadin Carnation. lio"\ ^^ its use, with three-
(><^ 2y J fourths loam and one-fourth
— well-rotted manure, turning
several times to thoroughly mix the elements. About
September 1 it is placed on the benches, enough to be
4 or 5 inches deep when settled. The plants are set 8
to 12 inches apart each way, watered thoroughly, and
syringed frequently until established. Staking is nec-
essary to keep the branches off the ground and the flow-
ers above the foliage. Various arrange-
ments of wires and strings are devised.
The use of plant-stakes has been universally
abandoned.
The temperature of the Carnation house
is maintained at 50 to 55° F. at night and
about 10° warmer in the daytime, during
the whole winter. The proper use of water
maintains a healthy growth, ensures sub-
stantial flowers, and prevents red spider.
On bright days the houses are freely;
syringed. Fertilizers are used with great j
liberality on the plants in the benches, and!
with good results. Liquid manures from^
horse, cow, sheep or hen droppings, diluted 369. Cama-
to the color of weak tea, are applied about ^lon cutting.
once a week, beginning about January 1,
or a mulch of well-rotted cow manure is put over the
ground after the plants become well set. Disbudding is
practiced to produce ge flowers on stiff stems.
Carnations are not very seriously annoyed by insects
or fungous diseases. The red spider is usually kept
under control by syringing judiciously with water, and
the greenfly by fumigation with rose-leaf extract or the
use of tobacco stems on the floor of the house. Three
fungouH diseases have recently become annoying ; viz.,
rust (Uromycea carynphylliuus, Schr. ), anthracnose
( yoliitella sp.), and spot or blight {Septoria Dianthi,
Desm). The best treatment is to destroy diseased plants
and to spray the rest with Bordeaux mixture.
Varieties are constantly changing. The following
represent the common range of variation:
White— Lizzie Mc<iowan (Fig. 372), Ivory, Alaska,
Uncle John, Flora Hill. White Cloud.
Pink-WnK Scott Daybreak (Fig. 374), Albertini,
Bridesmaid, Delia Fox, Triumph, Victor.
Scarlet— Hector. Portia, Dazzle, Jubilee (Fig. 373).
Variegated — Minnie Cook, Helen Keller, Mrs. Geo.
M. Bradt, Armazindy.
Yellow— Eldorado, Buttercup, Mayor Pingree, Gold
Nugget.
Crimson— Meteor, Tidal Wave, Cartledge.
Carnations in Pots. — For pot culture, the Carnation
is propagated and treated as previously described in
field culture up to the time of lifting the plants, when
they are taken up and planted singly in pots,— 4-, .*>-,
i>' J'^^, * 370. l„ayer of Carnation.
The parent stem was severed at S.
6-, or 7-inch sizes, suitiug them to the size of the plants.
If the heading-back was not continued too late in the
field, many plants may be in bud in October and be
excellent specimens for fall sales. The bulk of the
potted plants, however, are intended for spring sales,
and are carried over the winter in well-built coldframes,
left uncovered as long as flne weather will permit ;
frosts and even light freezes will not hurt the plants.
At the approach of severe weather, sashes are covered
over the plants, but on mild days liberal ventilation is
given, and during extreme winter cold af'Jitional cov-
ering is placed over the frames. About the first of
March these plants are brought into a coolhouse. and
one month later they are graced with a profusion of
buds and blossoms ; with proper care they will continue
to flower throughout the summer. The varieties pre-
ferred for pots are those of dwarf habit, with stems stiff
enough to hold up the flowers without staking. In
color, the varieties known as " fancies " are usually more
salable than those with single colors. Varieties recom-
mended for pot culture are Portia, Mrs. Fisher, Grace
Wilder, Buttercup, American Flag. Robert Craig,
E. G. Hill.
Other Carnations. — Aside from the forcing Carna-
tions, the following groups receive attention in this
country :
Carnation, Ma Imaison. — This is a group of varieties
grown in Europe. It is said ( Revue Horticole, 1888) that
the original variety of the group was taken from La Mal-
maison in the time of Napoleon I, It was pure white in
color, but now all the shades of red are in the group.
The flowers are very large, even 6 inches in diameter
with good culture. The plants are dN-'arf , very florlfer-
250
CARNATION
CARNATION
ous, but not constant bloomers, never seeding. The
stems are strong and straight. Csually propagated by
cuttings or layers.
Carnation, Victoria. — A group of varieties under this
name originated with M. Benary, Erfurt, Crermany^, in
1879 (Revue Horticole. 1890), probably descendants
from Souvenir de la Malmaison, which it closely re-
sembles, but of greater merit because of a firmer calyx.
All the colors of Carnations are represented ; petals are
large, finely fringed. The plant is dwarf, not remontant.
Propagated by layers or cuttings. The members of this
group, as of the preceding, liave not r^eived much
attention in this country.
Carnation, Marguerite (Fig. 371). — A comparatively
new class of Carnations. Origin not definitely known;
supposed to have been in somewhat obscure cultivation
in Italy and Algeria a very long time. The plants are
generally raised from seed, and blossom in about four
months. A very large majority of flowers come double
or semi-double, strongly clove-scented, deeply fringed ;
color red, pink or white. The plant is dwarf, 10-15
inches high, compact, erect, branching. It is a constant
bloomer, but in quality the flowers are far inferior to
the Perpetual-flowering Carnation. The Marguerite
Carnations are highly prized for massing in summer
beds, and are treated as annuals. George C. Butz.
Commercial Carnation Culture. — Carnation cul-
ture can be divided into three parts or periods — propa-
gation of the young plants during the winter ai<d early
spring months ; the summer culture, generally carried
on in the field or garden, for the growing of the young
plants to a stage of maturity suitable for the transfer
to the houses in the fall : and the wii -r or house cul-
ture, which is often prolonged througij spring and early
summer, depending on the condition of plants and va-
riety. Of late, experiments have been made with summer
culture under glass, a subject which is treated below.
To make the mode of cultivation more comprehensi-
ble, it will be well to speak first of the habit of the Car-
nation in general, for there is a great difference in
growth and blooming of the different varieties, without
making one variety or the other less profitable. Al-
though the same treatment may be applied, a slight
deviation from general rules may often be practical and
more fitting to certain varieties. We find among our
present varieties some with a more spreading, straggling
growth, as Daybreak, while others grow more compact,
as Jubilee. We find early and late bloomers ; some
that are continuous bloomers, as Mrs. Geo. M. Bi-adt,
and others that show a tendency to "crop", while with
some varieties the coiuing-off crop and the new coming-
in are so linked together that it will only benotice*. by a
less quantity and smaller flowers, as in White Cloud;
with others it is so marki d that often an interval of from
four to six weeks, or an entire cessation of blooming,
will take place, as in Bridesmaid. In the aggregate,
the continuous bloomer and the cropper may furnish
the same number of flowers through the season, and,
under circumstances, one may be as profitable as the
other.
Propagation can be carried on from January to May.
Early propagation is preferable, as often in April warm
weather will interfere with good results. When the
plants are expected to commence to bloom early in fall
371. One form t the Marguerite Carnation {X%).
and furnish a good quality of blooms, early propagation
is a necessity. Late-blooming varieties, when propa-
gated early, advance their time for blooming consider-
ably. Late-propagated plants may have to be trans-
ferred from the propagating bed to the field at a time
when the hot weather will prove very severe on the
little plants ; they are deprived of the advancing spring
growth, and consequently make little headway through
the hot summer months, but will make gool plants for
late blooming, or, when not allowed to bloom, will fur-
nish excellent cuttings for early propagation.
Any young shoots not advanced into bud formation,
but seeming to be capable of producing a good flower in
time, will, as a cutting, make a good plant. If the bud
has commenced to form, even only to half the size
of a pinhead, it is bound to develop ; it retards root
formation, and when eventually roots ar^s formed, all
the nourishment taken up is used to mature that bud.
Such cuttings, doubtful at their taking, but which will in
time develop a flower-bud, are not to be necessarily
classed as bad cuttings if, at the first symptoms, the
bud is removed ; when left to develop it may still make
a plant after a lapse of two or three months, but time is
lost. In general, the strongest and best cuttings are
found at the base of the flower-stem; those that appear
upon the flower stem are of an inferior quality, and will in
time show symptoms of degeneration; the same will be
the case when taken from exhausted blooming plaats.
For this reason the late-propagated plants, whose growth
has been made through the late fall months, and where
the flower stems are removed as fast as they appear,
and the whole strength thrown into the young shoots
appearing below the break, will furnish the best cut-
tings. The plant is in quite a different stage of growth
when producing new shoots, and when young shoots-
cuttings— are produced only in connection with the ma-
turing of flowers. This will lead to the conclusion that to
produce the best cuttings, a separation of the culture for
flowers and the culture for cuttings is the best solution.
A cutting should have an average length of 4 inches,
with at least 1-inch clean stem. When taken off close from
the branch or stem out of the axil of a leaf, no further
trimming of the heel is necessary except an occasional
removing of some wood fibers that may adhere from the
break. When the shoot is too long and demands a cut
with the knife, the cut should be made ai or right above
a joint, so that the two leaves can be peeled off and leave
a clean heel. If cut too high above a joint, the stem gets
too hard ; if below, the bark v.-ill be peeled off with the
leaves, and gives occasion to rot. Leaves should be re-
moved as far as the cutting is inserted in the sand,
and the top of the lea -es shortened, so as not to give too
much surface to evaporation.
The propagating bed should be filled with 3 inches of
clean, sharp sand, not too coarse, and well packed.
When the cuttings are to be inserted, a line should be
drawn with a knife to the required depth of about 1
inch, the cutting inserted and the sand pressed on. A
tile or brick bottom in the propagating bed is much su-
perior to a common wooden bottom ; it assures better
drainage and less danger of fungus. The utmost clean-
liness should be observed in a propagating house, and
no decaying matter be allowed to lie around. Water is
needed every two or three days when the bench has
good drainage. The house should be shaded either from
the outside with a whitewash of white lead and
coal oil, or on the inside with a light white mus-
lin. Ventilation is advisable whenever the
temperature comes near to 00°; general tem-
perature 5'i°, and all available means should be
employed to keep it at that point. Day tem-
perature may be two or three <legrees above,
end night temperatui'e as much below.
Average time to root Carnation cuttings is
four weeks, and depends much on the variety.
Mary Wood may root '.n two weeks, while it may
take six weeks to root Mrs. Geo. M. Bradt. In
p. higher temperature, cuttings wUl root more
quickly, but it is not advisable, as it increases
the danger of cutting-bench fungus and soft-
ens the young plants.
As soon as rooted, transplant into a light soil
enriched with well decomposed manure— none
CARNATION
CARNATION
251
other should be used— in a light, well- ventilated house,
either on benches, in flats or small pots, the latter pref-
erable, as early-rooted plants can be shifted into larger
pots, and the later-rooted be just in good shape for the
transfer to the field. Temperature the same as in the
propagating house, but when the young plants become
well established may be kept 5° lower.
The ground for the field or summer culture sh ould be
well prepare.!, and any working in it be avoided when
too wet: planting to be done as soon as the weather will
permit. A grood spring growth is of the greatest advan-
tage, especially if good plants are wanted for early fall
blooming. Late spring frosts will not injure the plants,
and a cool atmosphere is more congenial to a good
growth than the hot summer weather, when growth is
comparatively slow ; plants to stand at least 15-18
inches apart each way, or at any greater distance, as
through a drought than when resort is had to watering.
Watering, unless it can be done thoroughly and kept
up, should not be resorted to, and only as a last measure
in a sever*, drought.
When the plants attain the height of 5-6 inches, top-
ping should be
commenced and , j,i(i/fiii/.
be kept up as .Wi^
long as the ■*' '
plants remain in
the field. This
operation is for
the purpose of
removing the
top shoots
w h e re buds
are forming, or
373. Carnation, Jubilee.
374. Carnation, Daybreak.
the mode of cultivating the
soil to be adopted may re-
ijuire. From the time of
planting, as soon as a crust
forms after a rain it
should be broken and the
surface of the soil kept in
a mellow condition to a
depth of 2 inches through-
out the summer { any
deeper cultivating is in-
jurious rather than bene-
ficial to tht plants. A
thorough cultivating will not only destroy weeds, but
v^ill keep the soil in condi'ion in which it retains mois-
ture the longest, an<'i will carry the plants much better
372. Carnation.
Lizzie McGowan.
where a part of the plant grows out of proportion to
the other, to force the plant to grow into a symmetrical,
bushy form. At the same time, care must be taken not
to cut any more than the purpose of topping calls for,
for the plant is just as dependent on all its leaves as on
its roots. Any bloom is at the expense of the fall and
winter crop, for it retards the growth of the plant and
use> up energy that is wanted at a more desi-ed time.
The transfer from the field tc the house for the fol-
lowing winder cn.lture is at ordeal to the plants and
much anxiety to the grower. If early flowers are wanted,
an early transfer has to be made— as early as the latter
part of August and begin; ing of September. Late-
rooted plants, that had not the chance of any sprinfi;
growth, should be given the benefit of a fall growt'^ and
be transferred laUar.
252
CARNATION
CARNATION
The preparation of the soil for the benches in the
bouses should be commenced the year before. If pos-
sible, select a piece of sod — but other ground will au-
swer— give it a good coat of stable manure and plow-
under. In the spring, add more manure or any fertilizer
that the soil may mostly require, especially bone, wood-
ashes and lime, if not already in the soil, plow again,
and repeat the plowing two or three times during the
summer. As to the texture of the soil, a loam that con-
tains some clay without making it too heavy, is prefer-
able. It requires a rich soil and, therefore, the prepara-
tion has to be commence*! in time, so that the manures
become decomposed and well incorporated, ready for
assimilation.
Light, roomy houses, with j»ood ventilation, are re-
quired to insure a bountiful crop. Whether solid or
raised benches, especially for the latter, fresh soil is re-
quired every season. Good drainage and an even fill-
ing and packing of the soil insures an even, healthy
Krowth. Strong-growing varieties should be planted
12-15 inches each way, less strong ones closer ; any
crowding, when rot diminishing the quantity of flowers
to the square foot, will certainly degraue the quality of
the same. Transplanting is an ordeal for the plants,
and has to be done with the greatest care and dispatch.
especially as the ordeal is often aggravated by hot
weather during early transplanting. Points to be ob-
served are, in the first place, a careful lifting. When the
ground is sandy and loose, the ground may be shaken
off, but when hard and baked, so there is danger of
breaking the roots, it is better to leave a ball. In setting,
plants should be cleaned of all decaying leaves, and
buds removed. Place the plants in a natural position by
spreading the roots out over a little mound formed in
the excavation made for the plant, and press the ground
on firmly. Any deeper planting than the plants have
stood in the fields invites stem-rot. Water well after
transplanting, after that more sparingly, as a too wet,
cloggy soil will retard root-formation. Other precau-
tions to facilitate the establishing of the plants are
shading of the house, and reduction of ventilation to a
minimum. A moist, cool air, even if close, that other-
wise would be injurious, has to be employed to prevent
a too strong enervating evaporation from the leaves — in
other words, to prevent wilting. An occasional syring-
ing two or three times a day will give enough moisture
to the soil after the first watering, and keeps a moist
atmosphere. When plants showing signs of having
formed new roots become established, any of the pre-
cautions employed to gain this end become injurious.
The shading is to be gradually removed, ventilation in-
creased, syringing reduced, and a norm-il treatment of
growing plants assumed. House culture may be summed
up as follows: Average night temperature 55°, day tem-
perature on cloudy days 60° to 05°. When over 60°, ven-
tilation should be given, and increased when necessary
to retain the desired point. Fresh air is a necessity,
and ventilators should be opened whenever it is practi-
cable to do so. All syringing is to be avoided and the
water applied to the soil below the plants. W^ater should
be given freely when needed, and care be taken to make
the watf'rir.gthorough,reachingthe bottom of the bench.
Glass roof should be kept clean, so the plants will de-
rive the benefit of every moment's sunshine. Cultivat-
ing the soil, with the exception of a mere scratching, is
of more injury than benefit, as it will destroy the white
roots coming near the surface in quest of food.
The principles of support are to hold the body of the
plant off from the soil for a free circulation of air un-
derneath, and to support the flower stems in a way so
as not to impair the plant in its freedom of growth, and
leave free access to cut the blooms with any desired
length of stem.
The Carnation is rather a heavy feeder, and quantity
and quality of blooms depend largely on the nourish-
ment supplied. The necessity for feeding depends on
the richness of the soil, and to avoid a disastrous over-
feeding, food has to be applied judiciously— rather weak
and often than too strong at a time. Feeding can be
done with a mulch of well decomposed manure, or best,
with prepared liquid n^anure. If it can be arranged so
a part of the liquid manure could be given with each or
every other watering, best results will follow and danger
of overfeeding be avoided. In the preparation of liquid
manure, it is best to take fresh cow-manure as a base
and add any other ingredients desirable, as chieken
manure, bone meal, sulfate of potash ; but avoid any-
thing that contains lime, as lime will set free the valua-
ble ammonia.
Summer culture under glass has been experimented
with in late years, but with no generally satisfactory re-
sults. The hot, close, greenhouse air is against it ; the
plants grow, as greenhouse plants do, soft and drawn, not
to be compared with the sturdy, short-jointed, hardier
outdoor growth, so productive of a good crop. Indoor-
grown plants lack the foundation gained in the field.
True, the plants will not have the set-back of a trans-
planting, but better results have to be shown before
this mode of summer culture will become general.
Every year new varieties are produced and introduced,
superseding older ones. A list of the varieties grown
at present may be useless in three or four years, so we
mention only the best grown now. Among the whites,
Lizzie McGowan (Fig. 372) has been a standby, but White
Cloud now stands as the best. Maceo is the best deep
red or maroon yet produced ; a very free and continu-
ous bloomer. In the scarlets. Jubilee (Fig. 37;{) wants
first place, but indications are that it will bo superseded
Plate IV. Carnations.
Types of the American winter-rtowering Carn.ition. H.ilf size.
CARNATION
CARRIE.ilA
253
by G. H. Crane. Among the light pinks, Daybreak
(Fig. 374) is still a standby, but there are some among
the new ones that will, to all appearance, push it into
the background. In the dark pinks, Scott yet claims the
honors, but Mrs. Francis Joost, as the newer variety,
may succeed to its place. In yellow, Gold Nugget is
conceded the best. Mayor Pingree is a good large tlower,
but rather of a pale color, and a shy bloomer. The
Carnation par excellence is Mrs. Geo. M. Bradt, white
striped scarlet — an even, continuous bloomer through-
out the whole season ; a fine, large flower, admired
wherever grown.
long: fruit-clusters peduncle^', 2— 4 in. long: bracts ovate
or ovate-lanceolate, %-l in. long, with 2 broad and short
inequal lateral lobes, and a much longer middle lobe,
usually serrate only on one margin. E.N. America, west
to Minnesota and Texas; also, in Mexico and C. Amer.
S. S. 9:447. Em. l:iyy.-Bushy tree, with dense, but
Fked Dobneb.
CABOB. See Ceratonia.
CABOLINA ALLSPICE. See Calycanthus.
CABPEL. One of the separable or component parts
of a compound pistil. See P lower.
CABP£NT£BIA ( after Professor Carpenter, of Louisi-
ana). Saxifrugciceff. Evergreen shrub, with rather large
opposite Ivs.: tls. large, in terminal, loose corymbs; calyx
5-parted ; petals 5 ; stamens nu/.ierous ; ovary almost
superior, 5-0-celled : fr. a many-seeded dehiscent cap-
8U1.;. One species in Calif. A highly ornamental ever-
green shrub, with very large, white and fragrant fls.,
but not hardy north. It requires a well-drained, light
and sandy soil, and sunny, somewhat sheltered position;
it especially dislikes moisture during the winter, and its
perishing is often more due to an excess of moisture
than to the cold. Prop, by greenwood cuttings under
glass in summer, and by suckers, which it produces
freely; also, bv seeds, sown in spring.
Cali!6mica, Torr. Shrub, 6-10 ft. : Ivs. elliptic-lanceo-
late, entire or remotely denticulate, bright green above,
whitish-tomentose beneath, 2-4 in. long: fls. pure white,
2>^-3 in. in diara., fragrant ; petals orbicular, concave.
June, July. B.M.6911. Gn. 31: 581, and 54, p. 248. G.C.
11,26:113. K.H. 1884,p.365. J.H. 111,29: 251.
Alfb^d Rehdee.
CABPET BEDDINO. See Bedding.
CABPlNUS (ancient Latin name). Cupuliferw (or
Bettdacexe). Hornbeam. Tree, of medium size, some-
times shrubby: Ivs. decidi i, petioled, alternate, ser-
rate; stipules deciduous: fls. in catkins, appearing with
the ivs.; starainate catkins pendulous, each scale bear-
ing 3-13 stamens, 2-forked at the apex ; pistillate cat-
kins terminal, slender, each scale bearing two ovaries,
the bracts and bractlets of which develop into a large,
leafy, more or less 3-lobed bract, embracing the small,
nut -like fruit at the base. About 8 species in C. and E.
Asia. 2 in Europe and W. Asia and 1 in N. and C. Amer.
Hardy, ornamental tree, usually with dense, round
head, and of somewhat slow growth. The wood is very
hard and close-grained, and much used in making tools
and other small articles. The handsome foliage is rarely
attacked by insects, and assumes a yellow or scarlet
color in fall. The most beautiful are C cordata, with
large ivs., and C. Japonica, of graceful habit and with
elesant foliage. The Hornbeam bears severe pruning
well, and is very valuable for high hedges, and the
European species was formerly much used in the old
formal gardens for this purpose; the latter makes, also,
an excellent game cover, as it retains its withered foli-
age almost throughout the whole winter. They grow in
almost any soil, and even in dry, rocky situations.
Prop, by seeds, sown usually in fall, germinating very
irregularly ; if they do not spring up the first rpring,
the seed bed should be covered until the following
spring with moss or leaf-mold, to keep the soil moist.
If intended for hedges, the seedlings should be trans-
planted after the first year, and allowed sufficiert spr.ce
to prevent them from growing into slender, tall plants,
unfit for hedgei. The varieties of rarer species are
grafted in spring under glass, or in the open air on
seedlings of one of the common species.
Carolini&na, Walt. ( C. A mericdna , Michx. ) . American
Hornbeam. Blue Beech. Fig. 376. Bushy tree, rarely
40 ft.: Ivs. ovate-oblong, usually rounded at the b^oe,
acuminate, sharply and doubly serrate, glabrous at
length, except in the axils of the veins beneath, 2-i in.
376. Carpinus Caroliniana (X %).
slender and often somewhat pendulous branches, and
dark bluish green foliage, changing to scarlet or orange-
yellow in fall.
Bdtulos, Linn. European Hornbeam. Tree, to 60 or
70 ft. : Ivs. similar to those of the former, cordate or
rounded at the base, ovate or oblong-ovate, of somewhat
thicker texture, and the veins more impressed above:
fruit-clusters 3-5 in. long : bracts over 1% in. long, with
ovate, lateral lobes, and much longer oblong-lanceolate
middle lobe, the margins almost entire or remotely den-
ticulate. Europe to Persia. — The most remarkable of the
garden forms are the following: Var. incisa, Ait. (var.
que.. 'fdli(t,Dest.). Lvs. incised or lobed, smaller. Var.
fa'^tigljita, Hort. Of upright growth. Var. purptirea,
Hort. Lvs. purplish when young, green at length. It
grows into a taller tree than the American species, though
the former is of more vigorous growth when j'oung ;
the foliage turns yellow in fall, and remains on the tree
throughout the winter.
C. Amerirdna, Miehx.=C. Caroliniana.— <7. corddta, Blme.
To 40 ft. : lvs. deeply cordate, ovate or oblong-ovate, with 14-20
pairs of veins, 4-7 in. long. Japan, Manchuria. G. F.8: 295.
The most beautiful species, and quite hardy.— -C duineimis,
Scop.=C.orientalis.— C'.t/apoHica, Blme. To 50ft.: lvs. slightly
cordate or rounded, oblong-ovate, 3-4 in. long, with a)>out 20 or
more pairs of veins. Japan. G.F. 6: 365 (as Carpinus Carpinus).
R.H. 1895:427. A very graceful species.— (7. laxiflora, Blme. To
50 ft.: lvs. ovate or elliptic-ovate, long acuminate. 2 3 in. long,
with 10-14 pairs of veins. .Japan. Very attractive in fall, with
its long and slender catkins.— C. onVHfa/i«, Mill. Bushy tree,
to 15 ft. : lvs. ovate or oblong-ovate, 1^-2 in. long, with about
10 pairs of veins. S. E. Europe to Persia.- C Turczaninoici,
Hanee. Shnihby tree: lvs. ovate, acute, 1-2 in. long, with 10-12
pairs of veins. N. China.— (7. Virginiana, Michx. f.=C. Caro-
liniana.—C. F^do^n*i», Maxim. Small tree: branchletsand lvs.
beneath pubescent : lvs. ovate-elliptic or ovate- lanceolate, with
about 12 pairs of veins. 2-3 in. long. Japan.
Alfred Rehder.
CABBI£BIA (after E. A. Carrifere, prominent French
horticulturist and botanist, died 1896). Bixdce(p. De-
ciduous trees, wiih alternate, long-petioled, glabrous
Ivs., resembling in appearance the genus Idesia. Two
species, recently discovered in China, of which one, C.
calycina. Franch., has been introduced. It is a tree to
.50 ft. high, with rather l^rge, oval or obovate lvs, and
apetalous fls. with 5 large sepals in few-fld. terminal
racemes. It will be probablv of the same hardiness and
culture as Idesia. K. H. 1896, p. 4r8.
Alfred Rehdeb.
254
CARROT
CARYOPTERIS
CARROT (Da MfKS Crtrd/a, Linn.)- UmheUlfern. A
native of the British Isles, and one of the bad intro-
duced weeds of eastern North America (Fig. Ml). The
improved succulent-rooted garden varieties are believed
to be descended from the same stock, though this has
been denied. It seems probable that the horticultural
improvement of the species was begun in Holland, and
it is said that the cultivated forms were introduced
thence into the gardens of England during the leign of
Queen Elizabeth. The Carrot is now very generally,
though not extensively, cultivated everywhere, both fur
culinary purposes and for stock-fee<ling. It is some-
times forced under glass, but to no great extent. Car-
rots are most useful in culinary practice for soups,
stews, and salads, and as this class of cookery has
never been reasonably popular in America, this vege-
table has not received the attention it deserves.
To*' Carrot requires a loose, friable, warm soil, in the
very uest mechanical condition, and especially for the
early ".rop of tender spring roots, this needs to be lib-
erally fertilized with well-rotted stable manure and
some rapidly available potash fertilizer. Seed for the
first crop of Carrots should be sown as soon as the
ground is warm and dry enough, in rows 1-2 feet
apart. As they germinate slowly, the land should be
free of weeds. When they are large enough to be
thinned, the plants are decimated to stand 2-'.i inches
apart in the rows. Careful, clean cultivation is requi-
site, and drought is to be especially avoided, even at the
cost of any practicable irrigation. Later crops, and
Carrots grown for stock feed, may be sown in May or
early June, and treated like the early sowing. When
the young roots are ready for market they are pulled
and tied in bunches of six or ten or a dozen (Fig. 378).
In the early spring, when a considerable appetite for
green stuff can be depended on, a great many young
Carrots are shipped north from
Well-ripened roots of the fall cro^
pits or in the root-cellar. The Cari«^
importance.
The varieties of Carrots differ chiefly in respect to
size and grain, wiib differences in earliness closely cor-
related. The following are favorite varieties:
French Forcing (Earliest Sh'T* Horn). — One of the
smallest and earliest ; root ; maU> almost globular,
orange-red.
2>ani'ers.— Cylindrical stump-rooted, medium large,
dark orange, fine-grained ; the favorite all-purpose
variety.
Oxheart. — Medium size, oval, rather light colored,
^ne grain and flavor ; recently introduced from France,
and qtiite ^n.'cessfnl.
CARTHAMUS (Arabic name, alluding to the color).
Comji<'tsit(P. Hardy annuals 2-:{ft. high, with spiny Ivs!
Involucre with spreading and leafy outer scales and the
inner ones more or less spiny : receptacle chaffy :
akenes glabrous, mostly 4-ribbed, the pappus none or
scale-like. Of easiest culture, from seed.
southern gardens,
may be stored in
bas no enemies of
377. Last year's umbel of wild Carrot.
Half-long Scarlet. — Top small, roots medium size,
cylindrical pointed : much used for bunching.
Early Scarlet Horn. — Top small, roots half -long,
somewhat oval, smooth, fine grain and flavor; a favorite
garden sort.
Large White Belgian. — Very 'arge and rather coarse,
whitish; principally grown for stock-feeding.
F. A. Wauqh.
378. A bunch of Carrots.
tinet'^TitiB, Linn. Safflower. False Sappkon.
One to oft. high, glabrous, branched: Ivs. ovate, spiny-
toothc ; • fl. -heads with upward-tapering involucre, and
a globular i -own of orange florets. Asia. — The flowers
furnish a 'Ke material, which is used in place of the
true,3affion (which is a Crcvjus). ^ H. B.
CAEUM (Caria, in Asia Minor). UmhelUfera>. Gla-
brous annual or perennial herbs, widely distril)uted in
temperate and subtropical regions. Lvs. pinnate, or
ternate and pinnately decompound : fls. while or yel-
lowish, small, ill compound umbels, the calyx-teeth
small : fruit ovate or oblong, sometimes compressed,
more or less ribbed, glabrous, or sometimes hispid.
Roots often tuberous. Fifty or more species.
C&rtii, Linn. Caraway (which see). Stem slender
but erect, furrowed, 1-2 ft. : lvs. pinnately decompound,
with thread-like divisions. Old World. — Sometimes runs
wild.
Fetrosellnum, Benth. & Hook. f. {PetroseDnum so-
fUvtwj^Hoffm.). Parsley (which see). Erect, 1-3 ft.:
lvs. ternate-pinnate, the Ifts. ovate and 3-cleft (much
cut in the "curled" garden vars.). the upper ones nar-
rower and nearly entire : fls. yellowish. Old World.
— Much cult., and occasionally runs wild.
G^irdneri, Gray. Stem solitary, 1-4 ft. : lvs. mostly
simply pinnate, with 3-7 linear or thread-like Ifts., tbe
upper Ifts. usually entire, but the lower ones often di-
vided: fr. with long style. Dry hills, in Calif, and Nev.
—Int. 1881 by Gillett as an ornamental plant. Roots
tuberous and fusiform. l. H. B.
CARI^MBIUM. See Homalanthus .
CARYA is treated under fficoria.
CARTOFHt^LLUS, the Clove Tree, is now referred to
Eugenia.
CARTdPTERIS (Greek for nut and tcing). Verbe-
ndcea. Small shrubs with deciduous opposite lvs. and
blue or violet tis. in axillary cymes : corolla 5-lobed,
CARTOPTERIS
CASIMIROA
255
one segment larger and fringed ; stamens 4, exserted ;
fr. separating into 4 somewhat winged nutlets. About
6 species in E. Asia. Free-tlowering, small shrubs, very
valuable for their late blooming season ; not hardy
north; even if well protected they will be killed almost
to the ground, but the young shoots, springing up freely,
will flower profusely the same season. They require
well-drained and sandy soil and sunny position ; if
fjrown in pots, a sandy compost of peat and leaf soil or
loam will suit them, and they will Hower in the green-
house until mi<lwinter. Prop, readily by cuttings of
half-ripened wood in summer or fall under glass, and
by seeds sown in spring.
Mastac^nthus, Schauer ( C. inedna, Miq. C. Sinensis,
Dipp. ). Fig. 379. SuflTruticose, 1-5 ft.: Ivs. petioled,
ovate or oblong, coarsely serrate, imbescent above,
grayish tomentose beneath, 2-'' h\ long: cymes pe-
duncled, dense-fld.; fls. small, violec uIuh »>r lavender-
hhie. Aug.-Nov. China, Jap. B.R. 32:2. B.M. G7J)9.
R.H. 1892:324. R.B. 19:273. G.C. II. 21:149. Mn. 5:5.
S.H. 2, p. 89.— Known in the nursery trade as "Blue
Spiraea." There is also a new variety with white tls.
C Mnngblica. Bunge. Lvs. lanceolate, almost entire : cymes
with fewer but larger fls. R.H. 187'J:4.')0.
Alfred Rehder.
CAEYOTA (old Greek namcj. Palmace<f, tr'ihe A recece.
Fish-tail Palm. Spineless, monocarpic palms, with
tall, stout, ringed halms, at length bearing suckers. Lvs.
disposed in an elongated terminal fringe, ample, twice
pinnately divided ; segments dimidiate-flabelliform. or
cuneate, entire, or split, irregularly dentate, plicate,
folded back in the bud : midnerves and primary nerves
flabeilate : petiole terete below: sheath keeled on the
back, fibrous along the margins : ligule short ; spadices
usually alternately male and female : peduncle short,
thick : branches long, pendent : spathes '.V-o, not entire,
tubular ; bractlets broad : fls. rather large, green or
purple : fr. the size of a cherry, globular, purple. Spe-
cies, 12, Malaya, New Guinea, Australia.
Remarkable for the delta-shaped or flsh-tail-shaped
leaflets, which make the graceful, spreading fronds very
attractive. They are excellent warmhouse palms, very
useful for decoration, particularly when young. They
are frequently planted out in protected places for the
summer. Prop, by seeds and suckers. For culture, see
Palms,
There being so many different genera to choose from
in selecting plants for moderate-sized conservatories,
the members of this genus are not very popular for
providing small specimens. In a hi^h, roomy structure,
however, they are among the most ornamental of the
tribe. They are quick-growing, with large, broad leaves,
finely cut up, the small divisions resembling the tail of
a fish ; hence the name "Fish-tail Palm." After reaeh-
injjr maturity the plant begins flowering at the top, and
continues downwards until the vitality of the stem is
exhausted. Suckers are freely produced by
some species, but these, as a rule, do not
become so robust as the parent stem, owing
probably to the soil becoming exhausted.
Seeds are offered by most dealers. The
young plants should be grown in a warm,
moist atmosphere, the soil consisting of
loam with about one-third of its bulk leaf-
mold and sand in equal parts. They some-
times lose their roots if kept too cool and
wet in winter.
mitis, Lour. (C. soboUfera, Wall.). Caudex 15-25 ft.
high, 4-5 in. in diam., soboliferous : petioles, leaf-
sheaths and spathes scurfy -villous ; lvs. 4-9 ft. ; pinnsa
very obliquely cuneiform, irregularly dentate, upper
margins acute ; pinnules 4-7 in. long. Burma to Malaya.
tirens, Linn. Wine Palm. Toddy Palm. Caudex
stout, 30-40 ft. high, 1 ft. thick, not soboliferous : lvs.
18-20 by 10-12 ft.; pinnae 5-G ft., curved and drooping,
very obliquely truncate, acutely serrate, the upper mar-
gin produced and caudate; pinnules 4-8 in.: petiole
very stout. India, Malaya. A. F. 12:295. Gng. 5:131.
Bnmphi&na, Mart. Lvs. 2-pinnate, several feet long,
the pinnules thick, sessile, 6 in. long or nearly so. ob
long. Malaya.-Var. Albertii.Hort. (C'.J[Z6er<it,M.uelL),
is in the trade. It is large and free-growing, the lvs.
being ir>-18 ft. long and two-thirds as broad ; If. -seg-
ments fan-shaped and obli(jue, toothed.
C. Blanedi, Hort.. from the Philippines, is in the Amer. trade.
It is probably a form of C. urens.
Jabed G. Smith and G. W, Ouvkb.
CASHEW is Anarardium oecidentate .
CASIMIROA (named in honor of Cardinal Casimiro
(iomez). Hutat'en'. Evergreen trees : lvs. alternate,
long-petioled, digitate, :i-7-foliolate ; Ifts. petiolulate,
lanceolate, entire or slightly serrate, smooth or pubes-
cent beneath : fls. regular, polygamo-dicfcious ; calyx
5-parted, small ; petals 5, ob'ong, valvate, apex in-
curved ; disc inconspicuous, circular ; stamens 5, free;
filaments subulate ; anthers cordate : ovary sessile, on
disc, globose, 5- or occasionally (»-8-lobed, 5-celled :
stigma sessile, 5-lobed : ovules solitary in the cells, ax-
illary : fr. a drupe, large, depressed-globose ; pulp
agreeable to taste, edible : seeds oblong, compressed,
exalbuminose. Mexico. Two species, of which the fol-
lowing only is in cultivation :
6dulis, LaLlave. White Sapota. Coohil Sapota.
Large tree : trunk ashen gray, with warty excrescences :
lvs. dark green, glossy: fls. greenish yellow, small: fr.
greenish yellow when ripe, with strong, thick epicarp,
Kin. thick, about the size of an orange : seeds nearly
1 in. long and half as wide. Mex. Cultivated to a lim-
ited extent in Calif. — The fruit of this species is said
to have a delicious flavor, similar to that of a peach.
They are used in Mexico as an aid in inducing sleep,
and the leaves are used as a remedy for diarrhoea. Trees
grown at Santa Barbara, Calif., are said to have reached
an age of over 80 years and to have borne fruit regu-
.•.r>
379. Caryopteris
Mastacanthus.
larly, though entirely neglected. The tree would prob-
ably succeed well in southern Texas, Louisiana and
Florida. It grows on the const of Mexico to an altitude
of about 7,000 feet. It does not root well from cuttings,
but may be raised from s<?'ds. jj^ j, Webber.
256
CASSABANANA
CASTAXEA
CASSABANANA. See Sieana.
CASSANDRA. See Cham^f daphne.
CASSAVA. Consult Manihot utillissima,
CASS£BE£RA (from a Qerman botanist). Polypo-
du\ci<p. A small genus of small Brazilian ferns allied
to the maidenhair, but rarely seen in cultivation.
CASSIA (ancient Greek name). Legumindsce. Senna.
Several hundred herbs, shrubs or trees in many parts
of the world, of which a very few are iu cult in Amer.,
mostly as border plants. Lvs. even-pinnate: Hs. nearly
recrular (not papilionaceous), with the nearly equal
calyx-teeth mostly longer than the tube ; corolla of 5
spreading, nearly equal clawed petals: stamens 5 or 10,
frequently unequal, and some of the anthers abortive :
fr. a stalked pod which is either flat or terete, contain-
ing numerous seeds. The Cassias delight in a snnny
exposure. Most of those which are cultivated here are
herbs or herb-like shrubs, attractive for the finely cut
foliatre and the showy tls. Some of them are cultivated
only in the extreme south. Prop, mostly by divisions
and" seeds,— the annual species always by seeds.
Senna leaves, used in medicine as a cathartic, are de-
rived from various species, chiefly from C. acutifolia of
Eeypt, and C. angustifolia of India and other Old
World tropics. The "Cassia lignea" of drug stores is
made from a Cinnamomuni.
A. Hani y border plants : leaflets C or more pairs.
MaryUndica, Linn. Wild Senna. Perennial, glabrous
or nearly so, stems nearly simple : Ifts. 6-10 pairs, ob-
long or lance-oblong and entire, short-acuminate or
nearly obtuse; fls. in axillary racemes near the tops of
the stems and often appearing as if panicled, bright
yellow, wide open. New Eng. to Mich, and south,
mostly in wet soil. — Grows 3-4 ft. high, and has attrac-
tive light green foliage.
Chamaecrlsta, Linn. Partridge Pea. Annual, erect
or spreading, 2 ft. or less high: Ifts. lO-l.'j pairs, small,
narrow-oblong, mucronate, sensitive to the touch : fls.
large, 2-5 together in the axils, canary-yellow and 2
of the petals purple-spotted, — Dry soil, Maine S. and W.
AA. Tender plants, (frown far smith, or tinder glass:
Ifts. mostly fewer.
B. Tree, with very long, woody, indehiscent pods.
Fistula, Linn. Pudding Pipe Thee. Lvs. large, the
Ifts. 4-6 pairs, and ovate acuminate : tls. in long lax ra-
cemes, yellow : pods cylindrical, black, 3-furrowed, 1-2
ft. long, containing 1-seeded compartments. India, but
introduced in W. Ind. and other tropical countries.
Sparingly cult, in S. Fla. — Furnishes the Cassia pods
of commerce.
BB. Shrubs or herbs, with shorter and n-^re or less
dehiscent pods.
Soph^ra, Linn. (C. schinifdlia, DC). PL ;^, 6-10 ft.:
Ifts. t\-\0 pairs, lanceolate-acute : fls. ^^110%. ■ li many-
flfl. axillary and terminal peduncles, which are shorter
th.ui the lvs.: pod thin, tardi]> dehiscent. Oriental
tropics. Int. in S. Calif.
tomentdsa. Linn. f. Shrub, 4-8 ft.: Ifts. 6-8 pairs,
oval-oblong and obtuse, white-tomentose beneath : fls.
vhIIow. Mex. — Said to be a good winter bloomer in S.
Calif.
corymbdsa, Lam. Shrub, half-hardy in middle states,
4-10 ft. : Ifts. S pairs, oblong-lanceolate and somewhat
falcate, obtuse or nearly so: fls. yellow, in long-stalked,
small axillary and terminal corymbs. Argentina. B.M.
6:W. Gn. 50, p. 139. — The best known stove species.
artemesioldes, Gaud. Tree-like shrub, soft-canescent
and cray all over : Ifts. 3-4 pairs, very narrow-linear :
racemi's axillary, .VS-Hd., the fls. deep yellow. Austral,
— Int. in S. Calif. Withstands drought.
bifldra, Linn. Shrub. 4-8 ft.: Ift.s. 6-8 pairs, broad-
oblong, very obtuse : fls. Itrge. yellow, on 2-4-fld. pe-
duncles, which are shorter than the lvs. S. Amer. B.M.
810. — Sparingly cult, in greenhouses.
C. Schraderii, "yellow, dark spctteil fls. in racemes, 2-3 ft.,"
is offered, but its systematic position is doubtful, l. H. B.
CASSlOPE (Greek mythological name). Ericdeecg.
Low, procumbent, evergreen, heath-like shrubs .- lvs!
small, usually imbricated and opposite : fls. solitary*
nodding; corolla campanulate, 5-lobed ; stamens lo'
Included : fr. capsular. Ten species in arctic region^
and high mountains of N. Amer., N. Eu., X, Asia and
Himal. Graceful, delicate plants, adapted for rockeries
flowering in summer. They are of somewhat difficult
culture, and require peaty and sandy, moist but well-
drained soil and partly shaded situation, though C. hyp-
noides grow best in full sun, creeping amongst grow-
ing moss. l>rou;;ht, as well as dry and hot ajr, is fatal
to them. Prop, readily by cuttings from mature wood
in August under glass ; also by layers, and by seeds
treated like those of Erica. Formerly included under
Andromeda.
C. fastigidta. Don. Ascending: lvs. imbricate, in 4 rows, with
white fringed marKin : tls. axillars', white. Himal. H..\I.47t<6.
— G. hiipiwtdes, I>on, Creeping: lvs. line sir, loosely imbricate:
fls. terminal, deeply 5-cleft. Arctic region. . B.M 29;<6. I. HO.
20: 194(5.— C ilertengidna, Don. Erect or »» 'oiuling to 1 ft. liigh:
lvs. imbricate, in 4 rows, carina e on the back : fls. axillarj-,
white or slightly tinged rosy, bitka to Calif.— C. tetrdnona,
Don. Similar to the formi r. but lower, and the lvs. with a
deep furrow on the back. Arctic regions. B.M. 3lsi.
Alfred Rehder.
CASTANEA (ancient Latin name). Cupuiiffrip (or
Faijdce(p). Chestnut. Deciduous
trees or shrubs, with alternate
serrate lvs.: fls. monoecious, the
staminate ones with 6-parted
calyx and 10-20 stamens, in long,
erect, cylindrical catkins ; the
pistillate ones on the lower part
of the upper catkins, usu-
ally 3 together in a prickly
involucre: fr. a large brown
nut, 1-7 together in a prickly
involucre or bur. Five spe-
cies in the temperate re-
/I
380. Castanea Americana.
(X>i.)
381. Castenea sativa.
(X H.)
CASTANEA
CASUARINA
257
gions of N. E. Amer., Eu., N. Afr, and Asia. Hardy
ornamental tre*s or shrubs with handsome foliage,
whifh penerally is not injured by insects or fungi; very
attractive when in bloom. C. Americana and C. sativa
are lartje-sized trees, while C pumila and C. crenata
usually remain shrubby. The coarse-grained wood is
much used for furniture, railway ties and fence-posts,
as it is very durable in the soil. The Chestnut is exten-
sivelv cultivated in Europe and E. Asia for its edible
fruit! It grows best in well-drained soil on sunny slopes,
and even in rather dry and rocky situations, but dis-
like.'^ limestone soil. Prop, by seeds, sown in fall where
there is no danger of them being eaten by mice or squir-
rels ; otherwise they should be stratified in boxes and
buried 1 or 2 feet deep in a warm soil until early spring,
when they are sown in rows about 3 inches deep. If
growing well they can be transplanted the following fall
or spring 2 or '.i feet apart from each other, and planted
where they are to stand after three or four years. They
are also increased by layers in moist soil. Varieties are
usually worked on seedling stock or on sprouts by
whip-grafting above the ground when the stock is just
beginning to push into leaf. Crown-grafting, root-graft-
ing and budding f»re also sometimes practiced, but no
method gives wholly satisfactory results, and usually
only one-half take well. See Chestnut.
A. Lrs. glabrous or nearly so at maturity.
Americ4iia,Raf. (C. d<'M^>^^B<)rkh.). Fig..380. Tree,
occasionally 100 ft.* Ivs. cuneate, oblong-lanceolate,
acuminate,' coarsely serrate, nearly glabrous when
young, (»-10 in. long and somewhat pendulous : ris, of
heavy fragrance, in June or July : nuts Va-l in. wide.
S.Maine to Mich., south to Ala. and Miss. S.S. 9:440-41.
Em. 187. G.F. 10:37;?.— The tallest, most vigorous-grow-
ing and hardiest species. The nuts, though smaller,
have a better flavor thau the European varieties.
sativa, Mill. ( C. v^'sca, GUrtn. ) . Fig. 381. Tree, 50-80
ft.: Ivs. oblong-lanceolate, coarsely serrate, slightly
pubescent or tomentose beneath when young, nearly
glabrous at length, .5-9 in. long, erect : nut over 1 in.
wide. June. From S. Eu. and N. Afr. to China. On. 50,
p. S89. (tug. 3:209. —There are some garden forms witl*
variegated Ivs., and others, of which var. asplenifolia,
Lodd., with laciniately cut and divided Ivs., is the most
remarkable. Of several varieties cultivated for their
fruit. Paragon, a precocious Kind, and Numbo, a variety
with very large fr., are the most ejctensively planted iu
this country. See Chestnut.
382. Ja.)anese
Chestnut—
Castanea crenata.
crenAta, Sieb. & Zucc. iC.JapAnicn, Blumei. Fig. 382.
Shrub or tree, to ;{0 ft.: Ivs. elliptic or oblung-lanceo-
late, usup.lly rounded at the base, acuminate, crenately
serrate, or the teeth reduced to a long, bristle like
point, slightly pubescent when young, glabrous at
length or only pubescent on the veins beneath. .'J-7 in.
long, erect: nutover 1 in. wide. Japan, China. — Shrubby
and very precocious ; it usually begins to fruit when
about six years old. Hardy as far N. as Mass.
AA. Lfs. whitish tomentose beneath.
ptimila, Mill. Chinqiiapin. Shrub or small tree,
rarely 50 ft.: Ivs. cuneate, elliptic-oblong or oblong-
obovate, acute, serrate, teeth often reduced to bristle-
like points, 3-5 in. long : fr. usually solitary, ovate,
small, about Vain, wide and %-\ in. long. May, June.
From Pa. to N. Fla. and Texas. S.S. 9: 442-43. -Cseful
for planting on dry and rocky slopes ; attractive when
in flower, and again in fall, with its abundant light green
burs among the dark foliage. The closely allied C. nhti-
folia, Nutt., in the S. states, grows only a few feet
high, and has larger Ivs. and fr. Alfred Rehder.
CASTANEA of commerce. The nuts of lierthoUetia.
CASTANOPSIS (Castanea and opsis, chestnut-like).
Cupuliferw (or Fagdceo'). Evergreen trees or shrubs,
closely allied to Castanea and in some degree also to
Quercus, with sometimes entire Ivs. and spiny or tuber-
culate involucre. About 25 species, chiefly in the trop.
and subtrop. mountains of Asia, and 1 in W. N. Amer.,
which is the hardiest, and is sometimes cultivated. For
propagation, see Castanea.
chrysophyila, DC. {Castdnea chrysophylla, Hook.).
Tree, to 150 ft., shrubby at high elevations : Ivs. ovate-
oblong or oblong-lanceolate, narrowed at both ends,
entire, da»'k green above, coated with minute golden
yellow scales beneath. 2-«» in. long : nut about ^ain.
wide, usually solitary in the spinv involucre. Summer.
Ore. to Calif. S.S. 9:4.19. B.M. 49.13. G.C. III. 22:411.
F.S. 12:1184. R.B.7:240.-A highly 'ornamental tree
with beautiful foliage, hardy only in the warmer tem-
perate regions, but the shrubby form is much hardier.
Alfred Rehder.
CASTANOSF^BMUM ( Chestnut seed, because of the
taste of the seeds). Leguminf>s(f. One tall Australian
tree, with odd-pinnate Ivs., the Ifts. broad, thick, entire;
tts. large, orange-colored, in lateral racemes : petals 4 ;
stamens free: ovary long-stipitate, many-ovuled: seeds
larger than Italian chestnuts, globular. C. austrile,
Cunn. & Fraser, is the species known locally as "More-
ton Bav Chestnut." The seeds are roasted and eaten.
Int. in S. Calif.
CASTILL£IA (a Spanish botanist, D. Cnstillejo).
Scrophulari<)ceiF. Painted Cuf. Herbs, with small,
solitary fls. in terminal, gaudy-bracted spikes, mostly
N. Amer.: corolla tubular, sometimes flattened laterally,
2-Iipped ; lower lip smaller, more or less 3-toothed :
stamens 4 : Ivs. alternate, entire or cut. C. rocrinea,
Spreng., the common Painted Cup of the E. states,
has been offered by collectors. It has showy laciniate
bracts. Castilleias are little known in gardens. They
are of simple culture.
indivisa, Engelm. Annual, 1-2 ft.: Ivs. lance-linear
and entire (or sometimes 2-3-lobed): bracts not lacini-
ate, bright red and showy. Texas. — Blooms early in
spring.
afflnis, Hook. & Am. Perennial, 1-2 ft.: Ivs. narrow-
lanceolate, entire or the upper ones toothed at apex :
fl. -bracts becoming short and broad, red : spike lax be-
low. Calif., in moist soils. — Int. 1891 by Orcutt.
folioldsa, Hook. & Arn. Woolly perennial, 1-2 ft., the
base woody: Ivs. small (1 in. or less long), narrow-
linear, crowded or fascicled : bracts 3-parted : spike
dense. Calif., in dry soils.— Int. 1891 by Orcutt.
L. H. B.
CASTOR BEANS are discussed under Bicinus.
CASUABiNA, said to be derived from Casuarius, the
Cassowary, from resen lance of the branches to the
feathers). Casuarindcece. Beefwood. She Oak. A
17
258
CASUAKIXA
CATALPA
score or more of trer i and shrubs in the Australian re-
jfion and the Indies, beinjjthe only plants of the family.
They are usually clasMiHe*! near the walnut and hickory
tribes, although very unuke them — or other known
plants — in botanical characters. They are jointed and
leaHess plants, somewhat suggesting Equisetums in
gross appearance of branches. The Hs. are unisexual.
The starninat' are in cylin<lrical terminal spikes, each
fl. consisting of a stamen inclosed in 4 scales, 2 of the
scales being attached to the filament. The pistillate tls.
are in dense heads borne in the axils, and this head
ripens into a globular or oblong cone ; they are com-
posed of 1-ovuled ovaries subtended by bracts. The
fruit is a winged nutlet. The branches are long and
slender. Beefwood is planted in the extreme south for
its very odd habit, and also to hold sands of the sea
coast. The wood burns quickly, and is very hard and
durable. The redness of the wood has given the popu-
lar name, Beefwood. Kemarkuble for rapid growth.
They grow well in brackish and alkaline soils. Prop,
by seeds and cuttings.
equisetiiolia, Linn. Tree, becoming 150 ft. high in
favorable climates, and a most rapid grower. Branches
drooping, pale green, simple, G-8-angled or terete, the
internodes very short (less than >iin.): sheath-teeth 7
((»-8) lanceolate and appressed : staminate cone nearly
terete : pistillate cone short-peduncled, ellipsoidal,
about 12-sided. Widely distributed in Old World
tropics, and the best known species in this country
(S. Fla. and Calif.).— The wood is valuable for many
purposes.
early summer or by grafting on seedlings or on roots
under glas-s in spring ; also incre.ised sometimes by
layers and root cuttint;s.
383. Catalpa speciosa in fruit.
stricta, Dryand. Becoming 20-30 ft. high : branches
erect, simple, G-7-angled, scarcely green, internodes
short, as in the latter : sheath-teeth usually 7, ovate-
lanceolate and appressed: staminate cone slender; pis-
tillate cone nearly sessile, oblong ( sometimes staminate
above), about 14-sided. Austral.
toruldsa, Dryand. {C tenuissima, Sieber). Reaches
70 or 80 ft. : branches erect, capillary, mostly terete, in-
ternodes short : sheath-teeth 4. very short, triangular
appressed : staminate cones filiform : pistillate cones
ellipsoidal, 8-10-sided. Austral. l. H. B.
CATALPA (the Indian name of C. hignoninides).
Bignon ideeir. Deciduous trees with opposite or whorled,
long-petioled, large an<l simple h's.: fls. in large, showy
panicles; corolla tubular-campanulate, 2-lipped, with 2
smaller upper and 3 larger lower lobes; calyx 2-lipped:
fertile stamens 2 : fr. a very long, cylindrical capsule,
separating into 2 valves, with numerous small, oblong,
compressed seeds bearing a tuft of white hairs on each
end. Eight species in N. Amer., W. India and E. Asia,
of which 4 are hardy in the colder temperate regions.
Highly ornamental trees with large, bright green fo-
liage and beautiful white or yellowish fls. in large,
showy panicles. The coarse-grained and soft «vood is
very durable in the soil, and, therefore, much valued
for fence-posts and railway ties. They grow in almost
any somewhat moist t:oil, and are hardy as far north as
New England. Prop, bj seeds sown in spring, in the
north, best with slight bottom heat, or by cuttings from
ripe wood, the varieties often by softwood cuttings in
384. Catalpa speciosa. Natural size.,
A. Fls. white, with two yellow stripes inside, and
spotted purplish brown.
bignonioideB, Walt. (C. syringifolia, Sims). Tree,
»iO-50 ft,: Ivs. often whorled. cordate-ovate, abruptly
acuminate, sometimes with 2 lateral lobes, pubescent
beneath, 5-8 in. long, of unpleasant odor : panicles
many-fld.; fls. about 2 in. in diam., thickly spotted in-
side : pod 6-20 in. long, M-% in. thick. June, July.
S. states, north to Tennessee, often naturalized else-
where. B.M. 1094. L.B.C. 13:1285. S.S. G: 288-89.
Ong. 6: 118-119. G. P. 3:537, 5;i9. J. H. III. .{2:121.
G.C. III. 21:298.-Usually low tree, with very wide-
spreading branches. There are some ganlen forms.
Var. atirea, Hort. Lvs. yellow. Var. nina, Hort. (C.
Biingei, Hort., not C. A. Mey.). Forms a dense, round
bush, often grafted higl . Gng. 3:195. Var. purpiiiea,
Hort. Lvs. purple when youiig, green at length.
specidsa, Warder. Fig. 383,384. Tree, to luu ft.: lvs.
cordate-ovate, long-acuminate, pubescent beneath, 8-12
4ti. long: panicles usually few-fld.: fls. about 2^ in. in
diam., inconspicuously spotted inside: pod y^-%m.
thick. June. From 30Uthern Illinois and Indiana to
Louisiana and Mississippi. S.S. 6:290-91. R.H.
1895:136.— A very desirable ornamental tree, closely al-
lied to the former, but taller and hardier.
38S. Catalpa ovata in fruit
h^bridft, Spath. (C. bignonioldesXovdta). Teas*
Japan Hybrid. Large tree, intermediate between the
parents: the lvs. resemble more those of C. ovata, &iid
are purplish when unfolding, but much larger and
liitfiiMiiliii^^
CATALPA
CATTLEYA
259
fliuhtly pubescent beneath, while the fls. are more like
a. biij'nonioides, with the inflorescence often twice as
|)ng. Ori(?inated at J. C Teas' nursery, at Baysville,
Ia«i..a»)Out 20 years a^o, G.F. 2::{05. Gt. 47:1454. -A
very valuable tree, flowering profusely; of rapid growth
ami hardy. Seedlin>rs usually resemble C. ovata.
AA. Fla. yellow, Htriped inside orange and spotted dark
violet, about I in. in diam.
Ov4ta, Don (C. Ktempferi, Sieb. & Zucc). Fig. 385.
Tree, to 20 ft. : Ivs. broadly cordate-ovate, abruptly acu-
niinate, often 3-5-lobed. nearly glabrous at length, with
fdiiish spots in the axils of the veins beneath, 5-8 in.
long: panicles many-tld., 4-7 in. long, fragrant. June,
(.hina, much cult, in Japan. B.M. 6611. I.H. 9:319.—
Hardier than the American species.
C.Bungei,i-\ X.yiey. Allied to ('. ovata. Lvs. tmncatr at
tlie base, long ac-umiuate. ;{-5 in. long: Hs. large, nearly white,
iiifew-fld. paniclen. China.— ('. Bviujri. Hort.=t'. biifnonoides,
vir. nana — C Inngissiina, Sim.s. Tre«>, to nO ft.: lvs. oblong-
ovate, coriaceous: fls. small, white. W. Ind., often planted as
siade tree in Cuba. Alfked Rehdeb.
CATASANCHE (Greek name, referring to ancient
custom of using the plant in love-making). Comp^aitce.
A half dozen annual or perennial herbs of the Medi-
terranean region, with the lvs. crowded at the base of
ttiestem, and linear or lanceolate. Head long-peduncled.
Hue or yellow. Akene oblong, ribbed and generally vil-
bae or setose. Pappus of J>-7 scales. Of easiest culture
ia any garden soil, particularly if lighu Useful for
cutting.
caenUfja, Linn. Perennial, 2 ft.: lvs. tomentose, lanceo-
late ann fow-toothed : H. -heads 2 in. across, with wide,
t!at-tootued blue rays, on long, slender stems. Blooms
in June. July and Aug. S. En. B.M.21)3. R.H. 1890, p.
.•>23. Var. ilba, Hort., has white tis. Var. bicolor,
Hort.. has white margin and blue center. Often used as
Everlastings. Prop, by seeds and division, l^ jj_ b_
CATASfiTUM (Greek for downward or backward,
Mxt\.hristle). OrchiiWceiP, tribe Vdndeff. Flowers globose
or expanded; labellum fleshy; column erect; poUinia 2.
Stems short fusiform ; lvs. plaited, membranaceous ;
scapes basal, fls. in racemes; the column provided with
sen'^itive appendages which, when touched, cause the
pollen-masses to fly out. There are about 50 or 60 ?T)e-
cies iii the Amer. tropics, either terrestrial or epiphytic.
The fls. are in racemes or spikes, firm in texture, and
white or in shades of green, yellow, brown or purple.
Catasetums are not much cultivated, since most of the
species are not showy, but they are interesting to the
botanist and amateur because of the striking ejection of
the pollen-masses. Gardeners often have trouble with
Catasetums, but they are not difficult to grow if given
good care. They need a high temperature, long period
of rest, and free supply of water during the growing
season. They are grown in both pots and baskets.
Readily propagated by dividing the plants at the base;
also from very ripe pseudobulbs cut in pieces and
put in sand. The genus includes Monachanthus and
Myanthus.
A. Flowers tvhite.
Bungerdthii, N. E. Brown. Stems 8-9 in. tall; sepals
larger than the petals, nearly 2 in. long; labellum tend-
ing toward concave, roundish ; appendages thickish.
Equador. B.M. 6998. G.C. III. 1:142. I.H. .'17:117;
34:10. Gn.33:646. A.P. 6: 633. -A striking plant.
AA. Fls. yellowish, more or less marked with brown
or red.
macrocirpum, Rich. ( C. Cldveringi, Lindl. C. triden-
tatum. Hook.). Fls. large, nearly 3% in. across ; petals
and sepals j-ellow, verging on green, spotted with red-
dish brown; labellum yellow. Guiana. B.M. 2559, 3329.
I.H. .33: 619.
fimbriittim, Lindl. & Paxt. P.seudobulbs. 2-3 in. long:
raceme pendulous, 8- or more-fld. : fls. 2H in. across ;
sepals whitish or pale vellow, closely barred with red.
Braz. B.M. 7158. A.F.''.:609.
longifdlium, Lindl. " seudooulbs deflexed : lvs. nar-
row and glaucous, reaching 3 ft. : fls. on drooping, com-
pact spikes ; sepals and petals greenish yellow tipped
with dull red; lip helmet-like, orange-yellow. Guiana.
Epiphyte.
AAA. Fls. essentially red or brownish.
decipiens, Reichb. f. Fls. IHin. across ; sepals and
petals lanceolate, red-brown and spotted ; lip saccate,
yellowish outside and red-brown inside. Venezuela.
A. F. 6:609.
AAAA. Fls. many-colored, grotesque.
OndmoB, Andr4. Pseudobulb. oblong-ovate and alter-
nate, articulated: fls. in a long loose raceme on slender
pedicels; sepals greenish and purple-barred; 2 lateral
petals spreading, concave, purple ; lip bluntly conical,
olive-green spotted outside, ivory white within, fringed
above. S. Amer. I.H. 24:270. A. F. 12:293.
C.barbatum, Lindl. Fls. green, blot<'he<i withi-.irple. Guiana
— C. calloauiti, Limll. Odd: fls. with chocolate-brown, narrow-
lanceolate sepals and petals ; lip greenish, 8i)eckled with red.
Venezuela. B.M. 4Jiy, 6648.— C. CArt»<waniiJ»i, Reichb. £. Se-
pals and petals usn.il!y chooolate : lip (n'eenish yellow, purple
fringe-'. S. Amer.? G.C.III. 1H:B17.— C. df«co<or. Lindl. Fls.
purple. An old sort, now rarely seen. Brnx.— C. Gamettianum,
Rolfe. Allied to (.'. barbatum : fls. small ; sepals and petals
veTT narrow, green, with large bars of red-brown : lip white,
fringed. Amazon. B.M. 7(169.— C. imperiale, Lind. & Cogn.
Sepals aad petals ovate-aoute, white, purple spotted ; lip orbic-
ular-cordate, purple in center and white margined. (i.C III.
17: 329. S.H. 1. p. 369. J.H. III. ;«l:2.5.- C. Lindeni, Cogn. Fls.
large (as of C. Bungerothii) : sepals and petals yellow, with
purplish spots and bars: Hp yellow, 8p<»tted at ba.se. tJ.C. III.
17:329. S.H. 1, p. :««».— C. mirdlnle, Cogn. Fls. very large, the
sepals and petals oblong-lan<*eolate, and yellowish, with purple
spots and bars; lip kidney-shaped, bright yellow with 2 purple
spots, tootheil. (i.e. III. 17:3J9. S.H. 1, p. ;«59.— C. ictJrra,
Reichb. f. Compact : fls. fragrant, yellowish white, green-
veined; lip 3-lo>>e<l. Guiana. <i.C. 11.7:304, :{0.j.— C. «/>/^/jden»,
Cogn. Intermediate between C. Bungerothii and C. macrocar-
pura: sei- greenish white with purplish center; petals white
with many imrple spots : lip cream-color, purple-marked.
Runs into many forms : Var. album, Lind. & Cogn., white or
nearly so. Var. Alicije. Lind. & Cogn. Fls. large ; .sepals and
petals purplish ; lip white, toothed. Var. aureo-maculatum.
Bossch. Yellow. I.H. 43: .'>4. Var. atropurpureum , Hort.
Blackish purple.— C iraracewiczu, Lindl. & Paxt. From Pan-
ama. Now rareb- seen. Oakes Ames.
CATCHFLY. Consult Silene.
CATECHU. See Acacia Catechu.
CATEEPILLABS. The worm-like pods of Scorpiitnis
vermicul(ita, Linn., iS. subvilldsa, Linn., and others
{Leguminosfr}, are sometimes used as surprises in
salads and soups ; and for that purpose they are cult,
in parts of Europe, and seeds are sold in this country.
They are sometimes catalogued as Worms. They are
annuals of the easiest culture. The pods of Medicdgo
scutelld.ta, Mill., and others are known as Snails. The
pods are not edible. European plants. A.G. 13: 681.
r TT R
CATMINT or CATNIP. See Nepeta.
CAT-TAIL. Typha.
CATTLEYA (William Cattley, an early English nat-
uralist). OrchiddceiP, tribe tJpidendrecf. Epiphytes of
tropical America. Pseudobulbous : leaf '". ides 1-3, cori-
aceous: fls. usually terminal, large, flesliyor membrana-
ceous ; petals and sepals nearly equal, or the former
much broader : labellum cucullate, usually trilobed,
proximal part inclosing the fleshy, clavate column,
except in G. Aclanduf and C. bicolor: pollen masses 4
{2 pairs), with short appendages. A genus generally
cultivated for its large, showy flowers, which for inten-
sity of ccior have few, if any, equals in the family of
orchids. Most of the species do satisfactorily under
ai^iflcial conditions, although there is an opinion preva-
lent ♦hat they degenerate or " run out.'' Naturally, some
kinds are difficult to grow, since the horticulturist is
not well enough informed concerning their require-
ments, but there is no reason why the majority of the
species should degenerate if properly treated. The
genus Cattleya was founded on C. labu;ta by -John
Lindley in 1824. As a genus, it is very closely allied to
Laella, being distinguished by having two pollinia (4
pollen masses), whereas that genus has four (or 8 pollen
masses.) Oakes Ames.
260
CATTLEYA
C.^TTLEYA
The Cattleyas are indigenous to the western hemi-
sphere only, Central and S. America being the regions
where they abound, particularly in the latter, from the
different countries of which large quantities are im-
ported yearly. During the last few years the collecting
and importing of Cattleyas into the U. S. has assumed
large proportions, owing to a continually and steadily
increased demand, not only by amateurs but also by the
trade in genercl. There are two particular reasons for
this increased demand : First, the exquisitely beautiful
flowers, combined with size and marvelous colors, and
adapted for ilscorations at all sorts of functions, they be-
ing never out of place ; second, their easy culture. Flor-
ists and amateurs alike are beginning to realize that,
after all, orchids are only plants, an«l if only treated in a
common-sense way they are by far easier to grow than
a good many plants, and especially so the Cattleyas,
provided some attention is paid to their requirements.
Cattleyas in g^^neral dalight in a genial, moist atmos-
phere and a temperature ranging all the way from 55°
to 70°. They all require an abundant supply of water,
accompanied by a 1 —l supply of air and light, dur-
ing their respective ^ ■ 'ng seasons. A Cattleya house
should, if possible. ^ bottom and top ventilators,
which when open produce a current of fresh air impos-
sible to obtain or imitate in any other way, and in which
these plants delight. The glass should be shaded with
a thin coat of naphtha and white lead, enough to pre-
vent the sun from burning the plants, for, while they
enjoy all the light possible, the full sun in our climate
is too strong for them, and they are liable to dry and
shrivel, and thus iv^st their natural luxuriance. The
shading, however, may be removed entirely during the
dullest winter months. Cattleyas will grow equally well
in baskets, pots, or on boards ; the former are prefera-
ble where limited quantities are grown, inasmuch as
they are easily managed and may be hung up or taken
down or moved from one place to another with the
greatest ease. The large blocks or boards are to be rec-
ommended where large quantities of plants are grown
for cut-tlowers. being more economical in every sense
of the word. Wlien boards are used, the width ought
not to be less than 10 inches, as the plants would very
soon grow over the sides of the boards ; the length may
be adjusted to suit the house, but should not ^^ceed 5
feet— anything larger is liable to be too clumsy to han-
dle conveniently.
The best potting material is soft, fibrous peat, with a
sprinkling of live sphagnum intermixed. Too much
stress cannot be laid on soft peat, as frequently too
coarse material is used, resembling amass of wire, with
the result that the water benefits the plants but very
little, and root-action is slow, if taking place at all.
One thing is imperative in the cultivation of Cattleyas,
in whatever receptacles they are grown : they must be
firm, without going to the extreme of ramming in the
stuff too hard. A plant lying loose in a basket or a poi
will never grow well, but will gradually dwindle away
to nothing. Where boards or large blocks are used, the
plant"* are fastened on by means of galvanized staples,
inserting a piece of peat between the staple and the
rhizome, so as to keep the staple from burning while
new. In this way freshly imported Cattleyas may be
fastened on to clean boards or blocks, and by liberal
overhead syringing the roots soon appear, when a mix-
ture of chopped peat and sphagnum may be shaken in
between the plants to cover the roots. In using baskets,
it is advisable to use them shallow and less material,
the compost thus keeping fresh and sweet for a consid-
erable period of time. Cattleyas, as previously n.en-
tioned. enjoy a copious supply of water during their
respective growing seasons. In our climate the best
method is to use the hose, and water overhead, which,
if adhered to. will cause the plants to soon assume a
natural green color and luxuriance coraujon to them in
their native habitats. Besides, the overhead watering
will keep down vermin, such as scales, etc. By the so-
called resting season of Cattleyas is generally under-
stood the time after the plants have finished the flow-
ering bulb, and until they begin to send up the next
growth. During this time, when they are, in a sense,
dormant, the quantity of water should be diminished,
which causes the new eyes to move slowly and break
strong. As soon, however, as the new breaks are fairly
under way they should be encouraged in the way of
moisture, when the new roots will soon appear and the
plants go ahead with renewed vigor. If the plants ire
in baskets, suspended under the roof, they should he
taken down at intervals an«l dipped thoroughly. Hand-
in-hand with a copious watering must go a liberal sup-
ply of light and air at all times. In order to obtain the
best results, the plants should be placed as near to the
light as possible— say, from 1-3 feet from the glass,
according to kinds and to the space available in the
house. Kinds such as C. TriaHcti, C. labiata, C. Men-
delii, C. Mossice and C. Hurrinoniana will grow and
flower well in any part or position of the house, pro-
vided they have plenty of light and air, but 3 feet is
the maximum distance from the glass at which any of
the Cattleyas should be placed, to be successfully grown.
A capital illustration of the above is, for instance, C.
gigas, which does admirably suspended under the ridge
of the house, where it receives the full benefit of air
and light, in which position it flowers profusely, while
if growr on a bench or stage it rarely flowers.
The best twelve varieties of Cattleyas for commercial
purposes, and, indeed, for amateurs also, are the fol-
lowing: C. Triansei, flowers -Jan. -March; Schrcederiana,
fls. March, April : Mossiae. fls. April, May; Men'elii,
fls. Apri', May; VVarneri. fls. May, June; gigas, fls.
June, July ; chrysotoxa, fls. June, -July ; Gaskelliana,
fls. Aug., Sept.; Harrisoniana, fls. Sept., Oct.; labiata,
fls. Oct., Nov.; Bowringeana, fls. Oct., Nov.; Percival-
iana, fls. Dec.
With a number of plants of each of the above kinds,
it will be seen that it is possible to have a succession of
flowers from one en*', of the year to the other.
John E. Lagee.
Index : Aclandiie, 18 ; amethystina, 21 ; amethysto-
glossa, 25; aurea. 2; autumnalis, lf> ; bicolor. 19;
Bluntei, 6 ; Bojotensis, 1 ; Bowringesna, 16 ; bullosa,
30; Candida, 2^ ; Carrierei, 1; Chocoensis, 9; chryso-
toxa, 2 ; citrina, 17 ; Dawsonii, 5 ; d->losa. 91 ; Dowi-
ana, 2 ; Eldorado, 3 ; Ernesti, 1 ; Foruesii, 22 ; Gas-
kelliana, 4; gigas, 12; gloriosa, 1; granulosa, 26;
guttata, 24 ; Harrisonice, 23 ; Harrisoniana, 23 ; Hol-
fordi. ',iO; itnperialis, 1; intermedia, 21 ; Keteleerii, 25;
labiata,!; Lawrenceana, 14; Leeann,!; Lemoniana,l;
Leopoldii. 24; Loddigesii, 23; Luddemanniana, 5;
luteola. 30: Masxangeana, 1; maxima, 13; Mendelli,
6; Morgance, 1; Mossiae, 7; Nalderiana, 1; nobilior,
31 ; pallida, 1 ; Parthenia, 21 ; Peetersii, 1 ; Perci-
valiana, 8 ; Perrinii,\ ; Primii, 25; punctatissima, 21;
quadricolor, 9 ; Reineckiana, 7 ; Raezlii, 1 ; Bollis-
soni. 1 ; Sanderiana, 12 ; Schilleriana, 29 ; Schofieldi-
ana, 27 ; Schroederiana. 9 ; Skinneri, 15 ; speciosis-
sima, 5; splendens. 28; superba, 28; Triansei, 9;
Victoria-Regina, 20; violacea, 28 ; virginali.t, 1 ; Wng-
neri, 7 ; Walkeriana, 31 ; Wallisii, 3 ; Warneri, ID ;
Warocqueana, 1 ; Warscewiczii. 11.
The following Amer. trade names belong to Laelia :
crispa, lohata, marginata. pumila. See, also, the list
of hybrids at the close of Cattleya. For C. aiirantiaca,
see Epidendrutn.
Of several of the following species, there are named
vars. in the Amer. trade, varying in stature, habit, and
particularly in the color of tlie flowers.
A. Blossoms from a leafy pseitdobulb.
B. Fls. membranaceous, not fleshy.
c. yumber of fls. not more than 5, or rarely G:
pseudobulb 1-leaved.
1. labi^ita, Lind. Pseudobulbs 4-8 in. high, com-
pressed, from stout creeping rhizomes : leaf-blades
broadly ovate or oblong, about G in. in length: tls. 2-5,
ransjina: in color from rosy mauve to white; petals
3V2in. long, 2H in- wide, ovate-oblong, several times
broader than the sepals ; labellum 2%-3}i in. lon^'. ex-
panded portion 2 in. across, blotched or veined with
crimson or magenta-purple, the margin crispeit aud
paler; the posterior part stained with yellow and veined
with crimson-purple. Blooms in autumn. B.M. 3998.
P.M. 4:121. an.51:1107. G.C III. 19: 13. R.B.22:25.
A.G. 17:65: 19:811. F.R. 1:8; 2:.531. Ong.2:275. F.E.
9:327. A.F. 6:607. -Int. in 1818 from the Organ moun-
CATTLEYA
CATTLEYA
261
tains of South America. It was lost for many years and
became exceedingly rare, but recently its rediscovery
bus made it a common orchid, and many beautiful varie-
ties are in cultivation. Some of the varieties have here-
tofore been regarded as species, but as the points of
distinction are too slight to be specific, it has seemed
best to put such forms as C. Wameri, C. Triatupi and
C. Mosskt in their proper place under the original
species. C. labiata is probably the most useful species
of orchid. Immensely variable : some of the leading
varieties are described below. These forms are regarded
variously as species, varieties or sub-varietie«, by dif-
ferent authors. Besides the names given below, the
following are to be referred to C. labiata^: C Bogotin-
sis, Lind. ; C. Carrierei, HouU. ; C. Emesti, Hort. ;
C.ijloriosa, C&rr.; C. iinperidlis, O'tirien ; C.Leedna,
Hort. ; C. Lemon idna, Lindl. ; C. Massangedna, Reichb.
f. ; C. M^rganif, Warner; C. Nalderictna, Reichb. f. ;
C. pallida, Lindl. & Paxt. ; C. Peetersii, Andr^ ; C.
Pe'rrinii, Endl. (not Lindl. ) ; C. Boeslii, Reichb. f.; C.
Bollissonii, ^loore ; C. I'irgindlis, LimU. & Andr^ ; C.
Warocquedna. More than 100 other specifically made
names are referred to this species. There are white-
fld. forms of nearly all the vars.
2. Var. Dowi&na, Veitch {C.Dowidna, Batem.). Fls.
nankeen-yellow, except for the disproportionately large
labellum ; petals about twice as wide as the sepals,
about the same length as the labellum, wavy margined,
obtuse ; sepals lanceolate, acute ; labellum amply ex-
panded, margin crisped, surfpoe velvety, dark purple,
beautifully and finely eined with golden yellow lines,
which radiate from tli3 median line. Strong plants
produce 3 or more lis. on each peduncle. B.M. 5618.
R.H. 1869:30. — Di-scovered in Costa Rica by Warscewicz.
Little was known about it until 18<)4, when Mr. Area
found plants and sent them to England, where they
flowered in the autumn of 1865. There are now several
geographical varieties of this orchid, the one called
aiirea or chrysotbxa i l.H. 30:493. J.H. III. 31 :253. R.H.
lo'J? : 492. A . F. ti : 503 ; 12 : 10. F. R. 1 : 76 ) , being more
eaay lO grow. This variety is recognized by having
deeper yellow petals and sepals, and more copious vein-
ing on the labellum. The fragrance of this orchid sug-
gests vanilk, °nd renders it readily distinguishable
fr&m other varieties.
3. Var. Eldorfldo, Veitch (C. EMorddo. Linden). Fls.
pale rosy lilac, except for the more or less tubular la-
bellum. which bears at its distal end a border of crimson-
mairenta, which shades into an orange-yellow disc ;
petals narro vly ovate ; sepals lanceolate. Int. in 1866
from Braz. F.S. 18:1826. — The frajrrance of this orchid
is very characteristic, while its tls., which are much
smaller than in the type, are r—duced in July and Aue.
There are several recognizee, torms. Sub-var. crocata
is paler in the sepals and petals. Sub-var. Wallisii is
a white form (A. ir(//?i.sit, Linden).
4. Var. Gaskelli^na, Hort. Petals and sepals usually
narrower than in the type, perhaps paler. Blooms from
June to Aug. The usual forms are net distinct enough
to be varietal. Venezuela. l.H. 33:613. A. F. 6:185.
Gng.5:72.
.5. Var. Luddemanni^na, Hort. (C. Luddemannidua,
Reichb. f. (\ D'hvsmni, Warner. C speciosis.-iima,
Hort. ). Petals and sei»als delicate rose color or pink-lilac,
petals much broader than the sepals; labellum w ,» y or
crisped at the margin, compressed dorsiventrally, apex
deeply divided, front lobe deep crimson-purple, the color
carried back into the throat in streaks, front part of the
lateral lobes nearly white, margined with blush-rose ;
throat yellowish. Venezuela.
C. Var. M6ndellii, Backhouse ( C. MevdiUii, Hort.).
Fig. 386. Petals and sepals pale rosy mauve to white ;
labellum blotched with crimson-purple, throat yellowish.
Blooms in May and June or earlier. Of this varietv
tliere are many beautiful forms. Eastern Cordilleras",
New Granada. S.H. 2:413.- (7. lihhiffi, Hort., is a pure
white form with a beautifully fringed lip.
7. Var. M6ssiae. Hook, f C. M6ssi(f, Parker). Habit as
in type, or very similar; petals broadly ovate; lanellum
broad in expanded part, crisped at the usually whitish
margin; throat yellow lined with purple, expanded por-
tion mottled with crimson ; frequently much inter-
mingled with orange-yellow. La Guavia. B.M. ;!669.
R.H. 1857, p. 322. S.H. 1:149. A. (J. 14:' 70. A.F.6:563.
— C. Wdgneri, Hort , is a white form of this Cattleya.
C. Reineck^Ana, Reichb. f., is the most beautiful form.
It has white sepals and petals and a richly colored
labellum.
8. Var. Percivali&na, Reichb. f. (C. Percivalidna,
O'Brien). Fls. rather small ; petals and sepals deeper
colored than in the type species' ; labellum relatively
^i5v^^^
386. Cattleya labiata, var. MendelUi.
small, pale at margin; throat deep yellow streaked with
crimson, expanded part crimson-purole. F.R. 1:298,
J.H. III. 32: 179.
9. Var.Triinaei, Veitch (C Trinncpi. Lind. & Reichb. f.
C. qnadricolor Lindl.). Fig. 388. Foliage more robust,
perhaps, than in the type species, though, of course,
cultivation has much to do with this ; petals broader
than in the typts specie.s, ovate-rhomboid ; exceedingly
variable in color; expanded portion ( not usually so wide
or spreading as in C. labiata) crimson-magenta, the
margin less wavv than iu the other varieties. New
Grenada. B.M. 5504. R.H. 1860, p. 40&-7. A.G. 17:177.
Gng. 3:151. A.F. 6:607; 13:715. F.E. 9:325. F.R.
1:672-3. S.H. 1:11,27; 2:403, 405. -The fls. are pro-
duced .3-5 on the stout peduncles. Sub-var. Alba.
White fls., yellow blotch in throat. Sub-var. Choco^n-
sis, Hort. Verj' similar to the above, but the fls. have
the appearance of not wholly expanding, (^olonibia.
l.H. 20:120. A.F. 6:563. Sub-var. SchroederiAna, Hort.
(C. St-hr'fderidun, Reichb. t.). Fragrant ; petals and
sepals vary from white to pale rosy mauve ; labellum
has more orange-yellow than usual. Blooms at about
the same time with the above, and on account of its pale
fls. is a valuable variety. G.C. III. 20:73. A.G. 15:211.
F.E. 9:331.-C. Trinncei is probably the most popular
single garden orchid.
10. Var. Wameri, O'Brien (C. TlVrn^r/, Moore). Very
similar to C. bibiata itself, diflferinsr from it, perhaps,
onlv in its blooming season. May. June and Julv. S.
Brazil. A.F. 6:.")63.
11. Var. Warscewiczii, Reichb. f. Fls. large ; label-
lum yellow in the throat, streaked with magenta-red, the
infoldinir portion similar in color to the expanded por-
tion, whieh is uniformly crimson-ptirple. New (iranada.
G.C. III. 22: 163. -At the entrant" to the throat there
are usually two yellow blotches, or ves."
262
CATTLEYA
CATTLEYA
12. Var. Sanderiina, Hort. (C. glgas, Lind. & Andr^).
Pig. 387. A noble-fld. form, which, besides being rich in
color, is larger than the usual varieties of C. labiata.
New Grenada. I.H. 21:178. Gn. 45, p. 445. G.F. 1:437.
A.G. .July 23, 1898. Suppl. F.R. 1:77 and 674. F.E.
10: 892. — This is a form of var. Warscewiczii.
13. maxima, Lindl. Plants about 1 ft. high : sepals
and petals pink-lilac ; labellura oval-oblong, obscurely
3-lobed, richly veined with crimson, expanded part
crisped at the margin, a vellow median band on the
disk. Equador. B.M. 4902.' F.S. 20:21.36. F.R. 1 :298.
14. Lawrence&na, Reichb. f. Pseudobulbs 12-15 in.
high, frequently brownish, rarely green : sheath red-
dish brown : tls. few, about 4 in. across ; petals oblong,
blunt at the apices ; sepals pale mauve, narrow; label-
luiii purple shaded with maroon. March. British Gui-
ana. B.M. 7133.
cc. Number of fls. usuaUy more than 6:
pseudobulh 2-3-leaved.
15. SWnneri, Batem. Stems about 1 ft. high, attenu-
ated at base, 2-lvd.: fls. (J-S. sometimes more, a'>out 4
in. across, rose-mauve ; disk of labellum whitish, bor-
dered with deeper rose-mauve or deep purple. Guate-
mala. B.M. 4270. P.M. 11:193. R.B. 22:201. G.C. III.
20:t">. G.F. 3:201. — Common, and a favorite. Runs into
wh t -fld. forms.
16. !,^0WTinge§ina, Veitch (C. autumnAUs, Hort.).
Pseudobulbs about 18 in. tall, Kin. in diam., subcylin-
drical, jointed, nodes about 6, base swollen, 2-3-lvd.:
fls. 5-30, on stout peduncles 1 ft. long. double-sheathed;
petals 1}4 in. long, deep rose-mauve: labellum maffenta-
purple at distal end. deeper colored toward sulfurous
yellow throat. Blooms in autumn. Honduras. R.B. 21:37.
R. H. 1890:300. -Undoubtedly a variety of
the preceding.
Fls. not membranaceous, fleshy,
thick: usually S-leaved.
c. Peduncles pendent.
17. citrina.Lindl. Pseudobulbs ovoid,
not erect, with membranaceous
whitish sheaths: If.-blades
glaucous, about 6 in. long : fls.
Cattleya
labiata, var.
Sanderiana.
neverj fully expanding; sepals and petals very thick,
lemon yellow: labellum yellow, anterior margin crisped
and white. Mex., at high elevations. B.M. 3742. .I.H.
HI. .30:399. - Not an especially easy orchid ' grow.
Fragrant.
cc. Peduncles erect.
D. Lateral lobes of labellum practically teanting.
18. AcUndisB, Lindl. Dwarf : sts. slender, 4 in. tall :
Ivs. elliptical: peduncle 1-2-ttd. : fls. about 4 in. across;
sepals and petals nearly equal, oblong, yellowish verg-
ing on green, spotted and blotched with dark purple
(much less distinct on dorsal surface): labellum with
small lateral lobes that do not include the column, pale
purple, with dark veins and a yellow line under the
fleshy column. Brazil. B.M. 5039.
19. blcolor, Lindl. Sts. nearly 3 ft. high, 2-lyd. : Ivs.
oblong-lanceolate, about 6 in. long : peduncle 2-5-fld.,
sometimes more : fls. 4 in. across ; petals and sepals
greenish brown, sometimes spotted with brown ; label-
lum tongue-shaped, crimson or deep rose-mauve, mar-
gins recurved ; lateral lobes do not cover the column,
Brazil. B.M. 4909.
DD. Lateral lobes of labellum inclosing column.
20. Victdria-Eegina, O'Brien. Pseudobulbs slightly
clavate : Ivs. elliptical-oblong : peduncle short, 2-3- or
more fld. : sepals oblong-lanceolate, obtuse, inferior
ones tinged with yellow at the base, otherwise pink-
lilac ; petals undulate, similar to the sepals in color ;
labellum 3-lobed, lateral lobes whitish, with purple-
violet blotch near summit, midlobe rounded on distal
margin, crimson ; disk yellow, striated with crimson
Pernambuco, 1891.— A hybrid between C. labiata and
C. Leopohli, var. Pernambucensis. One peculiarity
that tends to show this origin is the variability in the
number of leaves, sometimes 1, sometimes 2 being
borne on a stem.
21. intermedia, Graham (C. amethystina, Morr. ).
Pseudobulbs 18 in. high, jointed, rarely 3-lvd.: Ivs.
narrowly ovate, serrulate on basal margins : fls. white,
suffused with pale rose-lilac : labellum distinctly 3-lobed ;
throat whitish streaked with crimson-magenta, midlobe
rather narrow, crimson-magenta. Rio de Janeiro. B.M.
2851. P.M. 1:151. — Var. pimctatissima, Sander, is simi-
lar to the type, but the petals and sepals are peppered
unevenly with crimson spots of various sizes. Var.
Parthenia, Reichb. f., is white throughout. Brazil. 1886.
22. Fdrbesii, Lindl. Fls. about 5 ; sepals oblong, ob-
tuse, pale greenish yellow ; petals oblong-lanceolate,
undulate, same color: labellum trilobed, lateral lobes
pale yellow without, brighter yellow within ; the
midlobe rather dentate, pale yellow ; the disk
britrhter yellow, spotted with reddish purple toward
" the base. Braz. B.M. 3265.
"^- 23. Ldddigesii, Lindl. (C. cdndida, Wil-
liams). Pseudobulbs about 1 ft. high :
If.-blades ovate, 5 in. long : fls.
2-4, pale pink-lilac; sepals elliptic-
oblong: petals very similar: label-
lum 3 lobed, throat and inner sur-
face of lateral lobes whitish, colored
on the outside like the petals, the
midlobe colored like the petals,
spreading, base yellowish : column
closely pressed to the labellum.
Brazil. — This Cattleya was form-
erly called Epidendrnm riolaceum.
and as an horticultural species is
much older than C. labiata, -which is often
considered the oldest species in the group.
Var. Harrisoni^na, Hort. (C. Harri-
soni(ina, Batem. C. Hdrri.sonice, Paxt.).
Surface of the labellum more corrugated.
,'en to be a
variety. P.M. 4:247. Gn. 4^:1040.
24. guttita, indl. Pseudobulbs fusiform, 2-3-lvd.;
If.-bladefe elliptic-oblong : peduncle stout, bearing sev-
eral large flls. : sepals oblong-lanceolute ; petal."- rather
broader, all yellowish irreen (metallic), spottea with
brown-purple : labellum 3-lobed, lateral lobes pmk-
lilac, midlobe large, cuneiform, deeper colored. Kio de
.Taneiro. Var. Ldopoldi, Hort. (C. Leopoldii. ^ersch.
& Lera.). has smaller and more aumerousfls. £.H.2:h9.
''» amethyBtoglbssa. Linden & Reichb. f. {C. guttata.
'■■W-,";--"v.'5,
^s^i-jf^^*tlvA^^.^ Really too like the preceding ev<
£^>ry±r-JrL~~ - " variety. P.M. 4:247. Gn. 48:104
var.
Prima, Reichb. f. C. Prlmii, Hort. C. guttdta,
#
CATTLEYA
CAULIFLOWER
263
var. Keteleerii, H« .'"»t.). Lvs. oblong-lanceolate : ra-
cemes many-tld. : \. .tala and sepals about equal, the
former obovate, the latter narrower, all suffused with
rose and spotted with deep crimson ; labellum 3-Iobed,
lateral lobes white outside, the reflexed apices crimson,
miillobe broad, deep crimson, disk corrugated and pap-
illose. Bahia, Brazil. B.M, 568.3. R.H. 1869:210.
4<n
388. Cattleya abiata. var. Triansei.
2r>. gn^anulosa, Lir dl. Foliage verv- similar to that of
the preceding speci s: peduncles stout, bearing several
large tls.: sepals ol long, olive-green, spotted with red;
fietals obovate-obl( ng, undulate, margined, otherwise
ike sepals ; lahellu u ,"J-lobed. lateral lobes yellow inside,
wiiiiish outside, i lidlobe attenuated toward the disk,
expanded part sul reniform, white, covered with numer-
ous purple papills'. Guatemala.
27. Schofieldiir a, Reichb. f. Lvs. 2. dark green, 6 in.
lony: and 2 in. w.de : sepals and petals light greenish
yellow, the petals very narrow at the base and very
broad and blunt at the top ; lip niui-h like that of C.
granulosa, the s.de lacinife whitish, the middle laciniro
purple-amethysf. Brazil. G.O. IlL 22 :2.")2. — Fls. larger
than in C. gran tlosa, and the lip is granulated.
28. 8up6rba, I^indl. {C.violdcea,l{ort.). Sts. clavate,
about 1 ft. hich : lvs. ovate-oblong, very thick : fls.
about (>, 5 in. i, cross ; sepals and petals oblong-lanceo-
late, about equal, deep rose color, pale at the base ;
labellum ;{ lobed, lateral lobes deep, rich crimson out-
side ; midlobf broadly margined with same color, pass-
ing abruply iito vellow. veined with crimson British
Guiana. B.:^.. 408:5. P.M. 9:26.'). J.H. IIL :{1::*21.
A.F. 11:1351.— This plant is reputed difficult to grow.
There is a form called var. spldndens, Hort. It is pal?r
in color thar the type.
29. SchilUriina, Reichb. f. Sts. 5 or 6 in. high, red-
dish brown, 2-lvd.: lvs. elliptical, dark above, brownish
purple beneath: peduncles usually 2-ti(l.: Hs. several
in. across ; petals and sepals equal, oblong lanceolate.
purple-brown, spotted with deeper brown : labellum
3-lobed, lateral lobes infolding the column, whitish
without, yellow veined with purple within ; midlobe
reniform, deep rose-mauve wilh whiti.sh veins, throat
yellow. Braz. B.M. 5150. F.S. 22:2286. A.F. 6:563.
30. lutdola, Lindl. (C. H6lforiU, Hort.). Lf. 1, short
and broad (3 in. long), the pseudobulb compressed :
peduncle short, 5-6- or more-tld. : ♦is. ver;'^ small, yel-
low, the sepals pnd petals unif<»rm and i-2-in. long and
obtuse ; lip about as long «.., he petals, 3-lobed, vel-
vety T7ithin. Brazil. B.M. 5 i. F.S. 23:2479.
>A. Blossoms from a leafliss pseudobtdb.
31. Walkeriiina, Garuner ( C. hulbdsa, Lindl. ) . Steins
2-5 in. tall, 1-2 Ivd. : lvs. oblojfc, 3-5 in. long; peduncles
come from the rhl'.omenear th2 base of the folia-stems,
anil are leafless; fls. large, 1 or 2; petals and sepals rosy
mauve or pink-lilai ; labellum 3-lobed, lateral lobes
erect, partially infoldi-^g the column, midlobe spread-
ing, anterior end deeper rose-mauve; posterior end yel-
lowish, striated with rose-mauve. Braz. A. G. 11:159.—
This Cattleya is distinct from all others in producing
its fls. from a leafless shoot.
Vpr. doldsa, Vei^ch (<?. doldsa, Reichb. f. ). Peduncles
produced from between two lvs. This variety, together
with several others, must be regarded as perpetuated
anomalie of ('. IVdkeriana.
Var. nobllior, Vei'ch (C, vobUior, Reichb. f. ). Large
and handsome : front lobe of lip spotted with creamy
white. I. H. 30:485.
Some of the hybrid Cattleyas are the following : C. A Ihertii
=int€rmvdia X siiperba : C. ^a/ZanhaHu—Trianwi X Warsce-
wiczii : C. ^raJ)fi/i^V«'= LoddigesiiX Aclandiae ; C. Brpmeriana,
Reichb. f.=supposed natural hybrid of superbaX Eldorado ;
f^. (7as«dndr«=^^^LoddigesiiXLa"liaelegans; C. Chainberlainiana
=LeopoIdiiXDowiana ; C. I>or»>janjdna= Laelia puniilaX
Cattleya bicolor?; C. Exo7iien»is,Yeitch(hfp\i& Exoniensis)
-^sxipposed natural hybrid of C MossiieXLa?liapurpurata;
C. AjH-8^a=LoddigesiiX Exoniensis ; C. Hardyana, doubtful
parentage, probably=DowianaXgiga8(F.R. 1:78); C.Hdrrisii=
LeopoldiiXMendellii; O.Ayftrida ;>tr?a=guttataXintennedia; C.
Kraineridna, Reichb. f., is a supposed natural hybrid of inter-
mediaXForbesii ; C I/0?prj/dna=intermediaX Fori)esii ? ; C.
lfdnff/cs«i==Lu<idemannianaXrjoddigesii; C. MdrdelU=hndde-
manuiana Xrj<elia elegans; 0. Mdrstersonife^hoddigeanXlf^-
biata : C. Jfertx?<r*'»M=Aclandiaj X Walkeriana ; C. vplfitina,
Reichb. f.. is probnblv a hy>)rid with bicolor and some other
species (Gt. 44:1 4-'0. G.C. III. 24::{:W) : <'. Wh)tei, Reichb. f., a
supposed natural hvbrid of labiataXSehilleriana.' C. Zenbbia
=LoddigesiiXLa'lia elegans. Oakes Ames.
CAULIFLOWER (Brdssica olerdcea, Linn., var.
hotrytis, DC. ). One of the cabbage tribe, of which the
head is composed of the metamorphosed flowers and
flower-cluster (Fig. 389). (See Cabbage.) The Cauli-
flower is one of those crops in the culture of which the
unskilled amateur is liable to stumble upon success,
and the more experienced professional to meet with
failure. One can undertake to grow ths crop intelli-
gently and with some assurance of a fav .rable outcome
only when he thoroughly understands the particular
requirements of this fastidious vegetable. These
requirements mean especially a high degree of soil
fertility, perpetual moisture with proper drainage, and
protection from an excess of direct sun heat. In the
heat of raid-season. Cauliflowers seldom head well, ex-
cept in more than ordinarily favorable locations or sea-
sons. For this reason, the early crop is usually expected
to head before midsummer, while the late crop is
planted with the expectation to have it come to a hea I
after the hottest summer weather is over. In all cases,
try to select the richest land for Cauliflower, giv-
ing a rich pasture or clover-field the preference. A
strong loam, neither too clayey nor too sandy, is best.
Plenty of good manure, horse manure being considered
best, must be well incorporated with the soil, and the
latter ite brought into the highest state of tilth.
For the early crop, start the plants from best seed ob-
tainable, under erlass, as early as the early cabbage plants
are started. This can be done in a greenhouse or a
hotbed. The possessor of the greenhouse, of course,
has the advantage that he is sure to be in position to
plant, and that no postponement will be necessary on
account of the weather. The aim is to have the seed-
264
CAULIFLOWER
CEANOTHUS
lings pricked out into a coldframe and prrown to pood
transplanting size, and also well hardened off by expo-
sure, by the time that the soil can be brought into good
working order in early spring. With properly hardened
plants, late spring frosts are not much to be feared.
Liberal applications of good commercial fertilizers, say
up to a ton per acre, ancl made either before or after the
389. Cauliflower, trinuned for market.
plants are set, are often of material help ; and an
ounce or two of nitrate of soda scattered aro .nd each
plant soon after setting seldom fails to show marked
or even remarkable results. Salt, lime, kainit, or muri-
ate of potash frequently tend to aid the plants in mak-
ing increased growth. No application, however, can be
more necessary or more useful than that of cultivator
and hoe. The soil at all times should be kept loose and
mellow.
The best demand for Cauliflower is usually during
the pickling season, in September and October. Plants
can be started from seed and transplantetl to the field
at the same time that we start and set late cabbage
plants, or a little later. In a general way, the crop is
handled similarly to the early crop. It is not always au
easy task, however, to get the plantation started during
the hot and dry weather of July. A favorite method
of raising late Caulitlower is to sow a few seeds right
in the hill where the plants are wanted to grow. Put
the soil in perfect tilth previously, then mark out rows
3 feet apart, drop the little pinches of seed about 2 or
2}^^ feet apart in these shallow marks, and lightly cover
with the foot, firming well by stepping on each hill.
Later on the plants are thinned to one in the hill. The
soil must be kept stirred frequently, unless — and this is
a much better plan, and one which we always try to
practice— the soil is kept well covered with a mulch of
fresh manure, thick enough to keep down all weed
growth. In dry weather, water may be poured upon
this layer of manure, and will furnish both food and
drink for the plants.
Of the enemies of the crop, none is more formidable
than the cabbage root-magirot. This seems to have a
special liking for the Cauliflower. The protective
measures which are used for early cabbages are all the
more necessary for early Cauliflower. Among such
measures, that of enveloping each plant with a tight-
fitting collar of tarred felt, and the other of injecting
aliout a teaspoonful of bisulfide of carbon into the soil
under the roots of each plant, are probably the best and
most surely effective. Plant lice are another serious
pest of this crop. Effective reniedios are dusting with
fine tobacco dnsr, or spraying with strong tobacco tea or
kerosene emulsion. At times we have had fair success
by dashing hot soap-suds upon the plants.
Varieties.— There are no typical or very marked
differences between any of our most popular variftics.
Most of them are selected strains of the Early or Earli-
est Dwarf Erfurt, Among these are Alabaster, Best
Early, Gilt Edge, Ideal, Lackawanna. La ('rosse Fa-
vorite, Long IslaBd Beauty, Sea Foam, Snowball, Snow-
storm, ::nd others. AU these may be planted for early
as well as the late crop. A large form of the Early Er-
furt (and a little later) seems to be slightly better
adapted to growing in warm weather. Early Paris and
Half-early Paris are varieties well suited to summer
conditions. Autumn Giant or Giant Naples is a rptber
late sort, which gives good satisfaction in some of our
coast states.
The hot summers of the United States are not favor-
able for the production of Cauliflower seed, so that,
until quite recently, almost every pound of seed used
here was imported from Europe. Now, however, a con-
siderable portion of it is being grown on the Pacific
coast (i^'uget sound), and seems superior to the im-
ported in plumpness and vitality. We have always se-
cured especially strong plants from this American-
grown seed. For seed-trrowing purposes, sow seed dur-
ing July, transplant, and winter the partially-developed
heads over in coldframe or cellar, to be set in open
ground again in early spring, and otherwise to be
handled similarly to early cabbage when grown for seed.
T. Greiner.
CAVAN is .4 ca cm Cavenia.
CEAKOTHUS (ancient Greek name). New Jersey
Tea. J*hamndceif. Shrubs or rarely small trees, some-
times spiny: Ivs. alternate, sometimes opposite, serrate
or entire, and usunlly 3-nerved at the base : fls. perfect,
5-merou3, white, blue or purplish, small, but in showy,
often paaicled clusters : f r. a3-celled drupe, dry at length
and separating into 3 stones. Thirty-six species in N.
America, chiefly Pacific coast region. Ornamental, free-
flowering shrubs, some especially valuable for their late
flowering period. Many of them are only hardy in the
warmer temperate regions, but C . A mericanus ,C.ov(itus,
and G. Fendleri are hardy north, while the numerous hy-
brids of C. America )U(s are only half hardy, and even if
protected they are killed to the ground in the north, but
the young shoots will usually flower the same season.
The safest way, however, to have good, free-flowering
plants of these beautiful hybrids will be, in the north, to
dig them up in fall, store them away in a frost-proof pit
or cellar, and to plant them out again in spring. Pruning
of the late flowering species will be of advantage; about
one-half of last yearVi growth may be taken away. They
grow in almost any so I , but best in a light and well drained
one, and most of tho Californian species prefer a sunny
position. Prop, by seeds sown in spring and by cuttings
of mature wood in autumn, inserted in a coldframe or
greenhouse ; softwood cuttings also grow readily if
taken in early spring from forced plants. Sometimes
increased by layers, and the varieties and hybrids by
grafting on roots of C. A mericanns under glass in early
spring ; the cions must be fresh and with leave:?, taken
from plants kept in the greenhouse during the winter.
A. Lvs. alternate.
B. Margins of lvs. serrate or erenate.
c. Fls. white.
D. Foliage deciduous.
Americ^nus, Linn. Fig..S90. Low.&rect shrub.to.'ift.;
lvs. ovate, usually acute, finely and irregularly serrate,
bright green and dull above, paler and pubescent or
nearly glabrous beneath, lJ^-3 in. long: fls. in terminal
and axillary panicles on slender peduncles, forming
large, corvnibose panicles. July-Sept. From Canada to
S. Carolina and Texas. B.M. 1479. - Common in dry
woods and making a profusion of bloom, which, how-
ever, is short-lived. Many hybrids have been raised
from this species in Eu. (see C hi/bridus). Var. inter-
medins, Trel. ( C. intermedins, I*ursh ) . has smaller, ovate
or ovate-lanceolate Ivs. and the fls, in small, very slen-
der, peduncled, short racemes or panicles. Tennessee to
S. Carolina.
ovitus, Desf. (C.ovdlis, Bigel.). Low shrub: lvs. ellip-
tic to elliptic-lanceolate, obtuse or acute, crenulate-ser-
rate, nearlv glabrous, glossy above, 1-2 in. long: inflores-
cence like the former, but usually smaller. New England
to Colorado and Alabama.
CEANOTHUS
CEDRELA
265
languineas, Pursh (C. OregHnns, Nutt.). Tall shrub,
with purple or reddish j^labrous branches: Ivs. orbicular
to ovate or obovate, obtuse, serrate, nearly glabrous,
1-3 in. long: fls. in rather long, narrow panicles, on stout,
leafless peduncles, axillary, from branches of the previous
year. May, June. Brit. Columbia to Calif. B.M. 5177.
i)U. Foliage persistent, shining above, canescent
beneath.
velutinus, Dougl. Tall shrub : Ivs. broadly elliptic,
mostly subcordate, obtuse, serrate, dark .?rreen and gla-
brous above, 2-'i in. long : tls. in large, compound pani-
cles at the ends of tlip branches. .June, July. Brit.
Columbia to Colo, and ('alif. B.M. 51 65.
cc. Fls. blue, purplish or pink • Ivs. half rvergreen.
hirsfltns, Nutt. Shrub or small tree, with villous
brauehes: Ivs. broadly elliptic or ovate, rounded or cor-
date at the base, obtuse or acute, with glandular teeth,
villous and usually green beneath, }4-2 in. long : fls.
deep blue to purplish, in narrow panicles, 1-2 in. long.
April, May. Calif.- Var. drcutti, Trel. ( C. Orcutti, Tor-
rey). Fls'. blue, paler: fr. loosely villous,
thyrsifldrus, Eschsch. Shrub or small tree : Ivs. ob-
long, obtuse, crenate-serrate, nearly glabrous, 1-lJ^in.
Ions:: fls. blue, rarelv white, in narrow panicles, about
3 in. long. May-rJufy. Oregon to Calif. B.R. 30:38.
S.S. 2: G4. G.C. Ill, 20: 363. -A very fine, free-flowering
species of beautiful blue color. Probably natural hybrids
of this species are : C. I'eifchidnus. Hook. (C. thyrsi-
flornsxrigidus), wit* 'eep blue fls. in dense panicled
clusters; B.M. .')127 .S. 13:1383, and C. Lobbidnus,
Hook. {C.thf/rs 'itsxdentntus), with deep blue fls.,
in oval, pedunc! solitary clusters. B.M. 4810 (4811 by
error). F.S. 10;. -16.
390. Ceanothus Americanus (X K)-
hi^bridus, Ilort. Hybrids of garden origin, chiefly be-
tween V. Americanus or C.ontfus and C. thyrsiflorus
or Ca;ii»-eH.*(, mostly raised in French nurseries. Some
of the most distinct are : Alhus-plenns, with «louble
white ds. ; Atroc(rriileus pnrpurt'us. tis. blue, foliage
purple when young: Arnoldi. Hs. sky-blue, in large
panicles; Gloire <Je r*'rsa Hies, with bright blue, large
panicles; Gloire de Planti^res, fls. dark blue, in larjje
panicles ; Marie Simon, fls. flesh-colored ; Mdseus, fls.
pink. R.H.1875:30.
BB. Marfjins of Ivs. entire or nearly so: half evergreen.
Fendleri, Gray. Low, prostrate and spiny shrub: Ivs.
oval, roumied or nearly actite at both ends, entire, rarely
finely serrulate, grayish green, minutely tomentose be-
neath, J'^-l in. long: fls. white, in short racemes, termi-
nal, on sho.-t, lateral branchlets. June, July. From S.
Dakota to New Mexico and Arizona. — A very graceful
and free-flowering shrub of almost creeping habit, well
adapted for covering dry, sandy banks ; half evergreen
and hanly north.
int8g6rrimu8, Ilook. & Arn. Tall, erect shrub, with gia-
brosceat branches : Ivs. broadly elliptic or ovate, spar-
ingly hairy or glabrous, bright green beneath, 1-3 in.
long : fls. blue, sometimes white, fragrant, in 3-6-in.
long, narrow panicles. April-June. Washington to Calif .
and S. E. Arizona.
divaric&tus, Nutt. Tall, erect shrub, with usurilly glau-
cous branches and often spiny : Ivs, ovate, obtuse or
nearly acute, glaucous and glabrous or grayish tomen-
tose, ^^-1 in. lonir: fls. pale blue, sometimes whitish, in
2-3-in. long, narrow panicles. April-June Calif.
AA. Lrs. opposite, persistent.
cuneitus, Nutt. Tall, much-branched shrub: Ivs. spatu-
late or cuneate-obovate, mostly obtuse, entire, minutely
tomentose beneath, M-l in. long : fls. white, in small
clusters along the branches. March-May. Oregon to
Calif. B.H. 8: 170.
prostritns, Benth. Procumbent shrub : Ivs. cuneate,
obovate or spatulate, coarsely and pungently toothed,
sometimes only 3-pointed at the apex, often minutely
silky when young, }4-\ in. long : fls. blue, in dusters,
terminal on short branchlets. Spring. Washington to
Calif.
C. Africdntis. Linn.=Noltea Africana. — C. atrocaerfileus pur-
pfireus, see C. hybridus.— C. azureus, Desf. Low shrub : Ivs.
membrau»<'eous. oblong, serrate, putrescent : tls. blue, in large
panicles. Summer. Mexico. L.B.C.2:110. B.K.4:2yl. P.M.
2:74. Under this name a hybrid of this species with C Ameri-
canus is often ciiltivated.- C bicolor, HBK.= C. azureus.— C.
cceriileus, Lag.==C. azureus.— C. dentdtus, Torr. & Gray. Low
shrub : Ivs. oblong, penninerved. dentate, glandular-papillate
aOove, loosely hairy : fls. blue, in i)ediuicled ('lu.ster= Calif.
F.S. 6:567. 2. B.H. 3:101.— C. dentdtus, y&r. floribiin. us. Trel.
(C. tloril)undus. Hook.). Fl. -clusters numerous, ne»riy sessile:
Ivs. sm.-iller. B.M. 4S(»6. F.S. 10:977. I.H. 7:238. B.H. 5:129.
C. foliosus. Parry. Tjow shrub : Ivs. small, broadly elliptic,
glandular-toothed, slightly hairy, pale or glaucous beneath: lis,
deep blue, in numerous small clusters. Calif.— C. intermedins,
Pursh=C. AmericAnus, var. intermeilius.— C. Icevigdtus, Dougl.
Tall shrub: Ivs. broadly elliptic, serrate, glabrous, glaucous ^-
neatb: tls. yellowish white, in large panicles. Calif.— C. Lobbi-
dnus. Hook., see C. thyrsitlorus.- C microphyllus, Michx. Low
shrub: Ivs. very small, obovate or elliptic, nearly glabrous: fls.
white, in small, short-pedimcled clusters. Florida.— C. Ore-
gdnus. Nutt.= C. sangiiineus.— C. Orcutti, Pan-y = C. hirsutus,
var. Orcutti.— C. papillosus, Torr. & Graj'. Low shrub: Ivs.
narrow-oblong, dentate, glinulular-papillate above, villous be-
ne;tth : tls. deep blue, in pe<hincled, axillary oblong chisters.
Calif. B.M.4.S1.-). F.S. 6:.Vj7, 1. P.F.G. 1. p. 74. R.H. 18,-H):;rJL—
C. Fdrryi. Trel. Large shrub: Ivs. elliptic or ovate, denticulate,
co])webby beneath : tls. deep tdue, in peduncled, narrow panicles.
Calif.— (\ riijidns, Nutt. ilifid, mu<-h-l)ranchetl shrub : Ivs.
opposite, cuneate-obovate, d*" iilate, usually glabrous, s lall:
fls. blue, in small, nearly ses. ... . axillary clusters. C.ilif. B.M.
4660 (as V. verrucosus) and 4(i<54.— C. Veitchidnus, Hook., see
C. thyrsiflorus.- (\ verrucosus. Nutt. Low shrub: Ivs. mostly
alternate, roundish obovate, emarginate. denticul.-ite, nearly
glabrous, small: fls. white, in small. axillaiT clusters along the
branches. Calif.— C. verrvcdsus, Hook.= C. rigidus.
Alfred Rehder.
C£DB£LA (from Cedrus, the wood resembling that
of Cedrus). Melidceiv. Tall trees, with alternate, usu-
ally abruptly pinnate Ivs., without stipules; Ifts. petl-
oled, entire or slightly serrate : fls, inconspicuous, whit-
ish, usually perfect. 5-merous, in large, pendulous, termi-
nal panicles; the 5 petals formintj a tube with spreading
limb : fr. a capsule, dehiscent, with 5 teeth, with many
flat, winded seeds. Eisrht species in trop. Amer. and 8,
forming the subgenus Tooiia, in E. India and Australia.
Tall, ornanjental trees, and well adapted for avenues ;
only hardy in S. Calif, and in the Gulf states, except
C Sinensis. The wood of some species is known as
cedar wood, and much valued for making furniture and
boxes. They thrive best in rich loam, and are prop, by
seecls or by cuttings of mature wood, and, also, by root-
cuttings, all with bottom heat.
;--, 1^5. ^ ■
266
CEDRELA
391
Leaflets of Cedrela and
Ailanthus.
Cedrela in the right (X >^).
A. Lfts. 10-25, quite glabtous.
Sinensis, Ju8s. Fig. 391. Tree, to 50 ft.: Ivs. long-
petioled, 10-20 in. long ; lfts. 10-22, oblong or obioug-
lanceolate, acuminate, slightly and remotely serrate,
4-8 in. long : fls. white, in very long, pendulous ra-
cemes : fr. oblong or obo-
vate, about 1 in. long. June,
China. K.H. 18yi. p. 574-75,
and 1875, p. 87. Gng. 4:l.—
S5:--_.^^^|C^_ / \_----|^ \ Ornamental tree, with large,
^^^f / -,C^ \ feathery foliage; very valu-
able for avenues; similar to
Ailanthurf, and nearly of the
same hardiness, but of more
regular and dense growth,
and without the disagreeable
odor when flowering. Ailan-
thus can be easily distiu-
gui hed by the few coarse
teeth near the base of the
ifts., each bearing a large
gland beneath (Fig. 391).
Berrita, Royle. Tree, to
70 ft. : Ivs. usually odd-pin-
nats, 15-20 in. long : lfts.
15-25, ovate-lanceolate or
ovate-acuminate, irregularly
serrate, glaucous beneath :
panicles long, pendulous :
lis. fragrant. Himalayas.—
This is probably the hardi-
est of the tropical species.
Closel> killed to this species is C. Toona, Roxb., from
E. India, but Ivs. abruptly pinnate, and lfts. usually
entire.
odorAta, Linn. Tree, to 80 ft. : Ivs. 10-20 in. long; lfts.
12-20, ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, nearly entire, 4-<5 in.
long: panicles shorter than the Ivs.: fr. obloug, almost
\% in. long. W.India. — The cedar wood comes mostly
from this species.
AA. Lfts. 6-10, finely ciliate.
Dug^ai.Wats. Tree: Ivs. 10-15 in. long; lfts. cuneate,
ovate- lanceolate, long and slender acuminate, nearly
entire, shining above, 4-6 in. long: panicles rather com-
pact, much shorter than the Ivs. Mexico.
Alfred Rehdek.
CEDRONfiLLA {a little Cedar, from the odor of C.
triphijlht, a species from the Canary Islands, sometimes
called "Balm of Gilead"). Labihtas. Eight species of
nerbs or shrubs, allied to Dracocephalum. The two na-
tive kinds described below are compact, free-flowering
border perennials, with aromatic Ivs. and numerous
showy, purplish pink fls. with blue stamens, and borne
in dense whorls on long racemes or spikes. They are
not quite hardy north, and should have a sheltered,
sunny position, or some winter protection.
cAna, Hook. Height 2K-3 ft.: stems hard, square,
subshrubby : branches numerous, especially at the basr,
opposite, hoary with a minute pubescence: upper Ivs.
small, %-\% in. long, entire, hoary, numerous near the
fls., ovate ; lower Ivs. larger, cordate-ovate, dents' e-
serrate : spikes numerous : whorls dense, 15 or ni' .e
fld,: corolla 1 in. long, limb 5-cleft, the lowest '< i»e
largest, crenate, revolute. June-Oct.'* Mex. and N. Mex.
Mexicana, Benth. (GanJdquia betonico)(1es, Lindl.),
Height l-.{ ft.: root creeping: Ivs. lK-234 in. long,
ovate-l?nceolate (the lower ones cordate), crenate-den-
tate, becoming purplish below, petioled : fls. very like
above, bright pink. Mex.. Mts. S. Ariz. B.M, 3800.—
Rarer in cult, than above. Lvs. larger, longer and fewer.
triph^lla, Mceneh (Dracoc^phahim Canarifn.^e, Linn.).
Balm of Gilead. Shrubby: leaflets 3, oblong or lanceo-
late : fls. purple or white, in loose spicate whorls. Aro-
matic plant from Canary Is. Three to 4 ft.
J. B. Keller and W. M.
C£DBUS (Kedron, ancient Greek name). Coniferr.
Cedar, Large evergreen trees, with quadrangular, stitf,
fasciculate lvs.: fls. monoecious, forming cylindrical cat-
kins: cones ovate, 3-5 in. long, with broad.'closelyimbri-
CEDRUS
cate bracts, attaining maturity in two or three years ;
seeds winged. Three closely allied species in N. Africa,
Asia Minor and Himalayas. Large ornamental Conifers,
with wide-spreading branches, very distinct in hal>it
from most other Conifers ; not hardy north, but the
hardiest, €. Atlantica, may be grown as far north as
New York in sheltered positions, while C. Deodaru can
be only grown safely in Calif, and S. states. The very
durable and fragrant wood of all species is highly
valued. The Cedars prefer well-drained, loamy soil,
and will also grow ?n sandy clay, if there is no stagnant
moisture. Prop, by seeds, sown ju spring ; thtf vurietk-b
by veneer grafting, in late summer or in fall, on ^fed-
lings of C. Atlantica; or, in warmer regions, on C.
Deodara ; they grow also from cuttings, if the small
shoots are selected which spring occasioUtJly fron. the
old wood. Plants of this genus tre the true Cedars;
but trees of other genera are often called Cedar. See
Ciiamcecypari/t,Junip€nts,&ud Thuya; also Cedrela.
A. Branches stiff, not droopin<j : cones truncate,
and often concave at t.ie apex.
Atlantica, Manetti. Fig. 392. Large, pyramidal tree,
to 120 ft., with upright leading shoots : lvs. mostly less
than 1 in. long, usually thicker than broad, rigid, glau-
cous-green : cones 2-3 in. long, light brown. N. Africa.
Gng.2:163. G.F.9:417. R.H. 1890, p. .T2. Var. glauca,
Hort. Foliage glaucous, with silvery hue ; a very de-
sirable and vigorous form. Var. fastigiata, Carr' Of
upright columnar habit. R.H. 1890, p. 32.
Lib^ni, Barr. Large tree, with wide spreading, hori-
zontal branches, forming a broad head when older, lead-
ing shoot nodding : lvs. 1 in. or longer, broader than
thick, dark or bright green, sometimes bluish or silvery:
cones 3-4 in. long, brown. Lebanon, Taurus, S. Ana-
tolia and N. Africa. Gng. 5: 65. Mn. 1 : .{9. G.F. 8: :{:}5.
Gn. 48, p. 237. Var. arg^ntea, Loud. With blue or sil-
very hue. Var. n&na, Loud. Dwarf foim.
392. Ccdrus Atlantica.
AA. Branches and leading shoot pendulous ;
cones obtuse.
Deodara, Loud. Tall tree, of pyramidal habit, to 150
ft.: lvs. 1-2 in. long, dark bluish green, rigid, as thick
as broad : cones 3^-5 in. long, reddish brown. Hinial.
CEDRUS
CELERIAC
267
Gng. 2:8. Var. arg6ntea, Hort. Lvs. Antth silvery hue.
Var. viridis, Hort. Lvs. bright green. Var. robHsta,
Hort. Lvs. about 2 in. long, very rigid.
Alfred Rehdek.
CEIBA. See Eriodendron.
CELANDINE. See CheUdonium.
CELASTEUS (A'f/ajj/ro.t, ancient Greek name). Celas-
trAceiF. Shrubs, usually climbing, with alternate, peti-
oled, usually deciduous and serrate glabrous lvs.: fls.
polygamous, .5-merous, inconspicuous, greenish white,
in axillary or ♦erminal panicles or racemef : fr. a cap-
sule, dehisceiit inio '.i values, eich containing 1 or 2
seeds, enclosed in -x fieshy crimson anl. A'»out 26 spe-
cies in S. and E.Asia. Australia and America. Hardy
ornamental shrubs, very effective by their bright-colored
fruit remaining usually throughout the winter ; they
are very valuable for covering trellis-work, trees or
rocks and walls. They grow in almost any soil and
situation, and as well in shaded as in sunny positions.
Prop, by seeds, sown in fall or stratified, and by root-
cuttings or layers ; suckers are freely produced, and
become sometimes a nuisance in nurseries ; they can be
also increased by cuttings of mature and of soft wood.
The species with perfect fls. in axillary cymes and with
evergreen lvs., being rigid and often spiny shrubs, are
now included under Gymnosporia, which see.
BCindens, Linn. False Bitter Sweet. Fig. 393.
High, climbing to 20 ft.: lvs. cuneate, ovate to ovate-
lanceolate, acuminate, crenate-serrate, glabrous, 2-4 in.
long : fls. in terminal, mauy-fld. panicles or racemes :
fr. about J^in. in dium., orange-yellow, with crimson
3eeds. Canada to S. Dakota and N. Mexico. Em. 545.
A. 0.11:29,31. G.F.5:569. Gng. 5:119.
orbicul&tus, Thunbg. ( C. articuh'itus, Thunbg. ). High
climbing shrub : lvs. cuneate, suborbicular to oblong or
obovate, acute or acuminate, crenate-serrate, 2-3 in.
long : fr. globular, orange-vellow, with crimson seeds.
Japan, China. B.M. 7.599. G.F. 3: ."S-iO. A.F. 9:.')34. G.
cm, 23: 29. Gng. 5: 119. Var. puncUtus, Rehder (C.
piit'ctdtus, Thunb.). A less vigorous grower, with
smalle", e'liptic lvs. C orbiculatus is of more vigorous
growth than ihe former species, and fruits very pro-
fusely, but the fruits are hidden by the foliage, and are
not very- conspicuous until the lvs. have fallen, while (^.
scandens bears its fruits above the lvs.
J'r». bruits ol
Celastrus scandens.
(X Vs.)
paniculitus, Willd. (C. dependens,^^^]}.). Branches
with white lenticels, pendulous: lvs. ovate-oblong or
obovate : fls. in terminal pendulous panicles. Himalayas.
Not hardy N.
C.7tutan8, Hort. Reasoner, not Roxbg.=Quisqu.ilis Indica.—
C. Orixa, Sieb. & Zucc.=Orixa .laponica.
Alfred Rehder.
CELEBIAC (Apiiim graveoJens, Linn., var. rapd-
C€Mm, DC). Umbelllferce. Fig. 394. An offshoot of the
celery species, producing an edible root instead of
edible leaves. Just how long Celeriac, or Turnip-rooted
Celery, has been in cultivation is unknown. Its history
as a garden vegetable can be traced definitely as far
back as the middle of the seventeenth century, although
writers for a century or more previous to this time made
references which would seem to relate to this vegetable,
but the identity is ob.scure. Itn origin was probably the
same as that of the common garden celery, of wh'ch it
394. Celeriac {X%).
is doubtless a state wherein the root has become en-
larged and edible. This form is supposed to be the one
most remotely removed from the wild state.
Celeriac is very little grown in this country, and to
Americans is almost unknown, but it is much prized in
Europe. It is cultivated chiefly where there is a Ger-
man population. Fifteen or 20 varieties are mentioned
in the seed catalogues, but there is very little difference
in the various sorts, some seedsmen even making no
distinction between varieties, but catalogue the plant
simply as Celeriac.
In general, the culture is the same as for celery, ex-
cept that no blanchinjtr is required, since it is the enlarged
root which constitutes the edible portion. Sow the seed
during the sprintr in a w»'ll-prepared seod-bed. prefera-
bly in a more or less shaded location. A coldframe or a
spent hotbed is a good pltice. The seed is slow to ger-
minate, and must be kept well watered. When the
plants are 2 or 3 inches tall, they ought to be trans-
planted ; about 3 indies apart each way is a good dis-
tance to place them at this handling. Later, again
transplant them to the open ground, in rows about 2
feet apart and (J or 8 inches distant in the row. The
soil should be a rich, light loam well supplied with
moisture.
The seed may be sown where the plants are to remain,
and thinned to the required distance, but stronger,
more stocky plants are obtained by transplanting as
above directed.
Plants thus treated will be_ ready for fall and winter
tise. If they are desired for earlier use, the seeds may
be sown in a mild hotbed and transplanted to the open
as soon as the ground is in good condition in the spring.
Aside from frequent tillage, Celeriac requires but little
attention during growth. It is a frequent practice
among growers to remove a little of the earth from
about the plants aftertheroot has become well enlarged,
and to cut off the lateral roots. This tends to make the
main root grow larger, smoother and more symmetrical
in shape.
For winter use, the plants may be protected with
earth and straw sufficient to keep out frost, or packed
in moist sand and placed in a cool cellar.
The principal use of Celeriac is for the flavoring of
soups and stews, but it is also served in several other
268
CELERIAC
CELERY
ways. It may be bulled and eaten with a white sauce,
like cauliflower ; as a salad, either first beintr cooked
as beets or turnips, or else cut up into small pieces and
used raw ; when boiled, sliced und nerved with oil and
vinegar, it forms the dish known as "celery salad." An
extract may be obtained from it which is said to have
certain medicinal properties. u. p. Gould.
C£L£H7 (ApiutH (jraveoh'tiH, Lir.n.), rmhfUiferce.
Annual or biennial plants: leaf-staiks G-15 in. long,
bc"- Aig 3 pairs and a teiminal leaflet, ail of
which are coarsely serrate and more or less
ternately Iobe<l or'div'ded: tiower stalk 2-3
ft. higj, branched aud leafy, beari'^g nu-
■Tiejous "ither small compound umbels of
■ conspic lous white tlov ^^rs: fruit small,
flattened on the sides, broader than long.
An ounce contains between 60,000 and
70,000 seeds.
Celery is known in America only as a
garden vegetable, and is cultivated mainly
for the leaf stalks, which are blanched and
eaten raw with salt, made into salads, or
boiled and served like asparagus. Celery
roots, leaver aud seeds are also used in '. ^-
voring soups, meats, etc. The garden 'orm
resembles wild celery, which grows over a
wide range in Europe and Asia, but the
plants are less acrid and pungent and the
leaf-stalks are much larger and more meaty aud solid.
Ancient writers left litile definite information about this
plant, and it is doubtful if its cultivation as a staple gar-
den vegetable really began until after the Middle Ages.
Previous to that time it does not appear to have been
clearly distinguished from parsley, which was mainly
used at funeral ceremonies, and not at all as a salad
plant. It is supposed that the Selhwn mentioned by
Homer in the Odyssey was wild celery, and it has also
been stated that Dioscorides distinguished between the
wild and the cultivated forms of this plant, but later
writers were singularly silent about garden celery until
the seventeenth century. In 1029 Parkinson wrote that
"sellery"was a rarity in England. It seems to have
been introduced there from Italy, where its cultivation
as a garden vegetable probably began. In 1(599 John
Evelyn wrote of "sellery"as Apiutn Italicnm, and de-
scribed it as a hot and more generous form of Mace-
donian parsley or smallage, which, he stated, fo»- its
high and grateful taste was ever placed in the middle
of the Grand Pallet at the great men's tables and
Praetors' Feasts as the grace of the whole board. Dur-
ing the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries celery was
frequently called smalhuje in England and arhe in
France, but now these names have fallen into disuse.
Until about 18.")0 celery was grown in trenches; later
level culture was gradually adopted. For 20 or 25 years
following 18.50 celery was used almost entirely as a win-
ter vegetable. The plants were only partially blanched
The demand for earlier crl'>ry increased after 1875 or
1880. 1 he introduction of two new kinds of celery a few
year?? later, namely the White Plume and the Paris
Golden, both with distinct self-blaL 'hmg ti..;'Je^:'"ie9
gave a frosh impetus to the cultivation and the cjn'
sumption of early celery. These new kinds were -.uore
atti active aj vabl< decorations, and they were also more
easily grown and blanche<i than any varieties previously
cultivated. Soon after their introduction l>oards began
to be used in the place of earth in blanching early
---'i?*>-v!t — C__ /
395. Celery planted thick, and the patch edged with
boards.
in the field, then lifted and placed in trenches or celery
pits, where they remained until the blanching process
was completed, being taken out from time to time dur-
ing the winter. Celery is reported as naturalized on the
coast of southern California, and as escaped from culti-
vation in southeastern Virginia.
396. The laat earthine-up oi Celery.
celery. This proved a decided advantage to growers
because the rows could be from 2>a to 3 feet apart in-
stead of 4 or 5 feet, as was necessary before, and also
less labor was required in caring for the crop and pre-
paring it for market. With the new varieties and im-
proved methods of blanching, early celery began to be
grown on a large scale after 1885, and now la'"ge markets
are supplied with Celery throughout the entire year.
Staktinmj! the Plants. — Celery seed is usually sown
in frames where there is but little artificial heat. The
seeds germinate slowly, and the seedlings require about
three months after the seed is planted to mature suffi-
ciently to be set in the field. Sowings for the early crop
betrin in January, and those for the late crop about the
mitldle of March in the northern states. The seed is
sown broadcast, and when the plants are large enough
to handle they are transplanted into other frames, being
set 2 or 3 inches apart each way. The soil in these
frames, aud also where the seed is sown, is made very
fertile, to insure a strong growth
of both roots and foliage. After
being transplanted the plants
are allowed to remain in the
frames only long enough to
send out u new set of roots and
leaves. If for any reason the
plants remain in the frames too
long, they often go to seed pre-
maturely when set in the field.
This is much more likely to oc-
cur with the early than with the
late crops.
Field CtTLTTRB. — Moi.st,
peaty soil is preferred, but cel-
ery is succes.sfully grown on
clayey and even sandy soils,
when these are highly fertilized
and irrigated. Level culture is
now generally practiced, the old
method, in which plants were
set in sinjrle or double rows in
trenches (Fiir. ,'597) being nearly
obsolete. The plants are set
from «) inches to a foot apart in the rows, and the rows
from 2% to 'M4 feet apart. Early and late varieties are
often set in alternate rows. Boards are used to blanch
the plants tltat mature first, and when these are out of
the wav^ there is room to bank the remaining rows with
earth (Fig.:i96).
Celery plants are also set 7 or 8 inches apart each way
in beds. This method requires intensive culture. The
plants must be frequently fertilized and copiously
watered during their growth. In this case the crowding
of the leaves is sufficient to blanch the stalks of the
397. The old method
of growing Celery
in trenches. Plants
are sometimes stored
for winter *a t>uch
trenches.
CELERY
CELERY
269
Paris Golden, which is the variety generally grown in
this way, and boards are used only around the outside
of the beds (Fig. 395). This method is known as the
"New Celery Culture," or Niven's method.
Blanching. — When the weather is warm in summer
I" le'"v "I'ten blanches In two weeks after boards are set
' side the rows, but later in ♦he fall it takes three or
f«' ,' eeks, and the winter varieties are often banked
with *th considerably longer than this and 'hen placed
in eele* ' pits, where the blanching process continues.
Hemlock boards an inch thick, u foot wide and 12 feet
long, a e largely used for bianching summer celery.
These are placf 1 ou edge beside the rows and drawn
nearly together at the top, where they are held by small
wooden cleats. When thus placed the boards enclose
the entire plants, with tl e exception of ends of scatter-
ing leav es, which project above them. In market gar-
dens these boards are mc ed from one field to another
after the crops mature, ana '.•«'pt in constant use from
the middle of June until late in .'ovember. When freez-
ing weather is expected, the remaining plants of the
early varieties are lifted and set in beds in the field,
where they are enclosed on the sides and covered as
closely as circumstances may require with the boards.
Late celery is blanched mainly by banking with earth,
the earth being thrown up against the plants at two or
three different times; first, the base of the bank is
thrown up about one foot high, the leaves being held
together during the operation to prevent the soil from
tilling in between the stalks. The top of this bank is
left broad and dishing so that the plants can be watered
Two or three weeks later the bank is raised 8 inches or a
foot higher, and often it is again raised, the top of the
highest banks being about 3 feet above the ditches be-
tween the rows The plow is used in loosening the soil,
but the banking is mainly done by band. The old method
of growing celery in trenches ( Fig. 397 ) in order to bleach
it is now entirely obsolete in this country. A well-hilled
field is shown in Fig. 396.
Celery is sometimes blanched by wrapping the plants
in thick paper (Fig. 398), or by placing large pieces of
drain tile over them.
Pkeparation fok Market.— After pulling, the celery
is trimmed, then taken to the packing room, where it is
washed and tied in bunches, the bunches being from 3
to 4 inches in diameter and containing from 2 to 6
'•heads" or plants. The root is cut to a point, as shown
in Fig. 399. After bunching, it is packed in cases of
various patterns which hold from 2 to 5 dozen bunches
each. A common style of celery crate, for the marketing
of trimmed plants, is shown in Fig. 400. Sometimes
celery, especially the early crop and for nearby markets,
is not trimmed at the roots; but the roots are left intact,
the plant washed and stripped of its dead and broken
leaves and then shipped in a tray which holds water.
Fig. 401 shows Niven's tray, used for this purpose. This
tray or crate will hold 24-30 roots. The sides, A A, are
20x40 in. ; B B. 14Kx40 in. ; top pieces, C, IKin. wide by
■^sin. thick: posts, D, 1x1x12 in. The joints are mitered
and painted before nailing. The inside of the tray is
painted white.
Va'ji eties. — Not less than 50 kinds of celery, which are
more or less distinct, are catalogued by American seeds-
men. The plants vary in size from the Paris Red Ribbed,
which is scarcely a foot high, to the Giant Pascal, which
is fully three times as tall: and in color of the foliage
from the deep green of the Boston Market to the
golden yellow of the Paris Golden and the almost pure
white of the White Plume. Some kinds are turnip-
rooted (see Celeriac), others have red leafstalks, and
still others are very bitter and pungent: yet all of these
variations seem to have resulted from high cultivation
and. possibly, in some cases, from crossings of the differ-
ent kinds. A half dozen leading types may be described.
Paris Golden or Golden Self-blanching. — 1h\fi\Vir'w\y
was raised by M. Chemin in his market-gardens near
Paris. France, and it was introduced into the United
States about 1885. It was entirely distinct from all
other varieties, and it gained favor among growers rap-
idly. Since 1892 or 1893 it has been the leading summer
kind, and more generally planted in market-gardens
than any other. The plants are stocky, they can be
planted closely, conveniently blanched with boards,
packed ^n small space when bunched, the bnnches keep
remarkably well, are exceptionally attractive when ex-
posed for sale in the market, ancl the stalks are never
disagreeably bitter. Leaf-stalks below the lower pair
of leafiets 6 to 8 inches long and from \% to \% iueheH
in circumference, generally with 9 distinct ridges and
13 rather small flbn)vascular bundles, the latter not im-
bedded in green cells, the ridges flattened and the
furrows between them shallow; leaf-bearing part of the
stalk 12 to 14 inches long, with a decided constriction
where the lower pair of leaflets unite with it; leaflets
thick, sharply serrate, usually wedge shaped at the base
and with characteristic yellow specks, which increase in
398. Blanching Celery by wrapping it with paper.
numbers as the plants mature until the entire foliage
appears to be of a light golden hue.
The Paris Red Ribbed celery is a very dwarf variety,
having thick leaflets with yellow specks in them like the
Paris Golden, but the plants are smaller, not so full in
the centers and the leaf stalks are shaded with red.
Another variety of recent introduction, known as the
Broad Ribbed celery, is evidently nearly related to the
preceding kinds. The foliage shows the yellow specks,
the leaf stalks are large and rounded on the edges, at.d
the plants mature early, but they are open in the center.
Some strains of this variety have reddish leaf stalks.
White P^um^. — Introduced by Peter Henderson in
1884. For several years this variety was more generally
grown than any other kind. The plants are distinctively
270
CELERY
CELERY
self-blanchint^ aim beautiful, and it has been claimed
that thin variety surpa-snes all others as a table decora-
tion. Leafstalk below the lower pair of leaflets 8 to 10
inches long, 1 to 2 inches in circumference, ' :ht green,
becoming pure white w^hen blanched, ridges 9, flbrovas-
cular bundles I'A imbedded in green cells; leaflets large,
borne on slender divisions of the main stalk, turning
light colored and sometimes nearl.v pure white when the
399. Celery plant trimmed lor market.
plants approach maturity. This variety often requires
artificial ripening to reduce the strong flavor, in addition
to what is necessary to whiten the stalks.
The Pink Plume is a nearly related variety, having
reddish stalks but is hardly equal to the preceding kind.
Bosto)i M(tfkft. — Xn old variety, that has been grown
in the vicinity of Boston since about \i<'y{). Plants low and
spreading, very dark green and glossy, forming numer-
ous secondary crowns, leaf -stalks short and stout, ridges
9 or 11 , with shallow furrows between them , ttl)rovascular
bundles 13 or 15, imbedded in green cells; leaflets thick,
rounded in outline, deeply cleft, serrations shallow, each
terminating in a whitish point. There is a constriction
where the lower pair of leaflets unite with the stalk, and
the stalk is lighter colored here than elsewhere; above
this point the central stalk ta])ers rapidly to the end.
The Early Arlington celery is a sub-variety of the
Boston Market.
Golden ^Tear^ — A popular kind before the introduc-
tion of the self-blanching varieties, but now placed in
the background with the Golden Half Dwarf, White
Solid, Schumacher, Perle le Grande, and Alpha.
^ose. — A tall, red variety, better known than any other
kind of this class. It was introduced in 1880 by Peter
Henderson, but it never has been extensively grown for
market. Leaf-stalk red or purplish, 10 to 15 inches
long, 13^ to 2 inches \\\ circumference, ridges 9, fibro-
vascular bundles 13; leaflets dull green, thin, and the
edges inclined to turn upward; the whole plant tall,
slentler and rather hard to blanch. The young stalks
retain the red color when blanched, and are exception-
ally attractive in appearance, crisp, and have th« nutty
flavor that is so highly prized in choice celery. It was
formerly supposed that the red varieties of celery kept
better than the others, but the supposition does not seem
to be well founded.
Other varieties of this class are the Crimson Boaquet
Pink Ar'-matic. ami Convent Garden Rose. *
(Jianl PnscuL — 'Vh'x^ variety is peculiarly a<lapted to
the proiluction of a large amount of e«lible matter. The
stalks are of the largest size, tender, and never pungent,
even before they are blanched ; grown both in private
gardens and f«ir market. Leaf-stalks very large, long
and thick, generally with 12 flattened ri(li,'es arid 10
tibrovasfular bundles; leaflets dark green, thick, deeply
cleft and coarsely serrate. Plants with full centers anil
usually with«»ut secon<lary crowns.
Although the variety is much, the value and appear-
ance of the plant depend much upon the growing. There
are clifferent ideals in different parts of the country.
in the west, a plant of the type of Fig. 402 is wanted.
About Boston, a broad-based and thick-set plant (ob-
tained by much transplanting and less crowding) is
demanded (Fig. 403).
Fekti I. izeks.— Celery rarely makes satisfactory growth
on land of ordinary fertility ; it is a crop that must have
liberal treatment to yield good returns. Organic ferti-
lizers rich in nitrogen are mainly used, although gener-
ally in market-gardens these are supplemented with pot-
ash and other salts. It is customary to apply the organic
fertilizers in a decomposed condition and plow them in
before the plants are set. Later, when the plants are
about half grown, some commercial fertilizer is scattered
along tb'^ rows before each hoeing. It is important that
the fertilizers used should not njakethe land too porous.
They should increase its capacity for holding moisture.
and not hasten evaporati(m. When coarse, litrht manures
must be used for this crop, it is better to pliice them on
the surface as a mulch than to plow them in.
Diseases. — Of diseases, there are two or three serious
blights or rusts, but there are no widespread and serious
insect depredators. (.See Duggar. Bull. 132, (.'oruell
Exp. Sta., and reports from stations in Conn.. N. Y.
(state), N. J., Dei>t. Agric, etc.) The best general
treatment is to start with healthy seed on land which
has not bred the disease, ami then spray early snid fre-
quently with Bordeaux mixture, or other fungicide.
The treatment should all be done early in the life of
the crop.
Storing.— If celery is to be kept for winter use, it
must be cool and moist. It is usually set out again, so
that the roots take sufficient hold upon the earth to pre-
vent the plant from wilting. For home use, the plants
may be set in an old shoe case, in which there are a few
inches of earth in the bottom, the top of the box being
left uncovered. If the box is as deep as the height of
the Celery, holes should be made in the side of the box
to admit of ventilation. The box may now be kept in a
cool cellar. Taking similar precautions, Celery may be
stored in barrels in ^
the cellar. For mar-
ket. Celery may be
set in trenches, as
shown in Fig. .397.
Two boards are then
leaned over the
plants, to forn a ga
bie roof; and as cold
weather approaches,
straw is brown on
top. In large cel^^ry
areas, however, the
crop is now stored in
sheds or cellars made
for the purpose. In
these sheds, the cel-
ery is planted out,
and the temperature
is kept above hard
frost. Full discussion of this method will be found
under Storing.
For further information, see Greiner's "Celery for
Profit"; Vaushan's "Celerv Manual': Van Bochove's
"Kalamazoo Celery"; Hollister's "Livingston's Celery
Book." L. F. Kinney.
Commercial Celery Culture. -The increasing de-
mand for this delicious vegetable has interested both the
gardener and farmer in studying its needs. They have
400. Celery crate.
CELERY
CELKKY
271
iuc!Ct»eded so well that th« quality has be«n improved
anii the leujrth of the market season increased to such
an extent that instead of tlndinx it for sale only durint;
the fall and winter mouths, we now have it the greater
part of the year. The greater part of the crop is pre-
pared for Hbippinn^ by trimmin}^ off the outer stalk:*
401. Water-holding Celery crate.
and roots, \. shin*; and tying in bunches of one dozen
roots, and packing in boxes contaiuinir from 4 to 8 dozen,
accordinj; to the size of the roots. The California and
some of the Michijran and New York growers ship with
the roots on unwashed, and load in refrigerator cars,
with two decks put in and the bunches placed on the
decks. A car contains by this process from 1 ,2(10 to l.-lOO
dozens, while a car loaded with the boxed product con-
tains from L.IOO to 2,000 dozens.
The seeds are very small and slow to germinate. The
first leaves are small and digest foo(l slowly, which
makes it necessary to have plant-food available at all
times during the growth <»f the plant, so that nature msy
be assisted in her work cf building it up and giving to
it a constitution strong enough to resist disease, which
sometimes comes in the shape of a fungus which attacks
the leaves, and, with the plant in its weak condition,
absorbs the sap and destroys the digesting surface of
the leaf to such an extent that the outer stalks, and
sometimes the inner ones as well dry up, and the crop
is a total loss. Fortunately, the climatic conditions for
the developni nt of the fungi do not remain more than
3 or 4 days at a time, and, with means for irrigation and
with food containing the different materials that the plant
desires, this ditKculty is successfully met. In Colorado
and other parts of the west, they expect to demonstrate
that the disease cannot exist, on account of irrigation
keeping the plant well supplied with food, the large
amount of lime the soil contains, the bright sunlight,
and cool nights, as all these are to the advantage of the
plant and against ;he development of fungi.
The soils best adapted to the plant are cranberry bogs
and low marshes, filled with a deposit of decayed" vege-
table matter from 2 to 15 feet deep, which, when drained
by open and tile drainage, cleared of trees and roots.
the surface cut with dl^k-harrow, smoothed and pulver-
ized wirh common harrow and roller, are then ready for
a crop of corn or millet the tlrst season. The following
season the surface is treat'^d with a ton of air-slaked
lime to the acre, which is turned under to hasten the
<lecay of the vegetable matter and correct the accumu-
lated acidity which abounds from the decay of such
large quantities of vegetables. The lime also destroys
fungous growth and tends to strengthen the constitution
of the plant. The siirface is then dressed with a ferti-
lizer composed of 1 ton of tine raw t)one, 40 bushels of
wood ashes, and 500 pounds of salt to the acre. Where
barnyard manure can be had, the raw bone is reduced
l.(H)0 pounds, and 20 loads of manure are applied. la
Florida the amount of bone is increased to .'{,000 pounds,
and 200 pouudsoi high-grade potash adde<l and the ashes
omitted. In Colorado, where the soil contains 10 per
cent of lime, it is not necessary to use lime. With ferti-
lizers containing 10 per cent of potash, 4 per cent of
nitrogen, and 10 percent phosphoric acid, applied at the
rate of 1 ton to the acre, and with the physical conditions
of the land improved by turning under green crops,
such as corn or alfalfa, success is anticipated. Celery
is also raised on samly loatn, but unless 50 loads of
coarse manure is plowed under, and water plentifully
supplied during growth, either by rains or irrigation,
the crop is poor in quality and light in quantity.
In the north and middle states, the early plants are
started on hotbeds March 1, and transplanted in cold-
frames March 10-12, then into the open tlehl after May 10.
For the late or main crop, the see<l is sown ia the open
ground .tvpril 1, and by June 1 the plants are large
enough to cut back to the heart leaves. This makes
them stocky and increases the root-growth, and by .June
10 they are large enough to be removed to the field,
where they are cultivated frequently by both horse and
hand cultivators. In Florida, plants are all started
under a half shade in August, and transplanted under
another half sha<le made by setting posts in the ground,
5 feet high and 12 feet apart, on the tops of which a
board is nailed, forming a rest or frame, and 3-inch slats
nailed on 3 inches apart, thus protecting the beds from
the bright sun in day time and cold at night. The plai ts
are removed to the open field after September, ani
planting is continued until about February 1. In Colo-
ra<lo the early plants cannot be grown successfnlly with
glass close to the plants. The bright sun penetrates the
soil and takes up the moisture so fast that germination
is retarded and takes place very unevenly. By covering
the glass with plant-cloth, tacked on the inside, the light
is subdued and success attained. For the month of
April, beds covered
•with plant-cloth alone
do very well. It is not
practical to sow late
plants in the open ,^
ground without the \,
liikM
402. A good Celery plant of the middle and western states.
'V
403. The Boston ideal.
272
CELERY
CELTIS
pUul-cloth protection uRaiuAt the bright sunlight an'l
frequent winds thmt prevail during April and Ma> in
this latitude. Close watching and spraying twice each
day will bring tho seed up, and, after the fourth leaf
is well started, the cloth is removed for a few hours
toward night each day until the plants are 2 inches
high: th<Mi the cloth is removed during the night after
May 10, and the plants aru hardened.
From 20, (KH) to 30,0()<) plants are set on an acre. In
sixty days plants are large enough to blanch for the
early market. IMne boards 1 foot wide, 1 inch thick, !(>
feet long, dressed on both sides, are placed against the
celery on both sides of ♦*. plants, and are held in an
upright position by a piecv, of wire bent at each end so
as to form a double houk. The lumber exclutles the
light, inducing the heart of the plant to grow rapidly
and blanch at the same time, and in 15 to IM days
after the lumber is put up, the celery is ready to
market. Lumber induces a taller growth, but the tlavor
is not quite as tine as that blanched with earth. The
lumber is safer for early blanching for the r«Mison that
the disease commonly called rust is liable to attack the
stalks if earth is used before September 10. Earthing
up becomes a necessity after September 20, as frost may
appear any night after this date and damage the crop
where th" lumber is used, while that with tlie earth up
to it is protected. The process of earthing up with a
spade i» seldom seen nowadays, as there are banking
plows with attachments that push the leaves into an
upright position and turn the earth up at the same time,
one horse handling the plow very easily.
In harvesting the crop, leadii.g growers have washing
machinery to clean and cool toe stalks, which adds to
its keeping qualities during transit and delivery from
market to the consumer. Great pauis is taken to sort
and grade the different sized roots, bind them into
bunches, and pack them into neat new packages made
for the purpose. Large quantities are marketed from
September 20 to October 20, to save the expense of stor-
ing in the winter houses, as the loss in those is liable to
be great from evaporation, disease and consequent de-
cay. California and Florida shipments come in Novem-
ber, and all through the winter months the leading
markets are supplied with this appetizing vegetable.
The popular varieties are : First, the White Plume,
which is early and makes a very fine appearance, quality
medium; and next the Dwarf Golden Heart, which is a
little later but much hardier than the former, also pos-
sessing much better Havor. The best for winter use are
the old reliable Boston Market and its half brother, the
Giant Pascal. These two, when grown to perfection, are
good keepers and of excellent quality.
E. J. HOLLISTEB.
CELOSIA (Greek, kelos, burned ; referring to the
burned look of the lis. ^n some species). AmarantHceie.
Cockscomb. The genus containing the common Cocks-
comb of old-fashioned gardens has about 42 species, all
tropical and mostly annual herbs, with alternate, entire
Ivs. narrowed into a petiole, various in form, and with
fls. borne in dense spikes. There are two main types of
Celosias, the crested form and the feathered or plumy
ones. The crested Cockscomb is very stiff, formal and
curious, while the feathered sorts are less so, and are
used to some extent in dried bouquets. The plumy
sorts are grown abroad for winter decoration, especially
under the name of C. pyramiddUs, but to a small extent
in America. The crested Cockscomb is less used as a
summer bedding plant than formerly, but it is still com-
monly exhibited in pots at small fairs, the object being
to produce the largest possible crest on the smallest
plant. For garden use, the seeds are sown indoors in
early spring, and the plants set out May 1-15. If the
roots dry out the Ivs. are sure to drop off. The Cocks-
comb is a moisture-loving plant, and may be syringed
often, especially for the red spider, which is its greatest
enemy. A light, rich soil is needed.
A. Spikes crested, monstyous.
cristata, Linn. Cockscomb. Heitrht 9 in. or more ;
stem very glabrous : Ivs. petio ate, ovate or somewhat
cordate-ovate, acute, glabrous, 2-3 in. long, 1 in. wide:
spikes crested, subsessile, often as wide as the plant is
high: seeds small, black, shining, lens-shaped. Tropics.
Gn. 1.1, p. 231. R.H. 1894, p. 58. -There are 8 or 9 well
marked colors in either tall or dwarf forms, the chief
colors being red, purple, violet, crimson, amaranth and
yellow. The forms with variegated Ivs. often have less
dense crests. A. Japouira, .Mart., little known to IxAti-
uists, is said to be a distinct garden plant with branch-
ing, pyramidal habit, each branch bearing a ruflled
comb.
AA. Spikes plumy, feathery, or cylindrical.
arg^ntea, Linn. Taller than the above: Ivs. shorter-
stalked, narrower. 2-2^3 in. long, 4-4i lines wide, linear-
lanceolate, acute: spikes 1-4 in. long, erect or droo|: ing,
long-peduncled, pyramidal, or cylimlrical. India. — This
species is considered by Voss (in Vilmorin's Blunien-
gartnerei), to be the original one from which the crested
forms are derived. He makes 9 botanical forms, to one
of which he refers C. cristata. The range of color is
even greater in the feathered type than in the crested
type, as one form has whitish lis. The spikes are very
various in form and habit. Va.*ious forms are sjiown in
Gn. 0, p. 513 ; 9, p. 149 ; 17, p. 331. R.H. 1857, p. 7H and
18}M», p. 522.
Hottoni, Mart. Height 1-2 ft.: habit bushy, pyra-
midal : stem sulcate-striate : Ivs. reddish or crimson,
lower ones lanceolate, subsessile : spikes red, cylindri-
cal, oblong, obtuse, l}^ in. long: perianth segments ob-
long (not lanceolate, us in C. argentea). ,Iava. G.C.
I. .{2:214.- A foliage plant, and less common than the
two species above. ^_ jj^
C£LSIA (Olaus Celsius, 1670-1756, a Swedish oriental-
ist). ScrophHluriiiceir. Herbs, with yellow fls. in termi-
nal racemes or spiKes, closely allied to Verbascum, but
has only 4 stamens, and they are of two sorts. There are
many species. Only C. Cretica, Linn.f., is known in
Amer., and that very sparingly. It is a hardy or half-
hardy biennial, wi*h alternate Ivs., of which the lower
are pinnate and the upper toothed and clasping : tls.
large and rotate (nearly 2 in. across), yellowish, with
dark markings in the center and conspicuous deflexed
stamens. Stout, hairy plant, 3-6 ft. high, from Crete.
B.M.964.
C£LTIS (ancient Latin name). Urticdcecp. Nettle
Tree. Trees or shrubs : Ivs. alternate, petiolate. stipu-
late, deciduous or persistent, usually oblique at the base
and 3-nerved : fls. polygamous-monoecious, inconspicu-
ous, apetalous, 4-5-merou8, staminate in small clusters,
pistillate axillary and solitary : fr. a 1 -seeded, small
drupe, edible in some species. Sixty species in the tem-
perate and tropical regions of the northern hemisphere,
of which few hardy ornamental species are cultivated;
they are valuable as shade trees or as single specimens
on the lawn, mostly with wide spreading head and light
green foliage, which is rarely seriously injured by insects
or fungi; they thrive in almost any soil and even in dry
situations, they are of vigorous growth when young, and
are easily transplanted. The straight-grained wood is
light and elastic, easily divided, and n "h used for the
manufacture of small articles and for furniture; that of
C. australis is valued for carving. Prop, by seeds, sown
after maturity; also by layers and cuttings of mature
wood in fall ; rarer kinds are sometimes grafted on
C. occidentalis.
A. Lvs. entire, or rarely icith few teeth, thin,
at length glabrous.
Mississippi^nsis, Bosc {C.la>vigdta. 'WiUd. C. integri-
fblia, Nutt. I. Tree, 60-80 ft.: Ivs. unequally rounded or
cuneate at the base, oblong-lanceolate or ovate, acumi-
nate, usually falcate, smooth above. 2-4 in. long : fr.
orange-red, nearly globular, Kin. thick, on slender pedi-
cel, longer than the petiole. From S. Illinois to Texas
and Florida, west to Missouri. S.S. 7:318. G.F. 3:41,
figs. 9-11. Mn. 7: 225. 227. — Var. reticulata, Sarg.^Lvs.
smaller, ovate, usually cordate, rough above. S.S. 7:319.
AA. Lvs. serrate.
B. Foliage scabrous above, membranaceous, more or
less pubescent.
occident^ilis, Linn. Large tree, occasionally 120 ft.:
lvs. oblique and rounded at the base, ovate, acuminate,
pubescent when young, light green, 2-4 in. long : fr.
CELTIS
CENTAUREA
273
ortintre-red. Hin. lonf;, on slender pedicel, lon^rer than the
petiole. S.S.7::il7. (i.F. .'J: 40, 43. Em. :{(>4. Mn. 7: i:;U,
2;j;{,-V'ery %'ttriabl** specifs. V'ar. crassifdlia, C. Ko<*h.
h»H firm, very rouifh and Itirjfe Ivh., to i'» in. U*ng, iiHunUy
cortlHtc at base. Mirlix. Hist. Arb. .1: 228. Var. ptunila,
Orav, is a dwarf form with Hmaller Ivs,
auftrilii, Linn. Tree, to (»0 ft. : Ivm. oblique, cordate
or roiin<<(-d at the ba.se, o^'ate ul>lun^:, acuminate, pubes-
cent lieueath, '2%-5 in. lon»f : fr. over }',in. lonjr, <l»rk
purple, sweet : pedicels 2-'.i times longer than the peti-
oles. Mediter. region to Persia.— Not hardy north.
83. Foliage umooth and g!onsy above, gfabrout, or
nt-arly no, leathery.
Sin^nsil. Pers. ( C. Japdn ica , Planch. » . Tree, to 30 ft. :
lv8. usually rounde«l or cordate at the buse, broadly ovate
to ohIonK ovau, acuminate, serrate-d iniate, puliescent
when young, pale or glaucescent and p •ominently reticu-
late beneath, 2-4 in. lonsr : fr. dull oraage-red ; pedicels
rather stout, not much longer than the petioles. China,
Japan. — Not hardy north ; often the following is culti-
vated under this name.
Bongreina, Blum^ {C. Davididna, Carr.). Tree: Ivs.
narrow or rounded . t the base, ovate or narrow elliptic,
ftciiiiiiiiate, crenate-serrate. nearly glabrous when young,
green and shining on lM)th sides, 2-4 in.: fr. purplish
black, small : pedicels 2-.'} times longer than the petioles.
N. China. — Hardy, and a very distinct species, with dark
green and glossy foliage.
Krausaiina, Bernh. Tree : Ivs. oblong ovate, usually
rounded ut the base, acuminate, crenate-serrate, pubes-
cent on the veins beneath, seniipersist.'nt: ovary tomen-
tose: fr. mostly pubescent, slender pedicelled. S.Africa
to Abyssinia. -Hardy only south. ^^^^^^ Rehdek.
CEIIETEBY. See Landscape Gardening.
CfNCHRUS (ancient Greek name). Gramlnea. An-
nual or perennial grasses, with spreading or erect culms
bearing f.n intlorescence of globular, spiny burs. Spik-
lets 1-tld., 1—4 together, with an ovoid or globular invo-
lucre of rigid, more or less connate bristles, forming
spiny burs, which fall oflf at maturity. Glumes as in
Panicnni, awnless. Species about 12, in the tropical and
warmer temperate regions of both hemispheres.
tribuloides, Linn. Sand -bur. BrR- grass. Culms
ascending, branching, 1-2 ft. long, with spikes composed
of 10-15 coarse, spiny burs, which readily attach them-
selves to passing objects. It is one of the worst of annual
weeds wherever it becomes abundant. It is distributed
more or less throughout the United States in sandy dis-
tricts, and said to be perennial in the southern states.
P. B. Kennedy.
C£NIA (Greek for empty, in allusion to the hollow
receptacle). Comp6sit(f. Low herbs from South Africa,
with the aspect of Mayweed. Head small and rayed, the
ray tis. pistillate, the disc tis. compressed and 4-toothed,
the receptacle gradually enlarged from the top of the
peduncle, and hollow. C. turbin&ta, Pers., is a common
weed in Cape Colony, and it is occasionally seen in Amer.
gardens. It is annual, diffusely branched, and a foot or
les'- high, with finely dissected, soft, almost moss-like
foliage, and loag-peduncled, small, yellow heads. Of
easy culture. " l H. B.
CENTAURfiA (a Centaur, famous for healing).
C'lmpoKitce. Cr:KTACRY. Dusty Miller. Bachelor's
BiTTON. Corn Flower. Knapweed. Annuals or
half-hardy perennials ; fine for bedding, vases, baskets
and pots, and for borders and edgings. Differs from
Cnicus in having the achenes obliquely attached by one
side of the base or more laterally. Species about 400,
much confused, mostly in Eu., Asia and N. Afr., 1 in
N. Amer., 3 or 4 in Chile. The involucre is ovoid or
globose, stiff and hard, sometimes prickly. Receptacle
bristly. The marginal Horets are usually sterile and
elongated . making the head look as if rayed. Several
Old World species have become weeds in this country.
The following species of Centaurea are here described,
the synonyms being in italics : Americana, 7 ; argen-
tea, 2 ; atropurpurea, 13 ; Babylonica, 14 ; Benedictass
18
(Tarbenia benedicta; caloeephala, 13; randidinnima, 1;
Cineraria, 1 ; Clementei, 3 ; Cyanus, 4 ; tiealbata. 12 ;
declinata,\{i; t lore -pie no, \; g^'nuuM'urpa, 2; imperialin,
r* ; leucophylla, 10; macrocephala. H ; Maryaritart'a,6;
Atitrgarit(i>,7t; montana. II; moschata, .~>; nigra. 9; of/or-
ata, 5 ; plHmona, 2 ; splendens, (> ; nuavrolena, 5; varie-
gata, y ; Victoria, 4.
A. Dusty MiiA.KH.— White-tomentoite low plant*, uned
for bedding or for the sake of their foliage.
I. Cineriiria, Linn. (C.r«in(/i(ii.^.s{M((i, Lam.). Fig. 404.
Perennial : sts. erect, 3 ft., branched, the entire plant
white-toraentose : Ivs. almost all bipinnate (except the
earliest), the lower petioled, all the lobes linear-lanceo-
late, obtuse : scales of the ovate involucre appressed,
with a membranous black margin, long-ciliate, the api-
cal bristle thicker than the others: Hs. purple. S. Italy,
Sicily, etc. — Much used as
a bedding plant, not being
allowed to bloom. The
first Ivs. of seedlings are
nearly entire (as shown in
Fig. 404), but the subse-
quent ones become more
and more cut. (Jrownboth
from seeds and cuttings.
Seedlings are very apt to
damp off unless care is
taken in waterincr.
404. Lower leaf
from a young
plant of Cen-
taurea Cinera-
ria (Xj^).
405. Radical leaf of
Centaurea Kymnocarpa.
2. grymnocArpa, Moris & DeNot (C. arghxtea, Hort.
C. plnnuisa. Hurt.). Fig. 40,'). Perennial: entire plant
covered with velvety white pubescence : sts. lJ^-2 ft.
high, erect: Ivs. bipinnatisett; segments linear, entire,
acute : fl. -heads small, in a close panicle, mostly hidden
by the Ivs.: lis. rose-violet or purple. Caprea. — Very
ornamental on account of its velvety tinely cut Ivs.
Much used, like the last, for low foliage bedding ; Ivs.
more compound, and usually not so white.
3. Clementei, Boiss. Perennial, the entire plant
d usely white-woolly : sts. erect, branching, with few
1 s. : root-lvs. petioled, pinnate, the lobes ovate-trian-
gular, sharp-pointed : st.-lvs. sessile : fl. -heads termi-
nal on the branches, globose : involucre scales with
scarious, ciliate margins, scarcely spiny : fls. yellow.
Spain.
AA. Corn Flower, or Bachelor's Button. — Tall-
growing annual, with very narrow Ivs., grown
for the showy fls.
4. Cyanus, Linn. Blusbottle. Bluet. Bachelor's
Button ( see also Gomphrena ] . Corn Flower. Ragged
Sailor. Fig. 406. Annual, slender, branching, 1-2 ft.
274
CENTAUREA
CENTAUREA
h?e:h, woolly-white when young : Ivs. linear, entire, or
the lower toothed, sometimes pinnatifid : tts. blue, pur-
ple or white, the heads on long, naked stems : involu-
cral bracts rather narrow, fringed with short, scarious
teeth. S. E. Eu. Ut. 38, p. 641: :J9. p. 537.- One of the
most popular of garden tts., running into many v'arieties.
It is perfectly h.nrdy, bloominer until frost and coming
up in the spring from self-sown seed. The following are
'*') Centaurea Cyanus (X 3^.
varieties of this: Pure White; Victoria, a dwarf, for
pots and edgings; Emperor William, fine dark blue;
flore plena, with the outer disc fls. converted into ray
fls. ; nana compacta , dwarf.
AAA. Sweet Svi.ta'ss. — Straight-grotving, smooth an-
nuals or perennials, with dentate Ivs., grown
for the large fragrant heads.
5. m08Ch4ta. Linn. {C. suai'eolens, Linn. C. odordta,
Hort. C. Amberbdi, Mill. Amberboa moschdta, hess.).
Sweet Sultan. Fig. 407. Annual : sts. 2 ft. high,
branching below, erect : whole plant smooth, bright
green : Ivs. pinnatifid, the lobes dentate : fl. -heads long-
petioled ; invol. round or ovate, smooth ; only the in-
nermost of the invol. scales with scarious margins : fls.
white, yellow or purple, fragrant. Orient. Mn. 4: 149.
Gn. .54: 1195. l.H. 42, p. 106. Gng. 4:147.
Var. ^Iba, Hort. (C, Margarita, Hort.). Fls. white.
Gn. 19, p. 337 ; 54 : 1195. A.G. 13 : 607. This form, known
a
pin,.
as C. Margarita, is pure white and very fragrant. It was
int. by an Italian firm in lb91.
Var. rtibra, Hort. Fls. red. Gn. 54: 1195. A popular,
old-time garden flower, with long-stalked heads; of easy
culture. It does not bear transplanting well.
V. imperitilis, Hort., is the offspring of C. moschata
and C. Mnrgaritcf, int. into the American trade in 1899.
Plants are said to inherit the vigorou.s, free growth of
C. moschata, being of the same easy culture an<i forming
clumps 3— 4 ft. high. The fls. resemble C. Margarit'F. but
are twice as large and abuiidantly borne on long stems
from July until frost. They range through white, rose,
lilac and purple, are frairrant, and if cut when first open
will keep 10 days. C. Mtiriif, Hort., int. 1899, resembles
C. imperialis, but the fls. open s ilfur-yellow, become
lighter, and are tipped with rose
AAAA. Other CENTAtREAS of "jriotis kinds, occa-
sionally grown in hatuy borders for their fls.
or imposing stature.
B. Foliage green on both sides,
c. Lvs. pinnate or bipinrMte.
'pl^ndens, Linn. I/J. margaritdcea. Ten.). Peren-
sts. erect, branched : lvs. smooth, the lowest bi-
.e,the upper pinnate, all with very narrow, linear,
entire, acute lobes : fl. -heads subglobose ; scales of the
involucre with a rounded, almost entire, rather lax tip ;
fls. purple. Spain, Italy.
cc. LfVS. entire or dentate, not pinnatisect.
7. Americ&na, Nutt. {Plectocephalus Ameriednus,
Don). Basket Flower. Fig. 408. Hardy annual, nearly
smooth : sts. stout, simple, 2-5 ft., thickened under the
naked head . lvs. mostly entire, oblong-lance-shaped :
involucre }4-l% in. in diam., its bracts all with fringed,
scarious appendages ; fls. rose or flesh-colored ; disc
1-3 in. diam. ; narrow lobes of the ray
flowers often 1 in. long. Ark. to Ariz.
F. S. 4: 327. S. H. 2: 223.- Very attractive.
8. macroc6phala, Puschk. Perennial :
stems simple, erect, swollen below the
flower-head, leafy, 2J^-3 ft. high : lvs.
ovate-lanceolate, slightly decurrent, sca-
brous, acute, somewhat serrate, gradually
diminishing upwards to the base of the
single terminal head : head subglobose,
larger than a hen's egg, often 3-4 in. in
diam.; involucre of 8-12 rows of ap-
pressed, scarious-margined, rusty, fringed
scales : fls. vellow, the marginal and disc
alike. Armenia. B. M. 1248. J. H. Ill,
33: 331. — Often grown from seeds.
9. nigra, Linn. Knapweed. Hard
Heads. Perennial, 1-2 ft. high : sts.
branching, rough pubescent: lvs. lance-
shaped and entire or lower
sparingly toothed : invo-
lucral bracts with pecti-
nate-ciliate-frdnged black
appendages: fls. all alike,
the disc and marginal ones
of the same size. Europe,
— Var. varieg&ta, Hort.
Lvs. edsred with creamy
white, tufted. Avery strik-
ing border plant.
Foliage white or to-
mentose, at least be-
neath {often green
above).
, Stems low, weak,
not strict.
BB.
407. Centaurea moschata.
(X H.^
10. leucophJ^lla,Bieb.(<7.
deolinUta, Bieb.). Peren-
nial : stems short, decum-
bent, with vei J *ew lvs. :
root-lvs. petioled, tomen-
tose-woolly on both sides, pinnate, the ovate lobes un-
dulate, sparsely cut-lobed or sinuate-toothed : fl.-head
with few bracts, solitary, terminal ; scales of the ovate
involucre lanceolate, acuminate, brown, long-ciliate :
fls. purple. Caucasus.
CENTAUR E A
CEPHALANTHUS
275
408. Centaurea Ameri
cana(X J4).
11, mont&na, Linn. Mountain Bluet. Perennial :
sts. low, stoloniferous, unbranched, 12-lG or rarely 20
in. liigh : Ivs. decurrent, the young ones silvery white,
oval-lance-shaped : involucre of 4 or 5 rows of scales,
black-ciliate along the margins; fls. blue, the marginal
ones 1 in. long, disc-fls. very short, becoming purple.
Europe. B. M. 77. Var. 41ba', Hort. Fls. white. Var.
rdsea, Hort. Fls. rose-colored. Var. citrlna, DC. (var.
sulphitrea, Hort.). Disc-fls. brown, rays yellow. Ar-
menia. B.M. 1175.
CC. Stems erect, simple or branched.
12. dealbita, Willd, Perennial : sts. sub-erect, 8-24
in. high : Ivs. white-villous beneath, glabrous above,
the lower ones 1-1>4 ft. !ong, pet-
ioled, pinnate, the obovate lobes
coarsely cut-toothed or auricled at
the base; stem-lvs. sessile, pinnate,
with oolong-lance lobes : fl.-head
solitary, just above the uppermost
leaf : fls. red, those of the di.sc
rosy or white : outer scales of the
involucre ^ith lanceolate tips, the
middle rounded, deeply fringed,
ciliate. Asia Minor, Persia.
13. atropurptirea, Waldst. & Kit.
{C. calocvphaJn, Willd.). Peren-
nial sts. erect, branched, about
2-3 It. high, the branches white-
woolly at the summit : Ivs. bipin-
nate, lobes linear-lanceolate, acumi-
nate ; lowest Ivs. petioled, upper-
most pinnatifid: fl. -heads without
tracts ; invol. scales with fringed
ciliate white lanceolate tips, the innermost ones rounded,
scarious-margined : fls. black-purple. Hungary.
14. Babyldnica, Linn. Silvery white perennial : sts.
simple, stout, erect, 6-10 or 12 ft. high : Ivs. long, coria-
ceous, strongly decurrent on the stem, xhQ r".dical lyrate,
the lower stem-lvs. oval or oblong-acute, entire or undu-
late, the upper lance-acute : fls. yellow, the globular
heads almost sessile in the axils of narrow bract-like
Ivs.; ^s-J'a of the stem flower-bearing: involucre-scales
with a short, recurved tip. Asia Minor, Syria. Gn.2,p.73;
8. p. 263. R. H. 1859, pp. 540-1. -Tall, stout and striking
P**°*- Jared G. Smith and L. H. B.
CENTAUElDIUM. See Xanthisma.
CENTRAClSNIA (Greek for toothed gland, alluding to
the anther glands). Melastomdcea?. Four species in
Mexico and Central Amer., grown in warmhouses for
their showy -colored Ivs. and pretty fls. They are herbs
or shrubs, with angled or winged branches, petiolate,
opposite lanceolate or ovate-entire, ribbed Ivs., and fls.
with 4-lobed calyx, 4 petals, 8 stamens, and a 4-loculed
ovary. The blossoms are pink or white, in axillary or
terminal clusters. Prop, by cuttings. Very showy and
desirable plants. Stems often colored. Centradenias
like rich leaf-mold with sharp sand, and brisk heat.
Give a light but shady position. Strong plants are much
benefited by liquid manure, and such applications give
better colors in both flowers and fruit. Monogr. by
Cogniaux, DC, Monographi® Phanerogamarum, 7: 116.
grandifdlia, En^l. Branches 4-winged : Ivs. ovate-
lanceolate, strongly 3-nerved. brilliant red beneath,
long-pointed and curving at the end: cymes many-fld.,
shorter than the Ivs., the fls, light rose, rotate, the
petals very obtuse, the stamens unequal, B.M. 5228.—
The plant grovra 2 ft. high, and blooms in winter. Very
showy. The cut branches hold their color a long time,
making the plant useful for decorations.
florihdnda, Planch. Branches obscurely angled, pu-
bescent, red: Ivs. narrow-lanceolate, tapering below. 3-
nerved, red-nerved below : fls. pink, in terminal pani-
cles. F.S. 5:453. — Smaller than C. grandifolia.
inaequilaterilis, G. Don ( C. rdsea, Lindl. ), Lvs, ovate-
lanceolate, unequal-sided, entire, ciliate. reddish be-
neath: fls. pink, in terminal corjmb'^se racemes: dwarf.
Mex. B.R. 29:20. l. h. B. and H. A. Siebrecht,
CEHTRANTHUS (Greek, spurred flower). Valerian-
dcf(T. A few annui'' and perennial herbs of the Medi-
terranean region, with dense clusters of .small red or
white fls. terminating the branches, and opposite entire
or cut lvs.: calyx cut into 5-15 narrow divisions, en-
larging after flowering; corolla slender-tubed, 5-parted,
spurred at the base: stamen 1: fls. with a pappus-like
crest. Of easiest culture.
ruber, DC, Red Valerian. Jupiter's Beard. Per-
ennial, 1-3 ft., smooth and glaucous, forming a compact
and floriferous, bushy plant : lvs. ovate to lanceolate,
some of them toothed at base: fls. very numerous, deep
crimson. — A very handsome old garden plant, too much
neglected. It blooms all summer. Excellent for cut-
ting. Increased by division; also by seeds. There is a
white-ttd. form (var. dlbus).
macroslphon, Boiss. Annual, of easy culture in any
good soil: 1-2 ft.: lvs. ovate, glaucous, toothed : fls.
larger than in the last, red. Spain. — There are white-
fld, (var. dlhus) and dwarf (var. ndnus) forms. Excel-
lent for rockeries and borders; also good for lawn vases.
L. H. B.
CENTEOPOGON (Greek kenfron, spur, and pogon,
beard, referring to the fringed stigma). Campanu-
lAce(f. About 36 tropical Amer, sub-shrubs or shrubs,
often scandent, with alternate, mostly dentate lvs., and
long, tubular fls. whi(?h are violet, purple, red, or orange,
and usually borne singly on long peduncles : bracteoles
very small or wanting. Warmhouse perennial, prop, by
cuttings. ^
LucyAntlS, HouUet. Height 1-2 ft. : stem somewhat
woody: lvs. short-petioled, finely toothed: fls. rose, win-
ter; hemispherical, with lanceolate segments recurved
at the tips. R.H. 1868:290. -Said to be a hybrid of C.
fastiiosHS and SiphocampyluK bet uhv form is, hut seem?
to show little influence of the latter, which has longc-i
petioles and peduncles, more coarsely t/>ctl.^x! 'v3 ,
longer calyx-segments, and a yellow-tipped corolla,
fastudsus, Scheidw. Lvs, peach-like, oblong, acute,
bordered with glandular teeth, very glabrous, short-
petioled: fls. rose-colored, winter; calyx hemispherical,
with 5 lanceolate, denticulate segments. Mex, R.H.
18.53:181. \v. M.
CERTEOSllMA (Greek, spurred-standard). Legu-
mindscB. Butterfly Pea. Twining herbs (at least
those in cult.), with pinnate. .■J-7-foliolate lvs., and
showy white or reddish fls in the axils, Fl, papiliona-
ceous, the standard spurred on the back, the keel broad,
and the style bearded at the apex. Species nearly 40 in
tropical Amer, and 2 in U. S.
Virgini^num, Benth. Roughish, climbing, 2-6 ft,:
Ifts. ovate to linear, shining, sti^itate : fls. 1-4 in the
axil, 1 in. long, violet and splashed, showy: pod straight
and l'„r^ pointed, 4-5 in. long. Md. S., in sandy lands.
A.G. 13:649 —Int. to cult, many years ago. but again in-
troduced in 1892 (as C. grand if lorttm), and much adver-
tised. It is a hardy and desirable perennial vine, bloom-
ing the first season from seed. There is a white-fld. var.
L. H. B.
CENTITEY PLANT. Con.-iult Agave.
CEPHALANTH£RA (Greek for head and anther).
OrchiddceiT, tribe jS'tdttieo'. About 10 species of small,
temperate-region terrestrial orchids, allied to Epipactis,
Pogonia, etc. Some of them are western N, American,
and others are European, Sepals 3: petals small, ovate:
lip saccate : lvs. (sometimes wanting) lanceolate or
oblong: fls, mostly small (sometimes showy), m an open
spike. The species are scarcely known in cult,, but two
Japanese species have been offered by importers. These
are £. falc^ta, Blume, yellow, and E. er6cta, Blume,
white.
CEPHALANTHUS (Greek, head and flower : fls, in
heads), Bttbiiicea?. Button Bush. Shrubs with oppo-
site or whorled, entire, stipulate lvs.: fls. small, tubu-
lar, white or yellowish, 4-merous, with incluf'.ed stami ns
and long, exserted style, in globular heads : f •. dry, sepa-
rating into 2 nutlets. Six species in Amer. Africa and
Asia, of which only the one North AmericM species is
276
CEPHALANTHUS
CERASTIUM
cult. Hardy ornamental shrub, with handsome glossy
foliage and very attractive with its tiower balls appear-
ing late in summer. It thrives in any good garden soil,
best in a sandy, somewhat moist one. Prop, by seeds or
by cuttintrs of ripened wood in fall, and also by green-
wood cuttings taken from forced plants early in spring,
occident^lis, Linn. Shrub, .1-12 ft.: Ivs. long-petioled,
oviite or oval, acimiinate, glossy above, glabrous or
slightly pul)escent below. .'MJ in. long: heads about 1 in.
in diain., long-pedunded, .'{ or more at the end of the
branches. Julv-Sept. From New Brunswick south,
west to Ontario and Calif . Em. 394. R.H. 1889, p. 280.-
Var. angustildlia, Andr6. Lvs. oblong, lanceolate, usu-
ally in 3's. R.H. 1889. p. 281. Alfred Rehdee.
CEFEALABIA (Greek for head, alluding to the capi-
tate fower-clusters). Dipscicece. Coarse annual or per-
ennial herbs of Europe, Africa and Asia, much like
Dipsacus, but the heads less spiny. The heads are ter-
minal and globular, bearing many 4-parted yellowish,
whitish or bluish florets.
Tatarica, Schrati. Perennial, G ft., rank, with striate
stems, suited to the rear border, where strong effects are
desired, with showy cream-white flat heads in July and
Aug. : lvs. pinnate, the Ifts. broad-lanceolate and ser-
rate. Grows readily, and is increased by seed or divid-
ing the clumps. * L. H. B.
GEFHALOTAXUS (Greek, /lead; raj'M.<»-like plant,
with fls. in heads or clusters). Coniferiv, tribe Taxdcece.
Trees or shrubs, with evergreen, linear, pointed lvs.
with 2 broad, glaucous* lines beneath, arranged in 2
rows: fls, dioecious, staminate in 1-8-fld., short-stalked
clusters, pistillate consisting of a small cone with sev-
eral bracts, each bearing 2 naked ovules. Seed enclosed
in a fleshy envelope, drupe-like, about 1 in. long, reddish
or greenish brown. From allied genera it may be easily
distinguished by the resin-canal in the center of the
pith, and by the glaucous lines beneath from Taxus,
which has the lvs. yellowish green beneath, and from
Torreya by the glaucous lines being broader than the 3
green lines, while in Torreya the glaucous lines are
narrower than the green ones. Six closely allied spe-
cies from Himal. to Jap. Ornamental evergreen shrubs,
iu appearance very like a yew. but of more graceful
habit. Not hardy north, or only in very sheltered posi-
tions. They thrive best in a somewhat moist Imt well-
drained, sandy loam, and in partly shaded situations.
Prop, by seeds, stratified and sown in spring: imported
seeds usually do not germinate until the second year ;
increased also by cuttings in August, under glass, and
fey veneer-grafting in summer, on one of the species or
409. Cepnalotus tollicularis (X ^6)-
on Taxus baccata. For cions and cuttings, terminal
shoots should be selected, which form regular plants
with whorled branches like seedlings, while cuttings
from lateral branches grow into irregular, low. spread-
ing shrubs.
A. ZfVS. SS in. long : branchlets yellowish green
pendulous.
F6rttinei, Hook. Lvs. tapering gradually into a sharp
point, usually falcate, dark green and shining above :
fr. greenish brown, obovate. N. China, Jap. B.M. 44!»9!
F.S. 6:5.'w. R.H. 1878, p. 117. — This is the most grace-
ful species, with Umg and slender branches, attaining in
its native country 50 ft. in height, in culture usually re-
maining a shrub.
AA. Zrt'S. 1-3 in. long.
peduncul&ta, Sieb. & Zucc. With spreading, often
somewhat pendulous branches, dark green when young:
lvs. to 2 in. long, narrowed into a sharp point, shining
and dark green above : fr. ovoid, rounded at both ends,
rarely giobulfifr. Jap., China. G.C. HI. 18: 71<j.-In
Japan, tree t© 25 ft. high, usually shrub in culture. A
remarkable form is var. fastigiata, Carr. (Podocdrpus
Koraiclna, Sieb. & Zucc), of columnar habit, with up-
right branches and spirallv arranged lvs. G.C. II.
21:112. S.H. 2:450. Gng. 2:.341.
dmp&cea, Sieb. & Zucc. Branches spreading, stiflf,
usually light green when young : lvs. about 1 in. long,
abruptly pointed, narrow and straight, often upturned:
fr. usually oi)ovate. narrowed at the base. Jap. O.C.
III. 18:717. — This is the dwarfest species, usually form-
ing a low bush with stiff, spreading branches,
Alfred Rehdeb.
CEFHALOTUS (Greek, in a head, referring to the
crowded stamens). Saxifragdceie. One species in
Australia. Lvs. all radical, of two kinds, the ordinary
foliage lvs. being spatulate or elliptic, hairy, and entire,
the others being pitchers with purple tints and a netted
and veined lid. The fls. are borne in an interrujited
spike, on an erect scape; they are apetalous, and have
a white, 6-parted calyx, 12 stamens in two sets, and 6
1-seeded carpels. The species is C. follical&ris, Labill.
(Fig. 409). It is cult, in coolhouses for its odd insec-
tivorous pitchers, which are 1-3 in. long and beautifully
lined and shaded with purple and green. The plant is
grown in peat and moss, after the manner of Drosera
and Dionapa. Delights in plenty of moisture, mounted
on sphagnum moss. Give a cool and shady position.
Prop, bj' seeds (allow only one seed vessel to mature)
and also bv division. A most interesting plant. R.B.
23:233. I. H. 27:391. J.H. III. 35:260.
L. H. B. and H. A. Siebrecht.
CEBASTIUM (Greek for horn, alluding to the shape
of the pod). Caryophylh\ceit>. Decumbent annuals or
perennials, with weak, slender stems, small, opposite
lvs. and small white fls.: differs from Aren aria in the
shape and dehiscence of the capsule: sepals 5 or 4;
petals as many, often 2-cleft: stamens 10 or less. Valu-
able in rockeries or for bedding and borders. Species
about 100, of world-wide distribution.
A. Lvs. green, merely pubescent.
arv^nse, Linn. (var. oblongifolium, HoU. & Britt. ).
Starry Grasswort. Fig. 410. Perennial, low, much
branched and matted; stems 8-12 in. long; lvs. oblong or
lanceolate, pale green, pubescent, obtuse, ^i-lH in. long,
34 in. wide: fls. very numerous, appearing in April and
May; petals 5, deeply bifid ; capsules twice as long as
the calyx. On magnesian rocks, N. Y. to Va. and west-
ward. Bui. 74. Ind. Agr. Exp. Sta., from which Fig. 410
is adapted. — Recommended as a bedding plant, for its
mat-like habit, covered with white bloom.
aa, ^Lvs. silvery or grayish.
B. Capsule equaling the calyx.
grandifldnim, Waldst. & Kit, Creeping perennial :
lvs. linear, acute, the margins reflexed ; inflorescence
dichotomous : fl. -stems (»-8 in. high : petals oval, 2-
parted, transparent white, twice as long as calyx. E.
Europe.
BB. Capsule much longer than the calyx.
Bidbersteinii, DC, Stems 6 in., creeping, diifuse,
branched : lvs. ovate-lanceolate, tomentose-wool'y ; pe-
duncles erect, dichotomous ; capsule ovate-cyliiuirical.
Tauria. B.M. 2782. -Like C. tomentosum, but with
larger lvs. Fine for edgings.
CERASTIUM
Boissifirii, Gren. Low: Ivs. silvery, ovate-lanceolate,
acutf". entire, sessile; peduncles 4-12 in, high : inflores-
cence a dichotoraous cyme : fls. large, white. Spain.
CERATOZAMIA
277
410. Cerastium arvense.
tomentd8tt.ni, Linn. Low, creeprog, branched: Ivs. ob-
long, spatulate, grayish woolly, upper Ivs. lanceolate ;
peduncles G in. high, erect, dichotomous : capsule cylin-
drical. Eu.- Much used for edgings.
J ABED G. Smith.
CfiEASUS. Consult Pninus.
CEEATIOLA (Greek, a little horn, referring to the
4-branched, serrate stigma). £mpetrdce(S. A heath-
Hke evergreen, much-branched shrub from the sand
barrens of Ga. and S. C. ; rarely cult. N., but not hardy.
Only 1 species.
ericoldes, Michx. Height 2-8 ft. : branches subverti-
cillate, marked with scars of numerous fallen Ivs., the
younger and upper ones only retaining foliage : Ivs.
crowded, almost whorled, }4-% in. long, linear, rigid,
shining, pale, rounded above, grooved beneath: fls. in-
conspicuous, dioecious, of peculiar structure : berries
round, orange-yellow. B.M. 2758.
CEBATOLOBUS (Greek for homed pod). Palmdceat.
Spiny Javanese palms, with pinnate Ivs., sometimes
seen in fine collections, but not in the Amer. trade.
The species are C. c6ncolor, Blume ; C. glauc^seens,
Blume; C. Micholitzidna, Hort. G.C. IH. 23:251; C.
Findleydnus, Hort., A. G. 15:169. Treated the same as
Calamus.
A small genus of warmhouse palms, natives of Java
ami Sumatra. The members of this genus are slender-
growing, spiny palms, with pinnate leaves, one of the
best being C. Micholitziana, which has rather short
pinnffi irregularly grouped along the rachis. A shaded
house, with a night temperature of 65° to 70°, a moist
atmosphere, and plenty of water at the root, are the most
essential points in their culture.
L. H. B. and W. H. Tapun.
CEBATONIiH (Greek for horn, in reference to the
large pod ». Lfgnminds(f. A tree of the Mediterranean
basin, belonging to the Cassia tribe. The petals are
wanting; stamens 5 ; pod long, tilled with a pulpy sub-
stance. C. Sillqua, Linn., the only species, is now
widely distributt'd in warm countries, being grown both
for shade and for the edible po<ls. It reaches a heierht
of 40-.50 ft. It is evergreen. Lvs. pinnate, shining, the
Ifts. oval and obtuse. It thrives well in S. t.'alif. and S.
Fla. The pulp about the seeds is sweet and edible, but
the fruit is used chiefly for feeding stock. In Europe
these pods are much prized for the fattening of swine.
The dr}- pods are occasionally seen in the fruit stands
in northern markets. Var. longlssima diflFers only in
having very long pods. The Ceratonia is known as Al-
garoba, Carob, Karoub, Caroubier, and St. John's Bread.
The last name records the notion that the seeds and
sweet pulp are respectively the locusts and wild honey
which St. John found in the wilderness. The dry
valves or pods have been supposed to be the husks
which became the subsistence of the prodigal son. See
G.F. .S:318, 323. L. H. B.
CEBATOFTEBIS (Greek, horn fern). Ceratopteri-
ddceoe. A genus of aquatic tropical ferns, forming the
type of a distinct family. The plants root in mud, and
the sterile lvs. either float on the surface or are carried
above the surface of the water. The sporophylls are bi-
tripinnate, with pod-like ultimate segments, entirely
unlike the sterile lvs. Only a single species is known.
C. thalictroides, Brongn. Tropical waters of both hemi-
spheres, rare in Florida. — Useful in ponds and aquaria.
Must be taken indoors on approach of cold weather.
Best grown when planted in loam and leaf -mold topped
with spagnum, and tied in a pan or crib and set into a
tub in medium temperature, with the crown on top of
the water. To propagate, pull out several of the center
leaves, and new crowns will form; these can be divided.
L. M. Underwood and H. A. Siebrecht.
CEBATOSTlGMA ( Greek, homed stigma). Plunibagi-
ndcea. Different from Plumbago in having no glands
on the calyx, stamens adnate to the corolla tube. fls. in
dense clusters rather than spicute, and other technical
characters. There are 3 or 4 species in warm regions of
the Old World. Herbs or sub-shrubs, with alternate, obo-
vate lvs. and blue or rose-red fls.
plombaginoides, Bunge (Plumbago Ldt^entct, Lindl.
Valorcidia plumbaginoides. Boiss.). Perennial herb,
6-12 in., the stem red and branchy: lvs. entire, strongly
ciliate on the edges : fls. slender- tubed, with a wide-
spreading, deep blue limb, the 5-lobes minutely toothed,
collected in dense heads or umbels. China. B.M. 4487.
F.S. 4 : 307. —A hardy bedding plant, producing profusely
of its deep blue fls. late in fall. Very valuable. Need's
covering in winter in the N. l^ jj^ 3^
CEBAT0TH£CA {Greek for homed capsule). Pedalid-
cecf. Tropical African herbs of 3 or 4 kinds, with usually
opposite lvs. which are ovate. 5-parted calyx, 2-lipped
corolla, fls. solitary in the axils, and a 2-horned capsule.
C. triloba, Meyer, is occasionally grown in S. Fla., and it
may be adapted to glasshouses. It is a tall herb (5 ft.),
with the habit of foxglove, probably biennial, hairy: lvs.
stalked and crenate-dentate : fls. 3 in. long, blue, pubes-
cent, deflexed, the lower lobe prolonged. Handsome.
B.M. 6974.
CEBATOZAMIA (Greek, homed Zamia ; referring to
the homed scales of the cones, which distinguish this
genus from Zamia). Cycadclce(t. Handsome Mexican
foliage plants, with Cycas-like lvs., but less comraonly
cultivated in American palm-houses than Cycas. Best
raised from young imported plants, but rarely prop, by
seeds, or by offsets from the slow-growing trunk. Bum
out the center of the plant with a hot iron, and a num-
ber of offsets will spring from the trunk and the crown;
these may be used for propagation.
Mezic&na, Brongn. Trunk thick, short, covered with
the remains of fallen leaf-stalks : lvs. rich, dark green,
pinnate, on prickly petioles 5-6 in. long, which are
shaggy when young ; leaflets very numerous, 0-12 in.
278
CERATOZAMIA
CERCOCARPUS
long or more, lanceolate : cones produced annually on
separate plants; female cones 9-12 in. long, 4-6 in. thick,
the scales 2-horned ; male cones narrower, longer, on a
hair>' stalk, the scales with two small teeth. Mex. Gn. 9,
pp. .'WS, 309. — An excellent decorative plant, best grown
in sandy loam. Give freely of water and heat in spring
and summer, but keep cooler and dryer in winter.
H. A. SiEBRECHT and W. M.
CERCIDIPHtLLUM (Cercis and phjjUon/le&t ; the
Ivs. resemble those of Cercis). Trochodendrdcece. Tree,
with deciduous, usually opposite, petioled and palmately
nerved Ivs. : fls. dioecious, inconspicuous, apetalous, soli-
tary, staminate nearly sessile, bearing numerous stamens
■with slender filaments, pistillate pedicelled, consisting of
3-5 carpels, ending in long, purplish styles and developing
into about %in. long, dehiscent pods, with many seeds.
One species in Japan. Hardy, ornamental, shrubby tree
of pyramidal and, when young, almost fastigiate habit,
with handsome, light green foliage, purplish when un-
folding, turning bright yellow or partially scarlet in fall.
It prefers rich and moist soil, and grows rapidly when
young. Prop, by seeds, sown in spring, and by green-
wood-cuttings, taken from forced plants in early spring,
or by layers ; cuttings from half-ripened wood in sum-
mer, under glass, grow also, but not verj' well.
Jap6nicum, Sieb. & Zucc. Bushy tree, usually 20-.10 f t. ,
but sometimes rising to 100 ft., with slender, glabrous
branches : Ivs. opposite, occasionally alternate, slender
petioled, cordate, orbicular or broadly ovate, obtuse, cre-
nate-serrate, glabrous, glaucous beneath, 2-.1 in. long.
Japan. G.F. 7:106, 107. and 0: 5.3. Mn. :}:74. Gng. 5:1.35.
— A very desirable tree, one of the best of the newer
iotroduetions from Japan. Alfred Rehder.
C£RCIS ( KerkiH, ancient Greek name). Legtimindso'.
Judas Tree. Red Bud. Trees or shrubs : Ivs. decidu-
ous, alternate, petioled, palmately nerved, entire : fls.
papilionaceous, pedicelled, pink or red, appearing before
or with the Ivs., in clusters or racemes from the old
411. Cercis Canadensis (X 34)-
wood: calyx 5-toothed, red: petals nearly equal, the up-
permost somewhat smaller : pod compressed, narrow-
oblong, narrow-winged on the ventrical suture, many-
seeded. Seven spec'.es in N. America, and from S. Europe
to Japan. Very ornamental trees or shrubs, with hand*
some, distinct foliage an<l abundant showy fls. in spring,
very eflfective by their deep pink color. They are well
adaped for shrubberies or
as single specimens on
the lawTi, and attain rarely
more than 20 or 30 ft. in
height, forming a broad,
irregular head when older.
Only C. Canadensis is
hardy north, while none of
the othc-s can be grown
successfully farther north
than New York. They
grow best in rich, sandy
and somewhat moist loam,
and should be transplanted
when young.as older plants
can be hardly moved with
success. Young plants, 4
or 5 years old, produce fls.
freely and may be recom-
mended for forcing, espe-
cially C. Chinen sis, -^hich
is the most beautiful of
all. Prop, by seeds, sown
in spring, best with gentle
bottom heat ; sometimes
increased by layers, or by
greenwood cuttings from
forced plants in early
spring ■,C.Chinen sis grows
also from greenwood cut-
tings in summer under
glass.
A. Lvs. abruptly and short
acuminate, usually
slightly pubescent
near the base beneath.
Canadensis, Linn. Fig.
411. Tree, to 40 ft.: Ivs.
roundish or broadly ovate,
usually cordate, 3-5 in.
long : fls. rosy pink, Jain,
long, 4-8 in clusters: pod
2J4-3J4Jn. long. From New
Jersey south, west to Mis-
souri and Texas. S. S.
3: 13.3-34. A. F. 13: 1370.
Gng. 0:290. F.E.9:593.-.
tree for the northern states,
double fls.
Chin^nsis, Bunge ( C. Japdnica, Sieb.). Fig. 412. Tree,
to 50 ft., shrub in culture: lvs. deeply cordate, roundish,
with a white, transparent line at the margin, sul)coria-
ceous, shining above, 3-5 in. long: fls. 5-8, purplish pink,
^in. long : pod 3-5 in. long, narrow. China. Japan.
F.S. 8:849. Mn. 2:139. G.F. 6: 476. -The most beautiful
species, with the fls. nearly as large as those of C. Sili-
quastrum and more abundant.
AA. Lvs. rounded or emarginate at the apex, usually
broader than long.
occidentillis, Torr. {C. Calif6mica, Torr.). Shrub, to
15 ft. : lvs. cordate, roundish, glabrous, about 2 in. wide:
As. rose-colored, Kin. long: pod 2-2>.iin. long. Calif.— A
closely allied species is C.rc«j7«5rm/.s. Engelm. {C.Tex-
^nsis, Sarg. ). Small tree: lvs. subcoriaceous, .T-5 in.
wide, sometimes pub^'scent beneath : pod 2-4 in. long.
Texas, N. Mexico. S.S.3:135.
Siliqn&stmm, Linn. Tree, to 40 ft.: lvs. roimdish,
deeply cordate, glabrous, 3-5 in. wide : fls. ;{-<>, purplish
rose, %\n. long : pod 3-4 in. long. S. Europe, W. Asia.
B.M. 1138. Gn. 42: 879, and 52, p. 5. -There is a variety
with white fls. Alfred Rehder.
CERCOCARPUS (Greek, tail and fruit; the fruit with
along, hairy tail). Rosd.ce.ce. Small trees or shrubs, with
alt4?rnate, persistent, rather small lvs.: fls. inconspicu-
ous, apetalous, whitish or reddish, in the axils of fas-
cicled lvs.: fr. an akene, surmounted by the persistent,
412. Cercis Chinensis.
Natural size.
very desirable ornamental
There is also a variety with
\
CERCOCARPUS
CEREUS
279
lonp and hairy style. Small genus of about 4 species, in
the Rocky Mts. from Montana south to Mexico; without
decorative value, but probably valuable for covering dry,
rocky or gravelly slopes in arid temperate regions, as
they thrive under very unfavorable condititms. The
verV heavy and close-grained wood is manufactured into
sm:ill articles, and valued as fuel and for making char-
coal. They may be cultivated in a peaty and sandy, well
drained soil in sunny positions, and prop, by seeds or by
cuttings of half-ripened wood under glass. C. ledifdliOB,
Nutt., is the hardiest, and stands frost to zero. It has
narrow, entire Ivs., while the Mexican C. f other ^lloldes,
HBK., has the Ivs. somewhat larger, sernit«* and tomen-
tose beneath, and clustered fls. C. parvifolius, Nutt., has
cuneate-obovate. coarsely serrate Ivs. D. M. Andrews, of
Colorado, who handles this shrub, writes of it as follows :
"Mountain Mahogany, (> feet. A nearly evergreen rosa-
ceous shrub of peculiar and attractive liabit of growth.
Fli>wers white, early, followed by the long, plumose
akenes, which are h-'t in. long, strangely curled and
twisted, arranged above and on each side of the slender
branches, so that at a little distance they have an appear-
ance suggestive of ostrich plumes. Easily transplanted,
and thrives anj-where." Alfred Rehder.
C£B£nS (from the Latin ; some think it comes from
the word for candle, in allusion to the shape of the stem;
others that it comes from the word for pliant). Cactd-
Cf<r. A genus of varying habit, from stout -columnar to
almost globular, deflesed or creeping or slender-climb-
ing, generally ribbed. The fls. are borne singly on the
side of the stem ; they have a long tube which, with the
ovary below it, is beset with scales or bracts ; petals
numi-rous and spreading. The sts. bear numerous tuber-
cles or woolly tufts, which bear spines ; these spines
are usually of two kinds or groups,— the interior ones,
or "centrals," which stand at nearly right angles to the
stem, 8'id the outer ones, or "radials," which are vari-
ously spreading. The largest Cacti are Cereuses. A
genus of about 100 sp icies, extending from the arid
regions of southwestern U. S. southward through Mex.
and Cent. Amer. into S. Amer. Formerly the genus was
made to include the numerous species of Echinocereus,
but these are now regarded as forming a distinct genus.
Those who miss well known Cereus forms from the
following list should look under Echinocereus. Not all
of the specific names to be found in the trade cata-
logues can be accounted for at present, but the following
synopsis contains the most important in the Amer.
trade : and the unidentified names will be found in the
supplementary list. See Cactus.
John M. Coulter.
The Night-blooming Cereuses are the only species
(except C. flagelliformis) which are generally culti-
vated. The sts. of the Night-blooming Cereus are either
cylindrical or angled, and are trailing or climbing in
habit. Some species grow to a great height. They are
excellent for growing against pillars or rafters in the
greenhouse. They grow most luxuriantly where they
receive abundant light and a good circulation of air.
They are not particular about soil, but do well in any
open, porous compost. Great care should be taken that
the drainage is perfect, as stagnation at the roots of
such fleshy succulent plants is sure to r - -« disastrous.
During the summer months the •'em<- . be syringed
twice a day ; but during thb wiu, , . ire no syr-
inping and very little water. Goo vr oe grown
in pots, using a compost of ont .lai ' ^v • . •■ js loam
and the other half lime rubbish, broken biich und sand.
The best species are C. grandifiorns, C. 3facDonald<p,
C. nycticaliis, and C. triangularis. At the Harvard
Botanic Garden is a very large plant of C. triangularis,
which has often had as many as 65 to 70 flowers open in
one night. The flowers of ail the species open but once.
They collapse when the sun strikes them.
RoBERi Cameron.
The following Cereuses are here described : Alacri-
portanus, 22; Alamosensis, 8; atropurpureus, 4.");
azureus, .34 : Bauminni. 27 ; Belienli, 24 ; Bonplandii,
44; Baxaniensis, iW', Bridgesii, 33 ; csesius, 35; can-
delabrum. 24 ; candicans, 4 ; Cavendishii, 29 ; cha-
lybsBus, 25; ChUensis, 7; Chiotma, 10; coccineu8,'il ;
Cochal,21; c»rulescens, 32; colHhrinu8,21', Donkelff>ri,
49; Dumortieri, 10; Dyckii, 11; ebumeus, 19; edulis,
19; Emoryi. 39; eriophorus, 30; enua, 41; euphorbi-
oides, 12 ; extensus, .59 ; Ferna mbucetmis , 42 ; flagelli-
formis, 47 ; formoKus, 42 ; gcmtnatus, }'> ; geometri-
zans, 20 ; giganteus, 1 ; grandiflorus, .'lO ; grandis, 42 ;
Greggii, 36 ; gummosus, 40 ; haniatus, m] ; Hankea-
nus, 17 ; inermis, a't ; isogonus, 28 ; Jamat!uru, 23 ;
lageniformis, 3^i ; lamprochlorus, 5 ; Landbecki, 32 ;
leptophis, 47 ; MacDonaldiap. 61 ; macrogonxis, 18 ;
Mallisoni, 48 ; marginatus, \'i ; Martianus, 53 ; Mar-
tinii, 46; Maynardii, 51 ; Mexicanus, .38; monacanthus,
46 ; monoclonos, 22 ; Napoleonis, 58 ; nycticalus, 54 ;
Olfersii, 12 ; Pasacana, 3 ; Pecten-aboriginxun, 18 ;
Pernamhucennis, 42 ; Peruvianus, 22 ; Pitajaya, 42 ;
platygonus, 31, 48 ; princeps, 43 ; Pringlei, 1 ; pruino-
sus, 19 ; pngioniferus, 20 ; Queretarensis, 9; Regelii,
57; repandus, 30; Roeziii, 13; rostratus,'^{)\ Schrankii,
37; Seidelii,3i ; serpentinus, 26; Smithii, 48; Spachi-
anus, 6; specinsxisimus, 37; speciosus, 37; spinulo- '
sus, 52 ; splendens, 29; stellatus, 11; tephracanthus,
14; Thurberi, 2; Tonelianus, 11; tortuosus, 45; tri-
anerularis, 60 ; uranos, 50 ; validus, 23 ; variabiliSf
42, 43.
A. Sts. erect, S in. or more in diameter.
B. yew growth green, not pruinose (i. e., not covered
with a bloom or glaucum).
C. Hibs of stem 10 or more.
1. ^gant^UB, Engelm. Suwarro. Fig. 413. A stout
form, 25-60 ft. high, simple or with a few erect branches
shorter than the main st. : ribs 12-15 below, 18-21 above,
often almost obliterated and spineless on older parts:
spines straight, bulbous at base, white or straw-color, be-
coming ashy or dark, the 6 centrals stout, the 11-17 outer
ones setaceous : fls. yellowish or whitish : fr. oval or
pear-shaped, 2-3 in. long and 1-2 in. in dirnn. In rocky
valleys and on mountain sides from Ariz, into Sonora
and L.Calif. B.M. 7222. A.G. 11:451, 528. -The best
known of the tret* forms. The young plants are globu-
lar for several years. Forms the cordon forests of the
Sonoran region. Runs into crested or cristate forms.
C Pringlei, Wats., is one of the cordon Cereuses of
N. Mex. Not so tall as C. giganteus, ribs fewer, and
fls. scattered. Not in cult. G.F. 2:65.
2. Thdrberi, Engelm. Several stems arising from the
same root, becoming 10-15 ft. high, fasciculate-jointed:
ribs 1.3-16, very slightly prominent: spines 7-16, slender
and rigid or almost setaceous, very unequal in length :
fls. greenish-white : fr. globose, 1-3 in. in diam., olive-
color, with crimson pulp. Southwestern Ariz., through
Sonora and L. Calif.
3. Fasactoa, Weber. A gigantic species, reaching a
height of 20-.30 ft., and sometimes even 50 ft., and a
diam. of 12-16 in.; sparingly brar-hing above ; in new
growth dark green, becoming gr , or bluish : ribs 15-
20, or in young plants only 9-10: areolae %-% in. apart,
large, brown, becoming yellowish and finally gray: ra-
dial spines 10-13, about 1 in. long, the under one or
lowest pair straight, subulate, the others curved ; cen-
trals mostly 4, the under and upper ones the longest,
reaching 2 in. in length, straight or curved; the young
spines are cleai' brown, often with alternating rings of
light and dark tissue, later gray, bulbose at the base :
fls. from the lateral areolae, about 6 in. long, white.
Argentine Republic — This is the giant Cereus of the
Argentine desert, as C. giganteus is of the Mojave
desert.
4. candicans, Gillies. Stems upright, low, cylindri-
cal, bright green, 214-3 ft. high by r>-8 in. in diam.;
freely branching from the base: ribs 10, obtuse angled:
areolae %-%m. apart, large, depressed, white, becoming
gray : radial spines 11-14, spreading, at first thin,
needle form, later stronger, stiff, straight, about % in.
long ; central solitary or later, 3-4 atlditional ones ap-
pearing above, stronger, reaching a length of l^in.,
sometimes somewhat curved ; all the spines horn-col-
ored, with tips and bases brown, later becoming gray:
fls. long, funnel form, re><embling those of Echinopsis,
10 in. long by 6 in. in diam.: fr. spherical to ellipsoidal,
about 3 in. in diam., red, somewhat spiny, flesh white.
Argentine Republic.
280
CEREUS
CEREUS
5. lamprochldros, Lera. Related to C. candicans : of a
taller growth, cylintlrical, 3-4iV^ ft. high by about 3 in.
in diani., at first simple, but later branching at the base;
in new growth bright green, later dirty gr^en : ribs
10-11 or occasionally 15; conspicuously crenate, later
blunt and but little crenate: areolae medium size, about
34in. apart, yellowish white, becoming gray; above each
areola two radiating grooves form a letter \ : radial
spines 11-14, spreading, straight, sharp-pointed, about
%in. long, clear to dark amber color; some are strong
and rigid, while others are bristle-form; centrals mostly
4, somewhat longer, stronger and deeper colored, with
brown bases, becoming dark gray, about ^in. long : fls.
from the previous year's growth, about 8-10 in. long by
6 in. in diam., white. Argentine Republic.
6. Spachi^nns, Lem. Stems upright, at first simple,
later profusely branching at the base, branches ascend-
ing parallel with the main stem, 2-3 ft. high by 2-2J^ in.
in diam., columnar: ribs 10-15, obtuse, rounded : areolae
about 34 in. apart, large, covered with curly yellow wool,
becoming white : radial spines 8-10, ^-% in. long,
spreading, stiff, sharp, amber-yellow to brown; central
solitary, stronger and longer; all the spines later be-
coming gray: fls. about 8 in. long by about 6 in. in diam.,
white. Argentine Republic.
7. Cliil6nsi8, Colla(C.C/ji7o«f«st.<?,DC.). Stems strong,
upright, simple (so far as known), about 2% ft. high by
3 '-2-5 in. in diam., cylindrical to somewhat clavate,
bright, clear green: ribs 10-12, obtuse: areola* about an
inch apart, large: radial spines straight, sharp, rigid, at
first 9, but later 4 others appear above these; centrals
mostly 4, seldom but a single one, bulbose at the base;
the young spines are brown honey-yellow, becoming
white, with dark tips, and finally gray : fis. from the
upper lateral areola», about 6 in. long, white, resembling
those of Echinopsis. Chile.
CC. Bibs of stem 7-9.
8. Alamos^nsis, Coult. Upright columnar, about 2 ft.
high by about 2 in. in diam., several stems arising from
a common root-crown: ribs 7-9, compressed and slightly
crenate: areolae prominent, about 1-1 ?4 in. apart, hemi-
spherical, densely covered with short, reddish brown
wool: radial spines 15-18, slender but rigid, rather un-
equal, spreading, straight or curved, %-\ in. long, ashy
gray; centrals commonly 4, much stouter and longer,
the three upper ones erect or divergent, the lowest (usu-
ally the longest and somewhat flattened ). porrect or
dettexed, all more or less angular, sometimes teretish,
134-2 in. long, when young yellowish, with dark brown
base, finally becoming gray: fls. from the upper lateral
areolae, funnel-form, about 134 in. long, red. Northern
Mexico.
9. Queretar^nsis, Weber. Arborescent, with a trunk
about 3 ft. high by about 14 in. in diam. ; the much-
branched crown has a diameter of 12-16 ft., the total
height of a plant being about 20 ft. ; branches dark
green, in young growth frequently of a peculiar violet-
brown: ribs 6-7, separated by sharp grooves, which later
become much flattened, and the stem consequently more
cylindrical : areolae depressed, dark brown : radial
spines 6-9, the lower ones the longest, about 13i in.
long : centrals 4 (often but 2), reaching 134 in.: fis. nu-
merous from the upper part of the branches, about 4-5
in. long : fr. yellow to red, alxmt 2 in. long, covered with
dark yellow to brown spines, about 1 in. long, and bul-
bose at the base. Mexico.
10. Chiotllla, Weber. Arborescent, stem reaching a
diameter of 16 in., freely branching from the base up-
ward, the whole plant reaching a height of 16 ft., with a
crown 12-14 ft. in diam., branches 8 in. in diam., dark
green: ribs mostly 7 (seldom 8): areolae elliptical,
pointed above and below, large, gray : radial spines
10-15, straight, very stiff, radiate, V^-Ys in. long ; cen-
trals 1-2, rarely 3-4, the under one long and \> ry strong,
about 2 in. long, curved downward, and eiti ■ to the
right or to the left, the others about half as long ; all
the spines are horn colored ; the narrow groove con-
necting the areolae bears a few bristles : fls. from the
lateral areolae, near the end of the branches, 134-134 in.
long, sulphur-yellow: fr. spherical, little more than an
inch in diameter, scaly, brown-red, with a violet flesh
within. Mexico.
11. Stellitufl, Pfeiff. (C. Dyckii, Mart. C.TonelliAnus
Lem.). Stems upright, c«)lumnar, 10-14 ft. high, light
green : branches upright, 2-3 in. in diam.: ribs 7-10
rarely 15 : areolae 3^-1 in. apart, sunken between adja-
cent swellings of the rib: radial spines 8-10, about %in.
long; centrals 3-5, the upper ones upright or divergent'
the under one porrect, alx)Ut 34-:'4 in. long ; all the
spine" bulbose at the base, rigid, white, and sonntimes
with dark tips, turning gray with age : fls. forming a
crown at the end of the stem, about 2 in. long, li^jht
pink : fr. spherical, 134 in. in diam., red outside and
carmine-red within. Central Mexico. — Fruit edible and
common in the Mexican markets.
12. euphorbioides, Haw.(6'. 6//fr.'*i/, Otto). Columnar,
simple, 10-16 ft. high by about 434 in. in diam., in young
growth pale green, changing with age to gray-green ;
ribs 8-10, separated by sharp grooves, sharp-angled, be-
coming flattened in older growth : areolae about %in.
apart, small, white to gray: radial spines mostly 0, the
under one the longest, reaching a length of over an
inch, strong, yellowish brown to black, the upper ones
shorter and bristle form ; central solitary, in young
plants twice as long as the radials; all the spines finally
become gray: fls. from near the crown. 334-4 in. long,
beautiful flesh-red, remaining open for 24 hours. Brazil
R.H. 1885,p.279.
13. Soezlii, Haage. Upright, columnar, about 3 in.
in diam. : ribs 9, separated by sharp, somewhat serpen-
tine grooves, obtuse; above the areolae, two radiating,
slightly curved grooves form a letter V: areolte %-%
in. apart, comparatively large, slightly sunken, yellow-
ish, later gray: radial spines 9-12, ra<liate, nearly 3oin.
long, straight, subulate, tolerably sharp, slightly thick-
ened at the base, clear brown, with darker stripes : cen-
tral solitary, reaching 134 in. in length, straight, porrect,
later somewhat dettexed, clear brown ; later all the spines
become gray. Andes of Peru or Equador.
14. tetrac^nthus, Lab. Upright, arborescent or
bushy, freely branching, young branches leaf-green,
later gray-green : ribs 8-9, low, arched : areol» me-
dium sized, slightly sunken, about 34in. apart, white to
gray: radials 5, later 7, radiate, ab<.ut %in. long, '^traij.' c,
subulate, stout, white, with brown tips and basest !a;or
ashy gray; centrals 1-3, under one largest and .onect,
when young yellow and translucent, later gray . fls re-
semble those of C. tortuosus. Bolivia.
ccc. Bibs of stem S-€.
15. margin&tus, DC. (C. gemmdtus, Zucc). Simple
or branching at apex, 2-3 in. in dian;.. with 5-6 obtuse
ribs, which are woolly their whole length: spines short-
conical, rigid, 7-9, all nearly alike: fls. brownish purple,
about 134 in. long: fr. globular and spiny. Mexico.—
Frecjuently used for hedges in S. Mexico. The stem is
often covered with a woody crust.
16. Dumorti^ri, Salm-Dyck. Tall, strong, 6-angled,
columnar stems, much resembling C marginatux, but
with the confluent areolae armed with slender, needle-
form, yellow spines: radials about 9-15, radiating, about
'%-% in. long ; centrals 1-4, the under one longest,
reaching 13^ in. in length : fls. numerous, funnel-fonn,
about 2 in. long, opening to about 1 in. in diam.. white.
Mexico.
17. Hanke&nns, Weber. Upright, robust, not branch-
ing ( so far as known ) , young growth bright green, later
dark green, about 2 in. in diameter: ribs 4-5, compressed,
about \% in. high, conspicuously crenate, with an S-forra
line passing from each areolte toward the center of the
stem : areolae %-l in. apart, horizontally elliptical to
heart-shaped, brown, becoming gray below and yellow
above: radial spines 3, needle-like, stout, sharp-pointed,
about %in. long, amber-colored when young, turning to
brown ; central solitary, straight, porrect, -Kin. long,
stronger than the radials, horn-colored ; later ail the
spines become gray: fls. 4-5 in. long, white. S. Araer.
BB. New growth blue, white- or gray-pruinose
{i.e., covered with a bloom).
C. Sibs of stem comparatively broad and low ; more or
less triangular in transverse section.
18. macrdgonus, Otto. Arborescent, sparsely branch-
ing, reaching a heigh of 20 ft. (in cultivation, 6 ft. high
CEREUS
CEREUS
281
by 3-5 in. in diam.), branches
columnar : ribs mostly 7, stl-
dora 8-9, thick, slightly umhi-
late, obtuse and with convex
faces, about 1 in. high, bluish
preen, frequently having a de-
pressed line near the areolse:
areoI» about }4in. apart, large,
gray: radial spines (>-9, radi-
ate or spreading, strong, sub-
ulate, :^4in. long, horn color,
later black ; central spines
1-3, somewhat stronger and
longer than the radials, more
or less conspicuously porrect:
fls. from the lateral areola?,
near the end of the branches,
2^-3 in. long, tolerably fleshy,
white : fr. depressed-globose,
2 in. in diam. by little more
than 1 in. long. Brazil.
C. Pic ten - (I horig in u m ,
Wats., is closely allied to the
above. It is Sonoran, but not
known to be in cult. G. F.
7:335.
19. ebfimeuB, Salm-Dyck
(C. pridndnus. Otto. C. edit-
lis, Hort.). Stem simple and
glaucous, with 7-10 ribs :
spines subulate, rigid, ivory-
white, with black tip (purplish when young),
radials 8-10, central usually solitary (some-
times 3-4): fls. purplish. 'W. Ind., Mex.
Cent Amer., S. Amer.
20. geom6tTizan8,Mart. (C. pusrionf^^rM.?, Lem.). Sim-
ple. 4 in. in diam., with 5-9 obtuse ribs with broad in-
tervals : spines 3-6, unequal, stout and blackish, the
solitary central one (sometimes wanting) very long and
stout : fls. pinkish white, about 1 in. long and 2 in. broad.
Mexico.
21. C6chal, Orcutt. Stout at base, and repeatedly
forking above, becoming 4-10 ft. high: ribs 4-8, obtuse,
with wide, shallow intervals : spines few and stout, the
solitary central one stoutest : fls. purplish green, 1-1 >2
in. long : fr. the size and shape of an olive, not spiny,
red (frequently grayish or yellowish brown ) . L. Calif. —
The short and stout woody trunk is often 1ft. in diam.,
the long branches 2-8 in. in diam.
cc. Ifibs of stem strongly compressed laterally.
22. Peruviinus, Haw. (C. monoclonos, DC). Hedge
Cactus. Tall, 30-50 ft., branching freely toward the
base, columnar, 4-8 in. in diam. , new growiih dark green
and glaucous, becoming a dull green with age, and, in
old stems, becoming corky: ribs o-8, compressed : are-
ola yi-l in. apart, in new growth covered with con-
spicuous, curly brown wool, becoming gray: radial spines
about iy-7, about %-% in. long ; central solitary, reach-
ing a length of 2% in. ; the number of spines increases
with age to as many as 20, all are rigid, brown : fls.
abundant, from the lower part of the stem, white, noc-
turnal, 6-7 in. long by 5 in. in diam. Fla., W. Ind., Mex.
and S. Amer. G.C. Ill, 24: 175 ( var. monstrosus).
Var. AlacriportAnus, K. Sch. (C. Alacriporthnus,
Mart.). Of somewhat weaker growth, low, and less con-
spicuously pruinose in the new growth, which is con-
sequently nearly clear green. S. Brazil.
23. Jamac&ra, Salm-Dvck (C. vdlidns. Haw.). Stems
upright, robust, rigid, 12-16 ft. high by as much as 6 in.
in diam. ; young growth azure-blue, turning dark green
with age, glaucous: ribs4-«, thin, compressed, crenate:
radial spines 5-7, stiff, needle-like, clear vellow with
brown points, or brown and finally black, about H-%'\n.
long; centrals 2-4, somewhat stronger, porrect, =^4-3 in.
lone: fls. large, 10 in. long by 8 in. in diam., white noc-
turnal. Braz., Venezuela.
24. candel&brum, Weber {C. Belie fdi, Hort.). Tall,
columnar, simple or branching only at the base, dark
green with a faint trace of blue, 30 ft. high by 4 in. in
diam.: ribs 9, blunt, strongly compressed, %iQ. high,
slightly crenate : areolaB 1-2 in. apart, ovate, large,
yW
413.
Cereus giganteus
forest
in Arizona.
white: radial spines mostly 9, the under ones longest
and about an inch long, laterally compressed, the upper
ones shorter, round, all bulbose and black at the base,
ivory-white above ; central solitary, very large, .3-4 in.
long, dagger-like, laterally compressed and faintly an-
gled, porrect, ivory-white to gray, base black and
strongly bulbose : fls. from the lateral areolae, 3-4 in.
long, white: fr. the size of a small orange, covered with
small scales, in the axils of which are wool and bristles
Mexico.
25. chalybaas, Otto. Stems upright, branching above,
arborescent, azure blue and pruinose, later dark green,
l>^-4 in. in diam.: ribs 6, in young growth very much
compressed, later depressed till the stem is nearly cy-
lindrical : areolae about 5^^in. apart, dark gray -brown ;
radial spines mostly 7, about }4 in. long: centrals 3-4,
similar but somewhat stronger and a little longer ; all
the spines are pointed, stiff, when young are black,
later brown to gray with black tips, bulbose at the base:
fls. very similar to those of Cccerulescens. Argentine
Republic.
AA. Stems erect, less than 2 in. in diam.
B. liibs of stem 10 or more.
26. serpentlnus, DC. Stems columnar, tall, slender,
flexuose, 5-8 ft. high by 1-1 V^ in. in diam., tapering at
the point : ribs 10-13, low, obtuse : areolae about %in.
apart: radial spines 10-12, slender,needle form, stiff,%in.
long ; centrals 1-4, pink and white when young, later
gray ; the number of spines increases by new ones ap-
pearing later : fls. from the upper lateral areolae, slen-
der, green, spiny tube with funnel-shaped corolla, about
6 in. long by 3 in. in diam., white, nocturnal: fr. ovoid,
red, covered with deciduous spines. Cent. Mex. B.M.
3566.
27. Batimannii, Lem. (C. colttbrlnus. Otto). Stems
dark green, slender, flexuose, columnar, reaching a height
of 6 ft. and a diam. of 1-1 J4 in., the few branches ascend-
282
CEREUS
CEREUS
ing slender, parallel with the main stem : ribs 12-16,
roundeu: areolae close together, brown; spines tine, slen-
der, very sharp, 15-20, fascicled, white to yellow or dark
brown, about ^ in. long; sometimes a single one from the
center reaches a length of % in. : fls. numerous, tubular,
zygomorphous, 25^-3 in. long by about J^in. in diame-
ter throughout, red or stiraetiraes with orange-red petals
and red tube. Cinguay, Paraguay and Argentine Re-
public.
28. isdgonus, K.Sch. Stem upright, columnar, about
1-1/i in. indium., in young growth light green to \ fllow-
green, later darker : ribs 15-16 : areolae approximate,
white, turning gray: radial spines as many as 20,
spreading, at lirst clear or dark yellow, becoming white,
and tinaily gray, bristle form, flexible, about %in. long;
centrals 6-8; two of these are somewhat stronger and
stiffer, about % in. long, one directed upward and one
downward, yellowish brown to dark honey-color ; later
gray, as in the radials. S. Amer.
29. spldndens, Salm-Dyck. Columnar, slender, short,
rigid, more or less branching from the base, reaching a
height of about 2 ft. and about l-l^ain. in diara., light
to yellowish green : ribs about 10-12, rounded : areolae
prominent, about ^ in. apart, tawny, becoming white,
tomentose : radial spines 8-12, radiating, yellow and
light brown, becoming gray; centrals 1-3, scarcely
larger than the radial, yellowish to white; all the spines
slender, bristle form, about %-%\n. long.— This may
be but a lower, stouter form of C. rfpandnn. C. Caven-
dishii has been referred to this species, but with some
question.
BB. Bihs 3-10.
30. repdnduB, Haw. (C. eridphorns, Pfeiflf.). Stem
simple. 20 ft. high, tapering at summit and jointed,
with 8-10 obtuse ribs: spines 9-12, needle-shaped, white
with black tips : large white, funnel form flowers, the
calyx-tube covered with long wool. W. Indies.
31. platygonus, Otto. At first upright, later some-
what reclining, branching, at the base about 1 in. in
diam., tapering in the new growth: ribs 8, low, arched >'
areolae about ^ in. apart, very small, yellow, becoming
gray, subtruded by a small 3-angled bract ; radial
spines 12-15, spreading, bristle form, little more than
% in. long; central solitan.'. slightly longer and stronger;
all the spines at first yellow-brown, changing to white
or gray with age.
32. c8Brul68cen8, Salm-Dyck (C. Ldndbecki, Phil.).
Arborescent or shrubby, 3-5 ft. high: stems 1-1 >^ in. in
diam. : ribs usually 8, obtuse : areolje approximate, white
bud soon becoming black : spinas rigid ; radials 9-12,
M->2 in. long, black ; centrals 4, % in. long, stronger,
black or white : fls. from the siSe of the stem, slightly
curved, 6-8 in. long by 6 in. in diam., tube bronze-green,
corolla white or occasionally rose-pink: frs. ellipsoidal,
pointed at both ends, about 3 in. long and half that in
diam., bright red, with blue glaucous covering. Argen-
tine Republic. B.M. 3922.
33. Bridgeaii, Salm-Dyck. Upright, tall, columnar,
simple or lat«r branching at the base, bright green when
young, becoming blue to gray-green, 1^-2 in. in diam.:
ribs 5-7, very broad and low : areolae %-%m. apart,
yellowish to gray: spines .S-5, radiating, the under one,
or seldom the upper one, the longest, 1^ in. long, stiff,
sharp, straight, dark honey-yellow, with brown tips, be-
coming gray with age. Bolivia.
Var. lagenifbrmis, K. Sch. (C. lagenif&rmis , Forst.).
Spines more numerous, somewhat longer.
34. azureus, Parm.(CSeid<'?ti, Lehm.). Stem upright,
tall, slender, columnar, branching from the base, in the
young, fresh bluish green, later dark green with gray,
glaucous covering, about .'i-4 ft. high and about 1 in. in
diam. ; ribs 5-7, rounded, enlarged at th areolae :
areolae about ^-1 ft. apart, elevated, large, aoundantly
woolly when young : spines 8-18, nearly alike, about
^-%in. long, stiff, slender, needle-form to bristle-like,
black; the 2--4 central ones somewhat longer: fls. 8-12
in. long, obliquely attached to the stem, slightly curved,
white. Braz.
35. caesios, Otto. Upright, columnar, branching at the
base, somewhat tapering above; in new growth, beauti-
ful light blue, pruinose ; later, light green to slightly
bluish, about l^ain. in diam.: ribs 5-6, separated by
sharp grooves, about % in. high, compressed, faintly
crenate, becoming depressed in older gfrowth : areol®
about % in. apart, small, yellow at first, later becoming
white and finally gray : radial spines 8-10, sonietime^
more appear later; nwliate, light amber-color, brown at
the base, the lower pair the longest, mostly about % in.
long ; centrals 4-7. like the radials but usually some-
what stronger, longer and darker ; all the spines thin,
needle-form, flexible, sharp ; later, light horn-color!
finally gray. S. Amer. ( ?).
3';. Ordggii, Engelm, Slender and branching, 2-3 tt.
high and '%-\ in. in diam., from an extraordinarily
large, tuberous root (often 6-10 in. long and 4-6 in, in
diam. ) : ribs .'Mi, acute : spines subulate from bulbous
base, very short and sharp, 7-11, 1 or 2 being central:
fls. white or yellowish. 6-8 in. long: fr. ovate, alternate
at base and apex, bright scarlet, fleshy and edible. 1-2
in. long. Southwestern Tex. to Ariz., and south into
Chihuahua and Sonora. Generally in gravelly or hard,
clayey soil.
37. specidsus, K. Sch. (C. coccineus, Salm-Dyck. C.
Schrdnkii, Zucc. C. .<tpecioMlsnimus, DC). Slender,
much branched from toward the base; stems about 2 ft.
in length by about 1 in. in diam., sometimes having
aerial roots near the young growth: ribs 3-5, serrated:
areolae occupy the short upper side of the serrations,
large, copiously white, woolly : spines fascicled, 5-8,
more in age, spreading, slender, stiff, sharp-pointed, the
under one bristle-form, about % in. long, yellow : fls.
appearing from the older growth of the stems ; large,
6 in. in diam., remaining open several days, purple-red,
with Irridescent, bluish center : fr. ovoid, with a few-
scattering scales, lJ^-2 in. long. Mex. and Cent. Amer.
B.M. 3822. I.H. .32:548. Gn. .53, p. 153.-This species is
commonly hybridized with other species of Cereus and
of Phyllocactus, giving rise to numerous horticultural
varieties.
38. Mexic4nU8, Lem. Said by Lemaire to be a garden
hybrid between C. speciosus and some other species not
mentioned.
AAA. Stems prostrate.
39. £mor3ri, Engelm. Prostrate, cylindrical, 2-4 ft.
long, with ascending or erect branches 6-10 in. high and
1-2 in. in diam.: ribs 15. tuberculate : spines slender
and rigid, interlocked, yellow ; radials 40-50, very slen-
der; central usually solitary, stouter and much larger :
fls. greenish yellow, 1-2 in. broad : fr. globose, very
spiny, 1-lHin. in diam. Rocky hills, S. Calif, into L.
Calif, and adjacent islands.— Grows in thick masses,
covering patches 10-20 ft. square.
40. gumrndsos, Enge'm. (C. gummindstis, Hort.).
Prostrate and assurgent, 1-4 ft. long, 3-4 in. in diam.,
dull purplish green: ribs (on young branch) 7-9, tuber-
culate: spines stout and rigid, black, from a strong,
bulbous base; radials about 12; centrals 3-6, stout and
angled: fls. purple, 4-5 in. long: fl. subglobose, about 3
in. in diam., spiny, bright scarlet with purple pulp
("color of ripe watermelon"), acid and pleasant. L.
California.
41. ernca, Brandegee. Prostrate and stout, single or
slightly branched, 2-4 ft. long. .V7 in. in diam., rooting
from the under surface, generally in patches of 20-30 :
ribs Ki-21 : spines stout, ashy, interlocked ; centrals 5-8,
stouter, the lowest flattened and strongly deflexed : fls.
4-5 in. long, reported to be yellow: fr. globular, 2 in. in
diara., somewhat spiny, dull red, with purple pulp. Sandy
plains, coasts of L. Calif, and adjacent islands. — A plant
of curious and uncouth habit, often in large masses, and
from a distance "looking like a lot of firewood thrown at
random on the ground."
AAAA. Stems weak, clambering over rocks or other plants
for support; without aerial roots.
42. Pitaj^ya, DC. (C Pemambticensis [Femambu'
censis], Lem. C. formdsus, Salm-Dyck. C. varidbilis,
Pfeiff . ) . Stems at first simple, later branching, in young
growth light green, turning grayish green with age,
pointed, 54-1 >iin. in diam.: ribs 3-5, commonly 4 : areola
about 1 in. apart, large, bearing a conspicuous amount of
CEREU8
eurlyhair, about Hin. lonj?, in new arrowth: radial spines
5-7 and a solitary central one, uniform, about ^-^^in.
long, amber color to brown and finally gray: ds. from the
older growth, large, about 8 in. long, Hlightly curved,
white, nocturnal. Uruguay, Brazil, Columbia. B.M.4084.
-C. grandin, Haw., according to Dr. Weber, is but a
larger form of this species.
4,3. princeps, Pfeiflf. {C. Barani^nsis, Karw. C. varid-
biliit, Engelm.). Erect, .3-10 ft. high, 2 in. in diam., and
3- or 4-angled: spines 4-6, stout an i radiant, unequal, the
larger 1-lHiu. long: fls. white, long-tubular, 7-8 in. long:
fr. oval, spiny, 2-3 in. long, scarlet, and with luscious red
pulp. Lower Rio Grande, on Mex. side. — The young
shoots are said to have 8 ribs and more numerous slen-
der spines, and in cultivated forms the spines are often
much longer than given above.
44. Bdnplandii, Farm. Stems at first upright, later
clambering over rocks and bushes, about 1-1 Vain, in
diam., branching and spreading, in new growth com-
monly of a bluish or purplish green, later gray-green :
ribs 4-('>, sharp, cttmpressed, crenate, separated by broad,
concave faces; later the ribs become much depressed, so
that the stem is sometimes nearly cylindrical ; the ribs
commonly run spirally around the axis of the stem :
areolsB J^-lJ^in. apart, at first considerably depressed,
later shallower, white, becoming gray : radial spines
4-*i (later 1-4 more appear), straight, spreading, the
largest about %-l in., stout, subulate, pointed, the under
one needle form and shorter ; central solitary, straight,
stronger, 1 in. long, deflexed or porrect ; the stronger
spines are white, with tips and bases brown, when young
beautiful ruby-red, later all are gray, with black tips and
bulbous bases: tls. from the lateral areolae, about 10 in.
long, white, nocturnal : fr. nearly spherical, about 2 in.
in diam., mammate, dark carmine-red. Paraguay, Brazil,
and Argentine Republic.
45. tortuosue, Forbes (C atropurpureus, Haage).
Stems slender, weak, at first upright, but later reflexed,
reaching a length of 3-4 ft., and 1-1 j^in. in diam. : ribs
commonly 7, sometimes but 5, rounded, low, separated by
regular serpentine grooves : areolae about 1 in. apart,
large: radial spines 5-8, about '%-\ in. long: centrals 1-4,
about %-i'^in. long ; all the spines slender, rigid, red-
brown when young, becoming ashy with age : tts. from
the previous year's growth, about 6 in. in length, trum-
pet-shaped, tube olive.- green and
spiny, in the axils of 'the reddish
green scales; outer petals pale green,
tinted with brown ; inner petals
clear white : fr. spherical, bril-
liant red without and white within,
mammate, bearing a few spines on
the summits of the lower mammas.
Argentine Republic.
46. Mtirtinii, Lab. {C. monacdn-
thiis.lLoTt.). At first upright, later
requiring a support; freely branch-
ing from the base, branches long,
reaching nearly 5ft., %-\ in. in diam.,
slightly tapering, dark green : ribs
5-6, separated by serpentine grooves,
contracted between the areola? ; some-
times the ribs are not evident, when
the stem is cylindrical: areolae about
\-\M in. apart, white: radial spines
5-7, reddish, short, bristle-fonn, with
bulbous bases or short conical, usu-
ally about % in. long ; central soli-
tary, mostly deflexed, J^-1 in. long
(in young growth, frequently not
longer than the radial), subulate,
robust, light brown or white, with
bases and tips black : fls. from the
older growth stems, 8-9 in, long, clear white, noc-
turnal: fr. spherical (very similar to C. tortuosiis),
pointed, dark carmine-red, about 2 in. in diam., mam-
mate, a few spines on the mammas, toward the base
of the fr. Argentine Republic. R. H. 1860, pp. 658-9.
-This species is commonly sold under the name of
C. platygonus.
CEREU8
283
AAAAA. Stemft more or lens climbing, attaching them-
Hflves to trees, tcalls, etc., by meana of aerial
roots.
B. Sibs of stem 5 or r\ore.
47. flagollifdrmis, Mill. Rat-t.*il Cactus. Creeping
or pendent, slt-uder and very branching, cylindrical,
%-\ in. in diam., branches 1 ft. long or more: ribs 10-12,
tuberculate : spines short, rather rigid ; ra<lials 8-12,
reddish brown ; centrals 3 or 4, brown, with golden tip:
fls. funnel-form, crimson, 2-3 in. long : fr. globose,
}^in. in diam., reddish and bristly, the pulp greenish
yellow ("with the taste of a prune"). W. Ind., Mex.,
Cent. Amer., S. Amer. — This is commonly hybridized
with other species. It is a ver>' common window plant.
Var. l^ptophis, K. Sch. (C. leptophis, DC). Of more
handsome appearance : new spines on the gTt)wing point
carmine-red : ribs at the most 8: fls. somewhat smaller
and lighter.
48. MAllisoni, Hort. (<7. Smithii, Lindl.). This is a
gar<len hybrid of V. flagellifnrmia on C. speeiosus. Habit
of C. fiagelliformis, but stouter : fls. more like those of
C. speciosns. B.M. 3822.
49. Donkeldteri, 8alm-Dyck. A bushy epiphyte, richly
branching, clinging to the bark of trees by aerial roots,
commonly in company with orchids ; branches very
long and thin, scarcely 5^(iin. in diameter, cylindrical or
inconspicuously 6-angied, or rarely 7-8-angled : areolae
ver>' close together, small, white : spines 10-15, very
short, snow-white ; sometimes 2-3 short, stronger
spines appear in the center of each cluster : fls. resem-
bling those of C. grandiflorns. Brazil.
50. finrandifldros, Mill. Fragkaxt NiGHT-BLooMixa
Cereus. Fig. 414. Diffusely creeping, with very long
and flexuous climbing 5-7-angled branches, %-! in. in
diam., with bunches of white bristles associated with the
5-12 short spines: fls. white and fragrant, 6-8 in. broad.
W. Ind., Mex. B.M. 3.381. — Long cultivated in gardens as
the "Night-blooming Cereus," and made to vary widely.
C. Uranos, Hort., is but a form of this species.
51. H^ynardii, Lem. ( C. grandiflbnis,x&T. Mdynardii,
Hort.). A garden hybrid of C. grandiflortis on C. spe-
ciosns. Habit of C grandiflorus, but red colors of C.
speciosus.
414. Cereus Brandiflorus. one of the niKht-blooming Cereuses (X %).
52. spinuldsus, DC. Stems slender, climbing, reach-
ing a height of 8-10 ft., %-l in. in diam., branches more
slender : ribs commonly 5, sometimes 6, sharp, becom-
ing obliterated with age : areolae small, about J^in.
apart : radial spines about 8, very short, bristle-form,
brown, becoming gray ; central solitary, somewhat
longer: fls. 5-6 in. long by 3-4 in. in diam., white, flushed
284
CEREUS
CEROPEGIA
with pink, nocturnal. W. Ind. and Mex.— The plant
nuu'h n-seml*!*'!* f . tjrnntlifl(>rH», hut is easily distin-
guishe*! by its siuuller and different colored tls.
5.'i. Marti^ntiB, Zucc. Of hushy fjrrowth. brancliini;,
reachinir a liei^lit of W ft. and more ; branches sh-nder,
provided here and there with uerial roots, cylindrical.
alMtut •,'4in. in diuiu : ribs <-<tiiiiiii>nly ^, straight, sepa-
rate«l by sharp trnMives, very low : areola* U-.'h in-
apart, small, white : ra4lial spines t»-10, bristle-form.
Hpr«'u«lin>r, clear honey-yellow, at base brownish. Inter
whitish and becomintj irray. a)>out )4in. lc»n»f ; centrals
3-4, similar, only somewhat stouter and <larker : H».
usually abundant, straiirht or slijrhtly S-shaped, +-5 in.
lontr, scarlet-n-d : fr. spherical, red<iish K'"»'t-*n» covered
with bristles. Southern Mex. B.M. MiM.
BB. Ribs of stem 3-o.
54. nyctic^luB, Link. Ni<}HT-buk)min« Cerei's. Sub-
erect, very lonK-j«»inted, li-l in. in diam. : joints vari-
able, some cylindri<-al, others 4-43-anKle«l : ribs jwute
at first, obtuse later : spines 1-4, and very small : tls.
white and frairrant. about 7 in. lonif. Me.\. — The com-
monest Nii:ht-blouming Ceretis,
55. in^rmis, Otto. Sts. branching, clirabinj?, branches
4-5-an>;led, sharp-wintfed. yellowish ^een, later darker,
slightly crenate : areohe in the depressions, small,
bearing a few bristles when young, but soon naked.
Venezuela.
56. liam^tas, Scheidw. (C. rostrdtus, Lem.). Stems
slender, weak, climbing, bright green, less than I in. in
diam., reaching a length of 10 ft. : ribs remotely serrate,
the serrations repand, and bearing on their anterior
edge the small areola>: spines 5-<), l)ristle-fonn, whitish
to brown, very short and partly deciduous : tls. large,
10-l(i in. long and nearly the same in diameter, white,
nocturnal. Central Mexico.
415.
Cerinthe retorta.
(X><.)
57. B6gelii, Hort. This form is ver>' common in the
trade; is a very excellent plant, with good, fixed char-
acters ; is a slender climbing plant. Its origin is ob-
scure, but, from its vegetative characters, as well as
floral, it is apparently closely related to either C. hama-
tus or C Mac Dona Id i(B, with one of which it may be a
hybrid.
56. Hapolebnis, Graham. Suberect and long-jointed
the joints :i-angled an«l with tlat sides, 12 in. or more
long, %-\ in. in diam. : spines ;< or 4, subulate. un»'(jual,
black; sometimes a few white l>ristles: Hs. snowy white
M in. long and (i in. broad: fr. bluish and spinv, :i bv 4
in. W. In<l., Mex. B.M.:{458.
59. ext^nsus, Salm-I)y«k. Climbing : stems richly
branching, alM)ut 'A ft. long by about •,'4in. in diam.. dark
green, soon becoming covered with gray-yellow, rorkv
Hakes: M-anuled, angles blunt, later beconiintr depressed,
so that the older stems are cylin<lrii-al : aretdu' \i-2\i
in. apart, white, becoming gray: spines 2— 1, ver>' short
and stnmg, straight or very slightly cur\-ed, dark brown,
V»ecoming gray with age : t\-i. from the sides of the
branches, H-D in. long, rose-re<l. Trinidad. B.M. HH'Ai.
60. trianKulAris, Haw. Stems jointed, hm:; and si.-n-
der, cliinl)ing : ribs 3, c»»mpressed. thin, and about 1 in.
or more high, crenate, with a corneous maririn connei-t-
ing the areola*: areola* alxiut 1-1.'^ in. apart: radial
spines 2—4. bristle-form, sh«)rt, s(K*n deciduous ; cent rah
l-'A, c«)nical from a bull>ous base, dark colored : tls.
large, about 1 ft. long by about the same diameter when
fully open, white, n«H'tunial, tube covered with large,
leaf-like scales : fr. large. covere«l with the perxi<tttit
large scales. Mexico and West Indies. B.M. l8^4 Mn.
6:5.— The fniit is edible and very refreshing, and is
common in the Mexican markets.
BBB. Ribs inconHpicuous or wholly absent.
61. MacD6naldiae, Hook. Climbing, and of rapid
growth, richly br:in<"hing, branches very lontr. cylindri-
cal or with here and there vt-ry obtuse an<l not continu-
ous angles, dark green : are<ilae elevated c»n tubercles
which are arranged spirally on the branches, snudl :
spine solitary (or rarely 2), short, porre^-t, iimwn or
black, inccmspicuous: tis, lateral, about 14 in. Iong,white,
nocturnal. Honduras. B.M. 4707.
The following horticultural names, in the Amer.
trade, are not iwcounteti for in the foregoing synop-
sis: C. Childsii, C. dirrrgispina, ('. ereetus, <'. furi-
nonus, C. frdgilis, V. Uebaeri, C Guadalupdnus, C.
Znticaedri.
The following names, in the Amer. trade. Itelong
to E<'hincM'ereus: ('. lierlandi^ri. C. ca-gpifi^sun. ('.
chlordnthus, C curcinfiis, ('. conoidftis, C. cteiwidfi,
C. das!i<icunthus. ('. dubius, C. Eugel-
manni. C. enneacdnthiis, C. Fendleri, (,'.
gonacdnthus, C lonpisetus C. ifnjn-
vinsit, C. paucisplnua, C. pectindtiit,
C. phirnieeus, V. procitmbena. V. Hert-
teri, C. Scheeri (Schlini). C.straminfua,
C tuberdsiia, C riridiflorua.
C. eylindrieua is Opuntia. C. Sickeltii
and C.aenilia are I*ilocereus.
John M. Coilter and
C. H. Thompson.
CERlNTHE (Greek, A-*' ro.*, wax;
anthos, tlower : the ancients be-
lieved that the bees visit«'d the
flowers for wax). Boragiu<)ce(P.
About 6 species of annuai cr per-
ennial herbs from Europe and Asia
Minor, with alternate, glauc<ms Ivs. and showy pnrj>Ie
bracts. The best species is C. retortn , which has a uni(iue
appearance in the garden, and is strongly recommended
for more general cultivaticm. It is a hardy annual of
easy culture. For a garden review of the other Honey-
worts, see Gn. 41, p. 212.
retdrta, Sibth. & Sm. Hoxevwort. Fig. 415. Height
l}4-2 ft.: Ivs. glaucous, often spotted white or red ;
lower Ivs. obovate-spatulate ; upper Ivs. amplexicaul.
with 2 round ears, on the flowering branches gradually
becoming smaller and closer together until they pas.> into
purple bracts, which form the chief attractive feature of
the plant : fls. when full-blown protruded beyond the
bracts : corolla tubular-club-shaped, yellow, tipped pur-
ple, with 5 small, spreading teeth. Greece. B.M. 5204.
Gn. 41:847. W. M.
CES0F£6IA (Greek, wax and fountain, the tlo\yer9
having a waxy look). Asclepiaddcece. Greenhouse vines
of Africa and Asia, not in the Amer. trade. A dozen spe-
cies are known in Old World collecti<ms. Many of them
have tuberous roots, and need a season of rest and dry-
ness. Prop, by cuttings. Odd and handsome.
CEROXYIiON
tuAM.KHATIA
285
CEBdXYLON NIVEUM, Uort.= Diplothemium.
CESTBUM (ol't <irpok namr). Sjm., TTahroihiimnnn.
S,./.< »*.)<•♦<». (irffuhouse shnibs of many J«^K■^•i«'^*, in trop-
ical Anier. S«»me of tJu-m hav«« a climbing habit. The
tubular Hs. an- in axillary <»r terminal cym*'-*, re«l. yellow,
ifreeniob or white, ofttii very frujjrant, Lvs. alternate
and entire. UHiially rather narrow. Fniit a berry. (V««-
tniniH are amonjf ♦he mont useful of bright riowerinj?.
shrubby. jfreenhou«e pbujts. and they may be irrown
either as iM>t plants, or planted out a>rain«>t the back wall
or supports of a jfreenhous.', where, if jf'ven a liwrht jm)-
sition, they will produce an abundance of flowers from
.January to April. The Mexican species will do well In
A w inter temperature of 4.")' to .'»0°, hiit the species from
Central America re^piire stove temperature. They are
propatrated bv euttinifs taken in Febniary or early in
March, and insirted in sand in a wann temp«'rature.
kc'iiimr them somewhat close until n»oted. when they
ghoiild be potted in a litfht soil, after wht<-h they may be
grown in pots, shiftintjon as often as required, or plantetl
416. Cestrum eleeans (X K)-
out in the open ground towards the end of May in a stinny
position, where, if kept pinched back to in«luce a bushy
^owth and attention is paid to watering;, tlu-y will make
tine plants by the first of September. They should then
\n' lifted and potted in a lii;ht. rich soil and kept close
and sha<ie<l for a few days, and then transferred to tlieir
winter (juart«Ts. After tiowerintr. the plants should be
triven a rest for a month or six weeks, trra<lually reducing
the supply of W!it«'r to induce the leaves and wmxl to
ripen, after which they should be cut well biu'k.the ohl
soil shaken off. and the roots trimmed l»ack, and then
either potted again or plante«l out forthe summer. While
in the greenhouse, C'estrunis are very subject to the
attacks of insects, especially the mealy bug ( t'orrM.i
a>h)>ii(Iiim). To keep these in check they should be given
an occasional spraying of kerosene emulsion. The t'es-
trunis are much grown in warm countries, and they
hli)(»m continuously. Following are the only species
known to be in the Amer. trade :
A. Fls. red.
^legans, Schlecht. {Hafrrothdmnus Heganx, Brongn.),
Fip. 41t>. Tall and slender, half-climbing, the branches
pubescent: Ivs. ovate, lanceolate, long-acuminate, of
medium size, puV)eHcent beneath : tis. red-purple, swollen
near the top of the tul)e, in loose clusters, which nod at
the ends of the branches, the lobes ciliate. Mex. F.S.
2:82.— One of the commonest and best of greenhouse
shrubs, blooming almost continuously. There is a form
with variegate<l Ivs.
fasciculatum, Miers. Spring bloomer, with larger fts.
than those of ('. elei/aus, an<l more compact, nearly
globular fi. -clusters, the cluster subtended by small Ivs.
as if an involucre : Ivs. ovate. Mex. B.M. 4183 (and
probably the C. elegann, B.M. 5t>59. )
Newelli, Hort. {H. Newelli, Veitch). Fls. bright
crimson, larger and more brilliant than those of C. ele-
gam and C. fasciculatum. Gn. 34: 660. — A free-growing
plant, originating from seed by Mr. Newell, I)t)wnham
Market, Eng. Evidently an offshoot of one of the pre-
ceding species.
A A. Flu. (tritnqe.
aarantiaeam, Lindl. Of half-<'limbing habit : Ivs.
oval to ovatf. more or less undulate : fls. s«'ssile. in a
panicle, orange-yellow. Ouat<-mala. H.H. 1858, p.2.'M.
AAA. Fl». white, greeninh, or cream-ytlloie,
P4rqui, L'Her. Shrub, half hardy : Ivs. lanceolate,
petioled. short. a<'uminate: tis. long, tubular, with a wide-
Hpreading liml*. in an t»pen panicle, greenish yellow, very
fragrant at night. Chile. B. M. 1770.
didmnm, Linn. Quick-gr<»wing evergreen shrub: Ivs.
«>blong and short-a<'ute. thicki>h ami glabrous, shining
above: fls. white, very sweet-scented by day, in axillary
long p«'dtincled spikes: fr. white. W. Ind.
nocttimam, Linn, .Shrub »»-() ft. : branches bn)wnish,
very slender or flexuosc. glabrous or nearly so : Ivs.
thinner, ovate or elliptic, prominently acuminate : tls.
creamy yellow, very fragrant by night. Jamaica.
E. J. Canning and L. H. B.
CHANACTIS (Greek, gaping ray: the marginal
corollas often ray-like). Comp6»ittp. West American
herbs or under-shrubs, with alternate and mostly dis-
sected Ivs.. an<l yellow, white or flesh -coloreil fls. «»n
solitary' peduncles or in I' »se cymes. Florets of one
kind, but the marginal ones with a more or less en-
larged limb: involucre campanulate: n-ceptacle Hat and
generally naked : pappus «»f scales (wanting in 1 spe-
cies). Three species have been introduced as lM»nler
plants, but they are little known to gardeners. Of easy
culture. Pr<»p. by seeds or division.
A. PappuH of entire or nearly entire persintent »calea.
tenuifdlia, Nutt. Small, tufted annual, white pubes-
cent wb«Mi young but becoming nearly or«|uite glabrous:
1 ft. : Ivs. oace or twice pinnately parted, the lobes linear
or filiform: heads ^ain. high, lemon-yellow. S.Calif.
Doilglasii, Hook. & Am. Biennial or perennial. '.\-\3
in. high, usually white-w«»olly when young: Ivs. broad,
pinnatfly parted into short an<l crowded, obtuse lobes:
heads %-%\n. high, white or whitish. Mont. S. and W.
— Variable.
AA. Papptia of fimbriate and deriduoun scales, or even
wanting.
arteoiiBisefdlia, Gray. Tufted annual, 1-2 ft., rusty-
pubescent and somewhat sticky : Ivs. 2 or 3. pinnately
parte«l into short-linear or obhmg lobes : heads % in.
high, the jnv<»lucre viscid, the florets white or cream-
color. S. Culif. L. H. B.
CH.»N0M£LES. Cydonia.
CH^NOSTOMA {gaping month, in allusion to the
shape of the corolla). Srrophularitirftf, About .30
African herbs or sub-shrubs, with sim|de Ivs. mostly
opposite, and axillary or teruiinal-rm'emose. showy fls.;
stamens 4. in 'J's, attached to tin* throat of the corolla,
more or less exserted: style tllifr>rni and club-shaped,
and obtuse at the apex : corolla tubular, swollen in the
throat, with a .'i-lobed spreading limb.
hispidum, Benth. Small perennial, with opposite, oval
or oblong-toothe<l Ivs.. and blush-white, star-iike fls.
% in. across, in dense (-lusters. .S. Afr. .J.H. 111. 33:0.3»).
—An old and deserving greenhouse or pot plant, but
rarely seen at present. It blooms almost continuously,
the fls. sometimes hiding the f<»liage. Prop, by seeds or
cuttings, either in fall or spring. Begins to bloom when
4-<» in. high. To bo recommended for windows, and for
summer vases.
GHAM£BATIA (Greek, dwarf, and bramble, allud-
ing to its bramble-like fls.). Jio.tdrefr. Low shnib,
clothed with glandular pubescence: Ivs, alternate, stipu-
late, tripinnatittd, persist<'nt : fls. in terminal corymbs,
white, with .1 petals and numerous stamens: fr. a small
akene. One species in Calif. Ornamental shrub of
agreeable aromatic o<ior, with graceful foliage and
showy white fls. in June and July; hardy only in warmer
temperate regions. It thrives best in sandy, well-
drained soil and sunny position. Prop, by seeds sown
in spring and by greenwood cuttings under glass.
286
CHAMiEBATIA
CHAMiECYPARlS
lolioI^W, Benth. Two to 3 ft.: lv». nearly iiesnil©,
oval or ovate -oblonjf. cloj<ely triplnnately disserted,
lH-2Hin. lonjf : lis. white, ^ In. wide. In 4-8-fld,
corymbs. B.M. 5171.
GHAXJEBATIABIA.
Alfred Rehder.
See Sorbaria.
ana, are readily inereaiKHl In this way, while the typical
forms of C. yntkarn/n. , btuna Vkini ."phiPrnitUa ih> ny^
grow well from cutting!*; therefore for most varietiei
veneer grafting on seedling stock during the winter la
CHAX2C£SA8U8. See Lonicera.
CHAMJ£CtPARI8 (chamai, dwarf, and kuparUion,
0>i>rf.H.s; ret'iTriiiK to its affinity), i'onifenr. Evergreen
trees, with opposite, scale-like Ivs. in 4 rows, densely
cloOiing the coniprenscd branchlets : fls. mona'cious,
small ; pistillate inconspicuous, glotxise ; staminate yel-
low or red, oblimj?, often conspicuous by their abun-
dance : cones small, globular, with 6-8 bracts, each bearing
2- or rarely 5-winged seeds, ripening the first season.
Closely allied to Cupressus, which diflF«-rs by its larger
cones maturing the second year, th«; bracts containing
4 or more seeds, and by its quadrangular branches and
minutely denticulate Ivs. Five species in N. Amer. and
Japan, all very valuable timber trees in their native coun-
tries. Highly ornamental evercreen trees oi pyramidal
habit, of which only C sphit-roidea is fully hardy north,
while the Japanese species are hardy in sheltered
positions north to New England, and C Launoni-
ana only from New York south. They grow best in
somewhat moist but well-drained, sandy loam and in a
partly shaded position, sheltered against dry winds.
('. Lau'Honinna and C. ohtu»a like more dr\-, the others
more moist situations, and C sphofroidea grows well
even in swamps. Prop, by seeds, sown in spring ; in-
creased also by cuttings from mature wood in fall, in-
serted in a sandy soil and kept in a coolframe or green
house during the winter; if in early spring gentle bottom
^17. Cbatnstcyparis pisifera.
heat can be given, it will hasten the development of roots
considerably. All the so-called Retinosporas and the
dwarfer forms, and most of the varieties of C. Laicsoni-
418. Chamscyparis pisifera, var. plumoaa.
greenhouse is preferred, but dwarf forms always should
be grown from cuttings, as they often lose their dwarf
habit if grafted. The so-callt»d Retinosporas of the gar-
dens,withlinear, spreading Ivs., are juvenile forms, which
have retained the foliage of the seedling state. There
are similar forms in Thuya. For their distinguishing
characters, see Retinonpora. For the numerous garden
forms, see Beissner, Handb. der Nadelholzk., pp. 64-99.
A. Lvs. green on both sides or paler beneath.
Bpheeroidea, Spach (CuprSssus thuyoldes, Linn.).
White Ckdak. Tree, to 70 or 80 ft., with erect, spreading
branches : branchlets irregularly arranged, spreading,
not pendulous, very thin and slender, flattened : lvs.
closely imbricate, glaucous or light green, with a con-
spicuous gland on the back, fragrant: cones small, mn.
in diam., bluish purple, with glaucous bloom. From
Maine to Florida, west to Mississippi. S.S. 10: 529.- Var.
ericoldes, Beissn. & Hochst. ( C. ericoldes, Carr. Jfetinds-
pora ericolden, Hort.). Compact shrub, of erect, dense
habit : lvs. linear-lanceolate, spreading, with two glau-
cous lines beneath, coloring in winter usually reddish
brown. Var. Andely6n8i8, Carr. (Hetindspora hptochlda,
Hort. ) . Intermediate form between the former and the
type; bluish green, and of erect growth, with loosely ap-
pressed, lanceolate lvs.; often some branchlets with lvs.
of the type and some with lvs. of the var. ericoldes.
R.H. 1869, p. 32, and 1880, p. 36. Var. glatca, Endl. (var.
Kewdnsis, Hort.). Of compacthaMt,very glaucous, with
silvery hue. Var. varieg^ta, Hort. Branchlets partially
colored golden yellow.
Nutka^nsis, Spach {Ci4pr4ssus JYootkatinsis, Lamb.
Timydpsis boredlis, Hort.}. Yellow Cedae. Tree, to
120 ft., with ascending branches, pendulous at the ex-
tremities : branchlets distichously arranged, slightly
flattened or nearly quadrangular, pendulous : lvs. densely
imbricate, usually dark green, acute, mostly without
glands : cones subglobose, nearly J-^in. in diam., dark
red-brown, with glaucous bloom. From Sitka to Oreeron.
S.S. 10:530. R.H. 1869,p.48.-Var. glatica, Hort. With
very glaucous foliage. Var. p^ndula, Hort. Distinctly
pendulous. There are some forms with variegated lvs.
CHAMiEOYPARIS
CHAM.«DAPHNE
287
Gn. 50, p. 88. C. NHtknen$i» is almtit an hardy an the
Japanese apecies.
AA. /^»'*. Ti/^ glaneoun or whitinh mnrica beneath:
braneheM with horizontally gprtading ramifications.
Lawtoni4xUi« Purl, {('upr^snun Ln\cnnnii\nn , yXwrr.).
Trf«'. tw jot) ft., with horizontally spreadint; and usually
p^nduioujii brancheH : hranchlets frond-like arranged,
flattened : Iva. closely apprej*sed, obtuse or somewhat
419. Chamaecyparis pisifera, var. squarrosa.
aeate, usually bright green, with a gland on the back :
starainate catkins bright xed ( yellow in all other species ) :
cone globose, about /^ain. across, red-brown and often
glaucous. From Oregon to Calif. S. 8.10:531. Gng.2::{27.
—This is one of the most beautiful Conifers and very
variable, about 60 garden forms being cultivated in
European nurseries and collertions. The following are
some of the best : Var. 41bo-Bplca, Hort. Tips of branch-
lets creamy white, of slender habit. Var. Altimi, Hort.
Of columnar habit, foliage very glaucous, with a bluish
metallic hue. The best blue columnar form. Var. ar-
g6ntea, Hort. Of slender habit, with very glaucous,
almost silvery foliage. Var. er6cta viridis, Hort. Dense,
columnar habit and bright green foliage. One of the most
beautiful varieties, but somewhat tender. Var. electa
glatica, Hort. Similar in habit, but with glaucous foliage.
Var. fili!6rmi8, Hort. Branches elongated, somewhat
pendulous, with few lateral branchlets, of low, globular
habit. Var. glauca, Hort. Foliage of metallic glaucous
tint. One of the hardier forms. Var. gracilis, Hort.
(xdiT. gracilis pendula, Hort.). Elegant light green form,
with graceful, pendulous branchlets. Var. intert6xta,
Hort. Glaucous form, of vigorous growth, with remote,
pendulous branches and distant, thickish branchlets.
Var. Itltea, Hort. Of compact habit, young growth clear
yellow. G.C.m. 20:721. Var. ntoa, Hort. Dwarf , glo-
bose habit ; with some variegated and glaucous forms.
There are also different variegated forms with the habit
of the type.
obttsa, Sieb. & Zucc {Ctipr^ssus ohfusa, Koch. Bet-
indnpora obtiisa, Sieb. & Zucc). Hinoki Cypress.
Tree, to 120 ft., with horizontal branches : branchlets
frond-like arranged, flattened, pendulous : Ivs. bright
green and shining above, with whitish lines beneath,
thickish, obtuse, and very closely appressed, with a gland
on the back: cones globose, nearly >^in. in diam., brown.
Japan. S. Z. 121. G.C. 11. 5 : 236. R. H. 1869, p. 97. -
Vnr. Albo-fplea. Hort. Tips of branchlnx \^hir1sh. Var.
atur«a. Hurt. Golden yellow. Var. brevir^mea, Kehder
(<7. brei'irdmea. Max. Vat. filicoldes, Hort.). Of slow
growth, with short and densely fr«>inl-likf» arranged
branchlets. O.C. II, 5: 2.'{.'). Var. griciiit atirea, Hort.
Graceful form, foliage bright golden yellow whi-n young,
changing later to grt-enish yt-llow. Var. lycoiXMiioldei,
Carr. Low form, of somewhat irregular habit, with
spreading, rigid branchi-s and thick, m-arly (jiiadrangu-
lar, dark green brunchlt'ts. Var. n4na, Carr. Low form,
of slow growth, with short, deep green branchlets. Var.
p^ndola, Beissn. (C. p^-ndula, Maxim.). Branches elon-
gated, thick an«l threa<l-like, p«'ndulous, with few distant
branchlets. V^ar. pygmaea, ( 'arr. Ver>' dwarf form, with
horizontal, almost creeping branches, <lensely frond-like
branched. Exceetlingly interesting form for rockeries.
pisifera, Sieb. & Zucc. {Ciipr^ssus pxntfern, Koch.
Httindnpora pinifera, Sieb. & Zucc). Sawaka Cy-
press. Fig. 417. Tree, to 100 ft., with horizontal
branches : branchlets flattened, distichously arranged
and somewhat pendulous: Ivs. ovate-lanceolate, pointed,
shining aliove, with whitish lines beneath: cones gloim-
lar, l4-% in. in diam., brown. S.Z. 122. G.C. II. 5:2.17.
— This is, next to 6'. sphcnroidea, the hardiest species, and
some varieties are nuK-h cultivated, while the type i.i
less planted. Var. aurea, Hort. Yellow foliage. Var.
filifera, Hort. {lietinospora filifera, Hort. C.obtusa fili-
fern, Hort.). Branches elongated and slender, thread-
like, grace 'uUy pendulous, with distant branchlets and
Ivs. Very ecorutive forms. G.C. II. 5: 237. Var. plu-
mdsa, Hort. Fig. 418. Of dense, conical habit :
branches almost erect, with slender branchlets of
feathery appearance: Ivs. subulate, pointed and slightly
spreading, bright green. Intermediate between the
type and v&r. squarrona. G.C. II. 5:2.36. Var. plumdsa
arg6ntea, Hort. Tips of branchlets whitish. Var. plu-
mdsa aurea, Hort. Young growth of golden yellow color.
A very showy form. Var. squarrdsa, Beissn. & Hochst.
{Retinospora sqtiarrona, Sieb. & Zucc. H. lepfoclada,
Zucc). Fig. 419. Densely branched, bushy tree or
shrub, with spreading, feathery branchlets: Ivs. linear,
spreading, glaucous above, silvery below. A very dis-
tinct and beautiful variety. S.Z. 123. R.H. 1869, p. 95,
and 1880, p. 37. Alfred Rehder.
CHAMJBDAFHNE (chamai, dwarf, and daphne, the
laurel in ancient Latin, alluding to its dwarf habit and
evergreen Ivs.). Syn., Cassandra. Uricdcea^. Leather
Leaf. Low shrub with evergreen, alternate small Ivs. :
fls. nodding in terminal, leafy racemes :
corolla urceolate-oblong, 5-lobed, with
5 included stamens: fr. a capsule. One
species in the colder regions of the
northern hemisphere. Low, hardy,
ornamental shrub, valuable for the
earliness of its pretty white fls. It
thrives best in a peaty and sandy,
moist soil. Prop, by seeds
sown in sandy peat, only
slightly or not covered, and
kept moist and shady ; also
by layers and suckers and
by cuttings from mature
wood in late summer under
glass.
calycul^tta, Moench (Cas-
sandra calyculdta, Don).
Fig. 420. Shrub with spread-
ing or horizontal branches,
1-3 ft.: Ivs short-petioled,
oblong, obtuse, slightly ser-
rulate and revolute at the
margins, dull green above
and rusty-lepidote beneath:
fls. short-peduncled, nod-
ding; corolla white, oblong,
about H in. long. B.M. 1286.
L. B. C. 6: 530; 15: 1464;
16:1582. Em. 423. - Var.
angustifdlia. Gray. Lvs. linear-lanceolate, undulate and
crisped at the margin. Var. n4na, Lo<ld. One foot or
less high, with horizontal branches. L.B.C. 9:862.
Alfred Rekder.
42(X Chameedaphne
calyculata (X j'a).
*
288
cham.*:dorea
CHARD
CHAMSD0B£A (Greek, (Uvarf and fjift). Palmdee<f>,
tribe Arec^. iSpineler.s. erert, procumbent or rarely
climbing palms, the trunks solitary or cespitos<t>, slen-
tler or reed-like. Lvs. simple, bitid at the apex or va-
riously equally-pinnatisect : lobes broad or narrow,
straight or oblique, acuminate, plicate-nerved, usually
callous at the base, the basal margins folded back or
recurved : petiole usually cylindrical ; sheath tubular,
oblique at the throat; spmlices among or below the lvs.,
.simple or paniculately bram-hed; spathes 3 or many,
alternate, sheathing, elongated, split at the ape\, mem-
branous or coriaceous, usually t)er.«istent : pistillate i\s.
very small : fr. small, of 1-3 fe.obose or oblong-obtuse
carpels, coriaceous or fleshy. Species about GO. Mex.
to Panama.
Peat or leaf -mold, loam and sand in equal parts, with
a little charcoal added, form the best soil. The species
common in cultivat'on are quick-growing. They are
well suited for planting out in greenhouse borders.
The sexes are on different plants, therefore several
should be planned in a group if the handsomely colored
fruit is desired. All of the kinds require warm tempera-
ture in winter. Increased from seeds. Of the many
species, only the following appear in the Amer. trade:
A. I/vs. simple.
dlegans, Mart. Stem strict, 6 ft. . closely ringed : lvs.
narrow'.v lanceolate, acuminate, straight : fr. globose.
Mex. G.C. 1.33:508!
Emeati-Augusti, Wendl. Stem 3-4 ft., reedy, erect,
radicant at base; blade oi ovate, cuneate !at the base,
deeply b^fld, coarsely serrate along the margins ; petiole
shorter than blade; sheath amplexicaul: steri'e snadix
8-9 in., the simple branches 6-8 in., attenuate, slender :
fertile spadix simple : fls. red. Venezuela. B.M. 4837.
G.C. 1.33:508.
AA. Lvs. pinnate.
B. Plant becoming of climbing habit.
desmoncoides, H. Wendl. Lvs. 2-3 ft. long, with
drooping, narrow Ifts. a foot long, and glaucous
petiole : plant tending to climb after ic becomes a few
feet high. Mex.
BB. Plant not climbing.
c. Stem or trunk evident.
bjirtorii, Liebm. Stem 8-14 ft., ringed, clothed above
with leaf -sheaths : lvs. S-3% ft. long ; petiole terete,
sulcate, dilated at the base ; sheath, petiole and rachis
white on the back: Ifts. 12 in. long, m-2 in. wide, alter-
nate, falcate, acuminate, narrowed at the base. Mex.
Tepejildte, Liebm. Stem 4-C ft. high, closely ringed:
lvs. 4 ft. ; Ifts. 1-nerved, close, alternate, falcate, acute,
narrowly linceolate, 13-15 in. long, 1% in. wide : rachis
convex on the back, canaliculate above. Mex. B.M.
(}030.
glaucifdlia, H. Wendl. Stem 20 ft. : lvs. long, pinnate;
Ifts. narrowed, long and slender, dark green, glaucous.
(Guatemala. G.F. 8:507.
Arenbergi&na, H. Wendl. {C. latifblia, Hort.). Stem
slender, .5-(» ft., green : lvs. erect-spr'^ading; Ifts. 10-15
])airK. alternate and drooping, very loi:g-pointed, pLcate
and many ribbed. Guatemala. B.M. 6838.
cc. Stem or trunk none.
Pringlel, Wats. Acaulescent or nearly so ; lvs. erect,
pinnate. 3 ft.; Ifts. 12-15 on each side, linear-lanceo-
late, acuminate, 6-8 in. long, "%-% in. wide ; rachis tri-
anirular ; spadix simple, 8 in. long. San Louis Potos.,
^^^^ Jared G. Smith and G. W ..iver.
CHAM^SFEt^CE. Now referred to Cnicus.
CHAMwKRANTHEMUM {dwarf and flower, from the
Greek). Acanthdicem. Three or 4 Brazilian small herbs,
allied to Eranthemum, but readily distinguished by the
4 ( instead of 2 ) stamens. Lvs. large and membranaceous,
entire, variously marked. Fls. showy, white or yellow,
in bracteate clusters. Grown chiefly for the beautiful
foliage. Cigneum, Regel {Erdnthemum igneum, Lind.),
is in the Amer. trade. It is a low, spreading, warmhouse
plaut (culture of Eranthemum and Justicia), with dark
green lvs. and veins, richlv banded with orange or vel-
low. Fls. small. F.S. 17:1722.
CHAM^BOFS (Greek for dwarf bush). Palmdrece,
tribe C'lrffphen'. Low, fan-leaved palms, with cespitose
caudices branched from the base and clothed with the
bases of the leaf-sheaths. Lvs. terminal, rigid, semi
orbicular or cuneate-flabillate, deeply laciniate, the lohes
narrow, bifid, plicate ; n-* rachis ; ligule very short ;
petiole slender, bi-convfx, the margins smooth or
roufJTh; sheath split, reticulate, fibrous; spadices short,
ere-t compressed : branches short, densely flowered :
spathes 2-4, broa<l, thickly coriaceous, the lower ones
split, theupr * entire; bracts ismall, subulate; bractlets
none : fls. small, yellow : fr. globose or ovoid, 3-sided
tosvard the base, brown or yellow. Species 2. Mediter-
rai^ean region. The common C. humtlia is widely cult.,
and V ery variable. Many of the specific-made names of
the ge'i'is are forms of this species. Of such cases are
evidentl> the garden names C. arborescens, argentea,
Canariens.'s, elata, elfgans, farinosa, gracilis, Utlo-
ralis, nivex ,
Fibrous lo im two parts, leaf -mold and sand one part,
with good I rainage. Prop, by suckers and by seeds!
These ^29 r uong the hardiest of all palms, and are well
suited to g -eenhouses where a high temperature is not
kept up.
htunilis, Linn. (Phlenix Hancedna, Hort.). Fig. 421.
Stem 1-13^ ft. high : lvs. ragged, fibrous ; margins of
the petioles armed with stout, straight or hooked spines;
blade suborbicular, truncate or cuneate at the base,
rigid, palmately mu 'id ; segments acuminate, bifid.
Mediterranean. B.M. 21.72. R.H. 1892:84 (showing
habit and a colored plate of the fruit). Reaches 20 ft.
421. Chamaerops humilis.
C. Biroo, Sieb.=»Livistona rotundifolia.— C. B^rrho, Hort.=
Livistona rotundifolia.— C excelsa, Thunb.=Trachyc;irpus ex-
celsus.— (7. Fortunei, Hook.=Tr!ichyearpus. — C. hitmiUsX
Uystrix, Hort. Said to be a "choice garden hybrid of Florida
origin."— C Hijstrix, Fras.=Rhapidophyllum Hystrix.— C.
stauracantha, Hort.=Acanthorhiza aculeata.
Jared G. Smith and G. W. Oliver.
CHAMOMILE. Consult Anthemis
CHAFMAN, JONATHAN. See Appleseed, Johnny.
CHAPXALIA (J. A. C. Chaptal, agricultural chemist).
ComposiioE. American low perennial herbs, with white
or purplish fls. on naked scapes, blooming in spring and
summer. Heads radiate, the ray-fls. pistillate, and the
disk-fls. perfect, but some or ail of them sterile: invo-
lucre carapanulate or turbinate, of appressed and imbri-
cated bracts: pappus of soft capillary bristles: akenes
oblong or fusiform, narrowed above. 5-nerved. The only
species in the Amer. trade is C. tomentdsa, Vent..of N.
Car. and S. Of this the scape is 1 ft. or less high, and
the heatis are purple-rayed: lvs. spatulate or lanceolate,
entire or nearly so, rather thick, white tomentose be-
neath. Introduced as a border plant.
CH.<^jiD {ch pronounced as in charge). A form of the
plant {Beta vulgaris) which has produced the common
beet. Often known to horticulturists as Beta Cycla.
CHARD
C«EILANTHES
289
See Beet and Beta. The beet plant has given rise to two
general typt o :* varieties : those varieties with thicken'.-d
roots (the Leei of America, the beet-root of European
literature) ; and those with large and pulpy or thickened
leaves (but whose roots are small and woody). The lat-
422. Chard, or Sea-Kale beet.
tertype is known under the general name of leaf-beets.
These leaf -beets may be ranged into «^hree sub-groups:
(1) common or normal leaf-beets, or spinach beets, in
which the leaf-blade is large and pulpy, and is used as
spinach is; (2) Chard, in which the petiole and midrib
are very broad and thick (Fig. 422); (.3) ornamental
beets, of which the foliage is variously colored.
Chard is of the easiest culture. Seed is sown in
spring, as for common beets. The broad petioles, or
Chards, may be gathered from midsummer until frost.
These broad white stalks or ribs are used as a pot-herb;
and. if desired, the leaf -blades may be cooked with them.
Tlie tlish is usually more attractive, however, if only the
Chards are cooked. This vegetable is also known as
Sea-kale Beet and Swiss Chard. l_ jj_ g^
CHARLOCK. Consult Brassica ; also Saphanus.
CHASTE TREE. See Mtex.
CHEAT, or CHESS. Bromus.
CHECKERBERRY. Gaultheria.
CHEESES. Vernacular for Malva rotundifolia.
CHEILANTHES (Greek, lip-ilotver, alluding to the in-
dusiiiin). Polypodihcetf. Semi-hardy or hothouse ferns
of small size, often hairy or woolly, with the sori termi-
nal on the veins and covered with a roundish indLsium.
Some 00 or 70 species are known, nearly a third of
which are natives of the west and southwest, one spe-
cies as far east as Connecticut, They are of easy cul-
ture, enjoying a position near the glass, and disliking
strong, close heat and syringing or watering overhead.
A. Lvs. pentagonal-deltoid, the indusiam confined to a
single veinlet.
Calif 6mica. Mett. (^lypdZt-pM Califdniica, Hook.).
Lvs. densely cespitose from a short creeping rootstock
2-4 in. each way, on stems 4-8 in. long, quadripinnatifld;
ultimate segments lanceolate, incised or serrate. Calif.
meifdlia, D. C. Eaton. Lvs. cespitose, with slender
brown stems 5-7 in. long, the lamina 2-3 in. each way,
3-4-pinnatifld, with finely cut segments 1-10 of an in.
wide. Mex.
AA. Lvs. temately divided, with dark polished stems.
ped^ta, A. Br. Lvs. cespitose, on long (9-12 in. ) stems,
about 6 in. either way, the .3 divisions bipinnatitld ;
sori numerous, placed on both sides of the segments.
Jamaica, Cuba.
AAA. Ia's. lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate.
B. Segments flat: indusia extending over the apices of
sevtral veinlets, but not continuotis.
r. Surfare of lvs. smooth.
microphylla, Swz. Lvs, 4-10 in. long, on stems nearly
as long, from a short, creeping rootstock, bi-tripinnate:
stems gli . rusty-pubescent on the upper side. Fla.
and Ne«v x. southward.
cc. Surface of lvs. viscid-glandular.
viscida, Davenp. Lvs. 3-5 in. long, oa stems of the
same length, tripinnatifid ; segments toothed, every-
where glandular. Calif.
ccc. Surface of lvs. hairy, not troo,'''.
hirta, Swz. Lvs. densely cespitose, with sht -t, caly
stems which are brownish, like the rachides; piUL.te nu-
merous, rather distant bipinnatifld, the segr.ients with
much incurved margins. The Iv.. are iisually 6-15 in.
long. Cape of Good Hope. — Var. Ellisi^tna is more com-
monly cult,
landsa, Wats, (C. jT«/)frt. Swz.). Fig, 423. Cespitose,
with stems 2-4 in. long, slightly hairy, as are the seg-
ments : lvs. tripinnatifid, 4-10 in. long. l-2J^'n. wide,
the pinnsB lanceolate-deltoid : indusia formei of the
ends of roundish or oblong
lobes. Conn, to Kan. and
Ala, — Hard 5'.
Codperae.D, C.Eaton. Lvs.
3-8 in. long, bioinnate, the ^^^ 'A
stems covered with nearly ,5,^----
white hairs, each tipped with ,Jy^}^ ^Sr^Ji^il-'kA-i
a gland ; pinnules roundish
ovate, crenate and incised.
Calif, to Mex.
BB. Segments bead-like, mi-
nute : indnsium usu-
ally continuous.
D. Lvs. hai-y or woolly
beneath, bu' not scaly.
E. Upper surface of seg-
ments smooth.
^acillima, D. C. Eaton.
Lace Fern. Lvs. cespitose,
1-4 in. long, besides the
nearly equal dark brown
stems, bipinnate ; pinnae
with about nine pinnules,
finally smooth above. Idaho
to Calif. — Hardy.
Cl^velandii, D. C. Eaton.
Lvs.4-i> in. long, tripinnaie.
dark brown beneath, with
closely imbricate, ciliate
scales, which grow on both
the segments an<l the rach-
ides ; segments nearly
round, the terminal larger.
Calif.
EE. Upper surface of segments pubescent.
tomentdsa, Link. Lvs. 8-! 5 in. long, on stems 4-6 in.
long, everywhere covered with brownish white hairs,
tripinnate ; terminal segments twice as large as the
lateral. Va. to Ariz.
DO. Lvs. covered beneath with scales, but not woolly.
F^ndleri, Hook. Lvs. 3-6 in. long besides the chaffy
stems, risinar from tangled, creeping rootstocks, tripin-
nate : rachides with broadly-ovate white-edged scales,
which overlap the subglobose segments. Tex. and
Colo, to Calif.
423. Cheilanthes lanosa.
(X3^.)
19
290
CHEILANTHES
CHENOPODIUM
DDD. Lva. covered beneath with both scales and wool.
myrioph^Ua, Desv. (C. 4legans, Desv,). Lvs. densely
cespitose from short, erect, scaly rootstocks, 3-9 in.
long, beside the chestnut-colored scaly stems ; tri-
quadripinnatifid : ultimate segments minute, innumer-
able. Tex., Ariz, and Trop. Amer.
Another native species worthy of cultivation is C.
leucopdda, Link, from Tex., with broadly deltoid -ovate
leaves. L.. m. Undkewood.
CHEIBANTHUS (derivation in dispute, but probably
from (Treek for hand and flower). Cruciferce. A dozen
or more Old World herbs, with large purple or yellow
Cheiranthus
Cheiri (X K).
fls., entire lvs., and a strict or upright habit. Lateral
sepals sac-like at the base : valves of the pod with a
strong midnerve. Much confounded with Matthiola, and
the genera are not sufficiently distinct. In Cheiranthus,
the lvs. are acute, stigma deeper lobed, pod more flat-
tened and seeds not thin-edged.
Cheiri, Linn. Wallflower. Fig. 424. Perennial,
slightly pubescent, 1-2^ ft.: lvs. lanceolate and entire,
acute : fls. large, mostly in shades of yellow, in long,
terminal racemes. S. Eu.— An old garden favorite,
blooming in spring. Although a woody perennial, it is
best to renew the plants from seed, for they begin to
fail after having bloomed one or two years. Seedlings
should bloom the second year. There are dwarf and
double-fld. varieties, and innumerable forms in varions
shades of yellow, brownish, and even purple. Not
prized so much in Air..r. as in Eu. It thrivei in any
good garden soil.
C. dnnuus, Hort.== Matthiola, but early-blooming forms of
C. Cheiri seem to pass under this name.— C. Mmziesii, Benth
& Hook.=Parrya. L. H B
CHELIDONIUM (Greek for the swallow: the fls.
appear when the swallow comes). Papaverdcece. Cel-
andine. One or two loose-growing herbs, with fl.-buds
nodding, and small yellow fls. in small umbel-like clus-
ters : sepals 2 ; petals 4 ; stamens 16-'' *■ : style verv
short, the stigma 2-lobed; pod slender, L Ived, open-
ing first at the bottom. C. m^jos, Linn.. a European
plant, now run wild in waste places, an*, often seen in
old gardens. It is biennial or perennial, with brittle,
hairy stems and pinnately-parted lvs., the lobes rounded
and toothed (or, in var. lacinidtum again dissected).
The plant has yellow juice. Lvs. light-glaucous under-
neath.
CHELONE (Greek for tortoise or turtle: the corolla
fancied to resemble a reptile's head). Scrophuhindce(e.
Turtle Head. Several North American perennial herbs,
some of which are now sold by dealers in native plants.
Allied to Pentstemon. Corolla more or less 2-Iipped or
gaping, white or red: anthers 4, woolly, and a rudiment
of a fifth stamen : seeds winged: lvs, opposite, serrate:
fls. large and showy. Half-shaded places are preferable
for these easily cultivated plants. Very dr}- ground should
be avoided, from the fact that they are best in swampy
places. In the ordinary border they should have a very
liberal mulch of old manure in their growing season : 4
to 5 in. thick is none too much ; the surface roots will
feed in this compost, and the plants are not so liable to
suffer from drought when thus protected.
A. Fls. in terminal and axillary close spikes.
B. Lvs. broad-orate, long -pet ioled.
L^oni, Pursh, Plant, about 2 ft. high: lvs. often cor-
date at base, thin, evenly serrate: fl. -bracts minutely cili-
ate; fls. rose-purple. Mts., N. Car. and S.
BB. IfVS. lanceolate or oblong, short-petioled.
obliqoa, Linn. Two ft. or less : lvs. 2-5 in. long, broad-
lanceolate or oblong, very veiny, sharp- or deep-serrate:
fl. -bracts ciliate: fls. deep rose. Damp grounds, 111. and
Va., S.
glabra, Linn. (C. obllqua, var. dlba, Hort.). Vne-2
or more ft. high : lvs. narrower, acuminate, appressed-
serrate, nearly sessile, not very veiny: fl. -bracts not
ciliate : fls. white or rose-tinged. Wet grounds •• com-
mon.
AA. Fls. in a loose thyrse or panicle.
nemordsa. Dough. Two ft. or less high, of unpleasant
odor : lvs. ovate and acute, sharp-dentate, sessile or
nearly so: fl. -bracts none; corolla 1 in. long, violet-pur-
ple. Calif, and N.
C. barbata of gardens is Pentsti-mon barbatus.
J. B. Keller and L. H. B.
CHENILLE PLANT. A proposed name torAcalypha
hispida, better known as A. ISanderi.
CHENOPODIUM {goose-foot, alluding to the shape of
the lvs.). ChenopodiUcece. Widely dispersed weedy
herbs, with very inconspicuous greenish fls. in glome-
rules or spikes. Spinach, beet, and orach are allied
plants. Fls. perfect; calyx 4-5-parted; petals wanting;
stamens usually 5; styles 2 or 3. The caljrx sometimes
enlarges and becomes succulent and colored, enclosing
the fr., and the glomerules may then look like berries,
as in the common Strawberry Elite ( C capitatumy^'&X^..
or Blittim eapitatum, Linn.). This plant has been in-
troduced to the trade as a pot-herb. It is an annual of
easiest culture, with hastate-ovate toothed lvs. and
fleshy red glomerules. The common pigweetis are
Chen'opodiums of several kinds, the commonest being
C. album, Linn. This species and others are used as
jot-herbs or greens in the country. The Good-King-
Henry is C. Bonus- ffenricHs, Linn. It is a perennial,
often cult, for its succulent spring shoots and lvs., which
Plate V. Cherries.
Showing several eonimen'ial varieties of sweet ami sour kinds.
CHEXOPODIUM
CHERRY
291
are used as greens. In American gardens it is usually
known as Mercury (the name is sometimes corrupted to
Markery). Lvs. triangular-ovate, with very long, wide-
spreading basal lobes ; margins entire ; plant mealy.
The plant is of the easiest culture; 1-2 ft. high. Other
Chenopodiums of economic interest are the Quinoa (C.
Quinoa, Willd. ), of S. Amer., of which the large seeds
are used as footl (it is an annual, with aspect of the
common pigweed, C. album ; seeds sold by European
dealers. B.M.3641); C. ambrosioides, Linn., Mexican
Tea, affords a medicinal extract; C. antJielmintictim,
Linn., Worraseed, affords a vermifuge. The Feather
Geranium or Jerusalem Oak of florists is C. Botrys,
Linn. It is annual, glandular-pubescent and aromatic,
1-3 ft. high, with pinnatifld lvs. and long, feather-like,
enduring spikes, for which it is used in vases and
baskets. Pretty. L. H. B.
425. Cherimoya.
CHEBIMOTA, CHERIMOTEB {Anona Cherimolia,
Mill.). Fig. 42.'). The Cherimoya is considered by many
to be the finest of the subtropical fruits, and that not
only by the natives of the countries where it grows, but
also by Europeans. It is somewhat like the Sweet Sop
(A. squamosa); both are excellent when grown in cli-
mates that suit them; but the Cherimoya has a decided
acidity, which is most agreeable and grateful to the taste.
See A nona . The fruit isTounded, but irregular in shape,
weighing from 3 to 5 lbs., and even double that under
cultivation. There is a thin, greenish rind, marked off
by somewhat raised lines into pentagonal or hexagonal
spaces. Beneath is a white pulp, embedded in which are
the black seeds, radiating from an internal central stalk.
The white pulp is the edible portion ; it is of the con-
sistence of a corn-flour pudding. If picked when full-
grown, thej' will ripen gradually, and can be kept 7 or
8 days before eating.
The tree is from 15 to 30 feet in height, with a broad
spreading head and pendent branches. The leaves are
oblong, with velvety down on the under surface. The
flowers have 3 outer petals, which are oblong-linear
in shape, and keeled on- the inner side ; the 3 inner
petals are minute, alternate with the outer. It is found
growing spontaneously at certain elevations in Central
America, and western South America, as far south as
Chile, but it is quite uncertain where it is truly wild in
all this region. De Candolle, in his " Origin of Cultivated
Plants, "considers it most probable that it is indigenous
in Efjuador, and perhaps in the neighboring part of
Peni. It was introduced into Jamaica in 1786 by Mr.
Hinton East, and is now of spontaneous growth in a
limited area at a cert-ain elevation on the southern slopes
of the Blue mountains, corresponding fairly well with
the district in which the far-famed Bli'e Mountain coffee
is cultivated. The altitude at which it is frund is be-
tween 2.500 and 5,000 feet. In Madeira, the Cherimoya
has taken the place of the grape vine ju many of the
«states on the warm southern slopes oi the island. The
cultivation is systematic. The 2-year-old seedlings
are grafted. The trees are pruned and trained, and
manure is regularly supplied. The result f^i careful
selection is that there are varieties with scarcely any
seeds, and weighing 12 to 16 lbs. Ordinary fruits,
weighing 3 to 8 lbs., are sold in the London market at
$1.50 ; large ones are sold at $2.50, and even $3.
"W. Fawcett.
CHEBBT. Cultivated tree Cherries have probably
sprung from two European species, Prunua Avium,
Linn., and Prunus Cerasiis, Linn. The domesticated
forms of Prunus Avium are charac-
terized by a tall, erect growth (Fig.
426) ; reddish brown, glossy bark,
which separates in rings ; flowers
generally in clusters on lateral spurs,
appearing with the limp, gradually
taper-pointed leaves ; fruit red, yel-
low, or black, generally sweet, spher-
ical, heart-shaped, or pointed ; flesh
soft or firm. Sour Cherries are low-
headed and spreading (Fig. 427);
flowers in clusters from lateral buds,
appearing before the hard,stiff,rather
abruptly pointed, light or grayish
green leaves. The following is the
latest classification ( Bailey, Bull. 98,
Cornell Exp. Sta. ) :
Pnnius Avium has four represent-
atives in the United States :
I. The Mazzards, or inferior seed-
lings; fruit of various shapes and
colors; common along roadsides. In
the middle Atlantic states, the wild
Mazzard trees often attain great age
and size, particularly in the Dela-
ware - Chesapeake peninsula ( Fig.
428).
II. The Hearts, or heart-shaped, .., _ ,,^ ^ ..
soft, sweet Cherries, light or dark, «6- Tall, erect Rrowth
represented by Black Tartarian and o* Sweet Cherry.
Governor Wood.
III. The Bigarreaus, or heart-shaped, firm-fleshed,
sweet Cherries, like the Napoleon and Windsor.
IV. The Dukes ; light-colored, somewhat acid flesh,
such as May Duke and Reine Hortense.
From Prunus Cerasua two classes have sprung:
I. The Amarelles, or
light - colored sour
Cherries, with color-
less juice, represented,
by Early Richmond
and Montmorency.
II. The Morellos, or
dark -colored sour Cher-
ries, with dark-colored
juice, like the English
Morello and Louis
Philippe.
The following spe-
cies also have horticul-
tural value : Primus
Mahaleb,&nO]' World
type, bardie; and
smaller, on which oth«^r
Cherries are largely
worked; Primus Pen n-
si/Iranica, the native
427. Low-headed and spreading
srrowth of Sour Cherry.
wild red, pin, or bird Cherry, whose hardiness may adapt
it as a stock for the Plains .states; Primus Pesseyi and
Prunus pumila, the native sand or dwarf Cherries, the
former represented by the Improved Dwarf Rocky
Mountain Cherry. See Pruuus.
The Cherry is not cultivated as a leading industry east
of the Rocky mountains, except in western New York,
where the sour varieties are grown for canning. The
sweet Cherry is confined mostly to door-yard and fence-
corner plantings. Sour kinds are found in orchard blocks
in New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Ohio, Michigan,
Indiana, Illinois, Kansas and Nebraska. Sweet Cherry
culture, however, is adapted to the states between the
292
CHERRY
CHERRY
39th and 44th degrees of latitude and the 68th and 86th
degrees of longitude, and to contiguous areas having
similar climatic conditions. Spontaneous forms of it
attain great size on the Chesapeake peninsula ( Fig. 428).
The sour Cherrv may be grown with profit between the
35th and 45th degrees of latitude and the 68th and 100th
degrees of longitude.
The Mazzard is the best stock for both sweet and sour
Cherries in the east. The Mahaleb is more widely u^ed
for the sour kinds, however, as it is easier to bud, and
it is free from leaf blight in the nursery. The Mazzard
forms a better root system, stronger union, a longer
lived tree, and is sufficiently hardy. For the Plains
states the hardier Mahaleb stocks should be used.
The Cherry likes an elevated, naturally light, dry,
loamy, retentive soil. The sour kinds need more mois-
ture,'and will thrive in heavier land. A soil not natur-
ally dry mav be corrected by under-draining, and on
light, dry knolls, the moisturecapacity may be increased
by green manures and surface tillage.
The sweet Cherries should be set 28 feet to 30 feet
apart each way; the sour kinds, from 16 feet to 18 feet.
The trees are generally set at two years from the bud.
The sweet kinds are started with 3 to 5 main arms,
with no central leader, about 3% feet high, and the
branches are i)runed to side buds for a few years to in-
duce a spreading, rather than a spire-like form. The
top of a sour Cherrv is made like that of a peach tree.
Plow the Cherry orchard lightly in the early spring,
and cultivate it everv ten days, or after every rain, till
the middle of June of the fir^t of July. Seed at the last
cultivation with a winter i over-crop. Stimulate the
trees with leguminous cover-crops when needed, but
the sweet Cherrv is a gross feeder and a rapid grower,
and undue stimulation must be avoided. Keep the
orchard in sod and pasture it with sheep, along the
southern and western limits of profitable sweet Cherry
culture, and withhold nitrogenous manures.
Nitrogen, potash, an<l phosphoric acid are the three
essential fertilizers. Nitrogen may be supplied in legu-
minous crops; potash as muriate, at 150 lbs. to 300 lbs. ;
and phosphoric acid in dissolved rock, at 300 lbs. to
500 lbs per acre.
Cherries should be picked by the stems into small
baskets a few davs before ripe. Sort out all stemless,
small and imperfect fruits. Face the perfect Cherries
in small, attractive boxes or baskets, and pack these in
small cases or crates. The choicer the fruit, the more
strikinglv it should be displayed. Guard against break-
ing the fruit spurs in picking the sweet Cherries. Fruit
for canning is less laboriously packed, but may be as
carefullv picked.
The profits depend on the varieties and markets, but
428. Old Sweet Cherry tree on the Chesapeake peninsula.
largely on the personality of the grower, and on his skill
as a salesrran. The range of profit for the sour Cherry
is from $,30 to $100 per acre, and from $50 to $300 or
more for the sweet.
The varieties adapt themselves to a wide range of
territory. An imperative need, however, is the develop-
ment of varieties with striking features for local adapta-
tion. In the prairie states and the extreme north, the
hardier Amarelles and Morellos comprise the profitable
kinds. Formally the dark-colored, more acid Monllos
were most sought after; now the milder Amarelies are
demanded by both canners and consumers. In the fol-
lowing lists, the varieties are named more for the pur-
pose of illustrating the different types than for recom-
mending specific varieties.
Amongst Amarelles, the Early Richmond and Mont-
morency are the leading types.
Early Richmond {Tig. 429).— Size medium; pit large: light
red; poor quality; vigorous growth. Ripens June 20 iu New
York.
Montmorency.— huTge. broad, flattened ; pit medium; light
red ; flesh nearly colorless ; juice moderately sour : vigorous
growth : generally pro«luetive. Two weeks after Early Rich-
mond. Most valuable Amarelle for the east.
Among the Morellos, Ostheim, Louis Philippe and
English Morello are important types.
Ostheim (Fig. 430).— Dark red; roundish; flesh dark, tender;
juice mild, dark; productive; hardy; growth slender. A week
after Early Richmond, smaller. Too early for the east.
Louis Philippe.— Size of Montmorency, and ripens with it ;
round; acid; skin and flesh dark. Rather shy bearer in the
east, but valuable in the west.
English Morello.— Two weeks later than Montmorency; more
open, drooping habit: fruit medium, roundish; re<l-blaek; very
sour, slightly astringent ; flesh and juice dark, purplish
crimson.
Among the sweet Cherries, the firm-fleshed red or
black Bigarreaus are the most profitable. The light
Bigarreaus and Hearts are more susceptible to the fruit-
rot, and sell less readily. Representative types of
Heart and light Bigarreau Cherries are the following:
Black Tartarian. — The most valuable Heart Cherry, Produc-
tive ; vigorous, hardy, early ; large ; dark red or black ; flesh
dark purplish; ver>- juicy, sweet.
Napoleon (Fig. 431) . — One of the best light Bigarreaus. Emit
large; flesh hard, brittle, colorless; light lemon yellow, with
reddish cheek: heavy bearer; rots if not pif-ked before ripe:
splits in wet weather. A week before Black Tartarian.
From the dark Bigarreaus the following are among the
best types :
Robert's Red Heart.— Bright, dark red, with an under mot-
tling; as large as Napoletm ; flesh pinkish; juice nejirly color-
less, subacid ; heavy, regular bearer in Hudson river valley.
Ripens with Napoleon.
Mezel.—harge, heart-shaped obtuse, flattened at both sides;
uneven skin, dark red to black ; firm, but heart-like ; juicy ;
very sweet ; stem loag and tortuous ; heavj- bearer locally.
Ripens with Napoleon.
IFind^or.- Large ; roundish-oblong; firm; juicy: mottled
dark red ; flesh pinki.sh white ; stem medium, set in slight,
broad depression ; heavy bearer, vigorous, upright. Ripens
two weeks after Napoleon. Very profitable.
Zh'Jteman.— Large, heart-shaped, obtuse, flatteneti on one side:
black, with extremely firm, reddish flesh': subacid, reddish
juice : stem medium, in a slight, broad depression ; vigorous.
Ripens three weeks or more after Windsor. A variety of great
value.
Diseases and insects. — The brown rot {MoniUa
fructigena), which attacks the fruit at the ripening
period, and particularly during sultry weather, can be
largely avoided by picking the fruit a few days before
ripe. It' may also fatally attack the flowers,
leaves and twigs. In localities wehre the
Cherry blooms, but does not fruit, the trees
should be sprayed with Bordeaux mixture be-
fore the buds unfold, again when the fruit is
set, and two or three times thereafter, with a
colorless fungicide.
Black knot (Plowrightia morbosa, Sacc).
See under Plum.
Leaf blight (Cylindrosporium Padi, Karst).
See under Plum.
Powdery mildew (Podosphcera oxycanthar
CHERRY
CHERRY
293
" . '-r^i-'-r^i
'•i:- ; "S^i
r^\
• -'i^'*>r*^
■'^'/'•'''i f^
■t
'■^''' /A
^^
* 1_^
■ ^1^-^
^
i
^
:'V.'"'" :/ ""
-^ •-m
3l.
429. Early Richmond
Cherry (X >^).
De Bray) is often severe in the sour Cherry, but can
be checked by thorough applications of a fungicide.
The aphis {Myzus cerasi, Linn.) appears in the early
part of the season on the young shoots, the leaves, the
stems, and less frequently on
the body of the fruit of the Fweet
Cherries. It excretes honey -dew
abundantly. The leaves curl up-
ward and inward. Spray with
kerosene triuulsion, 1 part to 6
of water; or with fish-oil soap,
1 pound to 6 gallons of water,
before the leaves curl.
The curculio (Conotrnchelus
nenuphar). See same on P/h»j.
Climatic injuries. — Suh-
srald and bursting of the bark.
— The sweet Cherry is liable to
a fatal injury from sun-scald in
the south and prairie states.
The trouble occurs in the spring,
when the rays of the sun cause
alternate freezing and thawing
of the growing tissues on the
south and west sides. In these localities, the bark
of the tree frequently bursts open, and large quantities
of gum exude. A rich garden loam, a summer drought
followed by fall rain, excessive wood stimulation, violent
changes of temperature in the winter, or other factors
unfavorable to the maturing of the wood, aggravate the
diflScuIty. The bursting of the bark is probably caused
by the freezing and thawing of the tissues under these
unfavorable conditions. Both troubles are more injuri-
ous to trees with exposed trunks. A low-headed and
spreading top, soils not too rich, and cultural methods
which favor the early maturity of the wood, lessen the
danger. The trunks may also be protected by a board,
matting, or screen of some kind on the sunny side dur-
ing the spring months. G. Harold Powell.
The Cherry in California.— In commercial impor-
tance, the Cherry is least of the fruits of the temperate
zonegrowninCalifomiaonacommercial scale. This is not
because the finest Cherries cannot be grown, but because
the avenues for the disposition of the product are not as
wide as for other leading fruits. Recently there are
indications that these avenues will be widened, for last
year (1898) about 300 car loads were profitably shipped
in a fresh state to eastern markets, and a product of
150,000 cases of canned Cherries was disposed of to ad-
vantage; but until it is demonstrated that such distant
demands will increase, present plantations will not be
largely extended. Cherries are costly in picking and
p:u!king, and to incur
the chances of a local
market, over supplied
when ever the trees do
their full duty, the
grower does not enjoy.
Cherry drying has
never seemed war-
ranted on a large scale,
because of the large
amount of labor re-
quired to the pound
of product ; and the
grower has had no re-
course when the canner
and local consumer
would only pay the cost
of picking and boxing.
A good shipping de-
mand seems, therefore,
the measure of the ex-
tension of California's Cherry interest, and the early
ripening of the fruit, which permits its sale during the
blooming season of eastern Cherry trees, is the leading
surety of such demand. On several occasions early va-
rieties have been shipped from the Vacaville district
overland, on March 31, but the usual opening date is
about two weeks later, and thence onward later varieties,
and from later regions, may be shipped until July, if
found profitable.
430. Ostheim Cherry (X3^).
But, though there is plenty of good land upon which
to multiply the present total of half a million trees, the
Cherry regions of California are restricted. It is one of
the most exacting of all trees, and is only profitable when
its requirements are respected. About one-half of the
present acreage lies in valleys opening upon the bay of
San Francisco, where deep and moist, but well drained
alluvial soil foste' •« strong and sound root-growth, and
modified atmosph ic aridity favors leaf and fruiting.
On similar deep ai moist soils, however, the tree enters
the hot interior va^. ys to certain limits, chiefly along
the river bottoms. It abhors dry plains. In dry air it
usually refuses to fruit, although if the soil be moist,
it may make stalwart tree growth. In foot-hill valleys
it sometimes does admirably, both in growth and fruit-
ing, and in mountain valleys, above an elevation of 2,000
feet, on good soil, and in the greater rainfall, and even
with the snow flurries, which are experienced every year
at proper elevations, the tree becomes very thrifty and
profitable to the limits of local markets. The tree seems
to have no geographical limitations in Calif ornia ; where-
ever suitable soil and weather conditions occur, it accepts
the situation— the Dukes and Morellos succeeding under
conditions too trying for the Hearts and Bigarreaus, but
the latter comprise all the varieties that are of commer-
cial account.
Cherry trees are grown by budding upon Mazzard and
Mahaleb seedlings— the latter chiefly imported. It is cus-
431. Napoleon Cherry (X J^).
tomary to plant out in orchards at the end of the first
year's growth from the bud, though 2-year-old Cherry
trees can be more successfully handled than other 2-
year-olds. The trees are headed at 1 to 2 feet from
the ground, cut back to promote low branching for two
years, and then allowed to make long branches, and
not usually shortened-in, so long as thrifty and healthy.
The tree, in a good environment, is, however, a very
hardy tree, and will endure pruning to almost any
degree. We have many trees which have made a very
broad but not usually high growth, bearing 1,000 lbs. of
fruit to the tree, and a few others which have even
doubled that figure, while others have been dwarfed ind
trained en espalier. The commercial orchards are, how-
ever, uniformly of low trees, approximately of vase
form in exterior outline, and with branches curving
outward without shortening.
The Cherry is very readily grafted over by the usual
top-grafting methods, and large orchards have been thus
transformed into varieties more acceptable for canning
or shipping. Comparatively few varieties are grown.
Early Purple Guigne, Guigne Marbre,and Knight's Early
Black are grown in early ripeniLg localities. Black
Tartarian and Lewelling are the main stay for black
Cherries. The Napoleon Bigarreau (locally known as
Royal Ann) is the ideal for a white Cherry, and almost
excludes all others, though the Rockport Bigarreau has
some standing. Of all the varieties grown, the Black
Tartarian and Napoleon Bigarreau, constitute 70 per
cent of the crop, and probably 90 per cent of the amount
marketed.
California-grown Cherries attain large size; the can-
ner's requirement for fancy fruit is a diameter not less
than % of an inch, and for No. 1, not less than % of an
inch. Wholesale prices usually ranee from $40 to $60
per ton for black and $80 to $120 for white, but this
294
CHERRY
CHESTNUT
year (1899) canners have paid as high as $160 per ton
for white Cherries. The higher rates can only be ex-
pected during years of short crops.
Edward J. Wickson.
CHERVIL. A term applied to two umbelliferous plants
which produce edible parts, neither of which is well
known in America. The name is sometimes applied, also,
to the sweet cicely.
Salad Chervil or Leaf Chervil is Scandix eerefoUum,
Linn., a native of S. Eu. It is annual. The neat and
aromatic Ivs. are used like parsley, which they much
resemble. The ivs. are decompound, with oval cut leaf-
lets; and there are varieties with much cut and curled
foliage. The cultivation of Salad Chervil presents no
diflSculties. Leaves are ready to use in 6 to 10 weeks
from seed sowing, and any good garden soil is congenial.
It thrives best in the cooler and nioister part of the year.
Tuberous or Turnip-rooted Chervil is Ch(wrophyllnm
bitlbosum, Linn., of S. Eu. It is biennial or plur-annual,
like the radish and carrot. The roots are like small
carrots in shape (4-5 in. long), but are gray or blackish,
and the flesh is of different flavor. The roots are eaten
as carrots are, either boiled or in stews. The one diffi-
culty in the growing of Tuberous Cher^•il is the fact that
the seeds gemiinate very tardily, or even not at all, if
kept dry over, winter. It is customary, therefore, to sow
them in the fall, although they do not germinate until
spring. If they are to be reserved for spring growing,
they should be stratitied (see Scrdage) or kept in sand.
In four or five months after germination, the roots are
fit to use, although they improve in quality by being
left in the ground.
L. H. H.
CHESS, or CHEAT. Bromus.
CHESTNUT. Three species of tree or true Chestnuts
are cultivated in this country for fruit. — the European
Castanea saliva, the American Castaiua Antericana,
the J a,i*tkne»e Casta nea ere Hata. (See Castanea). The
horticultural characters which distinguish these three
types are as follows:
European Chestnut!^.— Tme large, with a spreading
but compact head, stocky, smooth-barked twigs and large
glossy buds of a yellowish brown color; leaves oblong-
lanceolate, abrubtly pointed, with coarse sometimes in-
curved serrations, thick and leathery, generally pubes-
cent beneath when young, but green on both sides when
mature. Burs verj' large, with long, branching spines,
and a thick, velvety lining. Nut larger than American
Chestnut, sometimes very large, shell dark mahogany
brown, pubescent at tip, thick, tough and leatnery ; ker-
nel enclosed in u thin, tough and astringent skin :
quality variable from insipid, astringent to moderately
432. Native wild Chestnuts. Nearly nattiral size.
sweet. The leaves remain on the trees until late in
autumn, but are more susceptible to the attacks of fungi
than the American and Japanese species. At least one
variegated and one cut-leaved variety are grown as orna-
mentals. This species is variously known as European,
French, Spanish and Italian Chestnut ( Castanea sativa ),
and Sweet Chestnut of English writers. It is an inhabi-
tant of mountain forests in the temperate regions of
western Asia, Europe and north Africa. Esteemed for
its nuts in Spain, France and Italy, where they have con-
stituted an important article of food since an early day.
Introduced to the United States by Ir^n^e Dupont, at Wil-
mington, Del., in 180.1, though recorded by Jefferson,
under the desijfnation ''French Chestnut, "as grafted by
him on native Chestnut near Charlottesville (Monticello),
Va., in 177.3.
American Chestnut (C. Amerieana). — Tig. i?2. A tall,
straight, columnar tree, in forests reaching a height of
100 ft. and a diameter of 3 to 4 ft. ; when grown in the
433. Japanese Cbestnuts (X ^2).
open, forming a low, round-topped head of slightly pen-
dulous branches. Leaves thinner than in Castanea sat-
iva, oblong-lanceolate, acute, long pointed at the apex,
coarsely serrate excei)t toward the wedge-shaped base,
green and glabrous on both surfaces, changing to
bright, clear yellow late in autumn. The staniinate
flowers open in June or July, after leaves have attained
full size, and exhale a sweet, heavy odor, disagreeable
to many persons, and sometimes causing sj-mptoms of
hay fever. The 2- or 3-flowered involucres of pistil-
late flowers are on short, stout peiluncles at the bases
of androg^tTiotis anients which bear toward their tips
scattered clusters of staniinate flowers. Burs smaller
and spines sharper than in C. sativa. The nuts, usually
2 or 3, rarely 5 to 7, are usually broader than long.
and much compressed by crowding, though some-
times nearly oblong and approaching cylindrical. They
are of a bright brown color, covered at the apex with
thick, pale tomentum, which sometimes extends nearly
to the base of the nut. The nuts are sweet and agree-
able in flavor, the best among Chestnuts, and are
marketed in large quantities from the forests of the
Appalachian region, eastern North America, Me. to
Ga., westward to Michigan, Mississippi and Louisiana.
Gradually receding from its southern areas from causes
not yet understood. A few selected forms have been
propagated by grafting.
Japa neseiChestnut (C. C}'enata). — Fig. 433. A dwarf-
ish, close- headed tree of slender growth, said to attain
a height of 50 ft. in Japan, with small buds : leaves
smaller than other Chestnuts, lanceolate-oblong, usually
pointed, with a truncate or cordate base, finely serrated,
with shallow, sharp-pointed indentations, whitish tonien-
tose beneath, pale green above, less subject to injury by
fungi than other species. Burs small, with a thin, pa-
pery lining and short, widely V)ranching spines. Nuts
large to very large, glossy, usually 3, sometimes 5 or
7 in a bur, usually inferior to the other Chestnuts
in quality, though good when co(»ked, and in a few-
varieties excellent in the fresh state. 3Iany cultural
varieties are recognized. Introiluced to the United States
in 1876 by S. B. Parsings, Flushing, N. Y.
Aside from these three types, there are certain dwarf
and small-fruited Castaneas known as Chinquapins. The
two native Chinquapins may be contrasted as follows:
CHESTNUT
CHESTNUT
295
Common or Tree Chinquapin {Castanea pumila).—
Tig. 434. A shrub 4 or 5 feet tall, rarely a tree, at-
taininsr a height of 50 feet, with slender branchlets
marked with numerous minute lenticels, and coated
with a pale tomentum, whit-h disappears during the first
winter. Leaves oblong, aoute and coarsely serrate at
apt" X. bright yellowish green, changing to dull yellow
before falling in autumn. Flowers strong-smelling, the
catkins of staminate ones appearing with the unfolding
leaves in May or June, the spicate, androgj'nous aments
later, with pistillate flowers in spiny involucres, produc-
ing solitary, cylindrical nuts % to 1 inch in length and
% inch in diameter, with sweet seeds. This species oc-
curs in dry lands from southern Pennsylvania to Florida
and Texas, and its nuts, which ripen earlier than the
American Chestnut, are esteemed for food and marketed
in considerable quantities. Apparent intermediates be-
tween this species and the American Chestnut, probably
of hybrid origin, are reported from several localities
in Virginia and Tennessee. This species attains truly
arlK>rescent proportions in southern Arkansas and east-
em Texas. The shrub form is sparingly introduced to
cultivation, and is being somewhat used in its native
regions as a stm-k on which to graft improved Chestnuts.
It promises to become useful for this purpose, but has
the troublesome habit of throwing up numerous suckers
or stolons. One named variety, the Fuller, has been
published. Fig. 4.'U is adapted from the Nut Culture
bulletin of the U. S. Dept. of Agric.
Bush Chinquapin {Castanea aInifoUa). — A shrub,
rarely more than 3 ft. in height, forming small thickets,
by means of stolons, in sandy barrens. South Atlantic
states, westward to Lousiana and Arkansas. Distin-
guished from C. pumila by larger, oval-lanceolate,
mostly obtuse leaves, which are but slightly tomentose
beneath, and by its larger nuts, which ripen earlier.
The cultural range of Castanea in America is not well
defined, but extends from Florida and Texas to Massa-
chusetts and Wisconsin, and on the Pacific slope. The
3 species cultivated in America thrive best on dry,
rocky or gravelly ridges or silicious uplands, failing on
heavy clays and on limestone soils unless deep, dry
and rich.
Propagation of species is by seeds. Certain types re-
protluce their striking characteristics in their seedlings,
but varieties are perpetuated by grafting: occasionally
by budding. Seeds for planting should be free from in-
sect larvae, and should not be allowed to dry out before
planting. They may be planted in drills in fall on deep
and well-drained loam, or, to avoid damage by rodents,
may be stratified in damp sand until spring. Nuts held
in cold storage at 1.5° F. from October to April have
germinated well at Washington, D. C. Young trees des-
tined for removal to orchard should be transplanted in
nurser}- at one year old, to promote symmetrical develop-
ment of root system. Grafting may be done on any of
the species of Castanea, and on some of the oaks,
notably the Chestnut Oak, Quercus Prinus, though the
durablity of grafts on the oak is questionable. Where
the Chestnut is indigenous, bearing orchards of im-
proved varieties are quickly secured by cutting down
and removing the timber and grafting the young sprouts
which spring up in aVjundance about the Chestnut stumps
(Fig. 43.1). Recently the Chinquapin has been similarly
used with good success where Chestnut does not occur.
Grafting may be by splice method on 1-year-old seedling
roots ; by splice or cleft at crown on 2- or 3-year trees in
place ; or by veneer, splice or cleft methods on 1- to
3-year-old sprouts or branches. Top-working of old
trees is uncertain and only practiced in special cases.
Cions should be dormant, and work may V>e done at any
time after freezing ceases, but in trunk and branch
pn\fting best results are obtained by most grafters if
work is done alter leaves begin to unfold. Two- or
3-bud cions are preferred. The fitting of cion to cleft
or splice and the waxing should be carefully done.
If strips of waxed nuislin are wrapped about the stubs
the danger of loss by summer cracking of wax is
lessened. In deft-grafting young sprouts or seedlings,
the stub should be cut 2 or 3 inches above the depar-
turp of a branch. *o prevent too deep splitting of
cleft. Two or three weeks after growth begins the wax-
ing should be inspected and repaired if cracked. If
grafts make rank and brittle growth they should be
checked by pinching, and if in exposed situations, tied
to stakes to prevent breaking out of cions. Budding
is sometimes practiced, usually by use of dormant buds
inserted in shoots of previous year, when the bark
"slips " after growth has begun in spring.
The Chestnut is admirably adapted to ornamental
planting, either singly or ir. groups on suitable soils.
The native species is successfully used as a roadside
tree in many sections outside of its natural range. It re-
quires a space of at least 40 feet for development when
thus used ; the European species 30 feet and the
Japanese 20 feet. If in orchard, the last mentione*! may
be planted as close as 20 feet, and thinned when the
trees begin to crowd, thus securing several crops of
nuts from land otherwise unoccupied.
Care of Orchards. — Planted orchards are yet few in
America, most of the extensive commercial efforts hav-
ing consisted in the grafting of sprouts on rough lands
where the American Chestnut is indigenous. On such
lands no cultivation is attempted, the brambles and un-
desired sprouts being held in check by occasional cut-
ting in summer, or by pasturing with sheep. Much care
is necessary to protect against damage of the sprouts by
fire on sucli land. Clean cultivation, at least during the
Chinquapin. Nut and bur natural size.
first few years, is probably best in planted orchards,
though heavy mulching may be found a satisfactory
substitute. The Japanese and some of the American
varieties of the European species require thinning of
the burs on young trees to avoid over-bearing, with its
consequent injur>' to the vitality of the tree.
Leaf diseases are apparently sxibject to control by
Bordeaux mixture, but for the weevils, which dam-
age the nuts previous to maturity, no satisfactory rem-
edy has yet been discovered.
296
CHESTNUT
CHESTNUT
The varieties of the three species, though possessing
many points in common, differ sufficiently in important
characteristics to justify separate grouping for cultural
discussion. As Chestnut culture is new in this country,
it seems best to append descriptions of all the varieties
CaK^
435. Chestnut sprouts two years ^I'a^ted.
The cion was insertiHl where bninching liegins.
which are in the American trade. For fuller discussion
of cultivated Chestnuts, see Nut Culture in the United
States (Bull. Div. of Pomologj-, U. S. Dept. of Agric),
from which Fig. 434 is adapted ; Nut Ctilturist, A. S.
Fuller, 1896 ; European and Japanese Chestnuts in
Eastern U. S.. G. Harold Powell (Bull. De'. Exp. Sta-
tion), 1898; Nut Culture for Profit, Jno. R. Parrj-, 1897.
Amebican Groitp.— Though the wild nuts exhibit wide varia-
tions in size, form, quality, productiveness, aud season of rii)en-
ing, but few varieties have l>een dignified by names and propa-
gated. Solitary trees are frequently sterile, thoiigh producing
both staminate and pistillate tlowers, apiKirently reqxiiring
cross-fertilization to insure fruitfulness. This is especially true
of planted trees of tliis species on the Pacific slope, where pro-
ductive trees are reported to be rare. The susceptibility of the
species to injury by leaf diseases, as iwinted out by Powell, and
the injury to nuts by la^^•aB of we€\-ils, are drawbacks to its ex-
tensive ciUtnre.
The following varieties are propagated to some extent :
i>»/a/j<'i/.— Bowling Green, Ky. Large, and of fine quality.
Original tree productive, though isol:ite<l.
(/riW/i.— Griffin, Ga. Alarge,very downynut. of good quality.
Hathairay. —hittle Prairie Ronde. Mich. A large, light
colored, sweet nut, annually productive, frequently having 5 to
7 nuts to the bur.
AV^c/iam.— Mountain\-ille. N. Y. A1)ove nie<lium in size, ob-
long, tomentose, sweet. Tree productive an»i \igorous in heavj-
sod at 50 years of age.
Jfurre/i.— Coleman's Falls, Va. A large, high flavored nut,
bearing 3 nuts to the bur.
<)tto.— Otto, Teun. Large, oblong, very downy at tip, very
sweet, and rich.
Watson.— Tay, Pa. Medium to large, slightly downy, com-
pressed, very good.
ErROPEAX GRorP.— It is a significant fact that, during the
century that h,is elapsed since the introduction of this species,
the imported nameil varieties of Europe have not found favor
in eastern America. Seedling trees have been found produc-
tive and profitable at many points in New .lersey, Pennsylvania,
Delaware, and Maryland however, and these form the basis of
the culture of tht» species east of the continental <li%ide. West
of the Rocky moxmtains, several of the choice French " Mar-
rons" are -eported to snccee<l in California and Oregon. Amon^
the more important varieties of the European group in .tVanrica,
are tne foll«>wing :
.4H(/<^''f»/t.— Flushing, N.J. Bur medium to small; nntn of
meilium size, bright reiidish brown. pul»escent at the tip and
over half of the nut. Tree a strong grower, with medium to
small l?»athery leaves. Very pr<Kltictive.
^arfram.— Milltown. Pa. Bur meiiium to small; nutme<limn,
thickly pubescent at tip, dark, reildi.>«h mahogany color; :< m a
bur ; unusually free from Insect attack ; quality good. Tree
\igorous, spreading, with large leaves: prtxluctive.
Chalon (syn., Marron Chalon Early).— France. Sparingly
grown in California. Nut of medium size, early, productive,
precocious.
CotuhaU (Marron Corobale).— France. A large and handsome,
bright brf)wn striped nut, with but little tomentiun at tip; usa'
ally 2, .sometimes btit 1, in a bur. .Somewhat grown in Cali-
fornia, where it was introduce*! from France a^K>ut 1870.
Cor«o«. — Plymouth Meeting, Pa. Bur large, with thin husk;
nuts large, usually 3 in a bur; <lark bntwn. ridgeil, heavily
pul>escent at tip; quality veo' good. Tree vigorous, spreading.
very productive.
Z^fltfcr.— Camden, Delaware. Bur medium; nut medium to
large, dark brown, thickly tomentose, usxially 3 in a hur;
quality good. Tree \igorous, spreading, productive; a seedling
of Ridgoly.
X>arii/tf7toii.— Wilmington, Del. Bur medium to small: nnt
medium to large, usually 3 in a bur ; dark distinctly stripe<J.
thickly tomentose at tip; sweet, good. Tree vigorous. One of
the earliest to rii>en of this group.
Ltjon ( Marron de Lj-on ).— France. A large, round nut of fair
quality, grown in a small way in California, but less protluctive
than Combale, which it resembles.
Jfarrort.— This term is used by the French to designate the
larger cultivated Chestnuts, most of whi'h have relatively few
nuts, often only 1 in a bur.
iloncur. — Dover, Del. A see«lling of Ridgely. Bur medium;
nuts medium, of light color, heavily tomentose; tree vigorous,
spreading, very productive.
yoiizillard.—Friinee. A large, handsome variety from cen-
tral France, and there considered very productive and valuable.
Has been tested in New Jersey, Pennsylvania and California,
without marked suc<'ess in an>- locality.
JV(//h6o.— Morrisville, Pa. tFig, 11, PI. 14.) Bur medium,
conical ; nut large, from 2 to 3 in a bur : bright brown,
striped, thinly tomentose. of good quality. Tree compact and
drooping; rsither uncertain in l»earing.
Paragon (syn.. Great American).— Germantown, Philadel-
phia, Pa. Bur very large; niit large, usually 3 in a bur, broad,
plump, thickly tomentose at the tip, and thinly over two-thirds
of surface, color dull brown, quality very goo«l. Tree hanly.
spreading, vigorous, with narrow, coarsely serrate leaves hav-
ing a narrow base; subje<'t to leaf blight, but very produftive.
The most widely planted and most uniformly successful variety
of Chestnut yet cultivated in the United .States. Possibly a
hybrid with C dentata. Fig. (photo) 4-yr. grafted tree in fruit.
Mich.
Querey (syn., Marron Qxiercy).— France. A Iteantiful. me-
dium sized nut, commended in i>ortionsof California for pre-
cocity, earliness, productiveness and quality.
Ridijely Uyn., Du Pont). — Wilmington, Del. Bur medium ;
nut metlium to large, moderately tomentose, dark, of ver>' gfMvl
quality; tree vigorous, with narrow leaves free from blight;
spreading, veiy prtxluctive, hardy. (Fig. 12, PI. 14.)
iS'coff.— Burlington, N. J. Burmeiiium: nut medium, slightly
IMjinted, usually 3 in a bur ; glossy, dark brown, slightly
tomentose at the tip. Tree open. sprea<ling, very -troductive;
said to be comi)aratively free from attacks of weevil.
Sfj/f r.— Concordville, Pa. Bur medium : nut med'um pointed,
dark brown. strii)ed, tomentose at tip, I to '.'> in a bur. Tree
-.eT vigorous, upright, with large, dark green leaves free from
disease.
Jap.\n"ESE Grovp.— Though most of the imported Japanese
Chestnuts have been found of poor qtmlity for eating in the
fresh state, the product of many imported seedling trees, and of
a numl>er of American-grown seedlings of this tj-pe.is equal to
the Europe,<in nut in flavor. The Japanese varieties in general
have the advantage, also, of greater precocity and productive-
ness, larger size and e.irlier mattirity of nut, greater freedom
from injury by le.af diseases and nut-eating insect lanse. -^s
productiveness and earliness are the most important point.s in
Chestnut culture .it the present time, this lype is the most
important to commercial nut growers. The most important
named varieties are as follows:
Alpftflt.- New .Jersey. Bur medium: nuts me<lium to large.
generally 3 in a bur, dark, of f.iir quality, ripening very early.
Tree upright, verj' \igorous and productive.
Beta.—'Sevr .Jersey. Bur small; nut medium, light brown.
smooth, sligluly tomentose at tip: good; ripening just after
Alpha.
Biddle.—'Se\y Jersey. First fruited in Maryland. Bur me-
dium: nut large, bright brown, broad, rather thickly tomen-
tose, 2 to 5 in a bur : of medium season and fair quality.
Tree regular, round-headed, vigorous.
Black (syn.. Dr. Black),— New .Jersey. First fniite<i in
Maryland. Bur large ; nut me<lium to large ; 3 to 7 in a
biu:, consequently irregular in shape ; dark brown, slightly
CHESTNIT
CHICORY
297
totn«»ntow». rery PiiTly ainl of good qualSty. Tree ronnd.
<rlo«e-he»dwl. vigorDUs, prtMludive.
t'o#.— i'alifornia. A Iiirice, very swe^t variety, but re-
cently dlsiemlnated. Tree upright, somewh:.. opread-
ing.
Felton.—'Sew Jenwy. First fmlted in Delaware. Bur
■mall: not meilium, dark lirown, slightly tomentose,
rather early and of excellent quality. Tree round-
heaiied and fairly prmluotive.
tfianf.— Japan. A trade name, under which a num-
ber of varieties have )>eeu imported from Japan. See
Parry.
Hale (sjm.. Eighteen Months) . — California. A newly
intnxliiced variety, having a large, dark brown nut of
exfvllent quality. Very precocioJia.
Kent Isyn., Extra Early).— New Jersey. First fruited
in I)elaware. Bur small; uut nie<]ium to large, dark,
usually 3 in a bur: very early, of good qiiality. Tree
ronnd-headed, i)re<'o<'iou8, pr<Mluctive.
AVrr.— New Jersey, First fruite«l in Mar>'land. Bur
small; nut meilium to large, dark brown, broad, 3 in
a bur, early, and of excellent quality. Tree vigorous,
symmetrical, rouiid-hei«le«l, verj- pr»j<luctive.
Killen.Sew Jersey. First fruite«l in Delaware. Bur
ver>- large; nut very large, brojul, light brown, slightly
ridgetl, of excellent quality, mid.Heason. Tree upright,
open, spreatling. nnxlerattly vigorous, productive. The
largest Chestnut yet brought to notice.
Mammoth.— A tnwle name for the imported Japanese
nnt« and trees, not restricte*! to any particxxlar variety.
it'irtin (syn.. Col. Martin).— New Jersey. First
fniitnl in Maryland. Bur large; nut large to
verj" large, broad, iiright nMldish brown, slightly
tomentose. '.i to 5 nuts in a bur. Midseason; of
goo<l quality for cooKing. Tree vigorous, open,
spreading, pro<lucti' e.
J/ffar7n/»rf.— I'alifomia. Bur very large: nut
large, and of fine quality; early. Tree spread-
ing, very prmluctive. A newly disseminateii
variety of great promise.
Parrj/— Japan. Bur very large; nxit ver5' '
large. 1 to 3 in a bur. Inroad, witli apex some- ^
times depres8e<l; dark brown, ridged, of fair
quality. Tree mwlerately vigorous, open.sprea«l-
ing. with large leaves. One of tlie largest and
most l»eautiful of this group. Selected for prop-
agation as the best of 1.000 imported grafted
Japanese Chestnuts. (Fig. Vi, PI. 14.)
Prolific. — Japan. Bur small ; nut medium,
rather long, striped, 'i in a bur ; early. Tree
vigorous, compjict, with small narrow leaves.
Reliance. Sew Jersey. Bur me<lium ; nut
medium to large, rather long, light brown,
ridge<l: midseason. and of fair quality. Tree
dwarfish, spreading, drooping, very precocious
and pnHluctive: incline<l to overbear, and needs
thinning. Seetlling of Parry.
Success. Sevf .Jersey. Bur very large; nut
very large, usually 3 in a i»xir ; midseason ; of
rather pf>or quality until cooked. Seedling of
Parry. Tree upright, productive.
Superb (sjTi., Parry's Superb).- New Jersey.
Bur large; nut large, broa<i. brown, usually ',i in
a btir, early, and of fair quality. Tree vigorous
and very productive. -^V. A. Taylok.
CHEVALlfiKA. CHEVALlfiKIA,
CHEVALLI£RA. CHEVALLI£RIA. The
species in the American trade are 2Ech-
meas.
CHICK-PEA. SeeCicer.
f^i
CHICKWEED.
Sfellaria.
See Cerastium and
CHICORY, or SUCCORY ( Cichorium In-
tyhus, Lmn.). Compdsita. Fig. 436. A
native of Europe, naturalized in America
and familiar to many as a weed, is a pot-
herb, a salad, and theleading adulterant of
coflFee. It has come prominently before
the public since 1897 a.s an American farm
crop. Prior to that year, its cultivation as
an a«iulterant and substitute for coffee
was largely prevented by the prejudice of
the principal consumers, our foreign-bom
population, who insisted that American
was inferior to European root, and also by
the low tariff, which allowed the root to
enter duty free, or with a verv small im-
post. During 1898 and 1899 advantage has
been taken of a protective duty, and sev- 435. Flowers
eral factories hare been erected, for which farm-
ers have shown a willingnes.'* to grow the roots.
It is probable that within the next few years our
home market will bi' fully supplier! from Ameri-
can fields, in which development reliance is placed
in the substitution of horse-power for manual
labor, improved plows and cultivating implements
for crude ones, machine-digging of the roots for
hand-digging, efficient slicing machines, and im-
proved evaporating kilns.
Chicory will probably succeed wherever the
sugar beet is grown in this country*, the climatic
requirements being similar. In general, it may
be said to thrive upon all stone-free soils that
will proiluce paying staple crops, except clays,
lightest.sands and mucks. The first are too hard,
the second too dry, the third too rich in nitrogen
and too sour. The surface layer of soil should be
deep, the subsoil o{>en and well drained. If the
water supply be sufficient, high land is as g(XMl
as low land of the some texture, though if too
dry for profitable grain growing, the former may
yet be made to produce paying crops of Chicor)-;
but if too wet for cereals, the latter will generally
be found unsuitable for this root. The fertilizing
of the land shoulil be the same as for other root
crops, nitrogen being used sparingly, potash and
phosphoric acid rather freely— 1^4 to VA
times as much of the former and 2>3 times
the latter as has been removed by the pre-
ceding crop. It is best to apply these
fertilizers to preceding crops that do not
make heavy demands upon them. In rota-
^N^^^j— ' tion, Chicory is classed with rf»ot crops, and
should be preceded by a small grain, since
this is har\-ested in time for fall plowing.
Clover should not immediately precede,
since it leaves t<»o much nitrogen in the
soil. The ground being warm, fairly moist,
thoroughly prepared by deep plowing, har-
rowing and scarifying with a weeder. the
seed, which must be fresh and clean, is
sown rather thickly but covered thinly, in
drills 18 inches apart.
There are but few well-flefined varieties
L«ii^ of this plant used for field culture, and
even the garden sorts are not as stable as
could be desired. Of the former group,
Magdelmrg, Brunswick and Schlesische
are the principal; of the latter, Witloof
(so-called). Red Italian, Broad-leaved,
Improved Variegated and Curled-leavt^d
are best known. Witloof and Barbe de
Capucin can be produced from any va-
riety, the difference being brought about
by the method of growing.
Chicory has no specific enemies in this
country, and is troubled by only a few of
the general-feeding insects, such as cut-
worms and wire -worms.
FVom 6 to 10 tons is the general crop per
acre, though with good management. 15
tons miy be produced. The cost of grow-
ing and the returns are about as follows:
Rent, wear of tools, etc., $5 ; preparation
of land, $4.50; seed. 75 cents; cultivating
and tending, $15: hairesting and deliver-
ing, $12 ; total, $.37.25. Average price per
ton, .$7.
From a purely horticultural standpoint,
C lioory is of interest as a root, a pot-herb,
and a salad plant. The young, tender roots
are occasionally boiled and served with
butter, pep;)er and salt, like young car-
rots, but they have never become widely
popular in this form. As a pot-herb, the
young leaves are equal to those of dande-
. . iion. They are cut when 6 or 8 inches long,
|w«f5 boiled in two waters to remove the bitter
flavor, and served like spinach. As a
salad. Chicory is famous in three forms:
Common Blanched, Barbe de Capucin and
Chicory (X }4). Witloof. Barbe de Capucin is comprised
298
CHICORY
CHIOCOCCA
of Amall. blanched le»Te». WItloof la a more solid
hea<l. The pink, red and curie 1 varieties make a verv
pretty appearanre, and if well grown and nervpd frenh
are delicious, there being only a slightly bitter flavor.
The method of growing In the same &» for endive.
For Barbe and WItloof, well grown roots are dug in
October, trimmed of unneee»s«ary rootn and of all but an
Inch of top. For Barbe, the roots are laid horizontally
in tiers in moist earth, the whole forming a sloping heap,
the crowns of the r<M>t8 protruding an inch or so. Since
darkness is essential, a warm veg«^(able cellar is the
usual place selected to g-')w this vegetable, which re-
quires 3 or 4 weeks to produce its tine white leaven.
These are cut when about 6 inches long, eaten as a salad,
boiled like kale or cut up like slaw. If undisturl)»'d, the
roots will continue to pnnluce for some time. The most
rapid way to produce Witloof is to plunge the roots
(shortened to 5 inches) in spent tan bark, or such ma-
terial, and cover with 2 feet or more of manure, the
space under a greenhouse bench being used. In about
2 weeks, heads resembling cos lettuce may be dug up,
boiled like Brussels sprouts, or served as salad. If the
roots be left in place, protected from the light, but un-
covered, a crop of leaves resembling Barbe may be gath-
ered. Sowing and other cultural management is the same
as for other garden roots, as beets and carrots. It is a
pity that these vegetables are so little known in this
coifntry.
Chicory has run wild along roadsides and in dry fields
in many parts of the country, and is considered to be a
bad weed. However, the handsome sky-blue flowers
(Fig. 4'M), which open only in sunshine, are very at-
tractive. M. G. Kains.
CHlLDSIA W£RCKL£I. See Hidalgoa.
CHILIANTHUS {a thousand flowers). Loganidcece.
Four or 5 South Aifrican trees or shrubs, very closely
allied to Buddleia, from which it differs in having sta-
mens exserted from the short tube: Ivs. opposite, entire
or dentate: tls.very numerous, in dense, terminal cymes
or panicles. Unknown to the Amer. trade. The plants
known as Buddleia salicifolia, Jacq., and B. saligna,
Willd., are ChilinnthuH arboreiis. Benth. (which is prob-
ably identical with C. oleaceus, Burch.).
CHILOPSIB (Cireek, lip-Uke). Bignonidcea>. One
shrul) or low tree, C. 8aUgriia< Don (known also as C.
lineHriii, DC), growing in dry districts from S. Texas to
Calif., and in Mex. From its narrow-lanceolate or linear
Ivs.. it is known as Desert Willow; also called Flowering
Willow and Mimbres. It is a continuous-blooming plant,
valuable for our extreme southern districts. It grows
from 10 to 20 ft., bearing slender branches, opposite or
verticillate lower Ivs., and handsome, Bignonia-like fls.
in a short, terminal raceme. The corolla is 1-2 in. long,
5-lobed and crimped, the tube and throat lilac, and two
yellow stripes inside. Anthers 4 ; rudiment of a fifth
stamen. L. H. B.
CHIMAFHILA (Greek, winter and friend; green in
winter). EriciLce(v. Pipsissew^a. Half shrubby or her-
baceous, with creeping stem: Ivs. evergreen, serrate, in
irregular whorls: fis. nodding, forming a terminal, few-
fid, umbel, on a long, naked peduncle: petals 5, spread-
ing; stamens 10: fr. a dehiscent, r)-celled capsule. Four
species in N. America, Europe, and N. Asia to Japan;
formerly united with Pyrola. Low, evergreen plants,
with pretty white or reddish fls. in summer. They grow
best in a light, sandy soil, mixed with peat or leaf-mold,
and prefer a half -shady position. Prop, by division of the
creeping rootstock. Cseful in wild borders.
ombell^ta, Nutt. (C corymhbm, Pursh). Five-H in.:
Ivs. 3-<i in a whorl, short-petioled, cuneate-lanceolete,
sharply serrate, dark green and shining above, 1-2 in.
long: fls. 4-7, white or reddish, %-%\n. wi«le. N. Amer.,
from Canada to Mexico, Europe. Japan. B.M.778. L.B.C.
5:46:i. Mn. 7:161.
maculata, Pursh. Fig. 4;{7. Lower and less branched
than the foregoing : Ivs. usually in 3's, ovate or oblong-
lauceolate, sparsely and sharply serrate, vax'iegated with
white along the nerves, 1-2 in. long: fls. 2-5, white, ^jn.
wide. From Canada to Ueorgia and Mississippi. B..M
897. Mn.9:l. a,„„.^ d
Alfreo Rbhdbs.
CHIXOHANTHUI is Catycantkua.
CHIHE8E LAHTEBir PLAHT. See PhysaH$.
CHIMESE SACBED LttY. Consult Narcissus.
437. Chimaphila maculata.
Natural size.
CHIOCOCCA. Rubidcea. Snowbebry (which the
name means in (ireek). Shrubs, mostly climbing, of
tropical Amer., and one in extreme S. Fla. Fls. in axil-
lary panicles, the corolla funnel-form and 5-parted; sta-
mens 5, inserted on the base of the corolla, the filaments
cohering at base; style filiform, the stigma club-shaped:
ovary 2-.'Moculed, becoming a small, globular drupe.
C. racemdsa. Linn., of ^he Florida Keys and S., is some-
times cult, in hothouses for its panicles of yellowish
f '■•Wl.f
•1
CHIOCOCCA
whtt« fl«. »Tid thp white fr». Lvs. OTAi« to lanceolate,
thick and HhiniDg, t;Dtii«) : dnip«ii Hin. in diani. Twin-
iBJC ; (flabroui. L. H. B.
CHI60ENE8 (Greek, nnnw, offgpring : referring to
tbennow-white berrifH}. Kric^etot. Trailing evergreen,
with Hniall alternate lv8. and inconHpicuuuH axillary Hm.;
con>nft 4-cleft ; stamenii 8, included : berry white, hir-
sute. Two species in the colder regions of N. Amer. and
Japan. Slender trailing f vergreenH, in appearance much
like the cranberry, rarely cultivated. Thriving be»t in
moist and peaty soil, in a shaded position, creeping
amongst growing moss. Prop, by seed.M, by division or
bv cuttintrs in Auirust under glass. The America»^ spe-
cies, C. hiipidttlft.Torr. & liray { C. serpyllifdlia , Salisb. ) ,
has hirsute branches and ovate, ^->ain.-long ciliate
lv8. and greenish white fls. Alfred Rehdcr.
CHIONANTHUB (Greek for »«om and flower: allud-
ing to the abundance of snow-white fls.). Oledcecf.
Fkinoe Tkee. Shrubs or low trees, with deciduous, op-
posite and entire lvs.: fls. in loose panicles from lateral
buds at the end of last year's branches, white ; corolla
divide<l nearly to the base in 4 narrow petals ; stamens
2. short : fr. a l-seeded oval drupe. Two species in E.
N. Araer. and China. Ornamental shrubs, with large,
dark green foliage, and very showy white fls. in early
Slimmer. The American species is almost hardy north,
but requiring a somewhat sheltered position ; the Chinese
may be more tender, but it thrives in W. New York.
They thrive best in a somewhat moist and sandy loam,
and in a sunny position. Prop, by seeds sown in fall
or stratified; increased also by layers and by grafting
under glass or budding in the open air on ash seedlings
(in Europe Frarinus Ornus is preferred); sometimes
by cuttings from forced plants in early spring.
Virginica, Linn. Fig. 438. Large shrub or slender
tree, to ."W ft. : lvs. oval or oblong, acuminate, pubes-
cent beneath when young, mostly glabrous at length,
4-8 in. long : panicles 4-6 in. long, pendulous ; petals
1 in. l<mg : fr. dark blue, oval, 1 in. long. May, June.
From Penn. to Fia. and Tex. L.B.C. 1.3: 1264. Gt. 16:564.
Mn.2:l.i4. (i.F. 7: irj.'». — Variable in shape and pubes-
cence of the lvs., and several varieties have been dis-
tinguished, but none of
them sufficiently distinct
for horticultural uses.
Handsome shrubs.
C. rftusa, Lindl.(€. Chinen-
8i8, MaxJ. Lvs. obovate, ob-
tuse or acute, sometimes
emarffinate : petals shorter
ami hroatler, oblong; panicles
more compact, shorter and
erect. China. P.F.G. 3,p.85.
G.C. n. 23:821. Ut. 35, p. 667.
A.G.1.3::J74. Mn. 2:157. G.F.
7:327? A.G. 2():107.
Alfred Rehder.
CHIONODOXA (Greek,
snow&uikglory). Liliclcecf.
A small genus of hardy
bulbous plants. Natives
of Crete and Asia Minor
(Mt. Tauru.**). Very closely
allied to Scilla, but differs,
among other characters, in
having r. short tube to the
corolla. Fls. small and
blue (ninning into white and red forms), with recurved-
spreading acute segments, dilated filaments, and small
or capitate stigma. These are among the best of early-
flowering plants, blooming in February, March and April,
according to the locality, with the early Snowdrops an(i
Scillas. Since their introduction to cultivation by Mr.Maw
in 1877, they have been widely cultivated under the
popular name of "Glorj- of the Snow/' in allusion to their
early blooming habit. C Lucilim is the most widely
cultivated species. This varies much in color, the type
having tls. whose petals are more or less deeply tipped
with blue, shading to white at their bases. CLucilice
also occurs with pure white fls., and in re<ldish and
pink forms. C, Sari'^nsis has smaller fls. of a deeper
CHIONODOXA
299
tone of blue and without the white markings of the petals.
There are two varieties of this, one with white and
the other with black stamens. Chionodoxaa hybridize
438. Chionanthus Vireinica.
(XH.)
439. Chionodoxa Luciliae (X >^).
with Scilla, and the hybrids are sometimes known as
Chionoscillas.
Chionodoxas thrive in any fertile soil, well drained
and not too heavy, and in any exposure, the main requi-
site for growth being that they have light and an ade-
quate supply of moisture while growing and till the
foliage is ripened. The bulbs should be planted about
3 inches deep, and closely, say an inch or two apart. Lift
and replant about third year. They need no winter
covering. They flower well in pots in winter in a cool-
house temperature. Must be forced only genth% and
given abun<lance of air, light and moisture. They are
increased by offsets and seeds, which they produce
freely. Under favorable conditions, they increase rapidly
by self-sown seeds. Preferably, seeds should be sown
in a frame, and may be expected to germinate the follow-
ing winter. C. Tmoltisi, Uort., is a lat :-blooming form,
bright blue and white.
Luciliae, Boiss. Glory of the Snow. Fig. 439. Bulb
ovoid, brown-coated : lvs. long and narrow two or three
with each stem : scape 3-6 in. high, bearing a dozen or
less bright blue, more or less hanging, white-centered
fls. Asia Minor and Crete. B.M. 6433. Gn. 28, p. 179.-
Runs into several forms, one of which has white fls. C.
gigantht, Hort., is evidently a larger form of it, distinct
in habit. C. grandiflbra, Hort., is the same.
Sard6n8is, Hort. Fls. smaller, much darker blue, with
no white in the eye. Sardis. Gn. 28 : 50.5, — Probablv a
form of the preceding.
300
CHIONODOXA
CHLOROGALU>I
Critica, Boiss. & Held, ^'ender : fls. smaller and
fewer (1-2 on a scape) than Lucilice, white or ver>'
pale blue. Crete.— Of little horticultural value.
^Alleni, Hort. (Chionoscllla
Alleni, Hort.). Perianth seg-
ments cut to the base : habit of
C Lucilm, but the white eye
is indistinct. Supposed natu-
ral hybrid of Sell la bi folia and
Chionodoxa Lucilice. G.C. HI.
21:191.
J. N. Gerard and L. H. B.
these usually several together, and digitate at the apex
of the culm. Species about 40, widely distributed through
the warmer countries of the world. Several are culti-
vated for ornament.
Regans, HRK. (C. cf?6a, Presl). Fig. 440. An erect
perennial 2-3 ft. high, with slightly inflated sheaths,
CHIONOSCtLLA.
Chionodoxa.
Consult
CHINA ASTEK. See Aster.
CHINA
MtUa.
TBEE.
Consult -T-
CHINKAPIN, CHINQUAPIN. See Chest-
nut and Castanva.
CHIBlTA (Hindostani name). Gesnerhcece.
Plants much like Gloxinias and Streptocar-
puses ; none of them in the Amer. trade. They
are natives of eastern Asia. Fls. in shades
of purple and blue, tubular, in clusters on
the tops of short scapes.
CHIVES. See Cive.
CHLIDANTHUS {delicate flower, from the
Greek), AmaryllidAcece. Two or three S.
Amer. bulbs, flowering in advance of the Ivs. Allied to
Zephyranthes. Fls. yellow, in a small umbel, terminat-
ing a solid scape, long-tubed, with
wide-spreading segments : Ivs.
lonsr and strap-shaped. C. fr^-
grans. Herb,, is the species in
cult. It bears fragrant fls. 3-4 in.
l\l^l .^ ^^'^ { E' ^^^f^' ^^ summer, on scapes 15-18
^ 3 1 «i MR'M'", fe' in. high. It is increased by off-
sets or by seeds. The bulbs
should be kept drj- and cool dur-
ing winter and in spring started
in a moderately warm house.
After flowering, care must be
taken to have the bulbs make
their annual growth. They may
either be grown in pots plunged
in ashes, or planted out where
they can be watered occasionally
during dry weather. Like other
similar plants, they will benefit by a
mulching of spent hops or rotted ma-
nure. G, w. Oliver and L. H. B,
CHLORANTHUS {green flower). Chlo-
ranthdceie. The type genus of a small
family (25 species) of tropical herbs,
shrubs or trees. Chloranthus has about
8 species. They are perennial herbs or
evergreen shrubs, with jointed stems,
opposite, simple Ivs.. and small, incon-
spicuous fls,, in slender, terminal spikes.
Perianth represented by a single scale,
in the axil of which is the 1-loculed
ovary, and 3 united stamens {the side
stamens sonietiuies obsolete), C, brach^-
stachys, Blume. from Ind. and China, is
in the Amer, trade. It is a shrub used
for pot-growing, reaching a height of
1-2 ft., bearing glossy foliage and small,
yellow berries There is a variegated-
leaved form. L_ g_ B^
440. Chloris
elesans.
CHLORIS (Greek for green). Gra
minrp. FiNGER Grass. Usually peren-
nial gresses, with flat Ivs. and attractive inflorescence:
spikelets 1-fld., awned, sessile in two rows along one
side of a continuous rachis, forming unilateral spikes,
flat blades and 8-12 silky-learded
spikes, clustered or um'be late at
the apex of the culms. — In cult, as
an ornamental grass. Annual in
the northern states.
trtmcita, R. Br. {C. barbata
vera, Hort.). Fig. 441, A peren-
nial with jointed, creeping culms:
sheaths compressed and hairy at
the ape:* : inflorescence consist-
ing of digitate spikes, widely
spreading ; the spikelets 2-fl(>\v-
ered and long-awn^l. Austral.—
In cult, as an ornamental grass,
verticill&ta. Nutt. Windmill
Finger Grass, A low. spread-
ing perennial with upright culms
6-20 in, high. The dark bnnvn,
awned spikelets are arranged on
slender spikes, which are in
whorls near the summit of the
culm. Both fl. -glumes and empty
glumes awned. — It is a good
turf -former, and is sjioken of by
some as a good grazing grass',
and one not easily trampled out. The arrangement of
the spikes gives it an odd and pleasing appearance
making it useful as an ornamental species for gardens.
The cult, form is an improvement on the type.
G. polyddctyla, Sw.-irtz. A W. Indian species wlii-h has been
found in southern Fla.. is sittra<*tive, aii«l has long and graceful
spikes.— C. gracilis, Dur., a native of Cent. Amer. and Sles., is
another spe<»ies wcasionally cult, for ornament.- V. petriwa,
Swartz, found along the coast from Fla. to N. Car., is as at-
tractive as many of the grasses grown in g;irdens as ornanifn-
tals.— C. ijtaiica, Vasey. is a handsome sp«»cie8, well deserving
the attention of the tiorist, and is found growing in brackish
marshes and along the borders of cypress swamps.
P. B, Kennedy,
CHLOBOCODON (Greek for green and bell, alluding
to the flowers), Asclepiaddce(f. One species from S,
Afr., C. Whiteii, Hook, f, B,M. 589H. G.C. III. lfc:243.
It is now cult, in S, Fla, and S. Calif, It is a strong,
woody twiner, with large opposite, cordate-ovate, thick
Ivs, and axillary clusters of odd fls. :?4-l iu- in diani,;
corolla rotate-b'ell-shaped, thick, green ; the segments
ovate and acute, purple at the base inside, and bearing
long-notched lobes ; anthers connivent over the eapitate
stigma. The roots are used medicinally in Natal, under
the name of Mundi. The plant is an interesting green-
house climber, but not handsome. l, jj. r.
CHLOHOGALUM {green and milk, from the Greek,
referring to the juice of the plant). Lilitlvfir. Three
species of California, allied to Camassia ( C. LeichtliiiH,
Baker = Camnssia Leichtlinii). Bulbous: fls. white or
pink, in a panicle terminating a leafy stem ; segments of
perianth 3-nervca, at length twisting over the ovary;
style long and deciduous : Ivs. with wavy margins, Phmts
of eafsy culture, to be treated like Camassias or Orni-
thogalums. Monogr. by Baker, .Tourn. Linn. Soc. 13: 291 ;
Watson, Proc. Amer. Acad. 14: 242,
CHLOROGALUM
CHRYSALIDOCARPUS
301
A. Pedicels nearly as long as the fls.: segments
spreading from near the base.
pomeridiilnam, Kunth. Soap -plant. Amole. Stem
reaching ;{ ft., many-branched, from a very large bulb:
Hs. small (lin. or less long)
and star-like, numerous,
white, with purple veins, on
spreading pedicels, opening
in the afternoon. — Bulb used
by Indians and Mexicans
for soap-making.
AA. Pedicels very short :
segments spreading
from above the base.
parvifldrum, Wats. Bulb
snuiU (1 in. in diam.) : stem
1-3 ft., slender -branched:
Ivs. narrow and grass-like:
fls. pinkish, ^in. long: ovary
broad and acute.
angrustifdlium,
Low, about 1 ft.
the last, but fls.
green-lined and
larger, the
above.
Kellogg.
Resembles
white and
somewhat
ovary acute
L. H. B.
442 Chorizema ilicifolium.
(X %.)
CHLOROPHtTUM (name
means, iu Greek, green
plant). Lilidceie. Very
closely allied to Antheri-
cum, but ditfering in the
thickened filaments of the
stamens and the 3-angled or
3-winped capsule ; inflorescence often denser ; Ivs.
broailer. often oblanceolate and petiolate: seed disk-
like. About 40 species, in Asia, Africa, and S. Amer.
Consult Anthericum and Paradisea.
datum, R. Br. (Anthericum rariegdtum,vittiitum,pic-
tHratum, Williamsii, Hort.). Root fleshy and white: Ivs.
freely produced from the crown, often 1 in. wide, flattish
and bright green, or in the garden varieties with white
lines along the margins, and yften (var. picturatinn ) also
with a yellow band down the center : scape terete and
glabrous. 2-3 ft. high, branched : fls. white, Hin. long,
with revulute, oblanceolate segments, which are ob-
scurely 3-nerved on the back. S.Africa. F.S. 21: 2240-1.
-A vahiable and common plant for vases and pots, and
sometimes used in summer borders. Anthericum Cali-
fornicum. Hort., is perhaps a form of it. l_ jj^ g^
CHLOBdPSIS BLANCHABDIANA. See Trichloris.
CHOCOLATE. See Theobroma.
CHOISYA (J. D. Choisy, Swiss botanist, 1799-1859).
Rutdcece. One Mexican shrub, C. tem&ta, HBK., grown
in S. Calif, and S. Fla., and sometimes under glass. It
grows 4-8 ft. high, making a compact, free-bloommg
bush, with opposite, temate Ivs., the Ifts. lance-obovate
or oblong, thick and entire, with pellucid dots: fls. in a
terminal, forking cluster, white, fragrant, orange-like
(whence the vernacular name Mexican Orange), 1 in.
across. R.H. 1869: .330. Gn. 50, p. 203. J.H. III. 34: 253.
-A handsome shrub, worthy of greater popularity. It
will endure several degrees of frost, and should succeed
in the open in many of the southern states. Blossoms
in summer. L_ H. B.
CHOKE CHERRY is Pmmis demissa and P. Vir-
giiiiinui.
CHONDRORtNCHA {cartilage and beak). OrchidA-
fe(F, tribe Vnndece. Three species of S. Amer. epiphytal
orchids, Cu\t. &s for Odontoglossumcrispum. They are
practically unknown in the Amer. trade. They are short-
stemmed herbs without pseudobulbs, and oblong, plicate,
petioled Ivs., the simple scape bearing a single large,
odd. yellowish flower. C\ Chistertoni, Reic.hb. f., C.
fimbridta, Reichb.f., and C. rdsea, Lindl., are the spe-
cies. Keep cool and moist.
CHORlSIA (Greek, separate or distinct). MalvdicecR,
A very few spiny trees, of tropical America. Lvs. al-
ternate, digitate, of 5-7 leaflets : fls. large, with linear or
oblong petals, the peduncles axillary or racemose: ovary
5-loculed and many-ovuled. C. specidsa, St. Hil., of Bra-
zil, the "Floss Silk Tree," is cult, in S. Calif., and is
adapted to warm glasshouses. It is a medium-sized
tree, allied to Eriodendron and Bombax. Lfts. lanceolate,
acuminate, dentate : calyx irregular, shining outside, but
silky inside: petals obtuse, yellowish and brown-striped
at the base, pubescent on the back. £,^ jj^ g_
CH0RIZ£MA (fanciful Greek name). Sometimes
spelled Chorozema. Legumind.'!(P. Fifteen to 20 Aus-
tralian shrubs, of a diffuse or half-climbing habit, with
thick and shining simple evergreen lvs. and pea-like
red or yellow fls. : ovary villous. Handsome plants for
the cool greenhouse, less popular in this country than
abroad. When not grown too soft, they will stand slight
frost at times. Grown in the open in S. Calif, and S.
Fla. They are grown in a rather peaty soil, after the
manner of Azaleas. Usually rested in the open in sum-
mer. They are excellent for training on pillars and raf-
ters. Prop, easily by cuttings; also by seeds.
v^rium, Benth. Tjvs. roundish or round-ovate, some-
what cordate, spiny-toothed : fls. orange and red, in
erect racemes. — The commonest species. Runs into
many forms, of which C. Chdndleri and C. grandi-
fldrum, Hort., are examples.
ilicifdlium, Labill. Fig. 442. Lvs. ovate or lance-ovate,
deeply repand-spiny-toothed : fls. yellow and red.
macrophyilum, Hort. Dwarf : fls. red.
L. H. B.
CHOROGI. See Stachys.
CHRIST-AND-THE-APOSTLES. Fanciful name of
Crinum sca6r»»j. which sometimes has 13 flowers.
CHRYSALIDOCARPUS (Greek for golden fruit).
Palmdcta-, tribe Arece(e. Spineless, stoloniferous
palms, with medium, fasciculate, ringed stems; lvs. pin-
natisect; long-acuminate
segments about 100, bifid
at the apex, the lateral
nerves remote from the
midrib. Species 2, one
of them being a popular
florist's plant. Mada-
gascar.
lut^scens, H. Wendl.
(H yophorbe Indica,
Gaertn. H. Commerson-
idna, 'Mart. Areca lutes-
cens, Bory). Figs. 443,
444. Stem .30 ft. high,
4-6 in. in diam., cylin-
drical, smooth, thickened
at the base ; lvs. very
long ; segments almost
opposite, lanceolate, 2 ft.
long, 2^2 in. wide, acute,
with 3 prominent pri-
mary' nerves, which are
convex below and acutely
2-faced above. Bourbon.
A.G. 13:141. A.F. 4:.566.
— Fig. 443 is from Mar-
tins' Natural History of
Palms. Iu growing (,'/«rv-
salidocarpus (or A reca )
lutescens in quantity, it
will be found a good plan
to sow the seeds either
on a bench, in boxes or
seed-pans, so prepared
that the seedlings will
remain in the soil in
which they germinate
until they have made
two or more leaves.
The flrst leaf made above
443. Chrysalidocarpus lutescens.
the soil is small, and if
plants are potted off at this stage they must be very
302
CHRYSALIDOCARPUS
CHRYSANTHEMUM
carefully watered in order not to sour the soil. In the
preparation of the receptacles for the seed, a little gravel
in the bottom will be found good, as the roots work very
freely *hrough it, and when the time comes to separate
the plants previous to potting, it is an easy matter to
Chrysalidocarpus
lutescens.
disentangle the roots without bruising them. Probably
the plan which works best is to wash the soil and gravel
entirely from among the roots. Pot in soil not too dry,
and for the next few days keep the house "xtra warm
and humid, and the plants shaded from t! .n without
any moisture applied to the soil for the li i few^ days.
Jared G. S^hth and Q. W. Oliver.
CHRYSANTHEMUM ,. Idea flower). Includ-
ing PifretJirum. Compos i v large genus of herba-
ceous and sub-shrubby plani. mostly hardy, and typi-
cally with white or yellow single fls.. but the more im-
portant kinds greatly modified in form and color. Ben-
tham and Hooker make 22 subgenera (of which about
C include the garden forms), bas^^'l chiefly on the man-
ner in which the seeds are ribbed, cornered, or winged,
and the form of the pappus. The garden Pyretlirutns
cannot be kept distinct from Chrysan-
themums by garden characters. The
garden conception of Pyrethrum is
a group of hardy herbaceous plants,
with mostly single flowers, as op-
posed to the florists' or autumn Chry-
santhemums, which reach perfection
only under glass, and the familiar
annual kinds, which are commonly
called Summer Chrysanthemums.
When the gardener speaks of "I*yre-
thrums,"he usually means P. rosetim.
Many of the species described below
have been called Pyrethnims at va-
rious times, but they all have the
same specific name under the genus
Chrysanthemum, except the most
important of all garden Pyrethnims.
viz., P. roseum, which is C. coccin-
eum. The Feverfew and Golden
Feather are still sold as Pyrethrums,
and the only other species of impor-
tance Is P, uliginosum.
The insect powder known as "Pyrethrum," is produced
from the dried flowers of C. cineraruefolium and C.
coccineum. The former species groTS wild in Dalniatia"
a long, narrow, mountainous tract of the Austrian em-
pire. "Dalmatian Insect Powder "is one of the com-
monest insecticides, especially for household pests. C.
cineraricefoUum is largely cultivated in France. (7. ooc-
eineum is cult, in Calif., and the product is known as
Buhach. See Lodeman, The Spraying of Plants and
Rep. U. S. Com. Agr. 1881-2, p. 76.
There are over one hundred books about the Chrjsan-
themum, and its magazine literature is probably ex-
ceeded in bulk only by that of the rose. It is the flower
of the east, as the rose is the flower of the west. Aside
from oriental literature, there were 8.3 books mentioned
by C. Harnian Payne, in the Catalogue of the National
Chrysanthemum Society for 1896. 3Iost of these are
cheap cultural guides, circulated by the dealers. The
botany of the two common species has been monographed
by W. B. Hemsley in the Gardeners' Chronicle, series
III., vol. 6, pp. 521. 555, 585, 052, and in the Jounial of
the Royal Horticultural Society, vol. 12, part I. The great
repositories of information regarding the histor\' of the
Chrysanthemum, from the garden point of view^ are the
scattered writings of C. Harman Payne, his Short His-
tory of the Chrysanthemum. London, 1885, and the older
books of F. W. Burbidge and Juhn Salter. For informa-
tion about varieties, see the Catalogues of the National
Chrysanthemum Society (England) and the Li^te De-
scriptive, and supplements thereto, by O. Meulenaere,
Ghent, Belgium. The best book written by an American
is Chrysanthemum Culture for America, by James Mor-
ton, N. Y., 1891 . There are a number of rather expensive
art works, among which one of the most delightful is the
Gcldon Flower : Chrv'santhemum, edited by F. Schuvler
Mathews, pub. by Prang, Boston, 1890,
Types of the Common Chrysanthemum. -The com-
mon Chrysanthemums of the florists are also called
" large-flowering," and "autumn Chrysanthemums,"
though neither of these popular names is entirely accu-
rate or distinctive. They are the blended product of C.
Indicum and C. morifolium (or C. Sinense), two species
of plants that grow wild in China and Japan. From 10
to 15 dominant types are recognized by the National
Chrysanthemum Society of England.
The words "types," "races," and "sections," have
always been used by horticulturists to express much
the same thing, but types can always be clearly defined,
while sections cannot, and the w-ord race should be
restricted to cultivated varieties that reproduce their
character by seed, which is not the case with the large-
flowering Chrysanthemums. The following explanation
and scheme, it is hoped, will clearly set forth the main
types, and explain some of the many terms that confuse
the beginner. The horticultural sections are wholly
arbitrary, being chiefly for the convenience of competi-
tors at exhibitions, and therefore changing with the
fashions. The present classification is based wholly on
the form of the flower, as each tj-pe
i^^vn- can be had in anv color found in
single Chrysanthemum.
N
CHRYSANTHEMl'M
CHRYSANTHEMUM
303
single forma, they are less popular than the double
kinds, and the varieties are, therefore, less numerous
and more subject to the caprices of fashion.
BB. Fh. large, fewer, regular.
4. TTie Larg^ J»*'mone Ty)>e. — Fig. 44i. Fls. 4 in. or
more across and fewer. On. 9, p. 33.
BBB. Fls. large, ttu-,
446-449. The anemone flowered
typeti cI Chrysanthemums.
446. The sniall and
regular type.
For examples of each type, see N. C.
the whole genus.
fc. catalogues.
A. Single forms : rays in 1 series, or few series : disk-
low and flat.
1. TJie Small Single Type. -Fig. 445. Fls. about 2 in.
across, star-like, i.e., with the rays arranged in one se-
ries around the yellow disk. "Single," however, is a
relative term, and in Fig. 445 there are really several
series of rays, but they do not destroy the "singleness"
of effect. All fls. are either single, semi-double, or
double, but all the intermediate forms between the two
extremes of singleness and doubleness tend to disap-
pear, as people usually do not like them.
2. The Large Single Type.—
Like Fig. 445, but the fls. 4 in.
or more across, and fewer. The
difference between the large
and small single types is ad-
mirably shown in Gn. 37
These types are practically
never grown outdoors and
are best suited for pot cul-
ture, each specimen bear-
ing 20-80 fls.
AA. Anemone -fid. forms:
rays as above: disk
high and rounded.
B. Fts. small, numerous,
regular.
3. The Small Anemone
Type.— Commonly called
"Pompon Anemone." Fig.
44G. Fls. 2 or 3 inches
across, and usually more
numerous than in the large
anemone type. All the anemone
fonus are essentially single, but
the raised disk, with its elon-
gated, tubular fls., usually yel-
low but often of other colors,
gives them a distinct artistic
effect, and they are, therefore,
treated as intermediates in
character between the single
and double forms. Like the
irregular.
5. The ,?apanese
Anemont. Tyve. — Vign.
448, 449. Fls. 4 in. or
more across, and irreg-
ular in outline. H.
Rider Haggard is an
excellent example. Gn.
47, p. 161; 31:601.
AAA. Double- fid , forms:
rays in many se-
ries: disk absent or
nearly so.
B. Fls. small: rays
short.
6. The Pompon Type.
-Fig. '350. Fls. 1-2 in.
across. The outdoor
kinds are likely to be
small, flat and button-
like, while those cult,
indoors are I'sually
larger and nearly globular. Fig.
450 shows the former condition.
It is from one of the old hardy
kinds long cultivated in the gar-
dens as " Chinese" or " small-flowered" Chrj'santhemums,
and generally supposed to be the product of C. In-
dieum, as opposed to the "Japanese" or "large-flow-
ered" kinds introduced in 1802, which marked a new
era by being less formal and more fanciful than any of
the preceding kinds. Pompons are little cult, under
glass in Amer. The Pompon section of the N.C. S. Cat.
1890 refers to indoor types, and a separate section was
made for the outdoor types under the name of "Earlies,"
with two subgroups, "Pompons" and "Japanese," refer-
ring to the old small -flowered, hardy race, and the new
large-flowered Japanese kinds, which are grown to per-
fection only under glass, but are sometimes grown out-
doors, though they are usually less hardy.
448.
The large and irregular type.
An early stage.
449. The large and irregular type.
At a later stage of development.
304
CHRYSANTHEMUM
CHRYSANTHEMUM
BB. Fls. large.
c. Blossoms hairy.
7. The Hairy Type.— Also called "Ostrich Plume"
and "Japanese Hair>'." The famous prototype is the
variety Mrs. Alpheus Hardy, pictured in Gn. 35, p. 307.
which was sold for $1,500 in 1888, and started the
American craze. White fls. with long hairs are very deli-
cate and pretty, but the hairs are often minute, and on
many of the colored fls. they are considered more cu-
rious and interesting than beautiful. So far, nearly all
hairy Chrysanthemums are of the Japanese Incurved
type.
CC. Blossoms not hairy,
D. Bays reflexed.
8. The Be flexed Type. -Also called "Recurved."
Fig. iol. The reflexed forms can be easily broken up
into three types, (a) the small and regular, (6) the
large and regular, and (c) the large and irregular types.
Lately the irregular kinds have been removed by the
N. C. S. from a section called "Japanese Reflexed '"
into the "Japanese" section, which section, as explained
under No. 11, means little more than "miscellaneous."
DD. Bays incurred.
E. Form absolutely regular.
9. The Incurved Type. — Fig.452 shows the general idea,
but such a flower would hardly win a prize at an Eng-
lish show, where anything short of absolute regularity
is relegated to the "Japanese Incurved" section (No.
10). This type is by far the most clear-cut ideal of any
of these types, and for many years this ideal of the
florists has so completely dominated the English Chry-
santhemum shows that the incurved section has come to
be known there as the "exhibition" or "show type." In
Amer. the Japanese types, which are less formal and
fanciful, prevail, but in England this is the most im-
portant section of all. The N.C.S. Cat. for 1896 says:
" The distinguishing characteristics of the incurved va-
rieties are the globular form and regular outline of the
round at the tip, and of sufficient length to form a
graceful curve. They ought to be regularly arranged,
and the color clear and decisive. A hollow center or a
450. Type of Pcmpon
Chrysanthemum.
(hewn outiloors, with no
special care.
blooms. The incurved bloom should be as nearly a
globe as possible, as ' depth " is an important point in es-
timating its value; the florets should be broad, smooth,
451. The reflexed types o
of Chrysainthemum. ^
Small and regular; large and regular; large irregular.
prominent eye is a serious defect, as also are a rough-
ness in the blooms or unevenness in outline, and a
want of freshness in the outer florets." A perfect pic-
ture of this ideal of the florists may be seen in Gn. U. p.
269, or A.F. 5:5. Such blooms are "dressed" with tweezers
so that the rays all overlap one another in perfect order.
Each flower is shown separately without foliage, while
the prevailing American idea in exhibition is a mass
effect, with a vase of 12 or more long-stemmed fls., usu-
ally of the same variety.
EE. Form more or less irregular.
10. The Japanese Incurved Type. — Fig. 452 would
be referred to this type by the English florists, together
with all of the many other fonus that are not globular
and entirely regiilar. This section and the next are the
most important in America. There are many variations
of this type. It often happens that the outer 4 or 5 se-
ries of rays gradually become reflexed, but if most of
the rays are incurved, the variety may be exhibited in
this section.
DDD. Bays of various shapes: forms various.
11. The Japanese Types. — Plate VI. The word" Japa-
nese" was originally used to designate the large-fld.
fantastic kinds, introduced by Robert Fortune from
Japan in 1862. It has never been restricted to varieties
imported directly from Japan, but has always included
seedlings raised in the western world. Before 1862, all
florists' fls. in England were relatively formal and
small. The informal, loose, fantastic, Japanese Chry-
santhemums, introduced by F'ortune in 1862, broke up
the formal era, and the craze for large specimen blooms
which resulted in flower-shows all over the world
reacheti America in 1889. The "Japanese 'section" of
the National Chrysanthemum Society now means little
■more than miscellaneous. The 10 types previously
menti(med can be rather accurately definetf, but the
Japanese section is purposely left untleflned to include
everything else. All the tulmlar and quilled sorts are
now included in it, though formerly kept distinct.
CHRYSANTHEMUM
CHRYSANTHEMUM
305
Marked forms are Laciniatum, Lillian B. Bird, Mill-
brook, Mrs. W. H. Rand, A. H. Wood, Shavings, North-
em Lights.
Relative Importance avd Uses of the Types.— In
general, the large-fld. forms are more popular than the
small-rtd. forms, especially at exhibitions, where great
size is often the greatest factor in prize-winning.
Types 9, 10 and 11 are the most important in America,
fspecially the Japanese section. The fls. of types 9 and
10 are likely to be more compact and globular, and hence
better for long shipments than the looser and more fan-
ciful types. Types 9, 10 an<l 11 are the ones to which
most care is given, especially in disbudding and train-
ing.'. They are the ones most commonly grown by the
florists for cut-tts. and whenever one large fl. on a long
stem is desired. The anemone-flowered forms are all
usually considered as curiosities, especially the Japa-
nese Anemones, which are often exliibite<l as freaks
ar.a oddities. The single and anemone -flowered forms
f re used chiefly for specimens in pots with many small
Is., but all the o>her types are used for the same pur-
pose. For outdoor culture, the hardy Pompons, with
their numerous small fls., are usually better than the
large-flowering or Japanese kinds. In America, the
Chrysanthemum ranks fourth in economic importance,
although its season is practically only six weeks, while
the season of the florists' roses, carnations and violets
is from six to nine months. If one were to put a guess
in the form of figures, it might be said that possibly
60 per cent of all American Chrysanthemums are raised
for cut-fls., 30 per cent for potted plants, while 10 per
cent are hardy old-fashioned Pompons cultivated out-
doors. W. M.
SECTION I.- CULTURE OF THE LAUGE-FLOWERED
CHRYSANTHEMUMS GROWN UNDER GLASS (C.
Indicum x morifolium).
fntroductioH and General Principles. — The first step
towards success is good, healthy cut-
tings, and as they become established
plants they should receive generous cul
ture throughout their entire growing
season. This requires close attention to
watering, airing, repotting, and a liberal
supply of nutriment.
Chrysanthemums are propagated in
four ways, — by cuttings, division, seeds,
and grafting. By far the most important
is the first, because it is the most rapid.
It is the method of the florists. In locali-
ties where the plants can remain out-
doors over winter without injury, they
may bo increased by division. This sys-
tem is practiced more by amateurs than
florists, being the easiest method for the
home garden but not rapid enough for
the florist. Propagation by seeds is re-
sorted to only to produce new varieties,
and is discussed at length under subsec-
tion IV. Grafting is verj* rare. Skilful
gardeners sometimes graft a dozen or
more varieties on a large plant, and
the sight of many different colored fls.
on the same plant is always interestiuj;
at exhibitions.
Subsection I. — Culture of Chrysan-
themums for cut-flou'ers.
This is the method chiefly employed
by florists, the plants being grown in
benches.
1. Propagation by Cuttings. — Flants
of the preceding year afford stock from
which to propagate the following season.
They produce quantities of stools or
suckers, which form excellent material
for the cuttings. These are genera'lv
taken from 1-2 ,H in. in length, the lower
Ivs. removed, also the tips of the broad
Ivs., then placed in propagating beds close together,
where they are kept continually wet until rooted. To in-
sure a large percentage, the condition of the cuttings
20
should be moderately soft. If the stock plants are al-
lowed to become excessively dry, the cuttings are likely
to harden, and thus be very slow in producing roots.
Single-eye cuttings may be used of new and scarce va-
rieties when necessary. These are fastened to a tooth-
pick with fine stemming-wire, allowing half of the tooth-
pick to extend below the end of the cutting, and when
inserted in the cutting-bed the end of the cutting should
rest upon the sand. It requires more time to produce
good plants by this system than where fair-sized cut-
tings can be taken, but it is often of service where stocU
is limited. The propagating house should be well
aired, and it is advisable to change the sand after the
second or third batch of cuttings has been removed, to
avoid what ia termed cutting-bench fungus. The cuttings
should never be allowed to wilt, and this is avoided by
giving abundance of air, and when the temperature
reaches over 70° from sun heat, by shading with some
material, either cloth or paper.
2. P/rtHY/>jgr. — Cuttings should uot be allowed to re-
main in the cutting-bench after the roots are % in. in
length, or they will become hardened, which will check
the growth. As soon as rooted, they should be potted
into 2-in. or 2V.2-in. pots, using good, mellow soil with a
slight admixture of decomposed manure. Most of the
large fls. are produce<l under glass, and the bench sys-
tem is generally employed, which consists of 4 or 5 in.
of soil placed upon benches. In these benches the
small plants are planted 8-12 in. apart each way, from
the latter part of May to the middle of July. Those
planted at the first date generally give the best results.
The soil should be pounded rather firm either before
planting or after the plants have become established.
3. SotV. — There are many ideas as to what soil is best
suited for the Chrysanthenuim, but good blooms may be
grown on clay or light, sandy loam, provided the culti-
vator is a close observer and considers the condition of
the soil in which they are growing. Clay soil, being
more retentive of moisture, will require less water and
452. Type of Japanese incurved Chrysanthemum.
feeding than soil of a more porous nature. The Chry-
santhemum is a gross feeder, and, therefore, the fertility
of the soil is very important in the production of fine
306
CHRYSANTHEMUM
CHRYSANTHEMUM
blooms. Each expert has a way of his own in preparing
the soil, but as equally good results have been obtained
under varied conditions, it is safe to conclude that the
method of preparing the soil has little to do with the
results, provided there is sufficient food within their
reach. All concede that fresh cut sod,
piled late the preceding fall or in early
spring, with % to ^a its bulk of half-
decomposed manure, forms an excellent
compost. Many use 1 or 2 in. of manure
as a mulch after the plants have become
established. Others place an inch of
half-decomposed manure in the bottt>m
of the bench. This the roots find as soon
as they require it. Good blooms have
been grown by planting on decomposed
sod and relying on liquid applications of
chemicals.
4. Feedinff. — 'So definite rule can be
given for this work, as so much de-
pends on the amount of food incorporated
in the soil. If the soil be very rich, the
liquid applications should be only occa-
sional and verj' dilute. There is more
danger of overfeeding by the use of
cuttins. liquids than by using excessively rich
soil. Each grower must depend on his own judgment as
to the requirements, being guided by the appearance of
the plants. When the Ivs. become dark colored and very
brittle, it is safe to consider that the limit in feeding has
been reached. Some varieties refuse to bud when overfed,
making a mass of Ivs. instead. Others show very con-
torted petals, giving a rough, unfinished bloom. Still
others, particularly the red varieties, are likely to be
ruined by decomposition of the petals, called burning,
especially if the atmosphere is allowed to l)ecome hot
and stuffy. The same result will follow in dark weather,
or when the nights become cool, if the moisture of the
house is allowed to fall upon the blooms. Under such
conditions, the ventilation should remain on every night,
or heat be txxmed in according to the outside temperature.
ger of overwatering as long as the foliage is bright
green. A little shading at planting time is not objec-
tionable, but it should be removed as soon as the plants
are established. It is often necessary to shade the pink
453,
One kind of
Chrysanthemum
454. Crown bud of Chrysanthemum at an early staee.
Showing the shoots to be removed if the crown
bud is to be saved.
5. Watering. — het the foliage be the index to water-
ing. If it appears yellow and sickly, use less water, and
see that the drainage is perfect. There is but little dan-
455. Crown bud of Chrysanthemum at a later stage.
Showing how its strength is sapped by the shoots lieneath,
which are just showing clusters of terminal buds.
and red flowers if the weather continues bright for some
time, to prevent their fading.
0. Tra en /«(/. — When the plants are 8 in. high, they
should be tied either to stakes or to jute twine. lu the
former system, use one horizontal wire over each row,
tying the stake to this after the bottom has been in-
serted into the ground. Two wires will be necessary
where twine is used, one above the plants and the other
a few inches above the soil. From the first of August
until the flowers are in color all lateral growths should
be removed as soon as they appear, allowing only the
shoots intended for flowers to remain. The above re-
marks refer to the training of benched Chrysanthemums
as grown by florists for cut-flowers. Other kinds of
training are described under Subsection 11.
7. Disbudding. — yio special date can be given for this
work, as much depends on the season and the earliness
or lateness of the variety to be treated. Buds usually
begin to form on the early sorts about Aug. 15, or soon
after, and some of the late varieties are not in condition
before Oct. 10. The o})ject of removing the weak and
small buds and retaining the best is to concentrate the
whole energy of the plant and thereby increase the size
of the flower. There are two forms of buds, crowns and
terminals. A crown bud is fonned first, never comes
with other flower-buds, and is provided with lateral
growths which, if allowed to remain, will continue their
growth and produce terminal bu<ls later. Terminal buds
come later, always in clusters, are never associated with
lateral growths, and tenninate the plant's growth for
that season. If the crown bud is to be saved, remove
the lateral growths as shown by the dotted lines in Fig.
454, and the operation is complete. If the terminal bud
is desired, remove the crown and allow 1,2 or 3 (accord-
ing to the vigor of the plant) of the growths to remain.
In a few weeks these will show a cluster of buds, and,
when well advanced, it will be noticed that the largest
is at the apex of the growth (the one saved, if perfect,
as it usually is), and one at each of the leaf axils (see
Fig. 4>(>). The rejected buds are easiest and safest re-
moved with the thumb and forefinger. Should the bud
appear to be one-sided or otherwise imperfect, remove it
and retain the next best. In removing the buds, bepin at
the top and work down. By so doing there are buds
in reserve, in case the best one should accidentally be
broken, while if the reverse course were taken, and the
best bud broken at the completion of the work, all the
labor would be lost. A few hours' disbudding will teach
the operator how far the buds should be advanced to
disbud easily. Early and late in the day, when the
'*,
CHRYSANTHEMUM
jjrowths are brittle, are the best times for the work.
Some growers speak of first, second and third buds.
The first is a crown, and generally appears on early
propagated plants from July 15 to August 15. If re-
CHRYSANTHEMUM
307
... -^^ /
4S6. Terminal buds of Chrysanthemum at an early stage.
None too early for disbudding.
moved, the lateral growths push forward, forming an-
other bud. In many ca.ses where the crowns are removed
early, the next bud is not a terminal, but a second crown,
which is termed the second bud. Remove this, and the
third bud will be the terminal. Plants propagated in
May and June generally give the second and third bud,
not forming the typical crown. Those struck in July
and planted late give the terminal only. Most of the
best blooms are from second crown and terminal. Pink,
bronze and red flowers from first crowns are much
lighter in color than those from later buds. They are
large, but very often abnormal to such an extent as to
be decidedly inferior. This is doubtless due to the large
amount of food utilized in their construction, owing to
the long time consumed in development. The hot
weather of September and October must have a detri-
mental effect upon the color. Consult Figs. 454-457.
8. i-'wcMuVs. — Green and black aphis are the most
destructive insects. Through the summer months to-
bacco dust broadcasted over the plants is an eflfective
remedy. At the approach of cool weather it is best to
resort to light fumigations of tobacco. Grasshoppers are
sometimes very destructive. Handpicking is conceded
to be the best method, although if there are quantities
of small ones a wetik solution of Paris green may be re-
sorted to.
Subsection II. — Culture of Chrysanthemums in pots.
The same principles are employed in pot culture as
when planted upon the bench, with the exception that
the plants are generally allowed to produce more blooms.
The most popular type of pot plant for home growing,
or for sale by florists and intended for home use, is a
compact, bushy plant, l}i-2 ft. high, branched at the
base, and bearing from 4-20 fls. averaging 3-4 in. across.
They are here called "market plants." "Single-stem
plants" are also popular. Great quantities of large fls.
(say 2()-100) are rarely grown on a potted plant, except
for exhibitions. Such plants are commonly called "speci-
mens," and the three leading forms are the bush, the
standard and the pyramid.
1. Market Plants. — Dvra.rt plants of symmetrical
form, with foliage down to the pots, are the most salable,
and, when thu^ grown, require constant attention as
to watering and stopping, allowing each plant plenty of
room to keep the lower leaves in a healthy condition.
Cuttings taken June 1 and grown in pots," planted on
old carnation benches or in spent hotbeds (light soil
preferable), and lifted by August 15, will make very
nice plants 1-1 ><• ft. hiu'h.' The reason for lifting early
is to have them well established in their flowering pots
before the bu«ls are formed.
2. Hingle-sfem Pltnits. — i>nn\v culture as market
plants, except that they are restricted to one stem and
flower. Those from 1-2 ft. in height are more effective
and useful than tall ones. For this reason many j»refer
plunging the i)ots out of doors where they have'the full
benefit of the sun and air, making them more dwarf
than when grown under glass.
3. Pot Plants for Ciit-fl<nnrs. — Culture same as for
specimen plants, except that the nipping should be dis-
continued July 1 to give sufficient length to the
stems. If large flowers are desired, restrict the plants
to H or 10 growths. Such plants can be accommodated
in less si)ace than specimens, where the chief object is
symmetry.
4. fii(.sh Plants. — For largre bush plants, the cuttings
should be struck early in Fel)ruar\', and grown along in
a cool, airy house, giving attention to repottintr as often
as necessary. The final potting into 10- or 12-iuch pots
generally takes place in June. They are potted moder-
ately firm, and watered sparingly until well rooted. As
soon as the plants are 5 or (» in. high the tips should be
pinched out, to induce several growths to start. As the
season advances and the plants make rapid growth,
pinching must be attended to every day up to the latter
part of July, to give as many breaks as possible and
keep them in symmetrical forni. By the middle of Au-
gust (if not previously attended to), staking and getting
the plants in shape will be a verj- important detail. If
stakes are used, they must be continually tied-out, as
the stems soon begin to harden, and this work can be
best accomplished by looking them over daily. Light
457. Terminal buds at a later stage.
The top one is usually the strongest, and being re-
tained, is called "the terminal bud." The others
should have l)een removed long before they were
as large as here shown.
stakes of any material may be used. Many other meth-
ods are in use, such as wire hoops and wire frame-work,
to which the growths are securely tied.
308
CHRYSANTHEMUM
CHRYSANTHEMUM
5. Standards differ from bush plants in having one
stout, self-supporting stem, insteail of many stems.
They require the same culture as bush plants, with the
exception that they are not stopped, but allowed to
make one continuous growth until 3, 4 or 5 ft. high, and
are then treated the same as bush plants. They will
require the same attention as to stopping and tying to
secure sjinmetrical heads.
6. Pyramids are only another form of bush plants,
and it is optional with the grower which fonn he prefers.
Subseetion I //. — Culture of Chrysanthemums for the
production of new varieties.
The object of seed-saving is the improvement of exist-
ing varieties. It is not conclusive, however, that all seed-
lings will be improvements ; in fact, it is far from this,
as the greater portion are inferior to their antecedents.
Only those who give the most careful consideration to
cross-fertilization are certain of marked success. Hand-
hybridized seeds possess value over those haphazardly
fertilized by wind and insects only according to the de-
gree of intelliffence employed in the selection of parents.
What the result will be when a white tiower is fertilized
with a yellow one, the operator cannot determine at the
outset. It may be either white, yellow, intermediate, or
partake of some antecedent, and thus be distinct from
either. Improvements in color can l)e obtained only by
the union of colors, bearing in mind the laws of nature
in uniting two to make the third. Red upon yellow, or
vice-versa, may intensify the red or yellow — give orange
or bronze, as nature may see fit. The operator is more
certain of improving along other lines, such as sturdi-
ness or dwarfness of growth, earliness or lateness of
bloom, or doublencss of flowers. The selection of those
most perfect in these particulars is very sure to give
similar or improved results. Always keep a record of
this work showing the parents of a seedling. The satis-
faction of knowing how a meritorious variety was pro-
duced more than pays for the trouble, and may lead to
further improvements in certain lines. The operation
begins when the flower is half open, cutting the petals
off close to their base with a pair of scissors, until the
style is exposed. Should the flower show signs of having
disk or staminate florets, remove these with the points of
the scissors and thus avoid self-fertilization. When the
styles are fully grown and developed, the upper sur-
face or stigma is in condition to receive the pollen. By
pushing aside (with the thumb) the ray florets of the
flower desir d for pollen, the disk florets which produce
the pollen \ 'ill become visible. The pollen may be col-
lected on a camel's-hair pencil or toothpick and applied
to the stigma of the flower previously prepared. If a
toothpick be used, never use it for more than one kind
of pollen. By allowing the camel's-hair pencil to stand
in an open-mouthed vial of alcohol a few moments after
using, it may be again used, when dr>', upon another va-
riety without fear of the pollen of the former operation
affecting the present. Cuttings struck in June and July
and grown to single bloom in 4-inch pots are the most
convenient for seeding. Such flowers, if not given too
much feed, are more natural and furnish abundance of
pollen, as well as being easier to trim than the massive
blooms produced for the exhibition table. Thepollenizing
should be done on brifrht, sunny days, and as early in the
day as possible. As soon as the seed plants are trimmed,
they should be placed by themselves to avoid fertiliza-
tion by insects, and should there remain until the seeds
are ripe. Keep the plants rather on the dry side, and
give abundance of air. Seeds, which ripen in r» to 6
weeks, should be saved without delay, and carefully la-
belled. In sowins: seeds, they should be covered very
lightly and kept in a temperature of 60"^. When the seed-
lings are large enough to handle easily, remove to small
pots, or transplant further apart in shallow boxes. Chry-
santhemums flower the first season from seed.
Subsection IV.— Varieties.
Of the long list of new varieties sent out each year,
but few are retained after the second year's trial. This
is probably due to the fact that most American growers
are more interested in the commercial value of the flower
than the curious forms or striking colors they present.
Exhibitions have not reached the hearts of the people
here as in England and France. There are a few varie-
ties that have stood the test for several years ; such as
Ivory, 18«9 ; W, H. Lincoln and Minnie Wanamakt-r
•90; Mrs. J. O. Whilldin, '91; Mrs. Jerome Jones, C,,!.
W. B. Smith, Mrs. A. J. Drexel, Margaret Jeffords, Jos
H. White, Geo. W. Childs, Merry Monarch, '92 ; Niveus,
Maud Dean, The Queen, (Jolden Wedding, H. L. Sunder-
bruch, G(K)d Gracious. Pres, W, R. Smith. '93. Tliere
are many other varieties that have stood the test fur 4
or 5 years.
It is not the purpose of this article to recommend varie-
ties of Chrysanthenmnis, but the following list inchules
the best varieties now known. The list will be valuable
as showing a serviceable classification:
Selection of varieties based upon the main types.—
(1) Incurved: Belle Poitevine, Congo, Irma, Lorelei,
Mrs. T. D. Hatfield. Mongolian Prince, Mrs. Robt.C'raip,
Mrs. L.C.Madeira, Major Bonnaffon, Mrs. R.C. Kin>fston.
(2) Japane.se: Chito, Geo. W. (.'hilds, Gohlen Gate, (iol-
den Wedding, Mayflower, Modesto, Thomden, Mutual
Friend, Black Hawk, Niveus, Viviand Morel, Yanonia.
(3) Japanese Incurred: Nyanza, Mrs. W. C. Egan, Eu-
gene Dailledouze, (ieorgiana Pitcher, Good Gracious,
Jennie Falconer, Mrs. Geo. West, Philadelphia, The
Queen, Mrs. Jerome Jones, Western King. (4) Hairy:
Golden Hair, Louis Boehmer, Mrs. A. Hardy, R. M. (irey.
White Swan, Queen of Plumes. {')) He flexed : Culling-
fordii, Dorothy Toler, Gold Standard, Miss Elma O'Far-
rell. Tuxedo, Parthenia. (6) Large Anemone: Ada
Strickland, Descartes, Falcon, Junon, Marcia Jones,
Thorpe, .Jr. ^ 7) Japanese A nemone: Condor, Enterprise,
Mrs. F. Gordon Dexter, San Joaquin, Surprise, Satisfac-
tion. (8) Pompon: Black Douglass, Golden Mile. Mar-
the, Mile. Marthe, Mrs. Bateman, Snowdrop, Wm. Ken-
nedy. (9) Pompon Anemone: Antonius, Emily Rowhot-
tom, Marie Stuart, Mme. Chalonge, Mme. Sentir, Queen
of Anemones. (10) Early Hardy Pompons: Bronze
Bride, Flora, Frederick Marronet, Mme. Jolivart, Mr.
Selley, Miss Davis, Mrs. Cullingford, Mile. Elise Dor-
dan, Illustration, St. Mary. (11) Single : Mizpah, Fraci-
field Beauty.
Selection of varieties based upon color.— White —
Ivory, Mrs. M. A. Ryerson, Mrs. H. Weeks, Mrs, Henry
Robinson, Mutual Friend, Niveus. P/hA*— Merula, Mme.
F. Perrin, Helen Bloodgood, Harry Balsley, lora. Autumn
Glory. Amaranth, Purpli.sh Crimson, Magenta, ami the
like — Casco, Mrs. A. J. Drexel, Mrs. Geo. West, Elma
O'Farrell. Crimson - Shilowa, Black Hawk, Geo. W.
Childs, John Shrimpton, Fisher's Torch, Defender. Ited
and Yellow, /ironze. Buff— Chito, Nyanza, Chas. Davis,
Edwin A. Kimball, Buff Globe, Rustique, Hicks Arnold.
l^e/Zow — Modesto, Eugene Dailledouze, Golden Wedding,
Thornden, Major Bonnaffon, Liberty.
Selection of varieties based upon special uses. — /iush
Plants: White - Mutual Friend, Jos. H.White: Yel-
low—W. H. Lincoln, (\ Chalfant ; Pink — Viviand Morel,
lora ; Bronze— Col. W. B. Smith, Hicks Arnold ; Crim-
son — Geo. W. Childs, J. Shrim^>ton. Single Stem Pot
Plants: White — Mrs. H. Robinson, Merza ; Yellow-
Major Bonnaffon, H. L. Sunderbruch ; Pink — Mme. F.
P- .rin, Merula ; Bronze — Boule d'Or, Rinaldo ; Crim-
son — Geo. W. Childs, John Shrimpton. A'xhibition
Blooms: White— Frank Hardy, Fee du Champsaur. Mme.
Carnot, Western King ; Pink— Viviand Morel, lora. Good
Gracious ; Yellow — Modesto, Golden Wedding, Eugene
Dailledouze, G. J.Warren; Bronze — ('has. Davis, Hus-
tique, Nyanza; Crimson— Geo. W. Childs, Shilowa, Bla<'k
Hawk ; Miscellaneous — Chito, yellowish bronze ; Lady
Hanham. golden cerise ; Mrs. Geo. West, rosy purple.
Commercial Blooms (based upon quality, and ease of cul-
ture : White— Ivory, Mrs. Henry Robinson, Mrs. Jerome
Jones; Pink — Mrs.'S. T. Murdock, Mme. F. Perrin, Glory
of Pacific; Yellow — Marion Henderson, Major Bonnaffon,
Yellow Mrs. Jerome Jones ; Crimson — Geo. W. Cliilds,
Shilowa. Black Hawk. Odd Varieties : Lillian B. Bird,
Mrs.W. H. Rand, Heron's Plume, Pitcher & Manda. Best
Karly: White — Mme. F. Bergmann, Ivory, Midge. Geo. S.
Kalb; Pink — Glor\- of Pacific, Pink Ivory, Merula. Lady
Playfair ; Yellow— Harry Hurrell, H. L. Sunderbruch,
Marion Henderson, Golden Trophy. Best Late : White-
Mrs. Jerome Jones, Yanonia, Wm. H. (^hadwick. Merry
Christmas: Pink — Francis B. Haves, Harry Balsley. Mrs.
S. T. Murdock, Maud Dean. Yellow- W. H. Lincoln, H.
W. Rieman, Liberty, Yellow Mrs. Jerome Jones.
t -■'■ —
:• A,
lyf
'E-'y,
%
,^
"^ jr
^-^
:t. ^,
|%?^':>t
.-***3!l^-#*4»
Plate VI. Chrysanthemums, mainly Japanese types.
The twfj Imtl-shitped rtowers heloiiK to the <'hinese or IiK'urveii type. Spei'imens of thf SSinjjle nml Anemone
types are also seen.
I
CHRYSANTHEMUM
CHRYSANTHEMUM
309
Many of the midseason varieties are good for Thanks-
giving and after if planted late. Elmer D. Smith.
Subsection V^. — Culture of Chrysanthemums for
Exhibit ion.
Tliis branch of cultivation naturally requires more
care than any other, and the cultural sJde counts for
vt-ry little corapared with the personal qualities of the
♦fxhil)itor after the Hs. are delivered at the exiiihition
hall. Prize-winnint; is more like business than floricul-
ture, and is, therefore, lar>?ely a matter of experit-nce.
It !•* hard to extricate any fundamental prinriples. but
some suifffestions are ma<le under tJjrhibitinnx. Many
towns have never seen any kind of a flower show but a
Chrysanthemum show. The prizes are often larger and
more specialized than with any other flower. As soon as
the sche<lule of prizes is published the competitor
should l>ick out the classes he intends to tr>- for. The
importance of strong stock can hardly be overstated.
Novelties or highly forced plants are more likely to
give poor results than selected stock carefully grown by
tiie competitor himself. Next to a general comprehen-
sion of Chrysanthemum culture, perhaps the two most
important factors in success are the quality of st«>rk and
the choice of variety. In the biggest exhibitions, novel-
ties are classed by themselves. One of the contmonest
nii"*takes that beginners make is to depend too nuich
upon novelties for genera' prizes. It is desirable to ex-
chan<;e visits with other growers, to take the horticul-
tural periodicals, to master the art <»f shipping, and to
study the analysis of successful varieties. To m*et a de-
sired date, crown buds can be used to hasten late varieties.
As the century closes the varieties that win the most prizes
are: irAiV*"— Mrs. Henr>- Robinson. .M;»yflovver. Niveus. The
Q\ieen. Mrs. .Terome .Tones. Onr Mutnal Friend; l>//o«'— Major
BonnaflFon, Modesto. \V. H. Lin<'oln. «Jol(lt»n Wedding. Mi.ss
(teorgiana Pit<'her : P/«A-— Viviand-Morel, Mrs. Perrin, Maud
Dean; .fied— Geo. W. Childs. W_ lyj^
»
SECTION II.-CULTURE OF MAROUERITES INDOORS.
There are two types of Marguerites, the common one,
or Paris Daisy, with coarser green foliage, and the
glaucous Marguerites, with finer cut. glaucous foliage.
The former. C. fnt^esci-Hs. is better for cut-flowers.
The latter, C. anethifolium, is probably better for large
specimens. Marguerites are standard plants with flo-
rists and in the conservatories of aniateurs, being of
easy culture and remarkably free from enemies. They
r.-e cultivated for two distinct purposes, — for cut-flow-
ers and for specimen plants, young plants being used
for the former purpose, and older ones for the lat-
ter. For cut-flowers, the cuttings are rooted in spring,
and the florists usually keep the plants in pots all sum-
mer outdoors, though this is not necessarj- for amateurs,
and tls. are protluced during the following winter. It is
sometimes said that Marguerites do not lift well in the
fall after being planted out all summer in the garden,
and that unrestricted root-room makes the plants too
larife for the best production of cut-flowers. The prin-
ciples underlying the matter are as follows :
plants out of pots into the open ground in
spring, a plant that has filled its pot well
with roots tends to make a much more
co^npact root-system in the garden than the
plant that had but a few roots in its pot,
and the former plant is easily lifted in the
fall and with less damage to the roots. As
a matter of fact, Marguerites do not belong
to the class of plants that are diflicult to lift
in the fall, and it is only a matter of start-
ing the cuttings early enough in spring to
get the plant moderately pot-bound before
it is planted out into the open ground.
Specimen plants are most attractive in the
second winter following the spring in which
cuttings were struck. After that they are
likely to become too large and straggling.
While in the garden the fls. should not be
allowed to form, if the main object is high-
grade cut-flowers in quantity for the winter.
Old plants that are unfit for further use in
the conservatory may be turned out in sum-
mer and will furnish scattering bloom all
summer, though the fls. are likely to be
in turning
rather small. If there were sufTicient demand it could
be easily managed to have fls, in every month of the
year. It is a great pity to cr.t Marguerites without any
foliage. The rule is that all fls. look best with some fo-
liage, especially their own. With a little forethought,
just as many fls, can be secured, and they will look
much prettier and last longer. There are very few con-
servatories without s(»me Marguerites. An excellent
plan is to have a number of plants in O-inch pots from
cuttings struck the previous spring. A plant looks
bad at first when the fls. have been removed on sprays
a foot long, but in a short time they are remly for cut-
ting again. With a little management a succession of
fls. can be maintained without making all the plants
thin or unsightly. Such sprays will last a week or two
in water. an«l the openinsr of the larger buds is an addi-
tional feature of beauty which is lost if fls. are cut with
short stems and without foliage. Robert Shore.
SECTION III.-CULTURE OF CHRYSANTHEMUMS
OUT OF DOORS.
The oldest of the outdoor types are the Pompons
(Fig. 4.'K)), which produce from 4<3-100 buttons an inch
or two across, with short and regular rays. Such plants
can be left outdoors all winter. A selection of these old-
fashioned kinds is given on page 308, un<ler hea<l of "(8)
Pompon." Since the large-flowering or Japanese types
have come in, inuuberless attempts have been made to
grow them outdoors, but with poor results. The green-
house varieties are not so hardy. In the north they are
likely to be killed by the winter. Their fls. usually lack
in size, depth and symmetrj', largely because there are
more of them on a plant than a florist allows for his best
blooms, but chiefly because they do not get as much care
in general as is given to plants under glass, where
space is precious. For the very best results, Chrysan-
themums must be flowered uncler glass, and they need
the greatest care and forethought practically all the
year round. Half-way measures are unsatisfactory.
Thus it happens that the Japanese varieties are usually
unsatisfactory out of doors, and the Pompons are chosen
by those who can give very little care to plants and
would rather have many small fls. than a few large ones.
This also partly explains why no two dealers recommend
anjrthing like the same list of Japanese varieties for
outdoor culture. Nevertheless, it is possible to grow ex-
cellent fls. 4 and 5 or even 6 in. across outdoors, but it
requires staking, disbudding, and some kind of tem-
porary protection, as of a tent or glass, during frosty
weather. Fig. 4.'>8 shows a cheap and simple structure
of coldf rame sashes resting on a temporary framework.
In severe weather a canvas curtain can be dropped in
front, and the window of a warm cellar in the rear
opened to temper the air. Fig. 458 is taken from Gar-
den and Forest 1:."»23, where J. N. Gerard has left a de-
tailed and delightful account of his success, which is
sure to rouse the enthusiasm of expert amateurs. For
general outdoor culture, however, where no special care
458. Sueeestton tor protectioti Chrysantnemums that are to bloom outdoors
310
CHRYSANTHEMUM
CHRYSANTHEMUM
is giv<>n to the plants, the Japanese kinds are usually
lesH Nutisfacton,' than tlje l*onijM>ns. These Pompous are
a nnu-li ne>{Ieet«'«l class sinee the rise of the lar^fe How-
ere«l .lupaitese kinds, hut they are unlike anything else
in our ^unleti tiora. Their vivid and sometimes tiK)
artiHeial eidors harnioni/.e with nothini; else at Thanks-
Kivint; time, and they are so strontr and commanding
that they should have a jdaei' by themsi-lves. It is not
uncommon for the tis. to he in muni contiition even after
several litrht falls of snow. an<l they may be considered
the most resistant to frost «»f any ^rarden herbs. In
fact, their peculiar merit is bhMtmiii^; after the landscape
in completely des<dated by successive frosts. The tls.
are not ruined until their petals are wet and then
frozen stiff. They are essentially for mass effects of
color, and great size is not to he ex|H'cted. Masses of
brown and masses of yellow, side by side, make rich
combinations. The whole tril>e of crimsons, amaranths,
pinks, and the like, should be kept by themselves, be-
cause their coh)rs are variable and bei-anse they make a
violent contrast with yellow, which few persons can ren
der agreeable.
The preceding remarks have applied wholly" to varie-
ties of C. Jndititm and ('. morifolium. The culture of
all the other outdi»or species ist<M> easy to need any fur-
ther remarks, except in the case <»f C. rorrineum, better
known as Pyrefhrum roseum. In the cultivation of or-
namental plants in general, and (»f hardy, herbaceous
plants in particular, few cases are so striking as the
great i>opularity of Pyrcthrmti rosttnn in the Old World,
and the feeble and uncertain hold that it has in America.
W. M.
SECTION IV.-CULTURE OF PYRETHRUM ROSEUM.
This beautiful late spring and early summer flower,
so popular and extensiv»-l> cultivated in irardens abroad,
has not yet found nmch favor here. This fact must be
attributed to the general neglect of hanly flowers that
prevails in most gardens, as it is an easily grown flower,
hardy enough to withstan<l our winters. As repre-
sente<l to-day in the hundreds of varieties extant, it
should command attention. These varieties have every-
thing to recommend them. First and foremost, they are
easy to grow. Any good garilen soil will suffice for
them, but they are rich feeders, and therefore the
ground should be deeply dug and liberally enriched
with manure. A cool, moist root-run is most conducive
to their flowering, and as they are surface-rooting plants
(and by consecjuence liable to suffer st)on from hot sun),
they are materially assisted by a mulch of manure, or
anything tliat tends to conser\-e moisture. Projtagaticm
is best performed by division in sj)ring. The plants
may be lifted, divided into small pieces and potted tip
separat^-ly or i>lanted in a bed of prepare<l soil in a cold-
frame, and in a few weeks they will make nice pieces.
They can also be rapidly raised in (juantity from seed,
which, sown in spring, will give plants that will flower
the following year. Unless the seed, however, is from
very fine varieties, seedlings may result in disappoint-
ment; and, in any case, they will not give that richness
and variety of form and color as representetl in the best
named varieties of to-day. which are the result of many
years of patient lalx)r and painstaking selecti«»n on the
]>art of those who have made Pj-rethrums a specialty.
Pyrethru.:is are now obtaina])le with either single or
double flowers, embracing most varied shades of color,
from purest white to the richest of crimsons, and even
yellow, though for a long time non-existent in Pyre-
thrums, seems to be an assured possibility. This hue
is now possessed by several of the newer acquisitions.
To select the best varieties and recommend them is not
easy, when the list of one specialist alone contains 400
named varieties, about equally divided between single-
and double-flowered kinds, and the best selection of to-
da is certain to be superseded less than a decade hence.
A few, however, of the very best are : Lord Roseberry,
carmine-red ; Primrose, pale yellow ; Aphrodite, pure
white ; Alfred Henderson, deep purple ; Leonard Kel-
way, clear rose ; Pericles, bright yellow, with guard
petals of pale pink ; Ne Plus Ultra, white, and very
large: Melton, deep crimson; Solfaterre, cream; Prin-
cess Beatrice, bright pink ; King Oscar, crimson, and
Captain Nares, red. These are all double. In singles, a
459. Leaf of Feverfew
(C. I'artheniuin.)
doien of the V»est would l>e : Ascot, peach-pink ; Apol-
lyon, bright pink: dames Kelway. brilliant red : Oliver
Twist, cream ; Mary Anderson, flesh -pink : Princess
Marie, pure white; Huth.rose, tipped with white; Stan-
ley, deep cannine-rose; Merry Hampton, da/.zling crim-
son ; lanthe, rose; Oi-hroleuca, sulphur, an«l Devon-
shire (.'ream, cream color. a. HF.KKiNtJTov.
Pynthnim roKrinn in its numertms varieties possjliiy
may never iH'come as p«»pular in America as in Enirlarui,
owing to the fact that it is not hardy under all soil and
exposure conditions in the climate of northern United
States. With the proper soil conditi<ms and such atten-
tion as may be necessary,
it is possible to raise Pyre-
thrums to the best advant-
age and with splendid flow-
ering results. The i<leal
soil for Pyrethnims is a
rich, sandy loam that is
sufficiently porous to pre-
vent stagnant moisture
accumulating about the
crowns of the plants. This
is the first and principal
essential in the culture of
Pyrethrums. While they
have l)een grown to com-
paratively good advantage
in soils of a clayey nature,
yet unless extreme care is
taken to prevent this ac-
cumulation of moisture
about the crowns, sad
havoc is frequently made
during severe winters,
and especially during un-
usually abun<iant rains in
the fall. While it is pos-
sible to grow Pyrethrums
even under the adverse
conditions of a retentive clayey soil, yet in such instances,
coldframe culture is preferal)le to depending upon the
plant to take care of itself under ordinary conditions.
Aside from the danger of winter-killing, there is the
danger of crown rot during extremely wet periods in hot
weather. In many instances, valuable collections have
been quite lost owing to this trouble and the lack of ap-
preciation of the fact that this tr«»uble could be easily
remedied by cutting away the rottinir foliage nearly to
the ground, so as to admit light and air to the center ef
the crowns to induce fresh and healthy growth. In 'ate
autumn, however, this would not be a successful treat-
ment, except in a mtKlifietl degree. From a «'omniercial
point of view. Pj-rethnims arr^ among the most difficult
of plants to handle through the dani;er of crown rot,
which is the most frequent cause of loss in shipping
plants. They are among the most difficult plants to
import, and can only successfully stand importation by
the utT lost «'are in packing and by shipment of the plants
in late fall or very early spring; it is also essential that
they should be strong,' well -developed clumps in order
to withstand the dangers of transportation. A stock of
Pyrethrums once established in this country- is easily
shipped by means of our quick express transportation,
if a little care is given to ventilation as well as to pack-
ing the plants as drj' as possible. The confusion in the
names of the varieties offered by American nurserj'nien
is due to th ^ inordinate desire on the part of the Euro-
pean dealers +0 produce a long list of varieties, many of
which are very similar in all outward characteristics.
Some of the leatling dealers publish a list of from 50
to 100 varieties, and others in still greater number.
At the present time, over 400 varieties of Pyrethruras
are catalogued, which, while it illustrates the great inter-
est taken in this particular plant in Europe, is evidence
that many varieties must be very similar where the range
of color extends only from pure white through shades (if
scarlet to purple, and with only a few varieties that are
in any way a satisfactory yellow shade. The yellow-
flowered forms et best are' hardly deeper than a rich
buff or light lemon, and while these shades are distinctly
yellow in their effect, still there is no clear golden yellow
yet offered in the trade. j, Woodwabd MAyMNO.
V]'
ChRYSAXTHEMrM
Alphabetical list of species of Chr>santhomnm« <ie-
ecriJHMJ Iwlow iniany of these names »re more fiinnliar
AM PvrethriuuM) : ('. ai'hilleft'fulium, 1; nii«'thifolium, it ;
atroHnngHinfum, 10; anrtum, 4; HaNamita, 12; Bur-
ridifriiHum, 7i \ carinatum, 5 ; cineraria'foliiiin. U ; coc-
eiueuiu. 10; coronarium, 7; corymlK>Hum, J; Duunrtti.h;
f(rnicnlit<'ennt,\)\ fnitesoen."*, b; hi^hridiim, U); Indicuni,
19; Jitponicum, 11*; Im'ustre. ITi ; lutifolinm, 15; Leu-
canthemum, 18; maximum. 10; morifulium, 20; multi-
caule. 14; f(trthenifolhnn,i : I'urthenium. ;t ; priealtum,
4; P. rosettm, 10; C. sejfetuni. l.'l ; Situii.^*', 20; tri-
color, 5 ; Tt'hihntchewii, 0; ulijjinosum, 17; feHUgtum, 5.
A. LfS. cut to the midrib or nearly »o.
B. Fh.horne incorymbs, i.e., flat-topped, denae clusters.
C. Jfayn ifelloic.
1. achilleaefdliom, DC. {.irhillfn auren. Lam.). Per-
ennial, 1 ft. high : stem usually uiihraiu-lud. except alouK
the creeping and rooting ba.se : stems ami Ivs. covered
with flue, soft, grayish white hairs, oblong in outline,
ali'.ut 1 in. long, J<jin. wide, finely cut: rays 7-H, short, a
little longer than the involucre. Siberia, C'aucusus.—
Rare in cult. Less popular than the Achilleas with larger
flower clusters.
CC. HatjH white.
V. Stems grooved, striate, or angled.
2. corymbdsum, Linn. Robust perennial. 1-4 ft. high:
stem branched at the apex : Ivs. sometimes G in. long,
3 in. wide, widest at middle and taperin;; both ways, cut
to the very midrib, the segments alternutinjr along the
midrib. Eu., N. Africa, Caucasus, ii. C. II. 20: 201.-
Rare in cult. Segments may be coarsely or finely cut,
and Ivs. jrlabrous or villous beneath.
3. Parthdnium, Bemh. Feverfew, (ilabrons per-
ennial, l-:{ ft. high : stem usually branched, especially
toward the top: tiower cluster sometimes very open ami
loose, especially in cultivation: fls. ?4in. acros.s, whitish:
niys twice as long as the involucre : i>appus a minute
cn»wn. Naturalized from Eu. and escaped from old gar-
dens in Atlantic states.— The single form cult, in old
physic gardens, and the full dotible white form com-
monly cult, for ornament. Foliage has a strong, bitter
o<lor. The foliage j)lants commonly advertised under
this specific name belong to No. 4.
PI). Stems not grooved or striated.
4. praealttm, Vent. (P. parfheui folium, Wilhl.). Per-
ennial, 6 in. aigh or more : pubescent, or becoming
CFRYSANTHEML^M
311
nearly smooth: ray« thrice a.< long aathe involucre. Asia
Minor, Persia. Var. fttireiun, Hort. {P.aureum, Hort.l.is
the (ioLUEN Keathek comnumly u.sed f«ir
carpet bedding. It has yellow f(diage,
which becomes green later in the season, ^rnKma J/T t^
especially if flowers are ullowed to form. ^BUfwj^
460. Chrysanthemum Burridgeanum (X H).
A popular strain of the summer-flowering annual, C. carinatum.
461. The Marguerite or Paris Daisy.
(Chri/ganthemum frutescetm.)
It is used tor edgings. Fig. 459. Var. ailireiim crisptim,
Hort., is dwarf, compact, with foliage curled like parsley.
Var. selaginoides and var. laciniitum, Hort., are distinct
horticultural forms. Var. glaucum, Hort., has dusty
white foliage, ami does not flower until the second year,
int. by Damman & Co., 1895. All these varieties are
prop, by seeds.— This species is considered not distinct
from No. li by Voss in Vilmorin's Blumengartnerei.
BB. Pl.^. borne niughi, on the branches or stems,
c. Pi.sk dark purple.
5. carinattim, Schtiusb. (C. tricolour. And.). Fig. 460.
Glabrous annual. 2 ft. high : stem much branche«l : Ivs.
rather fleshy: fls. al)out 2 in. across, with typically white
rays and a yellow ring at the base. Summer. These two
colors together with the dark purple disk gave rise to
the name "tricolor." The typical form introduced into
Etigland from Morocco in 1798 was pictured in B.M.,508
(1799). By 185G signs of doubling appeared (F. S.
11:1099). In 18,58 shades of red in the rays appeared in
a strain introduced by F. K. Burridge, of Colchester,
Eug., and known as C. Burriilgeilnum, Hort. (see B.M.
5095, which shows the ring of red on the rays, adding
a fourth color to this remarkably brilliant and varied
flower, and F.S. 13: 1.31.*{, which also shows C. venitstum,
Hort., in which the rays are entirely red, except the
original yellow circle at the base). C. annulatum, Hort.,
is another name for the kinds with circular bands of red,
maroon, or purple (R.H. 1869: 450). C. Dunnefti, Hort.,
is the name of another seed-grower's strain. There are
full double forms in yellow, margined red. and white,
margined red, the fls.' 3 in. across (see R.H. 1874:410).
See, also, Gn. 26. p. 440; 10, p. 213, and 21: 319. R.H. 1874,
p. 412. S.H. 2: 477. — The commonest and gaudiest of
annual Chrj'santhemums, easily distinguished by the
keeled or ridged scales of involucre and the dark purple
disk. " Carinatum" means " keeled."
CO. Disk yellow.
D. Height less than 1 ft.
6. Tchihitchewii, Hort. Turfing Daisy. Densely
tufted plant for carpeting dry, "te places. Height 2-9
312
CHRYSANTHEMUM
CHR YS ANT HEMUM
in.: stems numerous, rooting at the base: foliage d. ck
green, finely cut: fls. borne profusely for several weeks
in midsummer : ravs white. Siberia or Asia Minor f
R.H. 1809. p. :iSO and 1897. p. 470. On. 26, p. 443. -Prop,
by division of roots or simply by cutting the rooted
st€ms. but chiefly by seeds. This has never been fully
described, and it' is possible tht ^ the Ivs. may not be cut
to the midrib or near it.
DD. Height more than 1 i.
E. Plants annual.
7. coron^rium, Linn. (Anthemitt coronhria, Hort. ),
Heigh*^ 3-4 ft.: Ivs. bipinnately parted, somewhat clasp-
ing or eared at the base, glabrous, the segments closer
together than in C. corinatum: involucral scales broad,
scarious : rays lemon colored or nearly' white. July-
Sept. Mediterranean, (in. 26: 4<i7. G.C. II. 19: .">41.—
The full double forms, with rays reflexed and imbricate*!,
are more popular than the single forms. This an«l C
carinatum are the common "sunmier Chrysanthemums."
^his is common in old gardens, and is also slightly used
for bedding and for pot culture.
EE. Plants perennial.
F. Greenhouse plants, shrubby at the base: stems
branched at the top: rays white or lemon.
G. Foliage not glaucous.
8. frut^Bcens, Linn. 3Iak<uekite. Paris Daisy.
Fig. 4G1. Usually glabrous, 3 ft. high : Ivs. fleshy,
gtven: fls. numerous, always single: rays typically
white, with a lemon-colored (never pure yellow or
golden) form. Canaries. G.C. II. 13:561. On. 12, p.
255; 17, p. 5, and 26, p. 44.5. -Int. into Eng. 1699. This
is the popular florists' Marguerite, which can be had in
flower the year round, but is especially grown for
winter bloom. Var. grandiildrum, Hort., is the large-fld.
prevailing form. The len)on-coloreu form seems to have
originated about 1880. Under this name an entirely dis-
tinct species has al^o been passing for about a century,
yet it has never been advertised separately in the Amer.
trade. See No. 9.
GG. Foliage glaucous.
9. anethifolium, Bi'ouss. (C Uvnicul^ceum, Steud.
P. fa!nicuJd.('eutn ,\ikr. bipinnatifidutn.DC). GLArcous
MARorERiTE. Fig. 462. Rarer in cult, than No. 8 (which
see), but distinguished by its glaucous hue and by the
way in which the Ivs. are , at. The segments of No. 9
are narrower, more deeply cut, and more distant. The
Ivs. are shorter petioled. Canaries. — The dried speci-
men in the Garden Herbarium of Cornell University
462. Leaves of common and glaucous Marjruerites (Chry-
saiitht'iituia frutenceii.s jitkI anethifiiHtiiu).
Showing tlie tliflference. Glaucous kind on the right.
Experiment Station from a plant long cultivated in
Sage conservatories was identified by L. H. B. with the
picture in Andrews' Botanical Reerister 272, puljlished
early in the century, since wh 3n the plant has almost
never been mentioned in garden literature. This spe-
cies is doubtless cult, in Amer. greenhouses as C. fru-
tescens. A lemon-fld. form
is shown in R. H. 1H45:61
but erroneously called C.
frutescens.
FF. Hardy herbs: stents
usually unbranched :
rays white or red,
never yellow.
O. Foliage not glaucous:
fls. sometimes double.
10. coccfneum, Willd.
(Pyrethrum rdseuni. Bieb.
463. Chrysanthemum coc-
cineum.
The familiar Pttrcthrum roseum
of the gardens.
464. Costmary or Mint
Geranium— Chrysanthe*
mum Balsamita. var.
tanacctoides.
P. hybrid urn, Hort.). Fig. i^"-
stem usually unbranched, ra: .-J
Ivs. thin, dark green, or iv. drieu ; -
involucral scales with a brown
red in such shades as pink, Cu' .
crimson, and sometimes tipped y it »t'
yellow. Caucasus, Persia. F.S. V7:9ki
«-*ous 1-2 ft. high:
' i?hef at the top :
-.■e >-rk brown:
, .» • -.^ys white or
.' -V , lilac, aud
It never wliollv
Gn. 26. pp. 440,
443. Gng. 2:7 and 5:309. R.H. 1897, p. .521. Not B.M.
1080, which is C. coronopifulium. The first picture of a
full double form is R.H. 1864:71. — This ppecies is the
most important and variable of all the hardy herba-
ceous kinds. There have been perhaps 600 named horti-
cultural varieties, 'i .?re is an anemone-fld. form with
a high disk. The species is also cult, in Calif, and
France for insect powder. ('. atrosanguintum, Hort., is
said to be a good horticultural variety with dark crim-
son fls.
OG. Foliage glaucous : fls. never double.
11. ciD^rariaefoIium, Vis. Glaucous, slender, 12-15 in.
high : Sums unbranched, with a few short, scattered
hairs below the ft. : Ivs. long-petioled, silky beneath,
with distant segments : involucral scales scarious and
whitish at the apex. Dalmatia. B.M. 6781. -The chief
source of Dalmatian insect powder. Rarely cult, as a
border plant. Ccmmon in botanic gardens.
CHRYSANTHEMUM
AA. Lvs- *^ot cut to the midrib : the primary incisions
shallow.
B. Fls. home in flat-topped clusters.
12. BalsAmita, Willd, [Tanacetum Balsamita, hinn.).
Tall and stout : Ivs. sweet-scented, oval or oblsng, ob-
CHRYSAXTHEMUM
313
Chrysanthemum lacustre
tnse, margined with blunt or sharp teeth, lower ones
petioled, upper ones almost sessile, the largest Ivs, 5-11
in. loner, VA-2 in. wide. W, Asia. — Typically with short
white rays, but when they are absent the plant is v^r.
tanacetoides, Boiss, Costmaky, Mint Geranium. Fig.
4o4. Also erroneously known as lavender. This has es-
caped in a few places from old gardens.
BB. Fls. borne ithtijltj on the branches or stems.
c. Plants annual : foliage glaucous : raxjs golden
yellow.
1.'?. seg^tum, Linn. Corn Marigold. Annual, 1-1 K> ft.
high : Ivs. sparse, clasping, very variable, incisions
coarse or tine, deep or shallow, but usually only coarsely
serrate, with few and distant teeth, Juut^Aug, Eu,,
N. Afr„ W. Asia, (fU. 18, p. 19."). R,H. 1895, pp. 448,
449. -Var. grandifldrum, Hort., is a larger-fid. form of
this weed, whieh is (Mmmon in the English grain fields.
The var. Cloth of Gold, J.H. III. 12:445, is probably the
best. This species is much less popular than P. ca'n'na-
tum and coronarium. It is also forced to a slight extent
for winter bloom. "Segetum" means "of the corn fields."
14. mnlticailile, Desf. Ghibrous and glaucous annual,
^V2 in. liigh : stems numerous, simple or branched,
stout, terete : Ivs. fleshy, variable, usuallv linear-
spatulate, 1-3 in. long and' S-^i in. broad, very co; .sely
toothed or lobed, sometimes shorter, with few narrow-
liniar, acute, entire segments about 1 line broad : ravs
much shorter and rounder than in No, 13. Algeria.
B.M. 09.30. -Rarer in cult, than No. 13. Said to be use-
less as a cut-fiower.
CC. Plants perennial : foliage not glaucous (except in
tcild forms of JYo. 20).
D. Rays always white: fls. never double : practically
never cult, under glass.
15. lacustre, Brot. (C. latifdlium, DC), Fig, 465.
This is endlessly confused with C. marimum in gar-
dens, and the two species are verj- varia4)le and dilTieult
to distinguish. The fis. eannot be told apart. C. lacustre
i» a taller and much more vigorous plant, and some-
times it is branched at the top. bearing 3 fls., while C.
maximum is always 1-fld. Height :M» ft. : stem sparsely
branched : Ivs. partly clpspinsr, ovate-lanceolate, with
coarse, hard teeth: fls. not distinguishable from No. IG:
rays about 1 in. long ; pappus of the ray 2-.3-eared.
Portugal, along rivers, swamps and lakes. R.H. 1857,
p. 456. -According to R. Irwin Lynch, in Gn. 26. p. 441,
C, lacustre has coriaceous, oval Ivs. about 3 times as
long as broad, tvhile in C. maximum the Ivs. are les
as long as broad. H. Cannell, Swanley, Eng., s. that
C. lacustre is 2 ft. high and blooms 3 weeks bet ire C.
maximum. With Woolson, Pa^'saic, N. J., it grows -4-5
ft, high. The rays in Fig. 465 are rather shorter than
usual,
16. m4zimain, Ramond. Fig. 466. This species has
narrower Ivs. than No. 15. and they are narrowed at the
base. Height 1 ft,: stem more angled than the above,
simple or branched at the very base, always 1-fld, anu
leafless for 3—4 in. below the fl,: lower Ivs, jietioled,
wedtre-shaped ut the ijas» , lanf'oolate. dentate from t*i«j
middle to the apex; stem-lvs, sessile, wide- or narrow-
lanceolate, typically serrate througlxmt their whole
length, but variable, as in Fig. 466 : pappus none : in-
V()lu('ral scales narrower and longer, whitish-transpa-
rent at the maririn, while those of C. htcustre are
broader, more rounded at the apex, and with a light
browu, scarious margin, Pyrenees, — For other pictures
of these two species, .see J.H. III. 5:25, and Gn. 2r>, p, 437.
Var. fili!6nni8,'Hort., "with long, narrow, thread-like
petals.' In;. 1899. Var. Triumph has "fls. 4 in. across,
with broad, overlapping petals."
17. uligindsum, Pers.(P. ?<?(V/}»o,s«»j,Waldst.). Giant
Daisy. Stout, erect bush, 4-5 ft. high, with light green
foliage: stem nearly glabrous, striate, branching above,
rather deeply serrate, roughish : fls. 2-3 in. across,
Humrarv. B.M. 2706. A.F. 4 : ,523 and 8 : 813. Gntr. 2 : 375
and 5: 183. A.G. 19:403. R.H. 1894. p. 82. Gt. 46, p. 103.
G. C. II. 10: 493. Gn. 20, p. 442 and 38, p. .523. -Next to C.
coccineum, this is the most popular of the hardy herba-
ceous kinds. In A.F. 4:465 Wm. Falconer shows a 2-
year-old plant 6 ft. high, 17 ft. in circumfeience at a
point 4 ft. from the ground, and carrying thtmsands of
flowers. It blooms the first year from seed or division,
and has been forced for Easter somewhat as Hydrangea
pan iculata can be treate«l. Excellent for cut-fls. The
466, Chrysanthemum maximum,
l>lo3soms shouhl be cut soon after opening, as the disks
darken with age. The plant needs a rich, moist soil,
and deserves a greater popularity, " L'liginosum " means
"inhabiting swampy places."
314
CHRYSANTHEMUM
CHRYSOGONTM
18. LeactLnthemtuu, Linn. Ox-eye Daisy. White-
weed. Fiir. 4t)7 Glabrous weed. 1-2 ft. high : root-lvs.
long-petloled, with a large, oval blade and course,
roun(le<l notches; stem-
Ivs. lanceolate, becom-
ing narrower toward
the top. serrate, with
few distant and sharp-
er teeth. June, July.
Eu., N. Asia. — One of
the commonest weeds
in the eastern states,
being the characteristic
plant of Nt'W England's
wornout meadows.
The daisies are never
cultivated, but they
are often gathered for
decoT-ation. and make
excellent cut-fiowers.
See, also, Daisy.
DD. Ifays many-col-
ored : fl.f. often
double: the tom-
mnn ^^ Chrysanthe-
m ti ms " of the flo-
rists.
19. tndicnm, Linn.
( C J a p 6 n i c u »» ,
Thunb.). The wild
plants native to China
and Japan are dwarfer
than C . m ori fo I i u m ,
with Ivs. thinner. more
sharply cut, and green
on both sides, not ■glau-
cous: involucral scales
with wider and more
scarious margins : no
chati*- tls. smaller, nu-
merous, and with rays
always yellow and
short, not much longer than the involucre. F<jr pictures
of wild plants, see G. C. HI. 8:r)«M and G. M. .3:5:7:29.-
Neither this species nor the next grows wilu in India,
and the name given by Linnaeus was inappropriate.
This species has varied" greatly in cultivation, and its
progeny has been hybridized with that of C. niorifolium.
Neither species in its pure form is in cultivation. Un-
fortunately, it 's not possible to definitely trace the
origin of any of the main horticultural types, races or
sections. See historical sketch above. C. Indiriim is
often used in Germany in a wide sense, including C.
Sinense.
20. morifdlium, Raniatuelle ( C. Sinhtse, Sabine). The
wild plants in Japan and China are more robust than C.
Indiciim, 2-4 ft. high, more or less tomentose, with
very variable Ivs.. which are usually ovate in outline,
sinuately cut and lobed. thick, tirm, leathery, long-peti-
oled. and gl.-uicous beneath: Hs. larger and fewer, with
rays never i '. ) yellow: involucral scales with narrower
scarious margins: chaff present on the disk. — This spe-
cies was founded upon a cultivjvted and double form, and
tliere have been different opinions as to the original
wihl progenit'T. The above detiniti<m is an enlargement
of Hemsley's, in G.C. lU. 6: .")22. B.M. ;}27 (erroneously
named C. Indicntn). Fig. 468 is the original double
purple-flowered, partly quilled variety, on which Rama-
tuelle, in 1792, founded the sp-^'cies C. morifolinm.
C. inodbrum. Linn.^M.-itricaria inod'ra. W. M.
CHEYSOBACTRON (golden wnnd, from the Greek).
LilihceiP. Two New Zealand bulbs, bearing many small
yellow fls. in a long raceme on the top of an elongated
scape. Plant often diipcious. Very closely allied to
Anthericum, with which Baker unites it. whereas
Bentham & Hooker refer it to liulbinella. C. Hodkeri,
Colenso, is in cult, in this countrv. It is a hardy plant
2-:J ft. high, with sword-like foliag". B.M. 4002. -Cult.
in the ordinary border, and treatecl like the Asphodel,
they do well, but are vastly improved in rich, deep and
467. Ox-eye Daisy, or 'Whiteweed
{ Chrysanthem it m Leucantheinuin . )
rather moist soil. Strong clumps, 4-<> years old. are
then at their best and are very excellent plants. After
that they should be divided. Prop, by division or seed.
Blooms in June and July, j, b. Kellek and L. H. B.
CHBYSOBALANUS {golden acorn, from the Greek,
referring to the fruit). Sosilcecp. Two species in the
warm parts of Amer. and Afr. The Cocoa Plum, C.
Icaco, Linn., grows on coasts ami along streams in S.
Fla., in south to S. Amer., and also in Afr. It is some-
times planted in the extreme south (and in the tropics)
as an ornamental shrub and for its sweetish but insijiid
and dry plum-shaped fruits. The Cocoa Plum is a mere
bush on the northern limits of its distribution, but in
extreme S. Fla. it reaches a height of 2.5-30 ft. It has
glossy, thick obovate (sometimes obcordate) Ivs.: Hs.
small and white, in axillary, erect racemes or cymes ;
calj'x 5-cleft, pubescent ; petals 5 ; stamens about 20 :
fr. 1-seeded, often 1 in. in diam., varying from nearly
white to almost black. It is best propagated by seeds,
but may also be had from cuttings of half-ripened wood.
liiH. B.
CHBYSOGOM A. See Linosyris, for the only species
in the American trade.
468. The famous "old purple "
Chrysanthemum.
One of the epoi'h-making large-
tlowering forms of (\ morifoliuin.
From the original picture in The
Botanical Magazine for Feb. 1,
1796. plate 327.
CHBYSODIUH. See Acrostichnm.
CHBYSOQONUM /Greek-made name, ^o/rf^w l(nee or
joint). Vomp6sitiT. C. Virginianum, Linn., is a peren-
nial yellow-rtd. plant of S. Penn. and south, which is
sometimes cult, as a border plant. It blooms in spring
or early summer on stems which become 1 ft. high, the
igdrt^- fT-r.lr -"'■--■ttrf^ ■- -
iflrr 'ft'if'r^-^^'riif-^-^^'"'-""'***""
CHRYSOGONUM
CHYSIS
315
heads being solitary and peduncled in the axils. Lvs.
ovate and mostly obtuse, creuate. Prop, bj- creeping
rootstocks and runners. Of little merit horticulturally.
CHRYSOPHtLLUM {Greek, (fohlen leaf, in reference
to the color of the under surface of the handsome leaves ) .
Sapotacece. Many species of trees, with milky juice,
widely distributed in the tropics. Fls. small, solitary at
the nodes or in fascicles; calyx mostly .5-p;'»'ied; corolla
tuliular-campanulate, usually 5-lobed' or -pavted : sta-
mens 5, standing on the corolla tube: fr. usually fleshy,
sometimes edible. C. Cainlto, Linn., is the Star Apple,
Fig. 4()9. The fruit is the size of an apple, symmetrically
469. Chrysophyllum Cainito (X%).
globular and smooth. A cross-section shows the star-
shaped core, whence the common name. It varies from
white to purple in color of skin and also of flesh. The
pulp is delicious (used uncooked) if the fruit is allowed
to remain on the tree until ripe. It has large, pumpkin-
like seeds. The tree reaches a height of 25 to 30 ft. It is
very impatient of frost. It is native to the W. Indies.
I.H. 32: 5G7. A.G. 11 : 40.5. C. oliviforme, Lam., is also in
the Amer. trade, but as an ornamental plant. It is a
smaller West Indian tree, native also in extreme S. Fla.
Lvs. like those of the last: stiffma 5-crenate (in C. Cai-
nito 8-10-crenate) : fr. ovoid-oblong and small, 1-seeded,
blackish, insipid. These plants are allied to the Sapo<lillo.
The various species of C'hrysopnylluni have beautiful
broad srreen leaves, with under surfaces of a silky texture,
varying in color from a silvery white, through golden, to
a russet brown, and are well worth a place in the con-
servatory as ornamental ti . es. By giving them sufficient
room, they will bear fruit in the course of a few years,
under glass, which in the case of C. Cainito, the Star
Apple of the West Indies, is edible, and well liked even
by people of a temperate clime. All species are strictly
tropical, and cannot be grown where frosts occur unless
l»roperly protected. Propauration is ordinarily effected
by st'cd-;. which readily g"rniinate if planted when fresh,
ami it is stated that all species may be grown from cut-
tings of well-ripened shoots placed in strone:. moist heat.
Tlu' soil most suited for their growth is of a sandy char-
acter, and if not of a good quality should be well manured,
using a considerable proportion of potash in the fertilizer
for fruiting specimens. They seem to do well on a
great variety of soils, however, that are sufficiently well
drained, wet land not agreeing with them.
E. N. Reasoner and L. H. B.
CHBYSOP060N (golden, heard). Gramineif. Very
like Andropogon. with which some authors unite it :
diflfers in having spikelets in pairs (or sometimes in Ws),
the lateral ones stalked and sterile or often reduced to
mere pedicels, only the middle or terminal one fertile.
C. nfltang, Benth. [Andropogon avendcens, Michx.). is in
the trade. It is native on dry soils in the eastern U. S.,
growing 2-5 ft. high : perennial : culm unbranched,
terete: lvs. glaucous and narrow, short: panicle narrow,
with nodding, shining yellowish spikelets. Useful for
the wild border. L. h B.
CHBYSOFSIS {golden a p pea ranee, 'from, the heads).
Composite^. Allied to Solidago and Erigeron; N, Ameri-
can. Heads of medium size and many-tld., usually with
numerous yellow rays ; involucre bell-shaped or hemi-
spherical, of imbricated bracts : akenes compressed,
bearing a pappus of numerous hair-like bristles. C. vil-
Idsa, Nutt., is the only species in the trade. It is widely
distributed from 111. W., X. and S. : 1-2 ft., grayish
pubescent : lvs. oblong to lanceolate, entire or few-
toothed : heads usually at the ends of leafy branches,
aster-like in shape. Extremely variable, and'has several
named forms. Mn. 7:101. Var. Eiitteri, Rothr., is larger
and later. Of value as a border plant. Cult, the same
as Aster. Perennials, but bloom the first year from
seed, if sown early. ^ H. B.
CHRYS0SFL£NIUM AMEBIGANUM, Schw. (name
from golden and spleen, referring to some old medicinal
tradition). Saxifragaceff. A native plant creeping
in mud, which is sold for bog-planting. Stems fork-
ing, bearing roundish or cordate small mostly opposite
lvs., with very small, nearly sessile, greenish, incon-
spicuous fls. Scarcely known in cult.
CHEYStRUS CYNOSUROlDES. See Lamarckia.
CHUFA. The ediblo subterranean tubers of Ci/penis
esculentus, Linn., much prized in the S. They are eaten
raw or baked, or used for the nuiking of cofl'ee. The plant
is sometimes cult, in the N., but it will not withstand the
winter. The tubers are oblonj?, ^<2-% in. long, cylindri-
cal, hard. The plant is grass-like, and in the N. does
not flower. Nuts are planted in the spring, and the new
crop is ready for digging in the fall.
CH't'SIS (Greek for melting, alluding to the pollen
masses). Orehidareif, tribe Vdndei^. A genus of or-
chids found in Trop. Amer., pendulous from trees.
Pseudobulbs usually spindle-shaped, attenuate toward
the base, leafy upwards : lvs. broadly-lanceolate, plicate,
conspicuously nerved, bases sheathing: fls. fleshy, few
to many, in lateral racemes from the young growths ;
lateral sepals adnate to base of column ; labellum 3-
lobed, with 5 whitish callosities near the base. The
species bloom in spring and early summer. Handsome
orchids, requiring tropical treatment ; not largely
grown in American collections. Remove to a lower or
intermediate temperature when resting. Grown in pots
or baskets, in peat and moss.
aurea, Lindl. About 1 ft. high: lvs. about 5, 10-15 in.
long: fls. 2 in. in diam. ; petals and sepals oval -oblong,
reddish \ >>llo\v. [>ale yellow at the base: lateral lol»es of
labellum incurved, midlobe roundish, spotted with red
and yellow. S. Amer. B.M. 3017. — There is a var.
maculslta.
bractescens, Lindl. Sepals and petals cuneate-oblong,
concave; labellum white outside, yellow, streaked and
stained wuh red inside: fls. 3 in. in diam. From Mex.,
found at an altitude of 1.500 ft. B.M. 51^<(). R.H. 1859,
pp. 294. 295. I.H. 27:398. J.H. III. 28:203.-One of the
most showy orchids.
Isevis, Lindl. More robust than the preceding: lvs.
shorter than the pseudobulbs : racemes 9-10-fld., from
among sheathing scales of new growth ; fls. 2)4 in. in
diam.; sepals bright yellow, upper one linear-oblong,
lateral ones acuminate, about 1 in. long; petals yellow,
falcate ; labellum yellow with streaks and dots of
oransre. Mex., 1840.
Limminghei, Lind. & Reichb. f. Stems short : ra-
cemes about 5-fld.; sepals and petals oblong-lanceolate,
blush-white tipped with rosy mauve ; lateral lobes of
labellum obtuse, vellow streaked with crimson, raid-
lobe larj^e, pink-lilac striped with rose-mauve. From
Mex., near the sea-coast. B.M. 52G5.
Chelaoui, Hort. (C. bractescens x C. laevis). Pseudo-
bulbs narrow : r.iceme 6 in. long and curved, with 5-6
yellow and purple-blotched fls.
86deni, Hort. {C. Limminghei x C bractescens). Fls.
much like those of C bractescens but smaller, white,
petals with mauve streaks ; lip more ^^^^ *^** *^^ ^'
Limminghei, yellow or whitish. Oakes Ames.
316
CIBOTIUM
CINCHONA
CIBOTIUM (Greek, a liftU Aeed-vessel). Cynthehceft.
A small ^enus of tree-ferns from Mexico an<l Polynesia,
with copious, bivalved, coriac^Mms indusia, differing: from
Dicksonia in having the outer valve entirely distinct
from the leaf. For culture, see Dicksnuia.
C. linrometz is the plant that gave rise to the wonder-
ful stories of the Barometz or Scythian Lamb (Fig. 470),
which, according to Bauhin, 1650, had wool, flesh and
470. The Scythian Lamb. See Vibotiutu Barometz.
blood, and a root attached to tlxe navel. The plant was
said to resemble a lamb in every respect, but grew on a
stalk about a yard high. an«l turning about and bending
to the herbage, consumed the foliage within reach, and
tlien pined away with tbe failure of the food until it
died. Wolves sought it and ate it as if it were a true
lamb. In 1725 Breyne, of Dautzig, declared that the
Barometz was only the root of a large fern, covered with
its natural yellow down and accompanied by stems,
which had been placed in museums in an inverted posi-
tion, the better to represent the appearance of the legs
and horns of a quadruped. A.G. 12 : 258.
A. Outer valve of the indusitnn larger, or the vali'es
subequaJ.
glatcum, Hook. & Am. Lvs. ovate-lanceolate, tripin-
nate; piniuiles about (} in. long, taper-pointed; segments
close: outer valve of indusium larger, broader than the
inner: veins ouce- or twice-forked. Hawaiian Islands.
Bdrometz, .1. Sm. Scvtrias Lamb. Trunkless : lvs.
scented, tripinnate. the lower pinnje ovate-lanceolate ;
pinnules short-stalked. 4-(i in. lonjr. with falcate seg-
ments : valves of the indu>iuni nearly eijual : veins
prominent, rarely forked. China.
AA. Outer valve of f s iHilmtium smaller than
t' < inHtr.
SchlMei, H<M»k. ('Hu.le» lO-l.' ft. hi^h : lvs. oblong-
deltoid, tripinnate, with pinna' 1-2 ft. lonjr : segments
falcate, sharp-i>oint»Hl: >Miri sparse: veins forked, on the
lowest pinnate. Mexico.
reg&le. Linden. Candex 10-12 ft. high : lvs. oldong-
deltoid, tripinnate. with pinn»» lh-24 in. I<)ng ; pinnules
sessile, with close, fulcate. «leeply incised segments :
veins pinnate in the hibes. Mex. 'l. M. Underwood.
CIBOULE. Consult Onion.
ClCCA. Now combined with Phylhinthus.
CtCER (old Latin name for the Vetcli). Legumhtoscp.
Pea-like idants. witli .")-parted calyx, oblong turgid
2-seeded pod. mostly 1-tld. i>eduncle>i. odd-i)innate lvs,
and toothed leaflets. Small genus, with a Mediterranean-
Asian range. C. arietinum, Linn..theCHirK-PEA, is some-
times cult, in vegetable ganlens for the edible ripe seeds.
It is an animal and is cult, the same as bush beans.
Withstands dry we-ither well. It grows 2 ft. high, making
a busliy, hairy plant. Lvs. with small, roundish leatlets:
fls. white or reddish, stnali. axillary. S«'ed roiindish, but
flattened on the sides, with a projection on one side.
Little knowninAmer., but much cult. inS. Eu. and Asia.
L. H. B.
CICHORIUM (Arabic name). Comp68it(w. A very few
C^Xd World herbs, with ligulate corollas, double-rowed
scales to the involucre, angled akenes, bnstly or chaffy
pappus, and blue Hs. Two species are of interest to the
horticulturist, C. Intyhns, Linn, (Fig, 4.%), the Chicory,
and C Etulh'ta, Linn,, the Endive. See those entries for
fuller information.
CIENKOWSKIA. See Kifmpferia.
CIMIClFUGA, Linn, {rimer, a bug ; fwjere, to drive
away), Ifiinnnculticere. Bicban'E, Allied to A'ttca.
Tall, hardy, herbaceous perennials, ornamental, liut bad-
smelling, suited for the back of borders or for partially
shaded pl:u'es in the wild garden. About 10 species, na-
tives of the north temperate zone. Lvs, large, decom-
pound: ds. white, in racemes ; sej)als 2-">, petaloid, de-
ciduous; petals 1-8, snudi, clawed, 2-lobed or none: fol-
licles 1-8, many-seeded, sessile or stalked ; stignia
broad or minute. Half sha<ly or open places ; any good
ganlen soil. Prop, by seeds and division of roots in fall
or early spring.
Americana, Michx. (-cIc^pat prodocd rpn , DC. ) . Slender,
2-4 ft. high: lvs. pale beneath: fls. in elongated raceme;
petals 2-homed : pedicels nearly as l<»ng as the tl.: fol-
licles "A or 5, stalked : seeds in 1 row, chalfy : stamens
and pistils usually in same fl. Aug.-Sept. Moist woods
of Alleghanies.
foetida, Linn. Lvs. bipinnate, terminal 1ft. 3-lobed :
petals of the white tis. often tipped with anthers ; no
staminodia : follicles JJ-.") ; seeds verj* chaffy. Suinmer.
Siberia. —Following var. only is cult.
Var. simplex, Reg. (C. s'unplcx, Wormsk.). Tall and
handsome : tis, short-pedicelled, forming a tine, dense
raceme, and at first pubescent : follicles short-stalked.
Kamtschatka,
racemdsa, Nutt, (C. serpentilria, Pursh), Fig. 471.
Stem 3-8 ft, high : lvs. 2-3 times 3-4-parted ; Ifts.
mostly ovate, firm texture: ra»'emes few, rigidly erect,
often becoming 2 ft, long* follicles rather shorter than
the pedicel, nearly % in, long, short style abruptly re-
curved, Ver\' pretty in fr.,with its two rows of oval fol-
licles always exteinling upward from the lateral
branches, Julv-Aug, Georgia to Canada and westward.
Int. IS'.U. Gt."l3: 443. Gn. 46, p. 2G9. G,C. II. 10:557.
D. 79. — The conmionest in gardens.
Var. diss6cta, Gray (C. spicdfa, Hort,), Lvs. more
compound than the type: small white fls. closely packed
on lateral and terminal branches. Lasting until Sept.
Del, and S. Penn. J. H. 111. 33:381.
C.cnrdifolia, Pursh. Lvs. ver>" broadly ovate or orl'icular.
B. M. 2()6U.— C. eldta, Nutt. (C. foetida, Pursh. Actaea C'lTiiicif-
nga. Linn.). Used in me<licine. Reg. Vej;. Med. 1::{7.— (\ Ja-
7*'Wi(Vrt, Spreng. Three ft. high: lvs. ver>' large. F.S. '-"ii'JIWSias
Pithymspernia 'acerinura).— C paltndtu, Michx. = Trautvet-
teria Carolinensis, Vail. jj. C. Davis.
CINCHONA (from Countess Chinchon). Jfuhloceai.
This genus of plants contains, according to Index
Kewensis, (57 species, some of which yield bark con-
taining (luinine. The species grow isolated in various
districts of the Andes, at elevations ranging from 2.:fU0
to 9,000 ft., and between 22° S. and 10° N. latitude.
Some of the species are lofty trees, others are mere
shrubs. The lvs, are opposite, with deciduous stip-
ules. The ris. are fragrant, much fr«*qtiented by hum-
ming birds, white and i)ink in color, growing in ter-
minal panicles. The calyx is small. 5-toothed. and
persistent. The corrdia has a long tube with .') short,
sprea<ling, valvate lobes, hairy at the margins. The sta-
mens are 5, included in the corcdla. The ovary is 2-
celled. with very numerous ovules inserted on linear
axile placentae. The capsule oj>ens s«'i)ticidally from
the base upwards. The see<ls are small, numerous,
flat and surnmnded with a wing.
Commercial Cinchona bark is known tmder the fol-
lowing names : "Crown," " Loxa." or" Pale bark," yielded
by Cinchona officimilis and its varieties Coiuhtniinea,
I'ritusivga, crixpa: "Red bark." fnmi C. sum'ruhm ;
"Hybrid bark." from hvbrids of C. officitvlis and (7.
siu'cirubra; "Royal," or "Yellow bark," from C. Calisaya
CINCHONA
CINCHONA
317
and its varieties Ledgeriana and verde ; "Cartha^ena
bark," from C. lancifoUa ; "Columbian bark," from C
cordifolia and C. lancifolia ; "G -ay bark," from C.
micrantha, C. nitida and C. Peruviana.
Certain alkaloids, namely, quinine, quinidine, cincho-
nine and cinchonidine, occur in these barks in varjing
quant-ties in different species. These alkaloids possess
poweriul antiperiodic, tonic and antiseptic properties.
In the harks there are also quinovic and other acids,
and other substauces possessing astringent properties
which render them useful in certain cases, where the
alkaloids have failed to give relief.
The bark was introduced into Europe in 1640, by the
Countess of Chinchon, wife of the Viceroy of Peru ;
hence it was called Countess' powder and Peruvian
bark, and also Jesuits' bark, fron> the knowledge of it
spread by that religious order. The word quinine is de-
rived from the name l)y which it was known in Peru,
qni}taquinn, or "bark ot" barks."
Dr. Ainslie, at the end of the eighteenth century, and
Dr. Forbes Royle, in his work on Himalayan botany in
18;{S>. advocatetl the introduction of the trees into India.
At length, in 1859, Clements Markham was entrusted by
the government of India with the task of collecting
plants and seeds on the Andes, and establishing them
in India. In his book "Peruvian Bark : a popular ac-
count of the introduction of Cinchona cultivation into
British India," Markham recounts the difficulties in S.
471. Cimicifuga
racetnosa.
Anier. and his final success. The object of the govern-
ment was to put it within the power of the poorest na-
tive to purchase a dose, and this aim has been accom-
plished. At any post office in India, a o-grain <lose may
be bought for 'three pice i\% farthings). The eox-
emraent not only uses bark from its own plantations,
but buys bark from Cinchona planters at a good price,
and is now extending its own cultivation with seed
procured from Jamaica. In Ceylon the cultivation was
altogether in private hands, and has been abant'. jned for
tea. In Java: the Dutch have been most successful, as
the variety Ledgeriana, which is very rich in (juinine,
is particularly well suited to the climate. In Jamaica,
the government plantations had realized by sales from
1880 to 1887, £17,000 (about $85,000), and then the price
of bi'.rk fell considerably and no more has since been
exported. C. officinaUs has become thoroughly natur-
alized, and is reproducing itself, as if it were in its na-
tive home.
Culture. — The seedlings maybe raised either in boxes
or in beds. The boxes should not be more than .'J or 4
in. deep. Three-quarter-inch drainage h()les should bo
made in the bottom, about G in. apart. Whitewash the
boxes or dust them inside with lime. Put ])ieces of
broken flower-pots over the drainage holes, and cover
the bottom with gravel to a depth of 1 in. The soil
should be made up of one-third leaf-mold, one-third
good soil and one-third fine river gravel. These should
be thoroughly mixed anu passed through a quarter-
inch sieve. Fill the boxes to within one-quarter of
an inch of the top, and slightly water. Sow the seed
evenly, and sprinkle over it some of the sifted soil, only
just covering it. The boxes should be under shade,
sheltered from rain, and watered every day with a very
fine spray from a watering can. The seedlings will ap-
pear above the ground in 3 or 4 weeks. If the seeds are
sown in bed.s, they require the protection of a roof slop-
ing south, and supported by posts 4 ft. 6 in. high on the
north, and 3 ft. 3 in. on the south side. The sides may
also have to be covered in. The breadth of the beds is
3 ft., and these should be made up of soil as for the
boxes. The roof projects beyond the south posts suffi-
ciently to keep off direct sunlight, and in the sununer
time, at any rate, a narrow north roof must be added at
right angles. If the sheds are built under the shade of
tall trees that keep off direct sunlight, the roof is only
needed for shelter from rain, and can be constructed
solely for that purpose. The shed may run as far as
convenient east and west, and others may be added
2^2-3 ft. on either side.
When the seedlings are l}2-2 in. high, they should be
' -ansplanted into nursery beds, made up in the same
way as for seeds. In transplanting, use a wooden peg
4 or 5 in. long, ^4 in. thick at one end and tapering to a
dull point. A seedling is picked up with the left hand
from a bundle brought from the seed-beds, a hole is
made with the peg in the right hand, big enough to re-
ceive the roots without bending or crushing them. The
soil is then pressed closely over the rootlets with the
' peg. Two inches between each plant is enough
room. At first the plants should be shaded, but when
they are twice or thrice as high as when transplanted,
the shading may be gradually removed to harden
them for putting out in their permanent positions.
The soil and subsoil should be free and open to
insure good drainage; newly cleared forest land on a
hillside is the best for Cinchona trees. In Jamaica,
Cinchona officinalis flourishes best at an elevati<m of
about 5,500 ft., with a mean annual temperature of
about 60° F.. ranging from a mininmm of 46° to a
maximum of 75^, and with a total annual rainfall of
120 to 150 inches.
The distance when planted out in their permanent
positions is 3 ft. by 3, and as soon as they Ix'giji to in-
terfere with each other's growth, they should l)e thinned
out just sufficiently at first to prevent this. The bark of
those cut down may be worth stripping if the price of
bark is high.
In taking the bark from the trees, there are several
methods that have been used. In 8. Anier. the tree is
uprooted, and the whol<< of the bark may be taken from
both root and stem. A second plan is used if shoots
spring from the root ; the trunk is cut through above
thv? ground, the bark stripped, and the stump left to
coppice, one or two of thy shoots being allowed to grow.
The third method is to make the same tree yield bark
in successive seasons ; for this purpose longitudinal
layers of the bark are removed from the tnmk, and the
exposed surface is sometimes covere«l with moss; the
bark renews itself, and the "renewed bark" is as rich or
318
CINCHONA
CINERARIA
rifber in ulkuloids tluin the orijjinal. In this way, by
taking suecfssiv*- ,sTn|).s of bark in <liflFerent years, the
tree yields a continuous supply of bark.
Wm. P'awcett.
Cinchonas are sometimes seen in collections of eco-
nomic phints. but only one of them seems to be regu-
larly in the tra«le at this time. This is C. offiriiuilifi,
var. Condamlnea, which Franceschi says is "probably
the least delicate and more easily growTi of all Cinchonas."
L. H. B.
CINERAEIA (dsh-ioJored, from the Latin, referring
to the gray foliage ) . Cotttpositif. Herbs or under-shrubs,
closely allied to Senecio, from which they are separated
chiefly by technical characters of the akene. The genus
is variously understood by different authors. As limited
by Benthani <fc Hooker, it comprises about 25 South
African species, and tlie common garden Cineraria be-
comes a Senecio. The Cineraria of the florists \ Fig.
472) is now much modilied by cultivation. There are
two views of its origin, one holding that it is a direct
development of C. cruenta, Mass., the other that it is a
hybrid, into which C. criuntn, C. Jleritieri, C. pnpuli-
foUa, and perhaps others, have probably blended. These
are all natives ot the Canary Islands. The writer is in-
clined to believe that it is a direct evolution from C
cr»eutii. This species is tigurod in B. M. 106, For the
more important literature of the recent discussion re-
specting the origin of the garden Cineraria, see Nature,
ol :461. 605 ; 52:3, 29, 5^, 78, lO.'}, 128 ; 55: 341. G.C. III.
3:054 and G57; 17:588,655,742; 18:89, IS"'.
See Senecio for CinerarUt acanthi folia, C. candidis-
sima. and C. maritima. To the garden or florist's Cine-
raria (C. cnienta) belong the horticultural names (\
hybrida, C.grnudiflora, C. Kcirensis, C nana, and the
like. There are full-double forms (see R.H. 1874, p. 47;
1886, p. 41. F.S. 22: 2347-8. I.H.32:556). L. H. B.
The single hybrid Cinerarias are among the most use-
ful and bcautifu?. of all greenhouse flowering plants.
The ease with which they can be raised, the little heat
required, together with their free-blooming qualities,
ijrilliant and various-colored flospers, which last for a
considerable time in blossom, make them poptllar with
most people possessing even only a small
greenhouse. Though they are herbaceous in
character and may be propagated by cuttings
or divisiim of the roots, the single varieties
are best treated as annuals, raising
them from seed each year and
throwing away the plants after flow-
ering. Though anyone may save
one's o\ATi seed, the Cineraria, like
most hybrids, will deteriorate both
in size and (quality of the flower
after one or two generations un-
less they are hybridized ; therefore, unless
one cares to hybridize his own plants, it is
best to purchase fresh seed from some re-
liable firm who oT?tain their stock from hy-
bridists. For florists' use, or where a suc-
cession of these flowers is required, two
sowings of seed should be made ; the first about the
middle of August, and the second a month later. The
seed should be sown in pans or shallow boxes one foot
square : these sliould be well drained, and the soil
should consist of one part fine loam, one part leaf-
nifdd, and one part clean, sharp silver sand. The sur-
face should be made very fine and pressed down evenly.
The seed should then be sown evenly and rather thinly,
and covered with sand about the eighth part of an
inch. This will in a great measure prevent the seedlings
from what gardeners term "daniping-off," which they are
very apt to do if the atmospheric conditions become at
all stagnant. The seed-pans or boxes should be care-
fully watered with a fine rose and then placed in some
cool, shaded place, such as a frame placed on sifted coal
ashes on the north side of a wall <-r building, where they
will germinate in about a week or ten days. As soon as
large enough to conveniently handle, the seedlings
should be potted into thumb-pots and grown on as
rapidly as possible, shifting on int^o larger size pots as
often as required, never allowing them to become the
least pot -bound, or suffer in any way during the isea-^on
of growth. The soil should consist of half leaf mold
and half fine fibrous loam, with a good sprinkling of sil-
ver sand, untU the final shift into their floweriuir pots.
when the soil should be three parts fibrous losiu! ami
one part well-decayed cow-manure or pulverized she^-p-
manure. About tlie first of October the plants slunild
all be removed to the greenhouse, where the atmos{)here
should be kept cool and moist, but not stagnant. If a
rainy spell should set in, a little artificial heat should
be given to cause a circidation of the atmosjihere. and
as the fall advances the temperature should be kept
about 45° at night, with a rise of ten degrees by dav,
Li<{uid stimulants should not be given until the flower
buds bejrin to apjtear, when they are greatly benefited hy
an occasiimal watering of clear, liquid cow- or sheep-
manure water. Cinerarias arv-* verj* subject to the
attacks of green-fly. To keep these in check, the house
in which they are grown should be fumigated with to-
bacco about once iu ten days, or tobacco stems placed
among the plants if fumigating is objectionable.
Double-flowered varieties of Cineraria are not com-
monly grown, neither are they as beautiful as the single
varieties. They may be propagated ])y seed or by cut-
tings, the latter being the best method, as a large per-
centage of seedlings are sure to turn out single, which
will be inferior in size of flower as compared with the
best single varieties. Double-flowering varieties must
be propagated each year to obtain the best results. As
soon as the jdants have finished blossoming, the flowt-r
stalks should be cut away to induce the plants to make
.If f»<*/<5
472. The florists' Cineraria— C. cruenta.
fresh growth, which, as soon as large enough for cut-
tings, should be taken off and inserted in an ordinary
propagating bed, where they will soon root, after which
they should be potted and shifted on as often as re-
quired, growing them during the hottest months in as
-■rSt.
CINERARIA
CISSAMPELOS
319
cool ami shadeil a position as can be nrovided. Of the
different species of Cineraria from 8. Europe, C. mari-
tima is perhtips the best. It is ol" <l\varf liribit. with
tonientose. silvery, pinnatifld leaves, and is a most use-
ful sultjeet for edtrinf? tlower beds, it is n«»t hardy in
this cliiuate, consequently must be treated as an annual,
sowini; the seeds early in March w\ the ^rtM-nhouse,
afterwards treating them as ordinary summer bedding
phmts. The other species from south and eastern
Europe do not i)rove liardy here, and if grown should
be treated as tender annuals, idanting them in the her-
baceous l>..rders f(»r the summer. The species from the
Cape of (tood Ho{>e require greeidiouse treatment, the
culture being the same as f«jr the common Cineraria,
tliDiiirh, from an ornamental point of view, they would
hardly pay for the room they would occupy.
Edward J. Caxnixg.
CtNNA ' i»ld Greek substantive). Gramineip. Peren-
nial woods grasses allied to Agrostis and Calamagrostis,
with 1 -rid., much-tiattene<l spikelets, I-nerved palet, 1
stamen, and a loose open panicle. The two northern
species are offered by collectors: C. arundinacea, Linn.,
with the branches of the panicle ascending or erect ;
C. p^ndula, Trin.. with the branches very slender and
drooping. These grasses (growing 3-7 ft.) are useful in
wild borders.
CINNAMOMUM (the ancient Greek name), L(tHr(\-
ctif. Fifty or more trees and shrubs of Asia, mostly
tropical, of which 2 or ;{ are cult, in the extreme south-
ern CS. The Ivs. are thick and riblied, mostly opposite:
fls. usually perfect, with 9 ]>erfect stamens in .'{ rows and
a row of imperfect ones : fr. a small, 1-seeded berry, in
a cup-like calyx : buds not scaly. The Cinnamon of
commerce is mostly the bark of C. Zeylanicum, Nees ;
and this is sparingly cult, in S. Fla. and S.Calif. It is
cult, in Ceylon ami other oriental countries. It is a
small tree, with ovate-oblong, shining, :}-.l-ner%'ed Ivs.,
and small, yellow-white fls., in terminal, loose clusters.
It is native to E. Ind. and Malaya. C. Camphdra, T.
Nees and Eberra., is the Camphor tree. By some it is
retained in the genus Camphora, and it will be found
there in this book. C. Cassia, Blum. , of Burma and
China, furnishes Cassia hark or "Cassia lignea" of com-
merce. It is hardier than the C. Zeylanicmn. It is a
handsome tree, with stiff, long-oKdong, acutish, .'?-ribbed
shining Ivs., and small ,tls. in toraentose terminal or
axillary panicles. The bark is thicker and coarser than
that of C. Zeylanicum, and is used to adulterate Cin-
namon. The unexpanded, clove-like flower-buds are
often sold as Cassia buds. C. Lour6irii, Nees. A mid-
dle-sized tree of Cochin China, is rarely sold as a glass-
house plant. It has an aromatic odor. Lvs. opposite or
alternate, rigid, elliptic or oblong. Petiole %-%. in. long.
There is a form with variegated lvs. C. pedunculatum,
Presl, from Japan, is also sold as a glasshouse subject.
It is a glabrous tree, with thick, petioled, oblong-lanceo-
late, 3-nerved lvs., which are shining above. Petiole
yi-% in. long.
The genus embraces tropical and semi-tropical shrubs
and trees, which are mostly of economic value, and in
one or more cases are valuable shade trees for lawn
and street planting. The lvs. »re evergreen, usually of
a rich, shining green, and in C. Camphora have a
silvery blue color on the under surfa<^es. C. Camphora,
the Camphor tree, is hardy in the lower Gulf states, and
is now being extensively planted, both for shade and
extraction of gum (see Camphora). C Cassia is not
quite so hardy, but withstands a temperature of 20° Fahr.
without injury, and has been planted in Florid; for
manufacture of its various products, — oil. gum, buds and
cinnamon bark. The true Cinnamon of commerce is
prepared from the bark of C. Zeiflanicam, a tropical
species, likely to be extensively grown in Mexico and
the West Indies. The various species are usually propa-
srated by seeds, which are sown as soon as ripe in a shaded
bed, the seedlings being transplanted when very small
into pots and kept thus growing until permanent plant-
ing out. The species, without exception, are very diffi-
cult to transplant from the open ground, and hence pot-
^own plants are almost a necessity. Cuttings of half-
ripened wood of some species may be rooted in the
sprmg in moderate heat, following the usual method of
preparation, and planting in coarse sand. The soil best
suited to Cinnamomums in general, and C. Camphora
in particular, is sandy loam, although a heavy loam,
where well prepared, answers fairly well. The sandy
soil of Floriila. when moderately manured, suits all spe-
cies so far tri»'d admirably.
E. X. Reasoxer and L. H. B.
CINNAMON VINE. A name for species of Dioscorea.
ClNQUEFOIL. A species of Potentilla.
CIECJE A (Circe, the enchantress). Onafir('ice(P. A few
sp^'cies ol low woods herbs in N. Amer. and Eu., two
of which are in the trade for growing in shady places and
about garden bogs. They are interesting little plants,
but not showy. Of easy culture in shady, damp spots.
Lvs. opposite and stalked: tis. perfect, small, and white,
in terminal and lateral racemes ; calyx tube hairy : fr. a
small, bristly l)ur.
Lutetiina, Linn. Erect and branching, 1-2 ft., the stem
swollen at the nodes: lvs. ovate-acuminate, more or less
rounded at the base: pedicels slender, retlexed in fruit:
fr. 2-celled. Woods, E.
Facifica, Asch. & Mag. From (\-\2 in.: smaller than
the above, lvs. less acuminj<te, Hs. smaller, fr. 1 -celled
and less bristly. Col., N. and W. l^ jj. B.
CIBRH0F£TALUM (fi^nih'il petal, alluding to the nar-
row lateral sepals). (Jrrhiddceip, tribe Epidendreif.
Nearly 50 Old World tropical orchids, none of which are
in the American trade. The tail-like lateral sepals give
the lis. an odd appearance. Allied to Bulbophyllum.
They are epiphytes, and are grown in baskets or <m blocks
in a warmhouse. Leading species are : C. Camincjii,
Lindl. ( B.M. 4990) : C. Medustp. Lindl. (B.M. 4977. I'.H.
:{9:ir)4. G.C. Ill, 21:2.")); C. picfnrafiim, Lodd. (B.M.
6802); C. pnlrhriim, N. E. Brown (I, H. 'MiidOH. A. F.
G:G09); C. Thoaarsii, Lindl. (B.M. 42:57). C. Sinense
is evidently a trade name.
Being of rambling habit, with creeping rhizomes, Cir-
rhopetalums should be grown in baskets, sul!i<'iently large
to afford plenty of growing surface, and suspended from
the roof, where they will get plenty of light and free
access of air to the roots, which is equally essential.
Liberal allowance must be made for drainage, which
should consist of either broken potsherds or charcoal,
the latter being preferable, as it is light, durable and con-
tains nothing 'etrimental. Two-thirds osmunda, or other
clean fiber, and one-third chopped live sphagnum moss,
well mixed together, afford a good compost ; and after
this has been carefully tucked in about the roots and
interstices, the plant should be held firm with brass or
copper wire until reestablished. The compost should be
used rather sparingly to prevent over-watering. Many
of the smaller-growing species do very well on orchid
blocks, firmly attached, with a small quantity of compost
beneath them. During the winter monihs, little or no
shade is required. The temperature may range from
58° to 65° F. by night, with about 10"^ rise through the
day, or even a little more, with sun-heat, will do no injury.
No artificial heat is necessary in siimmer, except in ex-
treme cold or wet weather, but a shaded, moist location
should be selected, such as is afforded in the cattleya
or palm department. When the plants are dormant,
light syringing overhead will keep the compost moist
and the plants in he»lthy condition, Vmt as the growing
season advances, a liberal quantity of water an<l copious
syringing in bright weather will be necessary. The stock
is increased by division, the most judicious method
being to cut nearly through the rhizome with a sharp
knife, about three pseudobulbs l)ehiiid the lead, just be-
fore growth action, allowing the part to remain until the
dormant eyes start to grow, when it may be removed and
treated as an established plant. A little extra heat and
moisture at this period will prove beneficial with the
weak plants. All are of moderately easy culture.
RoBT. M. Grey.
ClESIUM. Refer to Cnicus.
CISSAMPELOS (Greek for ivy and vine). Menisper-
mctceof. Vines : fls. in axillary racemes or cluster . the
plant dioecious ; sterile fls. with 4 or 2 sepals and as many
320
CISSAMPELOS
CISTUS
petals united, the anthers 2-4, on a st- minal cohimn ;
fertile tls. with 2 united Heshy sepals, subtended by a
sepal-like bra<'t, and solitary ovary, wi h 3 styles : fr. a
subglobose drupe, with a flattened and t iberculate stone.
Many species or distinct forms in troj; eal rejcions, but
many of tlu-nj are evidently forms of the widely dis-
tributed C. Parelra, Linn. Tins plant, as 7. heferopht/lla,
DC, and under other names is cult, in ,>. Fla. and the
tropics. It is known as Velvet-leap nd Pareira
Brava. It is an exceedin>rly variable vine, with downy,
round-conia<^e or peltate Ivs., the sterils tls. in stalked
corymbs and the fertile in lar^e-bracted racemes, and a
hairy, nearly globular, red fruit. It occurs in all tropical
countries. L^ jj_ g^
CtSSHS (Greek name of ivy). Vitilceee. Very like
Vitis,but differinfT in havimtr the parts of the flower in
4's, the corolla not fulling otf as a cap, and the disk
about the ovary ring-like or cup-like. Ampelopsis is
distingnished by 5-merous fls. and the absence of a disk.
Cissus discolor..
^\ However, certain 5-merous, disk-bear-
inff species are referred in this book to
Ampelopsis [C. A)nprh>psis=A. cor-
data, C. sfajts=A. arboreal. Cissus
has a wide range and many species
in warm countries. The latest mono-
grapher (Planchon, DC. Monogr.
Phaner. 5) recognizes 212 species. P\>li-
age often fleshy, but in most of the cult,
species usually thin and handsomely
colored or variegated. The species of
Cissus are handsome, tall-climbing,
tendril-bearing vines, of easy cultiva-
tion.
A. Lvs. fleshy, S-Iobed or S-folioIate.
^cida, Linn. Low climber, with slender and striate
somewhat fleshy glaVjrous branches : Ifts. or leaf-divi-
sions rather small, broml-cuneate and sharply toothed
near the apex : fls. small, in cctrymb-like or umbel-like
clusters: fr. an ovoid and nuicronate dark purple berry,
with 1 or 2 large seeds, the pedicel being recurved at
maturity. Key West and S.; also, in Ariz, and S.—
Sometimes planted.
incisa, Desm. {C. Eochedna, Planchon). Climbing
20-:W ft., the stems ver^' fleshy and the tendrils root-
like : lvs. pale green, very fleshy ; Ifts. or divisions
wedge-ovate, notched on both sides and top, the mittdle
one sometimes again lobed : inflorescence umbel-like:
fr. an obovoid blackish berry, with 1 or 2 seeds, the
pedicel being strongly recurved. Fla., to Ark. and Tex
R.H. 1884, pp. 272-:k- Often planted in the extremes.
Sometimes called "Marine Ivy."
AA. Lvs. not fleshy, not lobed.
discolor, Blume. Fig. 47IJ. Lvs. oblong-ovate, acumi-
nate, cordate at base, bristly serrate, re<ldish beneath,
velvety green and mottled with silvery white above:
both Ivs. and stems glabrous, the latter red and more or
less angled: fls. .-small an<l yellowish, in deusi* and very
short, axillary clusters. Java. B. M. 47{>.'{. L. l.'i. F. iS.
8: 804-.^. — One of the best of all wannhouse foliage
plants. Easily grown. Prop, by cuttings. Must have a
season of rest, usually in spring or early summer. If
wanted for winter growth, temperature must be about
7o°. Known to some as "Trailing Begonia."
Antdrctica, Vent. ( C. Ba udin idna, Brouss. ) . Kanga-
roo Vine. Lvs. rather thick, glossy, ovate to obionff,
very short-acuminate, rounded at base, mostly strongly
toothed or notched, green : fls. green, in few-fld., axillary
clusters: fr. a globular berry. Austral. B.M.24>?8.-
Valuable for cool greenhouses, but <loes not withstand
frost. Grows well on walls in darkish and neglected
places.
Amazdnica, Linden. Lvs, glabrous and glaucous, oval-
acuminate and narrower, reddish beneath and silvery
veined above. Brazil. — Warmhouse climber.
ilbo-nitens, Hort. Lvs. oblong-acuminate, more or
less cordate at base, silvery white and shining over the
upper surface. Brazil.— Warmhouse climber.
sicyoides, Linn. Branches terete or compressed, tu-
berculate or smooth, striate: Ivs. ovate or oblong, often
cordate at base, margin more or less serrate or even
cut, thickish, green: inflorescence corjonb-like, opposite
the lvs.. the fls. small, and varying from greenish to
white and purplish : fr. an obovoid, 1 -seeded berry.
Very widely distributed in trop. Araer., and exceedingly
variable. One form ( var. Floridiiua, Planch. ), occurs in
S. Fla., but is not in the trade. The C. argentea of hor-
ticulturists is var. ov^ta. Planch., which has glabrous
ovate or ovate-oblong remotely serrate and somewhat
glaucous lvs. Called " Season Vine" in tropics.
C. Davidiana.Curr., is a Vitis (which see).— C. Ltndeni, Andre
(I.H. 17:2), is perhaps an offshoot of C. sicyoides. It has large
ovate-cordate silver-blotcheil lvs.— C Japonica, Willd. Her-
baceous, glabrous: lvs. r)-foliolate, with serrate-oblong Ifts.:
fls. greenish : cymes many-fid. Jap., Java, Austr. The only
species hardy north.— C porphurophylla, Limll.. is a Piper
(which see).— C. striata. Ruiz. & Pav. (Ampelopsis sempervi-
rens, Hort.). Low, shrubby evergreen vine: lvs. small. .'>-t'olio-
late, with cuneate-oblong Ifts.. serrate above the middle: fls.
yellowish, in many-fid. cymes. Chile. S. Braz. (iraceful small
climber for the cool greenhouse.— C. Veitchii, Hort.=Ampe-
lopsis tricuspidata. L_ g_ g.
ClSTUS (ancient Greek name). Cfstdce(g. Rock Rose.
Shrubs, usually with villous and glandular tomentuni,
aromatic : lvs, opposite, mostly persistent, entire, the op-
posite petioles connate at the base: fls. large, in terminal
and axillary cymes at the end of the branches, rarely
solitary, white to purple; petals .5; stamens numerous;
capsule many-seeded, splitting into 5 valves. About 30
species in the Mediterranean region. Ornamental, free-
flowering shrubs, ustially only a few feet high, with very
showy purple or white fls., similar to a small single rose,
appearing in early summer. They are only hardy in
warmer temperate regions, but many of them will stand
10° of frost without injurj-, and C. lanrifolius even more.
They thrive best in a well drained, light soil, mostly
preferring limestone soil, and in a sunny position ; the
dwarf er species are well a<iapted for rockeries with south-
ern aspect. The Cistuses do not bear transplanting well,
and should be grown in pots until planted out. Some
species yield ladanum, a resin, used in perfumery. Prop.
by seeds sown in spring in pans or boxes and the young
seedlings shaded; increased also by layers and cuttings
in spring or late summer, inserted in sandy peat under
glass. Illustrated monograph: R. Sweet. Cistinea* (S.C
of the following pages). In the Old World, the Cistuses
CISTUS
CITRON
321
are important garden plants, but they are little known
in America.
A. Fls. purple or red.
B. FU. iyi-2 in. wide; petals imbricate.
villdsuf, Linn. (C. inrclnus, Linn.). Erect shnib. ."J—t
ft., villous or tonientose : Ivs, penninerved, rountiisli-
ovate or oblong, narrowed into a very short petiolf,
rui^ose above and grayish preen, tonientose or villous
beneath, 1-2 in, long : fls. l-;{, long-peduncled, reddish
purple, 2 in. wide; petals light pink or yellowish at the
base. May, June. Medirerr. regit»n. B.M.4;i. S.C 35.
—A very variable species, Var. Cr^ticos, Boiss. Lvs.
smaller, more spatuiate at the base : \\>, purple. Fl.
Gr«eca5:495. S.C 112. Var. canescens, Nichols. Lvs,
elliptic-oblong or iiarruw-oblong, obtuse: fls, dark purple.
S.C. 4'>. Var. rotundifdIiuB, Loud, Dwarfer, with more
roundish lvs. S.(\7r). Var. undul&tus.Willk. Lvs, linear-
oblong, acute, undulate: fls. solitary, S.C. 03.
crispus, Linn. Compact shrub, to 2 ft,, villous : lvs,
sessile, 3-nerved, linear-lanceolate or oblong-elliptic, un-
dulate, rugose above, villous beneath : fls. 3—4, nearly
ses'^ile, lVa-2 in. wide, deep rose-colored. June-August,
s!w, Europe. S.C. 22.
heterophyllus, Desf . Erect, to 2 ft. : lvs, short -peti-
ok<l, elliptic- or oval-lanceolate, green on both sides and
slisrhtly hairy, %-l in. long : fls. 1-3, 2 in. wide ; petals
red, yellow at the base. N. Africa. S.C. C — More tender,
BB, Fls. 1 in. wide, petals not imbricate.
parviflorua, Lam. Much l»ranched shrub, 1-2 ft.: to-
meutose: lvs. ;i-nerved, ellif»tic-ovate. un«iulate rugose
above, reticulat*' beneath, twisted, 1 in. long : fls. 3-.") ;
petals pale rose, yellow at the base. June. Greece,
Crete, S.C. 14,
AA, Fls. white: lvs. S-ncrcvd.
C^prius, Lam. Erect shrub, to G ft., glutinous : lvs,
oblong-lanceolate, glabrous above, villous-tonientose be-
neath: fls, 5-7. nearly 3 in, wide; petals blo'ched purple
at the base. June. Cyprus, S,C, 39.
ladanlferus, Linn, Shrub, to 4 ft,, glutinous: lvs. short-
petioli-d, lanceolate, glabrous and viscid above, whitish
tomentose beneath, 1.^2—4 in, long : fls. usually solitary,
long-pedunded, ',Wi%\n. wide; petals \xdlow at the base.
June. S, W, Europe, S, C. 84, — Var. maculitus. Sweet.
Petals with a dark brownish crimson spot above the base.
B.M, 112. Gu. 30:552. S.C.I, Probably the most beauti-
ful of all Cistus.
laurifdlius, Linn, Shrub, to 0 ft, : lvs. petioled, ovate
or ovate-lanceolate, glabrous al)ove. whitish or brownish
tomentose beneath, 1-2 ^'2in. long : fls. 3-8, 2-3 in, wide;
petals with yellow blotch, June-Aufrust. S, W. Europe,
On. 53, p. 131. S.C, 52. — The hardiest species.
C. dlbidus, Linn. To 4 ft. : lvs. sessile, whitish tomentose: fls.
3-8. lilac or rosy, 2/^ in. S,W. Europe. S.C. 31.— C. Aluarvensig,
Sims = Heliauthemum ocyimoides. — C.candidissiinus, Dun.;
S.C. 3 = Cvaginatus.var.— i'.Corbariensis, Pourr. (C populifo-
liusXsalvifolius). To .5 ft.: lvs. slij^btly conlate. glutinous: fls.
1-,'), white, iHin. S.L\S.— C\ Cnpanianv.s, Prosl. To 3 ft.: lvs.
oordate-ovate: fl.s 2-:i, white. Si<'ily. S.C. 70.— C Florenttnus,
Lam. (0. MonsjjeliensisXsalvifolius). Dwarf: lvs. lanceolate:
fls. white, 2 in. (in. 27:497, and ">;{, p. i:$4. S.C. .t9.— C. formbsvs,
Curt.= HeHanthemum formosum. — C. {ilanctts. Pourr. =» C Le-
don.— ('.fitrsiitus. Lam. Oneto3ft.,clothetl with spreading and
glandular hairs: lvs. sessile, lanceolate: fls. 1-5, white. S.W. Eu-
rope. S.C. 19.— C. latifolius, iSweet; S.C. 15= C. r»opulifolius.var.
— C. Idxits. .\it.= C longifolitis.— C. Ledon, Lam. One to 2 ft. :
lvs. lanceolate, glossy alH>ve: fls. 5-10, white, l)(>in. S. France.—
C. longifdlius, Liim. Two to 4 ft., glandular: lvs. oblong-lanceo-
late, glossy above : fls. white, 1,4 in. S.W.Europe. S.C. 12.
Variable.— (7. ilonspetiensig, Linn. To 5 ft. : lvs. sessile, lanceo-
late: rts. white, cymose, 1 in. S. Europe. S.C. 27.— ('. oblniigi-
fblius. Sweet; S.C.67=C. longifolius, var. — r.o6fM«iYo?n/«. Sweet;
S.C. 42 = C. longifolius, var.— ('. |>rtp»/«7(VjMS, Linn. To 6 ft.,
glutinous : lvs. petiole<l. cordate, a<'uminate. rugose abo%e : fls.
white, cymose, 2 in. S.W, Eiiroi)e. S.C 23.- C.purpitrevs.LiaTa.
Three to 4 ft.: lvs. oblong-lanceolate, rugose above: fls. 1^. red-
dish purple ; petals yellow at the ba.se and with maroon blotch
above. Orient. Gn. 81:591; 45, p. in. B R. 5:408. S.C. 17.— T.
galvifoUus, Linn. To2ft.: lvs. oval, obtuse, tomentose, small:
fls. 1-2, white. l}/^in. S. Eu., Orient. S.C. 54.-6'. va^jinatus,
Linn. (Rhodocistus Berthelotianus, Spach). To 2 ft.: lvs.
petioled, ovate, acuminate : fls. cymose, deep rose-colored, yel-
low ineenter, Canary Islands. S.C. 9. B.R. 3:225. F.S. 15:1501.
Alfred Rehder.
CITEON. A form of Watermelon.
21
CITEON (Cltnts 3fedica,\'&r. gemdna). See Citrtm.
Fig. 474, —A large, thick-rinded, lemon-like fr,, some-
what cult, in Flor. and Calif. The rind is used in the
making of preserves and confections.
The Citron is propagated by cuttings, layers, budding,
and errafting. The usual method of propagating is by
budding on a vigorous stock, in Florida preferably the
474. Citrus Medica. the Citron (X J^)
rouffh lemon ("F>ench lemon" or "oranged loomie''),
but also on the sour orange. Grafting is so uncertain,
owing to the prevailing high temperature, that it is sel-
dom attempted. Cuttings of rii)e wood root readily,
both in the open ground and the propagating house.
For open ground, select wood thoroughly ripe in De-
cember, and cut in lengths about 6 to 10 inches ; clip
off all but the top leaf, and insert in rows in well-drained
soil, leaving the top bud exposed to the air. Watering
must be thoroughly kept up until the succeeding rainy
season, A shade of lath or brush should be provided
the rows of cuttings. By Noveni>»er of the following
year, the young plants Jwill be sufliciently well rooted
to transplant. By making short cuttings, 2 or 3
inches long, of ripe wood, atid inserting: in the moist
sand of the propagating house, less wood is necessary
and a higher percentage of rooted plants will restilt in a
shorter period. These cuttings may be inserted at any
time of year, but winter and early sprin}? are preferable.
The youni; rooted plants nuiy be grown into large size
in the nursery, until wanted for orchard setting. Layers
are easily rooted by pegging down low branches of tlie
Citron during: the rainy season. They do not make suih
symmetrical trees as those grown from cuttings, or by
buddinj;.
The site for the Citron orchard should be on well-
drained land, either naturally, or otherwise, of the best
quality, similar to that selected for the lemon In or-
chard planting, the trees should be set about 15x24
feet apart (although this is not arbitrary), as suflicient
room should be allowed for cultivation, haulinj? ferti-
lizer and fruit, and plenty of sunlight and air. An
abundance of sunshine and breezes are the greatest aids
in keepins?down insect pests and fungous troubles. The
Citron is rather low-growing and inclined to make long
lateral branches, which, if not cut back occasionally,
touch the ground and form roots, rendering cultivation
and fruit-gathering difficult. Cultivation is essentiallj-
the same as for the orange and lemon : shallow plowing
in December at the time of applying fertilizer, followed
by thorough harrowing every two or three weeks until
the latter part of June. This keeps the top soil loose,
conserving the moisture, and keeping down weeds and
grass during the dry sea.son. After the rains set in
322
CITROX
riTRUS
during the summer all cultivation i« stopped, and grvkss,
bejj:>jrar-wet'd. or tlfld-peas allowed to cover the ^ound,
preventing »unburuiu>; and providing a source of
humus so necessary in keepins? up proper fertility and
texture of the sandy soil of Florida.
E. N. Reasoner.
CITBt^LLUS (from Citrus). Cuntrbitih-eip. The ge-
nus which includes the Watenuelon. Cogniaux. the
latest monographer (DC. Monogr. Phaner. 3). recog-
nizes three species, all of the Old World, with the larg-
est uispersion in Africa. Plant monuecious, the two
kinds of tls. solitary in the axils of the Ivs. : tls. with a
short, bell-like calyx tube aiul a deeply .5-cleft. yel-
low corolla. C. vulgdiris, Schra«l.. is the Watermelon
(which see), native to tropical and south Africa. C.
ColOC^this. Schrad., is the Colo<'yiith, extract from the
fruit of which furnishes a well-known purgative drug.
It is native to the Mediterranean region and tropical
Africa. The fruit is small and globular, gourd-like,
smooth and partly colored, the tlesh very bitter : Ivs.
deeply divided. ' L. H. B.
ClTBUS (ancient name for Citron). Rut<ice(v. Orange.
Lemon, Citron, etc. Aromatic, glandular shrubs or
small trees, mostly thorny: Ivs. alternate, with more or
less winged petioles, compound, mainly unifoliolate
(appearing as a simple leaf but really com(>ound, as
shown by the joint betv.-een the petiole and lamina,
Fig. 47.1). in one species trifoli<»Iate: fls. hermaphrodite;
calyx cupulate, 3-.5-toothed ; petals 4-8, linear-oblong,
thick, glandular, imbricated in the bud ; stamens nu-
merous, 20-00. occasionally only 't ; filaments more or
less united ; disk cushion-shaped ; ovary compound,
composed of 5 to m.any united carpel*, with a single
style and stigma, and central axial placenta; ovules 4-8
in each carpel, arranged in two rows : fr. a round, ob-
long or pear-shaped berry with leathery rind, containing
numerous oil glands and juicy, aromatic pulp : se»ids
white, exalbuminous, with leathery coats, frequently
containing 2 or more embryos. Native of tropical and
subtropical Asia. Several species are extensively culti-
vated and have given rise to numerous cultivated forms.
The so-called navel oranges have a second series of
cells developing in the center of the fr.. this being an
incidental variation (Of. Fig. 476). See Citron, Lemon,
Lime, Orange, Pomelo.
A. PsEri>o-.5:oLE. — Zj'^. trifoliolate, deciduous, with
elliptical, dentate or crenate Ifts.: fls. white, 1-^in
the axil of each leaf, opening before the Ivs. appear
in spring; petals spatulate: ovary and disk
hairy.
trifoliiLta, Linn. {C. tripfera, Desf. JEgle sepiiria,
DC). Trifoliate Orange. Figs. 477, 478, 479. A
small tree armed with very strong, stiff thorns, l-lj^ in.
long: fr. golden y('lU>w. about the size of a walnut, cov-
ered with short hairs; pulp rather dry, sour and bitter.
Jap., and cult, widely in the United States. R.H. 1869,
p. 15 ; 1877. p. 7'^ ; 1885: .516 ; 1886, p. 533. Gn. 46:980
and p. 273. Mn. 3 : 101. - The f r. of the Trifoliate Orange
475. Leaf of Orange.
is worthless as a whole, but is sometimes used for pre-
serves. The plant is largely used for hedges, for which
it is well adapted, forming a close, compact growth that
nothing can penetrate. It is also used as a hardy stock
on which to bud certain oranges and lemons, particu-
larly the Satsuma an<i Kumquat. It is said to have the
effect of somewhat dwarfing the more robust orange va-
rieties buddefl on it, and of making them more har<ly by
rendering them dormant earlier in the fall, and retard-
ing them from starting early in the spring. The Tri-
foliate Orange is hardy as far north as Phila<lelphia and
New York. It is propagate<l by s('<'ds, which are very
numerous. Hybrids have been made between this and
the common orange. The Trifoliate Orange is frequently
listed in trade catalogues under the names Limonia tri-
folinta and Triphasia aurantiola. These are tender.
476. Normal or.mee on the rieht ; abnormal or navel orange
on the left, showing the adventitious cells in the center.
tropical shrubs, and should not be confu?ed with the
hardy C. trifoliata.
AA. EuciTRCS. — Z/J'.s. un ifoliolate, evergreen : petals
oblong: ovary and disk glabrous.
Aur4ntiam, Linn. {C. vulgaris, Risso). Orange.
Figs. 476, 480. A small tree or shrub: young shoots light
green, glabrous : Ivs. elliptical or ovate, acute, obtuse,
or acuminate; petiole narrowly or broadly winged : flrf.
hermaphrodite, pure white: fr. oblat€-spherical or ellip-
tical, not mamillate.
V'ar. am^ra, Linn. (C. Bigarddia, Duham.). SorR,
Bitter, or Seville Orange. Lvs. deep green, ovate,
pointed, v'ery aromatic ; petiole broadly wing-mar-
gined: fls. white, sweet-scented: fr. round, dark orange,
frequently with tinge of red, very aromatic; rind some-
what rougli; pulp sour and bitter. Southeastern Asia,
and cult, in tropical and subtropical regions throughout
the world. — There are very few cultivated sorts ol this
variety or subspecies grown in the United States, and
of these only the two following are well krown : Scur
C sour orange") : Fr. deep orange or orange-red ; pulp
very sour. This is grown very extensively as a stock on
which to bud varieties of the sweet orange, h^nion,
pomelo, etc. Very valuable as a stock because resistant
to the serious disease mal-di-gomma or foot-rot. — Bitter
Sweet : Fr. of same external appearance as the Sour
Orange but mildly acid and pleasant to the taste. Culti-
vated mainly for home use. The Sour Orange was evi-
dently introduced into Florida verj' early by the Span-
iards, and escaped fnmi cultivation, becoming estab-
lished as a wild species here and there throughout the
peninsular portion of the state. In this wild state it was
limited to moist lands near streams and lakes, in the so-
called hammocks ; and in some instances grew abun-
dantly among the larger forest trees, fjver areas of KXi
acres or more. The tls. of this var. Awara are slightly
bitter, and are the officinal Folia aurantii or Folia citri
vulgaris. An ethereal oil is manufactured from the tis.,
young sprouts and unripe fr. The i)leasant-snielling.
bitter Bigaradiaoil is taken from the rind of the ripe fr.
Large quantities of oil for perfume are manufactureil
from the fls. in southern France. The fr. is used for
marmalade, and makes a very refreshing drink kno\vn in
Florida as "orangeade."
Var. Berg^mia, Wight. & Am. Bergamot Oraxoe.
A bush or small tree : lvs. oblong ; petiole wing-mar-
CITRUS
CITRUS
323
gined,of modium width : fls. small, white, sweet-smell-
ing: fr. me«lium size, pear-shaped, smooth, lijfht yellow,
pulp subacid. j;r»'»*nish yellow. Cult, in Eu. since the
seventeenth century. Only rarely cult, in the United
States. B.M. 7194. — Beriramot oil is manufactured from
the rind of this subspecies.
Var. Sinensis, Engler. (C. Aurdntiunt, var. dulcis,
Linn. C. Tahithtsis, Hort.). Common Sweet Orange,
infiuding the Malta or FoKTroAL Okan<je. Tree, 20-35
ft.: younf? branches pale green, aTitjular. glabrous: Ivs.
ohltiiig-ovate, pointed ; petiole narrowly winged : fls.
larire, white: fr. mainly round, occasionally elliptical or
ovate, orange or yellowish ; pulp when ripe sweet or
slightly acid. India. Cultivated extensively in all tropi-
cal and subtropical regions of the world. — The Sweet
Orange is valued mainly for its sweet, delicious fruit,
which is eaten raw or i lade into marmalades, wine, etc.
The rind is sweet and a'omatic, and is used for culinary
puri>os<?s. The extensi\e cultivation of the orange has
led to the development of numerous variations, some
70 varieties being cultivated in the I'nited States.
Some of these forms are propagated fairly true to seed,
but th(^ majority are not, and must be propagate*! by
budding or grafting. The following is a list of some of
the most highly prized of the cultural forms : Bahia
(also known as Washingt(m Navel and Riverside Navel ) :
Fig. 47(». Fr. large, solid and heavy, seedless, with
prominent navel mark at apex; pulp juicy and of tine
texture. Intro<luced from Brazil. The most popular
variety cultivated in California, where it bears heavily.
lu Florida it is a shy bearer. — Boone (Boone Early):
Fr. round, medium size, fair quality ; verj' early. Florida.
— Centennial : Fr, round, medium size, early medium,
quality excellent. Florida. — I)u Roi : Fr. round, small
or medium size, late medium; seeds ribbed: thorns few.
An excellent fruit in Florida, but has not given satis-
faction in Cal. Foreign.— Hart Late (Tardive, Excel-
pulp reddish or streaked with red. Foreign. — St.
Michael : Fr. round, medium size, quality fair, midsea-
son. Foreign.- St. Michael Blood: Fr. round, medium
r^^
sior): Fr. oval, medium
size, solid, pule yellow.
One of the best late sorts,
hohling on tree in Florida
umil May. J'oreigii. — Ho-
mosassa : Fr. round, of
good qualitv, midseason.
Florida. - Jaffa: Fr.
round, hea^•y. juicy and
of verj- best quality, mid-
season ; skin thin : tree
1?'^^
nearly thornless. Foreign. — Jaffa Blood: Fr. oval,
small, of excellent quality. Florida. — Lamb Summer:
Fr. oval, medium size, of good quality, very late; one of
the best late sorts, ranking with the Hart Late. Florida. —
Majorca: Fr. round, medium size, heavy and very juicy;
skin smooth and thin; (juality excellent. Foreign. One
of the very best late midseason sorts. — Maltese Blood :
Fr. oval, small, orange red, juicy and sweet, of ver\- best
quality; pulp reddish or streaked with red; midseason.
Foreign. Mediterranean Sweet: Fr. large, oval, of good
quality, late. Foreign. — Parson ( Parson Brown): Fr.
round, medium size, of fair quality : very early. Florida.
Very extensively planted as an early variety in Flori<la.
-Ruby: Fr. medium size, round, of excellent quality;
l^y ^^-^
478. Citrus
trifoliata.
size, quality the very best ; pulp reddish or streaked
with red. Foreign. This Orange seems to the writer
superior in tiavor to any he has ever tested, though
there is but little noticeable difference between any of
the best sorts, much, doubtless, depen<iing on the con-
ditions under which the fruit is grown. — Valencia
(Valencia Late) : Fr. large, oval, light orange, of good
quality, verj' late. Foreign. One of the most highly
prized varieties in California.
The so-called Otaheite Orange (C .4Hra«^'»»», var.
Otaitettse, Risso & Poit. ) is j>rol)ably to be considered a
variety of C. Aurantixim, var. Sinensis. Reasoner
thinks it is Gallesio's "C. ^li<r(rH^tMm Sinense putnilum
fructn <li(lci." The foliatre resembles that of a lemon,
and the flowers are i>inkish. The fruit is small, slightly
flattened, rough, and reddish orange in color : pulp
mainly sweetish, sometimes sour. It may be a hybri»l of
orange and lemon. It is used extensively as a dwarf
pot plant, for which it is well suited.
n6bilis, Lour, Mandarin, or Kid-glove Orange.
Shrubs or very small trees, with dense foliage : Ivs.
small, lanceolate.weaklycrcnate; petioles short, scarcely
winged : fls. small, white, fascicled ; filaments only
slightly united: fr. compressed, spherical, or somewhat
pyriform, 5-0 cm. in diameter ; rind orange-yell<)W or
reddish, loose, bagg>-,and easily removed ; segm«'nts 9-10,
loosely adherent ; pulp sweet ; see«ls ovate or oblong,
green when cut: odor of leaves, twigs, fruit, etc., very
characteristic in all varieties and easily recognizable.
Cochin China or China. Cultivated extensively in
tropical and suT)tropical regions free from hot winds, to
which it is said to be very sensitive. — The principal
horticultural varieties grown in the United States are
the following : China ("Mandarin," "Willow-leaved
Mandarin," etc. ) : Fr. small, light orange, early medium,
excellent quality : Ivs. small, myrtle-like. Foreign.—
Dancy Tangerine : Lvs. larger, mmrly the size of those
of the comm<m orange: fr. dark orange or reddish, early
medium, qnality excellent. Florida. The most prized
of any of the Mandarin Oranges cultivated in the United
States. — King : Fr. large and roujfh, dark orange, late:
young twigs ]»lackish. A good late sort. Foreign.—
Satsuma (Oonshiu): Fr. m-dium size, flattened at the
ends, orange, early, quality fair. Foreign. A much
valued early ripening sort, which is somewhat more
hardy than the common sweet orange, particularly when
324
CITRUS
CITRUS
budded on the hardy trifoliata orani^e stock. — Tan-
Kerine : Fr. very early, light orange, medium size.
ForeiffTi.
Decumjina, Linn. (C. Ptfmeldnun, Hoit.). Pomelo,
Pi'MEiX), Shaddock. Grapepruit. Pompelmos, etc. Tree
479. Citrus trifoliata. Natural size.
small, 25-30 feet hijrh: young shoots slightly pubescent,
finally becoming smooth: Ivs. large, ovate or ovate-
oblong, obtuse, frequently emarginate : petiole broadly
winged: fls. large, white; stamens 16-24: fr. pale lemon-
yellow, or in some cases reddish or flesh colored, globose
or pyrifona, very large, in hort. vars. reaching 6-7 in. in
diameter and weighing 8-12 lbs.; rind smooth, thick,
very bitter; pulp pale yellow, in some reddish, sweet or
acid. Malayan and Polynesian Islands. Extensively
cultivated in India, Florida and California, and in most
tropical and subtropical countries. A. G. 11:717. Mn.9:47.
— The Pomelo is an excellent dessert fruit, and is being
very extensively planted, particularly in Florida. The
majority of the horticultural varieties cultivated in
America have originated in Florida, though some valu-
able sorts have been introduced. The round-fruited
sorts, commonly called Pomelos or Grape-fruits, are the
most valuable commercially. The pear-shaped sorts, or
Shaddocks, are cultivated more as curiosities, and art
seldom found in the markets. Mound varieties— Pomelos :
Auraiitium : Fr. late n.edium, size mo«lium. Florida.—
JoMHel} i: Fr. large, late medium, quality good; pn)lifle.
Florida. — Hart : Fr. late medium, large, of very gcwKi
quality. Florida. — Marsh ( Marsh's Seedletts I : Fr. with
very few seeds, saitl to br >>t good quality and prolific,
of recent origin. Fl«»rida. — Pemambuco : Prolific: fr.
late, large: thorns short. South America. — K<»yal: Fr,
Hmall, early me«liunj. only slightly bitter : prollHe.
Florida. — Tresca : I'ulp r(»se-colore(l, said to be of t-x-
cellent quality. Bahama Islands.— Triumph: Fr. small,
late raediuiii, quality ver>' gtMJd. Florida. — Walter: Fr.
late medium, large, of recent origin. Florida. Pear-
shaped varirtifit — Shaddorkn : Bl(M>d : Fr. large; pulp
reddish <»r flesh-colored, of fair quality, — Mammoth: Fr.
very large, but pra<*tically worthless. — "Forbidden
Fruit": Fr. small. orange-co;ored, of fair quality. The
so-called "Bell Grape-fruit" is probablv identical with
this.
Jap6nica, Thunb. KrM<^rAT, Kin-Kan, Kin-Kits, etc.
Fig. 481. A low bush, with 8mo<»th, angular branches:
Iv8. small, linear-lanceolate, slightly serrate, pointed or
blunt, wedge-shaped at the base ;
petioles narrowly wing-margined:
fis. small, solitary or in clusters, in
the axils of the Ivs.; petals 5; sta-
mens about 20, filaments united: fr,
small, often only 54 of an in. in diani.,
ovate, oblong or spherical, orauire-
colored, .>-«5-celled ; pulp sour; rind
sweet. Cochin China or China. Cul-
tivate<i extensively in Japan. Florida
and California. R. H. \i<~'^, p. 2tii>.
The following are the two cultivated
varieties commonly grown in the
United States: Marunii (Round Kura-
quat): Fr. round. sn\&\\, %-\% in.
in diam.: tree slightly thorny. — N'a-
gami (oval «>r oblong KunKjuat ) : Fr.
ovate or oblong, %-\ in. in diani. and
IV4-2 in, long : tree thornle>s. — The
fruit of the Kuniquat, as it is most
commonly called in America, is com-
in>; to be much prized for pr servini?,
and is also used fresh to considerable extent, the
sweet rin<l, as well as the pulp, being eaten. Both
the round and the oval .sorts have beautiful
dense, dark green foliage, and form excellent
orange trees of dwarf habit for pot culture. They
are commonly budded or grafted on trifoliata or
sweet orange stocks,
Mddica, Linn, (named for the country Media). Fig,
474. Citron, in the broadest sense, including citron,
lemon and lime. Bush or small tree : young shoots
glabrous, mostly reddii-h or purplish, in some yellowish
green : Ivs. smooth, oblong, acute : fls. hermaphrodite
or frequently unisexual,
mostly reddish or tinged
with red without : fr.
spherical, ovate or oblong,
often mamillate at apex.
India. — A very variable
species, much modified by
cultivation and apparently
mixed by hybridization, so
that it is almost impossi-
ble to determine the rela-
tionship of the different
forms.
Var. grenulna, Engler.
Citron proper. Lvs. ob-
long, serrate or crenate ;
petiole short, wingless :
fr. large, frequently 3-4 in.
in diam. and 6-7 in. long,
mostly ovate-oblong, mam-
illate ; rind very thick,
tender, aromatic, more or
less rough and warted (rugose); pulp but slightly
developed, dry (lacking in juice), acid or sub-acid.—
The Citron is cultivated to some extent in Florida and
California, but not so extensively as in Italy and the
Mediterranean region. All varieties are very tender.
480. Orange
flowers.
(XH.)
ciTRra
CIVE
325
probably beinjf th»' most ea.sily injured by cold of any
of the citrouH fruits. It Is* prop, by «eedM, cuttings. I^y-
ering, etc. The cultivate«i varit-ties do not propaKate
true to seed, and muHt \te budded «»r >frafte<l. The fr. Is*
prized for the thick. ten«ler, aromatic rind, which is pre-
served or candied, Bn<l UMe«l extensively for culinary
and confectionary purposes. Mufiy forms and horticul-
tural varieties are ^rown in Florida an<l California, but
uone have thus far prove<l of noteworthy commerrial
value. The Corsican. a variety recently intro<luced by
the r. H. Department of Ajfriculture from Corsica, has
given evidence of \»'iutt a tlesirable commercial sort for
cultivation in this countrv.
Var. Limon, Linn. Lemon. Small, spreading trees
or shrubs: younjf branches smooth, yellowish jjreen:
iv9. ovate-oblonjf, crenate or serrate; petiole short, mar-
ginless or slijs'htly win>;ed : fr. medium sized, yellow,
round, ovate or elliptic-ul. niosth nmniillute ; rind thin,
aromatic ; pulp abundant, very juicy an<l acid. India.
Cultivated extensively in all tropical and sulitrojdcal
retrions of the world. — The Lem«»n is «me of our most
inip«>rtant commercial fruits, and is >;rr)\vn extensively
iu California and Floritla. Lar«e quantities of the fruit
are also importe<l. mainly from Italy. The Lemon is
not so easily injured by cold as the citron, but is more
tender than the oranjre or pomelo. The entire fruit,
rind and pulp, is used extensively for culinary- and con-
fectionary purj><)se8, for the manufacture of citric acid
and for lemonade, etc. It is commonly prop, by seeds,
but may also be readily (frown from cuttings. The cul-
tivated varieties must be prop, by budding or grafting,
or by cuttings, as they do not come true to seed. The
following are the most important horticultural varie-
ties : Belair : Fr. lemon-shaped, blunt. Foreign. — Eu-
reka: Fr. early, few-seeded : tree thornless. Foreign.—
Genoa: Fr. medium size, early, oval, nearly seedless:
tree everbearing, thornless. Foreign. — Lisbon: Fr. me-
dium size, fine graine<l, strongly acid; few seeds: tree
thorny. Foreign.— Villa F'ranca: F^r. medium size, qual-
are separated above, is an interesting and striking mon-
strosity. (See Fi»f. 4H2. which is taken from a .Japanese
fruit kn«>wn lo«*ally as the Hushiukan.) The Flori«ia
Rough Lemon, or simply "Rough Lemon," a.s it is called..
481. Kumquat — Citrus Japonica (X H).
ity excellent ; rind smooth, thin : seeds few or none.
One of the finest Lemons j^rown. — The so-called Fingered
Citron or Lemon, var. digrit&ta, Risso (or var. chiro-
eirpa), in which the individual carpels of the fruit
482.
Fingered Citron
is a fruit of doubtful relationship. Its appearance sug-
gests that it may be a hybri«l between the Citron and
Lemon. It is a strong, vigorous grower, and forms an
excellent stock, in warm lo<'alities, for the various
orange varieties, it is the best stock for the Bahia
navel orange, usually increasing its fniitfulness.
Var. dcida, Hook. (('. Medica, var. LinUtta of trade
catalogues, etc.). Lime. A bush or small tree, 10-20 ft.
high : Ivs. oval or elliptical, small, crenate or serrate;
petiole wing-margined, but not as broadly so as in the
sour orange and pomelo : fls, small, white or with a
slight pinkish tinge without ; petals normally ,'), but
«»ften 4 : fr. small, spherical, ovate or elliptical ; rind
thin, light lemon-yellow, bitter ; pulp very sour and
somewhat bitter, juicy. India. Extensively cultivated
in the West Indies and Florida, where it "has escaped
from cultivation and grows abundantly wild, frequently
forming dense thickets. B. M. 6745. The horticultural
varieties commonly cultivated in the United States
are: Mexican (West Indian): Fr. small, obhmg.
Escaped from cultivation in South F'lorida and the West
Indies. Supposed tt) have been intro<luced from Mex.—
Persian: Fr. larger than in the preceding; said to be of
excellent quality. Intro<luce<l from Persia. — Raugpur
(Mandarin Lime): Fr. resembling a mandarin orange
in having easily removable rind and separable segments
or carpels; said to be of excellent quality. Introduced
from India. — Tahiti: Fr. large, early, nearly seedless,
of fine (quality: tree nearly thornless ; prolific. Intro-
duced from Tahiti. This is probably the most highly
prized variety of Lime grown. Until recently, the Lime
had been use«l mainly for the manufacture of lime juice,
which had become a standard article of commerce, and
citric acid. Recently, limeade has became very popular
at the soda fountains throughout the country, and this
use is so rapidly exten<linfr that in a few years it will
doubtless make Lime-growing an important industry.
H. J. Webbee.
CIVE (written also Chive). Allium Schoendprasum,
Linn., a perennial plant native to Europe and the north-
em borders of the U. S. and northward. Se^ Alliuni.
The leaves of Cive are used green as seasoning in soups,
salads and stews ; but, like other vegetables of this class,
it is little known in America. Give grows 6 to 8 inches
high, making dense mats of narrow, hollow leaves, and
326
GIVE
CLARKIA
blooming freely in v. let-colored heads, which e^arcely
overtop the foliage. The plunt makes an excellent per-
manent edging, and is worth growing for this purpose
alone. It is easily propagated by dividing the clumps;
but. like other tufted plants, it profits by having the
stools broken up and replanted every few years. It rarely
secOs. It thrivt-s in any garden soil. The leaves may be
cut freely, for they quickly grow again. l H. B.
CLADANTHUS (Greek, kladrnt, branch, and anthos,
flower : alluding to the branching, which distinguishes
this monotypic genus from Anthemis). Comp-Jsita-. An
annual, yellow-rayed herb, branched from the base in a
forking manner. A flower terminates each branch, where-
upon two new branches start from directly beneath the
flower. Each of these is temporarilv stopped by a flower,
and so on. A free-flowering, hardy annual, requiring no
special care.
proliferus, DC. {Anthemis Ardh'ca, Linn.). Annual:
glabrous, 2-'M4 ft. high: Ivs. alternate, {(innately parted;
lobes linear, trifld: tls. solitary, bracted. N. Africu, not
Arabia. ' w\ ^j.
CLADOTHAMNUS {klados, branch, and thamnos,
bush, from the Greek). Jb'ricdceie. Erect shrubs, with
many virgate branches : Ivs. deciduous, alternate, entire:
fls. pink, terminal, 1-3, nodding ; corolla divided to the
base or nearly so into 5 oblong petals; stamens 10: cap-
sule .T-6-celled. Two species in Pacitic N. America, from
Alasn . to ^\■ashington. Hardy deciduous shrubs, with
handsome, rather large, pink fls. in summer; rarely cul-
tivated. They will probably grow best in peaty and sandy
soil, in a half -shady position : i)rop. by seeds or by
cuttings of soft wood under glass, aiid by layers.
C. piirolivflbrus. Bong. Shnib. 4-10 ft. : Ivs. nearly sessile, obo-
vate-laneeolate, mucronulate, glabrous. i»;vle green, iV^-'i/^in.
long : rts. solilfirj-. with 5 separate petals. 1 in. across, Alaska.
<T.F. 10: 21.'>.— ('. campanvlatvs. Greene. I.,vs. smaller : lis. 1-3,
with the petals united into a short tube. Wtishington.
Alfred Rehder.
CLADEASTIS (Greek, hrittJe branch). Virgilia of
gardens. Leyumind.<nv. Deciduous trees . Ivs. alternate,
odd-pinnate, with few. rather larjre. entire, short-stalked
leaflets: fls. in long, often panicled racemes, white, papil-
ionaceous ; calyx campanulate, 5-to«)thed; stamens 10,
free or connate only at the base: pod linear, compressed,
with .'M3 seeds. '_'wo species in N.Anier. and E.Asia.
Hardy ornamental trees of medium size, with showy fls.
and hamlsome fuliatre, turniu}; bright yellow in ft'.]'. They
thrive in almost any soil, i'rop. l»y seeds. • o n ii pring,
or by root cnttinjrs, <lug up in fall and k . t iu . d or
moss, moderately moist and cool, until ■ lag.
tinctdria, Raf. {C. Ihtea, Koch. Virjili lit f e a. Uichx.).
Tree. with yellow wood and smooth bark .^onjf times 50 ft. :
leaflets 7-U. oval or ovate, glabrous, bright green, 3-4 in.
long: panicles loose, drooping. 10-UO ii^. long: fls. white,
fraj^rant, ov»>r 1 in. long. June. Kentuckv, Tennessee
and N. Carolina. S.S. 3: lll>-20. Mich. Hist. Arb. III. 2H6.
Gng. 2: 401 : 5: 98. F.E. 8: 427. G.F. 1 : 1(2. -(/ne of the
most beautiful flowering native trees, with wide, graceful
head and a short trunk, well adapt»^d a . single tree on
the lawn, riardy north to New Eng, and Ont. The wood
yields a clear yellow dye. Known as Yellow-wood.
Amnr6nsis , Koch ( ^fa fid- in A m h ren s i.n , Rupr. ) . Tree,
to 40 ft. : leaflets 7-11. elliptic- or oblong-ovate, rounded
at the 1>ase, glabrous, 2-.3 in. lonu;: racemes erect, dense-
rtd.. often pa-.'icled at the base, 4-8 in. long: fls. whitish,
about ':,in. long. July, Aupr. Manchuria. B.M.Gool.—
Vai\ Eu^rgeri, Maxim., from Japan, has the Ivs. pubes-
cent beneath. Alfred Rehder.
GLABEIA (Captain Wm. Clark, companion of Lewis,
ex^-'jrer of the Koeky Mt. region). Onagrdceir. Herbs
of Western N. Amer., with alternate, mostly entire Ivs.
and showy fl . in the upper axils or in terminal racemes.
Fls. regular, the calyx tubular, the petals 4, narrow at
the base and entire or lobed. wide-spreading ; stamens
8, the alternate ones shorter: stijjnja.s 4, large : pod <»b-
long or linear, 4-sided. Clark ias are hardy a'inuals of
easy cult. They thrive in a warm, light soil, either fully
exposed to the sun or in partial shade. Useful for low
masses or for edgings ; also for vases and baskets.
They have been much iraoroved bv domestication.
A. Petals entire, or at least not lohed.
6leg&llB, Doug]. {C. neriifdlia, Hort.}. Fig. 483. From
1-3 ft. high in cult., glabrous or nearly so, the stems
reddish and glaucous, simple or sparingly branched :
Ivs. broad-ovate to linear, remote-dentate: fls. purple or
rose-colored, runninfj into white vars.; double forms
in cult. : claw of the petal aboTit as long as its rhom-
boidallimb: capsule ses.^ile. B.M. 3.")!)2. R.H. 1845:385.
Mn. 1:22. — One of the commonest annual fls.
rhomboidea, Dougl. Not so tall and more slender :
Ivs. thin, lance-oblong or ovate-oblong, entire : claw
often toothed, shorter than the rhomboidal limb: capsule
stalked. R.H. 364:151? — Perha^^s not in cult.
AA. Petals deephj 3-Iobed.
pulch611a, Pursh. Fig. 484. One ft. to 18 in. high,
branchy, often ttifted and dwarf, the stems mostly pu-
berulent: Ivs. narrowly lance-oblong to linear, narrowed
483. ClEU-kia elegans.
Showing doublj tlowers and the capsules (X %).
into a petiole, entire: fls. lilac, running into white vars. :
capsule stalked. B. M. 2918. R. H. 1845:385 ; 188(3, p.
557.— Common in cult. There are semi-double forms.
L. H. B.
CLARY
CLEMATIS
327
CItABY. The dried.lvs. of Salvia Sriarea, vrhich are
ttseil for seasoning. Other species of Salvia have been
used fo" the same purpose. See Salvia.
484. Clarkia pulchella
CLAYTdNIA (after John Clayton, of Virqrinia. one ot
the earliest American botanists. From his collections
Gronovius edited the Flora Virginica). Portnlaccictw.
Spring Beauty. Small, hardy, glabrous, succulent,
perennial herbs, Vith slender, 2-leaved stems from a
deep, globular conn, and loose nicemes of white or rose-
colored rts. with deeper veins, appearing among the first
wild rts. and lasting only a few days. The genus has
about 25 species, mostly N. Amer., and is characterized
by its oval, persistent sepals and 5 stamens. Plants can
be obtaiiUMl from dealers in native plants. Tliey can be
naturalize<l in moist places, and do well in half-shady
epots at the bottom of a rockery. For C.parvifolia,
jmrri flora and perfoliata, see Motitia.
Virginica, Linn. Plant 4-8 in. long, often forcing an
irrejTular way through the leaf-mold of damp, rich
woods: Ivs. linear-lanceolate or linear, 2-<> ft. long, in-
cluding the gradually tapering base : tis. larger and
more numerous than in C Caroliniana. Colo, to At-
limtic and S. to Gulf. B.M. 941. L B.C. 7:043. D. 33.
Caroliuiana, Michs. Lower and fewer-fld.: Ivs. 1-2 in.
long, oblong, oblong-lanceolate, or somewhat spatulate,
with a blade 1-2 i»'. long, abruptly contracted into a
marginal petiole. Minn, to Atlantic and S. to Mts. of
North Carolina.
lanceolita, Pursh. About 4 in. hlgb : Ivs. oblong or
linceolitc. H-l^ein. long, sessile, the base broad or
narrow: raceme short-peduncle<l : petals emarginate or
almost obcordate. Utah and Calif. \^ ^i
CLEISOSTOMA ((ireek, ch.sei1 mo n, refer ing to the
structure of the spur). OrchiiliiceiV, tribe Vdndeiv.
Epiphytes : stems leafy : Ivs. coriaceous, flat or nearly
teret< : sepals and petals adnate to the column, spread-
intr lab<'llum with a large saccate spur; column short,
thick ; pt 'li'Ma 2. From eastern Asia and Austral. A
geniiH com^/iising in this neighborl: d 40 species,
which suggest Saccolabiimi. Th«> i)lants are little
kno.vii in .Vmer. The leading species are C. rrassifn-
iium, Liudl., and t'. rinnens, Reiehb. f. V. Vaunonia-
num, Reiehb. f. , is a Trichoglottis ; C. muUiflorumf
Hort., is probably brides multiflortim.
Oakes Ames.
CL£MATIS (Greek name of a climbing plant). Ba-
nunculiiceic. Climbing vines, or erect or ascending per-
ennial herbs, more or less woody : Ivs. opposite, slen-
der petioled, pinnately compound, lobed, or in some
species entire: sepals usually 4 or '», sometimes more,
valvate in the bud, petaloid ; petals none (or small in
Atragene section) ; stamens many; pistils many; akenes
in a head, 1-seeded ; style persistent, long, plumose,
silky or naked. Fig. 492. About 150 species of very
wide geographical distribution, most abundant in tem-
perate regions. Abimt 20 species found native in
North America. — Les Clematites, Ali)honse Lavall^e,
Paris, 1884; referred to below by "Lav. "-The Clema-
tis as a Garden J"'lower, Thomas ^loore and George
Jackman, London, 1872 ; referred to below by "M. & J."*
— Clematises, Dr. Jules le Bele, in Bull, de la Societe
d'Hort. de la Sarthe ; republished in The Garden (vol.
53). June-Oct. 1898. —O. Kuntze, Monogr. der Gattung^
Clematis in Verb. Bot. Ver. Brandenb. 26 (1885). — A.
Gray, Fl.N. Am. 1:4-9, 1895.
A rich soil of a light, loamy character is the best for
Clematises, and a little mixture of lime will make it
better. The soil must be well drained, and must be kept
rich by at least annual applications of horse- or cow-ma-
nure. On dry, hot soils cow-manure is best, while on
heavy soils a thorough dressing of rich leaf -mold
would best serve the purpose. Mulching with half-rot-
ted manure on the approach of winter tends to increase
the strength of the plants ami the size of the flowers.
In dry seasons, spraying is always helpful during the
gn>wing season.
Clematises belonging to the Montana, Ca^rulea, Florida,
and Lanuginosa types shouhl be pruned in February or
March, by cutting away all weak, straggling and over-
crowded branches. The first three mentioned flower
from the ripened wood ; it is essential, therefore, that
in or<ier*to secure blossoms, enough of the strong one-
year-old wood slumld be retained. Viticella. -Tack-
mani and Lanuginosa should be vigorously cut back,
say in November ; they blossom from the new shoots.
Those of the Ca^rulea type should be pruned very little,
soon after the flowers have <lisappeared. by simpiy trim-
ming off useless branches and see<l-beariiig peduncles.
CK'uiatises of the vigorous climbing varieties are used
in many i)laces to cover walls, root fences, mounds,
arbors, balconies, trellises, snuill buildings, and, in fact,
many other places the ingenious gardener will think of.
For pot culture in the greetdiouse, and for conservatory
walls, the less vigorous species are best suited. All the
many varieties and hybrids of the Ca^nilea and Lanu-
ginosa types, including Henryi and the fonns of Jaek-
mani, are well adapted to this use, as well as for out-
doi>r puri)oses. The dwarfer and more bushy species
are used in greenhouses to some extent, but are found
principally in borders or on large rockeries. Of the
latter J. B. Keller says : "Their flowers are not so
large as we see them in most of the climbers, yet they
are indispensable in the flower garden, being i>rolific
bloomers and free growers in ordinarily rich, deep gar-
den soil. There is room for improvement in this class,
however, and specialists who hitherto have done so
nnich for the climbers, «mgb.t to direct their efforts now
to the long-neglected bush Clematises. A noble begin-
ning has been made, resulting in the large-flowering
C. intrgrifolia, var. Diirandi, but we expect more of
then) in the future." See special notes on culture and
hybrid-forming qualities after the descriptions of some
of the species and varieties.
The most conmion method of ])ropagation is by graft-
ing. Roots of C. FUntnmthi or C. I'ifleelhi are used :
the cions are taken from plants that have been grown
under glass, and are used before the wood is entirely
ripe. Cions taken from plants grown in the garden in
summer are rarely succ<'ssful. The grafts, in pots or
trays, are grown in a moist coolhouse, over gentle bot-
tom heat. Another method of propagation, involving
less labor but usually successful, is to take cuttings of
nearly ripe wood, grown under glass, and treat them as
the cions tirst above mentioned, without the roots. The
lafer method is practiced preferably in summer in
328
CLEMATIS
CLEMATIS
gentle hotbeds; shading, spraying, and later on airing,
must be strictly attended to. Layering is practiced
where large old stools are at hand. The knife is not used
in the operation, but a twist of the stem will split the
inner bark lengthwise. Every other joint is thus treated,
pegged di)vvn, and covered with soil. It is best to leave
the layers undisturbed until the following spring. Many
of the species are often propagated by seed, and many
new varieties have thus been formed' The number of
hybrids is almost countless ; in tliis account are care-
fully recorded all those in the American trade which are
traceable to their origin.
The Clematis is sul>ject to a very serious disease, due
to rhe depredations of a nemat»)de worm in the roots.
This trouble is most serious under {jl.-iss and along'^ide
buildings where the ground does not freeze deep. The
parasite is probably distributed in the soil adhering to
pot-grown plants. It is probable that hard freezing kills
the parasite. There is no remedy, so far as kncwn. for
atfected plants. Using only soil which has been frozen is
to be recommended to the propagator. k. C. Davis.
The hybrid varieties of Clematis, commonly known as
the large-flowering sorts, are, when successfully grown,
among the most beautiful of hardy climbing plants. The
commercial propagat' ,n and growing of must of the
large-flowcriiig varieties, however, is attended with so
many difficulties and disappointments that it has never
been very generally attempted by nurser\^nen or florists
in this country. At the present time there are scarcely
half a dozen houses on this continent who attemf)t the
propagation of Clematis to any considerable extent, and
it is only within the past fifteen years that Clematises
have been commercially grown even by this limited
number. Prior to that, practically all of the lartre-flower-
ing Clematis i)lanted in this countrj- were imported from
Europe, the major part being supplied by Holland,
whose moist atmosphere and black soil pro«luces large,
vigorous plants, but whose climatic conditions are so
entirely different from those usually found in this
country that the jilants often failed to'adapt themselves
to their new surroundings, and did not thrive to the ex-
tent that their good size and vigorous condition seemed
to srive promise.
The propagation of Clematis throughout Europe is
usually effected by grafting pieces of well-ripened, year-
old wood upon roots of almost any of the more vigorous
growing i^pech'H, Cletnafis Ilam'mula lieing most com-
monly used. In this country, on the contrary, the method
commonly piirsued is by means of cuttings from young
wood, stmck in sand, with gentle bottom heat, usually
during May or .Tune. So far as concerns the comparative
vigor and desirability of
plants produced by these two
methods, there is small choice
between them. It has been
our experience that propatra-
tion by cuttings is, in this
country, the more rapid and
ec(mt>nucal way, and, further,
it removes the possibility,
som»'times realized in grafted
]ilants, of sprouts being
thrown up from the roots,
aTid. if in the hands of an un-
iiiforiiifd amateur, enlircly
"running out" the variety
grafted in.
Clematises hybridize so
readily that the number of
varieties resultant from va-
rious crosses forms a long
list. But while so mr. ,- have
been dignifle<l with names and
places in the catalo^ies of
nurserymen, yet the varieties
of large-flowering Clematis
that have proved so valuable
as to secure pennanent phwes
for themselves in popular
demand can almost be counted upon one's flnsrers.
There are many varieties possessing most beautiful
shades and variations of coloring that fail to attain
popularity, chiefly on account of deticieucy iu two es-
sential characteristics,— vigorous habit of growth and
abundance of bloom. Clematis Jackmani, pur|»le
originated in 18(52, by Mr. George Jackman, was one of
the first hybrid Clematises introduced, and still stands
as the most popular, and, of its color, the most valuable
variety yet known. The ne«v variety, Madame Edouard
Andr6, a deep, rich crimson, is distinct and novel, bcirjg
at this time the only largre-flowering sort of a truly
crimson shade. It is of fully as vigorous habit as the
•Jackmani, and its flowers are similarly massed, though
not produced incjuitesuch i)rofusion. Clematis Madame
Baron Veillard is another new and distinct variety that
promises to prove a valuable acquisition. It is of «x-
ceedin<rly vigorous habit, and the flowers are (luite
freely produced, thouirh, be ing more dispersed over the
plant, they do nc^t make so much of a show as do varie-
ties whose flowers are closely massed. The flowers are
of very large size and of a li:j:ht rose color, shaded with
lilac. Of white varieties. Henryi, Mrs. Oeorire -lack-
man and Lanuginosa Candida, all of them intro<lui'ed
Ions: ago, still remain about the most desirable ones
known. RaJuona, deep sky-blue, is a variety which
originated vn our grounds some ten years ago. It is of
extra lartre size, often 9 to 10 inches across, of very
vigorous hal)it and free-flowering.
Of double-flowered varieties. Duchess of Edinburgh,
white, is the best known in this country, an<l about the
most desirable, though a new double white variety, called
"Snowdrift," originated by the famous Luther Burhaiik,
and now being propagate<l by us. promises to excel it
in both floriferousness and vigor of gro^\'th. John (iould
Veitch is a double sort with flowers of lavender-blue,
but, with us at least, has seemed a shy bloomer and of
weak habit. 3Ime. Grange (purplish violet), Star of
India (purple), Velutine Purpurea (purple), and Viti-
cella Venosa (reddish purple), are all desirable varieties.
Although they are in reality slightly less hardy than
the Flori<ia and Patf^ns t\*i:)es,we would recommend for
northern localities varieties of the Lanuginosa, Viticella
and Jackmani tyi)es. which produce their flowers from
young growing wood. Plants of '"hese ty])cs, even if
frozen back to the ground, will still produce a good show
of flowers, since, as stated, they bloom fnmi the young
growing wood. Indeed, they need to be pnined back
considerably anyway to induce a free growth of young
wood. With plants of the Patens and Florida types,
which blossom from year-old wood, a severe freezing
back of the plants would destroy the crop of flowers for
the year.
Of the small-flowering varieties, Clematis vauintlata
{ white ) , introduced from Japan, has proved a wonderfully
485. Spray of Clematis panicuiata.
valuable accjuisition iu this country, and has already
become exceedingly popular. It is of remarkably
vigorous habit, often making a growth of 20 to 25 feet
in a season. It seems thus far to be entirely free from
CLEMATIS
CLEMATIS
329
disease, is delightfully fragrant, and so floriferous thac
the lilossonis form a dense sheet of bloom, remaining in
full Iteauty f«»r several weeks. The foliage is very thick
and heavy, thus making it ver>' desirable for covering
porches and arbors.
Crispa (blut-l and Coccinoa (red) are varieties with
very pretty, bell-shaped flowers. They are easily grown
and do well in alniu ,t all situations.
The perennial, non-climbintr varieties of Clematis are
most plctising border ])lants, suceeoding well in all ordi-
nary soils and making a rieh show of bloom at their
dowering sf-ason. Davidiana (blue) and Recta (white)
are about tiie best known and mo.st desiraole varieties
of this class.
To grow Clematis most successfully, they should be
given a good depth of loamy soil, with a fair supply of
well rotted numure spade«l in and thoroughly distrib-
ufed through the soil. In hoi, dry weather, the pi .its
sliould be regularly watere<l in order to obtain tht
greatest number of lis, possible, for the jdants are very
susceptible to injury by drought. A point of great im-
portance, especially iu caring for newly set
plants, is to provide a firm sui>poft for them to ^-»
climb upon. A solid wooden or metal trellis is
preferable, for the reason that it prevents tha
plants from being whipped about by the winds, whic.'i
often results either in breaking the stalks just above the
ground or eNe in crackinjr the outer b irk of the stalks
and rendering them more liable to tae attacks of in-
set'ts and fungous diseases. Training the vines upon
Strings, or a pliable support of any kind, is not to be
a<lvised for this reason. l*ropagation of the hybrid
varieties is elTected both by cuttings and by grafts.
All of the type varieties grow readily froju seed.
Jackson & Pekkins Co.
Index: alpiiia, .32; arisfnfft,9; aromatica, 29; azurea,
U. bico\pr. 2t» ; brevicaudata, fi ; caerulea, 14 ^ Califor-
nica, 8 ; canipanitiora. I'J ; Candida, 12 : ( atesbyana, 7 ;
cirrhosa, 1"); cocciiiea, 21; Columbiana, .'U : enissifolia,
9,- crispa, 22; Davidiana, 2."); Douglasi,2G; Drummondi,
3, erecf'i, 1 ; eriostemon, 18 ; excelsior, 12 ; F'lammula,
2 ; floribunda, 19 ; florida, 20 ; Fortune!, 20 ; Fremonti,
27; fulgens, IS; grandiJlora, U. 15; graceolena, 11;
Henderson!, 18; Henryi, 12; heracleasfolia, 25; Hookeri,
25; indivisa, 17; integrifolia, 28 : Jackmani, 12 ; Ker-
mesinus. 18 , lanuginosa, 12 ; ligusiicifolia, 8 ; lilicina-
floribunda, 18; marmorata, 18: Meyeriana, 10; modesta,
18; niontana, 15; nivea, 12; oecidentalis, ,32; ochroleuca,
;{0; o'lorata, 15 ; orientalis, 11 ; paniculata, 5 ; patens,
n ; Pieroti, 16 ; Pitcheri, 24 : p'lrpurea-hvbrida, 18 ;
rectri, 1 ; reticulata 2.3 ; rubella. 2 ! Sargenti, 24 ; Si-
birkn,'.\2; Sieboldi, 20 : Standisl^ii. 14 ; Stanleyi. 1.3;
st:ms, 25; fuhnlosa, -lo: Tunbridgensis, 12; verticillaris,
31; Viorna, 21; V^irginiana, 7; Vitalba, 4; Viticella, 18.
A. True petal f none; sepalx petaloid. Clematis proper.
B. Stifles of fruit very long and plumose {Fig. 492).
C. Fls. on the new growth, numerous, small, appear-
ing in the last half of the season, often in pani-
cles. Flammula section.
D. Herbaceous, nearlj erect.
I. r6cta, Linn. (6'. ericta, Linn.). Herbaceous, some-
what tufted, 2-;{ ft. long :
Ivs. pinnate ; Ifts. stalked,
ovate, acuminate, entire: fls.
.uimerous,on a large. branch-
ing,terminal corymb; white,
sweet-scented, 1 in. across.
June-Aug. S. En. G.i. .52,
p. 510; 53, p. .547. -Var.
pl^na, Lemoine, Fully dou-
bled, buttt>n-like blossoms.
DD. Woody or half-u'oody,
climbing.
E, Fls. usually perfect,
nearly white.
Fldmmula, Linn. [C.
486.
Flower of
Clematis paniculata.
Natural size.
linear : fls. small, numerous in axillary and terminal
panicles; sepals 4, linear -oblong white; stamens white;
fr. bearing white plumes. Aug.-Oct. Mediterranean
region. Gu. 52, p. 499. — Must have a sunny exposure ;
very beautiful.
Var. rubella,
Bele (C. riihnia,
Pers., not Hort.).
Differs from the
487. ( 4 \ '4'/, .<'/ \\ ♦^ype in having the
T £ r r'l *• »>^ \''^'^i''>f/i'.//,\''\ ^s. red outside.
Leaf of Clematis "^ ' ■>.ii...'ir\ . \
Vireiniana.
PMlasi, ,J. F. Gniel.). A
slender but vigorous climber, reaching 10-15 ft.; dark
groen Ivs., remaining fresh till midwinter; Ivts. vari-
able but usually bipiunate, small, ovate, oblong or
.3. Drummondi, Ton*. &
Gray. Allied to C. Flom-
muLi : stem and Ivs. a>hy
pubescent ; Ivs. finely pin-
nate : rts. white, much less
abundant ; styles becoming
2-3 in. long. Sept. Dry ground, Tex. to Ariz.
4. Vit&lba, Linn. In Europe called Tr*' .eller's Joy.
The most vigorous ciimlier of the genus, ascending 20-
30 ft.: Ivs. pinnate; Ifts. ovate-lu ceolate, acuminate,
cordate at the base, partly cut: fls. numerous, in axillary
panicles, dull white, /4 in. across, with a faint odor of
almonds: styles of fr. long and feathery, from which ifc
is given the name Old Man's Beard, July-Sept. Eu.,
X. Afr., Caucasus region. Gn. 53, p. 540. S.H. 2:540.
5. paniculata, Thunl). Figs. 485 486. A vigorous
climber: Ifts. 3-5, often lobed, acuminate, 1—4 in. long,
g'.ibrous : fls. fragrant, 1-1 J^ in. across, in axillary and
terminal pan:cles ; sepals 4, dull white. Sept. .lapan.
G.F.3:621; 5:91; 9:75and 185. F.R.2:.581. Mn.7.113;
Gng. 1:101 and 1(15; 6:291; 4:229. A.F. 13: 13.4.—
Prop, by seed. By f.it the most common of the fall-
blooming species iu American gardens. Thrives best in
sunny si^uiitious.— Will stand severe pruning in winter.
6. brevicaudata, DC. {€. brevicordata, Hort,), Climb-
ing vigorously : Ivs. pinnate to bipinnate ; segments
ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, coarsely toothed, nearly gla-
lirous: fls. in axillarv jianicle-^ white. Aug.-Oct. China.
G. F. 5: 139. -Very little use.
EE. Fls. monoecious or dioecious, white, or wh'tish.
7. Virginiana, Linn. Fig. 487. Climbing 12 to 15 ft.:
Ivs.ternate: Ifts. glabrous, cut-toothe<l, bases often cor-
date : fl^. white, ill leafy panicles, often moiiu-cious or
di(Pcious. about 1 in. aeross when expande<l : jdumose
stvles 1 in. or more in length. Julv-Sept. X(.va Scotia
to"Ga., westward to Kans. G.W.F. A. 12. D. 103.
Var. Catesby^na, Britton IC. f'atesbyiina, Pursh).
Lvs. somewhat pubesct-nt, often biternate. S. E. states.
F1.7:>'' ("jU). Int. 1883.
8. ligusiicifdlia, Xun. Allied to C. Virginimin. but
hi viiig ,5-7 Ifts., of firmer '.exture, rather more pubes-
cent, variable in form an<l margin. l»ut usually 3-lobed or
coarsely tootlied : fls. white, ^^in. across, in terminal and
axillary panicles ; styles densely silky-pubescent, with
long, straight hairs. Aug. Missouri to N. Mexico and
Brit. Columbia. Int. 1881. Var. Califdrnica, Wats., has
no marked difl'<'rence : lvs. usually smaller and perhaps
more tometitose.
330
CLEMATIS
CLEMATIS
9. crassiidlia, Benth. Climbing : Ivs. coriaceous,
3-parted; segments nearly entire, ovate-acuminate, with
bases cuneate: fls. in small, axillary panicles; sepals 4,
spreading, dull or white ; anthers shorter than the fila-
ments. Late summer. China. — Suitable for greenhouse
use, but not yet well introduced. C. aristata, of B. R.
3:238, is a fair representation of this plant.
488. Clematis Henryi. One-fourth sbx.
10. Meyeniana; Wa.lp. climbing rapidly, more hardy
tha'i C. crufssifoiia : Ivs. much the same, but with the
segments obtuse or cordate at the base : fls. much as in
that species, but with the anthers longer than the fila-
ments. Late summer. China.
EEE. Ji^ls. perfect, yellow, and more spreading than
the precedinfj.
11. orientalis, Linn. (C. grnveolens, Lindl.). A rapid
climber, reaching 12-1.') ft. : Ivs. thin, glaucous and shiny,
twice or thrice teruate ; Ifts. :{-parte<l or -lobed, with
small, ovate, entire or cut-toothed divisions: tts. solitary,
becominjr erect or nearly so, \% in. across; sepals 4, yel-
low, tintf'd with trreen. somewhat reflexed ; styles ](lu-
mosH. Aug.- Sept. Himalaya region. Lav. 21. Fiirured
IS (\ (frit rt'olens in the following : B.M. H'J~). Gn. 45 :y54,
p. 240. F.S.4:374b; (5:. 548.
CG. Fls. on the Ufic ;;rotvth,appef -ing successively
throughout the summer.
D. Climbing plants.
12. lanugindsa, Lindl. (including var. pallida, Hort. ).
Climbing only 5 or «i ft. : Ivs. simple or of 3 Ifts., cortlate-
acuminate, woolly beneath: fls. erect, woolly in the bud,
the largest of the Wild species, being 6 in. across; sepals
5 or 6. broadly ovate, leathery, rather flat, overlapping,
lavender or bluish gray: center of stamens pale red<lish
brown; styles plumose. Summer. Native near Ningpo,
China. F.S. 8:8U. I. H. 1:14. Lav. 1. M.&J.4.-Iti8
to this species, more than to any other, that the beauty
and popularity of the garden varieties and hybrids are
due. The finest hybrids, including C../«*<A;»jrtHi and its
section, and C. Henryi, contain more or less of the blood
of C lanuginosa.
Var. Candida, Lemoine (C. Candida, Hort.). Like the
type, except that the simple Ivs. and Ifts. of the compound
Ivs. are much larger, and the fls. are larger, being 7-8 in.
across. — Perhaps a hybrid of C.c<erulea.
Var. nivea, Lemoine (C. nivea, Hort.). Sepals 6-8.
narrowish. pure white: anthers pale brown. — Thought to
be of the same origin as the above var.
Othei forms of C. lanuginosa are :
Ladt/ Caroline yevill (C. Lady Caroline ^evill, Hort.). Fls.
often 7 in. afross ; sepalsl6, nearly white, with mauve-colored
stripe down center of eaeh. (in. 4^ p. 33.— One of the finest
light-colored varieties.
Marie Lefebrre (C. Marie Lefebvre, Hort.). Resembles the
last, Wj has 8 sepals, more pointed, and darker in shade.
Sensation 'C. Sensation. Hort.). Fls. like the tyjje, but with
6-7 grayish blue sepals ; lis. 0 in. across.
i[adam^]Van Houtte (C. Madame Van Houtte, Hort.). Late-
blooming ; sepals pale ..blue, becoming white.
Madame Thibaut (C. Madame Thib.mt. Hort.). Fls. very
abundant.— Thought to be a hybrid with C Viticella.
The President (C. The President, Hort.). A rich violet-blue
flower.
Excelsior (C. Excelsior. Hort.). Fls. double ; sepals grajish
puride, with a reddish bar down the center of each. F.S.
20.1995.
Of the more certain hybrids of this group, some of which are
so closely allie<l to C lanu!iiu<isa as to l»econsi<lered varieties of
it, the following are the best in the American trade :
E. Fls. U'hite or whitish.
Qloire de St. Julien, Carre. (X C. cserulea, var. plena). Plant,
much like C. lanugino.sa, but with larger tls.; sepals tt-8, white
or pale gr."vy at first ; stamens yellow.
llenrui. Anderson-Henry (XC. florida.var. Fortune!.. Fig. 488.
Robust plant: free bloomer; tls. creamy white. l»e<'f)jning fully
e.xpamled whe i grown in the ojten sun or under glass. Aug.-Xov.
— It resembles more the lanuginosa parent.
Otto Fnfhi'f. Lemoine (X (\ ••aTuleaV Lrs. leathery. Muipk
or 3-parted: tis. of tleshy texture, grayish white. sonietinie» li«»-
coming bluish: sepals 8, >ilunt. broad: anthers brownish.
Iinperntrici' Eugenie, Carre. (C. 1. var. palltdfiX C ca«rttle».l.
Lvs. simple or 3-parted ; Ifts. broad and w<Md!y : rts..)*-i» iu.
across, with 8 broad, white sepals.
Jeanne d'A re. Dauvesse. S;ime cros* .-is last and mn*- '^•p it,
but the sepals are grayish white, with 3 bluo bars down tli«
center of each.
EE. Fls. some shade of blue, la render, purple, etc.,
except in some vars. of C Jackmani.
Lawsonidna, Anderson-Henry (X C. tlorida. var. Fortunei).
Fls. very' large ; sepals 6-8, broad, rose-purple, marked with
darker veins. Aug.- Nov.
rubrn-riolacea, Jackman (X C. Viticella, v.-ir. atromliens).
Lvs. pinnate, with ovate-a'-uniiniite or sometimes ovat<' -lanceo-
late Ifts.: sepiils 4-6. maroon-purple : stamens gTeeni>h. F.S.
It): lt)30. F.M. 1876:217. Var. /', .nee of Wales, Hort., has fls. of
lighter tint.
Lfi France, Hort. (XC. .Jackmani). Lvs. smooth: buds
woolly: sepals deep col)alt-blue, pointed, with wa\-5' edges.
lifhte dfs lih'ucs. Boisselot ( same cross as the last) . Fls. large,
blue, with broad, recurved sepals.
Deroniensis.ViorX, (same cross). Fls. 8-9 in. across ; sepalsS,
delicate lavender-blue. Un. 9, p. 563 (note).
Symesidnn, Anderson-Henr>- (X C. tloiida. var. Fortunei).
Fls. 7 in. across; sepals 0-8, pale mauve: a profuse bloomer.
6>m. Baker (XC. Standishi). Lvs. 3-parted or simple: fls.
like C. lanuginosa in form; grjiyish blue.
Jackmani, Jackman (XC. Hendersoid, 18,")8-60). Habit and
lvs. of C. lanuginosa : tis. flat. 5-6 in. brojid : sepals 4-6, ver>-
broad, velvety purple, with a ribbed bar down the center: broad,
central tuft of pale green stamens. M. & .1. 5, 6, 9, 10. 11, VI, U.
I.H. 11:414. F.S. 16:bi-29. On. 22::U9: .53. p. .'62. A.ti. 19:2tl!t. .\.F.
10:1329. R.H.1H68::K)0. Var. fl//>rt. Hort. Fls. nearly pure white.
Gn. 2'>: 427. Var. superba, Hort. Fls. \iolet-purple, resembUng
C. Madame Grange. See Fig. 489.
Other hybrids or varieties of C. Jackmani are : Var. Gipsy
Queen, Cripps (C Gipsy Queen, Hort.), deep violet. Var. .!/«:•
dnf/rff . .I.'ickman (V. Alexandra, Hort.), re«ldish \iolet. Var. Star
of Irdia. Cripps ((\ Star of India, Hort.), 5 in. across, purple,
barred with red. Var. Tunbridgensis, Vripm (C.Tunbridgensis,
Hort.). reddish purple, barred with light blue. Var. magnifica.
I
CLEMATIS
CLEMATIS
331
.lackman (C. magiiifif'.'i, Hort.), rich purple, shaded with crim-
son. ;{ bars of retl in each sepal. Var. Madame Grange, Hort.
(C. Madame Grange, Hort.), sepals ver>' concave, purple crim-
son. Var. Mrs. James Bateman, Noble tC. Mrs. James hateman,
Hort.). pale lavender ; a probable cross of C. J. with C. lamigi-
nosa : M, & J. 2, f. 1; F.S. 20:1779. Var. Mrs. Moore, Jackman
(C. .^!rs. Moore, Hort.), 8-9 in. across, sepals rather narrow,
white. Var Thomas Moore, Jackman (C. Thomas Moore, Hort.).
as large as the last, rich violet, with white stamens. Var. Madame
Baron Veillard, Baron Veil. (C. Madame Baron Veillard, Hort.),
ri>se-lilac. Var. Madame Andre, Baron Veil. (C Madame Andre,
Hon.).cHrinin?-violet. R.H. 1H<);!:18(). Var. relittina-tiurpurea,
J.iekman ('. velutina-purpurea. Hort.). tls. 4-6 in. actross, usu-
alG' -1. sometimes .'> or 6 sepals, blackish purple.
DD. Ilerbaef'ous, erect.
1.1. St&nleyi, Hook. iC Sta»le!/dna, Hort.). Erect,
robust herbs, ;} ft, high : Iv.s. biternate : Ifts. sessile or
petioled, variable in .'iize. cuneate, silky : fls. l-'.i in.
across, white to pink-purple: sepal.s becoming widely ex-
panded; stamens vell()w: stvles becoming verv plumose,
white. July-Oct. 'Transvaal. Int. 189:{. B.M.'TU;*). Gn.
39:789. O. F. :^: .")i:{. G.C. III. 8: :{27.- Suitable for
greenhouse culture ; in the northern states it is apt to
winter-kill if left unprotected.
CCC. Fls. on the year-old ripened irond. appeari»{/ in
late winter, spring, or earlij .•iiitnmer.
D. Sepals more than 4, usually 6-9.
14. caerulea, Limll. {C.p(iten'\ Morr. «fc Decne. C. azu-
red. Hort.. e.\. Turcz.l. Taller an<l more slender, and
Ifts. smaller and narrower than C. lanutjino.''a : fls.
spreading; sepals about 8, ratht-r narrow, delicate lilac;
stani^ns purple. Spring. Isle <»f Nippon, .Tapan. M.&J.
3. Lav. -J and :{. B.R. 2.'}: 1 !).");-.. P.M.-t:lU:{. B. 3:120.-
Shouhl be grown on a northern exposure to preserve the
color of the flowers. It is almost as prolific as C latuKji-
no.vi u. producing garden varieties and hybrids, and it
is the most likely of all to produce double- flowered forms.
Var. grandifldra, Hook. (C. azurea, var. grand I flora,
Hort.). Fls. larger than the type. B.:JL3983.
Var. StAndishi, Moore (C. Sfdndishi, Hort.). Fls.
about 5 in. across ; sepals light purple, of metallic
luster. — A tine variety from Japanese gardens.
The following ether garden varieties :
Mm. James Baker (C. Mrs. .Tames Baker, Kort.). Sepals
nearly white, ribbed with dark carmine.
Miss Bnteman, Noble (C. Miss Bateman, Hort.). Fls. more
ct-nipact than the t>-pe.6 in. across; sepals ovate, shortly' acumi-
nate, jinre white, with <Team-coh)re(l bars ; anthers brown.
Probably of hybrid origin ; allietl to var. Standishi.
Utella. .Tackman (C. Stella, Hort.). Fls. not so large as the
la.^t ; sep;ds deep mauve, with a red bar down the center of each.
F.S. 22: 2341.
i»ifl?j*a,Siebold (C. Amalia. Hort.). Sepals 6 or more, oblong-
lanceolate, light lilac. From Japanese gardens.^ F S. 10:1051.
Lord Lanesboroucjh, Noble (C. I./>rd Lanesborough, Hort.).
Sepals Ithiish lihw.each with a metallic purple bar.— A good va-
riety to gradually force to blossom in the greenhouse by March.
Lfid\i Lanesborough. NoVile (C. Lady LaneslM) rough, Hort.).
Sepals silver-gray, the bar Iteing lighter colored.— It will blos-
som in March in the greenhouse.
Marie, Simon-Louis (C. Marie, Hort.). Fls. darker than
the typ<-.
The Queen, Jackman (C. The Queen, Hort.). Fls. rather com-
pa<.-t. the sepals being broader than the type.
John JfHrrrti/, Jackman (C. John Murray, Hort.). Habit and
foliage bolder than the type: lis. somewhat later. Gn. 4G: 970.
Fair Rosamond, Jackman (C. Fair Rosamond, Hort.). Sepals
apiculate, broader than the type, and of the same color. F.S.
22: 2:U2.
Countess of Lovelace, Jackman (V. Countess of Lovelace,
Hort). Fls. double, blue-violet : sepals much imbricated. In
the second crop of Idooms the tls. are single, as is often the case
in other double varieties.
Albert Victor. Noble H'. Albert Victor. Hort.). Fls. much like
the type, hut large and more compact.— Suita))le for forcing
under glass.
Durhtss of Edinburgh, Jackaian fC. Duchess of Edinburgh,
Hort. ) . Fls. double, white, strouyly imbricate<i.
Lfyfiis van Uovtte, Hort. (C. Louis van Houtte, Hort). Semi-
double, rosy white.
Vesta, Endlicher ((\ Vesta, Hort.). Sepals gray: anthers re<l.
Gt. 39:1333. Gn.9:lH.
£r»>7^nfl,Siebold (C.Helena, Hort.). Fls. pure white, with yel-
low stamcus. F.S. 11:1117. I.H.1:2L
m-onstrosa. Van Houtte (C. monstrosa, Hort.). Fls. semi-
double, pure white. F.S. 9: 960.
Sophia, Sieljold (0. Sophia, Hort.). Sepals deep lilac-purple
on the edges, with light green bars. F.S. 8:852. l.H.l:21.
B.H.::97.
DD. Sepals 4.
\r). mont&na. Buch.-Ham. {C. odordta, Hort., not
Wall.). A vigorous cliniber, often reaching a height of
1.5-20 ft. : Ivs. ternate.with oblong-acuminate cut -toothed
Ifts.: fls. several in each axil, following each other in
succession of time, rasembling white anemone blossoms,
sweet-scented ; sepals 4, elliptic-oblong, 1 in. long,
spreading, becoming pink ; stamens con.spicuous, yel-
low. Mav. Himalava regicm. B.R. 26:53. M. & J. 8.
Gn.49, p'39; .")l,p."349. A. G. 19:391. R. H. 18.50:161. -
The species prefers a mild climate. The .section of
Clematises to which it belongs includes the evergreen
forms, such as C. cirrhosa, Linn., of the Mediierrauean
region.
Var. grandifldra, Hort. Fls. 3-i in. across. B.M. 4061.
16. Pierdti, Miq. Closely allied to the last: Ivs. and
Ifts. shaggy -hairj', much toothed, veins prominent : fls.
small. Early summer. Japan.
489. Clematis Jackmani, var. alba.
17. indivisa.Willd. Much like C. r«onfan« .- flg.white;
requires cool greenhouse culture, and is then verv beau-
tiful : Ivs. evergreen. G.F. 0:167. A. F. 13:879. Gn.
53. p. 'Ai}. — Tndiv)sa, var, lolnMa, Hook., differs very
little from the tvpe. B.M. 4.398. R.H. 1853:241. Gn. 53
p. 547. F.S. 4:402.
- ^KJ»^..:
332
CLEMATIS
CLEMATIS
BB. Styles of fr. uaually rather short, often becoming
plumose, but not no much as in B.— Viticella
tSeciion.
c. Climbinfj plants.
I). Fls. large, txpanded when mature.
18. Viticella, Linn. Climbing 8-12 ft.: lv^ sorae-
times tutire, but usually divided into [i neari, entire
Ifts. : fls. l>^-2 in. in diam., growing singly on pedun-
cles; sepals 4, blue, purple or rosy purple. ()bovate,
pointed, retlexed; stamens yellow: fr. with rather short
tails, devoid of plumes. June-Aue. 8. Eu. to Persia.
R.H. 18tiO, p. 183; 1876:110; 1879:350 (vars. t. B.M. .^(i5.
Lav. 7. — This is the type of one of the leading groups
of garden Clematises, and is one of the parents of the
Jackmani type of hybrids.
The four following are garden varieties :
Kfrmfn\nns. Hort. (C. Kermesinus. Hort.V Fls. of bright
wiue red color, purple being absent. Gn. 3l):T87.
LiUcina-florihunda, Hort. (C. lilifina-floribxitida, Hort. C.
flurihunda, Hort.). Fls. pale gray-lilat*. conspicuously veined.
On. IM. p. :{89 (note). — An abundant bloomer. Produced in an
English garden in 1880.
Lady liorill, Jackinan (C. L.ady Bovill, Hort.). Fls. cup-
fornied. sepals beini^ concave an<l little or not at all recurved
at the ends, fls. 4 in. across; sepals 4-(i, gra>isb blue; stamens
light brown. M. & J. \'k
Marmorata, .bu-kman (C. mamiorata, Hort.). Fls. rather
small, with 4 broad sepals, grayisb ()lue, :J lougitndiual bars.
M. & J. 1, f. 2; same plate in Y. S. 20:2008 vopp. p. IT )
Hybrids of C. Viticella wliich are closely allied to that tj-pe:
Uendersoni, Henderson (C. eri6stemon. Dene. =C.V.XC.
integrifolia). Stem and habit of (".Viticella: Ifts. and fls. much
like 0. integrifolia: climbing 8-10 ft.: 4 bine sepals, spreading,
rertexed at the tips. R.H. 1852:341. F.S. 13:1364 (as var.venosa) .
0?ft«?/?o, Cripps. (=('. V.,var.
rubra X C. FlammulaK Fls. of ,'" /
mediuni size, of a deep velvety ,' ,. ' y
purple; continues blooming un-
til October.
Purpiirea-hybrida, Modeste-
Guerin(=C'.V.XC. 'acknianij.
Fls. 4-6 in. acro.s-. acop purple
violet, witii red veins, but not
barred.
C.V.XC.in-
fls. blue, lav-
491. Clematis Viorna.
491. Clematis florida. var. bicolor.
Modes'a, Modeste-Guerin (=C. V.X C. lanuginosa). Fls. well
expanded, large, bright blue, bars deeper colored.
Fulgens, Simon-Louis (== C. V.. \ -ir grandiflora'X V. lanugi-
nosa). Sepals 5-6, rather narrow, dark purple to blackish crim-
son, velvety, edges somewhat serrate.
Boskoop, Hort. (C. Boskoop See<lling, Hort.
t?grifolia). A new race in 181*2: growing 3-5 ft
euder, ruse or reddish rose.
19. campanifldra, Brot. Climbing 10-15 ft.: tis. re-
flexed and bell-shaped as in the above type or more so;
purple or whitish. June. July. Native of Pt>rtuu'al.
L.B.C. 10:987. Lav. 8. -This has been called C. Viti-
cella because of its close resemblance in flower, fruit
and leaf; but the Ivs. are often twice ternate, and the
plant is much more slender in habit.
20. fI6rida,Thunb. A slen-
der plant, climbing 9-12 ft.:
Ivs. variable, more or lei-s
ternate or biternate; Ifts.
small, ovate-lanceolate* fls.
2-4 in. across, flat when ex-
panded ; the 5-6 broad,
ovate sepals creamy white,
barn-d with purple beneath ;
stamens purplish. May,
June. Japan. B. M. 834.
K.H. 1856:41.
Var. bicolor, Steud. (C.
Si^h'jldi, D. Don). Fig. 490.
Like the type, but with the
I)urple stamens somewhat
petal-like, and forming a
dense, purple head in the
center. F. S. 5:487. Lav.
5. M. &J. 16. B. R.24:25.
P.M. 4:147. Gn. 22:349. K.
H. 1856:401.
Var. Fdrtunei, Moore (C.
Forliniei, Hort.). Flu. large, ver>' much d<mbled: se-
pals creamv white, becoming pink. F. S. 15: 15.')3.
G. C. 1863: 676. I. H. 10, p. 86. M. A: J. 13.
Belle of Woking (C. Belle of Woking, Hort.) , A hybrid form:
fls. verj- full and double; sepals purple.
John Gould Teitrh f C.John Gould Veitch, Hort. C. Vciti-b"
Hort.). Fls. velvet, double, resembling var. I'ortunei. ev ... ^
the color of the sepals. From Japanese gardens. F.S. 18: 1875-6.
DD, Fls. smaller, pitcher-shaped or tubular.
21. Vi6rna, Linn. Fig. 491. Climbing 8-10 ft.: Ivs.
not glaucous nor coriaceous ; Ifts. subcordate-ovate to
ovate-lanceolate, slightly reticulated : fls. solitary, on
long peduncles, pitcher-shai)ed ; sepals 4, 1 in. lung,
variable in color, often dull purple, thick and leathery,
tips often recurved ; styles jdumose when mature.
Juue-Aug. Penn. to Alabama and westward. Lav. 17.
Var. cocdnea, A. Gray (C coo-inta. En^elm.). Lvs.
glaucous, .subcoriaceous; Ifts. broader timn the type,
often obtuse or refuse : sepals carmine or scarlet.
Texas. Lav. 19 ( as ('. Tt-jrensi.'i ) . B.M. 6594. (in. lit :275.
Gt,.SJ:86. R.H, 1878:10; 1888: 348. -Much superior to
the type, because of its beautiful flowers. Some of the
garden forms of this variety, which have probably been
produced l>y crossing it with iiardier Clematises, are
found tinder the names: C<>inife.^s of Onslou-, deeji xar-
let, (i.C;. III. 16:9; Couiifiss of i'ork, white, tinted with
pink ; Duchess of Albany, clear pink, Gn. .52:1140.
22. crlspa, Linn. A slender climber, reaching 3-4 ft.:
Ivs. very thin; Ifts. 3-5 or more, variable in outline and
sometimes undivided, often :^5-lobed: fls. purple, vary-
ing to whitish, cylindrical or bell-shaped, 1-2 in. lung;
points of sepals recurved: styles of fr. hairy but noc
plumose. Junt^Sept. Virginia to Texas. B.R..32:60.
Lav, 14. — This and the allied species are fragrant.
23. reticulata, Walt. A slender climber, allied to the
last : lvs. much reticulated and very coriaceous : fls.
solitary in the axils of the lvs., nodding, bell-;dia} r.l;
sepals recurved, crispy at die margin: mature tr. w'th
plumose tails. June, Julv. S. Car. to Ala. an(i F'a.
B.M. 6574; 1892 (as C.crispa); 1816 (as C. cordotc).
Lav. 16.
24. Pitcheri, Torr. & Cray. L-.-s. of .3-4 pairs of \fu.
and a terminal 1ft. reduced almost to a midrib; Ifts.
coarsely reticulated : fls. i in. long and iUin. in diara.,
with swollen base ; sepal < dull purple, recurved at the
tips; akenes pubescent, .styles not plumose. June-Aug.
S. Ind. to Mo., southward to Mex. Lav. 15.
CLEMATIS
CLERODEXDRON
333
V'ar. S4rgenti, Lavall^e (C. Sdrgenti, Hort.). Fls.
smalli-r. Lav. 18.
cc. Herbaceous, erect, or somewhat climhing in case of
C. aromaticn.
D. Sepals some shade of Hue.
25. heracleaefdlia, DC {C. tubulbsa, Hook.). Stout,
erect, woody only at the base: Ivs. temate. larpre, bright
green ; Ifts. mucronately toothe<i : Hs. numerous in
corymbs, either axilli».-y or terminal, tubular in form,
witii 4 li«ht blue sepals, becoming reflexed ; peduncles
and j)edicels downy ; recurved stigmas club-shaped.
Ausj.-Sept. China. M. & J. 17. B. M. 42G9 ; 0801 (a?
\AT.Ho6keri). P.M. 14:;il. F.S. 3:195. -Prop, by root
division.
Var. Davidiina, Bean (C Varididna. Decne. ). About
4 ft. high, hardly strung enough to stand without sup-
port: Ivs. larger than any other cultivated Clematis :
tls. in clustered heads, (y^l't together, and also singly
or clustered in the leaf axils. R.H. 1867, p. 9(). Gn. 49,
p. 99.
Var. stans, Look. (C sfdns, Sifb, & Zucc). Herba-
ceous, non-climbing. 4-5 ft. long : Ivs. pubescent : fls.
less dense than the above variety, in terminal panicles
and in close clusters in the leaf-axils, tubular in form;
the blue sepals revolute from near the middle. Sept.-
Oct. Jap. B.M. G810. — Used chiefly because of the
striking foliage and its late-blooming qualities,
2tj. Doilglasi, Hook. Has habit of C. intefjrifotia,
about 2ft. high: stem and petioles angled and ribbed:
Ivs. twice i)innately or ternately compoun<l : Ifts. narrow-
linear or lanceolate: fls. tubular or bell-shape<l, 1 in.
Ion;:: sepals recurved, deep purple within, paler with-
out, .lane. In Mts., Montana to N. Mex. — Int. 1881.
27. Fremonti, Watson. Closely allied to 6'. ocftro/<'»c«,
but with Ivs. :i-4 in. long, nearly sessile, either entire or
with a few coarse teeth : fls. often drooping ; sepals
thick, purple, nearly glabrous, except the tomentose
edges; stvles when young downy rather than feathery.
JuTy-Aug'. Mo. to Colo. G. F. 3: '81.
2(5. integrifolia, I^inn. Herbac as, erect, becoming
2 ft. high: Ivs. raiher broad, entire, ovate-lanceolate:
flij. solitary, nodding; sepals 4, rather narrow, blue, cori-
aceous. 1-2 in. long. June-Aug. Eu. and Asia. B.M.65.
Var. diveraifolia, Hort. Lvs. sometimes divided. Var.
DnrAndi, Hort. ( C. iutegrifoUa x lanuginosa). Taller and
rts. larger than in the type ; sepals recurved. Gn.49 : 1052.
Gng. 5 •270. — Very beautiful.
21'. aromatioa, Lenne & C. Koch (C ccfriilea, var.
odoriita. Hort.). Slender, herbaceous or somewhat
climbing, reaching G ft. high if supported : lvs. of 'A-l
ovate, nearly entire Ifts.: fls. solitary, terminal, very
fragrant, l>2-2 in. across; se-
pals 4, spreading, reflexed,
reddish violet : stamens white.
July-Sept. Nativity, perhaps,
S. France. It is thought by
some to be an old garden hy-
brid of the Viticei.a type, or
C. integrifolia x C. recta, or C.
Flammula x integrifolia. R.
H. 1877, p. 15.
DD. Sepals yelloiv.
30. ochroletica, Ait. Herba-
ceous, 1-2 ft. high, silky-pu-
bescent, becoming glabrate :
ivs. ovate, entire : fls. erect,
solitary, terminal ; sepals yel-
low outside, cream -colored
within : styles becoming stmie-
what plumose. July- Aug.
Drv grounds, N. Y. to Ga.
L.B.C. 7:061. -Int. 1883.
AA. True petals small, spatulate ; sepals petaloid ;
involucre none. Atragene section.
31. verticilliriB, DC. Fig. 492. Trailing or sometimes
climbing. &-10 ft.: usually 4 trifoliate lvs. from each
n<«le ; Ifts. thin, ovate, a'-ute, toc+hed or entire, .some-
what cordate : fls. solitary, blue or purple, nodding at
492. Akene of
Clematis verticillaris
\
first, 2-4 in. broad when expanded ; 4 thin sepals, silky
along the margins and veins ; petals %-% in. long.
May-June. Woodlands, Va. to Hudson Bay, west to
Minn. B.M. 887 (as Atragene Americana). — Int. 1881.
Var. Columbi&na, Gray. Sepals narrower and more
pointed than in the type. Rocky Mts.
32. alplna, Mill. (Atragene alpina, Linn.). Stems 3-5
ft., slender, with prominent joints becoming swollen
with age : lvs. once «)r twice temate, with ovate or ovate-
lanceolate Ifts., .serrate or incised : many petal-like sta-
mens, which are devoid of anthers : sepals 4, bright blue,
fepring. Northw- tern N. Amer., Siberia to south and
central Eu. B.M. .530 (as var. Austriaca). Gn. 46:982.-
A very hardy climber, preferring a northern exposure.
Var. &lba, Hort. (Atragme Sibirica, Linn.). Fls.
white or nearly so. B.M. 1951.
Var. occident^lis, Gray. Petal-like stamens very few,
and often bearing rudimentary anthers. Rocky Mts.
The following are well worthy of cultivation, hut are not at
present found in the American trade: ('. .4rf(i(«on/, Britton.
More bushy and less spreading than C. Viorna. G. F. 9:."{2.5.—
C (ettiuiicefdlia,Tnrcz. Bushy: fls. tubular, white, (rn. 4.t:241.
R.H.1H69. p. 10. B.M.6.^42(var. latisecta, Hook.).— <^'.a/>ji^iia,
DC. Allietl to C.Virginiana: Ifts. smaller and narrower, coarsely
incisely-serrate, often 31obed or serrate, pubescent beneath.
Japan. Gracefid si)ecies. hardy. — C'.fcar6*'//rtfff. Edgew. Differs
from C. montana mainly in wanting the involacre. Himalaya
region R.H. 1858. p. 407. B.M. 4794. F.S. 9: 9o6.— T. r/rrW«a,
Linn. Allied to C. montana. Fls. greenish white, yellow, or
red. bell-shiined. Gn. 4.>, p.'JtO, L. B.C.19:18(l6 : 8:720 (as C.
calycina). B.M. 1070:959 (as C calycina). II. C. Davis.
CLEMATIS, MOCK. Agdestis clematidea, which Is
cult, in S. Calif, and S. Fla.
CLFOME (meaning unknown). Cappariddcecp. A
large and mostly tropical genus of sub-shrubs or annual
herbs, simple or branched, glabrous or glandular, with
simple lvs. or '.i-~ Ifts.. and white, yellow or purplish
fls. borne singly or in racemes. The genus is dis-
tinguished from Gynandropsis i»y its short torus, which
often bears an appendage, and by the 4-0, rarely 10,
stamens. The ganlen Cleonies are chiefly interesting
for their long, purple, spidery stamens and showy rose-
colored petals. They succeed in samly soils and sunny
situations, and can be used like castor-oil plants to fill
up large gaps in a border. C. spinosa is the best, and
has lately been planted considerably in public parks
amongst shrubbery. Prop, by seeds, which are produced
freely in long, slen<l.^r pods borne on long stalks. Fcr
C. speciosa, see Gynandropsis.
ppinoaa, Jacq. (C. ;>M«f/fH.-<, Willd.). Giant Spider
Plant. Clanmiy, strong-scented. .'1—4 ft. high : Ifts.
usually 5. sometimes 7, oblong-lanceolate, with a pair of
short, stipular spines under the petioles of most of the
lvs.. and in the tropics some little prickles on the petioles
also: fls. rose-purple, varying to white ; petals 4, obo-
vate, clawed, /<j in. long; stamens 2-3 in. long, blue or
purple. N. C. to La. (nat. from Trop. Amer. ) and es-
caped from gardens. B.M. 1040.— A tender biennial
north, but annual in the tropics.
integrifolia, Torr. & Gray. Rocky Mountain Bee-
plant. Glabrous. 2-3 or even 0-ft high: Ifts. 3. lanceo-
late to obovate-oblong. entire, or rarely with a few mi-
nute teeth : bracts much narrower than in C spinosa;
petals rose, rarely white, 3-toothed: receptacle with a
flat, conspicuous appendage. Along streams in saline
soils of prairies. — In cult, about 20 years as a bee plant.
specioslssima, Deppe. Annual or half-shrubby, some-
times 5 ft. high: stems strongly hairy: Ifts. 5-7, lam eo-
late. dentate, narrowed at the base, conspicuously hairy
on both sides: fls. light purple or purplish rose. July
to fall. — Said to be the showiest of Cleomes. Under
this name a very different plant is passing, the Ifts. of
which have only minute hairs but rather numerous
spines. ^ t\i,
CLER00£NDB0N {QTi:ek,chaHce2kX\dtree: of no sig-
nificance), includes Siphonantha and Volkamt'ria.
I'erbendcece. Many species in the tropics, and also in
China and Jap. Some of them are greenhouse climbers;
others are hardy shrubs; others are almost herbaceous.
!
334
CLKRODENDRON
CLERODEXDRON
Calyx campanulate or rarely tuVmlar, 5-toothed or 5-
lobed: corolla tube usually slender and cylindrical, the
limb o-parted and spreading : stamens 4, affixed on the
corolla-tube, long-exserted and curved : style exserted,
2-cleft rt the end: ovary 4-loculed: fr. a drupe enclosed
in the calyx. Lvs. opposite or in 3's, usually entire,
never compound.
A. Climbing xhrubs.
ThbmpsonaB, Bulfour (C. Bdlfouri. Hort.). Fier. 493.
Tall, twiiiiiiLC. glabrous evergreen: lvs. opposite, oblong- j
ovate and a<Minnuate, strongly several-
nerved: tls. in axillary and terminal fork-
ing paiiides : calyx strongly angled, nar-
ro»ved at the apex, white : corolla-limb
red and spreading. W. Afr. B.M. r>;{13.
H. H. 1807:310. — A wamihouse plant of
great merit, and the most popular of the
tender species. BI«)oms profusely on the
young wood. Var. delictum, Hort, (C.
delictum and C. deJicdtum, Hort,). Pani-
cles very large : calyx pure white or green-
tinged : corolla large, rose magenta.
AA. Erect shrubs or sitb-shrubs.
B. Corolla-tube little if amj Intif/er than the large calyx:
fls, white or light blush.
fri^rans, Vent. {C. coronHria, Hort. I). Pubescent,
half shrubby, with angled branches, 3-o ft. : lvs. broadly
ovate, with truncate or cordate base, acuminate, coarsely
toothed: fls. whit« or blush, in terminal, compact, hy-
drangea-like corymbs, usually double. China, Japan.
B.M, 1834. — Very <lesirable and fragrant plant for the
coolhouse. Hardy in Fla. Lvs. ill-scented.
viscdsum.Vent. Height 5-7 ft., pubescent, with square
brancht's : lvs. opposite and stalked, cordate-ovate,
toothed: tls. in a loose terminal panicle, white, with a
flesh-colored center, flaring, the tube projecting beyond
the loose, hairy, large, 5-angled calyx. E. Ind. B, M.
ISO."), — Fls. sweet-scented. Greenhouse. C. infortu-
n&tum, Gsprtn., is said to be the same species (and the
name is older), bnt it has scarlet fls. — perhaps a result
of domestication. Even if the same species, it is better
to keep the forms separate for horticultural purposes.
tricll6tomum, Tlumb. (C serdtinum, Cnrr. Volka-
merid Jitponica, Hort,, not Thunb.). Fig. 494. Slender
but erect, graceful, pubescent sub-shrub, '-10 ft. high or
even higher : lvs, mostlv oj)posite, soft and flaccid,
ovate-acuminate, narrowptl at the base, very closely ser-
rate or entire, hairy: fls. viuite. with a reddish brown
calyx, on forking, slender, reddish peduncles, the corolla-
tube sometimes twice as l<mg as the calvx. Japan. B.M.
65()1. On. 43:914; 51. p. 320. Ji. H. 18o7, p. 3r)l.-A very
handsome, hardy shrub, tn tke ^»'. it kills to the ground,
but sprouts up if the crown is protected.
BB. Corolla-tube fhriee or more longer than tne
small califx.
c. Fls. white.
tomentdsum, R. Br. Shrubby and erect, pubescent,
3-5 ft. and more, often purplish: lvs. opposite and peti-
oled, ovate-oblong, entire cr sparingly toothed, pubes-
oent on both sides, Imt thicklv so on the under side:
fls. in few-fld. opposite, forking cymes, the calyx not en-
larged, the slim corolla-tube long-exserted ('A-A times
493. Clerodendron Thomsonse (X J^a)
494. Clerodendron
trichotomum (X V^).
length of calyx), and the clear white corolla-lobes re-
flexed-curled : anthers vellow. Austral. B.M. MIS. -
Cult, in S. Calif.
macrosiplion, Hook, f , Elegant erect shrub, finely
pubescent : lvs. opposite. obl!>nceolate-oblong. acumi-
nate, notched: fls. in a nearly sessile terminal cyme,
pure white ; calyx green, very small ; corolla-tube
very narrow, 4-5 in. hnxiz, hairy, the limb l-si<jed.
Zanzil)ar, B.M, (5(39.'), — Warmbouse plant of merit.
Siphonanthus, R.Br, i Siphonduthus /Hrf«Va,Linn.).
Turk's Tukban. Shrub, 2-0 ft. high : fls. long-
tubed and white, in very large terminal raceme?,
but small and not showy: fr. a very showy, red and
purple berrA', which persists a long time, and for
which the plant is chieflv grown. E. Ind. — Hardy
in Fla.
cc. Fls. red or distinctly lilac.
squamfttum, Vahl. {O. Kampferi, Sieb.l, Grows
r>-10 ft. high, pubescent: lvs, opposite, round -ooniate,
entire, abruptly pointed : intlores-
"ence and fls. brilliant scarlet; fls.
with small red calyx and rertexed,
spreading, unequal corolla - lobes.
CLERODENDHON
CLIDEMIA
335
China. R.B. 22:253. Gn. 42: 889.- Very showy. Cult, in
warm greenhouse? or in the open in S. Calif, and S. Fla.
fcBtidam, Bunge [C. ItAtujei, iSteud.). (Tr«)ws :m> ft.,
makiin; a bush; pubescent, spiny: Ivs. ojiposite. broad-
ovatf and acuminate. stalite<l, coarsely tttothed : fls.
lilac-purple, tube '.^-A times as lon^r as calyx, in a dense
capitate corymb 4-8 in. across. China. B.M.4HH). <tn.
5:2.'). — Cool greenhouse. Hardy in middle an<l soutliern
states. Killed to the ground in the latitude of I'hiladel-
phia. but sprout.s up and blooms. Blooms in August.
Fls.not f<etid, but name given because of the odor of
the bniised Ivs. Spreads by the root.
Tolkameria odor«tn, offered in the Amer. trade, is a climb-
ing Clerodendroi). V. oilorata of the iKJtanists is a bushy Car>--
opteris iC. \Valli<"hi!iiiH). V. otluratn of Siehrwht & Wadley
is not a vine, as descriJ^-d. Imf ''a slinib. which crows from 2-4
ft high, with soft, hairy stems. l)ro:id. oval. opiKisite Ivs. with
acute point and glaufotis-hairy or almost wfK)lly. compact dus-
ters of white rts., shading to pink on the outside of the i)etals,
the dusters l^-^-^t in. across. Indigenotis to several of the West
Indian islands, particularly to Dominica, Martinique and
Gnadaloupe." It is not now in the American trade.
Li. H. B.
CL£THBA (ancient Greek name of the Aider, trans-
ferred to this genus on account of the resemblance of
♦helvs.l. A'riciife<e. White Aloek. Shrub or small
irees: Ivs. alternate, usually serrate, deci<luous or per-
sistent: ris. white, in terminal, often panided racemes;
petals .">, erect ; stamens 10 ; capsule split tin;^ into 3
valves. many-see<le«l. About 2o species in America, E.
Asia, Madeira. Only a few har<ly, deciduous species are
generally cultivated; valuable for their showy sj.ikes of
white, fragrant tis., appearing late in summer. They
grow best in a moist, peaty or sandy soil. Prop, by
seeds, >^own in spring in pans in sandy and peaty soil,
:ind by erreenwood cuttinsrs under glass, trrowing best if
taken from forced plants in early sprinir and placeil in
slight bottom heat ; also, increased by layers and by
division of large plants. Handsome when forced under
glass.
A. Lr.'<. ihridnous : sfamena exi<erfe{1.
alnifolia, Linn. Sweet Pepperbush. Shrul>. ."i-lO ft.:
Ivs. short-p«'tioled, cuneate, obovate or oblong, sharply
serrate, mostly glabrous or nearly so, 2-4 in. long: tis.
fratrrant. in erect, usuallv panided racemes. Julv-Se]>t.
Maine-KIorida. M.D.G. 1 HI).") : <i."). .T.H. III. :n : .'{7.").
O.W.F.A.22. Em. 42r..-Very variable. The following
forms are often described as species : Var. pdniculata,
Arb.Kew.l C p<t>tintl()f<t,A\t. ). Lvs. cuneate-lanceolate,
lc>> toothed, green and >;labrous on both sides: racemes
panided. Var. scabra, Arb. Kew. ( C. scAbra, Ait. ). Lvs.
<cabrous above, puli(>ce?it beneath: panicles with fewer
iicemes. Var. tomentdsa, Michx. {('. tometttfisn. Lam.).
Lvs. canescent bejieath : racemes solitary or few, larger,
and appearing later than the foregoing. B. M. 3743.
O.F.4:G5.
acuminata, Michx. Tall shrub or small tree, to I.t ft.:
lvs. petioletl. oval or oblong, acuminate, sharply serrate,
ahnust jrlabrous, .'t-7 in. long: racemes tisnally solitary,
nodding. Julv-Sept. AlleghanvMts.Virginia to Georgia.
L.B.C. 15: 1427.
can^scens, Reinw. {C. bnrbinervia, Sieb. & Zucc).
Shrub or tree, to .30 ft. : lvs. petioled, cuneate, obovate
or elliptic, acuminate, sharply dentate-serrate, pubescent
beiieith, .'{-«) in. long : racemes panicled ; tis. fratrrant ;
pedicels about as long as the fls. July-Sept. E. Asia,
Philippine Isl., .Tava. Gt. 19: G54.
AA. Jjvs. evergreen : stamens included.
arbdrea. Ait. Sltrub or small tree, to 20 ft.: lvs.
cuneate, nnrrow-elliptic, acuminate, serrate, almost irla-
b.ous. shining above, .3-4 in. long: racemes panicled:
tis. fragrant. Aug.-Oct. Madeira. B.M. 1057. — It stands
only a few degrees of frost.
C. uuercifdlia, Schlecht. Shrub: lvs. obovate-oblong. tonien-
tosebfne th: racemes panided. Mc>xico. Vi.R.'IH-.'.Ki.—C. thii-
fblia. Swartz. Shrub: lvs. oblong, entire, .'omentose beneath:
racemes panicled. Jamaica. These two only hardy in subtropi-
<=*' ""^eious. Alfred Rekder.
CLET&BA (after Andrew Cleyer. Dutch physician of
the seventeenth century). Ternstrowi'\eeip. (\ nrhnacea
is a tender shrub rarely cult, in northern greenhouses.
In the south it is cult, outdoors. It has glossy foliage,
numerous creamy white, fragrant fls., borne in June,
and red berries, which last all winter. The genus has
about nine species, and is distinguished by its petals
free or scarcely coalesced, its pilose anthers, numerous
ovules, and scarcely braeted tlowers. Sepals 5, with 2
bractlets: petals 5: stigmas 2-3: berries 2-3-celled.
ochn&cea, DC. (C. Japouim, Sieb. & Zucc). Height
about 0 ft.: lvs. oval-oblong, acute at b«ith ends, veined
above, entire. Himalayas.— C. Japdnica was distin-
guished by DeCandoUe by its oblong-lanceolate lvs.,
which are veinless, an«l minutely serrate at the apex. Var.
tricolor, Hort., has dark green lvs.. with greyish mark-
ings, and a margin of white and rose, the variegation
being more brilliant in younger lvs. -^^ t^j_
CLIANTHUS I Greek, (jlory-floner). Glorv Pea.
Glory Vine. Parrot's Bill. LtijumivoMf. About five
species of tender, half-trailing shrubs, with large, showy
flowers of uni((ue appearance. See Fig. 495. Swainsona
is an allied genus, but its general appearance is very
different. Interesting plants, with piniuite lvs. of many
lfts.,and fls. in racemes. Fls. scarcely papilionaceous.
Po<i stalked, many-see<led. Prop, by see<ls and cuttings.
ClinnthuH Dmnpieri is anything but easy to grow
in the latitude of Washington. Red spider is its greatest
enemy, but too nun-h moisture in the soil, followed l>y
hot sun, proves equally fatal to it. In a sandy soil,
when the seeds are sown early in spring, the plants,
during ordinary summers, make a very fine display.
The plants will not bear transplanting. Even when they
are grown in pots, it is a risky piece of work to shift
from small pots into larger ones. Cpuniceus is an (dd-
fashioned greenhouse plant, grown sometimes to cover
rafters or trellis work, but more freijuenlly trained
around sticks placed around the edge of the pot. The
flowers, not very uidike those of the common Erythrina,
are freely prodticed in hanging clusters. Cuttings
rooted in early spring may be grown into good-sized
plants during the summer. Water should be given spar-
ingly during the dull months. Pruning, repotting and
tying the shoots should be done just before the growth
begins. A sharp lookout should be kept for the re«i
spider, frequent syringings being the only remedy for
this pest.
Dampieri, A. Cunn. Cilorv Pea. Fig. 495. Height
2-4 ft. : plant glaucous and hoary, with long, whitish,
silky hairs: .stems slightly
tinged with red : peti-
oles longer than in C.
puniceus : Ifts. about 15.
nearly opposite, sessile,
usually acute : stipules
larger than in C. puniceiiK:
fls. 4-<» in a raceme, large,
drooping, about 3 in. lotig.
rich crimson or scarlet,
with a handsome velvety,
purple-black area on the
raised center. Austral.
B.M. 5051. R.H. 1808:'-'.i0.
Gt. 48, p. 272. Gn. 20:294.
— Var. Oerm&nicus, Hort..
is also sold, and is proba-
bly var. marginitus.Hort.,
which has one petal white,
margined scarlet. See (in.
37:74(> and p. 299 for an ac-
count of grafting this spe-
cies on stocks of C. pu-
nice US.
puniceus, Banks & Soland. Parrot^ Bill. Height
about 3 ft. : plant glabrous: Ifts. 19-21, each with a very
short petiole, alternate (tit least towards the end of the
leaf), blunt or slightly notched: fls. 8 or more in a ra-
ceme, crims(m. failing with age. New Zealand. B.M.
3584. — Cult, in eastern greenhouses, and a favorite Cali-
fornian outdoor shrub. Blooms all winter in Golden
Gate Park, San Francisco, o. W' . Oliver and W. M.
CLID£MIA (old Greek nam^^). Melastoniciceo'. An
unimportant group in a family famous for its foliage
plants. C. vittita, Linden and Andre, once offered by
495.
Clianthus Dampieri.
336
CLIDEMIA
John Saul, has large, oval, pointed Ivs. with 5 strong
nerves, and a narrow band of white down each side of
the midrib. I.H. 22:219. R.H. 1876, p. 233.
CLIFF BEAKE. See Pellim.
CLIMBERS are distinguished from twiners by having
some means of attachment, as tendrils or other special
devices, while twiners rise by twisting their stems round
their support. In a wider sense the word is often used
synonymously with "vines." By "trailers," nurserymen
commonly mean low-growine: vines, and by "climbers,"
talier-jrrowing vines. See V^ines.
CLIMBINO FERN. S^ee Lff(fn,Jlinn. Climbing Fumi-
tory is Aflhnni't d rrhosn. Climbing Hemp weed, .l/<Aa-
nia scandens. Climbing Lily, Gloriosa suptrba.
CLINOSTlOMA ((xreek. inclined stigma). Palmdcetf,
tribe Arecei^. Spineless, with low or tall, prominently
or obscurely ringed trunks: Ivs. terminal, equally pin-
natisect ; segments somewhat falcate-lanceolate, broad
at the base, plicate, acuminate, the apex bitid or obliquely
truncate and dentate, the tliick margins scarcely re-
curved at the base ; rachis scaly, convex on the back,
obtusely keeled above : spadix long : fertile branches
long, thick, the floral areas distant: spathes 2-3: fr.
globose or subglobose, small, red at maturity. Species
3. Australasia and Samoa.
Tliis graceful and recent palm resembles IToivea Fnr-
sferiana somewhat in habit of growth, but its archinj?
Ivs. spread wider, and its stt-ms are dark purplish, and
its pinnft toujrh and leathery. The palm is free and
clean in irrowth.
Mooreannm, F. Muell. (Keniia Mooredna, F. Muell.).
Dwarf i»aliu. 3-4 ft. hisrh : Ivs. 3-4 ft. lonj; : segments
about 1 ft. long, longitudinally plicate when young.
New South Wales.
Jared G. Smith and H. A. Siebrecht.
CLINTONIA (after DeWitt Clinton, the famous Gov-
ernor of New Y^)rk and jtromoter of the Erie canal).
LilihcecB. A small genus of low-jrrowing, hardy, herba-
ceous plants with a few. tufted, dark green, broad, shin-
ing Ivs., and usually umbels of tls. They grow in cool,
moist woods, and fanciers can obtain them from some
dealers in native plants. It is dithcult to tell the species
apart by the Ivs. S. Watson, in Proc. Am. Acad. 14:271
(1879). For C. pnlcJieUa and other species of the aban.
doned genus Clintouia of Douglass, see Downingia
A. Scape bearing an umbel of fls.
B. Fls. greenish yellow.
bore^is, Raf. Height 1-2 ft. : tls. .'J-fi, nodding, green,
margined vellow. Labrador to Winnipeg and south to
N. 0. D. 123. B.M. 1403 as Smilactna borealis. -This
is one of the choicer plants of cool, moist woods, known
to plant lovers chiefly l>y its handsome umbels of blue
berries found in autumn, which are borne above the
large, dark green, shining Ivs. The commonest species.
BB. Fls. white, with green spot,s.
umbell&ta, Torr. Fls. l()-20 or more, smaller than in
C. bin-ealiit, erect or nearly so, white with a green or
purplish spot at the tip of each segment. Allegheny
Mts. from N. Y. to Ga. B.M. 115.5. — This species has
the smallest fls. of the group, and is the only (me that
has but. a single pair of ovules in each cell of the ovary.
BBB. FU. deep rose.
Andrewsi^na, Torr. Fls. 20 or more, nearly erect.
California, in deep, cool woods, in clavev soil rich in
mold. B.M. 7092. -The showiest of the group. Cult, by
C. Purdy, Ukiah, Calif.
AA. Scape bearing 1 white flower.
uaifldra, Kunth. The only species in which the scape
is shorter than the Ivs.: fl. nearly erect. Rarely there
are 2 fls. Calif, to Brit. Columb. \^ -y^
CLITOHIA (derivation recondite). Legum-ndsce.
BuTTEKFi.Y Pea. a wide-spread and variable genus al-
lied to Centrosema. and characterized by the calyx tube
being cylindrical and longer than the lobes : standard
CLlVlA
narrowed at the base, not appendaged on the back:
style often bearded. The most imponant garden plant
is C Tematea, a warmhouse annual twiner, reaoliing
15 ft., and ret^uiring no special culture. It has very
showy blue fls., and lately interest in it has revived.
A. Leaflets 5.
Tematda, Linn. (C. oprhlen, Hort. ). Annual warm-
house climber : Ifts. 5, <»blong, obtuse, short-petioled :
fls. 1 in. or more long, rich blue, with beautiful and va-
riable markings, especially on the standard. B.M. l.")42.
Gn. 38 : 7G5. P. M . 7 : 147 and 13 : 79. - Name from Teraate,
one of the Molucca Islands, and not from temaite, mean-
ing 3-leafleted. Prop, by seeds. C. ttllta, Kort., is a
white form. More or less double forms have been known
for over a century.
AA. Leaflets 3.
Mariina, Linn. Hardy, perennial, smooth, erect, or
slightly twining. 1-3 ft. high: Ifts. 3, obovate or ovate-
lanceolate: fls. light blue, 2 in. long, on short peduncles:
pod straight. few-seede<l. Summer. Dry banks, N. y.
to Fla. and west to Mo. Also India and Burma. — Rarely
sold by dealers in native plants. \y jj
CLiVIA < after a Duchess of Northumberland and
member of the Clive family). Syn., Iniiintophifllum.
Amarjfllid(\veiP. A genus of 3 species of tender,
bulbous plants from South Africa, with handsome ever-
green foliage and showy, bright red fls. in large umbels.
C. niininta is the best species, and perhaps a dozen
varieties and hybrids of it have been offered at various
times. The genus is distinguished by its fruit beinsr a
berry, its several ovules, and imperfect bulb. J. G.
Baker, Amaryllidea*, p. (»1. Clivias make excellent
house plants, but, like Amaryllis, they are too costly to
be very popular. They have the advaataire over
Amaryllis of having attractive foliage all the year
round, and are more certain to bloom well. They liave
thick, fleshy roots, like an Aerapanthus.
495. Clivia miniata.
All of the species are well worth growing, because of
their handsome umbels of flowers, produced during the
spring and early summer months. They are evergreen
plants of the Amaryllis family, with thick, leathery,
strap-shaped leaves. Cliiia tniniata is the species most
commonly grown. There are several distinct forms of
"1-
CLIVIA
CLOVES
337
this, with larger and deeper colored flowers. Established
plants may be larrown in the same pots for several years,
if the plants are fed during the growing perio<l with
weak liquid manure. In ]K)tting. the soil given should
be of a lasting nature, not easily
soured, nor apt to become sodden. In
arranging the drainage, place one
large piece, concave side down, over
the hole, and aroun<l this arrange
several smaller pieces. Over these
place one or two handfuls of pieces
small enough to go thniugh a No. 2
sieve. The best time to pot is after
the flowt-rs have been produced.
The plants should then be kept for
some time in a humid atmosphere
to encourage growth, receiving an
abundance of water after they are
well started. Aftergrowth has been
completed, they will winter safely
in an ordinary greenhouse tempera-
ture (not under 40°), if kept rather
dry at the root. For propagation,
select old plants which have become
crowded in their pots, so that the
entire plant can be pulled to pieces.
After trimming the roots, put the
groM\'ths in small jxits an<l keep in
beat, to encourage root a<'tion. Oliv-
ias are well suited for planting per-
manently in the front part of green-
house bor<b*rs. The soil fortius pur-
pose should l>e rich and well firmed
about the roots. Withhold water as
much as possible during the resting
period, or the plants will produce
leaves at the expense of the flowers.
A. Fls. erect; perianth broadly
funnel-shaped.
mini&ta, Kegel (hnantojphyUutn
minihtnm, Hook.). Fig. 4!«). Lvs, 10-20, in a" tuft,
sword-shaped, tapering to a point, l>^ft. long, ly^-l in.
broad : fls. 12-20, in an umbel ; perianth erect, bright
scarlet, with a yellow throat ; tube bromily funnel-
shaped, longer than C. unhiUs ; segments about 2 in.
long, the inner ones broader than the outer ; stamens
shorter than the segments; stvle not exserted : berrif'S
ov<)i<l. bright red, 1 in. long. "Natal. B.M. 4783. R.H.
1859. pp. 12«, 127. F.S. 9:949: 2:}:2373. I. H. 26:. 343;
36:80; 37:102: 40:177. R.H. 18«9:250.and 1894, p..o72.-
/. cjirtanthiflbrum, V^an Houttf (F.S. 18:1877), is a
hybrid between this species and the next.
AA. Flf. pendulous ; perianth narrowly funnel-shaped.
n6bilis, Lindl. (Imantophyllum Aitoni. Hook.). Lvs.
about 12, strap-shaped, very obtuse, with a rough ish
edge: fls. 40-60, in an umbel; perianth curved and droop-
in/ : tube narrowly funnel-shaped, shorter than in C.
miiiiafa ; segments tipped with green, about 1 in. long;
stamens as long as the segments; stvle exserted. Cape
Colony. B.M. 2856. L.B.<\ 20:190<;.' Int. to cult. 1828.
I.cijrtanfhiflfirum,Van Houtte (F.S. 18:1877), said to
be a hybrid between this and the above, shows little if
any influence of C miniata. It has the narrow tubed,
pendulous fls. and the greenish tinge of C. nobilis.
R.H. 1894, p. 573. m rx- r^ , tit ^r
' ^ ' G. W. Oliver and W. M.
CLOUDBEKEY. See Bubus.
497.
Triiolium pratense.
Root-system.
CLOVE PINK.
phylhis.
The Carnation, Dianthus Caryo-
CLOVER. Species of Trifdlium (Leguminosae), par-
ticularly those which are useful in agriculture. The
word is also applied to species of related genera, as
Medicago. The Sweet Clover is Melilotus. Bush and
Japan Clover are Lespedezas. Prairie Clover is a
Petalostemon.
Of Trifolium there have been described about 300
species. These are widely dispersed in temperate cli-
mates. The fls. are papilionaceous but small, and are
disjiosed in dense heads or spikes. Lvs. are digitately
or palmately 3-foliolate. The common Red Clover is T.
pratenne, Linn., now thoroughly naturalized in N.
America, but supposed not to be native here. It is Eu-
ropean. It is valuable both f«»r stock feed (as pastur-
age and hay), and also as a green manure. As a manure
cn»p, it is particularly valuable because of its deep root-
system and its power (in common with other leguminous
plants) of fixing the nitrogen of the air by mean!*
of its subterranean parts. Fig. 497 illustrates the root-
system. Fig. 498 shows the root of a l.^-montbs' old
plant which grew in 'lard clay soil. It is 22 inches long,
and some of the root was left in the ground. The Mam-
moth Red Clover ( T. tvhUum, Linn. ). is probably sn off-
shoot of T. pratense. It is usually a larger plant, with
zigzag stem, entire and spotted Ifts. and longer-stalked
head. White Clover, or Shamrock, is T. repens, Linn.,
intr. from Europe, and supposed to be native to N.
America as well. Alsike Clover, T. hf/bridum, Linn., is
of European nativity. The Crimson or Scarlet Clover
(Fig. 499), an annual from S. Eu., is now much grown
as a catch- or cover-crop in or-
chards. See Cover-crops. It is
also highly ornamental, and is
worthy the attention of the florist,
L. H. B.
^J
w
/
<
498. The penetrating root
of the Red Clover.
499. Crimson Clover —
Trifolium incamatum (X K).
CLOVES are the dried flower-buds ( Fig. 500) of a hand-
some tree of the myrtle family, Eugenia caryophyllata,
better known as CaryophyUus aromaticus, a native of
the Spice Islands, but now cultivated in the West Indies
and elsewhere. CaryophyUus, the ancient name of the
Clove, means nut-leaf. The carnation, or "clove pink,"
was named Dianthus CaryophyUus because of its clove-
2*2
338
CLOVES
COBBETT
like odor, and it has become the type of the ^eat order
Caryonhyllacese, which, however, is far removed botani-
cally from the Myrtacea?. The word " ^llitlower " is a
corruption of caryophyllus, and, until Shakespeare's time
500. Clove.
Spray of leaves and flowers (1) : an unoi)ened bud or clove (3) ;
the expanded flower (2) .
and after, was applied to the carnation, but now-a-days
it usually refers to several cruciferous r>lants of the
genus Cheiranthus and Matthiola.
CLUB MOSS. See Lycopodium,
CNtCUS (Greek, knizein, to injure). Compdsitce.
Thistle. A genus of perhaps 200 species, containing
many much-hated weeds, especially the common Thistle,
C. hinceolatus, and the Canada Thistle, C. arvetisis. Fig.
501. About a dozen species have been slightly culti-
vated in rockeries and wild gardens. The genus Chamae-
peuce, now referred to Cnicus, contains .S plants slightly
used abroad in subtropical and carpel bedding: CAfer,
C CasobotKf, and C. Diavantha, which are cult, for
their rosettes of prickly Ivs. Thf fls. appear the second
year. C. beneOictua is an old name of the Blessed This-
tle, for which see Carbenia.
COBBETT, WILLIAM (17()2-18;i5). The once
famous fZnglisb author had two periods of en-
forced residence in America, and wrote "The
American Gardener '' which is one of the spiciest
books •■•• the whole history of American horti-
culture, Pi:.le II. He was of thorough Saxon
ancestry, and \shile a gardener's lad and during
eight years of military service, made strenuous efjforts at
self -education. ' r92 his personal liberty was endan-
gered by the p j'k ion of "The Soldier's Friend" (an
appeal for an i. ;•«; 'e of pay), and he came to Phila-
delphia in the iumion of that year. His first success
was a pamphlet entited," Observations on Dr. Priestlv's
Emigration," a bitter attack on the French Revolution.
He took the loyalist side in American politics, and is re-
garded as the founder of the American party press.
His attack on Benjamin Rush, the leading physician of
Philadelphia, for his advocacy of unlimited' bleeding
for yellow-fever, resulted in a libel suit, and daniatres
of $."5,000, which nearly ruined Cobbett, and sent hini to
England in June, 1800. In 1802 he began ^Cohbett's
Weekly Political Register," which he edited for 33 years,
and until his death, except during an interval of im-
prisonment and a second withdrawal to America. His
real work was domestic reform, and the circulation and
influence of his journal were immense. In 1801-2 he
reprinted his American writings in 12 volumes, entitled,
"Porcupine's Works." After 1804 he usually lived on
his farm at Botley, in Hampshire, where he conducted
many experiments. In 1817 he was again compelled to
leave England, and for the next two years he lived in
America. His life was one incessant conflict. He lived
to see the reform of 1832, and his work was fittingly re-
warded by a place in Parliament, but he was then too
old to do much damage, and he died within three years
thereafter. Cobbett's faults are all obvious, his v?g:otism
towering above the rest, and barely falling short of sub-
limity. He was not a genius, but his talents were extra-
ordinary, and his versatility amazing. His "English
Grammar'' (London, 1818), written from Long Island in
the form of letters to his 15-year-old son, was said by
Bulwer Lytton to be the only amusing grammar in the
world. Hazlitt declared that it is as interestinsr -is a
story-book, and Alfred Ayers, in his admirable edition
(New York, 1883), declares that it is probably the most
readable grammar ever written, and that for purposes of
self-education it is unrivalled. (For a list of Cobbett's
writings, see Edward bmith's excellent sketch in the
Dictionary of National Biography.) After Cobbett's
death, his sons published in G volumes (beginning 1857)
"Selections from Cobbett's Political Works ; beintr a com-
plete abridgment of the 100 volumes which comprise the
writings of 'Porctipine,'and 'The Weekly Political Regis-
ter.'" These 100 volumes, of course, do not take into
account his non-political writings, nor his editorial work
in the 30 volumes of "Cobbett's Parliamentary History
of England from the Norman Conquest, in lOOrt, to the
year 1803 " (continued as Hansard's Parliamentary De-
bates), nor Cobbett's Complete Collection of State
Trials (afterwards known as Howell's), nor many other
works which he either edited, translated, or published.
The anti-Cobbett literature is exceedingly voluminous,
and almost every charge has been made against the
man, except that of being uninteresting. According
to Henry Cabot Lo<i>re (whose masterly appreciation in
"Studies in History" [Boston, 1885], should be consulted
by the student immediately after direct contact with
Cobbett's writings), Cobbett's true value is understood
by his thoroughly representative character as a type
of his time and people. As historical documents, his
works are indispensable.
Cobbett's horticultural writings of chief interest to us
are "Cottage Economy," "A Year's Residence in the
United States of America, am', most of all "The Ameri-
can Gardener" (1821), which w^>s reproduced with con-
siderable modifications as "The English Gardener," in
50i. Leaf of Car.ada Thistle (X %).
London, 1827. The American edition of Wm. Forsyth's
excellent "Treatise on the Culture and Management of
Fruit Trees," was published at New York and Phila-
delphia in 1802. and in Albany in 1803, and was one of
the most influential books on fruit growing iu f'-i
COBBETT
COCCOLOBA
339
period before orcharding over large areas gave rise to
essentially American horticultural writings. Unfortu-
tunately for horticulturists of the present day, Cobbett's
thunder seems forever silenced. He has the fatal
faults of being old and amusing. Yet, to the dis'-rimi-
nating mind, Cobbett's horticultural writings, especially
"The American Gardener" (which is still not uncommon
in second-hand book stores), are full of suggestiveness
and refreshment, W. M.
COB^A (after Father Cobo, Spanish Jesuit of the
seventeenth century, naturalist, and resident of America
for many years ) . Polemonidcece. A genus of 6 tropical
American climbers, of which C. sc(indens, a tender per-
ennial plant, is amongst the dozen most popular vines
commonly treated as annuals. This is the onh* genus of
climbers in the order. Prop, by seeds, which should be
placed in moist earth, edge down. It is a rapid grower.
Coboea scandens (A ^n).
8c4ndenB, Cav. Figs. 502, 503, 504. Height 10-20 ft. :
Ifts. in 2 or .3 pairs, the lowest close to the stem, and
more or less eared : fls. bell-shaped, 1-13^ in. across,
light violet or greenish purple, with protruding style
and stamens: tendrils branched. Mex. B.M.Bol. There
is a white-fld. form {C. alba, Hort, ), and one with varie-
gated Ivs., var. varieg^ta, Hort. — The terminal 1ft. is
represented by a tendril (Fig. 502). Sometimes there
are indications of tendrils on other Ifts. (Fig. .504), mak-
ing the plant an interesting one for students of mor-
phology.
macro8t6mma, Pav. Talk-r. later-flowering, the stems
and foliage not purple-tinged : fls. yellow-green, with
W. il.
exserted stamens. Guatemala.
COBNUT. Consult Cortjlus.
COBtJRGIA. See Stenomesson.
COCA. The Ivs. of Eriffhrorylon Coca, used in
medicine. Sold chiefly as a fluid extract. Cocaine is the
famous local anaBsthetic.
COCCtNEA (Latin, scarlet; referring to the orna-
mental gourds). Cucttrbitdcece. Thirteen species of
tender perennial vines, from the tropics of Asia and
Africa, usually with tuberous roots. Lvs. angled or
503. Normal l«af of Cobcsa scandens.
lobed, sometimes glandular : fls. white or yellowish,
large : fr. a small, scarlet gourd, sometimes marbled,
with an insipid ilp. A. Coigneaux in DC, Mon. Phan.
3:528. C.cor in is treated as a tender annual, re-
quiring an ear art and no special culture.
A. Tendrils simple : male fls. solitary : lvs. small.
cordilolia, Cogn. [C. I'ndica, Wight & Am.). Height
about 10 ft. : lvs. small, 1-2 in. long, glossy, ivy-like,
short-petioled, obtusely 5-angled: fls. white, bell-shaped:
fr. roundish at both ends, about 2 in. long, 1 in. thick.
India.
AA. Tendrils bifid: mal" fls. in racemes: lvs. large.
palm^ta, Cogn. (Cephaldndra palmdta, Lond.). At-
taining 30 ft. : lvs. large, .3-4 in. long and wide, long-
petioled, palmately 5-lobed : fls. vellowish : fr. ovate,
acute. Natal. Int. by P. Henderson & Co.. 1890. -A rare
greenhouse plant. -^ jj
C0CC6L0BA (Greek, lobed berry; referring to the
ends of the pear-shaped fr.). Polygondcece This genus,
which contains the 2 interesting fruits described below,
consists of about 80 tropical trees and shrubs, some-
times tall climbers, with alternate, tisually leathery, en-
tire lvs., which are sometimes very large, sometimes
very small: sheath or ocrea various: fls. in racemes, on
short pedicels between small, ocrea-like bracts. For C.
platyclada, see Mttehlenbeckia.
504. Monstrous ot abnormal leaf of Cobcca.
Coccoloba is a genus of tropical evergreen shrubs and
trees, mostly of an omaiaental character. C uvifera,
the Sea-grape or Shore-gtape of the West Indies, bears
an edible fruit, and has pprticulary beautiful foliage.
This species is the most important of the genus, anl is
340
COCCOLOBA
COCHLEARIA
worthy of a place among ornamental plants under glass.
As it will withstand but slight frost, its cultivation out-
doors in the United State" is limited to warmer parts of
Florida and California, but it may be bedded outdoors
during the summer, in temperate latitudes forming a
stipules at the base : racemes 6 in. long, erect, in fl.
nodding in fr. : fls. 1J4 in. across, white, fragrant ; pet-
als .'>; stamens 8; styles 3: berries 9 or more in a ra-
ceme, small, about )^in. long, pear-shaped, reddish pur-
ple, dotted green, sweetish acid: nut roundish, with a
short, sharp point on top, and vertical wrinkles.
Sandy seashores of Trop. Amer., especially S
Fla. and West Indies. B.M. .1130. -The vnM
is used in cabinet work, and, when boiled,
gives a red color..
Florid&na, Meissn. Pigeon Ploi
Tree, 2r>-:{0 ft.: Ivs. VA-3 in. long!
i-2 in. wide, ovate or elliptical, nar-
rowed at both en»is, obtuse, niarfrin
slightly recurved : berries small, 'gin.
long, pear-shaped, edible, but not
marketable. S. Fla. — This has lately
been considered a synon>Tu of ('.
laurifoUa, but the two ?pecies are
well distinguished in DC. Prod.
14:165.
W.M.
505. Coccoloba uvifera (X '3).
fine addition to the list of plants more commonly em-
ployed. All species are easily propagated by seeds,
whif I germinate freely when not too old. Some species
may be quickly increased by cuttings of ripe wood,
which root readily in sand under usual conditions, in a
frame or propagating house. Layering may also be em-
ployed to increase a stock. The various species grow
naturally in both clayey and sandy soils, revelling in
moist, rich earth and a high temperature. C. uvifera
frequents the seashore, and is found growing in sand
and broken shells, apparently lacking altogether in
plant-food. Rich, sandy soil .)f a light character seems
to be the best for all species so far known. Plants are
readily transplanted from open ground, but pot-grown
plants' are to be preferred. Cult. by E. N. Reasoner.
uvifera, Linn. Sea-grape. Shore-grape. Fig. 50;').
Tree, reaching 20 ft. or more, with many flexuous
branches : Ivs. large, often 5 in. long by 7 in. wide,
broadly heart-shaped, wavy margined, glossy, leathery,
midrib red at the base; petioles short, with sheathing
COCCXTLTS ( diminutive of kokkox,
berry; the fr. being berry -like).
{Cebaiha.) Menispermticeip'. Twin-
ing or erect shrubs: Ivs. airemate,
petioled, entire or lobed, with entire
margin, deciduous or persistent,
palminerved : fls. inconspicuous, dioe-
cious, in axillary panicles or racemes,
sometimes terminal ; sepals, jietals
and stamens 6: carpels M-O, distinct, develoi)infr into
berry-like, 1-seeded drupes ; seed renifomi. About
25 species in America, Asia, Africa and Australia,
chiefly in trop. and subtrop. regions. Ouly a few spe-
cies are cultivated, thriving in almost any somewhat
moist soil ; the evergreen kinds are sometimes jrrown
in pots, in a sandy compost of peat and loam. Prop.
by seeds or by cuttings of half-ripened wood in summer,
under glass, with bottom heat.
"Cocculus Indicu8"is the trade name of the berries
used by the Chinese in catching flsh. The berries con-
tain an acrid poison, which intoxicates or stuns the tish
until they can be caught. The berries are imported
from the East Indies to atlulterate porter, and"Ci>('culus
Indictis " is a trade name with druggists, not a botanical
one, just as "Cassia lignea"is a trade name of a kind of
Cinnamon bark, derived, not from a Cassia. I)ut from a
species of Cinnamomum. The name"Cocculus Indicus"
was given by Bauhin, but binomial nomenclature beiran
later, with Linnaeus, in 17.").3. The plant which produces
the berries is Anamirta Cocculus.
CaroUnus, DC. A ri*pid-growing, twining shrub, at-
taining 12 ft., with pubescent branches: Ivs. long-peti-
oled, usually ovate, sometimes cordate, obtuse, entire or
3-, rarely 5-'lobed, rabescent, glabrous above at length,
1)^-3 in. long: fr. red, >4in. in diam. Along streams,
from Va. and 111. to Fla. and Tex. — Decorative in fall,
with its bright red fr. No*; hartiy N of New York.
C. Jap6nictts, DC.=Stephama hemandifolia.— C laitrifolhig,
DC. Ere<"t slinib, to I.t ft., glabrous: Ivs. everijreen, oblong.
Kcnte at l^otli ends. Himal. Decorative, with its bright green,
shining foliage. Only hardy in subtropical regions.— f. Thiin-
bergi. Dr. Similar to C. CaroUnus, but fr. bluish black. Har-
dier. Japan. Alfred Rehdeb.
COCHLEABIA (Latin, cochlear, a spoon; referring to
the Ivs.), Crucifercf. This genus, which includes the
Horse Radish and Scurvy Grass, is composed of glabrous
herbs, mostly perennial, of various habit, with Ivs. alter-
nate or in rosettes : fls. mostly white, racemose, bractless:
pods various, but never winged. The word cochlear is
a technical term used in describing alstivation, pvA refers
to one piece which is larger than the others, hollow like
a bowl or helmet, and including the rest, as in Aconitura.
Armor^cia, Linn. (Xasturtium Armnrdcia, Fries).
HoRrSE Radish. Hardy perennial, 2 ft. high : roots large
and fleshy, furnishing the familiar condiment: n)ot-lvs.
very large, more or less cordate or oblong ; stem-lvs.
lanceolate, uppermost linear, entire : fls. white. May.
Naturalized from Eu. and escaped. — It flowers fre-
quently, and very rartly perfects any seeds. For cul-
ture, see Horse Jiadish.
COCHLEARIA
COCOS
341
officiniLlis, Linn. Scurvy Grass. Hardy biennial,
2-12 in. high, but cult, as an annual : root-lvs. petioled,
cordate; 9tem-lv8. sessile, oblong, more or less toothed:
fls. early spring; calyx lobes eiect. Arctic regions. Vil-
morin, Veg. Gard. 515.— Prop, by seed, which is small,
oval, slightly angular, rough -j^kinned, reddish brown.
The germinating power lasts 4 years. The green parts
of the plant are strongly acrid, ami have a tarry flavor.
The seed is sown in a cool, shady position, where the
plants are to stand. The Ivs. are rarely eaten as salad,
but the plant is mostly grown for its anti-scorbutic
properties. W. Mv
COCHLIODA (Greek for spiral, in reference to the
structure of the lip). Orchiddceir, tribe I'dndeiP. A
small genus of orchids found at high elevations in South
America. Pseudobulbous. Flowers bright rose-color or
scarlet. Some of the species are retained by various
authors in Odontoglossura and 3Iesopinidium. Culture
of Odontoglossums.
Noetzli^na, Rolfe. Pseudobulbs ovate-oblong, com-
pressed, about 2 in. long, nionodiphyllous : Ivs. linear,
peduncles arcuate : fls. nunierou:^, in graceful racemes,
orange-scarlet, about 1 in. across; sepals oblong; petals
rather ovate ; labellum 3-lobed, disk yellow, otherwise
similar in color to the petals. Andes. B.M. 7474. Gt.
43:1403. G.C. III. 16:71.
rdsea, Hort. Plants similar to C. Xoetzliana : fls. rose
color. Peru. B.M. 0084. I.H. 18:(»6.
yulc4nica, Benth. & Hook. Peduncles more or less
eret't: tls. larger than in the preceding, bright rose-color;
labellum 3-lobed, provided with 4 ri'lges. Peru. B.M. 6001.
Oakes Ames.
COCHLIOSTfiMA (Greek,67)mjJ stamens). Commeli-
ndcecr. A genus of 2 species, which are among the
most curious and gorgeous plants c iltivated under glass.
They are epiphytes, with the hal it of Billbergia and
great axillary panicles of large flow ers of peculiar struc-
ture and beauty. They are stemless herbs from Equa-
dor. with large, oblong-lanceolate Irs., sheathing at the
base, and fls. which individually last only a short time,
although a succession is kept up for several weeks;
sepals 3, oblong, obtuse, concave; petals 3, nearly equal,
wider than the sepals, margined with l<»ug hairs*: stami-
nodes 3, villous^, 2 erect, linear, the third short, plumose;
staminal column hooded, with incurA-ed margins, enclos-
ing 3 spirally twisted anthers ; stvle slender, curved.
For an interesting theorv of the p.iculiar staminodes,
seeG.C, 1868: 323,? .
Cochliostemas art handsome stove- flowering perennial
plants, closely relat»-d to the Commelinas, and are of
comparatively easy culture, thriving well in ordinary
stove temperature in a mixture of 2 parts loam and 1
part fibrous peat, with a little well-decayed cow- or sheep-
manure added when potting mature plants. They like a
copious supply of water at the roots during the summer
months, and at no season must they be allowed to become
dry. Propagation is effected by division of the plants in
early spring, or by seeds, to obtain which the flowers
must be artificially fertilized. The seeds should be sown
as soon as ripe in shallow pans of light, peaty soil, and
placed in a warm, close atmosphere until germinated.
As soon as the see«llings are large enoi:gh, they should
be potted singly int<? thumb-pots, and shifted on as
often as they require it, when they will flower in about 12
months. The chief reason why Cochliostemas are grown
in America so little is, probably, that we have to keep a
much more humid atmosphere in stove-houses here than
in England, and that is very much against all stove-
floweriug plants, causing the season of blossoming to be
very short.
A. Lvs.red beneath : panicle hairy: fls. very fragrant.
odoratissimum, Lenmire. Lvs. lighter green above than
in V.Jdcohiatnun, and deep purplish red beneath, nar-
rower, and with a similar margin : fls. very numerous;
sepals more leaf-like, hairy, green, with a reddish tip.
I.H. 6: 217. R.H. 186!), p. 170. -Not advertised at present,
but fully as interesting as the next.
AA. Lvs. green beneath: panicle not hairy : fls. less
fragrant.
Jacobiinum, C. Koch and Linden. Height 1-3 ft.: Ivs.
in a rosette, spreading or recurved, dilated and sheath-
ing at the base, margined brown or purplish, .3—4 ft. long,
6 in. broad at the base, 4 in. broad at the middle : pe-
duncles stout, white, tinged purple, 1 ft. long : bracts
large, opposite and whorled, 3-4 in. long, acuminate,
concave: panicle branches 4-^ in. long: fls. 2-23-9 in.
across ; sepals purplish ; petals violet-blue. Autumn.
B.M. 5705. R.H. 1868:71.
Edward J. Canning and W. M.
Cochliostema odorati.'isinium is much like C Jacobi-
anum. Is a very interesting plant of rapid growth and
easy culture. It is raised from seed. It seeds freely
when fertilized at the proper time. Only a few of the
stronger or larger flowers sh<»uld be allowed to bear seed.
Sometimes a simple shaking of the flower stalk will ac-
complish the necessary work of fertilizing, but it is
safer to employ the regular method to insure thorough
impregnation. The seeds ripen within 6 weeks time, and
they can be sown soon thereafter. In 5 or 6 months from
seed the plants will bloom. The flowers, while not very
showy, are fragrant and. interesting. The plant itself is
ornamental by reason of its curiously marked, striped
and veined leaves. The plant thrives best in rich, light,
loamy soil. First sow in boxes or seed pans in light,
sandy soil ; then transplant into small pots ; keep the
young plants in a warm, moist place and repot before
the pot is fllleu >v''th roots, never allowing the plant to
get "hard," as it is calle<l. but keep it growing continu-
ously, and when in 6- or 7-inch pots, allow the plant to
get somewhat pot-bound and give more air, and it will
soon set flower bu«ls. Then place a mulch of old cow- or
sheep-manure on the top of the pot, or use liquid manure
once or twice a week, keeping the plant in a cool posi-
tion. The above treatment will secure numerous flowers
over a long period. Fall and winter, jj^ ^\_ Siebrecht.
COCKSCOMB. See Celosia.
COCKSFOOT GBASS. Same as Barnyard Grass, Pant-
cum Crus-0'alli.
COCOA. Seeds of Theobroma Cacao.
COCOA PLUM. Chrysobalanns Icaco.
COCOS (Portuguese, monkey, from the nut, which sug-
gests a monkey's face). Pahndcece, tribe Cocoinea;.
This genus includes the Cocoanut tree, C. nucifera, and
a few palms that are cultivated for ornament in the
north under glass, and in S. Fla. and S. Calif, as ave-
nue and ornamental trees. Of the species cult, for or-
nament, C. Weddelliana is by far the most important.
It is sold in great qtiantities from 3- and 4-inch pots
when the plants are 12-1.^ in. high. They are favorite
house-plants, as their culture is easy, and they grow
slowly and retain their beauty a long while. They are
much used in fern dishes. As a house-plant, C. Wed-
delliana is probably the most popular species of all the
smaller palms. It is especially suitable for table deco-
ration. The genus is allied to Maximiliana and Attalea,
and distinguished by its male fls. having lanceolate
petals, 6 included stamens, and a 1 -seeded fruit.
Low or tall spineless palms, with slender or robust
ringed trunks, often clothed with the bases of the lvs.
Lvs. terminal, pinnatisect ; segments ensiform or lanceo-
late, equidistant or in groups, 1- to many -nerved, entire
at the apex, or with 1 lateral tooth, or more or less
deeply lobed,— the margins smooth, recurved at the
base: rachis 3-sided, acute above, convex on the back:
petiole concave above, smooth or spiny on the margins:
sheath short, open, fibrous ; spadices erect, at length
drooping, the branches erect or drooping; spathes 2, the
lower one the shorter, split at the apex, the upper one
fusiform or clavate, woody, furrowed on the back ;
bracts variable ; ^,- white or yellow : fr. large or me-
dium, ovoifl or e.'-^soidal. terete or obtusely 3-a»igled.
Species about .30. Tropical and sab-tropicai S. Amer.,
1 in the tropics around the world.
J. G. Smith and W. M.
The Cocoanut Palm naturally grcvs on the seashore,
or in its immediate vicinity, and does not bear well
when at a great distance from salt water, aKhough its
growth may be strong. In cultivation, this fact is keot
342
cocos
cocos
in mind and plantations are laid out on sandy or shelly
tracts of land bordering the sea, where it is almost im-
possiuie to raise anything else of value. This soil con-
sists of coarse sand, broken shells and litter of the sea,
and is apparently very poor in quality, yet the Cocoanut
thrives on it and bears abundantly. Propagation is by
seeds only. These are selected from the most desired
strains, as the nuts vary greatly in size, shape, and
quantity and quality of the meat. They must be per-
fectly ripe before planting, which is usually done with-
out removing the outer husk. A shallow trench is
scooped out of the sand, the nuts are laid in thickly on
their sides and then the sand is thrown back over them
to a depth of from 4-10 in., according to 'he moisture of
the soil. After some months, when they have germi-
nated and the seed leaf is well developed, they are usu-
ally dug and planted out permanently about 20 ft. apart.
The young palms are kept free from weeds and en-
croaching beach creepers for 3 or 4 years, until ^they
reach a considerable size, after which they seldom pet
any cultivation. A mulching of seaweed and other veg-
etable matter proves of much benefit, but as the profit
is so small in Cocoanut culture, thorough manuring is
not attempted. Cocoanut Palms are of tropical growth,
yet may be grown outside the tropics to a slight extent,
as in southern Florida, where occasional light frosts
occur. E. N. Reasoneb.
As a decorative subject under glass, Cocos nucifera
is but little grown, owing to its large size, but when
given an abundance of water, a rich, loamy soil, and a
night temperature of 70°, it is not especially difficult to
manage, and while the young plants do not give a proper
idea of the mature Cocoanut Palm, their development
is interesting to watch.
The most valuable Cocos to the florist is the Dwarf
Cocoanut. C. Weddelliana, the seeds of which are sent
from Brazil to the large American and European palm
growers bj' the million each season. These seeds are
about half an inch thick. They usually arrive in the
spring, and should be sown at once in a warm green-
house and kept continually moist, and if they are in
good condition and kept at a temperature of about 75°,
they frequently begin to germinate in 6 to 8 weeks.
A light and rather open soil is preferable for Cocos
seeds, some growers using pure peat for this purpose
with good results. When the seedlings are making their
second leaf they may be potted off, and this is one of
the critical periods in the culture of C. Weddelliana,
the young roots being so stiff and brittle that much care
is needed to get them into a 2- or 2 >^ -inch pot. and if
the main root is broken the seedling seldom recovers.
Deep pots are, therefore, best for this purpose. The
seedlings should be kept rather close during the day for
the first few weeks after potting, and then may be aired
quite liberully, and also syringed freely. A night tem-
perature of 6.>-70° will answer very well for the young
plants, and they should never be allowed to become
very dry, or a yellow and unhealthy condition is liable
to follow. Through the summer the plants may be re-
potted as they may need it. but it is not wise to'distarb
the roots after the middle of October, the root action of
these plants being rather sluggish during the winter
months.
Soil should be well-drained, rather sandy in texture,
and may be enriched with some dry cow-dung, or a
moderate quantity of bone dust.
Cult, by W. H. Taplin.
The Cocoanut is the example most commonly cited of
dispersal of seeds by water. Its buoyant, impervious,
boat-shaped husk enables it to cross an ocean without
losing its germinating power. Its structure is interest-
ing and at first puzzling. Although it is a dry, indehis-
cent. 1-seeded fruit, it seems very unlike an akene, as
for instance, ii. the Compositse. Structurally, it is more
like a drupe, for the fibrous husk is formed from the
outer part of the pericarp, and the hard shell enclosing
the meat from the inner. In other words the husk is
exocarp and the shell endocarp The milk of the Cocoa-
nut is unsolidified endosperm. In the cereal grains it is
the endosperm which affords most of the material used
for human food. Only a part of the liquid matter of the
Cocoanut sclidifies, and the milk is left in the center.
The eyes of the Cocoanut (Fig. 506) mark the positions
of the micropyles, and germination takes place only
through the larger one. Palm pistils are 3-carpelle(l a;.i
each carpel in Cocos has 1 ovule. The marks of the 3
carpels are seen in Fig. 50(;, but only 1 ovule develops
506. End of a mature cocoanut.
The nut sprouts usually from the largest eye.
into a seed. Fig. 507 tells the story of the growth of a
Cocoanut. In «, the young nut is enveloped by 3 petals
and 3 sepals. At 6, the pericarp has far outgrown the
sepals and petals. The floral envelopes remain upou the
tree when the nut is picked. Cocoanuts, like many other
fruits, often grow to a^considerable size without pollina-
tion, and then perish.
In distinguishing tropical from subtropical regions.
the Cocoanut is an excellent giiide. It flourishes best
where frost is never known. The oil extracted from the
nuts is an important article of commerce. The fiber re-
fuse is much used by florists and gardeners. Being
open, spongy, very retentive of moisture, clean and
easily handled, it is a favorite material in which to root
bedding plants and to start very small seeds ; but it is
not used for permanent potting. l_ g_ g^
A. Filaments present on the rachis.
eriosp&tha. Mart. Stem 9-15 ft. high, 10-14 in. thick,
capitately thickened with the persistent bases of the
petioles; Ivs. ample, glaucous, finely pectinate: margins
of the rachis with excurrent filaments; segments about
1 in. apart, the lower elongated, linear, 20-24 in. long,
very long-acuminate, the upper narrowly linear, short,
attenuate, 1 ft. long, 2 lines wide, all rigid, faintly ner-
vose-striate, S. Braz.— "The hardiest of the genus and
one of the hardiest palms in southern Calif. Fronds
bluish: fr. pulp tastes like- r pricots."— /'. iVffwcf.se^i,
Santa Barbara. Rather coarse for cultivation under
glass.
AA. Flaments absent.
B. Bachis abnipthj contracted above the insertion of
the lowest Ifta.
flexudsa, Mart. Stem 9-12 ft. high, 2-3^2 in. in diam.,
arcuate-ascending, naked just above the base, thence
densely clothed with dead petiole bases; Ivs. lax, 3-(i ft.
long: petiole flat above, arcuate, at first tomentose, later
smooth : rach s abruptly narrowed above the insertion
of the lowest 1 ?af-segment, thence linear-filiform at the
apex, excurrert ; segments 70-90 on each side, rigid in
opposite grou )s, the middle 10-14 in. long, ^•^ in. Tide,
the upper 4 in. long, l-12in. wide. Braz.— Cult, in north-
em greenhouses. An avenue tree in S. Fla, and S.
Calif. "Similar in habit to S.plnmosa, but with more
finely cut Ivs., and in S. Eu. considered to stand more
troit.^'—Franceschi.
cocos
cocos
343
BB. Bachis not abruptly contracted.
c. Leaflets flaccid.
D. Form oflfts. linear.
E. Arrangement of Ifts. equidistant.
Weddelliina, H. Wendl. Fig. 508. Stem 4-7 ft. high,
IX in. in diam., densely covered with persistent sheaths :
lv8. equally pectinate-pinnatisect, W-'^Va ft. long: petiole
8-20 in. : sheath coriaceous-fibrous, glabrous or tomen-
tose, with slender brown hairs, at length evanescent :
blade 2-3 ft. : segments about .50 on each side, widely
spreading, the middle 5 in. long, 2 lines wide, subequi-
distant. glaucous beneath : rachis filiform at the apex,
brown-scaly. Trop. Braz. R. H. 1879, p. 434. I.H.
22:220. A. G. 16:345. — The most important of small or-
namental palms for the north.
EE. Arrangement of Ifts. in groups of 2-4.
plumdsa, Hook. Stem .30-36 ft. high, 10-12 in. thick,
ringed at intervals of a ftwjt, clothed near the apex with
remnants of the dead petioles; Ivs. erect-spreading, 12-
15 ft. long, recurving : petiole >a->^ as long as the
blade : segments linear acuminate, sparse, solitary or
mostly in groups of 2-4, IV^ft. long, deflexed near the
apex. Cent. Braz. B.M. 5180. -The chief avenue pulra
of the genus. A quick-grower, ultimately 50 ft. high in
S. Fla. and Calif.
cc. Leaflets rigid.
butyricea, Linn. Stems very tall, naked : Ivs. pin-
nate ; Ifts. simple ; spathe cylindrical-oblong, 4-6 ft.
Venezuela.— Rare and perhaps confused with Scheelea
butyracea. Little known.
D. Form of Ifts. sword -shaped.
Bomanzoffiina, Cham. Stems 30-40 ft. high, some-
what fusifonu above: Ivs. about half as long as the cau-
dex, the withered ones deflexed, pendent, the upper
spreading, incurved, segments conduplicate at the base,
ensiform. S. Braz., near the sea.
DD. Form oflfts. linear: apex obtuse: petiole glaucous.
austrilis, Mart. Pixdo Palm. Height 8 ft.: stim
erect, columnar, equal, strongly annular above ; petiole
naked ; segments linear, glaucous, rather rigid : fr. as
large as a pigeon's etm. outer pulp sweet, edible, seed
oily. Paraguay. G.C. III. 18:739. A.F. 5, 515, and 7:805.
R.H. 1876. p. 155.— A slow grower. Cult, under glass
and outdoors in Fla. and Calif.
nncifera, Linn. Ceoo Palm. Cocoanut Tree. Figs.
507, 508. Caudex 40-100 ft. high, flexuous, thickened at
the base: Ivs. 12-18 ft. long ; Ifts. linear-lanceolate, 2-3
ft., coriaceous, flaccid: petiole 3-5 ft., stout. Seashores
within the tropics. Indigenous to Cocos or Keeling
Islands of the Indian
ocean. R. H. 1895,
p. 457. Mn. 2: 171.
G.F. 7:15. — Produces
the coooanuts of com-
merce. Rarely cult,
in northern green-
houses.
the mouth ; petiole 1% tt. long, spino8e-serr*ttt* : seg-
ments ,50-60 on a side, crov ded below, then equidistant,
linear-lanceolate, the uppermost long-setaceous filiform,
(Xat. size at this st.ago.) (Xat. size.)
507. Stages in the growth of a cocoanut.
DDD. Form of Ifts. narrowly lanceolate.
E, Lvs. long, 6-15 ft. in mature specimens.
F Petiole spinose-serrate: segments of leaf less
numerous.
YatAy, Mart. Stem 12-15 ft. high, over 1 ft. in diam.,
naked below, co^ ered with dead sheaths above: lvs. .e-
curved, spreading 6-9 ft. ; sheath 1 ft. long, fibrous at
SOS. Cocos ^Veddelliana.
the middle ones 2% ft. long. 2-5 in. wide, the upper 20
in. long, 34in. wide, all rigid, glaucous beneath. Brazil,
Argentina.
FP. Petiole not spinose-serrate : segments of leaf
very numerous.
Ditil, Drude & Griseb. Stem .30 ft. high, 8-12 in. diam. :
lvs. 12-15 ft. long; sheath about 16 in. long; petiole 1%
ft. long, 1% in. wide, r^ain. thick; segments linear-acumi-
nate, glaucous, densely crowded in groups of 3 or 4,
150-160 on each side, the lowest 2 ft., middle 2>a ft. and
apical 1 ft., the uppermost fllifonn, all narrow, stiff and
rigid, the dried lvs. glaucous green or whitish. Argen-
tina; islands aud river banks. The fruits are edible,
resembling those of the date palm. Hardier in S. Calif,
than C. plumosa,flexuosa, and Bomamoffiana.
coronilta, Mart. Trunk at length 18-30 ft. high, 8 in.
in diam., erect, deeply ringed: lvs. erect-spreading, 6-9
ft. long, short-petioled, arranged in a close, 5-ranked
spiral, the long-persistent bases of the petioles forming
a spiral -twisted column below the crown; leaf-segments
in groups of 2 or 3, folded together from the base (con-
duplicate), linear lanceolate, acute, coriaceous, densely
crowded, about 100 on each side; midrib 4-sided below,
3-sided above. Brazil.
EE. Lvs. shorter, S-4% ft. in mature specimens.
F. Apex of Ifts. obtuse.
camp^stris, Mart. Stem 8-10 ft. high, thickened, scaly:
lvs. spread ing-recurved, rigid. 3-4 Vg ft. long: rachis ele-
vated, triangular above, convex below : segments nar-
rowly lanceolate, .30-40 on ea<'h side, obtuse at the a[>ex
and shortly cordate-acuminate. Brazil.— Hardier than
C.nucifera,
FF. Apex OT Ifts. acuminate.
iniigma.'^lart. (Glazidva insignis, Hort.). Stem.3-6ft.
high, 1% in. in diam. : lvs. 4>^-6 ft. long; sheath densely
ml
i « ■ f:
I-
344
cocos
brown - lanate ; petiole shorter than or equaling the
sheath, a fourth or fifth as long as the rachis; segments
equidistant, 50 on eatrh side, narrowly lanreolate, obliquely
acuminate and caudate, silvery glaucous beneath. Braz.
The following are obscure trade names of rare plants not
sufficiently descril)«d : C. Alphonsei, C. Bdnneti, O. OcUrtneri,
C. Maximilidna and C. Turumdgruu.
Jared G. Smith and W. M.
CODI^UM (Malayan name). Euphorbidcece. Croton
of florists. Four or 5 Malayan species of shrubs or
trees. Plants momecious : racemes axillary, long and
slender: pistillate lis. with small 5-lobed calyx and no
petals, the ovary 3-loculed : stamens 15-30, surrounded
by calyx and 5-0 small petals: Ivs, alternate and petio-
late, normally entire, thick, more or less Aucuba-like.
Differs from Croton in the absence of petals from the
pistillate fls., and in technical characters of stamens.
The Codiaeums of gardens are of many widely differ-
ent kinds, and many of these forms have Latin-made
names. They are all derived, however, from one poly-
morphous natural group, which J. Milller, the latest
monographer ( DC. Prodr. 15: pt. 2, 111!)), considers to be
one species {C.varie<jati(m). This plant is widely dis-
tributed in the Malayan rejrion, and is commonly
planted in the Moluccas and other parts. The Crotons
or Codiaeums of horticulturists fall into three groups.—
those with ovate, short-stalked Ivs., those with narrower
and spatulate Ivs., and those with ver>' narrow and often
twisted Ivs. These correspond with Miiller's three nat-
ural divisions :
varieg&tum, Linn., var. pictum, Miiller (C. plctum,
Hook.). Fig. 509. Lvs. short-petioled, ovate or ovate-
lanceolate, more or less cordate at the base, 1^2-3 times
longer than wide, beautifullv and variously marked with
red, yellow and green. L.B'.C. 9:870. B.M. 3051.
Var. Molucc^num, Miiller. Fig, 510. Lvs. long- or
short-petioled. widely or narrowly spatulate, acute at
base, and short-acuminate.
509. Codiaeutn Baronne de Rothschild (var. pictum).
Var. grenuinum, Miiller (Crbton variegdtus, Linn.).
Figs. 511, 512. Lvs. broad- or narrow-lanceolate, equally
narrowed at both ends, acutish or obtuse, never cordate
at base.
The Codiaeiims of gardens are prised chiefly for the
varied and brilliant markings of the lvs. The colons are
in shades of red, yellow, orange and purple, and the
markings often run into white. The plants have been
CODI^UM
modified almost endlessly by domestio ,
the modification is the result of crossing. Tl.
are prized both as indoor foliage plants and
for massing in the open. In the open air i
most brilliant colors in our bright, hot sur
plants will not stand frost. Specimens wl
coming too large for the greenhouse may
the center of the bed for siuumer and throw
frost. With Crotons it is especially desir:
the ball of roots well developed. The sn
plants, which naturally form the outer ring
mer bed, may be plunged in their pots into
are easily removed in the fall to the greenl
plants, when taken up in the fall and brou,
should be cut back at the time of potting,
make the best subjects for winter decoratf
good results may be got from them by the
care.
Codiaeums (or Crotons, as they are popu
in America) are beautiful plants, with ma
handsome and o<ld foliage of the most brillis
The colors range from almost pure white
deep yellow, orange, pink, red and crimson,
charming combinations. In some cases on
dominates, as in Carrierei (yellow), Cza
III. (crimson), Hawkerii (light yellow). '
ties of distinct coloring make beautiful spe(
for jardinieres; and their beauty is enhance
in jardinieres of appropriate color. As exhi:
they are ver>' effective, and may be grown 1
5 or 6 feet high, or even larger. In si
Codiaeums are much used as table plant
purpose well colored tops are rooted and gr
they are from 12 to 15 inches high. The n;
varieties are most used for this purpose,
are also very attractive in vases and wi
and for mantel and table decorations. T.
very valuable as bedding plants. Planted
masses, the efl'ect of the combination of r.
charming. They should be planted in onl
not too heavy soil, and regularly syringed 1
red spider. They color best when fully ex;
sun, and should not be planted out until al
of .June in the neighborhood of New Yorl
delphia. If something is needed to make t
attractive early in the season, it is a good ]
pansies in April, to remain until it is time
Codiaeums. Some of the tender varieties, sui
Albicans, and a few others, are inclined t<j
extremely hot weather, but nearly all the t
bedded out. Among the very best for this
Queen Victoria, Dayspring, Baron Rotl
dreanum. Lady Zetland, Carrierei, Barry
Fasciatum, Auietumense.
The house culture of Codiaeums is very e
necessary that a night temperature be main
to 75°, and that the air be kept moist
syringings. Cuttings of half-ripened w<
easily rooted at any time from October i;
bottom heat of 80° being just what they r
very fine specimens are desired, root strong
tops by making an incision in the steii
moss around the wounded part ; it will be
to pot in about three weeks. By this methot
age may be retained, and a perfect plant I
The more light the plant gets, the better
color; but with some kinds of glass it is
shade lightly to prevent burning of the h
may be grown finely in a house glazed
glass, which admits the light and does
shading, it is well to syringe two or three '
with tobacco water, to kill mealy bug and
Little's Antipest, or any emulsion of coal-<
insecticide for Codianims. New varieties fr
result of crossing existing sorts) are conti
raised. Seed ripens freely under gla?
America, and there is no doubt that the 1
eighty choice varieties now in cultivation w:
extended in the near future.
The following horticultural varieties are in
trade :
Aigberth Gem.
Albo-lineatum,.
.Jk Mjs.. 1...^.:
CODI^UM
CODLEL'M
345
AlMean*. Lvs. broad-lanceolate, 18 in. or less long, shining
green, variejfated ivory-white, tinted crimson beneatli : dense
grower.
Andrfanum. Lvs. broafl-oblong, deep green, with yellow and
crimson vein-markings. R.H. 1876. p. 2:U. I.H.22.201.
510. Codisum Di&raeli (var. Moluccanum) .
Angustigsimum (angustivolium). Lvs. 1-1/^ ft, long, linear,
drooping, yellow-margined t nd -ribbed.
Anietum^nse.
AiicubiKfolium. Lvs. short and broad, green, blotched with
yellow and crimson.
Aureo-maculatum. Lvs. long and narrow, yellow-spotted.
Aureum. Lvs. beautifully and symmetrically marked with
rich yellow.
Baron Adolph SeillQre. Strong' and robust growth. Large,
brilliant green lvs., with pale yellov nerves, which soon become
ivory-white, the contrast of color pi"o<".ucing a striking effect.
Baronne de Rothgchild (Fig. 509). Lvs. broad, olive-green
and yellow, changing to crimson.
Barryi.
Beauty. Lvs. lanceolate, profusely and strikingly varieg^.tel
with golden yellow on a rich green grou.id : as they »<• lin o'^
the green ground color gradually becomti' a deep ^ioi./j, i as*
the yellow variegation develops into a rich, rosy crimson
Bergmani. Lvs. short, broad-oblong, cream-yellow, f green
blotches. LH.27:389.
Brilliantissimum.
Burtonii. Lvs. lanceolate, 16 in. or less, shining green, mar-
bled with golden yellow.
Carrierei.
Challenger (Imperator). Long lvs.: midribs at i\rst creamy
white, suffused with red, deepening to bright carmine. One of
the best.
Chelsonii. Lvs. narrow and drooping, more or less twisted,
salmon-tinted and -blotched.
Chrysophyllum. Lvs. small, yellow-tinted.
Compte de Germiny.
Cooperii. Lvs. yellow- veined and -blotched, changing to red.
Comutuin. Lvs. oblong and obtuse, lobed, rounded at the
base, wa\'y-margined, dark, shining green and mottled with yel-
low, the midrib projecting at the tip.
Cronstadtii. Lvs. lanceolate, twisted and crisped, tapering to
a sharp point, glossy green, variegated with light golden yellow.
Crown Prince. Lvs. lanceolate atid acuminate, 18 in. or less
long, shining green, with golden veins.
Czar Alexander III.
Dayspring. Orange-yellow, e<lged green and tinged red.
Delight. Lvs. oblong acute, bright yellow, margined with
green, the veins cream-color, the bright central variegation
changing to clear ivor>'-white, with here and there a few dots of
the same color scattered through the margin of the leaf.
Disraeli ( Fig. 510). Lvs. rather narrow, variously lobed, dark
green, with yellow veins, changing to crimson.
Dodgsonce. Lvs. lance-linear, 1 ft. or less long, sometimes
twisted, green, with golden rib and margins.
Earltcourt.
Elegana. Lvs. linear-lanceolate, but short (about 6in.). green
above, with yellow or crira.son rib and margins, dull green and
mottled purple t>eneath.
Elegantiaaimum. Lvs.narrow.of considerable length: variega-
tion of a rich, bright golden color, which contrasts strongly with
the bright red tint of the petioles, producing a very pretty effect.
Etansinnuin. -s. 3-lobe<1, veined with yellow and mottled
with yellow, bror and orange.
Excelsior.
Fasciatum. Deey green, with yellow veins.
Flambeau.
Flamingo.
Gloriositm (Prince of Wales). Lvs. long, narrow and droop-
ing, variously spotted with creamy yellow.
Oolden Ring.
Ooldiei. Lvs. spatulate, 3-lobed, 12 in. or less long, olive-green,
with golden veins.
Grande. Dark green, with yellow si)ots.
Hanburyanitm. Lvs. oblong, 18 in. or less, olive-green, with
golden and rose markings.
Hanvoodianum (Triumphans Harwoodianum). Lvs. oblong,
ribbed with gold and crimson.
Hawkerii. Lvs. broad-lanceolate, Kft. long, light yellow, with
green margins.
Henryanum. Lvs. ovate-oblong and pointed. 10 in., mottled
or overspread with golden yellow.
Hilleanum. Lvs. broad-oblong or spatulate, 9 in. or less, wav-y-
margined, purplish green, marked with crimson.
Hookeriamim. Lvs. lance-ovate, dark, shining green, with
golden blotches.
niustris. Lvs. with 3 narrow-oblong lobes, golden barred and
variegated.
Imperator. See Challenger.
Interniptum (Fig. 511). Lvs. very narrow, with notched
places, twisted, with crimson rib.
Irregulare. Lvs. oblong and tapering at base, contracted be-
low the middle, acute at apex, shining green, with yellow spots
and ribs.
Jamesii. Lvs. ovate, 10 in, or less, dark green, irregularly
blotched with whitish and yellow.
Johannis. Lvs. linear-lanceolate, tapering at each end, chan-
nelled above, ribbed and margined yellow. A.F. 13:1070.
Sll. Codijeum interruptum
{.Wat. genuinum).
Eatoni. Lvs. lanceolate, bright green, with circular yeliow
spots.
Lady Zetland. Graceful habit.
Lord Derby.
Mac^a rlanei. Lvs. linear-lan'"eola' e, drooping, 1 ft. long, green
and yellow blotched, but becoming jright crimson.
MagnolifoHum.
346
CODIiEUM
CCELOGYNE
Maje4ticum. Lvs. narrow and long, niotilod green and yellow,
and shaded with crimson.
Marquis de Cattellatu.
Mortfortiease.
Mortii.
Mr$. Cheu. Heine.
Mrs. Dortnan. Lvs. linear-laneeolate, 1 ft., with scarlet rib
and irreen mnrfirins.
Mrs. U. F. Watson. Largelvd. : green, but as they mature the
green deepens and changes to a bright, bronzy crimson, stripe*!,
spotted and blotched with rich golden yellow and edged with
salmon, the midribs and veins bright red.
Mrs. Swan. Lvs. broad-lanceolate and acuminate, golden yel-
low in the center and on the margins and i)etiole.
Multicolor. Lvs. like Irregulare, but blotched and veined with
yellow, changing to orange and crimson.
Musaicum. Lvs. oblong-lanceolate, wavy, acuminate, green,
crimson and cream-color. R.H. 1882: 240.
512. Codisum spirale
(var. genuinum).
Nestor. Lvs. large, lanceolate, with a broad crimson midrib,
spotted margin, and bright yellow central variegation.
Nevillioe. Lvs. oblong-lanceolate, barred and marked yellow,
changing to orange and metallic crimson.
Nobile.
Ori'illa.
Ovalifolium.
Pictum, Lvs. broad-oblong and acuminate, less than 10 in.
long, crimson, with irregular blotches of green and blackish.
Old but good. B.M.3051.
Picturattim. Lvs. similar to Intemiptum, highlj- colored.
Pilgrimii. Lvs. ovate and pointed, 10 in., green, overspread
with pink, golden-blotched.
Prince of Wales. See Gloriosum.
Princeps. Lvs. broad-linear, with yellow rib and margins, the
green becoming bronze and the yellow becoming crimson.
Princess Matilda.
Punctatum.
Queen Victoria. "L's. oblong-lanceolate, 12 in. or less, golden
yellow blotched and n^igenta ribs.
Hecurvi folium. Lvs. broad an<! heavy, recurved,*veined with
crimson and yellow, ana Handsomely blotched.
Reedii.
Roseo-pictum.
Ruberrimum. Lvs. crimson, narrow , drooping, marked' with
creamy white.
Rubro-lineatum.
Bubro-striatum.
Senitzianum.
SolUrii.
Spirale (Fig. 512). Lvs. long, narrow-oblong, twisted, stripe<I
and marked with yellow, changing to crimson. ,
Stetcartii. Lvs. obovate. blunt at base, olive green, with red-
dish rib and petiole and orange bands and margin.
Sunbeam. Dark, bronzy lvs., from 9 to 10 in. long and aboat
2 in. wide, in the young state freely blotched with yellow, gradu-
ally changing into rosy crimson, which in turn, as the leaf ar-
rives at maturity, becomes of a rich blood-red.
Sunshine.
Superbissimum.
Thompsonii.
Tricolor. Lvs. oblong-spatulate, very acute, gradually tapering
from the upper thinl to the base ; margin sinuous ; upper sur-
face dark, shining green, central part and midrib gulden yellow,
lo^^er surface dull, reddish green.
Triumphans. Lvs. oblong, deep green and crimson, changing
to greenish bronze and rosy crimson.
Undulatum. Lvs. broad and long, undulated or crimped, with
claret, crimson and purplish veins.
Victory. Lvs. of deep orangey -How, blotched with crim-
son, changing with age to deep oli\e-green, with crimson veins
and costa, and a blotching of red.
Veitchii. Lvs. lance-oblong. rounde<l at base, bright green,
mottled yellow and crimson. R.H. 1867, p. \90.
Volutum. Lvs. broad, rolletl at tip, golden veined.
Warrenii. Lvs. linear-lanceolate, 2-3 ft. long, twisted, droop,
ing, overspread and mottled with orange and crimson, changing
to crimson.
Weismanii. hvs. lance-linear, 12 in. or less long, very acute at
tip, more or less undulate-margined, shining green and golden-
blotched.
Williamsii. Lvs. ovate-oblong, ll4 ft. or less long and 4 in. or
less broad, undulated, magenta, crimson and yellow.
Wilsonii. Lvs. linear-lanceolate, 1-2 ft., drooping, bright
green, overspread with yellow.
Toungii. Lvs. long, nearly 1 in. wide, dark green, irregularly
blotched with yellow and rose-red. Robert Cr\ig
CODLIN, or CODLING. Used in England to mean a
small, green, half-wild, inferior apple. It is used in dis-
tinction from grafted or de.ssert fr. It is about equiva-
lent to our use of the word "crab."
CCELIA (Greek, koilos, hollow: referring to the pol-
len masses). Orchiddceie. tribe VdndecB. Six species of
central and South American epiphytic orchids, divided
into 2 strongly marked groups with widely different
kinds of inflorescence. (J. macrostachya is a type of
the first section, with long racemes of numerous' small,
horizontal fls., which are much exceeded by the long
spreading bracts, and the base of the column short.
C. belle is typical of the second section, with the lis.
few, larger, erect, in groups of about 3, longer than their
bracts, and the base of the column produced to twice its
own length, which gives the tis. a tubular appearance.
Coelias are of minor importance. They grow be.st in
pots of peat and sphagnum, with a little charcoal.
A. Fls. rosy red, numerous, small, in a long ractnu.
macrost^chya, Lindl. Pseudobulbs 2)4 in. long, almost
round, with brown scales at the base: lvs. about 3, from
the top of the pseudobulb. 1 ft. or n: re long, lanceolate,
arching, broa<ler than in C. bella, and not channeled:
sepals red; petals white. Mexico. R.H. 1878: 210. B.M.
4712 shows a dense raceme 8 in. long, with more than
75 fls.
AA. Fls. white, tipped purple, few, large.
b61Ia, Reichb. f. Pseudobulbs smaller and more con-
stricted at the top : lvs. 6-10 in. long, narrower, chan-
neled above, arching : fls. 2 in. long, erect, 3 or 4 in
number, with the midlobe of the lip orange-colored.
Guatemala. B.M. 6628.
C(EL0GYNE (hoik vc pistil). Orvhidi\cece, tribe Epi-
d^.tdrece. A genus of useful plants, all pseudobulbous,
found in tropical Asia growing on trees and on rocks.
Sepals and petals membranaceous, labellum large, cucul-
late with 2, 3 or more longitudinal ridges; column erect,
winged, membranaceously margined at and toward the
apex; pollinia 4. The botanical details of Coelogyne spe-
ciosa are shown in Fig. 513. At the top is a general
CCELOGYNE
CCELOGYNE
347
view of the flower. Below, on the left, is the column,
front and side view. In the center is the lip, with the
column lying along its top. B^low the lip, on the left,
is the stigma. To the right, on the bottom row, are the
poUinia, front and ba<'k view; and at the right center
are separate pollen masses.
Coelogj'nes may be grown In pots, pans or baskets,
but it is hardly advisable to undertai^e growing them on
513. Details of CcEloeyne speciosa.
blocks, as they are a thirsty class of plants when grow-
ing, and, in fact, when at rest should not be allowed to
become very dry. Ccelogynes, as a rule, do not care to
be disturbed; therefore, it is a good plan not to repot
until the plants have outgrown the pots or baskets, or
the old compost has become exhausted. They should be
potted then in a compost consisting of equal parts fresh
spbaffnum moss and fibrous peat, to which may be added
a little broken charcoal. The pots or baskets to be used
should have a good supply of crocks, so that the water
may pass away freely, otherwise the compost would soon
become sour. A good time to repot or top-dress is just
after the flowering season. When repotted, the plants
should be kept in a rather moist, shady place until the
new roots commence to take hold of the fresh compost.
They may then be put in their growing quarters and
given a good supply of water all through the growing
season; but after the growth is completed they will re-
quire only enough water to keep the bulbs in a plump
condition. Manure water applied once a week vhen
growing will be found beneficial, but should be given in
a weak form to hrgin with.
There are about 50 kinds of Ccelogynes, a number of
which are well worth a place in the most select collec-
tions. One of the most beautiful species is C. cristata,
with its varieties hololeuca, Chataxcorthii, Lemoniana
and maxima. To insure a good crop of fls., the above
should all have a good supply of light and air when
growing, only a very light shading being necessary.
They also may be syringed overhead once or twice a day
in bright weather to keep down red spider and other in-
sect pests. In the winter they may be rested in any cool
greenhouse in which the temperature does not fall be-
low 40°. C. corrttgata, C. flaccida, C. oceUata and C.
Mnasangeana will all do nicely in an intermediate house,
while O. Daynna and C. Sanderiana should be grown in
a warmhouse where the night temperature in winter is
not below 60°. Coelogynes may be propagated by divid-
ing the plants, always being careftil to get one or more
leading growths with each piece.
Cult, by Albert J. Newell.
A. Sacemes pendulous or drooping.
B. I^Is. green or yellow.
pandoiitta, Lindl. Fls. large: sepals and petals green ;
labellija fiddle-shaped, with black veins and stains on a
yellowish green ground; central disk 3-ribbed; pseudo-
bulbs oval oblong, 4 'n. long ; Ivs. rather oblong, 15 or
more in. in length: racemes manv-fld. Borneo. B.M.
5084. F.S. 20:2159. J.H. III. 30:377. A.P. 6:633.
Day&na, Reichb. f. Pseudobulbs pyriform, cylindric,
about 0 in. long: Ivs. oblong-lanceolute: fls. numerous;
sepals and petals pale yellow, margins reflexed ; petals
much narrower than sepals ; labellum with 6 erect
ridges fringed with brown : racemes 2 ft. or more long.
Borneo. G.C. III. 15:695.
Massange&na, Reichb. f . Pseudobulbs pyriform, about
3)4—1 in. long, Ivs. elliptical, large, tapering toward the
base ; the long racemes many-fld. ; sepals and petals
equal, pale yellow, lateral lobes of labellum brownish
within, lined or streaked with yellow ; mid-lobe with a
verrucose brown and yellow disk : raceme sometimes 2
ft long. Assam. B.M. 6979.
BB. yis. white or cream-colored.
cristita, Lindl. A free - flowering species, with
large white flowers : sepals and petals lanceolate-ob-
long, undulate ; lateral lobes of labellum slightly in-
curved ; mid-lobe provided at the center with 5 bright
yellow fringes and 3 ridges. Nepal. J.H. III. 31::{49.
P. G. 1:55. A. G. 14:331; 15:513. A.F. 4:497; 6:87;
9:1111; 13:1133. F.E. 9:331. Gng.2:.393; 4:225.-Var.
hololetica, Hort. (var. alba), has white fls., labellum.
without yellow. V; r. Lemoni&na, Hort., has citron-yel-
low fringes. Var. Ch^tsworthi, Hort., has large pseinlo-
bulbs and large fls. of good substance. Var. m&xima,
Hort., has very large fls. Oflogyne cristata is one of
the best and most popular of orchids. It is one of the
easiest to grow. Can be grown with Cattleyas.
fl&ccida, Lindl. Pseudobulbs ovat«, angulate, 2-3
in. long Ivs. lanceolate, about 8 in. long: raceme 7-10-
fld., often more: fls. l^ain. across: sepals and petals
whitish: labe.loTX with 3 ridges, bright yellow blotch on
the disk NtprJ. B.M- 3318.
Oar^^ieriina, Lindl. Pseudobulbs long and tapering,
flask-shaped : Ivs. 2, thin, 18 in, or less long : raceme
many-fld. : f . large, long-petaled, pure white except the
lemon-yellov lip, not opening wide. Ind. P.M. 6:73.
asperiita, Lindl. (C. Lou-ii, Paxt.). Large species
(18-24 in. high): pseudobulbs large and oblong, ejich
bearing a pair of broad, dull green Ivs.: raceme 1 tt.
loner, many-fld. : fls. 3 in. across, cream -colored, but the
li^ vrith an orange crest and radiating brown and yellow
streaks. Borneo. P.M. 16:227.
Sanderiana, Reichb. f. Pseudobulbs ovate and
wrinkled or costate, 2 in. long, each bearing a pair of
Ivs. a foot long : fls. about 6 in a raceme, 3 in. across,
snow-white; sepals narrow and pointed, keeled; petals
broader; lip 3-lobed, the side lobes strip od '.dth brown
and the middle lobe blotched with yello^-. E. Ind.—
Distinct and handsome. C. Sanderse, Kranzlin (G.C.
III. 13:361. J.H. III. 35:451), is probably the same. It
is described as having the "disk of the lip deep orange
in front, much paler behind, and with three parallel
keels, covered with long dark hairs" (G.C. III. 13,
p. 392).
AA. Hacemes erect.
barbiLta, Griflftth. Pseudobulbs about 2 in. long, ovate:
Ivs. broadly lanceolate, about 1 ft. long: fls. large, petals
linear, whitish; sepals ovate-oblong, white; mid-lobe o<
labellum brownish inside, curiously fringed with brown ;
crests 3. Khasia hills.
ocell&ta, Lindl. Pstudobulbs pjrriform or nearly so:
Ivs. about 1 ft. long, narrowly lanceolate; racemes"6 in.
long : fls. large, white, with two bright orange-yellow
spots on each of the lateral lobes of the labellum, and
two smaller spots at the base of the midlobe ; also
l>ro\^-n lateral streaks ; column bordered with yellow.
E. Ind. Found at an elevation of 7,000 feet. B,M. 3767.
specidsa, Lindl. Pseudobulbs ovoid, distinctly angled,
2 or 3 in. long, monophyllous; racemes short: fls. 1, 2 or
3, on short peduncles, which emerge from imbricated
scales directly below the fls.; sepals oblongr-ovate,
translucent, dull salmon-pink; petals linear reflexed ;
lateral lobes of labellum erect, slightly incurved, reticu-
lated, with dull copper-brow on a blush-salmon ground,
midlobe roundish, partly broad -margined with white ;
?48
CCELOGTNE
COFFEA
disk with two fringed ridges and umber-brown marlc-
ings. Inner surface of column brownish. Java. B.M.
48«9. Gn. 49, p. 62.
corrag^Ui, Wight. Pseudobulbs ovate-pointed, in
tufts, with lv8.3 in. long: racemes IM>-fld.: fls. white ;
sepals and petals nearly equal, oblong and acute; lip 3-
lobed, the lateral lobes smaller and blunter than the
central one. E. Ind. B.M. 5601.
F&rishii, Hook. f. Like C. pandurata, but racemes
not drooping, the pseudobulb 4-angled and narrow,
bearing a pair of stout broad Ivs., the fls. about 6, and
smaller. A small species. Burma. B.M. 5323.
F<iBntennax>Tii, Reicbb. f. Pseudobulbs cylindrical or
fusiform, priKlucing 1- or 2-8heathed peduncles from the
side: fls. large, snow-white; sepals and petals lanceo-
late, the former keeled outside; lip 3-lobed, the middle
lobe rounded and minute-pointed, the side lobes rounded,
the disk marked with yellowish brown : Ivs 3—4 in.
wide and 18 in. long, very short-stalked. E. Ind.
OaKES AMBi..
C0FF£A (from the Arabian name for the drink, itself
conjecturally derived from C'aflfa, a district in southern
Abyssinia). Bnbidceif. A genus of about 20 Old World
species, mostly natives of tropical Africa. Shrubs or
small trees, usually glabrous, with slender branches :
Ivs. elliptical, pointed, glossy, coriaceous, mostly oppo-
site, rarely in whorls of 3: fls. creamy white, tuberose-
like, delicatelj' fragrant, subsessile, clustered in the
axils of the Ivs. The genus is technically distinguished
by the short calyx limb : corolla throat villous or gla-
brous: st'^'e branches 2, linear. The fr. is a berry con-
taining 2 b »ruy seeds, which afford the CoflFee of com-
merce. For Coffee production, two species, C. Arabira
and C Liberica, are now extensively cultivated through-
out the tropics, and are occasionally to be found in con-
servatories; also in gardens in Florida and California.
The Coffee of commerce consists of the seeds of these
two species of Coffea, C Arabica and C. Liberica, the
cultivation of which is one of the most important agri-
cultural industries of the tropics, the annual production
reaching 1.500,000.000 pounds, valued at $150,000,000.
Of this amount, Brazil lurnishes over 70 per cent. A
new Coffee from the Congo is receiviup much attention
in Europe,— (7. Maragogipc It is very vigorous grow-
ing, and is said to be entirely resistant to the Coffee
rust.
Climate and so j7.—Aiinough C. Arabica will endure
alow temperature, and has, with slight protection, sur-
vived the winter in Germany, successful commercial
culture requires a rainfall of from 100-150 in. and an
equable temperature, having an average minimum of
not less than 60°. The liberian species is at home un-
der thoroughh' tropical conditions, and endures expo-
sure to the sun at low elevations, where for C. Arabica
shade trees are commonly supplied. Coffee thrives in a
great variety of soils, but those containing a large
amouni of humus are preferable and volcanic deposits
are also excellent. The use of fertilizers is increasing,
but the requirements of particular localities must be
carefully considered.
Cultivation.— The seed germinates in from 4 to 6
weeks after ripening, and will endure only partial dry-
\n^. Seedlings are raised in shaded seed-beds or flower-
pots, whence they are transplanted at the beginning of
the rainy season, preferably when 2 years old, to their
permanent places. The distance between trees is deter-
mined by the soil and climatic conditions, varying from
6 ft. for C. Arabica, under circumstances unfavorable
to the growth of wood, to 15 ft. or more for C. Lilerica
in fertile ground. For the reception of the seedlings,
large holes are dug in order to insure loose soil and avoid
injuring or bending the long tap-root. Subsequent cul-
ture consists largely in the frequent removal of all
weeds, by means of hoes or other implements, which
also stir the surface soil. Trees are headed or pruned
to a height of from 3-6 ft. in order to keep the berries
within easy reach, and after each harvest the old twigs
are removed, also the epiphytes and parasites. Spray-
ing with fungicides and insecticides is also practiced
when necessary.
iJart•€S^ — Production begins, under favorable circum-
stances, the second or third year from transplanting,
but a paying crop can scarcely be expected before the
fifth or sixth year. The berries ripen unevenly, requir-
ing two or more visits to each tree. The yield is esti-
mated in general at 1 pound of dry Coffee per tree, but
careful methods increase this to 3 or 4 pounds, while in
exceptional cases from 6 to 1? and even 25 pounds have
been reported. The life of the Coffee tree has been
stated at 20 or 30 years, but with good care production
may be maintained for 50 years or more. The berries
may be drie«i as picked and the seeds aftenn-ard ex-
tracted by machines called ''huller8;''or, by means of a
"pulper," the outer fleshy material is removed before
drying. For the latter process, running water, cisterns,
buildings and machinery are necessary. After being
"pulped," the Coffee is fermented in order to further dis-
integrate the saccharine mutter of the external coat ;
it is then dried in the sun or by artificial heat, after
which the tough inner integument, the so-called "parch-
ment," is removed by other machines and the "beans"
are polished, graded and sent to the market.
In all of the recently acquired tropical territories of
the United States, Coffee culture may become an im-
portant industry, the excellence of the Porto Hican prod-
uct being already well known. From the agricultural
standpoint, little has been attempted in the selection of
superior seed or the application of ^ientiflc methods of
propagation. Grafting has recently been accomplished
in Java.
Book^i. — Coffee, Its Culture and Commerce, edited
by C. G. Warnford Loch, 264 pages, 1888, contains a
compilation of nearly all the literature then existing,
but the article in German in Semler's Tropische Apri-
kultur contains more recent and original matter. A
French work. Culture du Caf^ier, by C. Raoul. Paris,
1897, is the latest important contribution to the subject.
O. F. Cook.
A. Corolla 5-parted, sometimes 4-parted.
B. Segmertts of corolla narrow: Ivs. oblong, 4-5 in. long,
l}4 in. wide.
Ar&bica, Linn. Common or Arabian Coffee. Fig.
514. Lvs. 3-6 in. long, rather thin, oblong, nearly three
times as long as broad, more or less abruptly contracted
near the apex to a point about % in. long: fls. in axillary
clusters of 3-5; segments of v orolla four times as long
as wide : f r. a 2-seeded , d'^ep crimsoi. berry, but the " ber-
ries "or beans of commerce are the seeds. The commer-
cial varieties of Coffee are based largely on the size,
shape, color and flavor of the se^ds, nnd hence the fr. is
very variable, but the typical fr. may be "onsidered to
be oval and half an inch long. Indigenouf in Abyssinia,
Mozambique and An&ola; supposetl
to have been introduced in early
Mohammedan times from Abys-
sinia to Arabia, whencfi it became
514.
Coffea Arabica.
(XJ4.)
known to Europeans in the sixteenth century. This
species furnished until recently the entire commercial
product. B.M. 1303. Gng. 6:55.-As it grows wild in
Afr. it is a small tree 10-15 ft. high, with the trunk 9-12
in. thick at the base, and with horizontal or even nod-
ding branches, which in old age become one-sided.
Often cult, under glass in the north for its economic
interest, and in S. Calif, it is a good outdoor orna-
mental shrub, esteemed for its shining lvs., fragrant
white fls., and red berries.
COFFEA
COLAX
349
BB. Segments of corolla wide : Ivs. ovate.
Beii?alAn>ii, Roxb. Bengal Coffee. Lv8. ovate,
barely twice as long as broad, acute, but not having a
long, abrupt point : Am. in 2'» or 3*8 ; segments of co-
rolla barely twice as long as wide. E. Ind., Malaya.
B.M. 4917. — This has much showier fls. than C. Arahint.
A small shrub with glabrous, dichotomous branches. A
native of the mountains of northeastern India, whence
it was brought to Calcutta and much cult, there for a
time. It is now neglected, the berries being of inferior
quality and the plants not productive enough.
AA. Corolla 6-, 7-, or Sparted.
B. Fls. in dense clusters or glomes : Ivs. short -pointtd,
6-12 in. long.
Libdrica. Hiem. Liberian Coffee. Lvs. longer than
in ('. Arabica, and wider above the middle, with a pro-
portionately shorter and less abruptly contracted point:
fls. la or more in a dense cluster; corolla segments usu-
ally 7. Trop. Afr. Trans. Linn. Soc. II. 1:171 (1876).
G.C. II. 6:105. R.H. 1890, pp. 104, 10.'). -Said to be more
robust and productive than C. Arabica, with berries
larger and of finer flavor. It is a more tropical plant
than the common Coffee, and can be grown at much
lower levels. "It is a small tree, similar in general to
C. Arabica, but of n^pre vigorous and upright habit, and
larger in all its parts. Lvs. 0-12 in. long: corolla 6-8-
parted: berries dull crimson, larger, more numerous,
ami more nearly spherical than those of most forms of
C. Arabica. In its native forests in W. Afr. it attains
a height of 30 ft. or more, and flourishes near sea level.
Owing to its greater size, vigor and productiveness, it
is now being extensively planted in coffee-growing re-
gions, particularly in the E. Ind., where it has been
found resistant to a rust fungus, Hemileia vnntatrix,
which had destroyed the plantations of C. Arabica. In
cultivation, both species are pruned low to facilitate
the picking of the berries."— O. I\ Cook.
BB. Fls. solitary or in 3' s : lvs. long-pointed, 2%~5 in.
long.
stenoph^lla, G. Don. Lvs. 4-6 in. long, 1-1)^2 in. broad,
narrower than in C. Arabica, -with a relatively longer
and more tapering point : corolla segments usually 9.
W. Afr. B.M. 7475. — This is said to yield berries of
even finer flavor than the Liberian Coffee, and quite as
freely, but the bush is longer in coming into bearing.
This is a promising rival to the C. Arabica of com-
merce. Seeds have been distributed by British botani-
cal gardens, but are not known to be for sale at present
in America. W. M.
COFFEE. See Coffea.
COFFEE BEERY. A name ot Glycine hispida, which
should be abandoned in favor of Soy Bean.
COFFEE ?EA. A western name for the Chick Pea,
Cicer arietinum, which is used as a substitute for coffee.
COHOSH. See Aetata. The Blue Cohosh is a Caulo-
phyllum.
COiX (old Greek name). Gramlnecr. A genus some-
what closely related to Indian Com, and similar to it in
leaf structure. A hardy annual, 2-3 ft. high, with broad
lvs. and a curious nodding inflorescence. The female
fls. are inclosed in a nearly globular, capsule-like cover-
ing, which is very hard. This capsule (or involucre) is
at first green, then a jet black, becoming nearly white
with age. Southern Asia.
Li.cryma*Jdbi, Linn. Job's Tears. Tear-grass.
Corn-beads. Fig. 515. So called from the resemblance of
the inflorescence to a tear-drop. In cult, as an ornament
or as a curiosity. In India itis cultivated for food by some
of the hill tribes of that country. Var. atirea zebrlna,
Hort., has yellow-striped lvs. p. g. Kennedy.
COLA (native name). Sterculictcece. Cola. Also
called Xola, Korra, Gorra. This genus of perhaps
14 species of tropical African trees is chiefly interesting^
for the Cola nuts, which are said to sustain the natives'
in great feats of endurance. The tret ^ows on the east
coaat of Africa, but Is very abundant on the west coast,
and is now cultivated in the West Indies. Within the
tropics the trade in this nut is said to be immense. It
has lately become famous in the U. S. through many
preparations for medicinal purposes and summer drinks.
The seeds are about the size and appearance of a horse
chestnut, and have a bitter taste. Although repeate lly
introduced to Kaw, England, the plant never flowered
there until 1868. Consult Stewart's Monograph on KoIh.
Colas are tropical African tret s, requiring a rich, well-
drained soil. Those introduced into West Indies an^l
other parts of America, especially C acuminata, thrive
best on a sandy loam. The trees are grown from seeds,
which are large and fleshy, keeping well for some weeks
after ripening. As the tree is difficult to transplant, the
seeds may be planted singly in small pots, and the young
515.
Coix Lacryma-Jobi.
trees kept growing thus until wanted for permanent
planting. Propagation may also be effected by cuttings
of ripe wood, which should be placed in bottom heat, and
treated in the usual way.
acuminata, Schott and Endl. Abont 40 ft. high in
Africa, resembling an apple tree: lvs. alternate; petiole
14-6 in. long; blade 4-6 in. long, leathery, with promi-
nent ribs below ; older lvs. entire, obovate, acute ;
younger lvs. often once or twice cut near the base about
half way to the midrib: fls. yellow, 15 or more in a clus-
ter, about 1 in. across, with a slender green tube and a
showy yellow, 6- or 5-cut limb, which is a p;trt of the
calyx, as the petals are absent in the tiibe Sterculiae.
B.M. 5699. E. N. Reasoner and W. M.
COLAX. Now referred to Lycaste.
'im^
350
COLCHICUM
CdLCHICUM ( from Colchis, a country in Asia Minor) .
JAlidcece. Meadow Saffron. Autumn Crocus. A
tribe of fall- (rarely spring-) blooming bulboui plants.
Perianth crocus-like but much larger, long and tubular,
varying from rosy purple to white, with one yellow-
flowered species: Ivs. long and broad, appearing in
early spring and dying down in June : stamens six ;
sty las three and very long ; ovary a round, 3-celled
pod : corm long, solid, with a brittle skin. "Colchicum
root "and seed are employed in gout and rheumatism.
They are narcotic poisons. Colchicums are natives of
Europe and the Mediterranean region. They are most
charming and interesting plants of easy culture. The
bloom conies in August and September, at a season
when the herbaceous beds begin to lose their freshness,
and. although individual flowers are fugacious, others
follow in quick succession, thus prolonging the time of
flowering. Opening, as they do, without foliage, some
help is required from the greenery of other plants; for
this purpose any low-growing, not too dense kind, can
be used, such as the dwarf Artemesias, Sedums, Phlox
siihttlata, etc. Colchicums are most effective in masses,
which can be < stablished by thick planting, or as the re-
sult of many years' growth. They can be grown in rock-
work, in beds, or in grass which is not too thick nor too
often mown- ''ey will thrive in partial shade, but suc-
ceed best ii »pen, sunny border. They should be
planted in An or early September, in deep, well-en-
riched soil, a light, sandy loam, with the tip of the long
bulbs 2 to 3 inches below the surface ; some protection
should be given in winter. They remain in good condition
for many years, a^ul should not be disturbed unless they
show signs of deterioration, fewer flowers and poor
foliage. Then they should be lifted and separated, just
after the leaves die, end of June or early July. This
is the usuu' nethod of propagation, but they can
also be increased from seeds, sown just after ripening,
June-July ; the seediings may not appear until the
following spring. Seedlmgs bloom when 3 to 5 years
old. The bulbs are obtaiiable from the Dutch growers
at moderate prices, and they must be imported early;
otherwise they are apt to bioora in the cases. C. autum-
nale, with rosy purple flowers, is a well-known and the
most commonly cultivated species. There are numerous
varieties, of which the best are the white, the double
white and the double puiple. Belonging to this same
group and not differing much except in size and shad-
ing of the flower, are C. Byzantinum, C moutannm,
and C. umhrosum. C speciosum, a native of the Cau-
casus, is the finest in every way of the genus. The
flowers are much larger and of better shape, and the
color, a rosy pink, is much more delicate; the iiabit of
growth is robust, and the plant is most easily handled.
C. Parkinsoni (a form of C. variegatum) is distinct
from the above varieties inasmuch as the flowe»*s are
tessellated, purple and white, giving a curious checker-
board appearance which is unique; the leaves are much
smaller and are wavy. C. Aggripimim, C. Bivoncf,
C. CUicicum and C. Sibthorpi, are other species having
checkered flowers more or less similar to Parkinsoni.
C. Bnlbncodium=^Bxilhocodh(m venium. Monograph by
J. G. Baker in Jour. Linn. Soc, vol. 17 (1880).
B. M. Watson.
Alphabetical list of species described below: Aggripi-
num, 5 ; alpinum, 13 ; autumnale, 10 ; Bertolonii, 1 ;
Bivonse. 6 ; Byzantinum, 9 ; CiUcicum, 9 ; luteum, 3 ;
montanum, 1 ; Parkinsoni A', Sibthorpi, 7; speciosum, 8;
Steveni, 2; Troodi, II; umbrosum, 12; variegatum, 4.
A. Blooming in spring : Ivs. appearing with the fls.
B. Color rosy lilac : size of anthers small.
, c. Anthers oblong, purple.
1. mont&num, Linn. (C. Bertoldnii, Stev.). An im-
portant and variable species, with many synonyms and
variations. Baker makes 7 forms. Corm ovoid, 1-K in.
thick, the tunics brown, membranaceous, the inner
ones produced to a point 2-4 in. above the neck : Ivs. 2-3,
rarely 4-6, linear or lanceolate, about 2-3 in. long at the
time of flowering, finally 6-9 in, long: fls. 1-4, in spring
and autumn. Oct.-June. Mediterranean region, from
Spain to Persia, B.M. 6443. — It appears in early spring
with the snowdrops and crocuses.
COLCHICUM
cc. Anthers linear, yellow.
2. Stdveni, Kunth. Corm narrower than in No. 1
about %-y^m. thick : Ivs. at length 4-5 in. long : fls!
Oct. -J an. Syria, Arabia, Persia. — Lass popular than
No. 1.
BB, Color yelloiP : size of anthers large.
3. Ittteom, Baker. This is the only yellow-flowered
form in the genus, all the others ranging from purple
to white. Although it belongs to the Mediterranean
group, with Ivs. and fls. produced at the same time and
in spring, it is a native of western India at an elevation
of 7,000-8,000 *t. Corm tunics dark brown, sometimes
almost black: Ivs. 3 or 4, wider and less tapering than
in No. 1, at the time of flowering ."3-4 in. long, finally (w
in. long. B. M. 6153.— Not advertised in American trade,
but very desirable.
AA. Blooming in autumn : Ivs. appearing after the fls.
B. Perianth tessellated or checkered
C. Tessellation distinct.
D. I/vs. spreading or prostrate.
4. variegatum, Linn. Lvs. 2-3, lanceolate, about 6 in.
long, 12-15 lines wide, lying flat on the ground; margins
wavy : fls. 2-3 from each spathe, 4 in. across, with a
white tube. Islands of the Levant and Asia Minor
B, M. 1028.
C. P&Tkinsoni, Hook, f. (B. M. 6090), is the best of all
the tessellated forms, the tessellation being more sharply
defined and more delicate than the type. It is a smaller
plant, and has shorter and more strongly undulated lvs.,
which lie closer to the ground. Of this plant Pc»rkinson
said in his Paradisus Terrestris, 1629: "This most
beautiful saffron flower riseth up with his flowers in
the Autumn, as the others before specified do, although
not of so large a size, yet far more pleasant and delight-
ful in the thick, deep blew or purple-'iolored beautiful
spots therein, which make it excel all others whatsoever.
The leaves rise up in the Spring, being smaller than the
former, for the most part 3 in number, and of a paler
or fresher green colour, lying ?lose uron the ground,
broad at the bottom, a little polntca at the end, and
twining and folding themselves in and out at the edges
as if they were indented. I have not seen any seed it
hath borne. The root is like unto the others of this kinde,
but small and long, and not so great ; it flowreth later
for the most part than any of the other, even not until
November, and is very hard to be preserved with us, in
that for the most part the root waxeth lesse and lesse
every year, our cold country being so contrary unto his
natural that it will scarce shew his flower; yet when it
flowereth anything earlie, that it may have any comfort
of a warm Sun, it is the glory of all these kindes."
DD. Lvs. ascending.
E. Margin of lvs. wavy.
5. Aggripintim, Baker (C.<esseZM^«w,Hort.). Conns
a trifle thicker than in No, 4: lvs, 3-4, 6-9 in. long, 12-15
lines wide, margin wavy: fls. 2-4 from each spathe,
F,S. 11:1153.— This is a marked form of C. variegatum,
of garden origin, which has similar fls., but a more ro-
bust habit and more nearly erect lvs.
EE. Margin of lvs. flat, not tcavy.
6. Bivdnse, Guss. Lvs. 6-9, nearly 1 ft. long, 9-15
lines wide, rather hooded at the apex, margin flat, not
wavy: fls. 1-6 from each spathe. Sicily.
cc. Tessellation less disfint't.
7. Sibthorpi, Baker. Easily distinguished from Nos.
4, 5, and 6 by the much broader segments of the peri-
anth, and by the lvs., which are nearly erect, obtuse,
and not at all wavy: lvs. 5-6, dull green finally 1 ft. or
more long, lJ^-2>^ wide, narrowed gradually to the base:
spathe striped with green, and tinged with lilac at the
tip : fls, 1-5 from each spathe ; perianth tube often
6 in. long. Mts. of Greece. B. M. 7181.— A large, cup-
shaped flower, showing no open spaces between the
broad, overlapping segments. Very handsome.
COLCHICUM
COLEUS
351
BB. Perianth not tessellated.
C. Size of fls. large, S in. or more across.
D. Lvs. broad, 3-4 in. wide.
E. Xo.of fls. 1-4.
8. specidsum, Steven. Corm 2 in. thick, the largest of
the genus: stem 1 ft. high: lvs. 4-5, 12-15 in. long, 3-4
in. wide, narrowed from the middle to the base, shining
green: fls. 1-4 from each spathe, violet, with a white
eye, but varving almost to pure pink, often 6 in. across.
Caucasus. B. M. ()078. F. S. 22 : 2:{85. F. M. 1876 : 235.
Gn. 11:80. — Generally considered the finest species of
the genus.
EE. Xo. of fls. 12-20.
9. Byzantinum, Ker-Gawl. Closely allied to the above,
but with wider lvs,, smaller and paler fls., and broad,
short anthers : stem C in. high : lvs. 5-6, oblong, dark
green, striate, 9-12 in. long, 3-4 in. wide: fls. smaller
than in No. 8, usually ^i-4 in. across, lilac-purple, and
often 12-20 from each spathe. Transylvania and Con-
stantinople. B. M. 1122. C. Cillcicttm, Hort., has rosy
fls., somewhat tessellated. G.C. III. 23: 35.
DD. Lvs. narrow, 1-2 in. wide.
10. autumn^le, Linn. Fig. 516. Stem 3-4 in. high:
lvs. .3-4, rarely 5-6, 9-12 in. long, l>^-2 in. wide: fls. 1-4,
rarely 5-6. from each spathe, purple with a white va-
516. Colchicu.n uutumnale (X /-a).
riety, about 4 in. across: perianth veined. Europe and
N. Africa. B.M. 2073, as C. crociflorum. — Voss'ihly the
commonest in the American trade. It has beautiful
double forms in purple and pure white. F.S. 19: 1936.
cc. Size of fls. small, about 2 in. across.
D. yo. of fls. from ea a spathe more than 1 or 2.
E. Perianth segments acute.
11. Troddi, Kotschy. Corm medium-sized: lvs. 3-4,
6-12 in. long, 9-12 lines wide, dark gree?* above: fls.
4-5 or even 12, lilac-purple, about 2 in. across; perianth
segments lanceolate-acute. Cyprus. B.M. 6901 shows a
pure white variety.
EE. Perianth segments obtuse.
12. umbrdsum, Steven. Corm small : lvs. 4-5, 6-9 in.
long, 9-12 lines wide: fls. 1-5 from each spathe, lilac,
about 2 in. across; peranth segments oblanceolate, ob-
tuse, with 8-12 veins. Caucasus.
DD. yo. of fls. from each spathe 1 or 2.
13. alpinum, DC. Lvs. 2, rarely 3, nearly erect or
preading, 4-8 in. long, 3-6 lines wide, obtuse, chan-
p.fri
517. Coleus cutting.
neled, shining green, narrowed from the middle to the
base: fls. 1 or 2 from each spathe, about 2 in. across,
lilac ; segments oblanceolate, obtuse, 3-4 lines wide, with
10-15 veins. Mts. of France and Switzerland, w, m.
COLEUS (Greek for «A^o/*, referring to the mona-
delphous stamens). Labidt<e. Nearly 50 species in
Trop. Afr. and Asia, some of whicn are cult, for the
very showy colored foli-
age. The cultivated
kinds are herbs, but
some of the wild species
are shrubs. Lvs. oppo-
site, dentate or serrate :
stem 4-angled : fls. in a
terminal spike-like ra-
ceme, small and usually
bluish, the 5 -toothed
calyx deflexed in fr. ; co-
rolla bilabiate, the lower
lobes longer and con-
cave, and inclosing the
essential organs.
Coleuses are of most easy culture. They root readily
from short cuttings, cut either to a joint or in the middle
of an internode (Fig. 517). No plant is more easy to
root than this. They may be rooted at any time of the
year when new wood is to be obtained. Formerly
Coleuses were much used for bedding, but the introduc-
tion of better plants for this purpose has lessened their
popularity. They require a long season; they are apt
to bum in the hot summers of the interior countrj';
tbey have a weedy habit. However, they withstand
shearing and are, therefore, useful for carpet-bedding.
The leading vuriety for this purpose is still the old
Golden Be^fder. whose golden yellow foliage is used as
filling for fancy designs. Coleus
plants make excellent speci-
mens for the sviudow-garden
and conservatory. Best results
are obtained whfn new plants
are started from cuttings erch
spring. The old plants become
leggy, lose their lvs., and lack
brightness of color. They are
very subject to mealy - bug.
They are also liable to root-
gall (the work of a nematode
worm), as shown in Fig. 518.
When plants are thus affecied,
take cuttings and burn the old
plants, and either bake or
freeze the soil in which they
grew.
The garden varieties of Co-
leus are legion. These
are the issue of C. ^f2
fililmei, Benth., of Java ^"
(B.M. 4754. I. H. 27:377;
35: 46; 39: 164. F. S.
22: 2287-8). This is a
soft perennial herb
^rowng 2-3 ft. high, little
branched; lvs. ovate, narrowed
or broad at base and long-
acuminate, sharply and nearly
regularly toothed, variously
colored with yellow, dull red
and purplish. An extreme form
of this is var. Verscbaff^ltii,
Lem. (C. VerschaffeUii, Lcm.),
Fig. 519, which is more robust
ami branchy, the lvs. more
brilliantly colored, acute but
not acuminate, truncate or even
cordate at base, and irregi.larly
cut-dentate, with rounded teeth,
giving the margin a crispv ef-
fect (I. H. 8f293). In some
forms, the lvs. are laciniate.
518.
A Coleus attacked
by root-ealls.
C. thyrsoideus. Hook., is a P'cent novelty, but is not yet in the
Amer. trade Unlike the other well known species, its foliage is
not brilliantb' colored and its flowers are conspicuous. Tender
• 'Mf?»
352
COLEUS
shmb, 2-3 ft. high: stems pubescent: Ivs. cordate, coarsely cre-
nate, lower ones 7 in. long: fls. blue, in racemes which contain as
many as 18 forking cymes with about 10 fls. in each. B.M.7672.
Li. H. B.
519. Coleus Blumei, var. Verschaffeltii.
COLIC-EOOT. Aletris farinosa.
COLLABDS. A kind of kale. In the .south, a form of
ti.' plant known as Georjria Collards is much grown for
domestic u.se and the southern market. The plant grows
to 2-3 ft. high and forms no head, but the central Ivs.
often form a kind of loose rosette. These tender Ivs.
are eaten as a pot-herb, as all other kales are. Fig. 295,
page 199, shows a Georgia Collard, although the rosette
is not well marked. The seeds may be started in a
frame under glass, or in a seed-bed in the open. As far
south as the orange-belt, they are usually started in
February and March, in order that the plants may ma-
ture before the dry, hot weather. Farther north they are
started in July or August, and the plants are ready for
use before cold weather. Transplant to rows 3>4-4 ft.
apart, and 3 ft. apart in the row. Till as for cabbage.
Young cabbage plants are sometimes eaten as " greens "
under the name of Collards ; and cabbage seeds are sown
for this specific purpose. In the north, where headir-'
cabbages can be raised, Collards of whatever kind are
not greatly prized. L_ g^ g^
COLLtNSIA (after Zaccheus Collins, American phi-
lanthropist and promoter of science, Philadelphia, 1704-
1831). JScrophularidcecp. About 18 species of hardy an-
nuals from California and western North America, not
far removed botanically from Pentstemon and Chelone.
They are free-flowering and of the easiest culture.
They may be sown outdoors in the fall in well-drained
soil, and will bloom earlier than if sown in spring.
Their fls., borne in midsummer, range in color from
white through lilac and rose to violet, with clear, bright
blue also, at least on one lip of the fl. There is no yel-
low. All those described below have fls. in whorls.
Lvs. opposite, rarely in whorls of 3, entire, or toothed,
the lower lvs. rarely 3-cut.
A. Fl. -stalks very short, giving the clusters a dense
appearance.
B. Corolla strongly declined: throat as wide as long.
bicolor, Benth. Fig. 520. Height 1 ft., hairy, glabrous,
or sticky : stems weak and bending : lvs. more or less
toothed, and oblong or lanceolate, sessile, opposite or in
3's : fls. typically purple and white, with 5 or 6 well
marked color varieties. Var. dlba, Hort. (Fig. 521), has
pure white fls., or the lower lip greenish or yellowish.
Var. multicolor, Voss. (C.muiticolor, Lindl. & Past.),
has variegated fls., the same fl. being white, lilac, rose
or violet on either lip or both. Var. multicolor marmo*
r&ta, Hort., has the lower lip white, suffused lilac, and
upper lip light lilac, spotted and striped carmine.
Calif. B.M. 3488. P.M. 3:195.-This is the most widely
distributed and variable species, and the one on which
the genus was founded. California, mostly in moist
ground.
COLLOMIA
BB. Corolla less strongly declined; throat mitth longer
than broad.
bartsisBfdlia, Benth. Height 1^ ft. : sticky and some-
what glandular, rarely hairy: lvs. from ovate-oblong to
linear : fls. purplish or whitish : seeds not wrinkled
Calif.
AA. Fl. -stalks }4 in. long or more, giving the clusters
a looser look.
v6ma, Nutt. Height about 6 in. : lvs. ovate or oblong,
or the lowest rounded and slender-stalked, and the uj)-
per ovate-lanceolate and partly clasping: whorls about
6-fld.: fl. -stalks longer than the fls.: throat of thp co-
rolla as long as the calyx lobes ; lower lip bright blue;
upper lip white or purplish: seeds thick, not flattened,
oblong, arched. Moist woods, western New York and
Penna. to Wis. and Ky. B.M. 4927.
grandifldra, Dougl. Height 4-12 in. : lvs. thickish. the
lowest roundish and stalked; whorls 3-9-fld.: fl. -.stalks
about as long as the fls. : lower lip deep blue or violet;
upper lip white or purple : throat of the corolla sac-like,
as broad as long, or as long as the upper lip : seeds
roundish, smooth. Shady hills of Calif. ^^^ ^j
COLLINSONIA (after Peter CoUinson, the friend of
Linnaeus and John Bartram, a mos,*., interesting man).
LabidtcB. Horse-balm. Horse-weed. Stone-root,
A genus of 4 species confined to Atlantic N. Amer.
Hardy perennial herbs with large, odorous, ovate, ser-
rate, mo.stly long-stalked lvs., thick roots, and simple or
panicled, naked, terminal racemes of yellow or whitish
fls. The following is ot the easiest culture and may be
obtained from dealers
in native plants :
Canadensis, Linn.
Height 2-4 ft. : lvs. 4-9
in. long, broadly ovate to
oblong : racemes pani-
cled : calyx in fl. 1 line.
in fr. 4 or 5 lines long:
corolla lemon - yellow,
^s=..y^--y^p ^m lemon - scented. K in.
/i-?^ JA/I^^ ^m long. Rich woods, Can-
ada to Wis., and south to
Florida.
52U.
ColUnsia bicolor.
521. CoIIinsia bicolor,
var. alba (X J^).
COLLOHIA. This genus is included by Gray in Gilia,
which see. Collomia is derived from kolla, glue, from
the large quantity of mucus in the outer covering of
the seed. When these seeds are placed in water, the
mucous matter dissolves and forms a cloud about them.
This cloud, according to Lindley, "depends upon the
presence of an infinite multitude of exceedingly delicate
and minute spiral vessels lying coiled up, spire within
spire, on the outside of the "testa, and the instant water
-.-i-;'
COLLOMIA
COLOR
353
is applied they dart forward at right angles with the
testa, each carrying with it a sheath of mucus, in which
it for a long time re -^nius enveloped in a membranous
case."
COLOCASIA ( old Greek substantive name ) . Ardidece.
Perennial herbs with cordate -peltate Ivs., which are
often handsomely colored in cultivation. Differs from
Alocasia and Caladium in floral characters : spadix ter-
minating in a club-shaped or subulate appendage desti-
tute of stamens. Species 5. Tropics. Monogr. by Engler,
DC. Phaner. Monogr. 2: 490.
Oolocasia includes the plants known as Caladium es-
euIentHtn, vnich are much grown for subtropical bed-
ding. C. odorata (which is an Alocasia) has very large,
thick stems, which may be wintered over safely without
Its., or at most with 1 or 2, the stems, to save space,
b^'^ng placed close together in boxes, C. escnlenta rests
d ingthe winter and is kept under a greenhouse bench
or anywhere out of the reach of frost or damp. Rich,
damp ground suits both kinds. Of easy culture. Con-
sult Caladium for treatment.
Colocasias furnish the much-cultivated Taro of the
Pacific tropics, this edible product being the large,
starchy roots. From it is made the Poi ot Hawaii. In
Japan "and other countries tiie tubers of Colocasias are
much cultivated, and are handled and eaten n'uch as we
use potatoes (see Oeorgeson, A.G. 1892:81). The young
Ivs. of some kinds are boiled and eaten.
antiqudrum, Schott. Lvs. peltate-ovate : basal lobes
half as long as the apical one, connate 73-% their lenjrth,
separateu by a broad, triangular, obtusish sinus. India.
B.M.7364.
Var. euchldra, Schott (C. euchJdra, C. Koch). Petioles
violet ; blade black-green, with violet margins.
Var. Fdntanesii, Schott (Alocdsia violUcea, Hort.
Caladium violaceum, Hort. C. albo-i'ioldceum, Hort. f ).
Petioles violet ; blade dull green, with violet margins.
Var. illustris, Engl. {C. iUiistris, Hort. ). Petioles vio-
let ; blade more oblong-ovate, with black-green spots
between the primary veins.
Vt.r. escul^nta, Schott {CalMitim escultntum, Vent.
Colocdsia esculenta, Schott). Elephant'.. Ear. Fig.
522. Spadix with an appendage half as lci::g as the
staminate inflorescence ; lvs. bright green, often 3 ft.
or more long, nearly as wide. Hawaii and Fiji.
afflnis, Schott. Blade thin, membranaceous, rounded-
ovate or ovate, the apical lobe scarcely % or % longer
than wide ; basal lobes connate nearly their entire
length, bright green above, glaucous beneath ; blade
only 4-6 in. long. Himalaya.
Var. J6nning8ii, Engl. (Alocdsia Jenningsii, Veitch).
Petiole purplish, with transverse purple lines ; blade
cordate, eraarginate, with large, oblong or triangular
black-green or black-violet spots between the primary
lateral veins. I. H. 16:585. F.S. 17:1818-19.
N60"Guin6nsis, Lind. Remarkable for its tufted habit,
the shortness of the leaf-stalks, its short-stalked
inflorescence, and the beautiful green tone of its
smooth and shinv lvs., spotted with creamy white.
New Guinea. I. H. 27:380.
red, crimson, magenta, purple, violet, and ultramarine
blue. The variation of these hues is, however, mani-
fold. Diluted with white, or mixed with on-^ another,
colors assume an Infinite number of phases not easily
described ( Fig. 523 ) . But the ger:eric character of flower
colors is certainly comprehended in the few names
given above. Color-names are of little consequence so
long as the colrr is identified. Unfortunately, scien-
tists and artists have not yet established a standard no-
menclature of color, so that the name of a particular hue
is largely determined by popular orinion, and that, of
course, is not always unaniniouf.
It is, therefore, necpspary im -'cept both popular and
scientific estimates of color if - i ^-t: are to be considered
in relation to flowers. The sciontiflc definition of a color
like scarlet, magenta, or violc. amounts to its identifica-
tion with certain lines ir the >*|»ectrura. Such definitions
are properly giv^n iu the Ceutiry Dictionary. They are
satisfactory so far rs they go, but the relation of colors
in tbe spectrum to flower petal.-i or artists' pigments is
not so satisfactorily determined. Apparently the stan-
dard of the spectrum mu. c be supplemented by another of
a more tr.ngible nature— tliat is, a standard of pigment
cnlor. But it is jus-t as well to substitute a flower petal
for a pigment, and if this is done, the result would be
about this :
Yellow. — Evening primrose.
Gold-yellow. — Pure gold calendula or deep yellow
calendula.
Orfnge.— Deep-hu'^d eschscholtzia and orange nas-
turtium.
Scarlet.— Mme. Cr>zy canna.
Red. — Portia carnation.
Crimson. — Deep-hued sweet-william and pjeony.
MagentH. — Deep purplish red cineraria.
Purple. — Deep-toned larkspur, aster, and cineraria.
Violet. — Deep-t< ned English violets.
Ultramarine blue. — New compact blue delphinium.
Pure green is best represented by the artists' pigment
called emerald-green ; it is rarely present in foliage, ex-
cept perhaps in spring.
If the simple colors, yellow, orange, red, purple, blue,
and green, are arranged in a circle (Fig. 524), the colors
opposite each other harmonize by reason of absolute
contrast. >
If these simple colors are subdivided into
intermediate hues (Fig. 525), so that about
M4rchalli, Engler (^Zocdsta Mdrchalli, Hort. J^-^
A. hybrida. Bull). Hybrid, probably of C. af finis X
find C. ant iquorum. Larger in all parts than (7.
affiiiis, the petioles pale green, very slightly
emarginate, with large, confluent spots.
C. Batariensis — Alocasia Bataviensis ? — C. Cava-
easdna, Engler == Xanthosoma.— C Jardnica, Hort.
= ? — (). Mafdffa, Hort.=Xanthosoma.— C marginata,
Hort.=Ca!aditim bicolor.— C. odora. Brongn.= Alocasia
odora, Koch. Tree-like, the stem or caudex 'A-Q ft. and C
in. in diam.: lvs. green, cordate, stalked, bearing pe-
duncles in pairs in their axils. E. Asia. B.M. 3935.
— C. odorata, Hort. = Alocasia macrorrhiza.
Jaeed G. Smith and G. W. Oliver.
COLOCYNTH. See Cit.'^iUus.
COLOB. The range of simple colors common
among flowers is not a very extensive one. It
comprises yellow, gold-yellow, orange, scarlet,
Colocasia antiquorum, ^\ \^
var. esculenta. ^~^']s-<k
{Caladium esculeiitum.)
M!^^'
23
.S54
COLOR
COLORADO
three of the latter lie between the six original colors, the
result will he a circle of twenty-four divisions, having
the eflfect of a rainbow. This will perfectly illustrate the
principle of color harmony and color discord. Besides
WiTHBL/SCK WITH WHITE CLEAR COLOR
OLD GOLD
SULPHUR
YELLOW
OCHRE
5TRAWY.
COLD Y.
BURNT
OR/^NGE
SALMON
OR/ ;';e.
TCRRA
COTTA
SHRIMP P.
SCARLET
CARDINAL
PINK
R^D
MAROON
C.PINK
CRIMSON
PLUM
?.LILAC
MACENT/V
DARK
B. PLL/M
li'lac
PUF^PLE
LOG woe 0
VIOLET
B.LI LAC
VIOLET
INDIGO
V. BLUE.
ULTRAMf
523. Color phases in flowers.
the opposing colors which harmonize by contrast, there
are neighboring colors which I-*"r>\gny.e by analogy or
harmony. For ins<"i*nce, any four or iive colors lying
side by side in the circle are bound together harmoni-
ously by reason of their near relationship, 'therefore,
all these four or five colors may be combineu — and na-
ture does combine them— with aesthetic results. But
skip over four of the colors and attempt a combination
of the first and sixth, and the result will prove a discord,
the bond of relationship is broken, and the eye is dis-
turbed by the aggressiveness of two colors between
which there is evidently no bond of sympathy. It would
be safe to say, therefore, that the circle demonstrates the
fact that its colors situated at right angles with each
other are discordant, and those lying nearly parallel
with each other are harmonious.
This is the theoretical side of color harmony. The
practical side is scarcely different; it simply modifies the
theory. Brilliant blue and orange, which are theoretically
harmonious, are scarcely as agreeable in each other's
company as the rule would imply. The trouble, however,
lies with the brilliancy. The golden calendula and the
deep blue-purple aster in association are rather violent
analogy; hyacinths, sweet peas, and nasturtiums repre-
sent families witL most extraordinarily near-related
colors. There is a pretlominating force of crimson in the
sweet pea, and a predominating force of orange in the
nasturtium. It is rather a nice bit of color adjustment
ineither family to choose flowers which excel in hamonv
of color the careless grouping together of flowers picked
at random.
But the theory that analogous colors harmonize is cor-
rect only if it is not vjarried to excess. Attempts to force
deep-hued flowers into harmony often lead to contrary
results. A range of color from crimson to ultramarine
depends for its harmony upon the simplicity or the deli-
cacy of the hues. Such colors, in full force, would do
violence to each other. It is tempting the hardness of a
diamond to pound it with a sledge hammer. It is taxini:
crimson too heavily to expect it to show its strength iii
the presence of strong violet ! If the effort is to merge
the personality of the crimson flower into the purple one,
and effect a play of color between the two, the combina-
tion of strong hues thus is justifiable.
The theory that colors at right angles on the wheel are
discordant is also subject to some modification. Rela-
tively the right-angled colors must be crude and strong
to objectionably affect the eye. Yellow and red in the
rose is an agreeable color combination. Yellow and red
dahlias crowded together are abominably harsh under a
sensitive eye.
A country bouquet of asters, marigolds, fuchsias and
dahlias is bad, because the country garden is not a part
of it. - few feet of air and space and a stretch of green
foliage make a world of difference.
it is wisest to try the effect of one color upon another
before allowing two or three strong hues to wage war
524. Harmony by contrast.
and aggressive. Remove the one or the other and sub-
stitute a pale-tinted flower of either hue, and the result
will be a harmonious one.
Flower families are very apt to sustain harmonies of
525. The intermediate hues.
with each other. It will be quickly found that white is a
peacemaker, and green is an invaluable mediator. With
these colors at command, the chances of color discord
are reduced to a minimum. Everything also depends
upon simplicity in color combinations. It is questionable
whether a combination of more than two colors can ever
be aesthetically a success. The adjustment of many colors
needs the hand of an expert, p. Schuylek Mathews.
COLORADO, HORTICULTURE IN. The state of
Colorado includes the territory lying between the par-
allels 37'^ and 41° north latitude, and between the me-
ridians lOf?^'' and 109^ west longitude. Its surface is di-
versified by mountains, high table lands, plains and val-
leys, with a range above tide-water of from 3,400 feet on
the eastern border to over 14,000 feet in many snow-clad
peaks. It is traversed from north to south by the great
Rocky mountain range, and thus divided into two well
marked though unequal divisions. The main '^conti-
nental divide" is supplemented by several well-defined
ranges, and by numerous mountain spurs, between
which, and at altitudes ranging from 7.000 to 10,000 feet,
lie the four large and several smaller parks or valleys,
COLORADO
COLORADO
355
_-r^?-
!-- ' — k-^ — '\ i^«-^
which are in great part utilized as hay ranches and for
stock ranges. The foliowinsr rtgures regarding acreage
are from the report of the state engineer for the year
1890. The total is given as approximately 66,500,000
acres. East of the continental divide lie 40,800,000
acres, and on the west 25,760,000 acres. Of the area east
of the divide, one-third, or 10.200,000 aTes, lies within
me mountains and the remainder, 30,600,000 acres, con-
sists of plain and valley
lands. On the western slope
the proportion of mountain
and plain is reversed, there
being 16,360,000 acre ^ within
the mountains and about
9,400,000 acres of plain and
valley lands.
For the western slope the
rainfall is given as 33 luches
for the mountains and 10.7
for the plains and valleys,
and for the eastern slope as
30 inches for the mountains
and 15 inches for the plains.
The tillable lands of the
state are in the main out-
side the mountains, and
the average annual rainfall
on these lands is near 13
inches for the whole state.
This rainfall comes mainly
in the months of April, May
and June, the precipitation
for the other mont? being
usually very smnl" It fol-
lows, from the ^ i i a inf all ,
that crops cai .ly be suc-
cessfully gro .1 by irriga-
tion, and it is this idea that
Las dominated the agricul-
ture and horticulture of the
state ever since the begin-
ning, nearly forty years ago.
Irrigation being a necessity, the lands useful for ag-
ricultural purposes would be those reasonably level
tracts bordering the streams, and extending back only
as far as the water can be carried. The first ditches
were constructed cheaply, and for the irrigation of first
bottom lands only. A little later the idea of utilizing
the higher mesas gave rise to canal systems of great
magnitude, that have made productive vast tracts of
fertile soil. The period of canal construction east of
the continental divide has about ended, there being now
as many ditches as the streams can supply, or possibly
more. On the western slope, where the water supply
is greater, additional systems may yet be constructed.
The present most pressing problem on the eastern slope
is the conservation of the available water. Attention is
being given to the construction of reservoirs, and this,
coupled with that economy in the use of water which
experience is gradually teaching, will go far toward
solving the problem, and it may yet be possible to con-
siderably extend ihe area now irrigated. Owing to dif-
ferences in latitude, altitude, and climatic conditions,
the irrigable regions of the state are naturally separable
into three divisions, and in considering the horticultural
features, it is best to recognize these divisions because
they differ in the range of horticultural productions.
The divisions are :
1. The Northern, which embraces the drainage basin
of the South Platte and its tributaries, Clear creek,
Boulder creek, St. Vrain, Little Thompson, and Cache
la Poudre.
2. The Southern, embracing the valley of the Arkan-
sas and its tributaries.
3. The Western, embracing all the cultivated valleys
of the western s.ope lying along the Uncompahgre,
Gunnison, and Grand rivers and their branches, and
being mainly in the counties of Montrose, Delta and
Mesa.
The Northern District. — From such statistical in-
formation as is at hand, it appears that the comraence-
ment of fruit planting in Colorado dates from 1863. In
that year William Lee., who owned a ranch on the bot-
tom lands along Clear creek, between Denver and
Golden, planted a number of apple trees which he
hauled in a wagon from Iowa City, la. In the fall of the
same year, Messrs. Perrin and WolflF, of Denver, hauled
a load of trees from Des Moines, la., and such as sur-
vived the journey were planted on ranches about Den-
ver. In 1866, a representative of a Kansas nursery sold
trees and plants to many of the farmers along the St.
"W'"
'T^^
%
^S^
r>--
OKCTCn MAD
COLORADO
526> To show horticultural regions of Colorado.
♦I*
♦O'
<sr
i>9'
•»7*
Vrain, and about the same time a few trees were
planted on the ranches along the Thompson. These
early attempts to start fruit culture in the northern
district were practically failures, for very few of the
trees lived. The long journey from the nursery to
the farm, improper preparation of the ground, lack of
care in the application of water, and in protecting from
stock, and the sentiment commonly expressed by the
majority of the inhabitants, that fruit could not be
grown in Colorado, were obstacles hard to overcome. A
few of the early settlers, however, having hope of ulti-
mate success, made a second attempt in 1 -7 '. and from
the plantings of that year have grown the many fine
orchards that dot the northern valleys. In the most
northern valley, that of the Cache la Poudre, planting
did not commence until about 1873, and except with
small fruits, very little was done in the 10 or 12 years
following, or until the su-- ss of the pioneers in r :ant-
ing demonstrated that th ^rdier fruits could be grown.
During the past 5 years the area in fruit has increased
rapidly, until now the farm without its orchard is the
exception. The apple is here, as in the other fruit dis-
tricts, the principal fruit, covering the greatest number
of acres and receiving more attention than all other
fruits. All standard varieties are grown, and the pro-
duct meets a ready sale. Plums are successfully grown,
and prove profitable, but the range of varieties is re-
stricted to those derived from Prunns Americana and
a few of the hardier varieties of Prunus domestica.
Cherries of the 3Iorello class are very productive, and
the demand for the fruit is encouraging: growers to
plant freely. Throughout the district much attention is
given to the growing of small fruits and vegetables.
AH kinds of berries find a ready market in the cities
and mountain towns, and the staple vegetables, such as
onions, cabbages and celery, are shipped in large quan-
tities to southern points.
The Southern District.— Here the counties most
prominent in fruit culture are Fremont, Pueblo and
Otero. The first planting was done in Fremont county,
and the following concerning the circumstances I quote
356
COLORADO
COLQUHOUNIA
from an address by Jud^e W. B. Felton before the
State Horticultural Society, as published in the report
for 1887-8 : "The first fruit trees were set out in Fre-
mont county in 1867. W. C. Catlin went to Pueblo
for an invoice of trees which had been ordered by him-
self and by Governor Anson Rudd, W. A. Helm and
Jesse Frazier. They had been brought across the
plains in a wagon to Pueblo, and Mr. Catlin brought
them to Canon, something over $500 worth of trees oc-
cupying a small space in his wagon, A few of these
tr^es, and only a few, are still li\ ing. After his first at-
tempt, which was almost a total failure, Jesse Frazier
procured ser^ral thousand root grafts and set taem out
in nursery rorz. "When they became large enough he
transplanted them into his orchard." By the year lo79,
Mr. Frazier had an orchard of 15 acres, the older portion
of which produced 3,000 bushels of apples. Since 1S80,
the yearly additions to the orchard area of this county
have steadily increased, and fruit-growing is now recog-
nized as one of the leading indrstries of the county.
As in the other districts, the apple receives the most at-
tention, but pears, plums, and the small fruits are grown
in quantity. Peaches have been raised, but are not a
sure crop, owing to the liability to late spring frosts.
Farther down the Arkansas valley, in Otero county.
the first fruit trees were planted about 1882, but general
interest in orchard planting did not develop until
some years later. During the past 5 years the area
planted has rapidly increased, and the county now
stands about fourth in orchard acreage. The growing
of melons has within a few years brought this county
into prominence. Started in a small way by farmers
near the town of Rocky Ford, the business has spread
into a great industry, and Rocky Ford melons and can-
taloupes have found their way into all the large markets
of the country.
The Western District.— The valleys constituting
this were included in the Ute Reservation, which was first
opened for white settlement in the fall of 1881. The
first fruit trees were pinuted the next spring by Messrs.
Hotchkiss and Wade, on their ranches lying aiong the
North Fork ot the Uunnison in Delta county. In the
spring of 1883 W. S. Coburn began planting what is now
one of the finest orchards in tLe state ; others followed,
and soon the fame of the "North Fork" as a fruit re,<ioQ
went abroad and served as a stimulus to ^jlanting in
other sections. It was not, howevtr, until 18H(j that
planting became general. In that y v ar orchard planting
about Grand Junction, in Mesa cjunty, began in earnest,
and at the same time the farmers of Montrose turned
their attention in the same direction. The development
of the industry from 1886 down to the present time has
been phenomenal. There appears to be no limit to the
successful culture of all temperate region fruits. On
the low bottom lands along the streams, the earlier
blooming varieties have occasionally been subjected to
injury from late frosts, but on the mesas this trouble is
never experienced, and here the tender varieties of Eu-
ropean grapes are successfully grown without winter
protection. The "peach belt" of the state lies within
this western district in the three counties — Montrose,
Delta and Mesa. The experimental stages of culture
have been passed, success is assured, and the business
of growing this fruit is in a fair way to become a large
one.
The number of acres planted with orchard and small
fruits that received water from the ditches during the
year 1896 is given in the report of the state engineer as
follows : Northern district, 15,025 acres; Southern dis-
trict, 8.456 acres ; Western district, 22,162 acres. The
State Horticultural Society, which was organized in
September, 1880, has done much by its meetings and
exhibits to advance the horticultural interests of the
8t£te, and its work has been supplemented by several
active county societies.
From the present state of advancement, which has
been reached within a comparatively short time, it seems
certain that the fruit industry of the state has before
it a promising future. c. S. Craxdall.
COLTSFOOT. See Tussilago Farfara. Sweet Colts-
foot is Petasites, formerly called Nardosma.
COLUMBINE. ^QQ Aquilegia.
COLQUHOtNIA (after Sir Robert
Colquhoun). Labi(\t(r. Tender plants
with dense whorls of gaping As. an
inch long or more, colored scarlet and
yellow. The genus has 5 species, all
from the Himalayas and Burma.
Erect or twining shrubs, woolly in
all parts when young : Ivs. large,
crenate : whorls few-fld.. axillary or
crowded into a terminal spike.
coccinea, Wall. Tall climber, with
very long branches : Ivs. stalked,
Ovate, acuminate, 3-5 in. long, crenate, dark green above,
roughish, typically with scarcely any woolliness except
when young: corolla twice as long as the calyx. B. M.
4514. C. tomentdsa, Houll., is probably identical. The
dense woolliness is probably temporary. R.H. 1873:1.'?0
shows a handsome terminal spike in addition to axillary
clusters, containing about 20 fls. — Not advertised, but
probably as worthy as the next.
vestita, Wall. Very similar to C. coecinea, except
that it is a low-growing, erect plant, and more densely
and permanently^ woolly on the stem, calyx and under
side of Ivs. Cult, outdoors at Santa Barbara, Calif., but
net promising. w". M.
COLUMN
COMMELINA
357
COLUIfN. A solid central body formed of stamens
and styles grown together, as in orchids.
COLtJimiA (after ColumnaorColonna, Italian r.riter
on plants, sixteenth century). GesnerAcece. Tropical
American shrubs and climbers, with widely gaping,
showy tls. often 2 in. long: Ivs. opposite, nearly equal or
widely unlike: fls. solitary or numerous, axillary, stalked
or not, without bracts or with bracts in an involucre ;
coruUas scarlet, carmine or yellowish. Half a dozen
species, mostly *ed or orange-ttd., are cult, abroad ; nd
may be known to a few fanciers at Lome, but none are
advertised by the dealers.
COLtflEA (Kolo*'tea, ancient Greek name). Papili-
onhctiP. Bladder Senna. De<''duou.s shrubs, with al-
ternate, odd-pinnate lv« ; Ifts. many, rath ^r sm .11: fls.
papilionaceous, in axillary, few-fld,, long-peduncled ra-
cemes, yellow to brownish red : pod inflated, bladder-
like, many-seeded. About 8 species in the Mediterra-
nean region to Hinial. Ornamental free-flowering shrubs
of rapid growth, with pale green or glaucous foliage and
vellow or brownish red fls. during summer, followed by
large, usually reddish-coloring and decorative pods.
They grow in almost any soil, but prefer a tolerably dry
and' sunny position; not quite hardy north. Prop, by
seeds sown in spring or by cuttings of mature wood in-
serted in fall in sandy soil; rarer species and varieties
are sometimes grafted on C. arborescens in spring un-
der glass.
A. Fls. yellow : pod closed at the apex.
arborescens, Linn. Fig. 527. Shrub, to 15 ft. : Ifts. 9-
13, elliptic, dull green, mucronulate, usually slightly
pubescent beneath, 34-1 in. long : fls. 3-8, about 5k in.
long; wings nearly as long as the keel, flat. June-Sept.
S. Eu., N. Afr., N. B.M. 81.— Var. crispa, Hort. Dwarf,
with crisped Ivs.
AA. Fls. orange-yellow or brownish red; wings shorter
than the keel.
m^dia, Willd. Shrub, to 10 ft. : Ifts. 7-13, obovate,
grayish green or glaucous, %-% in. long, nearly gla-
brous: fls. 3-6, orange or reddish yellow: pod closed at
the apex. June-Sept. Probably hybrid of garden ori-
gin betvreen the former and the following, often cult.
under the rvnies or the following species:
orient^lis, Mill. (C. cruinta, Ait.). Shrub, to 6 ft.:
Ifts. 7-11, obovate, glaucous, thickish, ,^3-Min. long,
nearly glabious : fls. 3-5, reddish yellow or brownish
red: pod open at the apex. June-Sept. S. E. Eu.,
Orient. — Often cult, under the name of C. Halepica or
C. Isiria.
C. HaUpica.lt&m. (C. Istria, Mill.). To 4 ft.: Ifts. glaucous,
small and nuraerous: fls. yellow, nearly 1 in. long: wing longer
than the keel.— C. longialdta, Koehne (C. melanocalyx, Hort.,
notBoiss.). Similar to C. arborescens: wings longer than the
keel. G.C. III. 16:15.5 as C. melanocalyx.— C. Nepalensig, Hook.
Pimilar to 0. arborescens: racemes drooping. B.M. 2622. B.R.
20:1727. Tender. ALFRED RehDER.
COLVtLLEA (after Sir Charles Colville, governor of
Mauritius). Leguminofuv. The gorgeous fls. of this
Tropical tree are a worthy rival of i.ie Royal Poinciana,
which is closely allied, but easily distinguished. It has
drooping racemes l^oft. long, densely crowded with
perhaps 200 fls. of curious shape and of a splendid
scarlet. The fls. open at the stem -end of the pendent
dense raceme, and display masses of long, showy, yellow
stamens. The unopened fls. are about the size and shape
of a filbert, and these are gradually smaller towards
tlie end of the raceme. The genus has only this one spe-
cies, and is characterized by its large, oblique, colored
calyx, having 4 segments, the standard being the small-
est instead of the largest part; the wings very long,
narrow, erect, obovate, the pod 2-valved. Supposed to
be a native of E. Afr., but di-scovered in 1824 by Bojer
on the west coast of Madagascar, where a single tree
was cult, by the natives. It flowered there in April or
May. Its culture is similar to that of Caesalpinia. Prop.
in the south only by seeds.
racemdsa, Boj. Tree, 40-50 ft. high, with the general
aspect of Poinciana regia but with a thicker trunk and
ampler foliaere: branches very long and spreading : Ivs.
about 3 ft. long, alternate, remote, twice pinnate, with
20-30 pairs of pinnae which are opposite, 4 in. long, and
have 20-28 pairs of Ifts., each >^ in. long : keel very
small, almost covered by the wings: free stamens 10, 3
inserted below the standard, 2 under the wings, 1 under
the keel, and 4 under the cvary. B.M. 3325-6.
W. M.
C0MAE08TAPHYLI8 is included with Arcto-
staph ylo&.
OOMABTTM (an old Greek name). Bosdcece. One
species allied to Potentilla, and often referred to that
genus C. paluBtre, Linn., the Marsh Cinquefoil, is a
decumbent herb growing in swales in the N. states (also
in the Old World), with pinnate, 3-7-foliolate Ivs. (Ifts.
dentate), and solitary or cymose purple fls. 1 in. across:
petals shorter than the calyjc lobes, acute ; stamens nu-
merous. An odd and interesting but not showy plant,
sometimes planted in bogs. Mn. 3:97. — The fr. some-
what resembles a strawberry, but is spongy instead of
juicy. In some parts of Scotland, it is said, they are
called Cowberries, and are rubbed on the inside of milk
pails to thicken the milk.
COMBRfiTJM (old Latin name). Comhretdeece. Many
tropical shrubs and trees in Asia. Africa and America,
particularly in S. Africa. Many of them are climbers, by
means of the persistent leaf-stalks. Lvs. mostly opposite,
entire : fls. in spikes, polygamous : calyx bell-shaped ;
petals usually 4; stamens usually 8: fr. winged ai.d in-
dehiscent, 1-seeded. The Corabretums are warmhouse
plants, little known in this country.. Prop, by cuttings of
firm wood. One climbing species is in the Amer. trade :
C. coccineum, Lam. (C. purpureum, Vahl. Poivrea coC'
cinea, DC), from Mada- j
gascar. Lvs. oblong-Ian- ^'v
ceolate, acuminate, ever-
green: fls. small, brilliant
red, with long-exserted
stamens, the handsome
loose spikes often in pan-
icles ; parts of the fl. in
o's. B.M. 2102. L.B.C.
6: 563.— Handsome.
COMFEEY
phytiim.
528.
Commslina coelestis.
ixv^.)
COMMELlNA (to the early Dutch botanists, J. and
K. Commelin. A third brother published nothing, Lin-
naeus is said to have meant to designate the two authors
by the fully developed petals, and the third by the small
petal). Also written Commelyna. Commelindceo'. About
100 widely dispersed perennial herbs, of which a very
358
COMMELINA
CONIFERS
few are cult, fortheir interesting flowers. Fls. irregular
the calyx often colored, with unequal sepals ; petals 3,
the 2 lateral ones rounded or reniform and long-clawed;
stamens 6, 3 shorter; capsule 3-loculed. There are sev-
eral native tradescantia-lilce species, some erect and
others creeping. These are not in the trade. The cult,
spocier are erect warmhoiise plants. Some are tuberous-
rooted. In the Amer. trade, only C. coeWstiB, Willd., is
offered. Fig. 528. It grows 10-18 in, high, branching,
with clasping, long, broad-lanceolate pointed Ivs. and
blue fls. (2-10 together) on elongafcg axillary pedun-
cles. Var. 41ba, Hort.. has white fls. Ver. vaneg&ta,
hurt., has fls. blue and white. Mex. Prop, by seed,
cuttings and tubers. The native C. nudifldra, Linn, (as
C. 5<'7oi<?i(i««,Schlecht. ),isincult. It ranges all a'-ound
the world. It is a creeping plant, '•ooting at the joints,
with lai. eolate Ivs., and small irregular blue fls. in the
,;xils. Cammelina is monographed by C. B. Clarlte in
DC. Monogr. Phaner. 3.
Commelin&s are mostly of easy culture, thriving
well in any light, rich soil. The evergreen stove and
greenhouse sp^ecies are readily propagated in March or
April by cuttiugs inserted in an ordinary propagating
imm
529. A compost heap.
bed and kept close for a few days ; while the tuberous-
rooted half-hardy herbaceous species may be propagated
either by division of the tubers or by seeds sown in a
frame early in April and afterwards transplanting the
seedlings in the herbaceous border. In the fall, they
should be lifted and the tubers stored away in the same
manner as Dahlias. Of the tuberous-rooted species. C.
ccelestis is perhaps the best, its bright blue flowers being
very effective, especially when planted in masses.
Edwakd J. Canning and L. H. B.
C0MPAB£TTIA (Andreas Comparetti, 1746-1811,
Italian botanist). Orchidiice(t, tribe I'dndecp. A small
genus of graceful epiphytes, found in equatorial Amer-
ica. Pseudobulbs monophyllous, racemes simple or
branched: fls. small, lateral sepals united in a single
piece, lengthened at the base into a conspicuous born ;
lateral petals converging; labellum large, produced into
a double spur, which is hidden in the horn made by the
sepals ; column free, semi-terete, erect ; pollinia 2.
Grown on blocks or in baskets in a light intermediate
or warmhouse.
coccinea, Lindl. Pseudobulbs small, bearing lanceo-
late, coriaceous Ivs., purple beneath : racemes several-
fld., fls. 2 in. across; petals and sepals yellowish, label-
lum large, broader than long, crimson. Braz.
falc^ta, Poep.et Endl. (C rdsea, Lindl.). Similar in
habit to C. coccinea: fls. deep crimson; labellum broad ;
racemes pendent. Peru. B.M. 4980. A.F. C:609.
macTopIdctron, Reichb, f . Fls. 10 or more, dorsal se-
pal whitish, often spotted with purple ; midlobe of la-
bellum cleft, suborbicular, magenta-rose, dotted at the
angled base; spurs conspicuous. Kew Grenada. B.M.
^79. L. H. B.
COMPASS PLANT. Celebrated by Longfellow. It
tends to turn the edges of its root-lvs. north and south
Rosin Weed is the prairie name for it. See SilpMum. '
COMPOST. Mixed and rotted ve;:etrtble n:'»tt-p, par-
ticularly manure and litter. The mixture of bulimy /er-
tilizing materials, known as compost, while of litse im-
pcrtance t«< the p-neral farmer, plays an important part
in garden practices. Many of the garden crops must be
made in a very short time, or are of delicate feeding
habitd. Their food, therefore, must be easily assimilable.
It is good practice to pile all coarse manures, sodsi
weeds, or any rubbish available for the purpose, in big
flat heaps (Fig. 529), to ferment and rot before bting
applied to the garden soil. If desired, chemical manures,
especially superphosphate (dissolved bone or South
Carolina rock) and potash (muriate or kainit), may be
added to make the compost the richer. By spading or
forking the heaps over a few times at reasonable inter-
vals, a homogeneous mass is easily obtained, which can
be applied in greatest liberality without fear, or more
sparingly, in accordance with the needs of the particu-
lar crop. Of equal, if not still greater importance, i.s
the compost heap which gives soil for greenhouse
benches, flats, hotbeds and coldfranies. This compost
is principally made of sods shaved off a rich pasture or
meadow and piled in alternate layers with stable ma-
nure, more of the latter being used for forcing succu-
lent crops, and less in growing plants which should be
short and stocky, like cabbage or tomato plants. Garden
litter may be added to the pile, as leaves and trimmings.
All compost heaps, during dry weather, need frequent
and thorough moistening with water, or, better, with
liquid manure. Turn several times during the year, to
ensure thorough rotting of the materials.
T. Greineb.
COMPTONIA (after Henry Compton, Bishop of Lon-
don, patron of horticulture, d. 1713). Myricace(e. One
species, by some authors united with Myrica, from which
it differs in the pinnatifid, stipulate Ivs. and 8 linear,
persistent bractlets subtending the ovary. C. aspleni*
fdlia, Gtertn. (C peregrXna, Coulter. Myr\ca axphni-
folia, Linn.), the Sweet Fern, grows in dry, sterile soil
in the eastern U. S., and is also in the trade. It is an
attractive undershrub (1-3 ft.) with fern-like, scented
foliage and brownish, axillary heads of imperfect fl?.
Lvs. linear, pinnatifid: roots long and cord-liko. Useful
for foliage masses on rocky or barren places.
• L. H. B.
CONE-FLOWER. The genus i?Md6ec;tta. The Purple
Cone-flower, however, belongs to the allied genus
Echinacea.
GONANDBON {cone-shaped anther). Gesnerdceee,
C. ramcudioides, Sieb. & Zucc, of Japanese mountains,
is the only species. It is an interesting little tuberous-
rooted herb, with oblong, rugose, serrate root-lvs. and
scapes bearing 6-12 white or purple, nodding Dodo-
catheon-like fls. It is one of several groups of rare and
widely scattered herbs, of which Ramondia, Haberlea,
Wulfenia, Didymocarpus, Shortia and Schizocodon are
examples. Conandron is adapted to growing in shady
rockeries. Scapes less than 1 ft. high. Little known in
cult., but is in the trade. B.M. 6484.
CONIFERS. The cone-bearing trees {Conifercf) are
decidedly the most important order of forest trees in
the economy of civilized man. They have furnished the
bulk of the material of which our civilization is built.
The remarkable combination of strength and stiifness
with the smallest weight compatible, and the abundance
and gregariousness of their occurrence, gives them t'-'a
important position. From the standpoint of the horti-
culturist, they also take a prominent place among the
materials for landscape gardening effects, and, in the
more practical use, as windbreaks. Their evergreen
habit— for all except the larch and ginkgo tribes are ever-
green—and their conical form, especially in earlier
periods of life, with a branch system persisting to the
base for a long time, are the elements which make them
desirable. To these graces maybe added the peculiar
form and striking coloring of their foliage, which, in
CONIFERS
CONIFERS
359
combination with deciduous trees or in clumps, by them-
selves or in aingle specimens, offer striking effects.
There are two types of natural or native beauty in the
Corifers—the symmetrical and verdurous beauty of the
young specimen (FMgs. 5:^0, S-'U ; Fij<. 1, p. 1), and the
piciuresque and rugjfed beauty of the old and tirae-
woi t^ " (Figs. 532. 5,'};{). Aside from these, there are
aN -"'J, grotesque and formal cultivated varieties,
»s i.j, 'cd in the weeping spruce (Fig. 534), the colura-
uar j ...II ers (Fig. 535), and the various dwarf jines and
gpruees \ 'ig. 53(J).
The raaj -.ity of the species belonging to this group,
as well es their greatest numerical development, is
found in .he temperate zones, only a few belonging to
subtropical or tropical countries, among which are the
Araucarias, from South America; the Dammara, Dacryd-
ium, and Phyllocladus, fron Australia, etc.
The order Coniferte comprises jiearly 40 genera, and
about 300 species. Our own lative fl'^ra. with 15 genera
and not less than 100 spcie.. ?nd subspecies, is among
the richest, the bulk of these *t<'ing found on the
Pacific coast. The Atlantic side offei • '28 species, repre-
senting the genus Pinus with 12 species out of 39; 1
Larix out of 3; 3 Piceas out of 7; 2 Tsugas out of 5; 2
Abies out of 12; 1 Taxodium; 1 Thuja out of 2; 1
Charaflpcyparis out of 3; 3 Juniperus out of 11 ; 1 Tumion
(Torreya) out of 2; 1 arborescent Taxus nut of 2 : being
without representatives of the genus Pseudotsuga, Se-
quoia, Libocedrus, and Cupressus, There are to be
added a large number (not less than 400) of nursery-
men's varieties, which have been enumerated in Bull.
17 of the Division of Forestry, U. S. Dept. of Agricul-
ture.
There are also a number of exotic Conifers which
promise satisfactory results if used in suitable locali-
ties, climate and soil. The Norway Spruce (Picea ex-
edsii) recommends itself by its elegant gothic form,
often with pendulous branchlets, its very rapid growth,
and its wide adaptation to soils and climates, together
with its ease of propagation and cheapness. It excels
in form and rapidity of growth most of the American
spruces. Like all Conifers, after the 2r)th to 40th year it
must pass through a period of change in form, during
which it loses, for a time, its shapeliness. The Scotch
Pine {Pinus sylvestris) has nothing to recommend it
which may not be found in native species, except, per-
haps, adaptation to the dry climate of the west, and
cheapness. The Austrian Pine, on the other hand, is an
530. The beauty of younjj everirrcens lies in their symmetry
and the preservation of the lower limbs.
acquisition by its stout growth in its youth, although the
Red Pine (Pinus resinosa) would probably do as well;
so far, its small cones and seed have made the latter ex-
pensive. The European Larch outgrows the native nor-
thern one easily, but Larix occidentalis ,tTomthe interior
531. A good spruce tree.
basin, will probably do as well or better. There is no
particular commendation for the Europe Fir, but the
Nordmann Fir, from the Caucasus, is a most decided
aquisition, by its beauty and adaptation; so is the most
graceful of all
spruces, Picea orien-
talis, while the Span-
i^'h Abies Pinsapo
will always attract at-
tention by its pecu-
liar shape and foliage.
Of other ornamen-
tal forms which are
without representa-
tives in the U. S., and
hence fill vacancies,
may be mentioned, as
capable of adapta-
tion, and, more or
less in use, from
South America, the
Araucarias ; from
Africa and Eastern
Asia, Cedrus Deo-
dara, Lihani, Allan -
iica, Abies Appoli-
nis&ndCilicica; from
Korea, the promis-
ing, more densely fo-
liaged White Pine, P.
Ko ra iensis ; from
China, Cunning-
hamia. Biota, Glyp-
tostrobus, Cephalo-
taxus, Podocarpus,
Pseudolarix, and,
above all, that inter-
esting remnant of
former ages, the
Maidenhair- tree,
Gingko bil oh. :,v;hic\i
will maintain itself anywhere along the Atlantic coast if
propagated from seed of the proper localities. Japan
has furnished a number of additions, especiallj' Reti-
nosporas, Torreyas, Taxus, various Pinus, Piceas and
Tsugas, with the peculiar Scindopitys verticillaia, the
Umbrella Pine, and, the most acceptable of all, the
graceful Cryptomeria Japonica.
As with all introductions from one country to another,
nay, from one climatic region to another, caution is ad-
vised, so it may be laid down as a rule, that exotics
should be used with great discretion, and, until their
adaptation is amply demonstrated, only iu a subordinate
manner. If it is in general true that perennial plants
can only be transplanted with permanent success into
similar climatic conditions, it must be especially true
with the conifers, which do not lose their foliage, and
hence must be able to bear summer as well as winter con-
ditions. The Long-leaf Pine of the south, most striking
of our pines, may, therefore, not be transplanted far be-
yond its northern limit, and, if we desire to utilize any
of the Pacific coast species W the east, we will have to
secure them at least from the highest and driest alti-
tudes and exposures or. if. as in the case of some spe-
cies, like the Douglas Fir and Engelmann Spruce, their
field of distribution covers the dry slopes of the Rocky
mountains as well as the moist slopes of the coast
ranges, we may be successful if we choose our plant
material from these drier slopes.
Of the many native species, we may discard a num-
ber chat are not of any particular value, although the
distinction could be more readily accomplished from
the economic point of view than from the standpoint of
the horticulturist and landscape gardener, for almost
every one has a distinctive feature of either form or
adaptation to soil or other interest. For each climatic
region the choice must be different; hence it would be
impossible to give, in the brief space of an article, in-
telligent advice as to best selections. In general, be-
sides climatic limitations, the following considerations
may serve in the choice of native species. The pines,
as a rule, are not to be placed on compact, clay soil, and,
on account of their taproot, not on shallow soils, on
360
CONIFERS
CONIFERS
which they soon become spindly; they thrive best on
loose, sandy soils, and can endure dry soils, the White
Pine adapting itself perhaps best to the clay soils with-
out detrinifnt to its development. On wet soils pines
are, as a rule, decidediy out of place, although the Re«l
Pine (P. rexinoHa), of the north, and the Loblolly (/*.
Tceda ) , and some other southern species are capable of
supporting su'h conditions. For such situations hero,
however, the cedar trioe furnishes better material, — the
Chamiecyparis, Thuyas and Taxodiura. Th«se trees of
the bog and swamp are, however— it should not be over-
looked—capable of thriving even better on drier soils.
They are merely indiflferent to moisture conditions at
the foot.
The shallow-rooted spruces are trees of the higher
mountain ranges, and are, therefore, more adapted to
532. A lone field pine, remnant of a forest.
moist and cool situations, although some of them, the
Norway Spruce, the Blue Spruce of Colorado and the
northern White Spruce will— the former, at least, during
its juvenile period— endure more droughty situations.
The firs, too, are rather more species of northern
climates and high altitudes, the Red Fir, so-called
(Psiiidotstiga taxi folia), which is not a fir proper, be-
ing, perhaps, best capable of 'supporting drier and hot-
ter situations. The most ornamental, and, in many re-
spects, most serviceable of the firs, Abies Nordmanni-
ana, from the Caucasus, develops its magnificent dense
and darli green foliage in the warm but moist climate of
Washington, while our most ornamental Ahies concolor
from Colorado will thrive even in our drier atmos-
pheres of the Mi<ldle states. The fine firs of the Pacific
coast will probably not thrive anywhere in our drier and
hotter eastern climates for any length of time, unless
placed in cool and shady situations.
The Douglas Fir (PiteudotsHija taxifoUa) is. perhaps,
most readily acclimated if seed is secured from the dry
slopes of Colorado. The Lawson Cypress (Chauutrfip-
oris Lawsoniana), with its graceful pendulous branches
and foliage, and the pyramidal Libocednis decurreng are
uncjuestionably desirable a<lditions to our ornamental
stock, while the Sequoias, especially WaithingtanKiua,
the Big Tree, has shown itself capable of thriving in the
latitude of Rochester.
One important feature which enters into consideration
when grouping Conifers, is the relative endurance of
shade or tolerance which the species exhibit, thereby
indicating their use in various positions. The yews and
firs are tiie most tolerant of shade, together with'the hem-
locks; next may be placed the spruces, Arborvitap (Thuya),
and Juniperus, while the pines are mostly intolerant of
shade, excepting the White Pine, which is the most shade-
enduring of the pines ; the larch and the bald cypress
are the most light-needing of all, and will perish soon if
placed under the sluwle of any other trees. All species,
to be sure, are capable of more shade-en<lurance when
young and on deep, moist soil. Their relative shade-en-
durance under the same conditions remains, however, the
same, and may be studied in the forest by observing the
density of the individual crowns, the capacity of main-
taining a thrifty foliage under the shade of different
species, and especially of young plants to persist in
such shade.
Propagation. — "Most Conifers ripen their fruit in the
fall, Septemlier to Noveml)er, and are best gathered soon
after or before ripening. The pines take two years to ma-
ture their cones. White Pines ripen fruit in the first two
weeks of Septemljer. and the cones opening, shed the
seeds at once, the empty cones remaining on the branches.
The cones of the firs fall apart upon ripening, hence
must be gathered before being quite ripe. Spruces and
hemlocks shed seeds from time to time, opening and
closing into next spring. Some pines, like Pi>iu.s pun-
gens and .serotina, keep their cones closed for years, and
artificial heat must be employed to make them open and
give up their seed. In gathering seeds for the trade, such
artificial heat is frequently applied with pines in spi^cially
constructed seed roasters; such seed should be carefully
inspected, as it sometimes suffers from improper use of
the heat.
The proportion of germinating seeds, and the vitality,
1. e., the ability of retaining germinative power, varies
greatly not only with the seasons in the same species,
but from species to species.
The lowest germination percentage and vitality is found
in firs and larch, which show rarely more than 50 per
cent of good seed, and soon lose their vitality, while
spruce and pine, when entirely fresh, may show as much
as 95 to 100 per cent germination, an 1 retain vitality for
2 to 5 years, losing each year a proportion. Norway
Spruce 5 years old still having 10 per cent germination.
In trade, a germination percentage for spruce of 75 to
80; pine. 70 to 75; fir, 30 to 50; larch, 20 to 40, should be
acceptable.
Seeds are best kept in a dry, cool garret in tight bags
or boxes, excluding the air as much as possible.
All seeds require a short rest or after-ripening of two
to four weeks before they are ready to germinate, and
some, like the Taxus and,Juniper, Iieover,evenin nature,
for a year or more before they germinate. The latter
should be prepared for sowing "by macerating them, and
removing the pulp in hot water, then mixing with sharp
sand in bags, and by friction freeing the seed from the
pulp.
In the seed-bed somewhat more care is required than
with most other species of trees. A thoroughly mellow,
well pulverized seed-bed of light, loamy sand, possibly
enriched with well decomposed manure (cow-dung better
than horse-dung), is required, the covering of the seed
varying, according to size, from a mere sprinkling for
larch to one-quarter inch for the heavy-seeded pines.
They may be sown as soon as the weather is settled, in
northern'latitudes the second or third week in May. best
CONIFERS
CONIFERS
361
In rows not more than 6 inches apart, and preferably In
dry weather, when the soil does not clog, which some-
times prevent seeds from germinating, and can he rolled
over them. Mulch between
the rows with pine needles
or sphagnum moss, or other
fine mulch, to reduce ne-
cessity of watering and
weeding. Conifer seeds need
very little water for germi-
nation. The seee«l lings, on
533. Picturesque old hemlock spruces.
the other hand, for the first three months, until they
have made their crown bud, need to be either kept well
watered or else protected against the drying effects of
sun and wind by shading, for which purpose lath screens
are best. These latter must be lifted for airing after the
sun is gone, especially in muggy weather, to avoid "damp-
ing-o£F." For wintering, a covering with conifer branches
or very clean meadow hay is advisable (the latter is apt
to bring in weeds).
For growing small quantities, the use of boxes, as
described by Jackson Dawson, of the Arnold Arbore-
tum, in Proceedings of the Massachusetts Horticultural
Society, is highly commendable. In well drained boxes,
sow the seed soon after gathering, pile four or five deep
in a pit or sheltered place, cover with boards, and when
cold weather comes, cover up with leaves or hay. About
the middle of April, move them into a place where they
get the early morning sun. Keep the seedlings well
watered and free from weeds, and shaded as described.
Winter the seedlings in same manner as the seed-boxes,
well covered up. They are ready for transplanting next
spring, when they are making their first or second set
of rough leaves.
Since pine and spruce seedlings take about 7 to 10
pounds of phosphoric acid, 10 to 20 pounds of potash
and 15 to 30 pounds of lime, besides 20 pounds of ni-
trogen, per acre from the soil, for continuously used
nurseries the addition of mineral materials in the shape
of bone-meal and wood-ashes may become desirable.
A large number of seedlings may be grown in a small
space; thus 30,000 Norway spruce may be grown on a
square rod, requiring about 2 pounds of seed. The
quantity of seed sown depends, in part, upon the length
of time it is expected to leave seedlings in the seed-bed,
besides size and quality of seed ; the quantities vary from
^ to >^ pound per 100 square feet if sown in drills, and
the yield of seedlings will vary from 200 to 15,000 seed-
lings, according to species and seasons.
Conifers, like any other trees, may be transplanted at
any time of the year, provided the necessary care is
taken in moving the plant. This care is least re<|uired.
as with other trees, in the fall and early spring, when
activities of root and foliage are, if not at rest, at least
reduced. Which of these seasons is preferable depends
on the locality, and the dependent character of the sea
son. On the whole, spring planting will probably be
preferable in most parts of the United States which do
not suffer from dry spring winds. In localities of the
southwest, which have commonly a dry spring followed
by a rainy season in July, this latter time should be
chosen. There is a belief that planting in August is
specially favorable. We see no reason for this belief,
unless favorable weather {a rainy season) follows.
Conifers may be transplanted latrr than deciduous
trees, even after the buds have started, excepting the
larch, which buds out very early; with this species, fall
planting may be recommended. Cloudy weather, rather
than rainy or wry dry, should be chosen, especially
when transplanting into nursery rows.
Young trees are naturally more readily and success-
fully transplanted than older ones, with which there is
more difficulty in securing the whole root-system when
taking them up. Since, however, the seedlings develop
slowly for the first one or two to three years, they should
be left in the seed-bed for that length of time, root-pruned,
and then transplanted into nursery rows. Although
those with a shallow root-system, like spruces and firs,
may be moved even when 30-40 feet in height, it is best,
even for ornamental purposes, not to take them more
than 3-4 feet in height. In forestry, 1- to 4-year-old
,'lants. according to species, from 2-12 or 15 inches in
height, are preferred for reasons of economy.
534. A seeping Norway spruce.
Much greater care than with deciduous trees is nec-
essary, when transplanting without an earth-ball, in
keeping the root fibers from drying out; a large amount
362
CONIFEKS
CONIFERS
of loss In traniiplanting is explained from nejflect In
this respect. As soon as taken up, the roots should be
immersed Int^ a loam-puddle and kept protected by wet
spha^um moss or canvas until set into their new
pla«'e.
The question of trimming when transplanting must be
eonsidered with more care than is necessary with broad-
leaved trees, which possess much greater recuperative
power. It should be confined to the smallest amount,
amoothing bruised roots, and if f'>r proper proportion-
ing pruning at the top becomes absolutely necessary,
shortening the leader rather than branches. Larch will
stand more severe pruning than most other Conifers.
From the anlstic as well as physio' ical point of view,
it is barbarism to remove the lowe^ .^ranches, which the
tree needs to shade its trunk and standing rooni, anU of-
ten, when deprived of the same, will repJace first before
starting again in its height growth. Attention should,
however, be especially paid to preventingdouble leaders,
which are detrimental to future form-development; cut
them out as early as possible, preferably in the bud.
Laterals may be somewhat sbortened-in while standing
in the nursery, to lengthen the time during which the
lower branches are to persist. Breaking out buds is, as
with all trees, the best metho<l. provided thepruuer has
an eye for his business. Even in after-life, when prun-
ing is done to keey» the tree shapely, the minimum use
of the pruning-knife should be the rule.
There are three marked periods in the development o'
Conifers — the juvenile period, when the entire tree is a
crown, branched symmetrically to the base, the perfec-
tion of symmetry ; then follows the adolescent stage,
when the lower branches die out, a period of unshape-
liness; followed by the virile
stage, when the £.traight, cylin-
drical shaft bears the crown at
one-third or one-half of the up-
per lengtn of the bole. The
trimming during the adolescent
stage requires most considera-
in most cases.
lnserte<!, wh«n the calluslng will be more rapid and
satisfactory in shape.
If at this stage or at any time the trees show trouble
at the top by drying (becoming "stag-headed"), it is «
sign that they suffer at the root from lack of moisture.
535. Pyramidal evergreens. Junipers.
Trimming off a few tiers of lower branches, loosening
the soil as far as the ambitus of the crown, and mulch-
ing will largely correct this. When used for hedges, the
treatment is, of course, different. For such a purpose
the shade-enduring species, spruces and hemlocks, are
best, since they are capable of preserving a dense inte-
rior foliage, while the pines are bound to thin out.
There are a number of dangers and damage from In-
sects to which Conifers are exposed. Drought and frost
are most dangerous to seedlings in the seed-bed. These
are obviated by proper location of the seed-bed ( protec-
tion against sun and wind), by covering with a mulch of
moss, straw, pine-straw or the like (which also prevents
the heaving out by frost and the washing out by rain,
to which he young seeds are liab'e). By shading and
watering tne dangt of drought is overcome, althoutrh
at the same time that of " damping-off "' is invited. The
cause of this disease, consisting in the reddening of the
needles and their falling off, is as yet undiscovered, a
fungus being held responsible by some. Birds may be
kept away from the seeds by mixing them with red
oxide of lead, by lath screens, and the usual methods.
Various fungi and insects, too many to mention, some
polyphagous, more or less specific, are at work dur-
ing the various stages of development. A host of leaf-
miners, saw-tlies and caterpillars destroy the foliage.
•ii!'V'';-''**s^^ho:;.u.--- -TTr,**.,.-.. «i;
2';^;''^^iJ^ " ;•/
536. Dwarf conifers, of horticultural origin. Pines and spruces.
CONIFERS
CONNECTICUT
363
and weevils sap the youoj; nhoots. Bontrichl, or bark-
beetles, mine under the bark, mostly of trees which are
sickly from othi'r causes; borers enter the wood of the
boles. Tortrices i>ore Into the base of leaders and cause
them to break off. The bei^t remedies against most of
these are preventives, namely: provi<linjcthe trees with
guch chances of vijforous growth, or satisfactory soil
conditions, that tliey are able to ward off or overcome
the enemies. Otherwise, watchinj? and destroyinjf the
enemies in time, and the usual remedies to kill them,
oiay be employed. Literature: Veitch, Manual of Coni-
fers ; Carri»''re, Traite des Conif^res ; Beissner, Hand-
buch der Nadelholzkuude. g ^ Fernow.
CONlUM macnlitTun, Linn. Umbelliferof. The
Poison He.mi,o< k, "by which," as Gray writer, "crimi-
nals and philosophers were put to death at Athens."
It is a rank, much-branched European herb which has
run wild in eastern N. America, and which in offered in
the trade as a border plant. It is biennial, lank-sniell-
ing, and poisonous, and is scarcely worth c\»ltivatin>r,
although the finely cut dark folia>?e is hi>fhly ornamen-
tal. It grows from 2-4 ft. hijfh, and has large umbels of
small white rts. An extract is sold in drug stores for a
sedative. For this purpo '^ the fruit is gathered while
green.
CONNECTICUT, HORTICULTURE IN. Fig. u.}?.
While one of the smallest states and covering but
one degree of latitude (41 to 42), owing to the great
diversity of soil an<i varying elevations from the sea
level, along the whole southern border, to 900 and 1,200
feet in sections of Tolland county, and 1,200 and l..'>00 in
portions of Lltchdeld, Connecticut is adapted to as wide
537. The horticultural regions of Connecticut.
a range of horticultural productions as any state out-
side of the semi-tropic fruit belt. The " season " of many
of the quick-maturing species and varieties of fruits,
flowers and vegetables is often entirely over on the
light soil in the Connecticut valley and along the Souv\d
shore when like species and varieties are but just be-
ginning to ripen on the cooler, moist soils of the hills
of Tolland and Litchfield counties. Strawberries and
green peas from East Hertford and Glastonbury supply
the Hartford market, wiille on the Bolton hills, only 12
miles away, the blooming vines give promise of the crop
that is to come after the valley season is entirely over;
so that "home-grown" strawberries are usually to be
had in the Hartford market for a period of six or seven
weeks. The Sound shore, Housatonic valley and Litch-
field hills supply New Haven, Bridgeport and other
cities of the state through equally long seasons.
From the earliest settlement of the state, fruit-grow-
ing for the family home-supply has been a prominent
feature of Connecticut agriculture, the apple being
a main reliance. The old seedling trees scattered
over all our farms to-day are plain evidence that our
ancestors took their apple juice through the spigot of
the cider barrel rather than fresh from the pulp of the
ripe fruit of some finer variety. A hundred years ago
every farm-house cellar wintered from .30 to 50 barrels
of cider, while to-day it is hardly respectable to have
any, and probably not one family in ten now has evea
one singl«< barrel on tap as a beverage. Yet in quantity
and variety the family fruit supply has wonderfully in-
creased and a daily supply of f reMh home-grown fniit is
the rule rather than the exception in most farm homes,
— small fruits in variety, apoles, pears, peaches, plums
(both European and .lapant, cherries and quit;ces, in
all the best standard varieties, coming to their highest
perfection in every section of the stite where rational
methods of culture are followed. The topography of the
state is such, and soils are so varied within »h<*ft dis-
tances, that it is diflifult to ilistrict the state, except in the
most general way. Aside from the alluvial, most of the
light sandy and sandy loam lands are along the river val-
leys an<l the Sound shore; while in "the hill towns" and
along the ridges the soils are heavier, with more or less
mixtures of clay, and many of the hilltops are moist and
springy. Hocks are very abundant nearly all over the
state except in the valleys, while the natural timber
and semi-abandoned fanu and pasture lands, growing
up to brush and timi>er, cover fully one-half the acreage
of the state. Acting at present as win<l-breaks and cli-
matic equalizers, they will in the future furnish the
"new lan«ls" for extensive horticultural enterprises.
Lying mid,vay between New York and Boston, — the
greatest horticultural markets of America— Connecticut
is better situated than any other state in the Union to
realize quick cash returns from her horticulture. Every
farm is within driving distance of some one or more
of her own busy manufacturing towns and villages,
whose people are appreciative of choice fruits and are
able to pay for them.
District No. 7. — This comprises the Connecticut river
valley and adjacent hills, along the Northampton branch
and the main line of railroad from Hartford to New
Haven, and all of the shore towns. This district con-
tains most of the sandy plain lands of the state, and the
loams and clay most free from rocks and stones. On
the hills back from the river, on the ridges either side
of the railroads, and a few miles back from the Sound
shore, there are many places where .soil and topograph-
ical conditions are much the same as in districts Nos.
2 and 3; but, having much larger tracts of easily culti-
vated lands and being better located as to market con-
ditions, this district is more highly developed horticul-
turally than either of the others. Here are the great
market-gardens and small-fruit farms, peach orchards,
vineyards and melon fields.
District No, i. — This district comprises Tolland and
Windham counties and all of Middlesex an<l New London
counties except Cromwell and the shore towns, and is
particularly well suited to apple and peach culture, ow-
ing to the rolling condition of the country and natural
fertility of many of the hills. Every few miles are lit-
tle valleN's and pockets suited to the production of small
fruits and vegetables in variety. A few townships in
the northeast grow apples quite extensively, while in
the west and southwest commercial peach orchards are
found to considerable extent.
District No. ^. — This district comprises western Hart-
ford, northwestern New Haven, northern Fairfield, and
all of Litchfield counties, and is somewhat similar to
district No. 2, except th.it the soil is generally heavier,
with rather more mixture of clay and the hills are
more abrupt and rocky. Some sections of Litchfield
county are too cold and bleak for any but the most hardy
fruits.
Apples grow freely everywhere, and, while always of
good quality, the brightest colors, firmest texture and
highest quality of fruit is produced on the rocky hills,
at an elevation of fnm 400 to 1,000 feet. Baldwin.'Rhode
Island Greening, Roxbury Russet and Spy are the lead-
ing varieties, although all the varieties that thrive well
in the northeastern U. S. grow to perfection here when
properly cared for. Old commercial orchards have al-
ways been profitable, and just at this time large plant-
ings are being made, the largest orchard in the state
containing about 4,000 trees.
Peach culture on an extended scale is a recent devel-
opment. Eighteen years ago the »mly commercial orchard
in the state contained about 2,000 trees, and probably
364
CONNECTICUT
CONOCLINIUM
5,000 trees would be a liberal estimate for the state;
now upwards of 2,000,000 peach trees are in tht state-
mi ny orchards of 5,000 and 6,000 trees, quite a number
with 10,000 to 15,000 trees, and at least one with nearly
50,000. While many varieties are grown to some extent,
the main plantings are of Mountain Rose, Oldmixon,
Crawford Early, Crawford Late and Stump. More re-
cently, however, Waddell, Carman, Champion and El-
berta have been heavily planted. High culture, close
pruning and a thinning of the fruit are generally prac-
ticed, and fruit of brightest color, largest size and high
quality is thus secured. In the markets of this and
neighboring states, "Connecticut peaches" usually sell
at a much higher price than those from any other sec-
tion. The only serious drawback is the winter-killing
of the fruit-buds in the valleys, this happening proba-
bly three years out of tive, while on many hillsides and
hilltops at least two crops out of three are assured; but
there are many favorable localities where annual crops
are almost a certainty.
Japanese plums were early planted in this state, and
80 quickly proved their adaptability to soil and climate
that they are now planted in a small way in every sec-
tion of the state, fruiting almost as freely as the apple,
for family supply, while in a commercial way they are
being quite largely planted in district No. 1. Several
orchards have from 2,000 to 4,000 trees each. Of varie-
ties longest tested, Burbank, Abundance and Chabot
are most satisfactory and profital)Ie. Red June and
Satsuma are rapidly growing in favor, the latter com-
manding extremely fancy prices for canning purposes.
Raspberries, blackberries, currants and gooseberries
grow and produce freely all over the state, and all local
markets are abundantly supplied in season.
Grapes can be grown successfully all over the state,
except on the highest and coldest hills ; and on the
sandy plains and warm, rocky hillsides all the best
standard varieties can be produced in perfection. There
are a number of small vineyards in district No. 1, and
home-grown grapes sell for double the price of those
coming from the outside ; yet, on the whole, the grape
industry is but lightly thought of.
Pears thrive and fruit well except on the lighter
lands, and nearly every home garden has from one to
half a dozen trees. There are a few small commercial
orchards in district No. 1, Bartlett and Clapp being
most largely grown at Hartford and the adjoining
towns. On the west side of the river the Bosc is pro-
duced in its highest perfection.
Cherries have been steadily failing in the state for
twenty five years past. Not enough "or home supply
are grown. Newly planted trees soon die out, and there
is a general discouragement. They seem to do best in
the vicinity of Middletown and Meriden, and the few
commercial orchards there are quite profitable.
Quinces are grown all over the state for home supply,
but thrive best along the Sound shore, where there are
a large number of small commercial orchards.
Strttwborries are very largely grown, both for home
and outside markets, mostly in medium matted rows,
with an average yield of 80 to 90 bushels per acre.
Some cultivators, who follow the hill system or grow in
narrow, thinly matted rows, secure 150 or more bushels
pe,:- acre. A nu . r of the berry farmers have systems
of irrigation which add greatly to the surety of the
crop, besides increasing the size and appearance of the
fruit. The rolling character of the country and vast
number of small streams abundantly supplied with
water raaKe it possible, at moderate expense, to irrigate
many thousands of acres in this state, and the time is
not far distant when the streams of Connecticut will
be more valuable to her horticulturists than they ever
were to her manufacturers in the old days of many
small factories and water-wheels.
Almost from the earliest settlement, small local nur-
series have aV)ounded in the state, and are here to-day
to the number of 5.'}. An extensive general nursery a*^
New Canaan, in Fairfield county, is much the largest of
cny in New Eufrland. while the small fruit and specialty
nursery at South Glastonbury, Hartford county, dis-
tributes plants by the million all over the world. At
Cromwell, Middlesex county, is a floricultnral estab-
lishment which, with one exception, has the largest
area under glass of any such establishment in America,
and surpasses all others in the annual production of
superb roses.
The late Judge A. J. Coe, of Meriden, wa? one of the
first men in America to take up the new chestnut cul-
ture by the importation of the best foreign varieties and
the selection of the best natives and their crosses. He
commenced the grafting on native sprouts and seed-
lings, and stimulated quite a general chestnut grafting,
so that a goodly number of chestnut orchards are being
established on land too rough for cultivation, yet
strong in its ability to grow the chestnut tree and nut
to perfection.
At Wethersfield, in Hartford county. Orange and Mil-
ford, in New Haven county, and Southport, in Fairfield
county, are many farms devoted to seed -growing.
Onion seed and sweet corn are the •- ;at specialties, but
a great variety of other seeds are r ^o grown, especially
at Wethersfield and Orange.
Market-gardening is carried on quite extensively by
specialists near all large towns and cities, while, with
so many good markets always close at hand, vegetables
and fruits are sold in moderate quantities from nearly
' "^ry farm. The largest general market-garden farm is
I / Haven, whore over 400 acres are under annual
cull. on with vegetables and small fruits. At South-
port, i'airfield and Westport there are many farms,
both large and small, devott ' -"ntirely to the production
of onions. "Southport oniou^ are famous for fine ap-
pearance and quality, and nowhere in America is the
annual yield so great or price received so high as in this
district. Marketing is done in sailing vessels direct
from the farms to the dock markets in New York, where
the onions are sold direct to retail dealers, boat captains
acting as sales.nen without commission for the sake of
carrying the freight.
Trolley car lines are widely extended through many
farming;' sections of the state, and, running express cars
at certain hours of the day with freight movements at
night, they are proving quite a factor in the distribution
of horticultural products. The Hale peach farms, at South
Glastonbury, were the first in America to use this new
electric power in the marketing of their products. Fruit
is loaded at the farnt side-track as gathered during the
day, and transported to market at night, after passenger
service has closed for the day. It is unloaded in the
city from the main-line tracks directly in front of the
stores in the early morning hours before the tracks are
again required for passenger service, and the eniiity
cars are returned to the farm side-track before a new
day's work in the orchard has begun.
The Connecticut Pomological Society, organized some
ten years ago, is a prominent feature in the lively fruit
interests of the state. It has a large, active member-
ship, and, aside from its annual winter meeting, it
holds each summer three or more "field meetintrs." on
fruit farms in different sections of the state, and there,
around tree, plant and vine, the members meet and
discuss the live topics of the hour, gathering inspira-
tion which, carried to their homes, is pushing Con-
necticut into the very front rank of horticultural states.
J. II. H.ILE.
CONOCfiPHALUS (Greek, cone head). One of the
liverworts (Marchantiaceae), with broad, fiat, forking
evergreen thallus, growing on moist banks, like a moss.
C. ednicHs, Dumort., is offered by c jUectors as a plant
for rockeries.
CONOCLtNIUM (Greek, cone and bed). CompoaitcK.
Differs from Eupatorium in having a conical receptacle
and the somewhat imbricated involucral scales nearly
equal. Most authors now unite the species with Eupa-
torium (which see).
coelestlnam, DC. {Eupafdrium cceUstinum, Linn.).
Mist Flower. Perennial, 1-2 ft. high, somewhat pubes-
cent : Ivs, opposite, stalked, triangular-ovate and some-
what corv'..,tc, "-^ftrse-toothed : heads in compact cymes,
many-fid., blue or violet. Mich, and 111., to N. J.andS.—
Late-blooming heliotrope-fid, plant, very useful for low
borders.
L^sse&uzii, Dur. (Ageriitnm Lassedurii, Carr.).
Spreading pubescent perennial, wi*h habit of Agera-
CONOCLINIUM
CONVALLAKIA
365
.'Mm conyzoides : Ivs. lance-elliptic, obtuse-toothed,
long-attenuate, short-stalked or somewhat decurrent :
heads numerous, handsome rose-color. Uru{?uay. R.H.
1870:90. — Handsome plant for bedding. Grows 1-2 ft.
high. Not hardy. L H B
CONOFHALLUS Kdnjak, Schott, is Amorphophal-
Ins Jiivuri, var Konjar, Engler. The great tuber is
much grown in Japan for the making of dour ( see George-
son, A.G. 13:79). Amorphophallntt B'' fieri is figured
on p. 59; also in R.H. 1871, p. 573 ; and in B.M. 6195
{bls Proteinophallus Revieri). Konjak is offered by im-
porters of Japanese plants.
CONSERVATORY. Literally, a place in which things
are kept or preserved. Used to designate a glass house
in which plants are kept for display, rather than for
propagating or growing.
Every well-ordered private establishment should have
a conservatory w^herein to display to the best advantage
the plants which have been brought to their attractive
state in the greenhouses and hothouses thereon, and the
nearer it is located to the residence, all other things
being equal, the better. It would be best if it were a
part of it. Many architects, in preparing plans and ar-
ranging for the erection of conservatories, look more to
the architectural beauty of the structure rather than to
the well-being of the plants to be grown therein. One
of the worst faults hitherf > as been inadequate ventila-
tion. A practical grower of plants should always be
consulted upon this essential point before definite ar-
rangements for building are made. In addition to a
generous opening in the roof, which should, in all cases,
be operated by one of the most approved lifters to be
had, the sides also should have door openings that
nmy be easily manipulated. The foundations may
be made of any substantial material, either of stone,
brick or concrete, and the wall should extend 2 ft. G in.
or 3 ft. high above the ground-line and up to where the
glass begins. Hollow brick walls are considered the
most satisfactory, if the house to which the conserva-
tory :s to be attached be bu;It of stone or brick, being
less amenable to the winter extremes in temperature,
when outside the thermometer may register zero, and in-
side 55° or 60°. The glass from the wall to the eaves
should be of good quality, and as transparent as possi-
ble, but that on the roof should be the translucent,
"frosted" or ground glass. Contrary to the general be-
lief, rose blooms of as tine quality have been produced
under ground glass in the climate of the United States
as have been grown under glass of the clearest trans-
parency, and that fact is here stated so that the glass
recommended may, without hesitation, be used ; besides,
it is better for nearly all plants grown for their foliage;
servato y, should be high enough to give a pleasing
general effect and yet such that each individual plant
may be examined at pleasure; and at the same time the
table should be low enough that the pots in which the
plants ire growing may not be seen through the glass
from the out--"de.
Some large plants may find a permanent home in the
conservatory, such as vines, to be trained on the rafters
and girders, if the size and stylo of the building will
allow of their training and proper care. Other large
plants, as palms of the various species and varieties,
can also be used to advantage. The great trouble with
many of the vines and other plants growing permanently
herein, is their pruneness to insects in such structures,
and the metho<ls generally in use for their extermina-
tion, put into operation in a conservatory attached to a
residence, are out of the question in most cases. We re-
fer principally to the old style method of fumigation by
burning tobacco for the destruction of aphis. Experi-
ments are being made in the uses of different gases,
and by vaporizing insecticides, which may allow of this
part of the cultivation of tiowers and plants under glass
to be made less disagreeable for the operators and for
the owners of conservatories in the future than it has
been in the past. For the destruction of the various
scale insects and mealy bug, sponging by hand is gener-
ally resorted to, but it is a slow and tedious process.
Syringing with a weak solutioiiof tobacco water once or
twice a week will kill the scale, and aid in keeping down
mealy bug, especially if a strong pressure of water,
when syringing, can be brought into requisition. The
aphis, before referred to, or what is generally called
"green-fly," aflfects only what are termed soft-wooded
plants, and as they are only brought in when at their
best, should be entirely free from that pest before they
leave the greenhouse, in which they have been brought
to their most interesting and showy stage. Sometimes,
however, no matter how much care has been exercised,
some of these pests will be found on the plants, and ».a
they increase very rapidly, some means will have vv, ' '
resorted to for their extermination. Fumigation, by
burning tobacco stems, is out of the question, but to-
bacco dust, — the sweepings of a cigar factory, — when
burning is not at all disagreeable, leaving little more
smell than the burning of a good cigar. Liquid tobacco
extract is often used with good eflfect by evaporation,
using hot irons in the liquid. This has its objections,
being somewhat clumsy to operate. Evaporating pans
attached to the heating pipes, in which the liquid, some-
what diluted, is placed, are effective, and are not at all
disagreeable. Cleanliness and neatness are the great es-
sentials in a conservatory with interesting plants well
grown, to make it a source of pleasure to the owners,
and must at all times be kept in view. For further infor-
mation, see Glasshouses. Edwin Lonsdale.
538. Spray of Lily-of-the-valley (XJ^).
and the beauty of t iwering plants in bloom may be con-
served much longer than it is reasonable to expect they
would be under the more or less glaring unobstructed
snnlight.
The interior arrangement of a conservatory is a ques-
tion to be decided largely by the owner and gardener in
charge, and is largely a matter of taste, although
convenience in operating must never be lost sight
of. The former depends upon the individuality of
those most interested, and the i; ter »nnst, in all cases,
be provided for, if the best success in plant-growing is
to be achieved. The table or stage along what might be
terme«l the front, or nearest to ilia < uteide of the con-
CONVALLARIA (old Latin name, derived ultimately
from (OMra/Zis, a valley). Lilidcece. Lily-op-the-Val-
LEV. Fig. 538. One dainty herb in temperate Europe
and Asia, and native also in the high mountains from
Va. to S. Car. Lvs. radical, from an upright rootstock
or pip (Fig. 5.39): fls. white (sometimes pink-tinged),
small and tuLilar, nodding, in a short, radical raceme
(Fig. 540), the stamens 6 and style 1 (Fig. 541). Much
prized for its delicate, sweet-scented fls. The rhizome
and roots are sold in drug stores. They are poisonous
in large doses ; in small doses used as a heart tonic.
The plant is popularly supposed to be the one referred
to in the Sermon on the Mount, but this is not to be
366
CONVALLARIA
CONVALLARIA
determined. It is essentially a shade-loving plant.
The species is C. majilis, Linn. R.H. 1886:84. Gn. 47,
p. 179; 52:1134 and p. 319 (the latter in fruit). A.F.
13:402. Gng 5:56-7. F.R. 2:4. G.C. III. 23:149 (var.
grandiflnni )■ Lowe, Al ( var. variegata).
Lily-of-the-Valley is hardy, and is easily grown in
partially shaded places and moderately rich ground.
Old beds are liable to run
out. The roots and runners
become crowded, and few
good flower-stems are pro-
duced. It is best to replant
the beds every few years
with vigorous, fresh clumps,
539. Lily-of-the- valley
pip.
540. Raceme of
Lily-of-the -valley.
Natural size.
which have been grown for the purpose in some
out-of-the-way place. Five or 0 strong pips,
with their side growths, planted close together,
will form a good clump in two years if not al-
lowed to spread too much. The mats of clean
foliage make attractive carpets under trees and
in other shady places. If the bed is made rich
and top-dressed every fall, it may give good re-
sults for 4 or 5 years ; and plants in such beds thrive
in full sunshine. One form has prettily striped foliage,
very ornamental in the early part of the season. Lilies-
of-the-valley bloom early in spring. They run wild in
many old yards, in cemeteries, and along shady road-
sides. There are double-fld. forms; also one (var. pro-
Hficans) with racemes 2 ft. long.
J. B. Keller and L. H. B.
Few cultivated plants give so much satisfaction at so
little cost as the Lily-of-the-Valley. It is one of our
earliest spring tlowers. Its time of blooming is always
a subject of note to the household. It succeeds best "in
partial shade, and may be planted in the wild garden
with good eflFect. It is especially appropriate for plant-
ini? in irregtilar patches along the borders of wooded
drives. The Lily of-tbe-Valley is one of the few flowers
we seldom tire of. In and out of season, there is always
a demand for its flowers. Hundreds of thousands of
crowns are specially grown and matured in France,
Germany and Holland for early forcing. They are de-
tached from the clumps, grown separately for two
years, sorted before shipment, and known as "pips."
Berlin pips are considered best for early forcing. They
usually come in bundles of 25, and to have them
force evenly it is considered essential to freeze them
for a week or two. This may be effected by leaving
them in the packing case, moss and all, in some open
shed, taking them out r^s required. They are often
placed in ice-houses, and frequently kept in cold stor-
age for summer use. In forcing, no new roots are
made. An ordinary propagating bed, with bottom heat
answers the purpose, and sand or sphagnum moss is
the plunging medium in most general use. The bundles
of crowns are given time to thaw out, the pips separa-
ted, and the crowns set in as thickly as possible. The
frame is covered to exclude light until growth com-
mences. The crowns are often put at once into a strong
bottom heat of 8.^° F. or thereabouts, but a better wav
is to start with SO'' and gradually increase the tempera-
ture. Batches intended for Christmas and New Year's
Day often fail because there has not been sufficient
preparation for the final high temperature. It is seldom
that any leaves appear, even if the flowers come. In
such cases, it is customary to put in a few leaf-eyes
from the clumps. Later and more carefully prepared
batches usually come well and with abundance of leaves,
without which the flowers lose half their charm. Bun-
dles of 25 pips are often potted in 6- or 7-inch pots,
for Easter sales. As the natural season approaches.
less preparation is required. The pots are usually set
under greenhouse benches, with a sprinkling of moss
over them, away from heating pipes, until some
growth is made, and afterwards finished in better lieht,
but not bright sunlight. Clumps are potted and treated
in the same way. As there is a largv? percentage of non-
blooming buds in the clumps, they lose in effectiveness.
There are rose-colored varieties, double varieties, and
varieties with foliage striped with white.
T. D. Hatfield.
Millions of the single crowns, commercially called
''pips," are grown on tlie European continent and ex-
ported for forcing. One English firm alone forces dur-
ing the year upwards of seven millions. We usually
receive the pips during the early part of November.
They should be unpacked at once, the best pips selected
for the earliest forcing, and the smallest kept for the
latest forcing. The pips are tied in bundles of 25. If
one forces a limited number, say 500 to 1,000 per week,
then put the bundles in 8- or lO-inch deep boxes, in
any quantity he may choose, place a little soil between the
bundles, and give them a good soaking. Then place
the boxes in a cold frame or some place where the rains
can be kept off— this is important— cover the tops of
pips with a few inches of hay or straw. Frost does not
hurt the pips in the least, but it is not essential. Never
try to force the newly imported pips before New Year's.
The cold storage pips are much best for the December
crop. In keeping them in cold storage they should be
removed from the frames and put into cold storage be-
fore there is the slightest movement of growth in the
spring. The boxes
should be covered
with slats, so that
one box can be
put on another,
or charge for stor-
aare will be exces-
sive. The tem-
perature should
be from 28° to 30°
Fahr.
The principal
thing in forcing
Lily of-the-Valley
is to obtain a
strong b ,*<-om
heat with t. cool
atmosphere. So,
to obtain this, the
bed for forcing
should hnve a
slate bottom with
6 inches of sand on it and be over somo hot water
or steam pipes. The temperature of the sand should
be 80^ to 90° and the atmosphere 50°. As spring ap-
proaches less bottom heat will be needed. A copious
watering should be given the sand daily, but when the
bells are showing color thay should not be wet. Keep a
covering of boards or cloth over the pips for the first 10
541.
Section of flower of Lily-of-
the- valley (X4).
j^
CONVALLARIA
CONVOLVULUS
367
days : after that admit the light gradually, and when
in full flower give them the full light, but never much
sunlight, and avoid draughts. A dozen or 20 pips can
be forced the same wtiy in a 5- or 6-inch pot. The
flowers should be cut about 24 hours before using, an<l
placed in jars of cold water. This prevents wilting
when used. William Scott.
CONVOLVULUS (Latin, convolvo, to entwine) . Convol-
f«Wce(C. Includes Calystegia. Bindweed. A genus
of about 175 species, widely distributed
intemperate and tropical regions. Annual
or perennial herbs, sometimes suflfrutes-
cent, twining, trailing, erect or ascend-
ing, with filiform, creeping rootstocks :
Ivs. petiolate, entire, toothed or lobed,
generally cordate or sagittate : tis. axil-
lary, solitary or loosely cymose, mostly
opening only in early morning ; corolla
canipanulate or funnel-form, the limb
plaited, 5-angled, 5-lobed or entire. The
botanic.ll distinction between Convolvulus
and Calystegia is not sufficiently well
marked to warrant retaining the latter as
a separate genus. When the tls. of C . oc-
cklentalis are borne singly, the calyx
bracts are broad and Calystegia - like ;
when borne in clusters the bracts are
greatly reduced. g. "w. Fletcher.
The species thrive in a variety of soils
without especial care. The greenhouse
species do best in a soil with considerable
fiber. The hardy perennials are usually
prop, by dividing the roots, otherwise by
cuttings or seeds, the tender species pre-
ferably by cuttings. C. tricolor is the most
important of the hardy annuals. It may also be started
in the greenhouse, and makes an excellent plant for
the hanging basket. All are vigorous growers, and
may become troublesome weeds in some places if not
kept within bounds. C. Japoniitis and C. Sepium
should be used with caution. This is the chief reason
why the hardy perennials are not often found in well-
kept gardens, except along wire fences or lattice
screens, where the turf is laid up close so as to allow
only a narrow border for the roots. The double-flowered
form of C. Japonicus is seen to best advantage in half-
wild places, or on rocky banks, where shrubs make but
a stunted growth. Here it will grow luxuriantly, form-
ing graceful festoons from branch to branch, and cover-
ing the ground with a pretty mantle of green.
Cult, by J. B. Keller.
A. Calyx with 2 menihranaceotis bracts at the base:
peduncles usually 1- fid. (Calystegia.)
B. Stem prostrate, 8 in. to 2 ft. high : peduncle usually
shorter than the Ivs.
villdsus. Gray (Calystegia villdsa, Knllogg). Plant
densely white-villose throughout : stem prostrate,
scarcely twining : Ivs. slender-petioled, reniform-has-
tate to sagittate, the upper acuminate, 1 in. or less
long, the basal lobes often coarsely toothed : bracts oval
or ovate, completely enclosing the calyx: fls. cream -yel-
low, 1 in. long. Calif. Perennial.
BB. Stem tu-ining or trailing, 5-10 ft. high : peduncle
exceeding the Ivs.
Jap6mcU8, Thunb. (Cxlystegia pubiscens, Lindl.).
Califuknia Rose. Fig. .542. Hardy perennial, herba-
ceous twiner: growth very vigorous, often 20 ft. : whole
plant more or less densely and minutely pubescent:
ivs. hastate, lanceolate, obtuse or broadly acute, with
angular or rounded lobes at the base ; variable, oc-
casionally without lobes, rarely sharp lanceolate : fls.
bright pink, 1-2 in. broad, produced freely during the
summer months and remaiuintr expanded for several
days. Japan and E. Asia. The double form is now
naturalized from southeastern N. Y. to D. C. and
Mo. P. M. 1.3: 243. F. S. 2 : 172. B. R. 32 : 42.-
The double form is completely sterile, with narrow,
wavy petals, irregularly arranged, the outer somewhat
lacerate. A valuable decorative plant for covering
stumps and walls. In rich soil the roots spread rapidly,
and will smother out all other plants unless confined in
tubs. The Calystegia pubescens of Lindley has been
wrongly referred to Ipomcpa hederacea, but the two
plants are very diflPerent. the former being perennial
and the latter annual. See Journ. Ilort. Soc. 1 :70 ( 1846).
The plant is commonly confounded with C Septum.
occidentillis, liray. Hardy perennial, herbaceous or
with suflfrutescent base: stem twining, several ft. high,
glabrous or rainutelv pubescent : Ivs. from angulate*
Convolvulus Japonicus.
(X^.)
cordate, with a deep and narrow sinus,
to lanceolate - hastate, the posterior
lobes often 1-2-toothed: peduncle 1-fld.
or proliferously 2-3-fld. : bracts ovate
or lanceolate, usually completely enclosing the calyx,
variable : corolla white or pinkish. 1-2 in. long ; stig-
mas linear. Dry hills, Calif.-lnt. 1881, by Gillett. An
admirable plant for rockeries.
Septum, Linn. {Calystegia Sepium, R.Bt.). Rutland
Beauty. Fig. 543. Perennial trailer, 3-10 ft. long, gla-
brous or minutely pubescent: Ivs. round-cordate to del-
toid-hastate, the basal lobes divaricate, entire or arigu-
late: fls. white, rose or pink, with white stripes. F.S.
8:826. B.M. 732. A.G. 12:638. Gn. 50: 1098. -A very
variable species. Cosmopolitan in temperate regions.
An insidious weed in moist soil.
AA. Calyx without bracts : peduncle l-€-fld. (Eucon-
volvulus.)
* B. Stem prostrate, trailing, glabrous or minutely
pubescent.
Manrit&nicas, Boiss. Strong perennial roots : stem her-
baceous, slender, prostrate, rarely branched, minutely
villose: Ivs. alternate, round-ovate, obtuse, short-peti-
oled: fls. blue to violet-purple, with a lighter throat,
1-2 in. across, verv handsome. Africa. B.M. .5243. F.S.
21: 218,3. Gn. .39: 788. -A free bloomer through the sum-
mer. On dry banks each plant forms a dense tuft which
throws up many graceful shoots. Not hardy north of
Phila.
[
368
CONVOLVULUS
COOPERIA
Bcammdnia, Linn. Hardy perennial trailer, decidu-
ous : stem angular, glabrous : Ivs. cordate-sagittate,
grey-green, the lobes entire or dentate: sepals glabrous,
ovate, obtuse; corolla white, creamy or light pink, Asia
Minor, — The large tap-roots supply the resinous cathar-
tic drug scammony.
BB. Stem erect or ascending, silky.
Cnedrom, Linn. Stem shrubby, half-hardy, 1-4 ft.
high : Ivs. persistent, lanceolate or spatulate, silky grey :
inidorescenee a loose panicle, 1-6-fld. : flsi, white or
tinged with pink, borne freely during the summer. S.
Eu. — Valuable as a pot-plant for greenhouse or window
decoration, or trained to a warm wall. Confused with
C. oleitfoUns.
olesefdlius, Desr, Tender perennial: Ivs, linear-lanceo-
late, acute, slightly villose: lis. bright pink, borne freely
in loose, umbellate panicles in the summer. Greece.
B,M. 289 (as C. linearis). — 'Msluj plants now passing as
C. ohiffolius are C Cntonim. The latter may be dis-
tinguished by its broader, blunter, silvery-villose Ivs,
and lighter colored blossoms,
tricolor, Linn. {C. m\nor, Hort.). Fig. 544. Hardy
annual : stem trailing, ascending 6-12 in., angulate,
densely covered with long brownish hairs: Ivs. linear-
oblong or subspatulate, obtuse or rounded at the apex,
usually pubescent but sometimes glabrous, the margin
ciliate towards the base: peduncle 3-fld.. exceeding the
Ivs. : sepals ovate, lanceolate, villose, acute: limb of the
corolla azure-blue, throat yellow, margined with white.
S. Eu. B.M.27. — One of the best annuals for the home
border. Each plant covers a ground space of 2 ft., and
blooms continuously throughout the summer. Flowers
remain open all day during pleasant weather. There
are many variously striped and spotted forms of this
popular annual, none of which surpasses the type in
beauty. A variety with pure white fls. is attractive.
Other well marked horticultural forms are : Var. vit-
tita, prettily striped with blue and white. F.S.3:298.
from seed : stem trailing or twining, 4-5 ft. long : flg,
golden. V'aluable as a greenhouse climber and for
hanging baskets.— Not sufficiently described for identi-
fication.
C. althceoldes, Linn. (C. Italicus, Roem. & Schult.). Stem
prostrate, scarcely twining : upi)er Ivs. pedatifld ; lower ovate-
543. Convolvulus Sepium {X}4).
R.H. 1848:121. Var. comp^ctus. Dwarf, and valuable
for pot culture. Gt. 47, p. G35. A 5-petaled form is also
recorded. F.S.8:116.
ailreas sup^rbos, Hort. A tender perennial, but may
be treated as an annual, since it flowers the first season
544. Convolvulus tricolor. Natural size.
cordate, crenate, silvery: lis. pink. May-Ang. Mediterranean
region. B.M.3o9. F.S.10:1021(as var.argyreus). R.H. 1864:111.—
C. arvensis, Linn. Slender i)erennial trailer, 1-3 ft. long, gla-
brous or nearly so: Ivs. ovate-sagittate or hastate, variable:
fls. white or pink. Eu. and E. Asia. Naturalized in old fields
through the Atlantic states and Calif. A troublesome weed.—
C. Dafiilricus. Herb. (Calystegia Dahuricus, Fisch.). Hardy de-
ciduous twiner, 3-6 ft.: Ivs. oblong-cordate, shortly acute: fls.
pink or rose-violet. June. July. N. Eu. B. M.2ti(»9. F. S.
10:1075.— C. Canariensis. Linn. Greenhouse evergreen: Ivs.
oblong-cordate, acute, villose : tls. violet-piirple : peduncle 1-6-
fld. Canary Islands. B. M. 12*^.- C. ervbescens, Sims (C.
acaulis. Choisy). Tender biennial : Ivs. oblong, hastate, the
basal lobes toothed: fls. small, 5-lobed, rose-pink. Austrolia,
B.M. 1067.— C maerost^gius, Greene. The plants in the trade
under this name ma.v be referred to C. occidentalis.— C major.
Hort., not (Jilib.= Ipomcea purpurea.— C. ocellatus. Hook.
Stove evergreen : limb of t' corolla white, 5-angled : throat
reddish purple : Ivs. sessile, .near, acute. 1-veined, \illose. S.
Afr. B.M.4065. g. W. Fletcheb.
COONTIE of S. Fla. is Zamia integri folia.
COOPfiRIA (after Joseph Cooper, English gardener).
Amaryllidi\cece. A genus of only two or three species
of tender, bulbous plants from Texas, with the habit of
Zephyranthes but night-blooming (which is anomalous
in the order), and with erect anthers, while those of the
latter are versatile. The fls. are fragrant, solitary, 2 in.
or more acro>s, waxy-white, tinged red outside, and
more or less green within. The Ivs. appear with the fls.
in summer. They are long, narrow, flat and twisted.
The bulbs should' be taken up in autumn and stored
during the winter in dry soil. Culture easy and like
Zephyranthes. Lately a new and little-known plant
has been offered by the trade, C. Obencetteri, with
" bright green " fls.
A. iVeofc of bulb sJiort: perianth tube long.
Drummondii, Herb. Evening Star. Bulb roumlis^h,
1 in. thick, with a short neck : Ivs. narrowly linear,
erect, 1 ft. long : peduncle slender, fragile, hollow Ja-l
ft. long: spathe lJ'2-2 in, long, 2-valved at the tip:
perianth tube :^-5 in. long ; limb %-l in. long, white,
tinged with red outside : segments oblong, cuspidate.
Var. cUorosdlen, Baker, has a perianth tube stouter and
tinged with green : limb longer and less wheel-shaped :
Ivs. a little broader. B.M. 3482.
COOPERIA
CORDYLINE
369
AA. Neck of bulb long: perianth tube short.
pednncolJita, Herb. Giant Faiky Lily. More robust
than C. Brummondii : bulb with a longer neck, 2-3 in.
lonjr: ^^^' about 0, 1 ft. long, ^i in. broad : peduncle
about 1 ft. long : spathe 1-2-valved at the tip: perianth
tube shorter, l)^in. long : limb nearlv as long as the
tube, tinged red outside. B.M. 3727. R.H. 18.53: 401.—
The best species. Fls. larger, of purer color, and remain-
ing open a daj- or two longer. W. M.
COFBOSMA (Greek name referring to the fetid odor
01 the plants). Bnbi(i('eie. Shrubs or small trees, often
trailing, of New Zealand, Australia and Hawaii. Cult,
for their pretty fr. or variegated Ivs. Lvs. opposite,
mostly small. Fls. small, solitary or fascicled, white or
greenish, polygamous dioecious; corolla-limb 4-6-lobed,
the lobes revolute ; stamens -MJ: fr. an ovoid or Klobt>se
drupe. Coprosmas are greenhouse plants in the north,
but thev are rarely cult. In S. Calif. 2 species are cult,
in the open. Prop, by hardened cuttings. The soil
which is found among Kulmia roots, mixed with good
loam and sand, if necessary, will suit these plants.
Cuttings should be rooted in moderate heat in spring,
before growth commences. If placed imder a handlight
or propagating frame, care must be taken to prevent
damping, to which the cuttings are liable.
Batieri, Endl. (C. Baueridna, Hook. f.
C. St6ckii,iioTt.). Trailing plant, with
oval-obtuse or rounded entire Iva., which
are oddly blotched with yellow and whit-
ish or even almost wholly yellow. New
Zealand.— With age it forms a compact
shrub. Vars. pictnr^ta, Hort., and varie-
g&ta, Hort., are the common forms.
acerdsa, A. Cunn. Low and spreading,
with minute lvs., small white lis., and
pretty sky-blue drupes or berries. New
Zealand. g. W. Oliver and L. H. B.
COPTIS (Greek, to cut, from the cut
leaves). Ranunculcicem. Eight species of
hardy perennial herbs of the cooler parts
of the northern hemisphere. Low, stem-
less plants, with slender rootstocks : lvs.
radical, compound or divided, lasting
over winter : tls. white or yellow, sea-
pose ; sepals 5-7, petal-like ; petals bS,
small, linear, hood-like; stamens numer-
ous: carpels stalked, few, becoming an
umbel of follicles. The bitter roots yield
the tonic medicine known as "gold thread;"
also a yellow dye. The plants should have
peaty soil, with a little sand, and prefer
shade in damp situations. They require
some protection in winter, as in a cold
pit. Prop, by root division and seed.
trifdiia, Salisb. No stem : rootstock
yellow : lvs. compound, long-petioled ;
Ifts. broadly obovate, cuneate, obtuse, the
teeth mucronate : fl. -stem slender ; sepals
white, with yellow base ; petals small,
club-shaped : ' follicles .3-7. spreading,
equaled by their stalk; seeds black. May-
July. Adirondacks and westward. L.B.C.
2:1T3.-Nt \ pretty,
witu b-
!_> .ns.
CO iAL BLKd. Sym-
phori"arpus vnlgnri^.
COBAL DBOFS.
sera elegans.
Bes-
ses.
Corallorhiza multiflora.
COBALLOBHlZA(Greek
for coral-root). Orchidd.-
ce(f, tribe Epidendrece.
Coral Root. Low native
orcLids, growing in woods and parasitic on roots, des-
titute of green foliage, the plant usually brownish or
yellowish and inconspicuous. Fl. small, somewhat 2-
lipped, usually obscurely spurred at the base ; sepals
and petals nearly alike; lip small, slightly adherent to
the base of the column ; pollinia 4. Species few. in N.
Amer., Eu.and Asia. The Coral-roots have litth- merit
as garden plants, although very interesting to the stu-
dent. They may be grown in rich, shatly borders. Two
species have bt>en offered by dealers in native plants :
C. miUtifldra, Nutt. (Fig. 545), is purplish, IJ^ft.or less
high. 10-30-tld., lip deeply 3-lobed: grows in dry womls
in northern states; C. Mertensi^na, Bong., scape many-
fld., 8-15 in. high, the lip entire and broadly oblong:
occurs in Brit. Col. and N. to Alaska. l_ jj. B.
COBAL-BOOT. Corallorhiza.
COBAL-TBEE. Erythrina,
COBCHOBUS Jap6nicui. See Kerria. The genus
coiuaius tlie two plants that furnish Jute, C. capanlaris
(which yields most) and C clitoritis. They are annual
plants, natives of Asia but cultivated throughout the
tropics, growing 10 or 12 ft. high, with a straight stem
as thick as the little finger and branched only at the top.
The young shoots of both are used as pot herbs. C. oli-
torius is much grown for this purpose in Egypt, and is
known as Jews' Mallow, They belong to the TiliAceie.
COBDIA (an early German botanist, Valerius Cordus).
BorraginHctoe. Warm-climate trees or shrubs, mostly
American. Calyx tubular or campanulate. toothed or
lobed : corolla tubular, lobed, the parts and the stamens
4 or more: style 2-lobed: fr. a drupe which is 4-loculed
and usually 4-seeded : lvs. entire or toothed. The
Cordias are greenhouse plants with showy fls,. of easy
cult. Grown in the open in the extreme S. Prop, by
cuttings of firm wood and by seeds.
Sebest^na, Linn. (C. s/)fc<d.srt,Willd.). Geiger Tree.
Tall shrub or small tree, hairy, with rough, broad-ovate,
large-stalked lvs.: fls. 1-2 in, long, scarlet, stalked, in
large, open, terminal clusters, the crumpled corolla-
lobes and stamens 5-12 : drupe enclosed in the hazel-
like husk formed by the persistent calvx. Keys of Fla.
and S. B.M, 794.
Frdnciai, Tenore. Tall: lvs. dark green: fls. white.
S. Amer.
Other Cordias. of which there are many, are likely to come
into cult, in the southern country. C. Oreygii, Torr., var. Pal-
men, Wilts. (U.F. 2:'SOK of Mexico, "in the size and beauty of
its tls. equals the C Sebestena." — C. Mpia, Linn., from trop.
Asia and Austral., is one of the best woods for kindling fire by
friction, and is useful in many other ways. l_ jj^ g^
COBDTLlNE (club-like: referring to the fleshy roots).
HHdce(v. Dracsna. A genus of greenhouse plants
closely related to Dracaena, but the ovary contains sev-
eral ovules in each cell, and the solitary pedicels are
provided with a 3-bracted involucre : stem tall, often
woody, bearing large, crowded lvs. , t he striking varie-
gation of which the group owes its \uiue: fls. panicled;
stamens 6 : pedicels articulated : perianth 6-parted :
ovary 3-celled : fr. a berry. Cultivated for the orna-
mental foliage. The horticultural forms and names have
become very numerous. The various species are in the
trade under Dnvcapna, which see for a key to the species
of both genera combined. In the following paragraphs,
the initial D indicates that the plant in question is
known in the trade as a Dracapua.and C that it is known as
aCordyline [see Draccrna). For a monograph, see Baker,
Joum. Linn. Soc. 14:538 (1875). k, M. Wiegand.
Of Cordylines or Dracaena, propagation is generally
effected by cutting the ripened stems or trunks, from
which all lvs. have been removed, into pieces from 2-4
in. long. These are laid either in very light soil or in
sand in the propagating bed, where they receive a bot-
tom heat of about 80° , being barely covered with sand
or moss (Fig. 546). The eyes soon start into growth,
and, as soon as they have attained a height of 3-4 in.,
are cut off with a small heel and again placed in the
propagating bed until rooted, after which they are
potted off into small pots in light soil, kept close until
they become established. They are then shifted on into
larger pots as soon as well rooted. They delight in a
mixture of 3 parts good, turfy loam and 1 part well-
24
370
CORDYLINE
CORDYLINE
decayed cow-manure, with a liberal sprinklinf? of sharp
sand. A wamu moist atmosphere suits them best while
growing, but towards fall the tinished plants must be
gradually exposed to full sunshine and a dry atmos-
phere, which develops their high colors.
The kinds enunierRte*! below are such as are mainly
grown in large quantities for decorative purposes, and
546. Stetn-cuttinK of Cordyiine.
are sold principally during the winter months, especially
during the holiday season, when plants with bright
colored foliage are always in strong demand: Cordyiine
<imabilis.—A strong-growing species with broad green
foliage, which is prettily variegated with white and deep
rose. One of the hardiest varieties, either for decorations
in winter or for outdoor work, vases, etc., in summer.
C imperial is.— Another strong-growing species, with
deep olive-green foliage, which changes to deep rose
with white edge. D. fraijrans. — An African species with
broad, massive, deep green foliage which makes noble
decorative plants, being frequently grown into speci-
mens from G-8 ft. high. Its foliage is of heavy texture,
making it a useful plant for the dry atmosi)here of a
living-room. Two handsomely variegated forms of the
above are D. Lindeni and D. ^fassatujeano, both very
desirable varieties. C. terminal is. — This is the most
popular variety, and is grown in immense quantities.
The foliage on well- nuitured plants is of an intense
rich crimson marked with lighter shadings. C. australis
(commonly called C. indivisa). — Vsed principally as an
outdoor decorative plant in summer, but extensively used
for furnishing vases, window-boxes, etc. It succeeds best
when planted out in the open border during summer,
potted in the fall and stored during winter in a cool
greenhouse. It is propagated almost exclusively from
seed, which germinates freely if sown during the early
spring months in sandy soil, in a temperature of 00 to
65°, growing them on during the tirst season in small
pot3. These, if planted in the open border the second
season, make tine plants for (»- or 7-inch pots. There
are a number of varieties of Indivisa. among them sev-
eral handi'omely variegated forms, which, however, are
but little distributed yet.
Among the principal varieties and species besides the
above which are grown to some extent in a commercial
way are : Baptistii. Cooperi, Porphyrophylla, Shep-
herd!, Stricta grandis, Youngi. Goldieana, Congesta,
Bruanti, Marginata and Lord Wolseley, the latter a most
beautiful, graceful, high-colored variety, undoubtedly
the most distinct and useful commercial sort yet intro-
duced and which, as soon as it becomes more plentiful,
is certain to be very popular. j_ £> Eisele.
Cordffline australis and its allied forms easily
raised from seed, which is readily obtainable i, a fresh
state. The seed should be sown rather thinly in a light,
sandy soil, and, as there is little danger of the seedlings
damping off, they may be allowed to grow in the recep-
tacles in which they are sown until large enough to go
into 3-in. pots. If sown early in spring, the plants will
be large enough for 6-in. pots by the end of the follow-
ing September.
Draccena Kuerckii, C. canmrfoUa, D. Lindenii and
D. Massangeana are among the best decorative ])lant9
for the dwelling house. D. Kuerckii and the two varie-
gated ft)rms of J), fraqrans are r«M)ted from cuttiiigg
taken from headed-back plants. In propagating C. ru*!-
nir folia, when seed cannot be obtained, old plants
should be mossed so as to produce roots before the top
is taken oflF, as it is a shy-rooting species fromcuttinps.
D. Goldieana should be toppe<l and rot)ted in a giMxl
bottom heat, and the stems cut into pieces small enoujih
to be put in pots when the shoot is of sufficient leiiiLtli,
instead of cutting oflP the shoots and rooting afresh. /).
Godseffiaua and J), miiciddta evidently belong to the
same section ; every little branch of these will root in
sharp sand. L«)ng stems of />. ensifolia and />. litrr-
havii, when cut in sections of fnmi 4 to G in., with the
leaves kept on, will r(»ot quickly and may be use*! as
stock plants. C. lira.'dlien.sis, an elegant species with
broad green Ivs., is best propagated by adopting the
method practiced on the colore«l-lv(l. kinds, of which ('.
terminal is is perhaps the best known. This method
consists of cutting up the stems into small pieces and
placing them in sand, with a brisk l)ottom heat. Small
shoots are developed in a short time, which will fre-
quently be f«mnd to have small rmits at their bases, but
they are of little use for the sul)sequent nutriment of
the plantlet. The shoot, when large enough, should bo
separated from the piece of stem and inserted in the
sand-bed, where it will develop thick feeding roots.
Afterwards they are potted and k»'pt in a wanu. moist
atmosphere. Cuttings may be put in at any time when
bottom heat is at command. The soil used should be
light and enriched with rotted cow-manure.
G. W. Oliver.
A. Foliage of sessile, thick, stcord -shaped Ivs.
B. Li's. glaucous beneath, broad.
indivisa, Kunth. Arborescent, 10-20 ft. high : Ivs.
dark green, densely crowded, 2—4 ft. long, 4-5 in. broad
at the middle, 1^2-2 in. at the base, rigid, coriaceous;
midrib stout, colored red and white, veins on each side
of it 40-50 : panicle nodding : pedicels .5-1 line long ;
bracteoles lanceolate, li— 4 lines long, membranous : peri-
anth 3-4 lines long, white ; tube very short, caiupnn'e
547. Cordyiine australis— C. indivisa of the trade.
late ; segments equal, spreading : ovules .'>-<! iu each
cell. New Zealand. ( -n. 49.p.8G. Lowe, .")2.-Cot»lh<>use ;
valuable for vases. Rare in cult.
BB, Lrs. green on both sides, narrower.
strfcta, Endl. (/>. congesta, Hart.). Slender. 0-12 ft.
high : Ivs. less crowded than in the next, acuminate, 1-2 ft.
CORDYLINE
CORDYLINE
371
grand is.
I}.
ft.
caloedtna,
biph : Ivs.
lon<r,9-lS lines wide, base 3-fi lines wide, scarcely coatate ;
veins scarcely oblique, margins obscurely dentate: pani-
cle terminal and lateral, erect or cemuous : pedicels
..V-l line lonj? ; lower bract«oles lanceolate ; periHntb
lilac. 3-4 lines lonjr. caiiipanulate, interior segments
longer tban the outer : ovules r>-l«) in each cell. Aus-
tralia. B.M. 2575. (i.e. III. 17:207 ( />. conf/eMfa ).-Coo\-
house : vases, etc. Var. grr&ndis, Hort. Large, highly
colored. Var. discolor, Hort. Like var
with foliage dark bronzy purple.
auBtrilis, Hook. (D. indivlsa, Hort.
Wend.). Fig. 547. Arborescent, 20-:{0
<lensely rosulate, 3-4 ft. long, 12-18 lines wide; base 6-9
lines wide, acuminate, green ; midrib Arm, prominent,
nerves on each side of it 12-20, .scarcely obliijue: panicle
erect, terminal, ample: pedicels very short : bracteoles
deltoid, .5 line long ; perianth white, :{-4 lines long ;
tube short, campanulate, segments nearly equal, spread-
ing: mature seeds often solitary. New Zealand. B.M. 5636.
O.r. III. 23: l.-).'}. (tn. 47, p. 312;' 48. p. 197. I. H. 35:40 (var.
Douc<'ti<)Ha); :{7:114 (var. Dalhriiina) ; 40:190
{U»e(it(i, var. purpiiriLHct ns). S.M, 1, p. 487,
f. 1S9. — Co<dhouse ; vases, etc. Var. atirea
Striata, Hurt. V'ariegated with a number of
l()j)t:itndinal yellow stripes. Var. atropurptirea,
Hurt, hnxv of leaf and under side uf niidrili
purple. Var. line&ta, Hort. Lvs. broader, the
sheatliing base stained with purple. Var. Vditchii, Hort.
(/>. VHtchii, Hort.). Base of leaf and under side of
midrib bright crimson. C. Hodkeri, Hort., is a garden
form.
AA. Folintje of pe*ioled lvs.
B. Lvs. oblanceolatt ; petioles broad.
rtlbra, Hugel. Slender, 10-15 ft. high : lvs. contigu-
ous, ascending, 12-15 in. long, 18-21 lines wide above
the middle, thick, dull green both sides, distinctly cos-
tate : veins oblique ; petiole broad, deeply grooved, 4-6
in. long: panicle lateral, nodding: pedicels very short;
bracteoles small, deltoid ; perianth lilac, 4.5-5 lines
long, inner segments longer than the outer : ovules 6-8.
Country unknown. G.C. III. 22:285. — Coolhouse; vases,
etc, D'. BruAnti, Hort., is a garden form. R.H. 1897,
pp. 514, 515. G.C. III. 22:285.
BB. Lvs. lanceolate ; petioles narrow, nearly terete.
Haageilna, Koch (C. Murchisonice, F. Muell. ). Slen-
der and small : lvs. contiguous, ascending, oblong-fal-
cate, 4-8 in. long, 2-2^ in. wide at the middle, acute,
base rounded or deltoid, thick, dull green throughout,
distinctly costate ; veins .slender, oblique ; petiole 3—4
in. long, deeply channelled : -panicle lateral : pedicels
1.5-2 lines long ; perianth 4-4.5 lines long, tinged with
lilac ; segments spreading : ovules 6-8 in each cell :
berry with a dry pericarp. Australia.
terminilis, Kunth {C. canno' folia, F. Muell.). Low
and slfiider, stem IMJ lines thick : lvs. contiguous, ascend-
ing, green or rarely colored, 12-18 in. long, 2-3 >^ in. wide,
acute, thickish, distinctly costate ; veins frequently
unequal, strongly oblique ; petiole 4-6 in. long, deeply
channelled : pedicels very short or none ; bracteoles
deltoid, membranous ; perianth 5-6 lines long, white,
lilac or reddish, segments short : ovules 6-10 : berry
large, red. East Indies. A.0, 1G:;{61. B.R. 21: 1749. -The
varieties in cultivation are almost innumerable. Those
in the American trade are the following (all stove
plants), usually considered as horticultural species :
amibilis. Lvs. broad, shining deep green, in age be-
coiuiii^' spotted and suffused with rose and white. Am-
boy^nsis. Lvs. oblong-lanceolate, recurved, deep bronze-
green edged with rose-carmine below ; petioles tinged
with purple. Anerlidnsis. Lvs. very broad, deep bronze-
red, with some white. Bdptistii. Fig. 548. Lvs. broad,
recurved, deep green, with s<mie pink and yellow stripes ;
stem al.so variegated. I. H. 26:334. Batlbei. Lvs. broad,
dark green, with some white. b^Ua. Lvs. small, pur-
plish marked with red. Brasili^nsis, Schult. Lvs.
broad. Cintrelli. Lvs. dark metallic crimson, young
ones bright carmine. Codperi. Lvs. deep wine-red,
gracefully recurved : common in cult. f6rrea, Baker.
Lvs. narrow and somewhat oblanceolate. 5-7, bright or
dark crimson ; petiole short. Lowe 'A (var. versicolor);
29. B.M. 2053. L.B.C. 13:1224. Fr^eri. Lvs. somewhat
erect, broad, oblong, abruptly acute, blackish purple
with blo<mi. margin below with a «leep rosy lake stripe
extendifig down the petiole. GUdstonei. Lvs. broad,
brilliant crimson. Ooilfoylei. Lvs. long and narrow,
tapering both ways, recurved, striped with red, pink or
white, white on lower part of leaf and margin of peti-
Cordyline terminalis,
var. Baptistii.
ole. I.E. 19, p 249. h^brida. Lvs. broad, variegated,
deep green margined with ro>e, in age deep rose, creamy
white in young lvs. imperi&lis. Lvs. arching or erect,
oblong, thick, deep metallic green, rayed all over with
bright crimson or pink, handsome. Jardiniere {ter-
minalis alba X Guilfoylei). Lvs. very small and com-
pact, narrow, green broadly margined with white, me-
t£LlIica. Lvs. erect-arching, oblong, when young uni-
form rich coppery purple, in age dark purple-bronze ;
petioles same. F.M. 1872:24. nlgro-rdbra. Lvs. narrow,
linear-lanceolate, dark brown with rosy crini.^on cen-
ters, young often entirely rose. Norwoodidnsis. Lvs.
striped with yellow, green and crimson, last color prin-
cipally conf ned to the margin ; petioK's l)rilliant. Re-
^na.' A broad-lvd. form. Robinsoni&na. Lvs. long,
lanceolate-acuminate, arched, light green, striped with
bronze-green and brownish crims«m. I.H. 26:342.
Schtildii. Lvs. broad, variegated. F.E. 7:961. Scdttii.
Lvs. broad, arching, deep green, crim.son edged ; said to
be a hybrid. Yoiingii. Lvs. broad, spreading, when j-oung
bright green streaked with deep re<l and tinged with
rose, in age bright bronze. Toun^i, var. rdsea, H<»rt.
Green, tinged with ydnk. white or carmine. Youngii,
var. 61ba, Hort. Variegate<l with white instead of red.
Crosses with Scottii are known as Stricta, Albo-lineata,
Mrs. George Pullman, Mrs. Terry; with Norwoodiensis,
as Little Gem.
List of synonj'ms. unidentified trade names and others :
C. anqiista, Hort. (C. terminalis var.). Lvs. narrow, areh-
ing, dull dark green above, purplisli beneath. A slender
form.— O. anijrtstifolia, Kunth = ('. stricta.— C aurant)aca,
Hort. — ? — (\ Balinoreana, Hort. Lvs. bronzy, with white and
pinkish stripes.- V. lldnksii. Hook. Fas. very long, linear-
lanceolate, 3-5 ft. long, 2-:{ in. wide, i>etio]ed. green, glaueous
iieneath ; veins conspieuons. U.C. III. 1X:61:{.— C Berheleyi,
Hort. = ?— C (7o««a/i6(YP. Hort. = f— r. ChHsoni, Hort. (form
of C terminalis). Lvs. large, glossy dark green, almost black,
becoming sufiFuse^l and e«lge<l with crimson. I.H. li), p. 90.— (7.
compdctn, Hort. (0. terminalis form). Lvs. reciirved, broad,
dull green, with bronze and rose stripes in age.— C Dhmisoni,
Hort. (C. terminalis form). Dwarf : lvs, broad, bronzy purple.
372
CORDYLINE
COREOPSIS
—C. Elizahethice. Hort.= ? — r. EtehgehnltziAna, Mart.=»C.
terminalis.— C. exeiUa, Hort. (C. tennin»H8 form). Lvs.
broad, arching, bronzy, marginal with crimson.— ('. FrederXea
= ]— <\ frutesce:ia= ? — ('. glorioga, Hort. (0. terminalis form).
Lvs. verj- largp and broad <{rt*<'". with ape<'tUiar bronze orange
hue.— <\ helui'hiohteg, F. Mnell.— C terminalis.— C. hfliconitr-
fdlia, Ott. et I)iet.=C. terminalis.— ('. Jlendrrsoni, riort. = *—
C. magnifica, Hort. (C terminalis form). Lvs. large and
broad, bronzy pink, becoming darker.— f. Manners-Suttonur,
F. .Muell.= C. terminalis.— (\ porphyrophjiUa. Hort. (('. termi-
nalis form). Lvs. deep bronzy purple, gl.iucous l)eneath.= t'.
Ji^x, Hort. (C. terminalis form). Lvs. metlium width, bnmzy
green, flushed purple and stre;ike<l with carmine.— ('. nmaeea,
Hort. (C. terminalis form). Lvs. n»<'ur\e<l, broad, dark bronzy
green margined with pink.— T. Snlin<inea^=1—C. sepidn'o
Seem=C. terminalis.— f. .S'iVft«»r». Kunth =C terminalis — ( '.
splendena, Hort. (C. terminalis form). Lvs. densr, short, ovate-
acute, bronzy green, shaded with rose-carmine.— C. Zeeldn-
diea, Hort.= C. rubra. k. M. Wieoasd.
COREOPSIS (Greek, sij?nifying bug-Hke, from the
fruit). Compdsitif. Tickseed. AnnMal or i)erennial
herbs, flowering in suiunier and autumn. Nearly all na-
tives of eastern N. Amer. Lvs. either opposite or alter-
nate : hea^ls pedunculate and radiate ; the broad in-
volucre with bracts of two kinds, the outernarrower and
greener, receptacle chaffy ; rays very showy, yellow
particolored or rarely rose, neutral : disk fls. yellow,
brown or dark. The genus differs from Bidens only in
the broad, tlat anil winged akenes, with short or obso-
lete pappus. Many of the species are in the tratie under
the name Calliopsis. All the kinds are of easiest cul-
ture. The perennials are hardy border plants. The an-
nuals are raised in any gar«len soil, and bloom freely
with little care. They are all showy plants.
549. Coreopsis tinctoria — Calliopsis elegans of
gardens {X}4)-
Index: angustif olia, 2 ; aristosa, 16; aurea, 17; auricu-
lata, 6; bicolor, 4; cardaminefolia, 3; coronata, 8; del-
phinifolia, 13; Drummondii, 5; elegans, 4; grandiflora,
9; lanceolate, 7; major, 10; marmorata, 4; palmata, 12;
pubescens, 6; rosea, 1; tinctoria, 4; trichosperma, 15;
tripteris, 11; verticillata, 14.
A. Pisk yelloic: rays rose-purple.
1. rdsea, Nutt. Perennial : diffusely branched from
slender, creeping rootstocks 1-2 ft. high, smooth : lvs. op-
posite and small (1-1.') In. long), all narrowly linear-en-
tire or rarely toothed or lobed: heads small, '% in. broad
or less, short-peduncled ; rays wedge-shaped, lobed at
the apex : akene oblong, wingless ; pappus an obscure
border. Southeastern V. S.
AA. Disk and -involucre dark purple : rays yellow or
part-i-colorvd, wedge -shaped and lobed.
B. Outer involucral bracts very short, triangular.
2. angustifoUa, Ait. Perennial : strict and tall, 1-3
ft. high, glabrous, sparsely branched at the summit :
lvs. alternate, entire, thickish, basal few or wanting
lower cauline elliptical i»n long petioles, upper narrowly
spatulate, sessile or reduced to bracts : heads 1-1.5 in.
broa<l; rays entirely yellow: akene with lacerate wings
and setiform awns. Southern U. S.
3. Ctirdaminefdlia, Torr. & Gray. Annual : low and
diffusely much branched from the base, 6-18 in. high,
glabrous : basal lvs. numerous-petioled, pinnatifid, di-
visions narrowly elliptical, becoming linear in the upper
lvs. : heads as in the next, but smaller, and often en-
tirelv dark : akenes winged, smooth ; pappus none.
Southern U. S.
4. tlnctdris, Nutt. (C. bicolor, Reich. C. ilegnns,
Hort. C\tUi6psis martnorrita, 'Wort.). Fig. 549. Annual:
stem strict. 1-3 ft. high, branche«l only at the summit,
glabrous: basal lvs. wanting, cauline opposite, sessile,
pinnatifid, divisions all long and narrowly linear: heads
%-V%m. broad, small : rays with dark purple base :
akenes oblong, wingrless, smooth. Cent. U. S. B.M.
2512. B.R. 10:846. Mn. 1:85. — A common garden annual;
showy and good. Var. niina, Hort. Dwarf, low and com-
pact. Tom Thumb varieties.
Var. atropurpiirea, Hook. (C. n\gra, Hort.). Ray.s al-
most entirely dark. B.M. 3511.
BB. Outer involucral bracts narrowly linear,
equalling tht inner.
5. Drdmmondii, Torr. & Gray {€. diversifdlia, Hook.
C. plcta, Hort.). Golden Wave. Annual: stem strict,
branched above, 10-18 in. high, sparsely hirsute below:
basal lvs. wanting, ca. ine petioled, pinnatifid, divisions
short, broadly elliptical those of the upper lvs. linear:
heads 1-2 in. broad, large ; rays usually durk at the
base: akene oval, thick, wingless, smooth; pappus uojie.
Tex. B.M. 3474. S.B.F.G. II. 4: 315.
AAA.
Disk yellow or broivn: rays entirely yellow
{except rarely No. 8).
B.
C.
6.
Says wedge-shaped, lobed at the apex: peduncles
6-16 in. long, naked.
Lvs. all entire or with a few basal lobes : large.
pubescens, Ell. (C. auHculcita, Schk. and Hort.).
Perennial: tall, 1-4 ft. high, branched above, pubescent
or nearly glabrous, more leafy than the following species:
lvs. thickish, basal wanting, obovate-oval to oblong-
lanceolate, very acute, petioled or nearly sessile, entire
or with small, acute, lateral lobes; outer involucral
bracts lanceolate, nearly as long as the inner : akenes
similar to those of the next species. Southern U. S.
7. lanceol^ta, Linn. Fig. 550. Perennial : low, 1-2
ft. high, sparingly branched, glabrous or nearly so: lvs.
few, opposite, mostly near the base, oblong-spatulate to
linear, petioled, mostly obtuse, entire (rarely with a few
lateral lobes): heads i.5-2.5 in. broad ; peduncles very
^ong, outer involucre equaling the inner: akenes orbic-
ular, papillose, broadly winged; pappus minute or obso-
lete. Eastern U. S. — Used extensively for cut fls.
Var. angustifdiia, Torr. & Gray. Low : stems scapi-
form: lvs. narrow and crowded, 2-4 lines wide.
Var. villdsa, Michs. Lvs. spatulate -obovate to ob-
long, villous, as is also the stem, with jointed hairs.
cc. Lvs. mostly pinnatifid, small.
8. coroniita, Hook. Annual: low and often weak, 12-
18 in. high, much branched from the base, sparsely hir-
sute: lvs. opposite, basal numerous petioled, pinnatilid,
divisions ovate, lateral much smaller ; cauline few, re-
COREOPSIS
CORIARIA
373
dnced, spatulate, often entire : heads 1.5-2 in. broad;
ravs often with a few «lark sp<»ts ainive the oran»?e base;
outer involucre % ^«horter tlian the inner : akene orbic-
ular. broa«lly winged; pappus very minute. Tex. B.M.
3460. S.H. 1:270.
550. Coreopsis lanceolata. Single flower natural size.
9. grandifldra, Nutt. ( C. Ungipen, Hook. ) . Perennial :
simple or few-fld., glabrous, 1-2 ft. high: Ivs. opposite,
basal wanting, lower cauline spatulate or lanceolate, en-
tire, upper divided into several linear entire divisions :
heads 1-2.5 in. broad : akene orbicular, papillose, broadly
winged ; pappus paleaceous. Southern U. S. Sweet,
B.F.G. 175. B.M. .{.586. On. 47:995. Mn. 5:201.
BB. Jiays elliptical, etitire or nearly so.
c. Leaf divisions entire.
D. Divisions lanceolate, large.
10. m4jor, Walt. (C. senifdlia, Michx.). Perennial:
tall and stout, 2-3 ft. high, pubescent, much branched
above : Ivs. opposite, basal wanting, lower cauline
small, upper sessile, 2-'J in. long, palmately .3-divided,
divisions equal, broadly lanceolate, acute : heads lM-2 in.
broad : akenes obovate-elliptical, winged, summit 2-
toothed. Southeastern U. S.
Var. (Emleri, Britton. Smooth, leaf -divisions more
attenuate at the base. B.M. 3484 as C. senifolia.
Var. linearis. Small. Smooth : leaf -divisions narrow,
2-4 lines wide.
11. tripterifl, Linn. Perennial : very large and stout,
4-8 ft. high, branched above, glabrous : Ivs. opposite,
petioled, 4-6 in. long, pinnatifid, divisions broadly or
narrowly lanceolate : heads medium, pale : akene ob-
long, narrowly winged; pappus wanting. Cent. U. S.
DD. Divisions broadly linear to filiform.
12. palm&ta, Nutt. (C. prlrcox, Fres.). Perennial:
tall and stout, lS-3 ft. high, sparingly branched at the
aummit : Ivs. opposite, thick, cuneate, 2.5 in. long, 3-
cleft to the middle, divisions broadly linear, midrib 3-
nerved below: he-uls lJ4-2J'ain. broad : akenes oblong,
narrowly winge<l ; pappus minute or obsolete. Cent,
r. S. R.H. 1845:265.
13. delphinifdlia, Lam. Perennial: glabrous, branched
above, l-.'J ft. high : Ivs. opposite, sessile, 2-3 in. long,
the basal wanting, pinnatifld, divisions 3-7, broadly
linear ; disk dark brown : akene obovate, narrowly
winged; pappus teeth short. Southeastern U. S.
14. verticill^ta, Linn. (C. tenuifdlia, Ehrh.). Peren-
nial: sparirijrly branched. 1-3 ft. high: '»Rx«l !vs. want-
ing, cauline opposite, sessile. 1-2-temately divided, di-
visions linear-Hlifomi : hea<ls l-lj-^ in. broa«l : akenes
obovate-we<lgp-shaped, narrowly winged; pappus nearly
obsolete. Eastern U. S.
cc. Leaf-divisions coarsely serrate or incised.
15. tricho8p6rma, Michx. Annual : tall, 2-5 ft. high,
branched near the summit, glabrous: Ivs. 2-4 in. h»ng,
the lower wanting, pinnatifid, on very short petioles,'
divisions narrowly lanceolate, acute, serrate -ir incised;
rays pale : akene 4 lines long, cuneate, tlat, wingless,
ciliate and hairy; awns 2, very short. Eastern U. S.
Var. tenalloba, Gray. Leaf-segments linear.
16. aristdsa, Michx. Annual : like the last, but Ivs.
slightly pubescent beneath : akenes broader, with slen-
der awns as long as the body. Cent. U. S. B.M. 6462.
R.H. 1869:72.
17. atirea, Ait. Annual: glabrous, 1-3 ft. high: Ivs.
pinnatifid, the upper sometimes simple; divisions from
lanceolate to linear, sparingly incised; outer involucral
bracts narrowly linear, inner black-punctate : akenes
broadly cuneate, very small (1-2 lines long), nearly
glabrous; pappus of two blunt, chafiFy, very short teeth.
Southeastern U. S. — Verj- variable.
C aristbsa, Michx., C. inrolurrata, Nutt., and C. tricho'
gperma, Michx., are now usually placed under Bidens.— V. At-
kinsonidna, Dougl., differs from V. tinctoria in its larger size
and winged akenes. Annual. Western U. S.— C auricttlata,
Linn. Perennial : low, stoloniferous, hirsute : Ivs. petioled,
short, oval, mostly entire: heads large, verj' long, i)eduneled:
probably not in the trade. Southern U. S.— C. irivolucrata,
Nutt. Annual : like C. aristosa. but heads larger, involucral
bracts more numerous, awns shorter. Cent. U. S.— C. Leaven-
icorthii, Torr. & (rray. Annual: leaf-divisions linear-spatulate:
rays cuneate, lobetl. yellow: awns 2, slender: akene winge<l.
Southern V.S.— (\ nuddtu, Nutt. Perennial: rush-like, Ivs.
mostly basal, long, filiform ; rays rose-colored: wing of akene
pectinate. Southern U. S.
C. argilta, Pur8h=C. aurea, Ait.— C. atropurpurea, Hort.=
Thelesi)erma, sp.— C. Boykinidna, Nutt.=C'. granditlora. — C.
dicMtoma, Michx.=C. angustifolia.— C. diversifolia, DC.=C.
anriculata. — C. linifdlia, Nutt.=C angustifolia. — C. marmo-
rata, Hort.=C. tinctoria.— C. oblongitviia, Nutt.— C. lanceolata.
K. M. WiEGAND.
COBIANDEB is the soed-like fruit of Coriandrum
sativum, Linn., an umbelliferous annual of S. Europe.
The plant grows 2-3 ft. high, glabrous, strong-smelling,
with Ivs. divided into almost thread-like divisions, and
small-white fls. The plant is easily grown in garden
soil. It occasionally becomes spontaneous about old
yards. The seeds (or fruits) are used as seasoning and
flavoring in pastries, confections and liquors, although
they are less known in this country than caraway. The
plant is occasionally cultivated inAmer. gardens along
with sweet herbs.
CORIANDBUM. See Coriander.
COBIARIA {eorium, skin, leather ; as frtiter coria-
rius, a shrub used for tanning leather, was described by
Pliny). Voriaridcetp. Shrubs or perennial herbs :
Ivs. deciduous, entire. 3-y-uerved, opposite and disti-
chous : fls. polygamous-moncBcious in slender racemes,
small; petals and sepals 5; stamens 10: fr. berry-like,
consisting of 5 1 -seeded nutlets enclosed by the en-
larged and colored petals. About 8 species in Himal.
and E. Asia, Mediterranean region, N. Zealand » id S.
Amer. OmLaiental shrubs or herbs, with slender, arch-
374
CORIABIA
CORN
ing branches imitatinf^ pinnate Ivg., and with very
showy yellow, red or black fr. The Ivs. of some species
are used for tanning leather ; the frs. are poisonous.
C. Japdnica has proved hardy with slight protection in
Massachusetts, and C. tcrminalin seems to be of the
same hardiness ; the other species are more tender.
They grow in almost any goo<i garden soil, and prefer
sunny position. Prop, readily by seeds and greenwoo<l
cuttings in summer under glass ; also by suckers and
layers.
Japdnica, Gray. Shrub, 2-3, sometimes to 10 ft.:
branches quadrangular : Ivs. nearly sessile, ovate or
ovate-lanceolate, 'A nerved, smooth, 2— t in. long : tls. in
axillary racemes from the branches of last year: fr. be-
coming bright red in'summer, changing to violet-black
when ripe. Jap. B.M. 7509. O.F. 10:34:{.
terminUia, Hemsl. Herbaceous or suflFruticose, 2-3
ft.: brunches quadrangular : Ivs. nearly sessile, broad-
ovate to ovate-lanceolate, r)-9-ner\'ed. scabrous on the
veins beneath. l-.'J in. : fls. in terminal racemes on
shoots of the current year : fr. bright yellow. Sikkim,
China. — A very ornamental plant, keeping its yellow fr.
from July until late in fall : being herbaceous, it i^
easier to protect from frost than the former. Recently
introduced into cult, as C. Nepalensis.
C. tnyrtifblia, Linn. Shrub, 4-10 ft.: Ivs. 3nerved, glabrous:
fls. jfreenish, from the old wood: fr. black, poisonous. Medi-
terranean region. Yields a black dye.— C. Nepalengia, Wall.
Shrub, H-10 ft.: Ivs. 3-'>-ner\'ed. glabrous : fls. brownish : fr.
black. Hinial.— C. sann^itoga, Forst. Suffniticose, procum-
bent : racemes axillary, on young branches. B.M. 2470. The
Wineberry shrub of the natives. The berries yield a pleasant
drink, but the seeds are poisonous. ALFRED Rehder.
551. Kernels of Com on the cob— Sweet Com behind.
Pop Com in front (X J-^).
COBK is the name applied to the outer impervious
part of the bark in plants. In Euonymus llmnbergi-
anus, the English maple, the corky barked elm, and
other trees and shrubs, it forms wings on the branches.
The cork of commerce comes from the bark of Quercus
Ilex (better known as Q. ii'uber), plantations of which
grow in southwestern Eu. The cork tree of the cata-
logues, Phellodendron Amurense, is a curious tree, cult,
solely for ornament. ^, "VV. Rowlee.
COEN, MAIZE (SWEET and POP). A tender annual,
cultivated in America from prehistoric times. The
word Maize, Spanish Maiz, is derived from the name
Mahiz, which Columbus a<lopted for this cereal from the
Haytians. Maize has not yet been found truly wild.
Its close relation to Teosinthe, Euchlc^na Mexico na,
Schrad., is indicated by the known fertile hybrids, or
cross-breeds between Teosinthe and Maize. Teosinthe
and the only other species which show close botanical
relationship to Maize are indigenous to Mexico. Bota-
nists now almost unanimously concede that Maize origi-
nated in America, and it is probable that it is indige-
nous to Mexico. See Zea.
The white settlers early learned from the American
Indians the use of Maize as an article of food. Sevi-ral
Indian names for certain preparati(ms xh'wh they
a<lopted or adapted, have passed into the language of
the American people, as, for examftle, samp, honiinv,
succotash. They cultivated Maize both as a staple Held
crop and in the garden under the name of Indian Corn,
which name, or the simple name of Com, remains to the
present time its almost exclusive designation through-
out the English-speaking portions of the continent. It
now holds tirst rank among the agricultural products of
the Cnited States in the area <ievoted to its cultivation,
and in the value of the annual crop. The kinds now
commonly found in garden culture are sweet Corns and
pop Corns. The other kinds, which are more .-itrictlv
agricultural, are called field Corns, but in s<»nie locali-
ties sweet Com and pop Com are also found under field
culture, the former either as a truck crop or for can-
neries, the latter to supply the comparatively limited
demand in domestic markets. Sweet Com and Pop
Corn only will receive special attention in this article.
Botanical Classification. — Zea almost uniformly
has been called by botanists a monotypie genus, its one
species being Maize. But Maize is an extremely vari-
able species, including groups which are separated by
definite characteristics. As a working classification,
that proposed by Sturtevant is the best which ha.s yet
appeare<l. He describes 7 "agricultural specie's."
These are Zea tnnicata, the pod Corns ; Z.
everta, the Pop Corns (Fig. 551); Z.indnrata,
\ the Flint Corns; Z. indentata, the Dent Corns;
Z. amylacea, the soft Corns; Z. saccha rata , the
sweet or sugar Corns (Figs. 551, 552) ; Z. amylea-
saccharata, the starchy Sweet Corns. Zea Mays,
Linn., belongs to the natural order of grasses
or Gramineae. Culms 1 or more, solid, erect,
1)^-15 ft. tall, or more, terminated by a panicle
of staminate lis. ( the tassel ) ; internodes grooved
on one side: branches ear-bearing or obsolete:
Ivs. long, broad, channeled, tapering to the pen-
dulous tips, with short, hyaline ligules ar.l
open, embracing sheaths: fls. monoeciou.s, awn-
less, usually proterandrous ; staminate fls. in
clusters of 2 to 4, often overlapping ; one fl.
usually pediceled, the other sessile or all ses-
sile: glumes herbaceous; palea membranaceous:
anthers 3, linear. The ear contains the pistillate
fls. on a hard, thickened, cylindrical spike or
spadix (cob), which is enclosed in many .spatha-
ceous bracts (husks); spikelets closely sessile,
in longitudinal rows, paired in alveoli with
hard, corneous margin; 2 fls. on a spikelet.the
lower abortive ; glumes membranaceous ; style
single, filiform, very long (silk) ; ovary usually
sessile. Ear variable in length and size, often
distichous; grain variable in shape, size and
color. See Plate VII.
Sweet Corn {Zea saccharata, Sturt, Figs.
551,552. ). —A well-detined species-group, charac-
terized by homy, more or less crinkled, wrinkled
or shriveled kernel, having a semi-transparent or trans-
lucent appearance. Sturtevant in 1899 lists 61 distinct
varieties. He gives the first variety of Sweet Com re-
corded in American cultivation as being introduced
into the region about Plymouth, Mass., from the In-
dians of the Susquehanna in 1779. Schenck, in 18.'>4,
knew two varieties. It appears, therefore, that the dis-
tribution of Sweet Corn into cultivation made little pro-
gress prior to the last half of the nineteenth century,
green field Com having largely occupied its place prior
to that period.
Sweet Com is preeminently a garden vegetable, al-
though the large kinds are sometimes grown for silage
or stover. As a garden vegetable, it is used when it has
reached the "roasting ear" stage, the kernel then being
well filled and plump but soft, and "in the milk." The
kernel is the only part used for human food. When
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CORN
Sweet Com is used as a fresh vef^etahle it is often cooked
and served on the cob. In preparinjr it f«»r cannini? or
(IryiDg. it is always cut from the cob. Dried Sweet C«»m,
though never an article of commerce, was formerly much
UHe«l, e'^pecially by the rural p(»pulation. It iH gr'a«lually
being abandoned forcanuo«l Corn, for other cereal prep-
arations, or f*>r other vegetablen. It is practically un-
known as human foo<l outnide North America.
Canned Sweet Com has come to be an important
article of domestic commerce in the United States and
Canada. A considerable amount goes to Alaska, but at
the present time very little is exp«»rtJ'd. The American
Grocer states that the annual ("orn pack f»»r the United
States and Cana<la for the year IHJW v,as 4,.'<98,r)G3
cas«'s, ea<'h containing 2 <lozen 2-poun<l tins. New York
lea<ls with the pro«luction of l,410,5<i9 cases. Maine,
Illinois and Iowa follow in rank in the order named.
These four states now pack 80 per cent of the Com
whii'h is canned in the United States and Canada.
While these figures are not stri«?tly a<'curate, they are
the best obtainal>le, and give a general idea of the ex-
tent and distriijutionof this industry. No better canned
Com is put on the market than that produce*! in Maine,
where it is largely grown in localities having a season
too short to mature the seed.
As a rule, Sweet Com is grown for the canneries un-
der contract. The canning company supplies the seed,
truiiranteeing it to be go4Ml and tnie to name. The
fanner agrees to grow a certain number of acres and
deliver the whole crop to the cannery at a stipulated
price. The price now paid in western New York is
ai)out $10 per ton of g«M»d ears, after deducting the as-
certained average i>erc«'ntage of husks and rejected ears.
Three tons per acre of good ears is considered a good
yit-Id. The ears are snapped from the stalks with the
husks on and hauled in deep wagon boxes to the can-
neries. The stalks, w^hen preserved either as ensilage
or as stover, make excellent fodder. The overripe and
inferior ears, being unmarketable, are left on the stalks
and materially increase their value as a food for stock.
The stover keeps best in loose shocks. It is liable to
heat or mold when closely packed in large stacks or
bays.
As a field crop. Com is grown most extensively on
medium heavy loams. It luxuriates in rich, warm soils.
The crop rotation should be planned so as to use the
coarse manures with the Com, which is a gross feeder.
On the more fertile lands of the central plain, nitroge-
nous manures may not always be used to advantage
with Com, but in the eastern and southern states, where
the soil has lost more of its original fertility, stable
manure may often be used profitably with this crop at
the rate of from 8 to 10 cords per acre, or possibly more.
Plowing. — In the northern part of the Com belt in
the central and western states, that is to say north of
the Ohio and Missouri rivers, deep fall plowing of Cora
land is generally favored, but in experiments at the
Illinois and Indiana experiment stations, the depth of
plowing has had little influence on the crop. In sections
of the eastern states, shallow plowing late in spring is
favored, especially if the land be in sod. In warmer,
drier regions, as in parts of Nebraska and Kansas, list-
ing has been much practiced on stubble ground. The
listing plow, having a double mold-board, throws the
soil into alternate furrows and ridges, the furrows being
8 or 9 inches deeper than the tops of the ridges. The
Corn is planted in the bottom of the furrow, either by
means of a 1 -horse Corn-drill or by a Com -drill attach-
ment to the lister plow, consisting of a subsoil plow,
through the hollow leg of which the Com is dropped.
Great care should be used to secure see<l-com having
high vitality as a precaution {.gainst the rotting of the
seed in the soil should the season be cold and wet after
planting. Select ears for seed as soon as the Com is
well ripened. Dry them at once by artificial heat so that
the seed may better withstand unfavorable c<.nditions
of temperature or moisture. In many localities so-called
kiln-dried seed is much in favor. In selecting seed for
a field crop, seek systematically for stalks having little
or no growth of stools and bearing single large ears.
For garden use, seed from more productive stalks is de-
sirable, even though the ears be smaller.
In the north, Sweet Com should be planted as early as
CORN
375
can be done without involving great risk of loss from
frosts or from rotting of seed in the soil. In New York,
tieid-planting is generally done from May 10 to May 20;
in central Minnesota from May 10 to May 30. The
ground having been plowed and prepareil so a»t to make
a seed-bed of fine, loose soil ii Inches deep, the seed
siiould be planted to a depth of frtmi 1 to .'< inches. The
drier and UM>ser the soil the greater should be the depth
of planting. In planting small fields, the ground may
be marked in check rt»ws so that the bills planted at the
intersection of the rows will Htand about '.^\ feet apart
each way, and the Com planted by a hand-planter,
■^ff/tigW*^
552. Early Marblehead Sweet Corn,
which drops the desired number of kernels each time it
is thrust into the grov id. For large fields, the check-
row type of planter may be used. These planters drop
and cover the seed in hills at uniform distances apart,
planting two rows at one trip across the field. Field
Corn is often planted in drills by machines adapted to
this purpose, but Sweet Com should be grown under in-
tensive culture, and should be in hills, so that the sur-
face of the ground may be kept loose and entirely free
from weeds.
Till for the purpose of retaining soil moisture as well
as to kill weeds. This requires frequent shallow tillage,
pulverizing the surface of the soil so that it will act as
a mulch aud retard the evaporation of soil moisture.
Begin tillage as soon as the planting is done, using the
slanting-tooth harrow and Breed's weeder types of im-
plements till the Corn is 6 inches high, after which use
spring-tooth cultivators or 2-horse cultivators of the
type having several shovels on each side. These are
preferable to the double-shovel type, formerly much
used. The type having revolving disks, which throw the
earth towards the Com, is objectionable because the
center of the furrow is left bare of loose soil, which
should cover all the ground as a mulch.
Till at intervals of from 7 to 10 days. At first the cul-
tivator may run from 2 inches deep near the plant to 4
inches deep midway between the rows. Each successive
cultivation should gradually increase in depth between
the rows ; throw a half inch or more of earth towards the
Com and cover the weods. At the last cultivation the
cultivator may be kept a little farther from the Com.
It should leave the soil pulverized to a depth of from
2 to .'{ inches over the entire field. The earlier cultiva-
tion may be deepened, if necessary, to kill weeds, even
though some Com roots are severed, but cutting the
roots by deep cultivation late in the season is to be es-
pecially avoided. Till the soil until the Com gets so
large as to prevent the use of a 2-horse cultivator. Oc-
casionally a later cultivation, with a 1-horse cultivator,
may be necessary if heavy rains leave the surface soil
hard and start the weeds. Often catch crops for late
pasturage, cover-crops or crops of winter wheat or rye
are sown in the cornfield and cultivated in with the
last cultivation. The seed is covered deeply by culti-
vating it in because the weather is apt to be dry it this
period. The lower part of the furrow-slice is thus left
compact, furnishing a compact seed-bed, in which small
grains delight.
The cultivation of Sweet Com in the garden should
follow the general lines advocated for field culture, but
stable manure and commercial fertilizers may be used
more liberally. It is well to put a small amount of a com-
376
CORN
CORNUS
plete commercial fertilizer in each hill, and mix it well
with the soil before planting the Com. A fertilizer which
has a large amount of nitrogen in quickly available form
should be cho ;en for this purpose. Dwarf early maturing
varieties may be planted, for early use, as soon as the
ground is sufficiently dr>' and warm. A little later, wh'>n
the ground is warmer, the second early main crop and
late varieties may be planted. Later successional plant-
ings insure a supply of green Corn till frosi kills the
plants.
Com is not grown commercially as a forcing crop.
Attempts to force it in winter have not given encourag-
ing results, but it may be successfully forced in spring,
following any of the crops of vegetables which are gro^-n
under glass, providing the houses are piped so as to
maintain the night temperature at bi>° F. Provide good
drainage. Give a liberal application of stable manure,
and thoroughly mix it with the soil. In the latitude of
New York the planting may be made as early as the 1st
of March. As soon us the first loaf has unfolded the
temperatxire may be allowed to run high in the sun, if
the air is kept moist by wetting the floors and v/alls. The
glass need not be shaded. Keep night temperature close
to 65° F., not lower and not much higher. After the silk
appears, jar the stalks every two or three d.iys, when the
atmosphere is dry, abd thus insure abundant pollination.
Early maturing varieties, like Cory, give edible Corn in
about 60 days when thus treated, '''orn may be forced
In the same house with tomatoes, eg^T-plant, and other
vegetables which require similar range of temperature.
VARIETIES.— Some of the desirable varieties for the
garden, the market and for canning art listed below.
These varieties are named for the purpose of showing
the range of variation and ot indicating the leading
groups or tj'pes, not to reccmimend these particular kinds.
New varieties are continually supplanting the old.
For the home garden. —Extra-early : Early Marblehead
(Fig. 552 ) , Burbank Early. Secomi Early : Crosby Early.
Main Crop: Large Eight -Rowed, Hickox Improved,
Stowell Evergreen. Late : Black Mexican, Country
Gentleman.
For »mr^•<'^ — Extra-earl}-: Early Cory, Perry Hybrid;
Extra-early Adams, though not a sweet Corn, is largely
grown for early use. Second Early : Sliaker Early,
Crosby Early; Early Adams is grown extensively for
market, though not a sweet Com. Main Crop and Late:
Mammoth, Stowell Evergreen, Egyptian, Country
Gtntleraan.
For canning .—'R\c]s.ox Improved. Crosby Early, Potter
Excelsior. Country Gentleman, Egyptian, Old Colony,
Stowell Evergreen.
Diseases and Pests.— The most widespread and de-
structive disease of Com in the United States is the
smut produced by the parasitic smut-fungus, L'stilago
Zecf. The sorghum -head smut, Cstilngo Beiliana,
also attacks ]VIaize. Smut causes most injury when it
attacks the ears. The grains are transformed into a
mass of darl: -colored smut spores, and become ex-
ceedingly swollen and distorted out of ell semblance
to their normal outlines. Infection may take place at
any growing point of the plant from early till late in the
season, hence treatment of seed Com by fungicides is of
no value as a remedy for Corn smut. The destruction
of smutted parts of the plants, and taking especial care
that the smut does not become mixed wita manure which
is used for the Corn crop, are measures which may be
expected to lessen the prevalence of the disease. No
remedy is known.
The only other disease of Sweet Com which is known
to be of economic importance in the United States is the
bacterial blight caused by Pseudomonas Sfewarti. It has
been found in New York, New .Jersey and Michiiran, but
thus far has been seriously destructive only Long
Island on early dwarf varieties of Sweet Corn, i - char-
acterized by wilting and complete drying of tlu- whole
plant, as if aflFected by drought, except that the leaves do
not roll up. The fibro-vascular bundles become distinctly
yellow, and are very noticeable when the stalk is cut
open. The disease attacks the plant at any period of
growth, but is most destructive about the time the silk
appears. No renjedy is known.
Over 200 species of insects are known to be injurious
to Corn, either to some part of the growing plant or to
the stored product. The Com worm is also known south
as the cotton-boll worm. It is destructive to Sweet Corn
especially, for it burrows into the ear and feeds on the
tender greea Com, rendering the ear unacceptable either
at canneries or in market. It is known to do serious dam-
age as far nonh as western New York. The best known
meaod of fi';htingthis insect is the breaking of the
pupae cells in the earth by shallow fcill plowing, which,
at best, is but a partial remedy. Wire-worms, northern
corn-root worms, white grubs, and oertain other grass
insects attack Com plants. One of the best preventive
measures is to plan the rotation so that Com does not
immediately follow any cereal jr grass crop.
Pop Corn (Zea everta, Sturt.). — Characterized by the
excessive proportion of the corneous endosperm,' and
the small size of the kernels and ear. The kernel split
laterally shows th • chit and corneous matter enveloping,
and in some cases ^ fine, starchy line. The small size of
the ke nel and the property of popping makes identifica-
tion ctnaia. This speoies-group extends throughout
North aud South America, and has claims for prehis-
toric cuhui".
The preparation of soil, planting, and tillage recom-
mended for Sweet Com apply equally well to Pop Com.
Varieties. — S vrtevant, ir 1899, describes 25 varieties.
The following ki ids are popular:
Dwarf Golden - Ear 1 to ,'} inches long. An early-ma-
turing sor* wit' l>road, golden yellow kemds.
Rice, ^Vhite ^ .ice. — Ear 4 to 8 inches long. This vigor-
ous late variety is widely cultivated. This and other
Rice Corns are characterized by deep, tapering, beaked
kernels.
Pearl. — Ear 4 to 8 inches long. Matures somewhat
earlier than Rice and later than Dwarf Golden. Kernels
rounded and silvery whit?. g^ j^^ Beach.
CORN, BEOOli. See So. -Jtum.
COBN COCEIij. Lycunis Githago.
CORNEL, C0R2JELIAN CHERRY. See ComtiS Idas.
CORN FLAG. Gladiolus.
CORNFLOWER. Centaurea Cyanus.
CORN, INDIAN. The common name for Zta Mays.
CORN, KAFFIR. See Sorg Unn vulgare, var. Dvrra.
CORN POPPY of Europe is the weed of the grain
fields from which some of the garden poppies have been
raised, Pa paver Jih<jeas.
COBiR SALAJi {Valerianella ol itoria, PaU.). I'aleri-
ancteeo'. Known also as Lamb's Lettuce, Fetticus. and
Vetticost. It is a native of Europe. Sow the seed in
early spring, at the time of the first sowing of lettuce,
and make successional plantings as often as desired. For
very early salads the seeds are planted in Septeniber,
and the young plants are covered with a light niuk-h and
wintered' exactly as spinach is often managed. Sow in
drills a foot or iS inches apart and cover lightly. Work
the ground thoroughly, and give an abundance of water.
The leaves may be blanched, but are usually eaten green.
It matures in 60-65 days during good spring weather.
Only one variety is offered by most American seedsmen,
but several sorts are known to European gardeners. It is
sometimes used for a pot-herb, being served like spinach,
but is chiefly valuable for salads. It is rather tasteless,
and is not so popular as cress o^* lettuce on that
account, but persons who prefer a veiy mild salad, or
who would rather taste the salad dressing, will doubtless
fancy (N)rn Salad. It is l>est served in mixture with
other herbs, as lettuce, water cress or whiti:> mustard. It
is easv to grow. There are no spe-ial enemies.
F. A. Wauoh.
CORNUS ( ancient Latin name of Cornus Mas). Conid-
ce(F. Doc,\v(K)V. Shrubs or trees, rarely herbs: Ivs. op-
posite, rarely alternate or whorled, deciduous, entire :
fls. small, 4-merous. usually white, in terminal cymes
( Fig. 55:i ) or heads : f r. a drupe, with 2-celled stone. Over
.'{0 species in the tenii»erate regions of the northern
hemisptx le and one iu Peru. Hardy ornamental shrubs
CORN us
CORN US
377
with handsome foliage, often assuming a brilliant fall
coloring, and with attractive lis. and frs. Nearly all a»'e
very desirable for planting in shrubberies. They grow
nearly as well in shady places
under large trees as in sunny
exposed situations, and thrive in
almost any soil. One of the mo <t
beautiful in bloom is C. florida ,
I'
553.
Comus winter shoots.
Showing the opposite
bud and teiininal
flower-clusters. Cor-
nus Baileyi.
554. Cuttine of Comus.
with extremely showy fls, in spring. C. candidissima is
one of the best for shrubberies, blooming profusely in
June. The red-branched species, as C. alba, CAmomum,
C. Baileyi, C. sanguinea, are very attractive in winter.
Prop, by seeds, which usually do not germinate until the
second year. The species with willow-like soft wood, as
C. a/6(i*and its allies, grow readily from cuttings of ma-
ture wood, while the others are sometimes increased by
layers. Horticultural varieties are mostly budded in sum-
mer on seedlings of the type, or grafted in early spring
in the propagating house. They are often grown in this
country from nearly ripened cuttings (Fig. 554), handled
in frames in summer.
Various species of Comus have many interesting uses.
Our native C. florida, which in flower is the showiest
member of the genus, furnishes a useful substitute for
quinine. The bark of all parts contains tlie same sub-
stances foimd in Cinchona, but in different proportions.
It is inferior in effectiveness and more difficult to obtain
in large quantities. It is sometimes possible to ward off
fevers by merely chewing the twigs. The powdered Dark
makes a good tooth-powder, and the fresh twigs can be
used for the same purpose. The bark mixed with sul-
fate of iron makes a good black ink. The bark of the
roots yields a scarlet dye. The wood, being hard, heavy,
and close-grained, is good for tool handles. The Cornelian
Cherry has pulpy fruits resembling cornelian in color
and about the size and shape of olives, for which they
can be substituted. The ripe fruits are soft and rather
sweet. The name Dogwood comes from the fact that a
decoction of the bark of C saufjttinea was used in Eng-
land to wash mangj' dogs. The small red berries of C.
Snecica (not in the tracie) are eaten by the Esquimaux.
Index: alba. 3 and 4 ; altemifolia, 1; Amomum, 7;
Baileyi, 5; brachypoda, 2 and suppl.; Canadensis, 17;
candidissima, 9 ; capitata. 16 : circinatn. 6 ; ccerulea, 7;
faxtitjiata, 10; femina, 10; ilorida, 13: Japonica, 15;
Kousa, 15 ; macrophylla, 2 : Mas, 11; mascula, 11; Nut-
talli, 14; oblongata, 9 ; officinalis, 12 ; paninilata,9;
sanguinea, 8; sericea, 7; Sibirica, 4; stolonffera, 3;
stricta, 10; TaUtrica, 4.
A. Shrubs or trees.
B. Fls. in cymes or panicles without involucre.
C. Folia je alternate : fls. in umbel-like cymes,
cream-cohred.
1. altemildlia, Linn. Fig. 555. Shrub or small tree, to
25 ft. : Ivs. slender-petioled, elliptic or ovate, usually
euneate, acimiiaate. nearly glabrous above, pale or whit-
'-^hbeneatl dappressed pubescent, 3-5 in. long: cymes
i.%-2% in. ide: fr. dark blue, globular, %va.. across, on
red peduncles. May, June. N. Brunswick to Georgia and
Alabama, west to Minnesota. 8.S. 5: 216 Em. 463. — Of
very distinct bibit, the branches being arranged in
irregular whorls, forming flat, h )rizontally spreading
tiers, as in the picture. A variety which "hows this
habit more distinctly than the common for., is var.
tunbracnlifera, Dieck. Var. arg^ntea, Hort., is a i >mi
with Tvhite-marked foliage.
2. macrophylla. Wall. ( C. brachypoda, Auth., not C. A.
Mey.). Tree, to 60 ft.: Ivs. sleuder-petioled, broadly
ovate or elliptic ovate, usually rounded at the base,
abruptly acuminate, whitish and slightly hairy beneath,
3-5 in. long: cjnnes 3-4 in. wide: fr. bluish black, /une.
Himalayas to Japan.— With the habit of the former, but
of more vigorous growth; not hardy north. Var varie-
gilta, Hort. Lvs. edited white. Ong. 3:67.
cc. Foliage opposite.
D. Fls. in umbel-like, flat cymes.
E. Lvs. whitish and with straight appressed hairs
beneath : fr. white or light bluish.
3. stolonifera, Michx. (<7. dlba, Wangh). Red-Osier
Dogwood. Fig, 556. Shrub, to 8 ft., ".sually with dark
blood-red branches and prostrate stem, stoioniferous :
lvs. obtuse at the base, ovate or oblong-lanceolate, acumi-
nate, 2-5 in. long: cymes dense, 1-2 in. wide; disk usually
red : fr. white, with the stone broader than high. May,
June. From Br?t. N. Amer. to Illinois and California.
B.B. 2:545. G.C. II, 8:679,-Var, Haviriimea, Spath.
Branches yelloT. There are also varieties with varie-
gated lvs. Hal it Imsh-like, as in the picture.
^^Mh*^
•V»vv.>/
555. Comus altemifoliju
378
CORNUS
CORNUS
4. 41ba, Linn. (C. Tatdrica, Mill,). Shrub, to 10 ft.,
with usually erect stem and bright blood-red branches,
mostly with glaucous bloom when young: Ivs. obtuse at
the base, ovate or elliptic, somewhat buUate or rugose
above, acute, l>^-33^ in. long: cymes dense, small; disk
.-iJJ^*^
556. Comus stolonifera.
yellow: fr. light bluish, sometimes whitish; stone usually
higher than broad, flat. Siberia, N. China. — Var. arg6n<
teo-margin^ta, Hort. Lvs. edged white. Var. Spaethi,
Hort. Lvs. broadly edged yellow. Var. Sibirica, Lodd.
Branches briL''it coral-red. There ture also some other
varieties with iriegated lvs.
EE. Lvs. with woolly pubescence beneath,
rarely nearly glabrous.
P. Fruit tchite.
5. BMleyi, Coult. & Evans. Fig. 553. Erect shrub,
with reddish branches: lvs. ovate to lanceolate, acute or
acuminate, white beneath, with woolly and with appressed
hairs, 2-5 in. long : fls. in small rather compact woolly
cymes: stone of the fruit much broader than high, com-
pressed and flat-topped. Pa. to Minn, and Wyoming.
G. F. 3 : 465. — A very handsome specie^ of upright growth ,
with dark red branches, blooming nearly all summer, and
of a distinct grayish hue, due to the slightly upward
curled lvs. The fail color of foliage and winter color of
twigs are unequaled. Not as yet in the trade. Well
adapted for sandy soil.
FF. Fr. black, blue or bluish or
greenish white.
6. circinata.L'Herit. Shrub,.'J-10 ft.:
the young branches green, blotched
purple, older ones purplish : lvs. or-
bicular or broadly ovate, acute or short-
acuminate, slightly pubescent above, pale and densely
pubescent beneath, 2-6 in. long: cymes rather dense: fr.
light blue or greenish white. May, June. Em. 464.
7. Amduium,Mill.( (7. sericert, Linn. C.ccerulea, Lam.).
Shrub, 3-10 ft., with purple branches : lvs. rounded or
narrowed at the base, elliptic-ovate or ovate-lanceolate,
dark green and nearly glabrous above, pale or whitish
beneath, usually with brownish hairs on the veins, 2-4 in.
long : cyme compact : fr. blue or bluish white. June,
July. N. Brunswick to Florida, west to Texas and Da-
kota. Em. 466. R.H. 1888:444 (as r..s/o7o«i7erfl). -Var.
varieg^ta, Hort. Lvs. variegated with yellowish white.
8. sangmlnea, Linn. Shrub, to 12 ft., with purple or
dark blood-red branches : lvs. broad-elliptic or ovate,
rounded or narrowed at the base, usually pubescent on
both sides, pale green beneath, lJ^-3^ in. long: fls. green-
ish white, in dense cymes: fr. black. May, June. Eu.,
Orient, — Var. variegita, Hort. Lvs. variegated with
yellowish white. Var. viridissima, Dieck. With green
branches and green fruit.
DD. Fls. in short panicles : fr. white or pale blue.
9. candidiBsima, Marsh. (C. paniculdta, L'Herit. C.
oblongdta, Hort.). Shrub, 6-15 ft., with gray branches:
lvs. cuneate, ovate-lanceolate or lanceolate, acuminate'
appressed-pubescent or nearly smooth, whitish beneath
lH-4 in. long: petals white, lanceolate: fr. white. Mav'
June. Maine to N. Carolina, west to Minnesota and Ne!
braska. B.B. 2: 545. — Free-flowering : very handsome
when in bloom, and with its white fruits on red pedun-
cles in fall.
10. BtnctA,L,'H^Tit. {C.fastigidta,Michx. C. fcemina.
Mill.). Shrub, to 15 ft., with purplish branches: Irs!
ovate or ovate-lanceolate, sparingly and minutely ap-
pressed-pubescent, green on both sides, lJ^-3 in. long:
petals white, ovate-lanceolate: fr. pale blue. April, May.
Virginia to Georgia and Florida. B.B. 2: .'^6. — Tender
north. Closely allied to the former, and pv 'aps only
variety.
BB. Fls. in dense heads or umbels, with en involucre.
C. Fls. yellow ; involucre yellowish, not
exceeding the fls.
11. M&8, ^inn. (C. nidscula, Hort.). Corneliah
Cherry. Fig. 557. Shrub or small tree, to 20 ft.: lvs.
ovate or elliptic, acute, appressed-pubescent, and green
on both sides, VA-2M in. long : fls. in sessile opposite
umbels, before the lvs. ; pedicels not exceeding the invo-
lucre: fr. oblong, scarlet. ?4in- long, edible. March, April.
S. Eu., Orient. Mn. 5:192. — Handsome shrub of dense
growth with glossy foliage, verj' attractive in early
spring with its yellow fls., and again in fall with its
shining scarlet frs. There are varieties with variegated
lvs. and with yellow fr.
12. officinalis, Sieb. & Zucc. Shrub or small tree, to
15 ft.: lvs. elliptic, acuminate, pale green beneath and
with large tufts of dark brown hairs in the axils of the
veins: fls. like those of the former; pedicels longer than
the involucre : f r. scarlet, oblong. Japan, China. S.Z. 50.
— Very similar to the last.
CC. Fls. greenish yellow, sessile, with a showy white in-
volucre, much exceeding the fls.
D. Frs. in dense clusters, but individually distinct.
(Benthamidia.)
13. fl^rida, Linn. Flowering Dogwood. Fig. 5.58.
Shrub or small tree with spreading branches, 10-15 ft..
557. Comus Mas (sprays X)^).
rarely to 40 ft. : lvs. oval or ovate, acute, dark green and
glabrous above, glaucous or whitish beneath, usually
only pubescent on the veins, 3-6 in. long : involucre white
CORNUS
CORREA
379
or pinkish, 3-4 in. wide ; bracts 4, obovate, emarginate:
fr. %in. long, scarlet. May. Massachusetts to Florida,
west to Ontario and Texas, also E. and S. Mexico. S.S.
5:112-13. Em. 468. G.F.3:431. B.M. 526. Gn. 52, p. 177;
53, p. 222. J.H. III.28:453.-One of the most beautiful
American flowering trees ; hardy north. Var. p^ndula,
Hort. With pendulous branches.
V'ar. rtlbra, Hort. With pink in-
volucre, but less free-flowering
than the type. R. H. 1894:500.
A.O. 18:441. F.E. 9:572. Neither
variety as hardy as the type.
14. Nuttalli, Aud. Tree, to 80
ft.: Ivs. ovate or obovate, usu-
ally pubescent beneath, 4-5 in.
long: involucre white or tinged
with pink, 4-6 in.
across; bracts 4-6, ob-
long or obovate, some-
times roundish, mostly
acute : fr. bright red
ororange, crowned with
the broad, persistent
calyx. Brit. Columbia to S. Calif
S.S.5:214-15. Gng. 6: 274.-This
species surpasses the former in
beauty. but is more tender and has not yet been
successfully cultivated outside of its native
country, though introduced at several times
into different American and European gardens.
DD. Frs. connate into a globular fleshy
head. [Benthamia.)
15. EotlBa, Buerg. (BenthUmia Japdnica, Sieh.& Zucc.
C. Japdn ica , Koehne, not Thunbg. ) . Shrub or small tree,
to 20 ft.: Ivs. cuneate, elliptic-ovate, acuminate, dark
green above, glaucous and appressed-pubescent beneath,
2-4 in. long : involucre creamy white, 2>^-3 in. wide ;
bracts ovate, acute: frs. forming a globular head. June.
Japan, China. S.Z. 16. Gn. 43: 898 G.C. III. 19:783.
A. G. 13:674. Gng. 3:149. J.H HI. 35:9. M.D.G.
1899:328-9. — Fls. very showy, appei.ring after the Ivs. in
June and contrasting well with the bright green foliage;
hardy as far north as Mass. Sometimes variegated.
16. capit^ta. Wall. {Benthdmia frayifera, Lindl.).
Tree : Ivs. coriaceous, elliptic-oblong, narrowed at both
ends, appressed-pubescent above and more densely and
whitish beneath, 2-4 in.: involucre about '214-3 in. wide,
creamy white; bracts ovate, acute: fruit-head over 1 in.
across, scarlet. June. Himalayas. B.R. 19:1579. Gn. 54,
p.310. G.C. III. 16:501. J.H. III. 30: 213.- Evergreen
tree, with showy fls. and frs.; hardy only south.
AA. Low herbs: fls. in dense heads, tvith a white {or
pinkish) involucre.
17. Canadensis, Linn. Herb, >g-% ft. high, with creep-
ing -ootstock : Ivs. whorled, sessile, elliptic or obovate,
glabrous or nearly so, 1-3 in. long: head greenish, long-
peduncled ; involucre white, 1-1 K in. wide : fr. bright
red, globose. May-July. N. Amer., south to Indiana,
Colorado and Calif. B. M. 880. — Handsome plant for
half-shady places.
C. asperifblia, Michx. Shnib, 8-15 ft.; branches reddish
brown: Ivs. rough above, wooUy-pxibescent beneath: fr. white.
Ontario to Florida, west to Texas. G.F. 10:105.— C. brachypoda,
0. A. Mey. Shrub: Ivs. opixjsite, glaucous and appressed-pubes-
cent beneath: panicles large, loose. See C. raaiTophylla in the
main list. Japan, China.— C.glabrata, Benth. Shmb, to 10 ft. ;
branches gray: Ivs. small, nearly glabrous, green and shining on
both sides : fr. white. Oregon to Calif.— C. Hessei, Koehne.
Allied to C. alba. Dwarf, dense shrub: Ivs. crowded, small: fr.
bluish white. Probably from E. Asia.— C. obl<tnga,'W&ll. Shrub
or tree, to 30 ft. : Ivs. narrow-oblong, nearly glabrous, glaucous
beneath, coriaceous : fls. white, fragrant, in cymose panicles.
Himalayas.— C. pubescens, Nutt. Shrub, to 15 ft., with pnrple
branches : Ivs. nearly glabrous above, glaucous and woolly-pu-
bescent beneath : fr. white. Brit. Columbia to Calif.— C. -S'teMca,
Linn. Allied to C. Canadensis: Ivs. all opposite: tl. -head purple,
the white involucre 1 in. or less wide. Arctic Amer., N. Eu.,
pinnate Irs., and pnrple or yellow fls. in peduncled
heads or umbels ; pod jointed. Separated from Omi-
thopus by floral and fruit characters. Species 25-30,
Mediterranean region. The shrubby C. Umerus and C.
glauea are useful in southern California and the south-
em states. The species are occasionally grown in bor-
ders. C.glaiica is sometimes grown under glass
for spring bloom, after the manner of Cytisus.
All are of easy culture.
N.Asia. B.B.2:543.
CORONA. Same as crown.
Alfred Ri hder.
COBONILLA (Latin, a little crown: from the ar-
rangement of the fls.). Legumindstt', tribe Hedys^reff.
Crown Vetch. Perennial shrubs or herbs, with odd-
558.
ComuB florida.
(X%.)
A. Flowers yellow.
B. Herbs.
Cappaddcica, Willd. (C. Iberica,Bieb.). Low peren-
nial herb, about 1 ft. high: Ifts. 9-11, obcordate, ciliate:
umbels 7-8-fld. : fls. yellow, large, July-Aug. : stipules
membranaceous, rounded, ciliate-toothed. Asia Minor.
L.B.C. 8:789. B.M. 2646.-A good trailer for rockeries
and the margins of borders.
BB. Shrubs.
Emdms, Linn. Scorpion Senna. Dense, symmetrical
shrub, 4-6 ft. high: Ivs. deep, glossy green; Ifts. 5-7,
obovate : stipules small : peduncles 3-fld. : fls. large,
yellow, tipped with red. Blooms freely, Mav and June.
Showy, half-hardy. S. Eu. B.M. 445. Gng. 5:36.-
Evergreen in S. states.
glai!lca, Linn. Glabrous shrub 2-4 ft. high : stipules
small, lanceolate : Ifts. 5-7, obovate, very blunt, glau-
cous : fls. 7-8 in each umbel, yellow, fragrant by day but
not at night. S. Eu. B.M. 13. — One of the common
garden shrabs of S. Calif., flowering all the year.
AA. Flowers white and pink.
viminlilis, Salisb. Trailing shrub : stipules soon de-
ciduous, ovate, membranaceous : Ifts, 13-21, obovate,
notched, glaucous : umbels 6-10-fld. : fls. pale red or
white with a red stripe on the banner. Algeria. — Prom-
ising as a florists' plant for cut fls. Fls. all the year in
S. Calif.
yjtria, Linn. Crown-Vetch. Fig. 559. Straggling or
ascending, smooth herb, 1-2 ft. high: Ivs. sessile ; Ifts.
11-25, oblong or obovate, blunt and mucronate, 14-% in.
long: peduncles longer than Ivs.: fls. in dense umbels,
% in. long, pinkish white. June to Oct. Eu. B.M. 258.
Gnu. 5: 337.— Trailing plant for hardy, herbaceous
border. Jared G. Smith.
C0RR£A (after Jose Francesco Correa de Serra,
Portuguese author, 1750-1823). Butdcece. Seven spe-
cies of tender Australian shrubs, rarely cultivated un-
der glass for their pendulous, tubular fls. an inch or two
380
CORREA
CORYDALIS
long, usually brifjht scarlet, but also white or yellow.
Shrubs, usually with dense, miuute. stellate hairs: Ivs.
opposite, stalke<l. entire, and with transparent dots. C.
speeiosa is probably the bt'st and most variable species.
It is a native of barrt-n, sandy plains, and belonpfs to the
large and much-neglected class of Australian shrubs.
Coronilla varia.
(See p. 379.)
specidsa, Alt. {C. cardindUs, P. Muell.). Tender
shrub, 2-3 ft. high: branches slender, brown, opposite,
covered with minute rusty hairs: Ivs. opposite, about 1
in. long, elliptic, about a fourth as wide as long, wrinkled,
dark green above, whitish below, margin entire, re-
curved : peduncles opposite, axillary, longer than the
Ivs., 1-fld., with a pair of leafy bracts: fls. iVgin. long,
pendent, tubular, bright scarlet, with a very short limb
of 4 spreading, greenish yellow segments; calyx small,
cup-shaped, with 4 almost obsolete teeth ; stamens 8,
exserted, about ^4 in. B.M. 4912.— There are several
varieties. W. M.
C0BTAD£:BIA. see Oynerium.
CORTtrSA (named by the herbalist Matthiolus after
his t'rieiid C'ortusus. professor of botany at Padua).
PrimuldcecB. A genus of possibly 4 species of which
C. MntthioU, Linn., from the Swiss Alps, has long been a
choice and delicate but not very popular plant, suited
for shady parts of the rockery. It was long consiclered
the only species of the genus. It is an herbaceous
perennial, about C in. high, pubescent, rhlzoniatous,
with a few long-stalked, cordate, 7-9-lol>«'d, <lentate Ivs.'
an<l a slender scape bearing an umbel of about 7 snmll'
rosy purple, drooping lis., which appear in suninur. It
has some resemblance to Primula eortusioiden. The
penus has possibly 4 species, and is distinguished from
Primula and Androsace by its stamens attache<l to the
base of the corolla, and its long-ucuminate anthers.
According to ,1. B. Keller, its culture is similar to that
of the hardy Primulas, but it needs winter protection in
the northeru states.
CORYANTHES (Greek, knrys, helmet, and anthos,
flower, referring to the shape of the lip). Orchidticea,
tribe \'dnde(r. This complex genus, which is closely re-
lated to Stanhopea, is represented by several interesting
species inhabiting tropical America. Sepals sprea<ling
dilated, tlexuose, conduplicate, lateral ones largest, dis-
tinct at the base : petals small, erect : labelluni larsre,
tridentate, basal portion forming a hood, continued into
the column; distal portion bucket or pouch-like: column
pointing downwards, elongate<l, terete, bicornute at the
base, apex recurved : pollinia 2, compressed, caudiole
linear, arcuate. Pseudobulbous : Ivs. plicate, !an«'eo-
late, alxiut 1 ft. long. The bucket part of the hihellum
is provided with a spout-like structure, by means of
which the bucket overflows whc" about half full of a
secretion which drops from a pair of glands near the
base of the column. The fls. of the species known are
not lasting, the sepals being of such delicate texture
that, though at flrst they fully expand, they soon colli.pse
and become unsightly. Although much interest attaches
to the species of Coryanthes, the genus is not generally
cultivated, since the fls. last too short a time and are
not particularly brilliant. For culture, see Stanhopea.
macrdntha, Hook, (tround color rich yellow dotted
with red. Hood and part of bucket brownish red : tls.
few. in drooping racemes. Caracas. P.M. 5:.'U.
maculiita. Hook. Sepals and petals dull, pale yellow,
bu<'ket blotched on the inside with dull red. H.M.:no"2.
— Var. punctata has the petals and sepals bright yellow,
speckled with red. the hood yellow, blotched with red-
dish orange, the pouch pale, speckled and spotted with
red. Demerara. Oakes Ames.
CORYDALIS (Greek, lark, the spur of the flower re-
sembling a lark's spur). Fitmaridceif. A large genus
of hardy plants allied to the Dutchman's Breeches, and
with finely cut foliage of a similar character, but weedier
and less delicate than the Dicentras. They are all of
easy culture. They prefer full sunlight but will grow in
half-shade. Prop, by division or seed.
A. Fls. chiefly purple or rose, sometime.s tipped yellov.
B. Plant perennial : root tuberous : stcm-li-.f. ffiv.
bulbdsa, DC. {C. sSlida, Sw.). Erect, 6 in. high : Ivs.
.S-4, stalked, biternately cut. segments wedge-shaped or
oblong: ro<it solid: fls. large, purplish. Spring.
BB. Plant annual: root fibrous: stem-lvs. many.
glailca, Pursh. Annual, 1-2 ft. high, very glaucous :
lobes of the Ivs. mostly spatulate : racemes short, pani-
cled at tiie naked summit of the branches : fls. l)arely
>s in. long, rose or purple with yellow tips ; spur short
and round : capsule slender, linear: seeds with minute,
transverse wrinkles. Summer. Rocky or sterile ground.
Nova Scotia to Rocky Mts.. and even Arctic coa<t,
south to Texas. B.M. 179. — Not advertised for sale, but
probably worth cult.
AA. FU. chiefly yellotc.
B. Plant perennial : root tuberous : stem-lvs. few.
ndbllis, Pers. Perennial, erect : Ivs. bipinnately cut ;
segnu'uts wedge-shaped and lobed at the apex : fls.
white, tipped with yellow, and a dark purple spot: spur
1 in. long. Spring. Siberia. B.M. 195;{, as Funiaria
nobilis. G.C. II. 19:?25.
BB. Plant annual or biennial : root fibrous : stem-
lvs. numerous.
atirea, Wilhl. Annual, G in. high, commonly low and
si>readitur : fls. golden yellow, about % in. lone, on
rather slender pedicels in a short raceme ; spur barely
CORYDALIS
CORYLUS
381
half the lenjrth of the body, somewhat decurved : cap-
sulfs spreading or pendulous, about 1 in. long ; seeds
10-12, turgid, obtuse at margin, the shining surface ob-
scurely netted. Rocky banks of Lower Canada and N.
New England, northwest to latitude 64°, west to Brit.
Col. and Ore., south to Tex., Ariz, and Mex. ; not Jap.—
The western forms have the spur almost as long as the
bo<ly of the corolla and pass into
Var. occidentilis, Engelm. More erect and tufted,
from a stouter and sometimes more enduring root : fls.
larger ; spur commonly ascending : capsules thicker;
seeds less turgid, acutish at margins. Colo.. New Mex.,
W. Tex., Ariz. Cult, by D.M. Andrews, Boulder, Colo.,
who considers it biennial.
curvisiliqua, Engelm. Probably a biennial. Com-
monly more robust than C ann-a, ascending or erect,
1 ft. iiigh or less: fls. golden yellow, over K in. long, in
a spike-like raceme ; spur as long a.s the body, com-
monly ascending : capsules quadrangular, W^ in. long ;
sep<ls turgid to lens-shaped, with acute margins densely
and minutely netted. Woods in Tex. Cult, by D. M.
Andrews, Boulder, Colo.
liltea, DC. Erect or spreading, 6-8 in. high, anniial. or
forming a tufte<l stock of several years* duration : Ivs.
delicate, pale green, much divided ; segments ovate or
wedge-shaped, and 2-;Mobed : Hs. pale yellow, about
J^ in. long, in short racemes; spur short : pod a fourth
or third of an inch long. Stony places of S. Eu., and
runs wild in Eu.
C.cAva, Scliwcigg. & Kort. (probaoly a form of C. tuberosa,
DC.) is somewhat l.-irger than C. bulhosa, with pretty fls. vary-
ing into purplish and white. Eu. — C *Vow/«t». Hook., grows 3
ft., and is cult, in some European gardens. W. Amer.
W. M.
CORYLOPSIS (Corylus and o;jsi.s, likeness; in foliage
resembling the Hazel), nnmamelidiiceir. Deciduous
shnihs, rarely trees : Ivs. alternate, deciduous, dentate :
fls. in nodding racemes, appearing before the Ivs., yel-
low ; petals and stamens 5 : fr. a 2-ceIled, dehiscent
capsule, with 2 shining black seeds. Si.x species in E.
Asia and Himal. Low ornamental shrubs, with slender
branches and pale bluish green, distinct foliage ; very
attractive in early spring, when covered with yellow,
fragrant fls. Not hardy north of New York. They grow
best in peaty and sandy soil. Prop, by seeds sown in
spring, beit with slight bottom heat, and by cuttings of
half-ripened wood in summer under glass; also by lay-
ers, rooting readily in moderately moist, peaty soil,
paucifldra, Sieb. & Zucc. Low, much-branched shrub,
2-H it.: Ivs. obliquely cordate, ovate, sinuate-dentate,
ciliate, pubescent and glaucous beneath, 1-2 in. long :
racemes 2-3-fld., %-% in. long : Hs. light yellow. Jap.
S.Z. 20. G.F. 5:342. Gt. 48:1467.
spic&ta, Sieb. & Zucc. Shrub, to 4 ft. : Ivs. oblique and
rounded or cordate at the base, roundish ovate or obo-
vate. sinuate-dentate, glaucous beneath and pubescent,
2-3}^ in. long: racemes 7-10-fld., 1-2 in. long: Hs. bright
vellow. Jap. S.Z. 19. B.M. 5458. F.S. 20:2l:{5. R.H.
1861). p. 230; 1878, p. 198. -This species has larger and
handsomer foliage and t!s. of a deeper yellow, in longer
racemes, but C. pauciflora flowers more profusely and
is somewhat hardier.
C. HiinatayanG, Grifif. Shrub or small tree, to 20 ft.: Ivs.
poniate-ovate. 4-7 in.: racemes 1-2}'^ in. long. Himal. B.M.
6779. Tender. ALFRED RehdER.
CORYLUS (ancient Greek name). CupuUferc^, tribe
Betithlceie. Hazel. Filbert. Cobnut. Shrubs, rarely
trees : Iva. alternate, deciduous, stipulate, petioled. ser-
rate and more or less pubescent : fls. mimtpcious, ap-
pearing before the Ivs., staminate, in long, pendulous
catkins, formed the previous year, and remaining naked
during the winter (Fig. 560), each bnwt bearing 4 di-
vided stamens; pistillate included in a small, scaly bud
with only the red styles protniding ( Fig. .')61) : fr. a nut,
ii luded or surrounded by a leafy involucre, usually in
<' -ters at the end of short branches. Eleven species in
X. Amer., Eu. and Asia are described. Numeroiis va-
rieties are cult, in Eu. for their edible nuts. They are
also valuable for planting shrubberies, and thrive in al-
most any soil. Prop, by seeds sown in fall, or stratified
and sown in sprinjf ; the varieties usually by suckers,
or by layers, put down in fall or spring ; they will be
rooted the following fall. Budding in summer is some-
times practiced for growing standard trees, and grafting
in spring in the greenhouse for scarce varieties. They
may also be increase«l by cuttings of mature wood taken
oflf in fall, kept during the winter in sand or moss in a
cellar and planted in spring in a warm and sandy soil.
Illustrated monograph of the cultivated varieties by
Franz Goeschke, Die Haselnnss
(1887). See, also, bulletin on Nut-
culture by the U. S. Dept. of Agr.
560. Winter catkins
of Filbert.
561. Pistillate
flo\vers of
Corylus rostrata.
Natural size.
A. Husk or involucre consisting of tiro distinct bractg
{sometimes partly connatt).
B. Involucre deeply divided into many linear, nearly
entire segments, densely beset with glandular
hairs. Tree.
Coliima, Linn. Tree, to 70 ft.: Ivs. deeply cordate,
roundish ovate to ovate-oblong, slightly lobed and
doubly crenate-serrate. at length nearly glabrous above,
pubescent beneath, 3-7 int long: nut roundish ovate,
4-5 in. long. From S. Eu.. to Himal. — Ornamental tree,
with regular pyramidal, head, not (juite hardy north.
Rarely cult, for the fr. under the name of Filbert of
Constantinople or Constantinople nut.
B. Involucre sparingly glandular, with lanceolate or
triangular-dentate lobes: nut slightly compressed.
Shrttbs.
Americana, Walt. Fig. 562. Shrub, 3-8 ft.: Ivs.
slightly cordate or rounded at the base, broadly ovate
•)roval, irregularlv serrate, sparingly pubescent' above,
finely tomentose beneath, 3-6 in. long : involucre com-
pressed, exceeding the nut, the 2 bracts sometimes more
or less connate, with rather short., irregular, toothed
lobes : nut roundish ovate. al>out % in. high. From
Canada to F!a. west to Ontario and Dak. B.B. 1:5"7.—
Two forms of involucre are shown in Fig. 562. ''Mis
figure is adapted from the bulletin of the Dept. of Agr.
on Nut-culture.
AvellAnu, Linn. Figs. 560, .562. Shrub, to 15 ft.: Ivs.
slightly cordate. HMindish oval or broadly obovate,
doubly serrate and often slightly lobed, at length nearly
glabrous above, pubescent on the veins beneath : in-
volucre shorter than the nut, deeply and irregularly in-
cised: nut roundish o"ate, }4-% in. high. Eu., N. Afr.,
W. Asia. — Var. atirea, Hort. Lvs. yellow. Var. lacini&ta,
Hort. (var. heterophylta. Loud.). Lvs. laciniately in-
cised or lobed. Var. p^ndula, Hort. With pendulous
branches. There are also many varieties cultivated for
their fruit.
382
CORYLUS
COBTLUS
Husk tubular, of connate
bracts.
B. Involucre campannlate, witJt
large, dentate, spreading lobes.
P6ntica, Koch, Shrub: Ivs. cor-
date, roundish ovate or broad-oval,
doubly serrate : involucre finely
pubescent, with few glandular hairs
at the base: nut large, broad -ovate.
W. Asia. F.S. 21:2223-4 as C.
Colurna. — From this species the
Cob Nuts seem to have originated;
also the Spanish Nuts are probably
mostly cross-breeds between this
species and C. Avellana or C
maxima, or between the two latter
species.
BB. Involucre narroived above
the nut into a beak.
maxima, Mill. {C. tubulbsa,
Willd.). Shrub, sometimes small
tree, to 30 ft. : Ivs. cordate, round-
ish-ovate, slightly lobed and doubly
serrate, 3-6 in. long : involucre
finely pubescent outside: nut ob-
long, large; kernel with thin red or
white skin. S. Eu. — Var. pur-
ptlrea, Hort. (C. Avellana pur-
purea, Hort.). Lvs. deep pur-
plish red. Many varieties, with
large nuts, known as Filberts
or Lambert's Filberts.
rostrita, Ait. Figs. 561, 562.
Shrub, 2-6 ft. : lvs. rounded or
slightly cordate at the base, oval
or obovate, densely serrate and
sometimes slightly lobed, nearly
glabrous at length, except spar-
ingly pubescent on the veins be-
neath, 2>^-4 in. long : involucre
densely beset with bristly
hairs, beak long and narrow :
nut ovoid, K in. long. East-
em N. Amer., west to Minn,
and Colo. G.F. 8:345. B.B.
1 : 508.
Cali!6mica, Rose. Fig.
562. Allied to C. rostrata.
Shrub, to 20 ft.: lvs. more
villous beneath : involucre
with a short beak, which is
often flaring and sometimes
torn.
C. heterophylla, Fisch. Allied
to C. Avellana. Lvs. more lobed:
involucre large, spreading, longer than the
fr.. with large, triangnlar, nearly entire
teeth. N. China, .lap. (Offered by import-
ers.)—(7.1fa?u/«AMrica, Maxim. Allied toO.
rostrata. Lvs. large and broad: involucre thickly
beset with strong brown bristles ; tul)e slightly
enlarged at the apex, and laciniately divided into
narrow, entire segments. Amurland, Jap.— C.
Sieboldi, Blume. Allied to C. rostrata. Lvs. nar-
rower: involucre densely coated with loosely ap-
pressed, less bristly h;iirs; l>eak long and nar-
rowed to wanl the end. A.tt. 12:267. ALFRED ReHDER.
Culture for the Nuts.— Hazel, Filbert, Cobnut.
The three native Hazels, C. Americana, C. Califor-
nica and C. rostrata, have been sparingly introduced
to cultivation, but have not developed varieties
worthy of naming or propagating. The foreign species,
C. Avellana, C Pontiva and C maxima, were intro-
duced along the Atlantic seaboard at an early day, and
are maintained in gardens throughout the New England
and Middle Atlantic states. Efforts to make extensive
culture profitable in the eastern United States have
hitherto failed, probably from attacks of a fungous dis-
ease, Cryptospora anomala, common on C. Americana,
but not specially injurious to that species. It attacks
and destroys the young branches, and later the older
branches and trunk, without killing the root. Bordeaux
562.
Filberts and
Hazels.
Natural size.
1, American-grown
FUljert; 2, Cory
lus Americana,
form with open invo-
lucre; 3, G. Americana,
closed involucre; 4.(7.
Calif omica; 5, C ros-
trata.
mixture has been suggested as a
preventive, but recorded success-
ful experiments are lacking. Ex-
perimental plantings on the Pacitic
slope indicate greater success with
imported Hazels there than in the
east, but they have not developed
commercial importance.
The requirements of the Hazel in
America, so far as known, are:
moderately rich, well-drained .xoilj
absence of C. Americana from vi-
inity ; freedom from mild periods
in winter and late frosts in
spring. It is specially subject
to frost injur>', as both stami-
nate and pistillate catkins de-
velop in fall and quiikly swell
and open under the inrtuence of
mild weather in winter. The
staminate catkins commonly
bloom first. If they are de-
stroyed by frost, fertilization
can be accomplished by sus-
pending branches from trees
from other localities, even of
other species of Corylus.
Propagation by seeds is easily
done by stratifying in fall and
planting in nursery rows in
early spring. Seedlings vary
exceedingly, and varieties are
perpetuated by budding, graft-
ing, suckers or layers ; com-
monly by the last two methods.
A considerable supply of well
rooted suckers can be obtained
from fruiting trees by banking
in summer with rich soil or
stable manure to promote root
formation. Stools for layering
should be heavily manured to force
h>ng and slender shoots suitable
for bending. These should be
staked down in winter or spring
and covered wifh earth. They may
be removed to nursery rows or
orchard at end of first season.
Planting should be at a distance
of 10 to 20 feet in well prepared soil,
in fall or spring. Ground may be
croppe<l with low growing, culti-
vated plants while trees are young,
but should be maintained in good
tilth and fertility.
Pruning is of special importance
with this nut. Trees are usually
headed at height of 1 or 2 feet,
though often permitted to take nat-
ural form, which is that of a many-
stemmed bush, designated a "stool,"'
Trees are classified according to
height of clear trunk into "stan-
dard." "half standard," and "dwarf
standard." A short trimk, with
vase-form head of six or more
branches, is preferred. Suckers
should be kept down, unless desired
for propagation. Both sexes of blos-
soms are borne on 1-year-old lateral
twigs or spurs. March or April,
after flowers of both sexes have
bloomed, is considered best
time for pruning, as unneces-
sary sacrifice of pollen
can thus be avoided.
Strong shoots should
be headed back to
promote spur forma-
tion, and old wood
that has borne fruit
should be removed
annually.
CORYLUS
COSMIDIOI
383
The nuts should not be gathered until ripe, a condition
indicated by the browning of the edges of the husk. If
left until fully ripe, many of the nuts will rattle out and
be lost. The highest prices are obtained for freshly
gathered nuts in the husks. To prevent husks from
molding, they should be well dried or slightly sulphured.
Hazelnuts may he held for considerable periods in tight
receptacles, as casks or jars, by sprinkling salt over them
and storing them in a cool, dry place, or in a refriger-
ated compartment.
Few insects trouble the European Hazelnuts in
America, the nut weevil of Europe, Balaniniift nuctim,
not having yet been naturalized, /i. nanicus sometimes
does considerable injury to the native species.
Nuts and Filberts are terms loosely used abroad, espe-
cially in England, to designate certain rather indefinite
forms of C Arellava and C. maxima. In general, such
varieties as have husks shorter than their fruits are
termed Nuts, while such as have husks as long as or
longer than their fruits are designated Filberts.
But few varieties are known in America, most of the
Hazels grown being seedlings from imported nuts. Va-
rieties of C. AveUana and C. maxima are not. clearly
distinguishable, but in general those with husks longer
than the nuts are assigned to C. maxima, and those with
short husks to C. AveUana.
Alba (White Filbert) . Regarded in England as one of the best
varieties. Can be kept in husk longer tlian most others l>eeause
of constrieted form of husk. Kernel covered witli a white skin.
Known as Avelinier Blanche, Wrotham Park, etc. Succeeds in
California.
Cosford (Miss Young's, Thin-shelled). Nut ol)long, thin-
shelled, of excellent quality; in a hirsute, laoiniated husk, about
the same length as nut.
(7n«pa (Cape Nut, Frizzled Filbert). Nut thin-shelled, some-
what flattened, late; in husks curiously frizzled throughout and
wide open at the mouth. Very productive.
Dounton Large Square. Nut very large, semi-square, thiek-
shelletl and well filled, of the highest quality ; husk smooth,
shorter than nut.
Du Chilly. A fine, large, compressed-cylindrical variety, with
moderately thifk shell, and of fine quality. Intro«luced from
France by Felix Gillet, of California. The largest Filbert grown
in America so far as known.
Grandis (Round Cobnut). Nut large, short, slightly com-
pressed, of good quality when fresh, with a think and hard shell ;
in a short husk, much frizzled an<l hairy. One of the best varie-
ties ; considered the true Barcelona nut of commerce. Also
known as Downton, Dwarf Prolific, Great Ck)b, Pearson's Pro-
lifie and Round Cob.
Jones. A short, roundish nut, of medium size.and good quality,
somewhat grown for several years in central Delaware. Bush
hardy and \igorous, producing suckers freely, and thus far free
from disease.
Lambert (Laml>ert's Filbert, Lambert's Nut, Filbert Cob;
Kentish Cob, erron«H>usly). Nut large, oblong, somewhat com-
pressed; shell rather thick; kernel plump and of rich flavor; an
excellent keeper. Husk quite smooth, longer than nut and but
slightly cut in margin. Tree productive. Considered the best
variety grown in England, where it has been known since 1812.
Purple-leaved. Nut large and of excellent quality; in a husk
longer than the fruit. Plante<l for ornament, and productive of
good nuts under proper treatment. The leaves and husks are
of a deep purplecolor, which is retaineil until frost. The stami-
nate catkins are tenxler and often injureil by frosts in winter,
but when supplied with pollen from some more hardy variety
it yields large crops.
Red Aveline (Avelineer Rouge. Red Hazel). Nut large, ovate,
thin-shelled, with a smooth, red-skinned kernel, and of sweet
nutty flavor. This variety is prized in eastern California as a
productive sort of good quality.
Spanish. Nut very large, oblong, thick-shelled, with a smooth
husk longer than the fruit. Sometimes confounded with Ciran-
^8- W. A. Taylor.
CORYNdSTYLIS ( Greek, describing the club-shaped
style). Viold.ce(g. Woody climbers, with alternate Ivs.
and racemes of long-stalked violet-like fls. C. Hybanthus,
Mart. & Zucc. ( Calyptrion A nbletii, Ging. Corifn6t<t}flis
Auhletii, Hort. ), is native of trop. America. The Ivs.
are large, ovate, serrate : fls. white, in short axillary
fascicles, which are contiguous along the stem, long-
spurred, 2 or 3 times as large as a violet. F.S. 21 : 2213.
—A handsome, vigorous warmhouse climber, and cult, in
the open in S. California. Prop, by cuttings and seeds.
COB^FHA (Greek for summit or /op,— where the Ivs.
grow). PalmAcece, tribe Cortipheif. Tall, spineless,
monocarpic palms : trunk stout, ringed : Ivs. terminal,
large, orbicular, tlabellately divided to the middle into
numerous linear-lanceolate segments; sesrments indupli-
cate in the bud; rachis none; ligule small: petiole long,
stout, concave above, spiny on the margins : sheaths
split; spadix solita.'y, erect, paniculately much branched;
spathes many, tubular, sheathing the peduncle and
branches: fls. green: frs. as large as a cherry, with a
fleshy pericarp. Species 0 ; tropical Asia and Malay Archi-
pelago. These fan-palms are cultivated the same as Cham-
ffirops and Livistona. They are warmhouse plants, prop,
by seeds. Large fans, umbrellas and tents are made of
the Talipot palm by th*^ natives of Ceylon.
Coryphas are but littl jrrown commercially, the growth
of young plants being ow. Good loam well enriched
with stable manure, a ^rht temperature of 65° and
abundant moisture, are the chief requisites in their cul-
ture, with a moderately shaded house during the
summer.
el4ta, Roxb. {C. Gebdnga, Blume). Trunk straight,
60-70 ft. high, 2 ft. in diam., spirally ridged: Ivs. lunate,
8-10 ft. in diam. : segments 80-100. separated nearly to the
middle, ensiform, obtuse or bifid : petioles (i-12 ft.,
with black margins and curved spines. Bengal and
Burma.
umbracullfera, Linn. Talipot Palm. Fig. 563. Trunk
annulate, 60-80 ft. : Ivs. sub-lunate, 6 ft. long by 13 ft.
wide, palmately pinnatifid, conduplicate above the mid-
dle : segments obtusely bifid : petiole 7 ft., the spines
563. Corypha umbraculifera.
along its margins often in pairs. Malabar coast and
Ceylon. A.F. 12:313. Gng.5:213. The picture (Fig. 563)
is adapted from Martins' Natural History of Palms.
C. austrdlis, R. Br. See Livistona.— C. macrophylla. Hort. = ?—
C. m)nor, ,Jacq. See Sabal.— C Wogani, Hort., is a dwarf round-
Ivd. plant. A.G.15:.107.
Jared G. Smith, and W. H. Taplin.
COSMANTHUS. All included in Phacelia.
COSMlDIUM is Thelesperma.
384
COSMOS
COSMOS
COSMOS (from the Greek word with a root idea of
orderliness; hence an ^ornament or beautiful thing,
which tits the present case; tinally and usually the uni-
verse, because of its orderliness). Compositir. A ge-
nus of at most 20 species of annual or perennial herbs,
all tropical American, mostly Mexican, often tall, usu-
ally glabrous: Ivs. opposite, pinnatelyout in the garden
kinds, in some others entire or lobed: lis. typically
shades of rose, crimson and purple, with one yellow
species, and white horticultural varieties, long pedun-
cled. solitary or in a loose, corymbose panicle : akenes gla-
brtms: chaff of the receptacle in ('. ////x'H/ja/^.s withalong
and slender apex, in other species with a blunt and short
apex. The genus is distinguished from Bidens chiedy
by the seeds, which are beaketl in Cosmos but not dis-
tinctly so in Bidens, and by the color of the rays, which
in Cosmos is typically some form of crimson, while in
Bidens the rays are j^ellow or white.
The "Black Cosmos" (C dirersifoUus) is, perhaps,
better known to the tra<le as a Bidens or Dahlia. It has
the dwarf habit and dark red early lis. of some Dahlias,
but the akenes are very puzzling. They resemble those
of Bidens in being 4-angled. and not distinctly beaked.
They are unlike Bidens, and like Cosmos, in being not
distinctly compressed on the back. They resemble both
genera in having 2 rigid persistent a^^^ls, but, unlike
these genera, the awns havenoretrorse barbs or prickles.
The akenes are linear, as in Cosmos and all our native
tropical species of Bidens; but, although narrowed at
the apex, they are not distinctly beaked, as in most spe-
cies of the genus Cosmos. The plant is, perhaps, near-
est to Bidens.
Among the garden annuals that have come ^^^^ promi-
nence in recent years, the Cosmos has a
most brilliant future. Until 189.5 there
were in the two leading species only three
strongly marked colors; white, pink and
crimson. These and the less clearly de-
fined intermediate shades have all come
from C. bipinnatus; the yellow forms have
come from C. sulphurei(s,vrhieh was intro-
duced in IHIM). Although Cosmos has been vastly im-
proved within the last live years, it still leaves much to
be desired and offers a most promising field to the plant-
breeder. The two species are still too lat^ in coming into
bloom and too tall and weedy looking in their habit of
growth, but the season is])eing gradually shortened, wit^
dwarfer forms continually coming on, and it is neces-
sary to be patient while this interesting evolution is tak-
ing place. The chief improvement so far has been made
in California and in Georgia. In the east, for best results
it is still necessary to sow seed indoors in April and
transplant outdoors as soon as danger of frost is past.
Seed sown in the open ground often fails to produce
flowers in some northern localities before frost. The
slightest frost kills the typical species, but some of the
new strains are said to resist a degree or two of frost.
At first Cosmos flowers were only an inch or two across.
The best varieties now average ,"{ inches, and some-
times reach 4 and 5 without thinning or disbudding.
Pure white f owers of Cosmos are rareh' if ever found
wild. l)nt some of the cultivated varieties are nearly pure.
The .T-' up i totally lacking in bright reds. It would be
interesting to try for shatles of red by crossing with
the dark blood-red C d i vers i foil us {known as the
Black Cosmos, DahUa Zimapaui and Bidens atrosan-
yninea), which, however, would be a somewhat violent
cross, as that is a low-growing, early-flowering, tuberous-
rooted perennial. However. Cosmos is closely related to
Dahlia, Coreopsis, and Bidens. tlie first two being of
great garden importance and the latter, though weedy,
having possibilities. The rays of Cosmos hiphinatiis are
typically obcordate in outline, narrow at the base, broad
at the apex and with three strongly marked teeth, which,
as in C<»reopsis, are a great part of the characteristic
beauty of the flower. In the wild single Dahlia these
teeth are so short that they serve only to mar the sym-
metry of cMitline. and in the high-bred, cultivated varie-
ties of single Dahlias these teeth are practically if not
wholly obliterated. This will perhaps never happen to
the Cosmos, at least in America. On the contrary, the
rays of the Cosmos sometimes have an extra number of
teeth, often G or 7 altogether, and the effect is very
attractive and individual. Moreover, these teeth are often
somewhat wavy, giving the whole flower a frilled appear-
ance. The wild Cosmos is a stellate flower; that is, it has
open spaces between its rays. These rays in cultivation
have bromlened an<l rounded in outline and have over-
lapped, so that the new forms do not show any vacant
spaces between the rays but present a solid un])rokeu
fju'e. This same tendency _
has prevailed in the garden '•' kJll ^
evolution of many other fa- ^^
vorites, notably the "shoul-
dered" Tulips, "rose-pet-
aled Geraniums," and single
Dahlias. The named varie-
ties of Cosmos may always
564. Cosmos bipinnatus.
(XK.)
A oiiltivate<l form. The rays of wild
riowers have only three teeth and
they are much more pronounced.
COSMOS
COTONEASTER
385
be expected to hare more symmetripal and perfectly
formed flowers than the mixed and nameless varie-
ties, much as the biKhest bred single Dahlias always
have 8 rays all exactly alike, while it is a mark of Dah-
lias of low degree to have more than H rays or an unsym-
metrical arrangement of them. A new feature, too, is
the advent of a distinct ring of color fonued by a dash
of crimson at the base of each ray. The wild Cosmos
is not troubled by a spot of yellow at the Ijase of each
ray, as is the wihl Dahlia. In the case of the single
Dalilia, the yellow color at the base of the ray never be-
comes definite and conspicuous enough to form an addi-
tional attractive feature, as it does in Chri/sduthetniim
carinatum, but it often spoils the unity of effect and
fails to harmonize with the chief color of the flower,
especially when the latter is magenta, crimson, rose,
or any allied shade. There are no full ilouble forms of
Cosmos as yet, and, as regards strongly marked types
of doubling, the Cosmos may be decades behind the
China Asters. In the single forms, flat, incurved or
cupping, and reflexed flowers are to be looked for, and
can be tixed if there is sufficient demand for mainte-
nance of the three types.
It is a mistake to grow Cosmos in too rich soil, as one
gets too vigorous growth and too few flowers, which are
alsi» late. A sandy soil is to be preferred as being earlier,
and not too rich. It is well to pinch out the leading
shoots of young plants in order to make them bushy and
symmetrical, instead of tall and straggling. -^y^ j^j_
Cosmos bipinnafus has many varieties as to shapes,
and its colors run through white, " washed " or faded
pinks, and reds. The plants grow 7-10 ft., and bloom
in fall only. A dwarf variety of this species, and start-
ing out with Dawn ( wliite sliaded to pink at center) has
developed colors until it now inchides white, pink and
crimson. The plants are some 4% ft. high, and bloom in
July. The seed is only one-half the length of the typical
C. biphitiatua. This selection was continued until (hmble
blooms were secured, but double blooms perfected no
seed.
C. aulphurens is entirely distinct from the above, the
foliage being broad and handsomely cut. whilst the
flowers vary from sulfur-yellow of the typical species,
to the rich orange-yellow of Klondyke, and a tall,
late variety*. Cosmos sulphureus shows an inferior
bloom l.^'ain. in diameter, rather meager f<diage, and
grows about 3 ft. high. The tall, late variety has fine,
rich orange fls. 2%-H^ in. in diameter, with very heavy,
coarse and dense foliage, grows 7-12 ft. high, and
blooms in Georgia after October 15. The Klondyke. a
hybrid of my own from Cosmos sulphureus. and the tall,
late-blooming variety, has rich orange-yellow blooms,
2}i-3}4 in. in diameter, with ftdiage a happy medium be-
tween its two parents, grows 3J^-4 ft. high, begins to
bloom in Georgia from field -grown seed April !.'», and by
May 15 is a plant 23-5. ft. tall, covered with blooms from
base to top, which continue without cessation until
killed by frost, when plant is 3}i ft. high an«l of the same
spread. The culture of all varieties is simple, and only
requires well-prepared soil, not too rich, early planting
of seed, and the keeping of young plants free' of weeds
until they shade the ground. C. bipinmitus and the tall,
late variety should be planted in rows 0 ft. apart and 4
ft. in a row.
The variety Dawn and its companions in white, pink
and crimson, and Klondyke should be v>lanted in .l-foot
rows, 3 ft. apart. Neither of the above yellow varieties
should be confounded with the worthless Bidens offered
as Cnxmos sulphureus. The earlier Cosmos seed is
planted after danger of frost the better, as it germinates
unsatisfactorily when the weather is warm. When cab-
bage seed can be sown in the field with safety, Cosmos
can also be sown. Cult. by A. W.' Smith.
A. Ifays white, pink or crimson : disk yellow.
bipinnitus, Cav. Fig. 564. Glabrous annual V-10 ft.
high: Ivs. bipinnately cut, lobes linear, remote, entire:
involucral scales ovate-lanceolate, acuminate: fls. white,
pink or crimson : seeds smooth, with an abrupt beak
much shorter than the body. Mex. B.M.ir.:}5. Gn.41:8;?8.
R.H. 1892:372. — The older and commoner species. C hy-
bridiis, Hort., is presumably a trade name for mixed
varieties of C. bipinnatus, but see G.F. 1:475.
25
AA. Bays yellow. • disk yellow.
stdph^reuB, Cav. Pubescent, 4-7 ft. high, much
branched: Ivs. ofte.i 1 ft. or more long, 2-or 3-pinnately
cut, lol>es lanct olate, mucronate, with rachis and midrib
ciliate or hispid; p nnie alternate, entire or 2-3-toothed:
peduncles 7-10 in. ong, naked: outer involucral bracts
8, linear, a<'uiaina e, grvcn, 2 line * long ; inner ones
8, oblong, obtuse, scarious, 5 lines long : fls. 2-3 in.
across, pale, pure or golden yellow: rays H, bmadly obo-
vate, strongly 3-toothed at the ap^'x, ribbed beneath:
anthers of the disk exserted, black, with oran^re tips:
seeds linear, 1 in. long, including the slender beak.
Mex. G.F. b : 485. — Int. 1896; parent of all yellow forms.
^VAA. Rays dark red: disk red.
diversildliuf. Otto {Bhlens atrosanguinea, Ortg. B.
dahlioides, S.Wats. Ddhlia Zimapdni, KoezI ) . Black
Cosmos. Tender annual, 12-16 in. high, with tubers more
slender, and re«|uiring more care in winter, than those of
common Dahlias: Ivs. pinnately parted; Ifts. 5-7, entire
or slightly serrate, ♦he terminal Ifts. largest: peduncles
each bearing 1 hea«l 6 ii.. or m(»re above foliage: rays
dark velvetv re<l, somC^imes tinged dark purple. ^lex.
B..M. 5227. Gt. 1861 : 3i7. F.C. 2: 47. J.H. III. .33: 403.
Var. Bup^rba, Hort., is sold. — Prop, almost exclusively
by seeds. ^y jj
COSTMARY. The rayless form of Chrysanthemum
Balsamita, known as \a,r. tanacetoides.
C6STTJ8 (old classical name). Scitapninclce(f. Spiral.
FLAif. About .30 perennial thick-rooted herbs, in the
tropics of America, Africa, Asia and Australia, cult, for
their flowing-limbed showy fls.. which are in termi-
nal, bracteate spikes. Corolla tubular, equally cleft, not
showy: one staminodium, enlarged and bell-shaped, usu-
ally with a crispy limb. aT\<l forming the showy part of
the flower (called the lip), cleft down the bjick: ovary
3-loculed: filaments petaloid. More or less fleshy plants,
prized in wannhouses, and grown in the open in 8. Fla.
■ This interesting genus of tropical herbs thrives in any
rich, moist soil, but luxuriates in that of a gravelly or
sandy character, when under partial shade. The plants
are readily propagated by cutting the canes, or stalks,
into short pieces of an inch or two in length, and plant-
ing in sifted peat, or fine moss and sand, covering but
lightly. The roots may also be divided, but this is a slow
means of propagation. Specimen plants require rather
high temperature to bring out the rich colors of the
leaves, which in some species are prettily marked with a
purplish tint, and are usually arranged spirally on the as-
cending stem. This gives rise to the name, " Spiral Flag."
A. Leaves green and plain.
B. Flower white.
gpecidsus, Smith. Four-5 ft., stout, erect: Ivs. ovate or
lance-ovate, nearly 1 ft. long, silky beneath: bracts red:
fl. large, with a flowing white limb and pink center,
3-4 in. across, not lasting. E. Ind. I.H.43:56. Gn.
47:1004.
BB. Flower red.
ignevLB, N. E. Brown. One-3 ft.: Ivs. elliptic-lanceo-
late, 4-6 in. long: bracts not colored nor consp)icuous:
fls. clustered, orange-red. Brazil. I. H. 31:511. B.M.6821.
J.H. III. 28:11.
AA. Leaves party-colored.
mus&icus, Hort. Lvs. obliquely lanceolate. 4-5 in. long,
dark green, marked and tessellateil with silvery gray.
W. Africa. — C. sfftriMrt is very likely the same.
E. N. Reasoner and L. H. B.
COTINUS. A section of Bhus.
COTONEASTEB (cotoneum, quince, and aster, simi-
lar; the lvs. of some species resemble those of the
Quince). Bosdcea>, subfamily Pomece. Shrubs, rarely
small trees: lvs. alternate, deciduous or persistent, short-
petioled, entire, stipulate: fls. solitary or in cymes, ter-
minal, on short lateral branchlets, white or pinkish;
petals 5: stamens about 20: fr. a black or red pomaceous
drupe, with 2-5 stones. About 25 species, in the tem-
perate regions of Europe and Asia, also in N. Africa, but
none in Japan. Ornamental shrubs, many of them with
decorative frs., remaining usually through the whole
386
COTONEASTER
COTTON
winter, while only a few, lilte the hardy C. mulfinnra and
the tender (.'. friijidn, are conapi^'uous with abundant
white fls. Of the species with decorative red frs., V.
tomeniosa , C uumtnularia and C. imlgarin are quite
hardy, and C Sitnonni, C. aritminnta, C. rntHmiifoHa,
C. mivroph.iUa and others are hardy at least as far north
aa New York, while C. frUjida and its allies are the most
tender. The half-everjirreen or evergreen C. horizon-
talis and C. tnicrophi/Hn, with its allied species, are well
adapted for rockeries on account of their low almost
horizontal jjrowth. Cotoneasters thrive in any ^(kmI, well-
drained garden soil, hut dislike very moist and shady
positions. l*rop. by seeds, sown in fall or stratified; the
evergreen species grow readily from cuttings of half-
ripened wood in August under glass; increased also by
layers, put down in fall, or by grafting on C. vuhjarii*,
hawthorn, mountain ash or quince. Monogr. l»v H.
Zabel, Mitteil. Deutsch. Deudrol. Gesellsch., 1897:14-32;
1898:37-38.
A. Foliage dec idiioiis or semi-persistent: fls. usually
in cymes.
B. Fls. with erect petals, usually in feiv-fld. cymes.
C. Lvs. whitish tomentose beneath, deciduous.
vnlgriris.Lindl. (/?. integ^rrima,}ilei\.). Shnib,to4 ft. :
Ivs, ovate or oval, a»'ute or obtuse and mucronulate, gla-
brous and dark green above, whitish and at length
greenish tomentose beneath, %-2 in. long: cymes nod-
ding, 2— 4-tld.: fls. pale pinkish; calyx glabrous outside:
fr. globular, bright red. May, June. Europe, W. Asia,
Siberia.
tomentdsa, Lindl. Shrub, to G ft.: Ivs. broadly oval,
obtuse, dull green above and pubescent when young,
whitish tomentose beneath, 1-2^-2 in. long: fls. 3-12,
white; calyx tomentose outside : fr. bright brick-red.
June. Eu., W. Asia. — Sometimes cult, as C. speciosa,
Hort.
CC. Lvs. green beneath, with oppressed hairs, semi-
persistent or nearly so : calyx appressed-hairy
outside.
actunindkta, Lindl. Erect shrub, to 6 ft. : lvs. oblong to
ovate-oblong, acute, appressed-hairy on both sides, dull
alx>ve, 1^2-3 in. long: cymes 2-5-fld.. nodding: fls. white
or slightlv pinkish: fr. deep red, oblong. June. Hima-
layas. L.B.C. 10:919 (as Mespilus). R.H. 1889:348,
Fig. 5 (as C. Xepalensis).
Simonsi, Bak. Shrub, with spreading branches, to 4 ft. :
lvs. roundish oval, acute, glabrous above, K-1 in. long,
semipersistent: cymes 2-5-fld.: fls. white, slightly pink-
ish: fr. briglit red. June, July. Himalayas. — One of the
best red-fruiting species, often under the name C. Si-
mondsii or Symonsi.
horizont&lis, Dene. Low shrub; branches almost hori-
zontal and densely distichously branched : lvs. round-
oval, acute at both ends, glabrous above, sparingly
setoselv hairv beneath, %-%\n.. long: fls. erect. 1-2. pink:
fr. oblong, bright red. June. China. R. H. 1889: 348,
Fig. 1.— One of the most effective fruiting shrubs for
rockeries.
BB. Fls. with spreading petals, in erect, usually
many-fid. cymes, white.
C. Lvs. obtuse or acute, %-lK »«• long, deciduous.
nummuUria, Fisch. & Mey. Shrub, to 4 ft., with erect
or spreading branches, rarely prostrate: lvs. roundish
or broad ovate, whitish or grayish tomentose beneath,
glabrous above: cymes very short-peduncled, 3-12-fld. :
peduncle and calyx tomentose : fr. red. May. June. From
N. Africa and W. Asia to Himalayas and Turkestan.—
Var. racemiildra, Wenz. (C. Fontanesi, Spach). Lvs.
acute at both ends: cymes 5-12-fld. R.H. 1867: 31. Very
d"Corative and hardy. Var. orbicularis, Wenz. Low
and divaricate: lvs. roundish or obovate, }4-% in. long:
cymes 3-6-fld.
multifldra, Bunge {C. refUxa, Carr.). Shrub, to 6 ft.,
with usually slender, arching branches: lvs. broad ovate,
usually acute, slightly tomentose beneath, soon becoming
glabrous : cymes very numerous, 6-20-fld. : calyx and
peduncles glabrous: fr. red. Mav. Spain, W. Asia to
Himalayas and China. R.H. 1892, p. 327. -Very decora-
tive in bloom, and hardy, but less free fruiting.
CO. Lvs. aruff, 2-5 in. long, semipersistent.
friffida, Wall. Large shrub, to 20 ft. : lvs. oblong, acnte
at both en«ls, glabrous above, tomentose beneath \vhet»
young: cymes long-peduncle<l, ver>' many-fld.. pul»eii
cent : fr. scarlet. April,. May. Himalayas. B.R. 1,",:12*>9
L.B.C. 16:1512. — One of the most beautiful in fl. andfr.
but not hardy north. ''
AA. Foliage persistent, small, H-% in., revolnte at the
margin: fls. IS, with spreading petals, white.
microphyila, Wall. Low, prostrate shrub, densely
branched: lvs. cuneate oblong or obovate, acute, shining
above, densely pubescent beneath: fls. usuallv solitary
calvx pubescent: fr. bright red. Mav. June. HinialavaV
B.R. 13:1114. L.B.C. 14:1374. R.H." 1889: .{48, Fig. 3. "
boxifdlia, Wall. Low shrub, similar to the former; lvs.
eliiptic-ovate or broad oval, acutj'. dull and sometimes
pubescent above, tomentose beneath, ';, -J^ in. long:
cymes 1-3-fld.: calvx pubescent: fr. bright red. Hima-
layas. R.H. 1889: 348, Fig. 4.
C. acutifdlia, Lindl. Allied to C. acumiiiatH. Lvs. oval, arnte.
glabrous and somewhat shining aln^ve: fr. blm-k. Dahuriato
N.China. H»rdy.— (\afrinis,lAntU. Allied to C. friBiiia. Lvs
broa«l-elliptic: fr. dark brown, glolM>se. L.B.C. l6:V}T2.— ('.an-
gustHblia, Franch. Ijow, often spiny: lvs. linear- lanceolate,
tomentose beneath, persistent. Yunnan.— C. arborearens, Zab.|
not Wenz. .\llie«i to C. nnmmularia. Fr. black. Himalayas.-^
C. haeilldris. Wall. Allied to ('. 'rigida. Lvs. smaller, usually
Klabrons )>eneath at length: fr. dark brown. Himalayas.— C.
laxifldrn..lai'n.—C nigra, var. laxiriora. — f '. tnelaiincdrpa. Lcxid.
•=C. nigra.- C. nJf/rfi. Wahlenb. Allie<l to t'. vulgaris. Cjines
erect. 2-10-rid.: fr.bhick. Europe, Sil)eria. L.Ii.C. l«:l.'>;il.— Var.
laxiflhra, Koehne. Cjmes many-fld.. nodding. B.M.a.")19. B.R.
14:i:iO.">. Hardy.— r*. pnnnosft, Franch. Three ft.: Ivs. oval •
lanr-eolate or elliptio, whitish l»em>ath, iKTsistent: fr. red. Yun-
nan.— C. PekinensiS. Zab. Allied to C. acuminata. Lvs. dull
and sparingly hairy ab«)ve: calyx densely pul)es<'ent: fr. black.
N. China.— C. Pyracdntha. Spjwh=Pyracantha cfx-einea.— f . ni-
tundifblia, Wall. (C. microphylla, var. Uva-ursi, Lindl.). Allied
to C. biixifolia. but of more upright growth. Lvs. nearly orbicu-
lar, appresseil-hairy beneath: tis. l-:{; calyx glabrous: fr. red.
Himalayas. B.R. 14:1187.— f. Sinensis, Hort.==i'. acutifolia.— r!
thiintifolia, Bak. Allieil to C. mierophylla. Lvs. cnneate. linear-
oblong, obtuse. R.H. 1889::{48, Fig.2.— r. uniflbra. Bunge. Allied
to C vnilgaris. Lvs. glabnms: fls. solitorj': fr. red. Songaria.—
€. Wheeleri, Hort.=»C. buxifolia, or (.'. nnmmularia. var. or-
bicularis. Alfred Rehder.
COTTON belongs to the genus Gossypium (name u.sed
by Pliny I, of the MalvAretr. The species are now much
confused, but it is generaly agreed that the Sea Island
Cotton is of the species G. Barbadhise, Linn. The up-
565. A Cotton boU.
land Cotton is probably derived chiefly or wholly from
O. herbdiceunij Linn. The former is native in the West
Indies. The nativity of the latter is in dispute, but it
is probably Asian. The Cotton flower is mallow-like, with
a subtending involucre of 3 large heart-shaped bracts.
COTTON
COTYLEDON
387
The carp*Is or cells of the po<l are 3-5. These carpels
break open, and the cotton covering of the tieedH niakcti
B ffiobulur mass, — the Cotton boll (Fig. 565). Cotton is
not a horticultural crop, and in therefore not conf*idered
in this work. The rea<ler will find "The Cotton Plant"
(publitthed by the Dept. of Agr., Bull. 33), a usefi.!
monograph.
COTTONWOOD. Species of Po^m/m*.
COTYLEDON (a name used by Pliny). Crassuldeece.
Includes Echfveriii. Succulent herbs or shrubs, rarely
annual: branches and leaves thick and tleshy : Ivs. oppo-
site or alternate, petiolate or sessile: calyx 5-parted, as
long as or shorter than the corolla tube; petals 5. erect
or spreading, connate to the niiddie, longer than the 10
stamens. Differs fn>m Sedum in the connate petals.
Species 60 or more. Calif, ami Mex., Afr., As. and Eu.
See I.H. 10:76 for an account of many of the species.
Large-growing Cotyledons, such as C. <jibbiflora,\ar.
metaliica, should be increased by cuttings taken after
the bedding season is over. The best metho<l is to cut
off the top of the plant, dress the bottom part, and place
the cuttings in emi>ty i-inch pots, the bottom leaves
renting on the rim of the pot until the cut heals over and
a few small r<M)ts are fonned. They may then be potted
off into suitably sized pots, using sandy loam. No water
will be needed for several days, and when given it must
be only sparingly. The old stems shoubi be placed rather
close together in shallow l>oxes and kept in a warm, dry
pla<'e, where they will form small growths along the
stems; these, when large enough, may be put into boxes
of dry sand, and potted in thumb- or 3-inch pots
when they have ma<le a suflicient (}uantity of roots.
When it is desired to increase the low-growing bedding
kinds on a larger scale, the plants should be lifted before
the ground gets too wet and cold. They may either be
boxed in dry soil and kept in a cool, dry house, or placed
thickly together in a frame, taking care that no drip is
allowed on the plants, and giving no water. The most
convenient time for propagation by leaves is during the
months of November and December, when the fall work
of rooting soft-wooded plants is over. Leaves rooted at
this time will make plants large enough for planting out
the following season. They will take from three to four
weeks to root, according to the kind. The leaves must
be taken from the plant as follows : Grasp each leaf be-
tween the thumb and forefinger, give a gentle twist first
to one side then to the other until the leaf comes off,
taking care that the dormant bud in the axil of the leaf
accompanies it, otherwise the leaf will root but a plant
will not form from it. Make a depression about two
inches deep in the center and four inches wide across
the sand bed, in this lay two rows of leaves with their
bases touching each at the bottom of the depression ;
give no water until the small roots make their appear-
ance, and only slightly afterwards. When the little
plants are large enough they should be boxed, using
sandv loam, and kept in a temperature of not less than
60°F at night.
For bedding purposes the following have been em-
ployed very successfully: C. atropurpurea , Californica,
ehirifolia, coccinea, fascicularis, gibbiflora var. metal-
lira, Pachyphytum, Peacockii, rosea, erunda, secunda
var. glftuca, imbricata, Mexicana, eximia, globosa, glo-
bosa var. extensa, Scheideckerii, mucronata, mirabilis,
parvifnlia. Some of these are not offered in the Ameri-
can trade. Several of the kinds make ver^ ornamental
winter flowering plants: among them are'C gibbiflora
and its forms, C. fnlgeus and C. coccinea. For this pur-
pose the large plants should be lifted from the beds and
carefully potted, as they make a much finer growth in
the open ground than when grown in pots.
Cult, by G. W. Oliver.
A. Lvs. crowded in a rosette at the base of the stem.
B. Fls. white, tinged tcith green.
6dnli8, Brewer (Sedum edule, Nutt. ). Stems cespi-
pitose. very short and thick: lvs. cylindrical or obtusely
3-8ided, 3-4 in. long, erect, whitish or glaucous-green,
not mealy: fls. white, resembling those of Sedum, }4 in.
in diam. , short-pedicelled, along the upper sides of the
flexuous branches of the cyinose panicle ; scape 1 ft.
high. San Diego, Calif. -Int. 18W.
BB. Fla. pale yellow.
CaUIdmica, Baker {C. Idxa, B. & H.). Lvs. in a ro-
sette, concave, ligulate, lanceolate, acute, glaucous,
mealy, slightly yell(»wish, 8 in. long: fls. pale yellow, on
Wtak lateral flowering stems 1-2 ft. long, with short,
ovate, clasping lvs. or bracts and bi- or trifld racemes.
Calif.
BBB. Fls. pale flesh color.
palverul6nta, Baker (Echeverin pnlveruUnta, Nutt.).
Lvs. in a rosette, silvery- green, very mealy, spatulate,
acute, the tips reflexed. the cauline lvs. gradually di-
miuishing into broa<ily cordate, clasping bracts: pani-
566. Cotyledon orbiculata.
cles dichotomously branched ; pedicels slightly longer
than the pale flesh-colored fls. Plants 1 ft. in diam.
S. Calif. F.S. 19:1927, 1928. -A fine plant for carpet-
bedding.
BBBB. Fls. red and green or red and yellow.
secunda, Baker (Echeveria secunda. Booth). Stem-
less : lvs. in a rosette, crowded, cuneiform, mucronate,
glaucous, curving upward : fls. in a 1-sided, recurved
spike, reddish yellow : i»eduncle long, 6-12 in. high.
,June-Aug. Mex. — Fine for borders or carpet-bedding.
There is a var. glauca, Hort.
lanceolita, B. & H. (Echeveria lanceoldta, Nutt.).
Lvs. in a rosette, lanceolate, acuminate, slightly mealy;
stem-lvs. or bracts small, cordate, clasping, distant :
panicle narrow, diehotoraous : fls. red and yellow. Calif.
B&rbeyi, Schw. Whole plant hoary-white : lvs thick,
fleshy, shovel-shaped : fls. olive-green and red. Flower?
freely in spring and summer. Abyssinia. Gt. 45, p. 465.
—An exquisite plant for carpet-bedding.
AA. Jyvs. scattered along the erect or branching stems.
fascicularis, Soland. Smooth. 1-2 ft. high : lvs. pale
greenish white with a yellowish margin, glaucous, few,
388
COTYLEDON
COWPEA
seHJ^ile, e«n«»ftte-obnrtt<», thick, flfttt^ned, sllfirhtly eon-
cave, cuMpidat** : panicle branches lonjf. HC<»rpioiil : Hs.
large. 1 in. Iohk, pendent ; calyx Uthvs wlmrt, broaiUy
ovate-acute; corolla tul)€ much longer than the calyx, yel-
low-green and dull red; corolla-lobes retlexed. S. Afr.
B . M . my2. J . H . 11 r . 29 : 443.
orbieoliU, Linn. Fig. .V»6. Erect. 2-4 ft. high: Ivs.
opp<»site. rtat, tibovate-spatulate, obtune, inucronate,
glaucous and mealv, with red margins: tls. large. re<ldish,
panicled. Fls. Jiine-Sept. S. Afr. B.M. :r2L K.H.
1857, p. 347. — Grows well from cuttings.
Hispinica, Linn. {Pi^itnrhtia Hinpdnica, DC). An-
nual or biennial, branchetl. 0 in. high, er^ct: Ivs. small,
nearly cylindrical, oblong, few, sessile : fls. erect, in
cymes, reddish; corolla tnmi pet-shaped, lobes spread-
ing. Spain, Morocco. R.H. 1895, p. 472.
AAA. Lvs. crowded at the end» of the branches.
retictilita, Thunb. Stems much-branched, tleshy :
lvs. few at the ends of the branches, cylindrical, acute,
erect, fleshy, soft, smooth: fls. in an erect, dichotomous
panicle. The wiry fl. -stalks remain on the plant and give
it the appearance of being enclosed in a network. O.C.
III. 21 :282.
gibbindra, Moc. {Echeveria qibbifUnij DC). Stems
1-2 ft. hi^h: lvs. flat, wedge-shaped, acutely mucronate,
crowded at the ends of the branches: fls. short-petioled:
panicle branches l-side<l, spreailing; corolla gibl)ou8 at
the base between the calyx lobes, the tube white, the
tips touched with crimson. Mex. B.R. 1247.
Var. met411ica, Hort. {ErhererUt metallica, Hort,).
Lvs. large, obuvate-spatulate. 0 in. wide by 7 in* long, a
beautiful glaucous purple with metallic reflections: fls.
yellowish with red tips. Mex. Saunders' Bef. Bot, (Jo.—
An excellent bedding plant.
The following are doubtful spe<*ies : Echerrria Mericdna,
Hort. Stem.s 8-12 in. high : tls. pink and yellow. Blooms in
Tex. all winter. Beautiful f«)r iHirderfi.—JCchereria siipirba,
Hort. Annual, with yellow lis., used for carpet -bedding.
C. atropurpiirea. Baker (E. sangninea, Hort.), and C. r«-
tiita, Baker, have been eatalogue<l in this country. The former
has red fls. and dark purple spotted lvs. ; the latter has yellow-
ish ds. and glaucous green more or less retuse lvs.
Jabeo G. Smith.
COUCH ORASS. Agropyrttm repens.
COVEB-CBOPS. The use of cover-crops in orchard-
ing marks a specific advance brought about by changed
.soil conditions. The term is less than 10 years old, hav-
ing been first applied in this connection by Bailey, in
Bulletin 61, Cornell (N. Y.) Experiment Station, p. 3,33,
December, 1893, though cover-crops were used previous
to that date. In the early days of orcharding in this
country, the soil, rich in humus and undepleted of its
natural resources, gave satisfactory crops of fruit with
trees growing in sod. As time went on, the waning
vigor of the trees was stimulated by breaking up the
sod, atlding barnyard manure to the soil ancl giving
thorough cultivation throughout the sea-son. This sys-
tem gave unsatisfactory results in nmny instances, par-
ticularly in the north,' as it appeared to prevent the
trees from ripening their wood sufficiently to enable
them to endure the winters without frost-injur>' to the
tips; root-killing was also noted as being occasionally
severe on soils unco ered with vegetation during the
winter. About this time the value of the members of
the pea and bean tribe, as enrichers of the soil, became
recognized more fully than formerly through the dis-
covery of the nitrogen-collecting agents housed in the
nodules borne by the roots of legumes. The best or-
chard practice of the present day, whether in the peach-
growing areas of the .south or the apple districts of
the north, consi.sts in giving the most thorough culti-
vation possible during the wood-producing period of
the year, — that is, till about the time the fruit trees'
terminal buds are formed, — then seeding this thoroughly
pulverized surface with a suitable cover-crop, which
is plowed under early the following spring.
Cover-cropping is the raising of a crop in the orchard
after cultivation should cease (about midsummer), that
will protect the roots of the trees by preventing alternate
freezing and thawing and deep freezing of the ground ;
that will h*h\ Rompthini? to the fertility of the soil wln^n
turned under in spring; that will improve the physical
condition of the soil; that will occupy the trrouml to the
exclusion of weeds. In the south the considerations are
practically identical, except that the contingency of
root injury from frost is n«»t weighed.
There are two classes «)f cover-«'rops: the nitrogenous
and the n(»n-nitrogen<ms. Of the fornu-r. rye, buck-
wheat, oats, millet, com (maize), rape and turnip-* are
{)rincipally used. Theseplants should l>e sown much Inter
nthe season than the clovers, cowpeas or most nifmccu-
ous covers. They are valuable where the soil is hard and
tough in texture, as advance agents of the legumes which
may bt« use«l when an improved physical condition is se-
cure<l. Buckwheat is particularly useful in ameliorat-
ing hard soils. It .Mhould not be sown «'arly enough to
allow seed t«» form before froMt. These a«ld compara-
tively little nitrogen to the soil. Among nitrocenous
cover-crops, crimson clover, red clover, cowpeas, soy
beans, field pea, and vetch are the most prominent. In
the south, crimson clover and cowpea (of which there
are many varieties) are much in vogue. Cowpeas are im-
satisfactory, however, north of the peach belt, owiny to
their sensitiveness to light autumn frosts. In apple-
growing sections where the soil is mellow, red clover
does well. A mixture of crimson clover an<l (»ats is used
in peach sections in Michigan w^ith success ; 12 quarts
of the fonner to 3 pecks of the latter per acre are sown
about the middle of August. The Geneva Kxperinient
Station recommends a mixture of }4 bushel of buck-
wheat to 1 bushel of field peas per acre for clay soils.
The question of what cover-cn>ps to use is best deter-
mined by an examination of the character of the soil,
and the condition of the orchard trees. If the trees are
gr<»wing slowly on mellow and friable soil, it will prob-
ably be a<lvisable to use a nitrogenous cover-crop. If,
on the other hand, the trees are making a luxuriant
growth, and the soil is of the heavy order, a member of
the non-nitrogenous group should be tried.
Kinds of Cover-crops.
1. Non-nitrogenous-
a. Rye, two bushels per acre.
6. Buckwheat. % bushel per acre.
c. Oats. 2X bushels per iwre.
d. Com, broadcast 1 bnsliel per acre.
e. Rape or turnips, 3 pounds per acre.
2. Nitrogenous—
o. Crimson clover, 16 p.^unds per acre.
b. Red clover, 14 bushels per acre.
e. Sand vetch, l}^ bushels per acre.
d. Soy l)eans, 2 bushels per acre.
e. Cow iteas, 2 bushels per acre.
/. Field peas, ij^ bushels per acre.
3. Mixtures of Nos. 1 and 2—
a. Buckwheat, 1% bushels per acre.
Fieltl Peas, 1 bushel per acre.
6. Crimson clover, 12 pounds per a'j*.
Oats, three pecks per acre.
e. (►ats, 1 bushel per .-icre.
Vetch, 1 bushel per acre.
John Craiq.
COWBEBBY. Usually means Vaccinium Vitis-Idaea.
In parts of Scotland, Comurum palustre.
COW-HEBB. Saponaria Vaccaria.
COWPEA. Fig. 567. The American name for Vigna
C&tjan^, Walp. ( r. Sinensis Endl.),one of the Legu-
minosBB allied to Dolichos and Phaseolus, From Phaseo-
lus (the common bean), Vigna differs in not having a
spiral keel, style hairy above, stigma oblique or in-
trorse, and other minor technical characters. In other
than American literature, the Cowpea is known as China
Bean and Black-Eyed bean. In the S. it is commonly
known a« Black Pea. Botanically it is a bean rather
than a pea. The CoA-pea is a rambling, tender annual,
native to China and Japan. In this country it is exten-
sively grown in the southern states, as a hay crop. It
is also invaluable as a green-manure crop (see Cover-
crop). It is to the south what clover is to the north
and Alfalfa is to the west. It is sown broadcast after
the manner of field peas. From 3 to 5 pecks of seed are
used per acre. See Cowpeas, Farmers' Bull. 89, Dept.
of Agric, by Jared G. Smith. l, h. B.
— — ^ ^— -
COWSLIP
CRANBERRY
389
S67. Cowpea I
I'eua natural siz«
COWSLIP. The tnie
EuKlish Cowslip is /Vi-
mula off icitut lilt. The plant wrongly
oftlU'<i Cowslip in America is the Marsh
Marifjohl, dtltha pnlnatriH. The
"Ameriran Cowslip " is a popular name
for Doiiecathenn Mendin. The Vir-
ginian Cowslip is sometimes used for
Mertensia Viryinica.
COXE, WILLIAM, of Burlington,
N. J., was a pioneer poniolotfist. Ho
was horn in Philuclel|»hia, May ;<, 1702,
and died <)n his farm on the Delaware
river near Burlington, Feb. 25, 18:}1,
He deserves special remembrance for
his excellent and now scarce hofik, "A
View of the Cultivation of Fruit Trees,
and the Management of Orchards and
Cider, with accurate descriptions (tf the
most estimable varieties of native and
foreign apples, pears, pea<'hes, i)lums
and cherries cultivated in the Middle
States of America— illustrated by cuts
of two hundre«l kinds of fruits of the
natural size," This was printed at Bur-
limrton, and publishe<l at Fhiladelphiu
in 1H17. (ira[»es and small fruits were
not included in the scope of his l>ook,
l)iit an article of his in the American
Farmer for July, 1M28, shows that be
was acquainted with many varieties of grapes, and had
done much grafting. His Imok was a standard until the
time of the Downings, and was freely used by other au-
thors. The illustrations were excellent for their time,
but show only the size and outline of a fruit, and
whether it was dott<?d, splashe<l or streaked.
Coxe 8ai<l, 1H17. that he ha<l been "for many years
actively engaged in the rearing, planting and cultivat-
ing? of fruit trees on a scale more extensive than has been
attempted by any other individual of this county." He
also had a national reputation for his cider at an age
when it was the most famous and characteristic bever-
age of the people, and when apple trees were cultivated
more for cider than for a table fruit.
William I'oxe belonpred to one of the most refined fam-
ilies of Philadelphia. His early education was some-
what meager by reason of the Revoluti<»nary war. but
he became a cultured gentleman. John Jay Smith gives
this pleasant picture of him: "Well do we remember his
extensive library in his fine mansion on the 'Bank' at
Burlington, when as a li tie boy we were assigne<l the
duty of bringfing away, or taking home, some book or pam-
phlet from his ever open stores of information. • • •
His person was handsome, and his bearing that of the
'old-fashioned' gentleman, improved by mixing in the
best society, but retaining the forms of the greatest po-
liteness and suavity, that mo<iem usages are too rapidly
casting off. An errand to Mr. Coxe's was a cherished
privilege; never was the opportunity neglected by him
to place in the hand of his visitor some fruit that he so
well knew would be appreciated by a youthful appetite.
The finest Seckel pears we have ever seen were not un-
frequent deposits. He had an especial fondness for the
Deckel pear, which is certainly amonflr the half dozen
most famous pears of American oritrin, and which was
pronounced by Downing to be the finest Havored of all
pears." Coxe was madi- an honorary member of the Hor-
ticultural .SiM'iety of London for making known the mer-
its of this pear thr«>u»;h Dr. Hosat'k. The city of Bur-
linicton has exceptional interest, b<)th natural an«l his-
torical, and has a In^auty of its own. Either the first
willow or the first poplar plante«l there is said to have
been brought from Halifax in the hand of William Coxe.
He plante«l many trees to l)eautify the town and. in par-
ticular, extende«i the front of the'Mireen Bank." It i»
pleasant to think of William Coxe in connecti<m with
the willow-friiiKetl bank of the Delaware. Biographi-
cal details are unfortunately only tf)o meager. A few
other details mav be gleaned from the Horticulturist,
1 1 : 304- J07 ( 1»00) . \y j^j.
CBAB'8-EYE VINE. See Abrus.
CRAB-APPLE in its widest sense means a small
apple. The Crab-apples of history are fruits of Pyrns
baeeata. For more restricted uses of the word crab, see
Pyrus.
CBAB-OBASS. One of several names for Eleu»in«
Indica; also for certain Panicums, as P. snnguinale.
CEAMBE (old Greek substantive). Crttciferce. Per-
ennial hardy herbs, with small white, fragrant fls. in
panided racemes: Ivs. mostly thick and larjye, more or
less cut or lyrate. Of easy culture. liittle known in this
country. C. marltima, Linn. , is the Sea Kale (which
see). C. cordifdiia, St 7., of thQ (Caucasian region, is
cult, as a borler plant. It is an excellent foliage plant,
withstan«ling the winters in the northern states. Lvs.
very larj;e and heavy, cordate and ovate, t(x)thed, gla-
brous or nearly so: fis, small but very numerous, in great
branchy panicles 5-7 ft. hi^h ami nearly as broad. Gn.
50, p. fuo. (tng. 4:291. — P'or the first two years from
seed the plant makes only Ivs.; but the thinl year it
may be expected to bloom, after which the plant usu-
ally becomes weak and dies. £^^ |j^ g^
CRANBERRY. A name applied to trailing species of
the genus Vaccinium (AVicfk* <•«>). Of the true Cranber-
ries there are two species in North America, — the small
( Vaccinium (txyroccns), and the large ( C mdcrocnr-
pon). These are native to swamps, where they trail
their slender stems and little ovul evergreen leaves over
the sphagrnum and boggy turf. The red, firm berries
ripen late in fall, and often persist on the vines until
spring, when well protected with snow. Each berrj' is
borne on a slender pedicel ; and the curve of this pedi-
cel in the European species is said to have suggested
the name Craneberry, which is now shortened to Cran-
berry. See Vaccinium.
The large Cranberry, Vaccinium macrocarpon, is now
cultivated on hundreds of acres in the United States;
and this Cranberry culture is one of the most special
and interesting of all pomoloerical pursuits. This Cran-
berry grows only in North America; and North America
is the only country which has a domestic or cultivated
Cranberry. Because Cranl)erry-growing is such an un-
usual type of horticulture, it is thought advisable to
devote considerable space to it in this Cyclopedia.
Cranberries may be grown on land both l<»w and Ligh;
but it is the general experience that low, boggj- lands
are the only ones which give permanently good results.
In the winter, the natural Cranberry bogs are usually
flooded, and in summer they are free of standing water.
The flowers are often caught by the late frosts of spriuR,
and the fruit may be injure<l by the early frosts of fall.
Bogs are often ruined by fire in times of drought. In-
sects and fungi often play havoc with the crop.
The ideal bog for Cranberry culture is the one in
which the natural environments of ti e plant are most
nearly imitated, and in which the grower can have the
greatest control over the difficulties mentioned above.
It should have the following qualifications : (1) Capa-
bility of being drained of all surface water, so that frea
water does uot stand higher than one foot below the
390
CRANBERRY
CRANBERRY
surface in the growing season. (2) Soil which retains
moisture through the summer, for Cranberries suffer
greatly in drought. (3) Sufficient \ '•^r supply to en-
able it to be flooded. (4) A fairly lev v.. or even surface,
so that the flooding will be of approximately uniform
depth over the entire area. (5) Not over-liable to frosts.
Bogs which contain moss or sphagnum and which have
a peaty or muckj' soil are usually chosen. If heath-like
shrubs grow naturally in the bog. the indications are all
the better. The presence of the Cassandra or Leather-
leaf is regarded as a good augury. Black ash, red
maple, swamp huckleberrv, and white cedar swamps are
often very satisfactory. Old mill-ponds often give good
results.
Before the Cranberries are planted, the bog must be
cleaned of trees, bush(s, moss and roots. This may
be done by "turfing," whic*. is the digging out of the
flood in spring or fall, to kill insects or to protect
from frosts. The objects of flooding are as follows: (l)
to protect the plants from heaving in winter ; (2 ) to
avoid late spring and early fall frosts ; (3) to drown in-
sects ; (4) to protect from drought; (5) to guard against
fire. Unless serious contingencies arise, the bog is
flooded only in winter. A flooded bog looks like a lake
(Fig. 568). Good results are obtained now and then -in
"dry" or upland bogs, which cannot be flooded; but such
bogs or meadow? rarely give uniform results, and they
are less advised than formerly.
There are three centers of Cranberry growing in North
America, — Cape Cod peninsula. New Jersey, Wisconsin.
Each has methods peculiar to itself. It was in the Caiie
Cod region that Cranberry culture began. The first at-
tempts were made early in this century. William Ken-
rick, writing in 1832 in this "Orchardist," savs that
"Capt. Henry Hall, of Barnsta'jle, has cultivated the
Cranberry twenty years;" "Mr. F. A. Hayden, of Lin-
coln, Mass., is stated to have gathered froi i his farm in
1830, 400 bushels of Cranberries, which brought him in
Boston market $(500." In the second an<i subsequent edi-
tions, Kenricks makes the figure $400. It is not said
whether Mr. Hayden's berries were wild or cult'vated.
At the present day, with all the increase in production,
568. Cranberry-pickine scene on a Cape Cod bog.
In the upper comer is a bog in full flood (in winter). In the lower
is the flame or outlet dam.
swamp growth, or by "drowning," which is deeply
flooding the place for a year. The method of preparing
the surface for receiving the plants varies in diffcent
regions. Open ditches are run through the place in
sufficient number to carry off the surface water. They
are usually made 2 to 4 feet deep. If some water stands
in them during the summer, better results are expected.
These ditches usually feed into one main or central
ditch; and this main ditch is preferably the one which,
when dammed at its lower en<l, floods the bog by back-
ing up the water. Growers prefer, if possible, to divert
a living brook through the bog, or to straighten and
deepen one which may exist there ; but in the absence
of a brook, a reservoir
may be constructed above
the' bog. Sufficient water
supply should be had to
cover the entire area from
December until April or
early May, to a depth of at
least one' foot. The lower
places will have a deeper
covering, but 4 or 5 feet
in places usually does no
harm in the winter. It
569. Cranberry hand-picker, also may be necessary to
prices are higher than those
received by Mr. Hayden.
In the third (1841) and subsequent editions, it is .«aid
that "an acre of Cranberries in full b*»aring will produce
over 200 bushels ; and the fruit generally sells, in the
markets of Boston, for $1.50 per bushel, and much higher
than in former years." It was as late as 1850, however,
that Cranberry culture gained much prominence. It was
in 185(> that the first treatise appeared : B. Eastwood's
" Complete Manual for the Cultivation of the Cranberry."
About 1845, Cranberry culture began to establish it.self
in New Jer.jey.
In the Cape Cod region, the bogs are "turfed." The
surface covering is cut into small squares and hauled
off. The object is to obtain a uniform surface in order
that all plants may have equal opportunity. The bog is
then "sanded." Rather coarse, clean sand is spread over
the entire area to the depth of about 4 inches. In this
covering, the vines are planted. The sand keeps down
weeds and thereby lessens .subsequent labor; it affords
a moisture-holding mulch for the muck: it renders the
plantation easier to be worked in wet weather, and it pre-
vents the too vigoroi:- growth of the vine. Every four
of five years a fresh sanding, to the depth of an inch or
less, is given. This keeps the vines short and close.
Formerly, whole roots or " sods " of Cranberry were used
CRANBERRY
CRANBERRY
391
for planting, but now cuttings are employed. These cut-
tings are 6- or 8-inch pieces of vigorous runners, with
the leaves on. They are thrust oblicjuely through the
santl, only an inch or two of the top remaining un-
covered. They are set about 14 inches apart each way.
In three or four years a full crop is obtained. The bogs
are kept clean by means of hand weeding. At Cape Cod,
it is estimated that the sum of $;{00 to $.500 per acre is
required to tit and i)lant a bog. A good yield from a
bog in full bearing is oO barrels to the acre ; but 200
barrels have been grown.
In New Jersey, the general tendency is to omit the
sanding. The bogs are no' cleared so carefully. The
plants are often set directly in
the earth bottom, after the heavy
turf is removed. The bogs— or
lueadows, as they are usually
called — are not kept so scrupu-
lously clean. Itisth<mght
that a reasonable quan-
tity of grass prevents
scalding of
the berries.
If the vines
become too
by the form of the berry,— the bell-shaped (Fig. 570),
the bugle-shaped (Fig. 571), and the cherry-shaped
(Fig. 572). There are many named varieties in each o£
these classes, differing in size, color, firmness, keeping
qualities, productiveness. These varieties have been
selected from plants which have appeared naturally in
the bogs. Some of them have been discovered in wild
bogs. The demands of the market, as respects varie-
ties, are constantly changing. In Massachusetts, the fol-
lowing varieties are now popular: Early Black, Howe,
Matthews, McFarlin.
The Cranberry is now a staple article of
food in North America. " Turkey and Cran-
berry sauce" may be said to be the national
dish. The berries are used in great va-
riety of dishes. An effort has been made to
open an European market, and an agent
was sent abroad in 18I>.'} for that purpose by
the American Cranberry Tra<le Company.
The export trade has now assumed some
importance, and is growing. The approxi-
mate Cranberry crops for a series of years
are shown below, in bushels:
Dennis Cranberry,
Natural size.
Type of the Bugle Cranberries
deep, they are mown or burned in order to
secure a fresh growth from the roots.
The gathering of the crop is done preferably by
hand-picking, particularly in plantations \vhich are
well cared for. In some cases the berries a/e raked
off with a steel garden rake, but many of them are
lost and bruised, and the vines may lie injured. It
is said by some that the tearing out of the old and
large vines in the raking tends to renew the plants,
and this is undoubtedly true; but there are better
ways of keeping the vines young and short, as by
sanding or mowing. In the East, raking is now
rarely employed, unless the crop is ver>' poor or
prices very low; or unless hard frost is expected,
in which case the berries may be raked, the bog
floo(le<l, and the berries caught at the flume. Stmie-
tinies the bog is flooded when hard frost is threatened
and the water is allowed to remain all winter, and
the berries are harvested in the spring ; but such
early flooding may injure the vines. The price paid
for the picking of Cranberries is usually about 40 to
,')0 cts. a bushel. Three to four bushels is considered to
be an average day's picking. There are various devices
to facilitate the picking. On Cape Cod a ]H)piilar im-
plement is the Lunibert picker (Fig. o«J!>). The machine
is thrust into the vines, and the operater closes the lid
by bearing down with his thumb; drawing it backward
pulls off the berries. Usually the pickers are" lined -oflF"
(Fig. .568) by ci»rds stretched across the bog. thus limiting
each one to a particular area, which he is required to
pick clean. The l)erries are cleaned by ninning them
through a separator, by passing them over a screen,
hy fl«»ating off the litter by dowsing them in water, and
by other means. Dowsing usually reduces the market
value. They are then marketed in barrels or crates,
Uf varieties there are three general types, determined
572. Makepeace Cranberry.
Natural size. Tj-pe of the Cherry Cranberries.
CRAXBERRY CROP.«, IN BrSHELS
1877 1878 1879 1880 1881
New England 2.">0,r.(H) 160.825
New.Iersey 128.7(K) loT.OU
TheWest li;i,4;{0 14H.188
Totals 400,828 295,760 23:{,000 92,630 461,025
1882 1883 1884 1885 1886
New England.... 19.1,664 141,964 130,.5a3 280,879 274.799
New.lersey 78..-i07 n8„V24 124,648 198,125 2:}4.2.>t
TheWest .'W.OOO i:i.%,.'i07 24,78.*) 264,4:r2 .31,396
Totals 322,171 395.995 280,014 743,436 540.449
392
CRANBERRY
CRANBERRY
1887
New England..,. 307.563
New Jersey 16;{,788
The West 140.672
1888
260.000
225.000
100.000
350.000
200.000
70.000
1^0 1891
375,000 480,4)00
200,000 250.000
225.0(K) :iO,0()0
Totals.
.... 612,0^ 585.000 620.000 800,000 760,000
1892 1893 1894 1895 1896
New England.... 37.5.000 575.000 185,000 420.000 600.000
New Jersey 160.000 ;<25,(KH) 200,000 200,000 200,000
The West 6.5,000 HiO,000 2.5,000 10.000 .30,000
Totals 600,000 1,000,000
1897
New England... . 400,000
New Jersey 2.'x).(H)0
TheWest 50,000
410,000
1898
425,000
300,000
75,000
650,000
1899
425.000
175,000
85,000
830,000
Totals......... 700,000 800,000 685,000
Average prices for Cranberries of good qualitj' now
range from $4.00 to $6 per barrel. The following table
(by Rider) f'ives a summary of "opening" and "closing"
pTices per bushel for 18 Cranberry seasons :
TEAK
1877,
1878.
1879,
1880,
1881,
1882.
1883,
18»1,
1885,
1886,
1887,
1888.
1889,
1890,
1891,
1892,
1893,
1894,
OCTOBER
MAY
$2 00 ^a; $2 .50
$4 00 @ $4 50
2 00 (a
2 25
2 25 ro)
2 50
1 75 (a
2 00
5 00 fa
6 00
1 50 <»
2 00
.50 fa
1 00
1 50 '»
2 00
2 00 fa
3 00
2 75 f&
3 00
2 00 ret
3 50
2 75 fa
3 00
5 25 ®
5 50
2 75 fee
3 00
2 .50 fa
2 75
1 59 'w
1 70
.5»i /&
75
1 25 fa
1 .50
:\ 75 rd
4 00
1 75 fa
2 00
2 75 fa.
3 00
1 35 fd
2 00
75 fa
1 00
1 .50 ®
2 00
4 (K> fa.
5 00
2 00 fa
2 25
3 00 ®
3 50
1 .50 fa
2 00
1 25 ®
1 00
1 25 fa
1 50
2 00 f®
3 00
1 25 f(i
1 .50
2 00 (S
3 00
2 00 fa
2 50
50 fa
75
The Low-bush Cranberry, or Wolfberry { V. Vitis-
Idva), is much used in Nova Scotia and other parts, and
is gathered and shipped in large quantities to Boston;
but it is not cultivated. This berry is also common in
Euro;ie, where it is much prized. The quantities of this
fruit imported into the U. S. from various sources is con-
siderable. For example, between July 24 and Dec. 'M,
1897, "h»i follov?ing imports were received (as compiled
by Rider) :
From Nova Scotia
Sweden and Norway...
Newfoundland
Germany
Denmark
or
31.748 qts.
19.905 qts.
7,2.56 qts,
' 'tiOqtP.
its.
14 ts,
L,i bu.
®$1 " ■
® 1. .
dob 279
<& 180
® 27
$2,784
The Cranberry is subject to the attacks of various
insects, for most of which the best remedy is flooding,
although the fruit-worm is probably best destroyed by
spraying with arsenites. There are also fungous troubles.
For information on all these difficulties, the bulletins
of the New Jersey Experiment Station are the best
literature.
The best literature on the Cranberry is comprised in
the Proceedings of the American Cranberry (Jrowers'
Association, with headquarters at Trenton, N. J. This
society holds an ''annual meeting" in January, and an
"annual convention " in August. Beginning with 1880,
it has published regular reports of each of these gather-
ings. The standard books are White's "Cranberry Cul-
ture," largely from the New Jersey standpoint, and
Webb's "Cape Cod Cranberries." l. H. B.
Notes by a Wisconsin Grower. — Cranberries are
raised mainly in the states of Massachusetts, New Jer-
sey, W^isconsin, Michigan and Minnesota. The eastern
marshes are mostly "made," while in Wisconsin there
are thousands of acres of natural marsh as yet entirely
unctiltivated, as well as much that is cultivated.
The natural .'soil for the Cranberry is peat. Sand is
also good, but, when used alone, must have a new coat
of it spread over the ground every few years, as it be-
comes exhausted and the vines become woody and cease
to bear. The ideal soil seems to be a foundation of
peat, with from 2 to 4 inches of sand spread over it.
It is very desirable that the surface should be level so
that it can all be kept equally moist. The leveling is
usually done by "scalping," i. e., taking off the sod and
carrying it away. This also removes the mos« and
other foul vegetation, and gives the vines a chance
to take full possession of the ground. If scalping is
considered too expensive, the moss may be killed by
flooding in winter and drawing the water off in spring •
but it takes two or three years for it to rot sufficientlv
to allow vines to do well. Plowing is sometimes re.sorted
to where it can be done, or the sods turned upside down
by^ some other means.
The best sites for Cranberry raising are those which
afford a perfect water supply. There sliould be a reser-
voir of water on the upper side of the marsh (and if it
is on the north or northwest so much the l)etter, as it
will then be more sure protection from frost), which can
be emptied on to the marsh at short notice; and there
must also V>e good drainage, to carry it away from the
marsh quickly when desired. A level piece of niar.'^h
which has vines already growing on it looks verj- tompi-
ing to the uninitiated, but, if it has not a good water
supply, it is bett«'r to leave it in the natural state and
take the crops which grow in favorable season.s, than
to spend money improving it.
A good sand marsh may b*> made near any stream in
a sandy region by selecting a spot where water can be
drawn from the stream, but there should also be a reser-
voir to hold water in, as that which comes directly from
a running stresun is sometimes too cold for Cranberries.
If dams are built fr(»ui the sods thrown from the
ditches, it is desirab!:, at least for the reservoir dams,
to cover them with sand. This should be put mo.stlv on
the top and upper side, and should slope from the t<ij» of
the dam to the center of the ditch. This prevents niusk-
T&U fi-oii; doing very much damage, and the dam is not
so apt to be washed out by high water as when built in
a perpendicular wall. The cheapest way to move sand
to build dams or for spreading on the niarsh is to haul
it on sleighs in the winter. A platform is built on rock-
ers, so that the load may be dumped at one side of the
sleigh ; and two loads in a place on a good peat dam
will nuike a heavy reservoir dam. The pit from which
sand is taken should be well protected with snow or
sawdust to prevent its freezing badly. One of the best
ways of making waste-gates is to place three joists
lengthwise of the dam a little below the bottom of the
ditch, and a platform built upon thein, and the whole
settled down as flrmly as possible; then the dam is built
right onto the platform for 3 or 4 feet on each side, and
then the sideboards put in place, and cleats nailed up
and down into which to slip the sluice boards. It is a
good plan to have an outside ditch, which will carry sur-
plus water around the marsh instead of across it, in wet
seasons.
Planting.— There are several methods of planting
vines. C>ne way is to sort the vines and then cut them uj),
roots and all, in pieces about eight inches in length, lay-
ing them down three or four in a place, pushing the lower
end into the ground by means of a stick shaped like a
paddle; or it is sometimes done by a piece of iron fa.st-
enened to the bottom of a shoe. " This method leaves
the plants in an uiiright position, and tliey do not grow so
rapidly as when pushed into the ground obliquely or
laid on top of the ground, as their first growth is to make
runners. Sometimes the vines are cut in a hay cutter,
sown by hand like wheat, and then rolled. A good
method of planting in the west is to take vines without
cutting and drop two or three in a place and strp on
them ; if put a foot apart, tliey will soon cover the ground,
and will bear a good cn.p in three years. The greatest
care must be taken, while sorting vines, that they do not
dry out, for if they do they are worthless.
In subsequent culture is when water comes into use.
The ditches should be about ten rods apart, each ditch
having a dam built below^ it of the material thrown from
the ditch ; the drain ditches running down through the
marsh need not be qtiite so close together. To [tromote
the growth of vines, it is only desired to hold the ditches
about half full, .so that the ground may be moist, hut if
water is kept up onto vines at this time thev will be
CRANBP.RRY
CRASS L' LA
393
drowned and do nothing. When frosty nif»hts come,
after vines have begun to grow, wattT should be drawn
from the reservoir to cover them, :*nfi let off the next
morning. If the ends of the new shoots get frozen, it is
a decided set-back, and especially so when the vines
have reached the bearing age, as then it cut'< off the crop
and hurts the prospect for the corain,? year by taking
the terminal bud. The vines do throw out side shoots,
however, and sometimes the second season's crop does
not seem to be mu<*h affected by it. When tt'» plants
are in blossom (which is ail thnmgh July) the groauu
must not get too dry, or the blossoms will blast. This
trouble was experienct <l in many places during the sum-
mers of '8<J and '87, when it was so dry that nothing but
a stream fed by springs could begin to furnish a supply
of water. Through the most of the summer, it is best
to keep the water from 4 to 8 inche.s below the surface,
but before the spring frosts are over it is better to keep
it nearly to the surface, and if it is a season of drought,
draw water down over the marsh al>out once a week.
After the fruit has set, if obliged to flood as a protection
against frost, be sure to draw the water Oii quickly the
next morning, or the berries will be scalded.
The marsh should not be flooded for winter till quite
late, some time in November, generally, as the fall
frosts do not injure the vines, but help them harden, so
tliHt they will endure the winter's snow and ice without
injury. Sometimes during the late winter, a rain or
thaw will let surplus water on the marsh and this may
lift the ice, and that will take the vines with it, right out
of the ground. This should be guarded against by open-
ing waste-gates and drawing off the extra water. The
flood should be left on the marsh in the spring until the
spring frosts are over ; in Wisconsin the time for draw-
ing off the water is generally about the 20th of May, and
it must be closely watched afterwards, as the vines are
then very tender and will not bear as hard a frost as
they will after they have been uncovered a few weeks.
Berries are gathered in two different ways : one is to
pick them by hand, the other to rake them. The hand-
picking is mostly done by women and children or In-
dians. Every thirty pickers should have an overseer,
whose duty it is to see that the vines are picked clean
and that no refuse is allowed to go into the box; also to
give a check for every bushel box tilled, and to carry
the full boxes to the wagon, car or boat. The pickers
in the west xiae shallow peck boxes to pick in, and when
these are tilled they empty them into the bushel box.
The pickers are placed in a row, thirty of them occupy-
ing from 80 to 90 feet, and a rope should be stretched
ea<"h side of them to keep them going straight ahead, or
else they are very apt to turn to the right or left for
better picking.
The cheapest way of gathering berries is to rake them
with what is called a " scoop rake "( Fig. 57.'$ ) . It needs
stout men to use these to advantage, at least
those who are not troubled with backache, as
they must keep a stooping position almost con-
stantly. Rakes should
not be used in young
vines where there are a
great many runners, as
they would pull them up
Ity the roots too much,
but .IS the vines get older
and the fruit shoots
stand up out of the way
of the runners, raking
does not seem to injure
them. The rakers should
have ropes stretched be-
tween them, each man
being given a space from
one to three rods wide,
end every ten should
have an overseer, who
will also rake most of the time. Rakers are hired by the
(iay, hut hand pickers pick by the box. The rake is
much used in the west.
If the berries can be taken to the warehouse in a boat
along the ditches, it is the best way, as they bruise
eftsily and should be carefully handled ; but if that is
not practicable, then thev must be taken in wagons
573. The hand scoop rake.
which are driven as close to the picking ground as pos,
sible ; or a portable track may be laid onto the marsh-
and a car used. The bushel boxes which are used have
the sides and bottom made of lath, with small spaces
between; and these boxes are used to cure the berries
in, being piled up in tiers, so that tht ai^'can circulate be-
tween them. The berry -house should be bui!*" with dead
air spacer: !p the wallh, and windows snovdd be darkibucd
nr'd building kept closed during ♦he day. See l:!iiorage.
CraLbeiries are generally shipped in barrels, but some
use bushel crates, though in whatever ihey nre packed,
the greatest care should be taken to put them np in
good shape, if picked before they begin to ripen,
and then packed so that wlun they reach their destina-
tion they are settled from one to thnic iiuhes in the barrel,
dealers "vil' not want them, and this kind of manage-
ment has much to do with low prices. Before putting
into barrels, the berries are put through a Cranberry
mill, and then, if there are still a few bad berries,
they are put on tables ma<le for the purpose, and the
rest of the bad ones picked out by hand.
The profits of the business depend so much upon the
amount of expense which has been necessary to improve
the marsh that it is impossible to give any exact iigures.
The smaller the marsh, the (juicker it can be imjiroved
and made to begin to pay a profit. Anyone who under-
takes to improve a large niarsh ought not to expect
much from it short of ten or fifteen yearR, though, if
carefully managed, it may be matle to pay cost of im-
proving after three or four years.
There is a small sand marsh in Wisconsin, made after
an attempt to farm tlie l!in<l had utterly failed because
the soil was so poor, which has yielded a better income
for several years than the best farm in the county. It
is a profitable business when honest work and careful
management are united in it, but not otherwise.
H. B. TCTTLE.
CEANBEKEY IEEE. Same as High-bush Cran-
berry, Viburnum Opulus.
CEANESBILL. Looselv applied to the whole genus
Geranium. In America it usually means G. maculatum.
CEASSULA (Latin, thickin/i; referring to the thick
leaves and stems). CrassulActie. This genus gives the
name to the order Crassulaceap, which contains many
cultivated succulent plants, and also others of widely
different habit, — about 400 species altogether. The order
is closely related to the Saxifragacesp, and differs in
having the carpels of the ovary entirely free and equal
in number to the petals, but the forms pass easily into
the SaxifragacesB through Francoa and Tetilla. and
back again thnmgh Triactina. The genera are ill defined,
and certain species of Sedum cross over the lines of
Crassula, Cotyledon aud Sempervivum, while between
Crassula and Tillaea no good distinction can be made.
For these reasons it seems best to give a key to the
genera of garden importance.
A. Stamens as many as the petals,
B. Petals free, or connate only at the tiase.
1. Cba.ssula. Floral parts in 5's: calyx shorter than
the corolla.
BB. Petals often connate to the middle or beyond.
2. RocHEA. Calyx many times shorter than the tube of
the corolla.
AA. Stamens normally twice as many as the petals
{sometimes equal in number, especiallg in jVos.
5, 6', 8).
B. Petals free, or connate only at the very base.
3. Sedcm. Floral parts usually 4-5: scales small.
4. Sempervivtm. Floral parts G to many (rarely 5):
scales small.
5. MoNANTHES. Floral parts G-12; scales petal-like.
B3. Petals often connate to the middle or beyond.
n. Kalanchoe. Calyx 4-parted.
7. Huvoi'HVLi.UM. Calyx large, inflated, shortly 4-cut.
8. Cotyledon. Calyx 5-parted.
The floral parts of Crassula are normally 5, rarely 6-9,
394
CRASSULA
CRATAEGUS
but cultivation probably changes the number of parts
not infrequently. Crassulas are herbs or shrubs, rarely
annuals, usually thick and fleshy : Ivs. opposite, rarely
stalked, often grown together at the base, entire or with
a cartilaginous margin: fls. small, white, rose, or rarely
yellow, usually in cymes, rarely in heads. For C. coc-
cinea &nd jas mi nea, see Jfoehea. \^^ jj,
Crassulas are greenhouse plants requiring a dry atmos-
phere during the resting period. While making growth,
they may be treated like other greenhouse plants in the
way of watering, placing them in the lightest and airiest
part of the house. The pots must be drained so that any
surplus moisture will easily pass through. The soil
should consist of sand, loam, broken brick, and a very
small quantity of leaf-soil or thoroughly rotted cow-
manure. Propagation is usually from cuttings. Some
of the species, such as C. falcata, do not give much
material for this purpose, and they should, there-
fore, be headed over and the tops put in dry sand
in the spring, allowing water only when they show
signs of shrivelling. The cut -over plants should
be encouraged to make side shoots, which may be
rooted after they are large enough.
Cult, by G. W. Oliver.
A. Floral parts normally in o's.
B. Lvs. petioled.
cordiita, Soland. Height 1-3 ft. : stem shrubby: Ivs.
flat, wide, stalked, cordate, obtuse, entire, glabrous,
spotted above : cymes panicle-like : fls. reddish, some-
times pure white. Winter. — Closelv allied to C spathu-
lata.
8patliuld,ta, Thunb. Glabrous herb : stem somewhat
shrubby, decumbent, branching: Ivs. stalked, roundish,
crenate, glabrous, shining above : corymbs panicle-like:
fls. rosy; petals acute. L. B.
C. 4:3i59 as C. cordata. -
Not advertised for sale, but
likely to be cultivated as C.
cordata.
BB. Lvs, not petioled.
c. Foliage glaucous.
falcata, Wendl. Height
3-8 ft. : ivs. grown together
at the base, thick, glaucous,
oblong, falcate: tls. small,
numerous (50 or more), in
a crimson, rarely white,
dense, terminal corymb :
corolla tube .^ of an in. long,
as long as the limb or
shorter. B.M. 2035.
CC. Foliage not glaucous.
lActea, Soland. Height 1-2
ft. : stem shrubby, branch-
ing, tortuous below : lvs.
ovate, narrowed and grown
together at the base, gla-
brous, spotted along the
margin: cymes panicle-like,
manv-fld.: fls. white, small.
Winter. B.M. 1771. L.B.C.
8: 7.35.— A free - flowering
window plant of easy cul-
ture. There is a form with
variegated leaves.
AA. Floral parts in 4's.
quadrlfida, Baker. Fig.
571. Pt-rennial: lvs. oblong-
sputulate, the upper ones
rounder, decussate: fls. with
their parts in 4's, panicled,
white, tinged red. ^*_ jj^
CRAT£Q17S (ancient Greek name, derived from kratos,
strength, on account of the hardiness of the wood ) . Jiosd-
ce(f, suborder Pbmea;. Haw. Hawthorn. Shrubs or
small trees, usually spiny: lvs. alternate, deciduous,
stipulate, serrate, often lobed or pinnatifld: fls. white, in
574. Crassula quadrlfida.
some varieties red, in corymbs, rarely solitary; petal-
and calyx-lobes 5; stamens many, rarely less than 10-
styles 1-5: fr. a drupe-like pome, with 1-5 1-seeded bony
stones. About 70 species, in the temperate regions of
the northern hemisphere, most abundant in N. America.
Hardy ornamental shrubs and trees, mostly of dense and
low growth, with handsome foliage, turning, in most
species, to a brilliant coloring in the fall; many have
very decorative frs., and also handsome fls. Some of the
best, with showy frs., are C. Cnts-galli, C. Lavalld
C. cordata, C pinnatifida major, C. mollis, but the frs!
of the last drop very early, while in most of the others
the frs. remain a long time on the branches. Some varie-
ties of C. moriogipia have very decorative fls.; also C.
mollis, C. Crus-galli and others are handsome in bloom!
For the S. states, C. cpstivalis and the blue-fruited C.
brachyacantha are among the most decorative. Well
adapted for hedges are C. monogyna, C. Oxyavnntha
C. Crus-galli, C. cordata and many others. The Haw-
thorns grow in almost any soil and position ; best in a
rich, loamy, somewhat moist one, and also in stromr clay.
Prop, by seeds, sown in fall or stratified ; before stratify-
ing, most of the pulp may l>e removed by layinfr the frs.
in shallow piles and allowing them to decay. Then they
are mixed with sand or sifted soil and buried in the
ground or kept in boxes in a cool cellar. Some species,
as C. cordata. C. coccinea, C. Crus-galli. germinate the
first year and are sown in spring, while others, esjiecially
C. Oxyacantha and its allies, do usually not germinate
until the second year, and may be kept stratified until
the following fall or the second sprinjr. If sown at once,
the seed-beds must be heavily mulched during the first
summer to prevent drying. Tlie young plants should nut
be allowed to remain over one year in the seed-beds, as
they form long tap-roots and are then difficult to trans-
plant. Varieties and rarer kin<ls are easily budded or
grafted on seedling stock of C. Oxyacantha, or other
common strong-growing species.
Index: acerifolia, 13 and suppl.; apiifolia, 14 and
suppl.; Aronia, 18; Azarolus, 18; Carricri, 7; coccinea,
3; cordata, 13; Crus-galli, 5; Douglasi, 12, lt»; fiava, 2;
Lavallei, 7; leiicophloeos, 9; lucida. 5; macracantha. 10;
mollis, 4; monogyna, 16; nigra, 21; odoratisaima. 19;
orientalis, 19: Oxyacantha, 15. 16; parrifoHa, 1; pinnati-
fida, 17: populifoiia, 13 and suppl. ; prunifolia, 6: punc-
tata, 8: pyrifolia, 9; sanguinea, 11; .snOvillosa,i; tana-
cetifolia, 20; tomentosa, 9; uniflora, 1.
A. Foliage of the flowering branches not at all or very
slightly lobed; no veins going to the sinuses.
B. Fls. 1-3, rarely more.
1. unifldra, Moench (C jt></»-fv7o/m, Ait.).s Dense, low
shrul), with numerous slender spines, rarely spineless,
3-8 ft. ; lvs. on short not glandular petioles, cuneate,
obovate or oblong-obovate. irregularly or doubly crenate-
serrate, pubescent on both sides, at length' glabrous
above, K-1/4 in. long: calyx pubescent, with large ser-
rate lobes: fr. pyrifomi or globose, yellow, % in. across,
with 2-5 stones. Mav, June. N. Jersev to Arkansas and
Florida. S.S. 4:191.
2. n&va, Ait. Shrub or small tree, to 25 ft., usually
very spiny: lvs. on short glandular petioles, cuneate,
obovate, glandular-dentate, pubescent, at length glabrous
and shining above: fr. globular or pyriform, greenish,
vellow or red, %iii. across. Va. to Florida. S.S. 4:189.
B.R. 23:1932, 1939.
BB. Fls. in 6-many-fld. corymbs.
c. Lvs. on slender, often glandular petioles, unualhj
broadly ovate and truncate at the base, slightly
lobed: calyx lobes dentate.
3. coccinea, Linn. Scarlet Thorv. Shrub or tree,
rarely to 25 ft., with short spines: lvs. broadly ovate,
sharply doubly serrate, nearly glabrous beneath, spar-
ingly appressed-pubescent above, 2-3 in. long: corymbs
usually slightly villous: fr. red, globose or oval, %-% in.
across. April. Mav. Newfoundland to Florida and
Texas, west to Manitoba. S.S. 4:180. Em. 403. B.M.3432.
— There are a number of allied forms which have been
considered usually as mere varieties, but may be per-
haps distinct species. None of them, however, surpasses
the true C. coccinea in decorative value, and they are
only of botanical icterest.
-
CRATAEGUS
4. mdllis, '^cheele ( C. subi'illdsa, Schrad. C. eoccinea,
rsLT.mdllis, Torr. & Gr.). Fig. 575. Tree, to .30ft., with
short, stout thorns : Ivs. broadly ovate, sharply and
doubly serrate, densely pubescent beneath, .'J— t in. long:
corymbs densely villous-pubescent : fls. with red disk : fr.
about % in. across, usuallv pear-shaped. April. May.
Quebec to Pa., west to Nebraska. S.S. 4:182. Em. 494 (as
C. tomfinfosa). G.F. 5: 221. — One of the most decorative
species, with large, brijrht green foliage and showy fls.
and frs., ripening in September, but dropping soon after
roaturivy.
Var. tlliif61ia, Koehne. Lvs. more pubescent, petioles
not glandular: stamens 20.
CRATAEGUS
395
veins beneath when young, 2-3 in. long: corymbs pubes-
cent: fr. red; stones with two furrows on the inner side.
Mav-June. — Probablv hvbrid between C Crus-galli and
C.macraeantha. B.R. 22:1868.
7. LavilJei, Herincq. (C CarrtVW, Vauv.). Small tree
to 20 ft., with spreading branches, nearly unarmed,
when older: Ivs. elliptic or oblong-obovate, acute, pu-
bescent, glabrous above at length, irregularly serrate,
'A-4 in. long: corymbs rather few-fld.. pubescent ; tis.
large, with red disk : fr. bright orange or brick-red,
ovoid or globular. % in. across. Mav. R.H. 1883:108.
G.C. 111.21:118, 119.-Probably hybrid between C.
Crus-galli and C. Mexicana; originated in France.
575. Crataegus mollis (X %). One of the best uative thorus.
cc. Lvs. on rather short and stout, not glandular, peti-
oles, cunrate and usually entire at the base, and
mostly broadish above the middle.
D. Fr. red or yellow, not shining.
E. Habit of fr. nodding or pendulous: rather hard.
F. Color of lvs. dark green and shining above, char-
taceoiis: calyx lobes erect on the fr.
'. CruB-gAlli, Linn. Shrub or tree, to 40 ft. ; branches
wide -!<p reading, rigid, often pendulous, with numerous
slender spines : lvs. obovate or oblanceolate, irregularly
and sharply serrate, quite glabrous, 1-2 J^ in. long, often
semi-persistent: corymbs glabrous: fr. usually globose,
red. Mav-June. Quebec, south to Fla. and Tex. S.S.
4:178. Em. 492. R.B. 1 :11G. G.F. 7: 295. -A very deco-
rative species of distinct habit, handsome in bloom and
with showy, bright red fr.. remaining on the branches
often until spring ; the lvs. assume a brilliant orange
and scarlet color in fall. Var. in^rmis, Lge. Spineless
fiirm. Var. line&lis, Ser. Lvs. linear-lanceolate. Var.
nana, Nichols. Dwarf form. Var. ovaiifolia, Lindl.
Lvs. elliptic. B.R. 22:1800. Var, pyracanthifdlia, Ait.
Ivar. .sr///ct7d/ta, Ait.). Lvs. oblanceolate. Var. 8pl6n-
dens, Ait. (var. lucida, Hort.). Lvs. elliptic-oblanceo-
late, very shining.
<>. pmnifdlia, Pers. Shrub or tree, to .SO ft. : branches
spreadintr or somewhat ascending, spiny: lvs. obovate,
or roundish obovate, doubly serrate, pubescent on the
FF. Color of lvs. dull above, ivith impressed veins,
pubescent.
8. punctata, Jacq. i ig. 57G. Tree, to 25 ft. : branches
horizontally spreading, with short, stout spines or un-
armed: lvs. broadly obovate, obtuse or acute, narrowed
at the base into a rather long-margined petiole, irregu-
larly serrate : corymbs pubescent : fls. large ; calyx
lobes entire : fr. pyriform or subglobose, red, dotted,
about }4 in. across. May. From Quebec to Ont. and
Ga. S.S. 4:184. Var. airea. Ait. (var. xanthocdrpa,
Roem.). Fr. yellow: lvs. sometimes slightly lobed.
EE. Habit of fr. erect, becoming soft: corymbs
many-fid., large.
9. tomentdsa, Linn. (C. pz/rtVo/m, Ait. C.leucophl<vos,
Moench). Shrub or small tree, to 20 ft., with spreading
branches unarmed or with short spines: lvs. cuneate,
obovate-oblong or elliptic, acute, serrate and often
slightly lobed. pubescent. 2-5 in. long: corymbs pubes-
cent: rts. rather small; calyx lobes serrate: fr. usually
oval, dull or yellowish red, J^-Va in. across; stones with
2 furrows on the inner side. June. From Hudson Bay
to ita.. west to Mich. an<l Mo. S.S. 4:18.3. (4. F. 2:425.
B.R. 22: 1877. -Var. aorantiaca, Lge. Fr. yellow.
DU. Fr. shining, blood-red or scarlet, rarely yellow,
globose, with soft and juicy flesh ; stones with i
furrows on the inner side {plain in all the fore-
going except yos. 6 and 9).
10. macrac&sUia, Ludd. (C. eoccinea, var. macracdn-
396
CRATAEGUS
CRAT^GUS
tha, Dudl.). Fig. oil. Shrub or small tree, to 20 ft., of
dense growth, with numerous long and slender spines:
Ivs. rather slender-petioled, broadly elliptic or ovate,
doubly serrate, glabrous, shining and dark green above,
almost glabrous beneath : corymbs more or less vil-
^^"^i^^mmmj^u
576. Crataeeus punctata.
lous; fls. fragrant; calyx-teeth glandular-serrate: fr.
% in. in diani, Mav, June. Quebec to Va., west to Mo.
and Dak. S.S. 4:181. B.R. 22:1912. L.B.O. 11:1012 (as
C. glandulosa). A.G. 11:509. — Sometimes cultivated
under the name of C. Douglasi. Var. succul^nta, Rehd.
{C. SHCculenta, Schrad.). Lvs. pubescent beneath:
pedicels and calyx densely villous.
11. sanguinea, Pall. Shrub or small tree, with up-
right, spretuliiiiT branches and short spines: lvs. ovate
or broadly ovate, narrowed into the petiole, irregularly
serrate and slightly lobed, more deeply lobed on vigor-
ous shoots, nearly glabrous, lli-li in. long: corymbs
pubescent or glabrous; fls. large; stamens 20, with pur-
ple anthers : fr. % in. in diam. Siber., Dahur., Amur-
land. Var. Alt^ica, Loud. (var. xanthocdrpa, Regel).
Fr. yellow, smaller : anthers whitish: lvs. more deeply
lobed.
DDD. Fr. bJack, sJiinhig ; stones with 2 furrows.
12. Dotlglasi, Lindl. (C. sanguinea, var. Douglasi,
Torr. & Gr. ). Tree, to 40 ft., with slender, often pendu-
lous branches, unarmed or with short spines: lvs. short-
petioled, broadly ovate or oblong-ovate, serrate and
slightly lobed, nearly glabrous, pubescent on the mid-
rib above, chartaceous, 1-4 in. long: corj'mbs glabrous:
calvx lobes triangular-ovate : fr. ripening in Aug. or
Sept. May. Brit. Columb. to Calif. S.S. 4:175. B.R.
21:1810.
AA. Foliage distinctly lobed, with veins going from
the midrib to the sinuses {see also No.l); stones
plain on the inner side except No. 15.
B. Fr. very small, about 14 in. across: calyx lobes
separated by a distinct line from the fr. and fall-
ing off at length.
13. C0Tdkt&, Ait. (C. a cerifdlia. Much. C. populifdlia,
Walt.). Washington Thorn. Tree, to ;J0 ft., with
slender spines : lvs. slender, petioled, triangrular or
broadly ovate, usually truncate at the base, 3-5-lobed,
sharply serrate, lJ-^-2)^ in. long : corymbs many-fld.,
glabrous : styles 5 : fr. depressed-globose, shining,
bright coral-red. June. 111. to Ala. and Va. S.S. 4:18(5.
B.R. 14:1151. — A very desirable species, with beautiful
fall-coloring and large clusters of bright red fr. remain-
ing a long time on the branches.
14. apiifdlia, Michx. Shrub or small tree, rarely 20 ft.,
with stout spines and the branchlets pubescent when
young: lvs. slender, petioled, broadly ovate, piiinately
5-7-cleft, serrate, glabrous or pubescent, %-\% in. long:
corjTnbsfew-fld.. villous, pubescent; stvlesl-Il: fr. oval,
1-4-1-5 in. high. May. Va. and Fla. to Tex. S.S. 4:188.
—A handsome species with graceful foliage and an
abundance of white fls. in spring and small but bright-
colored frs. in fall.
BB. Fr. % '«• or more across : calyx not separated.
C. Fr. red or yellow.
T> Branches and lvs. glabrous.
15. Ozyac4ntha, Linn. Hannthorn or Mav of English
literature. Shrub or small tree, to 15 ft., with spreadine
branches and stout spines: lvs. short-petioled, cuneate
or truncate at the base, roundish or broadly ovate, 3-5-
lobed, with incisely serrate lobes, 1-2 in. long: corvmbs
5-10-fld., glabrous: fr. globular or roundish oval, J^-Kin.
high, scarlet; stones 2, with 2 furrows on the inner side*
Maj'. Eu., N. Afr. B.R. 13:1128 (as C. oxyacanthoWes).
Var. xanthoc&rpa, Roem. Has yellow fr., very (listinct
and showy. — Often confounded with the following, and
less commonly cultivated.
16. mondgyna, Jacq. {C. Oxydcantha, Hort.). Shrub
or tree, to 20 ft., with stout spines: lvs. on rather slender
petioles, ovate, ;j-7-lobed, lobes with few teeth at the
apex, 1-2 in. long: corymbs many-fld., with usually hairy
4)edicels: fr. oval, with usually 1 stone, /s-Vj in. high.
May, June. Eu. and N. Africa to Himalayas. — Many gar-
den forms are cultivated; some of the most distinct are
the following. With single fls.: Var. bicolor, Hort. (rar.
Gximpperi bicolor). Fls. white, edged pink. F.S.16:165l!
Var. punicea, Hort. Fls. deep red. F.S. 15:1509, Fig. L
L.B.C. 14 : i:563. Var. rosea, Hort Fls. pink, petals with
white claw. With double fls. : Var. dlba plena, Hort
With white double fls. F.S. 15:1509, Fig. 2. Var. Patdij
Hort. (var. cocci tiea, Hort. Var. Paul's jVeiv Double
Scarlet). Fig. 578. Bright scarlet, one of the most
showy. I. H. 14:530. Var. punicea pl6na, Hort. Scarlet-
red. R.B. 24:101. Var. rubra pl6na, Hort. Red. F.S.
15:1509, Fig. 3. Varieties differing in lvs. and habit:
Var. laciniitta, Loud. Lvs. deeply pinnatifld with incised
serrate lobes. Var. pteridifdlia, Loud. (var. filicifolia,
Hort.). Similar, but lvs. longer, with narrower and more
incised lobes. F.S. 20:2076. Var. quercifdlia, Loud.
Lvs. with broad, rounded and crenate lobes. Var. h6rrida,
Carr. Branches with fascicles of numerous stout spines
F.S. 14:1468. G.C. III. 24:13. Var. p6ndula, Hort. With
pendulous branches. Var. p^ndula rdsea, Hort. A pen-
dulous form, with pink fls. Var. striata, Loud. (var.
pyrnm id alls, Hort. ). Of fastigiate, upright habit. Var.
semperfldrens, Andr^ (var. Briianti, Carr.). Low, grace-
ful shrub, flowering until fall. R.H. 1883, p. 140. There
are also some vars. with variegated lvs.
577. Crataegus macracantha {X%).
17. pinnatifida, Bunge. Shrub or small tree, to 20 ft.:
lvs. slender-petioled, cuneate, elliptic-ovate, pinnately
,5-9-cleft, incisely serrate: corymbs many-fld., usually
pubescent: fr. globular orpyriform, dark red, punctate.
CRATAEGUS
CREPIS
397
>4-^ in. high; stones 3-5. June. Amurland, N. China,
Japan. Ut. 1862: 366.- Var. mAjor, N. E. Brown. Lvs.
larger, less deeply lobed : fr. oval, 1 in. long. O.C. II.
26:620.
DD. BranchletR and lvs. pubescent , rarely Jvs. glabrous:
fr. large, often pubescent.
18. Az4rolu8, Linn. (C. Ardnia, S^r. ). Shrub or tree,
to 25 ft.: lvs. short-petioled, cuneate-obovate, deeply
3-5-lobed, with the lobes nearly entire or incised at the
apex, grayish green, pubescent, lj^-2*4in. long: corymbs
few-fld., densely tomentose: fr. orange-red or yellow,
globular or .ovoid, %-l in. across. Mav. N. Africa,
W. Asia. B.R. 22:1897 (as C. Aronia). R.H. 1856: 441.
— Var. Sin^ca, Boiss. Lvs. glabrous: fr. smaller, reddish
vellow. B.R. 22:18.55 (as C. Maroccana).
578. Paul's Thorn — CratacGTUs monojjyna, var, Pauli.
19. orientilis, Pall. (T. o</ow/i.s.s'/*/irt, Lindl.). Shrub
or small tree, with spreading, almost unarmed branches:
lvs. short-petioled, cuneate, obovate or oblong, pinnately
3-5-cleft, with the lobes incisely serrate at the apex,
tomentose piibescent, 1-2 in. long: corymb dense, tomen-
tose: calyx lobes entire: fr. depressed globose, brick- or
orange-red, ^4-1 in. across. June. S. E. Eu., W. Asia.
B.M. 2314. B.R. 22:1885 (as C. oaoratissima).-Y&v.
sangulnea, Schrad. Fr. dark red. B.R. 22:1852.
20. tanacetifdlia, Pers. Shrub or small tree : lvs. cune-
ate, obovate, pinnately 5-7-cleft, with the lobes glandular-
serrate, villous-pubescent, 1-2 in. long: corymb dense,
5-7-fld.: calyx lobes large, deeply glan<lular serrate: fls.
large: fr. pubescent, yellow, 1 in. or more across, with
laciniate bracts at the base. Mav, June. W. Asia.
B.R. 22:1884. Gt. 43, p. 215.
CC. Fr. black, shining, globular.
21. nlgrra, Kit. Shrub or small tree: branches pubes-
cerT, vith short spines: lvs. short-petioled, ovate or
ovate-elliptic, deeply pinnately 5-9-lobed with serrate
lobes, slightly pubescent alx>ve, densely pubescent be-
neath: corymbs dense, 10-15-fld., tomentose; pedicels
short: fls. white, becoming slightly red: fr. J^in. across.
S. E. Eu. L.B.C. 11:1021.
r. acerifblia, Mncli.= C. cordata.— C. acerifoUa, Hort.= C.
mollis.— C. cestivdlis, Terr. &,Gray. Tree, to :{0 ft. : lvs. ciineate-
oblong, crenate-serrate, pul)escent below: corj'mbs few-fld., gla-
brous: fr. large, red. S. states. S.S. 4:192.— C. apiifolia, Hort.
= C. orientalis. — C. ar6orwe?i«, E11.= C. \iridi.s.— C berberi-
fdlia,TorT.& Gray. Allied to C.Cnis-galli. Lvs. obovate, rounded
at the apex, pubescent !is are the corymbs. S. states. S.S. 4:179.
— C. 6ra<;Aj/acdn<Aa,Sarg. & Engelm. Tree, to 50 ft.: lvs. elliptic
or oblong-lanceolate, rarely IMobeti, glabrous at length : corymbs
many-fld.: fr. l:irge, bright blue. Louisiana, Texas. S.S. 4:177.
— C. Califomica, Hort.= C. pinnatiflda major.— C. Carpdthica,
Lodd.= C. nigra.- C. Celsidna, Bosc. Shrub: lvs. pinnately
lobed, slightly pubescent l)eneath: corj-mbs many-tld. : fr. ovoid,
fed. Origin unknown.— C chlnrnsnrcn, Maxim. Allied to C.
sanguinea. Lvs. pinnately lobed, glabrous at length: corymbs
many-fld.: fr. black, with green flesh. Manchuria.— C.coccinea,
var. viridis, Torr. & Gray.= C pniinosa. — C. crenuldta, Roxb.
= Pyracantha crenulatai— C cunedtn, Miq. Low shrub: lvs.
cuneate. obo%-ate-oblong, serrate or slightly lobed : cor>Tnbs few-
fld.: fr. large, re<l. Japan.— C DaAtincfl, Hort. = C.pinnatifida.
— C. Douglnsi. Hort.. not Lindl.= C. m.toracantha.— C. Floren-
t\na, Zucc.== Pyrus (Mains) cratwgifolia.- C. flbrida, Loud.=»
C. unirtora.— C. Fontnnesiana, Spach. AlHeil to C. Crus-galli.
Lvs. elliptic or elliptic-L-tnceolate, almost glabrous, shining
above: corymbs many-fld.. pubescent: fr. red. Probably hybrid
and belonging to C. prunifolia.— C. glabra, Hort., not Thbg.=
C. cordata.— C. glanduldsa, Mnch. (C. flava, var. pubescens.
Gray ) . Allied to C. flava. Lv.s. broader, of firmer texture, more
pubescent and glandular: fr.subglolwse, red or yellow. S. states.
S.S. 4: 190 (as (.'. flava elliptica) . B.R. 22: 1890 (a» C. spathulata) .
— C. grandiflbra, Kcx-h. Small trees: lvs. elliptic, serrate, often
slightly lol»ed toward the apex, pul)escent: fls. l-.'J, large: fr.
brown, glol ose, large. Supposed to l>e a hyl)rid between ^les-
pilus <termanica and a Cratiegus. ff.F. 10; '.i.'). R.H. 1869, p. &)
(as C. lobata) .— C. heterophiilla, Fluegge. Allied toC.monogj-na.
Lvs. larger, usually trifid: fr. larger. l)right re<l: corymbs many-
fld. B.R. 14:11(51 and 22:1H47.— i'. A'oroa-OT<-i,Hort.= C.pinnati-
fida, var. nuijor; al.xo V. chlorosarca and V. sanguinea, var.
Altaica are cultivatetl sometimes under this name.— C. lobata,
Bosc.= (.". grandiflora.— C. Idcida, Mill.^ C Crusgalli, var.
splendens.— C. J/«f>ra, Linn. f.=C. Azarolus.— C. melanocdrpa,
Bieb.= C. pentagj*na.— ('. Mexicdna, Sess.& Moc. Small tree,
to 20 ft.: lvs. cuneate-oblong, coarsely serrate or slightlj- lobed,
pubescent: corymbs .'{-lO-fld., tomentose: fr. large, reil or yellow.
Mexico. B.R. 22:1910. S.B.F.G.II,3:.'M)0.— C. microcdrpa. Lindl.
= C. spathtilata.- (J. odoratissima, Lindl. = ('. orientalis.— C.
Olireridna, Dum.- fours. = C. pentagyna.— C. pentdgyna, Kit.
Shrubor small tree: lvs. pinnately 5-7-cleft, pubescent: corj-mbs
many-fld.: fr. pyriform, bh-vk. dull, small. B.R. 22:1874;
2.3: 19.^3.— (7. popuUfolia, Ell. Allied to C. cocfinea. Lvs. smaller,
glabrous: fr. green-purple f>r dull purple, glaucous. N. Eng. to
Flu.— C.pruindsn,'Wenil].=V.\x>imUfo]i!i.— ('.purpurea, Hose. =
C. Sfkngviinea.—C. Pyracdiitha , Pers.=Pyracanthacoccinea.— t'.
pyrifblia, Ait.= 0. tomentosa.— ('. riruldris. Nutt. Allied to 0.
Douglasi. Shnib : lvs. ovate-lanceolate, serrate, glabrous at
length. Oregon to N. Mexico and Calif. S.S. 4:176.— C'.spa^Au-
Idta, Mf'hx. Shrub or tree, to 20 ft. : lvs. cuneate. oblanceolate,
crenately serrate or S-lolx'd at the apex: corj'ml>s many-tld.:
fr. scarlet, globular, V^in. across. S. states. S.S. 4:18,5. B.R.
22:1846 (as (J. microcarpa).— C. succulentn. Sf'hrad.= C. marra-
cantha.— C. Tatdrira, Hort.= C. pinnatifida, var. major.— C.
tomeiitdsa,v:\T. mollis, Hort.==C. mollis. —<^'. Tournefbrti, Griseb.
=C. orientalis, var. sanguinea.— C\ Virginica, Lodd.=C. glandu-
losa.— C. riridis, Linn. Tree, to .35 ft. : lvs. cuneate, oblong-obo-
vate, irregularly serrate, often slightly lobed, glabrous: corj-mbs
many-fld., glabrous or sparingly villous: fr. scarlet or orange.
S. Caro. and Fla. to Texas. S.S. 4 : 187. ALFRED Rehdek
CBATiEVA (after Cratevas, an obscure writer on
medical plant-s, not, as sometimes stated, at the time of
Hippocrates, but at the beginning of the first century
B.C., since he named a plant after Mithridates). Cap-
pariddcecp. A genus of 14 species of tropical trees and
shrubs: leaflets 3: fls. in corymbs, usually polygamous,
with the odor of garlic : sepals and petals 4 : stamens
8-23: torus elongated: berries ovate-globose, with a slen-
der stripe. The bark of the Garlic Pear, ('. gynandra,
blisters like Cantharides. C. rcligiosa, from Malabar
and the Society Islands, is a sacred tree, and is planted
in native graveyards. The bitter, aromatic leaves and
bark are used by them in stomach troul)les. The above
and some other species are cultivated in Europe as
ornamental greenhouse shrubs.
religid8a,Forst.f. (r.^'Kri'rf^a. Buch.-Ham. ). Leaflets
2}-i to 3 times as lonsr as broad : stamens 20-28. —Cult, sy
Franceschi, Santa Barbara, Calif.
CREAM NUT. See Bertholletia.
GBEEFING CHARLIE. A children's name for the
fragrant little blue-tiuwered weed, Malva rotundifoUa,
which bears the "cheeses"' dear to boyhood's memory.
The name is hardly dignifie*! enough for most botanies.
This name is sometimes applied to Lysimachia nummu-
la ria .
CR£FIS (the application of this name is obscure).
CompSaitce. This variable genus contains a few hardy
annual and perennial herbs, especially C. Sibirica,
which resembles a sow-thistle in habit, and has corymbs
of reddish blue flowers, about the size of a hawkweed,
or a small dandelion. It is one of the coarser border
plants, and rare. Rather li^ht. .sandy soil, and full ex-
posure to the sun are essentials to the welfare of this
plant. It is contented in a rather dry position, either in
the rockery, or in the border. It is prop, by division. A
common plant on the moss of Enirlish thatched cot-
tages is C. virens, a yellow-fld. plant, resembling a
dandelion.
Sibirica, Linn. Perennial, 2-3 ft. high, and at least as
wide when in bloom: plant covered with short rough
hairs: root, large, fleshy: lvs. rough, wrinkled, coarsely
dentate, somewhat cordate, 12 in. long, including a pet-
iole half as long: fls. bright yellow: involucre loose,
398
CREPIS
CRIXUM
hairy. July, En., Asia, Minor, Himalayas. Gn. 53, p.
493. — The tallest and largeat-fld. of the jrenus. Its
white, plumy masses of seeds are also attractive.
r. nurea, Reichh. Height 1ft., fls. orange. June. Eu. The
commonest perennial species of thegeniis abroad. Repays ricli
soil.— C. riihra, Linn. Annual height 6-:{2 in.: As. re<l. usually
solitary. Italy. Greece. The commonest of the annual species
abroad. ^
CR£SC£NTIA (after Crescenzi, thirteenth century
Italiiin a;;ricuUural writer!. Bignnniclcece. This genus
is chietly interesting for the Calabash tree, and has no
near allies of horticultural importance. It consists of
tropical trees, glabrous: Ivs. alternate, solitary or clus-
tered in nodes : fls. large, tubular, with a fluted 5-cut
limb, yeHowish, with red or purple veins: calyx 2-parted
or deeply 5-cut. The Calabash tree is a native of tropi-
cal America, is especially familiar in the "West Indies,
and can be grown outdoors in extreme !>. Fla., S. Calif.
The outer skin of the fruit is removed, and the seeds
and pulp from within, and the hard, woody shell is
used for water-gourds and for all sorts of domestic ves-
sels, according to size and shape. The growing fruit
can be made to assume various forms by skillful tying.
It is a tree, 20 ft. high, and readily distinguished from
all others l)y its peculiar habit of growth, as it bears
large, horizontal, scarcely divided branches, which bear
clusters of leaves at intervals.
Cujdte, Linn. Lvs. 4-6 in. long, broadly lanceolate. taper-
ing at the base: fls, solitanr\ pendulous; calyx 2-parted
corolla constricted below the middle, and then swelled
above, malodorous when decaying; stamens 4, some-
times 5. B.M. 3430.
CBESS. The ordinary garden Cress {Lepidium sati-
vum), sometimes callecf peppergrass, is still absent in
the majority of American gardens, although ite leaves
have the pleasant jmngency of the Water Cress, and
might be used more freely as a condiment, to be served
with salads, or for garnishing. The quick sprouting
habit of the seed is proverbial. If Cress is wanted in
its prime continuously, seed must be sown every few
days. The young plants, which may be left thickly in
drills, need protection from the flea beetle, as this is as
fond of Cress pungency as any gourmand. For winter
use. garden Cress may be grown in large flower pots,
boxes, or on a bench, in any light and reasonably warm
place. There are curled and broad-leaved types. Aus-
tralian or Golden Cress is a broad, yellowish-leaved va-
riety. Water Cress {yasturthnn officinal'), a hardy
pereimial and important market crop, can be grown in
moist soil in the greenhouse, or in almost any ditch,
pool, or shallow water course. Covered with water, it
winters well. To introduce it in any suitable place, all
that is necessary is to scatter seed or a few freshly-cut
branches, and it will soon spread and flourish. "Erfurt
Sweet" is a superior strain. Similar to Water Cress in
form of leaf and in taste is the Upland Cress {Barha-
rea vuhfaris), a. hardy biennial which can easily be
grown from seed. ' t. Greixer.
CBIMSON FLAG. Schizostylis coecinea.
CRINKLE BOOT.
diphiiUa,
One of the names of Dentaria
CBtNUM (Greek name for a lily). Amnryllidclcea'.
A rather large and cosmopolitan genus of splendid flow-
ering* bulbs, mostly tender, closely allied to Amaryllis,
and distinguished bv the longer perianth tube. Lvs.
mostly persistent, usually broad; fls. few or many in an
umbel, often very fragrant and with three types of
coloring, pure white, bauded red or purplish down the
center, or flushed with the same colors ; perianth
spreading or funnel shaped; tube straight or curved;
segments linear, lanceolate or oblong.
The species of Crinum require widely different cul-
ture, and iheir geograi>hical distribution furnishes an
important clue as to their rarity and the degree of
wannth required. There are only two hardy species. C.
longifolium and C. Moorei, the latter being less hardy
than the tormer, but with finer flowers. These two
species differ from all others in blooming all summer in-
stead of during a short period, and in the greater la.**ting
qualities of their flowers. An interesting hybrid between
the two, C. Potrellii, is hardier than C. Moorei, and the
flower, though better than C. lomjifolium, is not quite as
showy as that of C Moorei. The hybrid has three well
marked colors, white, rose and purplish. A single Imlb
of the white variety has given fifty flowering bulbs in
four years. W. Watson says that this cross can easily be
repeated by amateurs. The outdoor kinds require a deep,
well drained soil and plenty of moi-sture during the grow-
ing season. Speaking of C. Moorei, W. Watson, Lon-
don, says: "For placing in consi)icous positions on ter-
races or lawns, or in comers where flowers are wanted to
combine with architecture or statuarj'for summer effect
they are of the greatest value. The Agapanthus is fre-
quently grown for such purposes, but the Crinum is
scarcely known in this chara<*ter. Of course large speci-
mens are needed, but once obtained they are not easily
lost." The bun>s of Crinums are mostly grown in Hol-
land and in Florida. The only native species, C. Ameri-
ca ntim, the "Swamp Lily of Florida," makes a brilliant
and striking spectacle when seen in dismal places far
from civilization. It is no wonder that it is cherished in
Florida gardens.
Of the greenhouse Crinums some are evergreen, others
decidotis; some wurmhouse, others coolhouse species.
Like Pancratiums, they re«juire too much space to be as
popular here as in the Old World. Speaking especially
of C. aintibile and C. Aniafieum, Robert Cameron sav's
(G. F. 1(): 217) : "Crinums thrive in a compost of turfy
loam, dry cow-manure and a little charcoal. When they
are grown in large pots they do not require annual re-
potting: in fact, our large plants have not been shifted
for the ])ast five years. A top-dressingof good, rich soil
is all that is necessary, and when they are well estab-
lished liquid manure is very beneficial." C. amuhUe
may be taken as a type of the coolhouse and C. gigan-
teiihi of the warmhouse kind. Of the latter species. W.
Watson says (G. F. 4: 221 ) : "It is gigantic only in the
size of its flowers. The erect scapes are produced sev-
eral times a year at varying seascms. The flowers are
powerfully and deliciously fragrant, and last about a
week. This species requires plenty of moisture all the
year round, and it is happiest when planted in a large pot
of rich soil, or better still, in a bed under the shade of
palms." ^'. ^
Among the great family of large-flowering Amaryllids
I do not recall any more beautiful in bloom than Crinum
Moorei and its hybrid C PowelUi. The culture of the
former is of the simplest. It requires potting, and is not
fastidious a.<r to soil. It is well to grow it along into a
fair-sized tub with its offsets, of which it is prolific, until
it makes a good specimen, as it will then be more effective
in the garden when in flower. In late fall it should be
removed to a coolhouse and kept fairly dry till new
leaves appear in midwinter, when it may have more
moisture, the supply being increased on removal out-
doors in spring. C Potrellii has a shorter necked bulb
and drooping channelled leaves sometimes 4 feet long,
while C. Moorei has spreading leaves 2 feet or more
long. C. Potvellii is especially valuable for its hardi-
ness. In a sheltered place at Elizabeth, N. J., it is
cut to the ground, but reappears in the spring, being
protected only by a small mound of ashes or earth, which
serves to throw off moisture. , -^r ^
J. N. Gerard.
Alphabetical list of species described below: C. Abys-
sinicum, IG : amabile, 3 ; Americanum, 4 ; aqnaticuw,
15; Asiaticum, 1; augustum. 6; aHstrale, 2: campanu-
latum, 15; Capense, 9; cappeditm, 1; Colensoi, 10; cras-
sifolium. 13; Eboraci. 1; erubescens. Ait., 7; erubes-
ceHS,HBK.,8: fimbriatulum. 20; giganteum, 21 ; grandi-
florum, 9; Herberti, 19; Ilerhertianum, 19; hybridum, 1;
Kirkii, 11; Kimthiannm, Hort.,19; Kunthianura,
Roem., 8; lineare. 17; longifolium, 9; Mackenii, 10 ;
Makoyanum, 10; Moorei, 10 ; ^afnlense, 10 ; ortiatnm,
14 ; pedunculatum, R.Br.. 2 ; pedunculatum, Hort., 1 ;
Powellii. 18; pratense, 5; riparium,9; scabro-Capense,
19; scabrum, 19: Schntidfii, 10; Sinico-scabrum. 1; va-
riabile. 13 ; Sanderianum, 14 ; virgineum, 22 ; Virgini-
cum, 19 ; Zeylanicum, 12.
■s- •'
CRINUM
CRINOI
399
A. Perianth erect, ttith upreading, linear segments :
stamenif Kpreading. Stenanter.
B. Color white : tube greenish.
1. AfliAticum, Linn. Bulb 4-5 in. thick; neck r>-9 in.
long : Ivs. 20-30 to a bulb, .'{-4 ft. long, '.i-4 in. broad :
peduncle 13^-2 ft. long, 1 in. thick; tis. 20-50 in an um-
b»-l; spathe valves 2— t in. long ; pedicels %-! in. long:
perianth white; tube erect, tinged with green, :j-4 in.
long; seg^nents 2^2-3 in. long; filaments tinged red, 2
in. long : ovule 1 in a cell. Trop. Asia. B.M. 1073.—
Baker gives 5 botanical varieties, of which the most im-
portant in the American trade is probably var. Sinicum,
Baker {Cpeilunculiitum, Hort., not R.Br.). St. John's
Lily. Bulb 6 in. thick, 18 in. long : Ivs. 5 in. broad,
with undulated edges, forming a massive crown 4-5 ft.
high : peduncle 2-3 ft. lontr: ris. 20 or more : perianth
white. China. The bulb usually divides into two of
equal size, small olTsets are rarely produced. Seedlings
flower in 5 years. Var. declin&tuin. Baker, has a sloping
instead of erect fl. ; perianth sejrments tinged red at tip.
Sillet. B.M. 2231. Var. prdcerum. Baker, is larger than
the type, with Ivs. 5 ft. long. t> in. wide: perianth tube
and limb 5 in. long, the latter tinged red outside. Ran-
goon. B.M. 2684. Var. an6malam, Baker, is freakish
looking, its Ivs. being exi>ande<l into a broad, membra-
nous, striated and f»laited \viii;r. There is nothins: like
it in the genus. Var. angrustifolium, Hort., is dwarf, 2 ft.
high. China. B.M. 2908. C. Ebbraci, Herbert (C. 7*^-
briflum Toddne, Hort.). Similar to the variety next
mentioned, but half the size. Ganlen hybrid between a
small form of C AsiaticKfn and C longi folium. C.
Ebdraci, var. capp^dom, Reasoner {C. cappedum, Rea-
soner). Habit much like C. Asinticum, but Ivs. taper-
ing to a slender point, semi-erect. 4 ft. hitrh: fls. about
20, segments 4 in. long, % in. Itmad, spreading, white,
sometimes changing to pink, (iarden hybrid between
C. A.^iaticum, var. SinicHtn and C. longifolium. In-
creases both by offsets and splitting of the bulb into
two. C ISinico-scdbrum , Hort., hybrid of C. A,^iaticum
var. crossed with C. scabrum, and intermediate in as-
pect and tl.
2. pedancul&ttun, R. Brown {C. nustrdle. Herb.).
Bulb 4 in. thick ; neck 6 in. long: Ivs. 2.>-30 to a bulb:
fls. 20-.30 in an umbel: spathe valves ;j-4 in. long: pedi-
cels l-lj'2in.: perianth greenish white, not tinged with
red outside : filaments short, bright red : style shorter
than the filaments : ovules 3 in a cell. Austral. B.R.
52.— The bulb grows above ground on a large rootstock.
BB. Color purplish red outside: tube purplish red.
3. amttbilc, Don. Bulb large ; neck 1 ft. or more
long : Ivs. 25-30 to a bulb : peduncle 2-3 ft. long : fls.
20-30 in an umbel, very fragrant; spathe valves 4-5 in.
long ; pedicels J^-l in. long : perianth with a crimson
center band, tinged outside bright purplish red ; tube
bright red ; segments 4-5 in. long : stamens an inch
shorter than the segments. Sumatra. B.M. 1G05. R.H.
18i)(»:24L — Supposed by Herbert to be a spontaneous
hybrid betweon C. Asiaticum, var. procerum and C.
Zeylanicum: fls. sterile, bulb increases by small offsets.
A stately ornament of most Florida gardens ; often
sold under the name of C. augustum, which is a similar
but smaller natural hybrid presumably between C. brac-
teatum and C. Zeylanicum, and has more obtuse Ivs.
than C. amabile.
AA. Perianth erect, with spreading, lanceolate seg-
ments : stamens spreading. Phttijaster.
B. Lvs. few, 6-10 to a bulb.
4. Americ^num, Linn. Fig. 579. Florida Swamp
Lily. Bulb stoloniferous, ovoid. .3-4 in. thick ; neck
short: lvs. 114-2 in. broad: fls. 3-6, usually 4 ; pedicels
none or very short: perianth creamy white; tube green-
ish. Native in river swamps, Fla. and westward. B.M.
1034.
5. prat4nse, Herb. Bulb ovoid. 4-5 in. thick : neck
short: lvs. 6-8, 1^-2 ft. long. lJ^-2 in. wide, channeled,
margin entire : fls. 6-12; perianth white. Var. 6legan8,
Carey, has a longer necked bulb, decumbent peduncle,
and tube an inch shorter than the segments. B.M. 2592.
Var. ventistum, Carey, has about 30 fls. in an umbel,
Ind.
BB. Lvs. numerous, 20 or more to a bulb.
c. Bulb conical, large, with a long neek.
6. aagnistam, Roxb. {C. nmdbile. var. augustum,
Gawl). Bulb conical, 6 in. thick; neck long: Ivs. 20-30,
,'J-4 in. broad: peduncle nnich conipressed : fls. 12-20;
pedicels sometimes an inch lonir : color strontr ptirplish
red outside, ban<led within : tube purplish, Mauritius.
Seychelles, B.M, 2397. B.R. 8:679,
:3^^*X**'»."v«k*«» «
579. The Swamp Lily of Florida— Crinum Americanum.
A type of the subgenus witli wide-spreading perianth and
lanceolate segments.
cc. Bulb ovoid, 3-4 in. thick; with a short neck.
7. emb^scens, Ait. Bulb ovoid. 3—4 in. thick ; neck
short: lvs. 2-3 in. broad, slightly rough : fls. 4-12; pedi-
cels none or very short ; color reddish outside, white
within : tube bright red. Trop. Amer. B, M, 1232.
L. B, C. 1:31.
8. KontMiLnnm, Roem. (C eruhiscens, HBK., not
Alton). Lvs. wavy: fls. 4-5 in an umbel; tube longer
than in No. 6, 7-8 in. long ; color pure white. New
Granada. Var. Nicaragru^nse, Baker, is purple outside,
the segments longer and lvs, longer and narrower.
AAA. Perianin funhel-shaped; tube permanently curved;
segm^'nts oblong ascending : stamens and style
contiguous and declined. (Codonocrinum.)
B. Bulbs long-necked.
c. Filaments red.
9. longrifdlitun, Thunb. {C. Capense, Herb. Amaryl-
lis longi folia, Linn. CripHrium, Herb.). Lvs. 2-3 ft.
long, 2-3 in. wide; margins rough: fls. Cy-Vl. pedicels
1-2 in, long ; perianth tinged red on the back, and some-
times on the face, with a white varietv. Cape Colonv.
Natal. B.M. r»61. Var. dlbum, Hort. Gn. 52. p. 123.-The
hardiest Crinum, enduring the winter of the middle
states, if protected with litter during cold weather.
Propagation by offsets or seed, which is produced
jibundantly. C. grandiflbriim, Hort., is a new hybrid
with C. Careyt\num, said to partake of the hardiness of
C, longifolium.
400
CRINUM
CRINUM
D.
CC. Filaments tchite or pinkish,
yfitntin of Ivs. entire : pednnele 2S ft. long.
10. Mo6rei, Hook. f. (C- Makoydnnm, Carr. C. Co-
Un»oi, ('. Maekhiii, an<l C. NataUnst, Hort. C
Sehmiddi, He^'tll. Fi)?. .%(). Bulb
ovoid, net'k I'J-lH in. lon^ : Ivs. 2-3 ft.
lon^, 3-4 in. wide, mart^in entire, veins
rather distant, distinct: tls. (>-12; ped-
icels IJ^ to 3 in. lon^c: i>eriantli tlushed
with rose on l><»th sides, with a white
varietv ; seprnients wide. Natal and
Kaffraria. B.M. (Jll.J. O.C. III. 2:41»9.
R.H. 1877.p. 417. R.H.18S7: :{(M). R.B.
22: 196; 23:01. Var. Album, Hort. (it.
1072. Gn. 52. p. 122, and var. platy-
p^talum, Hort., are cuUivut**!. C.
Colemtoi has a longer tube, smaller
flower, with a paler and narrower linil*.
DD. Margin of Ivs. ciliated : peduncle
12-18 in. long.
11. KirMi, Baker. Bull) plolwjse, 6-8
in. thick, sometimes 6 in. long : Ivs.
3^^-4 ft. long, 4-4/'2 in. wide, margin
rough, veins close: Hs. 12-15 ; pedicels
none or very short ; color white, with a
ver}' distinct crimson band down the
center. 7.anzibar. B.M. «i512. — Recog-
nized at a glance b\' its short, ver)^ stout peduncle and
very large acuminate Ivs., with a distinctly ciliated
edge.— A warmhouse species.
BB. Bulbs short -necked.
C. Fls. numerous, usuall;/ more than 8 in an umhel.
12. Zeyl&nictun, Linn. (AmarfiUis ornhta,B. M. 1171).
Bulb globose, a-iy in. thick : Ivs. 10-12, 2-3 ft. long, '.\-A
in. wide, wavy, margin roughish ; peduncle stout, purple :
fls. 10-20 ; perianth bright red outside in the middle
580.
A youne plant of
Crinutn Moorei.
Quite weaned from
its seed and begin-
ning its own life.
581. Crinum Powellii.
third ; segments oblong lanceolate, '^-A in. long, 1 in.
broad. Midsummer. Tropical Asia and Africa.— A
-warmhouse species. The most commonly cultivated
species of the genus. Native throughout tropical Asia
and Africa. Usually sold as C. Kirkii, which is an allied
species from Zanzibar, probably not known outside of
one or two botanical gardens,
13. variibile. Herb. {C. crassifdUum, Herb. i. Hulb
ovoid, ."^4 in. thick : Ivs. 1 %-2 ft. long, 2 in. wide, w.ak-
fls. 10-12 ; perianth flushed red outside : fllaments redl
Cape Colony.— A rare species.
.CC. Fls. fewer, usually less than 8 in an umbel.
D. Bulbs small.
E. Tube long, 5-6 in.: stamens nearly as long n.s the
perianth segments.
14. Sanderiinum, Baker (C. omfitum, Burj-). H>ilb
globose, 2 in. thick ; neck 2-3 in. long : Ivs. 1(>-12. thin
l>^-2 ft. long, lyi in. broad, margin much criHp«-d: tls!
.'$-6 ; perianth with a distinct band of briirlir rr.l!
Corisco island. Sierra Leone. Gn. 52: 1131.— cinsfiv
allied to C. seabrum.
EE. Tube short: stamens much shorter than the
segments.
F. Lvs. 3-4 ft. long.
15. campanulitum, Herb. (C. agudticum, BurclwU),
Lvs. linear, deeply channelled, 3-4 ft. : fls. 6-8: perianrh
rosy red. Cape colony. Kaflfraria. B.M. 2352.— A very
distinct species.
FF. Lvs. 1-2 ft. long.
G. Pedicels very short or none.
16. Abyssinlcum, Hochst. Bulb ovoid, 3 in. thick: lvs.
about 6, 1 ft. long, %-l in. wide, veins close, niarsrin
rough : fls. 4-6, pedicels very short or none. 3Its. of
Abyssinia.
GO. Pedicels % in. long.
17. line^ire, Linn. f. Lvs. linear, lK-2 ft. long, % in.
broad, glaucous, channelled : fls. 5-6 ; pedicels % in.
long ; periantii tinged red outside ; filaments red.
Cape colony. — Rare.
DD. Bulbs large.
E. Pedicels 1-1% in. long.
18. Pdwellii, Hort. Fig. 581. Bulb short-necked: lvs.
about 20, spreading, ensiform, acuminate, 3-4 ft. long,
3-4 in. broad near the base, margin smooth: fls. about ?*:
perianth peach blossom color, with white and purplish
varieties. — Garden hybrid of C. longi folium and C.
Moorei. According to Baker, the bulb is globose, but
J. N. Gerard says it is long, like a leek.
EE. Pedicels very short or none.
F. Margin of lvs. rough.
19. BC§ibrum, Herb. Lvs. 2-3 ft. long, 1J4-2 in.
wide, closely veined, margin scabrous: fls. 4-8: pedi-
cels none or verv short :
perianth banded bright red.
Apr., May. Tropical Africa
from Guinea to Abvssinia.
B. 31. 2180. F.S. 21:2216.-
Common in Florida gardens,
a very showj-and easily cul-
tivated species. C. Herbert!,
Sweet (C. scabro-Capenxf,
Hort. C. Ku n th i (in u m ,
Hort., notRoera.). Fls. sim-
ilar to C. seabrum, but color
lighter, the plant taller and
larger. Garden hybrid be-
tween C. seabrum and ('.
longifolium. This is a doubt-
ful name. C- fferbertiiimim,
Wall.=C. Zeylanieiim. C.
Herbert ianiim.HorX. Roem.
& Schultes=C^ strictum C.
Virginicum. Garden hybrid,
resembles <?. fferberti. but
the plant is smaller and the
flowers larger and brisihter
in color. See also No. 22.
20. fimbriAttllnm, Baker. Lvs. as in C. .sTa&no>», but
margins ciliated with small membranous scales : peri-
anth banded red. Angola. Gn. 55, Feb. 11. Allied to
C. seabrum.— A wholly different plant is passing in the
trade under this name.
CRIXUM
CROCUS
401
TT. Margin of lv». smooth.
21. grigantdum, And. Bulb 5-6 in. thick : Ivb, 12 or
more, 2-3 ft. ionff, -i-i in. broa<l, narrowed toward the
base; veins diHtant, with distinct cross veinlets : fl». 4-6,
rarely 8-12 : tube 4-7 in. lonjf ; perianth pure white; sex-
ment» much imbricated. So. Afr. B.M. 1>23. F.S.2:»:_'44;{.
G.F. 4:223. I. H. :i.'l: 617.— A very fragrant species.
2'_'. virgineum, Mart, F^Wage aa in C.giganf*'nm : tl».
about 6 ; tube .'{-4 in. lon^ ; perianth pure white. i>outh
Brazil. See also C. Virginicum, under No. 19.
In tt<l(liti«)n to the al>ove spec-ies the following are advertised,
bnt not sufficiently de8crib«d : C. nvbiU, C. Yemente, and C.
Zanzibarente. T. L. Mead and W. M.
CROCOSMIA ( Gvtek, odor of «rt^/ron, which is perceiv-
able when the dried rt«. are placed in warm water). Iri-
d(i''t(e. This genus has only one species, and is n»)t
clearly distinguished by Baker from the closely allied
Tritonia, Imt according to the author of the genus, it
differs in the stamens being separated at e<|ual dis-
tances instead of grouped at one side, the form of the
limb, the tube not swelled at the top, and the fruit
3-9eeded insteatl of many-seeded. The name of this
genus is spelled Crocosma by Baker, but it was first
spelled Crooosmia.
Crocosmin a urea is a showj- bulbous autumn bloom-
ing plant, which is hardy south of Washington, I). C,
with slight protection, and in the north is treated like
Gladiolus, the bulbs being set out in the spring, after
danger of frost, and lifted in the fall for winter storage.
It is of easy culture, and is propagated by oflFsets or by
seeds. Bulbs should be stored in peat or sphagnum to
prevent them from becoming too dry.
aiirea, Planch. ( Tritdnla nurea, Pappe.). Height.2 ft. :
bulb globose, emitting oifsets from clefts in the side:
scape lJ'2-2 ft. high, leafy below, nake<l or only bracted
above, compressed, 2-winged : Ivs. distichous, shorter
than the scape, linear, ensiform, striated, but with a
distinct midrib : fls. sessile in the panicle, perhaps 25
scattered over a long season, with buds, flowers and
seeds at the same time ; perianth bright orange-yellow
toward center; tube slender, curved, 1 in. long; segments
longer than the tube, capsule 3-celled. Trop. and S. Afr.
July-Oct. F. S. 7: 702. B. M. 4:«5. Also interesting as
one parent of a bigeneric cross resulting in Tritonia
crocosmiflora. Var. imptsri^lis, Hort. (Fig. 582), grows
about 4 ft. high. Var. macul&ta, Baker, has dark
blotches above the base of the 3 inner segments. J. H.
III. 33: 567. j. x. Gerard and W. M.
CKOCXTS (Greek name of Saffron). Jriddeece. Stem-
less plants (the grass-like Ivs. rising from the ground or
conn), with solid bulbs or corms. Fls. showy, in many
colors, funnel-shaped and erect, with a very long tube
and 6 nearly or quite equal segments. Stamens 3.
Ovary 3-loculed: seeds many, nearly globular. The
flowers open in sunshine. They come in fall or spring,
but the best known species are spring-flowering, which
are amongst the earliest of spring bloom. The new
corra usually grows ou top of the old one each year,
«o that the plants tend to rise out of the ground. The
corms, therefore, should be lifted and replanted every
three or four years. Crocuses force easily (see Bulb).
A half dozen corms may be planted in a 4-inch pot for
this purpose. The genus Crocus is S. European and
Southwestern Asian. It has about 70 recognized species.
The best account of the Crocuses is G. Maw's superb
Monograph of the Genus (^rocus, I88G. A popular ac-
count of the history and species, by Baker, will be found
in Gardeners' Chronicle for 1873, pp. 107, 179, 291, 434,
542, 609, 680, 1402, 1431. 1466, 15.3:^, 1633. A condensed
account is contained in Baker's Handbook of the Iridete,
1892. L. H. B.
Many forms of Crocus are well known in gardens,
where they are justly valued as among the showiest
and brightest of winter and spring flowers. About two-
thirds of the species are classed as vernal and the bal-
ance as autumnal flowering; but the various members of
the tribe would furnish nearly continuous bloom from
August to May were the season open. While there are
numerous species interesting to a botanist or a collector,
26
practically the beet for general cultivation are C. Jm-
pernti, C SuHianun (Cloth of (iold Crocus) and the
Dutch hybrids, mostly of C MtT»iacH». These flower in
about the onler named. The rosy flowers of C. Impernti
may be expecte<l with the earliest snowdrops. The
named species, having shorter flower tubes than the
Dutch hybrids, are not as liable to injury by the severe
weather of the early year. The autumnal species are not
satisfactor>' garden plants, the flowers mostly appearing
before the leaves, and being easily injured. ('. MpicioMux
and C. nativKs are probably the most satisfactory. The
latter species has been cultivated from time imme-
morial, the stamens having a me<li<'inal reputation, and
being a source of c(dor ( saffron). The cultivation of this
species is a small industry in France. Spain and Italy.
The corms should be planted alnmt 3 inches deep,
in a well-worked and perfectly drained soil which is free /
from clay or the decaying humus of manure, etc. They
should be carefully examined and all bruised and imper-
582. Crocosmia aurea, var. imperalis (X H).
feet ones rejected, as they are very susceptible to attacks
of fungi, which, gaining a footing on decrepit corms, will
spread to others. The careful gardener will examine all
exotic small bulbs annually, or at least biennally, until
they show by the perfection of their new bulbs that they
have become naturalized, or are suited to their new en-
vironment. In this case they may be allowed to remain
until crowding requires their division. This examina-
tion should take place after the leaves are matured and
dried up. Increase may be had from new corms which
are produced more or less freely in different species over
or on the sides of old corms. Seeds are often produced
freely, but are apt to be overlooked, as they are formed at
the surface of the soil. These germinate readily and
most freely at the growing time of the plant. They
should preferably be germinated in seed pans, which
should be exposed to freezing before the natural germi-
402
CROCUS
CROCUS
natinpT tlmp. They usually fomi flowers the third neason.
The (,'rocu!*, as in well known, i« amenable to mtMlern,
forcing* It it* also useful for naturalizing in the lawn,
although the grass will run nut the plants in a few years,
If the bulbs are not replaced by strong ones.
J. N. Gerard.
Crocuses are scarcely known in the Amer. trade under
their species names. They have been mueh hyi)ridized
and varied. The common CrtM-uses of the trmle ha%'e
descended from C vt'rHUM chiefly, but (.\ SHximniM, C.
Moeniacus, C. stellarig, C. hiflorus and C. «(iNvuh are
freijuent. The Dutch buU>-growers cultivate many
species, and these are oflfere<l for sale in their American
lists; the species are therefore included in the following
synopsis.
Index: Ancyrensis, 4; &Htnr\c\iH, 2(\; aureus, 2; Ban-
Aticus, 8; bjtlorus, G; Bor5'i,24; Byzantinu8,29; chrysan-
thus, 5, 15 ; etruscus, 13; Ha<lriaticus, 18; Imperati, 14;
iridiflouH, 29; htefeu», 2; longifionis, 20; nie«lius, 25;
Moesiacus, 2; nuditlorus, 2.'{: Olivieri, ].'); Orphanidis,
24: pulchellus, 28; reticulatus, 12; JSalzinanni, 22; sati-
vus, 17; serotinus, 21 ; Sieberi, 11; speciosus, 27; stel-
laris, 3; Susianus, 1; Suterianus, 15; Sifrincnit,9; Tom-
masinianus, 10; Toumef«»rti, 24 ; vemus, 9 ; versicolor,
7; vitellinus, 16; zonatus, 19.
A. Blooming in spring.
B. Style-branches entire or merely toothed.
r. Fls. yellow, at least inside.
1. Susiinus, Ker. Cloth of Gold Crocis. Corm^in.
In diam.: Ivs. 6-8 in a tuft, reaching to the tt., narrow-
linear, with revolute edges and a central band of white:
perianth segments IJ^in. or less long, orange-yellow,
becoming rertexed, the outer ones brownish or striped
on the outside ; anthers orange, longer than the fila-
ments ; style-branches long and spreading. Crimea.
B.M. 652. — Blooms very early.
2. MoesiacuB, Ker {€'. aureus, Sibth. & Sm.). Dutch
Crocus. Later, corm larger: Ivs. 6-8 in a tuft, overtop-
ping thefl., narrow-linear, with reflexed edges and white
central band : segments very obtuse, bright yellow,
1% in. long, i4 to 3-3 the length of the tul>e : anthers
pale yellow, hastate at the base, somewhat longer than
the filaments ; style-branches overtopped by the an-
thers. Transylvania to Asia Minor. B.M. 2986. — Va-
riable. A sulfur-vellow form is C. sulphureus, Ker.
B.M. 1384. There 'is a striped form. B M. 938. A cream-
white form is C. Idcteus, Smith.
3. stellJtris, Haw. Supposed to be a hybrid of the
above, and known only in cult. Blooms with No. 2.
Lvs. only 4-6, narrow-linear, reflexed edges, white-
banded : perianth-tube short, the segments 1-13^ in.
long, bright orange, the outer ones striped and feath-
ered with brown on the back ; anthers pale orange, a
little longer than the filaments ; style-hranches some-
what overtopping the anthers.
4. Ancyrensis, Maw. Corm % in. in diam. : lvs. 3-4, as
tall as the fl., very narrow : perianth-tube exserted ;
segments bright orange-yellow, 1 in. or less long, not
striped, nor colored outside ; anthers orange-yellow,
much longer than the filaments ; style-branches red-
orange. Asia Minor. — Blooms early.
5. chrysinthns, Herb, (not B.R. 33:4. Fig. 1, which=
C. Olivieri, var. Suterianus). Corm small: Ivs. as
high as the fl., very narrow: perianth-tube 2-3 times as
long as the segments, the letter 134 in. or less long, and
plain orange-yellow (van.'ing tinted or striped on the
outside, or even nearly white): throat glabrous ; an-
thers orange, twice as long as the roughened filaments;
style-branches red-orange. Macedonia and Asia Minor.
cc. Fls. lilac or white.
6. bifldrus, Mill. Scotch Crocus. Corm % in. or less
in diam. : lvs. 4-6, overtopping the fls., ver>- narrow,
with deflexed edges and a white central band: perianth-
tube exserted. the st -nen^s 13^ in. long, purple tinged,
the outer ones 3-striped down the back, the throat
bearded and yellowish ; anthers orange, exceeding the
filaments ; style-branches orange-red. S. and south-
western Eu. B.M. 845.- Runs into many forms, some
of them almost white
7. Tertlcolor. Ker. Corm 'i in. or ]t>nn in diam.; \v»
4-5, as high as the fls., otherwise like the last; perianth-
tube ex»erte<I: Hegments IH In. long, pale or dark pur-
ple, often striped and feathered with dark purple-
throats glabrous, whitish or yellowish; anthers yellow'
twice as long as the filament; stfle-branches, oran»fe'
yellow, equalling or overtopping the antb«rs JS
France. B.M. 1110.
8. Ban&ticoi, Heuflf. Corm globular, % in. in diam.:
lvs. usually 2, thin and flattish, and Incoming % in]
broad, glaucous beneath: perianth-tube .•••arcelv ex-
serted; segments 13^ in. or less lonj?, bright purple, and
nevtr striped, but often dark-blotched towards the
tip; throat glabrous; anthers orange, a little longer than
the white filaments; style-branches short, orange-yel-
low, somewhat fringed at the tip. Hungary.
9. v6mu«. All. Fig. 583. Corm 1 in. or less in
diam.: ivs. 2-4, as high as the fl., often 34 in. broad,
glaucous y)eneath, but green al»ove. with retlexed edjres*
and a centrul white band; perianth segments 1-13^ in!
583. Crocus vemus (X >^).
long, lilac, white or purple-striped; throat pubescent,
never yellow; anthers lemon-yellow, exceeding the fila-
ments; stvle-branches orange-yellow. S. Eu. B.M.
860, 2240. *R.H. 1869, p. 331. Gn. 54, p. 79. The com-
monest garden Crocus.
10. Tommasici^nus, Herb. Corm globular, K in. in
diam.: lvs. appearing with the fls., narrow {% in.
broad): perianth-tube little exserted; segments 114 in.
or less long, pale red-bluish, .sometimes dark blotched
at the tip ; throat glal rous ; anthers pale orange, a
little longer than the white glandular filaments; style-
branches short, orange-yellow. Dalmatia and Servia. —
Distinguished from C. fernus by its glal)rous throat.
11. Sidberi, Gay. Corm globular, % in. diam.; Iv?. 4-
G, as high as the fl., glaucous lieneath, 3v. in. broad: per-
ianth-tube short-exserted; segments 1-1 3d in- I*'"??
color of C. vemus; throat yellow and glabrous; anthers
orange, twice as long as filaments; style-branches
nearly entire, orange-red. Greece, Crete.
12. retictil&ttis.Bieb. Corm %in,in diam., covered with
honey-combed fibers: lvs. 3-5, as high as the fl.. very
narrow, with reflexed edge and a white band: perianth-
tul)e much exserted : segments 1-1 % in. long, white to
purple, the three outer ones striped; throat glabrous;
anthers orange, twice the length of the orange filaments;
style-branches scarlet, overtopping the anthers, S. E.
Eu. — Varies to white.
13. ".tniscus, Pari. Corm 1 in. or less in diam.: lvs.
alx>ui 3, ven,- narrow, as tall as the fl. : perianth-tube
short exserted: segments l-y^ iu. long, lilac, or the outer
is
"M'
CR0CC8
ones crf»m colored and sometimes purple-feathered
out.side; throat yellow, .slightly pul)escenf ; anthers or-
ange, twice an lonj? as the glabrous tllament.s; style-
branches nearly entire, orange. Italy.
BB. Style-branches fimbriate, ttranched,or cut into very
narrow divinions.
14. Imper&ti, Ten. Corm nearly or quite 1 in. in
diara.: Ivs. -Mi, exceeding the Hs., verv narrow; per-
ianth-tube little exserted; segments 1-1 % in. long, lilac
or even white, the outer ones huff and .l-striped on the
outside; anthers yellow, exceeding the filaments; style-
branrhes fimbriate. Italy. h.R. 23:11I9;{. Gn. 54, p. 79.
15. Olividri, (Jay. Corm nearly globose, %-% in. in
diam. : Ivs. 4-5, as tall as the fl., becoming M in. broad:
perianth tube littl«^ exserted ; segments bright orange yel-
low and never striped, 1)4 in. or less long ; throat gla-
brous; anthers orange, twice the length of the roughish
filaments; style-branches orange, slender-forked. Var.
Suteri&nui, Baker (C. chrysnnthus, Bot. Reg.) has nar-
rower and more rolled Ivs. Greece to Asia Minor.
16. vitellinu*. Wahl. (C. SyrXacua, Boiss & Gaill.).
Corm % in. or less in diam. : Ivs. 4-6, as high as the fls.,
narrow- linear; perianth tube short, exserted; segments
1 in. or less long, orange-yellow, the outer brown-tinged
outside ; style-branches divided into many capillary
parts. Asia Minor. B.M. 6410. — Rare in culture.
AA. Blooming in fall.
B. Style-branches entire.
17. satlvus, Linn. Saffron Crocus. Corm 1 in. or
more in diam.: Ivs. «)-10, as tall as the fl., very narrow,
ciliate-edged ; perianth-tul>e little exserted ; segments
oblong and obtuse, bright lilac or even white; throat
pubescent; anthers yellow, longer than filaments; style-
branches 1 in. or more long, bright red (the source of
saffron). Asia Minor. R. H. 1895, p. 573.— The com-
monest fall-blooming species.
18. HadrlAticus, Herb. Much like C.'sativus: usually
smaller-fid., pure white, the segments pubescent at base;
anthers bright orange, more than twice longer than the
white or purple filaments. Greece, etc. — Runs into sev-
eral forms,
19. zon&ttiB, Gay. Corm somewhat flattened or de*
flexed, K-'/'iin. in diam.: Ivs. appearii :" after the fls.,
narrow-linear: perianth-tube exserted, 2-3 in.; segments
1-2 in. long, rose-lilac, purple- veined and orange-spotted
within ; throat yellow, pubescent ; anthers white, 2-3
times longer than the yellow flli raents : style-branches
short and yellow. Cilicia. G.C. III. 23:85.
BB. Style-branches fimbriated or forked at the top.
20. longifldnuB, Raftn. Corm %m. diam. : Ivs. 3-4, very
short at flowering time, very narrow: perianth-tube much
exserted; segments oblong and bright lilac, 1% in., never
striped ; throat slightly pubescent, yellow ; anthers
orange, more than twice as long as the filaments: style-
branches scarlet, slightly compound. S. Eu. — Not fre-
<iuent.
21. 8er6tinU8, Salisb. Corm 1 in. or less: Ivs. 4-6, as
high as the fl. , very narrow : perianth-tube little exserted ;
fjf'trments oblong, IK in., lilac or purple, indistinctly or
not at all striped; throat glabrous; anthers yellow, much
ex<'eeding the filaments: style-branches orange-yellow,
fimbriated. Spain. — Not frequent,
22. S^lzmanni, Gay (C tingifUnus, Herb.). Corm
somewhat depressed, 1 in. in diam. : Ivs. about 6, not
prominent at flowering time, very narrow: perianth-tube
much exserted; segments 13^ in. long, plain lilac; throat
pubescent, yellowish; anthers orange, longer than the
filaments: style-branches slender, orange. Morocco.
BBB. Style-branches capillary-divided.
23. nudifldrus, Smith. Corm very small, stoloniferous:
Ivs. 3-4, appearing after the fls., very narrow: perianth-
tube much exserted ; segments l>^-2 in., lilac : throat
glabrous; anthers large and yellow, twice as long as the
filaments. Mts. S. France and Spain. — Long known in
cult., but not common.
24. Bdryi, Gay. Corm globular, % in. or less in diam. :
Ivs. .3-6, narrow-linear, as high as the fls.: perianth -tube
short-exserted; segments 1-1 H in. long, white, sometimes
CROTALARLA.
403
lilao-lined at the base outside; throat yellow, glabrous;
anthers white, somewhat longer than the orange fila-
ments: style-branches scarlet, divided into many '•apil-
lary segments. Var. Tourneldrtii, Baker {C. Orphan-
Idin, Hook. f. B.M, 5770) has lilac fls. Greece.
25. medial, Bnl bis. Corm globular,lin,or less in diam. :
Ivs. 2-3, appearing 'n spring, narrow, l>ecoiuing a ft. or
morehigb: perianth-tube much exserted; segments 1 V,-
2 in, long, bright lilac; throat glabrous, whitish; anthers
pale orange, twice the length of the yellow filaments:
style-branches scarlet, with many capillary divisions.
S. France, Italy.
26. Attiiricas, Herb. Corm globular, % in. or less in
diam.: ivs. alx^ut 3, appearing in fall but not maturing
till spring : perianth-tube short-protrude<l ; segments
l^ain. long, lilac; throat pubescent; anthers briglit yel-
h>w, longer than the white filaments : style-branches
orange, with many capillary divisions. Spain,
27. specidsuB, Bieb. Corm not stoloniferous, 1 in. or
less: Ivs. usually 3, developing after the fls., thin, very
narrow, becoming 1 ft. long : perianth-tube much ex-
serted ; segments 1 H-2 in., lilac and feathered with darker
color; anthers very large, bright orange, much exceeding
the filaments. S. E. Eu. and Asia. B.M. :{861. B.R.
25 :40. — Handsome.
28. polch^llas, Herb. Conn small, somewhat de-
pressed : Ivs. produced after flowering, maturing in
spring: perianth-tube much exserted; ijegments l-lj'i ia.
lung, bright lilac, more or less ind.stinctly striped;
throat glabrous, bright yellow ; anthers white, longer
than the pubescent yellow filaments : style-branches
orange, with many capillary branches. Greec" to Asia
Minor. B.R. 30:3.
29. Byzantlnufl, Ker (C. iridifldnts, Heuff.). Corm
}4 in. in diam. : Ivs. 2-4, developing after the fls. : peri-
anth-tube much exserted; segiuents 2 in., or less long,
the outer ones dark lilac and acute, the inner ones
shorter and pale lilac or white; anthers orange, longer
than the filaments. S. E, Eu. B.M. 6141. B.R. 33:4.-
An old garden plant, but rarely seen in this country.
L H B
CBOSNES. See Stachys Sieboldi.
CBOSS. The offspring of any two flowers that have
been cross-fertilized. A cross-breed is a cross between
varieties of the same species. Synonyms are half-
breed, mongrel, variety-hybrid. Crossing is the opera-
tion of cross-pollinating. Cross-pollination is the trans-
fer of the pollen of one flower to the pistil of another.
CBOSSANDBA (Greek, fringed anthers). Acarthd-
ceir. Greenhouse evergreen shrubs of minor impor-
tanc". ccmiprising 9 species from India, tropical Africa
and Madagascar. The one in the trade has handsome 4-
sided spikes or scarlet-orange fls. The perianth has 5
segments, the 2 upper ones being smaller. It is culti-
vated south outdoors to a slight extent, and also rarely
in notthem greenhouses.
undulaefdlia, Salisb. (C. infnndibulifdrmis, Nees).
Height 1 ft., rarely 3 ft.: Ivs. often in 4's, especially be-
low, but also opposite, ovate acuminate, stalked: fls.
scarlet-orange, overlapping one another in dense spikes,
2-3 in. long. Ind. B.M. 2186. R.H. 1891:156.
C. flava, Hook. Unbranrhefl shmb, 6-R in. high: stem green,
glabrous: Ivs. opposite, close together, large for the size of the
plant, 6 in. long, obovate lanceolate, dark green aVx)ve, jmler be-
neath, wavy, more obtuse than in the above; lower Us. stalked,
upper ones sessile: spike 4-si(le«l, spiny: fls. yellow; tube
much exserted, jointed. Trop. W. Afr. B.M. 4710.— C Gui-
neenftis, Nees. Height 2-6 in.: stem light red, rustj' pubescent:
Ivs. 2-4 pairs, 3-.") in. long, elliptic, green above, with golden
netted nerves, reddish bene.tth: spike solitary, termin.-il. slen-
der, 3-r» in. high: fls. numerous, small, pale lilac, with 2-darker
spots on the 2 smallest segments, and a white eye. Guinea.
B.M. C346.— A handsome foliage plant.
CBOSSWOBT. Froperly Crucianella. Loosely, the
crucifers.
CB0TALA2IA (Greek, rattle, Castanet ; from the rat-
tling of the seeds in the pod). Rattle-box. A very
large, tropical genus, of which the most interesting
404
CROTALARIA
CRYPTOGAMS
species is C. refusa, a hardy, yellow-fld. rnnual, which
has been compared to a dwarif sweet pea. For best re-
sults, the seed should be started early indoors, after be-
ing soaked in warm water. The name is commonly mis-
spelled Crotolaria. (Jreenhouse kinds are subject to red
spider. C.juncea, yields the Sunn hemp of India.
A. Lvs. simple.
retilsa, Linn. Annual, 1% ft. higl : branches few,
short: lvs. entire, very various in shape, but tvpically
obovate with a short mucro, clothed beneath \ j short
appressed hairs : -fls. about 12 in a raceme, yellow,
streaked or blotched with purple; standard roundish,
notched. Cosmop. June-Aug. — Introduced 1896, as a
novelty and called ''dwarf golden yellow-flowerin;; pea,"
"golden yellow sweet pea," etc. The flowers are mu:h
less fragrant than the true sweet pea.
AA. Lvs. ^oliolate.
longirostrata, Hook. & Am. Greenhouse plant, her-
baceous or somewhat shrubby, much branched. 3 ft.
high: branches long, slender, glabrous; petioles 1^^ in.
long; leaflets 3, oblong, with a minute mucro, glabrous
above, hoary beneath, with very short, appressed, silky
hairs: nicemes erect: calyx with 2 upper lobes ovate,
the 3 lower ones lanceolate: fls. as many as 25 in a ra-
ceme, yellow with reddish stripe along the back of the
unopenevl flower; standard wider than long, reflexed,
notched. W. Mex., Guat. B.M. 730G. F.R. 1:809.
Cap^nsis. Jacq. Stout, much branched shrub, 4-5 ft.
high: branches terete, appressedly silky; stipules when
present petiolulate, obovate and leaf-like, obsolete or
wanting n many petioles; leaflets broadly obovate, ob-
tuse or mucronulate, glabrous or minutely pubescent on
one or both sides: racemes terminal or opposite the
lvs., loose, many-fld.: calyx an<i pod pubescent; wings
transversely wrinkled and pitted. S. Afr. — Cult, in Fla.
by Reasoner Bros. •\;^_ j^j^
CBdTON (Greek name of another plant ^ Ettphorbi-
Aceof. Some .500 species of trees, shrubs, or herbs,
widely distributed. They are sometimes dioecious, but
commonly the fls. are moncecious and mostly in terminal
spikes or racemes. Calyx of sterile fls. 4-6 (usually 5)
parted, the stamens 5 or more; petals usually present,
but small. Calj'x of fertile fls. .5-10 parted, petals none
or mere rudiments, the ovpry 3-loculed. Lvs. usually
alternate. A. few species are native to the U. S.; they
are mostly annual herbs of no horticultural value. The
Crotons of florists are Codiaums, which see.
C. Tiglium, Linn., is the only s^-icies known to be in
the Amer. trade. The seeds yield the Croton oil of com-
merce, one of the most powerful of purgatives. It is a
small tree of Southeastern Asia. Lvs. ovate-acumi-
nate, serrate, stalked, varying in hue from metallic green
to bronze and orange. Offered in South Cal. as an orna-
mental and curious plant. l^ 2^ B^
CROWFOOT. See Haminculus.
CROWN, or CORON \. Any outgrowth from the throat
of the perianth, as the trumpet of a Narcissus, or the
fringe of a Passion Flower. Crown is also applied to
the top of a bulb, corm, or upright rootstock : also that
part of a plant at the surface of the ground.
CROWN BEARD. Verbesina.
CROWN IMPERIAL. Fritillaria ImpeHalis.
CROWN OF THORNS. Euphorbia splendens.
CROWN-TUBER. A tuber of which the top is stem
and the lower part root, as the radish.
CRUCIAN£LIA (Latin, a little cross; from the ar-
rangement of the lvs.). HubidceiP. Cross-wort. This
genus contains a hardy rock plant of minor importance.
Not more than 21 species, or herbs often woody at the
base; branches usually long, slender, 4-comered: upper
lvs. opposite, without stipules: lower lvs. or all in
whorls of 3 or more, linear or L nceolate, rarely ovate or
obovate: fls. small; white, rosy or blue. Natives of the
Mediterranean region and western Asia. The genus is
cJ-sely related to Asperula, and is di.^tinguished by the
L wers having bracts, not an involu re, and the style
branches distinctly unequal instead of nearly equal.
The species below has lately been referred to Asperula.
It is of easy culture, preferring light, moderate loam and
partial shade. A delicate plant for the front of borders,
and capital for the rockery. Prop, chiefly by division,
and also by seeds.
styldsa, Trin. {Asperula eilidta, Rochel). Pros-
trate, 6-9 in. high : lvs. in whorls of 8 or 9, lanceolate,
hispid: fls. small, crimson-pink, in round terminal heads
half an inch in diam.; floral parts in 5's; style club-
shaped, long exserted, very shortly twice cut at the top.
June-Aug. Persia. ' J. B. Keller and W. M.
CRUEL PLANT. Same as Mosquito Plant, Cy nan-
chum acuminatifolium.
CRYPTANTHUS (Greek, for hidden flower: the
flowers concealed beneath the bracts). Bromelidctce.
Brazilian epiphytal Bromeliads, differing from JEchmea
and Billbergia (which see for culture) in the tubular
calyx and the dense heads of fls. nearly sessile amongst
the lvs. Mongr. bv Mez (who recognizes 8 species) in
DC. Aionogr. Phane'r. 9 (1896).
A. Lvs. not narrowed or petiolate above the sheath.
acaiUie, Beer {Tilldndsia acattlis, Lindl. C. unduli-
tus, Otto & Dietr. ). A few inches high, suckering
freely: lvs. sea-green, long-pointed and spreading, weak-
spiny: fls. white, nestling deep in the foliage. B.R,
14:1157.— A very variable plant, of which Mez recog-
nixes the following leading types:
Var. genulna, Mez. Stemless or very nearly so : lvs.
sub-elliptic-lanceolate, strongly undulate, gray-scurfy
beneath, scurfy above.
Var. discolor, Mez { C. discolor. Otto &T>ietr.). Stem-
less or nearl • so: lvs. elongated, scarcely undulate, sil-
very-scurfy below, glabrous or nearly so above.
Var. rClber, Mez (C. ruber, Beer). Produces abranch-
ing stem or trunk: lvs. short, strongly undulate, reddish.
Var. bromelioides, Mez (<7. bromeliotdes. Otto &
Dietr.). Stem tall: lvs. much elongated, scarcely undu-
late, remotely spinulose.
Var. diTersifdlios, Mez ( C. diversifdlius. Beer). Stem-
bearing: lvs. elongate-lingulate, deep green above, sil-
very-scurfy beneath.
zon&tos, Beer. Lvs. oblong-lanceolate, the margin
undulate and densely serrate-spinulose, marked with
transverse bands of white: fls, white.
bivitt^tus, Regei (Billbergia bivittdta, Hook. B.
vittdta, Hort.). Nearly or quite stemless: lvs. long-ob-
long, curving, long-pointed, somewhat undulate, spmy,
dull brown beneath, green above and with two narrow
buff or reddish bars extending the length of the leaf:
fls. white. B.M. 5270.
*r,
^he h.
.
u.c '*U-
-
.m
rosy
11
L.
H.
B.
AA. Lvs . narrowed or petiolate .'ftc
Beilickeri, Morr. Lvs. 10-20, oblong, >-
late at base, very finely spiny, browni
and spotted or striped with light green
CRYPTOGAMS are flowerless plants, and they produce
not seeds but spores. The whole vegetable kingdom has
been split into two vast classes, the flowering plants or
phanerogams and the flowerless ones or cryptogams.
Cryptogam means "concealed nuptials," and phanerogam
means "visible nuptials." x 3se names were given when
it was thought that the sexual parts of the flowerless
plants were ver^' minute or even wanting. The word is
now falling into disfavor with botanists. Cryptogams
are of less horticultural interest than the flowering
plants, although they include the Ferns, and some inter-
esting smaller groups, asSelaginellas, Lycopods orClub
Mosse>. Two other vast groups are the Seaweeds or
Algie, and the . angi. For the edible Fungi, see Mush-
rooms. For parasitic Fungi, see Diseases and FuHfiux.
For a general sketch of the Ferns and their allies, see
Ferns.
' ''■-liiilitfiiiiitri-'
C -
I %
C -
>. r
t; -
X /
u
> -^
S J;
a =
CRYPTOGRAMMA
CUCUMBER
405
JiTFXOORAMMA (Greek, a concealed line, alluding
1. the sub-marginal sori). PolypodiAcece, A small genus
of subalpine Ferns of both hemispheres. Lvs. of two
sorts, the sporophylls contracted and the sori covered
bv the infolded margin of the segments, forming pod-
like bodies. Besides our native species, a second one,
C crispn, is found in Europe, and a third in the Hima-
layas. Name often incorrectly written Cryptogramme.
Culture easy.
acrosticholdes, R. Br. Rock-Brake. Height ibou*
8 in. : lvs. 4-6 in. long, on tufted straw-colored stalks,
tri-quadripinnatifid, with toothed or incised seguients,
the sporophylls with longer stalks, less divided ar.d with
pod -like segments. Canada to Colorado, California and
northward. L. M. Underwood.
CEYPT6LEPIS (Greek, hidden scale). Asclepiadd-
cece. Glabrous shrubs, erect or twining, of tropical
Asia and Africa. Lvs. opposite. Fls. in a loosely fork-
ing, few-fld. cyme. Calyx deeply 5-parted, with 5 scales
at base. Corolla with spreading limb, the tube short-
cylindrical oi* campanulate, the lobes 5 and linear,
spreading or deflexed and twisted ; corona of 5 scales
attached at or near the middle of the tube. Follicles
terete and smooth, spreading. Only cult, in S. Calif, and
S. Fla. C. Buchknani, Roem. & Schult. A twining
shrub with yellow fls., resembling those of an Echites.
C. longrifldra, Regel. Dwarf and compact, growing with
long lvs. tinted with red; tubular white fls., as in Bou-
vardia jasmini flora. Both species are from India.
CRYPTOMfiRIA (Greek, kryptos, hidden, tneros, part;
meaning duubtful). Conifenp. Large pyramidal tree,
with a straight slender trunk, covered with reddish
brown bark and with verticillate spreading l>ranches,
ascending at the extreraitii-s : lvs. spirally arranged,
linear-subulate, acute, slightly curved, decurrent at the
base : fls. monoecious ; staminate oblongs yellow, forming
short racemes at the end of the branches, pistillate
globular, solitary, at the end of short branchlets : cone
globular, with thick, wedge-shaped scales,
furnished with a recurved point on the back
and with pointed lobes at the apex, each scale
with 3-5 narrow-winged, erect seeds. One spe-
cies in China and Japan, extensively planted
for avenues, and as timber trees in the latter
country, where the light and easily worked but
durable wood is much used. It is hardy as far
north as New York, and thrives in sheltered
positions even in New England. It seems, how-
ever, in cultivation, not to assume the beauty
it possesses in its native country. With us, it
looks best as a young plant, when it much re-
sembles the Aratwaria excelsa. !t is therefore
sometimes grown in pots. It thrives best in a
rich, loamy and moist soil and sheltered posi-
tion. Prop, by seeds or by cuttings of growing
wood, especially var. elegans, which grows very
readily. The horticultural varieties are also
sometimes increased by grafting.
Jap6nica, Don. Tree, attaining 125 ft. : lvs.
linear-subulate, compressed and slightly 4- or '3-
angled, bluish green, 3^-1 in. long: cone brown-
ish red, %-l in. across. S.Z. 124. R. H. 1887,
p. 392. Gng. 4:197. F.E. 10: 510. G.F. C: 446.-
Of the garden forms, the most desirable is var.
Elegans, Beissn. ( C. elegaHS.ytAteh ) . Low, dense
tree, with horizontal branches and pendulous branchlets:
lvs. linear, flattened, soft, spreading, longer than in the
type, bright green, changing to bn)nzy red in fall and
winter. Very handsome when young, but short-living.
Var. araucafoides, Carr. Of regular pyramidal habit,
with short, tliick falcate lvs., resenibiing Araucaria
excelsa. Var. comp4cta, Hort. Of very compact habit,
with bluish green foliage. Var. L6bbi, Carr. Of com-
I>act habii, with shorter and more appressed bright and
deep green lvs. Var. n^na, Knight. Dwarf and pro-
cumbent, densely branched form; adapted for rockeries.
Var. spinalis, Veitch. Slender shrub, with strongly
falcate Iv^'., twisted spirally around the branchlets.
S.Z. 124, Fig. 4. Alfred Rehder.
CEYPTOPYBXIM (Greek, hidden ivheat). GramlneoB.
This genus includes a plant sometimes catalogued with
ornamental grasses, but it is no more ornamental than
a long-awned form of quack -grass would be. C. Blchard-
soni, Schrad. (Agrop^mm liichardsoni, Schrad.) , is simi-
lar to Agropyron caninum, but has longer awns. It is
leafy, and grows 1-1>^ ft. high. p. g, Kennedy.
CRYPTOSTfiGIA (Greek, knipto, conceal, and stego,
cover; referring to the 5-scaled crown in the corolla tube,
which is not exposed to view). Asclepiaddicea>.. A genus of
only two species of tropical climbers, one from tropical
Africa and one from Madagascar. The juice of C. gran-
diflora, vrhen exposed to the sunshine, produces caout-
chouc. The plant is cultivated in India for this pur-
pose. It is rarely cultivated in Old World greenhouses
for ornament. It is said to be of easy culture in a warm
house and propagated by cuttings.
grandifldra, R. Br. Stem erect, woody, branches twin-
ing : lvs. opposite, short-stalked, oblong, entire, 3 in.
long, 1% in. wide : fls. in a forked raceme, reddish pur-
ple, becoming lilac or pale pink, about 2 in, across,
twisted in the bud. Trop. Afr. B. R. 5: 435. — Once cul-
tivated at Oneco, Fla., by Reasoner,
CUCKOO FLOWER. Cardamine prafensis.
CUCKOO PINT. See Anim.
CUCUMBER. Plate VIII. The common Cucumbers are
derived from a South Asian species, Cncumis sativtis (see
Cucumis), which has long been known in cultivation.
The so-called West India Gherkin, which is commonly
classed with the Cucumbers, is Cncumis Anguria. The
Snake, or Serpent Ciir-umber is more properly a musk-
melon, and should be designated botanically as Cucumis
Mt'lo, var. flexuosns (cf. Am. Gar. xiv. 206). The "Musk
Cucumber" is Cucttmis moschataf Hort. Probably this
is identical with C-oncombre musqu^, referred to S'icana
odorifera by Le Potager d'un Curieux, known in this
country as Cassabauana. The Mandera Cucumber ia
584. House of English Cucumbers.
Cncumis Sacleuxii, Paill. et Bois. (Pot. d'un Curieux),
but it is not in cultivation in this country. None of these
is of any particular importance except the common types
of Cncumis sativus. These are extensively cultivated
in all civilized countries as field and as garden crops.
They come into commerce as pickles packed in bottles
and barrels, and are verj' extensively used in this
form. Of late, the forcing of Cucumbers under glass
has come to be an important industry in the eastern
states ; and this industry seems to be rapidly in-
creasing.
Cucumbers will thrive in any good soil not extremely
heavy nor sandy. Good corn orwlieat land, if in garden-
ing condition with respect to tilth and drainage, will
406
CUCUMBER
CUCUMBER
answer. Or for the earliest crop, a situation with a more
pronouncedly sandy soil may serve best. In most parts
of America the field crop of Cucumbers may be grown
from seed planted in the open ground after danger of
frost is past. Put 6 to 12 seeds in the hill (having enough
to provide against the ravages of insects), the hills being
4 by 6 feet apart. The early crop may often be planted
585. Three prominent varieties of English or
Forcing Cucumber.
S, Sion House ; £, Duke of Edinburgh; T, Telegraph.
in the same way, and protected for a time by a sash-
covered frame placed over each hill. Plants are some-
times started in greenhouses or hotbeds, to be set later in
the open ground ; but this method is unsatisfactory unless
great pains be taken. The method outlined by Hender-
son ( Gardening for Profit ) , of starting plants on inverted
sods in hotbeds and greenhouses, has proved successful
with some gardeners, Imt is not capable of wide use.
Early cultivation should be sufficient and timely, and ac-
companied by very careful combative operations against
insects, for the first month is the most critical in the
life of the Cucumber plant. When the vines begin to
cover the ground, cxiltivation may be discontinued.
Cucumbers are often forced in wamihouses (Fig. .'584)
in winter and spring. The large English forcing varie-
ties,as Telegraph and Sion House (Fig. 585), are preferred
by some growers, but the White Spine varieties are more
popular in America, especially for spring forcing after
lettuce or Cowering plants. The plants are started in
3-inch pots, and transferred directly to the benches at
intervals of 2 J^ to .3 feet. They are then trained on wire
trellises near the roof. The English Cucumbers like a
night temperature of 00° to 05°, and a day temperature
of 70° to 75°. The White Spine varieties are less fastid
ious, and will take a somewhat lower temperature. In
forcing Cucumbers, it is very important that the young
plants should suffer no chi ck from germination to fruit-
age. (Consult Bailev, Forcing-Book, and Cornell Bull.
31, and Munson. Me. 'Exp. Sta. Rept. 1890.)
Cucumbers for pickling should be gathered when
quite small. In fact, their value as pickles seem to
stand pretty much in inverse ratio to their size. Vines
on which fruits are allowed to ripen cease bearing
almost immediately. The young fruits may be success-
fully preserved in brine, from which they are soaked out
with fresh water as wanted, and put into vinegar, which
they readily absorb.
There are a great many varieties of Cucumbers in cul-
tivation. This means that the group is variable, the va-
rieties comparatively unstable, and varietal distinctions
somewhat uncertain. Nevertheless, there are certain
dominant types which may be separated, and around
which most of the varieties may be conveniently classi-
fied. The principal types are tlie following :
Common Cucimiber, Cucumis aativus.
I. English forcing t3rpe (var. Anglica): Fig. 585. Large-
leaved, strong-growing, slow-maturing plants, not suited
to outdoor culture ; fr. large, long, smooth, usually
green, with few or early-deciduous black spines. Tele-
graph, Sion "House, Noa's Forcing, Tailby's Hybrid,
Kenyon, Lome, Edinburgh, Blue Gown, etc.
II. Field varieties (Hill or Ridge Cucumbers).
a. Black Spine varieties.
1. Netted Russian type : Small, short -jointed vines,
bearing more or less in clusters, small, ellipsoi-
dal fr. covered with many small, black, decidu-
ous spines; fr. green, ripening to dark reddish
yellow, on a cracking, chartaceous skin. Early-
maturing and prolific. Netted Russian, Ever-
bearing, New Siberian, Parisian Prolific Pickle.
2. Early Cluster tyi)e : Small or medium ^^nes : fr.
small, usually less than twice as long as thick,
indistinctly ribbed, green, ripening yellow, with
scattered, large, blafk spines. Early Cluster,
Early Frame, Green Prolific.
3. Mediiim Green type: Intermediate in size of vine
and fr. between the last and next : fr. about twice
as long as thick, green, ripening yellow, with
scattering, large black spines. Nichol's Medium
Green, Chicago Pickle.
4. Long Green type: One of the best fixed types, rep-
resenting, perhaps, one of the more priniit>e
stages in the evolution of the group. Vines large,
long and free-growing: fr. large and long, green,
ripening yellow, with scattered, large, black
spines. Long Green, Japanese Climbing.
h. White Spine varieties.
5. White Spine type: A strong and important type:
plants medium large, vigorous : fr. medium large,
about thrice as long as thick, green, ripening
white, with scattering, large, white spines.
There are many selected strains of White Spine.
Cool and Crisp seems to belong here.
6. Giant Pera type : Mostly poorly fixed varieties,
having large, rather unthrifty vines, bearing
large frs. tardily and sparsely, which are whiteor
whitish, smooth or with scattering, deciduous,
usually white spines. Chicago Giant, (loliath.
Giant Pera, White Wonder, Long Green China.
Sikkim Cucumber, Cucumis satipus,'v&i. Sikkimensis. Plant
small and stocky, much like the common Cucumber: fr.
large, reddish brown marked with yellow. (The Egyp-
tian Hair Cucuml>er. of Haage & Schmidt, as we have
grown it, is apparently an odd form of Cuctimis satinm,
and may belong here. It has a me<lium-sized white fr.,
densely coveretl with soft, white hair. The plant resembles
the Sikkim Cucumber.) Not in general cult.
Snake or Serpent Oicumber, Cucumis Mclo, var. flexunsvs.
Vines resemblir.g those of muskmelon : fr. very long,
twisted, ribbedc> 'indrical, green, tardily yellowing, covered
with dense, wooliy hairs.
586. Staminate flower of Cucumis Melo.
CUCUMBER
CUCUMIS
407
West India Gherkin, Cucxtmis Anguria : Figs. 590, 591. Vines
small and slender, somewhat resembling a slender water-
melon plant : fr. very abundant, small, ellipsoid, covere«l
with warts and spines, green, tardily whitening. Good for
pickles.
These varieties are mostly all good for one purpose
or another. The small sorts are natur-
ally preferred for pickling, the medium
sorts for slicing, and the large, late va-
rieties for ripe fruits. The White
Spine varieties are great favorites for
slicing, and only less so for pickling.
The unrelenting enemies of the Cucumber
in the field are the Cucumber beetles (Dia-
brotica, spp. ) and the squash bug (Anasa
tristis). No effectual preventive measures
are known except to cover the young plants
with small wire or hoop frames, over which
fine netting is stretched. If the plants are
kept quite free from attack till these protec-
tors are outgrown, they will usually suffer lit-
tle damage. Plants started in hotbeds or green-
houses (see above) may usually be kept free at first, and
this is the chief advantage of such practices. The Cu-
cumber beetles are kept away somewhat at times by
strewing tobacco stems thickly under the plants ; and
kerosene emulsion will sometimes discommode the
young squash bugs without killing the vines, but usu-
ally not. "In the greenhouse, Cucumbers are liable to
damage from mite, aphis, root-gall and mildew. For the
bed in which the temperature of the soil is 70 to 80°.
Place them 3 or 4 inches apart. In about ten days they
will be large enough to transplant into pots, fc^'x-inch
pots are preferred, two plants in each. In two weeks
587. Pistillate flower of
Cucutnis Melo.
Natural size.
^/V
mite, syringe the plant and pick off the infested Ivs.;
for aphis, use tobacco fumigation and pick infested Ivs. ;
for root-gali, use soil which has been thoroughly frozen;
for mildew, improve the sanitary conditions, and then
use sulfur."— /?rt»7cy, Forcing-Book. p^ j^^ Wacgh.
Forcing of Cucumbers. — The growing of Cucumbers
under glass has become a large industry. Some years
ago they were forced only in the spring, but to-day they
are grown all the year round. The most difficult time
is in the short days of winter. At such times there is
always a good price for them and a brisk demand, and
the prospect is as good for the future. The house may be
even span and run either way, but many use two-thirds
span, with the long way to the south. When they are
continually grown year after year, it would be best to
have double glass and double thick, but for early fall
and late spring, on ^ thickness of double glass is suffi-
cient. The house may be any length desired. For heat-
ing, steam is the best, with pipes arranged so that they
shall not be over :i}4 ft. from either side o^ the house.
Pipes 134 in. in diameter are large enough. Larger
pipes give too much heat in one place.
The soil should be good loam, new soil preferred, from
sod land. The plants are started in a box or small bed,
where the temperature can be run to about 90°. In
four or five days they will be ready to transplant into a
Flowers of Cucumis sativus.
they will be large enough to set in the house where they
are to grow. The plants are set 3^ feet apart in the
row and rows 6 to 7 feet, according to the size of the
house. The vines should bear in four weeks. The crop
depends upon the season. The spring-grown plants will
produce double the crop of the fall- or winter-grown.
The pollinating may be done with bees. One hive in a
house of 24 by 100 feet, or in that proportion, will be
sufficient. In midwinter, hand-pollination may be neces-
sary.
If grown properly, house Cucumbers are not often
troubled with in.sects, but sometimes the green-fly comes
upon them. In such cases, spray well with water, and
smoke often. The mildew or spot sometimes appears,
but never if the house has been taken care of properly.
There is no real cure for these fungous diseases but to
pull up the plants and begin again. Radishes or to-
matoes can be grown with Cucumbers. If radishes are
sown or transplanted in the house when the Cucumbers
ar^ jet out, they will be otf before the Cucumbers begin
to bear; but all crops should be out of the house when
the Cucumbers are bearing.
In this country', the White Spine type of Cucumber is
mostly used for forcing, although the'long English kinds
are sometimes growTi (particularly for home use).
W. W. Rawsok.
CUCUMBER EOOT. Same as Indian Cucumber,
Medeola V'injinica.
CUCUMBEE TSEE. See Jlierr/toa &i\(!i Magnolia.
CUCUMIS (old Latin name). Cucurhitdcea>. Sterile
fls. in clusters, not long stalked, the fertile ones solitary
^
589. Spray of Cucumis
sativus.
and mostly short-stalked in the axils : corolla of 5 deep,
acute lobes : stamens not united : stigmas .S, obtuse :
tendrils simple. Herbaceous vines, of nearly .30 tropi-
408
CUCUMIS
CUCUMIS
cal species, m-^stly African and East Indian. The cult,
species are annual. Monogr. by Cogniaux, DC. Monopr.
Phaner. 3. See, also, Naudin, Ann. Sci. Nat. (Bot.) IV.
11:9; 12: 108.
SIX). Spray of Cucumis
Ansuria.
A. Fr. smooth (not spiny nnr tuberctilate) at maturity.
Hdlo, Linn. {C. Momordira, Roxb. C. iitilissimns,
Roxb. ). Melon. Miskmelon. Figs. 586. 587. Long-run-
ning, hairy, prickly : Ivs. round-heart-shapod or reni-
form, sometimes rounded-lobed : fr. in many sizes and
shapes, the inner part being edible. S. Asia. — When
forced under glass, the Ivs. are usually more lobed. See
Melon.
Var.Cantalup^nsis, Naud. Cantaloupe. Rock Melons.
Fruits mostly hard-rinded, more or less warty^ scalv or
rough, often deeply furrowed or gror.ea, — Name de-
rived from Cantaluppi, near Rome, a former country
seat of the Pope, whither this type of melons was brought
from Armenia. In the U. S. the word Cantaloupe is often
used as a generic name for Muskmelon, but it is prop-
erly a name of only one group of muskmelons— the hard
and scaly-rinded (see Waugh, G. F. 8:18.3).
Var. reticol&ttis, Naud. Nutmeg or Netted Melons.
Fruits softer rinded, more or less netted, or sometimes
almost plrin or smooth. — Comprises the common musk-
melons, at ^e from Cantaloupes.
Var. saccharlntis, Naud. Pineapple Meix)NS. Com-
prising varieties of oblong shape and very sweet flesh.
Not sufficiently distinct from the last.
Var. inoddrus, Naud. Winter Melons. Lvs. lighter
colored, less hairy, narrower : frs. possessing little or
none of the common muskmelon odor, and keeping long.
The winter muskmelons are little known in this country,
although they are worthy of popularity. Much cult, in
parts of the Mediterranean region. See Bull. 96, Cor-
nell Exp. Sta.
Var. flexudsas, Naud. {C. flexudsus, Linn.). Snake
Melon, .'^nake Cuci^iber. Fr. many times longer
than broad, greenish at maturitv, variously curved and
furrowed. A. G. U : 203. -Fr. often 2-3 ft. long, and 1-3
in. in diameter. Grown
mostly as an oddity, but
it is useful for the mak-
ing of conserves. The hard-
shelled Snake Gourd is a
Lagenaria (which see).
591. Fruit of Cucumis Anguria.
Var. acidulus, Naud. Cucumber Melon. Frs. oblong
or cylindrical, mottled or unicolored, the flesh white and
cucumber-flavored. No varieties in the Am* r. trade are
of this group, but they are occasionally seen in Iwtanical
gardens and experimental grounds, which import seeds
of oriental plants.
Var. CMto, Naud. {€. Ch)to, Morr.). Orange Melon.
Mango Melon. Melon Apple. Vine Peach. Garden-
Lemon. Vegetable Orange. Vine less robust than
that of the Muskmelon, and lvs. smaller : fr. size, shape
and color of an orange or lemon, without markings, with
a white or pale yellow i-ucumber-like flesh, with no musk-
melon o<lor. — Not edi'de in its natural state, but useful
for the making of preserves ( or " mangoes " ) and pickles.
Name pronounced keeto. Cf. Bull.
15, Cornell Exp. Sta.; A. G. 14:206!
Var. DMaim, Naud. {C. Dudalm,
Linn. C. odoratissimux, Mtench ).
DuDAiM Melon. Pomegranate
Melon. Queen Anne's Pocket
Melon. Vine small, as in the last:
fr. size and shape of an orange, some-
what flattened at the ends, very reg-
ular and smooth, marT)led with longi-
tudinal markings of cinnamon-brown
overlying yellow, exceedingly fragrant. — A most hand-
some gourd -like fruit, and highly and deliciously per-
fumed. Not eaten. A nearly odorless and scarlet-rinded
form is separated by Naudin as var. erythrceus.
AA. Fruit spiny or tuhercidate.
satlvuB, Linn. Cucumber. Figs. 588, 589. Long-
running, prickly : lvs. usually 3-lobed ( or strongly
angled), the middle lobe most prominent and often
pointed: fr. prickly or muricate, at least when young,
but in some varieties becoming smooth, mostly oblong,
the flesh white. S. Asia. See Cucumber.
592. Young turban Squash, on which the remains
of the corolla still persist.
The central part of the fruit is the ovarj-.
Var. Anglicns. Figs. 584, 585. Engush or Forcing
Cucumber. A product of cultivation and selection,
within the last century (see Forcing-Book, pp. 1U2-4I,
distinguished from the common or tield Cucumbers as
follows: fruits (and ovaries) very long and slender, little
if any furrowed, spineless or nearly so at maturity,
nearly or quite green at maturity, comparatively few-
seeded: fls. very large: lvs. very broad in proportion to
their length, with shallower sinuses: vines ven,' vig-
orous, with long and thick tendrils.
Var. Sikkim^nsis, Ilook.f., cult, in the Himalayan
Mts., but not known to be in this country; has large T-U-
lobed lvs. and cylindrical-club-shaped fr. B.M. 0206.
dips^ceuB, Ehr. (C erindceus, Hort.), Dipsaceous
Gourd. Ostrich-Egg Gourd. Hedgehog Goikd.
Plant and foliage like that of C\ Melo: fls. long-
stalked: fr. 1-2 in. long, oblong or nearly spherical,
becoming hard and dry, densely beset with long scales
or hairs, and looking like a bur. Arabia, Afr. R.H.
1860, p. 210. Cult, as an ornamental Gourd.
Angflria, Linn. {C. groxaularicpfdrmis, Hort.). BcR
Cucumber.. West Indian Gherkin. Goosebekry
Gourd. Figs. 590, 591. Stems slender, hispid : lvs.
deeply cut into 3-5 narrow obovate or spatulate divisions,
CUCUMIS
CUCURBITA
409
water-melon like: fls. small, the pistillate long-stalked:
fr. 1-3 in. long, cucumber-like but more spiny. Supposed
to be native to the Amer, tropics. B.M. 5817. — Cult, both
for the oddity ot' its frts. and for the making of pickles.
The Gherkins of mixed pickles, however, are young
Cucumbers.
C.ncutdngulus, Hort.=Luflfa.— Cperennia, James==Cu-
"iJ^^it*- L. H. B. /s
CUCUBBIT. A plant of the genus Curcur- - ^^■
bita. Sometimes shortened to Cucurb.
peduncle very hard and deeply furrowed when mature,
not enlarging next the fr. : the fr. very various in form,
color, season, size. — Probably native to trop. Amer., but
unknown wild. Cult, by the Indians when Amer. was
CUC0EBITA (classical name). Cucur-
bitiu-eie. GouKiJ. PrMPKiN. Sv^fASH. Vine-
like herbs, tendril-bearing, inhabitants
warm countries. Fls. moucpcious, large,
yellow, solitary in the axils, the stam-
inate long 8talke<l, the pistillate short-
stalked : corolla 5-lobed : stamens 3,
arising from the bottom of the fl., and united in a
column : stigmas 3, but 2-lobed : ovary inferior, en-
closing a hollow receptacle: ten<lrils 2-3 forked. About
10 species. The morphology of the Pepo or Gourd-fruit
may be illustrated by the Turban Squash. ( Figs. 592, 593,
594. ) In this fruit, there is a ' • squash inside a squash . ' '
The inner part bears the corolla and the styles. It is the
ovary. The corolla is attached about the edge of the
593. Young Turban Squash, in which the withered
corolla has become detached, but hangs on
the remains of the styles and stiemas.
inner Squash, as the withered remains in Fig. 592 show.
Sometimes the withered corolla becomes detached, but
hangs onto the withered remains of the stigmas, as in
Fig. 593. The longitudinal section of the tiower ( Fig.
594) explains the structure. The corolla is shown at c d.
The top of the ovary is at O. The stigmas are on the
ovary. The part encircling the ovary (outside of O) is
the hollowed receptacle. Ordinarily the receptacle is
closed at the top, completelj' confining the ovary; but
in the Turban Squashes the receptacle does not extend
over the top of the ovar>', and
tlie ovary theicfore protrudes.
The older morphologists held
this outer part of the Squash to
be adnate calyx, rather than re-
ceptacle. The CucTirbits are
monographed by Cogniaux. DC.
Monogr. Phaner. 3. Also by
Naudin, Ann. Sci. Nat. (Hot.)
IV. vol. 6. See Pumpkin and
Squash.
A. Lvs. lohed : stnlks of fruits
strongly ridged.
P6po, Linn. (C. Melop?po,
Linn.). Pumpkin. Figs. .595,
596. Annual: long - running,
prickly on stems and petioles :
lvs. "Ko-lobed, dark dull green:
corolla-tube widening upwards,
the pointed lobes erect : calyx-
SOS. Plant of Cucurbita Pepo.
discovered, in fields of maize. For studies in the nativity
of the Pumpkins and Scjuashes, see DeCandolle, Origin
of Cultivated Plants; (jravand Trumbull, Amer. Joum.
Sci. 25: 370 ; Sturtevant, Amer. Nat. 1890 : 727 ; Witt-
mack, Ber. der Deutschen Bot. Gesell. G: 378 (1888).
Var. cond^nsa. Blsh Pvmpkins. Scallop and Sum-
mer Crookneck S<^rASHEs. Plant compact, little or not
at all running. Of horticultural origin.
Var. ovifera. {0. ovifera, 'Linn.). Gourd. Fig. 597.
Plant slender, running: lvs. smaller than in C. Pepo,
usually very prominently lobed: fr. small, hard and in-
edible, .egg-shaped, globular, pear-shaped, oblate, often
striped. R.H. 1894, j). 429. — Sold in many vars. by seeds-
men, under the names of C Pepo vars. pyriformis,
depressa, annulata, etc. See Gourd.
mOBch&ta, Duchesne (C. melonafdrmis, Carr. ).
CusHAW. China, Canada Crookneck and Winter
Crookneck St^UASHEs. Figs. 598, 599, 600. Annual :
long-running, less prickly and sometimes soft-hairy:
lvs. more rounded than those of C. Pepo, but lobed, often
grayish: fl. with a widening tube, and large, erect lobes:
calyx-lobes large, often leaf-like: peduncle becoming
deeply ridged and much enlarged next the fr. Possibly
of East Asian origin.
594. Section of Flower of
Turban Squash.
Showiiig the ovary inside
the hollowed receptacle.
lobes narrow, not leaf - like
596. Stem of Cucurbita Pepo— Early Sugar Pumpkin.
aa. Lvs. not lobed (except sometimes on young shoots):
.Htalks of fruits not prominently ridged.
maxima, Duchesne. StjUASH, Figs. 601-604. Annual:
long-running, the stems nearly cylindri«'al, little prickly
and often hairy: lvs. orbicular or kidney-shaped, com-
monly not lobed, the basal sinus wide or narrow, the
margin shallowly apiculate-sinuate: corolla-tube nearly
410
CUCURBITA
CUNNINQHAMIA
the same diam. at top and bottom (Figs. 602, 603), the
corolla-lobes large and soft, and wide-spreading or droop-
ing: peduncle at maturity soft and spongy, not ridged
597. Cucurbita Pepo. var. ovifera.
nor prominently enlarged next the fr. : fr. very various,
but not light yellow nor warty nor crookneck-shaped,
usually late-ripening, the flesh orange and not stringy.
Probably American.
foetidlssima, Knnth. {C.perinnis,
Graj'. Cucumis perinnis, James).
Fig. 605. Perennial : long-running,
scarcely prickly: Ivs. large, cordate-
triangular, grayish pubescent, the
margin shallowly apiculate-cre-
nate : fl. nearly as large as in C.
Pepo and similar in shape, the pis-
tillate on a peduncle 2-3 in. long:
fr. size and shape of an orange,
smooth, green and yellow splashed,
not edible. Sandy, arid wastes,
Neb. and Colo, to Tex. and Mex.
and w >stward to Calif. R. H. 1855:
61; 1857 p.54. — In its native haunts,
the root . ■ tuberous, 4-7 in. in diam.
and penetrating the earth 4-6 ft.
Roots at the joints. The plant has
a fetid odor. Sold by seedsmen as
a gourd, but the fruit does not often
ripen in the northern states. Use-
ful on arbors and small trees, when coarse vines are
wanted
The terms Squash and Pumpkin are much confused.
In Europe, the large varieties of Curctibita maxima are
known as I'umpki";'^ but in this country the fruits of
this species are lu f^^- ■ usually as Squashes. In America,
the words Pum. i in and Squash are used almost indis-
criminately, so /e ". a-ieties in all species being known
Japanese Crookneck, Dunkard, and Sweet Potato Pump,
kins (or Squashes) are C. moschata. The fruit stem (as
shown in Figs. 596, 599, 604) is a distinguishing charac-
teristic of the ripe fruits. C. Pepo and C. maxima, and
C. maxima and C. moschata do not intercross. C. Pepo
and C. m,oschata have been crossed, but it is doubtful if
they intermix when left to themselves. In Europe, the
word Gourd (or its equivalent in various languages) is
used generically for Cucurbitas ; but in this country it is
restricted mostly to the small, hard -shelled forms of
C. Pepo (var. ovifera) and to Lag enaria vulgarig.
L. H. B.
CUDKANIA (derivation unknown). Urticdceiv. Trees
or shrubs, with deciduous, alternate, stipulate petiuled
Ivs. : fls. dioecious, in globular heads : collective fr. globu-
lar. About 3 species, in S. and E. Asia and trop. Austr.,
of which only one is sometimes cultivated. It requires
protection in the north, and is usually prop, by green-
wood cuttings in summer under glass.
tricuspid^ta, Bureau (Madura tricnspiddta, Carr.).
Shrub, with slender, spiny branches: Ivs. elliptic-ovate,
acuminate, entire, sometimes 3-lobed at the apex, nearly
glabrous, l^^-3 in. long: fl.- heads axillary, on short pe-
duncles: fr. globose, about 1 in, across. China. R. H.
1864, p. 390.— Much resembling Madura, and of no
special decorative value. Alfred Rehder.
CULM. The stem of a grass.
CULVES'S SOOT. Veronica
ginica.
CUMIN, or CUMMIN, the seeds of
Cuminum Cymimim ; Black Cumin,
Xigella safiva ; Sweet Cumin, or
Anise, Pimpinella Anisum.
by those names. The field or common pie
Pumpkins are C. Pepo ; so are vegetable
marrows ; also the summer Squashes, as
the Scallop, Pattypan and Crookneck va-
rieties. The Hubbard, Marblehead, Sibley and Turban
kinds are C. maxima. The Cushaws, Canada Crookneck,
St;m of Cucurbita moschata— Large Cheese Pumpkin.
CUNlLA (origin unknown). Zahiiltce. This genus
contains a low-growing, tufted, hardy, native perennial
plant, rarely cultivated in borders for its profusion of
small, white or purplish, 2-lipped flowers, which are
borne in corymbed cymes or clusters. The genus con-
tains not more than 16 species, 2 North American, 2
Mexican, and the rest Brazilian. They are somewhat
woody, and usually have small Ivs. : the whorls of tiowers
are sometimes loosely corymboi^e,
sometimes axillary, few-fld., much
shorter than the Ivs., sometimes niany-
^^';«?> fld., in dense spikes or tenuinal heads:
calyx 10-13-nerved, 5-toothed : perfect
stamens 2.
Mariana, Linn. Maryland Dittany.
Height 1 ft.: Ivs. smooth, ovate, ser-
rate, rounded or heart-shaped at the
base, nearly sessile, dotted, 1 in. long.
Drv hills, southern N. Y. to S. Ind.,
south to Ga. and Ark. J.H. III. 35: 321.
Mn. 7: 201. See also Dittany.
f
CUNNINGHAMIA (after J
collector, who discovered this
Coniferce. Tree, with stout
Cunningham, botanical
Conifer 1702 in China).
trunk and verticillate.
spreading branches, pendulous at the extremities: Ivs.
CUNNINGHAMIA
CUPHEA
411
linear-lanceolate, rigid, densely spirally arranged and
2-rowed in direction: fls. monceciouH; staminate oblong,
pistillate globose, in small clusters at the end of the
branches : cones roundish-ovate, 1-2 in. long, with round-
600. Fruit of Cucurbita iroschata— Tonasu. a Japanese variety.
ish-ovate, serrate and pointed, coriaceous scales, each
with 3 narrow-winged seeds at the base. One species, in
China. A very decorative Conifer for '..armer temperate
regions, mufh resembling the Arauraria lirmtilUnsis.
It prefers a half-shaded position an«l sandy and loamy,
humid soil. Prop, by seeds or cutting of half-hardy
w(K)d in late summer under glass; short sprouts from
the old wood of the trunk or larger branches are the
best; cuttings from lateral branches grow into weak and
one-sided plants.
Sinensis, R. Br. (C. lanceoldta, Lamb.). Tree, attain-
ing 80 ft.: Ivs. linear-lanceolate, with broad, decurrent
base, sharply pointed, finely serrulate, light green and
shining above and with two broad, whitish bands be-
neath, 1/^-2^2 in. long: cones 1-2 in. high. China, cult,
in Japan. B.M. 2743. 8.2.104,10.5. Alfred Rehder.
CUFANIA (after Francis Cupani, Italian monk, author
of Hortus Catholicus, died 1710). i>apindiice(c. A rather
lary;e and ill-delined genus of trees and shrubs, the
most important of which is the Akee tree, naturalized in
the West Indies from western Africa, which has rich,
rod edible fruits that are much improved by cooking.
The flowers are so fragrant as to deserve distilling. The
tree reaches a height of 30 ft., and is cultivated in Ja-
maica to a height of only 3,000 ft., but can endure a
slight frost. It is also cult, in So. Fla. C. sapida is
now referred to Blighia by reason of its long-exserted
stamens and scale longer than the petals. C anacardi-
oides, a rapid-growing tree with edible fruit, has been
introduced into S. Calif, by Franceschi.
S&pi6iSL,y oigt{ BUghia xdpida .Kon.) . Akee Tree. Leaf-
lets 3 or 4 pairs, ovate-lanceolate, veined: fls. whitish.
C. chganffsKima, Hort., was once advertised by
Pitcher & Manda as an ornamental warmhouse plant
"with handsome leaves and racemes of white flowers."
Ct^PHEA (Greek, curved; referring to the prominent
protuberance at the base of the calyx tube). Lythrd.ce(f.
An exceedingly interesting genus of tropical and sub-
tropical American herbs and shrubby plants, with re-
markable variations in the petals. In C. ignea, per-
haps the most attractive of the group, the petals are en-
tirely absent, and the showy part jis the brilliantly
colored calyx tube. At the other extreme is C. hysaopi-
folia with G petals (the normal number in the genus),
and all of equal size. Between these two extremes
(shown in Figs. GOO and 608) are at least two well
marked intermediate types. One of these (exemplified
in C. procumbens) has 2 large and 4 small petals: the
other, (C. Llavea), h&s 2 conspicuous petals, and the
other 4 are completely abortive. These two types are
unique among garden plants. The series of intergra-
dient forms is completed by C. eyanea, in which there
are only 2 petals, and these minute, and C micmpetoht,
in which there are 12 barely visible i>etals, alternating
with and shorter than the calyx teeth. The genus is
badly in need of thorough botanical revision. The plants
are often clammy: Ivs. opposite, rarely whorled or alter-
nate, ovate, lanceolate, or linear, entire. The flowers
are often borne in one-sided racemes, and some of the
species have a very odd look from the bold angle made by
the slender ascending pedicel and the descending calyx
tube, with its queer projection at the base. The purple
stamens add to the interest. Nearly all Cupheas are
Ml. Cucurbita maxima.
602. Staminate flower of Cucurbita maxima—
Hubbard Squash (X %).
grown from seed and treated as tender annuals, but C.
ignea is chiefly prop, by cuttings. They are of easy cul-
ture, and the whole series is worth growing. In addition
to the species described below, C. Hookeridna. Walp.,
is cult, as C. ScezUi, Carr. It has lanceolate Ivs., with
vermilion and orange calyx. R.H. 1877:470.
Petals 6, but very witiiite and inconspicuous.
microp^tala, HBK. (CJminens,
Planch. & Linden). Stem shrub-
by, more or less branched : 1-2
ft. high: branches and calyx sca-
brous : Ivs. oblong - lanceolate,
acute at both ends, but without a dis-
tinct petiole, rigid, scabrous: fls. borne
singly in succession at a point above
the axils, which distinguishes this spe-
cies from all others here described ;
petals 6, minute, borne between the calyx
teeth, and shorter than them ; calyx 12-
412
CUPHEA
UUPHEA
toothed, scarlet at the base, yellow towards the top,
greenish at the mouth; stamens and filaments red:
ovary 2-celled, many-seeded. Mex. HBK. Nov. Gen.
03. Pistillate
fiower of Cucurbita maxima—
Hubbard Squash (X?^).
Sp. 6, p. 209, t. 5r)l. R.H. 1857, p. 151.
(1854). — The picture first cited shows a 1-sided raceme,
the second a panicle and the thir<l a common raceme.
In this species the calyx tube is the attractive portion,
while the petals are inconspicuous. The tube is not 2-
lipped, but almost regular.
AA. Petals 6, all conspicuous, but 2 of them much
larger than the rest.
procambens. Car. Annual, herbaceous. 1 in. high,
procumbent, sticky-pubescent, with characteristic pur
plish hairs: Ivs. ovate-lanceolate, with white hairs, 13^-
604. Stem of Cucurbita maxima— Hubbard Squash
F.S. 10:994
3 In. lonjr, (rradnally deereasinj? in size until they he-
come bract-like, petiole short: fiM, nunienms, peduncles
longer than the petioles, 2 or .'J times shorter than the
calyx: calyx 6-toothed, purplish at the base, green at the
tip, with 12 raised streaks, and a pubescence like that
of the stem; petals <>, the 2 larger ones on the upper lip
of the calyx purple; filaments included. Mex B R
3:182. C. purpurea, Hort. P. S. 4:412. R.B. 22:85-
said to be a hybrid between C. miniata and C. vfucog'.
si ma, is probably not distinct.
AAA. Petals 6, all of the same size.
hyssopildlia, HBK. Fig. 606. Stem shrubby ; branches
numerous, stricrose: Ivs. lanceolate, rather acute, obtuse
at the base, glabrous above, strigose-pilose along the
midrib and veins, as may be seen with a hand lens: fls.
with their slender pedicels scarcely longer than the Ivs^
calyx glabrous: petals 6, somewhat unequal, dilute vio^
let; stamens 11 included; til«-
ments villous : ovary 5-6-
seeded. Mex. — r. h'l/K.sopi-
phfflla, Hort., Pitcher &
Manda, is presumably a typo-
graphical error. This is" the
least attractive of the species
here described, and is no
longer advertised, but it still
lingers in a few conservato-
ries. It is easily told from its
showier relatives by its much
smaller Ivs. (less than 3 2 in.
long) and much branched and
very woo<ly appearance.
AAAA. Petals normnlhj 2,
the other 4 abortive.
B. Size of petals very small.
cy&nea, Moc. & Sesse. (C.
sfrignldsa, Hort,, not HBK.).
.Stem herbaceous, erect :
branchlets hispid: Ivs. oppo-
site, stalked, ovate, cordate,
acuminate, villous on both
sides: peduncles alternate, racemose : calyx slitrhtly
hispid, scarlet at the base, yellow at the top: petals 2,
clawed, .spatulate; anthers and petals violet-blue. Mex.
B.R. 32:14 (1846) as C. strigilldsa, Lindi. F.S. 1:15 &
P.M. 11:241 as li. strigulosa, but neither of these plates
is the C. striguld-sa. HBK., which is a ditlerent species,
with a shrubby stem : branches and calyx clammy-his-
pid: Ivs. ovate-oblong, acu^e at both ends, clammy, srla-
brous above, strigose-scabrous below : petals nearly
equal : ovary about 8-ovukd.
li
605. Cucurbita foetidissima.
CUI'HEA
CUPRESSUS
413
BB. Size of petah larger.
c. Calyx 6-toothed.
LlkvtA, Lindl. Red, White-and-Blue Flower. FIjr.
607. Steins numerou.s, herbaceous, hixpid: branches
axceuding : Ivs. almoHt sessile, especially near the top,
ovate-lanceolate, strijrose: racemes short, few-tld. : ca-
lyx green on the ventral side, purple on the back and at
the oblique-6-toothed mouth; petals 2 large, scarlet,
obovate. the other 4 abortive; stamens 11. Guatemala.
B.U. U>:l:toC. J.H. III. 31::M)5.-It isdoubtfiil whether
the plant described by Lindley is the same as the Mex-
ican plant originally described by Lexarsa, which was
said to have petals of ''dilute scarlet." Lind-
ley "s plant ha«l a green calyx, but the plant
iu the trade is ctdored. Used for baskets
and bedding. Often misspelled Havat.
CO. Calyx 1^-toothed.
mini^ta. Brongn. Stem shrubby, erect:
brauclies few, hispid: Ivs. opposite, the up-
{H-r ones not quite opposite, with a very
short petiole, ovate, acute, entire, with
white, silky hairs which are denser beneath:
ris. solitary, subsessile. axillary, the pedun-
cle adnate to the branch in .such a way as
to appear between and below the pefcioies:
raceme few-tld., one )*ided. F.S. 2:73. P.M.
14:101. R.H. 1845:225. R. B. 22:85.- Var.
compActa. Hort. S.H. 2:43. Gt. 4«). p. 037.
Tliis is referred to C. Ltavea, Lex., by Index
Kewensis. The above descriptitm is from
the original one in F.S. 2:73. Van Houtte
describes several hybrid varieties in F.S.
5, p. 487, which dilfer chietiy in size, color,
and marking of petals. Calyx 1 in. long, his-
pid, green at the base, purple above, 12-toothed at the
tip: petals 2. scarlet, wavy. The specific name miniata
means cinnabar-red, and refers to the petals.
AAAAA. Petals none.
ignea, DC. (C. platycentra, Hort., not Benth.). Fig.
6yt*. Branches somewhat angled: Ivs. petioled, ovate-
lanceolate, acuminate, narrowed at the base, lightly
scabrous : flower stalks 2-4 times longer than the leaf
stalks: calyx glabrous, shortly 6-toothed. bright red ex-
cept at the tip, which has a dark ring and a white mouth:
linear-subulate an«! spreading: f!s, monrpcious, minute,
solitary on short branchlets; staniinate ovate or oblong,
yellow; pistillate subghtbose: cones globular or nearly
so, consisting of ;t-7 pairs of ligneous, peltate scales,
with a mucro or boss on the flattened apex, each bearing
Mex.
sold
F.S.
only
606. Cuphea hyssopifolia (X K).
petals none: stamens 11 or 12, glabrous.
2:180 (1846). P.M. 13:267 (1846). -This is
as C. platycentra, although De CandoUe corrected the
error in 1849 (F.S. 5:500 C). This is a remarkable in-
>runce of the persistence of erroneous trade names.
W. M.
CUPULE. The husk or cup of an acorn. The oak be-
longs to the Cupuliferse.
CUPRfiSSITS (ancient Latin name from Greek, A'h-
parissos). Cypress. Trees, rarely shrubs, with aro-
matic evergreen foliage : branchlets quadrangular or
nearly so: Ivs. opposite, small, scale-like, appressed. mi-
nutely dentictilate-ciliate, on young seeUiing plants
Cuphea Llavea.
Natural size.
many or numerous seeds, but
the lower scales usually sterile
and smaller ; they ripen the second year. About
10 species in C. Amer., north to Calif, and Ariz,, and
from S. Eu. to S. E. Asia. By some botanists, the allied
genus Chamsecyparis is included. Highly ornamental
evergreen trees', greatly varying in habit, only hardy in
Calif, and the Gulf states. The hardiest seems to be
C. Macnabiana, which will stand many degrees of frost
in a sheltered position; also C. macrocurpa, C Arizo-
nica, C. gempervirens, fanebris and torulosa are of
greater hardiness than the others. They stand pruning
well, and some species are valuable for hedges, C. mac-
rocarpa being especially extensively planted for this pur-
pose in Calif. The Cupressus seems to be less particu-
lar in regard to soil and situation, but prefers a deep,
sandy-loamy soil. For prop., see Chatmpcyparis. The
ytmng plants should be removed several times in the
nursery to secure a firm root-ball, otherwise they will
not bear transplanting well. Monogr. by M. T. Masters
in Journ. of Linn. Soc. 31:312-351 (1895).
Index: Arizonica, 5; Benthami, 6; Comeyana, 7; fas-
tigiata, 1; funebris, 9 ; Goveniana, 4 ; Guadalupensis,
2; horizontalis, 1; Knightiana, 6; Lambertiana, 2 ; Late-
soniana, see Chamtecyparis ; Lindleyi, 6 ; Lusitanica,
8; Macnabiana, 3 ; macrocarpa, 2; majestica, 7; sem-
pervirens, 1; torulosa. 7.
A. Branches and branchlets erect or spreading; branch-
lets short and usually rather stout.
B. Cones 1-1% in. across, with 8-14 s< ales.
1. semp^rvirens, Linn. Tree, to 80 ft., with erect or
horizontal branches and dark green foliage: Ivs. closely
appressed, ovate, obtuse,
glandular : cones oblong or
nearly globose; scales 8-14,
with a short boss on the
back. S. Eu., W. Asia. Var.
fastigi&ta, Beissn. (C. fas-
tiglitfu. DC). With erect
branches, forming a narrow,
columnar head. The classi-
cal Cypress of the Greek
and Roman writers, much
planted in S. Eu. Var. hor-
izontalis, Gord. {C. horizon-
tAlis. Mill.). Branches
horizontally spreading,
forming a broad, pyramidal
head.
2. macrocdrpa, Hartw.
MoNTEKEY Cypress. Tree, 608, Cuphea ignea (X %).
414
CUPRESSUS
CURCUMA
to 40 ft., ooeai^ionally to 70 ft., with horizontal branches,
formini; a hroa<l, Mprcadint? heml: bran<'hl**ts Mtoiit : Ivm.
rhombic «»viit»',()btus«'. clont'ly apprexxe*!, not orobsrurely
Klandulur. dark ur bri;rht Kft't'n: roneH Klobitlar «)r ob-
lonK; sfalt'M »-12, with a short, obtuMC bosn on the back.
Calif.. Houth of Bay of Monterey. S.S. 10:.'>25. P.F.O.
I., p. 167. F.S. 7, p. 192(aHr. /or«/o.y«). (}.('. HI. 22:53.
On. 5.J, p. 219. O.F. 7:24.-). Var. Crippti, Must. Lvs.
Hpreadinjf, lij<ht KJaucous. A juvi-niU* form. Var. laitigi-
4ta, Kniu'bt. Of narrow, pyramidal, faHtijp^iate hubit.
Var. Quadalnp^nsis, Mast. {'('. d'utnlalupr'nais. Wats.).
Branches spn-adin;;: Ivs. v«Ty i^laiicous: rotu-s subtrlo-
bo!ie. Uuadaiupelsl. (i.f. III. 18:(>2. Var. Lambertiana,
Mast. (C Lambert iAmi, Carr. ). Dark mrreen form with
spreading branches. Var. Itltea, Hort., has yellow
foliage.
BB. Cones %-! in. across, irith G~8 scales.
3. Macnabi&na, Murray. Pig. r»09. Shrub with sev-
eral stems, or small tree, to 20 ft., forming a dense,
pyramidal head : Ivs.
ovate, <»l)tuse, thickened
at the apex, glandular,
dark green or glaucous :
cones oblong, %-l in.
high ; scales usually 6,
with prominent conical
and curved bosses on
the back. Calif. S. S.
10:528. R.H. 1870, p. 1.55.
G.C. 111.9:40.1.
4. Ooveni&na, Oord.
Tree, to 50 ft., with slen-
der, erect or spreading
branches. forming a
broad, open or pyramidal
head : branchlets slen-
der : Ivs. ovate, acute,
closely appressed, incon-
spicuously glandular :
abundant staminate Hs.
in spring : cones sub-
globose or oblong; scales
(i-S, with short, blunt
bosses. Calif. S. S.
10:. 527. Var. comp&cta,
Andr^. Of compact, pyr-
amidal habit. K.H. 1896,
p. 9. Var. Rlatica, Carr.,
with glaucous, and var.
vlridis, (^arr.,with bright
green foliage.
5. Ariz6nica, Greene.
Tree.to40,rarely to 70 ft. ,
with horizontal branches, forming a narrow, pyramidal
or broad, open head : branchlets stout : Ivs. ovate, ob-
tuse, thickened at the apex, inconspicuously glandular,
very glaucous: cones subglobose, %-l in. across; scales
6-8. with stout, pointed, often curved bosses. Ariz.,
Calif. S.S. 10:526. G.C. III. 18:63.
6. B^nthami, Endl. Tree, to 70 ft., with horizontal
branches, forming a pyramidal head: In-anchlets slen-
der: Ivs. ovate-obtuse or acute, keeletl and s«miewhat
thickened at the apes, inconspicuously glandular, bright
green: cones globular, K-^ in. across: scales 6-8, with
.short- pointed bosses. Mex. Var. Lindleyi, Mast. (C.
Lindleyi, Klotzsch). Branchlets regularly arranged, of
nearly efjual length : cones small, with small -pointed
bosses. Var. KnightifLna, Mast. Branchlets very regu-
larly arranged, fernlike, drooping, glaucous: cones with
stout, conical-pointed bosses. G.C. III. 16:669.
AA. Branclilets slender, more or less pendulous : Irs.
usually acute and keeled, not tfiickened at the
apex: cones about y^ in. or less across (see
also C. Benthami).
7. tomldsa, Don. Tall, pyramidal tree, to 150 ft., with
short, horizontal branches, ascending at the extremities:
branchlets slender, drooping: Ivs. rhombic-ovate, acute,
appressed or slightly spreading at the apex, bright or
bluish green: cones globular, nearly sessile, about V^ in.
across; scales 8-10, mucronate. Himal. Var. Comeyina,
Mast. {C. Vorneyctna, Knight). With distinctly pendu-
609. Cupressus Macnabiana.
From a cultiviited tree.
lous branches : cones oMong, larger. Var. maj^stiea,
Gord. ( C. maj^Ktica, Knit.. it). Of mi»re vigorous ijrowth
with drooping branchlets, greyish green.
8. Lusitinica, Mill. Tree, to .50 ft., with spreadinic
branches and more or less pendulous branchlets: lv»,
ovate, a<'ute. glaucous: cones pedicelb-d. about %\x\.
across, covered with glauc«>us bloom ; scales 6-H, with
conical pointed ixtsses. Habitat unknown; much cult.
in southwestern Eu. G.C. III. 10:761. — With several
varieties.
9. fundbrii, Endl. Tree. toOOft., with wide-spreadinir,
pendulous Itranches an<i branchlets, br.inchlets slij,'litly
flattened : Ivs. deltoid-ovate, acute, light green, often
slightly spreading at the apex: cones short, peiluncled,
glolM>se, about )» in. across ; scales 8, with a short
raucro. China. I'.F.G. I. p. 47, tig. 31. Vt.C. 1850:4;»
F.S. 6, p. 91.
C. Califomica, Carr.=C. Ooveniana.— C. Caahmeridnn. Hort.
=C. torulosa.— C Elegant, Hort.=C Henthami, var. Knighti-
ana. — (\ erieoXdet, Hort.^Tbuya orientalis, var. ericoideH.— v.
glanduloaa, Hook.= C. Macnabiana.— C. glaiiea, Lam.^O.
Lusitanica.— C. Hdrtwegi, t'arr. =(\ macrocarpa.— r. Kar-
winakydna, Regel=»C. Benthami. — C. Xepalenaig, Loiid.=C.
tonilosa. — C. p^ndula, L'Her. = C. Lusitanica. — C. pendula,
Staunt.^'C. fiinebris.- 6'. Sinenaia, Hort. =C. Lusitanica.— ('!
thurifera, HBK. Tree with spreading branches: Ivh. oblong-
lanceolate, upriKht-spreiidiug, not closely appresHcd : rones
gloliose. about 1 in. across, with slightly mucronate scales.—
C. thurifera, Auth.=»C Benthami. ALFRED Rbhuek
CURCULIOO (Latin, eurculio, weevil; referring to
the beak of the ovary). Amarylliddce(r, This genus
contains an uncommon foliage plant with the habit of a
young palm and a curious tloral structure. The genus
is cl<»sely related to Uypoxis, but differs in its succulent
indehiscent fruit, and because in many species the ovarv
has a long beak which looks like a perianth tube. l)ut
this beak is always solid, and bears upon its summit the
style, which is in the center of the perianth. The follow-
ing species is grown south and north, being used by
florists for vases, jardinieres, and general decorative
work, and also used outdoors in summer. It is of ea.<sy
culture, but requires perfect drainage, and is prop, by
suckers or division.
The Curculigos are exceedingly ornamental plants for
large greenhouses, where a hit;h temperature is main-
tained. To have them looking their best they should, if
possible, be planted out in a bed, where they will attain
a height of 5 feet. Their gracefully arching leaves are
so constructed that they move continually from side to
side with the slightest movement of the air. The va-
riety variegata is one of the best variegated-leaved
plants. While not so robust as the green form, it is
more adapted to pot-culture. The soil should be two
parts loam and another of rotted cow-manure and sand.
Drainage must be carefully arranged, as the plants need
an abundance of water. The green-leaved kind stands
the summers well in the neighborhood of Washington,
if protected from the sun and afforded an abundant sup-
ply of water.
"Propagation is by division. The pieces, before pot-
ting, will make new roots rapidly if placed in the sand
bed of a warm propagating house for a few days.
recurv^ta, Drj-and. Height 214 .ft. or more : root
tuberous: Ivs. from the root, 1-3 ft. long, 2-6 in. wide,
with a channelled stalk one-third or one-fourth the
length, the blade lanceolate, recurved, plated : scapes
about as long as the leaf-stalks, covered with long, soft
brown hairs, recurved at the end, bearing a bf«d of
drooping j-ellow fls., each % in. across : bracts one to
each fl., and about as long. Ti-op. Asia, Australia. B.R.
9:770. Var. 8trid,ta, Hort., has a central band of white.
Var. varieg&ta, Hort., has longitudinal bars of white.
G. W. Oliver and W. 3L
Ct^ECUMA (Arabic name). Scitamindceir. A much
neglected group of curious and showy warmhouse her-
baceous plants with great spikes composed of large con-
cave or hooded bracts, from which the flowers scarcely
protrude their gaping mouths. These fleshy bracts are
perhaps the showiest feature of the plant, the topmost
ones being colored with gorgeous tropical hues. One
species was once advertised by John Saul, but all the
others mentioned below are equally interesting. These
CURCl'MA
CURRANT
415
curious HubjectM are altnoHt unknown In Anit* riran con-
ii«-rv»torie», but with the spread of private jfreenhouseH
iti America they will »ure|y he tfmwn, at leant in some
of the liner fancier?*' colleotiouH. The following cultural
610. Common Currant— Ribes rubrum, in bloom (X %),
points are taken from B. M. 4435, where it is said that
these plants are of ornamental appearance, even when
not in tlower. In spring the tubers should be deprived
of last year's mold and repotted in a fresh mixture of
light loam, leaf-mold and turfy peat, the pots being well
druined, and placed in a warm pit or frame in b<»ttoMi
heat. Water should be given si)aringly until after the
plant has made some growth. The young roots are soft
and succulent, and are likely to rot if the soil remains
wet for a long time. After flowering, the leaves soon show
signs of decay, and water should be gradually with-
drawn. During the resting period the soil should not
be allowed to get dust-dr>-, or the tubers are likely to
shrivel. The plants are propagated by dividing the
tubers in spring. Tlie flowers of Curcuma are large and
gaping, hooded above, and with a H-toothed lower lip.
In the throat are seen 2 teeth, which are the tips of the
anthers. Curcumas are essen-
tially tropical plants, and the
freat difficulty is said to be to
maintain sufficient heat while al-
lowing them enough air.
cordita, Wall. Lvs. 1 ft. long,
sheathing, ovate-cordate, acumi-
nate, the same color oti lx>th sides,
obli<juely penninerved : bracts in
a fvlindical spike, the upper
part forming a sterile portion
called a coma, which is a rich
violet, with a large blood-colored
spot : fls. yellow, with a pink
hood. Burma. B. M. 44;}5.-This
is now referred to C. petiolafo,
Roxb., but B. M. 5821 seems at
least horticultnrally distinct, with
its rose-pink bracts.
C. albiflora, Tliwaites, differs from
the others here described in ha\ine its
spikes sunk below the lvs., instead of
ntanding high altovethe lvs., and nil the brarts have flu., while
the others have a sterile portion of the spike which in briichtljr
«Mjlore«l. In thin Hpe<'ie«» the npike in short and green and
the Hh. are prominent and white. (Vylon, H.M.rmniO. — CAuatra-
/dxira.H <Mik. f., has itNupi>er I>r(i«'ts xoft, rosy pink an<l tlie Ha.
pale yellow. AuMtrnlia. B. M. .Vcti.— <" I{'>Meo*-ana, Wall . has
u lonnaiid Hplendi<l spike, witli hnictn ijriKhiHlly "hunifing from
Kre«"n to the vivid*"**! («<-Hrlet onmiff: t\^ p.-de yellow. Hiirnia.
H. M. 4»i«S7 — f. /.eiliHtriti, Hoxti . lias the iipp«'r hraets white,
ting»>d with CHrmiii". and hHndKomelyvari»>i{rtte«l lvs., whifh.
with the jireen of th" I«>wer bracts and the yellow of the flow-
ern. maken a Htrikinit pi<-ture of exotic iiulendor. Hiinalayas.
B.3I. i:46. ^ 5,
CUBLEO LEAVES are often ciused by aphids or
plant lice. For remedies, see Sprtnjituj. The leaf-curl
of the peach is a fungous disease. See Di»ea$ea.
CUBMtRIA. All reft rred to Ilomalomena.
CUBSANT, Four species of Currant are knoMm to
Anieriean gardeners as fruit-bearing plants. Hihes
rnhrttm (Fig. 610) inchules all the re<l and white varie-
ties. This species is found wild both in Europe and
North America. Hibiit vitjrinn (Fig. bll), the European
black Currant, although well known in America, has
never bec(mte generally popular, although it is much
prized by the foreign p<>))ulation. Jiihex Anu ricannm
(Fig. M'l), more coniiuonly kn<»wn as Jiihes floridtnn, is
the wild black Currant of Anu-rica. It is very similar in
character to the European black Currant, and is now
and then transferred to gardens. Jfilus aurrum (Fig.
Gi;{), oftener grown for ornament, has also been planted
for fruit, having been sohi from time to time under
various varietal nanu-s. the most recent being the Cran-
dall. See lilhex. To the commercial fruit-grower only
the first of these species is of great inij»ortanee. It is a
luitive of c(Md climates, and its protitable culture is con-
fined to northern latitu«les. It does not thrive in the (Julf
states and, except tinder irrigation or in specially fa\or-
able locations, makes but u partial success in the drier
region of the Plains.
Both experience and the natural habitat of the plant
indicate that a cool, moist soil is best adapted to its
growth. Strong, moist loams, with a considerable ad-
mixture of clay, are preferable. Even a stitf clay, well
drained and in good tilth, will give good results. In
small supply for the lumie garden, it may be grown in
almost any soil. A cool northern exposure or ])artial
sha<le is always desirable, and the more tinfavorable the
soil, or the more nearly does the location approach the
southern range of adaptation, the more important does
this become. For this reason western growers often find
the best results to come from planting in orchards, and
611. Black Currant— Ribes nigrum.
416
CURRANT
CURRANT
the home grower may attain the same end by titilizing
the north side of buildings or fences. Elevation may
aid in offsetting the unfavorable influence of lower lati-
tude. It is an extremely hardy fruit so far as cold is
concerned, but cannot endure continuous high tempera-
ture.
The Currant needs a rich soil and an abundance of
]>hint-f«)od. It will endure nnich neglect, but responds
quickly to liberal treatment. iStable manure, applied in
the fall, is excellent, and this may be supplemented with
applications of potash, which will improve the quality
of the fruit.
Propagation is best effected by means of long hard-
wood cuttings (Fig. G14), taken either in fall or spring.
In nursery practice they are ct)mmonly taken about Sep-
tember 1, as soon as the leaves fall. The leaves are
sometimes stripped from the plants a week or so before
taking the cuttings, if they have not already fallen. The
cuttings may be! planted at once, or tied in bundles
and buried upside down, with 2 or 3 inches of soil
over the butts. This is thought to favor the production
of the callus and to aid the formation of roots. At the
approach of cold weather, they may be taken up and
planted in nursery rows and covered with a mulch of
soil or other material during the winter, this mulch being
raked away to expose the tips early in spring. Planting
may be delayed until spring, the bundles being taken
up and stored in sand or moss in the cellar, or being more
deeply covered and allowed to remain where they are.
The comijLioner practice is to plant the cuttings in nur-
sery rows soon after they are taken. They are said to
root more quickly if packed in damp moss a week or two
before planting. Mulching of some sort is essential dur-
ing the winter. Probably nothing surpasses the soil
itself for this purpose, certainly not in the drier climate
of the Plains. If the cuttings are kept until spring,
the climate and the lighter the soil the longer should
the cutting be. In planting, only 1 or 2 buds are
left above the surface, and the soil should be pressed
612. Native Black Currant— Ribcs Americanum (X 3^).
The fruit is immature.
■planting must be done very early, as growth begins at a
l«r.v temperatiire. This makes spring planting undesir-
able in nursery practice. Cuttings vary in leng.h from
6 to 10 inches, according to soil and climate ; the drier
Buffalo Currant (X }4)
firmly about the base. Rich, moist soil should be se-
lected. A former practice was to cut out all lower buds
in order to insure a tree form of growth. This is
seldom practiced now, and never for commercial plant-
ing. 8ingle-eye cuttings under glass, greenwood cut-
tings and layers may be employed, but have little ft
recommend them. Seeds may be used as a source of
new varieties, ar.d are best sown or stratified as soon a"^
taken from the pulp.
For the final planting either 1- or 2-year-old plants
may be used, set at <listances varying to suit the con-
venience of the cultivator. Four by 6 feet is a con-
venient combination, allowing cross cultivation at inter-
vals. The land should be in fine, mellow tilth as deep
as plowed, ai.d if the underlying layers are hard and
impervious, it should be subsoiled. Setting is most con-
veniently done by marking the land in each direction,
plowing furrows one way and planting at intersections.
The soil should be closely firmed al>out the roots, with a
loose layer left at the surface to m-t as a niulch. Where
fall planting succeeds it is desirable, since the Currant
starts so early into growth in the spring. In many parts
of the country fall planting is too uncertain, while spring
planting, if done early enough, is always safe.
Subsequent tillage should be frequent but shallow, as
the roots run near the surface an<l are e.-- jily injured by
deep cultivation. Good results are obtaineil by mulch-
ing, which is sometimes mo'-e convenient in garden cul-
ture. Refuse material ot any sort may be used ; even
coal ashes, especially on 1 oavy soil, give good results.
Mulching is seldom, if e\er, desi/able in commercial
work.
P. uning is simple, but important. Fruit is borne on
both old an<l young wood, but the best of it is near the
base of 1 -year-old shoots and on short 1 year-old
spurs. The younger the wood the finer the fruit, but a
fair supply of ohl wood must be left to insure produc-
tiveness. PVoni 4 to 8 main stems are desirable, and
these should be frequently renewed. No wood over thr •
years old should be allowed to remain. Supertluou.
young shoots should be cut away, though the buds at
their base mav be left to develop fruit-bearing spurs.
Shortening-in vigorous, stragglini; shoots may be called
for, especially with young plants, but the most important
thing is a judicious thinning out of the old wood, and
CURRANT
CURRANT
417
replacing it with young (Fig. 615). The older plan of
training to a tree fomi (Fig. 016) gave les^ productive
plants, more subject to damage from the Currant borer,
with no opportunity for renewal. Experiments in thin-
ning the fruit by clipping off the outer end of the clus-
ters have shown an increase in size and in yield.
The fruit should be picked when dry, taking especial
care to prevent crushing the berries or tearing them
from the stems. If properly picked it stands shipment
well, but if carelessly picked it will quickly spoil. For
shipping i)urposes it must be pic'" " '^hile still hard and
lirni, though for home use or near market it will be bet-
ter if allowed to remain longer, especially for dessert
use. If protected with netting, it will remain on the
bushes until autumn. The fruit is commonly marketed
in quart baskets, shipped in crates, like any other ber-
ries, though the 9-p<nind grape basket is now largely
used. This is a convenient package, l>oth for the ship-
per and the consumer.
Plantations may be kept in bearing for many years
with good care, liberal feeding and continuous renewing
of the wood, but i>ractical growers generally find it ad-
visable to replant after eight or ten years of fruiting.
The cost of replanting is light, and is more than repaid
■t^ 'he advantage '^f young, vigorous plants in fresh
" Yields vary greatly. Many growers doubtless do
t .. .\^ 'age nO bushels per acre, while others may secure
i'. uifi as ^.'SO bushels. With good care Currants should
yit I» ora 100 to I.jO bushels per acre, though even this
»" "ill be obtained only by good culture and care-
ful attention to details. In frarden culture 2 to 4 pounds
per bush may be expected, though many neglected plants
scarcely yield as many ounces. Under favorable con<ii-
tions they are usually a profitable crop, though,
like all other fruits, they are subject to fluctua-
tions in price and market demands.
Red varieties are most profitable. Some of the
white sorts are sweeter, but find little demand
in market. Victoria is one of the most popular
all-round varieties. Cherry and Versailles are
probably more largely grown than any others.
Fay is capricious, succeeding remarkably well in
some locations, but proving unsatisfactory in
others ; its habit of growth is straggling and
undesirable. Red Dutch, though small, is still
highly prized on the Plains ; Prince Albert, a
very productive late variety, is popular with
canners and for jelly. Among newer varieties
the Wilder is promising. White (Jrape and the
newer \Vhite Imperial are popular white vari-
eties. Black Currants are little grown in the
United States but are popular in Canada. Black
I^aples (Fig. 611) is the most popular kind.
The best-known insect enemy is the imported
(^urrant worm {Pteronus Ifibesii), which never
fails to strip the leaves from neglected bushes
throughout the eastern United States, though as
yet unknown on the Plains. It begins feeding
on the clusters of leaves close to the ground.
and if taken in time may be poisoned with arsenites,
though powdered hellebore, at the rate of a teaspoon-
ful to a gallon of water, is the common reme«ly, and
the one which should be used after the fruit sets and
(■y
-■^^
\j*%'
The old cane, a,
616. Tree -form trainine: of Currant.
the insects have scattered over the bushes. The im-
ported and native Currant borers also cause damage.
They can only be controlled by cutting out and destroying
infested canes early in spring, before the perfect ins'ects
emerge. The Currant tly (kpochra Canadensis) soTae-
times causes serious injury to the fruit, depositing its
egg just beneath the skin, where the presence of the lan-a
causes the fruit to turn red and fall prematurely. No
practicable remedy has yet been suggested. Among
fungous diseases, there are several which prey upon the
leaves, causing them to fall prematurely, but they all
yield to thorough treatment with fungiciiles. The Cur-
rant tubercle, a disease which has recently proved inju-
rious in New York and New Jersey, threatens to be a
serious enemy and a difficult one to hght. It
is first shown by wilting of the leaves and pre-
mature coloring of the fruit. The clusters are
small and straggling, and. together with the
leaves, soon shrivel and fall, whirh is followed
by the death of the canes. Digging and burn-
ing affecte<l plants is the only rem-
edy thus far suggested. The dis-
ease may be transmitted in appar-
ently healthy cuttings, so that fields
known to be aff'ected
should not be used as
a source from which
to propagate.
The treatment of
black Currants does
not differ materially
from that of reds, ex-
cept that the plants,
being larger, require
somewhat more room.
The fruit, though pos-
sessing a most un-
pleasant odor and fla-
vor, becomes agree-
T.:; illustrate the pruning of a Currant bush,
ae cut away. The straight new canes at left are to remain.
27
418
CURRANT
CUT -FLOWERS
able if scalded for a few minutes in boiling water, and
then transferred to fresh water for cooking. It is much
esteemed by those who have learned to use it, and is
credited with medicinal qualities of value in bowel and
throat affections. The plants are exempt from attacks
of the Currant worm. Fred W. Card.
CT^SGUTA (origin of name obscure). Cotwolvnldcece.
DoDiJER. A genus of degenerate parasitic twiners,
bearing clusters of small fls. They are leafless annuals,
with very slender yellow or -red stems, which become
attached to the host-plant by means of root-like suckers.
The seeds fall to the ground and germinate ii i the spring.
As soon as the young shoot finds an acceptaole host, the
root dies and the plant becomes parasitic. Failing to
find a host, the plant dies. Dodders are common in low,
weedy places. Some species are also serious pests, as
the Clover Dodder and Flax Dodder. One of the com-
mon species (C Gronovii, Willd. ), of low grounds, is
shown in Fig. 017.
CUSHAW. One of the many names of Cucttrbita
moschata.
CUSTARD APPLE. Species of Anona.
CUT-FLOWEB INDUSTRY IN THE UNITED
STATES. Fifty years ago it would not have been pos-
sible to purchase Cut-flowers during the winter season
in any of the large cities of this country. Today there
is scarcely a village of 2,000 to 3,000 population that does
not boast of its florist, whose revenues are largely aug-
mented by the sale of Cut-flowers. Millions of dollars
are invested in the cultivation and sale of Cut-flowers in
the neighborhood of the large cities of the United States.
The growth and evolution of the business has been very
rapid in the past 25 years. From 1860 to 1875 the ca-
mellia was the most valued of all Cut -flowers, either for
personal adornment or bouquets, as much as $1, $2 and
even $3 having been obtained for a single flower at the
holiday season. At the present time t'\ey ure almost
forgotten, and are only to be found in private collections
and in the south, where the plants will live out during
the winter season. The principal flowers forced at that
time, in addition to the camellia, were daphne, bou-
vardia, abutilon, nasturtium, callas, sweet alyssum,
poinsettia, carnations and a few LaMarque, Bon Silene
and Safrano ,roses. The taste was for set designs. All
flowers were picked with short stems, or none at all, only
the open portions of cluster flowers being taken, and the
buds left to open. These small pieces were bound with
wire to wooden sticks for basket work or to broom com
straws for making into bouquets. The popular table de-
sign was called a pyramid. It consisted of a number of
bouquets each with one camellia in the center nd a
single row of smaller flowers around, backed up with
lycopodiura green. The smaller bouquets were ther.
arranged in a wire frame, the sticks on which they were
made serving to hold them in the desired position. The
top of the pyramid was a bouquet with a calla lily in
the center. These table pieces frequently cost from
$.35 to $75. and sometimes $100 was asked for a particu-
larly fine design. The small bouquets were distribute<l
to the guests at the close of the entertainment.
Only small quantities of roses were forced for winter
cutting at this time, a few florists in Boston and New
York being engaged in their cultivation in the same
houses with other flowers. Competition and a demand
for better buds, together with the good prices obtained
for the best, caused growers to give the "queen of flowers"
more attention, and the r alt was that the rose steadily
grew in favor and people began to wonder what they
saw in the camellia to admire. A ('4v.'mand for larger
roses than the small Teas resulted in atrial of some of the
Hybrid Remontants. General JacqiKjninot was found
to force w^ell and soon became a great fas'orite, bringing
from $1 to $2 a bud for the first cutting. The beau-
tiful yellow Mareehal Niel was also forced. The flow-
ers sold well, but it was scarcely prolific enough to be
profitable, and the advent of the yellow Tea Perle des
Jardins. an Everbloomer, very prolific and of easy culti-
vation, soon drove it from the market. The next rose
sensation, and the most important addition that has been
made to American forcing roses even to the present day,
was the introduction of the Catherine Mermet. This
beautiful variety, which sprang into great popularity at
once with the flower-buying public, was found very profit-
able by the growers, who, by careful cultivation and the
incentive of the high prices realized for choice flowers.
617. Dodder.
t^vinine on its host—
Cuscuta Gronovii.
soon elevated the standard of cut roses to a higher hvel,
and attracted new capital to what had now become a
thriving and lucrative business. While so fame as in it-
self. Catherine Mermet will, however, probably be longer
remembered as the parent of those truly grand Teas
now so universally grown, the Bride and Bridesnir.id,
the standard pink and white roses of to-day. Many vari-
eties for which special claims were made have been in-
troduced from time to time, but, for the most part, they
have proved vexatious and expensive experiments.
Next to the Catherine Mermet in importance is the
American Beauty (Mme. Ferdinand Jamin),the tinestof
all the forcing roses. The introduction of this variety
by the Fields Brothers, of Washington, produced a great
stir in rose circles. Fine as it appeared at first, how-
ever, its after development surprised even the most san-
guine, and to-day it stands unrivaled as the most profit-
able and at the same time the most popular with the
wealthy classes of flower-buyers.
While the development of the rose was taking place,
the carnation, ever popular, was receiving the attention
of the breeder, and new varieties showing great im-
provement in form, color and productiveness were in-
troduced annually. It was soon found that roses and
carnations did not give best results when grown together
in the same house. They required different treatment.
Roses thrive better in a warmer atmosphere than car-
nations. Different forms of greenhouse structures were
also found necessary. The original means of heating was
by brick furnaces nnd flues. Hot water and steam gen-
erate<l in iron boilers and distributed through p'pes,
although more expensive to install, were found much
more efficient, and withal the most economical plan.
In the early growth of the business the grower was
also the retailer. The rapidly increasing demand, bow-
ever, \ishered in the middle man or retail florist, who re-
lieved the grower of his stock as soon as it was ready
3
CUT -FLOWERS
CUT -FLOWERS
419
for the market, and enabled him to devote his entire at-
tention to cultivation. From this period, the business
began its most rapid development, as the more con-
venient locatitm of the flower stores in the populous
centers induced a better patronage and consequent love
for flowers, and enabled the grower, by reason of his un-
divided attention, to produce more perfect rtock and in-
crease the productiveness of his plant.
It was soon found that by giving attention to but one
kind of flower, better results were obtained, and many
r<»se, violet, and carnation specialists were developed.
The success of one grower often induced his neighbors
to follow his example. Two or three successful men in
a locality gave rumor to the place being, by reason of
its soil, climate, etc., particularly adapted for the pro-
duction of a certain flower, and a colony of such grow-
ers would soon spring up. Note the violet growers of
the Hudson, in New York ; the rosarians of Madison,
N. J., and the carnation belt of Chester county. Pa. As
the business has developed and grown all over toe
United States, it has been found that it is not so much
in the locality as in the metliods of culture that success
is attained. With the great expansion of the industry,
the handling of the large Quantities of flowers thrown
on the market became a difficult prol>lem. The Thirt> -
fourth .St. cut-flower market, in New York, originated
fromthe retail dealers meeting the Long L' land grow-
ers every morning at the ferry. A convenient restaurant
opened its doors during inclement weather, where for
years a large business was carried on. An association
of growers was Anally formed. whi<!h established, in an
adjoining commodious building, a market, which has
since been very successful and a great convenience to
both branches of the trade.
The wholesale handling of flowers on commission was
comraenceii in New York city in 18.'^i, by J. K. Allen. Thisi'
plan soon became popular, numerovis houses were es-
tablished, and the stock coming to the New York mar-
ket, particularly that of the large growers, is mainly
disposed of through thuse channels. The excellence of
the flowers supplied and the better market of the large
cities caused a considerable shipping demand, which
provided a much-needed outlet for the immense quanti-
ties of stock that at times were greatly in excess of the
local needs. With the present complete shipping facili-
ties, together with the improved methods of packing.
Cut-flowers are now shipped long distances, arriving at
their destination in a satisfactory condition after jour-
neys of from 36 to 48 hours' duration.
The final distribution of the flowers through the ave-
nues of the retail florist engages a considerable num-
ber of men in all the large cities of the country. Many
of the establishments compare favorably with the finest
stores of other lines, while the delivery service, with its
fancy wagons and liv.ried attendants, is especially nota-
ble. Great attention is paid to the decorative features
of these high-class establishments. Their show win-
dows contain at all times samples of the finest plants
or flowers in season, or examples of their artistic
arrangement. The evolution of the business during
the past twenty years has been gradual, but has
moved steadily onward. Wire and sticks have almost
entirely, or as* much as possible, been displaced by the
improved and nt rural stems of the flowers themselves.
The arranged basket of flowers, once s.) popular as a
gift, has now given way to the l,.^x of long-stemmed
roses or cluster arrangemt-nt of the same, to which are
added orchids, violets, or other choice flowers, as pre-
ferred. The custom of sending flowers to young lady
debutantes, which has become fashionable die past few
years, has liecome an important feature of the trade,
and atones in a measure for the discontinuance of the
ball bouquet, once so popular but now almost obsolete.
Christmas and New Year holidays were sit one time
equal factors in taxing the florists to the utmost to sup-
plv the demand for their goods, but of late years the
Isr day of January has lost this floral feature, and is
no longer considered of importance. The Piaster holi-
day trade has grown, however, from scarcely any busi-
ness in the early days, to be the most important event
of the year ; in fact, with many growers it is the great-
est harve.st, as almost all their winter season is given
to preparing plants and flowers for <be Easter demand.
Since the introduction of the Liliiim Harrisii, or Ber-
muda-grown Lilium lomjiflorum, hundreds of thou-
sands of these bulbs are forced for this festival.
Azaleas are probably next in demand, large quantities
being annually imp»)rted for forcing. It would be diffi-
cult to estimate with any accuracy the amount of busi-
ness transacted by the florists of this country for the
Easter festi.al, but the sum total must be enormous.
The old-time florist was satisfied with one crop from
his greenhouses— that o/ bedding plants for spring
planting. During the summer the houses stood empty,
and for a lar^e part of the winter contained dormant or
semi-dormant stock. The wide-awake grower of to-day
never allows any portion of his plant to remain idle even
for a week, one crop being arranged to follow another in
close rotation.
As flowers are very perishable articles, and depend
for their existence on certain conditions of light and
heat, there are times when the supply is not sufficient
for 'the demand; and again when the quantity coming
into the market is more than car be disposed of at the
current rates. Of late years over-production has been
the bugbear of the business. Half of the season the
market has been over-sto<'ked. Cons;,;nment follows
consignment, until the commission houses are at their
wits' ends to dispose of them. Here an important fac-
tor was introduced. The fakir, or street man, became a
customer for job lots at low prices. Through him im-
mense quantities of flowers, for which no o.her avenue
was open, have been sold daily in all the Lirge cities.
Their plate jilass cases in doorways or by blank walls
are to be seen throughout the shopping districts filled,
a^ a rule, with good flowers, with few exceptions.
The principal and most popular Cut-flowers grown in
this country are distinctively American. The Bride and
Bridesmaid roses are American sports of the Catherine
Mermet. The American Beauty, as it is grown here, is
vasth' different from Mine. Ferdinand Janiin of Europe.
The Kaiserin Augu ta Victoria and Meteor ar Euro-
pean sorts. The carnations grown are of an entirely
differeat type from the European varietie. , and are all
American .-leedlings. The evo'ution that is taking place
in this flower is wonderful, as the standard is being so
constantly raised that varieties that were considered su-
perior ten years ago are now scarcely known. The
American Carnation Society, composed largely of com-
mercial carnation specialists, has done much to advance
the quality and general excellence of this superb flower.
Chrysanthemums that produce best results here are
nearly all of American origin, from plants imported
from Japan. New varieties are introduced each year,
some of which show improvement and spur hybridizers
on to renewed efforts.
The demand for palms an<l decorative foliage plants
has kept pace vHh that of flowers, if. indeed, it ha^s not
taken the lead. The increase in the greenhouse space
given up to the growth of palms is at least threefold
within the past ten years, and it may be said that the
demand exceeds the supply, although the stock is aug-
mented largely each year by impo. ions from Europe.
Whole houses are given up to the ^ eduction of Ficus
elastica, which plant is a great favorite with the masses.
Great quantities of ferns for table decorations are now
used, the little fernery being considered as indispensa-
ble as the china to the setting.
The public taste at the present day is moftly for loose
arrangements of long-stemmed flowe.s. Stiff, formal
designs are tal)ooed. The popular funeral emblem is
forms of the wreath, which is made with a great variety
of flowers, often all of one kind. Loose clusters tied
with ribbons, and palm leaves (sago palms) crossed and
tied with ribbon" and flowers, are also favorites. House
decorations are largely composed of long-stemmed roses,
camatiors. etc., pla'*ed in vases, ])Ut few, if any, set
pieces being allowed. Table decorations for dinners
ara also confined to the use of long-stemmed flowers in
vases, and others arranged on the cloth with ferns.
Churches are trimmed with palms, plants in flower
and long-stemmed flowers ia tall vases, all being done,
as in other instances, to show, as far as possible, the
natural grace of the fiower. Bridal bouquets are also
arranged loosely, some with shower effect, by means
of flowers tied to narrow ribbons ; others tied with
420
CUT -FLOWERS
CUTTAGE
broad ribbons, to be carried in the hand or over the
arm. The flowers mostly used are roses and lilies-of-
the-valley. Tastes differ but little in the various cities,
there being a similarity in all the flrst-olass work. There
is no essentially eastern or western flower. With the
possible exception of s<mie varieties of carnations, the
assortment of flowers will be found the same the country
over. In the census of 1890 Cut-flowers were estimated
to make more than one-half of the florist's business.
One good book especially devoted to the business has
been produced, — the late M. A. Hunt's "How to Grow
Cut-flowers." Robert Kift.
CUTICLE. The outer surface of herbaceous parts of
plants. It consists of the outer walls of the epidermal
cells. These walls are much thickened and cutinized.
Minute waxy rods upon the cuticularized surfs? ce of
many fruits, such as the grape and plum, give to them
their peculiar bloonj. The Cuticle is nearly impervious
to water. The preservation of fruits depends in lart^e
measure upon the retention of moisture by the Cuticie.
Cacti and other desert plants have their epidermis re-
markably cuticularized. -^^ -^y^ Rowlee.
CUTTAGE. The operation and practice of growing
plants from severed parts. A cutting is the gardener's
name for a piece of the stem, root, rootstock or leaf,
which, if cut off and planted under suitable conditions,
will form new roots and buds, reproducing the parent
plant. This term is usually given to parts of the
stem; a part or the whole of the leaf, when so used, is
called a leaf-cutting; a piece of root or rootstock is called
a root -cutting. The scales of some bulbous plants, e. g.,
the lily, can also be used as cuttings. A cion used in
grafting might be called a cutting which unites and
grows on the roots of another plant. See Graftaqe.
Plants obtained by division or layering are provided
with roots before they are detached from the parent
plants, and, therefore, are not properly cuttings.
Multiplication by cuttings is a form of bud -propagation
in contradistinction to sexual reproduction, i. e., propa-
gation by seeds. It is a cheap and convenient way to obtain
plants. All plants cannot l>e profitably increased by these
means. Why they differ we do not know; the gardener
learns by experience what species yield a good per-
centage of healthy plants, and acts accordingly.
The following table will show the different ways in
which cuttings are made :
Soft
e. g., Verbena
Hardened
e. g., Tesv roses
Long, in open air
e. g.. Grape
Short, under glass
e. g., Japanese cedar
Cuttings
Stem.
Growing
wood..
Ripened
wood..
Roots or
rootstocks
Leaf,
Short, under glass
e. g., Anemone Japonica
Long, in open pir
e. g., Blackberry
Entire
e. g., Echeveria
Divided
e. g., Begonia' Rex
Bulb-scales
e. g., Lilies
(1) Cuttings of Growing VTood.—Tig. "jIS, These are
made either of the soft growing tips, as in coleus, salvia,
verbena, etc., or, of the same wood in more mature con-
dition, but by no means ripe, as in tender roses. Azalea
Indica, etc. The cuttings of plants like A'uphorbia
pulcherrima, erica, epncris, etc., are used in the soft
growing state, if a well built propagating house is obtain-
able; but in an ordinary house, a part of which is used
for other purposes, the older and better ripened wood
will be more successful. It is generally true that cut-
tings of hardened wood will always root, although they
require more time and may not m^e the best plants,
-*»Vy ...
618. Cutting of soft
grovv'nB wood.
(Coleus.)
but it is not true that cuttings of the soft wood will
always root. In many cases, as in the rose, they succumb
before they callus, much less produce roots. In plants
of rapid growth and good vitality, the proper condition
of the soft growing wood for cuttings can be determined
by its readiness to snap, not bend,
when bent back : the hardened wood
is in the right state as long as it con-
tinues to grow.
The treatment of cuttings in both
classes is practically the same.
They should be planted in sand un-
der glass. Large establishments
have one or more houses set apart
for this and similar p>urposes. In
smaller places a propagating bed or
bench can ])e made at the warmest
end of the warmest house. It
should be placed over the pipes
where they leave the boiler, and, in
order to secure bottom heat when
needed, the space between the bench and tlie floor
should be boarded up, having a trap door to open on
cold nights (Fig, tJiy). Cutting-frames inside a green-
house are al.so shown in Fig, G20. Side partitions
should also be provided to box in all the hr-at from the
pipes under that part of the bench. Good dimen-
sions for such a bed are, width 3 feet, length 6 feet or
any multiple of «>, thus making it simple to use a hotbed
sash when confined air is wanted. The depth of the
frame should be from 0 to 10 inches in front and from 12
to 15 inches behind. The bottom of the bed may be
either wood, slate or metal and should be well drained:
place a layer of potsherds first, then moss, and from 2 to
3 inches of sand on top. The sand should be clean,
sharp and well compacted : before planting it should be
watered if at all dry. It is sometimes advisable to
have the bed filled with moss (sphagnum), into which
pots or boxes containing cuttings are plunged : the
moss should be moist, neither too wet nor dry, and well
packed.
In many cases, when large quantities of one sort of
cuttings are to be planted, the ordinary greenhouse
fi
619. Section of propagating bed.
Shows four pipes beneath, the door on the side, and
the frame cover.
bench covered with sand is sufficient (Fig. 621). Other
forms of propagating beds are shown in Figs, G-2, 623,
624. See. also, Bailev's Nursery Book, 3d ed,, pp. 44-53.
The wood for cuttings should be fresh, and precau-
I
CUTTAGE
CUTTAGE
421
tions should be taken to prevent wilting during
making and planting: if the weather in hot, sprinkle the
floor and bench of the work room: if tbey are delicate,
and exposed for an hour or more, lay them between folds
620. Permanent propagating frames in a greenhouse
of moistened paper. The average length of these cut-
tings is from 1 to 3 inches, but they can be made longer
or shorter: much depends upon ihe nature of the plant.
The best growers prefer short cuttings ; the advantage
of a long piece to begin with is more than offset by
greater danger of wilting and consequent retrogression.
It is not necessary to cut to a bud, i. e., at the node,
in the more easily handled plants except in some her-
baceous tuberous-rooted plants, likedahlia (see Fig. 02.5),
and S(tlri<i patens, in whir-h a erowni must V)e formed to
insure future growth. Make the cut where it will give the
proper length. A part of the leaves should be removed,
always enougn to secure a clean stem for planting, and
as many more as are needed to prevent disastrous wilt-
ing, this factor varies greatly. In a hard\voo«i cutting
of lemon verbena all leaves are taken off, in zonale
geraniums from the open grpund few if any are left, in
coleus and verbena about one half are removed, while
in Olea frinjrans. Daphne odora, heath, etc., only enou^crh
for ]>lantinij:. Use a sharp knife ; but scissors are handy
for trimming and sometimes for making cuttings of
those small wooded plants which root easily.
The cuttings of plants with milky juice
should be washed l*ef«)re planting. Sonie-
tinies the lower ends are allowed to dry for
several hours, the tops being protected
against wiltinjr. Large and succulent cut-
tings, e. g., of pineapple, cotyledon, cac-
tus, etc., should be dried before planting
by letting them lie on the surface of the
propagating bed for several days, or they
may be planted in dry sand at first. I'nder
these conditions a callus forms which tends
to prevent decay; but the wood must not
slirivel.
Pfter Henderson has introduced a method
which is likely to increase the percentage
of rooted plants, and which is desirable in
slow - arrowing varieties, like the tricolor
freraniums. He advises that the cutting
should be partly severed and allowed to
hang to the i)arent plant for a few days;
this results in a partial call'is, or even roots,
before the cutting is entirely removed.
In planting cuttings, use a dibble or open
a V-shaped trench. Never thrust the ctit-
ting directly into the soil. Plant deep
enough iv; hold the cutting upright and no
deeper, making due allowance for the san<l
settling ; the distance apart sh<mld be just
enough to prevent them from pressing
against each other. It nmst be remem-
bered that they stay in the bed only until rooted. As
soon as trrowth begins, they are potted off. When the
cuttings are inserted, the sand should be tirmly pressed
about them, and they should be watered with a syringe
or with a fine rose ; the forcible application of water
compacts the sand, thus excluding air, and prevents un-
due wilting.
Give shade imraediatelj*, using lath shutters outside,
or paper or cloth screens within, and attend
to this very carefully for the first few days.
Lift the shades early in the afternoon, and
put them on late in the momincr, but keep
them on during the middle of the day, thus
gradually accustoming them to full light.
Cuttings should never suffer from dry-
ness. The sand should always be kept moist
to the verge of wetness. Ventilation should
be given on Itrij^ht days, but all exposure to
draft avoided. A good temperature for prop-
agatincr is fr<mi GO'^ to ('m° F., increasing
these figures for tropical plants and reduc-
ing them for more hardy kinds. It is de-
))atable whether bottom heat and confined
air are advisable for cuttings of growing
wood. The older gardeners employed both,
but now neither is commonly used, except
for tropical plants, like croton, or when a
consvant succession of crops of cuttings is
required. There is no doubt that with this
aid cuttings will root more quickly, but
more skill and care are required, neglect
bringing on fungous dis«'ase, which results in unhealthy
plants or total loss. If })ottom heat is used, the average
temperature of the bed sh(mld l)e 10*^ or so above that
of the air, but less will suffice. Indeed, in beds made as
described above, in good weather the sand is enough
warmer than the greenhouse atmosphere to answer everj*
purpose. If a confined air is used, ventilation and shad-
ing nmst be carefully 'ooked after, and precautions
taken agninst the accumulation of condensed moisture
within the bell-glass or frame.
Sand is the medi am commonly employed for the root-
ing of cuttings, selecting the coarser kinds for plants
like geraniums and finer for heaths. Brick dust and
powdered charcoal are .sometimes reconmiended, and
"Jadoo fiber" is now on trial. Sphagnvim is useful in
rooting Ficus elastk-a, the base of the cutting being
wrapped in a ball of moss and j mged in a bed of
moss. English ivy, oleander and other plants can be
struck in water, but this method is ciim})ersome. Peter
Henderson's saucer method is valuable in hot weather :
the cuttings are planted in sand, kept saturated and
621. Cutting bench shaded with lath.
fully exposed to the sun. Large cuttings can be planted
singly in 2- or .'i-inch p«)ts, the pots then being plunged
in the cutting bed. In such cases some well rotted leaf-
mold, less than one-half, can be added to the sand.
422
CUTTAGE
CUTTAGE
Although it is tender plant««, in the main, which are
propagated by cuttings of growing wood, the above
methods can be practiced advantageously with some
hardy plants. Thewootl,
which is invariably
more successful if h d-
ened, is obtained eiiuer
from plants forced for
this purpose, e. g., spi-
rea, Deutzia gracilis,
etc., or it is gathered in
June and July out of
doors, e. g., lilac, hy-
drangea, etc. Cuttings of
growing wood should be
potted in 2- or 3-inch
pots, in a rather sandy
soil, when the ruots are from %-% inches long. \t is
sometimes good economy to box them, i. e., plant them
a few inches apart in liats, when not immediately re-
quired.
(2) Long Cuttings of Jiipened Wood in Open A.ir.—
This method is used to propagate many hardy trf es and
shrubs, e. g., willows, currants, grapes, forsythia, etc.
Wood of the current year's growth is gathered in au-
tumn or early winter, before severe frost, and either
stored in a cool cellar, covering with moss or fresh earth
to prevent drying, or immediately made into cuttings.
These (see F'if?. 02G) should be made 6 inches or more
long and should contain at least 2 buds. It is not neces-
The excrescences, knots orknaurs, which are found on
the trunks and the main limbs of olive trees, are sonie-
time-t used as cuttings for propagation.
(;* ) Short cuttings of ripened wood ( Fig.
627) are used under glass with tender or
hrdf -hardy species, with new introduc-
tions, in cases where the grower is short
of stock, and when the plant is delicate
and small. The wood should be gathered
before severe frost and the cuttings
made and planted directly in October
and November. Make them from 2-4
inches long (sometimes a single eye only
is used), and plant with a dibble, in
Propaeatine-box.
pure sand in pots, pans or flats (boxes ''^n-^l
3 inches 3^^^fe^;^t>^
deep) . If a layer of potting soil is placed ■'^i.-'.-w^'^ \^
about 16 inches square and
under the san<l, the young plants have 625. Hardened-
something to feed upon and do not need wood cutting
to be potted so soon after rooting ; if qJ dahlia
this is done, drainage should be given.
It is important to keep them cool until a callus is formed
or roots produced. If the buds start into growth before
this, the cuttings become exhausted and are likely to
die. After rooting, — the time required varies from
one to six months— they can either be potted or the
623. Small propaeating-box, adapted
to a >vindow.
sary to exit to a bud at the base, but the upper cut
should be just above one. Thej* should be tied in
bundles with tarred rope, taking care to have them lie
" heads and tails " to facilitate planting, and with the
butts on the same level, to promott callusing. They
should then be buried in sandy soil, with the butts
down and protected against frost. In early spring
they should be firmly planted in V-shaped trenches
in well prepared soil : set an inch or so apart, with
the rows 1 or W^ feet apart. The upper bud should
be just at the surface ; to prevent suckers the lower
buds may be removed. In autumn they should be dug,
graded and heeled-in for winter. Some varieties will
624. Propagatine-box or hood.
require a second or third year's growth in the nursen.';
f'taers are ready for permanent planting, as willows
and poplars, which often grow 6 feet the first year.
This is one of the very cheapest ways of propagating,
and will pay where only 25 per cent root. This method
is generally used with deciduous-leaved plants, but
some conifers, e. g., Siberian arborvitap, will strike.
Remove enough twigs to get a clean stem for plant-
ing, and allow 2 or 3 inches of top above ground.
626. Long cuttings of ripened wood.
strong-growing sorts be planted out in well pre-
pared beds in May or June, where they are likely to
make a satisfactory growth. The weaker kinds can re-
main a y-fir in pots or flats, be wintered in a pit, and
planted out the next spring. Some greenhouse plants,
e. g., Camellia Laurest^inus, tender grapes, etc., are
propagated in this way with cuttings of fully ripened
wood, and others, as cactus, dracsena, etc., with wood
which is much older. They should be givt-n the care
described under the head of (1) Cuttings of (irowing
Wood, but they must not be forced too hard at first.
The temperature should be regulated by the nature of
the plant. The safest rule to follow is to give a few de-
grees more heat for propagating than the plant received
when the cutting was removed.
(4) Hoot -cuttings (Fig. 628) are made of either root
or rootstock and are useful in propa-
gating some plants, either in the
greenhouse or in the open air. Ten-
der plants, like bouvardia, and those
which are hardy but of del'^ate
growth, e. g.. Anemone traponica,a,re
handled under glass ; blackberries,
horseradish, et*.. out of doors. The
cuttings are made in autumn or win-
ter, the roots of hardy plants being
gathered before severe frost and
either planted directly or kept in
moss until spnng. This process of
storing develops a callus and has a
tendency to produce buds. For green- 627. Short cuttings
house work, the cuttings are made of ripened wood.
CUTTAGE
CYATHEA
423
from 1-2 inches long, the larger roots being selected,
although the small ones will grow. They are planted
in pans or flats, in soil conlpo^sed of equal parts sand
and well rotted leaf -mold. Ordinarily they are set hori-
zontally. If planted vertically, in cuttings from the
true root the end which was nearest the crowai should
be uppermost; but if made from the rootstock, that end
should be uppermost which grew farthest from the
crown. In either case >hey should be covered, as
seeds are covered,
and the whole
made firm. Root-
cuttings of hardy
plants should be
kept cool at first
' and brought into
628. F.oot-cutting of blackberry (Xj-^). heat only when
ready to grow. They
may be kept in a pit or cool cellar. Tender plants
require the same or a little higher temperature than
that in which they thrive.
In sweet potato, the tuber is cut lengthwise and laid,
with the cut side down, on moist sand or moss, the
edges being slightly covered. Buds develop on these
edges and are removed when of proper size and treated
as cuttings of growing wood, or allowed to remain until
rooted. In dracjena (see Fig. 546, page 370) — and this
applies to stem- as well as root-cuttings — the buds are
not taken oflf until rooted ; the original cutting remains
in the sand and sometimes produces a second or even a
third crop. The tuberous rootstock of Arum macula-
turn, and plants of like nature, can be cut into pieces,
remembering that the bud-producing portion of arum is
the top, and each part will grow successfully. Exercise
care in watering and maintain a goo<l temperature.
Root-cuttings for planting in the open ground are
made from 4 to G inches long, and are planted firmly in
V-shaped trenches or furrows in spring, being covered
2 inches or more deep. Roots as large as one's little
finger are chosen, and good results are obtained with
plants of vigorous growth. In plants like lily-of-the-
valley, common lilac, cilycanthus, Scotch and moss
roses, etc., unles? short of stock, it is better to encour-
age the natural growth of the suckers and propagate by
division, but these can be multiplied as above described.
Variegation, curiously enough, is not always repro-
duced by means of root-cuttings.
(5) Leaf-ctiftings.—'M.a.nY leaves are capable of pro-
ducing roots. Some have the further power of develop-
ing buds arter rooting, and of
these last a few furnish an eco-
nomical means of bud propaga-
tion,particularly where the stem
growth is insufficient. In coty-
ledon (echeveria) the whole
leaf is used, the smaller ones
from the flower - stalk being
often the best. Choose those
which are fully matured, and, if
larj^e and succulent, expose
them for a few days on the sur-
face of dry sand, but do not let
them shrivel. The treatment,
othewise, is as given above for
cuttings of growing woort. In
gloxinia and other Gesneraceae,
the whole leaf (Fig. G29), half a
leaf, or even a lesser port'on,
is used. When enough clear
petiole is obtainable, no further
preparation is needed. When a
part only of the leaf is planted,
some of the blade must be cut
away. As a rule, no bud is de-
vt;Ioped the fiist seaso . . a tuber
i>< formed, which will grow in
due time.
Begonia Hex is increased by leaves in various ways.
The whole leaf may be planted as a cutting, keeping
the petiole entire or cutting it off where it unites with
the blade ; or the whole leaf can be pinne<I or weighted
to the surface of moist sand (Fig. 203, page i42). and,
if the principal veins are severed at intervals of an
629.
Leaf-cutting of
Kloxinia.
630.
Lily scale
producing
bublets.
inch, a plantlet will appear at every cut. The best way
is to divide the leaf into somewhat triangular pieces
(see Fig. 204, page 142), ea<'h part having a strong vein
near the center. Plant in sand, in good temperature,
and treat precisely as if they were cuttings of growing
wood. Roots and buds will soon >^ow, and a good plant
will result within a reasonable time. Pot oflf when roots
are J4 in. long.
The thickened scales of bulbs, like lilies, can be used
for propagation. Remove the scales intjwt and plant
upright, like si^ eds, in soil ma<le of equal parts of san<l
and rotted leaf -mold ( F'ig. C30) : September and October
are the usual months for this work. If
they are kept in a cool greenhouse, the
young bulblets will appear in the course of
the winter, but top growth will come later,
in summer. This is a slow, lalK>rious pro-
cess, and is seldom practiced except in
propagating new varieties. The granular
scales of achimenes and plants of like
nature can be used for propagating, sow-
ing them in a sandy soil as seeds are
sown ; but this method is not a good one
in ordinary ceses. The scales of Zamia
horrida have been made to produce new
plants, and also the tuuicated scales of an
amaryllis. See Transactions of Horticul-
tural Society [London], 6, p. 501.
True \ariegation, that which comes from
lack of chlorophyll matter, is not always reproduced
by leaf-cu;tings The characteristic coloring in the
foliage of Beqonia Hex is never lacking in plants ob-
tained by these means.
For ftirther details of Cuttage, consult Lindley's The-
ory and Practice of Horticulture, 2d ed.; Burbidge,
The Propagation and Improvement of Cultivated Plants ;
Peter Henderson's Practical Floriculture ; Bailey's
Nursery Book, 3d ed. g ^j Watson.
CYANOPHtLLDM. Consult Miconia.
CYATHEA (Greek, a CMP, alluding to the indusia).
Cyathedceie. A large genus of tree ferns found in both
hemispheres, with a globose indusium which ultimately
ruptures at the apex and becomes cup-shaped. All the
species in cultivation have decompound Ivs. Many
other species from Columbia and the West Indies
besides those described below are well worthy of cul-
tivation. L. M. UXDERWOOD.
This genus includes some of the most beautiful of all
tree ferns. The species offer a great variety in size of
trunks. Those of temperate regions are mostly stout
and not spiny; the tropical species are more slender and
in many cases densely armed with stout spines. All
species are evergreen. Their culture is simple but ex-
acting. They require an abundance of water at the roots
and the trunks should be kept constantly moist. By
these means only can a vigorous growth and fine heads
of fronds be secured. The foliage lasts longer if it has
been inured to the sun during summer. Like all other
tree ferns, Cyatheas need little pot-room. None of the
species produces adventitious growths along the trunk
or at the base and none is proliferous. The plants are,
therefore, usually prop, by spores, which are produced
abundantly and genninate freely, making attractive
young plants in two aeaf^on^.— Abridged from Schnei-
der's Book of Choice Ferns.
A. Rachides unarmed; Ivs. white beneath.
dealb&ta, Swz. Rachides with pale rusty wool when
young ; Ivs. firm , bi-tripinnate. almost pure white beneath .
N^. Zealand. C. Smithii, Hort., is regarded by some as
a horticultural variety.
AA. JSachides unarmed; Ivs. green beneath.
Barkei, Hook. Stalks with tubercles near the base
beiiriiij;': large, glossy rusty scales: Ivs. bipinnate, with
broad pinnules. S. Africa.
merid^nsis, Karst. Figs. 631, 632. Lvs. tripinnati-
fid. with oblong-lanceolate pinnae and rather rarrow
lanceolete pinnules; segments scaly on the ribs beneath.
U. S. Columbia.
424
CYATHEA
CYCLAMEN
AAA. Rachiden spiny;
lv8. green beneath.
xnedull^ris, Swz. Lvs.
bi-t rii>innate, den "-ely scaly
when young, with soft, de-
ciduous hair-like scales ;
segments coarsely serrate
or pinnatiHd. on spore-
bearing lvs. N. Zealand.
L. M. Underwood.
CYCAS (clas^j^al Greek
name). Cycr.d&eeat .
Twenty or fewer species of widely distributed tropi-
cal or warm-temperate palm-lik" plants. Plants dioe-
ceous. The lis. appear in a mass in the bosom of
the great crown of lvs. Stamiuate tis. are anthers
borne beneath a scale ; the pistillate tis. are naked
ovules borne in the angles of rusty-fuzzy, pinnatifld
lvs. They have striking analogies with the gym-
nospenns an<l ferns. C'yca<ls are popular conserva-
tory plants, for they are of easy culture, and the
crowns of lvs. withstand much neglect, or even
abuse. Cycas stems and leaves are imported in
vast quantities directly from Japrn. btaminate
plants are rare in cultivation. For a horticultural
synopsis of the genus, see I. H. 11. un«ler tab. 405.
A running sketch, by W. Watson, is in Ct.F. 4: WW.
Cycads in the various species are among the most
popular decorative plants for both house and garden.
Their culture is comparatively simple, as they suc-
ceed in varying tempe'-ature and any well drained
soil. C revulntit is probably the most hardy spe-
cies, withstanding the trying climate of the upper
coast of the Uulf of Mexico, where it occasionally
loses its entire crown of leaves during severe
freezes, but is seldom killed outright. It usually
stands well at Savannah. Plants are propagated by
seeds, which keep well for a month or more after
ripening. They should be sown in shallow boxes or
the greenhouse bench, lightly ct>vered with sand,
and, after germination, potted off in small pots of
moderately rich, light soil. The growing plants do
their best in partial shade, where they should have
proper attention in watering and weeding. The old
plants freqtiently send up suckers around the base of
the trunk, which may be cut off and rooted, if takea
in a dormant state. The leaves, if any have formed,
should be cut off at the time of its removal, as other-
wise they would dry up the sucker before it wa* es-
tablished. The large stems, or trunks, are safely
shipped from their native home to most distant
countries, after cutting off leaves and roots and pack-
ing in cases .'n a dry condition. Upon arrival at their
destination, the stems are planted in as small pots
as possible and kept close and moist until new
leaves form, when a cooler and drier air will answer
for them. Their use as decorative specimens for the
home is increasing, although many failures result
from lack of moisture and sunshine. The soil which
suits them best is a sandy or gravelly loam, and
should never be allowed to get quite drj-, but be kept
in a moderately moist conditionat all seasons. When
dormant, they may be placed in the most shaded
positions occasionally, but ought to have sunshine
daily, when possible, for at least an hoiir. During
their periodical growth, they should ha.-e a great deal
of sunshine to insure a
stocky and vigorous growth ;
otherwise the leaves will be
drawn to an unnatural
lengt^h, with few i)inna^,
ruining their symmetrical
form.
Cult, by E. X. Reasoxer.
revoltita, Thunb. Sago
Palm. Figs. 6:$.'i, 6:{4. Pe-
coming G-10 ft. high, and
then branching : 'vs. long
and recurved at the end
(2-7 ft.), the many pinnae
curved downward, narrow.
"1
sharp-pointed and stiff,
dark, shining green.
Japan.
J.H. III.
21:1G;{.
309. A.G
19: 4;{6.
G:i:U. -The
est species
B. M. 21W».'M.
29:;J79. R.B.
R. H. 189(;, p.
13:141; 18:1;
Mn. 2:88:
comnion-
in cult.
Produces a handsome
crest or crown of out-
ward-flowing lvs., which remains in per-
fection fur months and years. The fniit
is densely tomentose, but is not ofteu
seen in cultivated plants. Much used at
funerals. "
circin&lis. lAnn.(C.Thmidrsii, R. Br.).
Taller, rarely branching : lvs. twice
longer than those of C. revoluta, gracefully archintr,
the pinnap afoot or less long, falcate, dark irreen abovf
and pale beneath. Moluccas. B. M. 282«>-7. F. S.
20: 2118-19.— Fruit glabrous at maturity. Not un-
common in good collections. Rapid grower as com-
pared with some other species.
Biimphii, Miq. Usually low, but said to be tall in
the wild : crown large and full : the lvs. Tm; ft.
long and 12-18 in. wide : pinna* pale, thin, lanceo-
late. 12-14 in. long and H in. wide ; petiole spinv.
E. ind.
Bellefdnti. Lind. & Rod. Stem short, cylindrical
and erect : lvs. long and graceful, recurved, the
linear-lanceolate slightly falcate, sessile pinna* en-
tire and plane on the border, somewhst glaucous ;
petioles spinulose at the base. China. I.H. 33 : 586.
mddia, R. Br. Tall (10-15 ft.), the trunk cylindrical,
bearing a large crown : lvs. curved downwards,
4 ft. or more long, elliptic or lanceolate ; i)innaB
numerous, linear and pointed ; petif>le convex below,
flat or nearly so on top. Australia. I.H. 26: 368.
Names which have appeared in the Amer. trade are :
C. Cotnorien»i8 = l — C. i«'/i//j«nju = Encephalartos Leh-
manni. — r. Neo-Caledonica, Lind. Much like C. circitialis,
but the fronds narrower und the pinnse closer, C. Han-
deri&nn — ?
Other cnltivated Cycads o~ C. Beddomei, Dyer. Per-
hap:? a small form of <^. ci^ lalis. E. Ind.— C. Norman-
b}fdna, Muell. Lvs. oblong-ovate, with niimerons linear
pinna* 6 in. long. Australia.— C. pectindta. Griff. Stem
short, sending np very long, rich green, plume-like, semi-
erect lvs., with long, thin, blunt-tipped pinna*. Ind. <i.F.
4: li4. Said to be the finest si)ecies. — C Jiimniniana,
Regel. Stem rather stout : lvs. bright green, erect, spread-
ing in a vase-form crown, the pinna? fine-pointed. Philip-
pines. I. H. II: 4Qri.— C. Siamensis, yii(i. Much like C. cir-
cinalis: lvs. 2-4 ft. long, bright green, graceftd : trunk miuh
swollen at the base. Siam and Cochin China. I.H.
R. H. 1881, p. 397.
'sif>r.f^:t<-^.v!Nv^-fi-rT^ ,•
< ».t*«w»ta:?fr;^.<
•IV>^,^
■.•■i;i>; ■-■■■'•■.■
corm
•' •;■• •-:.ft7<i.-t»?>^*aS!!<?r^~-*---l/>^
..•.,,.«■.- ;r->',.'.->3K'J,<.-.:.v,«Jfa^
631.
Cyathea meridensis.
L. H. B.
CYCLAMEN ( classical
name, probably from the
Greek word for circle, in
allusion to the si)irally
twisted p e d u n c 1 e s I .
Prim u h'lcetr . A dozen or
more species, mostly of
the 31editerranean re-
gion and the Caucasus.
Herbaceous and low,
from a flattish tuber or
fi. single, on a scape,
with usually 5-parted calyx and
corolla (the parts strongly re-
flexed), 5 connivent stamens,
with pointed, sessile anthers,
1 style and stigma, and aTj-split-
ting capsule. C. hififolimn i>
the source of the standard flo-
rists' Cyclamens. Most of the
other species are grown only
as curiosities in this countr>';
and thev are essentially out-
door plants. Old English name
Sowbread, from the tubers be-
ing sought by swine. Con-
CYCLAMEN
CYCLAMEN
425
suit Fr
181)8.
Hildebrand, T>k
Oattung Cyclamen, Jena,
L. H. B.
All Cyclamens are very beautiful, ami would be much
more popular were they hardy in our ea.stt'rn climate.
On the Pacific slope many of them probably would be
perifci-tly at home as outdoor plants, producing? a ^eat
number of Howcrs alM>ve the bare soil in the depth of
winter before the lfuv« s are developed. It is, however,
with the Persian Cychmien, which is tender, that florists
have had the greatest success. There is no common
winter-Howering subject of as much value for du-ation
in bloom, variety of eoloriiijE:, or wealth of color.
It is preferable at all times to be>;in the culture of
Persian Cyclamen with seeds, sown in the early winter
months. Grow on without any ch«'<'k for the following
year. They should bloom freely about fifteen months
from planting. Old tul)ers, such as are offered in fall
with other florists' bulbs, rarely give any satisfaction as
compared with a packet of seeds. It is not the nature
of the plant to have all its roots dried off. as if it were
a Hyacinth or Tulij*. Our summers are rather too warm
to suit Cyclamen perfectly, and it will be foun<l that the
most growth is made in the early autumn. It is best to
give th a little shade in the hut months, such as a
frame < i.joors near the shade of overhanging trees at
midday. This is oetter than gi'owing them under painted
glass, as more light is available, together with plenty of
fresh air on hot days. It will be found that Cyclamen
seeds reijuire a l<>n« time in which to genninate, — often
two months. This is <lue to the fact that the seed pro-
duces a bulb or conn before leaf growth is visible. As
soon as two leaves are well developed, place the plants
around the ed^re of '- or o-inch pots until every one is
large en(»ugh for a iJ-inch pot. The roots are produced
sparingly in the initial stages, and too much pot room
would be fatal at the start. By the middle of summer
another shift may be given. an<l in September all will
be ready for the i>uts in which they are to flower, — .')- or
6-inch pots, according to tlie vigor of the plants. It
will always be found, however, that there will be a cer-
tain percentage that will not grow, no matter how much
persuasion is used. These may be thrown away to save
time and labor early in the season. The Giganteum
named varieties that will reproduce themselves almost
to a certainty.
Of recent' years cultivators have had much trouble
with a tiny insect or mite that attacks the plants and
renders them useless for bloom. Its work is done mostly
633. Cy-as revoluta.
Specimen gro'^n in partial shade.
strains produce the largest l)looms, but at the expense
of quantity. For the average cultivator it is better to
trv a good strain that is not gigantic. There is a recent
departure in the form of crested flowers. Cyclamens
come true to color from seeds, and one can now buy
634. Leaf of
Cycas revoluta.
after the plants are taken
into the greenhouse and
when about to mature into
blooming specimens. If
the first flowers come deformed, or
abnormally streaked with colors
that are darker in shade, it is a
sure indication that the pest is
present. Xo other treatment can
be recommen<led but to destroy
the infected plants and keep the
stock clean, for the pest has not yet been
studied carefully.
Cult, by E. O. Okpet.
Cyclamens should be removed to the
greenhouse about the end of September,
or before any danger of frost. In the
house they should always have the lightest
bench. It is impossible to grow thtin in a
warm, shady house. About 50° at night is the
ideal temperature when in flower. The soil
best suited to them is a fresh, tufty loam,
with a fourth or fifth of well rotted' horse-
manure, to which add some clean sand if the
soil is heavy. At all times, the pots should be
well drained. Greenfly is sure to attack the
plants at all stages of" their growth. In the
frames the plants can be plunged in tobacco
stems, and in the greenhouse they must be fumigated
or. what is better still, vaporized with some of the
nicotine extracts. Wili.iam Scott.
A. Fall-hlooming species.
Afric^num, Boiss. & Reut. The largest of Cyclamens:
tubers often as large as a turnip (4-10 in. across) : Ivs.
ovate-cordate, coarsely toothed, pale beneath, dull and
l>ale green marbled above: calyx pubescent, the lobes
broadly ovate-aeuminate: corolla nearly white, faintly
rose- or purple-tinged, the segments 1 in. long and deep
purple at the base. Algeria. B.M, 5758. F.S. 8:841. —
Little known in this country, but sold by the American
agencies of the Dutch bulb houses. The same remark
will apply to most other species, except C. latifolium.
Perhaps a form of the next.
Neapolitinum, Ten. Tuber very large, black, thick-
rinded: Ivs. variable, from hastate to round-reniform,
more or less wavy-plaited on the edges, green or some-
what parti-colored: calyx small: corolla pink or rarely
white, the segments short and twisted and the edges
raised .«ind white-edged at the base, S, Eu. B.R. 24: 49.
Gn. 51, p. 3", R.H. 1855: 21. as C. liedirce folium.
Europaeum, Linn. [C. Clhsii. Lindl.). Lvs. ovate-or-
bicular, entire or nearly so, with a deep and narrow
basal sinus, more or less white-nuirbled al>ove, purple-
tinted beneath: fls. on scapes 4-5 in. high, briirht red and
very fragrant, the corolla-segments oblong-spatulate
( >4in. or less long) ; calyx glabrous. Central and S. Eu.
B.R. 12:1013. — Lvs. appearing with the fls. Variable.
CilicicTun, Boiss. & Heldr. Much like C. Europceum:
fls. white, with purple at the mouth, about twice larger;
calyx puberuleut. Sicily G,C. 111.23:81.
426
CYCLAMEN
CYDONIA
AA. Spring-bloom i»<j species.
latildliam, Sibth. & Sm. {C. Prrsieum, Mill.). Fig.
63.'). The cumnion jcrfenhouse or Persian Cyclamen, in
many forms: Ivs. appearing with the fls., ovate, crenate-
dentate, usually marbled or variejrated with white: fls.
on scajies G-7 in. hi^h, large, scentless, white, purple-
blotched at the mouth, but varying? into rose-colored,
purple and spotted forms, oblong-spatulate in shape, not
eared or lobed at the base.
(Jreece to Syria.— C. firi-
gantdmn, Hort., is the
common larpe-tld., im-
proved form of this spe-
cies. There are also dou-
ble-fld. forms (R. H. 1886,
p. 250); also fimbriate or
trianpular, dark creen above, a little paler b^low ;
sliffhtly :$-iobed ; lobes triauf^ular or ovate-oblon»f, the
middle one acute, the side lobes much shorter, obtuse,
acute or almost wanting ; margin of Ivs. with minute,
remote teeth : male fls. minute, crowded into few-fld.
racemes, which are usually shorter than the petiole: fr.
ovate-reniform, obtuse, with a few short spines in the
back; seeds small, black, narrowly winged. New (iran-
ada,
CYCLANTHU8 {flouern in a circle). CycluHthdcnr.
A small tropical American genus, giving name to a
small order which is allied to the palms. The species
are not in the Amer. trade. Culture of Carlu-
'^ dovica (which see).
CYCLOBOTHRA (name referring to the nec-
taries). Liliariit. A small group of west Amer-
ican plants, now referred to Calochortus (which
see). The fls. are open-campaiiulate, with nak«<l
or only sparsely hairy nectur glands, the sepals
more or less pitted. C. fldva, Lindi. (now known
as Cnlochortun flavtts, Schult.), is in the trade
as Yem.ow Shell-flowkr. Stem rather tall,
branching, with small, yellow black-dotted
fls.: Ivs. narrow-linear. Mex.
635.
Cyclamen latifolium.
Showing a flower of perfect
form, and the crested va-
riety (X>^).
crested forms. (\ Papllio (I.H. 4.3:6.3. G.F. 5:23.5. G.C.
III. 21:71; 2.3:173). C. AUppicum, Fisch., is a form of
it. F.S. 22:2.345. Other portraits of C. latifolium are :
I.H. .35:43. Gn. 47:1016; 48:10.30. J.H. III. 34:578. Gt.
1895, p. 203 ; 189<>, p. 164. F.S. 22:2.345. A.G. 14:390-
392; 17:261. A. F. 7:521-525; 11:1176-9; 12:499.
Cdum, Mill. Tuber smaller than in the last: Ivs. with
the fls., nearly orbicular, entire, firm, not marVded nor
variegated : fls. small, deep red. scentless, half or less
as large as those of the last. S*. Eu. B.M. 4. F.S. 22:
2345. — There is a white-fld. form (C. album, Hort.).
Ib^ricum, Goldie. Dwarf : Ivs. appearing with the
fls.. ovate-orbicular and rounded at the apex, entire or
obscurely undulate, more or less zoned with white
above: fls, red, with a purple mouth. Caucasus. — Per-
haps a geographical form of C. Coum. C. Atkinsii,
Hort., is a form (perhaps a hybrid) with larger white
fls. F.S. 23:2425.
r. titUeneiuiiiiiii, Hort. (and Ait,?), is C. Neapolitanum.— C
Libaiwti^mm,, Hild.,is a new hardy si)ecies from Lebanon, with
"large, rosy fls., with T-fomi deep carmine markings at the
base of the petals" (see Bot. .Tahrb. 25:477).— C repdndum,
Hort. (not Sibth. & Sm.)=C. Coum?— (7. v»mum, Sweet=C.
Coam. L. H. B.
CYGLANTH£:BA (Greek, anthers in a circle). Curar-
bitdcetF. This genus is interesting as a plant with a
fruit that explodes with a considerable noise when ripe.
The plant is a climbing half-hardy annual of easy cul-
ture. The seed should be started indoors earlv.' The
genus is near Echinocystis and Elaterium, and" has 30
or more species, all from tropical America. They are
annual, climbing herbs, glabrous or pubescent, with a
perennial root : Ivs. entire, lobed or 5-7 foiiolate : fls.
minute, yellow, greenish or white, with t;>eir parts in
6's. Monograph by Coigneaux in DC. Mon. "han. 3:822
(1881).
explddens, Naud. Stem slender, branche*!. angled or
furrowed, slightly villous, especially at tht joints, 6-8
ft. long : Ivs, 2K-3 in. long, and about as wide, ovate-
CYCLOLOMA (Greek for circle and bor-
der, from the encircling wing of the calyx).
ChenopodiAceip. One weedy herb {C. pUi-
tiiphfillum, Mo<i. ) of sandy soils from
Minn., west and south, which was once in-
troduced as the Cyclone Plant, since the
plant \H a tumble-weed or rolls before the wind when
it is matured and becomes detached from the s(»il. The
plant is annual, 1-2 ft. high, pubescent or nearly gla-
brous, with narrow, but flat and sinuate Ivs., and bract-
less fls. in an open panicle. The fls. are very small,
perfect or sometimes lacking the stamens ; calyx 5-
cleft, the lobes strongly keeled and becoming winged
and inclosing the seed. Plant not fleshy nor jointed.
CYCNdCHES {.<<wnn's neck, from the Greek, referring
to the curved column). Orchiddceip, tribe I'dndtif.
Swan Orchid. An interesting genus of deciduous
orchids found in tropical America. Pseudobulbs long,
fusiform: Ivs. lanceidate, plicate, labellum continuous
with column ; column arcuate, terete, flattening out and
becoming clavate at the apex; pollinia 2. The flowers
are of different sexes. The same plant may produce
male and female floweis. One kind of flower may be
fragrant, the other kind scentless. Staminate flowers usu-
ally smaller than pistill.ite flowers; ovary of pistillate
flowers thickish. Staminate flowers more numerous thfin
pistillate flowers. About a dozen species. Cult, like Cat-
asetum, either in 'pots or baskets. Prop, by dividing the
pseudo-bulbs just as growth begins. Very few forms are
in cultivation in America, due to the want of brilliancy
in the flowers. Some of the species produce varving
flowers on different racemes on the same plant.
aiireum, Lindl. & Paxt. Fls, numerous, large and yel-
low, drooping ; sepals and petals lanceolate, purple-
dotted, the petals curved; lip small and much divided,
the column purple -dotted. Cent. Amer.
chlorochilon, Lindl. Racemes about 3-flowered: fls.
large, no«lding, 5-8 in. across, green; sepals oval-oblong;
petals falcate, slightly larger, labellum subsessile rather
obovate and concave at base, yellowish green except at
the base; column slender, with a wide base, greenish.
Venezuela. I.H. .35:65. J.H. 111.35: 285. Gn. 49, p.403;
51: 1108 and p. 173.
pentaddctylon, Lindl. Fls. greenish or white, barred
or bhttched with orown; labellum partly white, spotted
with crimson ; c(dunin purple below the anther. Rio d©
Janeiro. B.R. 29: 22.
ventricdstim, Batem. Raceme (often 2) about 5-fld.:
fls. greenish yellow, fragrant; lip white, with a black
callou!? spot on the claw. Guatemala. ^^ __ - Amfs
GYDONIA (the fruits known to the Ro,nans as mala
Cfldonia, apples from Cydon, now Canea, in Crete i.
i^o»dce«, sub-family PoMjdcetr. Quince. Shrubs or small
CYDOXIA
CYMHIDIL'M
427
treeB, sometimes «piny : Ivs. petioled, deciduous or
semi-persiMtent, alternate, stipulate, serrate or entire :
tin. white or red, rather large, solitary «ir in few-Hd.
clusters; petals '>; stamens numerous : fr. aromatic, a
lar);e 5-celled pome, each cell containing many seeds.
Four species in Asia from Turkestan to Jap. Ornamen-
tal shrubs, nearly hardy north except <'. Shienitis,
which can only be grown south. C Japnuiia and Man-
lei, with handsome glossy foliage and abundant Hs.Jn
early spring, varying in all sha<les from pure white to
deep scarlet, are highly decorative, and especially
a<lapted for borders of shrubberies and for low ornamen-
tal hedges. The fr. of all species can be made Into con-
serves, but usually only C riihjnris, a species of less
decorative value, is grorvn for this purpose. The
Quinces thrive in alm<»st any soil, but require sunny
position to bloom abundantly. Prop, by seeds usually
stratified and sown in spring; C. Japonica and C.
Mmilei are rea<lily in«'reased by root -cuttings made in
fall or early si)ring. and rarer kinds or less vigorous*
growing varieties are grafted in the greeidiouse in early
spring, on stock of the Japanese or common Quince;
they grow also from cuttings of half-ripened or nearly
mature wood, under glass an«l from layers. C. vnUjurin
(the Quince) is mostly increased by cuttings of 1-4-
year-old wood, taken in fall and stored until spring in
sand or moss in a cellar or frame; also by layers and
bud<linp, or by grafting on vigorous growing varieties.
See (Quince.
A. Fls. solitary, on nhort leafy branchlets, irith re-
flexed xerratt calyx lobta- utipuhs small. {Cydo-
nia proper.)
vuIgJLris, Pers. {PifruH Cyddnia, Linn.). Quince.
Fig. HM. Shrub or small tree, with slender, spineless
branches: Ivs. oval or oblong, rounded or slightly cor-
date at the base, acute, entire. villous-i)ubescent be-
neath, 2-4 in. long: fls. white or light pink, 2 in. across:
fr. large, yellow, villous, pyriform or globular. May.
Cent, and E. Asia. — Var. Lusit^nica, Mill., is of more
vigorous growth, with larger Ivs. an<l fr. pear-shaped
and ribbed. Var. malifdrmis has apple-sliaped, and var.
pyrif6nni8 pear-shaped fr. Var. marmor^ta, Hort., has
whitish and yellow variegated Ivs. See also Qiiiure.
Sinensis, Thouin ( Pyrus Cathayensis, Hemfel. ) . Shrub
or small tree: Ivs. elliptic-ovate or elliptic-oblong, acute
at both ends, sharply and finely serrate, villous beneath
when young, 2-3 in. long : fls. light pink, about 13^3 in.
across : fr. dark vellow, oblong, 4-<i in. long. May.
China. B.R. ll:00r>. R.H. 1889:228. A.G. 12: lO.-The
Ivs. assume a scarlet fall coloring. Not hard) north of
Philadelphia, except in favored localities. See IJuince.
ovoid, 1^-2 in. high, yellowish green. March, April.
China, Jap. K.B. I:2(i0. L.B.C. 1(»: ir)y4. Gn. 50:10«.-
Many garden forms in all shailes from white to deep
scarlet, and also with d«ujble fls. Some of the best are
the following : Var. Alba, Lo<ld., fls. white, blushed.
L.B.C. 6:541. Var. atrotangrulnea pldna, deep scarlet,
636. Twig of Common Quince —
Cydonia vulgaris (X 3^).
Showing where the fruit was borne at A and "B.
AA. Us. in leafless clusters, nearly sessile, before or
tcith the Ivs.: calyx lobes erect, entire : stipules
large, (dmenomeles.)
Jap6nica, Pers. (P^rus Japdnica, Thunbg. Chcrno-
meles Japdnica, Lindl.). Japan Quince. Japonica.
Fig. 6.37. Shrub, 3-ij ft., with spreading, spiny branches :
Ivs. ovate or oblong, acute, sh.trply serrate, glabrous,
glossy above, 1^2-3 in. long: fls. "in 2-()-fld. clusters,
scarlet-red in the type, 1/3-2 in. across; fr. globular or
Z'.:^^
637. Cydonia Japonica (XK)-
double. Var. c&ndida, pure white. Var. cardln&lis, deep
scarlet. R.H. 1872: .i.Ut f. 1. Var. Gaujirdi, salmon-
orange. Var. ^andiflora, nearly white, large fls. R.H.
187(»:410. Var. Mallardi, fls. rose, bordered white. V^ar.
p6ndula, Hort., with slender, pendulous branches. Var.
Tdsea pl^na, rose, semi-double. Var. rubra grandifldra,
ris. large, deep crimson. Var. sanguinea plena, scarlet,
double. Var. umbilic^ta, with rose-red lis., and large
frs. umbilicate at the apex.
Maiilei, Nichols. (Pyrus ^fa^^lei, Mast. Chcenomiles
alp)na, Koehne). Low shrub. 1-3 ft.: branches spiny,
with short, rough tomentum when young: ivs. round-
ish oval to obovate, obtuse or acute, coarsely crenate-
serrate, glabrous, 1-2 in. long: fls. bright orange -scarlet,
]-l>2 in. across : fr. vellow, nearlv globular, about '1}4 in.
across. March, April. Jap. B.M. 6780. G.C. II. 1:757
and 2:741. —A very desirable hardy shrub, with abun-
dant fls. of a peculiar shade of red. Var. alplna, Rehder
{Chienomeles Japdnica, var. alp'ina, Maxim. Cyddnia
Sdrgenti, Lem.). Dwarf spiny shrub, with procumbent
stems and ascending branches: Ivs. roundish oval, K-1
in. long: flowering and fniiting profusely. Var. snp^rba,
Hort. F!s. deeper red. Var. tricolor, dwarf shrub, with
pink and white variegated Ivs. Alfred Rehder.
CYMBlDIUM [boat, from the Greek, referring to the
shape of the lip). Orchidclce(v, tribe Vdndett. Plants
epiphytal, rarely terrestrial, stems pseiulobulbous or
not so: leaves coriaceous, long, rarely short, persistent:
sepals and petals sub-e(|ual. labellum usually tri-lobed,
adnate to the base of the ccdunm; column erect; pollinia
2. Species, tropical, sub-tropical, found on mountains at
high elevations in Asia. A few species are found in Af-
rica and Australia. For horticultural purposes this
genus is of comparatively little value. Oakes Ames.
No difficulty will be experienced in growing the several
species of (.'ymbidium under one method of treatment.
A shaded position in the Mexican house or cool end of the
Cattleya department, where the temperature ranges be-
tween .')0° and 5.^° Fahr. at night and about G.^° or with sun
heat 70° through the day will be found Luitable. During
the warm summer months they must be kept shaded in
a cool, moist atmosphere with a free circulation of air.
As they are robust growing plants, pot culture will suit
them best, but those with pendulous inflorescence, such
as C. Findlaysonianum, C. pendulum, etc., may be
grown in baskets if desired. Repotting and top-dress-
ing should be attended to in spring at the commence-
428
CYMBIDIUM
CYNODON
ment of the growing season, and should be executed with
judgment, so tnat it will last three or four years, as the
roots dislike being disturbed. The potting soil should
consist of one-half chopped sod, the balance of equal
parts leaf-mold, peat and live chopped sphagnum moss,
well mixed together; about one-third of the pot room
should be devoted to drainage— potsherds or charcoal,
covering the same with a little rough material to kf ep it
open. When the large, fleshy roots are carefiti'y dis-
tributed the material should be worked in firmly f.bout
them, leaving the base of the plant on a level with the
rim of the pot when finished. Water sparingly until
the new growths appear, when a r lore liberal supply will
be necessary, but never enouerh to keep the soil con-
stantly wet, or the new roots are liable to decay and the
foliage to become spotted. Stock is increased by remov-
ing the old pseudobulbs, potting them up in small pots and
giving them a little more heat and moisture until they
start new growth action, when they may be removed to
their proper department. Robert M. Gkey.
A. Inflorescence erect.
ebumeum, Lindl. Stems tufted : Ivs. dis-
tichous at base, 1 or 2 ft. long, linear or lo-
rate, bifid at apices: peduncles not as long as
the Ivs., few-fid. : fis. about 3 in. across, ivory
white, sometimes tinered with rose ; sepals
and petals oblong - lanceolate ; labellum 3-
lobed, with a golden yellow ridge
running down the center. Khasia
Hills, at an elevation of from 5,000
to 6,000 ft. B.R. 33:67. B.M. 5136.
Gn. 46, p. 398.
Inflorescence arcliing,
not pendent.
Sepals and petals veined with
red, brown or purple.
Lowi^num, Reichb. f. Pseudobulbs oblong : Ivs. 2-3
ft. long, linear-acute, recurved: racemes many-fid.: se-
pals and petals oblong-lanceolate (lateral ones sul)-fal-
cate), greenish yellow marked with brown; lateral lobes
of labellum yellowish ; midlobe refiexed, margined with
yellow, the front blotched with brown-crimson ; fis.
about 20 in number, several inches across. Burma.
Gn. 48, p. 263. Gng. 5:73. — Var. Mandaiilnum, Hort.
{C. Mnndaiilnum, Hort.), has yellow fis. A beautiful
hybrid of C eburneum and C. Lotvianum is shown in
Gn. 48:1034.
gigantdum, Wall. Fig. 6.38. Fis. dull purple (brown-
ish, or yellowish green stripeu with purple) ; sepals and
petals^oblong, the petals narrcwand shorter; midlobe '"f
labellum refiexed, vellow, spotted with red : lateral lobes
yellowish geeu. Nepal. B. Id. 4844. P.M. 12:241.
longriidliom, Don. Lvs. linear-acuminate : peduncle
stout, sub-en ..r. then drooping: fis. about 12; scxH
sub-equal, oblong; the u-^per one broadest and inci " ;
both sepals aud petals green striped with brownit i ^ni\
pie; disk and midlobe of labellum white, spotted with
purple; lateral lobes with purple lines. Ind.
ensifdliom, Swartz. Lvs. ensiform, acute : peduncle
many-fid. : fis. greenish yellow, veined with purple ;
sepals and petals linear-oblong, acute ; labellum spotted.
Ind., Jap. B.M. 1751.
Huttonii, Hook. f. Plant about 2 ft. high: fis. 10, in
drooping racemes ; sepals yellow, striated with brown ;
petals brown ; labellum greenish, dotted with brown.
Java. B.M. 5670.
BB. Sepals and petals not veined with purple or brotcn.
tigrinum, Parish. Lvs. oblong-lanceolate: peduncles
slender 'i-6-fld. : sepals and petals linear-oblong, acute,
green spotted at base ; petals often paler and with more
spots than the sepals; labellum with yellow, red -brown
striped lateral lobes ; midlobe white, transversely
streaked with purple. Burma. B.M. 5457.
Hookeriiina:ai, Reichb. f. Lvs. about 2 ft. long, acute:
peduncle aohing above, erect at base : fis. from 6-12,
large; .sepals and petals oblong, greenish; labellum yel-
low, spotted with purple. Sikkim. B.M. 5574.
BBB. Sepals and petals whitish.
Mdstersii, Griff. (CyperdrcJiis Masters ii, Benth.).
Lvs. linear, acuminate: peduncle stout, longer than the
raceme: sepals and petals sub-equal, oblong-lanceolate,
white, flushed with rose at the apices ; labellum mi-
nutely pubescent ; lamellae orange-yellow. Sikkim.
B.R. 31 :.'>0. Var. ilbum, Hort.. has white fis. C. dlba-
fldra, of Amer. trade, is equivalent to C. Alastersi:^ var.
album.
AAA. Inflorescence pendent.
pendulum, Swartz. The leathery lvs. distichous, 2-3
ft. lung, broadly linear : fis. yellowish ; side lobes and
midlobe of labellum rose-color; the disk more or less
white with j'ellow crests; sepals and petals narrowly
oblong, with a purple median line. E. Ind.
Finlaysoniinum, Lindl. {C. pendulum, hindl.). Lvs.
ensiform: raceme many-tid: sepals and petals linear-
oblong, obtuse, dull yellow sometimes, with a reddish
median line ; lateral lobes of labellum crimson ; mid-
lobe white, tipped with crimson. Malaysia. — Var. atro-
purpilreum, HoA. Lvs. narrower, racemes longer, with
larger fis. : sepals and petals purplish, front lobe of la-
bellum white, spotted with purple. Borneo.
C. aloifolium, Swz., with pale purple fls.. and C. virescens,
Lindl. (C. virens, Reichb. f.), with greenish sepals and petals
and yellow, red-blotched lip, are offered by importers of Japa-
nese plants.— C Undleyi is a name which has appeared in the
Amer. trade, but which is not identified.— For C. Saudersoni,
seeAusellia. Oakes Ames.
CTNANCHUM (Greek, dog poison). Asclepiadacea.
About 20 species in S. Eu., Africa, Asia and Australia,
herbaceous or sometimes half woody at the base, twin-
ing. Lvs. opposite, entire. Plant very like Vincetoxi-
cum, but the fls. differ in having a scale or ligule on the
inside of each of the 5 parts of the crown.
acuminatifdlium, Hemsl. ( Vincetdxicum acumindtum,
Decne. J'. ^fipd«JCH»t, Hort. ). Mosqcito Plant. Ciuel
Plant. Perennial : erect or nearly so, or the tips show-
ing a somewhat twining habit: the stems grayish and
more or less rngular: lvs. opposite, broadly ovate and
acuminate, short-peti(ded, strontrly pinnate-veined, en-
tire, usually conspicuously gray-pubescent beneath :
fl. -clusters lateral (1-2 between the lvs.), shorter than
the lvs. : fis. white, smell, in umbel-like cymes: fr. a milk-
weed-like follicle. Japan. — In the flowers, mosquitoes
and other insects are caught, miu'h as they are in other
asclepiadaceous plants. The native J w.soHirt Tahfrno'-
monfana is sometimes sold as this plant, and it has
been figured as such. L. H. B.
CYNARA (invDlucre spines likened to a dog's tooth).
Comp6sit(F. A half-dozen S. European species, of which
the Artichoke and Cardoon {which see) are ciltivated.
CtNODON. See Capriola.
CYNOGLOSSUM
CYPERUS
429
639.
Bur of Hound'8-tongue
or Stick -tieht.
(X3.)
CYN0GL6SSTJM (Greek, hound's tongue, from the
shape and soft surface of the Ivs. of the commonest
species). Borragindcfoe. A large and widely dispersed
group of little horticultural interest, being mostly tall,
coarse, weedy herbs. C. offivi-
nAle, Linn., [Fig. 639, has a bur
that becomes attached to cloth-
ing and to the fleece of sheep.
It is a biennial weed, natural-
ized from the Old World,
grows about 2 ft. 1 igh in pas-
tures and waste places of the
Atlantic states, and has soft-
pubescent, lanceolate Ivs., and
dull red-purple (sometimes
white) fls. in panicled racemes.
C. grdnde, Dougl. Once cult,
from California as a hardy
border perennial ; grows about
2 ft. high, with lower Ivs. ovate-
oblong, or somewhat heart-
shaped at the base, acute or
acuminate, 4-8 in. long, on mar-
gined petioles of about the same length : upper Ivs.
smaller, ovate to lanceolate, abruptly contracted into
shorter winged petioles : fls. violet or blue. For O. Ap-
pennlnum, Linn., see Solenanthus.
CYN6KCHIS (Greek for dog orchid). Orchiddceoe,
tribe Ophrydece. A dozen Habenaria-like African or-
chids, not in the Am. trade. Culture of Bletia. >'ot to
be confused with Cycnoches.
Clli08tJB.VS {Greek, dog's tail). Gramineie. An-
nual or perennial, cespitose grasses, with flat leaves.
Spikelets of two forms in small fascicles, these forming
a dense somewhat unilateral, spike-like panicle; termi-
nal spikelets of the fascicles 2—4 fld., hermaphrodite;
lower spikelets sterile, consisting of many empty
glumes: flowering-glumes mucronate or awn-pointed;
stamens 3. Species 4 or 5, in the north temperate re-
gions of the Old World.
cristiltiis, Linn. Crested Dog's-tail. A slightly
tufted perennial grass, 1-2 ft. high, with narrow Ivs.
and a rather slender, erect, spike-like panicle. Int.
from Europe. — Well adapted for shaded lawns and wood-
lands. Also recommended for mixed pastures, espe-
cially in hilly regions. The mature stems are used in the
manufacture of Leghorn hats.
Slogans, Desf. Silkt-awned Dog's-tail. A pretty
perennial grass varying in height from 6 in.-l Vi ft. :
ivs. small and scarce: panicle one-sided and spike-like:
spikelets with long white silky a\vns 3^-1 in. long. Int.
from Europe.— Handsome for dry bouquets.
P. B. Ken>t;dy.
CYNTHIA. All referred to Krigia.
CYP£LLA (application obscure). Iridhcece. Eight
species of South American bulbs, inferior to Iris for
general culture because not hardy, and also less showy,
'''he genus differs from Iris and Moraea in its stigmas,
which are neither petal-like nor filiform, but erect, and
in the anthers, which are broad, erect, not sloped, bear-
ing the pollen on their edges, also in the plaited leaves.
C. Herberti is the only species offered by the American
trade, and the catalogues say it comes from Peru, but,
according to Baker (Iridea?, p. 62), the only species from
the western coast of South America is C. Peruviana.
The bulbs should be set out in spring, lifted in fall and
stored over winter. Prop, by offsets or by seed, which
should be sown as soon as ripe. The blue-flowered spe-
cies are presumably equally worthy of culture, though
C. plumbea, Lindl., from S. Brazil and Argentine, is
shown in R.M. 3710. with dull, lead-colored fls. hi F.S.
4: 3*j5 and 14; 146C the colors are showier, the latter be-
ing a variety with handsome purple streams. For the
still showier C. ccerulea, Seub., see Marica.
a. Style appendages npur-lihe.
H6rberti, Herb. Lvs. about 1 ft. long, linear, acumi-
nate, twice plaited, the angles of the plaits winged ;
scape 2-3 ft. high, erect, flexuoae, glaucous, branched,
many-fld. : fls. 3 in. across, chiefly yellow, odorless oon
withering ; outer segments bearing a rather lon^ cusp
or tail. South Brazil. Uruguay. Argentine. B. R.
11:949 and 3. M.2.yjy show utterly distinct colors, but
Baker says there is a lilac variety.
AA. Style appendages petal-like, flat.
Femviiina, Baker. Lvs. 6-9 in. long, linear, narrowed
gradually from the middle both ways, glabrous, plaited :
fls. 2-3 in a solitary stalked cluster, soon withering,
chiefly yellow ; segments with a distinct long claw and
a proportionately shorter and broader blade and a shorter
cusp, at the base spotted brown. Peru. B.M. 6213.
W. M.
CYPERORCHIS [CyperustLTXiX Orr^fs, from the sedge-
like appearance). Orchid(\cea>, tribe Vdndea?. Very
closely allied to C3rmbidium, which see. There are only
three species, of which C. Mdstersii, Benth. ( Cymbidium
Mastersii, Griff., of this work, and C. elegans, Blume
(Cymbidium elegans, Lindl., B.M. 7007) are cult. The
latter does not appear in the Amer. trade.
CYPfiRUS (ancient Greek name). Cyperdcece. A large
genus of the Sedge family, inhabiting both tropical and
temperate regions. The species in cultivation are all
perennials from rootstocks or tubers: leaves grass-like;
stem simple and mostly naked above : flowers perfect,
v'ithout perianth, borne in small, compressed spikes,
which are variously aggregated in compound umbels,
the latter surrounded by foliaceous bracts; stjie- and
stamens 3. A few are cultivated in jardinieres, a tic
gardens and aquaria. Several others are pests in .ti-
vated fields.
A. Basal leaf-sheaths without blades.
altemifdlius, Linn. Umbrhlla Plant. Umbrella
Palm. Fig. 640. Strict, l}4-3% ft. high: stem nearly
terete, ribbed, smooth and slender: involucral lvs, very
numerous, spreading or slightly drooping, linear, 8 In.
long, %-}4 in. broad, dark green, acute, rough-margined:
umbel rays only 1-2 in. long, nearly simple: spikes few,
in a cluster, ovate, very flat, 2 lines long, pale brown:
640. Cyperus alternifoUus, or Umbrella P.ant.
scale acute: rachis winged and pitted. Madagascar.—
Much used for aquaria and jardinieres. Var. varieg&tus,
Hort. Stem and lvs. striate, sometimes entirely white.
Var. grtlcilis, Lort. Involucral lvs. much narrower and
not so spreading.
430
CYPERUS
CYPRESS
Papyrus, Linn. (Papyrus Antiqudrum^V^illd.). Egyp-
tian Paper-plant. Strict, tall and stout, 4-8 ft. high,
dark-green: stem obtusely 3-angled, smooth: involucral
Ivs. only 3-10, small, 3-6 in. long, H-H in. wide, linear,
acute: primary rays of the umbel very numerous, terete,
slender, equal and drooping, 10-16 in. long: secondary'
bracts prominent, filiform, 2^ in. long: spikes clustered
and sessile, pale chestnut : rachis wingless. Egypt,
Palestine.— For aquaria and damp soil. Not hardy.
AA. Basal sheaths blade-hearing.
B. Lower h's. few, very broad aud condupUcate.
Natal^nsis, Hochst. Stem 214 ft. high, smooth, with
1-3 leaf -bearing sheaths and several leatless ones at the
base: ii^vclucre 2-3-lvd.. short: rays cf the umbel short,
unequal : spikes much congested, numerous, linear-
lanceolate, acuminate, paie brown, 10-12-fld. : rachis
winged: scales oblong-ovate, obtuse. South Africa.—
Decorative. Not hardy.
fortius, Borck. Stem short, slender, 4-5 in. high,
3-angled: Ivs. numerous, thin and broad, 4-9 lines wide,
6 in. long, equaling the stem, linear-lanceolate, folded
below, dotted, margin denticulate: umbel simple, 5-7-
rayed: rays elongated, pendulous, often rooting at the
spex, 1-2 ft. long: involucral bracts short: spikelets
< rowded, oblong-lanceolate, obtuse, slightly compressed,
kvhite. Central Africa.— Recently introduced, and fine
for hanging baskets ; the umbel-rays often boar plantlets
instead of flowers.
lilcidus, R. Br. Rother stout: stem 1-2 ft. high, terete
above: ivs. numerous, large and broad, spongy-thickened
at the base, spinulose-margincd : umbel spherical, 6-8 in.
in diam.: spik*^ -ts dense, digitate, long and linear:
scales persist^L ixis continuous. Australia.
BB. Lower Ivn. numerous, narrow and grass-Uke,
flat or nearly so.
61egaiis, Linn. {C. Idxus, Lam. and Hort. ). Stem
3-angled, 2-3 ft. high: Ivs. large, broadly linear, numer-
ous, spreading, half as long as the culm: involucre short-,
spreading, few-lvd. : rays long and slender, unequal,
compound : spikes small, distant, oblong, greenish brown,
blunt, 6-11-fld.: scales round-elliptic, mucronat*. West
Indies, Brazil. G. C. II. 2: 99 ; III. 13: 41.- For table
decoration.
strigdsus, Linn. Stout, 1-3 ft. high, sharply 3-angled,
base bulbous : Ivs. numerous, long and grass-like,
smooth, 2-4 lines wide; involucral similar, 6-12 in. long:
rays very unequal, 6 in. or less long: spikes 4-10-fld.,
awl-shaped, chestnut -brown, densely clustered, at the
spike-like (1-1/^ in. long) tips of the rays. N. Amer.—
Hardy perennial, used for the borders of aquatic gardens.
eacul^ntus, Linn. CnrPA. Much like the last: root-
stock slender and bearing little tubers : spikes pale :
akene obovoid. Tropics.— Sometimes a weed in sandy
fields ; also cult, south for the edible tubers. Not hardy.
pangens, Borck. Stem very short and thick, 1-2 in,
long, angled below: Ivs. equaling the stem, rigid: umbel
simple, contracted or capitate: spikelets linear-lanceo-
late, compressed, shining, straw-colored, 10-18-fld. : invo-
lucral bracts 2-4, scarcely 1 in. long. North Africa.—
Recently introduced. May be used for hanging baskets.
C.compressus.lAmx. Umhel lax: spikes linear-oblong: scales
acuminate. Trop. — C. flabellifonnis, Ro^^tb. Rare in Amer.
trade. Central Africa. — Tall and palm-lik' used by natives for
wickerwork; very ornamental in water gaidens.— C. rottindvs,
Linn. Nut-grass. CorvvoRA.''S. Like C.esoulentns. but spikes
darker and akene lineai. ^eed in cult, field.s. — ('. strictus,
Hort.= f K. M. WiEGAND.
CTPHOMAHDRA (from the Greek, referring to the
hump-shaped anthers). Solandcecs. Two dozen S.
American spineless shruV)3 or small trees (essentially
herbs in culture in the north), distinguished from So-
lanum chiefly by the thickened anthers. The large Ivs.
are ent-re, 3-lobed, or pinnatisect.
bit^cea, Sendt. {Soldnum frdgrans, Hook.). Tree
Tomato. Fig. 641. Cult, occasionally for the egg-
shaped, reddish brown, faintly striped fruits, and un-
der such conditions it becomes a tree-shaped, half-
vr^'jdy plant 6-10 f*. high: Ivs. large, soft-pubescent,
' . rdate*ovate ; more or less acuminate, entire: fls. small.
pinkish, fragrani, in small axillarj- or super-axillary clus-
ters: fr. about 2 in. long, on slender stalks, 2-loculed
and seedy, musky-acid and tomato-like in flavor, agree-
able to those who like tomatoes. Brazil. B.M. ,%84 J
H. III. 31:470. G.C. IIL 25:105. A.G. 11.409.— Bears
641. Cyphomandra betacea (X K
the second and third year from seed, under glass (where
it must be grown in the northern states). For further
notes, see BaUey, Forcing-Book. l_ g^ g^
CYPHOPH(ENIX, (hump and Phoenix, a palm). Pal-
nidc(T, tribe Areceie. A genus of only 2 species of
palms of minor importance. Spineless palms with a stout,
ringed caudex. Leaves terminal, pinnatisect, the .^eg-
ments coriaceous, elongated, sword-shaped, narrow^ d io
ward the apex, the margins thickened, plicate, recun-ed at
the base ; the prominent nerves and midrib sparsely scaly
beneath; rachis stout, rather broad, slightly convex on
the back, acute above: spadices glabrous, the branches
long, stout : bracts short ; bractlets scaly ; fr. dark
brown, medium, long-ovoid or ellipsoid, lentiform. Spe-
cies 2. New Caledonia.
Slogans, Benth. & [Hook. [K^ntia flegans, Brongn.
&Gris.). Rachis convex below, flat above; leaflets
alternate, approximate, scaly along the mid-nerve below:
fr. oblong-elliptical, acute.
hilclta. Benth. & Hook. (Ke'nfia fulcMa, Brongn.).
Stem clothed at the base with smooth aerial roots: fr.
ovoid, attenuate above.
CYPHOSPfiRMA (Greek, hump and seed). Palmh-
cece, tribe Arece(s. Two Australian warmhouse palms,
scarcely known in this country. C. Viellardii, Bentb.
& Hook., with pinnatisect Ivs., and long-ensiform cori-
aceous segments, is sometimes known as K^ntia rohusta
and A". Viellardii. Culture of Areca and Ptychosperma.
CYPRESS. See Chamtrcyparis, Cupressus and Taio-
dium.
CYPRESr TIKE. See Ipomoea.
CYPRIPEDIUM
CYPRIPEDIUM
431
GTFSIFfiDIUM ( I'enus' slipper). Lady's Slipper.
Moccasin Flower. OrchidAcece, tribe Cypriphliect'.
The genus Cypripedium is widely distributed, being found
in botii South and North America, Asia, Europe. Japan,
and the Malay Archipelago. At present no species are
reported from Australia or Africa. Scapes usually 1-fld. :
floral segments fleshy : upper sepal usually larger than
the petals: ovary 1-celled: fertile stamens 2; interme-
diate stamen sterile and petaloideous : column short, cer-
uuate: apex trifld: lateral lobes anther-bearing: pollen
viscid or mealy, not compound: stigma deltoid, on front
of column beneath the stamens : capsule slender, pubes-
cent: placentation parietal: the lower sepals commonly
coalescent: labellum cup-form, inflated: Ivs, usually lig-
ulate, either tessellated or uniform green. The structTire
■of the column (or essential organs) of a Cypripedium is
shown in Fig. G42. The two anthers are at o o. The third
stamen is represented by the body, b. The stigma is at c.
The floral envelopes are torn away beneath. The ma-
jority of Cypripediuras grow well, and increase in value
from ye&r to year. They do not require a period of rest
like species of Cattleya. The hardy species, such as
C. aeaule and C. piibescens, are well worthy of a place in
gardens. C speetabile, for color and form, ranks among
the finest species. It is a valuable orchid for forcing in
the greenhouse. As yet, no hybrids have resulted from
the intercrossing of our native Cypripediums. Inter-
crossing of tropical with hardy species has proved fruit-
less. There is a tendency to resolve Cypripedium into
several genera. For the purposes of this work the
old classification will be observed.
The genus is closely akin to Selenipedium, which see
for C. caxidatum, C. palmifoliiim, C. Sa'zUi, C. Lind-
leyantim, C. Sargentiauum, C. Schlimii, C. Srhomburg-
kiunum, C. vittatum, and tne like. See, also, Hoidletia.
Selenipedium differs from Cypripedium in having a
3-loculed and 3-ribbed ovary,' Figs. 643 and 644 con-
trast some of the structural points in the two genera.
The genus Cj'pripedium is naturally not a large one. Ben-
tham and Hooker think that the species are less than 40.
The species have been much hybridized and modified
by cultivation, however, so that the garden forms are
legion. Most of the names represent horticultural vari-
eties ; and these names may be expected to increase. One
section of the genus has been separated recently as a
genus, Paphioped)lnm. Monogr. of Cypripedimn and
rela:^ ^ gei c:ra by F. Desbois, Ghent, 1898.
Oakes Ames.
Nes.^y all Cypripediums are of easy culture and may
be reuuily growi- in one department, by devoting the
cooler ^ rtion to C bar^atum , C. hiaigtie, C.Javanicum,
C. venustum and the Selmipedium group. The coria-
ceous-leaved evergreen sx»9cies are all in more or less
a week will be found of great assistance to keep the
plants in health. The hygrometer should never register
below 60, nor often above 80, as moi.sture in excess of 80 is
liable to damp-off the young growths. Ventilation reg-
642.
Structure of column of Cypripedium (X M).
C. Dormanianum.
active growth the year round ; therefore a liberal supply
of water must be given at all seasons, only allowing the
compost to become dry occasionally to prevent stagnation.
Light syringing should be frequent in bright weather,
and an application of weak liquid manure once or twice
643. Csrpripedium Charlesworthii.
Shows section of ov-ary; of labellum or lip on the right; stigma
on the left ; column on the right below.
ulated according to external conditions is essential at all
times to maintain atmospheric action.
During the winter months the thermometer should
register from 60° F. to 65° F. by night and about 70° F. by
day. With sun heat a few degrees more will do no harm.
On t-he approach of spring the temperature should be
advanced to prepare the plants for stunmer heat, and ac-
cordingly decreased on the approach of fall. About the
middle of February a light shading will be necessary to
prevent excessive heat and sunburn, with heavier shad-
ing toward midsummer, this to be gradually removed in
the fall and entirely dispensed with during the winter.
The greater part of the species grow best in pots in a
compost of two parts peat-iiber to one part chopped liv-
ing sphagnum moss, one-half of the pot room being de-
voted to cleau drainage. The compost should be pressed
in rather firmly about the roots, and the surface left
convex to discard surplus water and to insure the base
of the plant against decay during dull weather. A few
heads of living moss pricked iu over the surface will
give a neat appearance.
Cypripedium in.sigHe and kindred species should have
one-third chopped sod atlded to the above mixture ( see
note on culture in Veitch's Orchid Manual 2: 34).
C. viUoHum and C.Exnl sometimessuffer under pot cul-
ture from fungi, which attack the base of the plant dur-
ing sultry summer weather. Basket culture will c'.\ i te
this, as it allows a better circulation of air ihrou^u the
CO npost. C. Lowei, C. Parishii, C. Philippinense
and allied species, together with Selenipedium cau-
datum, are truly epiphytic and preferably should be
grown in baskets. By this method the roots are better
preserved and less liable to decay during the winter
season.
432
CYPRIPEDIUM
CYPRIPEDIUM
The Concolor section requires a warm, moist location
with free access to the air. The species should be grown
in rather small pots, with at least half the space devoted
to drainage of broken charcoal or other free material.
The potting compost should consist of equal parts
chopped sod, peat-fiber and living sphagnum. Lime-
stone is often recommended as essential in the culture
of this section, but, the conditions being equal, I have
never noticed any beneficial results from it (Orchid
Review 4: 45; Veitch's Manual 2: 19-20).
The deciduous tropical species, of which C.Irapeanum,
C .Thibet ic urn and Selenipedium palmifolium afford good
644. Selenipedium Schlimii.
The picture shows on the left a section of the labellum; on the
right, a section of the ovary.
examples, require similar treatment to the evergreen
kinds. They have a long dormant period during which
they should be rested in a temperature of 50° F., with
sufficient water to keep the compost moist until growth
starts, when they must be returned to their proper de-
partment and enjoy a liberal supply of water until after
the flowering season, when they must be ripened off
and the water supply gradually withheld.
The hardy species do better planted out in the open
fe ound or in rockeries, where they should be so situated
as to obtain good drainage and shade. The soil must be
free and porous and consist of three parts chopped turf
and equal parts of peat and sphagnum. They require a
liberal amount of water and frequent syringing over the
foliage while growing, but the supply should be grad-
ually reduced after the flowering period until only
enough water is given to keep the soil moist. During
the winter the plants should be protected with leaves or
pine boughs. C. spectabile and C. pubexcetis grow well
under pot culture. A 7-10-inch pot will hold eight or a
dozen crowns which should be planted 2 inches below
the surface. Two inches of drainage are sufficient. The
pots should be filled with soil (firmly pressed in) to 3^
inch below the rim. After a thorough watering they
should be stored in a coldframe and protected with
leaves and boughs. Aboi^t the middle of February they
may be removed to a coolhouse, where they should re-
main for a week, and then be placed in the cool end of
the Cypripedium house, where they should be watered
sparingly until growth action starts. These plants make
strong gro\vths under this treatment, and the flowers are
a decitied improvement over those produced normally
outside.
All Cypripediums are propagated by division.
Robert M. Grey.
Index to species described in the main list : Abbotia-
nrm, 5; acaule, 40; albens, 25; Amesianum, 25; Apple-
t»>nianum, KJ; Argus, 6; arietinum, 43; Amoldianum,
25; atropurpureum, r>; aureum.25; auriculum, 5; bar-
batum, 1; bellatulum, 20; bifloiiim, 1; Bozalli, 28;
Breevisianum, 25; Brownii, 25 ; Bullenianum, 15 ; Cal«
ceolus, 48; candidum, 46; Califomicum, 52; callosum
4; caudatum is a Selenipedium; Chamberlainianuni, .'{8 •
Chantinii, 25; Charlesworthii, 24; ciliolare, 7; cjerul«-sl
cens, 1 ; coloratum. 5 ; concolor, 17 ; corrugatuni, 25 •
Coulsonianum, 25 ; Cowperianum, 25 ; Crossianuni, 1;
Curtisii, 9; Cuttingianum, 25; Dayanum, 12; Dorainia-
num, 25 ; Dormanianum, 25 ; Draryi, 27 ; elegans, 41 •
Godefroyae, 19; gracile, 1,25; grandiflonim, 1; grande,
5; guttatum, 25; Haynaldianum, 31 ; Hendersoniunum,
1 ; Himalai''um, 44 ; hirsutissimum, 22 ; Hookers, 15 ;
Horsmanianum, 25; Hyeanum, 5; illustre, 25; insigne,
25; Irapeanum, 54; Javanicum, 1.3; Japonicum, 42; Kira-
ballianum, 25, 35, 37; leevigatum. 34; Lawrenceanuni, 5;
leucochilum,19; Lindeni,5: longisepalum,25; Lowei,.30;
Lutwycheanum, 25 ; Macfarhvnei, 25 ; macranthum, 51 ;
macuiatum, 25; magnificum,5; majus, 1; Mandevillea-
num, 25: marmoratum, 5; Mastersianuni, 14 ; Maulei,
25; maximum, 25; montanum, 53; Moore.inum, 25; mo-
saicum, 1; Moulmeinense, 25; nanum, 1; Neo-Guineense,
35; nigritum, 2; nigrum, 1, 5; Nilssonii, 25: nitens, 25;
niveum, 18 ; nobile, 1 ; O'Brienianum, 1: Parishii, 32 ;
parviflorum, 49 ; Petri, 12 ; Philippense, 34 ; pictuni,
1,5; Pitcherianum, 5, 6; pleioleticum, 5; plumosum, 1;
praestans, 35; pubescens, 47; pulcherrimum, 1; purpu-
rascens, 5; purpuratum, 3; purpureum, \; Pynaerti,25;
roseum, 5; Rothschildianum, 37; Sallieri, 29; Sanderap,
4, 25 ; Sanderianum, 3G ; spectabile, 50 ; Spicerianum,
23; Stonei, 33; Studleyanum, 25; superbiens, 8, 25; su-
perbum, 1, 5; Sylhetense, 25; Thibeticum, 45; tonsum,
10; Veit<?hianum, 8 , veaustum, 11: Viptoria-Marie, 39;
villosum, 28; virens, 13; virescens, 5; volonteanum, 15 ;
Warnerianum, 1. Many other names are accounted for
in the supplementary lists.
A. Leaves tesselated (or checkered in squares).
B. Petals more or less ligulate, smaller than the
upper sepil.
c. Upper sepal veined with green and purple: spots
on the petals marginal.
1. barb&tum, Lindl. Lvs. oblong, about G in. long, pale
beneath, upper surface dull green with darker green
markings: scape long, reddish brown: ovary slender,
subtended by a small bract; upper sepal orbicular,
evenly reflexed, white, with a green translucent base;
veins green part way, becoming deep purple: petals
green at the base, finely dotted, gradually passing into
brown-pink at the apices, upper margin provided with
several blackish warts; labellum brown-purple, infolded
portion yellowish or purplish with raised dots; lower
sepal narrow, greenish, veined with green: staminode
pubescent, broa<lly crescent-shaped. June and July.
Malay Peninsula. B.M. 4234. — Of this useful species
there are many excellent varieties in which the flowers
are larger or more richly colored. The variation in foli-
age is; very remarkable. In general appearance this
species resembles C. Lawrenceanum. Many vars. in
cult.
The following are varieties of C. barbatnm : Biflbrum. A
chance variation, due undoubtedly in most cases to vigor. See
Crossianum below. — Coerulesceiig . — Crogsianuin. iSanie as
Crossii. — Cros/rii. Upper sepal very large, roiind-orbirular,
white, veined with green and apparently transversed by a band
of crimson: petals much detlexed. I.H. 35:72: 36: 81. A. F. 6:55.1.
— Oiganthun='mgmm.— Ordeile.— Orandiflbrum. Upper sepal
unusually Xaxgfi.—Hendersfmidnum.—Majus. A richly colored
and vigorous iorva..— Mosdicum.— Nanum.— N\nrum. A dark
flower, the lab'dliim of a very deep brcwn-piirple.— A^(56i7«.—
O 'Jirien idnum, or O 'Brieni. — Pictu m . — Plvmomnn . This is not
a permanent variety. It does not maintain the characters to
which it owes its name.— Pulcherrimum.— Purpureiim.— Su-
perbum. Almost any good form of the type is called by this
n&me.— Wa rnpn'dnum , or Wdmerii. See Crossii
2. nigritum, Reichb. f . Probably identic il with C. pur-
puratum, var. obsrumm. Dorsal sepal res embles that of
C. purpuratum, in other respects very similar to C.
barbatum.
3. purpuriituin, Lindl. Lvs. elliptic-oblong to narrowly
ovate, 4-5 inches long, glaucous, pale green tesselated
with darker dull gre"", pale beneath : scapes short
(abouc 5 in. long), purplish : ovary subtended by a
CYPR1PEDIU3I
CYPRIPEDIUM
433
small bract ; upper sepal white, 4-angled, appearing as
if inserted at one of its angles, about 15-nerved, outer
nerves carmine-purple, others metallic green; margins
strongly redexed; lower sepal greenish with white mar-
gins, veined with green ; petals subspatulate, greenish
at base, dotted, becoming purplish toward the apices,
veined with deep metallic green ; labellum brown -purple,
infolded portion with raised dots : staminode crescent
shape. Autumn. China. B. M. 4901. R. H. 1858, p. 182 :
1883, p. 353.
4. calldsum, Reichb. f . Lvs. ovate-oblong, obscurely
tesselated. pale beneath: scapes reddish brown; upper
sepal about 3 in. across, unevenly reflexed, slightly con-
cave at base, and translucent ; blush ground color
veined with green, upper part white-margined, suffused
>vith rose mauve ; veins carmine-purple toward the apex ;
petals oblique, recurving, pale green at base, pale rose-
luauve at and toward the extremities, upper margin with
several blackish warts, ciliate ; labellum dull reddish
brown, infolded lobes greenish, with red-brown, shiny
warts ; staminodium crescent-shaped. February and
March; also at other seasons. Siam. R. H. 1888:252.
Var. Sanderae, Hort. An albino form of the species,
with no trace of rose-mauve or purple. The tts. are
white and delicate green. J. H. III. 28: 423.
5. Lawrence^nmn, Reichb. f . Lvs. oval-oblong, nearly
1 ft. long, tessellated with yellowish and dark f,'reen:
scapes tall, reddish brown, sometimes 2-fld. : tls. large;
upper sepal orbicular, white, with broad carmine-purple
veins, which are greenish at the base ; lower sepal
small; ovary long, subtended by a small bract; petals
purplish at and toward the apices, otherwise greer.ish,
provided with black warts along the margins ; labellum
dull brown-purple; staminode broadlv crescent-shape.
ApriWulv, Borneo. B.M. G432. l.H. 30:4/8. F. S.
23:2372. 0.0.111.21:291.
The following arc forms of C Laicrenceanum : Abbotianum.
Fls. large, with deep crimson veins on the upper sepal.— Atro-
purpiireum. A dark form, upper sepal with deeply colore I
veins.— Auri^^ulum.— Colordtum. Veins deep colored, the intei •
spaces suffused.— Giganteum. A variation from the tjrpe in tho
large size of the lis.— Grande.— Hyeanum. Upper sepal veined
with green; i)etals green; lal>elhim green. G.CMII. 21: 37.—
Lindeni.— Magnificum.— Martnoratum.—Xlgrum.— Plcttim.—
Pitcherianum . — Pleiuleucum. Upper sepal white, with only a
few colored veins. — Purpurdscens.— Boseum.— Superbum.—
Virescens.
CC. Upper sepal veined with green, hut slightly if at
all veined with crimson; petals more or less
spotted or dotted.
6. Argus, Reichb. f. (C. barbcitiim, var. Argus, Hort.
C. Pitcheridnum, Hort.). Lvs. oblong-lanceolate, about
6 in. lon^. pale green mottled with deeper green : scape
long, reddish brown: ovary subtended by a small bract;
upper sepal broadly ovate, acuminate, dotted at base,
veined with green, the longer veins sometimes purplish:
petals oblong, undulate, deflexed, pale green tinged with
purple at the apices, irregularly spotted with blackish
^\arts; labellum dull brown-purple, greenish beneath;
infolded lobes purplish, spotted with deeper purple;
staminode crescent - shaped. March, April. Luzon,
Philippines. B.M. G175. A.F. 3:179.
7. ciliol^re. Reichb. f . Lvs. oblong, pale green, tessel-
lated with dark green: scapes tall, reddish brown: ovary
subtended by a small bract ; upper sepal broadly ovate,
acuminate, ciliate on the margins, blush white at base,
otherwise white, veined with green; petals ligulate, de-
flexed, recurved, with long marginal hairs, greenish at
base, becoming pale mauve at and toward the extremi-
ties, thickly dotted with blackish wurts; labellum dull
brown-purple; infolded lobes yellowish, with reddish
brown warts: staminode reniform. April-Julv and
even later. Philippine Islands. I. H. 31:530. G.C. III.
21:348.
8. sup6rbien8, Reichb. f. (C.r«?j7c7u(>n«»w,Lem.). Lvs.
oval-oblong, about 6 in. in length, yellowish green, mot-
tled with deeper green, pale beneath: scapes tall, green-
ish: ovary subtended by a small bract; upper sepal
broadly ov'ate, whitish, evenly veined with green; petals
deflexed, almost droop'ng, ligulate, hairy-margined,
white, suflftised With pale rose, tinged with r'^ddish
brown at base, veined ^'ith green and copiously dotted
with reddish brown; labellum dull brown-purple; in-
folded lobes brighter, with raised dots; staminode reni-
form-subrotund, horns straight. June, Julv. Malay
Peninsula. l.H. 12:429. F.S. 19:1996. A.F. 7:707. R.
H. 1871, p. 590.
9. Curtisii, Reichb. f . Lvs. broadly oval oblong or
narrowly oblong, pale green tessellated with darker
green, pale beneath: scapes about 1 ft. high, reddish
brown: ovary subtended by a small bract; upper sepal
iisproportionately large, broadly ovate, greenish with a
white margin, tinged with brown-purple at the base, green
veined with brown and green: petals ligulate, deflexed,
dull brown-purple or brownish green at the base, veined
with green, pale along the median vein, and thickly
dotted with red -brown; margins ciliate; labellum large,
dull reddish brown, mfolded lobes paler, dotted; stami-
node reniform. May-July. Sumatra. A.F. 6:557. (Jng.
1: 41. — C. ciliolare and (J. siiperbiens are very closely
relat^^d.
10. t6nsain, Reichb. f . Lvs. ovate-oblong, pale green
conspicuously maculate with dark green, pale beneath
or spotted toward the base: scapes 12 in. or more long,
brownish green: ovary pale green, subtended by a small
bract : upper sepal broadly obovate, with wide base, ab-
ruptly acuminate, whitish, often with blush rose suffu-
sion; veins green; petals broad, devoid of marginal hairs,
oblong ovate or subspatulate, green, median nerve paler
green, with a row of large reddish brown spots, other
veins brownish, giving a tinge of brown to adjacent
tissue ; labellum large, compressed dorsiventrally,
brownish; infolded lobes pale yellowish green, with
raised pale dots; staminode crescent-shaped, the horns
strongly oblique. Autumn. Mountains of Sumatra.
11. venustum, Wall. Lvs. oblong, dull purple beneath,
upper surface pale green, marbled with dark green:
scapes about 8 in. tall: ovary subtended by a bract
which sheaths it for half its length; dorsal sepal ovate,
white veined with green; petals green at base, dull
purple toward the extremities, provided with several
blackish warts ; labellum pale green, conspicuously veined
with emerald-green, infolded lobes paler ; staminode
crescent-shaped. January-March. India. B.M. 2129.
ccc. Upper sepal distinctly veined with green: spots
on the petals, if any, few.
12. Dayiinum, Reichb. f. (C. Pttri, Reichb. f.). Lvs.
oblong, pale green, remotely cross-veined with dark
green, pale beneath : scapes reddish brown ; upper sepal
ovate, acuminate, whitish, veined with green, upper
margin recurved; petals brownish green at base, salmon-
pink toward the apices, upper margins obscurely spotted,
ciliate with dull crimson hairs; labellum roughish, dusty-
looking, infolding portion greenish, with dull crimson-
brown warts ; staminode oblong. Borneo. May, June.
F.S. 15:1527.
13. Jav&nicum, Reinw. Lvs. oblong, pale, maculate
with dark green: scape greenish, 1-or 2-flowered: ovary
subtended by a small bract; upper sepal ovate acuminate,
greenish white veined with green, lower margin reflexed;
petals oblong, greenish, with fine blackish dots, becom-
ing purplish or pale rose color at the apices, ciliate on
the margins; labellum darker green than the petals, in-
folded lobes pale green, but variously dotted ; staminode
reniform-subrotund. Java.— Var. vlrens, Hort., is
smaller, the green color more pronounced.
cccc. Upper sepal not distinctly veined with green, hxit
more or less with purple.
14. Hastersi&niun, Reichb. f. Lvs. oblong, remotely
tessellated: scape tall, brown-purple, ovary subtended
by a short bract; upper sepal orbicular, acute, bright
green with a greenish white or yellowish border, veired
with greenish brown: petals spreading, brownish, piler
at and toward the base, and provided with blackish
warts on the upper i.iargin and median vein; labellum
large, brownish, infolded lobes paler, with dull purple
spots ; staminode crescent-shaped, horns converging.
Java. G.C. ill. 15: 593; 25: 274. B.M. 7629, as a Paphio-
pedilum.
15. Hodkeree, Reichb. f. Lvs. variegated dull git-:n
and greenish white, pcle '^"neath, o^^.t'^ oblong: scapes
tall, slender: upper sepal rotund, acuminate, ^een, with
434
CYPRIPEDIUM
CYPRIPEDIUM
a cream-colored margin; petals subspatulate, purplish
at the apices, with a green stripe toward the base;
labellura greenish brown, infolded portion greenish,
with a few raised warts; staminode oval. Borneo. B.M.
5362.
Var. Bulleni^num, Hort. (C. Bullenidnum, Reichb, f.).
Lvs. not so strikingly mottled: fls. smaller, upper sepal
streaked at the base. Borneo.
Var. volonte&nnm, Hort. Fig.
045. Fls. larger than in the
type ; petals oblong spatulate,
green, except at extremities,
where they are pale mauve,
median portion richly dotted
with crimson-brown ; labellum
greenish brown. June and July,
and earlier. Borneo.
16. Appletoni&num, Rolfe
( C BuUenid^ntim, var. Apple-
fonidnum, Hort.). Lvs. less
tessellated than in the preced-
ing ; staminodium very small,
greenish. This form is some-
times considered as a sub-variety
of C. BulleniAnum. Borneo.
BB. Petals and sepals nearly
equal : fls. fleshy.
17. c6ncolor, Batem. Lvs.
oval-oblong, mottled, dull pur-
ple beneath: scape short: up-
per sepal yellow, dotted with
purple, similar to the petals;
laoeilum yellow, compressed.
Burma. B.M. 5513.
6^.5. Cypripedium
Hookerae. var. volonte-
anum (X %).
Autumn.
18. nlveom, Reichb. f. Lvs. oval-oblong to oblong,
short, mottled: fls. white; petals and upper sepal nearly
equal, finely dotted at base with purple, dots variable in
number and distribution. Burma. B.M. 5922.
19. GddefroyaB, Leb. Lvs. narrower than in the pre-
ceding: scape short: fls. whitish to pale yellow, spotted
with purple-magenta ; petals deflexed. Early, and as
late as July. Cochin China. B.M. 6876. Gn. 25, p. 396.
Var. leucoclilluin, Hort. Upper sepal white, blotched
wi*"h deep purple ; labellum white ; petals like the upper
sepal, spots smaller. G.C. III. 15: 815. J.H. HI. 30: 423.
F.R. 1:371.
20. belUtnlum, Reichb. f. Lvs. broad, rounded at
apices, slate-green, mottled with darker green, thickly
dotted beneath with brownish purple, except in var.
album, when the lvs. are pale beneath : scapes very short :
upper sepal concave, roundish, white, spotted with
brown-purple; lower sepal also spotted; petals orbicu-
lar, tending to be concave, spotted with large, irregu-
lar, brown-purple spots; labellum ovate, finely dotted
with brown-purple. Fls. in summer; also at other
seasons. Shan States. G.C. III. 21:. 320. J.H. III. 30:513.
A.F.6:557; 13:77, 622; 14: 675. Gng. 7: 129. -Var. Album,
Hort. Has white fls. devoid of spots: lvs. not brown-
purple beneath.
'aa. Lvs. coriaceous, Ugulate, not tessellated or only
_^ obscurely so.
B. I''ls. not more than 2, except in vigorous plants.
C. Staminodium without a protuberance or horn
from its center.
21. Fairieintim, Lindl. Upper sepal sub-rotund, whit-
ish, veined with dark carmine-purple; petals oblong,
deflexed, recurved at the apices, whitish, veined with
green and purple; labellura brownish green, reticulated:
staminodium orbicular, with a pronounced beak or tooth
from the lowf z mar;rin, white, with green veins. Habitat
unknown, 1857. — Tho only living records of this species
in America are found in soverU splendid hybrids, such
as C. X JViobe, C, x rej-illarium ^ C. x Arthurianum, C.
X Amesv and C.xff. Ballantine. There are several
plants in English collections. There are no living plants
in America. The species :s not vigorous enough to be
woc^h the growing.
22. hirantissimum, Llndl. Lvs. ligulate, uniform
green: scape greenish: ovary and bracts clothed with
shaggy hairs ; upper sepal narrow at base, broader
toward the summit, nearly ovate, brownish, with a green
margin, finely dotted at base; petals green at base, finely
dotted, becoming piirplish; margin sinuate, undulate-
labellum green, finely dotted, downy and ciliate; stami-
node bluntly quadrate or spade-shaped, with 2 white
eyes. March, April and May. Java. B.3I. 4990. R.H.
18.')9, pp. 182-3.— Int. at same time as C. Fairieanum
(1857).
23. Spiceri&num, Reichb. f. Lvs. linear-oblong, dark
green: scape about 8 in. long: ovary subtended by a
spotted bract ; upper sepal white, strongly reflexed so as
to have a narrow base and broad, incurved summit,
median line carmine-purple; petals short, wavy mar-
gined, yellowish green, with conspicuous mid-veins of
reddish brown; labellum green or brownish; stamino-
dium white-margined, otherwise pale mauve. Oct.-Dec
Assam. B.M. 64«)0. I.H..30:473. Gn. 48, p. .304. A.(i
11:159. A. F. 3:226. Gng. 1:242. F. E. 9: 329. -Habitat
unknown when first plants were introduced. Many
varieties.
CC. Staminodium provided tcith a protuberance or horn.
24. Cli4rIe8Worthii, Rolfe. Lvs. ligulate, obscurelv
tessellated, heavily spotted beneath throughout or only
at the base: scapes short, spotted like the lvs.: ovary
spotted, subtended by a small, spotted
bract; upper sepal orbicular, white,
mottled and suffused with pale carmine,
purple rose, brownish at base or clear;
petals short, rarely wavy margined,
yellowish or brownish, veined with
brown; labellum similar in color to the
petals ( variable ) , spread-
ing at the aperture,
small in comparison
with the upper sepal ;
staminode shiny, pure
white, with an orange-
yellow lipped process.
Autumn. E. Indies. B.M.
7416. R. B. 20:241. Gn.
47:1009 and p. 425. A.F.
13:430.— A very varia-
ble and beautiful spe-
cies, which should give
rise to interesting hy-
brids.
25. insigncWall. Lvs.
linear-ligulate. uniform
green, usually finely
spotted at the base : scape reddish
brown, about 1 ft. high : upper sepal
oval, arching at the summit, mainly
green, upper margin white, surface
covered with brownish spots ; petals
pale greenish brown, veined with
deeper brown ; labellum also brown-
ish; staminodium longer than broad,
rough and pubescent, with a yellow
projection. Autumn. India. B. M.
3412. G. C. III. 18: 763. A. F. 7: 633.
F. E. 9:327. Gng. 1:243. A. G. 16:73;
19:825.
Var. Ch&ntinii, Hort. Hab't as in
type : dorsal sepal larger with larger
spots, broad toward the summit,
mainly green, heavily spotted with 545,
brown, except on the upper portion, ^ ■ a-
u ■* • „u-4. „-4.i 1 1 Cypripedium
where it is white, with several pale '. .
mauve spots ; labellum colored like msigne,
the spots, deep polished brown. R. H. var. banderae.
1878:130. tx /aJ
Var. £mestil, Ilort., is a yellow form with faint spots
on the upper sepal, which lack the characteristic brown
and are called "false spots."
Var. SAndersB, Hort. Fig. 646. Foliage pale to the
base: scape very pale green : upper sepal white above,
otherwise primrose-yellow, with minute reddish brown
dots, which vary in number from season to season, and
CYPRIPEDIUM
CYPRIPEDIUM
435
different fls. on the same plant; petals colored like
. ,.er sepal; labellum waxy yellow, (spreading at aper-
ture; staminode yellow, with an orange-yellow projec-
tion. Gng. 7:196.— The most beautiful Cypripedium.
C. inaigne runs Into many forms. Following are some of
them: Albo-marginatum. Fls. yello wish; upper sepal bordered
all round with white; spots litcht colored, found only on the
greenisii yellow i\\^\i.—Albens. Color of fls. soft greenish yellow;
upper sepal half vi\i\t<i.— Amegidnum. Fls. rather large; upper
.s«»pal brownish, with a white margin, not spotted, suffused with
rii'h hrown.— Arnoldidnum. Fls. largerthan in var. Maulei; up-
per sepal with a broad, white margin, spots confined to the greer-
ish yellow disk. (t.F.7: 425. A.F. 6: 11.").— A itreum. Upper sepal
pale yellow; vtals and laljellum hrovnnsh.— Breecesidnum.
Upptr sepal oblong, upper third white, otherwise yellowish
green, with r gular lines of brown >lots; petals reddish brown.
—K,\>uin'i. Fls. green; upper sepal heavily blotched or si>otted;
p.'tals spo'ted. A.F. l-.H^i.— Corrugdtum. LaViellum corrugated,
otherwise tjijical.— CVn(/«o;itdn«m. A very large flower, with a
broad upper sepal. Closely allied to var. Schroederianum (?).
— Vowperidnum. Upper sepal spotted at base, similar to that
of var. albo-marginatum; petals rather longer than usual;
bbellum large. — Cutting idnum. Fls. large, greenish; upper
st'pal broad, with violet-purple spots on the white. — Domtnid-
num.— Donnanidnum.— Eyermanidnum. Fls. light yellow,
with several light 'brown spots at base of upper sepal.— /a?r-
ttermanni. Upper sepal with a broad white border; petals
distinctly veined with hroym.—Fvscdtinii . R.B.2(i:25.—Grdcile.
Upper sepal narrow.— Gilmorednuin. Fls. rather large; upper
.sepal spotted with brown.— G««d<«/H. R.H. 1851: 201.— if or«-
manidnuin. Sepals long and narrow.— /iiM^^re. Yellowish va-
riety: sepals and petals spotted.— Kimballidnum. Upper sepal
flat, reflexed at the summit, yellowish green; spots running in
liaes into the white border; i>etals strongly veined.— Xonf7i«^-
palum. Long, narrow sepals; upi)er sepal brownish below,
greenish above, not spotted. — Lutwychednum. Upper sepal
somewhat narrower than usual, basrd margins wavy; tipper
margin white, passing to pale yellow; spots hardly visible, same
color as the sepal. Belongs to the Emesti group of ^ arieties.—
Maculdtum. An obscure variety f —Jfandepi7/irtn»/n. Form
same as Albo-marginatum. Petals thickly covered with spots in
reguhir lines.— Maulei. White portion of the upi)er sepal pre-
dominating, extendin,; to the base on either side of the green
disk; uppermost spots violet-purple, otherwise the spots are
larger brownish and few.— Maximum. Upper sepal large, dee^
green.— Mdcfarlanei. Allied to var. Sandera?. Sepal and pet-
als narrower, deeper yellow.— Jfoored/iw/zi. Fls. pale yellow;
petals pale greenish yellow; upper sepal margined with white;
broadly ovate ; basal margins finely dotted; spots largest at the
center: i)etals brown-veine<l; staminode with a mucro.— AYud-
bydnum — Superbieng. — Sylhetenne. Large dark'siK)t, somewhat
contluent, in lines along the middle of the upper sepal.
647. Cyp.' .edium Rothschildianum'(X H).
spots IsLTge.—Moulmeininse.- yiUtoni.— M<«i«.— Larger than
the type, stronger in growth: fls. very large; upper sepal white-
margined; spots in irregular rows.— Pynaerti. — Schroederi-
anum. Fls. extremely large; upper scpai nearly orbicular, or
648. Cypripedium acaule (X J^).
26. Eztil, Rolfe. Lvs. narrower and more rigid than in
the preceding species: upper sepal greenish yellow at
the base, spotted with brown, upper part white ; petals
and labellum' similar to those of C. Druryi. Siam. B,M.
7510.— Considered by some to be a form of C. insigne.
27. DrtUryi, Beddome. Lvs. ligulate, uniform green:
scape about 1 ft. high : ovary subtended by a small
bract ; upper sepal arching at the summit, yellowish
with a dark median band; petals ligulate, yellow, with
a dark median band ; labellum yellowish. May, June.
India l.H. 24:265. A.F. 6:555.
28. villdBom, Lindl. Lvs. linear-ligulate, uniform
green spotted with brown -purple at the base: scapes co-
piously long-hairy : ovary subtended by a bract nearly
as long as itself : upper [sepal narrow at the base,
broader above, brownish at the base, otherwise greenish
yellow, finely margined with white ; petals spatulate,
broad at apices, wavy-margined, oblique, with a con-
spicuous brown midvein, otherwise brownish yellow ;
labellum brownish yellow; staminode large, oblong, yel-
lowish. Jan., Feb. India. l.H. 4:126. A.F. 6:555.
Var. Bdxalli. Hort. (C. Bdialli, Reichb. f.). Upper
sepal spotted with blackish spots, which are more or
less confluent along the median line. Burma. l.H.
26:345.
29. S^llieri, Godef. Petals somewhat resembling
those of the above; upper sepal large, broad at and to-
ward the summit, yellowish green, spotted with brown,
and provided with a broad white border round the up-
per half. Supposed natural hybrid between C. villosum
and C, insigne.
436
CYPRIPEDIUM
CYPRIPEDIUM
BB. Fls. more than 2.
c. Petals spattilate.
30. Ldwei, Lindl. Lvs, ligtilate, uniform green: scapes
often more than 3 ft. lun^r, arching, Wearing several Hs. :
upper sepal yellowish veined with brownish purple at
the base, broadly oval, basal margins revolute ; petals
fully 3 in. long, deflcxed, twist('<l, spatulate, yellowish,
with numerous brown-purple spots at and toward the
base, the spoon-shaped extremities dull crimson-purple;
labellum brown, infolded lobes paler; staminodium ob-
cordate, with aLurn-lik«! projt'ctionatbase. April, May.
Borneo. F.S. 4:375. A.P. 11:1349. R.H. 1857, p. 40L';
1883, p. 352; 1885, p. 473.
31. Haynaldi&nam, Reichb. f. Lvs. ligulate, leathery,
uniform gri't-n : scapes about 20 in. long, villose, green-
ish brown, l-S-fld. : upper sepal oval, lower margins
revolute, cream-white above, purplish ut the margins,
the base yellowish, spotted with redcli.sh 1)rown; petals
linear, broad at the extremities, and of a dull purple
color, yellowish from the base about half way, with
several large, reddish brown spots ; labellum green
tinged with dull purple; staminodium similar to that of
preceding, but narrower. Jan.-May. Philippine Isls.
B.M. 62%.
649. Cypripedium
pubescens (X J^).
cc. Petals linear, usually drooping and twisted.
32. Pdrisliii, Reichb. f. Lvs.coriaceons, thick, ligulate:
scapes arching, pale green, bearing several fis. : upper
sepal yellowish, with green veins, narrowly oval, basal
margins reflexed; petals linear, twisted, obliqu*^ly pen-
dent, greenish yellow at and toward the base, with sev-
eral blackish spots and a row of marginal dots ; distal
ends dull, glossy, browuish purple ; labellum dark
green, usually tinged with brown-purple ; staminodium
obcordate, with a tooth at base. Autumn. India B Af
5791. Ot. 47:25. I.H. 22:2l4.-Not a free-bl'oomin;
species. *
.33. Stdnei, Hooker. Lvs. ligulate, uniform green, de-
cidedly coriaceous: scapes long, greenish brown. 3-5-
Hd. : upper sepal nearly orbicular, white, with 4 crimson-
magenta veins or streaks, 2 on each side near the upper
margin, suffused behind with crimson; lower sejial nar-
rower, with several streaks, similar in color to those on
the upper sepal; petals linear, at first spreading, then
drooping, twisted at the extremities, pale yellow at the
base, becoming deeper and finally reddish brown at and
near the apices, spotted with crimson-brown; labellum
calceiform, dull rose on the front, paler beneath, finely
veined with deeper rose. Autumn. Borneo. B.M. 5349.
— One of the finest in the genus.
34. Philippin6n8e, Reichb. f. {C. Icpvigdtum, Batem ).
Lvs. thick, ligulate-oblong, uniform green: scape b own-
ish, bearing from 2-5 fls.: upper sepals whitish, broadly
ovate, striped with crimson-magenta ; lower sei)al
striped with green; petals linear, twisted, drooping ob-
liquely, greenish at base, becoming pale brown-puri>le
toward the extremities; labellum small, yellowish;
staminodium sub-cordifomi. April, May. Philippine
Isls., 18(>4. B.M. 5508. Ci.F. 3:309.
35. prsBStans, Reichb. f. (C. glandithferum, Blume.
C. jVeo-Guinetns€,H<)rt.). Lvs. coriaceous, deep green:
peduncle longer than the lvs. : sepals about equal,
broadly ovate, yellowish white, veined with reddish
brown; petals with marginal warts, twisted, yellowish
green ; labellum calceiform, yellowish ; staminodium
nearly quadrangular, lateral margins inflexed. Aug
New Guinea. I.H. :{4:2t;. R.H. 181M>, p. 421.-0. pmstatis,
var. KimbalUavum, Hort., is another form. This is not
to be confounded with C Kimballianum (see No. 37).
3G. Sanderi&num, Reichb. f. Lvs. ligulate, thick, uni-
fonn green: scape long, reddish brown, bearing several
fls. : upper sepal narrowlj' ovate, yellowish, striped with
brown; petals linear, about 18 in. long, yellowish at the
base, marked with reddish brown, the middle part
barred with reddish brown and yellow, purplish brown
at and toward the blunt apices ; labellum brownish.
Feb.-Mav. Habitat known but not revealed: perhaps
nortn Borneo. G.C. 111. 19:329. Gt. 43:520.
37. Rothschildi^num, Reichb. f. Fig. G47. Lvs. thick:
scape reddish brown, bearing several fls. : upper sepal
ovate, acute, striped with brownish (almost black) veins,
ground color yellowish ; petals linear, spreading, ob-
lique, yellowish, striped and spotted with dark Lrown-
purple; labellum slipper-form, brownish, margin pale
j'ellow, whitish beneath ; staminode with a projecting
beak. Winter months. Borneo. B.M. 7102. G.F. 6:145.
— C EUiottid.num, O'Brien, is a variety of the above, or
at least very closely allied to it. J.H. III. 32:55. A.F.
6:557; 7:855. — C. Kimballidnum, from Borneo, is a nat-
ural hvbridof C. Sothschildiamtm x C. Dayanum: see
A.G. 20:719, Fig. 186.
ccc. Petals much twisted, not drooping.
38. Chamberlaini^num, O'Brien. Lvs. dark oreen,
ligulate: scape arching, bearing several fls. that open in
succession: ovary not conspicuously ribbed; upper se-
pal pale green, brownish at base, with about 12 veins
which, brown at first, terminate green; margin whitish,
ciliate, dorsal surface hairy; petals narrow, spreading,
reflexed, twisted, green, with lines of numerous? red-
brown spots, tinged rose-pink near the column ;
labellum pale rosy mauve, copiously dotted with deeper
mauve ; infolded lobes pale green : staminodium oval.
Sumatra. B.M. 7578, as a Paphiopedilum. R.H. 1892,
pp. 104-5. G.F. 5:413.
39. Victdria-Mariee, Rolfe. Similar to the above: la-
bellum dull puri)le ; petals and upper sepal not lined
with brown spots. Perhaps only a variety of C. Cham-
herlainianum. Sumatra. B.M. 7573, as a Paphiopedilum.
AAA. Lvs. membranaceous, plicate.
B. Foliage of two lvs. upon the ground, or nearly so.
40. acatde. Ait. Fig. 648. Lvs. ovate, oblong oval:
scape naked, tall : upper sepal and petals brownish,
lanceolate ; labellum pink-purple to white (variable),
CYPRIPEDIU3I
CYPRIPEDIUM
437
with a fissure in front ; staminodiura spatuliform. May
an<l June. Newfoun»ilan<l to N. C, west to Ind., Mich,
and Minn. O.W.F. 11. A.G. 13:514; 14:405. Gng.
4:263. A.P. 11:1049. G.W.F.A. 11.
BB. Foliage of two Ivtt. above the ground.
41. ^legani, Rcichh. f. Plant about 4 in. high: Ivs.
opposite, home on an elongated annual stem: upper se-
pal narrowly ovate, veined with reddish brown; petals
lanceolate, similar in color to the sepals ; iahellum brown-
ish, corrugated ; staminode elliptic. July. Sikkim.—
Probably not in cultivation in this country.
42. Japdnicum, Thunb. Lvs. nearly opposite, roundish,
undulately plicate: bract longt r than the vary, fl. ter-
minating the scape: st^pals and petals lanceolate, acu-
minate, greenish, «lotted with red; labellum white-pink;
staminodium cordate, channeled. April, May. Japan.
BBB. Foliage of several or many Ivs. on the stem.
C. Lower sepal divided.
43. arietinom, R. Brown. Plant about 6 in. high, slen-
der: Ivs. lanceolate: tls. small, terminal, solitary; upper
sepal ovate-lanceolate, brownish green ; petals linear;
labellum tapering at the apex, white veined with red-
dish purple, clothe<l with white, woolly hairs near the
aperture ; stamino«iiura nearly round. May. Maine to
N. Y., Mich, and Minn., and northward. B.M. 1569.
L.B.C. 13:1240. F.S. 20:2095.-Fls. curiously irregular
in shape, resembling a ram's head.
44. Himaliicum, Rolfe. Plant 8-12 '.n. high: Ivs. 3,
elliptic-oblong : uj»per sepal ovate, brownish, with
deeper colored veins; petals narrow, oblong, paler than
the upper sepal; labellum purple-brown, m8ny-ncr\'ed;
staminode heart-shape. July. Bhotan. — Probably not
cultivated in this country*.
45. Thib^ticum, King. Lvs. 3, close together on the
stem: lal'fllum larger than in the preceding, and not de-
pressed, brown-purple; petals pale brown; st%iniinode
oval-cordate, angled at the base. July. Sikkim. — Prob-
ably not in cultivati'>n.
cc. Lower sfj tl little or not at all divided.
46. cdndidum, Muhl. Lvs. oblong-lanceolate: fls. ter-
minal, solitary; sepals broader than the petals, ovate-
lanceolate; petals spreading like the sepals, greenish ;
labellum white, striped inside with purple; staminodium
lanceolate. May and June. N. Y., Penn., Minn., Mo.
and Ky.
47. pub68cens, Willd. Fig. 649. Lvs. oval, acute :
petals usually twisted, much narrower than the ovate-
laoceolate sepals ; labellum pale yellow; staminodium
triangular. Same range as No. 49. May and June.
B.M. 911, as C. parviflorum. A.G. 13:513. Mn. 7:5.
48. Calcedlus, Linn. Fls. usually solitary; labellum
yt'llow, slightly compressed, shorter than the lower se-
}>al; sepals and petals deep, rich brown; staminodium
triangular. Yorkshire and other northern counties of
Eng.,Eu. R.H. 1892. p.392. R.B. 21:210.
49. parvifldrum, Salisb. Lvs. ovate, acute: fls. smaller
than in C pubescens: labellum flattened from above and
lit'low, not laterally, bright yellow; staminodium trian-
gular. May and June. Newfoundland to Ga., west
to Minn, and E. Kans. A.G. 13:515.
50. spectdbile. Swartz. Fig. 650. Plants stout: Ivs.
oval, acute: sepals ovate, rather roundish, white; petals
oblong, white ; labellum white or pale pink-purple ;
staminodium ovul-cordate. June. Maine, western New
Eng. to Minn, and Mo,, mountains of N. Car. R.H.
1868:410. Gn. 53, p. 77. R.B. 20, p. 198. A.F. 11:1048.
Grg. 4:262, 327.
51. macrdntbon, Swartz. Lvs. oblong, acute : fls.
purple, not spotted ; upper sepal oblong, acute ; lower
sepal smaller ; petals ovate-lanceolate ; labellum con-
tracted at the r.perture. Moist, shady places, northern
Asia, Siberia. R.H. 1877:310.
52. CaUfdmicum, Gray. Plants either slender or stout,
varjing in height, sometimes xceeding 2 ft.: lvs. ovate-
alternate : floral bracts very large, becoming narrowly
ovate: fls. small, from 6-12 open at the same time, an
inch or more apart on the stem; labellum whitish; se-
pals oval, yellowish green; petals narrowly oblong, col-
ored like the sepals. Calif. B.M. 7188. G.F. 1:281.
53. mont&num, Dougl. One to 2 ft., leafy, pubescent:
lvs. ovate to broad-lanceolate, 4-6 in. long : fls. 1-3,
short-pedicelled, the wavy-twisted petals brownish, the
oSO. Cypripedium spectabile. Natural size.
inch-long lip dull white veined with purple ; capsule
erect or nearly so. Calif, to Wash. B.M. 7319. — Fra-
grant. Grows in clumps. Handsome.
54. Irape&num, Llave et Lex. Lvs. ovate-lanceolate:
fls. large, several, sepals and petals about equal ; label-
lum very large, much inflated, suggesting the inflated
petal of a Calceolaria. Mex.— This species has not as
yet been successfully cultivated.
Supplementary list, comprising hybrid Cypripediums (for
catalogues of hybrids, see (t.C. III. 17: 199 and A.G. 16: 118):
Am = Lawrenf*eanum X insigne. var. Maulei.— Adra«fw« =
l^eeanum X villosum, var. Boxallii. — A leides = insigne X hir-
sutissiraum.— A/^r^-f/ 2/o//(«/7Mm = ciliolare X Philippiner '.—
A Uaniannm= Spicerianum X Curtisii.— Almum — barbatumX
Lawrenceanum. — Arnandnm = insigne X venustnm. — Amesi-
anu/n — villosum X venu.stum (see Mea.«nresianum).— A;>i>u-
latum = barbatum X villosum. var. Boxallii.— J rtemis = Da^-
anum X Swanianum. — Arthurianum =» insigne X Fairieanum.
438
CYPRIPEDIUM
cyphipedium
A. P. 6:557.— Arthurianum, var. puleMlum '^ Innlgne Chan-
tlni X Falrieanum. — ^«/i6urfom<» (C. obspurum ) ^ barba-
turn X insigne. l.H. 35: fil.— Ashburtonice. var. expaiautn
=» same. — Atpcuia =» selligerum niajus X tonsnva.— Aureum
"■nitens. var. Sallierii X Spioerianum. Dint. Icon, des O. —
Aurnretim^ LawrenceanurnXvenustum.— iicafnV^^Boxallii X
Ijowii.— Berggreniatm tn—l)HnthieriiXinsigne.— Jiryaniidivir-
fordense)^ Philippineni»e X Ariciis.—Hui haiUanutn = Druryi X
Spii-erianum.— C'a/a/U/iMW — barbatum (.'rossiiXLowii.— Cali-
oart' ^ venustumX Dayanum.— Vallc-KothtehildUinum = callo-
iumX Ro'hschildianum.— Calyp»n. 8e^ Lathamiaiium.— Cau-
hainii (Chas. Cauham)="villo8uniX8uperbien8.— (^'flfr;i»«»a?i«w»
^HaynaldianumXSpicerianum. — fVr<'«='SpicerianumXhir8u-
tissiinum. — C'AW»t^n»« = LowiiX barbatum, var. Wamerii.—
C'/i/or«nntrum=»barbatumXvenustnni.— C'i<'opatra=opnanthum
XHookeriB.— C/mA-afc*rn/an«m==Philippinen8eXCartisii.— Cio-
tilde Moens=ljee&nnm, var. superbiimXHaynahlianum.— Con^
cinn«m=villo8umXpurpuratutn. — C'on«pi<ruum=Harri8ianum
X villosum.— Constance = Curtisii X Stonei.— Cooktonianum ==
almum. — Cr<o»=» Harrisianum, var. superbum X cenanthum,
var. superbum.— Crr<Au«=.Spic'erianumXAr^8.— Croggianum
= insijfne X venustum. — Cybele =* Ijawrenceanum X Druryi.—
Daxithierii. See Harrisianum. — />t7»rfm, var. Davigianum '^
villosum, var. Boxallii X Arifus, var. Moen8ii.— i>i7«'<'?Mm = vil-
losum, var. BoxalliiXhirsutissimum.— Z)t«o/or=venustumX ?
— Z)ona^iant«/>='in8ifirne.var.WiotiXHarri8iantxm.— i>oHra«'«t-
on»jm=hir8uti88imumXcallosum.— X>orw=vemi.stumX Stonei.
— i>runo-ifooi:?r«=I)ruryiX Hookerae.- ^ii-rfra^cenanthum,
var. electra.— £n/i€W«i#<'=Liawrenr-eammXHookerje.— Ephi-
altea — insiipie, var. Chantini X auroreum. — Euryale = Law-
renceanum X superbiens.— £uri/anrfr« in=barbatumX Stonei.—
Eurylochus =» ciliolare X hirsutis.simum. — Excelsior = Roth-
sohildianumXHarrisianum.— Fain/ yM<'«i=» Curt isilXDruryi.-
Finetianum =* Philippinrnse, var. Rcebbelenii X barbatum. —
Fitchianum = Hookerse X barbatum. — Frau Ida Brandt — lo,
var. grandeX Youngianum.— Galatea = Harrisiantim X insigne
Maulei. — Qemmiferum = Hookerae X purpuratum. — Oerminy-
anum, var. God«ff^tanum = villosum, var. BoxalliiX hirsutissi-
mum. — Oerminyanum = villosum X hirsutissimum. — Oiga^=*
Harrisianum, var. superbum X Lawrenpeanum.— Oowerianum
= Lawrenceanxim X Curtisii. — Greyanum =* Druryi X cilio-
lare. — Harrisianum = barbatum X villosum. F. S. 22:228&-90.
R. B. 22:148. A. F. 6: .557. — Harrisianum, var. superbum =
barbatum X villosum.— Harrisianum, var. Dauthierii = bar-
=- Argufl X Curtisii. — Hybridum =■ villosum X barbatum
/no=-HaynaldianumX Mra.Cauham.— /iiffTWfdium. See Hy"
bridum. - lo =• Lawrenreannm X Argus. - JavanicoSpieeri-
anum. bee Lutescens.— Javanico-superbiens. — Joseph Donate
651. Cypripedium Lathamianum (X H)-
Hybrid. (See supplementary list.)
bstnm X villosum. — H. Ballantine = purpuratum X Fairie-
anum. — Hephaestus — oallosum X ? — Hobsonii = Lawrence-
anura (pistillate) X ^'hilippense. A.F. 14:1094. Gng. 7:242.—
Homianum « Spicerianum X superbiens. — Murrellianum
65'-. Cypripedium Niobe (XK). Hybrid.
(See suppleme. tarv list.)
Ashbnrton® X Spicerianum. — Josephianum saDrrTyi X Ja-
vanico- superbiens. A.F. 7:707.— Juno=eallosumXFairieanum.
— KimhaWianum = Rothsehildianum X Dayanum. - Krameri-
anuOT=oenanthumXvillosum. — ALrwA?Mi=in8igneXton.su'n.—
£a^rcad<a = barbatum X insigne, var. Chantini. — 2-a*Aami-
anum (Fig. 6.')!) = Spieerianum X villosum. — Lathamianvm,
var. Caii/p»o= Spicerianum Xvillosuui, var.Boxallii.— Xft-anwOT
=insigne X Spicerianum.— i^eanum, var. i,"f;an<«^m^insgne
X Spicerianum. A.F. 9:765. — Leeanxim, var. Masareelianum='
insigne, var. Chantini X Spicerianum. I. H. 36:77. A. F. 6: 555.
A.G. 12: 65. — I/^ea/ium. var. superbum is a good form raided
by YeitAih. — Loetcegren'MPun. = Spicerianara X lo graudis.—
£«cidum=LowiiXvillo8ui;i. — X,uridum=LawrenceanumXvil-
losum, var. 8ui)erbum.— iu/e«ce7i«=SpicerianumXJavanicam.
— Lynchianum, — Spicerianum X sellegerum. — Macropterum =»
LovrtiXsuperbiens.— jlfarmoro/>/ii/Hum=HookerapXbarbatum.
— Marshallianum = venustum, var. pardinum X concolor. —
Masereelianum. See Leeanum. — Jfa*»aiaHuw = 8uperciliarp
X Rothschildianum.— 3fa^/Mardi= purpuratumX Spicerianum.
— Measuresianum == viiiosum X venustum. — Measuresianum,
var.paronin«rn=villosnm,var. BoxailJiXvenustum.— 3forpa7i«p
=superbiensX Stonei. I.H. 34: 5.— Mis. Cat/Aar«=sui)erbien8X
villosum.— Jfr«. G. D. On'«r = 8ui)erciliareXvillo.sum.— Miilus
=»hirsutissimumX Lawrenceanum.— Niobe (Fig. 652)= Spiceri-
anumXFairieanum.— iVi7<'/i#=»vil!osumXinsigne, var. Maulei —
Nitens, var. iS'aWj<'r»i=in8igneXvillosum.~A'tfe/i«, var. Sallierii,
sub-var. ifj/t-a/mm^insigneXvillosum.— iVi<«*7i», var. Schlesin-
(;erianum=^•illo8um,var.BoxalliiXinsigue.— iVi7p;i«, var. If on«de
OiirtP^Boxallii X insigne Chantini.— A'u?na=LawrenceanumX
Stonei.— OaAe* J. m€«=ciliolareXRoth8childianum.—06sn<na/t
=oenanthum.— CBna7i^/iw;rt=HarrisianumXinsigne.— Olivia—
tonsum X nivetim. — . Orestes — cenanthum, var. Orestes. —.Or-
phanum = barbatum X Druryi.— Osbomei = Harrisianum, var.
superbumXSpicerianum.- PaflreonMm=superbiensXHookeraB.
— Fallens = Spicerianum X Dayanum. — Patersonii = Lowii X
Lawrenceanum.— Paroninum. See Measureianiim. A.F. 7:707.
— Peii<M=HaynaldianumX insigne.— Pefo/>»=NiobeXjavanico*
superbiens.- Pellucidum = insigne, var. Matxlei X Dayanum.—
Pfcturatum= Spicerianum X superbiens. — PifcAerianw ?n= Har-
risianum, var. superbum X Spicerianum.- Pleistochlorum=\i&r-
batum X javanicum, var. virens. — Pleuroneuron =* vcnustumX
villosum.— Plunerum =» villosum X venustum ( ? ) .— Politum =
barbatum X venustum. — Pollettianum = caiophyllum X cenan-
thum, var. superbum. — Pr^7r«'^^"i = Harrisianum Xvillostim.—
Radiosum = LawrenceanumXSpicerianxtm.— Regale = insigne,
var. MauleiXpurpuratum. — Poiraifiarium = villosumXvenus-
tum (.see Measureianum).— /fH^/fijeen* = cenanthum, var. su-
perbumXvillosum. v.tr. Boxallii.— iSaraj7<'anMnj=Harrisianum
X Spicerianum. — Selligerum = barbatum X Fhilippense. — Sel-
CYPRIPEDIUM
CRYTOMIUM
439
liaerum, rht. majus -» barbattunX Phillppinense. A. P. 11: 1349.
— Seegerianum =■ HarrisianomX Splcerianara.— Supereiliare =*
barbatum X snperbiens. — Susan Ainet =* Leeanum X uitens.
— A' Dimd-Brunn =- Lowei X CurtUli.— iS'u)ania/iur»»"Dayamim
Xbarbatum.— A'lcinfrumrt = insijfne, var. Maiilei X ArguK.—
T. B. Haywood =■ Druryi X 8ui>erhien8. — Ti-Kselntum ^ oon-
colorX barbatum. A.F. 7:707.— Thayerianum — li^iwrenceanum
Xvillosum, var. Ik)iallii. — Thibautianum= HarrisijinumXin-
silfne, var. Maulei.— rAom/omt=«uiM'rbiensXinsigiie.— Thorn-
tonii, var. /iiow/xTj/u^insiifneXHUperbiens. — Tityiis==Spiceri-
anumXtpnanthum, var. superbuiu.— ro/i«(>-ri7/«»Hm=t<»nsumX
villosum.— jTurp^ = barl>;auraX.Vrgus.— r. IF. .Bo/Jd = bir8lltiH-
8imumXS•vanianum.— t'm/rt?/ft»rt«um=in.slgne, var. Chantini
X Lawrenceaniim. — Van Houteanutn =* nivetun X Dawthieri.
A.F. 6: 557.-- Vemixum = .\rBU8 X villosum. — Vfxillarium —
barbatum X Fairieanum.— Walloertianum^^ Harrisianum X vil-
losum. — Tr«(7an»auu»rt = Harrisianum or HookersB X Ashbur-
tonsB.— TrtWia7»«»a/«um=narri8ianumXvenu8tum or villosum.
C. debile, Reichb. f.,a small Japanese 8i)e<'ie8, is offered by
importers of Japanese plants. It is the C. eardlophyllum,
Franch. & Sav. Fls. very small, not much larger than those of
Calypao borealis.—C. tasciculatum is offered by importers of
Dutch bulbs. The €. fascicitlatum, Kelloffi;, is Calif omian:
2-6 in., bearing a pair of nearly opi)osite, ovate, somewhat acute
Jvs. : fls. solitary or several, greenish, the depressed lip greenish
yellow with a purplish margin. Oake.s Ames.
CTBlLLA (after Dominico Cyrillo, professor of medi-
cine at Naples, 1734-1799). Cyrilldceai. Shrub, rarely
tree: Ivs. short-petioled, entire, glabrous, deciduous or
nearly persistent: fls. small, white, in narrow slender
racemes, S-merous: fr. a smaU indehiscent 2-celled cap-
sule with 2 seeds. Probably one variable species from
N. Carolina to Florida, west to Texas, and in W. India
and S. America. Ornamental shrub, rarely cultivated,
with handsome bright green foliage, and graceful ra-
cemes of white fls., hardy north to New York.
Thrives best in humid sandy soil and shady position.
Prop, by seeds and cuttings under glass, with slight bot-
tom heat.
racemindra, Linn. Leathkrwoop. Shrub, occa-
sionally tree lo 30 ft.: Ivs. cuneaie, oblong or oblanceo-
late, usuialy obtuse, reticulate-veined, 2-3 in. long,
bright «?! c?»n, turning orange and scarlet in fall, but in
tropical climates evergreen: racemes 4-6 in. long, erect,
at length nodding. B.M. 2456. S.S. 2:51. -The variety
from "VV . India has been described as C. Antillana,
Michx., and that of Brazil as C. racemifera, Vandelli.
Alfred Rehdee.
GTSTAHTHITS (Greek, curved flowers; from their
pendulous habit). Amarylliddcece. Twenty species of
tender bulbs from South Africa, known only in a few
American greenhouses. Their culture is presumably
like that of many other bull)3 from the same region.
They are suitable for pot culture, or for planting out in
summer. The following analytical key gives an idea of
the group, and its three subgenera.
A. Fls. many in an umbel, pendulous.
B. Lvs. strap-shaped. (Cyrtanthus proper.)
obllqatui, Ait. Bulb ovoid, 3-4 in. thick: lvs. 10-12,
strap-shaped, distichous, produced after the fls., 1 J^-2
ft. long : scape 1-2 ft. long, stout, mottled: fls. 10-12 in
an umbel, entirely drooping, odorless, bright red, with
more or less yellow, and greenish tips 2-3 in. long; pedi-
cels J^-1 in. long; style not exserted. Cape Colony. B.
M. 1133.
BB. Lvs. linear. (Monella.)
M4ckenii, Hook. f. Bulb IK in. thick: lvs. 2-6. ap-
pearing with the fls., linear, 1 ft. long: scape slender,
slightly glaucous: fls. 4-^0 in an umbel, pure white,
2 in. long; style exserted. Natal. G.C. I. 29:641. Gn.
50, p. 63.
AA. Fls. single, or few in an umbel, erect or slightly
curved downward. (Gastronema.)
sangofneus, Hook. Bulb 2 in. thick: lvs. 3-4, appear-
ing with the fls., lanceolate, petioled, 1ft. long: scape
slender, 6-9 in. long: fls. 1-3, bri^'ht red, 3-4 % in. long,
wider funnel-shaped than in the two preceding species,
with a throat 1 in. across. Caflfraria, Natal. B.M. 5218.
C. Hiittoni, Baker, belongs to Cyrtanthus proper, but its lvs.
appear with the fls., and it has 6-8 or even 12 pale red fls. about
1 in. long, and a much shorter style than in C obliquus. Cape
Colony. B.M. 7488. Gn. 50:1076. "W^. jjl.
CTBTOCABPA (Greek, curved fruit). Anacardideea.
Two Mexican trees, of which one bears a small fruit,
likened to a cherry by the natives of Lower Calif. In-
tro<luced into S. Calif, by F. Franceschi. Santa Bar-
bara.
prdcera, HBK. Very tall tree, with slender, terete,
dark purj'Ii-'^h, resinous branches : lvs. alternate, odd-
pinnate: leaflets 5-7 or 9, oblong, entire, with a very
slight silkiness, especially below, very shortly stalked,
1 in. or more long, half as wide: fls. white, inconspic-
uous, in panicles 1-2 in. long; calyx 5-parted, villour,
persistent ; segment." roundish ; petals 5, elliptic ; sta-
mens 10; style 1: fr. the size of an olive, edible. Mex.
HBK. 6, t. 609.
CYKTOCHlLUM. Referred to Oncidium.
CTRT0D£IEA. See Episcia.
CTBTOMIUM (Greek, a bow). Polypodiicect. A
genus of Asiatic half-hardy or greenhouse ferns of
rigid habit, with simply pinnate lvs., anastomosing
veins and firm indusia fixed by the depressed center.
Culture as for Polystichum, to which it la closely allied.
653. Cyrtomium falcatum
(Leaf X J4.)
A. Margins of pinna entire or slightly undulate.
lalektwan, J. Sm. Fig. 653. Pinnee ovate, falcate ;
the lower rounded or obliquely truncate at the base, 4-6
in. long, 1-2 in. wide. Japan and India. — The large thick,
glossy foliage makes it an excellent fern for decorations,
F6rtanei, J. Sm. Pinnae lanceolate, opaque, 2-4 in.
long, }{-l in. wide. Japan.
B. Margins of pinnee toothed or some*imes lobed.
c&ryotideam, J. Sm. Pinn» larger. 5-7 in. long, 1>^-
23-8 wide, oft^en auricled on both sides at the base»
sharply toc*ii» A. India. jj, ji. UjnJEEWOOD.
440
CRYTOPERA
CYTISUS
CYKTOPfiBA. Consult Cyrtopodium Woodfordii.
CYBTOPODIUM ( Greek tot curved foot, from the shape
of the lip). Orchiddceo', tribe Vdndece. Epiphytes:
stems fusiform, bearing plicate leaves: sepals and petals
equal, free ; column semiterete : pollinia 2, caudicle
short, gland ovate: scapes radical, bearing numerous
flowers, pure yellow or spotted with crimson. Probably
two dozen species, widely distributed in the tropics.
They are large-growing plants, with large and showy
flowers. They need a rich, fibrous soil with manure.
Grow in a warm or tropical house.
Andersonii, R. Br. Stems 5 ft. high": Ivs. long, lan-
ceolate, sheathing at the bfc«e: scape often 3 ft. high,
branching, bearing many yellow flowers: sepals and
petals broad, bright yellow, the labellum brighter, front
lobe slightly concave. Specimens with over 100 fls. have
been recorded. Tropical Amer. B.M. 1800.
punct^ttim, Lindl. Habit as above: scape from 2-3 ft.
high, branching about midway, dotted with dull purple,
the branches subtended by membninaceous sheathing
bracts, which are lanceolate, unduliiting, and dotted
with crimson : sepals oblong-lanceolate, undulate,
greenish yellow blotched with crims- »^etals similar,
spotted at the base; luhellum % in. 1 leshy, bright
yellow, lateral lobes crimson, midlc spotted and
margined with crimson; column green. Extensively dis-
tributed through S. Araer. B.M. 3507. F.S. 22: 2852.-
Var. Saintlegeri&num, Hort. {C. Saintlegeriiinum,
Reich, f. ). Has blighter markings on the bracts and
flowers.
Woddfordii, Sims (Cyrtoplra Woddfordii, Lindl.).
Stems fusiform: Ivs. lanceolate: scane radical, bearing
a manj'-flowered raceme: fls. greenish, with a purple la-
bellum; sepals linear lanceolate; petals oblong. Trinidad,
Martinique. B.M. 1814. Oakes Ames.
CYETOSPEEMA (Greek, CM /'ffd seed). Aroldece.
This genus includes a handsome wamthouse tuberous
foliage plant, with large, hastate red-veined leaves,
resembling an Alocasia, but easily distinguished by its
spiny stems. It was introduced into cult, in 1880 from
the Solomon Islands as Alocasia J6hnsfoni, but two
years later it flowered, and it became evident that the
plant was a Cyrtosperma. This plant was once adver-
tised by Pitcher & Manda as Cyrtemeria, upparently a
'typographical error, as there is no such genus. Cyrto-
sperma has 9 species, remarkably scattered in the tropics.
They are herbs with tnibers or long rhizomes : leaf and
flower-stalks often spiny or warty: Ivs. hastate or sagit-
tate; petioles long, sheathing at the base. Culture
presumably same as Alocasia.
Jdhnstoni, N. E. Br. (Alocdsia Jdhnstoni, Hort.).
Tuberous: petiole 2-2% ft, long, olive green, spotted
rose, covered with fleshy, spine-like warts: Ivs. sagit-
tate, depressed in the middle, 1^2-2 ft. long, olive-green,
with prominent and beautiful red veins above. I.H.
27:395.
C. fkrox, Lind. & >.*. E. Br., is a second species of this genns,
figured iu I.H. ;{9:1.">;5. but not known to l>e in the Amer. trade.
It has narrow-sagittate Ivs. on slender, very prickly petioles :
spathe rather large, reflexed, greenish white. Borneo.
CYRTOSTACHYS (Greek for arched spike). Pal-
mAceif, tribe Arececf. Three Malayan, spineless, pin-
nate-leaved palms, sometimes seen in choice collections.
They thrive on the treatment given to Areca and Chrys-
alidocarpus. Spadix large, branching and pendent: fls.
monoecious, the two kinds in one spadix— each pistillate
accompanied by two staminates with G stamens. Two
species are oft'ered in this country :
B^nda, Blume. Height 25-30 ft. : leaflets linear or
ensiform. obtuse, unequally 2-toothed, delicate gray be-
neath, the petioles dark, brownish red.
L^kka, Becc. Petioles gr.en : Ivs. broad, boldly
arched, the leaflets unequally 2-toothed.
CYBTACANTHUS (Greek for bladder Acanthus, be-
cause the flowers are inflated). Acanthdce<x. Five erect,
evergreen herbs of Burma and Cochin China, with
shov-y, sessile fls. in the axils of bracts, the entire in-
florescence more or less crowded into a terminal panicle
orthyrse. CV rolla-limb spreading, unequally 5-lobed, the
lobes short-rotund : stamens 2 ; style filiform, the stigina
2-toothed : Ivs. entire. One speoies is cult, in the Old
World, but is not known to be in the Amer. trade. This
is C. tiirgida, Nicholson, B.M. <»043 as Meninia tiirgidn,
Fua. It comes from Cochin China; 2 ft. or less hitrh!
with prominently jointed stems and opposite, elliprii--
lanceolate Ivs.: fls. white, yellow in the throat and pink-
reticulated on the lobes. Cult, as other wanuhouse
Acanthads. (See Aphelandra for example.) Prop, by
cuttings of young wood.
CYSTOPTEBIS (Greek, bladder- fern). Polypodid-
cece. A small genus of hardy native ferns, with deli-
cate foliage, and round sori, covered by a delicate indu-
sium which is attached under one side and opens at the
other, becoming hood-like in appearance and finally
disappearing. The 5 .species all grow in the north tem-
perate zone. Of easy culture in shady, rich borders.
C. bulbifera. Bemh. Lvs. 8-24 in. long, widest at the
base, tripiuuiitifid, bearing on the under surface of the
rachis a series of bulb-like bodies, which germinate and
propagate new plants. Thrives best on lime-bearing
rocks. Canada to North Carolina.
C. frtlgriliB, Bemh. Fig. 654. Lvs. clus-
tered, 4-8 in. long besides the slender stalks,
tripinnatifid, widest above the base. Widely
distributed over the world at all altitudes.
L. M. Underwood.
CYTISUS (Greek name for
a kind of clover). Ltgtt-
miH(is(f. Br(X)M. Mostly low
shrubs, rareiy small trees :
lvs. trifoliolate, sometimes uni-
foliolate, rather small, alter-
nate, deciduous or persistent,
sometimes few and minute and
branches almost leafless : fls.
papilionaceous? axillary or in
terminal heads or racemes, yel-
low,white or purple; "sta-
mens 10, connate ; style
curved : pod flat, dehis-
cent, with few or many
seeds ; seeds with a cai-
lose appendage at the
base. About 45 species
in S. and M. Europe, Ca-
nary Isl., N. Africa and
W. Asia. Ornamental
f r ee - flowering s h rubs ,
blooming most in early
spring and summer.
Nearly hardy north are
C. hirsutit8,C. eapitatus,
C. scoparius, C. nigri-
cans ,V .leuca nfJiKs, -whWe
the evergreen species C.
Canariensis, C. candi-
cans. V. filipes are hardy
only south. Most of the
species are well adapted
for borders of shrubberies, and thrive in almost any
well drained soil and in sunny position; they naturalize
tl '^m«elves often very quickly in drj-, gravelly soil.
where *"eiV other plants will grow; C scoparius espe-
cially does so. The Cytisus ought to be transplanted
carefully and wh»^n young, as they do not bear trans-
planting well as older plants. Some dwarf species like
C Ardoini. Kea-ensis, glabrescens, purpurens and
leucanthus are very handsome for rockeries. The ever-
green C Canariensis and racemosus are much grown
in the north as greenhouse shrubs, blooming profusely
in early spring ; also the white-flowering C. albus and
filipes make handsome pot-plants, and may be had
in bloom in February with gentle forcing. For pot-
plants, a light sandy loam with peat added forms a suit-
able compost. After flower? ncr the plants should bo cut
back and repotted as soon as they start into new growth.
654. Cystopteris fraffilis.
(X3'3.)
CYTISUS
CYTISUS
441
After repotting they are kept close and often syringed
until they are estaV)lished ; then they ought to have plenty
of air and only slight shade. When the new growth has
been finished they may be put in the open air until frost
is threatening. During the winter they should be kept
in a cool greenhouse with plenty of light and carefully
and moderately watered. From January they may be
transferred gradually in a warmer house for forcing.
655. Cytisus Canariensis.
Cuttings started in early spring, transplanted several
times and then gradually hardened off, cu be grown into
dowering specimens fo • the following spring. Prop, by
seeds sown in spring and by greenwood cuttings under
glass i they are also sometimes increased by layers or by
grafting. As stock C. nigricans is much used, or La-
bunium vulgare for small standard tr-^es ; for plants
grown in the greenhouse or south, C. C'anar'->nsis is a
good stock. Alfred Rv.hdek.
Of Cj^isus, the young growtLs root readily in Decem-
ber and January in the ordinary way. They should be
shifted on as they grow. Good sized plants can be pro-
duced if shifting and pinching is not neglected. By the
following winter, the winter-propagated plants should
be in 5-in. pots, in which size they are most useful.
Keep very cool during winter and withhold any forcing.
They flower in March, or, if tept at a night temperature
of 45°, as late as April. Syringe at all times to prevent
red spider. To produce good sized plants in one year,
it is best to keep them plunged on a bench under the
glass the jntire summer, with little 3iiv.c!». Older plants
can be plunged out of doors during July, August and
September. William Scott.
Index: albus, 2 ; Andreanus, 1; atropurpureus, 5;
Canariensis, 10; candicans, 8; capitatus, 7; cameus, 5 ;
elongatus, 14, and suppl. list ; Everestianus, 11 ; falca-
tus, 6; tilipes, 3; hirsutus, 6 ; inca^natus, 2; Linkii, 2 ;
linifolius, 13; Maderensis,9; nigricans, 14; Palmensis,
3; pendulus, 5; proliferus,4; purpureus, 5; racemosus,
11, 12; ramosissimus, 10; Schipkaensis (which is oflFe '.
in the trade as this page goes to press) will be found iu
the supplementary list under C. levcanthus; scoparius,
1; stenop stains, 12. See Laburnum and Adenocarpus.
A. Fls. lateral along the branches.
B. Style very long, spirally incurved at the apex:
fls. large, yellow or partly crimson.
1. scoparius, Link. {Sarothdmnns scopdrius, Wimm,
Spdrtium .scopdrium, Linn.). Scotch Broom. Shru./,
to 10 ft., with erect, slender branches: Ivs.short-petioled,
1-3-foliolate ; Ifts. obovate or oblanceolate, sparingly
appressed-pubescent, %-% in. long: fls. usually solitary,
% in. long ; calyx and pedicels nearly glabrous : pod
brownish black, glabrous, villous only at the margin.
May, June. M. and S. Europe. — Var. Andre&nus, Dipp.
{Genista Andredna, Puissant). Fls. vollow with dark
crimson wings. R.H. 1886:373. Gt. 40: 1.342. R.B. 19:
129. J.H. III. 32:4»>2. There are also varieties with
double and with yellowish white fls. and a form with
pendulous branches. All the vars. are more tender than
the type. — The Scotch Broom, C. scopariiitt, has J)eoome
established in this country, as a naturalized plant, in
waste places from Nova Scotia to Virginia; and it is
also reported from Vancouver Is''-.nd. It is also recom-
mended by landscape gardeners foi- covering raw and
broken places. Its yellow fls. and nearly bare stems
mako a unique combination in the American landscape.
Even when it kills to the ground in winter, it throws
up its stems again in the spring.
BB. Style not or not much longer than the keel,
slightly curved.
C. Color of fls. white or purple.
D. Calyx short campanulate, not longer than xcide:
foliage scarce.
2. ^Ibos, Link. ({7. Linkii, Janka. Genista alba, Lam.).
Shrub, to 3 ft., with slender, erect, grooved branches :
Ivs. sht>rt-petioled, 1- to 3-foliolate; Ifts. obovate-oblong
to linear-oblong, H-% in. lonj?, sparingly appressed-
pubescent: fls. axillary, 1-3. white, %-% in. long: pod
appressed-pubescent, usually 2-seeded. May, June.
Spain, N. Africa. — Var. incamiltas, Dipp. Fls. white,
slightly blushed. L.B.C. 11 :10r)2 as a Spartina.
3. tilipes, Webb ( Spartoci/tisus filipes,\\ehb}. Shrub,
with slender, antrnlate, thread-like branches : Ivs. slen-
der-petioled, 3-foliolate. nearly glabrous ; Ifts. linear-
lanceolate : fls, axillary, 1-2, fragrant, pure white ;
wings much lontrer than the keel. Feb. -May. Tene-
riffa. — As C. Palmensis, Hort., in the Amer. trade.
DD. Caylx tubular, longer than wide : Ivs. always S-fO'
liolate : branches terete.
4. proliferus, Linn. Shrub, to 12 ft., with long and slen-
der pubescent branches : Ifts. oblanceolate, silky pu-
bescent beneath, green and sparsely pubescent above,
l-l/'4 in. long : fls. white, 3-8 on rather long tomentose
pedicels ; calyx tomentose ; standard pubescent outside;
pod densely tomentose-villous, lM-2 in. long. May June.
Canary Isl. B.R. 2:121. L.B.C. 8: 761. -Recommended
as a fodder plant for California.
5. pnrpiireus. Scop. Procumbent or erecl shrub, to 2 ft.,
quite s^lubrous : Ivs. rather long petioled : Ifts. oval or
obovate, dark green above, }4-l in. long : fls. 1-3, purple;
calvx reddish: pod black, ^-1% in. long. Mav, June.
S. Aust4-ia, N. Italy. B.M. 1176. L.B.C. 9: 8'/2.-Var.
^Ibtis, Hort. Fls. white. Var. cameos, Hort. Fls. light
pink. Var. atropurptireus, Hort. Fls. dark purple. Var.
pendulus, with slen<ler. pendulous branches, is some-
times grafted high on Laburnum.
cc. Color ot fls. yellow.
6. hirstittis, Linn. Shmb,
to 3 ft., with erect or procum-
bent,villous,lcrete branches:
Ifts. obovate or obovate-ob-
long, villous pubescent be-
neath, }4-% in. long : fls.
2-3, short,- petioled ; calyx
villous pubescent: pod 1 in.
long, villous. May, June.
M. and S. Europe, Orient.
B. M. 6813 (leaflets erro-
neously shown as serrate).
L. B. C. 6: 520 (as C. falca-
tus) B. R. 14: 1191 (as C.
multiflorus).
a; . Fls. in terminal heads,
with bracts at the base.
7. capit&tus, Scop. Shmb,
to 3 ft., with erect, terete, j^^
villous branches: Ifts. ob-
ovate or oblong - obovate,
sparingly app-essed pubes-
cent above, villous pubescent
beneath, %-l in. long : fls.
yellow, brownish when fad-
ing:, nearly 1 in. long : pod
villous, 1-lJ^ in. long. July,
Auff. M. and S. Europe. L.
B.C. 5:497. I.H. III. 31:161
(as Genista).
AAA. Fls. in terminal racemes.
B. Foliage persistent : branches grooved or striped.
c. Lvs. distinctly petioled.
D. Racemes rather short and dense.
8. c&ndicans, Linn. Shmb, to 10 ft.: branches villous-
pubescent wlien young: lvs. short-petioled, usually gla-
656. Cytisus racemosus.
(XK.)
442
CYTISUS
brcus above, pubescent beneath; Ifts. obovate or obo-
vate-oblong, mucronulate, %-% in. long: racemes 3-9-
fld., short, leafy at the base: fls. fragrant, bright yellow:
pod nifous- villous, slightly torulose. May, June. Medi-
terranean region, Canary Isl.
9. Mader^nsis, Voss {Genista Maderinsis, Webb).
Large shrub or small tree, to 20 ft., closely allied to C.
candicans and chiefly distinguished by the rufous woolly
toraentum covering the young branches, petioles and
pedicels, and by the longer petioles. Lvs. crowded ; Ifts.
obovate, acute or mucronulate, often almost glabrous
above, scabby beneath, K-K in. long, about as long as
petioles: racemes 6-12-fld., short: fls. bright yellow,
slightly fragrant: pod 5-7-seeded. May, June. Madeira.
10. Canari^nsis, Linn. Genista of florists. Fig. 655.
Much-branchou sh.ab, to 6 ft., with villous-pubescent
branches: petioles at least half as long as the Ifts.; Ifts.
cuneate, obovate or oblong-obovate, pubescent on both
sides, 34-K in. long: racemes usually many-fld., secund:
fls. fragrant, bright yellow. May-July. Canary Isl. A.
F. 6:802.— Var. ramosissimus, Rehder (C. ramosissi-
mus, Poir. C. Attleyantis, Hort.). Lfts. very small:
racemes short, but niunerous. L.B.C. 13:1201. B.R.
3:217.
DD. Racemes elongated.
11. racemdBtiB, Nichols., not Mam. Fig. 656. Shrub, to
6 ft. : branches pubc* ^ent: lvs. rather long petioled; lfts.
oblong-obovate, mucrc^iulate, %-% in. long, silky pu-'
bescent on both sides: racemes elongated, many-fld.,
secund and rather loose, 3-5 in. long. Probably of gar-
den origin and hvbrid between C Canariensis and C.
stenopetalus. A'.F. 6:802 ; 13: 11.36. -Better florists'
plant than the last. Var. Everesti^nos, Hort. Fls. of a
deeper shade of yellow, very free-flowering. R.H.
1873:390.
12. stenopetalus, Voss ((7. racewidsM«, Mam.). Shrub,
to 6 ft., with silky pubescent branches : lvs. slender
petioled ; lfts. cuneate, oblong or narrow-oblong, obtuse,
silky pubescent on both sides, %-\}4 in. long: racemes
many-fld., loose: fls. large, bright yellow. May, June.
Canary Isl. B.R. 26:23 (an Genista bracteoldta). — Sojne-
times cultivated as C. splendens, but less desirable as a
greenhouse plaut than the two former.
cc. Lvs. nearly sessile.
13. linifdlius, Lam. Shrub, to 3 ft., with erect, an-
pressed-silky tomentose branches: lfts. linear or lineai-
lanceolate, acute, revolute at the margin, nearly gla-
brous and shining above, silvery pubescent beneath, ^-
1 in. long; racemes short and compact: fls. bright yel-
low: pod torulose. April-June. Spain, N. Afr., Canary
Isl. B.M.442.
CYTISUS
BB. Foliage deciduous: branches quite terete.
14. nigricans, Linn. Shrub, 2-i ft., with erect, ap.
pressed-pubescent branches : lvs. long petioled; lfts.
obovate or oblong-obovate, glabrous above, appressed-
pubescent beneath, %-l in. long: racemes very long and
slender, 3-8 in. long. June, July. Germanv, X. Italy
Hungary. L.B.C. 6:. 570. B.R. 10:802. Var. elongitus',
Borkh. Blooming again in fall at the top of the elon-
gated fruiting racemes. R.H. 1891, p. 149 (as var.
Carlieri).
C. Adami, Poir.=Labumum Adami.— C. dlbus, Haoqu.= C.
leucanthus.— C. alpinus, Mill.= Laburnum alpinum.— C. Ar-
doini, Fourn. Prostrate shrub, to 1 ft. high : lvs. trifoliate,
silky: fls. 1-6, axillary, yellow; calyx campanalate. Apr., May!
Southeastern France.— C. Austriac^is, Linn. Allied to C. capi^
tatus. Lfts. narrow, oblanceolate, silky pubescent on.both sides:
fls. yellow: calsTc densely villous. Southeastern Eu., Cauoasna.
— C. biflbrus, L'Herit. = C. Ratisl)onensis.— C Cantabiicus,
Willd. Allied to C. scoparius, but prostrate, with silky lvs. and
large bright yellow fls. : pod \'illous. May. Spain.— (7. Capita.
bricus, Hort.= C. scoparius, var. pendulus.— C congestus, Voss
(Teline congesta, Webb) . Allied to C. Canariensis. Densely vil-
lous-toaientose, small-leaved: racemes short. Tenerififa.— C.
deciimbeng, Walj^. Prostrate: lvs. simple, oblanceolate, loosely
villous: fls. yellow, axillary, 1-2. S. Eu. L.B.C. 8:718.-C.don-
gdto-purpuretis, Hort.=C versicolor.— C. elongdtxig, Waldst. &■
Kit.=C. Ratisbonensis, var. elongatus. — C. elongatut, Hort.=
C. hirsutus.- V. frdgrans, Lam. Allied to C. filipes. Petioles
short : lfts. densely pubescent : fls. fragrant, white. Spring.
Tenerififa.- (7. glabriscens. Sartor. Procumbent, sparingly ap-
pressed-pubescent : lvs. 3-foliolate: fls. lateral, yellow : pod
glabrous. jN. lt&\j.—C. KewensiSy'Bea.n (C. albusX Ardoini).
Prostrate: lvs. 3-foliolate, pubescent: fls. creamy white. Origi-
nated at Kew.— C. Laburnum, Linn.=Labumum vulgare.— (7.
leucanthus, Waldst. & Kit. Allied to C. capitatus. Lfts. nearly
glabrous above, acute : fls. white or yellowish white. June,
July. Southeastern Eu. Var. Schipkaensis, Dipp. Dwarf : fls.
pure white. Balkan.— C nubigenus, Link = C. fragrans.— C.
prceeox, Hort. (C. albus X purgans). Shrub, to 3 ft., with erect
branches : lvs, 1-3-foliolate : fls. yellowish white. Of garden
origin.— C. polytrichus, Bieb.=C. hirsutus. — C. piirgans, WiUd.
Shrub, to 3 ft., appressed-pubescent : branches striped : lvs.
1-3-foliolate, oblong or linear- lanceolate : fls. axillary, yellow,
fragrant: pod glabrous. May-July. Spain, S. France.— C
ramentdceus, Sieb.=Petteria ramentacea.— C. Ratisbonensis,.
SchaeflF. Allied to C. hirsutus. To 3 ft.: branches slender, ap-
pressed-pubescent: lfts. glabrous above, silky beneath: fls. 1-2,
yellow : calyx with appressed, yellowish, silky hairs. April-
June. M. Eu.,W. Asia. Var. elongatus, Koch. More erect:
fls. larger, 3-5; .ilyx with somewhat spreading hairs. B.R.
4:308 (as C. bifli lus).— C. Ruthenieus, Hort., not Fisch.=C.
hirsutus.— O. sessilitHius, Linn. Allied to C. nigricans. Quite
glabrous: lvs. nearly sessile, with roundish-obovate lfts.: ra-
cemes short, 4-ll-fld. May, June. S. Eu. B.M. 255.— C. triflorus,
L'Herit. Similar to C. hirsutus. Fls. long-i)edicelled, yellow:
calyx tube short, not tubular. April, May. S. Eu., N. Afr. Ten-
der.—(7. versicolor, Dipp. (C. hirsutus Xpurpureus). Low
shrub, with sparingly villous lvs. : fls. yellowish white and pale
purple. Sometimes cult, as C. incamatus. — C. Weldeni, Vis.»
Petteria ramentacea. Altred Kehdeb,
D
DABCECIA (after its Irish name St. Dabeoc's Heath).
More commonly spelled Daboecia. Hyrx., Boretta, Erich'
cece. Low evergreen shrub with alternate entire Ivs. and
drooping pedicelled fls. in long termlual racemes : corolla
ovoid, contracted at the mouth and shortly 4-lobed, with
recurved lobes ; stamens 8, included : capsule 4-celled,
dehiscent. One species in western Europe. Very
pretty heath-like shrub, with purple or white fls. in ele-
gant loose racemes, well lapted for rockeries or bor-
ders of evergreen shrui- series. Requires protection
north during the winter, and thrives best in a peaty,
sandy soil. Prop, by seeds treated like those of Erica,
and by cuttings of half -ripened wood under glass.
polifdlia, Don {D. Cantdbrica, Koch. Memiesia poH-
fblia, Juss. ) . Irish Heath. To 2 ft. : branchlets glandu-
lar pubescent : Ivs. elliptic, the uppermost narrower,
revolute at the margin, whitish tomentose beneath,
shining and dark green above, )>i-% in. long: racemes
many-fld. : corolla %-% in. long, purple in the type.
June-Oct. Ireland, W. France, N. Spain. Gn. 52:1142.
Gt. 47:1450. L. B. C. 20: 1907. S. B. F. G. 2: 276. There
are many varieties, as Alba, with -^hite fls. ; bicolor,with
white and purple striped fls. ; rdsea, with pink fls. ; gTan-
difldra, with larger purple fls. Alfred Rehder.
DACTYLIS ( Greek, finger, from the size of the spikes ) .
Gramineve. Cock's-Foot. A perennial tufted grass with
flat-keeled or folded leaf -blades, and narrow panicles
which expand when in flower: spikelets several-flowered,
much flattened, sessile, and densely crowded in thick
one-sided clusters. A single species in Eu., Asia and
N. Africa, also naturalised in Australia and N. America.
glomer&ta, Linn. Orchapd Grass. Fig. 657. A some-
what coarse grass forming dense tufts. Culms 2-3 ft.
high, very leafy: Ivs, flat, spreading: spikelets com-
pressed, 3-5 fld. : fl. -glumes lanceolate, very acute or
short awn-pointed, ciliate on the keel above. — One of the
best known and most useful pasture grasses, and useful
for lawns under trees.
Var. varieg&ta, Hort., is a dwarf form of neat, com-
pact habit, with beautifully variegated silver and green
foliage.— Well adapted for forming edgings. It grows
13^-2 ft. high, and is prop, by divisions.
P. B. Kennedy.
DACTTLOCTllNinM (Greek, daktylos, finger, and
ktenion, comb). Finger -Comb Grass. This genus
closely resembles Eleusine, from which it differs chiefly
in having the terminal spikes shorter and each tipped
with a sharp prolongation of the axis. Annual, with
culms tufted or creeping, and rooting at the joints, 1)4-
2 ft. high. Spikes usually 3-5 in number, digitate, about
2 in. long; spikelets several-fld., crowded in two rows
alo g ono side of a continuous axis. Species 2, one in
Australia, and the other appearing as a weed in all the
warmer countries of the world.
■Sgryptiacum, Willd. (Eleushie ^gypfica. Cynosuma
^gyptius, hinn.). Crow- Foot. Spikelets very closely
packed, spreading at right angles to the rachis, 2 fld.,
with rudiments of two other fls.— An ornamental grass
introduced into N. Amer. from Asia or Africa. Mojave
Indians of S. California use the grain for food. In Africa
a decoction is prepared from the seeds for inflam-
mation of the kidneys. p^ g^ Kennedy.
DS DAL ACANTHUS (Greek words, meaning an ^ en n-
thad of curious sttticture). Acanthdcecp. This genus
contains some tender shrubs of difficult culture under
glass, but great favorites in the tropics, particularly in
India. D. vervosus is a popular winter and spring-
blooming shrub in S. Fla. It has blue flowers, an inch
across, 5-lobed, and shaded purple at the mouth of the
tube. The names are much confused with those of
Eranthemum. The kinds mentioned below are, how-
ever, very distinct, from the garden standpoint, from
any given in this work under Eranthemum by the color
of their fls. and the great size and relative showiness
cf their bracts. For culture, see Justicia.
A. Fls. dark blue.
nervdsus, T. Anders. (Eranthemum pulchillun,,
Andrews and some dealers, while that of others is E.
bicolor, and of Roxburgh is D. purpurascens. E. ncr-
i')SMm, R. Br. ), Fig. 658. Lvs. ovate or elliptical, ac'iu>i-
nate at both ends, somewhat crenate or entire : spikes
axillary, opposite, overlapping: bracts ellipMual, acute:
limb of the corolla as wide as the tube is long. India.
B.M. 1358 as J UA^icia 7iervosa. Gn. 51:1113. i.C.Il.
657. Dactylis slomerata— Orchard Qrass (X ^).
21:415.— A very pretty shrub for the warmhouse, its fls.
being of a color that is not very common in winter-
blooming plants. It is an es^sy subject to manage, re-
quiring a light, rich soil, full sunlight and plenty of
water. Cuttings of young growth root readily in a warm-
house.
AA. Fls. purple.
purpor&scens, T. Anders. (E. purpurdscens, Wight.
E. pulch4llum, Roxb., not Hort.). Lvs. broadly ovate.
(443)
" x^"* Vi "
444
D^DALACANTHUS
cuspidate-acuminate, repand-crenate : spikes as above:
bracts ovate-rhombic, with a slender beak, ciliate. In-
serted for contrast. Probably not cult. India.
W. H. Taplin and W. M.
658. Daedalacanthus nervosus (X /^).
DAEMONOBOPS (probably means God-like, of divine
appearance). Palmdcew, trihe Lepidocdrpece. Slender
palms, differing from Calamus in the deciduous, cymbi-
form or open spathes. Species about 40. Tropical
Asia. Same culture as Calamus. D. Draco produces
some of the "Dragon's Blood" of commerce.
calic4rpu8, Mart. ( Ca la m us ca licdrpus , Griff. ) . Stem
erect or climbing, 1 in, diam.: Ivs. 6-8 ft. long, upper
small with long tiagella ; Ifts. very many. 12-l.S in. long,
%-}i in. wide ; petiole 1 ft., base not gibbous or puck-
ered. Malacca.
Lewisi&nus, Mart. (Cdlamus Lewisthnns, Griff.).
Stem climbing, 1 in. diam.: petiole 1 ft., base much
swollen, armed below with scattered, short, deflexed
spines, and above with straight and hooked spines 134
in. long ; Ifts. 13-15 in. long, %-\ in. wide ; sheath armed
with solitary or seriate flat back spines. Penang.
Palemb^nicus, Blume. Stem erect : Ivs. pinnate,
broadly ovate, bright cinnamon -brown when young, and
Ifts. many, long, narrow ; peti(»les erect, with stout
spines on the back, which are deflexed and not thick-
ened at the base. Sumatra.
peri&cdnthtis, Miq. Height 15 ft. Resembles D. Pa-
lembanicus, hut the young Ivs. are nearly straw-colored,
and the spines are placed in irregular rings. Sumatra.
—A most graceful species.
melanochaetes, Blume. Stem erect : Ivs. pinnate, the
pinnae long and narrow, dark green and drooping, the
petioles sharp-spined at the sheathing base. Malaya.
—Very decorative. A small form is Var. microc^rpus.
interm^dius, Mart. Lvs. loug-peticled, 4-6 ft. long :
Ifts. opposite or scattered, 18-20 in. long, 1-lJ^ in. wide,
linear-lanceolate, acuminate, margins and 3-5 cost©
bristly above and below; rachis semi-cylindrical, spa-
ringly armed : petiole 1 ft. long, with flattened spines;
stems at length 15-20 ft. long, %\n. in diam. Malaya.
plumdsus, Hort. Graceful plume-like lvs., with pinnae
4 ft. or less long, petioles with rigid black spines with
white bases. India. Jared G. Smith.
DAFFODIL. See J!^arcissus.
DAHLIA
DAHLIA (named after Professor Andreas Dahl, a
Swedish pupil of Linnaeus, and uuiucrof Observationes
Botanicap, a work of minor importance). Compdnitce.
Dahlias are amongsl the commonest and most im-
portant garden plants. The spelling of the word D«hlia
shows that the a should be given the broad sound , but in
England it is everywhere given the long sound, and in
America it is often given the short sound. The long
sound of a makes the word indistinguishable from the
legumi:iouh genus Dalea, named after Dale. In Germany
Dahlias are still commonly called Oenrgi»en, because in
1803 Wili'ienow gave the name Georgiiia to these plants
under the mistaken Jmpression that some very different
plants had been previously described as Dahlia. Prac-
tically all of the named varieties of Dahlias have come
from one immensely variable spet-ies, usually known
as D. iHtriahllis. For garden purposes, however, a
second form of great importance, D. Juarezii. the
parent of the cactus forms, must be kept distinct
as will be explained later. There are 5 other species
cultivated to a sliifht ext;nt. The genus has many
names of species, but mo^ t of them are synonymous
and ill-un<ler8tood names. There are perhaps 's or 9
fairly distinct species altogether, Mexican almost ex-
clusively, with a very few in Central and South
America. It is curious that these showy plants should
be closely related to a common weed, the beggar's tick,
of the genus Bidens ; but other species of Dahlia have
leaves whose forms pass gradually into those of Bidens.
Other close allies are Cosmos and (Coreopsis. Cosmos
flowers are some shade of purple, rarely white in wild
natui J, and only one species has yellow fls. ; Core-
opsis has yellow fls. only; Bidens yellow or white; and
none of these genera have produced double-flowered
forms of the first importance. Dahlia has all these col-
ors and more, being far richer in bright retls, and lack-
ing only sky blue an«i its closely related hues, which are
seen to perfection in the China' Asters. Few cultivated
plants have such a wide range of colors as the Dahlia;
even the Chrjsanthemum is distinctly inferior in ranjje,
as it lacks the brilliant and vivid scai'let. vermilion, and
other shades of red.
Although Dahlias are popular plants, especially in old
gardens, they are destined to still greater popularity
from the new " Cactus " and " Decorative " types. There
exists a prejudice against Dahlia.^ in many locali-
ties where these new types have nevijr been seen. This
prejudice is part of a reaction a rainst formal and
artificial flowers in general. The old-time Dahlias were
as round and hard and stiff as a Oall. The new-time
Dahlias are flatter, and tend tov.ards loose, free, fluffy
chrysanthemum-like forms. The possibilities of the
old form have been practically exhausted; those of the
new form seem to be almost as boundless as those of
the Chrysanthemum— which is the most fertile in new
forms of all the garden composites.
Dahlia roots
History of the Dahlia.— Of the important and very
variable florists' flowers the Dahlia was one of the latest
to come into cultivation. The first break of considerable
importance in the wild type occurred about 1814. Up to
that time there were perhaps a dozen well-marked colors
in good single-flowered varieties. Dahlias had been cul-
DAHLIA
DAHLIA
445
tivated iu Europe since 1789, and it is a curious fact that
they showed sitms of doubling the very first year of their
European resi<lence; but it was not until 25 years later
that a marked gain in do' bling was made. The Dahlia
seemed to be undevelored until 1814, when the era of
doubling began. Bef< re another 25 years ha<l passed
the Dahlia had sprup^ into the front ranks of garden
plants. In 182G there were already GO varieties cultivated
by the Royal Hortio Iturr.l Society. In 1841 one English
dealer had over 1,2.K) varieties. Today it is not uncom-
mon for thp leadi. g tradesmen to keep .■»0()-1,000 distinct
varieties. In th» absence of good records it is conjec-
tured that over 3,000 different nan.es of varieties have
been published in the catalogues. Most of ^>:e varieties
are the Show and Fancy types, which are as spherical and
regular as possible, and differ only in color. At tirst the
distiuction between the two typos seems to have been
the same as that between "self colored" and "variegated"
flowers in general, the former presenting to the view
only one color, while the latter presents two or more
colors. Lately, for purposes of exhibition in prize com-
petitions, the following arbitrary distinction has been
adopted: A Show Dahlia is often of one color; but if
the edges of the rays are darker than the ^round color
the variety can be exhibited in the Show section. A
Fa.ncy Dahlia always has two or more colors, and if the
rays are striped or if the edges are lighter than the
ground color the variety must be exhibited in the Fancy
section. The two types reached full perfection certainly
by 1840, and after that date the improvements made were
mostly in matters of secondary importance. The im-
mense distance the Dahlia had travelled fan be seen in
Fig. (^3. These types held full sway u? ' 1 about 1879,
when the first Cactus Dahlia appeared ir igland with
a promise of new and freer forms. ]NT wt . . the longest-
lived varieties belong to the Sho lul Fancy type.
This form is the one which is perhi; larthest removed
from nature, and it is probably ?.o highly esteemed
largely because the most work has been spent on it.
A reaction against formalism in all departments of
life and thought set in about the time of our own Civil
War. It was in the sixties that the Japanese Chrj'san-
theraums did much to emancipate the floral world.
With Dahlias the reaction came much later and has pro-
ceeded more slowly, because the new forms did not come
to us readj made, but had to be slowly evolved against
long-standing prejudice. The first Cactus Dahlia was
so called because of its resemblance in form, but chiefly
in color, to the brilliant crimson-flowered Cereus spe-
ciosissimiis, a well-known garden plant. The name is
now highly inappropriate because the color range of the
pure Cactus type has been extended to include all of
the important well-defined colors of which the Dahlia
seems capable. The original Cactus Dahlia was named
Dahlia Juarezii, after President Jaarez, the "Wash-
ington of Mexico." It was pictured for the first time in
the Gardeners' Chronicle for 1879, and this interesting
picture is here reproduced in a reduced size in Fig. 6(>5.
The type is still cultivated under the same name, and in
all essentials seems to be unchanged.
The origin of the Cactus type, as of all the other
types of Dahlias, is wrapped in uncertaintj', and our
efforts to get full and definite information upon some
of the most interesting points may perhaps always be
baffled. A Dutch dealer got a root from Mexico
that produced one plant, which is tiie parent of all
the Cactus forms. It is not known whether the seed
which may have produced the original root came
from a wild or a cultivated flower. Neither is it
known whether any wild single-flowered Dahlia of
the Juarezii type has been found. To prove that D.
Juarezii is at best only a variety of D. variabilis, it
has been said that seedlings of the former have pro-
duced in cultivation forms approximating the Show
type of D. variabilis. The reverse process is also said
to have taken place, but full, authoritative and convinc-
ing statements are lamentably wanting. In the garden
D. Juarezii is exceedingly distinct from the florists'
forms of D. variabilis. It is usually a slenderer, taller
and longer jointed plant, with much handsomer and
more delicate foliage, the leaves being narrower than
in the coarse and almost ugly foliage of the old forms.
It has another peculiarity of growth, which is still one
of the most serious defects in the pure Cactus type.
The plants tend to hide some of their flowers beneath
their foliage. This comes about in a curious way. At
a node between 2 young leaves there commonly appear,
at about the same time, 3 new growths. The middle
one develops into a flower with a naked stalk only 2 or
3 inches long, while the side shoots quickly overtop it
and repeat the sam»^ 3-fold story indefinitely. The other
most serious objection to the pure Cactus tjrpe is that it
660. A single Dahlia with rounder rays than the
wild prototype.
does not stand shipment well, and does not last as long
as a cut-flower as the Show Dahli?s.
The Decorative or Cactus Hybrid types are numerous,
and their popularity comparatively lecent. They have
been largely seedlings from Show fls. Their rays are
rarely, if ever, recurved at the margins. All t»-- other
types of Dahlias are well defined, and a single ture of
each one will represent its type with sufficient exactness.
No one picture, however, can give any conception of the
great variety of forms included in this horticultural sec-
tion. The name Cactus Hybrids means practically "mis-
cellaneous," and is analogous to the "Japanese" section of
Chrysanthemums, which is purposely left by the National
Chrysanthemum Society as vague and undefined as pos-
sible. It is on this section and the pure Cactus type that
the greatest hopes for the future of the Dahlia are based.
The Pompon type is u small brother of the Show and
Fancy types. It has the same colors and the same form,
but the flowers are smaller and more abundant. As
a rule the smaller the flowers the prettier and more
individual they are. The larger they are, the more they
suffer by comparison with the Show type. Perhaps
their greatest point is their productiveness. When pro-
fusion is the main idea, not great size and quality, the
Pompons are the favorite type of Dahlia for cut-flowers.
The single flowers may be just as freely produced, but
they are not so lasting as cut-flowers.
The Single 'type has had many ups and downs. In
the reaction against formalism it came to the front
446
DAHLIA
DAHLIA
abont 1881, and for several years thereafter several
hundred forms were kept distinct, and they were made
the chief feature of the European shows. It is exceed-
ingly interesting to get seeds of wild Dahlias from
Mexico. They give flowers like the star-shaped one in
Fig. 663. When the Dahlia first came into cultivation
its rays were relatively long, slender, acuminate,
notched at the end, and with such wide spaces between
the tips of the rays a3 to give the flower the stellate
appearance seen in Fig. 663. In the course of the evo-
lution of the single type, the gardeners retained the
most regular and symmetrical forms. Single Dahlias
with always and only 8 ray^^ -rrerf^ preserved. The rays
of Dahlias became broader and tounder, as in Fig. 660,
until finally in pedigree varieties they closed up the
vacant spaces, and the flower presents to the eye one
unbroken picture— one concentrated impression of a
single color. The same mental ideals have produced the
661. A Dahlia of the Single Cactus type (X}Q.
Tose-petaled Geraniums and the shouldered Tulips. In
a high bred single Dahlia there are no minute teeth or
notches at the tips of the rays.
In the wild Dahlia, no matter what the color of the
Tay may be, the base of the ray is usually yellow ; some-
times this yellow is very objectionable. Two different
policies have been pursued in the matter— suppression
and encouragement. Most of the single Dahlias of high
pedigree have rays of uniform coloration with no sec-
ondary color at the base, but a few have a distinct ring
of color at the base, often called an "eye or crown,"
which is sometimes yellow and rarely red or some other
<Jolor. Usually the rays of a single Dahlia are spread
out horizontally, sometimes they bend back, and rarely
they bend inwards and form a cup-shaped flower. These
three forms can doubtless be separated and fixed dur-
ing those periods when the interest in the Single type
warrants it.
Single Dahlias are likely to lose some of their rays
after a day or two in a vase. In cutting them it is well
to select the younger flowers. A vigorous shake often
makes the older ones drop their rays. It is an easy
matter to keep the seeds from forming and save the
strength of the plant for the production of flowers.
There are three modem types of minor importance, -
the Single Cactus, Pompon Cactus and Tom Thumb.
The Single Cactus type differs from the common single
type, in having rays with recurved margins, which give
a free and spirited appearance to the fls. Instead of
spreading out horizontally, the rays often curve inward
forming a cup-shaped flower. This type originated with
E. J. Lowe, Chepstow, Eng., was developed by Dobbie
& Co. about 1891, and was first disseminated in 11*94.
The Single Cactus Dahlias are very nov^l, intcrestinf
and pretty. There should be a Pompon Cactus form to
connect the Single Cactus and Cactus t>-pes, just as the
Poripon !s intermediate between the Single and Show
types. The writer has seen only two varieties of this
type, "Pompon Cactus" and "Little Cactus." They hare
small fls., with flat, reflexed rays. The Tom Thumb
type is a miniature race of round-rayed single Dahlias,
which grow from 12-18 inches high, and are used for
bedding. The type originated in England with T. W.
Girdlestone, and was developed and intro<lueed by Cheal
& Sons. The "green" Dahlia can hardly be called an
important type, but it is an interesting abnormal
form, in which the rays are partially or wholly sup-
pressed, and the chief feature of interest is a confused
mass of green .stuff, not resembling petals at all, but
evidently a multiplication of the outer involucral scales,
which, in the Dahlia, are green, leafy bracts. This form
is essentially unstable and unhealthy. It can never be
propagated extensively. This freak was pictured as
long ago as 184 '> in G.C., p. 626. Several different varie-
ties have probably degenerated into this condition. See
F.S. 19:1994. Another interesting variation, which
hardly ranks in present importance with the 9 types
contrasted below, is the laciniated form, which makes a
very pretty and novel though rather formal effect.
Examples re Germania Nova, Mrs. A. W. Tait and its
yellow varuty among large double forms, and White
Aster among the Pompons. In these cases, the notches
at the tips of the rays, instead of being minute and in-
conspicuous, are deepened so much that they give the
laciniated effect. At present this form is available in a
very narrow range of colors. It is not probable that it
will be an iaiportant factor in producing chrysanthe-
mum-like forms. Another form which baffles descrip-
tion, but is nevertheless very distinct, is that of Grand
Duke Alexis. It is nearer the Show type than any other,
but is perhaps best classed with the Cactus Hybrid sec-
tion, simply because it seems advisable to keep the
Show type the most sharply deflned of all. It is to be
hoped that the form of Grand Duke Alexis can be re-
peated in all the leading colors. Grand Duke Alexis is
a very flat flower, and the rays are remarkably folded,
leaving a round hole at the top of each. About midway
between Grand Duke Alexis and the show or cupped type
is an interesting form, the "quilled" Dahlia, a name
which is necessary, perhaps, though unfortunate. In
A. D. Livoni (which is one of the most popular of all
Dahlias, and the nearest approach to a pure pink un-
tainted by any suggestion of purple derivation) the rays
are rather tightly folded for about two-thirds of their
length, leaving a round hole at the tip as in Grand Duke
Alexis, but giving a peculiar whorled effect, which
plainly shows the spiral arrangement of the successive
tiers of rays. Among Pompons, Blumenialter is an ex-
ample of this rosette-like or quilled form, and many
colors are procurable. However, the word "quilled" usu-
ally suggests a long tube with a flared opening, whereas
in the form described above the margins of the ray are
merely rolled tightly together, but not grown togetlier
into a thin, seamless tube. Perhaps the most important
variation that has not yet appeared in the Dahlia, is the
wonderful elongation of the disk florets into long, thin,
variously colored tubes which have produced such
charming effects in the China Aster and have culmi-
nated in the marvelous grace of such Chrj-santhemums
as lora. Northern Lights and Lillian B. Bird. The Dah-
lia mav not be denied such possibilities, for in G.C. III.
20:3:{9"(1896) anew Dahlia was described in which the
quills are really tubes for two-thirds of their length.
May we hope for some striking development of this
form within our generation ?
The main types of Dahlias may perhaps be distin-
guished more clearly by the following scheme ;
^>^ h}* :
Plate IX. A modern Dahlia.
One of the Decorative or Cactus Hybrid section.
* ■.
i«3s%;
DAHLIA
DAHLIA
4-17
A. Plants not very dwarf.
B. Fls. single,
?. Rays naf, not recurved at the margins.
1. The Sixot^ Tyt'E. Fig. \-J0.
cc. Bay.tcf'ht.. ved margins.
2. The Sinole Cactcs Tvpe. tT'^. 661.
BB. Fls. doubt..
c. Size of fls. small, 1-f in. across.
D. Says cupped.
3. The Pompon Tvpe. Fig. 662. Also called "Bouquet"
and ''Lilliputian."
DD. Bays flat.
4. The Pompon Cactus Type.
cc. Size of fls. large, 3-5 in. across, averaging 4 in.
V. Bays cupped.
E. Colors single, or the edges darker than the ground
color.
5. The Show Type. Fig. 663.
EE. Colors i or more, striped, or with edges lighter
than the ground color.
0. The Fancy Type.
DD. Bays not cupped, hut long and flat, or with re-
curved margins,
7. The Cactus Type. Pigs. 665, 666.
DDD. Bays various in form.
8. The Cactu;* Hybkid Types. Also called "Decora-
tive" Dahlias.
AA. Plants very dwarf,
9. The Tom Thumb Types.
Societies and Shows.— The Dahlia is one of about a
dozen genera of plants whose horticultural value has
been attested by permanently successful special socie-
ties. There are national Dahlia societies in England and
America. Dahlia shows are usually held the second or
third week of September. With the growing interest in
nature-study, attempts are being made to moke a per-
manent institution of local fall flower shows, which
shall come at a sufficient interval before the Chrysan-
themum shows, and in which the children may exhibit
their own products. The Dahlia and China ,Aster are
especially suited for such shows.
Garden Evolution op Dahlias.— In the evolution
of Dahlias in general, some of the great changes are
as follows: (1) The growing season has been greatly
.shortened and the flowering season lengthened. In
these and in all other particulars Dahlias were wonder-
fully variable even in the first decade ol their European
culture, but in general they bloomed for only a few days
before frost. Nowadays, the Dahlia season is in full
force a month and a half or two months before frost
with a good show of blooms in favored localities for In-
dependence Day; and June 15th is a record of extreme
earliness for Wm. Agnew, after six weeks' growth from
tubers planted out of doors. (2) The colors of the flow-
ers have been greatly improved, as even the most senti-
mental objector to the idea of "improvement" in flow-
er« would have to acknow^ledge if confronted with wild
and cultivated plants. The number of colors has been
greatly increased and the vividness of the colors inten-
sified. Most people can distinguish and enjoy from 12
to 30 colors, and these colors have occurred in each type
and been carefully saved, purified and strengthened.
Dull and intermediate shaties tend to drop out. (3) Im-
mense numbers of variegated forms are produced.
Broadly speaking, variegation is perhaps later to appear
than pure colors, and is conserved by a formality-loving
class. It is said that the Fancy Dahlia originated later
than the Show Dahlia, and was for many years inferior
in size and outline. It is also said by botanical collectors
in Mexico that wild Dahlias are mostly self-colored,
rarely variegated. Among the bewildering variety of
variegated Dahlias the leading types of variegation are
perhaps only 5: (a) the "tipped" or "sbaded" Dah-
lias, a ver>'' common form, in which the upper part
of the ray is evenly painted with another color, the
former term being used for the smaller, an«l the latter for
the greater amount of secondary color; (6) the 'edged"
Dahlias, in which the secondary color is confined to the
sides of the ra> s, does not affect the tip, and is usually
a broad strip; (c) the "margined" Dahlias, with a very
narrow strip of color which outlines the whole margin of
the ray <» , and often gives a very delicate and dainty effect ;
(d) the "striped and banded " Dahlias, with broad bands
down the middle, and often merging into the " edged "
forms; (e) the "mottled" Dah 15. ".j^', ^hich are variouoly
dot^^^ed and splashed. (4 ) Returning now to the broad fea-
tures in the evoluti-^nof the Dalilia, a fourth is the pro-
duction of varieties with long flowering stems suitable
for cut-flowers. Many of the old sorts have thick, short
stems with superabun<lant foliage, which requires
thinning. (5) The process of doubling has been carried
to ^n extnM)rdinary degree. The " yellow center" has
been the one thing about a forming var'ety that the
florist has hated most and has most relentlessly sup-
pressed. It is often a sign of poor stock. The tempta-
tion to over-propagate novelties is almost irresistible, and
the apnearance of a disk is usually taken as a sj-mptom
of over-propagation or deflcient culture. A yellow center
is considered objectionable by most people when it
occurs with rays of magenta or allied shades, as the
colors conflict. There is no question that it breaks the
absolute regularity and unity of a perfect show flower,
but it is a question, especially with white ailtt yellow-
rayed forma, if the yellow disk does not often add a
pleasant variation. Aside from matters of taste, it is
probable that no other florists' flower has had more full,
precise and minute rules laid do^^-n for its perfect form
than the Show Dahlia. The process of doubling seems
to be associated with a cool climate. Dahlias soon de-
generate to a relatively single condition in our southern
states, and new stock of desired varieties has to be se-
cured from the north. (6) The habit ha^ been vastly im-
662. The Pompon type (X J^).
This is really a Fancy variety, hnt the only distinction is one of
size, and compared with Fig. 663 this is a Pompf.n.
448
DAHLIA
DAHLIA
proved. Wild Dahlias, when brought into cultivation,
soon g^rew too tall to bt Helf-supporting. An old-fashioned
unbranched Dahlia tied to a large anu ugly stake was
often a hopeless and helpless object. Many varieties of
Dahlias can be made to branch at the ground and lie-
come self-supporting by successive early pinchings of
663. A Show Dahlia and its wild progenitor (XK).
the leading shoots, but some varieties seem to be too
firmly set in the old tree-like habit to submit to pinch-
ing. In the early days the average height of plants
may have been 5 ft. Nowadays 3 ft. is perhaps the
average, but the tendency to retain only dwarf forms
still continues, and the Dahlia must ultimately be freed
from stakes. The main thing is to secure the good
flower first and improve the habit la*er, if possible. It
is to be hoped that the coarser kinds of foliage will give
way to more graceful and attractive forms. The "f em-
leaved" type is a much cut and delicate kind. Ami
Barillet has handsome dark purple, finely cut foliage.
All the above features represent general tendencies
which, however, work out very differently in each im-
portant case.
The Dahlia has had one difficulty as peculiar to it-
self as the calyx bursting of the Carnation, or the differ-
ent values of crown and terminal buds of Chrj-santhe-
mums. They are often troubled with a "green eye."
This is a hard round button in the center of a blossom
formed by the inner involucral bracts, which, at that
stage, are longer than the unopened rays which they
protect. Of tener ?.till, this "green eye " is followed by a
yellow center. This "green eye" is still considered to
de'^troy the unity of a flower, and in exhibitions is often
surreptitiously removed. The yellow disk can be cut
out with a knife and the innermost rays carefully re-
placed. A fundamental difficulty associated with this
matter is the slowness with which some Dahlias open.
The outer rays open first, and in Fig. 06.3 , where the suc-
cessive stages are shown: the outer ones are the most
expanded ; then comes a series of cupped rays ; then
some that are tightly folded with two creases, and finally
the hard green eye. A poor Show Dahlia opens slowly,
and shows an eye while the outer rays are tumbling out,
withering, or being burned by the sun. A good Show
Dahlia opens its tiers in rapid succession, and shows no
green eye.
Literature.— A.fi in many other cases, the magazine
literature of the Dahlia is the most bulky, and, in some
respects, more important than the books on the subject.
The latest bibliographv is that by C. Hamian i'avne
in G. C. 111. 21 : 329 ( 1H97 ) . There have been about 25
books devoted to the Dahlia, many of them pamphlets
and cheap cultural manuals. These books were mostly
published from 1828 to 1857, with none at all for nearly
40 years after that date until 1896, when Lawrence K,
Peacock's bo<»k, The Dahlia, which is the best American
book, made its appearance. The first American treatise
was by E. Sayers, published at Boston, 1839, and now
forgotten. Many interesting facts came out in 1889, the
centennial year of the Dahlia. A report of the National
Dahlia Conference is reprinted from the Journal of the
Royal Horticultural Society for 1890, but Shirley Hib-
berd's statements therein regarding the botany of the
Dahlia agree very poorly with Hemslev's revision of
the genus in G. C. II. 12 : 437, 524, 557 ( 18t9) , which is the
latest botanical monograph.
A. Height tall, tree-like.
B. Fh. nodding, bell-shaped.
imperi&lis, Koezl. Height 6-18 ft.: stem usually un-
branched, knotty, 4-6-angled : Ivs. 2-3-pinnately parted;
leaflets ovate, narrowed at the base, acuminate, toothed,
with a few short scattered soft hairs : fls. nodding, 4-7 in.
across, white, more or less tinged with blood red, espe-
cially at the base: rays sterile or pistillate, lanceolate,
sharp-pointed, not 3-toothed at the apex. (it. 186.3:407.
G.C. 1870:459; II. 12:437. B. M. .5813. Gn. 12:95; 33,
p. 527. R.H. 1872:170. A.G. 15:313. Mn. 8: 61. -As few
conservatories can make room for so large a plant, it is
common to graft this species on dwarf varieties of J).
rosea. The inflated and pointed fl.-buds (1^-4 in. long)
are verj' characteristic. It is not known whether the
original plant collected by Roezl was found in wild or
cultivated surroundings. This species and the next
are mostly cultivated under glass; the others are grown
outdoors in summer, and the roots stored in winter.
BB. Fls. erect, not bell-shaped, b\U opening out flat.
exc6l8a, Benth. {D. arborea, Regel). Height 20 ft. or
more: stem usually unbranched, glaucous, marked with
horizontal rings made by the stem-clasping base of the
petioles as the lower Ivs. fall away: Ivs. bipinnate, as
much as 2}4 ft. long, 2 ft. wide; leaflets as many as 25,
ovate, those of the upper Ivs. often contracted at the base,
acuminate, toothed, pale green beneath, with a few short
scattered hairs or none : fls. 4K in. across, dilute purple,
664. A semi-double form of Dahlia (X3^).
This is one of many that have been crowded out in the
struggle to perfect the Show and Fancy types.
crimson-pink. Maund, Botanist 2 : 88 ( 1838 ? ) . G.C. II.
19: 80.— This was described from a cultivated plant with
8 rays in a single row, but with considerably elongated
disk fls. It was almost an anemone-flowered type, and
DAHLIA
DAHLIA
449
all the florets were sterile. />. nrborea has never been
suffleiently (Ie»oril)e(l, but plants have been cultivated
for many yoars under this nanit*. The tree forms oi
Dahlias are not sufficiently known.
AA. Height medium, averaging S ft., commonly from
si-o ft., rarely exceeding these extremes.
B. Lvs. once pinnate: stem not branching from the ba$e:
habit erect.
C. Stems not glaucous : rays fertile.
D. Rays of the single fls. not recurved at the margins ;
of the double fls. never flat, but cupped.
rd8e»,Cav. (D. rari«/fc*7t/»,Desf. ). Fig. 663. The origi-
nal of practically all the old-fashi<»n»*il Dahlias, particu-
larly the Single, Pompon, Show and Fancy
types. It is therefore the parent of the vast
majority of the horticultural varieties. Lvs.
typically once pinnate, sometimes bipinnate;
leaflets ovate, toothed, broader and coarser
than in the other 8j»ecies. B.K. 1:. '. B. M.
1885. — This is a wonderfully variable species.
Some plants are densely hair>', otht-rs scarcely
at all. The lvs. are sometimes bipinnate in
parts of plants or throughout an entire plant.
In double forms the rays usually have abor-
tive pistils. Many garden forms have glau-
cous stems. Some authors have doubted
whether this species is distinct from />. coc-
cinen, but the two tjrpes are very distinct,
particularly in the garden, although there are
intermediate forms in nature.
DD. Hays of the single f^<*. with recurved mar-
gins; of the doi' fls. not cupped, but
long, flat ««' ,. inted and some at
least with recw. "ed margins.
Juar6zii, Hort. (/>. Yt^ar^zii, Hort.). Figs,
665, G()6. The p»w^utof tiie pure Cactus Dah-
lias. These all originj.ted fnmi one plant,
which was flowered in Europe for the first
time in 1864, and first pictured in G C. II.
12:43:? (1879). F.M. 1879: 383. Gn. 18, p. 589;
19:283; 50, p. 236.
cc. Stems glaucous : rays not fertile.
coccinea, Cav. Fig. 667 ; see B. M. 762
(1804). Always more slender than Z>. rosea,
with narrower leaflets, and in the wild, at
least, dwarf er than the D. rosea. The
color range is much smaller, and does not in-
clude white or any shade of purple or crim-
son. The colors vary from scarlet, through
orange to yellow. There are no double forms,
and it has been frequently said that this spe-
cies will not hybridize with D. rosea. The
named varieties pictured in I.H. 31:515 and
533 (1881 ), which are emphatically declared to
be varieties of D. coccinea, are probably gar-
den forms of D. rosea. The only characters that cer-
tainly distinguish D. coccinea from I>. rosea are the
glaucous stems and infertile rays of the former, but
these characters break down in garden forms. B. M.
762. Gn. 19:270. G.C. II. 12:525.
BB. Lvs. twice pinnate: stems branched from the base:
habit spreading.
M6rckii, Lehm. (2>. glabrdta, Lindl.). Fig. 668;
confer B.M. 3878 (1841). Height 2-3 ft.: roots much
more slender than those of D. rosea : stem and lvs.
wholly devoid of hairs : lvs. bipinnate: floral bracts
linear: fls. typically lilac; ravs pistillate: outer involu-
cral bracts linear. B.R. 26: 29"(1840). Gn. 19: 270 (1881).
—This is a very distinct garden plant, and is worth
CTowing merely as a foliage plant. Seeds of species
trathered from wild plants in Mexico by Pringle have
been grown at the Cornell Experiment Station lately.
The fine-cut character of the foliage makes it vastly
more attractive than the coarse foliage of most of the
varieties of i>. rosea. Several of these seedlings had
bf-autiful dark red or purple foliage. The plants are
much dwarf er and wider spreading than most florists'
Dahlias, and show no stem while growing The branched
flowering stems are remarkably long, slender and wiry,
29
often riainjf 2-3 ft. above the foliage. The rays are very
short and often roundish, with a short sharp point in-
Htea«l of 3 minute teeth. There are no red, yellow or
white forms in nature. The roots of this and D. coccinea,
being slenderer than those of D. rosea, must be pre-
served with greater care during winter.
D. Zimapani. See Cosmos diversifolias. W.M.
Propagation. — There are four methods by which
Dahlias are propagated : by cuttings (an important
commercial method) ; by division of roots (the amateur's
665. The original Cactus Dahlia (XJ4).
Photographed and re«hiced from the Gardeners' Chronicle,
where it was first pictured.
method); by grafting to perpetuate rare kinds; and by
seeds, to produce new varieties.
Division of Boots.— This is the easiest and most sat-
isfactorj' to amateurs. As the eyes are not on the
tubers, but on the crown to which the tubers are at-
tached, care must be taken that each division has at
least one eye, otherwise the roots will never grow. It
is, therefore, best to start the eyes by placing the roots
in a warm, moist place a short time before dividing.
The roots are sometimes placed in a hotber*, and shoots
grown CO considerable size, then set out as plants ; but
this plan has many drawbacks, and is not advised.
Cuttings.— This method is used mainly by commercial
growers, and though the amateur may propagate plants
successfully, the attention a few cuttings would require
vvould be so great that it would be cheaper to buy plants.
The roots are planted closely in benches in the green-
house early in January, and cuttings are made from the
•Skjif
450
DAHLIA
DAHLIA
younjf ahootfl an fa^f an they form the third or fourth
set of leaveH. These cuttintf* are c-arefully trimmed
and placed in pure sand in tlie propui(atin>; bench, uninia;
a dibble, and putting the euttin»;H in rows about '3 in.
arnirt and H-l in. between the euttiniCM.
The propagating? In-nch In ma«Ie by running a flue, hot
water or 8team pipen iM'uenth an ordinary iM'nch, an«l
boarding up the wide to confine the heat. Altliough
there may be a difference of opinion among propagators,
yet a lM>ttom of sand heat of i'u>°, with the temperature
of the house from .>-10° less, will give the l)e«t prac*,. U
results. With this temperature, the cuttings will :wot
in about two weeks, an*! will be far stronger than if
rooted in less time with greater heat. As so<(n as cut-
tings are rootetl, they are potte<l off into small i>ots and
grown in a cool greenhouse until danger of frost is over,
when they are plante<l out in the open ground. Cuttings
made too far below a joint, or tfwi lute iu summer, will
produce flowerinpf plants but no tubers.
Graffhuj. — Thia is a very interesting, though not
profitable, mo<ie of propagation. The top of the tuber is
cut slantingly upward, and the cutting slantingly down-
ward, placed' together and tied with raflia or any soft,
handy material. They ire then planted in a pot deep
enough to cover the lower part or the graft with earth,
and they will soon adhere if placed under a hand glass
or in a frame. Grafting is practiced only for the pres-
ervation of rare an<l weak-growing sorts.
Seedn. — The chief use of seeds is the production of
new varieties. Seeds are also used by those who chiefly
desire a mass of color, ami are not particularly desirous
of finely formed blooms. If planted early enough in-
doors and transplanted to the open as soon as safe, fine
masses of color can be secured before frost, and the
roots of the more desirable kinds can be saved, and will
give even better results the next season.
Position. — Dahlias are easily destroyed by high
winds unless they are given a protected position, and
they need plenty of air and simlight for best results. In
shaded, close, airless quarters the growth is sappy and
the flowers are poorly colored.
Soil.— The soil is not so important, except in its
ability to hold moisture during severe droughts. Any
rich soil that will grow corn will also grow Dahlias to
perfection, if all other conditions are favorable. They
will grow equally well in clear sand, clay or gravel, if
the proper kinds and quantities of plant-food are added
and well and thoroughly worked in. It is. however, un-
reasonable to expect Dahlias or any garden plants to
succeed in a hard clay, devoid of humus, easily baked
and never tilled.
Feeding. — It is always best to broadcast the manure
and plow or spade it into the soil; thorough sp Aiug is
absolutely necessary if the manure is not well decom-
posed. On heavy clay or gravelly soils, loose, coarse
manure may be used, but on light or sandy soils, ma-
nure should always be fine and well-rotted.
Commercial fertilizers are also largely used,
and are most valuable when used in connec-
tion with manure. Any good fertilizer, rich
in ammonia and phosphoric acid, with a
liberal amount of potash, will answer at the
time of planting, out as a top-dressing later, ;
nothing equals pure bone meal and nitrate *•
of soda, 4 parts bone to 1 part soda.
Kinds of Stock.— Dahlias are offered in
five forms: large clumps, ordinary field roots,
pot roots, green plants and seeds. The clumps ^-^
give the best satisfaction the first year, but
are entirely too large and unwieldy for any-
thing but a local trade and exchange among
amateurs. The ordinary field roots are the
most valuable, as they can be easily and safely
handled, and always give satisfactory results.
Pot roots are largely used in the mailing
trade, and, while they will not always give as
good results the first year, are valuable for
shipping long distances, where larger roots
could not be profitably used owing to heavy
transportation charges. Green plants are
mainly used to make up any deficiency in the
field crops, owing to unfavorable seasons, or
an unusual demand for certain varieties.
Pi.ANTivo— There is a iliversity of opinion am to the
proper time to plant Dahlias, but the writer has always
found it best to plant early, and wouhi advise planting
large, strong r«M»ts alMmt two weeks before danger »if
frost is over. This w(mhl be, in the vicinity of Phila-
delphia, alntut April 1.5; and as it takes fnmi two to three
weeks for the plants to get up through the gnmnd, there
will be no danger, while the plants will bloom that much
earlier. It is Iw-st, however, not t<i plant small roots or
green plants until langerof frost Is over— in the vicinity
of Philadelphia, a)>out May 1 to 10, according to the sea-
son. A gfMxl rule to follow everywhere would be to
idant smtJl roots and green jdanfs as soon as danger of
frost is over, and large r<H>ts ai>out three weeks earlier.
TiLLA(JE. — The first requisite of successful garden
cultivation is to thc»nmghly stir the soil to consi«lerable
depth and enrich it. if it is not alreafly rich, by broad-
casting and i)lowing or spading in a good coat of well
rotted manure. Too much stress cannot he placed upon
the thorough preparation of the soil, as it not only allows
666. Matchless. Half size. A velvety maroon Cactus Dahlia.
DAHLIA
DAHLIA
451
the roots to go down deep after the moisture more readily
dunoK dry weather, hut affonlH p>o<l drainaKe during
exee«iive rainH. Having prepared the Moil an al>ove,
mark out rows 4 ft. apart and tJ to 8 In. deep, and plant
the r<M>t» from 18 in. to 3 ft. apart in the row, according
as Molid rowH or .specimen plantM ure dexired.
During its early stage of devehipmenf, the Dahlia
grows very rapidly, and should be kept thoroughly
tilled. But while deep tillage is Wnetieial during Its
early stages of .<levelopment, it Is almost fatal to the
production of Howers if practiced after the plants come
into hluom. Therefore, when the plants commence to
bloom, cease deep tillage and stir the soil to the depth
of 1 to 3 in. only, but stir it often, and never allow the
surface to become hard and baked. This will not only
prevent excessive evaporation of moisture and keep the
under soil cool an<l moist, but will also prevent the de-
struction of immense quantities of feeding roots.
As long as the roots supply more nourishment than Is
needed to support the plant, both the plant and the
tiowers Increase in size and beauty; but as the supply
gradually l>ecome8 exhausted, the plants cease ^-rowing
and the flowers become much smaller. This condition is
what is generally called "bloomed out," but what is really
"starved out," and can easily l>e prevented if the proper
attention is given to the plants. As soon as the flowers
commence to grow smaller, broadcast around each plant
a small handful of pure bone meal and nitrate of soda,
in proportion four parts bone to one part soda, and care-
fully work it Into the soil.
Wat£Rino. — This Is a debatable subject, and, al-
though a judicious application of water during a severe
dry spell is very beneflcial, yet In nine cases out of
every ten where water Is applied a thorough stirring of
the surface soil would give better results.
Many people bei'eve Dahlias should be watered every
i'venlng, and as soon as they are up commence watering
them daily unless it rains. This practice Is very Inju-
rious, as It causes a rapid but soft growth, and "as the
soil Is seldom stirred, the roots become so enfe'tbled for
want of air that they are unable to supply the needs of
the plant ; as a consequence, but few buds are formed,
and they generally blast before developing into flowers.
In other cases, as the enthusiasm wears off, watering Is
stopped, probably right at the beginning of a severe
4lrought, and the weak, pampered plants are fortunate
to survive, much less to bloom.
If large, strong roots are planted and the soil Is kept
thoroughly stirred, there will be little need of artificial
watering until after the plants come out in full bloom.
However, If It should become hot ard dry after the
Dahlias come Into bloom. It would be very beneficial to
give them a thorough watering once each week or ten
(lays during the continuance of the drought. But care
should be taken to stir the soil to the depth of 1- r in.
the next day, carefully pulverizing It later, In order to
sf^al the natural capillary tubes by which the moisture
is evaporated.
The best rule to follow Is not to allow the plants to
.suffer for want of moisture, nor to water them except
where they need It, but to water them thoroughly when
necessary, and not to allow excessive evaporation for
want of frequent stirring of th^ soil.
Training. — In planting the roots or tubers, place
them on their sides with the eye as near the bottom as
possible, and cover only 2-3 In. deep. As soon as the
shoots appear, remove all but the strongest ore, and
pinch out the center of that one as soon as two or three
pairs of leaves have formed, thus forcing It to branch
below the level of the ground. As the plants develop,
the soil Is filled In gradually by subsequent hoelngs. By
this method the entire strength of the root and the soil
is concentrated on the one shoot, causing It to grow
vigorously; while the pinching back not only causes it
to branch below the surface of the soil, and thus brace
it against all storms, but also removes all of those im-
perfect, short-stemmed flowers that appear on some
varieties. If the plants are pinched back low,as described,
there is no danger of the branches splitting down, as the
soil around themwlll hold them securely In place. How-
ever, where they branch above ground an'l are inclined
to split down, drive a short, stout stake near the stem
and tie the branches to it. These short stakes are not to
hold the plants up, but to prevent the branches splitting
down where the above directions have not been followed
closely.
The writer was the first to use and a«lvf>cate this
method of training, and by its practice has grown many
thousands of Dahlia bhxmis
on stems from 18 in. to 2 ft.
long, selling them to florists
by the thousands for four
times the ruling price of
carnations, and higher than
that asked for roses.
667. Dahlia coccinea.
See the Botanical Magazine.
1804, plate 762.
Storikq the Roots.— As soon as the plants are killed
by frost, lift the roots, and, after removing all the soil
from them possible, allow them to dry In the air for a
few hours, when they should be stored In the cellar or
some other cool place secure from frost. If the cellar is
very dry or is not frost proof, put the roots in a barrel
or box and cover completely with dry sand or some
other suitable and convenient material, such as sawdust
or tanbark, to prevent freezing or loss of vitality by
drying or shriveling.
Varieties. — /'or cu^^/oM•<'r.<^, the Decorative or Cactus
hybrid kinds are the most valuable, and the following
are among the very best : N'ymph»a, Cllflford W.
Bruton, Henry Patrick, Grand Duke Alexis Wm. Agnew,
Perle de la Tete d'Or, Evadne, Orange King. Sundew,
Mrs. E. C. Monroe. The Cactus Dahlias are beautiful
and artistic, but will not last long after being cut. The
best are : Alger, Austin Cannell, Strohleln Kronne,
Henry P. Mif'hell, Mrs. Bennett, John W. Roach, Geo.
Marlow, Loreu'V, Beatrice and Mrs. Peart.
Of the Show Dahlias, among the best are : Miss May
Lomas, A. D. Livoni, Storm King. Emily, Ruby Queen,
Arabella, Constancy, Queen of Yellows, Willie Garrett,
Lady Maud Herbert.
Fancy: Frank Smith, Miss Browning, Penelope,
American Flag, Lottie Eckford, Uncertainty. Of the
Pc^npon or Bouquet Dahlias, ' e best are Snowclad,
Fairy Queen, Daybreak, Eleganti., Little Prince, Le Petit
Jean, Carol, Little Beauty, Yellow Bird and Red Piper.
The Single varieties are especially •"'ri^icu lor cutting,
but should be cut as soon as opened, otherwise the
petals will fall.
For bedding, the plants must be dwarf, of branching
habit, and profuse bloomers. A few desirable kinds are:
Marg. Bruant, Magnificent, Triomphe de Solferlno,
Collbre, Snowclad, Sunbeams, Mrs. Dodd and Bloom-
enfalter.
For Massing and Banking. — Cactus : Aeglr, Stroh-
leln Kronne, Mrs. A, Beck, Cyclops, Baron Schropder.
Decorative: Wm. Agnew, C. W. Bruton, Perle de
452
DAHLIA
DAIS
668. Dahlia Merckii.
S'je the Botanical Magazine, 1841,
plate 3878.
la Tete d'Or, Evadne, Mrs. E. C. Monroe, Indescent,
Wilhelm Miller, Black Beauty, Grand Duke Alexis,
Nymphsea, Oriental, Orange Scarlet.
Show : S*orm King, A. D. Livoni, Model of Perfec-
tion, Willie Garrett, Honest John, Eme.st Krebig,
Foyche, Bird of Passage, Oakfleld, Arabella, La France,
Princess Bonnie,
Queen of Yel-
lows.
Pompon: Klein
Doraitea, Snow-
clad, Carol, Fairy
Queen, Catherine,
Sunshine, Little
Beatrice, Ele-
ganta. Elfin, Miss
Lou Kramer, Le
Petit Jean, Bes-
sie, Tom and
Teddy.
Singles are val-
uable for this pur-
pose, especially
St. George, Ami
Barrillet, Ada,
Jolin D o w n i e ,
Evelyn, Isaac Pit-
man. Painted
Lady, Corinne,
Brilliant and
Niiuce.
For Borders
and Hedges. — 'So
special list of va-
rieties can be re-
commended for
this purpose as
it is largely a
matter ot tasip.
Other Purposes.— Dahlias are used for mary other
purposes, and are grown in many other forms with
pleasing effect. Some train the tall varieties on trel-
lises in espalier form; many train them to tall supports,
while others spread them out on the ground and peg
them fast, to ^ive the appearance of a bed of large-
flowering pigmies. The latter form is quite unique and
satisfactory, as plants of some of the varieties grow un-
usually well and bloom profusely. The Fancy Dahlia
Uncertainty and Cactus Dahlia Delicata are typical
varieties that seem to do better in this form than any
other.
^»emifs.— Dahlias are generally remarkably free from
enemies, but in some localities the tarnished plant bug
(Lygus pratensis) makes success impossible, as there
is no practical remedy. This bug is chiefly responsible
for the blasted buds and one-sided flowers. It pierces
the young buds, shoots, and
sucks the sap. The shoots
curl over, blacken, check the
growth of the plant, and
new side .ots are stimu-
lated which often meet the
samt. fate. Consult Bulletin
47, Mo. Exp. Sta.
Lawrence K. Peacock.
Varieties recommended
by Lathrop and Higgins :
For General Purposes.—
Show : Dawn, Robin Adair,
of Athens, Madam
Zules, Madge Wild-
fire, Miss >niler, A.
D. Livoni, Mary D.
Halleck, Snow, Bird
of Passage, Cham-
pion Rollo, Dr. J. P.
Kirtland.
Fancy : Rev C.
W. Bolton, Young
America, Mrs. J.
Maid
669. Bellis perennis.
Downie, Rev. J. B. McCamm, John Forbes, Mrs. Brown-
ing, Keystone, Frank Smith.
Pompon: Burning Coal, Eurydice, Daybreak, Phoebe,
Lillian, Purity, Sunbeam, Little Bessie, Brunette, Fash-
ion, Suowclad, Virginale, Rosalie, Hedwig Polwig, Cath-
erine, Guiding Star, Aillet's Imperial, Alewine, Vivid.
Decorative : Grand Duke Alexis, Wm. Agnew, Juno,
Bowery Girl, Josephine, Lyndhurst, Perle de la Tete
dOr.
Cactus: Matchless, Bertha Mawley, Mrs. Bennett,
Harmony, Edelcactus.
For Exhibition. — Show: Miss Cannell, Wm. Powell,
Duchess of York, Harrison Weir, John Walker, R. T.
Rawlings, Kaiser Wilhelm, Muriel, Pearl, Alice Emily,
James Vick, Emily Edwards, A. 1). Livoni, Wm. Faw-
cett, James Service, Madge Wildfire, Mrs. Langtry,
Hector, John Lamont, J. T. Saltmarsh.
Fancy: S.Mortimer, Dorothy, Sunset, Young Amer-
ica, Champion Rollo, General Grant, Mrs. J. Downie,
Lottie Eckford, Salamander, Prince Henry, Matthew
Campbell, Duchess of A bany.
Rev. J. B. McCamm,
Forbes, Frank Smith, x^
stone.
Cactus : Matchless, Ernest
Glasse, Mrs. Bennett, John
Welch, Harmony, Gloriosa,
Mary Hillier, Beatrice,
Prince of Orange, Mrs. A.
Peart, Starfish, Green's Gem,
John Roach.
Decorative : May Pictor,
Wm. Agnew, Oban, Juno,
Lancelot, Amphion, Bowery
Girl, White Swan, Marchioness
of Bute, Perle de la Tete d'Or,
Rayon d'Or, Wilhelm Miller.
Pompon: Burning Coal.Eu-
lydice , Phoebe, Eleganta, Min-
nie, Lillian, Hilda Searl, Hen-
rietta, Mars, Purity, Ernest,
Sunbeam, Mattie Mourey,
Snowclad, Virginale, Rosalie,
lolanthe, Hedwig Polwig, Lit-
tle Hermon, Golden Gem,
Raphael, Alewine, Aillet's Im-
perial.
For Cut-flowers , — Cactus :
Beatrice, Ernest Glasse, John
Roach, Harmony, Matchless,
Edelcactus, Starfish, Green's
Gem.
Decorative : Grand Duke
Alexis, C, W. Bruton, Alpha,
Wm. Agnew, Nymphaea, Jose-
phine. White Swan, Lynd-
hurst, Bowery Girl, Oban,
Perle de la Tete d'Or, Rayon
d'Or, Bennett Goldney.
Pompon: Alewine, Purity,
Eurydice, Sunbeam, Rosalie,
Guiding Star, Phoebe, lolan-
the, Minnie, Lillian, Golden
Gem.
DAHOON HOLLY. Ilex
Dahoon
DAIS (Greek, pine torch;
application not obvious).
Thymelisctceai. This genus
contains a tree that yields a
strong fiber, and is also rarely
cult, for ornament, especially
in Fla. and S. Calif., and pos-
sibly in one or two northern
conser\-atories. It has Ivs.
resembling the Smoke Tree,
Rhus Cotiniis, &nd bears long-
stalked umbel-like head:^ of
starry pink fls., with floral 670. Ox-Eye Daisy or Wh*te
parts in 5's. The genus has Weed— Chrysanthemum
half a dozen species, all from Leucanthemum (X Hh
DAIS
DAMASK VIOLET
453
S. Africa or Madagascar. Tender deciduous shrubs : Ivs.
opposite, often crowded at the ends of branches: fls. in
terminal heads; perianth tube cylindrical, often curved;
stamens 10, in a double series, the alternate ones shorter,
upper or all exserted ; style exserted. The plants are
prop, by cuttings of half ripened wood.
cotinifdlia, Linn. Lvs. oppo-
site and alternate, oblong or
obovate, acute at both ends : in-
volucre a half shorter than the
fls. : head about 15-fld. : fls. Kin.
across; fragrant. South Africa.
B. M. 147.
672. Wild Aster, or
Michaelmas Daisy.
DAISY (i. e., day^s eye, in
allusion to the sun-like form of
the flower). A name which
properly belongs to the Bell is
perennis of Europe, a low
early -flowering composite,
which, in its double foims
(Fig. r)69), is widely known as
a garden plant ( see Bellis ) . The
American congener is B. in-
tegrifolia, Michx., an annual
or biennial, very like the Old
World species, ranging south-
westward from Kentucky; it is not domesticated. In
N. America, the word Daisy is applied to many field com-
posites, particularly to those of comparatively low growth
and large flower-heads. Unqualified, the word is com-
monly understood to mean Chrysanthemum Leucanthe-
mum (Fig. C70), an Old World plant which has become
an abundant field weed in the eastern part of the coun-
try. This plant i.s also commonly known as the Ox-Eye
Daisy, although iu parts of New England it is known as
W^hiteweed, and thf term Ox-Eye is applied to Budbeckia
hirta (Fig. 671), which has a yellow-rayed head. Kin to
the Olirysanthemum Lencanthemum are the Paris Dai-
sies, or Marguerites, of the conservatories (see Chry-
santhemum). The wild Asters (Fig. G72) are called
Daisies, especially Michaelmas Daisies, in many parts
of the country, particularly west of New York. Spring-
flowering Erigerons also are called Daisies. The Swan
River Daisy is Btuchycome iberidifolin (Figs. 255, 250).
The African Daisy is a species of Lonas. l_ jj^ b_
DALB£BGIA (X. Dalberg, a Swedish botanist, 17.30 to
1820). Legumin-osie. About 60 species of trees, shrubs,
or climbers, belonging to tropical regions v.\\ over the
world. One species only introduced to S. Calif., and
most likely to prove of grreat interest as a timber tree.
Experiments in E^j-pt have shown its most remarkable
property of standing severe droughts, as well as sub-
mersion for a long period. Lvs. alternate, odd-pinnate,
without stipules: fls. small, numerous, purple, violet or
white, in forking cj-mes or irregular cyme-like panicles.
The Sissoo tree is worth trial in nearly frost4ess dis-
tricts, especially along sandy river banks. It improves
sterile lands. The wood is very elastic, seasons well,
does not warp or split, is easily worked, and takes a fine
polish. It is also a durable wood for boats. The tree is
raised easily from seeds or cuttings, and is of quick
growth. The demand is greater than the supply in
India, and the tree is cult, for timber. ( F. von Mueller,
Extra Trop. Plants.) Other species of Dalbergia are of
economic value.
Sissoo, Roxb. A good sized tree, 80 ft. high in India:
lvs. pinnate; leaflets 5, auernate, stalked, obovate, ab-
ruptly acuminate, pube'<cent beneath : fls. white, in short,
axillary panicles. — In India considered one of the best
timbers, whenever elasticity and durability are required.
F. Franceschi and W. M.
'DALECHAMPIA( after the French savant, Dalechamps,
1513-15b8). Jf^nphorbidceif. This genus contains a tropi-
cal shrub rarely cultivated for its showy rose-red bracts.
In 1867, Hooker said it was one of the noblest plants
introduced for many years, comparable only with the
Bougainvilleas, and surpassing them in size of bracts
and brilliuacy of color. It is presumably inferior to
Euphorbia pulcherrima as a florists' plant, but is worth
trial in the finer conservatories. The genus has about
50 species widely scattered in warm regions, shrubs,
twiners or tall climbers, some of which have white bracts.
Cult, in a warm house. Prop, by cuttings.
Boezli&na, Muell. Arg. Erect shrub, ;j-4 ft. high, much
branched, leafy: lvs. 6 in. long, sessile, obovate-lauceo-
late, acuminate, entire, or with coarse obtuse teeth above
the middle, narrowed to a cordate base: bracts 2-2% in.
long, broadly heart-shaped, sessile, toothed, membra-
nous, ner\-ed, rose-red, with other smaller bracts: fls.
small, yellow, clustered. Mex. B.M. 5640. Var. ^ba,
Hort., has white bracts.
DALIBARD A (after Thomas Dalibard, French bota-
nist). Bosdceo'. A low-growing, native, hardy her-
baceous perennial plant, with foliage resembling a
violet and fls, like those of a strawberry. It is a shy,
modest plant, flowering from June to August in shady
woods. It is rarely cultivated in alpine gardens and
rockeries, being a slow-growing plant, liking a deep
fibrous soil and a sheltered position. Prop, by cuttings.
The genus has lately been referred to Rubus. but it
differs utterly in habit, in the carpels being usually well
defined instead of indefinite and the akenes dry instead
of drupaceous.
rdpens, Linn. {Bubus Dalibdrda, Linn.). Fig. 673.
Tufted, creeping: lvs. heart-shaped, wavy -tooth ed : fls.
whit«, 1 or 2 on each scape; cah-x 5-6-parted, 3 of the
divisions larger and toothed ; petals 5 ; stamens numer-
ous; pistils 5—10. Common in northern woods. D. 85.
In Fig. 673, a shows the perfect flower; 6, c, akenes of
the cleistogamous fls.
DAMASK BOSE. Bosa Damascena.
DAMASK VIOLET. Eesperis matronalis.
571. Yellow field Daisy, or Brown-eyed Susan— Rudbeckia hirta.
454
DAME S ROCKET
DANDELION
DAME'S EOCXET and DAME'S VIOLET. Heaperis
matronal is.
DAMMABA. ^ee Agathis.
DAMN ACANTHUS (Greek, powerful spines). Bubi-
d.ceve. This monotypic jfenus contains a tender, ever-
green, Japanese shrub, chiefly valued for its coral-red
berries, which remain on the bush until the fls. of the
next season are produced. Branches numerous, spiny:
Ivs. small, opposite, leathery, nearly sessile, broadly
ovate, acuminate : fls. small, axillary, in I's or 2'8,
white, fragrant; calyx tube obovoid, limb 4-5-cut; co-
rolla funnel-shaped. Prop, by cuttings. This plant may
be obtained from dealers in Japanese plants.
Indicus, Gaertn. (D. mdjor, Sieb. & Zucc). Described
above. Himalayas and Jap. — Var. submitis is not so
spiny.
DAMPING-OFF. A gardeners' phrase for a disas-
trous rotting of plants, especially of seedlings and cut-
tings, and generally at the surface of the ground. It is
usually associated with excessive moisture in the soil
and air, with high and close temperatures, and some-
times poor light. Such conditions weaken the plants
and allow them to fall a prey to the minute parasitic
fungi which live upon the decaying vegetable matter in
the soil, and can remain alive for months, even if the
Hoil is thoroughly dry or frozen. As soon as the disease
is noticed, the healthy plants should be removed to
fresh soil, as the disease spreatis rapidly. A whole
bench of cuttings may be ruined in a night. The skill-
ful propagator takes every possible precaution. His
benches have perfect drainage, he uses fresh sharp
sand, and sometimes sterilizes it with steam heat for
several hours. Damping-off is one of the most trying
experiences of the beginner, and nothing can prevent it
673. Dalibarda repens.
With perfect and cleistogamous flowers.
but a thorough grasp of the principles of Greenhouse
Managemtnt in general, and Watering in particular.
(Consult articles on these subjects.) The terms Damp-
ing-oflf and Burning are also used for ruined flowers.
Burning is often caused by sunlight or by imperfections
in glass, but a flower spoiled by dripping cold water, or
by some unknown cause, is said to have a burned look.
One of the commonest occasions of Damping-oflp is the
sudden flooding of a bed or bench after leaving it too
dry for a long time.
674. Floret of Dandelion:
enlarged.
DAMSON. See Plttm.
675. Mature fruit of
Dandelion.
D AN JEA (a personal name). Marattidcece. A small
genus of fern-like plants, with synangia sessile, ar-
ranged in rows, ani covering the entire under surface
of the leaf. They are rarely seen in cultivation inAmer.
DANDELION (i. e., dent de lion, French for lion's
tooth; referring to the teeth on the Ivs.). The vernacu-
lar of Taraxacum officinale, Weber, a stemless peren-
nial or biennial plant of the Compdsitce. It is native to
Europe and Asia, but is naturalized in all temperate
countries. On the Rocky Mts. and in the high north
are forms which are apparently indigenous. A floret from
the head of a Dandelion is shown in Fig. 674. The ovary
is at e; pappus (answering to cal>-x) at a; ray of corolla
at c; ring of anthers at h; styles at d. The constricted
part at e elongates in fruit, raising the pappus on a long
stalk, as shown in Fig. 675; and thus is the balloon of the
Dandelion formed. A Dandelion plant, with its scattering
fruits, is shown in Fig. 676. There is another species of
Dandelion in this country, but evidently not common.
It is the Red-seeded Dandelion (T. erythrosp^rmum,
Andrz.), with red seeds, not reflexed involucral scales,
the shorter beak.
The Dandelion is much prized for "greens." For this
purpose it is cultivated in parts of Europe ; also about
Boston and in a few other localities in this countrj".
There are several improved large-leaved varieties,
mostly of French origin. Some of these named forms
have beautiful curled 'vs. Seeds are sown in the spring,
and the crop is gathered the same fall or the following
spring,— usually in the spring in this countrj'. Com-
monly the seeds are sown where the plants are to stand,
although the plantlets may be transplanted. The plants
should stand about 1 foot apart each way, and a good
crop will cover the land completely when a 5'ear old.
Sandy or light loamy soil is preferred. The crop is har-
vested and marketed like spinach. The Ivs. or heads
are often blanched by tying them up, covering with
s&nd or a flower-pot. The plants are sometimes grown
more closely in beds, and frames are put over them to
force them. Roots are sometimes removed from the
field to the hotbed or house for forcing. When treated
like chicory {which see), the roots will produce a win-
DANDELION
DAPHNE
455
ter salad very like barbe de eapucin. Roots dug in
fall and dried are sold for medicinal purposes in drug
stores under the name of Taraxacum. l^ jj_ b_
DANGLEBEBB7 or BLUE TANOLEBEBBT. Gay-
lussacin frondomt.
DAFHNE (Greek name of Latirus nobilis). Thy-
melcehce(t. Ornamental evergreen or deciduous shrubs,
with handsome foliage and sweet-scented, white, purple,
lilac or rarely greenish fls., which, in warmer climates,
often appear during the winter. Lvs. alternate, rarely
opposite, entire, short-petioled : fls. in clusters, short
racemes or umbels, apetalous, mostly fragrant ; perianth
tubular cr campaniilate, 4-lobed, corolla-like, usually
clothed with silky hairs outside ; stamens 8, included;
stigma capitate, sessile or nearly so : fr. a fleshy or
leathery l-seeded drupe. About 40 species in Eu. and
Asia. Only D. Mezereum, with very early lilac, fra-
grant fls. and decorative scarlet fr., and some low ever-
green species, like D. Cneorum and D. BUi gay ana, are
hardy north, while most of the evergreen species can be
recommended only for warmer climates. D. Pontica and
D. Laureola, with large evergreen lvs., are hardy as far
north as New York. Daphnes thrive best in a well
drained, light soil and in a partly shaded position, but
some, as D. Cneorum and D. Blagayona, which are ex-
ceedingly pretty plants for rockeries, do better in sunny
situations. In the north, D. odora and its varieties are
often groMm in pots for their sweet-scented and hand-
some fls. appearing during the winter. A sandy com-
post of peat and loam in equal proportions will suit them ;
they require a good drainage and careful watering dur-
ing the winter, and pots not larger than just necessary
should be given ; they may also be planted out in a cool
greenhouse and trained as a wall plant. D. Genktra,
with abundant lilac fls. before the lvs., is sometimes
forced. Prop, by seeds, sown after maturity or strati-
fled, but germinating very slowly ; also by layers put
down in spring and taken oflf the following year. The
evergreen species may be increased by cuttings of ma-
ture wood in fall under glass, and kept in a cool green-
house during the winter. If gentle bottom heat can be
given in early spring, it will be of advantage to the de-
velopment of the roots ; softwood cuttings taken from
forced plants may also be used. D. odora is often
veneer-grafted on seedling stock of Z>. Laureola in win-
ter, or on roots of D. Mezereum. D. Cneorum and
probably its allies are readily increased in spring by re-
moving the earth around the plant, pegging down the
branches and filling with fine compost almost to the
tops of the branches. Next spring, if the compost is
carefully removed, a large number of little buds, each
supplied with a white root, are found along the branches ;
they are easily detached and planted in pans or boxes.
In California, according to Franceschi, the species
most commonly grown is D. odora, the plants being
mostly imported from Japan. Many plants are also sent
from Japan for eastern greenhouse culture. A decoction
of the bark of D. Mezereum is sold in drug stores under
the name of Mezereum. It is stimulant and diuretic. It
is also known as Olive Spurge. Alfred Rehder.
Althougli iiardy Daphnes are generally recommended
to be planted in partial shade, they invariably succeed
in open, sunny pla«*es, and even in dry spots when the
start is made with strong, well-rooted plants. They
grow very freely in a light, open, well drained soil, en-
riched with thoroughly decayed manure. An annual top-
dressing of the same material is of great benefit to the
plants, young or old.
For propagation by cuttings, half-ripened wood is
best. Layers should not be separated until early in the
following spring, and it is advisable to shade the young
plants in their new quarters for a few weeks until the
roots have taken hold in the ground and growth has
started. Cuttings should not be subjected to a very
strong bottom heat before a good callus has formed, as
they are slow to emit roots, and free growth can not be
expected until the young plants attain the age of 2
years. The commonest of the hardy kinds is D. Cneo-
rum; but D, Blagayana, which is still very rare in
America, is a charming species, worthy of greater popu-
larity. Grafts of this species are likely to die without
apparent cause. D. NeapolUana needs a sheltered
position. J. B. Keller.
Alphabetical list of species described below : D. au-
tumnalis, 1; Blagayana, 5; buxifolia, 7; Cneorum, 4;
collina,G; Dauphini, 8; Delphini,S; Fioniana, 7: For'
tunei,3; Genkwa, .'{; Houtteana. 3; hybrida, 8; Indies,
9; Japonica,9; Jenkwa, 3; Laureola, 10; Mazeli, 9;
Mezereum, 1, 2; odora, 9; odorata, 9; oleoides, 7; Pon-
tica, 10; sericea, 6; Van Houttei, 2.
A. Lvs. deciduous : fls. axillary along the branches of
the previous year, appearing before the lvs.
1. Mezereum, Linn. Erect shrub, with stout branches,
to 4 ft. : lvs. alternate, cuneate, oblong or oblanceolate,
glabrous, grayish beneath, 1-3 in. long: fls. usually 3,
sessile, silky outside, fragrant, IHac-purple, appearing
much before the lvs.: fr. roundish ovoid, scarlet. Feb.-
Apr. Eu. to Altai and Caucasus. Gn. 29:550.— Var.
\i'if^
676. The Dandelion
456
DAPHNE
DARLIXGTONIA
bescent branches
Alba, Ait., has white fls. and yellow fr. Gn. 29:550.
G.C. 111. 2L:183, 185. Var. Alba pldna, Hort., has double
white fls. Gn. 29:550. Var. grandifldra, Hort. (var.
autumndlis, Hort.). With larger, very early fls., some-
times blooming in fall.
2. HoutteJlna, Planch. {D. Mtzereum, v&r. atropurpu-
rea, Dipp.). Shrub, to 4 ft., with erect, stout branches:
Ivs. alternate, cuneate, oblong-lanceolate, glabrous,
coriaceous and often persistent, purple : fls. appearing
before the Ivs., lilac-violet, 2-4, in short-peduncled clus-
ters. Apr. F.S. 6 :.592. — Of garden origin, and probably
hybrid between D. Laureola and Mezereum.
3. O^nkwa, Sieb. & Zucc. (D. Fdrtunei, Lindl. D.
Jinkwa, Hort.). Shrub, to 3 ft., with slender branches :
Ivs. opposite, oblong-elliptic, appressed-pubescent on
the veins beneath, 1^-2 in. long: fls. lilac, 3-7, in short-
stalked clusters, scentless, denselv silky, villous outside.
Mar., Apr. Jap. S.Z. 75. Gt. 15':499. F.S. 3:208. Gn.
42:868. R.L. 10:73.
AA. Zfvs. evergreen, alternate {see JVo.S).
B Fls. in terminal heads, rarely axillary and pinkish.
c. Habit lotv, procumbent or trailing.
4. Cnedrum, Linn. Fig. 677. With long, trailing, pu-
Ivs. crowded, cuneate, oblanceolate,
mucronulate, flnally gla-
brous, dark green and
glossy above, glaucescent
beneath, J^-l in. long: fls.
in sessile, many-fld. heads,
pink, fraf.'Tant. Apr., May,
and oftn^ again in sum-
mer. Mts. of M. Eu. B.
M. 313. L. B.C. 18:1800.
Gn. 45, p.237. —Var. m^jus,
Hort. Of more vigorous
growth. Gn. 51, p. 358.
Var. maximum of Euro-
pean nurseries = i>. Nea-
polifana.
5. Blagay^tna, Freyer.
Branches often ascending,
glabrous : Ivs. cuneate,
obovate or oblong, gla-
brous, 1-1 34 in. long: heads
many - fld. : fls. white or
yellowish white, fragrant,
nearly glabrous outside,
almost 1 in. long. Apr.,
May. Mts. of southeastern Eu. B.M. 7579. F.S. 22:2313.
Gt. 29:1020. Gn. 14:143. G.C. II. 13:245 ; 17:505 ; III.
11:491.
CC. Habit erect, 1-4 ft. high.
D. Perianth densely pubescent outside.
6. serlcea, Vahl (D. colllna, Sm.). Height 1-3 ft.:
branches pubescent : Ivs. cuneate, oblong or oblanceo-
late, obtuse, slightly revolute at the margin, glabrous
and shining above, appressed-pubescent beneath,
1-1^ in. long: fls. fragrant, infew-fld. heads, with bracts,
purple, densely pubescent outside, with ovate-obtuse
lobes, % in. long. Spring. Italy to W. Asia. B.M. 428.
B.R. 24:56. L.B.C. 14:1348.
7. oleoides, Schreb. (D. buxifolia, Vahl). Shrub, to
3 ft.: branches pubescent: Ivs. obovate-elliptic to obo-
vate-lanceolate, usually mucronulate or acute, villous-
pubescent beneath, sometimes glabrous at length,
l-l^in. long: fls. in few-fld. heads without bracts,
white or pale lilac, with ovate-lanceolate, i^ointed lobes,
34 in. long. Southeastern Eu. L.B.C. 3:299. B.M. 1917.
— Very variable in shape and pubescence of Ivs. Var.
Fioni^na, Hort., with obovate-lanceolate. obtuse Ivs. and
lilac fls., is said to be a hybrid between this species and
the former.
8. bi^brida, Lindl. (Z>. Dnnphiui, Hort. D. D^Jphiui,
Lodd.). Garden hybrid of I), collina x odora. Similar
to D. odora, but hardier. Erect shrub, to 4 ft. : Ivs. cu-
neate, oblong-elliptic, dark green and shining above,
glabrous or slightly hairy along the veins beneath when
young, 2-3 in. long : fls. reddish purple, very fragrant,
rather iarge, in few-fld. beads. B.R. 1 1:1177.
677. Daphne Cneorum.
DD. Perianth glabrous outside, or nearly so.
9. oddra, Thunbg. (Z>, Jap&niea, Thnnhg. D.Indica,
Loisel., not Linn.). Shrub, to 4 ft., with glabrous
branches : Ivs. oblong-elliptic, acute at both endg
bluntly pointed, glabrous, 2-3 in. long : fls. in dense'
terminal heads, very fragrant, white to purple: ovary
glabrous. Winter and spring. China, Jap. Gn. 28:4i«9.
Gng. 2:211. — V^ar. dlba, Hort. Fls. white. Gn. 28:4y9!
Var. Maz61i, Hemsl. Fls. inpeduncled, axillary clusters
along the branches, pink outside, white within. Gn.
14:154. R.H. 1872:392. Hardier than the type. Var. ptinc-
tklA, Hemsl. P'ls. in dense heads, wlnte, spotted out-
side with red. B.M. 1587. Var. margin^ta, Hort. Lvs.
bordered yellow: fls. red. P.M. 8:175. R.H. 1866:251.
Var. rtlbra, Don. Fls. purple. S.B.F.G. II. 4:320.
G.C. III. 21: 173. D. odorbta, Hort., is a common mis-
print in catalogues for D. odora. D. odorata, Lam.=
D. Cneorum.
BB. Fls. axillary, yellowish or greenish white, glabrous
outside.
10. LauT§ola, Linn. Shrub, to 4 ft. : lvs. cuneate. obo-
vate-lanceolate, acute, shining and dark green above,
glabrous, 2-3. Va in. long : fls. in 5-10-fld., nearly sessile
racemes, yellowish green, scentless : fr. black, ilar.-
May. S. Eu., W. Asia. — Var. pnrpiiren of the Kew
Arboretum = i>. Uontteana.
11. F6ntica, Linn. Shrub, to 5 ft. : lvs. cuneate, obo-
vate or obovate-lanceolate, acute, shining, glabrous, 2-3
in. long: fls. in long-peduucled, 1-3-fld. clusters, green-
ish yellow, fragrant, with linear-lanceolate lobes. Apr.,
May. Southeastern Eu., W. Asia. B.M. 1282. G.C.
II. 14:209.
D.alplna, Linn. Erect shrub, to 2 ft.: lvs. deciduous, cu-
neate-lanceolate, sparingly silky: fls. white or blushed, termi-
nal, fragrant. May, June. S. Eu. L.B.C.1:66.— Z>. Ai<dica,Pall.
Shrub, to 4 ft.: lvs. deciduous, cuneate, oblong-lanceolate,
glabrous: fls. white, in terminal, 1-5-fld. heads, fragrant. May,
June. Altai, Songaria, Mongolia. B.M. 1875. L.B.C. 4:399.— Z).
anstralis, CyrilL^C. serieea.— Z). Caucdsica, Pall. Allied toD.
Altaica. Lvs. narrower: tls. in 3-20-fld. heads. Caucasus. B.M.
7388.— Z). Delahaydna, Hort.=D. Neapolitana. — I), glomerata.
Lam. Allied to D. Pontica. Low: fls. light pink, fragrant, the
clusters crowded at the end of the branches. May. W. Asia.—
i>. Gnidixw, Linn. Evergreen shrub, to 2 ft. : lvs. linear-lanceo-
late, acTite, glabrous: fls. yellowish white, fragrant, in terminal
racemes or panicles. S. Eu. L.B.C. 2:150.— />. yeapcUtatia,
Ijodd. (.T>. Cneorum X sericea). Evergreen shrub, to 2 ft.: lvs.
cuneate-oblong, obtuse, nearly glabrous : fls. in terminal heads,
rosy purple, fragrant. May, sometimes again in fall. L.B.C.
S-.llQ.—I). papyrifera, Sieb.=Edgeworthia Gardneri.— i>. j>«-
trcea, Leyb. Dwarf evergreen shrub : lvs. linear-lanceolate,
small, obtuse: fls. light pink, in terminal, S-G-fld. V'-.ads, fra-
grant. .June, July. S. Tyrol.— Z). rupestris, Facch. etrjea.—
Z). «fl/jci76fta, Lam.=D. Caucasiea.— Z). striata, Tratt. Dwarf
evergreen shrub : lvs. small, cuneate, linear-lanceolate, gla-
brous: fls. in terminal, many-fld. heads, pink. June, July.
Switzerland and Carpath. Mts. Alfred Rehder.
DAPHNlDIUM. See Benzoin.
DAPHNIPHtLLUM (Greek, literally a laurel-leaf).
jEuphorbidcece. A genus of oriental trees, perhaps 15
species. The following species are very rare in cultiva-
tion, and are obtained through dealers in Japanese
plants. The genus has no near allies of horticultural
value. Tropical glabrous trees: lvs. alternate, entire,
stalked, leathery, usually narrow, feather-veined : ra-
cemes axillary, f hort : bracts minute or none : fls.
stalked, dioecious, without petals : fr. an olive-shaped
drupe.
macrdpodun, Miq. Lvs. leathery; petiole 2 in. long;
blade about H in. long, 2 % in. wide, elliptic-oblong, with
a very short, hard, abrupt point: racemes of female fls.
3 in. long, slender; pedicels distint. Japan.
glauc63cen8, Blume. Tree, often 20-30 ft. high, in In-
dia, Java and Corea: petiole three to four-fifths in. long
in the pistillate plant; in the staminate 8-13 tenths of
an inch long; lvs. obovate-lanceolate, rounded at the
tip; blade 3-4 in. long, 12-16-tenths of an inch wide.
—There is a variegated form. W. M.
OABLINGTONIA (after William Darlington, the
American botanist, to whom we are indebted for the de-
lightful Memorials of Bartram and Marshall). Sarrnce-
nidcece. One of the most interesting and distinct of all
DARLINGTONIA
DASYLIRION
457
J itcher plants. There is only one species in this genus.
The plant was first collected near Mt. Shasta by the
Wilkes Exploring Expedition. Indians attacked the
party, and as the explorers retreated to their carap W. D.
Brackenridge grabbed something, which turned out to
be fragments of this exciting plant. The Darlingtonia
grows at an altitude of 5,000 feet on the Sierra Nevadas
of California, in sphagnum bogs along with sundews
and rushes. The pitchers grow in clusters, and are a
foot or two high. The pitcher is slender, erect, spirally
twisted and rounded at the top, something like a fiddle
head. From this hangs a curious reddish stnicture
with two long flaps. Underneath the rounded top is
seen the entrance to the trap, which means death to all
sorts of insects, big and little. How the plant attracts
them is not obvious, but the fate of the inscots is clear.
They climb down a long, narrow funnel, guided by nee-
dle-like downward-pointing hairs. Arrived at the bot-
tom, the insects find these needles numerous and con-
verging. As they attempt to escape they are confronted
by an impassable array of lances. The manner of their
death can be easily imagined. They sink into the bot-
tom in a putrid, sticky mass, and the products of de-
composition are presumably absorbed by the plant.
Darlingtonias have been grown outdoors in the east
the year round in a few special localities. Edward Gil-
lett, at Southwick, Mass., grows them in a favored spot
without artificial protection. F. H. Hor^ford can pre-
serve them at Charlotte, Vt., w^ith the aid of a winter
mulch.
Califdmica, Ton*. Fig. G78. Rootstock horizontal: Ivs.
forming pitchers as described above, which are curi-
ously veined, and have a wing on the ventral surface
and a crest on top, green, finally becoming a pear yel-
low: scape erect, %-\%it. high, clothed with obtuse,
erect, concave, half -clasping bracts: fls. solitary, nod-
ding, 3 in. across; sepals 5, pale green; petals shorter
than the sepals, about 1 in. long, converging, greenish
yellow, w'th broad reddish brown veins, contracted
above the middle; stigmas 5; ovary cylindrical below,
dilated into a broad .i-lobed top with a deep depression
in the center, 5-ceIled : seeds obovate-club-shaped. B.M.
5920. I.H. 18:75. F.S. 14:1440. G.C. III. 7:84, 85;
17:304; 24:339.-Int. to cult, about 1861. w. M.
As greenhouse plants, Darlingtonias require the same
treatment as their allies, Sarracenias, Dioneas and Dro-
seras. A well grown collection of these plants is not
only very interesting and curious, but also very beauti-
ful. To succeed, they must occupy a shaded position,
and never be allowed to become dry. Give a cool, moist,
even temperature. If possible a glass case should
be provided for them, with provision made for ven-
tilation; a constant moist atmosphere can be more
easily maintained, and at the same time the green-
house in which they are grown may be freely ven-
tilated without injury to these plants. The material
in which they grow best is two-thirds fern root fiber
with the dust shaken out, and one-third chopped sphag-
num moss and silver sand, with a few nodules of char-
coal added. About the first week in July is perhaps the
best time for potting, though one must be guided by the
condition of the plants, choosing a time when they
are the least active. When well established they wiH
only require potting once in two years. The pots should
be placed in pot saucers as a safeguard against their
ever becoming dry, and all the space between the pots
should be filled with sphagnum moss up to the rims of
the pots. A temperature of 40° to 45° during winter, with
a gradual rise as the days lengthen in spring, will suit
them admirably. During the summer they should be
kept well shaded, or they may be removed to a well
shaded frame outside, in some secluded position free
from hot, drying winds. Propagation of these plants is
effected by division of the r(X)ts, or by seeds sown on
live sphagnum moss in pans, the moss being made very
even and the pans placed either under a bell jar or glass
case in a cool, moist atmosphere. [For detailed English
experience, see G.C. III. 24:338.]
Edward .J. Canning.
Darlingtonia Courfii was named after William Court,
for many years hybridizer and traveler for James
Veitch & Son. Some say it is a hybrid between a
Nepenthes and Darlingtonia Califomica. Its Ivs. or
pitchers are shorter ami stouter than those of D. Cali'
fornica, and more rounded at the mouth. The stalks of
the pitchers bend out almost horizontally from the base
or crown of the plant and then be-
come erect. The treatment is much
the same as for D. Califomica. ex-
cept that it must be kept indoors in
w^inter. It .hrives well in a house
with OdontogloHSum crispum and
Masdevallia. It is generally st;j-
pended like Nepenthes. The writer
has successfully g^rown it when it
was potted in peat or sphagnum, in a
i
678. Young leaves of Darlinetonia.
small pot which was inverted into a larger pot, with a
layer of sphagniun packed in between, and the whole
kept constantly moist. It is an interesting and attrac-
tive plant, and enjoys considerable popularity in Eng-
^^^^' Henry A. Siebrecht.
DABNEL. Lolium perenne.
DASTLtBION (Greek, tufted lily). LilicicecB. Highly
ornamental plants, well adapted for rockeries, for iso-
lated specimens on lawns, decoration of conservatories,
staircases, et«., and eminently suitable for terraces and
vases, in the formal style of gardening. Trunk short or
missing altogether : Ivs. in large number, inserted in a
symmetrical way, so as t(> form a dome or globe-shaped,
regi^'
e
,',
' '*ad, more or less serrulated, and in some
iding in a brush-like tuft of dried fibers. The
< '^f numberless whitish green, minute flow-
" a striking feature. Dasylirions generally
Dr. ncL ». -. ' io<miing. They are of the easiest pos-
sible culvur J, and will stand some degrees of frost, par-
ticularly if kept dry. Easily propagated from seeds
and from cuttings of the branches when produced, as
they do not sucker as a rule. Six or perhaps more
species altogether. Natives of the arid region com-
prising southwestern Texas, New Mexico, Arizona
and northern Mexico. The following are grown in south-
em gardens and in conservatories up north, but not as
much as they deserve. y. Fkanceschi.
These plants are inferior to Yucca filamentosa in
hardiness and in showiness and regularity of fiowering,
but they have an individuality of their own which should
commend them to amateurs who like things that every-
body doesn't have. They are especially esteemed in
California, where the great flower-stalks, 8 or 10 ft. high,
458
DASYLIRION
DATE
give a strong impression of the desert, which contrasts
forcibly with civilized surroundings. The individual
flowers are not highly colored, but the spikes are
several feet long. Three plants sold as Dasylirions be-
long to Nolina, a closely related genus, which is chiefly
distinguished by fruit characters. In Dasylirion the
ovarj' has .*i ovules, and the fruit is dry and indehiscent,
or splits through the partitions and between the cells.
In Nolina the ovary has 2 ovules, and the fruit is dry,
often 3-winer^d, ami bursts in an irregular fashion. The
latest monograph is in Latin by J. G. Baker in Joum.
Linn. Soc. Vol. 18(1881).
A. Stems 4-angled, square in section.
qoadrangrulJltain, S. Watson. Trunk 3 ft. high : Ivs.
drooping, dark green, 2 ft. or more long, 2-3 lines broad
at the base, soon narrower and quadrangular, the mar-
gin rough but not toothed. Mex. Discovered in 1878.—
This is the only species with entire, not toothed, leaf-
marglns. With Franceschi the trunk is so short as to
be almost globular ; the Ivs. are 4-G ft. long, slightly
arching, and not splitting into fibers.
AA Stems not 4-angled.
B. Tips of Ivs. not splitting into fibers.
glaucoph^llum, Hook. {D. glaiictim, Carr.). Recog-
nized by the above charatiter and by the very glaucous,
bluish green Ivs., of which the inner ones are strict and
rigid, not gracefully drooping, the outer ones recurved,
2-3 ft. long, S-9 lines wide above the base. Mex. B.M.
5041. R. H. 1872, p. 435. G.C. II. 13: 205.]
BB. Tips of Ivs. splitting into fibers,
c. Trunk long, 2-5 ft.
D. Teeth on the leaf-margins yellowish.
Tex&ntun, Scheele. Lvs. light green, 3-4 ft. long, 5-6
lines wide above the base ; margin serrulate, armed
with hooked teeth 1 line long and 3-6 lines apart;
flower-stalk 8-10 ft. high. Tex. and New Mex.
DD. Teeth on the leaf-margins brown.
Whedleri, S.Wats. Lvs. very similar to those of D.
Texamim, 7-9 lines wide. The lvs. are shorter than in
D. glaucophyllum, and they usually have a spiral twist,
which gives the plant a remarkable appearance. Ariz
and N. Mex.
cc. Trunk short.
D. Bacemes short, densely fid.
E. Length of lvs. S-i ft.
graminildlitun, Zucc. Trunk very short : rosette of
lvs. 4-5 ft. across : lvs. 3-7 lines wide above the base,
tipped with 6-8 spreading fibers. Mex. Int. into cult,
about 1835. — This name and D. serratifolium were given
by Zuccarini without description, and are greatly con-
fused in botanical literature and perhaps also in gardens.
EE. Length of lvs. 2-3 ft.
acr6trichum, Zucc. (D. grdcile, Zucc). Trunk in gar-
dens unbranched, finally 4-5 ft. high : lvs. G-8 lines wide,
pale green, hardlv glaucous, splitting at the tip into
20-30 fibers, the outer lvs. recurved. Mex. B.M. 5030.
F.S. 14:1448. G.C. III. 19: 204.
DD. Bacemes long, loosely fid.
serratifdlium, Zucc. Lvs. exactly as in />. acrotrichum,
7-8 lines wide above the base. Mex. —Can be distin-
guished only in flower. ^^ t^j^
DATE. A palm, Pho'nix dactylifera, Linn., native
to N. Africa and Arabia, and extensively planted in
countries under Arabic control. It is also grown to some
extent in southern Asia and southern Europe and in
other tropical and subtropical countries. The pulpy
fruits constitute one of the most important articles of
food of the Arabs ; and the leaves and other parts of the
plant afford materials for dwellings and many domestic
uses. Nearly all parts of the plant are utilized in some
way. The Date palm reaches a height of 100 ft., mak-
ing a straight, shaggy trunk, an«l it continues to bear
for one or two centuries. It is dioecious. See Phoenix.
The Date palm has been grown in parts of the United
States and adjacent Mexico for many years. In Florida,
California, and restricted areas of a few other states,
it has been grown for decorative purposes for more than
a century. At the missions founded by the Spaniards
at St, Augustine, and other places in Florida, and that
long line of missions extending from far into Mexico
northward and westward through southern New Mexico'
Arizona and California, it is probable that the Date was
planted wherever the climatic conditions were favor-
able. Within the borders of the United States the
greater number of these early plantings were in Florida
or along the coast of southern California, regions where
the sum total of summer heat is not sufficient to perfectly
develop the Date fruit. The Date, as a fruit producer
being indigenous to a desert environment, does not take
kindly to humid regions, even where it is not suflBciently
cold to prohibit the growth of the tree. For this reason
the greater number of the early plantings in this country
matured little fruit, while that produced was of poor
quality, although in many instances the trees grew luxu-
riantly and to large size. In the more arid portions of
Lower California and Sonora, where there is sufficient
water for irrigation, the early plantings have been con-
tinued down to the present time, and Dates of fair
quality have been grown for many years. Moreover,
etwh year the area devoted to Dates is increasing. Not
only have sufficient Dates been grown in Sonora to sup-
ply the local markets and the markets of the larger
cities, Hermosillo, Guaymas and Altar, but during the
past year a surplus has been shipped from the state.
The part of tlie United States suitable for growing
the Date tree, for the profitable production of fruit, is
confined to rather narrow limits; viz., the irrigable por-
tion of southern Arizona below an altitude of 2.500 feet
and the somewhat similar area of southern California
east of the coast ranges of mountains, where the sum-
mer temperature is not lowered by proximity to the sea.
As a tree, however, it will make excellent growth over
a much larger area, including the semi-arid regions of
central and southern California. Over the larger area
it will occasionally bloom and the earlier varieties ma-
ture fruit, but the summer heat will rarely be sufficient
to bring it to a high degree of perfection. In recent
years Dates have matured in favorable localities in
California, in both the San Joaquir. and Sacrament(>
valleys, but it is only east of the mountains in the irri-
gable regions of the Mojave desert that there is suffi-
cient summer heat to mature an annual crop. In the
strictly desert regions of southern Arizona and south-
eastern California the planting of seedling Dates is
rapidly increasing, and the time is not far distant when
in this region not a little attention will be given to the
production of this fruit. Among the older trees may be
mentioned those on a ranch owned by Hall Hanlon,
situated on the California side of the Colorado river a
few miles below Yuma. In 1875 Mr. Hanlon received a
box of Dates from La Paz, Lower California, which were
grown at that place, and planted the seed the same year.
From these seeds 12 pistillate and several staminate
trees were raised, the trees beginning to bloom at the
age of 5 years. All the pistillate trees have fruited
abundantlj' each year since 7 years of age. and now vary
in height from 20 to 50 feet, each tree producing yearly
from 6 to 17 bunches of fruit, the bunches varying in
weight from 20 to 38 pounds.
In recent years many seedling palms ha%'e come into
bearing in southern Arizona, particularly in Salt river
valley. On the Bartlett, Adams & Co's. ranch at Glen-
dale, several seedling Dates were in bearing in the
fall of 1898, at which time one tree, 8 years from seed,
bore an estimated crop of more than 400 pounds. On
a ranch owned by E. L. Arthur, in the vicinity of
Tempe, a dozen or more palms were in bearing the same
year, several of which bore one or more bunches of fruit
the fourth year after planting. In addition to those
cited above, many seedling palms bore during the fall
of 18(t- at Pha?nix, Tempe, Glendale, Mesa, Arizola,
Flore! Yuma, Tucson, and other points in southern
Arizona, and a number of localities in California.
An impetus was given to Date culture in this country by
the importation by the U. S. Department of Agriculture,
in the spring of 1891 and 1892, of 74 rooted suckers. 68 of
which were supposed to have been taken from female
trees of approved varieties, while the remaining six were
labeled male. These trees were distributed to various
DATE
DATE
459
679. An American
seedllne Date.
points in New Mexico, Arizona and California. Those
planted on the Experiment Station farm at Phoenix
have made a much V>etter growth and bloomed more
freely than the plants sent elsewhere, some of the speci-
mens at this Station, in the fall of 1898, measuring more
than 20 feet to the topmost leaf and
producing 100 to 200 pounds of
fruit to the tree. A sulficient num-
ber of the imported palms have
blossomed to indicate that they
are not true to name, more than
one-half of those blossoming to
date being staminate, while those
that have fruited are inferior to a
number of the choicer seedlings
grown in Arizona. It yet remains
for another importation to be made,
when greater care may be taken
that the imported plants are suck-
ers from trees of recognized merit
and approved varieties.
An examination of specimens of
fruit from many of the seedling
Dates grown in the United States^
as well as in the state of Sonora,
Mexico, during the season of 1898,
and also an examination of the
fruit of the imported Dates at the
Experiment Station farm at Phoe-
nix, showed considerable variation
in the size, flavor, shape, color, and
general desirability of the differ-
ent specimens. Only about 50 per cent of the trees ex-
amined bore edible Dates, the remainder being astrin-
gent even when fully ripe, and little more than a skin
over a pit. Of the remaining 50 per cent only about
one-fifth were especially desirable and worthy of per-
petuating by growing suckers. It must be rememberf d
in this connection that Dates, like most other fruits, do
not come true to seed ; hence, it is not reasonable to ex-
pect a very large percentage of desirable Dates as a re-
sult of growing seedlings. Some of the best seedling
Dp -38 grown in Arizona in 1898 were light in color and
varied in weight from two-sevenths to one-fourth ounce
to the specimen, with from 10 to 11 parts in weight of
flesh (mesocarp) to one part of pit. The largest of the
imported Dates; viz., the variety labelled "Seewah," pro-
•iuced Dates averaging nearly one-third ounce to the
specimen. Although this is the largest Date yet pro-
duced in Arizona, and probably in the United States,
the pit is extremely large, there being but 8 parts of
flesh to one of pit. Fuitherraore, the flesh is covered
with a thick skin ( epicarp ) , and there is a firm papery
covering (endocarp) over the pit. An excessive develop-
ment of either epicarp or endocarp is undesirable.
Choice varieties of Dates should have thin skins and
small see<ls surrounded by a thin, papery covering. The
flesh should be thick, of medium firmness, sweet, and of
agreeable flavor. The Date industry' in the United
States is in its infancy. Approved varieties have not as
yet been introduced and the quantity of fruit produced
has not reached suflicient magnitude to give it a com-
mercial rating.
The Date palm grows upon nearly all kinds of soil. If
it be sufficiently irrigated and has the rt-quisite amount
of heat, the soil seems to be a secondary consideration.
In general it may be said, however, that iean. sandy soils
of the desert, with a small percentage of clay and
charged with alkaline salts, are preferable to rich and
heavy soils, suitable for growing ordinarj' crops. The
question of water is of great importance in the culture
of Dates, as it is necessary that the roots of the Date
palm be in moist earth throughout the year. In general,
the amount of water required for successful culture is
considerable. If sufficient water cannot be supplied by
natural methods, we must resort to irrigation. Water
should be supplied at frequent intervals throughout the
year. However, the most should be supplied in the
spring before blot)ming, and in the fall prior to the
ripening of the fruit. The amount of water for each
palm depends so much upon soil and local conditions
that an estimate would be worthless. Care should be
taken not to irrigate to excess at the time of blooming
and Immediately after, as it will militate against the
successful setting of the fruit. The Date seems not only
to enjoy a high atmospheric temperature, but a high
temperature of the water supplied in irrigation as well.
In irrigating small crops by flooding, it is necessary in
midsummer to irrigate late in the afternoon or at night
in order to prevent scalding. Care should be taken, dur-
ing the warmer portion of the year, that the Date palm
is not subjected to hot water about the roots, rising
above the soil for a considerable length of time, and
later left until the soil becomes exceedingly dry and
baked by the sun. Such extremes may sometimes seri-
ously injure or destroy the tree.
Dates are propagated either by seeds or suckers. As
with the apple and most other fruits. Dates do not come
true to seed, hence the only sure way to obtain good
Dates is to secure a sucker from a tree of established
excellence. Propagation from seed is of little value
when we desire to obtain Dates of the same quality as
those from which the seeds were obtained, or when we
wish a correct proportion of male to female trees.
Again, seedling palms are usually very much later in ma-
turing their fruit, and generally the fruit from such
trees have large seeds and little flesh. It is always
preferable to propagate Dates from suckers unless one
desires to originate new varieties, not only on account
of the knowledge of the sex (it being hardly necessary
to state that the sex of a sucker is the same as that of
the plant from which it is taken), but on account of the
ability to make a selection in the variety and quality of
the fruit.
All species belonging to the genus Phoenix are diffi-
cult to transplant with uniform success. Frequently as
high as 50 per cent of transplanted Dates die even
when watered daily and given the best of care. In plant-
ing suckers, with the
best of attention, a
large percentage die:
while without care not
one in a hundred will
grow. It is due not so
much to the lack of ex-
perience in removing
the suckers as to lack
of proper care after
removal, that so large
a percentage fail to
grrow. Suckers may be
removed at any time
during the spring or
early summer, or even
in the winter, if proper
care be given them
after removal. If they
are to be planted in the
open ground it is advis-
able to remove them
during the spring or
early summer, April
probably being the best
month. In winter, when
the plants are at a
standstill, the suckers
may be removed with
comparatively small
loss, if the bulbs be
not less than 4 inches
in diameter and have
a few roots. It is nec-
essary, when suckers
are removed at this sea-
son, to set them in
rather small pots, so
that the earth, which
should be given a daily
soaking, may have a
chance to get warm
quickly. The pots
should be kept in a greenhouse, or, better yet, imbedded
in a hotbed of manure, covered with the customary
frame and glass. In all cases the leaves should be
cut back to 6 to 12 inches in length. If proper atten-
tion can be given it is best to plant the suckers where
s*'^'^
^.•»
680. Fruit clusters of Date,
as erown in Arizona,
460
DATE
DATURA
they are to rpmain, as a second chance for loss occurs
when they are planted in a nursery and later moved to
the position that they are finally to occupy. A 2-inch
chisel, well sharpened, and an appropriate mallet are
the important tools to use in reniovintf suckers. The
leafstalks should be cut away, exjwsinK the bulb of the
sucker, care beinj? taken not to injure the bulb in re-
movinjjf. One should cut in rather deeply at either side,
not beinj? afraid of injuring the old plant, cutting out a
V-shaped portion extending from the base of the bulb
downward for a foot or more, and being careful to se-
cure in uninjured condition all the attached roots. If
the position of the sucker be not too high above the
ground the V-shaped portion should be continued down-
ward into the soil, that all established roots be obtained.
Under proper cultivation the Date palm should pro-
duce from 10 to 14 leaves each year. A well developed
tree will have at one time from 30 to 60 leaves, the old
ones dying away below while new ones are forming at
the top. The different varieties show great variation in
rapidity of growth, form and length of leaves, size of
stem, and general aspect of plant. The stem of the
Date palm is very elastic, and when it reaches a height
of 10 or more feet it is frequently necessary to tie the
growing bunches of Dates securely to the lower leaf-
stalks, that they be not broken and injured by the wind
before maturity.
For further information, consult Bull. 29, Arizona
Exp. 6ta. J. w. TouMEY.
A successful method of propagation of Date trees is
to bank up earth about the base of the parent tree and
above the base of the suckers, and keep moist by wa-
tering daih' to induce formation of rtKjts. Suckers may he
partially severed from the old stock before the banking
is done, or after the roots have started. When the roots
are well grown, the suckers may be transplanted with
little loss.
For purposes of pollination the Arabs usually plant
about one male tree to 25 female or fruit-bearing trees.
In order to secure perfect pollination, they cut sprays
of male blossoms, when the pollen is in the best condi-
tion, and tie them to the leaf-stems above the pistillate
flowers at the time they are opening. If this were done
in cases where isolated female Date trees are growing
in America, there would be much perfect and delicious
fruit where now there is that which is worthless, be-
cause of the lack of pollination.
In the earlier importations the agents were imposed
upon by either ignorant or designing natives of Egypt,
by sending seedlings instead of rooted suckers, which
were specifically ordered. The varieties from Algeria
and Arabia were suckers from the best varieties, but un-
fortunately, most of them have died. At least two are
yet living at the California Experiment Station at Tulare.
This year, 1899, the Department of Agriculture at Wash-
ington has succeeded in importing, through a special
agent sent to Algeria, a number of suckers from the best
bearing trees in that country, and further efforts are be-
ing made to secure more plants from there, and from
other famous Date-growing countries.
H. E. Van Deman.
DATE PLUM. Another name of Persimmon.
DAT0BA (Arabic name). Includes Brugmansia.
Solaniicew. This genus contains the widespread James-
town Weed and several plants cultivated for their
huge trumpet-like flowers, which have an odor that is
verj' pleasant to some. The genus has perhaps 25
species, widely dispersed in warm and temperate re-
gions. Herbs, shrubs and trees : Ivs. large, entire or
wavy -toothed : fls. large, solitary, erect or pendulous,
mostly white, with more or less violet, rarely red or
yellow: fr. spiny. The most popular kind in northern
gardens is commonly called Z>. cornucopia (Fig. 681),
which is especially interesting when its flowers develop
2 or 3 well-defined trumpets, one within another. Some-
times, however, these double flowers are a confused
mass of petalage. Double and triple forms are likely to
occur in any of the species described below. The Horn
of Plenty, D. cornucopia, has been especially popular
in America since about 1895, when it was found in South
America by an orchid collector of the United States
Xursery Company, and soon became widely distributed
ill "yellow, white, blue and deep carmine," all double
forms. The " yellow" was probably a dull, creamy sha<le
and the "blue," a violet. The disseminators' assert
that seeds started in Januar>', Februar>- or March will
produce 200-.'{00 fragrant flowers in a season.
Daturas contain strong narcotics. Large doses are poi-
sonous, small iloses medicinal. Separate preparations of
Stramonium seed and leaves are commonly sold in the
drug stor<->. />. Stramonium (Fig. 682) is the Thorn
Apple or .lamestown Weed, the latter name being cor-
rupted into Jimpson Weed. Its foul, rank herbajre and
large spiny fruits are often seen in rubbish heaps. At
the first successful settlement in America— .Jamestown
Va., 1607— dt is said that the men ate these thorn apples
with curious results. Capt. John Smith's account of their
mad antics is very entertaining. It has been conjectured
that this same plant was used by the priests at Delphi to
produce oracular ravings. The seeds of I), xauguineu
are said to have been used by Peruvian priests that were
believed to have prophetic power. The Arabs of central
Africa are said to smoke parts of the drie<l plant for
asthma and influenza.
Daturas are of easy culture. Some are treated as
tender annuals. In the north the woody species can he
grown outdoors in summer, and stored in cellars durinij
the winter; in the south and in S. California they are
almost everblooming. Daturas are sometimes kept
in c&ol conservatories the year round, in which case
they should be planted in the border, as Daturas rarely
flower well in pots, their roots being large and spread-
ing and requiring a constant supply of moisture. This
method produces great quantities of bloom in sprintr.
After flowering, the plants should be cut in to the main
limbs, or a very straggling and unsightly growth will
result.
A. Flowers red.
aanguinea, Ruiz. & Pav. Tree-like shrub, 4-12 ft. hijrh :
brunches fragile, leafy at the apex: Ivs. clustered. ;>-7
from the same point, ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, almost
7 in. long, 2}4-2% in. wide, pubescent on both sides,
shining green above, paler beneath, the lower Ivs. wavy
or angled, upper one entire; petioles 2V2 in. long, chan-
neled, pubescent : peduncles terminal : fls. pendulous,
brilliant orange red, about 8 in. long; calyx ovate, 5-
angled. variegated, inflated. Peru. B.R. 20:17.39. F.S.
18: 1883.— Franceschi says it is more erect-growing
than i>. corttigera and 2>. suaveolens, with smaller, less
open and not fragrant fls. All the other species are
said to be easily raised from cuttings, but this is very
slow to take rooi;.
681. A triple lorm of Datura fastuosa. commonly known
as D. cornucopia.
AA. Flowers yellow.
cMor^ntha, Hook. Shrub, glabrous throughout: Ivs.
broadh' ovate, almost triangular; margin wavy, with
short, rather sharp, very distinct teeth: peduncles axil-
lary, very short: fls. pendulous, yellow; calyx tubular,
with 5 nearly uniform, short, triangular teeth. Habitat
imknown. B.M. 5128. Gn. 46 : 988 and 49, p. 379. - Datura
"(Tolden Queen'' is presumably a horticultural variety
of this species. While this species is horticurally dis-
tinct by reason of its yellow fls., it is a very doubtful
DATUliA
DAVALLIA
461
gpecies botanirally. heinp founded on a very double
garden fomi of unknown origin. In Vilmorin's Blumen-
gartnerei it is referred to D. humilis. Dent., but D. hu-
milin, according to Index Kewensis, is to be referred to
j), faatuosa.
682. Pods of Datura Stramonium (X /^).
AA. FIs. white, sometimes touched with violet.
B. Plants tall, 7-15 ft. high: blossoms pendulous.
c. Calyx tubular, with 5 obscure teeth.
suavdolens, Humb. & Bonpl. (Z>. Gdrdneri, Hook.).
Angels Trumpet. This is the plant which is usually
cultivated as D. arborea. It is said to be very distinct
from the true D. arborea of Linn., but it can be sepa-
rated with certainty only by the calyx. Tree-like shrub,
10-15 ft. high : Ivs. ovate oblong, 6-12 in. long, 2M-4 in.
wide, entire, glabrous, petioled, often unequal at the
base: fls. 9-12 in. long; calj'x inliated, angled, glabrous,
with 5 obscure teeth ; corolla tube plaited, the limb with
') short lobes; anthers crowded together. Mex. G.C. III.
11:593; 23:71. S.H. 2: 433.-Franceschi says it resem-
bles D. cornigera in habit and fls., but the Ivs. and
stems are almost glabrous, and the calyx lacks the char-
acteristic spur-like appendage of D. cornigera. The
double form is much commoner in the gardens than the
single.
CC. Calyx spathe-like, not toothed.
arbdrea, Linn. (Brugmdnsia arbdrea, Steud.).
Akgel's Trxjmpet. Small tree: Ivs. ovate-lanceolate,
margin entire, never wavy or angled, pubescent, in
pairs, one a third shorter than the other; petioles 1 in.
or more long: fls. with a niusk-like odor; calyx tubular,
entire, spathe-like, acuminate; corolla tube terete, the
lobes of the limb very long; anthers distinct, not con-
glomerate. Peru and Chile. G.C. II. 11: 141.— Most of
the plants cult, under this name are presumably D. swa-
'■iolens. The extent to which the true Z>. arborea is
cultivated is undetermined.
BB. Plants less tall, only 2-5 ft high.
C. Blossoms erect: calyx not spurred.
D. Corolla 5-toothed.
fastudsa, Linn.(Z?. and B. comucdpia, Hort. ). Fig. 681.
Annual, 4--5 ft. high, herbaceous: Ivs. ovate-lanceolate,
acuminate, acute and unequal at the base, toothed or
"ivavy, glabrous on both sides, solitary, upper onps in
pairs, one of which is larger, 7-8 in. "long, 214-3% in.
wide: petioles \%-2)4 in. long: fls. 6^-7 in. long, violet
outside, whitish within; calyx purple, angled, 2 in. long,
5-toothed, the teeth triangtilar lanceolate, acuminate, 5
lines long, 2-3 lines wide. Native of Intlia. Naturalized
in the tropics of both worlds. F.S. 14: 1457. (in. 46: 978
and I.H. 42: 25. -There is a variety Haberiina. This is
the commonest of all Daturas in eastern gardens.
DD. Corolla 10-toothed.
meteloides, DC. {D. Wrlghtii, Hort.). Perennial (cult,
as an annual north ) : branches slender, forked : Ivs.
ovate oblong, almost entire, acuminate, acute at both
ends, not cordate or angled, upper leaves often in pairs,
the larger 2-2 M '"• !*»">?. 8-9 lines wide; pftinles thick
ened al Ihe base, 4-5 lines wide: calyx tubular, the teeth
large, 5-10 in. long, very acute, unequal; corolla about
4-8 in. long, or twice as long as the calvx, 10-toothed,
the teeth short. California. Gt. 18.'j9:2«iO. R.H. 1857,
p. 571.— Misspelled metalioides, etc. The name means
"like D. Metel" which is a common plant in S. Europe.
"i>. meteloides is a perennial, spreading over the ground
in large clumps: Ivs. greyish dull green color: fls. stand-
ing erect, white, delicately tinged with light violet-
purple, not quite as fragrant as D. suaveolens. This can
be grown also as an annual, easily blooming the first
year from seed. The common statements that this plant
is an annual are incorrect."— i'Vanc<?«fAi.
CC. Blossoms pendulous : calyx with a long spur.
cornigera, Hook. {D. and B. Knlghtii, Hort.). Height
3-4 ft., branches downy : Ivs. chiefly at the ends of
brandies, ovate, petioled, acuminate, margin entire,
wavy or angled : fls. pendulous, white or creamy white,
very fragrant at night, striated, 5-lobed, the lobes ter-
minated by a long awl-shaped spreading or recurved
point; stamens included. Mex. B.M. 42.^2. B. Knightii
seems to be only a trade name for the double form. Gn.
45: p. 549. — Cornigera means homed or spurred, referring
to the character of the calyx, which easily separates this
species. "This and D.suaveolens are known as ' Flori-
pondio' to the Spanish-Americans, perhaps no other
plant being more popular with them."— JP. Franceschi.
W. M.
DAUCIJS (ancient Greek name). Umbellifercp . Per-
haps 2.") annual and biennial herbs of very wide distribu-
tion. One or 2 species are native to N. Amer., and the
wild Carrot is an abundant old-fitld weed in the north-
eastern states. See Carrot.
DAVALLIA (a personal name). Polypodidcece. A
large genus of mostly tropical ferns, usually with firm,
somewhat finely divided foliage and coriaceous semi-
cylindric indusia, which are attached at both the base
and sides. Some of the smaller species are large' y used
for hanging baskets. For D. concinna and I), oenicu-
lacea, see Loroscaphe ; D. parvula, see Leucostegia ;
D. platyphylla, see Mierolepia ; D. stricta, set Steno-
loma ; D. tenuifolia, see Stenoloma : D. Tyermauni, see
Humata. l. M. Under-wood.
The diverse habits of growth of the many different
species of Davallias, and their good lasting qualities,
peculiarly fit them under ordinary care for decorative
purposes, where delicate and graceful plants are desired.
Among the many species, the following are most often
seen and best adapted for commercial purposes: D. bul-
lata, D. parvula, very dwarf; B. pentaphylla, young
fronds of a dark bronzy g^een, and D. Tyermanni, are
well adapted for hanging baskets. D. disseeta and var.
elegans, D. concinna, I). Fijiensis and vars. plumosa and »
majus, D. forniculacea, D. solida, D. pallida (syn.,
Mooreana) and I), pyxidata are a<iapted for large speci-
men plants. D. tenuifolia and vars. stricta and I'eitchi-
ana are desirable for fern dishes, because of their
dwarfish habit of growth and the ease with which they
may be raised from spores.
Old plants of Davallia may be cut into a number of
smaller ones with a sharp knife. Planted firmly into
shallow pans and placed in a temperature of 60-65° F.,
they soon develop into symmetrical plants. The rhizomes
should be firmly fastened to soil by strong copper-wire
staples, where they will root in a short time. To gain
a large number of small plants, the rhizomes should be
detache«l, cleaned from all soil and roots, laid on sand
and thinly covered with moss. Placed in a shaded posi-
462
DAVALLIA
DEARBORN
tion in a temperature of 65-70'' and kept moderately
moist, a number of small plants will develop from the
dormant eyes, which may be separately potted as soon
as of sufficient size. Spores of Davallia should be sown
on a fine compost of soil, leaf-nutld or peat and sand in
equal parts, and placed in a shaded position in a tem-
perature of 0(M>5° P. All the operations of propagation
of Darallias will be most successful if carried on during
the spring months. All Davallias delight in a rich and
open compost, an abundance of light and air, and moisture
at their roots, a temperature of (>(M>5° F. and a thorough
syringing every bright day. x. N. Bbcckner.
A. Lva. once pinnate, with few linear segments.
pentaph^lla, Blume. Lvs. scattered from a stout
fibrilictse rootstock, with 1 terminal and -MI lateral
pinnae, 4-4> in. long, J^in. broatl; sori in marginal rows.
Java and Polynesia.
AA. Li's. tt'i-quadri-pinnatifid, deltoid.
B. Length of lvs. usually less than 1 ft.
boll&ta, Wall. Fig. GKJ. Lvs. scattered from a creep-
ing rootstock, which is clothed with light brown fibrillose
scales, often whitish when young ; 8-10 in. long,
4-6 in. wide, quadri-pinnatitid, with deeply incised seg-
ments; texture firm. India to Java and Japan. F.E.
11:543.
683. Davallia bullata.
MiLriesii, Moore. Rootstock stout, with brownish
scales, which are lanceolate from a broad dilated base:
lvs. deltoid, 4-'j in. each way, with the pinnae cut away at
the lower ?ide at base; segments short-linear, l-nerved;
sori intrainarginal. Japan. G.C. III. 13: 571.
BB. Length of lvs. 1-S ft.
c. Foliage commonly iri-pinnatifid.
6Ie^an8, Swz. Rootstock clothed with woolly fibers:
lvs, 9-15 in. wide, with the main rachis slightly winged
toward the apex ; indusia several to a segment, with the
sharp teeth projecting beyond the cups. Ceylon to Aus-
tralia and Polynesia.
861ida, Swz. {D. orndta, Wall.). Rootstock clothed
with appressed scales or fibers : lvs. 1-2 ft. long, 1>-15
in. wide, the center of the apex broad ami undivided •
segments broad and slightly cut ; indusia niurginal.
Malaya.
cc. Foliage commonly quadri-pinnatifid.
pyxidJLta, Cav. Rootstock clothed with pale Itrown
linear scales : lvs. tri-quatiri-pinnatifld. 6-9 jn. limad.
with ol)long s«>gments ; sori with a broad space outside^
which is extended into a horn-like projection. Australia!
Fiji^nsis, Hook. Lvs. 6-12 in. broad, with the lower
pinna' deltoid and the segments cut into narrow, linear
divisions >H->4in. long ; sori on the dilated apices of
the segments, with no horn. Fiji Islands. A.F. 6:900-
9: 233. G.C. III. 23: 323.-One of the finest species, with
numerous varieties.
diss^cta, J. Sni. Rootstock stout, with dense, rusty
scales : lvs. ll>-12 in. broad, on straw-colored stalks ;
segments oblong, cuneate at base, with simple or bifld
lobes ; sori minute, often with two projecting horns.
Java.
BBB. Length of lvs. 2-S ft.
divaric&ta, Blume (D. polydntha, Hook.). Rootstock
with linear rusty scales : lvs. tri-pinnatitid. sometimes
2 ft. broad, with deltoid segments cut into linear oblong
lobes ; sori at some distance from the edge. India to
Java and Hong Kong.
p&llida, Mett. (D. Mooredna, Masters). Rootstock
stout, with lanceolate dark brown scales : lvs. with straw-
colored stalks 12-18 in. long, quadri-pinnatitid, with del-
toid, stalked segments, the ultimate obovate-cuneate,
bearing the sorus on the upper side at the base. Anei-
teum and Borneo. A.F. 6: 901; 9:231. A.G. 13:143.
L. M. Underwood.
DAY FIOWEE. See Commelina.
DAY LILY. Funkia and Hemerocallis.
DEAD NETTLE. Lamium.
DEANE, KEY. SAMTTEL, poet and ai^eultural writer,
was born at Dedham, Mass., July 30, 1733, and died at
Falmouth (now Portland), Maine, Nov. 12, 1814, where
he had been pastor since Oct. 17, 1764. While vice-presi-
dent of Bowdoin College, he published, in 1790, his "New
England Farmer, or Geo rgical Dictionary,"thefirst Ameri-
can encyclopedic work on agriculture. This had a much
wider circulation, probably, than Jared Eliot's "Essays
upon Field-Husbandry," 1747. Its influence may be traced
to the middle of the present century. Deane's work was
freely quoted by F. G. Fessenden until his death, in 1837.
The second edition, 1797, was entitled The Georgical
Dictionary. A third edition was published in 1822.
Deane and Eliot were the chief writers in that early
stage of American horticulture when it was hardly im-
portant enough to be considered distinct from general
agriculture. For biographical details, see Drake's Dic-
tionarj- of American Biography.
DEABBOBN, HENRY ALEXANDER SCAMHELL,
soldier, statesman and author (1783-1851), was also au
ardent horticulturist. He was a moving spirit in the or-
ganization of the Massachusetts Hortj'-ultural Society,
and was elected its first president on the 17th of March,
1829. He was partly instrumental in the establishment
of an "experimental garden and cemetery at Mount
Auburn," the parent of rural cemeteries. The plan of
the cemeterj' was largely his ( cf . Bigelow ) . He " devoted
himself to this work most assiduously," writes the
chronicler of the society, "spending the greater part of
the autumn [1831] at Mount Auburn, in laboring with
hands as well as mind, without money and without price."
The Abbe Berlese's Monography of the Camellia was
translated by him, and published in Boston in 1838. He
also translated from the French, in 1830, an account of
the since famous Mortis multicaulis. He left MS.
writings on horticulture. For notes on his horticultural
DEARBORN
DELAWARE
463
labors, see "History of the Mass. Horticultural Society,"
1880, which contains a portrait ; also John B. Russel
in Tilton's Journ, Hort. 7:88, 157, 27r>, Uen. H. A. 8.
Dearborn was son of Gen. Henry Dearborn, of Revolu-
tion and later fame. L, H. B.
DtCOHOH {fireek.fentonthfd). Li/fhriiceir. A hardy
pefLimial herb rarely cultivated by dealers in native
plants. It has opposite or whorled Ivs., the upper with
axillary, short-stalked clusters of fls. Abroad Decodon
is usually considered u sul>>jrenus of Nestpji. It is dis-
tinjfuished from Lythrum by havinj; '> (rarely 4) petals
instead of (i. and* 8-10 stamens, while Lythrum has
mostly 6 or 12.
verticillAtus, Ell. {Xesim verticiUilta, UTiK.). Swamp
Lcx>se-!Stkifk. Smooth or downy: stems recurved, 2-8
ft. long, 4-0-side<l: Ivs. lanceolate, nearly sessile: pet-
als .'), cuneate-laneeolate, rose-purple, 'iin. long; stamens
10, half of them shorter. Swampy pnmnds, N. E. to
Fla.,west to Minn, and La. — Int. by'U. P. Kelaey.
DECUMABIA (Latin, decumns, tenth, referrinp to the
number of the parts of the tl.). SajrifrtKjdctff. Shrubs
climbing by aerial rootlets : Ivs. deciduous, opposite,
petioled : ds. in terminal peduncled corymbs, small,
white, perfect; sepals and petals 7-10 ; stamens 20-30:
fr. a r>-10-celled ribbed capsule opening between the
ribs, with numerous minute seeds. Two species in E.
N. Amer. and China, of which only the American species
is in cultivation. Ornamental climbing shrub, with
handsome glossy foliage and fragrant white tts., forming
a corymb of feathery appearance, well adapted for cover-
ing walls, rocks, trellis work and trunks of trees, but
not hardy north. Thrives in almost any humid soil.
Prop, by greenwood cuttings in summer under glass,
rarely by seeds.
birbara, Linn. {D. sarmentdsa, Bosc). Climbing to
30 ft., but usually less high : Ivs. ovate, obtuse or acute,
remotely denticulate or entire, glabrous and shining
above, 2-4 in. long : corymbs 2-3 in. broad, semiglobose.
May. June. Va. toFla.,we8ttoLa. B.B. 2:18.5. Mn. 1 : 41.
Alfred Rehdeb.
DEERBEBBY. Vaecinitim stamintum.
DEEB6BASS. Bhexia.
DELABBBEA (after a French naturalist). AralidiceaE.
A genus of two species of tall, tender shrubs from New
Caledonia, distinguished from Aralia by the fruits.
Culture same as Aralia.
spectibilis, Linden & And. {ArdiUaconcinna, Nichol-
son). Stem ashy grey, with brown, warty spots: Ivs.
odd-pinnate, Ifts. in 8-10 pairs, each 1ft. 3-toothed or
twice cut, sometimes so deeply cut as to make 3 entirely
free segments. New Caledonia. I.H. 25: 314. —Under
the name of Aralia spectabilis, two different plants
have been sold. The English dealer Bull's plant was
Aralia filicifolia. The Belgian dealer Linden*s plant
was Delarbrea'spectabilis. (See I.H. 23, p. 72. G.C. II.
5 : 603. ) The two plants can be distinguished at a glance.
The primary division of the leaf in A. filicifolia is long
and narrow, thrice as long as in D. spectabilis, and
tapering to a long point, while in D. spectabilis the pri-
mary division of the leaf is short and has 3 well-marked
segments. In A. filicifolia the secondary divisions are
deeply and irregularly cut ; in D. spectabilis they are
merely serrate. The two plants are also immediately
distinguished by the spots on the stem.
DELAWABE, HOBTICULTTJBE IV. The state of
Delaware (Fig. 684) is situated close to the largest fruit-
consuming cities of the New World. An emphatic com-
mercial advantage in the development of a diversified
horticulture arises from the modifying climatic influence
of the Delaware and Chesapeake bays; from a variety of
fertile soils ; and from the ripening of its fruits and vege-
tables between the products of the North and South.
There is probably no area in the United States which, in
its natural commercial advantages, in its climatic en-
vironment, and in the diversity of its soils, is so pre-
eminently fitted for the development of an extensive
and diversified horticulture as the peninsula to which
Delaware belongs.
New Castle, the northern county, is hilly and rolling,
and varies from a dense clay to a clay loam. Horticul-
turally, it is well wlapted to plum, pear, apple and bush-
fruit culture, and, in restricted areas, to the cherry,
peach and trucking industries. But the production of
PHILADELPHIA
I ^^GEpR&ETOWf
©SEAFORD
684. Delaware, to illustrate the horticulture.
hay, grain, and dairy products is the leading feature in
New Castle's rural activities. Kent, the central county,
is gently undulating. The soil varies from a clay loam
in the northern part to a sandy loam along the southern
border. The most diversified horticulture of the state,
including tree fruits, bush fruits, strawberries, grapes,
and vegetable products, has been developed here. In
Sussex, the southern county, which is mostly level, a
sandy soil predominates, although the underlying clay
frequently approaches the surface and forms local areas
of clay loam. The peach, strawberry, and bush fruits
are most prominently developed in Sussex, the horti-
cultural areas lying in the western half of the county.
Delaware horticulture was bom in 1832, with the peach
industry, when the tirst extensive orchard was set near
Delaware City. In a single year the value of its peach
crop was $16,<H)0. Then an era of the most rapid horti-
cultural extension was inaugurated. By 1840, half a
million baskets of peaches were shipped from the county.
But in 1842 the peach-yellows broke out near Delaware
City, and by 1867 more than one-half of the crop of three
million baskets was grown in southern New Castle
county. The orchards of New Castle had largely
disappeared in 1870, and in 1890 it contained less
than 5,000 acres. Kent county, however, in 1890 had
23,000 acres, and Sussex county 20,000 acres. In 1899,
extensive orchards were being planted again in New-
castle county and northern Kent county.
464
DELAWARE
DELPHINIUM
The center of the peaeh belt in IfiOO was along the
goutheni Ixinler of Kent county, where the trees were
comparatively healthy, but in 1890 the yellows had ex-
tended into northern SuHnex, where it ha« remained sta-
tionary for several yearM. In \H\Mi the IH-Iawiire division
of the I'hilailelphia, WilmiUi^on & Baltimore railroail
carried over two million bankets of Delaware peaches,
which was over 90 {»er cent of the total crop, and esti-
mated that there were between four and five million
bearing trees in the state.
The peach-yellows has been Responsible, primarily, for
the shifting of the peach-growing centers. No sys-
tematic, cooperative effort has l)een made to suppress
the disease. Yellows legislation is Inoperative from
a lack of public and piditical supjmrt. Intelligent grow-
ers remove trees at the first indication of infection, but
the efforts of a few individuals have not been effective
in checking the progress of the disease. The ultimate
remedy for the yellows In Delaware lies in a more
diversified horticulture.
The principal varieties of peaches are : Hale Early,
Foster, Crawf«»rd Early, ()ldmix«»n, M(M>re Favorite,
Mountain Rose, Reeves Favorite, EUierta, Brandywine,
Crawforti Late, Stump, and Smock.
Next to the peach in commercial impoi'tance are the
small fruit interests, which are most extensively de-
veloped in the southern half of Kent and the western
half of Sussex. There are between 7,<X)0 and 8,000 acres
of strawberries, rasplierries, and blackberries in these
counties, and in 1890 the Delaware Division of the P. W.
& B. R. R. carried 9,.">n0,000 quarts, or over 90 per cent
of the total product of the state. In 1898, this road car-
ried over 24,000,000 quarts of berries, and a still larger
quantity in 1899.
Since 189<5, the Lucretia dewberry has been set out in
large quantities in l>oth Kent and Sussex ci)unties, while
the blackberry a<*reage has fallen off in consequence.
Among the principal varieties of strawberries are Bu-
bach, Tennessee Prolific, Gandy, Greenville, Michel and
Haverland. The Souhegan, Palmer and Mills cora-
prise the prominent black raspberries ; the Miller,
C'uthbert, Loudon and Brandywine the red varieties ;
and Early Harvest and Wilson the blackberries.
In Kent county the pear industry is a prominent
horticultural feature. The Kieffer is the leading va-
riety. Its adaptability to various soils, its early and
precocious bearing tendencies, and the cheapness of its
production give it tmusual commercial value through<»ut
the state. In the fall of 1897 more than 40,(MK) Kieffer
trees were sold in central and southern Kent county,
and young orchards are not infrequently seen in Sussex
and New Castle counties. Sussex county will develop the
Kieffer to a large extent in the near future. In 1899,
there were about 100,000 Kieffer trees under 3 years
old and 60,000 trees over 3 years old in the state.
Previous to the advent of the Kieffer, the Bartlett,
Duchess, Lawrence and Anjou were the leading kinds,
the orchards existing in the two upper counties.
The introduction of the Japanese plum has opened
the way to plum culture. Scattering orchards of Bur-
bank and Abundance have been set in Sussex and New
Castle counties, but an extensive development is under
way in Kent. In the vicinity of Clayton and Smyrna
there were 6,000 trees in bearing in 1897, since when
10,000 trees have been set. There were 32,000 trees in
the state in 1899. The Japanese plums, as a class, are
well adapted to the state. They are destined to prove
an increasingly important factor in the horticulture in
the future, but with their concentration in neighbor-
hoods, their weak points may be expected to show more
prominently. Burbank, Abundance and Ogon have been
the leading varieties, and Red June, Chabot and Hale
are growing in popularity.
The native plums of the Hortulana and Chicka&;\w^
groups, which ripen before the northern Domestics v,v
rieties, are rapidly attaining deserved prominence. They
are hardy, easily grown, and generally command re-
munerative prices. Milton, Whitaker, Newman, Smiley
and Wild Goose comprise tlie bearing orchards, but
other varieties are growing in favor. The later ripen-
ing natives are worthless for Delaware, as the markets
are then supplied with Domestica plums.
In the vicinity of Smyrna and Clayton there are from
l.W to 200 acres of grapes, where the history of viticul-
ture began about 18.")r». (irai/e culture has wl-n a
prj>fltabl« industry in this neighborhood, the net Income
frequently exceeding |100 per acre. Recently, however
the profits have been somewhat less on acc<»uiit of the
lower prices and the grape diseases. Many of the vine-
yanls are nunlels of intelligent tilling, pruning, spray-
ing and training. Tlie prim ipal varieties are Niagara
Moore's Early, Concord, Brighton, Agawam and Wvoni-
ing Retl.
Delaware is widely knowTi, not only through her ex-
tensive «»rchards and small fruit plantations, but hImo
through the prcKlucts of her canning factories. In i^,»>,-,
the tomato output amounted to 280. (MM) cases ; peaches
to 50.000 cases ; peas to nearly a like quantity; com to
over .'jO.iKK) cases ; and a large amount of Iwrries, pears
and other fruits, not separately classified. Since 1805,
the amount of the various canne<l gmxis has not Huctu-
ated wi<lely, except witi' canne«l peas, which in 1898 had
reached 144,000 cases; and with tomatoes, which have
steadily increased.
Although Delaware is preeminently a horticultural
state, its capabilities in horticulture are largely unde-
veloped. Its physical environment makes it a natural
fruit garden. There are several industries that could
be profitably introduced or extended to larger acreages.
Apple culture ; plum culture, of the Japanese and early
native types ; sour cherry culture, especially for can-
ning ; nut culture, on cheap lan<l ; vegetable" growing,
and glass-house gardening— all offer opportunities for a
greater horticultural diversity. The various fruit inter-
t sts are gradually extending over wider areas, and it
may lie expected that Delaware will not only maintain
its present horticultural prestige, but will be an in-
creasingly potent factor in American horticulture in the
f^^^re. ^1 Harold Powell.
DELPHINIUM (Greek, a dolphin, from the resem-
blance of the flower). Ranunculdretf. LAKKSPrB. A
genus of beautiful hardy plants, with large, irregular
flowers. Aboat 60 species, native of the north temperate
685. Single Larkspur.—
D. grandiflorum.
686. Double Larkspur.
D. grandiflorum.
zone. Annual or perennial, erect, branching herbs: Ivs.
palmately lobed or divided: tts. in a showy raceme or
panicle; sepals 5, petal-like, the posterior one prolonged
into a spur'; petals 2 or 4, small, the two posterior ones
spurred, the lateral ones small, if present; the few car-
pels always sessile, forming many-seeded follicles. Full
double forms are very common in a number of the spe-
cies (compare Figs. 685, 686).
Delphiniums thrive in any good garden soil, but are
improved by a deep, rich, sandy loam, exposed to the ^'^n.
Deep preparation of the soil is very important. The
annuals are propagated from seed, which are very slow
in germinating, and often should be sown in the fall to pro-
duce flowers early the next season. The perennials may be
prop. : ( 1 ) Bv root division in the fall or spring. (2) By
cuttings, about which J. B. Keller says : "Take a few cut-
tings from each plant in early spring, when growth is
about 3 or 4 inches long, or else use the second growth,
which has come after the flower-stems have been re-
m( ved. Cuttings root readily in a shaded frame, no
l)ottom heat being required, but a:i occasional sprinkling
during dry and hot weather is necessary. When rooted
1
DELPHINIUM
DELPHINIUM
465
they arp treatpd like (♦♦•♦•(llintfM." (.11 By «ee<l«, started
in th»' Kr»'t'nh(»U!*i' or h«>tb«Ml in March or even earlier.
The younK Mee«llin>c» «houl<l be given plenty of room by
traiispluntint; us they grn^\ and may be set in the open
(fiinleri by June. If starte«l thus early th«'y flower the
Hrst autumn, but the need may be plant;»d in late Mpring
or Huninier, eare betnK taken to water well durinK dry
weather, and fluwerM will come the next Hummer. To get
the best results, the perennials should l>e transplanted
every 2 or 3 years. Two k^kkI crops of blossoms may
be secured in one seas<in by cuttinjf away the flower-
stemH of the ttrst cr(»p as soon as the flowers have
faded; of course no ^eeds will be prrnluced in this way.
The Delphiniums are much jfrown in the open garden
and bonier, and are of great value for cut-flower pur-
poses. Four species are of much greater |M»pularity than
the others: the annual, J). Ajaeix, an<l the perennials.
D. grandiflorum, I), hifbrithim ant' I). formo»um. The
last three have l)een especially pi jlific in named va-
rieties.
R<M;ket and Candelabrum are names used to designate
the forms of inflorescence in the two annual species. The
"Rocket" or spike-like form is more commonly found in
the Ajacis type, and the "t'andelabnmi," with a number
of short spike-like heads of different heights, is found
more often in Consolida. — A. Gray, An attempt to dis-
tinguish l>etween the Amer. Delphiniums, Bot. (Jaz.
12:4»-.')4, 18«7. E, Huth. Monojfraphie der (iattung
Delphinium, in Eng. Bot. Jahrb. 20: :e2-4«)9, 1895.
Alphabetical list of species descril>ed below: Ajacis,
1; alphium, 10; altissimum. 14; azureum, 18; bicolor, 7;
Jireckii, 17; Brun<mianum, 8 ; cardinale,4; Carolinia-
uura, 18; Cashmerianuni. 10; cheilanthura,24; Chinense,
17; ColumbiaHHm,'22; Consolida, 2; decorum, 9; elatum,
16; exaltatum,l.'); formosum,25; grandiflorum, 17; hybri-
dum,27; Maackianum,2r»: Menziesii,I2; mesoleucimj,19;
nudicaule, 3; Nuttallii, 22; ocridentnle,2'^', pauciflorum,
13; Prttewalskiantim, ') ; Przewalskii, 5; pyramidnle,
16; scopulorum, 23; simplex, 21 ; Sinense,\l', »ulphu-
reiim, 6 ; tricome, 11 ; trolliifolium, 20 ; vireseemt, 18;
Zalil, 6.
A. Annuals: petals only S, united : follicle 1.
-. AjiiciB, Linn. Fig. 687. An erect annual, about
18 in. high, with a few spreading branches: Ivs. of stem
sessile, deeply cut into tine, linear segments; root-lvs.
similar, but short-petioled : fls. showy, blue or violet,
varying to white, more numerous than in D. Consolida, in
a spicate raceme; petals 2, united; calyx-spur about
equaling the rest of the flower: follicle only 1, pubes-
cent; seeds with wrinkled, broken ridges. ' Mav-Aug.
Eu. R.H. 1893, p. 228. Same figure in S.H. 2: 282.
2. Consdlida, Linn. An erect, hairy annual, 1-1)^ ft.
high: Ivs. similar to />.4jact«; fls. few, loosely panided,
pedicels shorter than the bracts, blue or violet or white;
jtetals 2, united: follicle 1, glabrous; seeds with broken,
transverse ridges. June-Aug. Eu. Baxter Brit. Bot. 4,
t. 297. R.H. 1893. p. 228 (var. ornAtum CandelAbrutn).
Var. iraperialis, Hort. {D. imperial is fl.pl., Hort.). Fls.
doubk . From the English gardens.
AA. Perennials: petals 4: follicles S-5.
B. Sepals red.
3. nudicaiile, Torr. & Gray. Stem 1-1 H ft. high, gla-
brous, branched, few-lvd. : ivs. rather succulent, 1-3 in.
across, lobed to the middle or farther 3-7 times, the
secondary lobes rounded and often mucronate ; petioles
3-.T in. long, dilated at the base: fls. panicled; sepals
bright orange-red, obtuse, scarcely spreading, shorter
than the stout spur; petals yellow, neariy as long as
sepals: follicles 3, spreading and recurved, soon becom-
ing glabrous; seeds thin-winged. April-July. Along
mountain streams, northern Calif. B.M. 5819. F.S.
19: 1949. R.H. 1893, p. 2r>9. A good perennial in the E.
4. cardinWe, Hook. Stem erect, 2-334 ft. high, partly
pubescent : Ivs. smooth, fleshy, deeply 5-parted, the parts
cut into long, linear lobes: raceme elongated, many-fld. :
fls. bright red, with petal limbs yellow: follicle's gla-
brous, usually 3; seeds smooth. Julv, Aug. Calif. B.M.
4887. Gt.208. F.S. 11:1105. R.B.6;101. Gn. 19:273.
BB. Sepals clear yellow or tipped with blue.
5. Przewdlskii, Huth. {D. Prsewalskidnum, Hort.).
Nearly glabrous, often branched at base, erect, varying
much in heltrht: Ivs. .1-5 times deeply parted, parts di-
vided into narrow, obtuse lobes: fla. clear yellow, or
Kometimes tipped with blue; spur equaling the sepals:
follicles 3, densely hairy. July, Aug. Asia. Int. 1892.
6. Z4m. Aitch. & Hems.
{D. Mulphureum, Hort. />.
.^:Cr~"*>v ItMI'A h^bridum, var. sulpkureum,
^"^ ~\]Jm/,/ Hort.). Stem nearly simple,
V^*^!^^^!^rA erect, 1-2 ft. hi^'b. rather irla-
^ .^^WBiMi^te*. \ brous, or Incoming so: \\n.
of several narrow, linear
lobes, dark irreen. petioles not
dilating at thf base : tin. large,
light yellow, in long ra<'ep'es:
follicles .'{, longitudinally fur-
rowed and riblH'd; seef'^twith
transverse, flbroiis 'j<lates.
June, Julv. Persia. Int. 1892.
^ B. M. 7049. Gn. .50: 1094; 54,
p. 347. G.C. III. 20:247. Seed-
lings from tubers and plants
die down as if dead; but they
make a second growth after
a short period of rest.
BBB. Sepals blue or varying
to white.
c. Height i}4 ft. or less.
D. Petioles dilating at the
base.
7. bicolor, N» t. Erect,
rather stout, H-1 ft. high,
from fascicled roots : Ivs.
687. Delphinium Ajacis -The small, thick, deeply parted
common annual Larkspur, a^d divisions cleft, except
perhaps m the upper Ivs.;
segments linear and obtuse: raceme rather few fld., the
lower pedicels a.scending 1-2 in. : spur and sepals nearly
equal, % in. long or more, blue; upper petals pale yel-
low or white, blue-veined ; lower petals blue: follicles
glabrous or l)ecoming so. May-Aug. Dry woods, Colo.,
west and north to Alaska.
8. Brunoni&num, Royle. Musk Larrspcr. Stems
erect, ^a-l-aft. high: plant somewhat pubescent: upper
Ivs. 3-parted, lower ones reniform, 5-parted ; segments
deeply cut, musk-scented : fls. large, light blue with
purple margins, center black ; spur very short ; sepals
1 in. long, membranous and often clinging until the
fr. is mature: follicles 3 or 4, villose. June, July. China.
B.M. 5461. R.B. 1863:34.
9. d6contm, Fischer & Meyer. Stem slender and
weak, %-\% ft. high, smooth or nearly so: Ivs. few,
bright green; upper ones small, 3-5-parted into narrow
lobes; lower and rmlical ones somewhat reniform in out-
line and deeply 3-5-parted, lobes often differing widely:
fls. in a loose raceme, or somewhat panicled; sepals
blue, % in. long, equaling the spurs; upper petals at
least tinged with yellow: follicles 3, thickish, glabrous.
Spring. Calif. Int. 1881. B.R. 26:64.
DD. Petioles hardly dilating at the base.
E. L'pper petals never yellow.
10. Cashmeri&num, Royle. Plant pubescent, not very
leafy: stem. simple, erect, slender.10-18 in. high: root-lvs.
orbicular, 2-3 in. in diameter, 5-7-lobed, coarsely, acutely
toothed and cut; petiole 5-8 in. long; stera-lvs. short-
petioied, 3-5-lobed, cut like the ratlical ones, all rather
thick, and bright green : inflorescence corymbose, the
branches rather spreading: fls. 2 in. long, deep azure
blue; spur broad, obtuse, inflated, decurved, little over
half as long as sepals; upper petals almost black, 2-lobed,
lateral ones greenish f follicles 3-5, hairv. July-Sept.
Himalayas. B.M. 6189. Gt. 1105. Gn. 18:261. R.H.
1893, p. 259. Hardy in Mass., and choice.
Var. Wdlkeri, Hook. Stem very short, leafy, many-
fld. : upper Ivs. less lobed or almost entire, small, long-
petioled: fls. verv large, li^ht blue with yellow petals.
Suited to rockwork. B.M. 6830.
EE. Upper petals yellow or striped with yellow.
11. tricdme, Michx. Stem succulent, about 1 ft. high:
Ivs. 3-5-pa:*ted, with 3-5-cleft linear lobes ; petioles
30
-■.->■. " s.-
466
DELPHINiJM
smooth, hardly dilating at the base : fls. large, blue,
rarely whitish; upper petals sometimes yellow, with blue
veins, lower ones white-bearded: sepals nearly equa'ing
the spur : follicles 3-4, very long becoming glabrous,
strongly diverging ; seeds smooth. May. Northern
states. L.B.C. 4 : .'{06. — Very beautiful and much used.
Best for rockwork. The foliage dies down in midsum-
mer and the plant appears as if dead.
12. M6n2iesii, DC. Plant sparingly pubescent : stem
simple, slender, Y^-VA ft. higli, few-lvd.: Ivs. small,
3-5-parted, the divisions mainly cleft into linear or lan-
ceolate lobes; petioles hardly dilating at the base: fls. in
simple, conical racemes; sepals blue, s<miewhat pubes-
cent outside, nearly equaling the spurs in length;
upper petals yellowish: follicles .3, pubescent, or some
times glabrous; seeds black, winged on the outer angles.
April-June. On hills, Calif, and northward to Alaska.
B.R. 11: 1192.
13. paacif '/rum, Nutt. Roots oblong or fusiform, fas-
ciculate-tv.oerous : stems slender, nearly glabrous, )^-l
ft. high , Ivs. small, parted into narrow, linear lobes;
petioles not dilating at base: lis. and fr. similar to those
of D. JL'emiesii, but on shorter pedicels. May, June.
Colo, to Vash. and Calif. Int. 1892.
cc. Height usually more than 1% ft-
D. Seeds tcrinkled or smooth, not winged nor scaly.
E. Follicles always J.
14. altissimum, Wallich. Flant shagery -hairy above:
stem tall and slender, branched: Ivs. palmately o-parted,
the divisions 3-lobed and toothed : bracts long-lanceolate :
fls. blue or purple, in long, branching racemes ; -pur
straight or slightly incurved, equaling the sepals; Ratals
2-lobed : follicles 3, erect ; seeds not winged or scaly.
Aug., Sept. Himalayas.
15. exaltitum, Alton. Stem stout, 2-4 ft. high,
smoothish: Ivs. flat, nearly glabrous, deeply cleft into
3-7 wedge-shaped lobes, which are often trilid; petioles
usually not dilated at the base: fls. blue, with yellow on
the upper petals, medium in size, on long, crowded,
erect, pyramidal racemes ; sepals nearly equaling the
spur in length : follicles 3, pubescent or smooth ; seed
coats irregularly wrinkled. June-Aug. Borders of
woods, Ala. to Minn.
16. eUtum, Linn. {D. alplnum, Waldst. & Kit.
D. pyramidale, Royle). Bee Larkspub. Glabrous,
2-6 ft. high : Ivs. soii:°what pubescent, 5-7-parted,
parts rather narrow, cut-lol;"d ; upper Ivs. .3-5-parted;
petiole^} not dilated at the base: raceme much like D.
exaltatum or more spike-like: fls. blue, with dark violet
petals ; sepals ovate, glabrous, nearly equaling the
spurs : follicles 3; seeds transverselv wrinkled, not
scaly. June-Aug. B.R. 23:196.3. Gt. 736 b. <fcc. (vars.)
F.S. 12:1287. (var. fl.pl.). R.H. ;'859, p. 529; 1893. p. 258
—A polymorphous and complex species of Europe. It is
probable that all or nearly all the plants sold here
under this name should be called D. exaltatum, which
is a closely allied species.
17. grandifldnun, Linn. (Z>. 5/H^Hse, Fischer). Fij::s.
685-6. Stem rather slender, 2-3 ft. high: Ivs. rather
small, many times parted into nearly distinct, narrow,
linear lobes: fls. large, blue, varj-ing'to white, the spur
and lower petals often violet, upper petals often yellow ;
spurs long and taper pointed: follicles 3, pubescent;
seeds triangular, coats wrinkled, not scalv. July, Aug:.
Siberia. Int. 1880. B.M. 1686. Gn. 46:991 and' p. 484.
Var. ^bum, Hort. Fls. pure white. Var. albo-pl^no,
Hort. Fls. double and pure white. Var. flore-pleno,
Hort. (var. hfihrhhnn fl.-pl., Hort.). Fls. double, blue,
very pretty. R.H. 1893, p. 259; 1895, p. 379 (same).
Var. Chin^nse, Fischer. Stem very slender, not much
branched: Ivs. and fls. like the type, but fl^^. more nu-
merous. China. L.B.C. 1:71.— A favonte garden form.
The double blue form has been known as D. Brickii,
Hort.
EE. Follicles varying from 3 to 5.
18. Carolini^num, Walt. {D. azureum, Michx. D.
t'irhcens, Nutt. ). Plant somewhat pubescent: stem 1%-
2}4 ft. high, not much branched: Ivs. 3-5-parted, the di-
visions .'i-5-cleft into usually linear lobes: rac;enies spi-
cate, usually mauy-fld. ; fls. azure blue, but varj-ing to
DELPHINIUM
whitish or white ; sepals often with a brownish spot:
follicles 3-5, oblong, erect; seeds transversely wrinkled!
July. N. C. to III., west and south. P.M. 16:2.58. Var!
albam, Hort. {var.dlbidum, Hort.). Stems 2-3 ft. high:
Ivs. larger than the type and with broader divisions:
fls. creamy wuite.— Tl ; double f' rm of this is not much
used.
Var. vimineum, Gray. Stem 2-4 ft. high, sometimes
branched, broatler-lvd., looser-fld. : fls. violet or white
Tex. B.M. 3593. B.R. 23:1999 (as D. azureum).
19. mesoleilciun, Link. Stem 3 ft. high, pubescent
above: Ivs. 3-5-parted, the segments wedge-shaptd and
deeply serrated; petioles somewhat dilated at the base:
fls. blue, with pale yellow or whitish petals : seeds not
seen. June. Nativity not Known.
DD. Seed winged.
E. Upper petals never ydlow.
20. trolliifdlitxm, Gray. Stem 2-5 ft., leafy, often re-
clining : Ivs. thinnish, lavre, often reniform at base,
3-7-parted; lobes wedge-shaped, incised : racemes in
larger plants 1-2 ft. long and vry loose: fls. blue, with
upper petals white; spur and sopals each %in.lon^:
follicles glabrous; seeds with thin wing or crc^,-n at the
end. Apr. Moist grounds, Columb a river. Ant, 1881.
EE. Cpper petals of^en yellow.
21. simplex, Dougl. Stem nearly simple, 2-3 ft, high,
soft - pubescent throughout:
Ivs. many-parted, into linear
divisions and lobes: racemes
aense, little branched : fls. pale
blae,with upper petals yellow,
lower petals white - bearded ;
sepals equaling the spur: fol-
licles 3, pubescent ; seeds
dark, with margins white-
winged. June. Mountain.^ of
Idaho and Oregon. Int. 1881.
22. Nuttallii, Gray (D. Co-
lumbiav.Hvi, Greene), Stem
erect, simple, nearly glabrous,
leafy, V4-214 ft.: Ivs. thin-
nish, 3-5-parted, parts divided
into many linear-oblong lobes :
racemes long, many-fld. : se-
pals deep blue, ovate,
sparingly pubescent,
shorter than the spur ;
petals blue or upper
ones yellow, lower ones
white - bearded : fol-
licles 3, pubescent,
rather erect ; seeds
thin, dark, with yel-
low wings. Summer.
Low, open woods, Co-
lumbia river. Int. 1892.
23. scopuldrum.Gray.
Stem 2-5 ft., glabrous,
at least below : l.'s. 5-
7 -parted, the upper
ones the more nar-
rowly cleft ; petioles
d Jating at th? base :
racemes simple, dense-
ly many-fld. : fls. blue
or purple, rarely white,
upper petals often yel-
low ; spur % in. 1 'Ug,
equaling the sepals :
follicles 3, pube. ent;
seeds rge - winged.
Aug., pt. Moist
ground, west of Rock-
ies.—A pol}nnorj)hous
species.
Var. sabalplnum,
Gray (Z>. accident Ale,
Wats.). A smaller
plant, pubescent above
shorter racemes, larger
licles glabrous, Wasatch ?.' untains
688. Delphinium formosum.
broader divisions of Ivs.,
evA deeper-colored fls.: £ol-
■ '-Ir^-r
DELPHINIUM
24. oheil&ntliam, Fischer. Stem erect, simple or
branched, 2-;{ ft.: Ivs. glabrous or slightly pubescent,
,5-parted, the lobes pointed, sub-tritid, and somewhat
toothed: fls. dark blue, the upper peta'a sometimes pale
yellow, the lower ones inflexed, o it •, entire ; spur
rather long, straight or somewhat curv ^d : follicles 3,
either glabrous or pubescent ; seeds 3-comered, 3-
winged, not scaly. June, July. Siberia. B.R. G:473.
Gt. 13:253. P.M. 16:258 (asl>. magnifi um).
DDD. Seeds scaly.
25. formdstim, Boiss. & Hult. Fig. 088. Stem strong,
2-3 ft., hairy below, rather glabrous above : lower Ivs.
o-7-parted, long-petioled ; upper ones 3-5-pRrted, short-
petioled or sessile, all alternate: racemes many-fld.:
tls. blue, with indigo margins; spur long, violet, bifid at
the tip: follicles 3, pubescent ; f v»eds scaly. June, July.
Asia Minor perhaps, but its origin is disputed. F.S.
12:1185. Vick's Mag. 2.305. R.H. 1859, p. 528. -The most
permanent f ^ rm for naturalizing.
26. Maackiinif'« Regei. Erect, 3 ft. high, pubescent
or glabrous, branched above : Ivs. pubescent .m both
sides, base often truncate or reniform, Ii-5-parted, the
parts serrate; petioles dilated at the base : peduncles
yellow-hairy, with the bracts often inserted above the
base: fls. in loose panicles, sepals blue, 14 as long as the
spurs; petals dark violet: follicles often glabrous, ^4 in.
long; seeds small, distinctly scaly.
July. Siberia. Gt. 344.
27. h^bridum, Steph. Stem 3-4
ft., pubescent above : root some-
what bulbous : Ivs. 5-many-
parted ; lobes linear ; petioles di-
lated and sheathing at the base :
racemes denso : fls. blue, lower limbs
white -bearded ; spur straight,
longer than the sepals : follicles 3,
hairy; seeds ovate, with transverse
scales. June-Aug. Mountains of
Asia. R.H. J893, p. 2.58 ; same cut
in S. H. 2: 282. -There are many
double and semi-double vars. of
this type.
Var. B&rlowi, Paxt. Very large,
semi-double fls., deep blue, with
brownish center. A supposed hy-
brid with D, grand if lornm. B.R.
23:1944. Int. 1892.
D. emruUscens, Freyn. A fine Asiatic
species, with single and double forms.
P.M. 16:258.— 7). Wheehrii is listed in
the trade, but is of unknown origin.
K. C. Davis.
DEMAZ£BIA (Desmazeria).
Gramiiiece. Annuals or peren-
nials, with narrow, involute leaf-
blades : spikelets peculiarly dis-
tichous on two sides of a 3-sided
rachis, many-fld., sessile, or some ,-. _ • o- 1
of the lower spikelets pedicellate. ^^' Demazena Sicula.
Four species known. Mediterra- ^^ '^■'
nean and S. African.
sicula, Dum. {Brizoppriim Sictilum, Link.). Spike
Grass. Fig. (J89. A smooth, erect annual, 8 in. to 1 ft.
high: Ivs. few: panicle spike-like, 2-3 in. long ; spike-
lets ovate to liuear, 8-20-fld. Mediterranean. — Fre-
quently used for edging. p, b. Kennedy.
DEMEBABA ALMOXD. Consult Terminalia.
DENOBOBIUM (tree^ and life: they are epiphytes).
Orch iddceif , tribe £ p idendrecr . A genus containing many
species of great horticultural merit. Flowers racemose,
fasciculate or solitary ; perianth usually spreading;
labellum articulate or connate with the base of the
column; column short, seniiterete; base produced con-
spicuously; pollinia4: stems cane-like, in some species
deciduous, so that during the resting season the plants
appear like a group of dried sticks. The species (more
than .300) are distributed through the tropical countries
of the eastern hemisphere, Australia, Japan, China,
India and the Philippine Islands furnishing a large
DENDROBIUM
467
number. They are particularly abundant in parts of
India. No species vre known in Africa. The term
pseudobulbs has been used throughout this article for
the sake of unifonnity, but these members are verj*
variable in the genus, ranging from very large (several
feet long) to very small and thin. The flowers are of
many sizes, forms i.nd colorr. Some of the species re-
semble Epidendrums, Cattleyas, and other genera.
Oakes Ames.
The growing c* most of the commercial Dendrobiuras
can generally be understood and accomplished in observ-
ing three steps: (1) The season of rain, that produces
the abundance of growth. (2) The season of colder
temperature, to ripen the wood. (3) The dry season, pro-
ducing the flowers.
.Tn the selection of varieties, there are very few thut
will not respond to the treatment suggested ty this
scheme. />. thrij-^iflomim, fimbriatutn, chrysoioium,
Farmerii, and all varieties of this irroap, respond most
generously to this treatn^ent in tl warm glasshouse.
There are no plants mor.. beautiful . the orcliitl family.
The soil required is equal part.s of clean peat and
moss. Fi:: the plants very firmly in pots or baskets.
While growing, an abxxndance of water must be given,
with syringing on all fine days. When the growth is
well maile and developed, then comes the season of rest,
and water can be withheld gradually, until finally none
is given. Commercially speaking, Dendrobiums can be
flowered in any ordinary glasshouse, and with only
partial shade. Another method is to give more shade at
the growing season, and more air at the resting period.
The propagation of these species is by division of
the growths, either in the resting season or the starting
of the growing season. Pruning is not to be practiced,
as, being of slow growth, they require the leaves for the
furnishing of the plant. Shading should be adopted.
With all Dendrobiums, care should be taken not to over-
pot. Grow in small pots or baskets, so as to confine the
roots. D. Dearei may be grown continuously, with-
out rest.
The commoner conservatory Dendro])iums, as D.
Phalasnopsis, J). Ainstrorthii, etc., are propagated by
laying the stems flat on baskets, attaching them firmly
by means of wire. Pruning of these varieties was once
practiced extensively, but when there is plenty of
growth the stem and flowers can be cut at the same
time; this adds more beauty to the flower, D. nobile
and I). Wardiftnttm are easy to grow, only care should
be taken not to be too severe on all classes of this sec-
tion, after the growth is matle, until midwinter. They
bloom best whet *he late autumn sun purtially ripens
the stems. See Orchids. '^'oll' Ogston.
Index: aggregatum, 14; Ainsworthi , 43; albiflorum,
10; albo-sanguiueum, 48; amoenum, 58; anosmum, 68;
Aphrodite, 03; aqueum, 53; aureo-flavum, 10; aureitm,
50; Ba'leanum. 43; Barberianura. 60; barbaiulum, 19;
Bensoniae, 67; bicameratum. 12; bigibbum, 22; Boxallii,
61; BrjTnerianum, 16; Calceolaria, 30; Calceolus, 30;
capillipes, 41; cariniferum, 32; chrysanthum, 54; Chry-
sotis, 27; chrysotoxum, 17; clavatiim,24; Cooksonianum,
43; crassinode, 60; crepidatum, 66; cretaceum, 74; cru-
entum, .33; crumenatum. 6; cumulatum,2; crystallinum,
65; Dalhousianum, 31; Dayanum, 18; Dearei, 3; densi-
florum, 8; Devonianum, 57; dixanthum, 29; Draconis,
37; erythroxanthum, 13; Falconcri, 62 ; Funnerii. 10;
Findleyanum, 46; flmbriatum, 25; formosum, 35; Free-
manii,'69; fuscatum, 26; Fytchianum, 19; Gibsonii, 28;
giganteum,02,68, 71; gratiosissimum. 64; Griflithianum,
9; heterocarpum,49; hololeuca, 23; Hookerianuni, 27; in-
fundibulum, .36; Jamesianum, 36; Japonicuni. 40; Jen-
kinsii, 15; lasioglossum, 52; leucolophotum, 4; Linawi-
anum,44; lituiflorum,69; Loddigesii,.56; longicornu,.34;
Lowii,39; luteoiam, 50; Macfarlanei. 20; macrophyllum,
18,68; McCarthi8e,70; moniliforme, 40; moschatum, .30;
nobile. 43; liobilius. 43; ochroatum, 55; oculatum, 25;
Palpebrse, 5; Parishii, 45; Po j-/om/, 25, 54; Phala^nopsis,
23; Pierardi, 73; primulinum, 72; piilchellum, 56; rho-
dopterj'gium, 49; Ruckeri, 51; scabrilingue, .38; Schroe-
derianumj23; Schrcederi, 8; secundum. 1 ; suavissimum,
17; sulcatum. 11; superbiens, 21 : superbum, 68; thyrsi-
florum.7; tortile, 47; transparens, 71; Veitchiamim,l8i
Wardianum, 59.
468
DENDROBIUM
DEXDROBIUM
A. Inflorescence racemosfe. (fl. usually solitary in Jen-
kinsii).
B. Racemes densely flotcered.
c. Petals pinkish or purplish.
1. secandum, Wall. Pseudobulbs terete, neaiiy 2 ft.
long: !vs. ovate-oblong: fis. all on one side of peduncle,
crowded; petals smaller than sepals, rose-mauve; la-
bellum paler, with an apical blotch of orange. Sumatra.
2. cuinul&ttun, Lindl. Pseudobulbs tufted, slender,
erect, about 18 in. long: Ivs. oblonp: fls. 1 in. across,
purplish, suffused with white; inflorescence globose.
Burma.
cc. Petals white.
3. DSarei, Reichb. f . Fig. GOO. Pseudobulbs tall: Ivs.
about 2 in. long, oval-oblong : fls. about 2 in. across,
white ; sepals lanceolate ; petals nearly orbicular ; label-
lum oblong, with a pale, vellowish green blotch in the
throat. Philippine Isls. Gn. 54, p. 237. G.O. III. 24:193.
4. leacolophdtam, Reichb. f . Pseudobulbs stout, erect:
racemes many-fld. : fls. white, lateral lobes of labellum
greenish; midlobe narrowly oblong. Malay archipelago.
5. Pdlpebrae, Lindl. Pseudobulbs clavate, 4-angled:
Ivs. oblong-lanceolate : raceme loosely fld. : fls. white,
with a yellowish disk near the base of the labellum.
Burma.
6. crumen^tum, Swartz. Pseudobulbs erect: Ivs. ovate-
oblong: raceme terminal, many-fld,: sepals and petals
ovate; iabelluui white. Malay archipelago.
7. thyrsifldrum, Reichb. f. Pseudobulbs terete,
jointed: Ivs. oblong: racemes pendulous, ample: sepals
and petals white ; labellum yellow, downy-pubescent.
Burma. B.M. 5780. I. H. 22:207. Gn. 50, p. 28. A.F.
3:155. F.E.9:.T29. J.H. III. 31:229. G.C. II. 15:463.-
Much like the next, and by some united with it.
Dendrobium Dearei.
(X%.)
ccc. Petals yellow.
8. densifldrum, Wall. Pseudobulbs jointed, about 15
in. high: Ivs. oblong : racemes pendulous, ample: fls.
13^-2 in. across ; sepals and petals yellow ; labellum
orange-yellow, downy-pubescent. Nepal. B.M. 3418.
G.C. II. 17:737; III. 14:123 and 24:185.
Var. Schrdederi, Hort. {var. album, Hort.), has whitish
sepals and petals. A.G. 20:5.
9. Griffitliiiiitun, Lindl. Pseudobulbs clavate : Ivs.
lanceolate-oblong : fls. in drooping, flexuose racemes •'
petals ciliate, yellow. Burma. *
10. F4rmerii, Paxt. Pseudobulbs round, attenuate at
base, thickening above : Ivs. oblong : racemes ample,
pendulous: fls. 2 in. across, tinged with pink; throat of
labellum orange-yellow ; sepals oblong ; petals oval.
Khasia Hills. B.M. 4659. — Var. albiflorum, Hort. (var!
dlhum of catalogues), has white fls., the labelluni
marked with yellow. F.S. 23:2461. Var. atireo-flivum,
Hort. (aurea of catalogues }). Fls. golden yellow; disk
of labellum deeper yellow.
11. sulciittun, Lindl. Pseudobulbs clavate, com-
pressed: Ivs. ovate-oblong: racemes 10 or more fld. : fls.
yellow, crowded. Khasia Hills. B.M. 6962.
12. bicamer&tam, Lindl. {D. breviflbrum of cata-
logues). Pseudobulbs fusiform or clavate, about 18 in.
long: Ivs. elliptic, oblong: fls. yellow, marked with red,
clustered on a short rachis, forming a capitate raceme.
Sikkim.
13. erythroxintlnun, Reichb. f. Fls. in dense racemes,
yellowish striped with crimson-purple. Philippine Isls.
BB. Racemes loosely flowered.
C. Pseudobulbs one-leaved.
14. aggrregitom, Roxb, Lvs. oblong, coriaceous, at the
summits of ovate pseudobulbs : fls. yellow, numerous, in
lateral drooping racemes; sepals ovate; petals broadly
ovate; labellum broader than long, with orange throat;
disk pubescent. Burma. B.M. 3643. — Var. milia8»
Hort., is a larger-fld. form.
15. J6nkinsii, Wall. Pseudobulbs short, compressed:
Ivs. oblong, coriaceous: fls. orange-yellow, solitary; se-
pals oval; petals broadly ovate. Assam. B.R. 25:37.—
Very like D. aggregatum.
cc. Pseudobulbs leafy at summit.
D. Flowers yellow.
E. Labellum pectinately fringed.
16. Brymeri&num, Reichb. f. Pseudobulbs jointed,
slender, about 2K ft. high, sometimes much shorter:
Ivs. several, lanceolate: fls. fle hy, golden yellow; upper
sepal oblong; petals and lateral sepals very similar; la-
bellum reflexed at apex, disk downy; margin provided
with a conspicuously long and pectinate fringe. Burma.
B.M.6383. A.F.6:609. G.C. U. 11: 475; 16: 689.
EE. Labellum not pectinately fringed.
17. chrysotdzum, Lindl. Pseudobulbs clavate : Ivs.
several, 4 in. long, coriaceous: racemes arching, many-
fld. : petals and sepals about equal, golden yellow ; la-
bellum of similar color, deeper in the throat. Burma.
B.M. 5053. G.F. 5:533. Gn. 48, p. 239. -Var. Buavissi-
mtun, Hort. Pseudobulbs stout : fls. delightfully fra-
grant; labellum with blotch deeper-colored than in the
type. Burma, 1847.
DD. Flou-ers greenish.
18. macroph^Uuxn, Rich. (D. Veitchihnnm, Lindl.).
Pseudobulbs clavate, compressed: Ivs. oblong: racemes
many-fld.: fls. large; sepals greenish, hairy behind;
petals whitish ; lateral lobes of labellum greenish,
shaded with purple; midlobe greenish, with purple-
dotted lines. I. H. 35:57. — Sold as D. We itchianum, not
D. macrophyllum of gardens (see Z>. superbum). Java.
Day&nuin, Hort., is said to be a better form than the
type.
ccc. Pseudobulbs more or less leafy to base.
D. Flowers white.
19. Fytchitoum, Batem. (Z>. barbdtulum, Hort.).
Pseudobulbs slender: Ivs. oblong -lanceolate, acute:
racemes 10-15-fld. : fls. white; lateral lobes of the label-
lum tinted with purple. Burma. B.M. 5444.
20. Macfdrlanei, Reichb. f. Fls. several inches across,
white; labellum marked with purple, 3-lobed; sepals
lanceolate; petals narrowly ovate-lanceolate, acuminate.
New Guinea.
DENDROBIUM
DENDROBIUM
469
DD. Flowers purple.
21. Btip^rbiens, Reichb. f . Pseudobulbs cylindric : Ivs.
linear-oblong: racemes remotely fld.: fls.ricb mageuta-
purple; sepals and petals undulate-margined; labellum
similar in color, 3-lobed, lateral lobes incurved; disk
with raised -white lamellte. North Queensland.
22. bigibbam, Lindl. Pseudobulbs elongated, erect,
1 ft. or more high: Ivs. oblong-lanceolate: racemes sub-
erect: fls, magenta-purple; sepals oblong-lanceolate;
petals spreading, reflexed ; labellum 3-lobed, lateral lobes
incurved, deeper colored than the petals, with a white
crest. Torres Straits. B.M. 4898. I. H. 30:476.
23. Phalaendpsis, Fitzg, Pseudobulbs tall, terete: Ivs.
lanceolate: tls. on slender pedicels, pale mauve; sepals
lanceolate, spreading, paler than the petals ; petals
orbicular, spreading ; labellum 3-lobed, lateral lobes
incurved. Australia. B.M. 6817. A.G.20:5. G.F.5:440.
A.P. 13:1224. For var. Schroederiinum, see G. C. III.
10:642-3; 15:339. R.B. 23:85. A.F.10:401. For var.
hololetica, see G.C. III. 18: 397. J.H. III. 31: 149. -One of
the most useful Dendrobiums for cut-flower purposes.
There are many fine varieties, pale in color or even
white.
DDD. Flowers yellow.
E. Labellum not slipper-like.
24. clav§itxun, Lindl. Pseudobulbs cylindric, 20 or
more in. long: Ivs. ovate-lanceolate: racemes few-fld.:
fls. orange-yellow ; labellum brighter yellow, with a
maroon blotch, denticulate on the margin. Nepal.
B.M. 6993.
25. fimbri^ttun, Hook. Pseudobulbs 2 or more ft. high,
slender: Ivs. lanceolate, dark green: racemes lax, pen-^
dulous: sepals and petals orange-j-ellow, ciliate; label-
lum yellow, with an orange-yellow throat, margin irregu-
larly fringed. Nepal. G.C. III. 25: 305. V'ar. ocul^ttiin,
Hort. (i). Pdxtoni, Paxt.),ha3 smaller fls., with a deeper
colored blotch on the labellum. B.M.4160. G.C.III. 14:97.
26. fnsc^tum, Lindl. Pseudobulbs cylindric or nearly
so: Ivs. ovate-lanceolate: racemes with a zigzag rachis,
drooping: fls. yellow, with 2 maroon spots on the label-
lum. Sikkim, Himalayas.
27. Hookeritlnam, Lindl. (D. Chrysdtis, Reichb. f.).
Pseudobulbs slender, swollen at the base: Ivs. lanceolate
to oblong: fls. large, in pendulous racemes, golden yel-
low ; labellum with 2 deep maroon blotches, margin
fringed. Sikkim. B.M. 6013. J.H. III. 33: 221.
28. Gibsonii, Paxt. Lvs. lanceolate: racemes from the
upper nodes of the stems : fls. 5 or more, yellow, with
maroon spots on the labellum. Khasia Hills.
29. dizinthum, Reichb. f . Pseudobulbs clavate, about
2 ft. long: lvs. linear-lanceolate: fls. yellow, in racemes
from the upper part of the stems. Burma.
EE. Labellum slipper-like.
30. moscliitum, Wall. Pseudobulbs several ft. high,
leafy from the base: lvs. oblong-linear, striate: fl.-stem
radical, longer than the pseudobulbs: racemes pendu-
lous: fls. 2-4 in. across; sepals, and petals about equal,
oblong, orange-yellow; labellum inflated, colored like
the petals, with crimson markings at the base. Burma.
B.M. .3837. Var. CalceoUria, Hort. (D. Calceolus, Hort.).
Fls. smaller, orange-yellow.
31. Dalhousi&num, Wall. Pseudobulbs elongated, rod-
like, spotted with purple when young: lvs. clasping,
narrowly ovate : racemes pendulous, lax : fls. large ;
sepals spreading, yellow, tinted with rose; labellum con-
cave, orbicular, blotched at base with maroon-purple.
Burma. B.R. 32:10. I.H.28:423. Gn. 48:1032, p. 223.
G.C. in. 21: 157.
AA. Inflorescence not racemose.
B. Pseudobulbs black-hairy.
C. Leaves deciduous.
32. cariniferum, Reichb. f . Pseudobulbs subcylindric,
6-9in. long: lvs. narrowly oblong: fls. IJ^in. across, soli-
tary or in 2's or 3's, near apex of stem; sepals lanceo-
late, acute, strongly keeled at back, pale fawn-yellow,
fading to ivory white: petals ovate, white: labelhim
3-lobed, spurred at base, side lobes triangular, reddish
orange, midlobe spreading, undulate, tufted, with long
woolly hairs along the veins on the upper surface, red-
dish orange at base, usually white at apex. Burma.
B.M. 6715 (var. Wattii).
33. cru6ntiun, Reichb. f. Pseudobulbs erect, terete,
1 ft. long, swollen at base: lvs. elliptic-oblong, decidu-
ous: fls. solitary or in pairs, lJ^-2 in. across; sepals tri-
angular-ovate, keeled at back, pale green, longitudinally
veined with darker green; petals linear-acute, colored
like the sepals; labellum 3-lobed, lateral lobes oblong,
erect, crimson- scarlet, midlobe ovate, apiculate, pale
green, with red border, and a large warty crest, below
which are 5 raised red lines, the 2 outermost being most
developed. Malay Isl. G.C. III. 18: 91.
34. Iongic6mu, Lindl. Pseudobulbs slender, 8-12 In.
high: lvs. linear-lanceolate, 2-2)4 in. long: fls. solitary
or in 2's or 3's, not fully expanding; sepals and petals
sub-equal, elliptic-oblong, transparent white; labellum
funnel-shaped, anterior portion fimbriate, white, with a
broad raised orange-red central band, with divergent
lateral streaks of same color; spur slender. Burma.
cc. Lvs. not deciduous.
35. lormdsam, Roxb. Pseudobulbs stout, erect: lvs.
ovate-oblong: peduncle from the summit of the stem,
3-5-fld. : fls. 3-4 in. across, white; sepals oblong-lanceo-
late, apiculate; petals nearly orbicular; labellum large,
the small basal lobes clasping the column, throat with a
yellow band, which expands in a large yellow blotch
near the distal end. Khasia Hills. B.R. 25:64. Var.
gigantdum, Hort. F's. measure 4-5 in. across. G.C.III.
24:471. Gng. 1:118-9. F.E. 10:1240.
36. infundibulum, Lindl. Fls. white; sepals spread-
ing, elliptic-oblong; petals broad; labellum large, with
an orange-yellow blotch in the throat; basal lobes infold-
ing the column. Burma. B.M. 5446. I.H.21:172. Var.
Jamesiinum, Hort. Pseudobulbs stouter and more rigid :
labellum of flower differently formed, especially the side
lobes, which are roughened on their inner surface; disk
cinnamon red.
37. Dracdnis, Reichb. f. Pseudobulbs stout, erect,
12-18 in. long: lvs, lanceolate, 3-4 in. long: fls, in fas-
cicles from the uppermost joints of the stem, l}iin. in
diam., ivory white, striped with orange-red at base of
labellum; sepals lanceolate, acute; petals oblong-lanceo-
late, reflexed at tips ; labellum 3-lobed, lateral lobes
small, rotund ; midlobe oval, oblong, crisped and mi-
nutely toothed on the margin, with 3 longitudinal raised
lines. India. B.M. 5459.
38. Bcabrilingue, Lindl. Pseudobulbs stout, erect,
slightly attenuated below, 9-12 in. high : lvs. oblong:
fls. l^^'in. in diam., in fascicles from the uppermost
joints of the stems; sepals and petals similar, sub-equal,
ovate-lanceolate, ivory white; labellum 3-lobed ; lateral
lobes obloner, erect, yellow-green ; midlobe oval-oblong,
reflexed, yellow, with .5-7 orange-j-ellow sunken lines on
disk; spur small, conical. Burma.
.39. L6wii, Lindl. Pseudobulbs slender: sepals and
petals pale yellow; labelluui marked on the side lobes
and midlobe with crimson. Borneo. B.M. 5303. F.S.
23:2395.
BB. Pseudobulls not black-hairy, upright.
c. Leaves persistent.
D. Petals and sepals white.
40. Jap6nicum, Lindl. (X>. monilifdrme, Swartz).
Pseudobulbs tufted, 6-12 in. long, attenuated below :
lvs. liuear-lanceolate, acute: fls. fragrant, l}4 in. across,
solitary or in pairs, white, dotted or speckled with
mauve at the base of the labellum. S. Jap.
DD. Petals and sepals yellow.
41. capillipes, Reichb. f. Dwarf, tufted plants, with
fusiform '_ ^eudobulbs: lvs. lanceolate: fls. in pairs or
solitary, p-olden yellow, with a deeper blotch on the
labellum. India.
42. lutdoium, Batem. Pseudobulbs erect, about 1% ft.
long: lvs. linear-lanceolate, acute: fls. about 2 in. across,
yellowish or cream-white ; labellum with a few reddish
lines. Burma. J.H. III. 32:143. G.C. XL 19:340 (var.
chlorocentrtim).
470 DENDROBIUM
DDD. Petals and sepals rose-color.
43. n6bile, Lindl. Fig. 691. Stems stout: lv8. oblong:
sepals and petals white, suffused with rose at the apices;
labellum white, with a blotch of amethyst-purple at dis-
tal end, throat dark crimson. Himal., China. G.C. II.
11:565; III. 23:341. J.H. III. 34:295. R.B. 23:25. A.F.
4:415; 13:620.
Var. nobiliiu, Hort., has larger fla., which are more
intense in color, the sepals and petals pale only at the
base. I.H. 42:36.
Var. Gooksonitoum, Hort., is a pelorian form, the
petals having acquired at the base the rich coloring so
characteristic of the labellum. Gn. 55, p. 445.
Var. Balle^num, Hort. Sepals and petals white; la-
bellum yellowish, with pale crimson blotches on either
side of the throat. Sikkim.
691. Dendrobium nobile.
D. AinswortMi, Moore, is a beautiful and popular hy-
brid of J), htterocarpiim and D. nobile. Blossoms in
small, lateral racemes ; sepals and petals white ; lip
with a feathered, purple blotch, white. Gn. 51, p. 338.
G.C. II. 16:624.
44. Linawi&num, Reichb. f . Stems long, clavate: Ivs.
narrow, several inches long: sepalsoblong; petalsovate,
white at base, otherwise rosy mauve; distal end of la-
bellum pale mauve, anterior portion white, with 2 mauve
spots. China, Jap. B.M. 4153.
DENDROBIUM
45. P4Ti8llii, Reichb. f. Stems thick : Iva. oblong-
lanceolate: sepals and petals rose-mauve; labellum or-
bicular, amethyst-purple, blotched on each side with
maroon. Burma. B.M. 5488.
46. Findleyinum, Parish & Reichb. f. Stems shinino',
yellowish, internodes slender : Ivs. oblong-lanceolate^'
lis. large, in pairs ; lateral sepals and petals overlapping,
pale pink-lilac ; labellum yellow margined with white
Bu'Tna. B.M. 64.18. Gn. 49:1070.
47. tdrtile, Lindl. Stems clavate, irregular when old:
Ivs. oblong-lanceolate, about 3 in. long: fls. 3 in. across;
sepals and petals pink-lilac; labellum pale yellow, with
a deep crimson blotch in the throat. Burma. B.M. 4477,
— V"ar. rdseum, Hort. Fls. delicate rose color. The next
is very similar.
cc. £/vs. deciduous .
48. Albo-sanguineum, Lindl. Stems about 1 ft. high,
stout: Ivs. linear-lanceolate: fls. 2 or 3 together, 2-3 in!
across, whitish; petals streaked with red at the base ;
labellum with 2 blotches in the middle. Burma. A f'
11:1350. B.M. 5130.
49. rhodopterygium, Reichb. f. Pseudobulbs cvlin-
dric, erect, about 1 ft. long : Ivs. linear-lanceolate :
fls. about 2 in. across ; sepals oblong-lanceolate ;
petals ovate, both pale purple mottled with white;
labellum crimson-purple, striated, bordered with
white. Burma. — Supposed natural hybrid between
D. Parishii and D. Pierardi.
BBB. Pseudohulbs drooping.
c. Lvs. persistent : fls. yellow .
50. heterocArpum, Wall. {D. aiireum,
Lindl.). Stems erect, attenuated at base,
or nearly so: lvs. oblong-lanceolate: sepals
and petals pale yellow ; labellum orange-
yellow, blotched and streaked with crimson.
Assam, Khasia Hills, Nepal, Philippine
Isls. B.M. 4708.
51. Ruckeri, Lindl. Pseudobulbs slender,
about \% ft. long, attenuated below: lvs.
linear-lanceolate : fls. either solitary or in
pairs; lateral sepals triangular; sepals and
petals yellowish; labellum with white lateral
lobes streaked with rose, yellow. Philip-
pine Isls.
52. lasiogldssum, Reichb. f. Pseudobulbs
about 13^ ft. long, attenuate above and be-
low: lvs. lanceolate : fls. \% in. across, in
2'8 or 3'a, white ; lateral lobes of labellum
lined with red. Burma.
53. iqueum, Lindl. Pseudobulbs decumbent: lvs.
ovate-oblong : fls. solitary or in pairs, yellowish
white, with a yellow disk on the labellum; upper
sepal elliptic-oblong, acute; lateral sepals falcate;
petals ovate. Nilghri Hills, India.
cc. Leaves decidxious.
D. Flowers yellow.
54. chrysAnthum, Lindl. (Z>. Prfar/onti, Lindl.). Pseu-
dobulbs slender, tall, flexuose, leafy to the base: lvs.
ovate-lanceolate : fls. yellow ; sepals oblong ; petals
broader, oval, denticulate; labellum orbicular, fringed,
throat maroon-purple, base infolding the column.
Burma. B.R. 15:1299. G.C. III. 15:565.
55. ochre&tum, Lindl, Pseudobulbs with swollen
joints : lvs, narro.vly-ovate : fls. in pairs; sepals and
petals about equal, golden yellow ; labellum orbicular-
concave, yellow, with maroon-purple blotch. India.
B.M. 4450.
DD. Fls. tvhite or pinkish.
E. Labellum glandular, ciliate.
56. L6ddige8ii, Rolfe (D. pulcMllum,hoM.). Habit
dense, dwarf: stems very slender, 3-4 in. long: lv.s. ob-
long-lanceolate: fls. on slender pedicels, solitary ; se-
pals and petals pale pink or rose-lilac ; labellum with
an orange-yellow disk bordered with rose-lilac. India.
Not D. pulchellum, Roxburgh, for which species it often
passes in gardens. B.M. 5037.
57. Devoni&nnm, Paxt. Stems pendulous, about 3 ft.
long: lvs. linear-lanceolate : sepals and petals white.
DENDROBIUM
DENDROPANAX
471
tipped with amethyst-purple; labellum cordate, with an
amethyst-purple blotch in front, otherwise white, with
2 orange-yellow blotches in the throat, the margin deli-
cately fringed. Khasia Hills. B.M. 4429. J.H. III. 34:
197. G.C. III. 7:680.
E£. Labellumnot glandular, ciliate.
F. Pseudobulbs conspicuously nodose.
58. amcBnam, Lindl. Pseudobulbs slender: Ivs. linear-
lanceolate: rta. usually solitary, otherwise in 2's or3's;
sepals and petals white, tipped with violet-purple; la-
bellum violet-purple bordered with white and blotched
with yellow. Xep :. B.M. 6199. G.C. II. 16:625.
59. Wardi&nuii; . Warner. Stems 2, 3 or more ft. high,
pendent : I^s. oblong-lanceolate : Hs. usually 2 or 3 to-
gether, 3-4 in. across ; sepals and petals tipped with
rose-ma'.ve (amethyst-purple); labellum with an apical
blotch of same color, otherwise yellow shading into
white at the margin, and blotched with maroon in the
throat. There is a variety in which the apical blotches
are wanting. Burma. B.M. 5058. I.H. 24:277. F.R.
1:231. Gn. 47, p. 84. R.B. 23:25. J.H. III. 30:454:
32:237.
60. crassindde, Reiehb. f . Stems pendulous or nearly
so, 1-2 ft. long, swollen conspicuously at the contiguous
internodes : Ivs. linear-lanceolate: flis. 2 or 3 together,
about 2 in. across; sepals and petals white, tipped with
rose-mauve; labellum similarly tipped with rose-mauve,
otherwise yellow with a white border. Burma. B.M.
5766. — Var. Barberianiun, Hort., is a stronger-growing
form of the species, with brighter colored fls., the col-
oring at the tips of the petals covering more surface.
61. B6xallii, Reiehb. f. Pseudobulbs pendulous, about
30 in. long: Ivs. linear-lanceolate, acute: fls. 25^<in.
across, usually in pairs; sepals and petals white, tipped
with pale mauve ; labellum yellowish, bordered with
wh'te, tipped with pale mauve. Burma.
62. F4Iconeri, Hook. Stems slender, knotted, branch-
ing above : Ivs. linear: fls. solitary, about 3 in. across :
sepals and petals white, tinged with rose and tipped
with amethyst-purple; labellum spreading in front, ma-
roon-purple, with 2 deep orange blotches, tipped with
amethyst-purple, bordered with white. India. B.M. 4944.
I.H. 23:243. — Var. grigantdom, Hort.. is a stronger-grow-
ing form of the species, with larger fls.
63. Aphrodite, Reiehb. f. Pseudobulbs 6-12 in. tall :
Ivs. linear-lanceolate : lis. 2 in. across, often in pairs ;
sepals whitish; petals similarly colored ; midlobe of la-
bellum large, yellowish, with 2 maroon blotches at base.
Burma.
FF. Pseudobulbs not conspicuouslif nodose.
o. Lip yellotv at base.
64. grratiosissimum, Reiehb. f. Pseudobulbs slender
at base, tliiekened above, swollen at the nodes : Ivs.
lanceolate : tis. in 2's or 3's, from the leafless stem,
about 2 in. across; sepals and petals white, tipped with
pale crimson-purple ; labellum white, blotched with
crimson-purple at the apex and marked with yellow on
the disk. Burma.
65. crystalllnum, Reiehb. f . Stems about 1 ft. long,
slender, striated, nearly pendulous: Ivs. narrow: fls. in
pairs or solitary; sepals and petals white, with amethyst-
purple apices; labellum yellow, with an amethyst blotch
on front, margin whitish. Burma. B.M. 6319.
66. crepid^tum, Lindl. Stems 1 ft. long, slender,
striated: Ivs. linear-lanceolate: fls. 2 or 3 in a group,
about 1 in. across, white, tinted with lilac ; labellum
yellow, with a white border. Assam. B.M. 4993. — Var.
rdseum, Hort.. occurs in catalogues.
67. B6n80ni8B, Reiehb. f. Pseudobulbs cylindric: Ivs,
linear : fls. 2% in. across, in 2's or 3's, white, disk of
labellum orange-yellow, with 2 maroon spots at base.
British Burma. B.M ")679. I.H. 35:47.-Var. xn^jus,
Hort., is alarger-fld. t -rra.
GG. Lip not yellow at base.
68. snp^rbum, Reiehb. f. (i>. macrophyllum, Hort.).
Stems stout, pendent : Ivs. ovate : sepals lanceolate ;
petals ovate-lanceolate, delicate rose-mauve ; labellum
of same color, with deep crimson-purple throat. Philip-
pine Isls. B.M. .3970.— Var. andsmum, Hort. Fls. scent-
less or nearly so, mostly solitary ; sepals and petals
shorter, not undulate. J.H. 111. 28:275 (var. Houttoni).
Var. gigantdum, Hort. Fls. larger.
69. lituiildrum. Lindl. Stems about 2ft. long, grey-
ish: Ivs. linear: fls. in pairs or sometimes 4 or more in
each group, amethyst-purple ; sepals oblong-lanceolate;
petals ovate-oblong; labellum funnel or trumpet-shaped,
deep maroon, anterior portion white. Burma. B.M.
6050. — Var. Fre^manii, Hort. Labellum with a pale yel-
low zone, sepals and petals deeper colored than in the
type. Very similar in habit to Dendrobium nobile, but
more slender.
70. MacC&rthisB, Thwaites. Fls. bell-shaped, rosy
mauve and white; sepals and petals only sligiitly
spreading; labellum pale mauve, striped and blotched
with purple, a maroon spot on the disk: racemes pendu-
lous. India. B.M. 4886.
71. transp^rens, Wall. Pseudobulbs slender: Ivs. lin-
ear-lanceolate: fls. 1 /4 in. across, in 2's and 3's; sepals
white, tinted with pale mauve; petals similarly colored:
labellum white with mauve spots, tinted with mauve at
the apex. India. B.M. 4663.
EEE. Labellum cttcullate, wholly or in part, pale sulfur
yellow.
72. primuUnam, Lindl. Stems drooping, slender,
about 1 ft. long, greyish: sepals and petals about equal,
pink-lilac; labellum yellow with deep crimson margin.
Nepal. B.M. 5003 (as D. nobile, var.). — Var. gigan-
t^tun, Hort. Pseudobulbs longer and more slender: fls.
much larger.
73. Pierdrdi, Roxb. Stems long, slender, pendulous:
Ivs. ovate-lanceolate : sepals and petals pink-lilac ; la-
bellum yellow, marked with deep crimson at base.
Burma. B.M. 2584. Gn. .55, p. 405.-Var. latifdlium,
Hort., is very similar to this.
74. cretdceum, Lindl. Stems about 1 ft. long: Ivs. ob-
long-lanceolate : fls. solitary, whitish, disk of labellum
yellowish, with crimson marking, margin fringed,
khasia Hills.
Hybrids : D. Ain8worthii = D. heterocarpum XD. nobile (see
No. 42).— D. i>o/nmiaMHM( = D. nobileXD. Linawiauum.— D.
Cas8iope=D. JaponicumXI). nobile, var. albiflorum.— D. splen-
didissimum = D. aureum X nobile.— Var. grandiflorum =D.
aureumXnobile.
D. .Tohannis, Reiehb. f., and D. rohustum are not in cult, in
the United States, but have appeared in trade eatalognes.
Oakes Ames.
OENDBOCALAUUS. Consult Bamboo.
OENDBOCHlLTJM. Compare Platyclinis.
DENDBOMECON ( Greek dendron,tTee ; m^cow , poppy ) .
The only genus of Papaverdcece known to have woody
stems. California. Probably only one species. D. rlgi-
dtun, Benth. Dry, rocky hills of the Coast Range, mainly
in the south : 3-10 ft. high : stems up to 1 in. thick:
bark whitish : branches stiff, erect: Ivs. linear-lanceo-
late, not cut, coriaceous, reticulately veined, very acute
and mucronate : fls bright yellow, 1-3 in. in diara., on
pedicels 1-4 in. long: capsules linear, nerved, lK-2)4
in. long; seeds black, almost globular. Hardy in some
parts of England. Propagated from seeds, that take
very long to germinate. B.M. 5134. F.S. 14:1411. Gn.
50:1087. J.H. III. 29:92.-D. HArfordii, Kell., and D.
fl6xile, Greene, from Santa Cruz an<i Santa Rosa Islands,
are now considered as forms of above, varying mainly
in the habit, more drooping and graceful, and in the
much larger, ovate, more glaucous leaves. These differ-
ent forms occur also in the mountains near Santa Bar-
bara. Considerable variation in size of flowers appears
to depend mostly upon the conditions where plants are
growing. Outdoor shrubs. p. Fbanceschi.
DENDEOPANAX (Greek, tree Panax). Aralidcea:
A genus of about 20 trees and shrubs from tropical
America and Asia, also China and Japan. D. Japonicus,
Seem., may be obtained from dealers in Japanese plants.
The leaves have been compared to Fatsia Japonica, hut
are small'ir and mostly 3-lobed. The floral parts are in
5's. Be^i'Y globose.
472
DENDROPHYLAX
DFSCHAMPSIA
DENDBOFHl^LAX (Greek, groicmg on a tree). Orehi-
ddcece, tribe Vdndece. Epiphytes : sepals and petals
spreading, labellum 3-lobed, lateral lobes small, angular,
middle one with spreading lobes; spur long, tiliform:
column short; pollinia2. Near Phaltenopsis. The fol-
lowing are introduced into American horticulture:
Llndenii, Reichb. f . Scape leafless, bearing a single
white flower : sepals and petals lanceolate ; divisions
of midlobe of labellum lanceolate: capsule smooth. On
Oreodoxa Hegia, and live oaks, S. Florida.
funiLlis, Hort. { CEcoclddes fimdlis, hindl. Angrceeum
fundle, Lindl.). Leafless, roots numerous, fleshy: pe-
duncles 2-fld.: fls. white; sepals and petals oblong-lan-
ceolate ; labellum 3-lobed, with a long horn. Mts. of
Jamaica. „
Oakes Ames.
DENNST£DTIA (a personal name). Polypodidcece.
A genus of hardy or greenhouse ferns of wide distri-
bution, often referred to Dicksonia but belonging to a
different family from the antarctic or southern hemi-
sphere tree ferns of the latter genus. Indusium inferior
cup-shaped. For culture, see Dicksonia
punctil6btila, Moore (Dicksdnia piJosius-
cula, Willd.). Figs. 692, 69.S. Lvs. light
green, from a slender, creeping rootstock,
1-2^2 ft. long, 5-9 in. wide, usually tri-
pinnatifid, under surface minutely glandu-
lar, giving the dried lvs. a somewhat pleas-
ant fragrance ; sori minute, on
small, recurved teeth. Canada to
Tennessee.
692. Tip of leaf of Dennstaedtia
punctilobula.
693. Fruiting lobe of
Dennstfcdtia punc-
tilobula.
Smlthii, Moore. Lvs. thick, the under surface almost
woolly, glandular, tripinnate; lower pinnae 9-12 in. long,
3-4 in. wide; sori 2-8 to each segment. Philippines.
diss^cta, from the Wes<- Indies, often 6-7 ft. high,
with broad (2-4 ft.) lvs. is sometimes seen in cultivation,
and is well worth a place in the trade.
L. M. Underwood,
DENTABIA (Latin, dens, tooth ; referring to the
toothed rootstocksh Crucifercp. Toothwort. Dealers
in native plants sometimes cultivate a tew of these hardy
herbaceous perennials, which have pleasant tasting root-
stocks, 2 or 3 lvs., mostly with 3 leaflets, and corymbs
or racemes of large white or purplish fls. in spring.
The European and eastern American species are readily
told from Cardamine by habit and many obvious differ-
ences, but the western American of the two genera
converge •'o that some botanists have merged Dentaria
into Cardamine. (SeeE. L. Greene, Pittonia. 3:117-124.)
The genus contains no arctic or alpine forms. About 9
species are cultivated in Old World rockeries. They are
of easy culture in light, rich soil and moist, shady posi-
tions. Usually prop, by division, as seeds are not
abundant.
A. Rootstock not tuberous.
diphtllftt Michx. Pepper-root. Rootstock several
In. long, often branched, strongly toothed at the many
nodes : stem-lvs. 2, similar to the root-lvs., close to-
gether ; leaflets 3, ovate or oblong-ovate, coarsely cre-
nate, the teeth abruptly acute: petals white inside, pale
purple or pinkish outside. Nova Scotia to S. C. , west
to Minn, and Ky. B.M. 1465. — Rootstocks 5-10 in. long,
crisp, tasting like water-cress. Pretty spring flower.
AA. Rootstock tuberous.
B. Lvs. S-parted, but not into distinct leaflets.
c. Tubers usually not jointed or prominently tubercled.
lacini&ta, Muhl. Tubers deep-seated : stem-lvs. 2 or 3,
with lateral segments often 2-lobed, all broadly oblong
to linear, more or less sharply toothed: petals pale rose
to white. Quebec to Minn., south to Fla. and La.
cc. Tubers with joints about 1 in. long.
macroc&rpa, Nutt. {C. gemmdta, Greene). Lvs. 1-3,
palmately or pinnately 3-5-parted or divided, segments
linear to oblong, entire : fls. purple or rose. N. Calif,
to B. C.
BB. Lvs. cut into S distinct leaflets.
c. Leaflets linear, entire.
ten6lla, Pursh. Tubers small, irregular: stem-lvs. 1
or 2, nearly sessile, sometimes bulbiferous ; leaflets
linear-oblong or linear, obtuse, entire : petals rose.
Washington.
cc. Leaflets not linear or entire.
Calif6niica, Nutt. Tubers mostly small: stem 3^-2 ft.
high : lvs. very variable ; stem-lvs. 2-4, mostly short-
petiolate, and above the middle of the stem, with 3-5
leaflets, rarely simple or lobed; leaflets mostly short-
petiolulate, ovate to lanceolate or linear, entire or
toothed: petals white or rose. Mts. of Calif, and Ore.
maxima, Nutt. Tubers near the surface jointed,
strongly tubercled : stem-lvs. 2 or 3, usually alternate;
leaflets ovate or oblong-ovate, coarsely toothed and
somewhat cleft or lobed. Vt. to western N. Y. and
Penna. "VV. M.
DEODAB. Cedrus Deodara.
DEFABIA (Greek, depas, a beaker or chalice; refer-
ring to the form of the involucre). A small genus of
Hawaiian and South American ferns related to Denn-
stfedtia, rarely seen in cultivation in America. The
sori are marginal and usually on stalked projections
from the margin of the leaf. l. ji. Underwood.
DEBBIS (Greek, a leather covering). Legumindso'.
A genus of tropical, tall, woody climbers, one of which is
cult, in S. Calif. About 35 species, mostly Asian. Lvs.
alternate; Ifts. opposite, the odd one distant; stipules
none: fls. violet, purple or white, never yellow.
Bc^ndens, Benth. Climbing: Ifts. 9-13, 1J4-2 in. long,
oblong, obtuse, muticous or retuse, glabrous or minutely
pilose beneath : racemes 4-6 in. long, unbranched: fl.s.
purple: pod long, lanceolate acute at both ends, narrowly
winged at the base ; ovules 6-8. S. Asia and Indian Ar-
chipelago.— It has been offered in this country, but has
not been successfully cultivated. The above description
is made from specimens contributed by Dr. Franceschi,
Santa Barbara, Calif.
DESGHAMPSIA (after Deschamps, a French bota-
nist). Perennial grasses with small, shining spikelets,
like Trisetum and Aira. The plants are usually stouter
and the spikelets longer than in Aira, from which it dif-
fers in the prolongation of t|ie rachilla. Lvs. flat or con-
volute: spikelets 2- (rarely 3-) fld., in terminal, usually
spreading panicles : awn slender, twisted below. Spe-
cies about 20, inhabiting cold and temperate regions, a
few occurring in the high mountains of the tropics.
About 8 species are found in N. America.
csespitdsa, Beauv. {A)ra ccfspitosa, Linn.). Tufted
Haik-Grass. Hassock-Grass. a native perennial hav-
ing a tendency to form tufts or tussocks. Panicle
pyramidal or oblong. 2 in. long ; rays slender, bearing
spikelets above the middle ; awn variable in length.—
Abundant in the Rocky Mt. region, where the tufts
help to bind the spongy soil and prevent land-slides.
In England it is sometimes used by the farmers to
make door mats. Also used for ornament.
DESCHAMPSIA
DEUTZIA
473
flezudsa, Trin. {AVra flexubaa, Linn.). Wood Hair-
Grass. A slender, perennial grass, 1-2 ft. high, with
numerous very fine root-Ivs., and a delicate capillary
panicle. It grows in tufts like the above, and can be
distinguished by the much longer and twisted awn. N.
Amer., Eu. — Valuable for woodland pastures, as it will
grow well in the shade. Also used for ornament.
P. B. Kennedy.
DESIGN. The "design-work" of florists refers to
formal arrangement of material as opposed to informal
arrangement of cut-flowers. Funeral designs are per-
haps the commonest. Dried grasses and everlasting
flowers are used in funeral designs. The term design
ia borrowed from the language of art, and can also be
applied to formal styles of bedding as opposed to the
informal border. Design work is less popular in America
than in parts of the Old World, the distinguishing
feature of our floriculture being the general taste for
cut-flowers and for their free arrangement. Many pic-
tures of designs may be seen in the florists' trade
papers.
D£SMAZ£BIA. See Demazeria.
DESMODIUM (Greek, a hand or chain; referring to
the jointed pods). By some called Meihomia. Legumi-
ndsce. Tick Trefoil. Mostly herbs, of 150 or more
species, in temperate and warm regions of America,
Asia, Africa and Australia. Lvs. pinnate, with 3-5
(rarely 1) leaflets: fls. small and papilionaceous, in ter-
minal or axillary racemes in summer, mostly purple :
pod flat, deeply lobed or jointed, the joints often break-
ing apart and adhering to clothing and to animals by
means of small hooked hairs. Fig. 694. A number of
species are native to N. America, and are sometimes
grown in the hardy border, where they thrive under or-
dinary conditions. One hothouse species, D. gyrans,
is sometimes cult, for its odd moving leaflets. D. pen-
dulifloriim and D.Japonicum will be found under Les-
pedeza. Several of the native species are worthy of
cult., but are practically unknown in the trade. The
following have been offered by collectors : Canadense,
DC; cuspidattim, Hook.; Dillenii, Darl.; Marilandi-
(um, Boott; nitdiflonttn , DC . ; paniculafum, DC. ; patici-
flortim, DC; sessiliflorum, Torr. & Gray. The Florida
gfrtaa, DC. Telegraph Plant. From 2-3 ft. high,
with 3 oblong or elliptic leaflets, the small lateral ones
(which are almost linear) moving in various directions
when the temperature is congenial, and especially in
the sunshine : tts. purple or violet, in a many-fld.
panicle. S. Asia. Grown occasionally as a curiosity,
particularly in botanical collections. See Darwin's
Power of Movement in Plants, and various botanical
treatises, for fuller accounts.
Pesmodiitm gyrans is of tolerably easy culture. It
requires stove temperature, and, although a perennial,
it is best treated as an annual. The best method of
propagation is by seeds. These should be sown in Feb-
ruary in a light, sandy soil, in 4-in. pots, and placed in a
warm, close atmosphere, where they will soon germi-
nate. The seedlings should be potted singly into small
pots as soon as large enough to handle, and be grown on
as rapidly as possible, using a mixture of good, fibrous
loam and leaf soil in about equal proportions. By mid-
summer they will be bushy plants, and, though not
showy, they will be very interesting.
L. H. B. and Edwarp J. Canning.
DEtTTZIA (named by Thunberg in honor of his friend
and patron, Johann van der Deutz). lSaxifragdce(e.
Very ornamental shrubs with showy white or blush fls.
appearing in spring or early summer. Lvs. deciduous,
opposite, petioled, serrate, usually with rough stellate
pubescence : fls. in racemes or corymbs, white, some-
times purplish, epigynous; calyx-teeth 5; petals 5; sta-
mens 10, rarely more, shorter than the petals; filaments
usually winged and toothed at the apex : capsule 3-5-
celled, with numerous minute seeds. About 15 species in
E.Asia and Himalayas and 1 in Mexico. D.parvi flora and
D. Lemoinei are the hardiest, but/>. scabra, SieboJdiana
and gracilis are also hardy north in somewhat sheltered
positions or with slight protection, while most of the
others are more tender and can not be grown safely
north of New York. The Deutzias thrive in almost any
well drained soil, and are well adapted for borders of
shrubberies. Potted plants forced with a temperature
not exceeding 50° develop into beautiful specimens for
the decoration of greenhouses and conservatories, es-
pecially D. Lemoinei, D. gracilis and discolor. The
same plants cannot be forced again. Prop, readily by
greenwood and hardwood cuttings, also by seeds sown
in pans or boxes in spring.
petals valvate in
a. Fls. in racemes or panicles
the bud.
694. Loments or pods of Desmodium Canadense.
Beggar-weed is Desmodium tortuosum, DC, of the W.
Indies. It is coming into prominence in the south as a
forage plant (see Farmers' Bull. 102, U. S. Dept. of
Agric).
B. Longer filaments narroired toward the apex,
without teeth.
Sieboldi&na, Maxim. {D. scdbra, Sieb. & Zucc). Low
shrub, to 2 ft. : lvs. short-petioled, the pair below the
panicle sessile, ovate or ovate-elliptic, rounded or cor-
date at the base, rough and rugose above, stellate-pubes-
cent beneath, light green, 1-2 in. long: panicles erect,
loose, 2-3 in. long: fls. white, rather small, with spread-
ing petals; calyx lobes persistent. June. Japan. S.Z. 7.
—Graceful low shrub, but less showy than the two fol-
lowing species.
BB. All filaments with 3 large teeth heloiv the
anthers.
BC&bra, Thuub. Shrub, to 6 ft. : lvs. all petioled, ovate
to ovate-lanceolate, rounded at the base, crenate-dentate,
with rough pubescence on both sides, dull green, 1-3 in.
long: panicles erect, 2-4 in. long: fls. white or blushed,
with erect petals; calvx lobes deciduous. June. July.
Japan, China. S.Z. 0. B.M. 3838. B.R. 20:1718. S.B.F.G.
11.4:393. A.G. 18:356. Var. angustifdlia, Voss. Branches
reddish brown : lvs. ovate-lanceolate, rougher. Var.
crenilta, Voss (D. crendta, Sieb. & Zucc). Branches
brown: lvs. ovate or oblong-ovate, less rough. This var.
is less common in cultivation than the former. Var.
xnarmor^ta, Hort. Lvs. spotted with vellowish white.
Var. plena, Maxim. With double fls. R.H. 1867:70. F.S.
17:1799; 18:1850. I.H. Il:389.-Cult. in different forms
as Candidissima, with pure white double fls. (A.F.
6:263. J.H. III. 34:153. G.C II. 18:173) ; Pride of Roches-
ter, with very large white double fls.; Purpurea Plena,
double outside purplish ; Watereri, with large double
fls., tinged rose.
'ML
474
DEUTZIA
DEWBERRY
695. Deutzia gracilis (X Ji^)
grdcilis, Sieb. & Zucc. Fig. 695. Shrub, to 3 ft., with
slender, often arching branches: Ivs. oblong-lanceolate,
acuminate, sharply serrate, with sparse stellate hairs
above, nearly glabrous beneath, bright green, 1-2 in.
long: fls. pure white, in racemes; petals erect or some-
what spreading, oblong; stamens much shorter than the
petals; calyx-teeth persistent. Mav, June. Japan. S.Z.8.
P.F.G. 2,p. 7. F.S. 6:611. R.H. 1891, p. 203. Thereare
vars. with yellow and with variegated Ivs. ; see, also,
D. rosea (Suppl. list).
AA. Fls. in corymbs.
discolor, Hemsl. Shrub, to 7 ft. : Ivs. oblong-lanceo-
late, denticulate, dark green above, much paler beneath,
coated with stellate hairs, sparingly above, densely be-
neath: corymbs loose, 10-20 fld. : tis. white, with spread-
ing petals, valvate in the bud; filaments with large teeth.
China. Var. parpur&scens, Franch. Three-4 ft. : Ivs.
ovate, less stellate-hairy, 1-2 in. long : corymbs rather
few-tld. : petals pinkish outside ; calvx red, with large
teeth. June. China. R.H. 1895:61. 'g.F. 7: 287. G.C.
111. 26:45.
Lem6inei, Hort. (D. grdcilis y. parviflbra). Fig. 696.
Spreading shrub, to 3 ft.: Ivs. elliptic-lanceolate, finely
Sv rrate with appressed teeth, with sparse stellate hairs
above, nearly glabrous beneath, lK-3 in. long : fls. in
large corymbs or broad panicles, pure white ; petals
broadly ovate, spreading, partially valvate and partially
imbricate in the bud; filaments with large teeth. G.F.
9:285. A.F. 11:457. Gt. 44, p. 567 and 46, p. 383. Gng.
4:135. J. H. 111.34:77. G.C. III. 18:389. Gn. 48, p. 317.
— A very desirable shrub, more vigorous and with
showier fls. than D. gracilis. Excellent for forcing.
parvifldra, Bunge. Shrub, to 6 ft., with erect branches :
Ivs. ovate or oblong-ovate, finely serrate, with stellate
hairs on both sides, often grayish green beneath, 2-3 in.
long: fls. in many-fld. corymbs; petals roundish obovate,
spreading, imbricate in the bud; longer filaments with-
out teeth. June. N. China, Mongolia. G.F. 1 :365. Gt.
11:370; 43, p. 65 and 46, p. 382. R.H. 1892, p. 223. G.C.
III. 14:153.
D. angustifdlia,Dii>i>.=D. \jemoinei.— D. Bninoniana, 'R.Br.
=D. staminea var.— Z>. corymbi flora, Lem. Shrub, to 4 ft.: Ivs.
ovate-lanceolate, denticulate, pubescent beneath : corymbs
many-fld.: petals spreading, .lune, July. China. R.H. 1897, p.
466 (as D. corymbosa) and 1898, p. 402. G.C. III. 24:267. A.F.
14:166. Gng. 7:2.—D.corymbd8a, R.Br. Allied to D. parviflora:
Iva. ovate or lanceolate
long acuminate: fls. larger*
all filaments toothed'
Himalayas. — D. dentata
Hort.=D. scabra.— Z). For-
'«»'^. Hort. (D. scabraX
Sieboldiana). Lvs. ovate-
oblong: fls. large, pure
white : filaments p.-irtly in-
distinctly toothed. Csually
a variety of D. scabra is
cult, under this name.— D
mltia, Hort. =»D.scabra, var
crenata. — D. rbaea, Hort"
( D. gracilis rosea. Lemoine)
Hybrid between D. discolor
purpurascens and D. gra-
cilis, with campanulato
blush fls, in panicles. Of
the same parentage as are
var. campanulata and var.
venusta, with white, and
var. grandiflora with large
blushed fls. The.se vars. are
described by Lemoine as
forms of D. gracilis, except
var. grandiflora, which he
has under D. discolor.— A
staminea, B. Br. Shrub, to
3 ft.: Ivs. ovate or ovate-
lanceolate, with whitish
stellate pubescence be-
neath: corymbs many-fld.;
fls. white, fragrant ; fil.v
ments with large teeth.
Himalayas. B. R. a'}: l.'j.
Var. Bnmv-miana, Hook. f.
& Thoms. Lvs. less densely
pubescent: fls. larger. B.R.
26:5 (as 1). corymbosa). —Z).
Setchuensis, Fr&naYi. Shrub:
Ivs. ovate-lanceolate, bright
green above, whitish beneath, with appressed stellate hairs :
coombs few-fld.; filaments toothed, half as long as petals.
China.— Z>. Wdtsoni&nH Wellsi, Hort.=D. scabra vars.
Alfred Rehdeb.
DEVIL-IN-A-BUSH. Nigella.
DEWBERRY. The Dewberry is one of the most recent
acquisitions among garden fruits. As a cultivated fruit,
it is American, and the varieties are forms of native
species. It is distinguished from the blackberry chiefly
by its low, trailing habit, its method of propagating by
tips instead of suckers, and its few-flowered cymose
clusters. Four distinct species are found in cultivation.
(1) The northern Dewberry (Bubxis villosits, Ait., until
696. Deutzia Lemoinei (X /a).
lately known as -B. Canadensis). In this species the
leaflets are thin and deciduous, the stems sparsely and
lightly prickly, and the flower-stalk slightly fuzzy but
not glandular, A well marked sub-type has been set ofif
from this species, comprising the Lucretia Dewberry
DEWBERRY
DI AN ELLA
475
(var. roribaceus, Bailey), which is a stronger plant,
with wedge-ovate, jagged leaflets, long Hower stalks,
large flowers and leaf-like sepals. Figs. 697, 698. (2)
697. Lucretia Dewberry (X M).
The B'artel type (B. invisus, Bailey), with stout, stiff
stems, straight, reflexed prickles, large leaflets with
simple teeth, and having the unopened buds surmounted
by a tip formed by the sepals which clasp around it.
(3) The southern Dewberry (A', tricialis, Michx. ). This
has round, shrubby, trailing stems, bearing strongly re-
curved or reflexed prickles, glandular-tipped hairs and
bristles. The leaves are evergreen, leathery and
smooth, with numerous stout, recurved or reflexed
prickles on the veins and petioles as well as on the
flower-stems. It is represented in cultivation by the
Manatee and a few others. (4) The western Dewberry
{B. vitifolins, Cham. & Schlecht. ). This has round,
woody stems, usually weak and trailing but sometimes
uprierht, the fruiting branches numerous, armed with
slender prickles, often rendering? the smaller parts
densely setose. It includes the Skagit Chief and others.
Still another species, better known as the cut-leaved
blackberry, has been long in cultivation, chiefl}'' for or-
nament. Its stems are armed with stroner. recurved
prickles and its leaves are much parted and divided.
The culture of the Dewberry is much the same as
that of the blackberry, except in the matter of training,
though it is thought to thrive better on light and
sandy soils than the blackberry. No summer pruning
of the canes is needed, although the old canes may be
removed as soon as done fruiting. Various meth-
ods of training are employed, the object of all be-
ing to keep the bearing canes off the frround, so that
they will not interfere with cultivation and the fruit will
be kept clean. For this purpose the single stake and
the wire trellis methods are best known. Tyinff the
canes to stakes (Fig. 699) is perhaps the best'metho*!.
The fruiting canes are tied to the stake or trellis in
spring, being shortened to from .3 to 5 feet in length.
The young canes are allowed to grow upon the ground
at will, or at most are turned in the direction of the row
if they interfere with cultivation. They remain in this
position during winter, where they can be very con-
veniently protected, and take their place upon the trellis
or stakes the following summer.
The Dewberries have proved successful and profitable
with some and a failure with others. Different varieties
should be planted together to insure proper fecundation
of the blossoms. Their chief value lies in their season
of ripening, which is in advance of the blackberries.
Lucretia and Bartel are the most important varieties.
For history and botany, see Bailey, Evolution of Our
Native Fruits; for culture, see Card's Bush -Fruits, and
Cornell Bulletins 34 and 117. Consult Blackberry, Lo-
ganberry And Bnbus. Fred W. Card.
DIACBIUM {through and point; the stems are sur*
ro» nded by sheaths). Orchiddceie, tribe tlpidindrece.
Fo;ir tropical Amer. epiphytes, closely allied to Epi-
dendrum, with which they have been included. Differs
from that genus in the fact that the column and lip are
not united. Fls. showy, in loose racemes : Ivs. few,
sheathing : pseudobulbs slender. Culture of Epiden-
drum and Cattleya.
bicomtltam, Benth. {Epidendrum bicoruutum, Hook.).
Pseudobulbs 1-2 ft. long, hollow, bearing dry sheaths:
Ivs. short and leathery : raceme slender, 3-12-fld. : the
fls. white, with small crimson spots on the 3-lobed lip,
fragrant. B.M. 3332. G.C. III. 16:3,37. J.H. III. 33:29.
— A handsome orchid, requiring high temperature.
D. bidentatnm, Herasl. {Epidendrum bidentdtuni, Lindl.),
of Mexico, has been listed in trade eataloijiies, but it is practi-
cally unknown to cult., and is probably not now in the Amer.
*»de- L. H. B.
DIAMOND FLO WEE. See lonopsidium.
DIANllLLA (diminutive of Diana). LilideecF. Tender
perennial tibrous-rooted plants, with hard, linear, sheath-
ing, grass-like Ivs., often 2-3 ft. long, large, loose
panicles of blue fls. on delicate, pendent pedicels, and
great numbers of pretty blue berries, which remain at-
tractive for several weeks, and are the chief charm of
the plant. There are about a dozen species of world-
wide distribution. They perhaps s'ioceed best in the
open border of a cool greenhouse. Prop, by divisions,
or by seeds sown in spring in mild heat. A few plants
have lately been imported, but the species are not ad-
vertised. Latest monograph by J. G. Baker, in Journ.
Linn. Soc. 14:574 (1875).
A. Stems entirely wanting.
B. Anthers 1 line long.
Tstsm&nica, Hook. Height 4-5 ft.: Ivs. numerous, in
a rosette, broadly ensiform, 2-4 ft. long, %-l in. wide,
margined with small reddish brown
spines, that cut the hand if the leaves are
carelessly grasped : panicle very lax, sur-
passing the Ivs. 1-2 ft., with as many as
60 fls.: fls. pale blue, nodding, i^-;'4 in.
across, segments finally reflexed. Tas-
mania and Australia. B.M. 5551.
698. Lucretia Dewberry.
Natural size.
699. Training Dewberry
to stakes.
BB. Anthers l}^ lines long.
C, Veins of the outer perianth-segments rather distant.
laevis, R. Br. Lvs. l-\}4 ft. long, 6-9 lines wide, less
leathery and paler than in D. cceritlea and at first slightly
glaucous: panicle deltoid, the branches more compound
than in D. revolnta: outer segments of the perianth with
5 fhstant veins, inner ones densely 3-veined in the
middle third. Eastern temperate parts of Australia.
B.R. 9:751. L.B.C. 12:1136.
476
DIANELLA
DUNTHUS
cc. Veins of the perianth-segments crowded into a
central apace.
revoltita, R. Br. Height '^-3 ft. : Ivs. in a rosette, 1-
\}4 tt. long, 3-4 lines wide, dark green, purplish at the
base and margin, not spiny at the margin : panicle
branches short, ascending : fls. later than D. ccrrulea.
W. and E. Australia in temperate parts. Tasmania.
B.R. 9:734 and 13:1120.
AA. Stems present but short.
ceerdlea, Sims. Subshrubby, with a short stem in age,
branching : Ivs. about 6, clustere<l at the ends of branches,
9-12 in. long, G-9 lines wide, dark green, rough on the
back and margin : outer perianth -segments with 5 distant
veins, inner ones with 3 closer veins. Eastern temper-
ate Australia. B.M. 505.
ensildlia, Red. Caulescent herb,3-<> ft. high, the Ivs.
never in a rosette, numerous, hard, linear, 1-2 ft. long,
9-12 lines wide, lighter colored on the keel and margin:
tls. blue or greenish white. Trop. Asia, China, Aus-
tralia, Hawaiian Islands. B.M. 1404. w. ^.
DIANTHUS (Greek for Jove's flower). Caryophyllci-
cece. Pink. About 200 species of Old World small herbs,
many of them prized for their rich and showy tlowers.
Nearly all of them are perennials; they form tufts and
have grass-like Ivs., and jointed stems with terminal
tls. and opposite Ivs. From kindred genera Dianthus
is distinguished by the sepal-like bracts at the
base of a cylindrical calyx (of. Figs. 366, 367); petals
without a crown; styles 2. They are temperate -region
plants. The flowers are usually pink or red, but in
garden forms white and purple are frequent colors.
Most of the cult, species are hardy in the north and are
easy of culture. The perennial species are excellent
border plants. The chief care required in their cultiva-
tion is to see that the grass does not run them out.
Best results in flowering are obtained usually from 2-
year-old seedling plants. Two weedy species, D. pro-
lifer, Linn., and D. Armeria, Linn., are naturalized in
the eastern states. Monogr. by P. N. Williams, Journ.
Linn. Soc. 29 (1891-3). L. H. B.
Dianthus is essentially a European genus, there being
but one species found native on this continent( />.« //)j»ji<«,
found in high northern regions and in Europe), though
others are escapes from gardens, such as D. deltoides
and D. barbatus. Among the gems of the genus are
various pretty little alpine tufted sorts as />. neglectus,
D. glacialis and D. alpiniis, all of which are of dwarf,
close habit, not exceeding 3 in. in height and having
very large single flowers of brightest colors. These are
suited only for rock gardening, as on level ground they
often become smothered with weeds or swamped with
soil after a heavy rain storm, and to these two causes
are attributablethe failures tocultivate them. Dianthuses
like a warm soil, and one that will not become too wet
at any time, especially in winter, where the perennial
kinds are grown, as they are often killed not so much
from cold as from too much ice round them. Snow is the
best possible protection, but ice is the reverse.
All Dianthuses are readily propagate^! from seeds
sown in rich soil, but the double kinds are reproduced
from cuttings alone to be sure to have them true, and in
the fall months cuttings are easily rooted if taken with
a "heel" or a part of the old stem adhering to the
base of the slioot; so that to make cuttings it is best to
strip them off rather than to make them with a knife. It
will be found also that, if cuttings made from plants
growing in the open ground do not root readily but seem
to dry up in the cutting bench, if the plants to be in-
creased are carefully lifted and potted, placed in a tem-
perature of say 50- until young growth shows signs
of starting, every cutting taken off at this stage will
root easily. The transition from outdoors to the propa-
gating house should not be too abrupt. Another method
of propagation is by layering, and with the garden
Pinks, or forms of D. phimarius, it is the easiest and
surest. After hot weather is past stir the soil round
the parent plant, take the branches that have a portion
of bare stem, make an incision half way through and
alongthe stem for an inch, and peg this down in the soil
without breaking the shoot off (Fig. 370). Roots will be
formed and good strong plants be the result before
winter. Thf layering method is specially suitable to such
species as I), plumarius, D. Carifophyllns and double
forms of others, such as Sweet William. e.O. Orpet
Index: alpinus, U; atmruhens, 2; barbatus, ."); capi-
tatus, 3; Carthu8ianoruni,2; Caryophyllus,8; Chinensls,
700. Sweet William -Dianthus barbatus (X %).
13; Cincinnatus, 13; cinnabarinus, 1; cruentus, 4; del
toides, 10; dentosus, 13; diadematus, 13; glacialis, 12;
Heddewigi, 13; hybridus, 13; imperialis, 13; laciniatus,
13; latifolius, 14; macrosepalus, 13; plumarius, 6; punc-
tafus, 8 ; semperflorens, 13; Sinensis, 13; superbus, 7;
sylvestris,9; viscordalis, sub 14.
A. Flowers in dense cymes or in heads, the cluster often
subtended by involucre-like Ivs.
B. Petals not bearing hairs or barbs : bracts dry.
1. cinnabarinus, Sprun. A ft. high, woody at base,
perennial, blooming in Aug. and Sept.: Ivs. linear,
sharp-pointed and rigid : petals fiery red above, paler
beneath, glandular: stamens included. Greece. -Hand-
some little species; useful for hardy border or rockery.
BB. Petals with hairs or barbs on the lower part of the
blade.
2. Carthusiaiidrum, Linn. (Z>. atrSrubens, Willd.).
Hardy perennial or biennial, glabrous, scarcely glaucous,
12-18 in. high, the stem angled: Ivs. short, linear and
pointed, without prominent nerves when fresh : As. in
a dense, 6-20-fld. head, in shades of red, the petals
sharply but not deeply toothed, the cluster subtended
DIANTHUS
DIANTHUS
477
by very narrower even awl-like Ivs. Denmark to Portu-
gal and Effvpt. B.M. 1775, 20.O.- Very variable. Little
known in Araer. ffar<lens.
3. eapititui, Balb. Much like the la8t: plant frlaucouM,
conspicuously pubescent, taller: petals purple-spotted.
Siberia, Servia.
4. ertidnttif, Griseb. Cespitofle, {glaucous, glabrous :
stem 1-2 ft., terete, forking: Ivs. linear or Innee-linear,
sharp acuminate: fls. deep blood-red, small, numerous
in a contracted cyme ; petals red-hairy towards the
base. July. Greece.
5. barbJLtui, Linn. Sweet William. Fig. 700. Per-
ennial, but readily grown from seed, and flowering well
the second year, glabrous, the stems 4-angled, 10-18 in.
high: Iva. broad and flat or conduplicate, 5-nervfd: fla,
several to many in a round-topped, dense cyme, in many
colorH, the petals not hairy. Russia to China and S. to
the Pyrenees. B.M. 207. — The Sweet William is one of
the oldest garden flowers. It is sure to be found in the
old-faahioned gardens. The cult, forms run into many
colors. Sometimes found along roadsides as an escape.
There are double-ttd. forms. R.H. 1894, p. 277.
AA. Flowers solitary, or in 2's or 5'«.
B. Calyx-bracts short and broad, oppressed.
C. Petals fimbriate.
6. plumJLrins, Linn. Common Grass or Garden Pink.
Scotch Pink. Pheasant's Eve Pink. Low, tufty, 1 ft.,
blooming in spring and early summer, verv fragrant:
ivs. narrow and short, blue-glaucous : fl.s. mettium size,
pink, purplish and white,
the blade of the petal
fringed one-fourth or one-
fifth its depth ; calyx cylin-
drical, with short, broad-
topped mucronate bracts.
Austria, Siberia. — A uni-
versal favorite. Hardy.
Much used in old - fash-
ioned gardens as edging
for beds. There are double-
fld. forms.
7. sup^rbtui, Linn. Fig. 701.
Taller, the stems forking, less
tufted, later-fld., broader-lvd. ;
calyx longer: petals lilac, dis-
sected below the middle. Nor-
way to .Japan and Spain. Vari-
able. B.M. 297. — A handsome
species, growing 16-24 in.,
fragrant. Perennial.
cc. Petals only dentate (ex-
cept in some garden
forms).
8. Caryophyiltis, Liun. Car-
nation. Clove Pink. Pico-
tee. Grenadine. Figs. 366-8,
370-5. Plate IV. Cespitose,
glabrous, 1-3 ft., the stems
hard or almost woody below,
the nodes or joints conspicu-
ous : Ivs. long-linear, very
glaucous: fls. on long stems,
particularly inAmerican cult. ;
calyx - bracts very broad,
abruptly pointed : Vars. soli-
tary, large, very variable in
size, form and color, bvit origi-
nally palo lilac, fragrant.
B.M. 39 (Bizarre Carnation);
1622 (var. imbricatus ) ; 2744
(Picotees). — Generally sup-
posed to be native to the
Mediterranean region, but
Williams gives its geograph-
ical limits as "north and west Normandy" and "^ south
and east Punjab" (northwestern Hindoostan). Long
cultivated. In Europe it is largely grown as an outdoor
Pink, but in this country it is chiefly known as the
greenhouse Carnation. The American forcing type is
distinguished by very long stems and a continuous
blooming habit. Garden varieties of D. Caryophyllut
are numberless, and they often pass under I^utiuized
names (D.punctt)tHs, Hort., is one of these names). For
studies in the history and evolution of the Carnation,
see Bailey, Survival of the Unlike, Essay 28. See Carna-
tion.
701. Oianthus superbus.
702. Dianthus Chincnsis(X5^).
9. sylv^Stris, Wuif {D. virgineus, Hort.). Slender,
1 ft. high, the stem angular compressed and bearing 1-3
odorless fls.: Ivs. tufted, linear and sharp-pointed,
scabrous on the margins : fls. rather small, red, the
petals obovate and shallow-toothed. Eu. B.M. 1740.—
Pretty perennial border plant.
BB. Calyx-bracts half the length of the calyx, mostly
narrow-pointed : Ivs. short and spreading, the
radical ones obtuse or nearly so.
10. deltoldes, Linn. Maiden Pink. Tufted, 6-10 in.,
blooming in spring and early summer, creeping: stems
ascending, forking, with solitary fls. on the branchlets:
stem Ivs. an inch long, sharp-pointed : fls. small ( %-%
in. across), the petals toothed, deep red with a crimson
eye, the petals bearing an inverted V-shaped pocket at
their base (whence the name deltoides). Scotland to
Norway and Japan. — One of the prettiest border Pinks,
making neat mats of foliage and bearing profusely of
the little bright fls. There is a white-fld. variety.
478
DIANTHUS
DICEN'TRA
11. alplnni, Linn. V'ery dwarf, the l-fld. stems rarely
reachintc more than 3-4 in. biKb. more or less prostrate:
foliage dark sbining ffreen : fl. 1 in. or more across, deep
rose or purplish and crimson spotted, a darker ring
around th«» eye. Russia to (ireece and Swiss Alp^. B.M.
120:>, Un. 2(J:4.')5; 47, p. 2«r2; 4.5, p. 53. -One of tbe cboic-
est of alpine and rockwork plants.
BBB. Calyi-bracts leafy oud uprtading.
12. glaci&lii, Ilfenkf . Three to 4 in. hi»;b, the stems
tufte<l uiid UMUuliy l-fld.: Ivs. green, narrow-lint-ar and
pointed, somewhat serrulate: tlM. small and Oilorless,
red-purple; the petals toothed. Mts. of S. Eu. O.C I-.
21 :8()9. — A pretty species, but difficult to establish.
Grown among alpine plants.
13. Chin6nii». Linn. (D. Sinensis, Hort.). Fig. 702.
Perennial, cespitose, glabrous, more or less creeping at
base: stem forking, angled and more or less grooved,
pubescent: Ivs. broad and nearly flat or slightly trough-
shaped, 3-5-nerved: fls. large, solitary or more or less
clustered, pink or lilac; the )>etals (at least in the wild)
barbed or hairy towards the base; calyx-bracts 4, in
some cult. vars. short. — China and .Japan; but recent au-
thorities consider a European Pink to be but a fornj of
it, and thereby extend its range west to Portugal. The
Amoor Pink ( />. ihfiti^nuf. FMsch.) is a form known as
var. macros6palu3, Franch.: it is a hardy border plant,
1 ft. high, with bright red lis. and u spot at base of each
petal. I}. sepuperfldreHA, Hort., is a hardy [>erennial
form, 12-18 in., with silvery foliage and deep j)ink, red-
eyed, fragraut fls. J>. Chinensis has given rise to a
beautiful aud variable race of garden I'inks, var. H6d*
dewigri, Fegel (I). Jliddeirigi, Hort.). These are ex-
tensively grown from seeds, and are practically an-
nuals, although plants may survive the winter and give
a feeble bloom in the spring in mild climates. The
flowers are scarcely odorous. They are single and
double, of many vivid colors; and many of the garden
f(»n'.is have bizarre markings. In some forms, var. la-
cioiiitas, Hegel (/>. hicinidtua, Hort.), the petals are
slvished and cut. D. imperiiilis, Hort., is a name applied
to a strain with strong habit and rather tall growth,
mostly double. C. diadem^tus, Hort., is another garden
strain. D. Cincinn^tus, Lem., is a red form with
shredded petals. I.U. 11:.'588. D. hybridus, Hort., is
13:1380-1. On. 49:1051. The garden Pinks are of
easy culture. Seeds may be sown in the open where
the plants are to stand, but better results are obtained
at least in the north, if plants are started in the house!
703. Dicentra spectabilis— Bleeding Heart (X M)-
another set. This name (/>. hybridus) is also applied
to a deutosus-Uke form, which some regard as a hybrid
of dentosus and some other species. For portraits of
garden Pinks, see B.M. 5536; F.S. 11:1150; 12:1288-9;
704. Dicentra formosa {><.%)•
Plants bloom after the first fall frosts. They grow 10-
l(i in. high, and should be planted 0-8 in. apart. They
are very valuable for borders and flower gardens.
14. latifdlius, Hort. Perennial, 6-12 in. high, of doubt-
ful origin, but in habit intermediate between J). Chi-
nensis and />. barbatus. Fls. large, double, in close
clusters or even heads: Ivs. oblong-lanceolate.— A good
border plant.
D. viscordalia is a name which once was advertised by Man-
ning, but is not now in the trade. The seed was obtained from
an English firm. It is probably a garden form of some old
species. l, jj. B.
DIC£NTBA (Greek, din, kentron, two-spurred, but
originally misprinted Diclytnt, and then supposed to be
Dielytra). Fumarid,cetjp. A genus of charming hardy
perennial plants with much cut foliage, and rose, white
or yellow fls. of interesting structure. The Squirrel
Corn and Dutchman's Breeches are two of our daintiest
native springtime flowers, and the Bleeding Heart is
one of the choicest memories of old-fashioned gardens:
it is also the most widely cultivated of all the plants of
this delightful order. Though long known to herbaria,
plants of Bleeding Heart were not introduced to western
cultivation from Japan until the late forties. Robert For-
tune saw it on the Island of Chusan, where he also got
Diervilla rosea and the epoch-making "Chusan Daisy,"
the parent of pompon Chrysanthemums. The first live
plants seen in England flowered in May, 1847. It rapidly
spread into every garden in the land, and is now rich
in home associations. It is an altogether lovely plant.
There are about 15 species of Dicentra, mostly N.
American. Sepals 2, scale-like : petals united into a
2-spurred or heart-shaped nectariferous corolla : stamens
diadelphous,
Dicentras are easily cultivated in borders and wild gar-
dens. Two kinds can be readily secured from the woods
in the E. Try to reproduce the natural conditions, espe-
cially the degree of shade. They like a rich, light soil.
Prop, by dividing crowns or roots. It is a singular fact
that the forcing of Bleeding Hearts, though practically
unknown in America, is said to be commoner in England
than outdoor culture. According to Nicholson, the lorc-
DICKNTRA
DICHORISANDRA
479
ing must be very gentle and the plants kept as near the
giBHs as poHHible. It in bent to have fresh plants each
year, anil return the forced ones to the border.
A. Fh. roaepiirple.
Bacemea simple.
{Diflntra tpeetdbiUt, G. Don).
Fig. 703. Height 1-2 ft. : Ivs. and
Ifts. broadest of the
group: rts. largest, deep,
rosy red; corolla heart-
shaped ; Inner petals
white, protruding. Late
spring. Jap. F.S. 3:2ri8.
B.
■peotibilii. Hem
Bleeding Heakt.
70S. Leaf of Dicentra
Canadensis— Squirrel Corn (Xl4)-
B.M. 4458. R.H. 1847:461. Gn. 40:820.-The white-fld.
variety has a weak growth and sickly appearance.
BB. Hacetnes compound.
c. Inner petals protruded.
exlmia, Torr. Fls. deep rose, heart-shaped, tapering
to a neck, which is longer and narrower than in D. for-
vioKU, the tips of the outer petals much longer. Rocks
of western N. Y. and Mts. of Va. Var. multipinniita,
Hort.,has Ivs. still more finely cut. "The handsomest
foliaged hardy plant in our entire collection."— tf. W.
Manning.
CC. Inner petals scarcely protruded.
formdsa, Walp. Fig. 704. Fls. pale rose, with a short,
thick neck, the tips of the outer petals shorter than in
D. eximia. According to Gray, Syn. Flora, the fls. are
cordate, but B.M. shows 2 pronounced spurs, with tips
pointing toward each other. Mn. 8:17. B.M. 1335 (as
Fumaria formosa). Calif, north.
AA. Flou'ers yellow.
chrysintha, Walp. Pale and glaucous: inflorescence
thyrsoid-pauiculate: fls. numerous, as many aS) 50 in a
thyrse, erect, golden yellow; corolla deciduous; outer
petals hardly larger than the inner, the tips soon recurv-
ing to below the middle. Dry hills, Calif. F.S.8:820(as
Capndrchis chrysdntha}. — 'Ra.Te in cult.
AAA. Flowers chiefly white.
B. Corolla merely heart-shaped, the spurs being short
and rounded.
Canadensis, Walp. {DUlytra Canadensis, G. Don).
Squirrel Corn, from the scattered tubers resembling
grains of maize. Fig, 705. Lvs. finely cut : raceme
simple, few-fld.: fls, white, tipped with rose; crest of
the inner petals conspicuous, projecting. Nova Scotia
to Mich., south to Penn. and Ky., but chiefly northward
in the vegetable mold of rich woods. B.M. 3031.
BB. Corolla not heart-shaped, the spurs longer and
divergent.
Cucnlliria, Bern. {Diilytra Cucnlldria, G. Don).
Dutchman's Breeches. Fig. 706. Easily told from D.
Canadensis by its loose, granular cluster of tubers: lvs.
finely cut : racemes simple, few-fld, : fls. white, tipped
creamy yellow; crest of the inner petals minute. Nov*
Scotia to L. Huron, S. C. to Mo. I.H. G:21.'S. Mn. 6:41.
A.0. 13:51G. D.3r>. B.M. 1127 (as Fumaria Cueullaria).
W. M.
OICHORISANDBA (Greek words referring to the di-
vision of the stamens into two Heries), Commeli-
ndee«f. About 28 species of tropical perennial herbs,
with handsome foliage, often beautifully variegated,
and rich blue fls, borne in thyrse-like panicles. Sepals
distinct, ovate or oblong, green or colored, about equal;
petals distinct, wider than the sepals; stamens (>. C. B,
Clarke in DC. Mv>n. Phan. 3:272 (1881). The following
are in the trade but not sufficiently described : If,
amcena, D. rnriegata, D. Zanoni. \y jj
Dichoi isandra thyrsiflora Is a sat-
isfactory plant of unusual and inter-
esting appearance, which requires lit-
tle attention when once well estab-
lished, and may be relied upon to
flower regularly year after year. It
needs careful repotting every year at
first until a good-size<l pot (say 8 in.)
Is well filled with roots. It then throws
up a strong shoot each year about (i ft.
high, unbranched, and with perhaps 8
or 9 lvs. near the top. The handsome
thyrse of dark blue fls. gives a color
that is rare in the greenhouse. This
plant may be the only representative
of its interesting order in a private collection. It is wil-
ling to be crowded into the background, where its bare
stem is hidden, and where the light may be poorest.
The stem dies down in the winter tiro , when water
should be gra<lual^ withdrawn. Water should be given
liberally during the growing season. Of the foliage
plants of this genus, />, niosatca is commonest. It is
dwarfer, and does not flower so regularly.
Cult, by Robert Shore.
A. Foliage not variegated.
thsrnifldra, Mikan, Distinguished by its large lvs.,
which are lanceolate, narrowed Into a distinct petiole,
glabrous, 6-10 in. long, 2 in, wide, green on both sides:
stem about 3 ft, high, scarcely branched, robust, gla-
brous: racemes suhpanicled, pubescent: sepals glabrous,
blue or somewhat herbaceous. Braz. B.R. 8:682. L. B.C.
12:1196. P.M. 3:127.
706. Dicentra Cueullaria— Dutchman's Bseeches {X%).
AA. Foliage variegated.
mosaica. Linden (/>.»««.<}<) ica, Koch & Lind.). Dis-
tinguisiied by its large, broadly elliptical lvs., which are
roundish at the base, sessile, glabrous, about 6 in. long,
480
DICHORISANDRA
DICTAMNUS
3-4 in. wide, with a short, sharp, rather abrupt point:
stem unbrancbed, robust, spotted : raceme short, densely
thyrsoid: sepals white or greenish. Gt. 1868:593. F.S.
16:1711. — Its chief beauty is the mosaic appearance of
the foliage, due to numberless short, transverse, whitish
lines, which do not pass by the longitudinal veins of the
leaf. The under side of the Ivs. is a rich purplish color.
Var. gigantda, Hort., is cult, abroad.
Var. und4ta (D. un<h)ta, C. Koch & Linden). Foliage
without any mosaic a{)pearance, the variegation being
entirely longitudinal. Each parallel vein lies in the mid-
dle of a long, whitish band extending the full length of
the leaf. F.S. 17 :176:{. -Clarke refers Z>. undata to D.
mo.sdica, but horticulturally they are very distinct.
Sidbertii, Hort. A little known plant with wh'te mid-
rib and margins.
D.acafilis,Cogn. Stemless: Ivs. in a rosette, almost sessile,
narrowly oblong, wa\T. aentish, short-euneate at the b.«tse,
sparsely pilose on both sides: panicles terminal, sessile, much
shorter than the Ivs. Braz. I H. 41:19. Handsomely varie-
gated with countless short, longitudinal lines.— Z>. angustifblia,
Lind. & Rod. Stem purple, spotted green: Ivs. oblong-lanceo-
late, sessile, glabrous, roundish at the base, acute, about 6 in.
loiig, 2 in. wide at the middle, purple below, marked above with
short, transverse, white lines. Equador. I.H.',i9:lo8.—D. leu-
cophthdlmos, Hook., differs from all here described in having
radical inflorescence, its fls. Ijing flat on the ground. Lvs. el-
liptic, acuminate, green on both .sides: fls. blue, with a white
eye: stamens 6. Braz. B.M. 473.'}.— Z). oxj/p«toia, Hook., is in-
stantly recognized by its acute petals, which are purple. Lvs.
green on both sides. Braz. B.M. 2721.— Z>. picta, Lotld., has
narrower petals than n.sual, with a white spot at the base, but
is told from all others here described by the irregular blotches
of purple on the upper side of the Iva. The purple is the same
color as that on the under surface. Braz.? B.M. 4760. L.B.C.
17:1667. — D. Sai'mdersi, Hook., differs ft^ all others here de-
scribed in the extreme density of its head-like inflorescence.
l>vs. green on both sides, lanceolate: sepals white, tinged blue.
Braz. B.M. 6165. ^y j|j
DIGHROA (Greek, dis, two, and chros, color). In-
cludes Adamia. Saxifraghcece. This genus contains a
rare greenhouse shrub in habit resembling a Hy-
drangea, with violet-blue lis. in a pyramidal panicle a
foot across, and handsome blue berries, instead of the
capsular fruit of Hydrangea. Lvs. persistent, alternate,
stalked, widest at middle, tapering both ways, serrate:
panicles terminal, many-fld.: fls. blue, lilac, or violet;
petals 5 or 6, valva+e ; styles 3-5, club-shaped. The
genus has only 2 species, the commoner and more vari-
able one, D. febrifuga, which is glabrous, being found
in the Himalayas, Malaya, and China, while Z>.;ju6escews
is native to Malaya only.
febriftiga, Lour. {AdHmia versicolor, Hort.). Later
writers also include Addmia cyHnea, Wall., which
Lindley distinguished by its smaller lvs. and fls., 5
petals, and 10 stamens, while A. versicolor hnA 7, or
sometimes 6 petals, and 20 stamens. Plants are still
cultivated abroad under the name of A. cyanea, but it
cannot be stated here how distinct they are for horti-
cultural purposes. A. versicolor, P.M. 13:322. A. cy-
anea, B.M. 3046. -^^ j^j^
DICESONIA (named for James Dickson, an English
botanist, 1738-1822). Cyatheclceip. Tree ferns with a
distinctly 2-valved inferior indusium, the outer valve
formed by the apex of the leaf segment. A small genus,
mostly of the southern hemisphere. For D. pilosius-
citla, punctilobula and Smithii, see Dennst(fdtia.
Dicksonias are amongst the most important tree ferns,
both for their beauty and because of their relative hardi-
ness. In their native countries some of them are occa-
sionally weighted with snow, and D. antarctica has to
endure frosts. They can be grown in coolhouses, and
should be tried southward outdoors in sheltered places.
Their trunks are more fibrous than those of most tree
ferns, and hence more retentive of moisture, so that
they need less care. A good trunk produces 30-40 fronds
a year, and retains them until the nest set is matured,
unless the trees suffer for moisture in winter. Although
they rest in winter, the fronds soon shrivel up if the
trunks are allowed to get too dry. Dicksonias should
have their trunks thoroughly watered twice a day dur-
ing the growing season. These waterings shoiild be
gradually decreased until winter, when the trunks
should be kept merely moist all the time. Only in the
hottest summer days is slight shade needed. It is a
pity to grow tree ferns in pots, but if this must be done
several principles should be observed. The lapse of a
8inf;le day's watering will often cause serious damage
As a rule, the pots should be of the smallest size con-
sistent with the size of the trunk. Three or four inches
of soil all round the trunks is enough. The above points
are taken from Schneider's Book of Choice Ferns as
tree ferns are little grown in America. '
ant&rctica, Labill. Scales of the short leaf-stems
dense, dark purplish brown : lvs, 5-6 ft. long, the centr d
pinnae 12-18 in. long ; segments oblong, the sterile ij.-
cised. Australia and Tasmania. G.C. III. 9:81. — Trunk
sometimes 30-35 ft. high. A very useful decorative
plant.
squarrdsa, Swz. Scales of the short leaf-stem flbril-
lose, light colored: lvs. 3-4 ft. long, the pinnae 9-15 in.
long; segments lanceolate, the sterile toothed, the ribs
scabrous. New Zealand and Chatham Island.
L, M. Underwood and W. M.
DICL7TBA. This ancient typographical error for
Dielytra seems to be immortal. See Dicentrn.
DIGTAMNUS (old Greek name, supposed to indicate
foliage like the ash : hence Fraxinella, diminutive of the
Latin Fraxinus, an ash). ^M/()c*'fP. Gas Plant. Burn-
ing Bush. Fraxinella. Dittany. This genus includes
an old garden favorite which has a strong smell of
lemon, and will sometimes give a flash of light on sultry
summer evenings when a lighted match is held near
the flowers. It is also one of the most permanent and
beautiful features of the hardy herbaceous border. In-
stances are known in which it has outlived father, son
and grandson in the same spot. The genus has only
2 species, and is distinguished from allied genera (none
of which have garden value) by the 5 unequal petals,
707. The Gas Plant— Dictamnus albus.
10 declined stamens, and short stipe, on which the ovary
is raised.
The (Tas Plant makes a sturdy, bold, upright growth,
and a clump 3 feet high and as much in thickne.ss makes
a brave sight when in flower. A strong, rather heavy
soil, moderately rich, is best for these plants. They are
not fastidious as to situation, succeeding as well in par-
tial shade as when fully exposed tc the sun. and drought
will not effect them when once fairly established. Old,
strong clumps are good subjects as isolated specimens
on a lawn, and a large patch, planted in the border, is not
only effective while in full flower, but the dark, persis-
tent foliaere is ornamental throughout the season. It is
not advisable to disturb the plants very otten, as they
improve with age, producing taller flower-stems and
more of them as they grow older. They are excellent for
cutting, especially the white variety. Prop, with diffi-
culty by division, but easily by seeds, which are sown in
the open ground in fall as soon as ripe, and ^overed an
inch or so. They will germinate the next spring, and,
when two years old, the seedlings may be removed to
their permanent positions, where they will flower the I'ol-
lowing year.
DICTAMNUS
DIDYMOSPERMA
481
ilbus, Linn. (D. Fraxinella, Pers.)- Fig- 707. A vig-
orous, symmetrical, hardy herb, with glossy, leathery
foliage surmounted by long, showy terminal racemes of
good-sized, fragrant fls. Lvs. alternate, odd-pinnate;
Ifts. ovate, serrulate, dotted with oil glands: tls. white.
En., N.Asia. Gn. 35:701. A.F. 5: 328. Gng. 5: H21. Var.
Tilbra, Hort., has rosy purple fls., the veins deeper
colored. Var. gigant^tts, Hort. (/>. giganteus, Hort.),
was recently introduced. j. b. Keller and W. M.
DICTYOGKAMMA (Greek. neffetZ lines). Polypodid-
ceif. A genus of a few Japanese and Pacific Island
ferns, with naked sori, which follow the course of the
reticulated veins. The species are sometimes referred
to Gymnogramma. Strong-growing indoor fern, useful
for .specimen plants.
Japdnica, Fee. Lvs. simply pinnate or bipinnate at the
base, l)i8-2 ft. high, the pinnae ()-12 in. long and an inch
wide ; sori extending from the midrib to the edge.
Japan and Formosa. Also known a.s Gymnogramma
Jap ^nica. An interesting fern of rather strong growth,
and .'ery distinct in appearance. Grows best in a mod-
erate temperature — for example, 5.>-60° — and requires
an open and well-drained soil of peaty character.
L. M. Underwood and W. H. Taflin.
. DlCIYOSFfRlB. A. (Greek, netted seed). PalmdcecB,
tribe Arictct . Tliis genus of Areca-like palms contains
a few species of considerable commercial importance,
the j'oung plants beitg used chiefly for house and table
decoration. Slender n'pineless palms, with a ringed
trunk: lvs. equally pinnatisect; segments linear-lanceo-
late, acuminate or bifid, the apica' ones confluent: mar-
gins thickened, recurved at the I ase; midrib and nerves
prominent, sparsely clothed with persistent scales
beneath, or naked: rachis and petiole slender, scaly,
3-sided, furrowed, sheath elongated, entire: spadix on a
short glabrous or tomentose peduncle, the branches erect
or spreading and flexuose, the lower ones with mem-
branaceous bracts at the base: spathes 2, complete, dor-
sally compressed, papery, the lower one 2-crested ;
flower-bearing areas much depressed: bracts and bract-
lets scaly : pistillate fls. rather large, white or yellowish :
fr. scaly, small, olive-shaped or subglobose. Species 2
or 3. Indian Archipelago. Jared G. Smith.
Dictyosperma is a genus of medium-sized palms of
slender habit, and having pinnate leaves. At least two
species of Dictyosperma {rubra and alba) hswe been
included among commercial palms for some years past,
though not grown in such quantities as the popular
Kentias, Arecas and Latauias. D.aurea is also occa-
sionally seen in commercial collections.
The cultivation of these palms does not present any
great difltculties, similar conditions to those required by
Chrifsalidocarpiis lufescens answering well. These
conditions may be briefly summarized as follows: A soil
consisting of well rotted sod, to which has been added
about one-> ixth, in bulk, of good stable manure, firm
potting, and an abundance of water both at the root and
overhead, a night temperature during the winter of GO
to 65° F., and moderate shade on the glass from March 1
to November I. This treatment applies especially to
young stock, and may be modified somewhat withhold
and well established specimens, the latter enduring a
slightly lower temperature without injury, providing
they are not overwatered, Dictyospermas are rather
susceptible to the attacks of some insects, notably red
spider and various scale insects, and, if allowed to be-
come very dry, are liable to lose their lower leaves, the
most satisfactory species being J), rubra. Propagation
by seeds, which germinate m 6 to 8 weeks, when sown in
a warm greenhouse. W. H. Taplin.
dlba, Wendl. & Drude (Areca dlba, Bory. Pfi/cho-
sperma dlba, Scbalf. ). Distinguished by the whitish
petioles and the whitish areen veins of the lvs. Caudex
40-50 ft. high, 8-9 in. in diam., dilated at the base: lvs.
8-12 ft. long; petiole 0-18 in. long, grooved down the
face; segments 2V2-3 ft. long, 2-3 in. wide. 7-nerved;
vein? and margins green or reddish: branches of the
spadix 6-18 in. long, erect or slightly reflexed, zigzag
when young.
31
atirea, Wendl. & Drude {Arica aurea, Hort.). Dis-
tinguished by the yellow or orange petioles and veins
of young plants. Caudex about .30 ft. high, smaller and
more slender than the preceding: lvs. 4-8 ft. long; peti-
ole 8 in. long; segments \%-l ft. long, 1 in. wide; sec-
ondary veins scarcely visible: branches of the spadix
rigidly erect, 9-11 in. long.
ftirfuritcea, Wendl. & Drude [Areca furfnrheea,
Hort. ). Like D. rubra, but the petiole and leaf-sheath
of the young plant tomentose.
rtibra, Wendl. & Drude {Areca rubra, Hort.). Re-
sembling Z>. alba, but the lvs. of the young plants
darker green, the primary veins and margins dark red,
the redness disappearing very much in adult plants:
branches of the spadix longer and more reflexed.
Jared G. Smith.
DIGYBTA is a gesneraceous genus closely allied to
Achimenes, but with smaller fls. and different anthers.
It has 2 species, both from Guatemala. D. Candida is
cult, abroad as Achimenes Candida.
DIDlSCUS. See Trachymene.
DIDYMOCHLiENA{Greek, twin cloak; alluding to the
indusium). Polypodidcetp. A small genus of greenhouse
ferns of rather coarse foliage. Indusium elliptical,
emarginate at the base, attached along a central vein,
free all round the margin.
Iunal4ta, Desv. (Z>. tntnculdta, Hort.). Lvs. clustered
from an erect caudex, bipinnate, 3-6 ft. long ; pinnules
almost quadrangular %-l in. broa<l, entire or slightly sin-
uate, each bearing 2-6 sori. Cuba to Brazil; the same
or an allied species in Madagascar and Malaya. — />. Itt-
nnlata is a very attractive fern while in a small state,
but its articulated pinnules are a <lrawback as a com-
mercial species, rendering it of little value for house
decoration. l. >i. Underwood and W. H. Taplin.
The following points are condensed from Schneider's
admirable work. The Book of Choice Ferns: D. lunulata
is one of the most distinct ferns in cultivation. It looks
like a tree maidenhair, but the stems, instead of being
black and slender, are thick and fleshy and the leaves
are fleshier than any Adiantum. In cult, the trunk is
only a few inches high, but the fronds are 4-6 ft. long
and densely covered with long> brown, chaflfy scales.
The metallic color of its young fronds is a tine feature.
This is a warmhouse fern, and may be used for subtropical
bedding. It has a hvA trick of droppine its pinnules if
allowed to get too dry at the root, but soon rallies under
liberal treatment.
DIDYM0SF£BMA {Qreek, double-seeded). Palmdceo',
tribe Arecea. Low or erect palms with slender trunks.
Leaves terminal, unequally pinna^^isect, silvery-scaly be-
low ; segments opposite, alternate, solitary, or the
lower ones in groups, cuneate at the base; obovate-ob-
long or oblanceolate. sinuate-lobed and erose, the ter-
minal one cuneate; margins recurved at the base; mid-
nerve distinct, nerves flabellate; sheath short, fibrous:
spadices with a short, thick peduncle and thick branches :
spathes numerous, sheathing the spadix: fls. rather
large : fr. ovoid or oblong. Species 6- India and Malay
Archipelago.
porphyrocdrpon, Wendl. & Drude ( Wallichia por-
phyrocdrpd, Mart.). Stems reedy, .3-6 ft.: lvs. 5-8 ft.
long ; leaflets 9-15 in. long, distant, narrowly oblong,
longcuneate, blunt, or sinuately2-3-lobed, truncate, den-
ticulate, glaucous beneath. Java.
Didymosperma is a genus of East Indian palms of
moderate growth, containing possibly 8 species, most
of which are stemless or else forming but a short trunk,
the pinnate leaves rising from a nmss of coarse brown-
ish fibers that surround the base of the plant. The leaf-
lets are of irregular shape, bearing some resemblance to
those of Caryota, and the plants frequently throw up
suckers from the base. The members of this genus are
not very common in cultivation. The species that is most
frequently seen is the plant known to the trade as
/>. carynioides. an attractive warmhouse palm that has
also appeared under the synonym Harina caryotoideSf
r^i
482
DIDYMOSPERMA
and has lately been referred to Wallichia, which see.
While young, at least, the Didymospermas enjoy a warm
house and moist atmosphere with shading from full sun-
shine, though we are told that une species. D. oblongi-
folia (or Wallichia), \» frequently found in Sikkim at
an elevation of 3,000 feet above the -*ea. Prop, usually
by seeds; occasionally by suckers, which are kept rather
close for a time after their removal from the parent
Pla^t- Jared G. Smith and W. H. Taplin.
DIEITENBACHIA (DieflFenbach, a German botanist).
A ro'idece. Low, shrubby perennials: stems rather thick,
inclined or creeping at the base, then erect, with a leafy
top : petioles half cylindrical, sheathed to above the mid-
dle, long, cylindrical at the apex ; blade oblong, with a
thick midrib at the base; veins very numerous, the first
and second parallel, ascending, curvingupwards at their
ends : peduncle shorter than t' e Ivs. Differs from
Aglaonema in floral characters. Central and South
America. Perhaps a dozen species. Engler (in DC.
Mono»?r. Phaner. vol. 2) recognizes G species, with many
varieties. Dieffenbachias are popular hothouse plants,
being grown for their handsome and striking foliage.
For Dieffenbachias, similar rooting material to that
mentioned for Anthuriums, combined with a high and
moist atmosphere, will produce a very healthy aad
luxuriant growtu of foMage, especially after the plants
have made their first few leaves in ordinary light pot-
ting soil. Unless it be the very large-leaved kinds, like
triitinphans, nobiJis and liaumanni, three or four plants
may be placed together in large pots, keeping the balls
near the surface in potting. Jenmani. Shuttle irorthiana,
Leopoldil and ebtirnea are all well suited for mass-
ing together in large pots. When above a certain
height, varying in different species, the plants come to
have fower leaves, and those that remain are small;
they should then be topped, retaining a considerable
P'ece of the stem, and placed in the &f*vn\ bed, where
they will throw out th ck roots in a week or two.
The remaining part of tie stems should then be cut
up into pieces 2 or .3 inches long, dried for a day or
so, and then put into boxes of sand, where, if kept warm
DIEFFEXBACniA
picta, Schott. Blade* oblong, or oblong-elliptical, or
oblong-lanceolate, 2H-4 times longer than wide, rounded
or acute at the base, gradually narrowing to the long
acuminate cuspidate apex, green, with numerous irregu-
lar oblong or linear spots between the veins ; veins 15-20
on each side, ascending. L.B.C.7:C08.
708. Dieffenbachia picta, var. Bausei.
and only slightly moist, every piece will send out a
shoot, and from the base of this shoot roots will be pro-
duced. These can be potted up as soon as roots have
formed.
709. Dieffenbachia Seguine. var. nobilis.
Var. Batisei, Engl. (Z>.i?«M.sf J. Kegel). Fig.708. Blade
nearly or completely yellowish green, with obscurely
green-spotted margins and scattered white spots. l.H.
26:338.
Var. Shuttleworthiina, Engl. (Z>. ShuttJeu-orthidna,
Bull). Blade pale green 8long the midrib.
Segrtilne, Schott. Lvs. green, with white, more or less
confluent siripes and spots, oblong or ovate oblong,
rounded or slightly cordate or subacute at the base, nar-
rowed toward the apex, short cuspidate; primary veins
9-15, the lower spreading, the upper remote and as-
cending, ^owe 14 (as var. maculata). W. Indies.—
Called " lb Plant " because those who chew it some-
times lu.-^c ihe power of speech for several days.
Var. Barraqoiniiina, Engl.(D. Barraquinidna. Versch.
t Lem. C sr/sra»/^o, Versch.). Petioles and midribs al-
most entirely white; blade with scattered white spots.
l.H. 11:387; 13:470,471.
Var. n6bili8, Engl. (D. n6bile, Hort. ). Fig. 709. Blade
elliptical, acute, dull green with dirty green spots.
Brazil.
Var. liturita, Engl. {D. Leopoldii, Bull. D. Wallisi,
Lind. ). Blade dark green, with a rather broad, yellowish
green, ragged-margined stripe along the midrib; spathe
glaucous. l.H. 17:11. S.H. 1, p. 455.
Var. irror^ta, Engl. (D. irrorata, Schott. /). Bau-
mauni, liort.). Lvs. large and bright green, blotched
and sprinkled with white. Brazil.
The above are the recognized type species. The fol-
lowing are in the Amer. trade. Probably some or all of
them belong to the foregoing species:
Ch^lsoni, Bull. Lvs. deep, satiny green, the middle
gray-feathered, and the blade also blotched yellow-green.
Colombia.
Cbrsii, Hort. See D. Pnrlatorei,
ebumea, Hort. Compact : lvs. light green, freely
spotted with white, the stems reddish and white-ribbed.
Brazil.
illiistris, Hort. See D. late -maculata.
imperator, Hort. Lvs. 16-18 in. in length, 5-<> in. wide,
olive-green, fantastically blotched, marbled and spotted
with pale yellow and white. Colombia.
insignis, Hort. Lvs. dark green, with irregular,
angular blotches of pale yellowish green, 6 or more in.
wide. Colombia.
DIEFFENBACHIA
DIER VILLA
483
late-maculiita, Lind. & Andr^ (X>. iUHstris. Hort.).
Lvs. glaucous-jrreen, profusely white-barred and white-
spotted. Brazil. LH..'>3:234.
J6nmani, Veitch. Lvs. rich, bright, glossy green, re-
lieved by a milk-white band at every lateral nerve, and
by a few white spots interspersed between the bands.
Guiana.
magnilica, Lind. & Rod. Lvs. ovate-acuminate, large,
dark green, blotched and spotted with white along the
veins. Venezuela. LH.30:482. S.H. 2, p. 3oo.
marmdrea, Hort. See Parlatorei.
Farlatdrei, Lind. & Andr^, var. marmdrea, Andr6
{D. memoria and momtora and C'or^jt, Hort.) . Lvs.
long-oblong, acuminate, the midrib white and the blade s
blotched white, the green deep and histrous. Colombia.
I.H. 24: 29L— Engler refers this plant to the genus
Philodendron.
Reglna, Bull. Lvs. oblong-elliptical, greenish white,
mottled and blotched with alternate light and green
tints. S. Amer.
B^x, Hort. Compact: lvs. oblong-lanceclate, the two
sides not equal, deep green, but the white angular
blotches and midrib occupying more space than the
green. S. Amer.
spUndens, Bull. Stem faintly mottled with dark and
light green: lvs. have a thick ivory white midrib, and
the ground color is of a deep, rich, velvety bottle green,
with a resplendent, lustrous surface, freely marked
with whitish striate blotches. Colombia.
triumphans. Bull. Lvs. dark green, ovate-lanceolate
and acuminate, a ft. long, irregularly marked with angu-
lar yellowish blotches. Colombia.
Jared G. Smith and G. W. Olivek.
DI£LTTSA. See DUentra.
DIEBVtLLA (after Dierville, a French surgeon, who
took 1). Lonicera to Europe early in the eighteenth
century). Capri folictce(e. Weigela. Shrubs of spread-
ing habit, with more or less arching branches, and, es-
pecially the Asiatic species, with very showy lis. from
pure white to dark crimson, appearing late in spring.
Lvs. opposite, petioled, serrate : tts. in 1 to several-fld.
axillary cymes, often panicled at the end of the branches,
yellowish white, pink or crimson, epigynous ; calyx 5-
parted; corolla tubular or campannlate, 5-lobed, some-
times slightly 2-lipped ; stamens 5 : fr. a slender, 2-
celled capsule, with numerous minute seeds. About 10
species in E. Asia and N. Amer. They thrive in any
common humid garden soil, the Amer. species pre-
ferring moist and partly shaded positions. The Asiatic
species require protection north during the winter, or
sheltered positions. Prop, readily by grreenwood cut-
tings or hardwood cuttings ; the Amer. species usually by
suckers and by seeds sown in spring.
Index of species (some of the names in italics were
described under Weigela): aniahilis, 3; arborea, 4
arborescens, 6; Canad^'usis, I; Coraeensis, 4; flori
bunda, 6 ; florida, 3 ; grandiflora, 4 ; Gi-ofncuegeni, 7
hortensis.5; hybrida. 7; Japonica. 5; Lonicera. 1 : Mid
dendorfiana, 8 ; niultiflorn.G; rosea, 3; sessilifoiia, 2
Steltzneri,!; trifida,!; Van HGuttei,!.
A. Fls. yellow, slightly i-lipped, small, %-% in. long.
I iervilla proper.
1. Lonicdra, Mill. (D. f rifida, Ucench. D. Canadensis,
Witld.). Shrub, to 3 ft.: branchlets nearly terete,
l^labrous: lvs. distinctly petioled. ovate-oblong, acumi-
nate, serrate, nearly glabrous, finely ciliate, 3-4 in. long:
cymes usually 3-fld.; limb nearly equal to the tube.
June, July. Newfoundland to Saskatschewan, south to
Ky. and N. C. B.M. 1796. D. 44.
2. sessilifdlia, Buckl. Shrub, to 5 ft.: branchlets quad-
rangular : lvs. nearly sessile, ovate-lanceolate, serrate,
nearly glabrous, of firmer texture, 3-6 in. long: cymes
3-7-fld., often crowded into dense, terminal panicles:
limb shorter than the tube. June, July. Carol, and Tenn.
G.C. III. 22: 14. -Hardy in Canada.
AA. I'h. shotcy, ichite, pink or crimson, rarely
yellowish.
B. Anthers not connected with each other. ( Weigela.)
c. Calyji lobes lanceolate, connate at the base, often to
the middle: stigma S-lobed: seeds wingless.
3. fl6rida, Sieb. & Zucc. ( Weig^'i rdsea, Ll-ir^l. W.
omdbil'.S: Hort.). Shrub, *o 6 ft.: braiichlets with 2
hairy atripeb . lvs. short-petio.ed, elliptic or ovate-ob-
long, aerrate, glabrous ab'^ve except at the midrib, to-
mentose on the veins beneath: culyy nearly glabrous:
ovary slightly hairy: fls 1-3, pale or deep rose, 13'4 in.
long; corolla broadly funnel-shaped, abruptly narrowed
below the middle. Mav, June. N. China. B.M. 4396.
F.S. 3:211. B.H. 1:577.-This is one of the most culti-
vated species, very free-fiowering and rather hardy.
Var. alba. Fls. white, changing to light pink. R.H,
1861:331. Var. Candida. Fls. pure white. Var. leollne.
Fls. white or slightly pink outside, with yellowish spot
in throat. F.S. 14:1445. Var. Kosteri^na variegata.
Dwarf: lvs. bordered yellow: fls. deep rose. Var. Sie-
boldi alba-margrin&ta. Lvs. bordered white : fls. rose.
Var. n&na varieg&ta. Dwarf. Lvs. variegated with
white: fls. nearly white.
cc. Calyx lobes linear, divided to the base: seeds
winged: stigma capitate.
V. Plant nearly glabrous.
4. grrandifldra, Sieb. & Zucc. {D. Coraeinsis, DC.
D. amdbilis, Carr.). Shrub, 5-10 ft. : lvs. rather large,
obovate or elliptic, abruptly acuminate, crenateiy ser-
rate, sparingly hairy on the veins beneath and on the
petioles : fls. in 1-3-fld., peduncled cymes ; corolla
broadly funnel form, abruptly narrowed below the mid-
dle, changing from whitish or pale pink to carmine.
May, June. Jap. S.Z.31. F.S. 8:855. — Vigorously grow-
ing shrub, with large lvs. and fls., but less free-flower-
ine, and the type not common in cultivation. Var.
arbdrea, Hort. '( IV. arbdren grandifldra, Hort.). Fla.
yellowish white, changing to pale rose ; of vigorous
growth.
DD. Plant more or less pubescent' : corolla finely
pubescent outside.
5. Japdnica, DC. Shrub, to 6 ft.: lvs. oblong-obovate
or elliptic, acuminate-serrate, sparingly pubescent
710. Diervilla hybrida iX%).
above, tomentose beneath: fls. usually in 3-fld.', short-
peduncled cymes, often crowded at the end of short
branchlets; corolla Itroadly funnel form, narrowed below
the middle, whitish at first, changing to carmine; style
484
DIER VILLA
DIGITALIS
somewhat exserted. May, June. Jap., China. G.F.
9:405. — Var. hortdnsis. Rehder (D. hortimtis, Sieb. &
Zucc). Lvs. nearly glabrous above, densely grayish
tomentose beneath : cymes usually rather' long-pe-
duncled : fls. white or carmine. S.Z. 20, .30. More tender
and slower-growing than the type. Offsprings of this
variety are the following: Var. grratissima. Fls. light
pink. Var. nivea. Pure white fls. Var. Looym&nsi
a^ea, with yellow lvs. : of slow growth.
6. floribunda, Sieb. & Zucc. (D. multindra, Leraaire).
Shrub, to 8 ft.: lvs. oblong-ovate or elliptic, acuminate,
serrate, sparingly pubescent above, more densely be-
neath: fls. 1-3, usually sessile, mostly crowded at the
end of short branchlets; corolla rather gradually nar-
rowing toward the base, brownish crimson in the bud,
changing to dark or bright crimson ; lobes about 5 times
shorter than the tube; style exserted. Mav, June. Jap.
S.Z. 32. I.H. 10 :3S3. -Vigorously growing shrub, with
rather small but abundant fls. Var, gnuidifldra, Hort.
{W. arbor^scens, Hort.). Fls. rather large, brownish
crimson. Var. Lav^lei, Hort. Fls. bright, deep crim-
son, smaller. Var. L6wei, Hort. Fls. dull, purplish
crimson, small. Var. versicdlor, Rehder (Z>. versicolor,
Sieb. & Zucc). Fls. greenish white at first, changing
to crimson. S.Z. 33.
7. hybrida, Hort. (Fig. 710), may be used as a collec-
tive name for the different hybrids between D. florida,
floribunda, Japonica and grandiflora, which are now
more commonly cultivated than the typical species.
Some of the best and most distinct are the following:
A. Carriere, rose-carmine, changing to red, with yellow
spot in throat; Congo, of vigorous gro\vth, with abun-
dant large, purplish crimson fls. ; Conquete, very large,
deep pink fls. — the largest fls. of all varieties; Desboisi,
fls. deep rose, abundant ; B. A ndr6, fls. very dark,
brownish purple; Eva liathke, fls. deep carmine-red,
erect, very free-flowering, R.B. 19:12G; Grncneu-egeni,
fls. red outside, whitish within, somewhat striped with
yellowish red; Gustav Mallet, fls. light pink, bordered
white; Mad. Confotirier, yellowish white, changing to
pink ; Mad. Lemoine, white, with delicate blush,
changing to pink; Mad. Tellier, large white fls.. with
delicate blush; Othello, fls. carmine, brownish outside;
P. DucJiartre, fls. deep amaranth, very dark, free;
Prehear fils, fls. violet-rod, abundant; Van Houttei, fls.
carmine, F.S. 1-4:1447; Steltzneri, fls. dark red, abundant.
BB. Anthers connected with each other. (Cabfptro-
stigma.)
8. Middendorffi^na, Carr. Shrub, to 3 ft. : lvs. short-
petioled, ovate-oblong or oblong-lanceolate, serrate,
glabrous at length: fls. in 2-3-fld. axillary and tenninal
clusters ; corolla campanulate, funnel form, yellowish
white, spotted orange or purplish inside ; calyx-teeth
partiallv connate. Mav, June. E. Siber., N. China. Jap.
Gt. 6:183. R.H. 1854:201. F.S. 11:1137. I.H. 4:115.
G.C. III. 7:581.
D. arhbrea, Hort. = D. floribunda.— D. pauciflbra, Carr. D.
florida. — Z>. pr^ecox, Lemoine. Allied to D. florida. Fls. large,
pink, w'^h yellow in throat : early and free-flowering. Jap.
Gt. 46:1441.— D. Wrw?am, Gattinger. Allied to I), sessilifolia.
Lvs. and, branchlets pubescent: fls. in large, terminal panicles.
<*^^sia. Alfkkd Rehder.
DIfiTES. See Morcea.
DIGITALIS (Latin, rfjgr j7m.s. a flng referring to the
shape of the flowers). Scrophularuiceai>. Foxglove.
A fine genus, numbering several species and some hy-
brids of hardy or half-hardy herbaceous plants, famous
for their long racemes of inflated flowers, which suggest
spires or towers of bells. They are old-fashioned and
dignified, clean of growth and wholesome company in
the choicest garden. The strong, vertical lines of their
flower-stalks, rising from rich and luxuriant masses of
cauline leaves, give always an appearance of strength to
the rambling outlines of the usual herbaceous border.
The genus is a very distinct one, its nearest ally being
Isoplexis, which con tains a few greenhouse plants rarely
cultivated. About 18 species, natives of Europe and
middle and western Asia. The flowers are conipanulate
or ventricose, 4-5-lobed ; calyx 5-parted : seed pod ovate,
2-va'ved; seeds numerous. For a week or two the Fox-
gloves usually dominate the whole border. The com-
monest species in cultivation is D. purpurea, which is
one of the commonest English wild flowers. The name
"Foxglove" is so inappropriate that much ingenious
speculation has been aroused, but its origin is lost in
antiquity. The word "fox "is often said to be a corrup-
tion of "folk," meaning the "little folk" or fairies. Un-
fortunately,etymologists discredit this pretty suggestion.
In the drug stores, several preparations of V. purpurea
are sold. They are diuretic, sedative, narcotic. F^or
medicinal purposes, the leaves of the second year's
growth are used.
Foxgloves are of the easiest culture. The common
species and hybrids can be grown as biennials from
seed. The perennial species are propagated by seeds or
by division. J. B. Keller says: "A light, well enriched
soil, not too dry, suits them admirably. They succeed
in partial shade or in open places."
A. Middlejobe of the lower lip longer than the others.
B. jF7s. rusty red.
lerrusinea, Linn. (/>. aiirea, Lindl.). Biennial, 4-6 ft.
high : stems densely leafy : lvs. glabrous or ciliate :
racemes long, dense : fls. rusty yellow, reticulate-
marked, downy outside ; lower lip of corolla ovate, en-
tire, bearded. July. S. Eu. B.M. 1828.
BB. Fls. gray or creamy yellow.
lan&ta, Ehrh. Perennial, 2-3 ft. high : lvs. oblong,
ciliate: lis. rather small, 1-1 >^ in. long, grayish or creamy
yellow, sometimes whitish or purplish, downy, in a
dense, many-fld. raceme, with bracts shorter than the fls.
July, Aug. Danube river and Greece. B.M. 1159 (poor
figure).— A fine species.
711. Digitalis purpurea, var. iploxiniseflora.
Sibirica, Lindl. Has the habit of D. ambigua, with fls.
like those of D. lanata. Lvs. downy, ovate-lanceolate:
fls. ventricose, villose ; calyx segments linear, villose.
Siberia. —This is a rare tradename, and it is doubtful if
this little known plant is really in cultivation.
DIGITALIS
DIMORPHOTHECA
485
BBB. Fl.'<. purplish.
TMpsi, Linn. Plant much like D. purpurea. Peren-
nial, 2-4 ft. high: Ivs. oblonsr, rugose, decurrent: fls.
purple, throat paler, marked with red dots. June-Sept.
Spain.
AA. Middle lobe of the lower lip shorter or hardly
longer than the others.
B. Fls. yellowish.
ambigruat Murr. (Z>. grandifldra. Lam. D. ochro'
Uuca, Ja.cq.). Perennial, 2-3 ft. high: Ivs. ovate-
lanceolate, toothed, sessile, downy below : fls.
large, 2 in. long, yellovvish, marked with brown;
lower bracts about as long as the fls, Eu., W. Asia.
B.R. 1:G4.
BB. Fls. white to purple, seMoa; itellowish.
purpfirea, Linn. (/>. lomentdsa. Link. &
Hoffmgg. ). Common Foxglove. The spec'es most
commonly cultivated. Mostly biennial, but some-
times perennial. Height 2-3 ft.: Ivs. rugose, s'>nie-
what downy : fls. large, 2 in. long, ranging from
purple to white and more or less spotted, rather
obscurely lobed. On. 34: 676. Var. gloziniaefldra,
Hort. (/>. gloxinioules, Carr. D. gloxiniceflhra,
Hort.). Figs. 711, 712. Of more robust habit,
longer racemes, larger fls., which open wider,
nearly always strongly spotted, though a sub-
variety, gioxinirfflbra alba, is offered. J), alba and
punctata of the seed trade are presumably white
and spotted varieties. I), alba, i^chr&nk := D. pur-
purea.
1). laeinidta, Lindl. Perennial, 2 ft. high : Ivs. lanceolate,
jagged: fls. yellow, downy, with ovate, bearded segments; bracts
much shorter than the pedicels. Spain. H.R. 14: 12()1.— D. Itvvi-
gdta, Waldst. & Kit. Perennial, 2-',i ft. high: Ivs. linear-lanceo-
late, radical ones obovate-laneeolate: rts. scattered, glabrous,
yellow. Danul>e and Greece. — D. Maria na.Ho'iAs. Lvs. radical,
very downy, ovate-oblong: fls. rose: corolla bearde<l. Spain. —
D. monstrbsa, Hort. An irteresting abnormal fomi of I), pur-
purea. P.G.4:l.'il. Monstrosities are common in this genus. —
D. purpurdscens,RoxY.. Biennial: fls. j-ellow or sometimes pur-
plish, pale inside, spotted at the mouth; lower lol»e of corolla
short. Eu. P. A. Wauoh.
DILIVARIA. See Acanthus.
DILL {Anethum graveolens, Linn.), an annual or
biennial plant of the L'mbelliferoe. Native of S. Eu.,
the seeds of which are used as a seasoning, as seeds of
Caraway and Coriander are. It is of the easiest culture
from seeds. It should have a warm position. The plant
grows 2-3 ft. high: the lvs. are cut into thread-like di-
visions: the stem is very smooth: the fls. are small and
yellowish, the little petals falling earl}\ It is a hardy
plant. The foliage is sometimes used in flavoring, and
medicinal preparations are made from the plant. The
seeds are very flat and bitter-flavored.
DILL£NIA (named by Linna»us for J. J. Dillenius,
botanist and professor at Oxford). Dillenid.cece. A ge-
nus of handsome East Indian trees, thought by some to
be as showy as a magnolia. One species is cult, in S.
Fla. and S. Calif., but it takes too much room and
flowers too rarely for northern conservatories. It has
gorgeous white fls. fully 9 in. across. Tall tropical trees
from Asia, Indian Archipelago and Australia. Lvs.
large, with pronounced pinnate, parallel A'enation: fls.
white or yellow, lateral, solitary or clustered. D. Indiea
is said to be the showiest of the whole order, being at-
tractive in foliage, flower and fruit. Dillenias may be
grown in light, sandy loam. Prop, readily by seeds, but
with difficultj* from cuttings.
tndica, Linn. ( />. spi'cidsa, Thunb. ). Trunk stout,
not high: branches numerous, spreading, then ascend-
ing: lvs. confined to the ends of branches, on short,
broad, channelled sheathing petioles, the blade 6-12 in.
long, oblong or oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, narrowed
at the base, strongly serrate: sepals 5, thick, fleshy, en-
larging and inclosing the fr. : petals obovate, white; sta-
mens very numerous, forming a large yellow globe
crowned by the white, slender, spreading rays of the
stigma: fr. . ''ble, acid, the size of an apple, many celled
and many o\ '^'d. Trop. Asia. B.M. 5016 (B.M. 449=
Hibbertia rolubt, ?). 'w. M.
DIMOBFHANTHUS. Included in ^ra?ia.
712. Border of Foxgloves.
DIM0BFH0TH£:CA (Greek, two- formed receptacle;
the disk florets of two kinds). Comp6,sit(f. Acharniing
genus of plants from the Cape of Good Hope which is
almost totally neglected here, largely because the cli-
matic conditions of that wonderful region are not gon-
erallj- understood. This genus contains about 20 spe-
cies, sonic of which rival the Paris Daisy and others vie
with Cinerarias. Annual or perennial h-;rbs, or even
somewhat shrubby: lvs alternate or radical, entire,
toothed, or incised, often narrow: heads long-peduncled:
rays yellow, orange, purple or white: disk fls. same
colors except white. The genus is closely allied to Ca-
lendula,but has straight instead of incurved seeds. The
fls. are usually said to close up, like those of Gazania,
unless they have sunlight. Their backs have as great
a variety of coloring as their faces. The fls. are often 3
in. across, and their long, slender rays (20 or more) give
a distinct and charming effect. A dozen kinds are grown
abroad, representing a wide range of ^jolors and foliage.
They are wintered in coolhouses and flowered in spring,
or else transplanted to the open, where they flower freely
during summer. The shrubby kind, J). £cklon>s, has
been grown at Kew as a summer bedding plant, flower-
ing from July to frost, and was a surprising success as
a coolhouse plant, making a much branched plant 3 ft.
high, and flowering freely all spring. Monograph by
Harvey and Sonder, Flora Capensis 3:417 (1864-65).
Sometimes called Cape Marigolds.
4nnua, Less. (Calendula pluriiilis, Linn.). This is
the only white-fld. annual kind and the only species
sold in America at present. Erect or diflfuse, simple or
branched, rough with jointe«l an<l gland-tipped hairs
(seen with a small lens): lvs. narrowly oblong or ojo-
vate-oblong, tapering to the baye, with a few distant
486
DIMORPHOTHECA
DIOON
teeth, pilose, the uppermost smaller and narrower: pe-
duncles terminal, noddine: in fr. : fls. white above, pur-
ple or discolored beneath. Var. ligruldsa, Voss (Calin-
dula Pdngei, Hort. ). is a double form- -the heads full of
rays — with heads white on upper siue and yellow or
violet beneath.
Seven species have been pictured under various
names in the Botanical Magazine — all perennials, and
worth importation.
D. awri/UUwa, DC. Lvs. slender, entire: fls. yellow. B.M.
408.— D. Bdrberice, Haw. Perennial: fls. purpJe above, paler be-
neath: disk all purple, with corollas of 2 forms. B.M. 5337.—
D. chruaanthemifblia, DO. Lvs. cut like a Chrysanthemum:
fls. yellow, reverse reddish. B.M. 2-_'18.— Z). cunedta, DC. Lvs.
strongly cut: fls. scarlet-orange. B.M. VAi'i.—D. Ecklonis, DC.
Diflfers from all in its shrubby stem and branches, and is per-
haps the most promising of all. Fls. white, violet-blue, and
strongly veined on the back: the disk azure-blue. B.M. 7535.—
D. nudicaulis. var. grammifolia, Harv. & Sond. Fls. white,
with a purple ring at the base, and orange-brown on the back,
the disk purple. B.M. 5252.— />. Tragus, DC. Lvs. narrower
than in D. Ecklonis, linear: fls. white, veined purple, the rays
narrower at the base, reverse orange purplish, the disk pur-
plish. B.M. 1981. W. M.
DIOCLfiA (after Diodes Carytius, said to be second
only to Hippocrates among the ancients for his knowl-
edge of plants). Legumindsce. About 16 species of tender
shrubby twiners, mostly tropical American, with delicate
trifoliolate leaves and blue, violet, scarlet or white fls.,
sometimes nearly an inch long, and borne in clusters
which have been roughly compared to Wistaria. Calyx
bell-shaped, 4-cut, 2 lobes shorter and narrower, stan-
dard wider than long: ovary nearly sessile; pod wide,
the upper suture thickened or 2-winged. The following
species is oult. in S. Calif., where it has a moderate
growth, shining foliage, and clusters of 10 or more large
fls. of a splendid scarlet.
glycinoldes, DC, from Rio de la Plata basin, is prob-
ably the only species grown in European gardens and
in California. Fls. 1 in. long, bright scarlet, in racemes,
somewhat like Wistaria: will stand some cold. Propa-
gated by seeds, cuttings, or suckers, freely produced
on grown up plants. (Syn. Camptosema rubicundum,
Hook. & Am.) p. Franceschi and W. M.
DION. See Dioon.
DI0N2EA (an unusual name for Venus). Droserdeea.
Venus' Fly-trap. This insectivorous plant is one of
the wonders of the vegetable kingdom. See Fig. 713.
It closes its trap with remarkable quickness. The plant
grows wild only in the sandv savannas of North Carolina.
It is a perennial herb, the lvs. all radical and in a rosette,
the spatulate portion being regarded as petiole, and the
trap as the blade: fls. good sized, white, in a bracted
corymb, borne on a leafless scape. It is allied to the
sundews, other famous insectivorous plants which are
also cultivated, but has about 15 stamens, a columnar
style, and seeds at the base of the pod. Many famous
naturalists have studied and written about this plant,
and it has a large special literature. At times it is sold
widely throughout the north, often at high prices, but
the plants are soon "worked to death." It is diflicult to
keep it more than a year in the north, but it ought to be
furnished in large quantities at low rates, so that all the
school children may see it. It is mostly grown in con-
servatories associated with botanical institutions.
" It is seldom that this wonderful little plant is seen in a good
state of cultivation any length of time after removal from its
native haunts. Its cultivation in a greenhouse is usually at-
tended with more or less difficulty, owing to unsuitable condi-
tions, such as too much dry air, shade or unfriendly soil. It
delights in frill sunshine, with a very humid atmosphere.
When the plants can be secured and transplants with con-
siderable of the soil in which they grow attachetl to the bulb-
like root-stalks, they are quite easily dealt with, and may be
kept in a healthy growing state for years. I find a round hang-
ing earthenware receptiicle most useful to grow them in; the
bottom is carefully drained, first with large pieces of broken
pots, then smaller pieces, and the upper layer is quite fine.
Some chopped fibrous peat is placet! above this, when the plants
are built in, ^vith live sphagnum moss used to fill the spaces
between the clumps. Arrangetl in this way, it is hardly possible
to give them too much water, and they revel in abundant sup-
plies. If kept in the stm the leaves take on a reddish tinge, but
when grown in the shade they are always green. Flowers will
develop about the middle of June, but they should be nipped off
as they make their appearance, for they are apt to weaken the
plant.
"The Dionjea has been grown successfully in a dwelling
house by a very different method. The plants were in a wide,
shallow dish, without any drainage, and simply placed, act too
713. The Venus' Fly-trap- Dionaea muscipula (XH).
firmly, in loose live sphagnum moss, with a glass covering.
Water was given every other day by filling the space above the
plants until the dish was filled, and then it was potired off. In
this way the potting material never became sour. From the
luxuriant condition in which these plants remained for years,
I am inclined to think this was a close imitation of the condi-
tions under which they thrive in a wild state. Some ye:rs ago,
owing to Professor Asa Gray's endeavor to have the Govern-
ment purchase a strip of land on which this plant grows, there
existed a widespread idea that it was graduallj' becoming ex-
tinct. There seems to be little likelihood of this calamity, how-
ever, as Dionapa is found abundantly in some places all the way
from Wilmington to Fayetteville, in North Carolina. Its per-
manency is all the more assured seeing that the plants thrive
on soil which is of little use for agricultural purposes."— 6?. TF.
Oliver, in Garden and Forest, 10:237 {1897).
muscipula, Ellis. Fig. 71.3. Described above. B.M.
785. F.S. 3:280. Mn. i:69. — The genus has only on©
species. w. M.
DiOON (Greek, two and egg; each scale covers two
ovules and the seeds are in pairs). Cycaddceo!, Hand-
some foliage plants suitable for warm or temperate palm
houses. This once powerful order is now nearly extinct,
and the few remaining species are of the greatest scien-
tific interest and also decorative value. Z). edule has a
flat, rigid frond which is more easily kept free from
scale insects than Cycas revolufa, the commonest species
of the order in cultivation. A specimen at Kew had a
trunk 3-4 ft. high and 8-10 in. thick, the crown spread-
ing 8-10 ft. and containing 50 fronds, each 4-5 ft. long
and 6-9 in. wide. Both sexes make cones frequently,
the male cone being 9-12 in. long and the female 7-12 in.
The seeds, which are about the size of Spanish chest-
nuts, are eaten by the Mexicans. Many Cycads yield
arrowroot. This genus is said to be the closest to the
fossil forms of any living representative of the order.
The genus has the cones and twin seeds of Zamia and
Encephalartu.s, with the flat, woolly scales of Cycas, but
without the marginal seeds and loose inflorescence of
the latter. Prop, by seeds. Culture same as Cycas.
^dule, Lindl. Lvs. pilose when young, finally gla-
brous, ;j-5 ft. long, pinnatifid, rigid, narrowly lanceolate
segments, about 100 on each side, linear-lanceolate, sharp-
pointed, widest at the base, rachis flat above, convex
beneath: male cones cylindrical, female cones ovoid.
Mex. B. M. 6184. Gn. 55, p. 365. Gt. 48, p. 157. Var.
DIOON
DIOSMA
487
lanngindanm, Hort., is a very woolly kind. Gt. 48, pp.
154, 155. — A variable species. D. tomentdgtim, once sold
by Pitcher and Manda, was probably Woollier than the
type. D. spinuldsum, Dyer, differs mainly in having the
segments margined with small sharp points. Mex. A.F.
7:461. W. M.
DI0SC0B£A (Di6scorides, the Greek naturalist).
Dioscoredct(e. The type genus of a small family (of
about 8 genera) allied to Liliaceae. It contains upwards
of 150 widely dispersed and confused species, most of
them native to tropical regions. Stems herbaceous and
twining or long-procumbent, usually from a large tuber-
ous root, and sometimes bearing tubers in the axils.
Lvs. broad, ribbed and netted-veined, petiolate, alternate
or opposite, sometimes compound. Dioecious. Fls.
small ; calyx 6-parted, anthers 6 ; styles 3, ovary 3-loculed
and calyx adherent to it. Ft. a .'{-winged capsule. Seeds
winged. The great subterranean tubers of some species
are eaten in the manner of potatoes. For an inquiry into
the prehistoric cultivation of Dioscoreas in America,
see Gray & Trumbull, Amer. Joum. Sci. 25:250.
A. Sfems strongly winged.
aliita, Linn. Fig, 714. Stem 4-winged or angular: lvs.
opposite, cordate-oblong or cordate-ovate, with a deep,
basal sinus, glabrous, devoid of pellucid dots, 7-
nerved ( sometimes 9-nerved ) , with the outer pair united :
staminate spikes compound, special ones whorled, short,
flexuose : pistillate spikes simple : Us. distant, anthers
subglobose, about as long as the filament : capsule
leathery, elliptical. India and the S. Sea Islands.
— Widely cult, in the tropics under many vernacular
names. Tubers reach a length of 6-8 ft., and some-
times weigh 100 lbs.; edible. The roots continue to
grow for years. Variable.
714. Dioscorea alata.
Showing foliage (X K) and a small tuber.
AA. Stems terete (cylindrical).
B. Lvs. plain green.
divaricita, Blanco. {D.Batdta.'i,Decne.). Yam. Chi-
nese Yam. Chinese Potato. Cinnamon Vine. Very tall
climbing (lO-IW ft.), the lvs. 7-9 ribbed, cordate-ovate
and shining, short-petioled, bearing small clusters of
cinnamon-scented white fls, in the axils: root tubers
deep in the ground, 2-3 ft. long, usually larger at the
lower end. Philippines. F.S. 10:971. R.H. 18 ', p.
247, 451-2. — This is often grown in the tropics r its
edibie tubers, which, however, are difficult to di In
this country the word Yam is commonly applied vo a
tribe of sweet potatoes (see Sweet Potato). The Yam
is hardy. The root will remain in the ground over
winter in New York, and send up handsome tall, twining
shoots in the spring. The plant bears little tubers in
the leaf -axils, and these are usually planted to produce
the Cinnamon Vine; but it is not until the second year
that plants grown from these tubercles produce the
large or full grown Yams. A form with short and potato-
like tubers is D. Decaisnedna, Carr. (R.H. 1865:110).
715. Air Potato— ./Erial tuber of Dioscorea bulbifera (X Jii).
bolbifera, Linn. Am Potato. Fig. 715. Tall-climbing:
lvs. alternate, cordate-ovate and cuspidate, 7-9-nerved,
the stalks longer than the blade: fls. in long, lax, droop-
ing, axillary racemes. Tropical Asia. G.C. II. 18:49.—
Somewhat cult. 8. as an oddity and for the very large
angular axillary tubers (which vary greatly in size and
shape. ) These tubers sometimes weigh several pounds.
They are palatable and potato-like in flavor. The root
tubers are usually small or even none.
villdsa, Linn. Stems slender, from knotted rootstocks :
lvs. cordate-ovate, cuspidate-attenuate, 9-11-ribbed,
somewhat pubescent or downy beneath, alternate, oppo-
site or whorled: fls. greenish, the staminate in drooping
panicles, the pistillate in drooping, simple racemes: cap-
sules very strongly winged. — Common in thickets from
N. Eng. to Fla. Perennial. Twining 8-10 or even 15 ft.
Offered in the trade as a hardy border and arbor plant.
BB. ZfVS. variously marked and colored, at least beneath.
discolor, Hort. Lvs. large, cordate-ovate, cuspidate,
with several shades of green, white-banded along the
midrib and purplish beneath: fls. greenish and incon-
spicuous: root tuberous. S. Amer. Lowe .i4. — Useful
for the conservatory. Suggestive of Cissus discolor.
multicolor, Lind. & Andr^. Probably only a form of
the last : lvs. variously marked and blotched and veined
with silvery white, red, green and salmon. S. Amer.
I.H. 18:53. — Very decorative glasshouse plant.
Other species are cult, in the Gulf region. One, with 2-
winged stem and 3-lobed lvs. (the "Yanipie"). is perhaps i>.
triloba, Linn. One with prickly cylindripal stems and opxxjsite
oblong-ovate lvs. may be D. nummiildria, Lam.
D. satlra, Linn., was foinded upon a numlK^r of tropical cul-
tivated species, and the name shotild Vie dropped.— For .lapanese
cultivated species, see Georgeson, A. G. 13:80, with illustrations.
L. H. B.
DI6SMA (Greek, dirine odor). Rutdcece. Small, ten-
der, heath-like shrubs from southwestern Africa. Of
the 228 species described, barely a dozen now remain in
this genus, the rest being mostly referred to allied
genera, especially Adenandra, Agathosnia and Barosma.
Lvs. alternate or opposite, linear-acute, channeled, ser-
rulate or sometimes ciliate, glandular dotted: fls. white
or reddish, terminal, subsolitary or corymbose, pedicel-
late ; calyx 5-parted; hypogynous disk, 5-sinuate, 5-
plaited; petals 5; style short ; stigma capitate. Latest
monograph in Flora Capensis, vol. 1 ( 18,")9-60). \^^ ]y£^
Diosma ericoides is more or less well known in
America, and is put to various uses in floral decora-
tions, in spray, or branchlets cut to the required length,
and stuck in formal designs as a setting for other flow-
488
DIOSMA
DIOSPYROS
ers in the same manner and for the same purpose as
Stevia is used, to give that necessary grace and artistic
effect to the whole. This species, likemost of the genus,
has an agreeable aromatic fragrance in the foliage. It
is a strong grower, loose and heath-like in habit and
716. Native Persimmon—
Diospyros Virginiana.
Nearly natural size.
foliage, iis the specific name indicates ; flowers white and
small, one or more on the points of tiny branehlets. While
Diosmas undoubtedly do best in soilsuitable for heaths,
that is, soil composed largely of fibrous peat, they are not
nearly so exacting in their requirements in this respect,
and can be grown in good fibrous loam and leaf-mold in
equal parts, with considerable clean, sharp sand added
thereto.
The plants should be cut back rather severely after
flowering to keep them low and bushy; this refers more
particularly to the above species, other members of the
genus being of more compact growth and needing
very little corrective cutting to keep them in shape.
Diosma capitata (now Ardouinia capitafa) is a fine ex-
ample of the latter class, and is a nmch better one than
D. ericoides for exhibition and show purposes; flowers
pinkish lilac, in corymbs of many flowers. The propa-
gation of Diosmas by cuttings is similar to that of
heaths, but much easier with the same amount of care.
The best ma^^erial for cuttings is young wood, when not
too soft or too hard. Kekxeth Finlavson'.
The Diosma capitata referred to above was described
by Linnteus. but is now referred to Ardnuinin capifntn,
Brongn., which belongs in miifferent order (BrnniUceiP)
and even in a different subclass of the Dicotyledons. It
is a heath-like shrub 2-3 ft. high, with erect branches
and somewhat whorled, mostly clustered branches: Ivs!
spirally arranged, stalkless, overlapping, linear,3-angled,
roughish, with 2 grooves beneath: fls. crimson (accord-
ing to Flora Capensis), crowded into oblong, spike-like
terminal beads. Generic characters are calyx adhering
to the ovary, 5-cleft, segments large, overlapping: petals
with a long, 2-keeled claw, nnd
a spreading, roundish limb ;
stamens included: ovarv half
inferior,3-celled, cells 2-ovuled;
style H-angled, with 3 small,
papilla-like stigmas. This plant
is not advertised for sale in America.
ericoldes, Linn. Much-branched: branches
and twigs quite glabrous : Ivs. alternate,
crowded, recurved-spreading, oblong, obtuse,
keeled, pointless, glabrous : fls. terminal,
2-3 together, with very short pedicels; calyx
lobes ovate, obtuse; petals elliptic-oblong, ob-
tuse. B.M. 2;K{2 under this name is in realty I), ml-
garis, var. longi folia.
D. fragrans, Sims. =• Adenandra fragrans.— D. rultjaris,
Schlei'ht., has narrower Ivs. than I), ericoides, and they are
ai'ute: branehlets minutely pulieseent: Ivs. scattered, rarely
opposite, linear, convex-earinate. subiilate-acuminate. There
are 5 well-marked botanical varieties. y^^ -^j
DIOSF^BOS {Dios, Jove^a, pyros, grain; alluding to
its edible fruit). Kbeudceip. Persimmon. Ebony.
Trees or shrubs, with alternate, rarely opposite, entire
Ivs., deciduous or persistent, without stipules: fls. dioe-
cious or polygamous in few ormany-fld., axillary cymes,
the pistillate often solitary, yellowish or whitish: calyx
and corolla 3-7-, usually 4-lobed ; stamens usually h-h\,
included: fr. a large, juicy berry, 1-10-seeded, bearing
usually the enlarged calyx at the base; seed flat, rather
large. About 180 species in the tropics, few in colder
climates. The few cultivated species are ornamental
trees, with handsome, lustrous foliatre, rarely attacked
by insects and with decorative and edible fr. The only
species which is tolerably hardy north is />. Vinjiviann,
while D. Ktiki, much cultivated in Japan for its large,
edible fruits, is hanly only in the southern states.
Most ;pecies have valuable hard and close-grained wood,
and that of some tropical species is known as ebony.
They thrive in almost any soil, but require, in cooler
climates, sheltered and sunny positions. Prop, by seeds
and by cuttings of half-ripened wood or layers ; the
tropical species bj* cuttings of mature wood in spring,
with bottom heat; the fruit-bearing varieties are usually
grafted or budded on seedling stock of D, Virginiana.
See Persimmon.
Virginiilna, Linn. Commox Persimmon. Fig. 716.
Tree, to 50 ft., rarely to 100 ft., with round-topped head
and spreading, often pendulous branches: Ivs. ovate or
elliptic, acuminate, shining above, glabrous at length or
pubescent beneath, 3-6 in. long : fls. short-stalked,
greenish yellow, staminate in 3's, 3^ in. long, with 16
stamens; pistillate solitary, larger, with 4 2-lobed styles,
connate at the base: fr. globose or obovate, plum-like,
with the enlarged calyx at the base, l-lj^in. in diam.,
pale orange, often with red cheek, edible, varying in
size, color and flavor. June. Conn, to Fla., west to
Kans. andTex. S.S. 6:2.^2, 253. G.F. 8:265. Mn. 4:2L
Ldtus, Linn. Round-headed tree, to 40 ft.: Ivs. ellip-
tic or oblong, acuminate, pubescent, often glabrous above
at length, 3-5 in. long: fls. reddish white, staminate in
3's, with 16 stamens, pistillate solitary: fr. black when
ripe, globular, ^^-?4 in. in diam., edible. June. W. Asia
to China. A.G. 12:460.
KAki, Linn. f. Kaki. Fig. 717. Tree, to 40 ft., with
round head : Ivs. ovate-elliptic, oblong-ovate or obovate,
acuminate, subcoriaceous, glabrous and shining above,
sparingly hairy or glabrous beneath, 3-7 in. long : fls.
yellowish v;hite, staminate with 16-24 stamens, pistil-
late to ^4 in. long; styles divided to the base, pubescent :
fr. large, IV2-3 in. across, very variable in shape and
size, mostly resembling a tomato. June. Jap.. China.
R.H. 1870, pp. 412, 413 ; 1872, pp. 254, 255 (as D. Box-
DIOSPYROS
DIPLADENIA
489
burghi). — ya.r. oost^ta, Mast. Fr. large, depressed,
globular, orange-red, with 4 furrows. R.H. 1870:410.
G.C. 11.4:777; III. 9:171 ; 13:51. Gn. 49, p. 171. Var.
Maz^li, Mouillef. Fr. orange-yellow, with 8 furrows.
R.H. 1874:70. Other varieties are figured in R.H.
1872, p. 2r>4; 1878:470; 1887; 348; 1888:60, and A.G.
12:331-8, 459-(>2. A very desirable an<l beautiful fruit-
bearing tree for the southern states, where a number of
different varieties introduced from Jap. are cultivated,
but the hardier varieties from the north of Jap. and
China.which are likely to be hardy north to New England,
seem hitherto not to have been intro(iuced. Fig. 715 is
from Georgeson's articles in A.G. 1891.
AA. Jjvt. small, obtuse or emarginate : corolla and
calyx 5-lobed.
Tez^na, Scheele (/>. Mexicdna, Scheele MS.). Small
tree, intricately branched, rarely to 40 ft.: Ivs. cuneate,
oblong or obovate, pubescent below, 1-2 in. long: Hs.
with the Ivs., pubescent, on branches of the previous
year, .staminate with 16 stamens, pistillate with 4 pu-
bescent styles, connate at the base: fr. black, %-l in.
indiam. Spring. Tex., N. Mex. S.S. 6:254.
D. Eb^nuin, Koenitr. Tree, to 50 ft.: Ivs. elliptic -oblong,
bluntly acuminate, glabrous: fls. white, staminate, in short ra-
cemes. E. Ind., C*»ylon. For cult, in hothoiises or tropical cli-
mates. This species is said to jield the best eljony.
Alfred Rehder.
A cultivated fruit of Kaki
Nearly natural size.
BIFCADI (meaning uncertain). Lilihcea. Tender
bulbous plants of minor importance, allied to Galtonia,
with radical, thickish, narrowly linear Ivs. and loose
racemes of odd-colored fls, on leafless scapes. About 20
species in southern Europe, tropical and south Africa
and India. During the winter, their resting time, the
bulbs should be kept dry. A compost of light, sandy
loam and leaf -mold has been recommended. Latest mon-
ograph in Latin, 1871, by J. G. Baker, in Journ. Linn.
Soc. 11:395: the South African species in English by
Baker, in Flora Capensis, vol. 6 (18%-7).
A. All perianth-segments equally long. (Tricharis.)
serdtintun, Medic. Lvs. 5-6, fleshy-herbaceous, gla-
brous, narrowly linear, 6-12 in. long, 2-3 lines wide near
the base, channeled on the face: scape 4-12 in. long: ra-
ceme loose, 4-12-fld.: bracts lanceolate, 4-6 lines long,
longer than the pedicels: perianth greenish brown, .">-G
lines long:ovarv sessile or subsessile. S. Eu., N. Afr.
B.M. 859.
AA. Outer perianth-segments longer than the inner and
tailed.
filamentdsum, Medic. (D. vlride, Moeuch). Lvs. 5-6,
fleshy-iierbaceous, narrowly linear, glabrous, 1 ft. long,
l>^-3 lines wide near the base: scape 1-2 ft. high:
raceme loose, 6-15-fld. : bracts linear-acuminate, 4-6 lines
long: perianth green, 12-15 lines long, outer segments
4-6 lines longer than the inner: capsule sessile. S. Afr.
W. M.
DIPHTLL£IA (Greek, double leaf). Berberiddcea-
Umbrella Leaf. An interesting hardy perennial herb
with thick, creeping, jointed, knotty rootstocks, send-
ing up each either a huge peltate, cut-lobed, umbrella-
like, radical leaf on a stout stalk, or a flowering stem
bearing two similar ( but smaller and more 2-cleftj alter-
nate lvs., which are peltate near one margin, and a
terminal cyme of white fls.: sepals 6, fugacious: petals
and stamens 6 : ovules 5 or 6 : berries globose, few-
seeded. This is one of many genera having only 2 spe-
cies, one of which is found in N. E. North America, the
other in Japan. There is a wonderful similarity between
the floras of these 2 regions, and few areas have pro-
duced so many plants esteemed in cultivation.
cymdsa, Michx. Root-lvs. 1-2 ft. across, 2-cleft, each
division 5-7-lobed; lobes toothed: berries blue. May.
Wet or spriiitry places in Alleghanies from Va. south.
B.M. lt)66. — Int. into general trade by H. P. Keisey.
Grows readily in dry soil under cultivation, but is dwarf.
DIFLAD£NIA {Greek, double gland, referring to the
two glands of the ovary, which distinguish this genus
from Echites ) . A pocy ndeece . A
charming genus of coolhouse twiners,
mostly from Brazil, with large, showy
more or less funnel-shaped lis. having
a remarkable range of color, rarely
white or dark red, but especially rich
in rosy shades and with throats'often
brilliantly colored with yellow. The
buds, too, are charming. The genus is
fully as interesting as Allamanda,
which belongs to another tribe of the
same order. Other allied genera of
irreat garden interest are Echites,
Ontadenia, Mandevilla and Urechites.
Some species are naturally erect
bushes, at least when young, and
many can be trained to the bush
form. The group is a most tempting
one to the hybridizer. An all-yellow-
flowered kind is desirable. Many names
appear in European catalogues, but
they are badly mixed, as the genus
greatly needs a complete botanical re-
vision. Very many pictures are found
in the European horticultural periodi-
cals. Several prizes for American seed-
lings have been taken at Boston, by Geo.
McWilliam, Whitinsville, Mass., who
has given a full account of his cultural
methods in Gardening, 5:18 (1896).
W. M.
Although Dipladenias are natives of the tropics, they
grow at high altitudes, and it is a mistake to keep them
in close, steaming hothouses, as many gardeners do in
the Old World. The writer has kept them in a house
whose temperature was never above 50° F., and fre-
quently went down to 40° on winter nights. Cuttings
should be rootedin winter, and the young plants planted
outdoors during the summer, being careful not to bury
the crowns deep in the soil. They can endure 5 degrees
of frost without losing their foliage, but even after 7
degrees of frost and complete loss of foliage, the plants
have been lifted, brought into the greenhouse, and
flowered with success. A good specinien will have
50-80 open fls. at one time. Tufts of fern root are ex-
cellent for potting soil, with some sharp sand added. A
fine specimen may be grown in a pan 2 ft. across and
9 in. deep. Plants never need shading. In late fall, as
the nights get cooler, the water supply may be gradually
reduced until the middle of November, when water is
490
DIPLADENIA
DIPLADEXIA
used sparingly until it is desired to start the plants into
fresh growth. For points concerning training and
pruning, consult Gn. 5:18. qeo. McWilliam.
Few tropical plants excel the Dipladenias as green-
house twining plants, their handsome sprays of flowers
being produced in profusion from May to November,
when well grown. The usual method of propagation is
by 1- or 2-jointed cuttings of the well ripened growths
inserted in sand with brisk bottom heat, when they will
usually root very readily. Seeds are not often produced
in this genus, though occasionally well grown plants
will produce seeds, which should be sown as soon as ripe,
in pans of light, peaty soil, with a goodly proportion of
silver sand mixed with it, and the pans placed in a
warm, moist atmosphere. If given good attention the
seedlings will flower the first year. Dipladenias thrive
best when potted in fern or kalmia root fiber only. The
potting should be atten.led to in early spring, just before
active growth commences. Care must be taken not to
injure their tuberous roots, as this will result in weak-
ening very materially the vitality of the plants. Great
care must also bo exercised in watering until the plants
are in active growth, when they will require an abun-
dance of water at the roots; they are also greatly bene-
fited by an occasional watering of clear liquid cow- or
sheep-manure water. Frequent spraying of the foliage
will also be necessary to keep down the attacks of in-
sects. Dipladenias do best when grown in full sunlight,
the roof of an unshaded greenhouse being well suited
to them. The pots should be covered with some non-
conducting material, however, such as sphagnum moss,
to prevent injury to the roots by the heat of the sun.
As soon as the season of blossoming is past, the plants
should be cut back, and allowed to rest by gradually
withholding the water, keeping them during the winter
almost dry in a temp, of 55°. Edward J. Caxntxg.
The following kinds sold in America are presumably
horticultural varieties which have been insuflBciently
described:
D. amdbilig. Lvs. short-stalked, oblong, acute: fls. rosy crim-
son, 4-5 in. across; corolla lobes very round and stiff. See tin.
51, p. 227. Said to be a hybrid of D. crassinoda and D. splen-
dens.— D. Brearleyana. Lvs. oblong, acute, dark green: fls.
pink at first, changing to rich crimson, very large. Gn. 51,p.
226.—/). eximia. A recent hybrid.—/), hybrida. Lvs. large,
stout, bright green : fls. flaming crimson red. — D. itisignis.
Stout growing; foliage strong; fls. rosy piirple.
A. Fl.t. dark purple.
atropurptirea, DC. Glabrous, lvs. ovate, acute: ra-
cemes axillary, 'J-fld. : peduncles a little longer than the
lvs.; pedicels twisted, bracted; calyx lobes lanceolate-
acuminate, a little shorter than the pedicel, and a third
as long as the cylindrical part of the corolla; corolla
tube funnel-shaped above tlie middle; lobes triangular,
wavv, spreading, shorter than the dilated part of the
tube. Brazil. B.R. 29:27. Gn. 44:9.'J7. LH. 42:33. Gt.
43, p. 548. — Lvs. about 2 in. long, acute at the very base:
petiole }4 in. long; corolla dark purple inside and out;
tube 2 in. long. None of the pictures cited above show
the fleshy, spreading, scale-like stipules nearly as long
as the petioles which De Candolle says are characteristic
of the subgenus Micradenia. F.S. 1:33 is said to be JD.
atroviolacea of the subgenus Eudipladenia, in which the
stipules are absent or else small and erect. The plate
shows a strongly ribbed corolla-tube and lvs. cordate at
the base.
AA. Fls. white: throat yellow inside.
Bolivi^nsis, Hook. Glabrous: stems slender: lvs. pe-
tioled, 2-3 % in. long, oblong, acuminate, acute at base,
bright green and glossy above, pale beneath; stipules
none: racemes axillary, 3— 4-fld. : peduncles much shorter
than the lvs., about as long as petioles and pedici-ls:
bracts minute at the base of the twisted pedicels: calyx
lobes ovate, acuminate, 3 lines long: corolla almost sal-
ver-shaped, tube and throat slender and cylindrical, the
former }4 in. long, the latter twice as long and half as
broad again : limb 1 % in. across ; lobes broadly ovate,
more acuminate than in D. atropurptirea. Bolivia.
B.M. 5783. Gn.'44:922. Gng. 7:.342.
Fls. •»VJ»«.' throat deep ro»e or purple within,
whitish outside.
ipl^ndenf, DC. Fig. 718. Stem glabrous: lvs. sub-
sessile, elliptic-acuminate, cordate at the base, wavy,
pubescent, especially beneath, veins elevated, numer-
ous: racemes axillary, longer than the lvs., 4-<»-fld,:
calyx lobes red-tipped, awl-shaped, as long as the cylin-
drical part of the corolla tube, which Is half the length
of the funnel-shaped portion: l<>bes of the limb rotund,
subacute, almost as long as the tube. Brazil. Lvs. 4-8
in. long, 1 3^-3 in. wide, pedicels '-i-l in. long: corolla
tube 1 % in. long, white outside, lobes rosy, throat
deeper, almost purple. Brazil. B.M. ."WTfi. F\S. 1:34
shows a yellow throated form. Var. profilBa, Rod. ( D.
profusa, Hort.), has larger and brighter rosy fls., lineil
with yellow inside, the outside of the tube rosy except
718. Dipladenia splendens (XK)-
at the ba.se, which is yellow. LH. 30:491. — Int. by B. S.
Williams. D. amdbilis, Hort., is said to be a hybrid of
D. crassinoda and Z>. splendens. I.H. 27:39(3, shows a
12-fld. raceme with exceptionally bright red fls.
AAAA. Fls. salmon-colored: throat yellow inside and
out.
uroph^lla, Hook. Named for the long, narrow apex of
the leaf. Glabrous, erect bush, not a vine : branches
numerous, swollen at the joints: lvs. ovate-oblong, ob-
tuse at the base, suddenly narrowed at the apex into a
narrow point % in. long; peduncles long, drooping, flex-
uose: -acemes axillary, 4-6-fld.: calyx segments awl-
shaped: corolla dull yellow outside, deeper and brighter
yellow within; tube cylindrical in lower third, then
swelling into an almost bell-shaped throat; lobes of the
limb salmon inclined to purple, acute. Brazil. B.M.
4414. P.M. 16:66. F.S. 5:425.
D. crassinoda, DC. Glabrous: stem much branched, with
many nodes: lvs. lanceolate, acute or almost acuminate, acute
at the base, shining and leathery on both sides: racemes axil-
lary, about 6-rtd. : calyx lobes lanceolate, acuminate, a little
shorter than the cylindrical part of the corolla tube, 2 or 3
times shorter than the pedicel; corolla tube bell-shaped above
the midtlle; lobes obovateorbicidar. The above is the original
description by De (^andolle, who adds that the lvs. are 3-3?^ in.
long, %-\ in. wide, petiole 2-3 lines long: stipules interpetiolar,
with 4 short cuspidate teeth. The plant pictured in B.R. .30:64
was renamed D. Lindleyi by Lemaire chiefly for its pilose stem
and stellate-lobed stipiileB. Later authorities refer B.R. 30:64
DIPLADENIA
DIPSACUS
491
to D. Martiana. F.S. 22:2:j10 may be the same plant aa B.R.
30:64. but with variable Ivs. and stipules. The plant was prizeil
for its deli<'»te colors, being white at llrst, then shot with soft
rose like a rtame tulip, and tlnaily a deep rose. Only one dower
in a raceme was open at a time, and each lasted 8 or 9 days,
throat orange inside. D. crassinoda is said to be a parent,
with I), splendena. of D. amabilis. (On. +4, p. 141.) />. Hdr-
ritii, Hook.=Odontadenla spet-iosa. — i>. illuatri*, DC. Gla-
brous or pul>e8cent: Ivs. oblong or rotund, obtuse or nearly
acute, rounded or subcordate at the base, many nerved; stipules
none: petiole short: racemes terminal. 4-8-fld.: fls. rosy, throat
yellow inside, purple at the mouth: corolla tube cylindrical to
the middle, then funnel-shaped; limb 3-3 H»n. across, lobes
rosy, orbicular-ovate, obtuse. Brazil. F.S. 3:256. Var. glabra,
Muell. Arg. B.M. IVi&.—D. Sdnderi. Hems., has flesh-colored
fls. with throat yellow inside, and outside at the base has smaller
Ivs. than I), illustris, and no circle of purple at the mouth of the
fl. On. 51:1111. W. M.
DIPLABBH^NA (Greek, two anthers; the third being
imperfect). Iriddcece. Only 2 species of tender plants
from Australia and Tasmania. They belong to the same
subtribe with our native Blue-eyed (irass, Sisyrinchium.
Rhizomes short: stems terminal, erect, simple or some-
what branched: Ivs. In a tuft, narrow, rigid, acuminate,
equitant: spatheterminal, rigid, acuminate: fls. whitish;
perianth without any tube over the ovary; segments un-
equal, inner ones shorter, connivent: upper stamen im-
perfect. This plant is advertised in the American edi-
tion of a Dutch bulb dealer's catalogue.
Morsa, Labill. Stems lJ^-2 ft. long, with a single
terminal cluster, and several sheathing bracts: Ivs, 6-8
in a tuft, 1-m ft. long, H-^a in. wide: spathes cylindri-
cal, 2-3 fid., 2 in. long.
DI?LAZinM (Greek, doubled). Polypodidrece. A
genus oi' rather large, coarse ferns allied to Asplenium,
out with the mdusia often double, extending to both
sides of some of the veins, which are unconnected.
Eighty or more species are found, mostly in the warmer
portions of the world. For culture, see Ferns.
A. Lfs. simple: low plants.
l&nceum, Thunb. Lvs. 6-9 in. long, %-l in. wide,
narrowed upward and downward, the margin mostly en-
tire; sori reaching nearer to the edge than the midrib.
India, China, Japan.
AA. Lvs. pinnate, with the pinnce deeply lobed: rootstock
not rising to form a trunk.
arbdrenm, Willd. Lvs. 12 -1S in. long, 6-8 in. wide,
with a distinct auricle or lobe at the base. The habit i.s
not arboreous, as originally supposed, and as the name
would indicate; quite near the next, but less deeply cut.
West Indies and Venezuela.
Bh6pherdi, Spreng. {Asplenium Sh^pherdi, Spreng. ).
Lvs. 12-18 in. long, 6-9 in. broad, deeply lobed, the lobes
at the base sometimes reaching down to the rachis, some-
what toothed and often ]4 in. broad ; sori
long-linear. Cuba and Mexico to Brazil.
AAA. Zfvs. bipintiate: trunk someivhat
arborescent.
latifdlium, Moore {Asplenium latifdlium,
Don). Caudex erect, somewhat arborescent:
lvs. .'{-4 ft. long. 12-18 in. wide, with about
12 pinnse on either side. India, China and the Philip-
P*°^S- L. M. UXDEKWOOD.
mum, which is found along the coast of Brazil, ia but 10
feet in height when fully «levtloped. This genus i.s with-
out spines, the leaves being pinnate, very dark green on
the upper side and usually covered with white tomentum
on the under side, the pinnae being clustered along the
midrib in most instances. In a very young plant of this
genus the ultimate character is not at all apparent from
the fact that the seedling plants have undivided or simple
leaves, this characteristic frequently obtaining in the
case of D. cnudescens until the plant is strong enough
to produce leaves 4 or 'i feet long. A warm greenhouse,
rich soil and a plentiful supply of water are among the
chief requisites for the succes-sful culture of Diplothe-
miums. 1). caudescens is the best known of the genus,
and where space may b» had for its free development it
is one of the handsome.«it palms in cultivation.
caud^Bcens, Mart. {Cerdxylon nivenm, Uort.). Wax
Palm. Stem 12-20 ft. high, 10-12 in. thick, remotely
ringed, often swollen at the middle: lvs. 9-12 ft., short
petioled; segments 70-90 on each side, ensiform. densely
waxy white below, the middle ones 24-28 in. long, 1%
in. wide, the upper and lower ones shorter and narrower,
all obtuse at the apex. Brazil. R.H. 1876, p. 2.'{5.
Jaked G. Smith and W. H. Taplin.
DtFSACUS (to thirst, from the Greek: the bases of
the connate lvs. in some species hold water). DipsAcea.
Teasel. Perhaps 15 species of tall, stout biennial or
DIPLOTHfiMIUM (Greek, double sheathed). Pal-
mdicece, tribe Cocoinece. Spineless palms, low or stem-
less, or often with ringed, stout, solitary or fascicled
trunks. Lvs. terminal, pinnatisect; segments crowded,
lanceolate or ensiform, acuminate, glaucous or silvery
beneath, margins recurved at the base, midnerve promi-
nent : rachis 2-faced, strongly laterally compressed ;
petiole concave above: sheath fibrous, open: spadices
erect, long or short-peduncled, strict, thickish: spathes
2, the lower coriaceous, tiie upper cymbiform, beaked,
ventrally dehiscent: bracts short, coriaceous: fls. rather
large, cream colored or yellow: fr. ovoid or obovoid,
small. Species 5. Brazil.
Diplothemium is a small genus of very handsome
palms. In size the members of this genus seem to vary
as much as those included in the Cocos group. D. mariti-
719. Fuller's Teasel— Dipsacus
Fullonum {X%).
perennial herbs of the Old W^orld. The fls. are small
and in dense heads, like those of compositous plants,
but the ai.thers are not anited (or syngene.sious) as they
are in the Compositfe. One species, />. sylv'stris,
Mill., is an introduced weed along roadsides in the
northeastern states and Ohio valley. It is biennial,
the stem arising the second year and reaching a height
of 5 or 6 ft. It is said to be a good bee plant. The Fuller's
Teasel, I>. Fulldnum, Linn. (Fig. 719), is probably de-
rived from the former, and differs from it chiefly in the
very strong and hooked floral scales. These scales give
the head its value for the teasing or raising: the nap on
woolen cloth, for which no machinery is so efficient. This
plant is grown commercially in a limited area in central
New York. l. h, B.
492
DIRCA
DlBCA (Greek, from dirke, a fountain; referring to
the plant an growing in moist places). Thymeltedet(i>.
Two species of North American shrubs, with tough,
fibrous baric, alternate, thin, short, entire, petiolate, de-
ciduous Iv8., apetalous perfect tis. in peduncled fascicles
of the previous season's growth, the branches develop-
ing subsequently from the same n<><Ies : calyx corolla-like,
yellowish, carapauulate, undulately obscurely 4-toothed,
bearing twice as many exserted sfaraens as its lobes
(usually 8): ovary nearly sessile, free. 1-loculed, witha
single hanging ovule; style exserted, fliiform: fr. berry-
like, oval-oblong. Hardy deciduous branching ^hrubs,
often with the habit of miniature trees. Dark ' inter-
laced, strong fibers, and branches so tough and flexible
that they may be bent into hoops and thonsjs without
breaking. So used by tne Indians and early settlers.
The Leatherwood is not one of the showiest of hardy
shrubs, but its small, yellowish flowers are abundant
enough to make it attractive, and it deserves cultivation
especially for the earliness of its bloom in spring. It is
of slow growth, and. when planted singly, makes a com-
pact miniature tree; planted in masses or under shade
it assumes a straggling habit. It thrives in any moist
loam. Prop, by seeds, which are abun«lant and germi-
nate readily: also by layers.
Leatherwood— Dirca palustris {X%).
paluBtris, Linn. Leatherwood. Moosewood. Fig.
720. A shrub, 2-6 ft. high, with numerous branches
having scars which make them appear as if jointed, at
the beginning of each annual growth, and with yellow-
brown glabrous twigs: Ivs. oval or obovate, with obtuse
apex, 2-3 in. long, green and smooth above, whitish and
downy below, becoming smooth, the base of the petiole
covering buds of the next season: fls. yellowish, abun-
dant enough to be attractive, nearly sessile, ^in. long,
falling as the Ivs. expand: fr. hidden by the abundant
foliage, egg- or top-shaped, 3^ in. long, reddish or pale
green. Woods and thickets, mostlv in wet soil N. and S.
B.R. 4:292. -Common.
D. occidentdlis. A. Gray. A similar species fouml on the Pacific
coast, differs mainly in the deeper calyx-lobes, lower insertion
of the stamens, sessile flowers, and white involucre. Not in the
trade, but worthy of cult. a. Phelps Wyman.
DtSA (origin of name unknown). Orchiddcece, tribe
Ophrydeas. One hundred or more terrestrial orchids,
mostly S. African, of which several are known to fan-
ciers, but only one of which is in the Amer. trade.
Sepals free, spreading, upper one galeate, produced in a
horn or spur at the base; petals inconspicuous, small,
adnate to the base of the column. The species described
below is undoubtedly one of the most beautiful of known
orchids, but as yet difiicult to manage under artiflc •'I
conditions.
grandifldra, Linn. Flower of the Oods. Rootstock
tuberous: stems 1 ft. or more high, unbranched: Ivs.
dark green: fls. several; upper sepal hood-like or gale-
ate, 3 in. long, rose-color, with branching crimson veins ;
lateral sepals slightly shorter, brilliant carmine-red;
petals and labellum orange, inconspicuous. S. Afr.
B.M.4073. G.C.II. 18:521; 111.9:365. Oakes Ames.
DISEASES
William Watson, in Garden aud Forest 9: 284, says of
Disa : "They all require cool-greenhouse treatment,
plenty of water, an open, peaty soil and shade from direct
sunshine. As soon as the plants have flowered, they are
shaken out of the soil, the suckers taken off, and potted
singly in small pots and watered liberally. In November
they are asjain potted into 3-inch pots, in which they
remain until they flower. They make a display of flowers
for about two months." In G.F. 7: 324, Watson writes of
D. KeweHne: "This is a beautiful hybrid, which is as
easily grown as any orchid I know of, and multiplies
itself by means of offsets with all the pro«lijfalitv of
Couch Grass. Many connoisseurs declare it is the best
of all Disas. ***/>. Veitchii is a noble plant, and
almost as free as D. Ken'enite. I wouM recommend all
grower? of orchicls to procure both and propagate them
as rapidly as possible. • * • The Kew plants are in
4-inch pots, and each bears a spike 18 inches high with
from 10 to 20 flowers, each 2 inches across." For portrait
of D. Kewense, see G.C. IIL, 18: 273.
OISANTHUS (Greek, din, twice, and anthos, flower;
the tls. being in 2-fld. heads). Uamamelidclcece. Shrub',
with alternate, deciduous, entire, long-petioled Ivs.: fls!
similar to those of Hamamelis, but borne in pairs on
erect axillary peduncles and connate back to back: cap-
sule 2-celled, with several seeds in each cell. The only
species, O. cercidifdlioB, Maxim., is a shrub, with slender
branches, 8-10 ft. high: Ivs. roundish-ovate, palraately
nerved, \i-A in. long: fls. dark purple, in October. G.F.
6:215. Hardy ornamental shrub of elegant habit, with
distinct, handsome foliage, turning to a beautiful claret-
red or red and orange in fall. Prop, by seeds, germi-
nating very slowly, and by layers ; probably also by
grafting on Hamamelis. Alfred Rehder.
DISEASES of plants are of many classes. The word
disease as applied to plants is commonly associated with
those manifestations which are the result of seriously
disturbed nutrition, rather than with mere attacks of
devouring insects. We might classify diseases, for hor-
ticultural purposes, as those due to parasitic fungi (or
fungous iliseases), those due to bacteria or germs, those
due to nematodes or eel worms, and those which are as-
sociated with disturbed or imperfect nutrition. To
these four classes we shall now prive our attention:
FrsiJous Diseases are those that are due to the inva-
sion of tissue by fungi (see Fungus). All crop plants
ar3 more or less subject to the pttack of chese insidious
foes, and the havoc they bring is rarely fully appre-
ciated.
The chief lines of treatment with plants subject to
injury from fungi are, first, to reduce the number of
spores to a mmimum, and, secondly, to surround the
plants with conditions unfavorable for their develop-
ment and yet not to interfere with the growth of the plant
itself. Fungi as a rule are fond of moisture and. there-
fore, dry weather is an ally of the cultivator, while a sea-
son with high humidity and a large rainfall is asso-
ciated with an abundance of plant diseases. So long,
therefore, as the weather is without man's control there
will be an uncertain quantity in the problem of plant
healthfulness.
The Krowine: season for crop plants is practically the
same as that for fungi, and during the winter inactivity
prevails for both host and parasite. In other words,
there are several months of the year when the fungi are
either inactive in the host plant or lying dormant out-
side of it, ready to begin their destructive work. When
the plant is a perennial, the fungus may live over winter
in its tissue, as is well illustrated in the black-knot, Plow-
riijhtia morhoaa, of the plum and cherry. The swellings
upon the twigs increase from year to year until the 3tem
is pirdled or otherwise destroyed. The fungus is peren-
nial, and every knot, unless the branch is dead, is the di-
rect starting point for new growth. Along with this
fact is the equally important one that in the hard, black
crust of the excrescence there are innumerable spheri-
cal pits in which countless spores pass the winter, and
are ready to spread the disease *'o new. healthy twigs as
the knot breaks up and fresh growth starts in the tree
in ppring. In the light of the above facts, there are
many reasons for destroying the knots upon a plum or
DISEASES
DISEASES
493
ni
Colony of apple-scab.
Natural size.
cherry tree. Tbe limbs affected »re nractlcally worth-
less, and by destroyint? tbera the disease js kept from
spreading further in the branch and the forming spores
are destroyed before they have an opportunity of get-
tin/ a tootbold elsewhere.
If the horticulturint understands the methods of growth
and propagation of a destructive fungus, he is better
able to take tbe step that may lead to the eradication of
the pest. Let another example
* ~^- be tn' en, namely, the apple-
leaf rust, which in some parts
of the country is a serious
menace to the orcbardist. It
is recognized as yellow
blotches upon the foliage, fol-
lowed by groups of deep cups
in the under half of the leaf
tissue, where otange-colored
spores are produced in great
abundance. The life cycle of
this fungus, Gynnioxporan-
gium macropua, involves two
hosts; that is, it lives in one
stage upon the common red
cedar and in the next it infests
the apple tree. Upon the cedar the fungus, forn-s galls
of a chocolate color half an inch or more in diameter,
which during the spring rains become swollen and have
a gelatinous exterior. In this jelly the spores are pro-
duced that find their way to the apple tree and there
form, after vegetating for a few days, the destructive
rust. It is seen that in a case like this the most impor-
tant thing is to destroy the cedar-galls, for in them the
funtrus passes the winter; and this can be done
by picking and burning. To those who do not
set a high value upon their cedar trees, the end
may be accomplished by removing the cedar
trees that stand at all near the infested
orchard.
But there are many destructive fungi
that pass their whole life upon the
same plant, and the method men-
tioned for the apple rust would not
obtain. In many such cases the
use of fungicides has proved ef-
fective. The apple-scab (Fig. 721),
due to a fungus {Fusicla-
diiim dendriticum), is a good
case in point. It infests both
the leaf and the f niit. caus-
ing irregular blotches upon
722. Peaches of last year's crop still haneing on the tree.
attacked by monilia {X%).
The branch is dead from the effects of the fungus.
both, and frequently destroying the crop. Many ex-
periments have demonstrated that this scab-produc-
ing fungus can be kept down by the use of the Bordeaux
mixture and various other similar substances. Tbe fun-
gus thriTes below the skin of the fniit and the epider-
mis of the leaf, producing spores in abundance upon the
surface. The funi^icide, when left in a thin tilm upon the
susceptible surface, prevents the germination of the
spores and the extrance of the fungus. It likewise may
kill the spores in the places where they are formed and
before they have been transplanted to another part of
the plant. The fungicide cannot act as a cure in the
sense of replacing tlie diseased, by healthy tissue, but
may, by destroying the spores, so prevent the spread that
the healthy parts may predominate. In the case of foli-
age, the spraying is chieHy preventive, and should be
particularly directed to the younger leaves, the older
ones, with the fungus already established in them, in
time falling away. With the ordinary fruits there is no
723. Effects of the leaf-curl fungus on peach foliage (X H).
such succession, and the aim is to have each apple or
pear coated with the fungicide.
As a rule a fungus that attacks the fruit also infests the
lea' es, and may likewise thrive in the stems. From this
it 's gathered that the spray should be very thoroughly
applied to all parts of the plant, in order that the foliage
may be kept in vigor and make the required food sub-
stances for the growth of the fruit, and the latter saved
from decay due to direct attack of the fungvms germs.
But this is not enough. From what has been remarked
concerning the hibernation of fungi, it goes without long
argument that much can be done by thorough sanitation
in the orchard and fruit garden when the crop is off and
the plants are at rest. In short, the foliage of a blighte*!
orchard or vineyard is too important to be overlooked
in considering the subject of fungous diseases. The pear
leaves, for example, may be infested with the leaf-spot,
Entomosporium maeulatum, and spraying may have kept
them from falling prematurely and a good crop saved
thereby, but the old leaves, as they drop in autumn, are
more or less infested with the disease, and, as far as pos-
sible, should be destroyed before the winds have scat-
tered them. In the same way the black-rot of the grape
(Lasiadia BidwrCii) maybe carried over in the foli-
age and the mummy berries that are left tipon the vines.
Here, again, the spray pumps can.be largely supple-
mented by picking, pruning and burning. In the winter
care of vineyards we can take a lesson from the grape
growers of Europe, where much care is taken to clean
up after every crop. They do not stop with the gather-
ing of tbe refuse, but spray the leafless vines in win-
ter, and the trellises as well, with Bordeaux or plain
solution of cupr'c sulfate. The subject of remedies for
fungous diseases would be slighted were not emphatic
words used in tiiis connection. It is folly to delay the
494
DISEASES
DISEASES
use of remedial measures until after the fungi are in
evidence. With many quicli-acting diseases it is then
too late, and in fact with some the spray pump, when the
trees are in full leaf and fruit, is of secondary impor-
tance. The fruit-rot or graj' mold [Monilia fructi(jena)
of the cherry, plum and peach is of this type. To eradi-
cate this pest, it is not enough to wait until the disease
is in the trees, for then, if the weather is warm and
moist, the crop is destroyed. Here, again, the work of
prevention should begin the w^inter before; by destroy-
ing all mummy fruit (Fig. 722) and blighted branches
the disease is attacked at its weakest point.
Another point in this connection that must be kept in
mind is the general health of the plant. Every tree or
shrub should be well nourished and come to its ap-
pointed task in good health. This means the best
fomi of the plant for the purposes intended, obtained
by the use of the pruning knife or other means. Fungi
do not love the sunshine half as well as the shade, and
an open-tcpped tree needs less spraying than one with
the branches crowded. This will also obviate in some
measure another point of weakness, namely, overload-
ing. A peach tree attempting to carry a double comple-
ment of fruit will breed more decayed fruit and foliage
than many that are not overloaded. Thinning, in other
words, is often as essential to healthfulness as spraying,
and a congenial soil and situation are more important
than either. Naturally, the question of remedies for fun-
gous diseases comes in only after all the conditions for
the best growth of the plants have been met.
The number of fungi injuric'is to the horticulturist is
large, and space permits of the mention of but a few
under the several crops. Apples: Aside from the rust
and scab used above for general illustration, there are
the ripe-rot (Gloeosporium frtictigevum) ; powdery mil-
dew (PodospJurra Oxyacanthce), and the fire-blight {Ba-
cillus amylororus). The first of the three grows also
upon the grape, and the fire-blight attacks the pear and
the quince, upon the former being a serious enemy. In
this fire-blight we have a bacterial disease in plants,
that resides during the winter in the twigs, and is con-
veyed to flowers by insects which gather on the v^oze of
cracked, blighted stems in spring. All such diseased
branches should have been previously removed.
Quinces: The black-rot {Sphffropsis malorum) and
rust (BcEstelia aurantiaca, are often destructive.
Plums, in addition to the black-knot, have leaf-blight
( CylindrosporinmPadi) , while the cherry has the ''shot-
hole" fungus ( Septoria cerasina). Peaches are some-
times much afflicted with the leaf-curl ( Exoascun deform-
ans, Fig, 723), and the scab or "gray back" {Cladoxpo-
The affected trees produce tufts of smai oranches upon
the older branches, with slender leaves, known as "Pen-
nyroyal sprouts" or "willow shoots," Trees with these
"bushes" are fit subjects for the burn heap.
Of the small fruits, the grape leads in the number of
fungi, the black-rot and ripe-rot previously mentioned
being among the hief, while the authracnose {Sphace-
724. Currant foliaee attacked by the leaf-spot fundus (X J^).
rinm curpophilum). The most obscure disease of the
peach is the "yellows," a name given to a contagious
disorder that manifests itself in a premature ripening of
thefruit, which takes on an unnatural spotting of red or
purple, with the flesh streaked and the taste insipid.
"35. Strawberry leaf rolled up from the attack
of the leaf-blight. Natural size.
loma atnpelinf n) and downy mildew (Plasmopara viti-
cola) are quite destructive. Blackberries and raspber-
rise suffer from similar diseases, the leading ones be-
ing the rust (Puccinia Peckiana ), requiring the destruc-
tion, root and branch, of the infested plants, and the an-
thracnose (Ghjeosporium tvijc/um), amenable to spray-
ing. Currants and gooseberries are similarly akin, and
have nearly the same fungi , as leaf-spot(<5>V/)^oWa liibis,
Fig. 724) and anthracnose (Gl<eosporium Itibis), in ad-
dition to which the gooseberry is badly troubled with a
mildew {Sph(erotheca Mors-Uvif), that may be kept off
by sulfide of potassium, one ounce to two gallons of
water, as a spray. Strawberries have the leaf-blight
(SphtvreUa Fragarice, Fig. 725) as the leading fungous
trouble, and this sometimes requires heroic treatment,
even to the burning over of the bed in autumn to de-
stroy the infested leaves and the germs they contain.
Annual Plants. In the previous discussion, peren-
nial crop plants only have been considered. With the
annuals the treatment is in large part the same, except
that there are no live plants in winter to be considered,
no stems and branches to be cleansed, and there is the
very important difference that it is possible to grow the
annuals upon new ground each season. While it is im-
possible to move the vineyard or fruit garden, it should
be the rule not to grow an annual upon the same piece
of soil continuously. In one sense the grower can move
away from his troubles by practicing a judicious rota-
tion of Ci'ops. However, the truck grower and the gar-
dener in a small way should not trust entirely to thi
itinerancy, but instead should place the spraying ma-
chine upon ♦he same footing as the plow or planter as a
necessary implement; and as insects compete with fungi
for the possession of his crops he should spray for both,
and usually this can be done at the same time. The
DISEASES
DISEASES
495
«p aying of crops like potatoes, beans, egg-plants and
celery, can be done with great rapidity with the cart
machines.
With the annual crops the idea of cleaning up and
burning the rubbish should be enforceil as thoroughly
as with the tree crops. The burn heap is a successful
ally of the spray pump, and with the rotation suggested,
growers of vegetables and vegetable fruits should hope
to be exempt from serious fungous attacks, except when
the weather is unusually favorable for the excessive de-
velopment of blights and rots.
Some of the leading fungous enemies upon the vege-
table fruit plants are the &nthr&cuose iColletotrichuvt
JLagenarium) and bacteriosis {Bacillus Phaseoli) of the
bean, both held in check by Bordeaux; the leaf-spot
{Ascochyta Pisi) and mildew {Erysiphe Martii) of the
pea; leaf-spot {Septoria Lycop€rsici),hi&ck-rot (Mac-
rosporium Tomato) and bacteriosis {Bacillus Solance-
arnm) of the tomato; leaf-spot (PhyUosticta hortorum)
and stem-rot (Nectria Ipomcra) of the egg-plant; and
anthracnose {Colletotrichum Lagenarium) of melons and
cucumbers.
Among vegetables strictly so-called, there is the leaf-
blight (Cercospora Apii) and bacteriosis of celery; mil-
dew (Peronospora e^/wsa) of spinach; avaut (rrocystis
Cepuliv) of onions; rust ( Puccinia Asparagi) of aspara-
gus; club-root (PaLsmodiophora Brassica) of cabbage,
and mildew (Breuiia Lactucce) of lettuce.
The root crops have their subterranean fungous ene-
mies, and for these a soil treatment is necessary. For
the club-root of turnips and cabbage, named above, and
allied plants, lime is a preventive when added to the
soil, 35 bushels per acre; while the scab (Oospora
scabies) of the round potato is checked by soaking the
seed in a weak solution of corrosive sublimate, or by
flowers of sulfur added to the soil, 300 pounds per
acre. The same treatment is effective for onion smut
and the fungous diseases of the sweet potato. Use a
new field each year whenever possible. In short, feed
and care for the crops well, so that the plants will be
perfectly at home in the place assigned them, and then
use fungicides as an enlightened judgment dictates,
not forgetting to destroy the autumn rubbish, the win-
ter hiding places of the insidious germs of disease. See
Put)gicide.
Bacterial Diseases,— There is much damage done
to higher plants bj' infesting bacteria. These low or-
ganisms may flourish in leaf, stem or root, and with
some crops they are widespread and destructive. One
of the most prominent of the bacterial diseases is the
fire-blight of the pear, apple and quince, due to the
Bacillus amylovoruH, the germs of which multijily in
the nectar of the blooms with great rapidity, and are
carried from one flower to another by insects, and in
this way an orchard may become infected. From the
blossoms the disease extends downward into the
b'-Pifhes or -uns in from lateral fruit-spurs and girdles
It • Ihi?b9. i'he blight also enters through the tips of
g- ,-,.^ !• -r nches, as in the nursery when plants are too
5-1. R i"* o- • flowers. This is "twig-blight," as dis-
t I.: ' . ■»"! from "flower-blight," while a third form is
a ', o. . "-.t," where the germs attack the main
SI M ! the tree through the buds that may be found
there. Warm, moist weather, with frequent showers,
favor the spread of the disease, and with opposite con-
ditions the germs may die out, even when in the cam-
bium and protected by the bark. The germs, when they
live over winter in the branch, may reach the surface as
ooze from the blighted parts in spring and be carried
by insects to the flower and other buds. As yet there is
nothing better for a renjedy than the removal of the
blighted twigs, cutting well below where the dead ad-
joins the living bark. Trees highly fertilized with ni-
trogenous manures are especially subject to blight and,
therefoi-e, over-stimulation with manure is to be avoided,
and upon very rich soil an orchard may do better in sod.
The above is a fair type of the bacterial diseases of
ligneous plants. Among the many upon herbs, there is
one that is very destructive to tomatoes, the Bacillus
solanaceanttn, which is recognized by a sudden wilting
of the foliage, followed by a yellow or brown color.
Here, again, the germs are transmitted by insects as
Colorado and flea beetles. One of the chief preventive
measures, therefore, is to protect the tomatoes by insec
ticides, and when any plant is diseased it should be de-
stroyed. Other plants allied to the tomato, as potato>
egg-plant, petunias and the common weeds, as James-
town weed, nightshade and ground cherry, are affected
with the same disease; and, therefore, clean culture is
demanded, and also a wide rotation of crops upon soil
liable to bear infected plants.
A similar bacterial disease is met with in sweet corn,
due to Pseudomonas Hfewarti; while other species at-
tack sorghum and a long list of field and garden crops,
particularly the roots like beet, carrot, turnip and simi-
lar plants, as the bean, onion and celery. Sprays do not
seem to materially check these diseases, and the chief
means of combating them are through soil sanitation
and a judicious rotation.
Nematodes.— There are many troubles experienced
by plants that are due to animals. None of these are
more abundant and destructive than the nematodes,
namely, microscopic worms, that infest various parts of
plants, but the roots in particular, when they cause en-
largements known as root-galls. As the conditions of
continued warmth and moisture favor tiiese eel worms,
they are more frequently found in destructive numbers
in the plant house. Roses are particularly subject to
nematodes, which upon their roots cause a multitude
of small swellings. The same is true of violets, with
which they have been very serious at times. Cucumber,
tomato, cyclamen, coleus (see Fig. 518, p. 351), and
other plants are likewise attacked.
It is thought that lime added to the soil has been bene-
ficial, but the most effective method of exterminating
these pests is by heating the soil by steam up to at least
180°-2r2°F. for one hour or more before being used in
the pots or benches. The nematodes are killed by freez-
ing, and probably on this accoimt the number of these
worms in field crops is kept within bounds at the north,
while they are a menace to field crops at the south. In
greenhouse work, take care that no soil is used which
has not been thoroughly frozen since it bore a crop of
indoor stuff.
Imperfect Nutrition. — There are doubtlo any
ills of plants due directly to lack of proper ph on-
ditions. Some are overfed, others are starved, .le are
726. Disease of Cucumber leaf (X 3aK
The dying uiargin indi<*;ites that the trouhle is due to some
interference with the food supply.
drowned, and many perish from protracted thirst. Aside
from all this, plants will sicken even when the ordinary
conditions seem satisfactory. For some reason not
easily assigned, a change will come over the plant, the
activities of growth are checked or cease, and the plant
dies and without any cause that falls under the previous
heads. Some physiological defect is charged with the
cause, and various terms have been used to conceal the
manifest ignorance. The "yellows" of the peach seems
496
DISEASES
DISPORUM
to be one of this class, and is as interesting to the vege-
table pathologist as it is destructive to the orchardist.
The latest view of this particular form of disorder is
that of the unorganized ferment, which by causing cer-
tain chemical changes in the substances of the cells brings
abet :ae peculiar and well marked malady of the "yel-
lows. If we '■tart with the premise that there is a cer-
tain smaii aniount of chemical ferment in all plants, it
is only nece sary to have this increased to get the re-
sults in ques.ion; and how to prevent this augmentation
is the practical point at issue. This ferment in active
form might be communicated from one plant to another
by budding or grafting, and, instead of introducing liv-
ing germs, it is a transmission of a germless ferment
like diascase, that is found in seeds, and does its ap-
pointed work as a solvent, in the period of germination.
There are other disorders that are called "CEdema," or
a dropsical form of disease. The tomato hi subject to
this, and pelargoniums likewise. Tumors are formed, or
the leaves bear translucent dots along the veins. This
trouble is most apt to appear with greenhouse plants in
early spring, and may be favored by lack of sun-
shine, especially if the warm soil is wet and root action
is excessive. The remedy lies in furnishing, so far as
727. A blight of grapes due to some constitutional disorder.
Notice that the leaves die first at the edges (X%).
possible, the conditions opposite to those above named.
In general, it may be said that diseases which are
due to germs or to malnutrition show the disorder
more or less generally spread over the plant, rather than
confined to local areas. For example, if the foliage
shows a general wilting, it is evident that the trouble
lies farther back than the leaves themselves. If one
leaf begins to die all around the edge (as in Fig. 726), it
is indication that the trouble is a cutting off of food
supply in the entire leaf; the trouble may be near the
base of the leaf, or farther back. After a time, the leaf
becomes dry and brittle, and the winds break it. In Fig.
727 it is evident that the trouble is in the whole branch.
Byron D. Halsted.
DISHCLOTH GOUED. See Luffa.
DISPOBIJM (Grcc!i. double pored). Lilidcece. Per-
ennial herbs with the appearance of our much-loved
eastern Bellwort or Uvularia. but distinguished by an
indehiscent berry, while Uvularia has a capsule that
splits down the back of each cell. In 1879, Bentham and
Hooker proposed to include Prosartes in this genus.
The American species of Prosartes are said by S. Watson
to differ from the Asian ones in having their ovules himg
from the top of the cell instead of ascending from the
base, but in one American species, I), trachycarpa, they
are fixed on the sides, as they are also in one Hinralayan
species. The habit of all is said to be alike. Latest
monograph of both genera by Baker in Journ. Linn. Soc.
14:586, 588 ( 1875) ; of the American species of Prosartes
by S. Watson, in Proc. Am. Acad. 14:270 (1879).
These plants have been little tried in the eastern
states, and are probably not hardy without some winter
covering.
A. l/vs. rarely cordate at base: stigma 3-cIeft.
B. Perianth very broad and unequally rounded at
the base.
M6uziesii, Nicholson (P. M^nziesii, Don). More or
less woolly-pubescent: stem 2-3 ft. long, forking, arch-
ing above: Ivs. ovate to ovate-lanceolate, narrowly acu-
minate or the lowest acute, sessile, 2-3 in. long, often
resin-dotted: fls. 1-3. greenish, from the topmost axils,
nodding. 7-9 lines long: pe licels puberulous; perianth
segments nearly erect, acute, 6-11 lines long; stamens
a third shorter ; anthers included, \}4-2 times shorter
than the filaments: berry 3-6 seeded: cells 1-2-seeded:
fr. oblong-obovate, narrowed to a short beak. Calif,
to B. C.
BB. Perianth narrow and more wedge-shaped at the base.
lanugindsum, Nicholson. Woolly-pubescent: Ivs. ob-
long-lanceolate, narrowly acuminate: perianth-segments
greenish, linear-lanceolate, acuminate, spreading, 6 or 7
lines long, stamens a third shorter; style and narrow
ovary glabrous: capsule oblong-ovate, obtnsish or with
a very short, stout beak, glabrous ; cells 1-2-seeded.
W. N. Y. to Ga. and Tenn. B.M. 1490. -Int. by H. P.
Kelsey.
trachyc&rpum, Hook. & Jack. (P. trachycarpa, V^&tf<.).
More or less pubescent: stem l-lVaft. high, forking,
with foliage on the upper half: Ivs. ovate to oblong-laii-
ceolate, acute or rarely acuminate, 2-4 in. long: pedicels
pilose ; perianth-segments whitish, slightly spreading,
more narrowly oblanceolate than in D. Memiesii, acute,
4-6 lines long, about as long as the stamens : berry
many-seeded; cells 2-6-seeded: fr. broadly obovate, ob-
tuse, rather deeply lobed, papillose. Saskatchewan to
N. Idaho. Utah and Colo.
AA. IfVS. mostly cordate-clasping.
Oreg&num (P. Oregdna. S. Wats.). More or less
woolly -pubescent: Ivs. ovate to oblong-lanceolate, long-
acuminate: perianth segments spreading, acute, nar-
rowed below, very distinctly net-veined, 5-7 lines long,
as long as or shorter than the stamens : fr. ovate,
acutish, somewhat pubescent; cells 1-2-seeded. Oreg.
and Idaho to B. C.
The following kinds are cult, abroad: D. Hobkeri, Nicholson
(P. l.inuginosa, var. Hookeri, Baker). Before D. Oregamunin
the kej-. More or less rongh-pubescent, with short, usually
spre.iding hairs : Ivs. ovate or sometinios oblong : peri.inth
rather broad at the ba.so : fr. obovate, ohtuse; cells usually 2-
8e<^ded. Calif. Baker regards this as u more robust form of
DISPORUM
DODECATHEON
497
D. lanuginosum, less pnberulous, with Ivs wider, more deeply
cordate at the base, r.nd clasping the bnin<-hes.— 1>. Leschenaxtl-
tidnum, D. Don, differs from the others here described by hav-
ing white fls. India, Ceylon. B.M. 69.^5.— Z). pulltim, Salisb.
Readily told from American forms by its brown or purplish
green fls. India, Java, China. B.M. 916.
W. M.
DtSTICSLLlS {Greek, tu-o-ranked). Graminece. Salt-
grass. Marsh Spike-gkass. D. spicUta, Greene, is an
upright, wiry grass, 10-20 in. high, with strong, exten-
sively creeping rootstocks. A Salt-grass found on the
coast of both continents, and thrives even in ground
heavily crusted with alkali and other salts. Prospectors
and miners consider its presence a sure sign of water
near the surface. Good grass for binding loose sands or
soils subject to wash. Not cult. p g_ Kexnedv.
DISTJ'LIUM:( Greek, two styles). JTamameUddceai.
An oriental genus of two species of evergreen trees, one
of which has variegated foliage, and is used for hedges
in China and Japan. The genus is very unlike our Witch
Hazel, as it has no petals, a superior ovary and 2-8
stamens. Lvs. alternate, thick, leathery, ovate or oblong-
lanceolate, entire : fls. small, polygamous. Seeds and
young plants of D. racemdsum, Sieb. & Zucc, may be
obtained through dealers in .Japanese plants.
DITTANY is an old English word which in England
often means Dictamnus albus, a plant of the rue family.
The name is supposed to be derived from Mt. Dicte, in
Crete, where the ancient Dittany grew. The Cretan Dit-
tany is supposed to be Origanum Dictamnus, a plant of
the mint family, and of the same genus with the wild
marjoram. The plant commonly called Dittany in the
eastern U. S. is Cunila Mariana, Linn. {0. origa-
noides, Britton), another mint. It has been used as a
substitute for tea, and is a gentle aromatic stimulant.
AH these plants yield an oil used as a mild tonic.
DOCK. A name applied to various species of Rumex
(of the PolygonhcecB). The commonest species — grow-
ing in fields and yards— are the Curled or Narrow-leaved
Dock ( J?, crispus, Linn, ), and the Bitter or Broad-leaved
i
728.
Spinage Dock.
7».
Belleville Dock.
Dock {li. obtusifolius, Linn.). These are introduced
from the Old World. Several species are native.
Various species of Docks aad Sorrels have long been
cultivated as pot-herbs. Sc-sne of them are vei^* desir-
able additions to the garden because they yield a pleas-
ant food very early la spring, and, once planted, they
remain for years. The Spinage Dock and the Large
33
Belleville are amongst the beet kinds. The former
(Fig. 728) is the better of the two, perhaps, and it has
the a<ivantage of being a week or 10 days earlier. The
crisp leaves ( blade 1 ft. long) appear early in April, when
there is nothing green to be had in the open, and they
can be cut continuously for a month or more. This Dock
is the Herb Patience (Bumex Patientia, Linn.). It has
long been an inhabitant of gardens, and it has sparingly
run wild in some parts of this country. It is a native of
Europe. The Belleville (Fig. 729) is also a European
plant, and is really a Sorrel (Rumex Acetosa, Linn.).
It has also become spontaneous in some of the eastern
portions of the countrj*. It has thinner, lighter green
and longer-stalked leaves than the Spinage Dock, with
spear-like lobes at the base. The leaves are very sour,
and will probably not prove to be so generally agreeable
as those of the Spinage Dock ; but they are later, and
afford a succession. In some countries this Sorrel yields
oxalic acid sufficient for commercial purposes. The
roui d-leaved or true French Sorrel (Rumex scutatus,
Linn.) would probably be preferable to most persons.
All these Docks are hardy perennials, and are very ac-
ceptable plants to those who are fond of early "greens."
Some, at least, of the cultivated Docks can be procured
of American seedsmen. l^ g^ g^
DOCKMACKIE. Viburnum acerifolium.
DODDEB. SeeCuscuta.
DODECATHEOIT (Greek, ^M-fh-e gods). Prinuldcece.
Shooting Star. American Cowslip. Hardy herba-
ceous plants, with flowers that are never forgotten after
the first sight. Shooting Star is a capital name. The
flowers have been compared to a diminutive cyclamen,
for they are pendulous and seem to be full of motion
(see Fig. 730). The stamens in D. Meadia and all east-
em species come to a sharp point and seem to be shoot-
ing ahead, while the petals stream behind like the tail
of a comet. The fls. represent every shade from pure
white, through lilac and rose, to purple, and they all have
a yellow circle in the middle, i. e., at the mouth of the
corolla. Dodecatheon is a most puzzling genus to sys-
tematic botanists. It is found from Maine to Texas and
from the Atlantic to the Pacific ; and along the Pacific
slope, from the islands of Lower California to those
of Behring straits. In this vast region, it varies
immensely. It is also found in Asia, especially north-
eastward. This wonderful distribution and variability
is all the more remarkable if, as Gray believed, it is
all one species, because monotypic genera are con-
sidered, as a rule, to be comparatively inflexible or
invariable. Dodecatheon belongs to tlie same order
with Primula and Cyclamen, but in a different tribe
from tue latter, while its reflexed corolla lobes dis-
tinguish it from the 10 other genera of its own tribe.
For the honor of American horticulture, it is a
pity that the improvement of theee charming Ameri-
can plants should have been left to Englis}^ and
French horticulturists. An important era iik their
amelioration was probably begun with the introduction
of the D. Jeffreyi from the Rocky Mts., first pictured
about 1866, which was stronger-growing than the com-
mon or Atlantic type, with longer and erect lvs. (not
crowded in a flat rosette), and with larger fls. and more
of them. The improvement of the Shooting Stars is
very recent. Twenty-six horticultural varieties are given
in 1897 in R.H.,p. 380. The best kinds are robust in
habit, with 12-16 large fls., the main colors being white,
lilac, rose, violet, and deep purplish red. with matiy deli-
cate intermediate shades. After the fls. are gone the
pedicels become erect. Some species have all their
parts in 4's. The best picture of the mo.st advanced
types is R.H. 1898: .502. For other pictures, see B.M. 12.
Gn. 10:41 and 24: 4U. Gng.5:29.-). Mn.4:05.
Of their culture, .7. B. Keller says : "All they require
is an open, well drained soil, not too drj', and moderately
rich, and a shady or partially shady position. In a sunny
border the fls. are of short duration. The rockery with
a northern or eastern aspect suits them to a dot. They
are prop, by division of the crowns, or by seeds, the
latter method being rather slow." J '^. Manning ad-
vises a cool spot in rich loam. The lvs. disappear
498
DODECATHEON
DODECATHEON
after flowering and do not appear again undl the next
spring. Shooting Stars are said to be easily forced. The
best varieties at present are obtained from Europe.
The genus Dodecatheon is much confused : that is,
it is differently understood by different authors. In
the Synoptical Flora, 1878, Gray accepted but one spe-
cies, />. Meadia, and referred all the known forms to
730. ShootinK Star— Dodecatheon pauciflonim (X3^).
six varieties of it. Later (Botanical Gazette 11:231) he
revised his view of the genus, ant' recognized five spe-
cies. A synopsis of this latter view is here given, and
it is followed by a conspectus of the latest view of the
genus by Professor Greene. Various garden names are
not accounted for in either sketch, nor is it possible to
refer them to their proper places without studying the
plants themselves; and these forms are Old World pro-
ductions, and are not known to be in the American trade.
A. Anthers on evident filaments, the latter being in-
serted at the very orifice of the short corolla-tube
and distinctly monadelphous : Ivs. with tapering
base.
B. Capsule acute, opening at the apex by valves.
Mdadia, Linn. Common or Eastern Shooting Star.
Roots fibrous : Ivs. 3-9 in. long, crowded on a thickish
crown, spatulate oblong or oblanceolate. entire or nearly
so, sometimes repand obtuse, below tapering into more
or less of a margined petiole: scape 9-24 in. high: fls.
few to many in an umbel. Penna. south and west. — 1>.
integrifoliu'm, Michx. (B.M. 3622) is regarded by Gray as
probably synonymous, hut in European horticulture it
seems to be loosely used to di«tinguish an entire-lvd.
from a dentate form.
BB. Capsule obtuse, opening at or from the apex by
valves.
J^ffreyi, Moore. Large : Ivs. from narrowly or elon-
gated to obovate-spatulate : capsule oblong or cylindri-
cal, usually much surpassing the calyx. Pacific coast.
F.S. ltJ:H}(i2, which represents a strong plant with erect
root-lvs. 1 ft. long, and purplish red fls. twice as large
as any cultivated before 1865-7. The name is sometimes
spelled Jeffrayi and Jeffreyanum. To this species,
Gray provisionally referred his vars. alpXnum and
frigid um. The former appears to be the J), alpinum,
Hort.
elUpticum, Nutt. {D. Meadia, vat. brevifdlium, Gray).
Distinguished by its globular or short-ovoid capsule,
barely equaling or slightly surpassing the calyx ; also
by the short and blunt anthers : Ivs. short, obovate or
oval, with cuneate base. Cal. and north.
BBB. Capsule obtuse, thin, more or less cylindrical
surpassing the calyx, dehiscent by a circum-
scission of the apex.
H6ndersoni, Gray. About a foot high : Ivs. small, obo-
vate: fls. like those of D. elUpticum. Idaho to Calif,
and norih.
AA. Anthers seemingly sessile, the very short filaments
inserted below the orifice of the corolla.
frigidum, Cham. & Schlecht. {D. Meadia, var.
frigidtun, Gray). Lvs. obovate to oblong, very ob-
tuse, mostly entire : calyx-lobes longer than the tube :
capsule oblong. Behring straits to Rockies and Sierras
B.M. 5871.
Var. dent^ttun. Gray (Z>. dentdtum, Hook. D. Meadia,
var. latilobum. Gray). Larger: lvs. with blade 1-4 in.
long, oval or ovate to oblong, repand or sparingly den-
tate, abruptly contracted into long winged petioles.
Utah, west and north.
Following are mostly Old World horticultural forms :
D. LemMnei, Hort. Said to be a hybrid between D. intejrri-
foiiam and D. Jeffreyi, and intermetliate in character.— D.
Lemoinei, var. robugtum, is like D. intejfrifoliiim, but more ro-
bust and erect, with larger fls., which are purplish rose, circled
with white.— Z). wdj:i»jMMj, Hort. Fls. rose.— />. Jtf^adia, var.
elegans, Hort. Lvs. wider and shorter : scape shorter : fls!
more numerous, dark colored. — D. Meadia, var. giganthim,
Hort. Much larger than the tyi)e in all its parts: lvs. paler: lis.
a little earlier. There is a white-fld. variety of it.— Z). Miadia.
var. spleiididum, Hort. Fls. 4-10, crimson, with a yellow circle,
—D. tetrdndrum, Suksdorf, has the general aspect of D. Jef-
frey!, but the lvs. are ampler and relatively broader. Roots,
as in D. Jefifreyi, areabimdant, fleshy-fibrous, persistent: roots,
lvs. and scapes form a short, vertical crown : whole plant
glabrous : corolla purplish, with a yellow ring near the base;
segments and stamens usually only 4: capsule circumscissile
very near the apex. Mountains, apparently throughout east-
ern Washington and Oregon. Quite distinct from D. JeflFreyi,
though it is the nearest ally of that species: but it belongs to
another tra<-t of country. Fully descril>ed by E. L. Greene in
Erjrthea, S:40 (1H9.1). Introduced to cultivation in the east by
F. H. Horsford in 1899. -^^ jj
Another View op Dodecatheon.— The species fall
into two well-marked groups : lowland species, which
flower in winter and rest during the long, dry summer;
and subalpine species, which rest in winter and flower
in the subalpine spring of July and A.ugust. Si ecies of
the lowland group propagate by bulblets formed on the
crown oi the root. In the following notes, only some of
the leading species of different regions are taken up.
They are not all in commerce.
A. Lvs., roots and scapes from a short, vertical croicn.
B. Anthers long, sharp, convergent; capsules valvately
opening from the top,
Mdadia, Linn. Lvs. oblanceolate or spatulate-oblong,
6-9 in. long, toothed more or less irregularly, of a light
green: fls. from deep lilac-purple to pinkish. Ranges
from Maine to perhaps Texas, east of the mountains.—
The Allegheny mountain plant is entire-leaved, and is the
Z>. integrifolium of Michx.
cren&tum, Raf. Stouter, and of more fleshy texture
than the last ; foliage deep green, crenate rather than
dentate: fls. more numerous in the umbels, equally va-
riable in color. Inhabits either low prairies or moist
woodland borders of the upper Mississippi prairie
region.
cord&tum, Raf. Very light green, thin foliage, each
leaf made up of broad, subcordate, crenate blade and
distinct though broad petiole twice the length of the
blade : fls. very few in the umbel, pale pink or white,
but with very dark purple ring at base. Cult, at Phila-
delphia early in the nineteenth century, and named and
described by Raflnesque, the habitat not then known,
but it is now known to inhabit the limestone region of
southern Illinois and adjacent Missouri, along with a
few other equally rare and local plants. A most distinct
species by its foliage.
BB. Anthers obtuse, forming a column {not convergent).
c. Capsules opening valvately : alpine species, or at
least subalpine, blooming in summer, resting in
winter.
paacifldnun, Greene. Fig. 7.^0. Variable in size, 6-18 in.
high, but slender; hairs oblanceolate, entire, suberect,
DODECATHEON
DOMBEYA
499
3-5 in. long : fls. often few in the umbel, sometimes many,
half the size of those of D. itf'<^a(7iVj(, usually deep purple:
filaments long, united into a slender tube ; column of
blunt anthers relatively short. Exclusively of the Rocky
mountain region and subalpine.
alplnum, Greene. Smaller than the last, but with fls.
twice as large and always with parts in i's; filaments
very short, wholly disconnected : Ivs. narrowly ob-
lanceolate or almost linear: corolla of a rich, dark pur-
ple. Peculiar to the high Sierra Nevada and Cascades.
J6ffreyi, Moore. Lvs. oblanceolate, erect, entire, mu-
cronate, 5-10 in. long: scape 1-13^ ft. high: fls. 4-merous;
pedicels and calyx hairy and glandular : segments of
the large corolla dark purple; stamens disconnected,
dark purple : capsule not exceeding the calyx. High
Sierra Nevada and Cascades.
cc. Capsules circumscis.ule at top, this part falling off
as a lid. Californian lowland, winter-blooming
species, with broad, depressed lvs. except in D.
Clevelnndi.
H^ndersoni, Gray. Lvs. obovoid, very obtuse, entire,
depressed, thick and glossy: scapes 8-12 in. high: seg-
ments of corolla rose-purple, the base de.K maroon en-
circled by a band of yellow: capsule oblong, twice the
length of the calyx. Calif, to Brit. Columbia.
cmci&tam, Greene. Foliage as in the last : scapes
taller, more slender, few-fld.; parts of fl. in 4's; corolla
of a darker purple ; antliers more elongated ; capsule
longer. Coast Range of Calif.
pAtulum, Greene. Lvs. as in the foregoing, nearly,
but stout scapes only ;{-7 in. high : umbel verj' many-
fid. : corolla large, with pale cream-colored segments,
sometimes purplish tinged: tube of a dark, velvety ma-
roon-purple: anthers very short and broad, of a deep
blue-purple: capsule subglobose, hardly surpassing the
calyx. Plaiis of the interior of middle Calif.
These three species have, among other peculiarities,
that of propagating by their roots. Each root, after
flowering time, thickens and shortens, detaches itself
from the ground and forms a bud at the end, thus be-
coming a new plant.
CUvelandi, Greene. Lvs. more elongated, not de-
pressed : scape tall and stout; umbel very many-fld.;
corolla usually rose-purple, with yellow base and some
dark velvety spots next the stamens, these very short
and broad, purple. Dry hills of southern Calif. — Most
beautiful species; winter-blooming like the foregoing,
but not propa:' ting by root-metamorphosis.
AA. Lvs. and .capes from a horizontal rootstock, this
rooting from beneath. Far northwestern species.
dent^tum, Hooker. Pale green, white-fld. species,
with broad, subcordate lvs. as in X>. cordatum of the
southeastern states, but anthers blunt : lvs. coarsely
dentate, but the horizontal rootstock mv.st, as well as
the blunt stamens, prevent its being confused with D.
cordatum. Washington and Brit. Columbia. — Appa-
rently rare.
frigidum, Cham. & Schlecht., is a similarly rhizoma-
tous species, but with purple fls., from the shores of
Behring sea. Is not in ciilt., nor likely to be.
viviparum, Greene, is a very large and handsome,
purple-fld. species ; subalpine on Mt. Rainier. In the
axils of the lvs., alontr the thick rootstock, bulblets are
produced, by which it propagates. Its capsule opens by
a lid, as in many far-western species, e. L. Greene.
DODONSA (from the Greek name of a famous oracle
of Jupiter). SapindiiceiP. About 50 species of trees and
shrubs, widely scattered, but especially abundant in
Australia. Lvs. alternate, without stipules, sintple or
abruptly pinnate, inconspicuous, solitary, or in racemes,
corymbs or panicles. Reasoner Bros., Oneco, Fla., in-
troduced D. remotiflora and D, divia. Switch Sorrel, from
Australia, in 18S9. These names are not found in Index
Kewensis,
D0OBA.NE is Apocynum.
DOO'S-TAIL OBASS. Eleusine Indica.
DOGTOOTH VIOLET. See Erythronium.
DOGWOOli. Cornus, especially Comus Mas.
DOLICHOS (old Greek name). Leguminbsae. Differs
from Pha.seolus in technical characters : keel of the co-
rolla narrow and bent inwards at a right acgle, but not
distinctly coiled; style bearded under the stigma, ■'vhich
is terminal; stipules small. Tropical twining beans of
perhaps 40-50 species, of which a few forms are in cult,
in this countrj'. D. Japonicus, a most worthy orna-
mental vine, will be found under Pueraria. For the
Velvet or Banana Bean, D. multiflorus, see Mucuna.
For D. ungtiicnlatus, see I'igna.
LAblab, Linn. ( D.cultrdt us ,Thunh.
I), purpiireus, Lindl.). Hyacinth
Bean. Tall-twining (often reaching
10-20 ft.): leaflets broad-ovate,
rounded below and cuspidate-pointed
at the apex, often crinkly : fls. pur-
ple, rather large, 2-4 at the nodes, in
a long, erect raceme : pods small
(2-3 in. long) and flat, usually
smooth, conspicuously tipped with
the persistent stvle ; seed black,
smaM. Tropics. "B. M. 89<>. B. R.
10 :830. A. G. 14 : 84. - Cult, in this
country as an ornamental climbing
bean, but in the tropics the seeds
are eaten. Annual. It is easily
grown in any good garden soil. Like
common beans, it will not endure
frost. It is very variable. A form
with white fls. and seeds is D. albvs,
Hort. A form of verj- large growth,
also white-fld., is />. giganteus, Hort.
(Fig. 731). A perennial form (per-
haps a distinct species) is D. lig-
ndsus, Linn., the Australian Pea.
B.M. 380.
gesquiped^lis, Linn. AsPARAcrs
Bean. P'rench Yard-Long. Tau-
KOK. Fig. 194. Long-
rambling or twining an-
nual plant, with deltoid-
ovate or deltoid -oblong
blunt - pointed leaflets:
fls. rather large, 1-3 in
the axils, the peduncles
elongating and bearing
the pods at their sum-
mits : pods compressed
or nearly terete, slender
and very long(often2ft.)
and sometimes curiously
twisted; seeds small, ob-
long, moi-e or less trun-
cate or squared at the
ends, usually reddish or
dim-colored. S. Amer.—
Cult, as a vegetable gar-
den esculent, the green
As easily grown as
L. H. B.
731. Dolichos Lablab (form
eisanteus). {X%.)
pods and dry beans being eaten,
other beans.
D6HBETA (after Joseph Dombey, (1742-1793),
French botanist and companion of Ruiz and Pavon in
Peru and Chile). l:itercuUdce(e. About 24 species of
shrubs or small trees of minor importance from Africa or
Madagascar : lvs. often cordite, palmately nerved : fls.
rosy or white, numerous, in loose axillary or terminal
cymes or crowded into dense heads; calyx 5-parted, per-
sistent ; petals 5 ; stamens 15-20, 5 sterile, the rest
shorter: ovary 3-5-celled.
Natal^nsis, *^ond. Distinguished by its cordate, acute
lvs. and the narrowly awl-shaped leaflets of the invo-
lucre. Lvs. long, petioled, somewhat angular, toothed,
with minute stellate pubescence, 5-7-ribbed : umbels
4-8-fld. Natal. — Cult, in S. Fla. and north under glass.
" Very rapid growing, foliage poplar-like : fls. pure white,
larcre, sweet-scented ; a very good winter blooming
plant."— Franceschi,
500
DOMBEYA
DORSTENIA
D. anitdngnla.Cav. HeightOft.: Ivs.glabrons. heart-shaped,
long-acuminat*', serrate, deeply 3-5-lobe<.l or cleft: tls. few, large,
pink, in compact, forking corymbs. Mauritius. B. M. 'JHOo
shows a form with entire Ivs.— 1>. Burgessice, Gerrard. Lvs.
pubescent, cordate, but with 2 deep, wide cuts, and 2 shallow
ones oesides the basal one: lis. numerous, large, white, rosy at
center and along veins; petals rounded. S. Africa. B.M. 5487.
—D. ildstergii. Hook. Shrub, 4-5 ft. high: lvs. velvety, heart-
shaped, serrate: fls. fragrant, white, with thinner veins of rose
than in D. BurgessisB: petals acute. Trop. Afr. B.M. 5639.—
D. vibumiflbra, Boj., has very numerous white fls. with nar-
rower iwtals than any here described: lvs. cordate. 3-lobed, the
cuts not as wide as in D. Burgessite. Comoro. B.M. 4568.
DOODIA (after Samuel Doody). Polifpodidcece. A
small f^enus of greenhouse ferns from Ceylon, Malaya
and New Zealand. Sori curved, placed in one or more
rows between the midribs and the margins of the piunee.
A. Lvs. pinnatifid.
iispera, R. Br. Lvs. 6-18 in. long, 2-4 in. wide,
pinnatifid, the lower pinnsp gradually becoming smaller:
sori in 1 or 2 rows. Australia. Crested varieties occur in
cultivation.
AA. Lrs. pinnate in the lotcer half.
mddia, R. Br. Lvs. 12-18 in. long, with pinnae 1-2 in.
long, the lower ones gradually smaller. Australia and
New Zealand. Z>. Kunthiiina, Gaud., from the Hawaiian
Islands, has close central pinnae. D. superba, Hort., is
a larger garden form.
caud&ta, R. Br. Lvs. G-12 in. long, with pinnae about
an inch long, the spore-bearing ones shorter; apex often
terminating in a long point. Australia and New Zealand.
L. M. UXDERWOOD.
According to Schneider's Book of Choice Ferns, all
Doodias, except D. bleehnoides, are of dwarf habit, and
are useful for fem-cases and for edgings of window
boxes, especially for northern aspects, where flowering
plants do not prosper. Cool and interme<"'ate tempera-
tures are best. They are excellent for forming an under-
fn"owth in cool houses, as they are seldom infested with
insects, endure fumigation, and do not care whether their
taller neighbors are syringed or not. Schneider recom-
mends 3 parts of peat and one of silver sand. Loam
does not help, but a little chopped sphagnum does. They
are ve' sensitive to stagnant water, and do not like
full exi .>sure to sunlight. Always prop, by spores, but
division is possible.
In the American Florist 12:142, "A. H." writes: "T).
aspera and its crested variety are most useful, but they
can hardly be recommended as market ferns. They re-
quire similar treatment to the Blechnums. and are seen
at their best in a 4-inch pot. The young fronds have a
very bright tint, which livens up the more somber hue
of the older fronds. They lose the bright tint much more
quickly when allowed to get too dry. Being of slender
growth, care should be taken not ti over-pot. They like
plenty of leaf -mold and peat in the compost, and good
drainage."
DOOE-WEED. Polygonum aviculare.
DORONICUM (Latinized Arabic name). CompSsifce.
Leopard's Bane. Hardy herbaceous plants, 1-2 ft.
high, with 5'ellow flowers, mostly one on a stem and 2-3
in. across, borne high above the basal crown of foliage,
from April to June. From 10-24 species, natives of
Europe and temperate Asia. Stems little branched or
not at all: lvs. alternate, radical ones long-stalked, stem-
Ivs. distant, often clasping the stem. The genus is al-
lied to Arnica, and distinguished by the alternate lvs. and
by the style. The plants are of easy culture in rich loam.
The flowers are numerous and good for cutting. Doroni-
cums have been strongly recommended for forcing.
A. Boot-lcs. not notched at the base, ovate.
plantaglneum, Linn. Glabrous, but woolly at the neck,
with long, silky hairs: root-lvs. ovate or oval, wavy-
toothed : stem-lvs. nearly entire, the lower ones narrowed
into a petiole and not eared, the upper ones sessile, ob-
long, acuminate. Sandy woods of Eu. Rhizome tuberous,
roundish, or creeping obliquely. Stalk of the root-lvs.
about 3 in. long. Typically about 2 ft. high. G.C. III.
17:229. Var. excMflom, Hort. {D. ercilsum, Hort. D.
'^ffarpur Creue," Hort.), is more robust, grows about
5 ft. high and is probably more cult, than any other
kind of Uoronicura. Fls. sometimes 4 in. across. On.
47, p. 209, and 28:518. G.C. 11. 20:297.
Cltisii, Tausch. Lvs. ovate or oblong; stem-lvs. half
clasping, with distant teeth or many small ones. One
subvariety has long, silky hairs on its lvs., while another
has none. Swiss and Austrian Alps. — " Soft, downy foli-
age," J. W. Manning. "Grows 2 ft. high," Woolson.
"Larger and later fls. than £>. Caticasicum," Ellwanger
and Barry.
AA. Boot-lvs. notched at the base, heart-shaped.
B. Hoot tuberous.
Pardalidnches, Linn. Hairy: lvs. toothed; lower stem-
lvs. eared at the base of the stalk, suo-ovate, upper ones
spatulate-cordate, highest ones cordate-clasping, acute.
Woods of lower mts. of Eu.— While all species are tj'pi-
cally 1-fld.. any of them may have now and then more
than 1 fl. on a stem, and this species particularly may
have 1-5 fls.
BB. Boot not tuberous.
Caucisicum, Bieb. Glabrous except as noted above:
lvs. crenate-dentate, lower stem-lvs. eared at the base
of the stalk, the blade subcordate, highest ones cordate
to half -clasping. Shady woods of Caucasus, Sicily, etc.
B.M. 3143, which shows r+ems with 1 fl. and 1 If.-Fls.
2 in. across.
Aa8trlacam,Jacq. A trifle hairy: lvs. minutely toothed,
lower stem-lvs. spatulate-ovate, abruptly narrowed at
the base, half-clasping, highest ones cordate-clasping,,
lanceolate. Subalpine woods. Eu. •^^ j|^
732. Dorstenia Contrajcrva (XM).
D0RST£NIA lan early German botanist, Theodor
Dorsttn). L'rticdcecf (or A[or(ice(p). Between 40 and
50 tropical herbs, remarkable for the dilated receptacle
-=:"'. -V-
DORSTENIA
DOWNING
501
in which the unisexual fls. are borne. The plants are
not in the Amer. trade, but they are often grown in
botanical establishments to illustrate morphology. The
fig is a hollow receptafle; the Dorstenia bears a flattened
or cup-like receptacle, and is an intermediate stage be-
tween the tig and other plants. One of the common spe-
cies is Z>. Contraj4rva, Linn. (Fig. 7.3;?), which is native
to trop. Amer, Both staminat* and pistillate fls. are
without perianth ; stamens 1 or 2 : ovary 1-loculed ;
stigma 2-lobed. Dorstenias are easily grown in warm,
shady glasshouses. L. H. B.
DOBTANTHES /Greek, spear-flower; the flowering
stem 8-25 ft. high, crowned by a spike of fls. 3 ft. high).
Amaryllidd.ceaB. A genus of 4 species of gigantic desert
plants from Australia, with 100 or more Ivs. 6 ft. long
when full grown. Franceschi, Santa Barbara, Calif,,
writes, "They are impressive plants for large conserva-
tories, or for open ground in the South, where they will
stand slight frosts." They belong to the same family
with the Century Plants, and are the only ones in the
tribe outside of America. The roots are fibrous and
clustered. The ovules and seeds, though inserted in two
series, are so placed above one another as to form one
row in each cell. The Ivs. have a curious brown tubular
tip, which is especially long in D. Palmeri. Franceschi
saya, "Z>. Gidlfoylei and i>. Lnrkini, recently described
from Queensland, are yet to be introduced to this coun-
try." A plant of D. Palmeri remained at Kew 16 years
before flowering. Plants of Doryanthes are prop, by
suckers, which are produced only after flowering. The
process is very slow. The young plants must be repotted
for several years until they have attained a large size.
They are said tr> do best in a compost of loam and leaf-
mold in equal parts.
A. Lvs. not ribbed.
ezc^Isa, Correa. Lvs. sword-shaped, smooth, entire,
with a very narrow cartilaginous margin, lower ones re-
oupved. others erect: scape clothed with lanceolate lvs.,
whioh sheath the stem at their base: fls. in a globular
head, deep crimson or maroon inside and out. B.M. 1685.
R.H. 1865, pp. 466, 471 ; 189l,p.548. G.C. II. 11:339.
AA. Lvs. slightly ribbed.
P&lmeri, W. Hill. Even more gigantic than D. excelsa,
lvs. longer and broader, and a longer brown point: fls.
in a thyrsoid panicle, bright scarlet outside, whitish
within. B.M. 6665. P.S. 20:2097. R.H. 1891:548. G.C.
II. 17: 409.— "This has been flowering and fruiting sev-
eral times in southern California."— fVance«cft«.
W. M.
DORYOPTEBIS (Greek, lance-fern). Polypodi fleece.
A genus of small sagittate or pedate greenhouse ferns,
with continuous marginal sori and copiously anas-
tomosing veins. Sometimes joined to Pteris, which see
for culture. Not to be confused with Dryopteris.
palm^ta, J. Sm. Lvs. 4-9 in. each way, with 5 or more
triangular lobes or the fertile still more divided; ribs
black. West Indies to Brazil.
ndbilis, J. 8m. Larger: lvs. sometimes 1 ft, long, pe-
dately bipinnatifid ; ribs chestnut. South Brazil.
D. decipiens, with lvs. resembling a geranium leaf, 3-6 in. each
waj', is sometimes cultivated, as is I), decora, with more divided
lvs. Both are natives of the Hawaiian Islands.
L. M. Underwood.
DOSStNIA (E. P. Dossin, Belgian botanist, 1777-1852).
Orchiddcece. A genus of 2 species of terrestrial orchids,
allied to Anoectochilus, but lacking the bearded fringe
on the lower part of the labellura. The species described
below may possibly be cult, by a few amateurs who
are skilled in the cultivation of dwarf warmhouse foli-
age plants,
D. marmordta, C. Morr. (Anoectochilus Lowei, Hort.). Lvs.
golden- veined or marbled, 4-5 in. long, elliptic : scape pubescent,
10 in. high: spike 5 in. long, with many white, pubescent tis.
Java. F.S. 4:370.— There is a stronger-growing var., with
foliage better colorevl.
DOUGLASIA (after David Douglas, the tireless Scotch
botanist, who explored (\'ilifornia. Oregon and British
Columbia in 1823 and 1829, introduced many splendid
plants to cultivation, and perished in the Hawaiian
Islands, at the age of 34, by falling into a pitfall made for
wild animals). Pri/nuldceof. Five species of tiny prim-
rose-like plants, one of which has yellow fls. and dwells
in the mountains of middle Europe; the rest have rosy
purple fls, and nre lound in the Rocky mountains and
the shores of the Arctic ocean. The genus is closely
allied to Androsace and Primula, but in those two genera
all the lvs. come from the root, while Douglasia has
branches, though very short ones, which are densely
clothed with lvs. Douglasia has a corolla-tube longer
than the calj'x, and the capsule is l-2-3eeded. Androsace
has a corolla tube as long as or shorter than the calyx,
and its capsule may have few or many seeds. Primula
is usually long-tubed, always many-seeded. The secret
in the culture of alpine plants is a steady supply of
moi.sture. " Like all the hardy Primulaceae, ' writes J. B.
Keller, "Douglasia requires half shade and a certain
amount of moisture during the hot summer months.
Frequent and copious waterings must be administered.
A light mulch will assist in keeping the ground from
drying out too fast. A winter protection of evergreen
boughs is indispensable. The plants are prop, by division
or by seed." Some of the American species can be ob-
tained of foreign dealers.
Vitalitoa, Benth. and Hook. (ArHia rt7a ?i<Jr»a, Willd.
Gregdria Vital idna, Duby). Height 2 in. : stems numer-
ous, prostrate, somewhat woody: branches denuded of
lvs. at the base, but at the tips clothed with overlapping,
linear, entire, pilose lvs.: fls. nearly stalkless, solitary,
yellow, rather large: corolla tube 2 or 3 times longer
than the calyx, not dilated at the throat, the lobes ovate-
lanceolate, obtuse. Alps, Pyrenees.
DOUGLAS SFBUCE. Pseudotsuga Douglasii.
DOWNING, ANDBEW JACKSON (Plate II), the first
great landscape gardener of America, was born at New-
burg, N. Y., Oct. 30, 1815, and perished by drowning July
28, 1852, at the early age of 37. As a boy, he was quiet,
sensitive, and much alone with himself and nature. The
Catskills, the Hudson, and his father's nursery had much
to do with his development. His "Treatise on the Theory
and Practice of Landscape Gardening," published 1841,
when he was but 26 years old, is, in many respects, a
unique production. It was the first, and is to-day one of
the best American books on the sub.iect, and has exerted a
greater influence upon American horticulture, it is said,
than any other volume. "Cottage Residences, 1841, also
had great popularity. In 1845 appeared simultaneously
in London and New York the first edition of "Fruits and
Fruit Trees of America." and in 1846 he founded, at Al-
bany, "The Horticulturist," which he edited from his
home at Newburg until his untimely death. His edi-
torials in this excellent periodical (now represented in
succession by American Gar<leni!i£r) were republished
after his death, with a letter to his friends by Frederika
Bremer, and a memoir by George William Curtis, under
the title of "Rural E.ssays," It was not until 1850 that
he had an opportunity to visit the great estates of Eng-
land, and to see with his own eyes the landscape garden-
ing of Europe. On his return in 1851, he was engaged to
lay out the grounds near the Capitol, White House, and
Smithsonian Institution at Washington. On July 28,
18.52. he left Newburg on the steamer Henry Clay for New
York. The Clay took fire near Yor.kers, while -.t was
racing, and Downing's life was lost in an attempt to
save others. It would b« diflicult to overestimate the
influence of Downing. He created American landscape
gardening. His only predecessor, Andr^ Parmentier, is
little known, and his influence was not of a national
character. Downing's quickening influence afl'ected
country life in its every aspect. He stood for the simple,
natural, and permanent as opposed to the intricate,
artificial, and ephemeral. He was the first great Ameri-
can practitioner of wh it is known in polite and technical
literature as the English or natural school of landscape
gardening in distinction from all artificial schools, as
the Italian and Dutch. Downing's pupils are many, and
his spirit still lives. He gave inspiration to Frederick
Law Olmsted, our next great eenius in landscape gar-
dening, who. by his earh* work in Central Park, New
York, aroused that popular enthusiasm which has culmi-
nated in the American idea of great municipal park sys-
502
DOWNING
DRABA
terns, as opposed to the earlier Old World idea of exclu-
sive pleasure grounds and private parks. Downing's
books have had large sales, aud have gone through many
editions. His intellectual successor in his purely pomo-
logical work was his brother Charles, whose modest
labors in the revision of the Fruits and Fruit Trees
of America have brought him little popular fame, but
much sincere admiration from students. Most horti-
cultural writings are, in reality, only records of progress ;
they do not create progress. Few of our horticultural
books are epoch-making. Downing's writings, however,
started a great popular movement in America toward
beautiful homes and home grounds. By many persons,
Andrew Jackson Downing is considered the greatest
single figure in the history of American horticulture,
and one of the few persons who can be said to have had
real genius. An appreciation of Downing's personality
will be found in Frederika Bremer's "Homes of the
New World." (See Downingia, for the genus of plants
named after him.) -^ -..
DOWNING, CHAELE8 (plate II), distinguished po-
mologist and elder brother of Andrew Jackson Downing,
the landscape gardener, was bom at Xewburg, N. Y.,
July 9, 1802. He was educated at the local academy,
and from the age of 13 to 18 worked part of the time in
his father's nursery. At the age of 20 he started in the
nursery business on his own account. From 1834 to
1839 his brother Andrew was a partner in this busi-
ness. About 1850, he sold out his nursery business and
devoted himself to the study of varieties of fruits, on
which subject he was the leading authority until his
death. The Fruits and Fruit Trees of America is the
monumental American work on varieties of fruits. The
book was projected by Andrew, but the great bulk of the
work was done by Charles in continuing and revising it.
His test orchard contained trees and grafts of 1,800 va-
rieties of apples, 1,000 pears, and other fruits in pro-
portion. In 1809 a city street was put through it. Charles
Downing was very modest and retiring. He would never
make a public speech, but he wrote many poraological
articles over the signature "CD." All his work is marked
by conscientious accuracy. He was married, but, like his
brother, had no children. He died Jan. 18, 1»85.
W. M.
D0WNIN6IA (after Andrew Jackson Downing, of
whom a sketch is given above). LobeJldce(r>. Three
species of annual herbs, 2 from western America, 1 from
Chile, much branched, diffuse, with pretty and charac-
teristic fls. Lvs. alternate, entire, passing above into
bracts : fls. 'olue or violet, marked with yellow and
white; corolla 2-lipped, the upper lobes much narrower
than the 3 lower ones; tube of stamens free from the co-
rolla: seed-i numerous, small, oblong to spindle-shaped.
This genus has no near allies of much garden value. It i8
still kno^fn to the trade as Clintonia. David Douglas
(see Donglasia) named it after DeWitt Clinton in 1829,
but in 1818 a genus of the lily family \\sA been named
after the celebrated Governor of Xew York and projector
of the Erie canal.
In jl836 Lindley wrote, in the Botanical Regist'^r, f C.
pnlcaeUa : "I figure this little plant more for ^r oa,ke
of recording its existence than from any erpt^ci-ition
thf-t it will ever become an object of hortif-ul* izW 'rter-
esc, for since C. elegnns, a far hardier and nio-c cultiva-
ble plant, has disappeared, there can b-^ little hope that
this, beautiful as it is, will be preserveu." Nevertheless,
pulchella is still cultivated, while elegans is unknown to
the American trade. In Lindley's time, pulchella was
grown in a flower pot and treated as a tender plant.
Nowadays it is considered perfectly hardy, the seed be-
ing sown in the open ground. The credit of simplifying
the culture of this plant is given to Haage & Schmidt,
Erfurt, (Tormany. who have fixed varieties that are
chiefly blue and chiefly violet, though in each case the 3
lower lobes of the corolla have a 3-lobed spot of white
in the middle, and a 3-lobed spot of yellow at the base.
The plants grow about 6 in. high, and have been recom-
mended for edgings. For culture, see Annuals.
A. Fls. large, icith a S-lohed spot of yellow : lvs. obtuse,
narrow.
pulch611a, Torr. {CUntdnia pulchella, Lindl.). The
lower lip more dilated and more deeply 3-lobed. The 2
divisions of the upper lip ovate-lanceolate or oblong and
strongly divei;ging. Calif. B.R.22:1909. R.H. 1861: 171.
R.H. 1895, p. 19. shows its straggling habit as a pot-plant.
Many of the branches fall below the top of the pot.
AA. Fls. half as large as the above, and no yellovc spot :
lvs. acute, broader.
ilegAna, Torr. ( C. Elegans, Doug. ). Lvs. ovate tx, lan-
ceolate ; the broad lip motlerately 3-lobed ; the 2 divisi<<ns
of the smaller lip lanceolate, parallel; lower lip with a
white, but no yellow spot. Calif. B.R. 15: 1241.
W. M.
DBABA (Greek, acrid, from the taste of the lvs.).
Cruciferve, WHITLOW Gkass. One of the most impor-
tant groups of spring-flowering plants for the alpine
garden. It is a large and widely scattered genus of
tufted, hardy herbs, with stellate hairs: lvs. often in a
rosette, mostly uncut : scapes or stems leafy or not : ra-
cemes short or long : fls. without bracts, small, white,
yellow, rosy or purple,
Drabas are very pretty, dwarf, compact alpine plants,
with small but numerous fls.: admirably adapted for the
rockery or front part of a sunny border. They require
a sunny position and an open soil. It is important
that they be well matured by the autumn sun. The
plant forms a dense little rosette of lvs., and has a neat
appearance at all times. In spring, Drabas are thickly
covered with their little fls., and when planted in masses
are decidedly effective. Prop, chiefly by division; also
by seed, which may be sown in the fall if desired.
Cult, by J. B. Keller.
Of the species described below, only the first, second,
fourth and sixth are advertised in Amer. at present.
The rest are worth introduction, and can be procured
abroad under their names or synonyms.
A. Flowers yellow.
B. Lvs. rigid, keeled, ciliate.
c. Scape not hairy.
D. Style as long as the pod is wide.
aizoldea, Linn. About 2-3 in. high : lvs. lanceolate-
linear : stamens nearly as long as the petals. March.
Eu. B.M. 170.
DD. Style half as long as the pod is wide.
Aizoon, Wahl. About 3 in. high : lvs. linear. April.
Europe.
cc. Scape hairy {villous or pubescent).
D. Pod lanceolate, bristly.
cuspid&ta, Bieb. Lvs. linear : style a little shorter
than the pod. Asia Minor.
DD. Pod oval, pubescent.
Ol^mpica, Sibth. {D. brunicefdlia, Stev. ). About 4 in.
high: lvs. linear, a trifle keeled: petals twice as long as
the calyx and stamens : style very short. June. Greece,
Orient.
BT» C-»'.s, not rigid or keeled.
C. Scape not hairy.
hispida, Willd. (D. tridentdta, DC). About 3 in.
high : lvs. obovate, narrowed into a long petiole, ob-
scurely 3-toothed at the apex, somewhat bristly: pods
oblong, not hairj-. Scotland, Caucasus.
cc. Scape more or less hairy.
D. Hairs long, soft and slender, i.e., pilose.
alplna, Linn. Lvs. lanceolate, flat: pods oblong: style
very short. April. Arctic regions.
DD. Hairs short, soft and downy, i.e., pubescent.
ai^ea, Vahl. Doubtfully perennial or biennial: lvs.
ovate-lanceolate, entire or remotely serrate : pods ob-
long-lanceolate. Arctic regions. B.M. 2934.
AA. Flowers white.
B. Plants biennial or annual.
cindrea, Adams. Lvs. oblong-linear: pods oblong, pu-
bescent, shorter than the pedicel. Early spring. Siberia,
— Closely related to D. confusa, but has a looser, weaker,,
less leafy stem, the steja-lvs. 5S, scattered, entire.
DRABA
DRACJCNA
503
BB. PlantH perennial.
c. Leaves rigid.
M&wii, Hook. Forming low, densely tufted, bright
green patches : stem much branched, densely clothed
with spreading, rosulate Ivs.: Ivs. linear-oblong, ob-
tuse, bristly, with a prominent midrib below: scape very
short, woolly, 2-4-fld., very short-pedicelled : petals
thrice as large as the sepals, obcordate, white: pods el-
lipsoid, compressed. Spain. B.M. G186.
cc. Lvs. not rigid,
Fladniz^niis, Wulf (D. nirdlis, DC. D. Lappdnica,
Willd.). Lvs. oblong-linear to lanceolate, ciliate: pods
elliptic-oblong to ovate-lanceolate, not hair>'. Arctic re-
gions.—According to De Candolle, these three names
were distinct species.
AAA. Fls. rose or purple.
Pyren&ica, Linn. Height 2-3 in.: lvs. inversely wedge ■
shaped, 3-lobed at apex: ♦Is. white at first, changing to
rosy pink. May. Pyrenf^es. B.M. Tl.'i. — Said to be
easily prop, by cuttings.
Yiol&cea, DC. Lvs. obo'-ate-oblong, obtuse, equally
woolly on both sides : scapes leafy: petals obovate,
dark purple. Andes of Equador at elevations of 13,000-
15,000 ft. B.M. 5650. ^-^ M.
DRACSNA {female dragon; the dried juice supposed
to resemble dragon's blood). Liliiiceir. A genus of
tropical plants of which but few are in cultivation. They
are all woody, often arborescent, with sword-shaped or
broad ivs., mostly crowded at the summit of the stem:
fls. clustered in panicles or heads, greenish white or yel-
lowish ; perianth salver-form or companulate ; lobes
spreading; stamens C: fr. a 3-celled berry. Diflfers from
Cordyline in having larger fls., and solitary instead of
many ovules in each cell of the ovary. All ornamental
stove plants, frequently with variegated lvs. See Baker,
Journ. Linn. Soc, vol. 14, for a monograph of the genus.
Dracaena Draco, of the Canaries, is the Dragon Tree. It
reaches a height of 30-fiO ft., branching when of great
age. The Dragon Tree of Teneriffe, famous for centuries,
is 70 ft. high, and one of the oldest of known trees.
Some American trade names not referable to species
are : alba-marginafa, argenteo-striata, DeSmetiana,
£]lizabethi(t, Frederica, Hendersotn, imperator, Sal-
monea, Alexandria, reciirva, specfabilis. See Cordy-
line for other names not found in this article; also for
culture. D. Nova-Caledonica is probably Cordyline Neo-
Caledonica, Linden, with bronze lvs.
The following is a key to the cultivated species of
both Dracana and Cordyline, based upon the lvs. :
A. Lvs. long and sword-shaped, sessile.
B. Glaucous beneath, 2-5 in. wide. C. indivisa.
BB. Both faces similar, narrower.
c. Of mature plants quite narrow (6-15 lines
broad). C. .*ttricta.
CC. Of mature plants broader (1-2 in.).
D. Margins green.
Glaucous green, costate, 1 ^^-2 ft.
by 1.5-21 lines. D. Draco.
Green, costate, undulate below,
2-3^/^ ft. by l>^-2 in. D. urn-
bracnlifera.
Green, costa obscure. 3—4 ft. by
i:}-18 lines. C. auKtralis.
DD. Margins white-pellucid. D. Hook-
er iana.
AA. Lvs. oblanceolate, broadly petioled or sessile.
B. 3-4 in. by l>^-2 in., opposite or whorled. D.
Godseffiana.
BB. 12-15 in. by 18-21 lines, alternate. C. rubra.
BBB. 11-^-3 ft. by 2^-2-4 in., alternate. D. fragrans.
Lvs. ovate, lanceolate, or elliptical, petioles narrow.
Lvs. 4-8 in. by 2-2 >^ in., oblong-falcate, green.
C. Haageana.
Lvs. 7-8 in. by 4-5 in., oblong, white -spotted.
D. Goldieana.
Lvs. 7-10 in. by }i-V4 in., lanceolate, white-
margined. D. Sanderiana.
Lvs. 10-18 in. by l-3>^ in., elliptical. C. termi-
nalis.
The following Dracaenas are in the American trade :
Boerhavii, 1; Draco, 1; fragrans, 4; OodsefRana, 7;
(foldieana, 5; Hookeriana, 3; Knerkii, 4; latifolia, 3;
Ijindeni, 4: Massangeana, 4; Rothiana. 4; Sanderiana, 6;
umbraculifera, 2.
1. Dr&co, Linn. Dragon Tree. Arborescent (60 ft.
high), branched : lvs. ver>' numerous, crowded, .sword-
shaped, erect or the outer recurved ( l>2-2 ft. x 15-21 in. ),
scarcely narrowed below, long-att«nuate at the apex,
glaucous-green: pedicels 3-6 lines long: bracts minute,
lanceolate : perianth 4 lines long, greenish; filaments
flat : berries orange. Canary Isl. B.M. 4571. R.H.
1869, p. 416; 1880, p. 196. G.C. U. 14: 749. -Fine forcon-
servatorj'. D. Boerhayii, Tenore, is a garden form,
with ehmgated lvs. all recurved.
2. umbraculifera, Jacq. Arborescent (3-10 ft. high),
simple : lvs. vtry numerous, crowded, sword-shaped
(2-3*2 ft. X 1^2-2 in.), outer recurved, all green and shin-
ing, attenuate at the apex, scarcely narrowed toward the
conspicuously undulate base, costa distinct on both
faces: pedice's 4-6 in. long: bracts minute, deltoid:
perianth large, 2 in. l<mg, white, tinged with red; fila-
ments flliform. Mauritius. L.B.C. 3:289.
3. Hookeriikna, Koch. Trunk .3-6 ft. high, sometimes
branched : lvs. numerous, densely clustered, sword-
shaped (2-2^ ft. xlJ^-2 in.), outer reflexed, all long at-
tenuate at the apex, scarcely narrowed below, margin
white-pellucid, lower face concave, indistinctly costate
l)eneath: bracts lK-3 in. long, white: pedicels 3-4 in.
long; perianth greenish, 12-15 in. long; filaments fili-
form: berries orange. Cape Good Hope. D. latifdlia,
Regel, is a horticultural varietv, with lvs. 3-3J', in.
wide. G.C. 20:.305 (var. latifdlia). B.M. 4279 as Cordy-
line Humph it.
4. frigrans, Ker-Gawl. {Aletris trdigrans,lAan. San-
seviera frdgranx, Jacq.). Arborescent (20 ft. high or
more), sometimes branched: lvs. (13^-3 ft.x2Vs-4 in.),
sessile, oblanceolate, lax and spreading or recurved,
flaccid, green and f^hining, acute, indistinctly costate :
bracts minute, scarious, deltoid: pedicels 1-1 j4 in. long:
733. Dracaena fraerans, var. Lindeni.
fls. glomerate ; perianth G-8 in. long, yellow ; berrv
orange-red. Guinea. B.M. 1081. A.G. 18:389. F.R".
4:189. — Much used for greenhouse and table decoration.
D. Knerkii, Hort. Form with glossy light green, less
pendulous lvs. D. Bothiana, Hort. A garden form. I.H.
43, p. 97. R.H. 1877, p. ^iS. Var. Lindeni, Hort. (/>. Lin-
deni, HoTi.). Fig. 7:i3. Lvs. re<'urved. traversed from
base to apex bv creamy white l>ands. Verv decorative.
I.H. 27:384. F.R. 4:191. Var. Massangeina, Hort. (i?.
Massangedna, Hort.). A broad, yellow stripe along
the center of the leaf throughout its entire length.
F.R. 4:193.
' '.•rp^ -^^pj ■
; -^n-- '
504
DRACfiNA
5. Ooldie&na, Hurt. Trunk simple, slender: Ivs. dis-
tant, spreading?, thick-oblung (7-8 in. x 4-5 in.), cuspi-
dately pointed, ba«e broadly rounded or cordate, jflossy
green, conspicuously white-spotted and banded, young
Ivs. often tinged with red; petioles* erect (2-3 in. long),
deeplv grooved: tls. unknown ( f I. W. Trop. Afr. B.M.
eaw. R.H. 187H, p. 1.5. I.H. 25::{00; 42, p. 257. G.C. II.
17:49. — A tine foliage plant.
6. Sanderi&na, Hort. (/>. thaloidea, var. variegdta,
Hort. h. Slender: Ivs. distant, alternate, spreading or
recurved (7-10 in. x ^4-1l4 in.), narrowly lanceolate, acu-
minate, on rather broad petioles (1-3 in. long), glossy-
green, broadly margined with white. Congo. A.F. 8:
1281 ; 11:2.^). I. H. 40:175. G.C. III. 13:445.-Int. by
Sander & Co. in 1893.
7. Godseffi&na, Hort. "Woody, but very sle"hder, rather
diffuse: Ivs. at many nodes small, erect, scale-like and
lanceolate, the others opposite or in whorls of 3, oblong
or obovate, spreading, cuspidate, sessile {'.i-i m. x lH-2
in.), firm, green, with copious white spots : raceme
short-peduncled; bracts small : fr. globular, greenish
vellow or red, nearlv 1 in. in diani. Congo. G.C. III.
21:347. Gn. 50, p. 270; 51:1115, and p. 299. A.F. 13:1340.
F.E. 10, supp. 2:12. Gng. 6:294. -Int. by Sander & Co.
Fine for decorative purposes.
D. arbdrea. Link. Lvs. green. sword-shai)ed, dense, sessile.
Gt. 46. p. 226 and U;w.— />. Broinnfieldi, Hort. J.H. III. .33:r)41.
G.C. III. 20:667; 2:{:24<».— i>. concinna. Kunth. Lvs. oblanceo-
late. green, imrple on the margin, green-petioled. (it. 441: 1864.
— D. cylindrica, HtM)k. Lvs. linear-lan<'ef)lateor obovate-lanceo-
late, bright green, spreading. B.M. 5846.— />. elHptica, Thunb.
Lvs. spreading, i>etioled. thickish, elliptic-lanceolate, glossy,
acute, longitudinally striate. B.M. 4787 and G.C. II. 17:261
(var. maculitta).— Z>. J^erkhanti, Hort. F.R. 446:1899.-2). mw-
folia, Hort. Amer. =Dianella ensifolia.— />. marginata. Lam.
Lvs. sword-shai)etl. dense, spreading, green margined and
veined with red. — D. inarmorata, Hort. B.M.7078.— />. j>Arj/-
nioXde^, Hook. Lvs. petiole<l, mostly oval, acuminate, coria-
ceous. Slotted with yellowish white, pale l)eneath. B.M. 5352.
— D. rpfh'xa. Lam. Lvs. lanceolate or sword-shaped, acute, con-
tracted into &x>^tio\e.—D. Snposehnikoiri, Kegel. Lvs. sword-
shaped, crowded, green. Gt. 705. — />. Smithii, Baker. Lvs. large,
narrowly sword-shaped, crowded bright green. B.M. 6169.
K. M. WiEGAM).
Dracaenas should be divided into two sections or
types for practical purposes:
( 1 ) The Tropical type : This includes the colored fo-
liage sorts and the garden hybrids, all of which can be
propagated from both root and stem-cuttings or joints.
All of them require a stove or warmhouse temperature,
and must be grown quick, and never allowed to get pot-
bound until tliey are as large as required; then they can
be allowed to get pot-bound, and with liquid or other
stimulant and plenty of light will color well.
(2) The Cordyline or Subtropical or Australian type :
This embraces the kinds known to gardeners as aus-
trails, indivisa, lineafa, aonguinen, n urea -striata,
I}oucetiana,nmbraculifera,Ifunipliii. Nearly all of these
are propagated from seeds, and require a cooler tem-
perature.
Following are some popular current Dracaenas: San-
deriana makes not only a perfect center plant for table
jardinieres with small ferns and selaginellas, but it also
makes a fine large decorative plant by putting from 3-
5 in a 4-5 in. pot, and letting tliem get fairly well pot-
bound until each plant throws up shoots from the base;
then repot, and one will have a fine, large specimen in a
short time. Godseffiana is a valuable plant for a hang-
ing basket, easily propagated from top shoots. Other
popular kinds are: j\^orwoodie».si}<, alho-marghiafa,
terminalix alba, Gladstonei (one of the most brilliantly
colored of the broad-leaved type), Guilfoylei, Aner-
leyensis, Scottii, hybrida, metalliea, ferrea, De-Smet-
iana, Victoricp -JRegince, Sanderiaua, Godseffiana,
gracilis. H. A. Siebrecht.
DBACOCllPHALnM (Greek, dragon's head, from the
wide-open mouths of the flowers). LubidttP. This
genus contains a few hardy herbaceous perennial plants
of the mint family, of easy culture and of minor im-
portance. The whorls of fls. are distant or crowded !nto
spikes or heads, the colors blue or some shade of pur-
ple. The genus has altogether about .30 species, from
Europe, especially the Me<literranean region; also Asia
outside the tropics. All the species described below are
DRACOCEPHALUM
erect, but some others are diffuse ; uppermost lvs. like
the lower ones or reduced to bracts. Very closely allied
to Nepeta. Sandy loam, moderately rich, and a rather
moist, partially sliaded situation will suit these plants
best. In a sunny, dry border they are never very
showy ; the fls. are of short duration, and are seldom at
their best except in very moist seasons. Prop, by di-
vision or seeds.
734. Uracunculus vulgaris (X ^-^).
A. Lvs. entire, not cut in any way.
Ruyschi^na, Linn. Stems slightly pubescent : lvs.
linear-lancet !ate, glabrous: bracts ovate-lanceolate, en-
tire; whorls in somewhat interrupted spikes: fls. 1 in.
long, purplish blue or purple; anthers villous. Siberia.
Var. Jap6nica, Hort., has white fls. shaded with blue,
and is a distinct improvement. G.C. II. 12:107.- Ac-
cording to Vilmorin, this species has been sold as D.
Altaiense (see D. gravdiflorum).
AA. Lvs. deeply S-5-cleft.
Austrlacuin, Linn., has the habit of the above, and be-
longs to the same subgenus Ruyschiana, but the Iv.s.
are divided and more distinctly revolute at the margin.
About 1-1 J^ ft. high : fls. blue, l}-^ in. long and more.
July, Aug. Eu., Caucasus.
AAA. Lvs. cut only at the margin, mostly crenate.
B. Whorls crowded together into spikes or heads.
r. Color of fls. blue: lvs. not wrinkled.
grandifldrum, Linn. (D. Altaiense, Laxm., but plants
in trade under this name are said to be D. Ifuyschiana).
About 1 ft. high. Root-lvs. long-stalked, oblong, notches
at base: stem-lvs. few, short-stalked, ovate, not notched
at base, the uppermost still more rounded : whorls in
spikes 2-.3 in. long, the lowest whorl usually at some dis-
tance: fls. 2 in. long. June, Juiy. Siberia. B.M. 1009.
P.M. 13:51.
C(\ Color of fls. purple: lvs. wrinkled.
specidsum, Benth. Allied to D. grandiflorum, but
stem pubescent instead of pilose above, root-lvs. more
DRACOCEPHALUM
DRAINAGE
505
broadly heart-shaped, and all Ivs. pubescent beneath in-
stead of nearly ^liibrous: Hs. purpli-sh to deep purple.
Jane, July. Himalayas. B.M. 6281.
B. Whorls distant, in long racemes.
C. Flowers erect.
Mold4vica, Linn. Lvs. lanceolate, inciso-crenate, the
floral ones narrower and saw-toothed at the base. Eu.,
N. Asia.
Bdprechtii, Re^el. Lvs. ovate-lanceolate, variously
incised and toothed: fls. rosy purple or lilac, about 1 in.
long, in axillary clusters. Turkestan. Qt. 1018.
cc. Fls. somewhat nodding.
niitans, Linn. Lvs. ovate, crenate, the floral ones ob-
long-lanceolate and more nearly entire : fls. blue. May-
July. N.Asia. Mn. 4:137. B.R. 10:841. -Var. alplna,
Hort., is commoner.
D. Virginidnum. Linn. See Physostejfia.— />. Canadense of
Bridgeman's Catalogue is a misprint for D. C"anariense==Ce-
dronellii triphylla. j, jj, Keller and W. M.
DBAC^NCULUS (Latin, a little dragon). ArAcece.
This genus contains the plant pictured in Fig. IM. It
has uncanny, drairon-tingered lvs. and a terrifying odor
when in flower. Its tubers are sold by bulb dealers un-
<ler the name of Arum J>ni('intriilnii. The latest monog-
rapher of this order (Eugler, in DC. Mon. Phan., vol.
2, 1879) puts this plant into the genus Dracunculus be-
cause the ovules are attached to the base of the ovary,
while in Arum they are attached to the side. The lvs.
of the true Arums are always arrow-shaped, while in Dra-
cunculus they are sometimes cut into flngeMike lobes.
For culture, see Arum.
There are only 2 species. The common one is an en-
tertaining, not to say exciting, plant. When it flowered
in the forcing-houses at Cornell University, innocent
visitors thought there must be a dead rat under the floor.
It is well worth growing for the experience, though its
stench is not quite as bad as that of a Helicosideros,
sold as Arttm crinifum, which makes any house un-
bearable in which it flowers. Nearly all Arums are ill-
smelling.
vtUgiris, Schott. Fig. 734. Sheath of lvs. livid, spot-
ted : stalks g'reen : bla<les with 10 fingers projecting
from a bow-shaped base : tube of spathe streaked with
purple except at the bottom: spathe purple all over and
much darker along the wavy border. Mediterranean
regions. ^ ^^
DBAGON PLANTS. The Dragon Arum, Dragon Root
or Green Dragon, is the native Aristfma Vracontiitm.
The Dragon T'ant of Europe is Drucu»cnlux rulijaris.
The Dragon's Head is not an Aroid, but a Dracocepha-
lum, a genus of mints. False Dragon's Head is Physo-
stegia. The Dragon's Blood of commerce is a dark red,
ft«<tringent, resinous secretion of the fruits of a palm,
DifmoHorops Praco. Other kinds of Dragon's Blood
are produced by Itraetrna Drneo and Frastaphyllum
Monetaria. "Sticks," "reeds," "tears" and "lumps" of
Dragon's Blood are known to commerce. The resin is
used in col(»ring varnishes, dyeing horn in imitation of
tortoise shell, and n the composition of tooth-powders
and various tinctures.
DBAINAOE. Underground or sub-drains serve to re-
lieve the land of free water, which is harmful to most
plants if left to stagnate in the surface soil or subsoil.
They serve not only to drj' the land iu early spring, but in-
directly to warm it, for if the water is removed the sun's
heat warms the soil instead of cooling it by evaporating
V?
735. Diagrams showing the effect of lowering the water-table by means
of under-draininfiT.
On the undrained soil, the roots do not penetrate deep : and when
droughts come, the plants snffer.
736. Old-fashioned drain tile.
the surplus water. Tenacious lands devoted to garden-
ing and small fruits are made more productive, warmer
and earlier by sub-drainage. Drains promote nitrifica-
tion, assist in liberating mineral plant-fcMui and cheapen
tillage. They serve not only to remove deleterious stag-
nant water, but they promote aeration as well, and this
hastens beneficial chemical changes in the soil. Drainage
promotes the vigor, healthfulness and fniitfulness of
plants. Tenacious soils are ma<le more friable by drains,
thereby giving easier access to i>lant roots, w'hile the
percolation through the soil of niinwater, which carries
some plant-food, is hastened. Rainwater in the spring
is warmer than the soil; in midsimmier it is cooler than
the soil: therefore, percolation of rainwater warms the
soil in the spring and cools it in extremely hot weather.
Drains serve not only to relieve land of free water, but
they impart to it power to hold additional available mois-
ture, which materially benefits plants during droughts.
Drainage is of two kinds, surface an<l sub-drainage.
On land on which large outlays of money are to be ex-
pended, as in horticultural plantations, it is of the
utmost importance that the soil be freed to considerable
depths from stagnant water. Trees, many shrubs, and
even some garden crops send their roots deeper into the
subsoil than most of the cereals, hence they require a
greater depth of drained feeding ground. In horticul-
ture the planting may often precede the harvest by 5 to
10 years, while with many farm crops the harvest fol-
lows the planting in a few months. If the grain raiser
loses one crop, an annual, by planting on wet land, the
loss is not great, but if the orchardist loses 15 to 20 years
of labor by planting on undrained lands, before the
mistake is discovered, the losses are seri-
ous. Some lands require little more than
to be relieved from surplus surface water
in early spring. This may be accomplished
by forming ridges and open furrows as
far asunder as the rows of trees are to be
placed. But it is only rarely that surface
drainage fully prevents serious damage
from surplus moisture. Surface drainage
may be considered a cheap way of tem-
porarily alleviating undesiralde condi-
tions. It does not always eradicate them.
Fig. 73.") illustrates how sub-drainage low-
ers the water-table (or the area of stand-
ing water), and thereby ameliorates the
soil.
Sub-drainage consists in placing con-
duits of tile or other material in the
ground at depths varying from 2/^2-4 feet,
and at such distances apart as will serve to
relieve the subsoil of deleterious stagnant
■water. When suitable stones are at hand
they are sometimes used instead of tile
for forming drainage conduits. If such
use is made of them, the drains should be
somewhat deeper than tile drains, since
the stones which form the drain occupy
~ I riW'-iMiii I
5UG
DRAINAGE
nearly a foot of the depth of the ditch and are more
likely to l)econie ohstruetfd, especially if placed near
the surface, than are tile drains. The throats or open-
ings of Mtone drains are irrej^ilar In size, while those of
tile drains are smooth and uniform in size, and are,
therefore, most desirable. Years asro, various tlat-lNit-
tomed tiles (Fig. 7M) were used, but the only stvle in
general um«' at present is the cylindrical unglazed tile
shown in Fig, 737.
In some sections drains are placed 200 to 300 feet apart,
and serve their purpose well. In others they should not
be placed farther apart than from 20 to 30 feet. Where-
erer the subsoil is composed of tenacious, fine clay,
through which the water moves upwards or downwards
with difficulty, the narrower in-
tervals are necessary. In some
instances the surpIuH water in
the subsoil is underpressure l»y
reason of wttt»'r wliich finds itc
way into it from higher levels,
and if this is not removed, the
water has a constant tendency
to rise to the surfm-e. In many
such cases drains placed at wide
intervals may serve to relieve
the pressure and drain the land.
Since 8ub-<lrains are designed
to be permanent, are expensive
to construct and difficult to re-
pair, the principles of drainage
should be well understood, and
the work should be undertaken
only after a most careful inspec-
tion of the land ant! after the
fundamental principles of the
subject have been mastered.
Mains and sub-mains should
be avoided so far as possible,
since they greatly increase cost,
tend to become obstructed, and
are often unnecessary. The
three long mains in Fig. 738 are
not drains, strictly speaking,
737. Common cylindrioU drain-tile ; and a scoop for
preparing the bed for the tile.
since the land may be as fully drained without them, as
shown in Fig. 739 ; therefore, they only serve to conduct
the water of the drains proper. Tiles of 3 to 4 and 5 inches
diameter should be used when the drains are infrequent
and the flow of water considerable. Smaller ones. 2 to 3
inches in diameter, will suffice when the intervals be-
tween the drains are narrow. Drains should have as
uniform a fall as possible, and no abrupt lateral curves
or sharp angles should occur as are seen in manj' plates
in Fig. 738. If the drain has a rapid fall in its upper
reaches, as is often the case, and but slight fall in the
lower, a silt basin should be constructed at the point
at which the rapid chamres into the slight fall, if obstruct-
ing silt is present. All drains whi<'h may be necessary
should be placed before the planting: occurs. Orchard
lands may be drained in the spring, fallowed in the sum-
mer, and planted in the fall or the following spring.
Drains placed at frequent intervals because of the te-
nacity of the soil should be comparatively shallow, for
if placed deep or at wide intervals, the water will be too
long reaching them. If drains are placed at wide inter-
vals they should be at least 3j-$ feet deep to be most effi-
cient. If the parallel system is adopted (Fig. 739), there
DREEU
may be more outlets to construct and maintain than is
desirable; if so, the system might In* mo<litled by con
tttnicting a sub^ain, one side of which will serve also
738. Improper method of draining a field.
as a drain, and but one outlet will be required ( Fig. 740).
Drains through which water runs for the greater part
of the year are likely to become obstructed by roots, if
water-loving trees, such as the willow, soft maple and
elm, are allowed to grow near them. If floating silt is
present the joints of the tiles should be protected for
two-thirds of their upper circumferences by a narrow
strip of tarred building paper, or collars should be used.
Stone drains should receive a liberal covering of straw
before they are filled. j. p. Roberts.
DBEEB, HENBT A. Seedsman, and founder of one
of the oldest American horticultural establishments;
was bom in Philadelphia, Aug. 24, 1818, and died there
Dec. 22, 1873, at the age of fifty-five. His parents were
Frederick Dreer, of Hanover, and Fredericka Augusta
Nolthenius, of (irossakenheim, Germany. They were
married in America. The Nolthenius family emigrated
to the United States in the la.st decade of the eigh-
teenth centur\% and were closely connected with the
Lutheran Church. Henrv A. Dreer's education was
largely in (lennan, and obtained in Philadelphia. He was
fond of gathering seeds and plants in the country, and
would bring them home to cultivate. He was trained in
his father's business, that of a cabinet-maker. In 1838, at
the solicitation of a friend, he began as a florist in a
small way, near Front and Chester Sts. About 1870 he
removed to Seventh and Chestnut. In 1869 he enjoyed
a 5 months' trip to Europe, where he met business cor-
respondents of 30 years' standing. He was marrsird
June 22, 1847, to Mary Leavenworth, of Reading, Pa.,
739. Best method of draining a field.
DREER
DEYMOPHLCEU8
507
and had «lx children. Of the two son«, one died In infancy,
anil ihe other, William F. Dreer, conducts, at 714 C'hent-
nut Htreet, the buMinexM which In incorporated In the
name of hi» father. Henry A. Dreer died of a nervous af-
fection of the heart. He waH of niodeHt temperament
and frail conxtitution, and conflned hiniHflf to busineDfl
rather closely. He wan lilwral in jpulilic matters, but
always kept out of political lift He compiled several
Rmall works in connecti<»n with <■ buniness, and wrote
frequently for the Weekly Satunlay Evening Post, of
Philailelphia. and for <}odey's Ladies' Magazine.
W. M.
740. Showing how the drains may be sathered into
one when there is only one place at which an
outlet can be secured.
DEOPWORT.
Filiptmluln.
Spinea Filipendula; also Potentilla
DBOSE&A (Greek, dew; referring to the dew-like
drops on the glandular leaves). Dro8erdcea>. Sundew.
Dew Plant. A very interesting group of insectivorous
plants. About 100 species scattered throughout the
world, except the Pacific islands, and most common in
Australia outside the tropics. Perennial bog herbs with
basal Ivs. slothed with glandular hairs, which secrete a
fluid that holds insects fast. F*bliage and inflorescence
diflfer widely. The .*} species described below may be ob-
tained through dealers in native plants. For culture,
see Darlingtonia.
A. Lvs. thread-like, with no distinct stalk: petals
purple.
filifdrmis, Rafln. Lvs. 6-1.5 in. long, glandular-pubes-
cent throughout, at the very base woolly with brown
hairs: racemes 1-sided, 10-30-fld. :
fls. 4-12 lines broad. July-Sep.
Wet sand near the coast. Mass. to
Fla.
jLk. Lvs. icifh an oblong blade:
petals white.
longifdlia, Linn. Lvs. longpet-
ioled; blade S-15 lines long, 1 J^-2
lines wide, the petiole glabrous.
Summer. Bogs, northern and arc-
tic regions.
AAA. Lvs. with a blade that is
wider than long : petals white.
rotundifdlia, Linn. Fig. 741. Lvs.
with a blade 3-6 lines long, glan-
dular above, petiole %-2 in. long,
pubescent but not glandular : ra-
cemes 4-12-fld. : fls. about 2 lines
broad, opening in sun-
shine. July, Aug. Bogs,
Labrador to Alaska,
south to Fla. and Ala.,
and in the Sierra Ne-
vada to Calif.
Other Droseras are to be
expected in fine collections,
and some of them are more
showy than those men-
tioned above. Some of the - , „
best are as follows: D. bi- 741. Sundew—
ndta, LabUl., of Austral. Drosera rotundifolia (X>a)-
and N. Zeal., with Irs. deeply parted Into 2 louf. linear loh««.
Prop, by root <>uttinffii. B.M. :«W-'. — /> CapenMia. Linn., of 8.
Afr , bait linear uri*trap-tthap«> leMf-blaUeM ax long mm the petiole,
and larite (1 in. in diaiu ), tony n-ii rt»%. Fn>p. by nnn -cuttings.
H.M. O^Ki. — /> dich4>tuma. Hurt I> liiiiMta. — />. lintariM,
(}oldie, Lake Superior and W., has linear olituKe Iv*. on naked,
erert petioles, and purple Us. — />. tpathuldta. t.<«l>ill., Aoatral.,
N. Zeal., haa Hhnrt, oblong Kpatulate Ivs. in a rosette, narrowed
into short petioles, and purplish fis. O.C. 1881, 16:862.
W. M.
DRUPE. A fleshy fruit containing a single seed with
a bony covering or "stone,"
as a plum. Fig. 742. A Drupe
resembles an akene in being
1-sided, and not splitting, but
an akene is dry instead of
pulpy or fleshy. The most
important drupaceous or stone
fruit.s are peaches, plums,
apricots, cherries and rasp-
berries. Each of the fleshy
parts of a raspberry is a
drupelet.
743. Young drupes lapri*
cots), cut in two, show*
ing ovules. Nat. size.
In drupes of the genus
Pninus there are two
ovules, but osoally only
one matures.
ORt^AS (Greek, wood-
nymph). RosHcece. A genus of
2 or ;{ species of dwarf, hardy,
tufted, evergreen, somewhat
shrubby plants with oblong Ivs. half an inch long,
recurved at the margins, shining above, snowy white
beneath, and large white or yellow fl.s. borne singly on
slender scapes: calyx glandular-hairy : petals 8-9,
broadly obovate: stamens many. The genus is close to
Geum, but the species of (teum are herbs with deep'y
cut f diage. J. W. Manning recommends a soil well
furnished with peat.
Dryns octopetala requires a well drained, porous soil, a
sunny but not dry position. It is well to shade the foli-
age from bright sun during the winter months with
evergreen branches to prevent the foliage from having a
scorched appearance. A capital plant i?or the rockery.
Prop, by cuttings, division, or by seed.
octopetala, Linn. Lvs. oblong, deeply and regularly
crenate, downy beneath: scapes 2-3 in. long: fls. white:
seeds with a feathered awn over 1 in. long. North tem-
perate and arctic regions. j^ q Keller.
DRTMOGLOSSUM. a genus of small ferns from
Japan, with wide creeping rootstalks, and small, entire
leaves : sori resembling those of Polypodium. None
are advertised in America. Three or' four kinds are
cult, abroad. l, 2>i. Undebwoou.
DRTMOFHLOEUS (Greek words meaning oak and
smooth inner bark). P(ilmi)ce<r, tribe Arecew. This
genus contains a tropical palm, with very distinct wedge-
shaped leaflets and ornamental scarlet fruits, borne
every year. It flowers when only a few feet high, and
is suitable for pot culture, t^pineless palm, with slender,
medium caudex: lvs. terminal, etjually pinuatisect, the
segments cuneate-oblong or linear, broadly oblique, sub-
membranaceous, 3- to many-nerved, the margins re-
curved at the base: rachis scaly, 3-sided: .'<heath long:
spadix with a short peduncle and slender branches :
spathes 2 or many, the lower one 2-crested. Species 12.
Australasia and the Pacific islands.
The chances are that most of the plants now known to
the American trade as D. olivaformis are really D. ap-
pendicnlnta. The true I). oliva>formis is said to have
been offered by a few dealers as Ptychoxpenna Humphii.
D. appendicu'lata was described and figured by William
Watson, in Garden and Forest, erroneou.ily as D. olii'ot-
tormis, as explained in B.M. 7202. He adds, "Like
all the palms of this section of the order, Drymophloeus
requires a tropical moist house with abundance of water
at all times." The plant figured was about 14 years old,
3 ft. high, with lvs. about 3 ft. long. The plant takes
about six months to mature its fruits.
appendiculata, Scheff. {Areca gracilis, Griseke, not
Roxb. or Thou.). Leaflets wedge-shaped, raggedly cut,
serrate. Moluccas. New Guinea. B.M. 7202. G.F. 4:331.
D. olivceformis. Mart., has narrower leaflets than the above,
and the fruit half immersed in the greatly enlarged perianth.
Jaked G. Smith and W. M.
508
DRYXARIA
DRYOPTERIS
DBTNABIA (Greek, oak-like). Polypodideea. A
genus of 10 or more East Indian ferns, with round naked
sori, allied to Polypodiuni, but with a fine net-work of
veins, with free included veinlets, and with either a
separate oak-like leaf or with the lower portion of the
spur-bearing leaf deeply pinnatifid like an oak leaf. D.
quercifdlia, with two sorts of Ivs.. the sprre-bearing
2-3 ft. long, is the commonest species, i). rigrldtila,
Sw. {D. diversifdlia, R. Br.), a similar but larger
species from the same region, also appeared at one time
in the American trade, but the species are seldom seen
in cultivation in this country. D. muscefdlia is occa-
sionally seen in fine collections, where it is grown
for its striking, simple foliage, which reminds one
of the Bird's Nest Fern ( Thamnopteris ) . It is really a
Polypodium, which see for description,
L. M. UXDERWOOD.
DRY6PTEEIS (Greek, oak-fern). Polypodidcece.
Wood Fekn. A widely distributed genus of handsome
ferns with dissected foliage and bearing round sori
■covered with heart-shaped or reniform indusia, which
are fixif'd at the center or along the sinus. The veins
are either wholly free or the lowest united. A consider-
able number of our common wood ferns belong to this
genus. The species have been variously known under
the names Lastrea, Aspidium, and Nephrodiuni. Other
species sometimes referred to under this genxis may be
found under Polystichum. For D. acrostichoid^s, see
Poljfstichum ; for D. decurrens, see Sagenia. In North
America, known mostly as Aspidiuvis. For cm. .re, see
Ferns. Not the same as Doryopteris.
A. Veins entirely free.
B. Pinna lobed less than one -third to midrib.
hlrtipes, Kuntze (Xephrbdiutn, ftirfjpes, Hook.). Lvs.
2-3 ft. long, 8-16 in. broad, on stalks clothed with dense
black scales ; pinnae with broad, blunt lobes, the lower
ones not reduced in size : sori medial on the lobes. In-
■dia.
BB. Pinnce cleft nearly to midrib, or lvs. bipinnat".
or tripinnatifid.
c. Texture thin, membranous ; veins simple or once
forked.
D. Lower pinnce gradually reduced to mere lobes.
lToveborac6n8i8,Gray(^spMiH>H Xovehoracinse, Sw.).
Lvs. somewhat clustered from creeping rootstocks, pale
green, 1-2 ft. long, tapering both ways from the middle.
Canada to N. C. and Ark.
Fischerl, Mett (Lastrea opdca, Mett). Lvs. 6-8 in.
long, 2-3 in. wide, bipinnatifid, cut into close, entire
lobes, the lowest much reduced; surfaces smooth. Braz.
DD. Lower pinnce scarcely smaller than those above.
E. Veins forked.
Tliel^pteris, Gray (Aspidiutn Thelypteris, Sw. ).
Marsh Fekn. Lvs. scattered on wide creeping black
rootstocks, 1-2 ft. long ; margins of the spore-bearing
pinnse often strongly convolute: sori 10-12 to each seg-
ment. Canada to Fla. and Tex.
EE. Veins simple.
simul&ta, Dav. Lvs, scattered from a creeping root-
stock, 8-20 in. long, 2-7 in. wide, with 12-20 pairs of
lanceolate pinnsB : sori rather large, somewhat distant,
4-10 to each segment. Native in N. Y. and N, Eng,,
where it is often confused with D. 'Thelypteris. G.F.
-9:485.
p&tens, Kuntze, Lvs, clustered at the end of a thick
rootstock, 2-3 ft, long, 4-10 in, wide, soft-hairy be-
neath ; pinnae cut thr«^e-fourths to the midrib, ."le basal
segments usually longer. Fla. to Tex. and Trop. Amer.
A,G. 20:25.
cc Texture firm or subcoriaceous ; veins 2-4 times
forked.
D. Lvs. bipinnatifid or nearly bipinnate: indusia
large, mostly flat.
crist^ta, Gray {Aspidium cristdtum, Sw,), Lvs. 1-2
ft. long, with short, triangular pinnae ? 3 in. long, which
arp nuch w! ler at base. Var. Clintoniana is larger,
with pinnae 4-6 in. long, and with the sori rather near
the midvein. Canada to Ar'i. ; also in N. Eu. Hybrids
are described with D. marginalis. G.F. 9:445.
Goldieina, Gray (4sjo»<iJMm 6ro Wtedn m m, Sw.). Lvs.
growing in large crowns, 2^ ft. long, 12-18 in. wide, the
pinnsD broadest at the middle : indusia very large.
Canada to Ky,— One of our largest and most stately na-
tive species,
DD, Lvs. mostly bipinnate: indusia convex, rather
firm.
Flliz-m&s, Schott (Aspidium FMix-mds, Sw.). Male
Fern. Lvs. growing in crowns, 1-3 ft. long, sori near
the midvein. Used as a vermifuge, as is also the next
species. N. Eu., Canada and Colo.
743. Dryopteris marginalis.
margin&lis, Gray (Aspidium margindle, Sw.), Fig.
743, Lvs, 6 in. to 2 ft. long, growing in crowns, mostly
in rocky places: sori close to the margin. Canada and
southward. — One of our commonest ferns.
DDD, Lvs. mostly tripinnatifid ; segments spinulose-
toothed: indusia shriveling at maturity.
E, Leaf-stalks naked, polished.
virid^scens, Kuntze. Lvs. 18-24 in. long, on stalks
two-thirds as long; lower pinnae largest: sori near the
midribs. Japan.
EE. Leaf a Iks ily»
spinuldsa, Kuntze ( pidium ^^tnuldsum, Sw.).
Lvs. ovate-lanceolate, w n a few pale, deciduous scales
at the base : indusia smooth, without marginal glands.
Var. intermedia, Underw,, has more persistent scales,
with a brown center, and the margins of the indusia
with stalked glands. One of our commonest wood ferns
in the northern states. — Var, dilat&ta, Underw,, has
similar scales to the last and ^^ipinnate lvs. In woods,
from Canada to Ore. ; also in Europe.
Bodttii, Underw. (Asf'.dium Bobttii, Tuckni.). Lvs.
elongate-lanceolate, with broadly oblong pinnules : in-
dusia minutely glandular. Canada, N. Y. and N. Eng.
DDDb. Lvs.ntnple, 4-3-pinnatifid.
efftisa, Kuntze. Lvs. 3-4 ft. long, 2 ft. or more wide,
with polished stems and short, creeping rootstocks :
sori abundant, scattered, often without indusia. Cuba
to Brazil.
diss^cta, Kuntze (Lastrea membranifolia, Hort. ).
Lvs. 1-5 ft. long. 1-3 ft, wide, membranous, d»*compound;
segments broad and blunt; surfaces nearly naked: sori
near the margin, abundant. India and Madagascar to
Australia.
AA. Veins not entirely free, the lower veinlets of adjoin-
ing segments xinited.
Otaria, Knr\tze (Lastrea aristdta, Hort.). Lvs. 1 ft.
long, with a long terminal pinnae an inch or more wide,
with lanceolate lobes, and 6-lL similar lateral pinisae;
texture thin ; surfaces naked ; veins united half way
from the midrib to the edge. Ceylon to the Philippines.
— Good for table ferneries, but slow of growth.
DRYOPTERIS
DYPSIS
509
m6xli8, Kuntze. Lvs. 1-2 ft. long, 8-12 in. wide, bipin-
xwitifid, the pinnc" cut into blunt lobes; lower pinnae dis-
tant from the others and somewhat shorter ; surfaces
flneiy villose. Trop. regions of both hemispheres.
Probably several species are confused under this name,
Fhilippin6nsiB, Baker. Lvs. 2-3 ft. long, 12-18 in. wide,
bipinnatifid, smooth, with a naked rachis; lower pinnffi
scarcely smaller: sori midway from midrib to margin,
with firm, smooth indusia. Philippines.
L. M. Underwood.
DUCHfiSNEA. S^e Fragaria.
DUCK-WFED. Lemna.
DUCEWHiDAT. Some years aero, as the story goes,
a man in New England shot a wild duck, and in the
crop found strange seeds. These seeds were planted,
and the flour from the grain was found to make good
pancakes. He increased his stock to hundreds of
bushels. The grain was offt*red by seedsmen as Duck-
wheat. It seems not to have had great popularity, and
for the past 2 or 3 years it evi<lently has not appeared
in catalogues. It turns out that this grain is the India
wheat or Tartarian buckwheat, /'aj/o/jyrMm Tatnricum,
an Asian grain, which has been known in this country
for some tim'"^ It is earlier than buckwheat, but is very
similar to it 7 "^ "heat and Fagopyrum.
T TT T>
DUD'JM li <T«J : Ctcumis.
DUFOUE, JOHN ' ?f^lo. . Swiss vigneron, who was
at the head of a f .laj t j , 'W the wine grape iu Ken-
tucky, and the au.._ -t ot ^ - ir Dresser's Guide," pub-
lishe<i in Cincinnati in ib:id. xhe Kentucky experiment
failed, and the colony then settled in southern Indiana,
on the banks of the Ohio river; and this settlement is
now the city of Vcvay. Here Dufour died in 1827. This
Indiana experiment brought out the merits of the
Alexander grape, a native, and thereby did much to es-
tablish ,in American viticulture. For detailed account
of the Dufours and their associates, and the results of
their v/ork, see Bailey, Evolution of our Native Fruits.
DUGUfiTIA (probably made from a personal name).
Anondceoe. A dozen South American trees differing
from Anona in technical characters, particularly in the
imbricated petals, which are wide-spreading in flower
(in Anona the petals are valvate). D. longrifdlia, Baill.
(Anbn" 'ongifolia, Aubl. ), is a small tree: lvs. oblong-
acum' -ve, raucronate and smooth : fls. axillary and
stalked, the 2 series of petals much alike; inflorescence
lateral; outer stamens sterile and petaloid: fr. ovate-
globose, dotted and reticulated, nearly smooth, flesh-
colored. <iuiana and Peru. Recently introduced into
southern Florida as a frait-plant, but very little known.
Li, H. B.
DULtCHIUM (old Latin nf^me). Ct/perdceie. One
perennial species ( />. Spathdi-eum, Pers.), in eastern
N. Amer. Grass-like, with terete leafy culms, 2-3 ft.
tall: grows in ponds and swales. Has been offered by
collectors as a bog plant.
DTTBANTA (after Castor Durantes, physician and
botanist, died 1.590). Ver. -"^ceie. About 10 species of
tropical A- *can shrubs, ^ which 2 kinds are culti-
vated outdoors in Florida and California, and in a few
northern greenhouses. The best known kind has long
racemes of blue, 5-lobed fls., followed by yellow berries
which remain all winter. It is said to be used for orna-
meptal hedges in warm regions. Shrubs, glabrous or
woolly, often armed with axillary spines: lvs. opposite
or in whorls, entire or toothed: racemes long and ter-
minal or short and axillary: fls. small, short-pedicelled
in the axis of a small bract; corolla limb of 5 spreading
obUqufi or equal lobes; stamens 4, didynamous.
A. Stems irithotit prickles.
Pluml^ri, Jacq. Golden Dew Drop. Shrub, G-15 ft.
high: branches ash-colored, villous: lvs. opposite, ellip-
tic, acute, entire or obtusely an<l unequally saw-toothed
abo" ^ the middle: fls. pale bin* or lilac, with 2 purple
Btreu ".s down the middle of the 2 sma'ler and narrower
lobes. The above description is from B .. 3:244, where
it is said that another plant was cuUixated which had
long lanceolate lvs., wi*h deep, c'.ose saw-teeth and green
branches. There is a v Ite-fld. variety.
AA. Stems with a few prickles or spines.
EUisia, Jacq. This is at least horticulturally distinct
from the above by reason of the lighter color of its fls.,
but it has been lately referred to D. Plumieri. B.M.
1759 shows the lower half of each lobe white, and a few
short spines on the stem. It adds, "two kinds [of
Duranta], one with thorns and one constantly without,
are • * * cultivated. The lvs. of the smooth are larger
and more coarsely serrated, and the branches more
rounded than in the prickly Duranta." w, jx,
DUSTY MILLEB. Lychnis coronaria ; also species
^f Centaurea and Senecio.
DUTCHMAN'S BBEECHES. Dicentra CucuUaria.
DUTCHMAN'S PIPE is Aristolochia.
DUVAUA. A synonym of Schinus. *
.D'i'CKIA (after Prince Salm-Dyck, German botanist,
and author of a great work on .succulent plants).
Brotnelidcece. About 57 species of succulent plants
from South America, somewhat resembling century
plants, but with smaller spines, as a rule, and flowering
regularly. They are usually stemless, and the lvs. form
dense rosettes. For culture, see Agave. They are
rarely cultivated in Florida and California, and in a few
northern collections. The following have showy yellow
fls. Latest monograph in Latin by C. Mez in DC.
Monogr. Phan. vol. 9 (1890).
A. Inflorescence amply branched or panicled.
altissima, Lindl. Lvs. spiny at the margin : floral
bracts small, all manifestly shorter than the fls. Braz.
Baker's plant of this name is really D. encholirioides,
Mez, which is distinguished by the filaments. Beyond
the tube they are free in the tree D. altissima, while in
Baker's plant they are grown together about a twelfth
of an inch. The sepals are obtuse in Lindley's plant, but
acute in Mez's.
AA. Inflorescence not branched, a raceme or spike.
B. Fls. ivith scarcely atty pedicel; filaments forming
a tube.
rarifl6ra, Schult. Lvs. with small spines on the mar-
gin, shorter than in i>. altissima : sepals not emargi-
nate at the apex : upper sheaths of the scape shorter
than the internodes. Braz. B.M. 3449. B.R. 21:1782.
BB. Fls. with a short but conspicuous pedicel; fila-
ments not forming a tube all the tcay.
c. Fls. loosely disposed, erect.
gemell^ria, Morr. This is the plant which Baker calls-
I), sulphurea, not Koch's plant.
CO. Fls. more densely disposed, spreading.
snlphtirea, C. Koch, not Baker. Lvs. with small spine*
at the margin : sheaths of the scape longer than the in-
ternodes, the higher ones entire: bracts lanceolate, the
lowest conspicuously longer than the pedicelled tts.:
blades of the petals wide and longer than the stamens.
Brazil. W. M.
DYEB'S WEED. Reseda Luteola.
DYPSIS (obscure name). Palmiiceo', tribe Arecete.
Perhaps half a dozen species of Madagascar palms that
have been poorly described and are little known. They
are all small, unarmed palms, with reed-like stems. Lvs.
terminal, entire, bifid at the apex or pinnatisect ; seg-
ments split at the apex or irregularly toothed, the apical
ones confluent: sheath short: spadices long, loosely fld.:
fruit small, oblong or ovoid, straight or curved, oblique
at the I -se.
Nc pecies of Dypsis are coTumon in cultivation, as
they p«>ssess but little beauty. They are among the
easiest and quickest to germinate. All of them require
a stove temperature. IK Madagasc(iri'''nsis, Nicholson,
is also known as Areca Madagascari^'nsis, Mart. i>.
pinnatifroHs, Mart. (.1. gracilis, Thou.i, is one of sev-
eral pl-...;s that have been known as Areca gracilis. It
is a pretty palm, now grown in large (piantities by some
dealers. Jabed G. Smith and G, W. Oliver.
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Professor L. H. Bailey, of Cornell Uni\er.^ity." — Chicago Tribune.
"The ' Rural Science Series,' representing the truly scientific spirit which now pervades our leading schools
of agriculture, in an attempt to popularize fundamental agricultural lav*?, and at tLe same time to inculcate
practical lessons in the art of tilling the soil." — Review of Bevieivs.
The Macmillan Company
new YORK CHICAGO BOSTON SAN FRANCISCO
h
'%'
The Garden 'Craft Series
WRITTEN BY
PROFESSOR L. H. BAILEY
Of Cornell University, Eklitor of the Cyclopedia of American Horticulture
PRACTICAL handbooks for the horticukurist, explaining and
illustrating in detail the various important methods. They
may be called manuals of practice, and, although nearly all are
written by Professor Bailey, of Cornell University, they include
the opinions and methods of successful specialists in many lines.
It should be emphasized that the Gakden- Craft Manuals are not
one man's opinion, but summaries of principles and of the best
practice.
The volumes are compact, uniform, and are illustrated as the
subject demands. They are of convenient shape for the pocket,
and are bound in flexible green cloth.
THE HORTICULTURIST'S RULE BOOK. By L. H. Bailey. 312 pp. 75 cts.
THE NURSERY-BOOK. By L. H. Bailey. 365 pp. $1.
PLANT-BREEDING. By L. H. Bailey. 293 pp. $1.
THE FORCING-BOOK. By L. H. Bailey. 266 pp. $1.
GARDEN-MAKING. By L. H. Bailey. 417 pp. $1.
THE PRUNING- BOOK. By L. H. Bailey. 537 pp. $1.50.
AMATEUR'S PRACTICAL GARDEN-BOOK. By C. E. HuNN and L. H. Bailey.
In the press.
OTHER WORKS BY PROFESSOR BAILEY
THE CYCLOPEDIA OF AMERICAN HORTICULTURE. 4 vols Vol. 1 ready;
Vols. II, III, IV in the press.
THE EVOLUTION OF OUR NATIVE FRUITS. 435 pp. $2.
THE SURVIVAL OF THE UNLIKE. 515 pp. $2.
LESSONS WITH PLANTS. 491 pp. $1.10 net.
FIRST LESSONS WITH PLANTS. 117 pp. 40 cts. net.
The Macmillan Company
NEW YORK CHICAGO BOSTON SAN FRANCISCO
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