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1
THE HISTORY
OF
jdf ^micnntenliM (lejreveiTiids pere;! v»;irmcS ae t^.isiflsarrasin.ou ml fnsfveii' Ic )« yfdmt^ni
ancien noiiverneur de laville 'ile CaslelsarrasiTi.
SwWlUUttac Oci Cviutil immwioaf \V liWUlMnajill.Uui(rt.€t(<KiiK.^//fl!'
( r (lilirrjIiMl iu ifltvi'ifrmi)
Old Cakmiu.itk Ciu'Kcii— nuw a 1'rison — whrue Cadiliac's honks kki'ose.
'I'liu picluri' and liiirriiij; ;ire rtproiliuid from the pniiitiiiK prtsmtiil in tin: City of Detroit
l)y tlic Miiiiicipulily uf Custclsiirrusiii, in I'ruiicc.
DETROIT AND MICHIGAN
OR
$be m^tvopolis Illustrated
A CHRONOLOGICAL CYCLOIM^:dia OF THE
PAST AND PRESENT
|N^'-^'I>1N. A KUI.. KKCOKn OK TKKKrroK.AL OAVS ,N MICHH;
AND TIIK ANNALS OF WAYNE COUNTY
" native here, aiul In the man.., Ikiri "
AN
nF.TRori'
SILAS FARMER & CO
CoKNEK „■ .MoN,<„u Avenue am, Far.mek Sikekt
1884
Coi'Ykr;ht, 1884, iiv Sii.AS Fakmiik.
Ai.i. RiiiHTs Resekvkd.
KIwlrotytM'd and I*rf.ntt')I by
TiiK Dktkiiit Kkkk rui':i<H C'iiMImny.
DEDICATION
^URING the progress of this work many friends have greatly aided me in many ways;
one of them, like myself a native of the city, not only assisted me in the manner of
others, but also gave me special encouragement, saying, oftener doubtless than he
remembers: "Don't let yourself be hurried'; take time to do it well." These
I thoughtful, helpful words were privately spoken. I delight in this public acknowledgment of the
long-time friendship and hearty generosity that inspired their utterance, and gratefully dedicate this.
THE FIRST HISTORY OF DETROIT,
TO THOMAS W. PALMER,
THE FIRST SENATOR FROM MICHIGAN
NATIVE TO DETROIT.
Ty best wish is that he may serve the nation, state, and city in as many ways and as effectively
IS he has served
The Author.
PREFACE.
" And so I i»'nnf(l
It down, unlll ai Itnxlh it cainc to lu'
Kor Irnt^'tli and liri'ailtli, I lit' hiv'ncss wliiili you sro."
iSunyan's " A/io/of^y,"
In the summer of 1874 I planned ;i volume entitled "A History of Detroit," with the purpose of
issuinv( the work during the National Centennial. As i)reparations projfresseci, the impossihility of
produein.if a eomplete history in so short a time beeame increasingly apparent, and the plan was
abandoned.
After the original plan was given up, the work of gathering information went forward year by
year, with the purpose of publishing only when no more material w;is known to be obtainable. During
this period, many have asked why the volume was not thiished, and to not a few, the necessity of .spending
so nuiih time was not clearly apparent.
To me the advantages of delay have been daily manifest. 1 now fully understand that a local
history bears to general history the same relation that a microscopic examination bears to one made with
the naked eye; and that this is especially true when the history of ;i city nearly two hundred years okl is •
lobe unfolded, and a work of permanent value i^njduced. The main purpose has been to write a history
of Detroit, but the relation of the city to the territorial government was such that 1 have been compelled
to give more of detail concerning the early history of Michigan than can be founil in all other published
histories.
Time, patience, discrimination, and large expenditures of money have been essential factors in
the prei)aration of the volume; I, however, have had no regrets, for the work has been a labor of lo\e, and
1 have l)een increasingly glad that it was my privilege to write the history of my birthplace.
In view of the strange and interesting incidents connected with the history of Detroit, and the fact
that it epitomizes the history of half the continent, and furnishes much information that is duplicated in
the annals of no other city, it seems strange intleed that no one has heretofore attempted a comprehensive
view of our fair domain. Undoubtedly there are those who could have woven a finer web, but none
could be more earnest or enthusiastic, and the work has waited many years for more skilful hands. If
nativity, continuous residence for twoscore years, and passionate love for the Queen City of the Straits confer
any fitness for the work, so much, at least, is mine. I have studied Cadillac's own writings, handled
tomahawks and scalping-knives stained with the blood of a century ago, read original letters written by
Gladwin and Clark, and, bending over the moldering dust of Hamtramck, " the friend of Washington,"
have received inspiration for my task.
I am compelled to believe that no stranger or resident of i< ■ vears could have accomplished what
I have attempted. Without an intimate knowledge of the city, continuing through many years, various
I obscure and buried facts could not have been unearthed, and historic problems that have eluded all
previous research would have remained unsolved. A chemist sometimes finds out what elements there
are in one substance by adding others : in history one can understand certain facts only as he studies
j them in connection with collateral circumstances. Many topics are so closely related that the history of
either could not be written without a knowledge of the othir.
A good history is like a landscape, in that many things are brought at once within the range of
I vision ; and it should resemble a photograph, preserving those mintite points which give character to the
subject. Facts of little value in themselves are often of great import when considered with attendant
VI
PREFACE.
i
circiimstanres, Stars of the first magnitude are easily found : it is the little asteroids that escape
observation, and as these are discovered various planetary disturbances are explained.
In local history, details, deemed of trilling importance, are often unrecorded. These are, therefore,
difficult to obtain, but tiie knowledge th :y give is frecjueiuiy essential as a key to important facts. Items
that would be unimportant in a national history are in the highest degree appropriate and useful in locil
annals. I have .s<jmetimes found that a single fact bore such relation to various subjects that allusion to
it, or at least knowledge of it, was necessary to an intelligent presentation of several themes. Some
facts were so far away in the dim regions of the past that patient search and close r bservation were
required to find them, and more than once, a week has been spent in obtaining a single date. It is
believed that a special feature of the book — the giving of definite dates of a great number of occurrences
— will add much to its practical value. The giving of so many dates has compelled the use of forms of
expression that might else have been avoided, the interjection of a date often robbing a sentence of its
smoothness; but as the work was designed for reference, mere rhetoric has been sacrificed to definiteness
of detail. 1 have sought for seasoning, but have not desired to serve up that alone. The facts have
certainly been gathered. I have made no jiretence of gathering, but have been conscientiously thorough.
Incomplete literary work, alike with sham, mechanical endeavor, is the bane of the age ; the one often
destroys life, and the other debilitates that appreciation of the true which constitutes one of the joys of
existence.
The search for information has often been pursued under diHiculties that might have been
discouraging if I had not often been rewarded by the discovery of interesting facts, entirely unknown
before. To obtain such facts the mind must be historically magnetized, so that, moving through .stores (jf
material, it will instinctively gather that which is appropriate and useful. If I have failed to do this, it
has not been for \-\ck of a high ideal.
Duyckinck describes the style of Dr. Johnson as consisting in " inimitable generalization supported by
picturesque detail, and animating suggestions enlivened by epigram and antithesis." Could there be a
better standard.-' The tracing of .some facts has been like the tracking of a hare; again and again it has
been necessary to go back on the path, and renew the search, and at times, while rummaging in the garrets
of old French houses and later dwellings, amid the dust and must of a century, I have almost forgotten
to what age I belonged, and have for the time lived in the midst of past regimes.
As Columbus, when he saw branches of trees and .seaweed drifting from the west, was led by the
law of induction to infer the existence of America, so a true historian, by the presence of certain facts,
foreknows the existence of others, and, like Columbus, he is ready to sail upon every sea in search of wh.it
is known but undiscovered, and as he searches for one truth, innumerable others come like reefs and
islands into view. When found, he gloats like a miser over a new acquisition, and delights to recur to,
and call the fact his own. In the search for material I have traversed many untrodden ways, and
searched unnumbered papers and places that will not again yield information.
In local history, division and detail are inseparable and essential. It is as impossible to carry along
in one narrative all the various themes pertaining to the history of a city, as to reproduce in one
photograph the f.'ices of an entire family, giving the appearance of each in childhood, youth, and age.
The method pursued in this work of treating each subject by itself has involved much adtled labor,
and gives opportunity for clo.ser criticism than would otherwise be possible. The plan, in the fullness
with which it has been attempted, is believed to be original. The chronological relation of each import-
ant fact to every other is shown in the annals at the close of the volume. Many so-called local histories
should have a more general title ; they give comparatively few items on local affairs, because the obtaining
of new facts involves much trouble, and it is easier to generalize than to particularize, to copy than in
obtain from original sources.
My aim has been to offer so complete a list of subjects, such fullness of information, and sm h
thoroughness of classification, as to make the volume a model of its kind ; and in no instance was the maj ir
portion of the information in any chapter obtained from any one person, book, or manuscript. In certani
fl subjects
<jH of the tim
™ istics, and
the varied
^ often quot
/; have the <
If sor
resisted an
If to
I have us be
[even in loc
[(Icscribe.
[tain parts <
[ble all pers
7api)ropriate
(the thousai
pounty prio
|he names
books and
M'taincd oi
because I \
J^nd dates.
'Jecol lection
In the
•uhlications
ladison, \\
Society of
listorical S
llso been ni
foiumbus, (
dvania Col
ave all bee
loni the f(i
|aven and
I'racuse, T
llvania; HI
ansing, Kj
|eme,is. Hi
t)rt Huron,
iairie du C
|lllinois; C
I'cru in
^lifornia ; ^
rginia; Fr
|Louisiana
|nada; anc
The wh
ton a larg
I Wavne C
PREFACE.
Vll
; escape
hcreforc,
;. Items
in local
lliision to
Some
tion were
te. It is
t'urrcnccs
forms (if
nee of its
:fmiteness
'acts have
thorough,
one often
e joys of
lave been
unknown
1 stores of
do this, it
iported by
here be a
j;ain it has
he }i;arrets
forgotten
ed by the
;iin farts,
h of what
reefs and
recur to,
ways, and
^rry alona;
•c in one
ijje.
led labor,
fullness
h inipon-
il histories
obtaining
py than to
and such
the maj'ir
In certain
subjects, I have intentionally preserved coliocjuial forms of expression, because they help to show the spirit
of the times, and constitute part of the history of the period. I have desired to exhibit the character-
istics, and the growth of the city in its varied aspects, and to trace in connected form the development of all
the varied orms of its social and governmental existence. Instead of summarizing their contents, I have
often quoted at length from original documents, in the bel' ^.f that others besides myself would be glad to
have the exact language used.
If some of the chapters seem to lack interest, I can only say that certain subjects have obstinately
resisted any other treatment than the plain recital of facts.
If to be a reliable historian, one must be always cool, and calm, and unimpassioned, as some would
[have us believe, then 1 must acknowledge tiiat 1 was untitled for my task. It seenis to me, however, that,
[even in local history, the historian should be full of both the fervor and the flavor of the times he would
[describe. If it be thought that some statements are too highly colored, I can only say that concerning cer-
Itain parts of our story, I have felt that no description could do full justice to the reality. As far as possi-
jble all persons known to have been specially connected with the growth and government of the city are
appropriately mentioned, and no feature proved more difTicult than the gathering and proper spelling of
ihe thousands of names contained herein. Almost without exception the ofilicial records of the city and
comity prior to the last thirty-live years are so meager and so carelessly written that the obtaining of
^he names of many regularly elected officers was only possible by comparing and consulting various
books and par^rs that had no necessary relation to the information sought. Many items have been
bbtained only after hundreds of personal interviews, and the obtaining of the information was only possible
because I was able to bring it to the memory of persons interviewed by reminding them of collateral facts
l^nd dates. With the aid of definite data obtained from written tecords, I have been able to test the
ecoliections of aged persons, and to verify statements that otherwise would have been valueless.
In the search for material I have personally examined, or caused to be examined, the collections and
lubiieations of the American Antiquarian Society, at Worcester, Mass., the State Historical Society, at
ladison, Wis,, the Western Reserve and North Ohio Historical Society, at Cleveland, Ohio, the Historical
|()ciety of rcnnsylvania, at Philadelphia, the Massachusetts Historical Society, at Boston, the Chicago
lislorical Society, and the Historical and Philosophical Society of Ohio, at Cincinnati. Examination has
iso been made of hundreds of old manuscripts and documents at Ottawa, Albany, Indianapolis, Pittsburgh,
|()Uimbus, Cincinnati, and New York. The New York Colonial Documents in ten volumes, and the Penn-
Ivania Colonial Archives and Records in twenty-nine volumes, also the Calendar of N'irginia State Papers
ive all been carefully read. From one letter to scores of letters, with information, have been received
from the following places: Boston, Cambridge, Lowell, Salem, and Worcester in Massachusetts; New
laven and Norwich in Connecticut; Newport in Rhode Island; New York, Brooklyn, Albany, Buffalo,
Lrracuse, Troy, West Point and Manlius in New York; Philadelphia, Harrisburg, and Pittsburgh in Penn-
"^Ivania; I'.lizabeth and Trenton in New Jersey; Ann Arbor, Algonac, Armada, Albion, (irand Rapids,
ansing, Kalamazoo, Jackson, Jonesville, South Haven, Three Rivers, Traverse City, Mackinaw, Mt.
Qenie.is, Birmingham, Howell, liattle Creek, Northville, Owosso, Monroe, Meridian, Michigan Centre,
Port Huron, Ponliac, Plymouth, Petersburgh, Palmyra, and Portland in Michigan; Madison, Milwaukee,
Praiiie du Chien, Calamine, Darlington, and Plymouth in Wisconsin; Chicago, Jacksonville, and Springfield
in Illinois; Clevelc'ind, Cincinnati, Chillicothe, Columbus, and Dayton in Ohio; Indianapolis, Richmond,
and rem in Indiana; St. Louis and Jefferson City in Missouri; Denver in Colorado; San Francisco in
California; Washington and Georgetown in District of Columbia; IJaltimore in Maryland; Richmond in
Vlri;inia; Frankfort, Louisville, Lexington, and Newport in Kentucky; Marietta in Georgia; New Orleans
in Louisiana; Jacksonville in Florida; Toronto, Ottawa, Quebec, Kleinbergh, Brockville, and Hamilton in
Gfcnada ; and from Di'blin, Ireland ; London, England ; and Paris, France.
The whole list of letters received numbers 2,166. From the State and War Departments at Wash-
ington a large amount of valuable information not heretofore published was obtained. The old volumes in '
the Wayne County register's office, and the plat-books, have all been inspected ; also the registers and files
Vlll
PRF.FACK.
In the probate office, tlur records of tlie coumy comiiiissioners and Hoard of Siiper\isors. aiul other records
in the olliecs of the comity clerk, county auditors, and county treasurer. incUidiiig many old township records
and proceedin>(s of the Hoard of Klection Canvassers. As havinj; direct connection with city matters, .ill
the old records of the Governor .iml Jud.i{es, and their procecdin.us as a land hoard, have l)een re.ul, ;md
with them a variety of petitions, memorials, and rcjiorts made to the (Governor .-md Judi^es, the Hoard of
Trustees, and the Common Council; also the records of the Hoard of Trustees of the town of Detroit,
bejrinninji with 1802, all of the proceedings of the Common Council from 1815 to the present, tojjether
with innumerable ordinances which from time to time have been passed. Tiie annual messages of mriyors
and reports of the several city ofl'icers have been consulted, and every rejiort m.ide by the W.-iter. Fire.
I'olice, and House of Correction Commissioners ;uul the Ho.ird of I'ublic Works h;is furnished material for
the work. I have also made use of the printed reports of the Hoard of Kducati< and iiave read, mostly
in manuscript, the proceedin),'s of their several meetintrs, i)e,ijinninj,' with 1842. h published Directory
of Detroit has been studied, and every m.ip of the city, either large or small, consulted; also the registers
and records of several of the old fire companies, and several hundred miscell.meous pamphlets,
During the progress of the work I have been .lided in every possible way by those who have made a
specialty of preserving information concerning the city. And first of ;ill. I name with grateful thanks
Judge James V. Campbell, who has, at all times, given without stint the advantage of his exception.illy
reliable and complete knowledge of the past. Hut for his unfailing courtesy ;md long-continued help. I
shoukl have h;id much less courage in going on with the work. With his n.ime 1 must also associate the
name of that kind and courteous gentleman, C. C. Trowbridge, who so lately passed to his reward. He
laid his memory and his manuscripts under contribution to furnish scores of items for this volume. No
one equalled him in knowledge on many subjects connected with Detroit. Miscellaneous information of
great variety and much interest was gleaned from the files of newspapers which 1 was fortunate in tinding
nearly complete, for every year from 1817 to the present time. All were carefully looked over, — for
some years tiles of two and three papers were examined. — a total of twenty thousand copies having been
consulted. In many of them, even the advertisements were scanned for items ;md suggestions. This effort
alone occupieil several months. For the use of various files 1 am under particular obligation to William E,
Quinby. of The Detroit Free Press; William Stocking. L. F. H;irter, and H. F. H.iker, of The Post and
■ Tribune; and James H. Stone, C. H. Hackus, and F. (i. Holden. formerly connecteil with the last-named
paper. The files of The Evening News and the personal knowledge of its founder and chief proprietor.
James E. Scripps. were also laid under contribution. It is not too much to say that, without an examina-
tion of the newspaper files, it would have been utterly impossible to prepare a history of the city which
would have been at all complete, bi addition t(j the local newspapers, the files of The National Intelli-
gencer at Washington from 1800 to 1817, of The Alexandria Herald from 1810 to 1825, of The Philadelphia
Aurora from 1798 to 181 5, and also old files of The Pittsburgh Commonwealth, The (Quebec (iazette, and
a full series of Niles's Register were examined. All of these publications were issued before any
paper was published at Detroit, and they contained many facts not found elsewhere. Even the hotel
registers have furnished some items of interest, and the reports of business, charitable, literary, and
educational institutions and societies have been systematically obtained and digested.
The reports of the Supreme Court, and certain of the court files, calendars, and "short books" have
contributed valuable facts, and reference has been had to various volumes in the Har Library. 'I'hrough the
courtesy of C. I. Walker, secretary of the Historical Society organized many years ago, by General Cass,
H. R. Schoolcraft, and other distinguished men, I had access to and have copied many of the original
records, documents, and manuscripts, on different subjects, collected by that organization. Judge Walker's
own library, including his private scrap-books, were also generously opened to my inspection ; al.so
scrap-books owned by Samuel Zug, George W. Osborn, J. E. Pittman, I^evi Rishop, and others. Several
old wills in the probate office, the private diaries of individuals, and in several instances family records
' have furnished incidents and items. Many of the older families brought out for examination old
hair-trunks and wooden chests full of papers, and several score of these receptacles of the past
were diligently
and Hamilton '
vidiials have bet
Wondbridge. W
The (ild ac(
farts. Much de
and General Wil
in 1796. The v(
Hurton, were wi
aid of H. Prudlu
the history of
Vicar-General,
had to the pri\
work. The clerj
exception, have
such facts as wcr
H. P. Haldwin. (
Clair I'apers ne
were published i
exceeding interes
manuscript volun
personally examii
In order to 0
direction journey:
de la Grave, Caui
descendants, anc
dered by Messrs.
by the services an
gratification of fir
dantly compensat
Through the
Registrar at Quel
nearly threescore
material extracte
pertaining to De
use ">f by Mrs.
collated. Inforn
Indiana. Kentuck
territorial docuiiK
officers for every
messages ; the re
the territorial off
complete coUectif
Lansing, were, v
States from ihe
debates, and the
several census re
Ottawa, and the
promise of any ii
I
PREFACE.
IX
were diliRcntly examined. In many of the old papers the signatures of Hradstrcet, Carlton, Vaiidreuil,
and Hamilton were frequently seen. Among the valuable manuscripts, which by ihe courtesy of indi-
viduals have hvvn consulted, were the papers of Judges Woodward and May, also those of the Abbott,
WDodbridge. Witherell, I'almcr, Cooper. Ikush, and Campau families.
The old accoiuit-books of the Macomb family and of Thomas Smith have afforded many curious
facts. Much desirable information was secured by an examination of the original letter-books of D. Henly
and deneral Wilkins, covering the period just i)ri()r and subseciuciit to the surrender of the post of Detroit
in 1796. The very complete abstracts of titles in Wayne County, prepared by K. C. Skinner an C. M.
liiirton, were willingly placed at my service, and through the courtesy of Rev. Father Anciaux, and vs.. 1 the
aid of H. I'rudhomme, the records of St. Anne's Church, dating from 1704, were examined. In preparing
the history of the Roman Catholic churches and their schools, I was especially aided by the
Vicar-C>eneral, F. Hennaert, and the Secretary of the Diocese, Rev. C. P. Maes. Access was also
had to the private library of Hishop Borgess, who has evinced in various ways his appreciation of my
work. The clergymen of every denomination, and the officers of societies of every kind, almost without
exception, have cordially exhibited the official records in their care, and have aided in obtaining from them
such facts as were desired. Hy persevering effort, continued for nearly a year, and with the help of Senator
H. P. Baldwin, ex-President R. B. Hayes, and (iovernor Charles Foster, 1 obtained access to the St.
Clair Papers nearly two years before they were opened to the public eye, and long before they
were published in book form. When read in connection with other facts, some of the letters are of
exceeding interest. The twenty-six volumes of Sir William Johnson's Manuscripts at Albany, and the
manuscript volumes of the Haldimand and Simcoe Papers at Ottawa, several luhidred in number, were
personally examined, and many entirely new and hitherto unknown facts gleaned therefrom.
In order to obtain information relating to Cadillac I pushed my inquiries to France, and under my
direction journeys of inquiry and search were made to Aix, Fumel, Castelsarrasin, Montauban, St. Nicolas
de la (">rave, Caumont. Angeville, Mombeau, and Toulouse. Inquiries were made among relatives and
de.scendants, and old notarial and parish records were examined. In these endeavors the aid ren-
dered by Messrs. Flamens and Tau|)iac, of Castelsarrasin, was of great value, and I was specially aided
hy the services and suggestions of Hon. George Walker, the United States Consul-General at Paris. The
gratification of finding the place and date of birth of the lounder of Detroit, heretofore unknown, abun-
dantly compensated for the trouble and outlay.
Through the aid of L. P. Sylvain of the Library of Parliament at Ottawa, and T. P. Bedard, Provincial
Registrar at Quebec, copies of the official correspondence of the governors of New France, contained in
nearly threescore large manuscript folios, were examined, and a large amount of valuable and entirely new
material extracted therefrom. Access was also had to the copies of original documents and letters
pertaining to Detroit, obtained in London and Paris by General Cass, only part of which were made
use ^( by Mrs. Sheldon, and a number of other French manuscripts have been translated, and
collated. Information has been obtained directly from the State officers of Massachusetts, Ohio,
Indiana, Kentucky, and Michigan, and I have examined all the laws of the Northwest Territory, the
territorial documents of Indiana and Michigan, the State Laws of Michigan, the reports of Michigan State
officers for every year, and all the Legislative Council, House, and Senate journals, and the governors'
messages ; the registers of the official acts of the territorial governors, and copies of the correspondence of
the territorial officers, with the Departments at Washington, still on file at the national capital. The very
complete collection of books and manuscripts concerning Michigan, collected by the late W. S. George, of
Lansing, were, with his nearty permission, consulted with much advantage. The laws of the United
States from the first to the last Congress, with scores of published volumes of congressional annals and
debates, and the immense tomes known as the American State Papers and American Archives, and the
several census reports from 18 10, have all been used. All the volumes in the Library of Parliament, at
Ottawa, and the Library of Congress at Washington, and all the rich resources gathered at Madison, giving
promise of any information, have also been examined.
1
PREFACE.
Of published works more immediately connected wiili Detroit, use has In-cn made of the Historical
and Scientific Discourses of Messrs. Cass, Sciioolcraft. anti Whitin^^ ; Mrs. Sheldon's and Lanman's Histories
of Michigan; Blois's Gazetteer; Campbell's Outlines of the Political History of Michigan; Lanman's Red
I5ook; Schojlcrafts Memoirs. Clark's History of the Wyandotts; the four volumes of Collections of the
Michigan Tioneer Society, Roberts' Sketches of Detroit, and M. Rameau's Notes Historiques sur la Colonic
Canadienne de Detroit. A great number of miscellaneous works in the State, Public, Mechanics', Young
Men's, Cass, and University of Michigan Libraries have been consulted ; and among those which have
afforded a few items, the following volumes should be noted •. Atvvater's History of Ohio, Albach's
Western Annals, Armstrong's Notices of War of 1812, Adventures of Daniel Boone, Barber's Historical
Collections of Ohio, B^urnet's Notes on the Northwest Territory, Bancroft's History of the United States
(ten volumes). Bell's History of Canada, Butler's History of Kentucky, Brown's View of the Campaign of the
Western Army, Bang's History of the M. E. Church (four volumes), Butterfield's Crawford's Campaign
against Sandusky and Washington-Irvine Letters, Caniff's Settlement of Upper Canada, Craig's Olden Time.
Campbell's Life of William Hull, Coffin's 1812 — the War and its Moral, Carver's Travels, Cist's
Miscellany, Colden's Five Nations, Collin's History of Kentucky (two volumes), Clark's Proofs of the
Corruption of General James Wilkinson (two volumes). Collections of Massachusetts Historical Society
(forty-one »'olumes), Dillon's History of Indiana, Dubuisson's Report of the Siege of Detroit, Dawson's
Life of Harrison. Darby's Tour from New York to Detroit, Drake's Life of Tecumseh, De Peystcr's
Miscellanies, Mis. EUet's Pioneer Women of the West, Forbes's Trial of General Hull, P'rench's Historical
Collections of Louisiana (five volumes), Gayarre's History of Louisiana, Garneau's History of Canada (two
volumes), Hildreth's Pioneer History, Hull's Memoirs, Hennepin's Travels, Hecke iwaelder's >' ■ 'e,
Jefferson's Correspondence (seven volumes), James's Military Occurrences, Ketchim's Buff nrl -he
Senecas (two volumes), Lossing's Fieldbook of War of 1812, Laverdiercs Champhin (s.x volum La
Hontan's Travels, Loskiel's History of the Missions of the United Brethren, McAfee's History of f Late
War, Mackenzie's Life of Commodore Perry, McI3onald's Western Sketches, Manti's History of ; Late
War in North America, McKenny's Tour of the Lakes, McCiung's Western Sketches, Menic/irs of
Chevalier de Beauchene, Memoire de Bougainville, Memoire sur la Canada, Marshall's Kentucky, Monnette's
History of the Valley of the Mississippi (three volumes), Margry's Relationes Incdites, and also his five
volumes on Early French Discoveries, Official Correspondence of the War of 181 2, Ontwa, the Son of the
Forest, Pouchot's Memoirs (two volumes), Parknian's La Salle and the IDiscovery of the (Jreat West, Old
Regime in Canada, and Conspiracy of Pontiac, Pickett's History of Alabama, Roger's Diary of the Siege of
Detroit, Roger's Journal, Stoddard's Louisiana, Shea's Translation of Charlevoix's New France (six
volumes), Smith's History of Canada, Smith's History of Wisconsin, Schoolcraft's Aboriginal Tribes of
North America (six volumes). Stone's Life of J. Ikant, and Life and Times of Sir William Johnson, Spark's
Letters to Washington (four volumes), Theller's Canada in 1837, Todd and Drake's Life of Harrison,
Tasse's Les Canadiennes de I'Ouest, Williams's American Pioneer, Weld's Travels in North America,
Wilkinson's Memoirs, and Young and Smith's Life of Governor Cass.
The above list of books very nearly represents the bibliography of Detroit. A notable sentence which
appears in many of the works was originally uttered by General Cass in an address before the State Historical
Society. He said, " No place in the United States presents such a series of events interesting in themselves
and permanently affecting, as they occurred, its progress and prosperity. Five times its tlag has changed,
three different sovereignties have claimed its allegiance, and since it has been held by the United States,
the government has been thrice transferred ; twice it has been besieged by the Indians, once captured in
war, and once burned to the ground." Apparently every one who has wru en on Detroit was impressed
with the elegance with which Governor Cass epitomized the history ot this region. In the course of my
researches I have found the extract given in whole or in part by several score of writers, and almost with-
out an exception, no credit was gi en to the author of the paragraph, which is panoramic in the complete-
ness with which it presents our histo.7.
For personal letters containing items of interest on many subjects, I have been indebted to Francis
Parkman, the i
tucky ; to C. C.
North Ohio, Hi;
author of Hisi
* O. H. Marsh.i
to the Hon. Th(
History of the
Worcester, Mas
and his co-labor
of the Magazine
the Dominion
She.i, the well-ki
of various histc
Peyster, lineal
author of the R
has answered st
F. Saunders, lib
the Ohio Historic
city, called atten
suggestions and
Wood, of Albion,
C. Fargo, of New
Taylor, of Michig
John T. Blois, aul
Michigan " is wid
sies to Henry Gi
afforded every pos
Clerks C. H. Borg
For translati(
indebted to L. L.
James A. Girardii
have aided me w
Messrs. William
Christian, (jreror
Connor, Alexande
D. B. Duflield, S
M. W. Field, * Re
E. C. Hinsdale, Mr
C. B. Howell, Wil
Jones, *R, F. Join
Ladue. A. C. McC
Minchener, James
Raymond, A. B. R
Dr. Morse Stewarl
D. Wilkins, W. B.
H. N. Walker, J. (
The work of
PREFACE.
XI
I'arkinan, tlie noted historian of the old French reifinio, to R. H. Collins, author of tlie History of Ken-
tucky ; to C. C. Haldvvin, Chas. Whittlesey, and H. N. Johnson, of Cleveland, of the Western Reserve and
North Ohio, Historical Society ; to Prof. C. E. Anthon of New York ; to *John IJ. Dillon, of Indianapolis ;
author of History of Indiana; to * Rev. Martin Kun(li,l,^ of Milwaukee; to *Dr. Leonard Bacon; to
* O. H. Marshall, of the Buffalo Historical Society, author of sever.il monographs on historical subjects;
to the Hon. Thomas Reynolds, of Ottawa; to Benjamin Suite, also of Ottawa, author of the most recent
History of the French Canadians ; to S. F. Havens, Secretary of the American Antiquarian Society at
Worcester, Mass.; to L. C. Draper, LL. D., Secretary of the State Historical Society of Madison, Wis.,
and his co-laborer D. S. Durrie, librarian of the .same society ; and to John Austin Stevens, former editor
of the Ma.ijazine of American History. 1 am also specially indebted to Douglass Brymner, Archivist of
the Dominion at Ottawa, and his polite assistants, Messrs. Alexander Duff and C. Rose ; to Dr. John G.
Shea, the well-known Catholic author; to Benson J. Lo.ssiny, Chas. Gayarre, of New Orleans, author
of various historical works on Louisiana; to Hon. Frederick Do I'eyster and General J. Watts De
Peyster, lineal descendants of Major Arent S. De Peyster, and to Charles Lanman, of Georgetown,
author of the Red Book. The librarian of Congress, A. R. Spofford, with great patience and cordiality,
has answered scores of letters, and aided me in securing much information not otherwise obtainable,
F. Saunders, librarian of the Astor Library, performed similar services; Julius De.\ter, secretary of
the Ohio Historical and Philosophical Society at Cincinnati, and Robert Clarke, publisher, of the same
city, called attention to facts that resulted in obtaining matter of great interest and value. Various
suggestions and items, some of them highly important, were obtained by correspondence with M. B.
Wood, of Albion, *Rev. Dr. Alfred Brunson, of Prairie du Chien, E. M. McCiraw, of Plymouth, Wis., James
C. Fargo, of New York, William Sutton, of Battle Creek, Judge John E. Parke, of Pittsburg, Re"\ George
Taylor, of Michigan, John Smith, Jr., of Romeo, L. M. Miller, of Lansing, and B. O. Williams, of Owosso.
John T. Blois, author of the Gazetteer of 1839, and Mrs. E. M. Sheldon Stewart, whose " Early Days of
Michigan " is widely esteemed, have personally furnished items of value. I am indebted for many courte-
sies to Henry Gillman, librarian of the Public Library; both he and his predecessor. Prof. H. Chaney,
afforded every possible facility and privilege. 1 have also been the recipient of many favors from City
Clerks C. H. Borgman, Louis Dillman, and Alexander A. Saenger.
For translations of a number of old French letters, documents, and manuscripts I am specially
indebted to L. L. Barbour. I also secured much valuable aid from Messrs. Bela Hubbard, J. C. Holmes,
James A. Girardin, *Levi Bishop, T. P. Hall, R. R. I-Hliott, and J. C. W. Seymour. To name all who
have aided me would be impossible, but 1 must, in justice to myself, mention the helpful courtesy of
Messrs. William Barclay, Herbert Bowen, Dr. William Brodie, J. J. Bardwell, Walter Crane, M. P.
Christian, (irerory J. Campau, D. J. Campau, Jr., *W. K. Coyl, S. B. Coyl, *Z. Chandler, Dr. L.
Connor, Alexander Chapoton, Adam Couse, E. V. Cicotte, H. A. Chaney, Levi E. Dolsen, P. E. De Mill,
D. B. Duffield, S. T. Douglass, Henry Doty, S. D. Elwood, J. R. Elliott, J. S. Farrand, C. J. O'Flvnn,
M. W. Field, *Rev. George Field, L. L. Farnsworth, Mark Flanigan, M. H. Gascoigne, Chauncy Hurlbut,
E.C. Hinsdale, Mrs. W. Y. Hamlin, * Richard Hawley, Rev. M. Hickey. Ma;; Hochgraef, 1). Farrand Henry,
C. B. Howell, William Harsha, Walter S. Harsha, G. A. Hough, John H. Harmon, James F. Joy, J. Huff
Jones, *R. F. Johnstone, John Kendall (of the Fire Department), L. P. Knight, Henry W. Lord, W. N.
Ladue, A. C. McGraw, Frederick Morley, J. F. Munroe, L. R. Meserve, Mrs. Andrew Myler, George H.
Minchener, James McKay, John Owen. Thomas W. Palmer, Philo Parsons, George W. Paltison, Francis
Raymond, A. B. Raymond, C. N. Riopelle, Robert E. Roberts, A. Sheley, F. H. Seymour, Henry .St.irkey,
Dr. Morse Stewart, J. M. B. Sill, Elisha Taylor, J. E. Tryon, Henry M. Utley, * Caleb \'an Husan, *William
D. Wilkins, W. B. Wesson, Dudley B. Woodbridge, Jefferson Wiley, *J. L. Whiting, *A. S. Williams,
H. N. Walker, J. C. Warner, and Dr. C. C. Yemans.
The work of procuring originals from w hich to make illustrations of pa.'Jt scenes, the selecting and
*A11 tlicse Imvu passed away while thu work was in piuKress.
XII
PREFACE.
obtainiiijf subjects for enijravings to represent the present period, and the gatherinjj of data for some of the
specially important pictures, proved both difficult and expensive. In certain representations I was fortunate
in securirij( the aid of C. W. Sumner, who successfully carried out my desires.
Where any picture has been produced without an original from which to copy, the utmost care has
been taken to have the illustration conform to the facts, and the few drawings for such pictures,
before being engraved, were submitted for criticism to competent persons. In the various parts of one
picture there are facts obtained from a daguerreotype, from an old photograph of a still older lithograph,
from an original architect's plan, from a pencil-sketch by a former carpenter who has for many years been
an esteemed minister; several old deeds were also consulted, and all the facts obtained, as well as the results
of a dozen interviews with competent critics, are embodied in the engraving. In producing the engravings
the aim has been historic accuracy rather than artistic effect, and what may be lacking in the finish of
some pictures is intended to be more than made up in the fullness and range of illustrations contained in
the volume.
In making the engravings of buildings and scenes of the present day, the photographs, in nearly
every case, were taken specially for this work ; and in collecting all of the materials, where information
was to be obtained, no question of time, or toil, or cost has been considered. Every person, place, book,
or depository promising information upon any subject relating to the city has been laid under contribution.
Every clue has been followed, every suggested receptacle searched, and every individual interviewed that
there was reason to suppose could aid in the work.
In collecting and compiling, the following plan was pursued. I first searched everywhere for
everything of interest on every subject, and carefully copied what was found. All the facts were ne.xt
classified by subjects, and then arranged in chronological order. Each subject was afterwards taken up
separately, and written out as fully as the facts obtained would allow. I'oints or details found to be
lacking were noted, the necessary details looked up, and the several subjects were then again rewritten.
Finally, during the ten years the work has been in preparation, careful attention has been paid to all events
pertaining to the history of the city ; these have been noted and added as they occurred, and up i< the
time of going to press the several subjects are believed to be complete. Both in the text and in the
illustrations certain information is given, which, if not of great present value, will become of service as
the years progress.
In putting into shape the materials I have gathered I have sought to be candid and accurate, and
hope that no evidences of narrowness or bigotry can be shown. The variety of subjects made ;iiiy
methodical and proper classification very difficult. The arrangement finally adopted was carefully
thougiit over, and is believed to be as convenient and appropriate as possible. A small amount of space
has been devoted to business interests. Without stores and manufactories no city could exist, and the
establishments represented find legitimate place in a history intended to be complete. In view of the
magnitude of the work and the minuteness of the information it contains, it will be strange indeed if no
errors are discovered ; every effort has, however, been made to insure accuracy, and the author will
greatly appreciate the courtesy of any person giving information that will in any way add to the
value or completeness of future editions.
The full and careful index was compiled, partly as a labor of love, because of his interest in
the work, by Prof. Henry Chaney, formerly Librarian of the Public Library. The mention of this fact
is a guarantee that it has been prepared with scholarly care.
In the final completion of the volume I have been materially aided by the courteous and competent
foreman of the Free Press Book Room, Mr. Louis Beckbissinger ; he has made numerous practical
and valuable suggestions, and has faithfully supervised the w-ork.
With these statements I confidently submit the volume to all who have an appreciation of local history ;
and if the public experience in reading, a tithe of the pleasure that I have found in gathering and gleaning.
I am sure of grateful remembrance.
Detroit, August, 1884.
S. F.
Detroit : Its
Records. —
Woril Dctn
Relation to
pearance. —
field.
The River, Isla
A Natural
V^olume of
.sence of Dai
Facilities. —
and Docks,
Tiirce Old
Fishing at C
Soil and Produc
tiori.-^V'ast I
Native Woo
Place— Wea
itors. — Migr
Enormous P
Indian Farn:
Importance c
Dead Bodies
plies from tlu
Tiffin's False
Tobacco to 1
Schoolcraft's
Cadillac's Grant.
Cadill.'ic's Tr
Conditions o
Rei>()rt. — Ca
Governor aiu
Jr. — The M;
Illegalities of
Claims. — (in
French Claim
Names of Coi
TABLE OF CONTENTS.
PART I.— LOCALITY.
CHAPTER I.
Detroit: Its Names, Location, and Surroundings. — An Old City.— Remarkable Facts. — Unique
Rt'coicis. — Indian Desiijnations. — Their Meaninj;^. — A Prophetic Name. — Later Names. — The
Word Detroit. — Corporate Titles. — Location of City. — lioiindaries. — Latitude and Lonj^itude. —
Relation to Other Cities. — Conformation of Cround. — Mrs. Jameson's Description. — Present Aj)-
pearance. — Adjacent Townships and Villages, — Hamtramck, Springwells, Crosse I'ointe, Green-
field.
3-5
CHAPTER II
The River, Islands, Wharves and Docks, Streams and Mills. — The River. — Orijjinal Scenery. —
A Natural and National Boundary. — Lenj^th, Width, Depth, Character of Bottom. — Harbor. —
Volume of Water. — Current. — Elevation above Sea. — Condition in Winter. — Ice Supply. — Ab-
.sence of Danj-er. — Highest and Lowest Levels. — Causes of Rise and Pall. — Temperature. — Boating
Facilities. — Excursions. — Names of Islands. — Origin of Names. -^ Curious Statements. — Wharves
and Docks. — The River Line. — Improvement of River Front. — Early Docks. — Length of Docks.—
Three Old .Streams. — Courses and Names of Streams. — Accident on the Savoyard. — Bridges. —
Fishing at Congress Street. — Transformations. — Old Mills. — Their Location. 6-10
CHAPTER III.
Soil and Products, Game, Grain, and Fruits. — Cood Soil. — Different Strata. — Cadillac's Descrip-
tion.— V^ist Prairies. — Rows of Trees. — Fruits. — Wild Animals. — Game Birds. — Large Buffaloes. —
Native Woods. — Swans and Ducks. — An Indian's Illustration. — Serene Skies. — A Desirable
Place.— Weaving Buffalo Wool. — Numerous Wolves. —Wolf Scalps.— Pigeon Roosts. — Bear Vis-
itors.— Migratory Game, —.Song Birds. — Flowers. — Berries. — Wild Honey. — Maple Sugar. —
Enormous ' Production. — Indian Mococks. — De Peyster's " Sugar Makers." — Early Harvests. —
hulian Farmers. — Scarcity of Provisions. — Help from Montreal. — Bougainville's Description. —
Importance of Detroit. — A Thousand Bushels of Wheat Burned. — A Famine Imminent.— Two
Dead Bodies on the Beach. — Continued Scarcity. — Clouds of Ducks. — Sportsmen Drowned. —Sup-
plies from the King's Stores.— Acreage under Cultivation. — Apples and Cider.— Pears and Poems.—
Tithn's False Report. — Enormous Vegetables. — First Wagon-load of Flour. — Exporting Flour. —
Tobacco to Baltimore. — Remarkable Fruits. — First Agricultural Society. — Fish and Fi.sheries. —
Schoolcraft's Eulogy. — The State Fish Hatchery. u-16
CHAPTER IV.
Cadillac's Grant.— French Farms or Private Claims.— Lands Covered by City.— Seigneurial Rights.—
Cadillac's Traditional Grant. — Its Limit.— His Claims. — Grounds of Claim. — His Concessions.—
Conditions of his (irants. — Singular Requirements. — (irants within Stockade. — Aigremont's
Report, — Cadillac's Departure. — His Property. — Cadillac's Claims Conceded. — Intrigues of
Governor and Intendant. — The King's Decree. — His Purpose Defeated. — Memorial of La Mothe,
Jr. — The Maichen's Deed. — A Vague Conveyance. — Misstatements. — The Facts Analyzed. —
Illegalities of Commandants. — The" Beauharnois Grants. — Their Order,— Explanation of Old
Claims, — (;rants by English Commandants, — Indian Deeds. — The French Farms. — Settlement of
French Claims.— Doings and Reports of Commissioners.— Surveyors' Blunders.— Careless Clerks.—
Names of Commissioners. 17-23
[xiii]
XIV
TABLK OF CONTENTS.
CHAPTER V.
The Public Domain. — The Park Lots and the Ten-Thousand-Acre Tract. —The Governor and
Judges' Plan. — Land Boards. — Thf Coniiiion Fifkl. - Co-opiTative Labor. — The Commons. —
United States l'ro|)crty. — The Wilkins Letter. — Claim of Iniiabitants. — Memorial to Coni^re.ss. —
Statements of Hull and Woodward. — Indij^nant Inhabitants. — Action of C.overnor and Judges.—
Lots -.'ersus I'astures.— Renewed Complaints. — The Park Lots. — Location. — When Surveyed.—
Ten-Thousand-Acre Tract. — Date of Survey. — Governor and Judges' Plan. — Size of Ancient
Lots. — Meetini; under Pear Trees. — Woodward's Persuasions. — Cientle's Humorous Description.—
Woodward's I'erformances. — Discontent of People. — The (iovernor and Judges' Regulations. —
Prices of Lots. — Hull and Woodward Visit Washington. — The Act of 1806. — Convivial Legis-
lators.— .Mysterious Transactions. — Suspicion of Inhabitants. — Unnecessary Delays. — Bad Man-
agement. — Protests of People. — Plan of Division. — Classification of Inhabitants. — More
Mancjeuvring. — Liberal Constructions. — Donation Lots. — Room for Criticism. — Changes in
Plans. — -Changes in Numbers of Lots. — Woodward's Letter to Madison. — The Book of Sections. —
The Woodward Plan. — Its Advantages. —Washington the Model.— The Plan Inoperative. — Why
Changed. — The Olficial Map. — Unlawful Powers. — Peculiar Management. — No Financial
Report. — Remarkable Confidence. — A Uniijue History. — The Detroit Fund. — Secretaries of Land
Board. — Termination of Trust — The Transfer of 1842. — Report of Hubbard and O'Flynn. — Old
and New Lot Numbers — Land Board Sessions of Common Council. 24-31
C H A P T E R V I .
Maps of Detroit. — City Boundary at Different Periods. — Cass and Brush Farms. — Military
Reserves. — Plans of 1749 and 1754. — The T. Smith Plan. — The J. O. Lewis Map. — Mullctt's
Map. — I'armer's Map. — Later City Maps. — Area of Town in 1 802. — Extent of (jovernor and
Jutlges' Plan. — Changes in City Boundaries. — The Cass and Brush F'arms. — Dates of Original
(irants. — Improvements. — Desirable Locations. — Military Reserves. — A Powder Magazine in
E.Kchange. — Laying out the Reserve. — Changes in Plan of 1807. 32-36
CHAPTER VII.
Public Surveys. — United States Land Office. — The King's Surveyors. — First American Surveys.—
Location of Office. — Names of Surveyor-Generals. — United States Land Office. — First Sales of
Lands. — Prices. — Receipts from Public Lands. — Early F2migration. — Amazing Numbers. — E.xtensive
Sales. — E.xtravagant Speculation. — Paper City Period. — Incidental Details. — Cruel Joke. — The
Bubble Bursts. — Bounds of Land District. — Prices of Lands. — Original Patents. — F'ees of
Ofhcers. — Names of Registers and Receivers. 37-38
CHAPTER VIII.
Deeds, Mortgages, and Titles.— Past and Present Prices of Lands. — Notarial Records. — Recording
of Deeds and Mortgages. — Present System. — Abstracts of Title. — Deriviition of Titles. — Evi-
dences of Title. — Clouded Titles. — Record of Subdivisions. — Names of County Registers. — City
Registers. — Incredible Prices. — Normal Values. — First Sale of Park Lots. — Prices Paid. — Cost of
Various Tracts at Different Periods. 39-41
PART II.— HYGIENIC.
CHAPTER IX.
The Climate of Detroit. — Favorable Climate. — Bougainville's Statement. — Weather Diaries. — In-
lluence of River and Lakes. — Mean Temperature. — Characteristics of Winters. — Clear Atmos-
phere.—Unrivalled Firmament. — Delightful Autumns.— Flquable Rains. — Weather Indications.—
Course of Winds. — Excci)tional Seasons.— Raining Ink. — Earthquake Shocks. — Ice livery Month.—
Flowers in Winter. — Extensive Fires. — Dense Fogs. — Boats Running Every Month. — Continuous
Sleighing. — Ryan's Prophecies. —July Frosts. — April Snows. — Wind Storms, etc. 4^-47
CHAPTER X.
Diseases.— Doctors. —Medical Societies. — Small Death Rate. — Reasons for. — The Usual Diseases.—
Record of Deaths. — Fever and Ague. -Dp. Sappington's Pills. — F:pidemic in Army. — Hun-
-The Cholera in 1832. — Instructions and Proclamations. — Vessels Ordered Away. —
dreds Die.-
i
Cht)lera o
Yi)siianti.
Strange 1
Rites Sho
Regulation
English
Names of
Cemeteries. —
Places. — 1
Remains.-
Memorial.
Lots. — Co^
Ground.
Convenienc
Uses. — Eh
Gateway.
Naine. ^ \\
When Oper
ous Custor
Names of C
Health Officer
Boards. — I
lations. — T
Grand Sewc
Expenditure
Commission
Water and Ws
the Plank. ~
Works I'ro
Boring for V
Information.
Works. — Va
Water. — Inc
Rates. — A
sioners. — Di
The Parks and
Grand Circus
Location and
Condition. — -
1874. — E.xcil
and Resistan
timity. — Bell
Island. — Its
tures. — Esta
Dogs. — Onl)
French and En
Regents. — T
Regulations. -
TAIJLK OF CONTENTS.
XV
Cholera on the Henry Clay. — Sufferings of Troops. — Excitement at Detroit. — Mails Stopped at
Ypsilanti. — Travelers Driven frjui Rochester.- — Bridges Torn up. — Highways Blockaded.—
Strange Inconsistency. — The Cholera in 1834. — Extensive Mortality. — Burning Pitch. — Burial
Rites Shortened. — The Nurse Corps. — Father Kundig's Work. — Mortality of 1849. — Council
Regulations. — The Scourge in 1854. — Medicine Men. — Early French Surgeons. — Long Titles. —
English J'hysicians. — Names of Former Physicians. >t„,i:„„i c.,,.:,,*:..^ h„. c /-> :.._.:._
Names of OHicers.
CHAPTER XI.
-Medical Societies. — Dates of Organization. —
48-51
Cemeteries. — Burials and Sextons. — County Coroners.— An Expressive Phrase. — Indian Burial
Places. — DalyelFs Crave. — An Iconoclastic Age. — Burial (Grounds of Fort Shelby. — Removal of
Remains.- An Old Tombstone. — First Catholic Cemetery. — Transfer of Remains. — An Old
Memorial. — Mt. Elliott Cemetery. — When Opened. — Number of Interments. — Number of
Lots. — Cost of Grounds. --Management, — Trustees. — Hamtramck's Crave. — Protestant Burying
Ground. — Location. — How Disposed of. — First City Cemetery.— Its Division. — A Religious
Convenience. — Cemetery Lane. — Second City Cemetery. — Location. — Management. — Later
Uses. — Elmwood Cemetery. — History of Purchase. — Cost of Grounds. — The Chapel. — The
Gateway. — Trustees. — Superintendents. — Woodmere Cemetery. — Location. — Significance of
Name. —When Opened. — Names of Officers. — Regulations. — Jewish Cemeteries. — Location. —
When Opened — Lutheran Cemetery. — How Controlled. — Oflicers. — Burials and Sextons. — Curi-
ous Customs. — City Sextons. — Duties. — Names of Sextons. — County Coroners. — Duties. —
Names of Coroners. 52-58
CHAPTER XII.
Health Officers. — Drains and Sewers. — Scavengers. — First Board of Health. — Subsequent
Boards. — Powers of. — Present Organization. — How Constituted. — Names of Members. — Regu-
lations. — The Health Officer. — Sewers. — Experiments. — Private Ditches. — The Savoyard. — A
Grand Sewer. — Lack of System. — Stupid Contractors. — Board of Sewer Commissioners. — Large
Flxpenditures. — Regukition.s. — Size of Sewers. — Length and Cost of Sewers. — Names of Sewer
Commissioners. — Scavengers and Duties. 59-6i
CHAPTER XIII.
Water and Water Works. — Public Drinking Fountains. — Water Pure and Plentiful. — Walking
the Plank. — Primitive Methods. — First Regulations. — Public Wells. — Water Peddlers. — Water
Works Proposed. — Berthelct's Pump. — Water Works Established. — Poor Arrangements. —
Boring for Water. — Pumping by Steam. — Cass's Speech. — Works Purchased by City. — Seeking
Information. — Springs in Northville and Southfield. — Propo.sed Utilization of. — Progress of Water
Works. — Various Reservoirs. — The Hamtrjimck Works. — Plan i nd Description of. — Analysis of
Water. — Increased Size of Pipes. — Statistics by Decades. — Locations of Water Office. — Water
Rates. — A Stern .A.dvertisement. — Names of Assessors, — Collectors, — Engineers, — Commis-
sioners. — Drinking Fountains. 62-72
CHAPTER XIV.
The Parks and the Boulevard. —Pastures and Pounds. — Judge Woodward's Foresight. — The
Grand Circus.— Former Marshes. — Improvements. — Removal of Fences. — Parks and Donors. —
Location and Names. — Campus Martins. — Origin of Name. — A Place of Rendezvous. — Former
Condition. — Present Appearance. — Superintendents of Parks. — The Park Question of 1870 and
1874. — F^xciting Meetings. — ^ Plans and Counter Plans. — Mayor Moffat in the Way. — Persistence
and Resistance. — The Struggle Ended. — Belle Isle Park. — Wise Planning. — Favorable Oppor-
tunity.— Belle Isle Purchased. — Park Commissioners. — Improving the Park. — History of the
Island. — Its Names. — The Boulevard. — Plans for. — Names of Conmiissioners. — F'ormer Pas-
tures.— Establishment of Pounds. — Regulations. — Names of Pound-Keepers. — Numerous
Dogs. — Only Eight Left. — The Dog Pound. 73-8o
PART III.— GOVERNMENTAL.
CHAPTER XV.
French and English Rule. — French Motives. — ^ Political Ambition. — Religious Zeal. — Kings and
Regents. — The Surrender. — Powers of Commandants. — List of French Governors. — English
Regulations. — Creation of Upper and Lower Canada. — List of English Governors. 83-84
XVI
TABLE OF CONTENTS.
CHAPTER XVI.
Territorial and State Governments. — Virginia's Claim. — Grounds of Claim, — Release of Slate-
Claims. — Creation of Northwest Territory. — Aiithorsliip of Ordinance of 1787. — Dane versus
Cutler. — Tlie Northwest Territorial .Seal. — Description and Meaning. — Names of Territorial
OHicers. — Division of Territor ;. — Creation of .State of Ohio. — Wayne County Delegates Excluded.—
Detroit under Indiana Territiry. — Extensive Juristliction. — Creation of Territory of .Michigan. —
Michigan Territorial Seal. — Increased Size of Territory. — First Delegate to Congress. — First Legis-
■ lative Council. — Enlarged Boundary. — First State Constitutional Convention. — Delegates from
Wayne County. — Convention Proposals. — Adoption of Constitution. — Territorial Ollicers. — State
of Michigan. — Curtailment of Boundary. — Trouble with Ohio. — A New Convention. — Negative
Decision. — Democratic Convention. — Congressional Provisions Accepted. — Formal Admission of
..State. — Event Celebrated. — The State .Seal. — Second Constitutional Convention. — Delegates
from Wayne County. — Differences between Constitutions of 1835 and 1850. — Third Constitutional
Convention. — Constitutional Commission of 1873. — Capital Removed to Lansing. — Names of
State Officers. 85-93
CHAP T K R X VII.
Legislatures and Laws. — Legislatures under English Rule. — Place and FJate of Sessions. — Legis-
lature of Northwest Territory. — Places of Meeting. — A Linguistic Feat. — The (icneral Assembly. —
Cry of Fraud. — Names of Members. — Pliant I'rinciples. — Forgiving Electors. — Mob at Cliilli-
cothe. — Detroit Pistols. — Indiana Territorial Assembly.— Proposed Members from Detroit. —
Michigan Territorial Legislature. — Scarcity of Laws. — Sunday Sessions. — Places of Meeting. —
Personal Difficulties. — Curious Legislation. — Morbid Fears. — Remarkable Enactments. — Names
of Members and .Secretaries. — Cientle's Criticisms. — Suspicions of People. — Woothvard's Lame
Defence. — (ientle Arrested for Libel. — Citizens .Seek Redress. — Citizens Outwitted. — AUigalive
Laws. — Proposed Blue Laws. — Blasts and Counter Blasts. — Legislative Refreshments. — Withcrell
Tcrsiis Woodward. — The Several Codes. — Petitions to Congress. — Facts and ( Irievances. —
Relief Provided. — Joy of Citizens. — A Proper Prayer. — Members of Legislative Councils. — The
Green Bay Council. — Compilations of Laws. — First State Legislature. — Last Session in Detroit. —
Extra Sessions. — Number of Members. — Districts Including Wayne County. — Names of Sena-
tors and Representatives. 94-101
CHAP T E R X V I I 1 .
Presidential Electors, Cabinet Officers, and Members of Congress from Detroit. — Presidential
Visits to the City. — Constitutional Links. — Presidential Electors. —Michigan's Choice. — Cabinet
Officers from Michigan. — Territorial Delegates. — United States Senators. — Representative Dis-
tricts.— Names of Representatives. — Pay of Congressmen. — Visits of President ,ind Vice-Presi-
dents,— Harri.son, Monroe, Johnson, Van Buren, Taylor. — Grant's Residence in D roit. — An Inter-
view in Washington. — X'isits of Fillmore, Pierce, Johnson and Hayes. — Garfield's Visits to and Ser-
mons in Detroit. 102-107
CHAPTER XIX.
Political Parties and Campaigns. — Elections. — The Political System. — Party Names and Meth-
ods. ^ Political Meetings. — Gaining Votes. — Novel Methods. — Interesting Campaigns. — Log
Cabins and Hickory Halls. — Monster Whig Meetings. — Political Processions. — Democratic Barbe-
cues.— Peculiar Resolutions. — Party Uniforms. — Bonfires. — Torch Bearers. — Union Political
Meetings. — Visits of Noted Politicians. — First Territorial Elections. — \'iva Voce Voting. — Arbi-
trary Proceedings. — Original Election Districts. — Remarkable Ballots. — Changes in Time of
Election. — Changes in Qu.alifications of Voters. — The First St;ite Election. — Humoroc.s Incidents. —
The Last Two-Day Election. — How Foreigners Become Voters. — Time of Election 01 Various Ofii-
cers. — Colored Voters. — Woman Suffrage. — Remarkable Unanimity of Voters. — Local Issues.—
Curious Coincidence. — Qualifications of Voters. — Registration. — Voting Precinct.s. — Preparations
for Election. — Canvassing Votes. — Number of Voters in Various Years. 108- 1 17
CHAPTER XX.
Wayne County: Its Establishment and Boundaries. — County of Illinois. — Kent County.— Wayne
County. — Sargent's Proclamation. — Sharp Correspondence. — St. Clair's Dissatisfaction. — The
County Name. — General Wayne's Letter of Thanks. — Original Boundary.— Changes in Boundary. —
Copies of Proclamations. 1 18-122
CHAPTER XXI.
County Officers and their Duties. — County Commissioners. — Early Finances. — 1 )ue Bills Issued. —
Names of Commissioners. — Board of Supervisors. — Few Powers. — Valuations and Assessments. —
Growth of City Representation. — County Auditors. — Importance of Of.ke. — Powers and
1 )uties. — N
County Cler
of .Scho(jls.
Surveyors. -
The Townships
First TownsI
Township.
Derivation o
The .^arly Gov(
Judges. — R(
Court of Ge
Citizens. — F
Judges. — \\\
cials. — A SI
countable ( )Hi
The Common C
Year.— City
Time of Sess
of Aldermen. -
Terms of M(
Seals. — Descr
Mayor. — City Cle
Office and N:
Pv-.wers. — Nan
of Clerks. — Ci
of Officers. — (,
Aldermen, — Theii
Aldermen. — 1\
Aldermen by V
The Wards : Thei
City.— Date of
French and Englii
and Finances.
Characteristic 1
Licenses, — In^
Remedy. — Fin
When Payable
The Detroit I
Improvements
dered. — Due
Cannot Borrov
Finances. — Sa
More Shinplasi
TABLE OF CONTENTS.
XVll
Duties. — Names of Auditors. — County Treasurer. — History of Office. — Names of Treasurers. —
Coimty Clerii. — History of Ofiicc. — Office Records. — Names of Clertcs. — County Superintendent
of .ScIkjoIs. — Names of Superintendents, — Drain Commissioners. — Duties and Names. - County
Surveyors. — Duties and Names. 123-126
CHAPTER XXII.
The Townships of Wayne County. — Derivation of Township Names. — Township Officers. —
First I'ownsliips. — Vai^ue i>oundaries. — I'Mrst Systematic Divisions. — Date (f Creation of Each
Township. — Ciians^es in Names and I5oundaries. — Obsolete Names. — lioundaries in 1883. —
Derivation of Names. — Townsliip Officers. — Duties. — List of Township Supervisors. 127-132
CHAPTER XXIII.
The Sarly Government of Detroit. — Incorporation as a Town. — Rule of the Governor and
Judges. — Revival of Local Government. — Covernmental (lenealogy. — Interesting Details. —
Court of Oeneral Quarter Sessions. — thirst Town Corporation. — How Obtained.— (iralitude of
Citizens. — First Town Officers. — Subsequent Elections and Ajipointments. — Rule of Oo\ernor and
Judges. — An Anomalous Oovernment. — Autocratic Methods. — Strange Doings. — Orasping (Offi-
cials. — A Sham Charter. — Insulting Absurdities. — (iovernor and Judges still at the Helm. -- Unac-
countable Officials. — Revival of Local Government. — First City Charter. — Names of Trustees. 133-135
CHAPTER XXIV.
The Common Council or Board of Aldermen. — Board of CounciJmen. — Ordinances. — Official
Year. — City Seals. — Creation of Common Council. — Powers of. — Seeking Light. — Place and
Time of Sessions. — Number of Members. — Ouorum. — Rules. — Standing Committees. — Poard
of Aldermen. — Presidents of Board of Aldermen. — The City Council or Board of Councilmen. ^ —
Terms of Members. — Names of Councilmen. — Ordinances. — Oflicial Year. — The Several City
Seals. — Description of Seals. — Significance of Present Seal. 1 36- 1 39
CHAPTER XXV.
Mayor. — City Clerk. — City Attorney. — City Counsellor. — City Historiographer. — Duties of each
Office and Names of the Incumbents. — Creation of Office of Mayor. — Former Duties. — Present
Pcwers. — Names of Mayors. — City Secretaries. — City Clerk. — Duties. — Office Records. — Names
of Clerks. — City Attorney. — Duties and Names. — City Counsellor. — City Historiographer. — Names
of Officers. — Object of Oftice. 140-141
CHAPTER XXVI.
Aldermen. — Their Duties and Names. — Office First Named. — Aldermen at Large. — First Ward
Akicrmen. — Aldermanic Courts. — Pay of Aldermen. — Names of Aldermen at Large. — Names of
Aldermen by Wards and Years. . 142-146
CHAPTER XXVII.
The Wards: Their Establishment and Boundaries. — Wards for Fire Districts. — First Division of
City.-- Date of Creation of Each Ward. — Changes in Boundaries. — Present Boundaries. 147-148
CHAPTER XXVIII.
French and English Taxation. — Territorial Taxes. — State and County Taxes. — City Taxation
and Finances.— United States Taxes. — Ta.xes Payable in Wood. — Early Territorial Ta.xes. —
Characteristic Letter. — Territorial Tax Gatherers. — Law of 1805. — An Old Ta.x Roll. — Territorial
Licenses. — Investigation by Grand Jury.* — ^ Hull's Wasteful E.xtraviigance. — People without
Remedy. — First Sale of Lands for County Ta.xes. — State and County Taxes. — How Apportioned. —
When Payable. — Percentages. — Ta.x Sides. — Ta.xation Statistics by Decades. — First Town Tax. —
The Detroit Fund. — Valuation of 181 7. — Corporation Receipts and Expenditures in 18 19. —
Improvements of 1827. ^ The Congressional Gift. — Official Mismanagement. — Property Squan-
dered.— Due Bills Issued. — Their Depreciation. — Sham Improvements. — City Wants §50. —
Cannot Borrow. — The City Devours its Substance. — Death and Taxes. — Condition of City
Finances. — Saving the Wreck. — Better Methods. — First Real Estate Tax. — First City Bonds. —
More Shinplasters. — Watching a Trunkful. — Protest of the Butchers. — Display of Wisdom. —
XVlll
TABLE OF CONTENTS.
Burning Shinplasters. — Chief Expenses by Decades. —Valuation by Dec.'ides. — Increasinif
Wealth. — Tax I'cr Capita by Decades. - Sinkinif Fund. — Receipts for I-iiiuor Taxes. — Annual Tax
Estimates.— How l'rc|)ared. — How Assessed. — When Due. — Increased I'ercentaifc. — Tax .Sales. -
Collection of Back Taxes. - Special Assessments. — i'ropertv Liable to Taxation. - List of i'".xemp-
tions. — Chanijfes in Fis'.':il Year. — The Treasure'-'s Accounts. —Explanation of l'"in.incial Methods. —
City Depository. — U. S. Revenue Taxes. — Stamped Paper. — \'ari()us Laws. — First Collection
District. — Tax Rates. — Amount of Ci)llections. — Names of Assessors and Collectors. 149-160
C H A I' T E R .\ .\ I -X.
Citizens'Meeting. — Board of Estimates. — Auditors, Comptrollers, Accountants.— City and Ward
Assessors. — Board of Review. — City and Ward Collectors. — City Treasurers. — Receivers of
Taxes. Citizens' Meciin).;s. — Tax I'stiinates. — Excitini^' Meetini^s. — Ciii/.eiis' Meelinj^s Abol-
ished. — Board of E.stimates Created. — Lowers of the Board. — Names of Members. — City Auditor
and Duties. — Name Chanjred to Comptroller. — Names of Comptrollers. — City Accountant. —
Duties. — Names of Accountants. — City .and Ward Assessors. — Ciian,t,a's in Otlice. — Tamperinij
with Rolls. — Names of Assessors. — Board of Review. — Duty of the lioard. — Names of Mem-
bers.— City and Ward Collectors. — Peculi.ir Official Notice. — Names of Collectors. — City Trea.s-
urer. — Duties of Otlice. — Names of Treasurers. — Receiver of Ta.\es. — Duties of Office. ^ —
Names of Receivers. i6i-i68
Court. — Ju
tcrs. — Coui
Wliipped.
of Ch.'incery
Appointees.
History of
Names of Ji
Mayor's Court. -
Notaries
Fines Remitt
Names of
Sessions. -
Comnn'ssioiic
Justices of
Admissions
ment.
K
I'
PART IV.-JUDICIAL.
CHAPTER X.X.X.
Justice in the Olden Time. — United States Circuit Court. — District Court. — United States
Oilicers. — Bankruptcy Court. — Judicial Powers of Flarly Comm.intlants. — .Serious Complaints.—
First Le,iijal Provisions. — Patriarchal Commandants. — A Woman Hanjj^ed. — Trader Murdered by
his Slaves. — Conflicts between Commandants and ( lovernors. - The Office of Notary. — Com-
plaint an^ainst Dejean. ^ His Ac(|uitt<'d. — The First Jutli^es. — The 'I'ri.al and Hanj;inj,M)f Coutinci-
nau and Ann Wyley. — John Dodvje's Letter. — Hamilton's Opi)ressi()n of Dodi^e and Other Citi-
zens. — A Detroit Dunijeon. — ^ Dejerm as a Jailer. — I)od>;e's Escajie and Threatenin.tjs. — Hamil-
ton Indicted. - His Appeal to H.ildim.and. — First Justices. — United States Circuit Court. —
Bounds of Circuit at Different Periods. ^Juri.sdiction. — Place of Sessions. — Names of Judj^es
and Clerks. — United States District Courts. — When First Held. — Selection of Jurors. — N;imes
of Jud.ijes and Clerks. — United States Attorney. — Duties. — Names of Attorneys. — United
.States Marshal. — Powers. — Names of Marshals. — Commissioners for United States Courts. —
Duties. — Names of Commissioners. — Masters in Chancery. — Duties and Names. — The First
Bankruptcy Act. — The Second Bankruptcy Act. — Third Bankruptcy Act. — Bankruptcy Court. —
Duties. — The Judge. 171-177
CHAPTER XXXI.
Supreme Courts of the Territory and the State. — Supreme Courts of Northwest Territory. — Legis-
lative and Judicial Duties Combined. — Court Methods. — A Festive Occasion. — Names of the
Judges. —(Origin of a Name. — Supreme Court of Indiana Territory. — Names of Judges. — Supreme
Court of Michigan Territory. —Jurisdiction. — Varied and KemarkaDle Powers. — Time and Place
of Court .Sessions. — Sessions at Midnight. — Sessions in the Small Hours of the Morning. — Bar-
room .Sessions. — Ses.sions on a Wood-pile. — Bread and Meal in the Court Room. — Whiskey
Offered the Judges. — Rules and Counter Rules. — Sessions with only a Judge Present. — Dcisions
not to Serve as Precedents. — Hanging under an ex-Post-Facto Law. — How a Lawyer Flailed to
Help His Client. — Branding and Execution of Indians. — The F^xecution of Simmons. — Woodward
and His Eccentricities. — Legal Somersaults, — Peculiar Dress. — Si.xteen Cujis of Tea. — literary
Egotism. — Complaint of Orand Jiuy. — The (lazette Articles. — A Mockery of Justice. — The Case
of the United States against British Officers. — Ludicrous Account of the Arrest and Trial. —
Public Denunciation of Woodward. — Additional Eccentricities. — Congress Provides for Retirement
of Judges. — New Judges appointed. — Names uf Judges ami Clerks, — Supreme Court of State. —
Changes in Place of Sessions. — Time of Sessions. — Names of Judges. — Clerks and Reporters. 178-188
CHAPTER XXXII.
District Court. — Orphans' Court.— Court of Quarter Sessions. —Court of Common Pleas. —Court
of Chancery. — County Courts. — Circuit Courts.- District Criminal Court.— Di-strict Courts
of Territory. — Jurisdiction. — Boundaries of District. — Court Appointments. — .Session under a
Green Bower. — Changes in Boundary oi District and Jurisdiction. — Names of Justices. — Orphans'
e
Morals. — City
Needed. — Po
Markets. — Tl
Official Retrif
Police. — Nigli
ments. — Paid
First Police
politan Comn:
('•ranted. — N;
and Captains.
Po'icemen. — B
Yearly St.item
Health Fund. -
Duties and Na
The Jails and th
New Pickets. ■
Used as Jails.
Jail. — F2rectioi
Prisoners. — M
Mayor Hyde's
approves. — St.-
Management. -
Names of Sup^
Forts and Defense
An Important
Periods. — Enl;
Citadel. — I'.rei
Injured by Bac
Officers. — Inte
Erected. — Fla
Wayne. — Loc£
tion'. — Object.
TABLE OF CONTENTS.
XIX
Court. — Jurisdiclioii Transferred. — The Probate Court. — Obsolete Duties. —Judiifes and Kc).jis-
UTs. — Court of (Icncral (Quarter Sessions. Jurisdittinn. - Names of Jiulj^cs. - I'risoners
Wliip|)ed. — Services Sold. — Court of Common I'leas. Jurisdiction. — Nann's of Judj^es. — Court
of Ciiancery. — Object of. — Names of Jud^^es and Reporters. — Masters in Clianccry. — Names of
Appointees. — County Courts. — Jurisdiction. — Names of Judges and Clerks. — Circuit Courts. —
History of Wayne Circuit. — Selection of Jurors. — I'lace of .Sessions. — The County ikiildinij. —
Names of Judges and Clerks. — District Criminal Court. — Object of. — Judges. 181; vj^
C H A 1' r E R X X X 1 1 I .
Mayor's Court. — Recorder's Court.— Police Court.— Superior Court.— Commissioners. — Justices.
Notaries.— Lawyers. —Detroit Bar Library. -Mayor's Court. — Aldermanic Judges and Justices. —
Kims Remitted. — I'risoners Working on Streets. — Recorder's Court. — Original Duties of Recorders. —
Names of Recorders. — Names of Judges and Clerks. — Police Court. — Jurisdiction. — Place of
Sessions. — Police Justices and Clerks. — Superior Court. — Jurisdiction. — Judges and Clerks. —
Conuiiissioners of Hail. — Circuit Court Commissioners. — Powers. — Names of Commissioners. —
Justices of the Peace. — Jurisdiction. — Names of Justices. — Notaries. — Powers. — Lawyers. —
Admissions to iJar. — The liar Association. — A Witty Retort. — The Bar Library. — Its Manage-
ment. 19s 200
CHAP T E R XXXIV.
Morals. — City Marshals. — Police. — Sheriffs. — Prosecuting Attorneys. — Constables. — Reforms
Needed. — Pontcharirain's Recommendations. — Difficulties in the Way. — No Sabbath. - Sunday
Markets. — Their Discontinuance. — IMur Law Proceedings. — Higher Standards. — Reni;irkable
Ofiicial Retribution. — The Ordeal of Fire. — Duties and Names of City Marshals. — The Earliest
Police. — Night Watchmen. — Volunteer Watchmen. — Service not Sustained. — Midnight Refresh-
ments.— Paid City Watch Asked for. — Ojjposition of Citizens' Meeting. — The Merchants' Police. —
First Police Commission. — Increasing Need of Police. — Riot of 1863. — ICstabli.shment of Metro-
politan Commission. — Opposition to ihe Commission. — Winning its Way. — Additional Powers
(iranted. — Names of Commissioners. — Superintendents. — Secretaries. — Attorneys. — Physicians
and Captains. — ^ .Salaries. — Oualifications of Policemen. — Regulations and Suggestions. -. Special
Po'iccmen. — Bradford Smith's Work.-- Mounted Police. — Number of Force. — FLxpenses.— Arrests. —
Yearly .Statements. — Police Stations. — Their Location, Date of ICrection, and Cost. — Life and
Health Fund. — Relief Society. — Sheriffs. — Duties. — Names of Sheriffs. — Prosecuting Attorneys. —
Duties and Names. — Constables. — Duties and Names. 201-213
CHAPTER XXXV.
The Jails and the House of Correction. — Location of Jails. — New Jail Purchased. — Pills for
New Pickets. — Insufficient Jails. —Juil Hired of James May. — Proposed Purchase. — Buildings
Used as Jails. — Jail Erected by \.}overnor and Judges. — An Unoccupied Jail. — Tearing down a
Jail. — Erection of Clinton Sireec Jail. — Second Jail on Clinton Street. — Average Number of
Prisoners. — Management. — A Prisoner's Joke. — Detroit Hou.se of Correction. — Its Origin. —
Mayor Hyde's Efforts. — Brock.vay's Suggestions. — Estimates Ordered. — Citizens' Meeting Dis-
approves.— St.ite Aid Sought. — I-'avorable Citizens' Meeting. — Building ICrected. — Organization. —
Management. — Money Making. — (Occupation of Prisoners. — Efforts for their Improvement. —
Names of Superintendents and Inspectors, 214-218
PART v.- MILITARY.
CHAPTER XXXVI.
Forts and Defenses. —Pensions and Pension Agents. — Military Officers in Command at Detroit. —
An Important Post. — Early Posts in Michigan. — Finst Fort at Detroit. — Condition at Different
Periods. — Enlargements. — How Garri.soned. — Citizens Ta.xed for Repairs. — New Stockade and
Citadel. — Erection of F"ort Lernoult. — Why Built. — Description of. — Clark's Hopes. — F""ort
Injured by Bad Weather. — .Stockade Partially Removed. — Strength of Garrison. — Visits of Noted
Officers. — Interesting Letters. — New Stockade. — Fort .Shelby. — Successive Garrisons. — Arsenal
ICrected. — F'lag-stafif Blown down. — Distinguished Arrivals. —The Fort Demolished. — Fort
Wayne. — Location. — Cost. — Rebuilding. — Fort Croghan — Order for its Erection. — Its Loca-
tion.— Object. — Becomes a Play-Ground. — Detroit Barracks. — Their Location. — Arsenal at
XX
TABLE OF CONTENTS.
l)i-;irl)()rn. - - K.irly I'l'iisioii I..iws. - IViisioncrs Paid from Dctmit. Nanu-s of IVnsion Avjcnts. -
Kri'iich Coinmaiulams. Naiiu's. I imc of Scrvi.c. I'.nnlisli Coiiimaiidaiils. Names. Tiiiu'
of Service. - AiK-aloti- of Colonel I'.M,<laml. Amerie.m Commandiiiv; Ollicers .it I'orls .uid K.ir-
racks. — Districts and Departments KntbraeiiiK Detroit. - Names uf Commandin,i{ ticnerals. 2^1 J30
CHAPI'i: K WWII.
Early Indian Attacks. — The French and English, or Seven Years' War. — Indian Attac k of 1703. —
A Doi; M.ikes 'i'nuible. ()ll,i\v;i.s irrsus Miamis. Sliootinj; of K.itlier del ll.ille.— A Monlli's
Siei^e.— Disaffection of llie Mi.iinis. ~ Cadiil.ie Compels a IVaec. 'I'lic Attack of 1712.— Dii liiiis-
soii'.s Defense. — Methods of Attack. — Krencli Inj^cniiily. — Tlic Imixcs Defeated. - Immense
Sl.uiinlUer. - - Indian 'riirciteninijs. — Tlie French .md' I''.n,nli'sli War. - Occasion of. -- Scalp Money.
Human Scalps ;is Merchandise.'- Proposed ,\tt;ick of 1747- - I''xpostire of the Plot. Tlu' h'ort Re-
inforced. Unfriendly Indians to he put to De.itli. — Arrest of Indians. -Oriijaiii/.ation of Ohio Com-
pany. -Uneasiness of the l''rench. ~ 'r.'ikin.< Possession of the Ohio X'allcy. -Colonists I'.ncoiir.it^cd.
~ \V;ishi!ii;ton's Mission. —The I'lttslnirvjh Fort.— Its Capture by the I'Yench. Dcfe.it of Cicneral
Hraddock. — Dishonest Olticers. - -French Activity. — The FuKlish Retake the Piti'')uri;h Fort. —
Defeat of Fnijlish by P.irty from Detroit. — New Defenses at Detroit. Relief sei to Niaijara. —
Niagara Surrendered. Troops and Provisions .Accunuil.itcil ;it Detroit. — Ouebee Captured.—
Caiiaila Surrendered to ICnulish. -Major Rt)j;crs Takes Po.s.sessioii of Detroit.-- Sir Win. John.son
Arrives. — His Treaty with Indians. 231-234
C H A P T I'. R X X N \- 1 I I .
The Conspiracy of Pontiac. — Friendship of French and huli.ms. — Pontiac's Project. — Preliminary
Movcnuiiis. -Coinicil of Indi.ins. — Prciiar.itions for .Attack. — Tiie Plot Revealed. —Cladwin's
Prep.ir.iiions. — I'oniiac Surprised. - His Rcvenvfc. - The Killin.ij of Sir Robert D.avers. — The
Indi.ins Invest the Fort. — The First \'ictims. - Proj^rcss of the Sieije. — Houses Destroyed. —
Council with Indians. — Pontiac's Treachery. -- Attempts to Starve tiie C.arrison. - Supjilics from
Niairara. — The IJlacksmith's Armory. — Sujiply Hoats Captured by Indi.ins. - Pe.ice between French
and English. — A Concert Civen. — The Prayer Hell Rin,ns. —Scarcity of Provisions. - Relief
Arrives. — Movine Reinforcements. — Ponti.ic Seeks French Aid. — The French Orijanized for
Defense. — F.irmers Seekinjf Refinjc — Indi.m Fire Crafts. — Indi.ins Sue for Peace. — Arrival of
Dalyell. — His I'\)olish \'enture. — The li.utle of P.Ioody I lije. — Di'fcit and Disaster.— The Crave
of D.ilyell. - .Arrival of Supjilies. — A Fetter from Cdaiiwm. - Wilkins' Relief I'.xpediiion. — Short
Supplies at Detroit. -- Troofis .Sent to Ni;ij;ara. — Termin;ilion of .Sieije. -~ I'"estivities in the l-'ort. —
Hnulstreet's Expedition. — Its Arrival at Detroit. — His Council with the Indians. — They Yield
Allei^iance. — \'i.sit of Capt. Croyhan. 235-241
c H A p r 1-: R X X X i x .
The Revolutionary War. — British and Indian Wars and First American Occupation of Detroit. —
French and Spanish Intrigues. — Martial Law Proclaimed. - F.ni;lish Fears and Plans. — Liciitenant
tiovernors Created. — Object and Powers of Oilice. — Misstatements Corrected. — Lieutenant (iov-
ernors 7'i-rsus Comm;indants. — Ciovernor Hay and His Troubles. — His .Surname. -De Peyster's
Dislike. — Importance of Detroit. — Army .Activities. — Incitinj;' the Sav.ages. — Distribution of (ioods
and Trinkets.— E(iuipment of War Parties. — Ojipression of American Sympathizers. — Interesting
AlVidavits. — Loyalists at Detroit. — French OlTicers and Indian Companies. — Wholesale Employ-
ment of .Savat^es. — A P>;irbarous Warfare. — Lord .Suffolk's Justification. — Chatham's Scathing
Reply. — Scalping l\irties Co and Come. — Scalping Knives and Scalps Hought and Sold. — Singing
War Songs. - Cioods for the Indians. — Enormous Supiilies. — An Oflicial Estimate. — Long Headed
Squaws. — Congre.ssion.il ICft'orts with Indians. — Proposed Expedition against Detroit. — Foster's
Expedition from Detroit. — A Song by Col. De Pey.ster. — More Expeditions from Detroit. — A
Proclamation by Hamilton. — The Attack on Fort Henn-. — Capture of Daniel Boone. — Detroit
Forces at Wyoining. — Captain Bird and His Love Affair. — Simon Kenton as a Prisoner. ^ — His
Escape. — John Leeth's Exp-riences. — Hamilton's Expedition against X'incennes. — Col. Clark's
Counter Movement. — Col. X'igo's EfRcient Aid. — Clark Marching to Vincennes. — The Jovial
Drummer. — Hamilton's Surrender. — Supplies Captured. — Rejoicing at Detroit. — ILimilton and
Other OlVicers in X'irginia. — Jefferson Justifies Their Imprisonment. — Washington Favors Leniency. —
Hamilton and Hay Paroled. — Character of Hamilton. — Mcintosh's I'-xpedition against Detroit. —
Brodhead's Desires. — Information Sought from Zeisberger. — Clark's Plans. — La Balm's Expedi-
tion.— Immense Expenditures for Clark's Forces. — Failure of Clark's Expedition. — Was''-'igton's
Desire to Capture Detroit. — English Movements at Detroit. — Thousands of Savages lu i..ed. —
Bird's Expedition. — Ruthless >iassacre of White Settlers. — The Delaware Indians and Their
Neutrality. — The Moravian Missionaries. — Their Removal to Detroit. — Williamson's Expedition
again.sl the
is Defealedl
to Detroit,
as Captive.s.|
Report.
Indi.ins I'ju|
Erected on
The J.iy ll
/\rrangem(i|
Henley and
(Hiestion.
Intrigues in
Conduct.
Indian Wars fr|
Detroit.
.It Tippec.ini
The War of 181
Called for.
Cicner.il I lull
at Springwe
C.inadi.ins. —
Van Horn's 1
British .and !
British I''rect
II nil's Reply.
The British
Disgust of th
Catches a Tai
Rec.ipture ol
Killed. .Sc.alpi
Sympathy. —
Mortality ;im<i
Troops .Marel
Crogli.m's Sir
Perry's \'ictor
of the Th.inii
ease. — Pits ii
against Mac!
Expedition. —
— Plentiful a
Madison's Lei
The Surrender o
" Dearborn's
His Denunci;
Lossing. — H
tions. — Dishc
Defenders. —
Real Issue. —
foggery. — P?
chronism. — .
Half Truths. -
Cass.
TAni.K OF CONTF.NTS.
XXI
aisMinst till' I )('l;i\varcs. — lie Massacres the Christian liidians. — (.ol. Crawford's Kxpcdilioii. - lie
is Dtfcalcd and liurnrd, - Dc I'l ysti-r Asi<s the Indians for " Live Mi-at." — Kiiiirn of War Parties
to Detroit. Coiintin)^' tin- Sial|)s. — Ki'cpinis' I ally of tin- ncjitii Wlioops. — Woinen and Cliildrcn
as Captives.-- Humane Condiut of C<rtain < )l(i( ers. - l'ro|)osed Surrender of Detroit. Dou).jlass's
Keport. N (•),;( >tiat ions to ()l)lain I'ossession of Detroit. -- Hritisli rnv\illin).jness to Surrender. —
li\dians Iju-our.ij.jrd to Continue the War. Defeat of ( lenerals il.unier and St. Clair. British Kort
Mri'eted on tiie Miami. Tlie McKee Letters. -- (ieneral Wayne Defe.its the I'.nijiisii and liuhans. —
The Jay 'I'reaty. - 'I'iie Western Posts Nielded. A Letter from C.eneral Wasiiini;lon. P'inal
Arr.ini^ements for Surrender. - The Date of I'.nj^lish Dep.irture.- Anierie.ins in I'ossession. — The
Henley and llamtramek Letters. — 'festimony of S(|uire Reynolds. -Complete .Settlement of ^he
Ouestion. dirty and His Horse. N'isit of lloiindary Line Commissioners. — I'"reiieh and Sp.mish
Intrivjiies in Detroit and the West.- - Powers' Mission to (ienenil Wilkinson. — Wilkinson'.s Suspicious
Conduct. 242-271
CHAPTKR .XL.
Indian Wars from 1790 to 1812. — Impertinence .-md Inhumanity of L'.nijlish onicers. - I'nre.st at
Detroit. Preparations for Defense. British Presents to tin- Indians. - I larrison Defeats Indians
at 'I'ippecanoe. — Citizens of Detroit Ask Conijress for Troops. 272-273
CHAPTIIK Xl.l.
The War of 1812. — The Riijht of Search. - Attack on the Chesapeake. — War Declared. — Militia
Called for. Mritish Activity. — Musterinij of Detroit Militia. — Army (iathered at Dayton. —
("leneral I lull Takes Command. — Hull's Matfj^ajjc and Muster Rolls Captured. - 1 lull's Army Arrives
at Sprin,;;wells.— Cass's Mission to Maiden. — The Army Cross to Sandwich. — Proclamation to
Canadians. — Various Detachments Sent out. - Captain IJrush Arrives at the Raisin.— Defeat of
Van Horn's J'^scort. — The Army Returns to Detroit. — Miller Sent to Relief of Brush. — Defeat of
British and Indians. -\h- .Arthur Seeks to Aid Miller. — Miller Ordered bai k to Detroit. — The
British I'.reet Batteries. — Further Klforls to Relieve Brush. — Brock Demands Surrender of Detroit. —
Hull's Reply. — Cuttintf down a Pear Tree. — Detroit Bombarded.-- Incidents of the Cannonade. —
The British Cross to Sprinvjwells. - Colonel Anderson's Opportunity. — The Fort Surrendered. —
Disjjju.st of the Militia. — Amount of Stores Surrendered. — Removal of Stores. — Captain Klliott
Catches a Tartar. — Was Hull a 'I'raitor ? — Stranj^o Stories. — Mrs. Dodemead's Joke. — I'lans for
Recapture of Detroit. — Battle of Frenchtown. — Winchester's Defeat. — Wounded Americans
Killed. Scalped, and Burned. — (iatherinij the Remains. — Ransominjj; of Prisoners. — Womanly
Sympathy. - Proctor's Inhumanity. - - American Citizens Ordered to Leave. — Their Protest. — Oreat
Mort.ility ainonj^ Indians. — Indian Outraijes. — Indian Cajitives. — Her Mother's Scalp. - American
Troops .Marchinjf to Detroit. -~ I'rovisional Methods. — Harrison's Messajje to Major Crojjhan. —
Cro.nhan's Sinijular Reply. — His Arrest and K.xplanation. — His Defense of Fort Steven.son. —
Perry's Victory. -- Proctor Leaves Detroit. — The Old Flaij. — Christeninji; of Fort Shelby. — IJattle
of the Th.imes. — Sheriffs and Auctiotieers Appointed for Canada. — Troops Decimated by Dis-
ea.se. — Pits instead of Cotlins. — An Inijenious Ruse. — Fxpedition aijainst Fort Talbot. — Ivxpeilition
against Mackinaw. — Indian Depredations at Detroit. — The Killinj^ of McMillan. — A Volunteer
E.xpedition. — McArthur's Rillemen Arrive. — Insolence of British Ofiicials. — Date of Reoeeupation.
— I'lentiful and Positive Testimony.— A Question Settled. — Di.stress after the War.-- President
Madison's Letter to Congress. — Relief Afforded by (Government. 274-288
CHATTER XLII,
The Surrender of Detroit. — An Analysis and Review of " Hull's Trial," " Hull's Memoirs," and
" Dearborn's Defense." — Trial of General Hull. — His Case Considered. — Efforts in his Behalf. —
His LJenunciations. — Relatives as Defenders. — General Dearborn's Defense. — Candor of Mr.
Lossing. — Hull's Ingratitude. — His Discreditable Administration. — His Vituperation and Accusa-
tions.— Dishonesty of his Statements. — Specimen Stultifications. — Base Insinuations of Certain
Defenders. — His Memoirs. — Misrepresentations. — Inconsistent and Reckless Statements. — The
Real Issue. — Opinions ■Jvr.y//.f ?" acts. — Simplicity as an Excuse for Carelessness. — Specimen Petti-
foggery. — Pathetic Nonsense. — A Coward's Reason. —Afterthought Excuses. — A Fatal y\na-
chronism. — A Wonderful Surplus. — Remarkable Effrontery. — Clark's Absurd Argument. -
Half Truths. — Letters from John Quincy Adams, Thomas Jefferson, James Madison, and Governor
Cass. 289-298
XXll
TARLi: OF CONTENTS.
CMAI'TER XLIII.
The Black Hawk War.— Toledo War— Patriot War— Mexican War. — Cause of Hl.u k I lawk Wan-
Troops from Mifhijjan. — Di'p irtiiii' of (luards and I )raj^jooii.s. — I'l'ic Kciiirii to Dclruit. —
Arrival of U. S. Troops. - Mlack Hawk in Detroit. -VUv Toledo \V;ir. - Cause of. — Laws and
Counter Laws. — Militia on the iNL-ireh. — 'i'lie Sheriff and his I'o.sse. liouiidary Line Skirmish. —
Arrests in Toledo. — Michij.;an Militia at Toletlo. -A .Midniijht Court. -- Jiulvjes on the Ktui. —
(lovernor Mason Superseded. — Return of Troops. — Humorous War Soiij^f. -- impromptu Celebra-
tion.— i'risoners Released. - Governor Horner's Reason. — Ohio Victorious. — The Patriot War. —
Dissatisfied Canadians. — Events at lUitfalo. — Refux:ees at Detroit. - Hiuiters' Lodijcs. - Patriot
'Sympathizers. — Stolen Arms. — Ciovernor Mason's i''.xpedition. — Sutherland's Forces. Capture
of Theller. — Arrival of U.S. Troops. — Activity of lirady (aiards. - The Patriots Caiuionadeil. —
Excitement at Detroit. - Patriot Camn near lUoody Rim. — Cenerai Brady Disperses Patriots. —
Patriots Attack Windsor. — Their Defeat. — Theller's I'scajH- and Trial. — Otiiet Restored. — The
Mexican War. — 'I'roops from Detroit. — (iener.'il Scott's Commendation. — Prematiu'e Ciiebration. —
Victory of Palo Alto. — Captain Taylor's Joy. — t)tllicers of the Michigan Troops. — Return of the
Troops. — State Expenses for Troops. 299-304
CHAPTER XLIV.
The War with the Somli. — The Irrepressible Conflict. — The Hero of Fort Sumter. — War Begins.—
Union Meetini(s. — I'.quippinvj the I-'irst Infantry. — Individual Loans.— The Oath of Allegiance. —
Flag Raisings. — War Meetings. — Mustering of First and Second Regiments. — The C.imi) of Instruc-
tion.— More Regiments Raised. — Union Political Convention. -Camp Hackus Established.— Cele-
bration of Victories. — Passports to Canada. — Return of Ceneral Willcox. — Ward Drills. — Dejiar-
ture of Regiments. — Riot of 1863. — Cettysburg and \'icksburg. — Comforts for the Soldiers. —
Return of Regiments. — Hurley and his Plot. — Other Rebel Plots. — The City to be Burned. —
Victory at Richmond. — News of Lincoln's Death. — Hagley's Eulogy. — The Funeral Procession. —
Entertaining Returning Troops. — Old Battle Flags. — Number of Soldiers and Los.ses. — Relief
Organizations. — Ol'licers. - Synopsis of Work. — Relief and Bounty Funds. — How Apportioned. —
Total Amounts Expended. — .Soldiers' Monument. — Organization of Association. — Raising the
Funds. — Nauici: of Olikers. — Description of Monument. 305-312
CHAPTER LXV.
Militia and Military Companies. — First Regulations. — Uniforms Unnecessary. — Parades at Detroit. —
Hull's Martinetism. — A Peculiar Law. — Militia Ollicers. — Absurd Regulations. — (lorgeous
Uniforms. — The {'.overnor'.'-- Clothing Store. — Dissatisfaction of Inhabitants. '— Uniforms Miist be
Procured.— Gentle's Description of Military Doings. — An Awkward Captain and His Awkward
Squad. — Trouble between Hull and Griswold. — Military Courts. — Amusing Excuses. — Military
Companies. — Date of Organization. — Officers and Incidents. 3 13-3 '8
PART VI.— SOCIAL.
CHAPTER XL VI.
Original Inhabitants of Detroit. — Indian Agents. —Eiirly Visitors. — First Inhabitants. — Various
Theories. — Probable Order of Occupation. — Humboidt's Opinion.— Indian Mounds.— E.xamina-
tions. — Contents. — Probable Object. — Names of Tribes. — Cannibals. — Location of X'illages. —
Indian Dress. — Amusements. — Habitations. — Occupations. — Origin of Indian Names.— The
Council Fire, —Visits of Noted Indians. — Methods and Requests. — Stephenson's Metaphor.-
English Gifts. — American Largess. — Indian Dandies. — Quaint Designations. — Indian Agents.—
Indian Treaties. — First White Visitors. — Remarkable Journeys. — Champlain and Detroit. — Mar-
quette.-Joliet.—Galinee.— La Salle and the Griffon. — Tonty and La Forest. — La Hontan.—
Charlevoix.
321-325
CHAPTER XLVII.
Biography of Cadillac. — The Founding and Growth of Detroit. — Manners and Customs. — Marriage
Laws. — Masonic and Odd Fellows' JJocieties. — Cadillac's -al Name. — Date and Place of
Birth. — When Baptized.— His Father's History. — Other i- -latives.— His Signature. — Careless
Recording. — The Family Name. — Proofs of Identity. — His Early Life. — Rare 'Abilities. — Deter-
mined Character. — A Cosmopolite. — His Marriage. — Residence in Acadia. — His Wife's Devotion.
— Her Co
Mt. Desei
Esteem.
I caving
Jealousy (
Death aiu
C.-ulillac .It
cils. — Opi
StatiMnent
I'irst BirtI
I'!nc()(ir;ige
Reports,
of New C
Obsolete r,
age of (
names.-
tic Anin
Emi)loymei
tive Atmi
Early Soci
Event. -
Club. — Ma
A Mride wit
Societies. —
Slavery and the
Sla/es. — P
dolph Oppoi
Unfriendly
Detroit. — 'I
Association.
.\rrivals. — '
I' I Try Raid.
Disgraceful
Case. — Col(
Recreations and
Amusement!
Conquest. —
by Mail.— L
gerald. — Pic
America. —
Games. — O
of Garden. -
on Piety Hi
on Jefferson
Carnival. — I
Cricket Clul
Music and the
Parish Chori
Singers. — F(
Detroit Phil
Union. — Or]
First Piano
Bands. — Lii
Location of
and inventor
Art Exhibiti(
TABLE OV CONTENTS.
• t •
xxm
— I Icr Coura.iLjc. — Names of their Children. — History of Child.en. — Mis Wife's I>ast Home. — The
Mt. Desert Cirant. — 1 he Cirr'goires. 'I'iieir Miirial I'lace. -Cadiliae's Position. — (loveriimental
Ksteein. — Appointed to .Mackinaw. - His Return to <2iiel)ec. — Desires to I'ound Detroit, Date of
leavinif Detroit. — Appointed Ciovernor of I-ouisiana. -Arrival at Mobile. — His Activity. —
Jealousy of As.soeiates. — l-aler Misrepresentations. — Appointed ( lovernor of Castelsarrasin.His
Death and lUirial. — 'I'he Koiindinif of Detroit. — Cadillac's I'lans. — Obstacles in the Way. —
Cadillac at (Quebec. — (loinj^' West. — IJeaiichene's Narrative. — Hirthday of Detroit. — Indian Coun-
cils.— Opposition to Colony. — V'audreuil NeiLjIects Orders. — Intrivjues at Tr.idinjj Company. —
Statement of Cadillac's Son.— Boldness of First Settlers. — Roy.il JJIood. — St. Anne's Records. —
l-'irst Birth, Marriaj^e and Death. —(Irowth of J'opulation. — Arrival of rroniincnt Families. —
Fncoiirai^rement to Settlers. — Ii --easinii I'rosperity. — Aeadians at Detroit. - Knj^dish Census
Reports. — First American Settlers. — Bostonians. - Poetical Praises. — Potent Maps. - Thousands
of New Comers. — Kmi^ration .Sorij.;. — Arriv.il of X'arious Nationalities. — Intercstinj^r Facts. — An
Obsolete Opinion. — Cen.sus by Decades. — Percent of Increase, — Number of Families. — Percent-
.ijje of Children. — Population Possibilities. — Old Time Manners, — Rouj^h \'oya)>;es. — Nick-
names.— Styles of Dress. -- A Sonnet on a Bonnet. — Subjects of Thouj^ht.- Provisions. — Domes-
tic Animals. — Su)j;ar and Fish Scales. — A Delicious Drink. — ("lOvernor Cass's Testimony. —
Employments of First Settlers. — Unscientific Farmers. — Cientlemcn by Occupation. — A Conserva-
tive Atmosphere. -- A Place to F.njoy Fife. — Characteristics of People, -Personal Appcar.ince, —
F.arly Social .\dvantages. — Old School Flospitality. — Pertinent Testimony. — Noticeable Social
Fvent. — Bani|iiet to C. C. Trowbridije. — New Year's Calls. — Social Societies. — The Dctrf)it
Club. — Marria>,'e Laws. — Indi.-m Wives. — Importation of Younjj Fadies. — Weddinjj Festivities. —
A Bride with a Doll, — Territorial Marria).;e Laws. — Later Re,v;ulations. — Masonic and Odd Fellows'
Societies. — Date of Institution of Lodjjes. — Incidents. — Places of Meetings. 326-343
CHAPTER .XLVIIL
Slavery and the Colored Race. — First Slaves. — Indian Servants. — Orders for Slaves. — Prices of
Sla.'cs. — Peculiar Expressions. — .Slavery Prohibited. — -Efforts to Repeal Prohibition. — John Ran-
dolj.h 0|)i)oses. — Colored Militia. — -Taxes on Sl.ive Properly. — C.radual Extinction of Slavery. —
Unfriendly Laws. — Kidnapjiin,^ Slaves. — Riot of 1833. — I-lscape of Blackburn. — lOxcitemeni at
Detroit. — Troops from Fort Or.itiot. — Anti-Slavery Society. — Officers of .Society. — The Liberty
Association. — Fugtive Slave Loan. — Arrest of Rose. — l'ndcri,'round Railroad. — Frequent
Arrivals.— Humoious Handbill. Anti-Slavery .Sentiment. — John Brown in Detroit. — The Harper's
Ferry Raid. — ("elebr.uion of Emancipation. — The Riot of 1863. — Faulkner's Arrest and Trial. — A
Disgraceful Mob. — Houses Fired. — Colored People Beaten and Killed. — Sequel to Faulkner
Case. — Colored People Ask for Citizenship. — Citizenship Bestowed. 344-348
CHAPTER XLIX.
Recreations and Amusements. — Sporting Facilities. — Skilful Maidens. — Natural Gayety. — Sunday
Amusements. — Foot Racing. — The French Champion. — Sir Wm, Johnson's Visit. — Miss Curie's
Conquest. — Old Time Civilities. -The Grosse Pointe
by Mail. — Lady Musicians. — War and Merriment. -
gerald. — Picnic on Belle Isle. — Racing on the Ice. -
America. — Characteristic Challenge. — Woodbridge
Games. — Obsolete Laws. — McKinstry's Enterprise. -
of Garden. — First Museum. — The Higgins' Collection. — Dor'or Cavalli's Mu.seum. — Coasting
on Piety Hill. — Early Skating Rinks. — Recreation Park. — 'I .e Zoological Garden. — F'oot Ball
on Jefferson Avenue. — Billiard Tables. — Noted Malches. — Novel FLntertainments. — Authors'
Carnival. — Roller Skates and Velocipedes. — City Lic(.'nse Fees. — The Turn-Verein. — The
Cricket Club. — Gymnasiums. — Shooting and Fisl ing Clubs. — Boat Clubs and Regattas. 349-353
Roatl. — Dancing all Night. — Compliments
-Miss Powell's Visit, — Lord Edward F'itz-
- Winter Picnics. — Michigan against North
Grove. — Old Time Rambles. — Children's
Sports at Michigan Garden. — Description
CHAPTER L.
Music and the Drama. — Art, Artists, and Inventors. — N,iture's Vocalists. — Fifes and Fiddles.--
Parish Choristers. - Hot Flip and Songs. — Primitive Halls. — Local Vocalists. — Visits of Noted
Singers. — Former Teachers. — Musical Organizations. — Harmonic Society. — Musical Association, —
Detroit Philharmonic, — Concordia Society, — Nicolai Philharmonic, — ^ I)etroit Musical. — Chorus
Union, — Orpheus Musical. — Arion Glee Club. — Schumann Society, — Siengerbund Meetings. —
First Piano and Organ. — Detroit Composers, — Successful Compositions. — Leaders of Brass
Bands, — Lincoln's Ojjinion of Kern. — Gideon's Band, — Recent Bands, — Military Theatricals. —
Location of Theatres, — Visits of Noted Actors. — Bronson Howard and His Plays. -- Art, Artists,
and inventors, — Works of Randolph Rogers, — Stanley's Paintings, — Portraits by Bradish, — Fine
Art Exhibitions. — Works by Local Artists. — Exhibition of Noted Paintings, — Dunlap's " Bearing
XXIV
TABLE OF CONTENTS.
the Cross" "Calvary." and "Christ Rojertcd." — West's "Christ Healing the Sick."-— Teale's
"Court of Death."— Rossitcr's "Return of the Dove" and " Miriam."— Dubufc's "Adam .md
Eve "—rower's "(".reek Slave."— riiotoijrapliic Work. — The Art Loan. — Local Artists.— Museum
of Art. — Subscriptions towards Site. — Cift of J. K. Scripps.— Detroit Inventions. — Hurt's .Solar
Compass — Edison's Early Visits.— An Omnivorous Reader. —Van de I'oele's Liijht.- h elix Meier s
Clock.— Smith's Automatic Clock.— Hrown's Cold Pens. — Day's Snow Plow. — Wilder 's Propeller
Wheel.— Davis's Refrigerators.— Flower's Double-Faced Valves. 354-364
PART VII. ARCHITECTURAL.
CHAPTER LI.
Houses and Homes. — Stores and Business Buildings. — House and Store Numbers. — Lighting and
Heating. — Lo.i^ Houses.— I!irch-I?ark Roofs.— Acadi;ui Simplicity. — lUiildini^s Multipiymv:.— Stone
Quarries. — Intere-stini^ Discovery. — Oriijinal Cellar Kitchen. — The River Front. — Picture of Speci.il
Interest. — A Street View in 1800. — The Cass House. — Judj^e Campbell's "Cas.sina." — Moran and
Lafferty Houses. -- First Brick Residence. — Various Occupants. — The Campau House. — A French
House. — Growth of City. — Recent Statistics. — Noted House Movinvr. --Cravel and Slate Roofs. —
Brick Rows. — Effects of Street Cars. — Increase of Elaboration. — Residence Streets. — Lawns and
Shade Trees. — Remarkable Facts. — Business Corners. — Former Desinnations. — FMrst Hiick
Stores. — A Prize Conundrum. — Introduction of Plate Gla.ss. — Olfice Buildings. — Names of Busi-
ness Blocks. — Location and D.ate of Erection. — House and Store Numbers. — Primitive Fire
Kindlers. — First Matches. — ISayberry Candles. — Tallow Dips. — Burning Fluid. — Coal Oil. —
Electric Lights. — .Street Lighting. — ('.as Inspectors. — Keeping Warm. --Stove Renting. — Coal
Introduced. — Inerea.sed Use. — First Steam Heating. — Steam Supply Company. — Boilc In-
spection. 3'j7-47 I
CHAPTER LII.
Council Houses. — Court House or Capitol. — Cit/ Halls. — Opera Houses and Public Halls. —
Council Houses. — Locations. — Indian Council House. — When Built. — Governor Cass's Testi-
mony.— Woodworth's Statement. — Various Occujiants. — City Council House. — A Moving History. —
The Court House. — Changes and Delays. — A Mistake .Somewhere. — Peculiar Contract. — Laying
of Corner-Stone. — Dinner by Contractor. — Completion of Capitol, — An Appropriate Address. —
Scrip for Contractors. — The Cupola. — A Favorite Lookout. — Old City Hall. — .Selection of .Site. —
Erection of Building. — Campus Martins Lime Kiln. — Completion of Building. — Flntertainments
in. — Building Vacated and Demolished. — New City H >ll. — 'The Site. — Description of Building. —
View from Tower. — The Clock. — Old Cannons. — 1 he Hubb.ird Statues, — Cadillac, La Salle,
Marquette, and Richard. — F.arly Public Halls. — The Old Session Room. — Old ^'<)nng Men's
Hall. - Firemen's Hall. — Merrill Hall. — Young Men's Hall. — Arbeiter Hall. — St. Andrew's I lall. -
Detroit Ojiera House. —Whitney's Opera House. — Harmonic Hall. — Former Music Hall. — Other
Public Halls. — Building Inspectors. 472-479
CHAPTER L I I I .
Old Taverns and New Hotels. — The Dodemead House. — Smyth's Hotel. — Sagina Hotel — Woodworth's
Hotel. — Uncle Ben. — The Long Room. — American or Wales Hotel. — Harriet Martine.au 's De-
scription.— The First Mansion House. — ICverything by Turns. — Prominent Landmark. — Attractive
Resort. — Yankee Boarding-House. — Franklin House. — Eagle Hotel. — Cliff's Tavern. — New York
and Ohio House. — Michigan Exchange. — The National. — Rus.sell House. — St. Joseph House. —
Detroit Cottage. — Andrew's Railroad Hotel. — Second Mansion House. — United States Hotel. —
Central Railroad House. — Coyl House. — Commercial Hotel. — Indiana House. — Western
Hotel. — Grand River House. — ( ioodman House. — Northern Hotel. — Perkins Hotel. — Johnson's
Hotel. — Bagg's Hotel. — Buena \'ista House. — Biddle House. — ^ City Hotel. — American Temper-
ance House. — Grand Circus Hotel. — Merchants' F^xchange. — Peninsular Hotel.- Blindbury's
Hstel. — Antisdel House. — Garrison House. — St. Charles Hotel. — Tremont House. — Revere
House. — Leland House. — The Madison. — Waverly House.— Howard or Griswold House. — Earned
House. — Railroad Exchange. — Finney House. — Brighton House. — Hotel F>ichson. — Ei.senlord
House. — Hotel Henry. — Hotel Renaud. — Gollinet or Bern.ird House. — The Brunswick. —
Standish House. — Rice's Hotel. — The Kirkwood. — Dates of Opening. — Names of Proprietors.
etc, 480-488
TADLE OF CONTENTS.
XXV
chai>ti:r li v.
Important Fires, — Fire Marshal. — Fire Limits. — Ciiimney Sweeps. — Notable Fires. — Dates and
Incidents. — Fire of 1703. — Indian Incendiaries. — Cadillac Injured. — Fire of 17 12. — Buildings
Demolished. — The Fire of 1S05. — Resultant Changes. — Premonitions. — -The Laborer's I'ipe. —
Old Fire Pump. — The Hatter's Vat. — Inhabitants in Double Line. — Excited People. — Loading the
Ikiats. — The Town Destroyed. — Houses outside the Stockade. — Dilhet's Account. — Majestic and
Frightful Sight. — Crippled Child. — Munroe's Letter to Harrison. — Well-Baked Bread. — Hull's
Accommodations. — ^"(iathering Building ALaterials. — Horrible Suspicion. — Strange I'roclamation. —
Relief Contributions. — How Disposed of. — Later Conflagrations. — Dates. — Locations. — Owners
of Property. — Fire Commission Records. — Yearly List of Fires and Losses. — Fire Mar.shal. —
History of OfTice. — Duties and Names of Marshals, — Fire Limits. — Changes in Limits. — Chimney
Sweeps. — Time's Changes. 489-500
CHAPTER LV. '
The Old Fire Depj ment. — The Steam Fire Department. — The Fire Department Society. — The
Swab Brigade. — I'^irs as Extinguishers. — -Engine of 179S. — Sweeping the Chimneys. — Fire
Bags. — Keg and Bucket Safeguards. — Roof Ladders. — Bucket Line. — Trustee's Orders.- — Dis-
obedience Fined. — A Widow's Wit. — Morbid Fears. — Town Inspectors. — Suburban Inspectors. —
Battering Rams. — Axemen. — Battering-men. — Firemen. — Missing Hooks and Rams. — Informa-
tion Sought. — Fire Engines Wanted. — I'roposed Lottery. — Sunrise Practice. — Shouldering Tubs. —
Unwilling Citizens. — Broken Resolutions. — luigine- House Site W^anted. — Watchman's Cry. —
Candles in Windows. — Noise and Terror. — Arrival of No. i. ^ Lazy Citizens. — Triangular Bell
Wanted. — Xo. 2 Organized. — First Review Day. — Reservoir on Wheels. — I'nderground Reser-
voirs.— ^ First Hose Company. — No. 3 Organized. — Engine Hou.se for No. 2. — New Fire Ordi-
nance.— Wands for Ollieers. — Caps and 'Prumpets. — Fire Buckets for Hou.scs. — Fire Wardens
and Duties. — Tolling the Bells. — The Steeple Watch. — Districting the City. — No. 4 Organized. —
Heroic Firemen. — Coats Burned Off. — A Poor Corporation. — -Singular Resolution. — No. 5 Or-
ganized.— Visiting Firemen. — More Companies Organized. —Annual Parades. — Oay Decorations. —
Well-Dressed Firemen. — ^ Highest Water. — Broom Carrying. — False Alarms. — Jealousies. — Politi-
cal IntUience. — Firemen's Balls. — Daring Deeds. — Starting for a Fire. — Rival Companies. —
.Successful Tricks. — Exciting Scenes. — Washed ( )ut. — Night Refreshments. — Newspaper Thanks. —
Firemen's Songs. — Company Mottoes. — Department in 1851. — Engine-House Furnishings. — The
First Stream. — ^ Increase of Rivalry. — Costly Jealousies. ^ Sidewalk Ordinance. — Displeased Fire-
men. — Disbanding Companies. — C)lci Citizens to the Rescue. — New Companies Organized. — The
Firemen's Dog. — Unworthy Firemen. — First Trial of Steamers. — \'olunteer Companies Disband. —
The Old Machine and Hose. — Characteristic Song. — First Steamers Ortlered. — I'aid Companies
Provided for. — First Fire-Alarm Telegraph. — Chief Engineers of Volunteer Department. ^ Steam
Fire Department Created. — Military Management. — Full and Careful Reports. — Department
Expenses aiul Inventories. — Engine Houses. — Steamers. — Hose Carriages. — Automatic Conveni-
ences.— Chemical Engines. — A Protective Company. — New f^ire-Alarm Telegraph. — Its Con-
struction. — How Operated. — The Box Alarms. — How Given. — Hydrants and Reservoirs. —
Organization of Commission. — Names of Commissioners. — Secretaries. — Engineers. — Surgeons.—
The Firemen. — A Creditable Force. — Firemen's .Association. — Fire Department .Society. — Organi-
zation.— Objects. — Hurlbut's Letter. — Firemen's Hall. — Description of. — \'an Dyke's .Services. —
Appreciative Testimonial. — Cemetery Lot and Monument. — Improvement of Mali. — Management
of Society. — Legislative Provisions. — Names of l^residents and Secretaries. 501 523
PART VIII.— RELIGIOUS.
CHAPTER LVL
Roman Catholic Missionaries and Priests. — Churches. —Bishops and Dioceses. — The Catholic
Union. — Catholic Pioneers. — Jesuit Visitors. — Tireless Zeal. — Oreat Ability. — Priestly K.xplorers. —
A Religious Settlement. —First Chapel. — Valliant and Del Halle. — Cadillac's Preferences. —
Franciscans Hold the Fort. — Burning of Chapel. — St. Anne's I^ecords. — Carefully I'rescrved.—
Authenticity Attested. — Interesting Extracts. — The First Entry. — Del Halle's Death and Burial.—
Frequent Removal of Remains. - E.xtracts from Records. — New Church Erect' d. — ^The Church
Burned. — Visit of Charlevoix. — Arrival of Bonaventure. — Completion of New Church. — Crespel's
Narrative. — Richardie's Huron Mission. — Pothier and Sail eoauve. — Death of Pothier. — Visit of
XXVI
TAHLE OF CONTENTS.
Bishop roiitl)rianci. -Riverside Ciiapeis. — The Reel Chapel. — Roprition Exercises. — Services Dur-
injf I'oiUiac War. — Trustees and I'ew Rents. — Arrival of Father Richard. — I'niversal Ksteeni.—
Richard's Loyalty. — His Election to Conijress. — Death and Uiirial. —Memorial Window. — Church
Burned in 1805. — Services after the Fire. — Church Troubles. — 15ishop Fla.ijcl's Interdict. — His
Arrival. — Ditficulties Settled. —(ireat Rejoicings. — Departure of Bishop Flaj^et. — The Melcher
Farm Church. — Incorporation of St. Anne's. --The F^rst Trustees. — The Church Property.—
When Obtained. — The Consideration. —An Unveritied Tradition. —The Building of St. Anne's.—
Father Richard's Adverti.sement.— Counterfeit Shinplasters. — Steeple on Fire. — A Sleepy Pro-
phecy.— Original Ajjpearance of Church.— Customs of the Past.— Curious Official Letter. — A Peculiar
Advertisement. — Church Processions.— A \'aluable Bequest. — Priest's House. — Capacity of
Church. — Bounds of Parish. — Names of Priests. — Date of Service. — Floly Trinity Church. — First
, Building. —Its Removal. —New Building. — Cost.— Seating Capacity. —Average Attendance. —Value
of Property. — Yearly E.Kpenses. — The Mamie Disa.ster. — Memorial Tablet. — Bounds of Parish. —
Names of Priests. — Terms of Service. — St. Mary's Church. — First Services in Cernian. — ICrection
of Building, — Size. — Number of Sittings. — Value of Property. — Names of Priests. — Time of
Service. — Franciscan Residence. — Boundaries of Parish. — The New Church. — SS. Peter and
Paul Church. — Consecration Services. — Size and Cost of Building. — Mrs. Keveny's Ciift. —
Value of Property. — Names of Priests. — Terms of Service. — Bounds of Parish. — St. Jo.seph's
Church. — Original Location. — First lUiilding. — Priest's Residence. — New Church. — Cajiacity. —
Value of Property. — Church Beneficial Society. — Bounds of I'arish. — Names of Priests. — Terms of
Service. — St. Anthony's Church. — Location. — Cost. — When Completed. — Capacity. — Names of
Priests. — Terms of Service. — St. Patrick's Church. — Location. — When Completed. — Cost. — Date
of Enlargement. — Priest's House. — Value of Property. — Names of Priests. — Terms of Service. —
Bounds of Parish. — St. Vincent de Paul Church. — Location. — W' hen Consecrated. — Cost. —
Capacity. — Priest's House. — Value of Property. — Bounds of I'arish. — Priests and Terms
of Service. — Our Lady of Help Church. — Location. — When Consecrated. — Cost. —
Capacity. — Value of Property. — Bounds of Parish. — Priests and Terms. — St. Boniface Church. —
When (Organized. — .Services in School Ikiilding. — Priest's House. — Names of Priests. — Bounds of
Parish. — Church Erected. — Date of Consecration. — Value. — St. Albert's Church. — Location. —
Date of Consecration. — Cost of Church, — Capacity. — Bounds of Parish. — Names and Terms of
Priests. — New Church Building. — .St. Aloysius Church. — Location. — Purchase. — Purchase of
Buildings. — Improvements. — Capacity. — Bounds of Parish. — Services of Father \'an Dyke. —
Value of Property. — St. Joachim's Church. — Original Name. — Location. — Cost. — Bounds of
Parish. — Value of Property. — Name of Priest. — Church of the Sacred Heart. — Locatioii. — Cost.—
Capacity. — Average Attendance. — Nainesand Terms of Priests. — Bounds of Parish. — Value of
Property. — St. Wenceslaus Church. — Location. — Cost. — Capacity. — Naines of Priests. — Church
of the Holy Redeemer. — First Ser\'ices. — Location. — Cost. — Capacity. — Bounds of Parish. —
Priests in Charge. — St, Cassimer's Church. — Location. — Combined Church and School Building. —
Cost. — Date of Consecration. — Name of Priest. — Bounds of Parish. — St. Boiiavetiture Church
and Monastery. — Location. — Size of Building. — Cost. — Grotto t)f the Blessed Virgin Mary. — A
Peculiar Structure. — Location. — Beautiful Avenue. — Cost of Grotto. — Description. — Roman
Catholic Bishops and Dioceses. — First Diocese in New France. — Names of P.ishops. — Dates of
Consecration. — Vicar-Generals. — Secretaries. — Catholic Union Society. — \\ hen Organized. —
Objects. — How Managed. — Presidents and Secretaries. 527-549
CHAPTER LVIL
Earliest Protestant Ministers. — The Moravians. — Later Missionaries and Clerical Visitors.—
First Regular Protestant Services. — First Protestant Clergymen in Detroit. — English Army
Chapl.iins. — Moravians Brought to Detroit. — Departure of Moravians. — Their Return. — First
Protestant Services. — Interesting Details. — The Moravians on the Huron. — NewCinadcnhuctten. —
Consecration of Church. — Moravian Visits and Baptisms. — Leaving New (inadenhuettcn. — A
Chaplain of the Queen's Rangers. — Gen. Wayne's Army Chaplain. — E.xtract from Journal. — Arri-
val of David Bacon. — Revs. Badger and Hughes. --Mrs. Bacon Leaves for Connecticut. — Return
with Wife and Brother. — His Sermons and his Hearers. — Visit of a Moravian Minister. —
Messrs. Badger and Hughes again. — Dr. Leonard Bacon's Birthplace. — Incident of his Infancy. --
Bacon Visits Maumee and Mackinaw. — Goes to Ohio. — Visit of Daniel Freeman. — Services by
Rev. Mr. Pollard. — Rev. Nathan Bangs Arrives. — Account of Visit and Services. — Lot Asked for
Protestant Church. — Rev. Wm. Ca.se Appointed to Detroit. — Bravery and Success. — Methodist
Episcopal Church Organized. — First Protestant Church in Territory. — Names of Meinbers. — F'arly
Methodist Preachers. — Mitchell, Holmes, Ryan, and Hopkins. — American Army Chaplains. — Death
of Rev. J. T. Wilmor. — Arrival of Joseph Hickco.v. — Low State of Morals. — A Rigid Law. — Plain
Talk by Mr. Hickcox. — Services by Rev. Gideon Lanning. — The Rouge Church. — Methodist
Ministers: Davis, Di.xon, Kent, Finlay, Morey, and Strange. — Rev. John Monteith Arrives, — His
First .Sermon. — Evangelistic Society Organized. — .Services at Council House. - Judge Woodward's
Proposed Society. — Robert Abbott's Advertisement. — Burying Ground Granted to Protestant
i
Society.
Bills.
Successd
The Methoc
First M.|
Names
Visitors. I
Building!
erty. — l|
and StaiJ
Erection]
Names
Church.
Mal'fitt.
Library
Church.
Names.— I
of New ^
F'ormer
and Tern
cation.
Property.
Street Ch
Number
Sixteenth
erty. — N
Services. -
When De
Date of
Asbury ^
Organizal
by Decad<
cated. — (
Church. —
John Ste'
Brick Chi
cades. — • ]
Building. ■
Zion Afri
bands. —
Location.
Street Pn
Society I
Ikiilding.
of Pastor:
The Protesta
Reformed
House. —
Names of
Erection (
bers bv
Consjcrat
Chime of
Decades.
Building.
Church. -
Memorial
John's CI
Location.
Assistant
TABLE OF CONTENTS.
XXVll
Society. — Erection of Church. — Dedication of Building. — Sabbath Collections. — Clnircli Due
Bills. — Pew Rents. — First Protestant Society Incorporated. — L eparture of Mr. Monteith. — Mis
Successor. — First Protestant Society Becomes a Presbyterian Church. 55o-55^
CHAPTER LVIII.
The Methodist Episcopal Churches. — Events of Interest to the Denomination. — Circuit Riders. —
First M. E. Society. — First Church Buildinj^. — Notice of Meetin.if. — Incorporation of Society. —
Names of Corporators. — Relation to the Rouge Society. — Reminiscences by Dr. Brunson, — Inciian
Visitors. — Christian Courtesies. — (iathering Materials for Building. — Location.-- Description of
Building. — Christian Indians. — Interesting Meetings. — Old-Time Records — Sale of Church i'rop-
erty. — Erection of New Church. — Names and Terms of Pastors. — Erection of Woodward Avenue
and State Street Ciiurches. — Consolidation of Woodward Avenue and Congress Street Societies. —
Erection of Central Church. — Cost of Property. — Church Societies. — Members by Decades. —
Names and Terms of Pastors. — Church Societies. — Central Morning Mission. — Congress Street
Church. — First Services. — First Trustees. — Location of Building. — Sermon by Rev. John N.
Mal'fitt. — A Comprehensive Lecture. — Donation Parties. — General Grant as a Pew-Holder. —
Library Association. — Enlargement of Church. — Names and Terms of Pastors. — Burning of
Church. — Subsequent Services. — Number of Members by Decades. — Tabernacle Society. — Former
Names. — First Church Building. — Old Location. — Extensive Repairs. — Sale of Property. — Purchase
of New Site. — Church and Chapel Erected. — Names and Terms of Pastors. — Simpson Church. —
P'ormer Names. — When Organized. — First Building. — New Location. — New Building. — Names
and Terms of Pastors. — Palmer Memorial Church. — Former Name. — Original Location. — Dedi-
cation.— Improvements and Alterations. — Yearly Expenses. — Members by Decades. — Value of
Property. — New Location. — New Church. — New Name. — Names and Terms of Pastors. — Fort
Street Church. — Preliminary History. — Erection of Building. — Location. — Cost. -— Dedication. —
Number of Members. — Names and Terms of Pa;itors. — Yearly Expenses. — Value of Property. —
Sixteenth Street Church. — Location of Building. — Date of Dedication. — Cost. — Value of Prop-
erty.— Number of Members. — List of Pastors. — Junction Church. — Original Location. — Early
Services. — New Site. — Names of Pastors. — Value of Property. — Delray Church. — Location.—
When Dedicated. — Cost. — First Pastor. — Wesley Church. — Its Beginnings. — Cost of Building. —
Date of Dedication. — Cass Avenue Church. — Location. — Cost of Chapel. — First Pastor. —
Asbury Mission. — Location. — Cost. — Date of Dedication. — First German Church. — Date of
Organization. — First Meetings. — Erection of Church. — Location. — Value of Property. — Members
by Decades. — Names and Terms of Pastors. — Second German Church. — Location. — When Dedi-
cated.— Cost. — Members by Decades. — Names of Pastors. — Thirty- second Street German
Church. — Location. — When I )edicated. — Cost. — First Pastor. — Lafayette Street African Church. —
John Stewart's Mi.ssion. — First Colored Society. — First Building. — \'arious Removals. — First
]3rick Church. — Location. — Cost. — Extensive Repairs. — Value of Property. ^ Members by De-
cades. — Names and Terms of Pastors. — I^benezer African Church. — When Organized. — First
Building. — Chapel Purchased. — When Dedicated. — Value of Property. — Names of Ministers. —
Zion African Church. — First Building. — When Dedicated. — Names of Ministers. — Society Dis-
bands.— New Organization. -- Place of Meeting. — Names of Ministers. — French Church. —
Location. —Cost of Building. — Name'- of Pastors. — Society Disbanded. — Church Sold. — Pine
Street Protestant Methodist Church. — Date of Organization. — Location. — Names of Pastors. —
Society Disbanded. — Bethel Evangelical Association Church. ^ — Date of Organization. — First
Building. — Cost. — New Location, — New Building. - - Members by Decades. — Names and Terms
of Pastors. — Events Interesting to Methodists. — Names and Terms of Presiding Elders. 559-580
CHAPTER LIX.
The Protestant Episcopal Churches. — Bishops, Dioceses, and Conventions. — Anglo-Catholic and
Reformed Episcopal Churches. — St. Paul's Church. — When Organized. — Meetings at Council
House. — Part of Old Burying-Ground Obtained. — First Church. — Enlargement of Church. —
Names of Rectors. — Service Described by Mrs. Jameson. — Sale of Woodward Avenue Properly. —
Erection of New Church. — Names of Rectors. — Annual Expenses. — Value of Property. — Mem-
bers bv Decades. — Christ Church. — When Organized. — Location. — First Building. — When
Cons-crated. — Addition Built. — Chapel Erected. — Cost. — Church Erected. — Cost. — Size. —
Chime of Bells Donated. — Names and Terms of Rectors. — Memorial Window. — Members by
Decades. — Mariners' Church. — Mrs. Anderson's Bequest. — Special Legislation. — Erection of
Building. — Cost. — Names of Rectors. — Members by Decades. — Value of Property. — St. Peter's
Church. — First Services. — Building Erected. — Partially Burned. — Extensive Improvements. —
Memorial Window. — Value of Property. — Members by Decades. — Names of Rectors. — St.
John's Church. — Date of Organization. — H. P. Baldwin's Gifts. — Cost of Chapel and Church. —
Location. — Names of Rectors. — Missionary Work. — Value of Property. — Members by Decades. —
Assistant Rectors. — Grace Church. — First Services. — Erection of Building. — Location. — Cost. —
xxvm
TABLE OF CONTENTS.
E. W. Hudson's Oift. —J. W. Waterman's Donation. —Value of Property. — Members by Decades.—
Names of Rectors. — St. Stephen's Clnircli. — Location. -- When Consecrated. — Names of Rt-c-
tors. — Kmaniiul Memorial Church. — First Services. - Erection of liuildinc:. — Mrs. Med' ry's
Gift. — New Location. — Names of Rectors. — Value of Property. — All Saints' Chapel. First
Services. — Location. —Cost. — Rectors in Charj^e. — St. James Church.— When Established. —
Location. — A Church Purchased. — New Iklildinl,^ — \'alue of Property. — Names of Rectors. —
Mission of the Messiah. - Location. — Cost of P>uilding. — Value of Property. — Names of Rec-
tors. — St. Mary's Mission. — When Established. — Chapel ICrected. - - Location.— Cost. — Ministers
in Charjre. — Mission of the (Jood Shepherd. — First Services. — Huildinjf Faceted. — Location. —
Value of Property.— Ministers in Chaige. — St. Thomas' Mission. ~ Location. — When Estab-
lished. - St. Barnabas Mission. — Location. — When F^stablished. — Cost of Buildinif. — Rectors. —
Holy Trinity Mission.— First Services. — Ministers in Charj^e. — St. Luke's Memorial Chapel.—
Location. — Erected by C. C. Trowbridije. — Object. — St. Matthew's Colored Church. - First Ser-
vices.— First Building. — Names of Ministers. — New Building. — Cost. — Ministers in Charge.—
St. Joseph's Memoriaf Chapel. — Location. — Cost. — Donated by Mrs. Medbury. —Trinity Church. —
When Incorporated. — Place of Meeting. — .Services Discontinued. — St. Mark's Church. — First
Services. — New Location. — Building Erected. — Services Discontinued. — Property Sold. — Diocese
of Michigan Created. — Piishops. — Conventions. — Episcopal Residence. — Diocesan Fund. — The
Church Association.— Holy Trinity Anglo-Catholic Church. — Places of Meeting. — Names of
Clergymen. — Epiphany Reformed Episcopal Church. — Date of Organization. — Location. — Minis-
ters. - Emanuel Reformed Episcopal Church. — Places of Meeting. — Date of Incorporation. —
Services Discontinued. 52*~593
CHAPTER LX.
The Presbyterian Churches. — Occasions of Interest to Presbyterians. — First Presbyterian Church. —
Date of Organization. — Names of Original Members." — First Church Property. — First Session
Room. — 15rick Session Room. — Sale of Church. — New Building Erected. — Cost. — When Dedi-
cated.—Tower Clock. — Property Sold. — Burning of the Church. — Utilizing the Old liell. — Services
after th'j Fire. — Church on Cratiot Avenue. — Cost. — When Dedicated. — Names of I'astors. —
Duffield Memorial Tablet. — Value of Property. — Members by Decades. — School for Chinese. —
Scotch or Central Church. — First Services. — Building Erected. — Names of Ministers. — New
Building. — Cost. — Change of Name. — Members by Decades. -Fort Street Church. — First
Services. — First Building. — Second Building. — Cost. — Names of Ministers. — Extensive Repairs. —
Burning of Church. — Opera House Services. — Church Rebuilt. — J. D. FJ ayes' Gift. — Members by
Decades. — Eighth Ward Mission. — Jefferson Avenue Church. — First Services. — I'.rection of
Building. — Names of Ministers. — Members by Decades. — The Frontenac Avenue Mission. —
Westminster Church."^ First Services. — Washington Avenue Building. — Names of Ministers. —
Sale of Property. — Parsons Street Chapel. — New Church. — Members by Decades. — Calvary
Church. — Location. — When Organized. — Building Dedicated. — Ministers. — Members. — Union
Church. — Brockway's Mission. — First Building. — Present Building. — Names of Ministers. — \'alue
of Property. — Memorial Church. — The First Mission. — Places of Meeting. — .Memorial Buildings. —
Memorial Windows. — Historical Lectures. — Trumbull Avenue Church. — Cost. — Location. —
Ministers. — United Presbyterian Church. — Society Organized. — lUiilding Purchased. — Extensive
Improvements. — Names of Ministers. — Number of >iembers. — French and German Church. —
When Organized. — Building I-Lrected. — Location. — Society Disbanded. — Property .Sold. —
Reformed Church of /America. — When Organized. — Location of Building. — Ministers. — Mem-
bers.— Occasions of Interest. — Presbyterian Alliance. 594-604
CHAPTER LXI.
The Baptist Churches. — Occasions of Interest to the Denomination. — First Church. — Ser\'ices in
University Building. — Erection of Frame Building. — Building Sold. — First Brick Church. — Mrs.
Jameson's Description of Church and Services. — Names of Pastors. — Second Brick Church. —
Cost. — When Dedicated. — The Cass Avenue Church. — Size and Cost. — Members by Decades. —
Second Church (colored). — Places of Meeting. — Property Purchased. — Members by Decades. —
Names of Ministers. — Lafayette Avenue Church. — When Organized. — First Services. — Erection
of Chapel. — The Church Building. — Names of Pastors. — Alembers by Decades. — Site for New
Church. — First German Church. — When Organized. — First Meetings. — Location of Church. —
Cost. — Number of Members. — Names of Pastors. — Zion Church (colored). — When Organized. —
Name of Pastor. — Members. — Eighteenth Street Church. — When Organized. — Builciing Dedi-
cated.— Value of Property. — Names of Ministers. — Twelfth Street Church. — Origin. — Location. —
Building. — Pastor. — Members. — Church luilarged. — .Second German Church. — Location. — Build-
ing.— Pastors. — Clinton Avenue Church. — Location. — Chapel Erected. — Pastor. — The Church
Building. — Shiloh Church. — Organization. — Places of Meeting. — Pastors. — French Church. —
When Organized. — Dedication of Church. — Members by Decades. — Pastor. — Tabernacle
Church.
Names (
Cost of
tions. —
The Congn
Church.
Finney.
Decades
Debt an(
Avenue
Name o
sion. -
Congregi
The Lutherai
Second
nial I'^xen
St. Mark'
Evangelii
Building,
gelical Ch
When On
municanti
Pastor. —
Matthew's
R formed
Names ol
Location,
ized. — CI
Building. -
Owners. —
The Christiar
Church. -
Statistic:
ing. — A
Building. -
Church. —
Congregal
Improvem
(Universa
Thiril Av
First Sen
Sliaary Z(
ing. — Na
Members.
Average i
The First Su
Conventi(
ing. — Ot
rizing. — :
Industrial
tendents.
Unions. -
1
TAHLE OF CONTENTS.
XXIX
Church. -- When Orijaiiized. — Howard Street Cliapel. — New Ikiiklini;. — W'lieii Deilicated. —
Names of I'astors. — Sale of Property. — Reniiiants of Society. — Park Street Church. — Location. —
Cost of lUiildiiijr. — I'astors. — Union with First Church. — Occasions of Interest. — State Conven-
tions. — liaptist Social U nion. 605-6 1 2
CHAPTER LXII.
The Congregational Churches. — Notable Congregational Gatherings. — First Conercjjational
Church. — Preliminary .Services. — Society Organized. — Building Erected. — Visit of i'resident
Finney. — Names of Pastors. — The Fort Street Church. — Value of Property. — Members by
Decades. — Second Church. — When Organized. — Erection of Chapel. — The Church lUiilding. —
Debt and Difficulty. — Names of i'astors. — Value of Property. — Number of Members. — Trumbull
Avenue Church. — Origin. — Original Location. — New Location. — Organization of Church. —
Name of Pastor. — Springwells Church. — Location. — 15uilding. — Pastors. — Harper Avenue Mis-
sion. — Location. — Management. — Mt. Hope Mission. — Location. — Management. — Notable
Congregational Gatherings. 613-616
CHAPTER L X I I I .
The Lutheran Churches. — St. John's German Evangelical Church. — First Services. — First lUiilding. —
Second Building. — Names of Pastors, — Third Ikiilding. — Members by Decades. — Semi-Centen-
nial E.xercise. — St. Paul's German J'lvangelical Church. — Location. — Building. — Cost. — Pastor. —
St. Mark's German Evangelical Church. — Location. — Building. — When Dedicated. — Trinity
Evangelical Lutheran Church. — When Organized. — First Ikiilding. — Addition Erected. — New
Building. — Cost. — Names of Pastors. — Communicants by Decades. — IJethlehem German Evan-
gelical Church. — Location. — Communicants. — Pastor. — Immanuel Evangelical Lutheran Church. —
When Organized. — First iJuilding. — Location. — New Church. — ■ New LoCtition. — Pastor. — Com-
municants.— Zion Evangelical Lutheran Church. — When Organized. — Building. — Location. —
Pastor. — .St. Paul's Evangelical Lutheran Church. — When Organized. — Building. — I'astors. — St.
M.itthew's Evangelical Lutheran Church. — When Organized. — Building. — Pastors. — Zion German
R formed Church. — First Building. — Second Building. — Location. — Communicants by Decades. —
Names of Pastors. — St. Peter's German Evangelical Lutheran Church. — When Organized. —
Location. — Pastor. — .Salem German Evangelical Lutheran Church. — Location.^ When Organ-
ized. — Church Building. — Pastors. — St. Luke's German Evangelical Lutheran Church. — Location. —
Building. — Pastor. — St. John's Independent Lutheran Church. — Location. — Building. — Former
Owners. — Pastor. 617-623
CHAPTER LXIV.
The Christian Church. — The New Jerusalem Church. — The Unitarian Church. — The Universalist
Church. — The Third Avenue Mission Church. — Jewish Congregations. — General Church
Statistics. — First Christian Church. — Places of Meeting. — Names of Pastors. — Present Build-
ing. — A Donation. — Members by Decades. — Church of Christ. — Location. — Howard Street
Building. — Plum Street Building. — Members by Decades. — Mission Building. — New Jerusalem
Church. — First Services. — Names of Ministers. — Church Buildings. — Members by Decades. —
Congregational Unitarian Church. — Organization. — Erection of Building. — Names of Ministers. —
Improvements to Building. — Members by Decades. — New Church Site. — Church of Our F'ather
(Universalist). — P'irst Service. — Erection of Building. — Cost. — Pastor. — State Convention. —
Third Avenue Mission. — Organization. — I'astor. — The Building. — Beth El Jewish Society. —
First Services. — Purchase of Church Buildings. — Names ot Rabbis. — Members of Society. —
Sliaary Zedec Jewish Society. — When Organized. — I*urchase of Church Building. — New P)uild-
ing. — Names of Rabbis. — Church Statistics by Decades. — Number of Buildings. — Number of
Members. — Percentage of Members. — Sittings. — Percentage of Sittings. — Statistics for 1880. —
Average Attendance. — Church E.xpenses. — Value of Property. 624-630
CHAPTER LXV.
The First Sunday School.— Mission Schools.— Sunday School Statistics, Sunday School Unions,
Conventions, and Celebrations. — The First Sunday School. — Notice in (Gazette. — Date of Open-
ing.— Object. — Officers of the Association. — Plxtracts from Annual Report. — E.xtensive Memo-
rizing.— School for Colored Children. — Books Used. — Mission Schools. — E.xtinct Missions.--
Industrial School Mission. — Sunday School Statistics for 1863, 1870, and 1880. — Names of Superin-
tendents.— Number of Officers, Teachers, and Scholars. — Average Attendance. — Sunday School
Unions. — Conventions and Celebrations. 631-637
XXX
TAHLi: OF CONTENTS.
C H A P T F, R L X V I.
Union Religioua Societies. — Union Meetings.— Revivals and Revivalists. — Voiinp Men's Christian
Association. — First Society. - Wiicn Orijanixed. — Names of Ollici-rs. — Location of Rooms. —
Orj^anization Disbands. — Yoiinij Men's Ciiristian Union. — Dale of ( )rjj;anization. — Ollieers. —
Metiiotl of Work. — Termination of Society. — The I'resent Association. — When Ory:anized. —
Location of Rooms. — International Convention. — The Farmer Street Property. — Dedication of
Huilding. — Increased Prosperity. — Mr. Skiff's Bequest. — Lines of Work. — New Location De-
sired.—Sale of Property. — New Rooms. — The Boys' Brancii. — Presidents and (ieneral Secre-
taries. — The Railroad Branch. —When Organized. — Location of Buildini,^. — City, County, and
State Bible Societies. — Dates of Orijanization. — Officers —Work. — Union Bethel Society. — When
Organized. — Place of Services. — Chaplains. — City Tract Societies, — Dates of Oriranization. —
Officers. — Methods of Work. — Detroit Evangelical Alliance. — Object. —When Organized. —
Officers. — Detroit Ministerial Union. — Organization. — Meetings. — Union Prayer Meetings. — The
Morning Meeting. — When Organized. — Places of Meeting. — The Noon Meeting. — Revivals and
Revivalists. — Visit of Rev. E. P. Hammond. — The Whittle and Bliss Meetings. — Services of Rev.
G. F. Pentecost. — Meetings of Harry F. Sales. 638-643
CHAPTER LXVII.
Poverty and Its Relief. — The Poor Commission. — City Physicians. — The County Poor. — Poveny
and Its Relief. — Methods under Northwest Territory. — Overseers of the Poor. — Directors of
Poor. - Manner of Relief. — Unworthy Recipients. — Large Benefactions. — Names of Directors. —
The Poor Commission. — Office Methods. — Names of Commissioners. — City Physicians. — Duties. —
Districts. — Names. — Crosse Pointe Hospital. — The County Poor. — Early Methods. -- Present
System. — Names of Superintendents. — County Poorhouse. — First Locatioii. — Remarkable Fact. —
Father Kundig's Services. — Legislative Appreciation. — The Poor Farm. — Location. — Buildings. —
Management. — County Insane Asylum, — Original Size. — Additions. - County Physicians. 644-649
CHAPTER LXVIII.
Charitable and Benevolent Societies and Institutions. — Yankee Innovations. — Moral and Humane
Society. — Organization. — Object. — Young Men's Benevolent Society. — Presidents. — Secretaries. —
E.\penditures. — Detroit City Mission Board. — Utopian Plans. — Lodging House. — Catholic Female
Association. — Kundig's Wards. — Successful F'air. — Building Erected. — Officers of the Associa-
tion.— St. Vincent's Female Orphan Asylum. — When Organized. — Various Locations, — Present
Building. — Superiors in Charge. — Ladies' Protestant Orphan Asylum. — When Organized. — First
Officers. — Asylum Opened. — Donations. — Building Erected. — Reorganization. — Principal Offi-
cers.— St. Mary's Hospital. — When Opened. — Location. — Clinton Street Building, — New Building. —
Regulations. — St. Andrews' Society. — Organization. — Object. — Officers. — Working Men's Aid
Society. — Building. — Location. — Objects. — Lafayette Benevolent and Mutual Help Society. —
When Organized. — Object. — Location of Building. — Officers. — Industrial School. — Organiza-
tion. — Object. — Original Location. — Removal. — Obtaining Funds. — New Building. — Manage-
ment.— -Practical Features. — Names and Terms of Officers. — St. [f)sepli's Retreat. — Former
Name. — Location. — Object. — Building. — Crounds. — St. Luke's Hospital, Church Home, and
Orphanage. — Origin. — Original Location. — The Fort Street Property. • — Large Bequests. — Trus-
tees. — Management. — Officers. — Hebrew Widows' and Orphans' Society. — Organization. —
Objects. — Officers. — Harper Hospital. — Walter Harper. — His (jift. — Provisions of Deed. —
Nancy Martin's Donation. — Trustees and Management. — Buildings Erected by Government, — Soldier
Patients. — Ordinary Patients. — Recent Bequests. — New Building. — Location. — Cost. — Accom-
modations.— Home of the Friendless. — Origin. — First Location. — High Street Building. — Warren
Avenue Building. — Aims and Management. — The Home Messenger. — Officers. — St. Anthony's
Male Orphan Asylum. — Location. — Value of Property. — Objects. — Officers. — Women's Flospital
and Foundlings' Home. — Its Origin. — First Location. — Present Site. — Design of Institution. —
How Sustained. — Officers. — House of Providence. — Object. — Management. — Original Building. —
Present Location. — Evangelical Lutheran Orphan Aid Society. — When Organized. — Original Loca-
tion. — Removal. — Membership. — Beneficiaries. — Officers. — Italian Benevolent Society. — When
Organized. — Object. — Officers, — Little Sisters' Home for the Aged Poor. — First Building. — New
Location. — New Building. — How Maintained. — Inmates, — Sister Superiors. — The Thompson
Home. — Its Founder. — Original Quarters. — Erection of Building. — Object. — Conditions of Admis-
sion.— Officers. — The Working Women's Home. — When Organized. — Locations. — Object. —
Officers. — Zoar Orphan Asylum. — Location. — Building. — Inmates. — Detroit Day Nursery and
Kindergarten Association. — When Organized. — Object. --Location of Building. — Officers. — Convent
of the Good Shepherd. — Location. — Object. — Roman Catholic. — Beneficial Societies Names. —
When Organized. — Detroit Association of Charities. — Object. — Methods. — Officers. 650-666
I
R
Early Metho
Papers an
Opportunit
Names of
gan Essav
The Detrbi
able Li!)el
Printers' D
graph. —
Literary (
A Clever
sonian Den
the Lakes.
Farmer's
Michigan 1
crat. — Am
L'Amie de
News. — W
Wellman's
The Monti
Musical H
Offering. —
The Penin;-
ent. — The
Magazine.
News. — Tl
Magazine of
of the Wee
The Shrapi
Sun. — The
The Penins
Advance. —
Manufacturt
The Wester
Canadienne.
Bulletin. — 1
Period. — T
Our Diocest
Price Curre
tol. — The ]
de Detroit,
man. — Ros
Michigan \V
Popular T^i
Graphic. —
Sun. —The
view. — Thi
Our Church
Times (No.
Therein. —
Express. — •
Enquirer. —
Tribune. —
The AUgem
Commercial
ticultural Joi
Western H-
Leader. — T
County Cot
IVeparation;
TAKLE OF CONTKN TS.
XXXI
PART IX. -LITERARY.
C 1 1 A I' T E R L X I X .
Early Methods of Publishing. — The First Newspapers. — The Newspaper Graveyard. — Living
Papers and Periodicals. — City Printers. — Newsboys. — The Town Crier. — Church Notices.--
Opportunities Improved. - First Newspapers in Canada and the West. — Defunct Publications. —
Names of Editors and Publishers. — Characteristics. — Dates of First and Last Issues. — The Michi-
gan Essay. — Misstatements Corrected. — Definite Information Obtained. — The Paper Described, —
The Detroit Gazette. — The Type and Press. - - Amusing Notices. — A Carrier's Address. — Remark-
able Libel .Suit. — Editor Imprisoned. — Public Dinner in the Jail. — Release of Mr. Sheldon.—
Printers' Discouragements. — The Michigan Herald. — The Gazette Fran9aise. — The Detroit Tele-
graph.— Herald of Literature and Science. — Michigan State Register. — Evening Spectator and
Literary Gazette. — The Spy in Michigan. — The Detroit Morning Post. — McGinnis versus Bagg. —
A Clever Retort — The Craftsmen of Michigan. — Michigan Observer. — The World. — The jeffer-
sonian Democrat. — The Day Hook. — The Michigan Agriculturist. — The Eglantine. — The Mirror of
the Lakes. — The Journal of Education. — Si)irit of '76. — The Western Farmer. — Michigan Farmer. -
Farmer's Companion. — The Western Rural. — The Rat Gazette. — Michigan Christian Herald. —
Michigan Literary Gem. — The Washingtonian. — The Daily Times. — The Constitutional Demo-
crat.— American Citizen. — Western Catholic Register. — The Daily Gazette. — Detroit Magazine. —
L'Amie de la Jeunesse. — American Vineyard. — Evangelical Observer. — Detroit Register. — Daily
News. — Western Excelsior. — Michigan Journal of Homoeopathy. — Western Literary Miscellany. —
Wellman's Literary Miscellany. — Northwestern Advocate. — Daily Herald. — American Gleaner. —
The Monthly Hesperian. — The Medium. — Le Citoyen. — Peninsular Fountain. — Northwestern
Musical Herald. — Western Evangelist. — Commercial Bulletin. — The Republican. — Student's
Offering. — -The Atlantis. — The Catholic Vindicator. — The Guardian. — The Daily Times No. 2. —
The Peninsular Journal ot Medicine. — Medical Independent. — The Peninsular and Independ-
ent. — The Michigan Homoeopathic Journal. — The Michigan Journal of Education and Teachers'
Magazine. — Waymarks in the Wilderness. — The Little Wolverine. — The Ashlar. — The Evening
News. — The Bremen's Journal. — Preston's Bank Note Reporter. — Brown's Reporter. — The
Magazine of Travel. — The Young Men's Journal. — The Transcript. — The Herald. — The Spirit
of the Week. — The Michigan Democrat. — The True Democrat. — Der Radicale Democrat. —
The Shrapnel — Froth. — The Christian Unionist. — The Journal of Commerce. — The Daily
Sun. — The Peninsular Herald. — The New World. — The Review of Medicine and Pharmacy. —
The Peninsular Journal of Medicine (No. 2). — The Medical Journal. — The Western Medical
Advance. — The Price Current. — 1 he Monitor. — The Mechanic and Inventor. — The Scientific
Manufacturer. — Journal of Commerce (No. 2). — Sunday Times. — The Odd Fellows' Wreath. —
The Western Catholic. — Baptist Tidings. — L'Impartial. — The Anti-Roman Advocate. — L'Etoile
Canadienne. — The Song Journal. — Our Mutual Friend. — The Popular Appeal. — The Commercial
Bulletin. — Leather Apron. — Our Yankee Land. — The Pulpit. — The Mystic Star.— The Boy of the
Period. — The Michigan Journal of Homoeopathy. — Michigan Edition of Northwest Reporter. —
Our Dioceses. — The Sunday Guest. — The Better Age. — The Wolverine Messenger. — The Weekly
Price Current. —The Little People. —Truth for the People.— Michigan Truth teller.— The Capi-
tol. — The Evening Star. — The Travellers' Illustrated Railway Reporter. — Le Courier. — Le Journal
de Detroit. — The Herald. — The Sontag Zeitung. — Marine Record. — The American Work-
man.—Rose's Nose. — The Red and Wliite Ribbon. —The Western Era. — The National. — The
Michigan Weekly Sun.— The Socialist. — The Michigan Homestead. — The Penny Times. — The
Popular T^ra. — The Family Journal. — Moore's Masonic Messenger. — Public Spirit. — Detroit
Graphic. —The Sunday Herald. — The Times. — The Lever. — Detroit Illustrated. — The Sunday
Sun. —The Daily Mail. — Commercial Law News. — The Pursuivant. — The Northwestern Re-
view. — The Liibor Review. — The Detroit Gazette. —Our Catholic Youth. — The Anglo Catholic. —
Our Churches. — Michigan Trade Review. — The Unionist. — The Evening Telegram. — The Daily
Times (No. 3). — The National People. — Living Papers and Periodicals with Publications Merged
Therein. — Northwestern Journal. — The Journal. — The Courier. — Daily Advertiser. — Daily
E.xpress. — Free Democrat. — Michigan Organ of Temperance. — Temperance Advocate. — Daily
Enquirer. — ^ Democrat and Enquirer. — Daily Tribune. — Peninsular Freeman. — Advertiser and
Tribune. — Free Union. — Daily Post. — Post and Tribune. — Free Press. — Commercial Bulletin. —
The Allgemeine Zeitung.— Michigan Volksblatt. — Michigan Staats Zeitung. — Journal and Herald. —
Commercial Advertiser. — American Observer. — The Familien Blaetter. — Agricultural and Hor-
ticultural Journal. — Michigan Farmer and State Journal of Agriculture. — Progress of the Age. —
Western Home Journal. — Evening News. --Daily Union. — Michigan Christian Herald. — Public
Leader. — Michigan Christian Advocate. — The Amphion. — Die Stimme der Wahrhcit. — Wayne
County Courier. — Medical Advance. — Leonard's Illustrated Medical Journal. — The Index. — New
Preparations. — Therapeutic Gazette. — Daily Hotel Reporter. -- Michigan Railroad Guide. — The
XXXll
TABLE OK CONTENTS.
Family Circle. — Detroit Lancet. — Medical Age. — Michigan Medical News. — Detroit Clinic. — A
New Idea. — Michijjan A. O. U. \V. Herald.— Detroit .Society News.— Every Saturday. — Chaff. —
Marine News.— Family Herald. — Home Messenj^aT. — The indicator. -Western Newspaper Union. —
Manufacturer and Inventor. — Western Land (iuide. -Detroit I'laindealer. — The Spectator. -Michij^an
Mirador. — Detroit Commercial. — 'I'he Evenin).j Journal. — The Times. — American Meteorobvjical
Journal. — Editors. — I'ublishers. — Dates of First Issues, — Incidental Items. — City Printers. — News
Boys. 669-693
CHAPTER LXX.
Early Book Printing. — Books and Booksellers. — Almanacs. — Gazetteers. — Directories. — Maps
of Michigan. — Oovernor Hamilton's Proclamations. — The Macomb Press. — Feather Richaril's
Enterprise. — First Books and Printers. — Disposition of Father Richard's Type. — Books and Book-
sellers. — Former Standard Authors. — The First Bookstore. — Later Establishments. — Names of
Proprietors. — Dates of Changes. — Almanacs Printed at Detroit. — Titles and Publishers State
Ciazetteers. — When Issued. — Publishers. — City Directories. — Dates of Issue. — Names of Pub-
lishers.— Number of Pages and Names. — Maps of Michigan Issued at Detroit. — P. E. Judd's
Proposals. — Orange Risdon's Prospectus. — John Farmer's Map. — The First Issue. — Extensive
Circulation. — Remarkable Accuracy. — Later Maps. 694-699
CHAPTER LXXI
Citizen and Visiting Authors. — Cadillac's Writings. — Later Authors and Their Works. — Anthon. —
Adams. — Aikman. — Atchinson. — Allen. — Bangs. — Bacon. — Brownson. — Boardman. — Buchanan. —
Baraga. — Bagg. — Burt. — Bibb. — Bishop. — Brinton. — Brearley. — Ballard. — Bates. — Beard. — Blodg-
ett. — Brunson. — Buckley. — Brown. — Buck. — Backus. — Cass. — Chipman. — Chase. — Cooke. — Carter. —
Castor. — Carleton. — Campbell. — Chaney. — Coyle. — Codde. — Couse. — De Peyster. — Dufiield. —
Dolan. — Dowling. — Davenport. — Donovan. — F2cldy. — Ellis. — Edouard. — Fasquelle. — F^ox. — Fitch. —
Fuller. — Field. — Ford. — Forbush. — Fairbanks. — Ciillman. — Griffith. — Goadby. — Gilchrist. — Girar-
din. — Holmes. — Hubbard. — Henry. — Houghton. — Howard. — Howe. — Hawley. — Hailmann. —
Hamlin, — Howell. — Haigh.— Hall. — Harris. — Isham. — Inglis. — Jacobs, — Jennison. — Jones. — Kirk-
land. — Kalisch. — Kelso. — Kitchell. — Lodge. — Lord. — Lundy. — Lambie. — Leonard. — Laidlaw. —
Levington. — Lewis. — Mackenzie. — Macomb. — Morris. — Mayhew. — McCoskry. — Munger. — Mc-
Carty. — Mason. — McCracken. — Maes. — Mercer. — Merwin. — Newberry. — Nail. — Noble. — Owen. —
O'Brien. — Perkins. — Pilcher. — Potts. — Poole. — Post. — Pierson. — Pattison. — Peavey. — Rich-
ards. — Roberts. — Robertson. — Rayne. — Robinson. — Russell. — Ryan. — Rouse. — Shattuck. —
Schoolcraft. — Sheldon. — Snelling. — Smith. ^Silver. — Seaman. — Stebbins. — Scripps, — Smart. —
Shurley. — Stewart. — Sill. — Silber. — Seymour. — Stokes. — Stowe. — Trumbull. — Thomson. — Tyler.—
TurnbuU. — Theller. — TenBrook. — Trowbridge. — Thompson.— Thomas. — Terry.— Throop.—Tripler.—
Taylor.— Tibbets. — Tuttle. — Van Fleet. — Varney. — Woodward. — Whiting.— Webb. — Witherell. —
Willis. — Walker. — Ward. — Watson. — Willcox. — Waterman. — Warner. — Wilkins. — W' anless. —
Wight. — Winder. — Washburn. — Wooley. — Young. — Zundell. Visiting Authors: La Salle. —
Galinee. — Hennepin. — La Hontan. — Tonty. — Charlevoix. — Crespel. — Rogers. — Carver. — Zeisberger. —
Lord Fitzgerald. — Volney. — Weld. — Burnett. — Heriot. — Watson. — Earl of Selkirk. — Darby. —
Morse.— Finley.—McKinney.—Colton.— Kinzie.— De Tocqueville.— Beaumont.— Hoffman.— Mar-
tineau. — Marryatt. — Marshall. —Webster. — Jameson. — Marsh. — Marcy. — Grimes. — Lanman,—
Buckingham. — Barnard. — Fuller. — Parkman. — Beecher. — Stowe. — Geikie.— Cooper. — Greeley.—
Agassiz. — Cabot. — Atwater. — Bancroft. — Bremer. — Seward. — Ellet. — Kidder. — Chambers. —
Ampere.— Albach.— Hopkins. — Bacon. —Vincent.— Pardee. — Lossing. — Wise. — Eddy.— Clark.—
Trollope. — Peto. — Haven. — Custer. — Eggleston. — Newman. — Lee. — Allcott. — Fanny F'ecn. —
Parton. — Taylor. — Disturnell. — Newman' Hall. — Newton. — Mueller. — Thompson. — Locke. —
White.— Holmes.— McCosh.— Casgrain.— Russell.— Hurst. — Simpson.— Merrill. — Peck.— Foster.—
Warren. — Wiley. — Suite. — Tanguay. — Kelton. — D'Aligny. — Fallows. — Webb. — Atkinson. —
Duffield. Author Visitors from the University: Angell. — Adams. — Brunow. — Boise.— Cooley. —
Cocker. — D'Ooge. — Dunster. — Douglass. — Evans. — Franklin.— Ford. — Frieze. — F'rothingham. —
Gray. — Herrington. — Johnson.- -McLean. — Morris. — Olney. — Hayne. — Palmer. — Prescott. — Peck. —
Rose.— Stowell.— Tappan. — Vaughn.— WinchcU.— Watson.— Whedon.— White.— Wood. Lectures
by: Phillips. — Shillaber. — Hayes. — Youmans. — King. — Prentice. — Maury. — Taylor. — White. — Hale. —
Burlingame. — Simpson. — Raymond. — Emerson. — Curtis. — Holland. — Everett. — Brownlow. —
Brown. — Abbott. — (ireeley. — Du Chaillu. — Twain. — McCarthy. — Field. — Douglass, —Cook. —
Wiliard. — Capel.— Arnold. — Benjamin. — Fowler. — Burritt.— Shaw. — Saxe. — Milburn. — Bungay. —
Punshon. — Guard. — Beecher. — Dickinson. — Hawkins. — Proctor. — Morris. — Train. — Talmage.—
Tilton. — Vandenhoff. — IngersoU. — Gough. 700-709
Literary, His
Detroit A
Lectures.
Property.
Lyceum. -
tution. — '
Ollicers. -
ized. — Fii
New Bui I
Society. •
Museum. -
Private Schoo
McDouga
cours. — B
Payne. -
field. — Den
Healy.— K
ment. — Te
Bellows. —
man. — Blu
Cochran. —
Moir. — Hi
Schools. —
wood. — R
Schools of
tion of Bi
Brown. — Z
ing. — Chur
Communaut
Pupils and
Charity An
School. — T
Jo.seph's Scl
Help. — St.
School. — H
the Sacred
Evangelical
German Re
Zion F2vang
School. — St
Number of i
The University
Curious At
Parvo. — hi\
tion of I5uild
New Corpor
Schools. — '
Walker. — C
Cochran's. -
Detroit Mec
Advantages.
The First Cot
Ordinance o:
quent Scho(
Fairs. — Act
TABLE OP' CONTENTS.
XXXlll
CHAPTER L X X I I .
Literary, Historical, and Scientific Societies. — Lotteries and Literature. — First City Liiirary. —
Detroit Athena;um.~ Location. — Manai,'ement. — Yoiinyf Men's Society. — Wlien Orj^^ini/cti. —
Lectures. — First Hall. — Eiectioneerinii;' Slethods. — New Location. — Dedication of Mall. — Sale of
Property. — Removal to Merrill IMock. — Society IJisbanded. — Names of Presidents. — 'Ilie
Lyceum. — When (Jrganized. — 1 "irst Officers. — Woodward's Phraseolojj^y. — Extracts from Consti-
tution.— The Lyceum of Michiij; n. — Orijanization and Oti'icers. — Historical Society of Michij^an. —
Officers. — Lectures. — CoUedions. — I'resent Status. — Detroit Mechanics' Society. — When ( )riran-
ized. — First Officers. — Dt nation from City. — I lall l'>ected. — Manaj^ement. — Value of Property. —
New l?uiidint( ICrected. — Misfortunes. — Presidents and Secretaries. — Wayne County Pioneer
Society. — Object and Oflicers. — Detroit Scientific Association. — Objects. — Officers. — Contents of
Museum. — Various Locations. — Officers. 710-714
CHAPTER LXXIIL
Private Schools and Seminaries. — Church Schools. — Early Educational Facilities. — Truant Roys. —
McDougall's Vow. — Children of the Reiiiment. — Old Schools and Teachers. — (larrit. — Re-
cours. — Balpour. — Pattison. — Uurrell. — Donovan. — Serrier. — David liacon. — (iouj^h. -- Curtis. —
Payne. — Rowe. — Danforth. — Cook. — The (Gazette's Warninjj;. — Teachers. — IJanvard. — Urook-
field. — Deming. — (Goodwin.— Youny. — Trowbridvije. — Brownson. — Kinney. — Carpenter. — Shepard. —
Healy. — Kinnicutt. — Hathon, — Jerome.— Tucker. — First !■ emale Seminary. — Location. — Manage-
ment.— Teachers. — Williams — I'arrand.— Wilson.— Coe. — Howe. — Crane. — Tappan. — Nichols. —
Bellows. — Marsh. — Fay. — Abbott. — W. A. Bacon. — Elms. — Himes. — Weed. — Clancy. — East-
man. — Blois, — Mitchell. — Meany. — Vail. — Fitch. — Millette. — Higgins. — O'Brien. — Fowler. —
Cochran. — Curtis. — Brewster. — Clements. — Bryant. — Hurd. — Grinold. — Branigan. — West. —
Moir. — Hurlbut. — Zinger. — Kuhn. — Miss Hunt's Seminary. — Location. — Patrons. — Select
Schools. — Teachers. — Funke. — Stutte. — Campbell. — Soldan. — Hosmer. — Emerson. — Ellin-
wood. — Rockwell. — Reighley. — I3etroit Female Seminary. — Location. — Principals. — Private
Schools of Patterson and Romer. — German American Seminary. — Curious Legislation. — Erec-
tion of Building. — Management. — Later Teachers. — James. — Leonard. — Jones. — Schantz. —
Brown. — Ziegler. — Liggett's Home and Day School. — When Established. — I^ocation. — lUiild-
ing. — -Church Schools. — Cadillac's Plans. — leather Richard's Schools. — Educational Enterprise.—
Communaute de Ste. Marie. — The Church P'arm .School. — St. I'hilip's College. — Professors. —
Pupils and Pranks. — Sisters of Ste. Claire Seminary. — Female Charity School. — Sisters of
Charity Arrive. — Catholic I'Vee Schools Established. — St. Vincent's Seminary. — Ste. Anne's
School. — Trinity Catholic School. — St. Mary's School. — Schools of SS. Peter and Paul. — St.
Joseph's School. — St. lioniface School. — St. Vincent de I'aul School. — School of Our Lady of
Help. — St. Albert's School. — Polish Franciscan Convent. — St. Joachim's School. — Sacred Heart
School. — Holy I^edeemer .School. — St. Cassimer's School. — St. Anthony's School. — Academy of
the Sacred Heart. — I^etroit College. — St. John's German Evangelical School. ^ — St. Mark's (German
Evangelical School. — St. Matthew's Lutheran School. — Trinity Evangelical Lutheran School. — Zion
German Reformed School. — .Salem Lutheran .School, — Immanuel Evangelical Lutheran School. —
Zion Evangelical Lutheran School. — St. Paul's Lutheran School. — St. l^aul's German Evangelical
School. — St. I'eter's German Evangelical School. — Cost of Buildings. — Number of Teachers. —
Number of Scholars. — Charges for 'Puition. — Various Statistics. 71 5-727
CHAPTER LXXIV.
The University of Michigan. — Commercial Colleges. — Medical Colleges. — University Schools, —
Curious AssiuTiption. — Birthday of University. — A Comprehensive Corporation. — Multum m
Parvo. — Large Words, — Statutes of University. — Obtaining Funds. — Singular I'roceedings. — Erec-
tion of Building. — First Teachers. — Monteith. — Dickie. — Shattuck. — Farmer. — Cost of Tuition. —
New Corporation Created. — Lancasterian Schools. — University Removed to Ann Arbor. — Branch
Schools. — Teachers at Detroit Branch. — Fitch. — Meigs. — Bissell. — Harvie. — Howard. —
Walker. — Gray. — I5a.Kter. — Loundsberry. — Close of School. — Commercial Colleges. — Gregory's. —
Cochran's. — Goldsmith, Bryant, & Stratton's. — Mayhew's. — Spencer, Felton, Loomis, & Co.'s. —
Detroit Medical College. — Michigan College of Medicine. — Homoeopathic ColIc"-' -Faculty. —
Advantages. — Number of Graduates. 728-754
CHAPTER LXXV.
The First Common Schools. — The Board of Education, Its Schools and Its Management. —
Ordinance of 1787.— Lands Granted for Schools. —School Act of 1809. — Act of 1827. —Subse-
quent Schools. — City Divided into Districts. — The Free School Society. — Tomato Catsup and
Fairs. — Act of 1833. — Special l^rovisious for Detroit. — Barren Results. — Law of 1837. — Edu-
XXXIV
TAnLK OF CONTKNTS.
cational Factllties. — Committee of Investijfation. — Election of Sciiool Inspectors. — Common
Sciioois in 183S and 1839. — Districts. —Teachers. — School Books. — Statistics. — Location of
Schools. — Ai)|K)rti()nmcnt of I'riniary Sciiool Fund. — Names of Inspectors. — Directors and
Moderators. — .School Statistic; and Manajrenicnt in 1840 and 1841. Mectinyj to i'romote Free
Schools. — F.ncouraj,Hn).( Results. -Hooks Used. — The iJible in the Schools. — iVlitions and Pro-
tests.— Text |{ool<s and Date of Introduction. --.Sciiolars. -Conditioiis of Admission. — ■ Avera),{e
Attendance by Decades. — Nnml)cr of Scholars for I'.ach Teacher by Decides. -- Yearly Cost per
Capita by Decades. — Health Reyulaiions. - Primary and Midtlle .Scliools. — L'nion System.—
Classil'ication and ("IradinJ,^ — .School Hours. — Terms. — Vacations. — Lenjjthy Service of Mr.
Nichols. — A One Siileil Resolution. — A Patriotic Resolve. — Special Teachers, — Music. — I'en-
manship. — Drawinj;;. — Reading'. — School Huiidinjjs. — A Capitol Steal. — Names of IUiildin).{s. —
Reason for Names. — Location. — -Date of iM-eclion. — Description.^ Tlie Ilijjh School. — When
Kstablished. — Location, — Military Drills. — Princi|)als. - - Coiulition of .Vdmission. — Yearly Num-
ber of Pupils.-- Alumni Association. —Sep.u'ate Colored Schools. — I^iual Opporlimities Asked. —
Reciuest Refused. — Persistence of Colored People. — Their 'I'riumph. — Ye.arly Sl.iti.stics. Value
of School Property. — Children in City. — Pupils Enrolled. — Average .Attendance. — Number of
Sittinjjs. — Annual Expenditures, — -Number of Teachers. — Number of Schools.-- Salaried (Jllicers.
— Superintendents. —Clerks. — Messcniifcrs — Supervisor of Repairs and Huildinir. --Names of
Presiilents and Secretaries. — I'inancial Resources. — Cirowth of .School Taxes. — Reci'ipts from
Primary School Finul. — Number of Ins|)eclors in X'arious N'ears. — Ward Inspectors Disconlinui'd. —
Inspectors at Large Provided for. — Sessions of Hoard. — -Description of Seal. — Names and Terms
' of Inspectors. 755-758
CHAPTER LXXVI.
The Public Library. — Constitutional Provision for District Libraries. — First Receipts from Fines. —
Dilliculty of Obtaininij Fines. — Results of Increased \'ii(ilance. — Opening- of District Library. —
Library Huildinir in Rear of Capitol. — Larger (Quarters Needed. — Centre Park Cir.'inted for Library. —
Erecti(jnof Huikling. — Yearly Receipts from Fines. — Library Commissioners. — Librarians. - Regu-
lar' ns. — Classification. — Valuable Works. — Number of \'olumes. — Number of Patrons. — Yearly
St : sties. 75y-762
PART X.— COMMERCIAL.
CHAPTER LXXVI I.
Merchants and Trading. — Custom House and Collectors. — The Board of Trade. — A Commercial
Colony. — Cadillac's Expectation. — Hroken Faith. — The Trading Company. — Montreal Jeahjusy. —
Exorbitant Prices. — Dishonest Agents. — Cadillac's Offer. — He Obtains Control. — Intrigues of the
Trading Company. — Cadillac Arrested.— His Acquittal. — Trading Permits. — Tonty's E.xactions. —
Names of Early Traders. — Defrauding the (iovernment. — English Regulations. — Ccmimissicjiiers
of Trade. — Large Powers. — Had Character of Certain Traders. — Mohawk Merchants. — .Sharp
Practices. — A Tankard for a Hoy. — Enormous Q'^''^'^'^'''^^ '^^ Goods. — Description of a Trading
Store. — Merchants in 1767. — Later Merchants. — The Fur Trade. — Methods of Trade. — Large
Profits. — Slow Returns. — Indian Visitors and Ooods. — French and English Accounts. — Old
Ledgers. — Licenses. — Business Establishments in 1819. — Dickering. — Flush Times of 1836. —
Otficial Auctioneers. — Jealous Merchants. — Changes in Trade Methods. — Mabley's Stores. — Old
Establishments. — The Drug Business. — Large Importations. — Mercantile Capital. — Changes in
Business Centres. — Street Merchants. — Street Cries. — Fir.st Seed Store. — D. .M. Ferry & Co.'s
Establishment, — Travelling Agents, — Retail Delivery. — Show Windows. — Curious .Signs. — Ad-
vertising Methods. — Commercial Agencies. — Objects and Managers. — Merchants and Manufac-
turers' Exchange. — Objects and Officers. — Custom Hon.se Regulations. — Bounds of District. —
Duties of Collector. — Bonded Warehouses. — Imports and l'".xp()rts. — Names of Collectors. — Board
of Trade. — First Organization. — First Officers. — Places of Meeting. — Forwarding and Commission
Houses. — Present Board of Trade. — First Officers. — Commencement of Daily Sessions. — Yearly
Statements. — Joint Stock Building Company. — Dedication of Building. — International Commercial
Convention. — Telegraphic Reports. — New Hall. — Arbitration Committee. — Inspectors. — Fees and
Commissions. — Conditions of Membership. — Presidents and Secretaries. 765-792
CHAPTER LXXVI il.
Markets. — Marketing and Prices. — Departed Glory. — Market Greetings. — French Ponies and
Carts. — Old Time Methods. — Market Place Idlers. — Former Woodward Avenue Market. — Loca-
tion. — Cost, — Discontinuance. — Berthelet Market. — Various Agreements. — Careless Officials. —
Final Dis
Cost. — S
Market.
Duties,
linucd. —
Hours. -
Me.it Ins;
Duties of
Hay Mar
Articles ai
Manufacturinj
tion. — Su
Mines. -
•Sand I)cp(
ing Materi
F;ivorat)le
Locations.
Co. — Detr
Detroit Br
Works.—:
Wire and
Work.s.-
and Steel ^
Co. — Nati
Co. — Dell
ceutical IVl
Works. —
Shulte Bro
Tobacco I'
& Co.'s Cil
& Warren
Mannfactu
Detroit Wi
tory. — Hui
The Liquor T
Brandy for
Suspicious
Tavern Lie
City Vote?
Prayer. — !■
Decision. —
Increased
Remonstrai
Women's
Dealers. —
Order Meei
creased.—
Union Com
Banks and Cui
rency. — P(
Halifax Cu
Jury. — Pro(
Issues. — F
States Ban!
Facilities. —
United Stat
Confidence
Banking Li
Bank Notes
sioners. — I
TABLE OF CONTKNTS.
XXXV
Final Disposition of Property. — City Hall Market. — Various nuilclinj>^s. — Dates of Erection and
Cost. — Street Set apart for Market. — 'i'lie Wasliiiij^rton Market. Location. — Cost. — Ciosiii); of
Market. — The Cass Market. — Location. — Cost. — Site ( iiveii by ( ienerai Cass. — Market Clerks. —
Duties. — Names and Terms of Clerks. — Market Keijiiiations. — Sunday Markets. — When Diseon-
limied. —Opening and Closing of \Lirket. — Resolution of Citi/eiis. — "Servants" Disobey. — Market
Hours. — Forestalliii)^. — I'rivate Meat Markets. — Market Rents. — Fees from Market Wajjons. —
Meat Inspector. — The 'Xi-^ww Uaker. — Prices Fixed for Him. — Sealer of \Vei,i,dits and Measures. —
Duties of Sealers. — Names and Terms of Oflicers. Wood Markets. — Inspectors and Districts. —
LoL.'itions. — W'eijjh Masters. — Names and Terms, — Vrices of Different
793-801
1 lay Markets. — Various
Articles at Various Times.
CHAPTKR L.X.XIX.
Manufacturing Advantages. — Articles Produced. — Leading Establishments. — Favorable Loca-
tion.— Superior Advantajjfcs. — Raw ^L•lterials F3asy of Access. — Lake Superior Iron. — Famous
Mines. — (Irindstone (Quarries. — Lumber Manuf.icturinij. — Plaster Beds. — Clay, Limestone, and
Sand Deposits. — Manufacturinjf Sites. — Unlimited Water Sui)ply. — Cheap Fuel. — Prices of lUiild-
inij Materials. — Water Communication. — Railroad Facilities. — Low Taxation. — Livinj^ Kxpen.ses. —
Favorable Climate. — Manufacturinvj Capital. — Articles Manufactured. — Leadin,i( Kstablishments. —
Locations. — Ollicers. — Pniducts. — Localities Supplied. — Michijjan Car Co. and Detroit Car Wheel
Co. — Detroit Steel and Spring; Works. — Peninsular Car Works. — Russel Wheel and Foundry Co. —
Detroit Brid.^^e and Iron Works. — Fulton Iron and I'.nj^ine Works. — Huhl Iron Works. — Flaxle Iron
Works. — Michiifan Malleable Iron Co. — Michel's Woo(l Workinjj Machinery E.stablishment. — National
Wire and Iron Co. — Detroit Safe Co. — Detroit Bronze Co. — The E. T. Barnum Wire and Iron
Works. — The Detroit .Stove Co. — The Michijjan Stove Co. — Peninsular Stove Co. — ICureka Iron
and Steel Works. — Detroit and Lake Superior Copper Co. — Middlelirook and Post Manufacturinj.^
Co, — National Pin <"').— The Detroit F'ile Works. — Detroit Emery Wheel Co. — Union Door Knob
Co, — Detroit .Stam^ "jj Co. — Parke, Davis, & Co., Manufacturinjif Chemists. — The Stearns Pharma-
ceutical Manufactunnj,^ Co. — Hubel's Capsule Laboratory. — Michigan White Lead and Color
Works. — Detroit White Lead Works. — Detroit Linseed Oil Co. — Berry Bros. Varnish Factory. —
Shulte Bros. Soap Factory. — Laitner Bros. Brush Factory. — American ICajjle Tobacco Co. — Banner
Tobacco Factory. — Scotten's Hiawatha Tobacco F'actory. — (ilobe Tobacco Factory. — Burk. Rich
& Co.'s Cigar Manufactory. — Hargreaves Manufacturing Co. — Richardson Match F^actory.--Clough
& Warren Organ Co. — .\L J. .Murphy & Co.'s Spring Bed and Chair Factory. — Gray & Baflty,
Manufacturing Upholsterers. — Sutton Slanufacturing Co. — Mumford, F()ster,& Co.'s Last Factory. —
Detroit Willow Ware F'actory. — Pingree & Smith's Shoe Factory. — Vail & Crane's Cracker Fac-
tory.— Hugh Johnson's Carriage Flstablishment. — The Johnston Optical Co. 802-836
CHAPTER LXXX.
The Liquor Traffic and Temperance Efforts. — Early Difficulties. — Plots and Counter Plots. —
Brandy for the Sav.-iges. — One Class at a Time. — Cadillac's Brewery. — (leneral Rum Store. —
Suspicious Circumstances. — ICarly Territorial Licen.ses. — City Ordinances. — Disorderly Indians. —
Tavern Licenses. — First Temperance Society. — Later Organizations. — Local Option in 1845. —
City Votes against Licenses. — State Prohibition of Licenses. — ("lOUgh's Lectures. — A Long
Prayer. — State Law of 1853. — Tne Vote on its Adoption. — The Carson League. — Justice Bagg's
Decision. — Resolution of Liquor Dealers. — Prohibitory Law of 1855. — Success and F'ailure, ^
Increased Number of Saloons. — Petition of Ladies. — The Sunday Ordinance. — Petitions and
Remonstrances. — Final Action. — Young Men's Father Mathew Temperance Society. — The
Women's Crusade. — The Women's Christian Temperance Union. — State Meeting of Liquor
Dealers. — The Liquor Tax Law. — Council I'avors Liquor Dealers. — Moffat's Vetoes. — Law juid
Order Meetings. — Supreme Court Decisions. — The Red Ribbon Movement. — Liquor Taxes In-
creased. — Receipts from Liquor Tax. — Brewers' Convention. — Women's Christian Temperance
Union Convention. — Order of White Cross. 837-845
CHAPTER LXXXI,
Banks and Currency. — Insurance and Insurance Companies. — Card Money or Playing Card Cur-
rency, — Pontiac's Due-Bills. — Wampum. — Its Manufacture. — Peltry Currency. — York and
Halifax Currency. — Merchants' liills. — Cut Money. — A Public Nuisance, — Action of Grand
Jury. — Proctor's Bills. — Ohio Currency. — Heavy I3iscounts. — Shinplasters of 18 17, — Irresponsible
Issues. — Father Richard's Scrip. — Governor and Judges' Scrip. — Unreliable Bills. — The United
States Bank. — Go\ rnment Deposits Withdrawn, — State Banks as Fiscal Agents, — Extended
F"acilities, — Bewildering Prosperity. — Enormous Importations. — Extravagant Expenditures. — New
United States liank. — Jackson's Specie Circular, — Panic of 1837, — Suspension of Detroit Banks. —
Confidence Gone. — F'ortunes Lost, — Disaster Everywhere. — Dishonest Debtors. — Wildcat
Banking .Law. — Mushroom Banks. — Bogus Certificates. — Nails and Window Glass as Specie. —
Bank Notes by the Bushel. — Wayne County Wildcats. — Officers and Directors. — Bank Commis-
sioners. — Dishonesty of Bank Oflicers. — Bank Notes as Wall Paper, — The City in a Quandary.—
XXXVl
TAIJLE OF CONTENTS.
Panic of 1857. — Tts Results. — Crisisof rSfio. — Stiimp-'l'.-iil Ciirrnuy. Treasury Notes. - Disap-
pcarancc of Coin. — I'ostajfo Stamps as Chaiij^a-. — Mfrcaiitile Scrip and Tokens. — I'ost.'il Ciir-
rcney. — First ('ireeni)aiks, - Knormoiis Premiums fordoid. — Xatioiial U;mks Created. - I'aiiir of
1873. — Cireenijacks Keaeli Par. - I'lie Dctniit hank. -- I'elitioii for I'.stahiislimeiU. Hank ll:'ild-
inir. — Contle's History ( .' Hank. — Ai)siird Pni|)osilions. - Peculiar Transactions. — Fxtended Circu-
lation.- Amazinv; Issues. -The ("lovernor .ind [udjfes as Promoters and Stockholders.- Conj^'^ress
Disapproves of the Hank. — The Hank Continues IJusiness. — Ciovernor lluil's Si.itement. - liank
of Michiijan, — When Ortjjani/ed. — First Shareholders. — Directors. Kel.ition to Other li.uiks. —
Names of I'residcnls and Cashiers. — Various l.oeations. — tlreetion of Hank Huilding. — Hranch
Hank of ISronson. - Successful Manaijement. — The I'ide Turns. - Termination of Hank.-— Farmers
and Mechanics' Hank. — St. Jo.seph Hranch. — l.ar{,'e ()per;itions. -- l'",normous Dividends. — Siisoen-
sion of 1S37. — Casliier's Duties. - Presidents and Casliiers. - Michitjan Insunune Company Hank. —
Its Hankinjr Powers. — I'residenfs and (.'.ishiers. Panicof 1S57. — Orijanization of National Insurance
Hank. - Michi^j.in St.ite Hank. Pri'sidents .'ind Casiii'/rs. — Suspensi'^n of H.ink. — Proposed State
Hank of Michigan. —Revival of .Miciii.^j.ui State! Hank. - Successful Termination of Career.— Hank
of St. Clair. — Ollieers. — Detroit .Savinifs Hank.- First Othcers. — Kem.irkable Care, — Cashiers and
Director". - Peninsular I .nik. — Names of Corporators. — Profitable Husiness. — Disasters Come. —
Husiness Wound Up. -State Hank of Michi).jan. — ( )riicers. - Merited into First National Hank, — The
New Or^.-iiM/ation. — Presidents and Cashiers. — Reorjjanization of 1882. -Directors and Ollieers. —
Second National Hank. — Ollieers and Directors. — Reorj^ani/ed as Detroit National Hank. -Anurican
National Hank. — Presidents and Cashiers. — Merchants and Manufacturers' Hank. — Reorganized as
a National Hank. — Officers and Directors. — Tiie .Meciianics' Hank. — Officers. — The Peojile's Sav-
in<;s Hank. — Officers. — (Jerman American Hank. — Wayne County Savinijs Hank. — Officers and
Location. — Safe Deposit Co. — Object. — Advantajjes. — The City Hank. — When Discontinued. —
Michi),'an Savii\c;s Hank — Location and Officers. — The Market Hank. — Location and Officers.—
Commercial National Hank. — Officers. — Directors. — The State Savinijs Hank. — Officers. — Dime
Savinjjs Hank. — Officers. — Plymouth and Wyandotte Hanks and Officers. — ''rivate Hankers. — Past
and Present Firms. — Lejjal iloiidays. — (iiowth of Hank Ca|)ital. — Insurance and Insurance Com-
panies.— I'^'iriy Aijents. — Detroit Fire and Marine Insurance Comjiany. — Miciiijran Mutual Life
Insurance Company. — Western Union Mutual Life and Accident .Society. — Commercial Mutual
Association. — Michigan Fire and NLarine Insurance Company. — Standard Life and Accident Insurance
Company. 846-875
PART XL-COMMUNICATION.
CHAPTER L XXXII.
The Post Oiifice and Mails. — Telegraph and Telephones. — Army E.xpenses. — Indian Messengers. —
First Post Road. — Post Office Established. — Irregular Mails. — Hlowing the Horn. — Daily Mails
from East Hegin. — Mail Regulations in 1832 and 1837. — First Mails through Canada. — Postal
Rates at Various Times. — Singular Provisions. — Introduction of Envelopes and Stamps. — First Postal
Cards. — Receipts for Postage at Detroit by Decades. — The Registry System. — Money Orders and
Postal Notes. — Amounts Sent and Received. — Free Delivery System. — (Irowth of Service. — Office
Force and Salaries. — Various Po.st Office Locations. — Erection of Government Huilding. — Loca-
tion.— Description. — Names of Postmasters. — How Abbott Received Norvell. — Telegraphs and
Telephones. — First E.xhibition of Telegraph. — The Speed, O'Reilly, and Sno- • Lines. — First Mes-
sages East and West. — "The Telegroff Wurking." — Location of Offices. — Northern Michigan
Line. — River Cables. — First News by Atlantic Cable. — Ceneral Rejoicings. — United States Tele-
graphic Co. — Atlantic and Pacific Lines. — American Union Line. — District Telegrapli Systems. —
Apparatus and Messengers. — First E.\hibition of Telephone. — Growth in Use of Telephone. —
State Telephone System. 879-886
CHAPTER LXXXIII.
Journeying. — Transportation Facilities. — Express Companies. — First Horses. — French Ponies. —
Ride and Tie Method. — Indian Trails. — Hridle Paths. — To Washington and Back on Horseback. —
French Carts. --The First Carriage. — First Four Wheeled Wagon. — Governor Cass as a Bor-
rower — Fin Stages. — Stage P.outes and Time. — Public Hacks. — Omnibus Lines. — Transporta-
tion Facilities. — Freight Rates. — Pack Horses. — Opening of Erie and Welland Canals. — Naviga-
tion of the Huron. — The Five Million Loan. — Internal Improvements. — Defunct Enterprises.—
St. Mary's Fails Ship Canal. — Freight Lines. — Great Changes. — River Ferriage. — Bridge and
Tunnel Projects. — Plans and Counter Plans. — Wheat lilcvators. — Drays and Trucks. — Package
and Baggage Co. — Express Companies. — When Established, — Location of Offices. — Names of
Agents. " - 887-892
lee
Railroads. —
ing the I
R.iils.— 1
Ko.id Ex
O.ikl.iiuK^
< )riicers
Subscripti
Excursion
Notices,
pl.aints. —
and Atw;
with Mic
Cleveland
Cars. — I
Canada S
to Variou
tive.— - Fir
and Tol
Aid Soug
Aid from
gance. - '
G. T. June
cm R. R.
pletion of
R.R.— $2
Route anc
Where Lo
Navigation or
Upper Lai
.Ste. Claire,
Later \'ess
from " ( iaz
Steamboat
Detroit an
Liverpool.
Detroit. —
and Depan
Later Ferr
United States
Harbor Ir
Navigators
Methods 01
Their Coi
Districts. -
River. — L
Saving Sei
Improvenu
Steamboat!
tors. — Na:
tions. — Dt
Marine He
Surgeons a
Military and I
roads. — S
Highways.
Fuel. — Sl(
Unsatisfact
TABLE OF C^iN /ENTS.
1
xxxvii
CMAPTKR I, XXXIV.
Railroads. — The Prophecy of the Cia/ettc. — I'oiuiac and Detroit Railroad. — New Corporation. — Hiiild-
ini.,' tile Road. — Sinl<-I loles. — Tirst Locomolive. — I'irst I'lssenvjer Coaclies. — Slow Time. — Strap
Rails.— Kirst I'assenj^er Depot. — M.xtension Down Ciratiot Ro.id. — Traek Torn Up by the I'eople. —
Road Extended to Campus Martins. — Depot llnildin^'s. — New I'roprietors. —Consolidation with
Oakland it Ottawa R. R. — Date of Completion to Various Stations.-- Kinaneial History. — I'rincipal
Ollicers and Terms. — Miehi,;jan Central Railroad. - Orivjinal Estimates. — Local .Subscriptions. —
Subscriptions fronj City of Detroit. — Ri-markable ICconomy. -Completion of Road to Vpsilanti. —
Excursion and Celebration. — A Locomotive and I'rain Drawn by llorse-l'ower. — Newspaper
Notices. — Road <)j)encd to Ann Arbor. — Date of Completion to Various I'oints. — lV,.itical Com-
plaints. --.Sale of Road. — Proposed Cut. in Woodward Avenue. — The Track on Woodward Avenue
and Atwater Street. — Tiiird Street Depot First U.sed. — I'roperty on River and at Junction. — Strife
with Michijfan Southern R, R. — Road Completed to Chicaj^o. — Lines of Moats to lUiffalo and
Cleveland. — Railroad Conspiracy Cise. - Dates of Extensive Fires. — Introduttion of Sleeping
Cars. — Passenijer 'Pratru; and Ea.ninj^^s by Decades. — Principal Oll'icers and Terms. — Chicai^'o &
Canada Southern R. R. — Fast Time. — Ollicers. — Detroit iV Pay City R. R. — Date of Completion
to Various I'oints. — Lake Shore &. Michigan .Southern R. R. — Orij^nnal Charter. — First Loc<imo-
tive, — First (Jround Broken. — Date of Openinij between Various Stations. — Sale of Road. — Detroit
and Toledo Line. — Local Ot'ticers and Terms. — Detroit, Hillsdale & .Southwestern R. R. — City
Aid Souj^ht. — Voters Refuse. — Completion of Road. — Oreat Western R. R. — Meetinij in and
Aid from Detroit. — Road Completed to Windsor. — Oreat Celebration, — Mun'Mpal Extrava-
jjanee. — Third Rail Laid. — Ferriajre of Freij^dit and Passeni^er Cars. — Chicajjo, Detroit & Canada
O. T. Junction R. R.— Detroit Aj,;ents. —Flint & Pere Marciuette R. R. — Detroit, Lansinvf it North-
ern R. R. — City Aid Sou^jht. — $300,000 Voted. — Law Unconstitutional. — Bonds Inv.ilid. — Com-
jiletion of Road. — Detroit, Mackinaw & NLiripiette R. R. — Officers. — Detroit, Butler it St. Louis
R. R. — $200,000 Donated by Citizens, — Ajjents at Detroit,— Cincinnati, Hamilton iV Dayton R. R. —
Route and Ajj^ents. — Detroit Union R. R. Station and Depot Co. — R. K. Bridges and dates. —
Where Located. — A Double Bridge. 893-906
CHAPTER LXXXV.
Navigation on Rivers and Lakes. — Canoes and Dig-outs. — Birch Bark Canoes. — Expedition to
Upper Lakes. — ^ NLackinaw Boats. — Pirogues. — The First Sail Vessels. — The (Iriffon and Lake
Ste. Claire. — Celebration of 1879. — Schooners During Pontiac War. — Revolutionary War Vessels. —
Later \'essels. — Chicago Colonized from Detroit. — Arrival of the " W;ilk-in-the-Water." — Notice
from " Oazette." — The "Superior" and Her .Successors. — The .Steamboat Michigan. — Increase of
Steamboat Travel, — V^enturesome Vessels. — Campau's Opinion. — Sinking of the Atlantic. —
Detroit and Cleveland Line. — Its History, — Names of Boats and Routes. — Direct Shijiments to
Liverpool, — Tugs. — Detroit Dry Dock Co. — Officers and Facilities. — List of Steamers Built at
Detroit, — Yearly List of First Arrivals and Departures, — Number and Tonnage of Vessels Arriving
and Departing. — The First Ferries. — Rates of Ferriage. — The Horse-Boat. — Osborn's Poem. —
Later Ferries. — Harbor and Harbor Masters. 907-917
CHAPTER LXXXVI.
United States Lake Survey. —Lighthouses and Their Construction. — Life Saving Service. —
Harbor Improvements, — Inspector of Steamboats. — Signal Service. — Marine Hospital. —
Navigators' Charts. — Survey of J.akes Petitioned for. — First Appropriation. — Immense Benefits. — •
Methods of Work, — Issuing of Charts, — Valuable Instruments. — Officers in Charge. — Lighthouses. —
Their Construction and Repair. — Lighthouse Engineers. — Names and Terms. — Lighthouse
Districts. — Care of Lighthouses and Buoys. — Supply and .Storage l^epot. — Lighthouses on
River. — Location. — When Erected. — Kind of Light. — Names and Teriu' of Inspectors, — Life
Saving Service. — District Head(]uarters. — Appliances. — Stations. — Superintendents. — Harbor
Improvements. — First Appropriation. — Yearly Expenditures. — Officers in Charge. — Inspectors of
Steamboats. — Duties of Inspectors. — Engineers and Pilots' Licenses. — Supervising and Local Inspec-
tors.— Names and Terms. — The Signal Service. — When Organized. — The Takuig of (Observa-
tions.— Description of Instruments. — Weather Maps and Storm Signals. — Names of Observers. —
Marine Hospital. — Description of Building. — How Supported. — Patients and Disbursements. —
Surgeons and Stewards. 918-924
CHAPTER L XXXVII.
Military and Plank Roads. — Streets and Street Paving. — Side and Cross Walks. — Street Rail-
roads. — Street and Road Officers. — Board of Public Works. — Lack of Roads. — (Government
Highways. — When Established. — Proposed Lottery to Build a Road. — Bad Reads and Costly
Fuel. — Sloughs and Delay. — Restricted Traffic. — First Plank Roads. — Pioneer Experiments. —
Unsatisfactory Results. — Improved Methods, — Large E.xpenditures. — Great Advantages. — Rates
XXXVlll
TABLE OF CONTENTS.
of Toll. — Length of Roads. — Number of Gates. — Streets and Street Paving. — Picturesque
Scenes. — Narrow Ways. — Fast Driving Prohibited. — A Blessing in Disguise. — Woodward's Fore-
sight.— Wide Avenues. — ^ Encroachments of Citizens. — improper Subdivisions. — Supervision of
• Plats. — Street Openings. — Costly Experiences. — Widening of Streets. — ^ Closing of Streets. —
Notable Instances. — Cemetery Lane. — Bolivar Alley. — Dequindre Street. — Peculiar Localities. —
Corktown. — Dutchtown. — Kentucky. — Polacktown. — i'iety Hill. — Peddler's Point. — Swill Point. —
The Potomac. — The Heights. — A Lon Street. — Lafayette Avenue in Winter. — Characteristics
of Woodward Avenue. — Griswold Street Features. — A Pun in Verse. — Former Condition of
Streets. — Stalled Teams. — Convict Labor. — First i'aving. — Kind and Location. — Specifications
of 1835. — Extensive Wood Paving. —Moffat's Opposition. — Paving ]5onds. — Repairing and Re-
paving. — Street Cleaning. — .Street Sweeping Machines. — I^ength of Paved Streets and Alleys. —
Primitive Sidewalks. — Brick, Plank, and Stone Walks. — Cross Walks and Crossing Sweepers. — The
Streets in 1850. — Poetical Description. — Care of Sidewalks. — Claims for Accidents. — Street Rail-
roads. — Names of Lines. — Routes. — When Opened. — Length of Routes. -- Niunber of Cars and
Horses. — Time of Trip. — Rates of Fare. — Taxation of Lines. — Transit Railroads. — Location. —
How Operated. — Road Supervisors and Duties. — Road Districts and Officers. — Ward Supervisors
and Overseers. — Street Commissioners and Duties. — City Surveyors. — Duties and Names. — Commis-
sioners on Plan of the City. — Duties and Names. — Commissioners of Orades. — Powers. — Names
of Commissioners. — Board of Public Works. — Whep Established. — Po'vers and Duties. — Names
of F2ngineers and Coi imissioners. 925-936
C H A P T E R L X X >. V II I .
Street Names and Th2ir Origin. — Changes in Names. — A Curious Melange. — Names of Past and
Present Streets. — First Record of Names. — Origin of and Reason for Names. — Changes in
Names. — Dates of Changes. — Woodward's Puns. — McCabe's Names for Alleys. — Historiographer's
Report. — Street Names as Historic Memorials. 937-94^
PA.RT XII.— SUPPLEMENTAL.
CHAPTER LXXXIX.
Annals of Detroit. — History Epitomized. — Different Epochs. — Curious, Significant, and Interesting
Events. — Local, Religious, and Political Meetings. — Governmental and Business Changes. — import-
ant Judicial and Military Occasions. — Noted Meetings and Conventions. — Date of Visits of Authors,
Statesmen, Politicians, and Prominent Personages. — Noted Celebrations. — Important Citizens' Meet-
ings.— Notable Storms and Disasters. — First Arrival and (departure of Steamboats. — Railroad
Trains. — Telegraphic Messages, — Local E.xcitements of Various Kinds. — Dates of Interesting
Exhibitions. — Lectures. — (kunes and Entertainments. — The First Street Lighting. — Water
Pipes. — Steam Fire Engines. — Street Railroads, Etc. 95 '-976
French Farms or Private Claims. —
firmation. — Later Designations.
A P P E N D I X A .
Acres in Claims. — Names of Original Claimants. — Datds of Con-
— Discrepancies in Numbers. — Duplicate Numbers, 977-982
APPENDIX B .
City Charters, Amendments, and Special Laws. — The First Corporation.— Later Charters. — Amend-
ments. — Chief Characte. istics. 983-988
I
Old Carm
where Ca
2
Map show
and ok
3
Windmill
and th
4
Reduced
and Ju(
S
Plan of D(
6
Map of the
7
Reduced f;
the Go
Plan,
8
Map of ad
9
Specimen
photogi
10
Entrance t
II
Map of Mt
12
Entrance t
13
Entrance tc
14
The Old R
Street,
15
Old Reser
16
Plan of Ne
17
The New >
and To
18
One of the
19
Plan of Be
20
Police Stat
21
Superinten
22
Map of N(
dinance
and 17c
23
Seal of No
24
Map of N
May 7,
25
Map of In
30, 180:
26
Seal of Im
27
Map of T
Januan
28
Seal of Te
29
Map of
April 1
30
Map of ]
April I
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.
L
1 Old Carmelite Church (now a prison),
where Cadillac's bones repose, Frontispiece. 3'
I'ACiK
2 Map showing route of former streams 32
and old river line, 9
3 Windmill Point, on Bela Hubbard Farm, 33
and the river in 1838, 10 34
4 Reduced fac- simile of the Governor 35
and Judges' Plan, 30 36
5 Plan of Detroit in 1749, 32
6 Map of the city in 1 796, 33 37
7 Reduced fac -simile of the Lewis Map of
the (Governor and Judges' proposed 38
Plan, 34
8 Map of additions to the city limits, 35 39
9 Specimen of tornado work. From a 40
photograph, 47
10 Entrance to Mt. Elliott Cemetery, 53 41
1 1 Map of Mt. Elliott Cemetei y, 34
12 Entrance to Elmwood Cemetery, 56 42
13 Entrance to Woodmere Cemetery, 56
14 The Old Round House, foot of Orleans 43
Street, 65
15 Old Reservoir and Embankment, 66 44
16 Plan of New Water Works, 67
17 The New Water Works Engine-House 45
and Tower of Stand Pipe, 68
18 One of the Water Works Engines, 69 46
19 Plan of Belle Isle Park, 76
20 Police Station, Belle Isle, 77 47
21 Superintendent's House, Belle Isle, 77
22 Map of Northwest Territory under Or- 48
dinance of 1787 and Treaties of 1783
and 1795, 85 49
23 Seal of Northwest Territory, 86
24 Map of Northwest Territoiy, Law of 50
May 7, 1800. 86
25 Map of Indiana Territory, Law of April 51
30, 1802, 87
26 Seal of Indiana Territory, 87 52
27 Map of Territory of Michigan, Law of
January 11, 1805, 88 53
28 Seal of Terrif^-y of Michigan, exact size, 88 54
29 Map of Michigan Territory, Law of 55
April 19, 1 816, 88
30 Map of Michigan Territory, Law of 56
April 18, 1818, 89
[xxxix]
PAfiK
Map of Michigan Territory, Law of
June 28. 1834, 89
Map of State of Michigan, Law of April
20, 1836, 90
Great Seal of State of Michigan, 91
General Grant's Old Home, 104
Fac-simile of letter from U. S. Grant, 105
Election Cut from Advertiser, October
22, 1840, 109
Election Cut from Advertiser, October
15, 1852, no
Election Cut from Tribune, November
5, 1856, I ID
Election Scene, — First State Election, 1 1 2
Reduced fac-simile of First Proclama-
tion establishing Wayne County, 1 18
Map of Wayne County, Proclamation of
August 15, J 796, 1 19
Map of Wayne County, Law of May 7,
1 800, 1 1 9
Map of Wayne County, Proclamation of
July 10, 1800, 1 19
Map of Wayne County, Law of Apiil
30, 1802, 120
Map of Wayne County, Proclamation of
January 14, 1803, 120
Map of Wayne County, Law of January
11,1805, r2o
Map of Wayne County, Proclamation
of November 21. 1815, 121
Map of Wayne County, Proclamation
of October 18, 1 816, 121
Map of Wayne County, J'roclaniation
of July 14, 1817, 121
Map of Wayne County, Proclamation
of January 15, i8i8, 122
Map of Wayne County, Proclamation
of September 10, 1822, 122
Map of Wayne County, Law of No-
vember 20, 1826, 122
Township Map of Wayne County, 1 29
Seal of the City, 138
Fac-simile of i2>^-cent shinplaster of
1838, tS3
Fac-simile of 18^- cent shinplaster of
1841, 154
xl
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.
I'Alili
57 Fac-simileof 25-centsliinplasterof 1838,
58 Fac-simileof 50-cent sliinplaster of 1837,
59 Former County Buildiiii;, soutlieast cor-
ner of Griswold and C^onqjress Streets,
60 Gratiot Avenue Police Station,
61 Trumbull Avenue Police Station,
62 Central Poli<-e Station,
63 Grand River Avenue (sub) Police Station,
64 Police Headquarters,
65 Old Block House, Jefferson Avenue,
66 Old Jail, on site now occupied by Public
Library,
67 Sheriff's Residence, Jail, and Police
Court Room,
68 Detroit Hou.-^e of Correction,
69 Superintendent's House — House of Cor-
rection,
70 Old U. S. Arsenal, corner of Jefferson
Avenue and Wayne Street,
71 Officers' (2uarters at Fort Wayne,
72 Old Pontiac Tree,
73 Pontiac's Conspiracy revealed,
74 Signature of J. F. Haintramck,
75 Reduced fac-simile of Hull's Proclama-
tion to the Canadians,
76 Reduced fac-simile of printed Articles of
Capitulation of General Hull,
^]^ Reduced fac-simile of Proctor's Proclam-
ations of 181 2 and 1 81 3,
78 Presentation of Colors to First Regiment,
79 Triumphal Arch erected in honor of Col.
O. B. Willcox,
80 Death of Lincoln. — Meeting on the
Campus Martins. April 16, 1865,
81 Soldiers and Sailors' Monument,
82 Fac-simile of Cadillac's Signature,
83 Detroit Club House,
84 Old Masonic Hall,
85 Old Odd Fellows' Hall, Woodward
Avenue, T857,
86 Odd Fellows' ilall, head of Monroe Ave.
87 Handbill of Underground Railroad,
fac-simile, Yz si,Te,
88 The John Brown House,
89 Recraation Park, Entrance and Recep-
tion Building,
90 Concert handbill of fifty years ago,
fac-simile, yi size,
91 Harmonic Hall,
92 Store of C. J. Whitney,
93 Store of Roe Stephens,
94 The Watson Gallery,
95 Randall's Photographic Studio,
96 Plan of Art Loan Building,
97 Former Store of M. S. Smith &: Co.,
98 Present Store of M. S. Smith & Co.,
'55
99
.56
00
194 1
01
207
207
02
208
03
208
04
209
OS
215
06
07
215 '
08
216
09
217
10
218
II
12
224
>3
225
14
239 J
'5
241
268
16
17
275
18
'9
278
20
21
279
22
306
23
r24
307
25
26
309 1
27
312 1
28
326
29
340
30
342
31
32
343 1
33
343 I
34
35
347 ■
36
34«
37
38
352 1
39
40
354 1
41
355
42
356
43
356
144
359
'45
360
146
361
147
363
148
363
•49
View of Detroit in 1796,
River front of Cass and Jones farms in
1819,
Part of St, Anne Street (now Jefferson
Avenue) in 1800,
The Old Cass House on Larned Street,
Old Moran House,
The Old Lafferty House,
Residence of (iov. Wm. Woodbridge,
(jovernor Hull's Residence,
The Campau House,
Former Gothic Residence of T. H.
Hinchman,
Reduced fac-simile of Map showing lo-
cation of all buildings in 1853,
The James AbboiL Rpsidence,
The John Palmer Residence,
The John Farrar Residence,
The John Farmer Property,
The Cass Residence on Fort Street,
The Duffield Homestead, Woodward
Avenue,
The Brush Homestead, Randolph Street,
Residence of William Barclay,
Former I^esidence of Solomon Davis,
Residence of Mrs. James A. Van Dyke,
Francis Palms,
James Flattery,
R. H. Hall,
E. B. Wight,
A. H. Dey,
A. C. McGraw,
A. E. Brush,
John S. Newberry,
James McMillan,
W. G. f hompson,
H. R. Newberry,
Thomas Ferguson,
S. D. Miller,
Robert P. Toms,
Mrs. H. E. Benson,
The Thomas Palmer Homestead,
Residence of W. K. Muir,
Chauncy Hurlbut,
George McMillan,
Hugh Moffat,
George S. Davis,
S. B. Grummond,
Mrs. Charles Ducharme,
S. D. Elwood,
Wm. B. Wesson,
J. Greenslade,
J. Michels,
C. I. Walker,
John Owen,
G. V. N. Lothrop,
Pacb
367
150
'5'
Residenc(
368
152
153
368
■54
369
'55
372
156
372
373
'57
373
158
Former R
373
'59
160
Residence
374
161
162
The De(
375
163
R.esidence
376
164
376
.65
377
166
377
167
111
!68
169
378
170
378
171
379
172
379
'73
380
"74
380
'75
38«
176
381
177
382
178
382
179
383
180
383
181
384
182
Former Re
385
•83
Residence
386
184
386
185
387
186
387
187
388
188
38S
189
389
190
389
191
390
192
390
«93
391
194
391
'95
392
196
392
'97
393
198
393
199
394
200
394
201
395
202
395
203
396
204
t\
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.
xli
Pagk
Pai;k
150
Residence of Charles Root,
396
205
Residence of J. G. Dickinson.
424
151
Henry P. Baldwin,
397
206
Edward Burk,
425
152
J. F. Joy,
398
207
J. E. Scripps,
425
153
Mrs. Zachariah Chandler.
398
208
H. H. LeRoy.
426
'54
H. A. Newland,
399
209
E. S. Heineman.
426
'55
Caleb \'an Husan,
399
210
Mrs. L. R. Medbury,
427
.56
Alfred Chesebrough and
21 1
C. J. Whitney,
427
Charles Biincher,
399
2 1 2
n. Whitney. Jr.,
428
'57
Allan Shelden,
403
2'3
John Pridgeon,
428
.58
Former Residence of George S. Frost,
400
214
J. S. Farrand,
•429
'59
Residence of Benjamin Vernor,
401
215
Samuel Heavenrich,
429
160
Don M. Dickinson,
40 r
216
Mrs. H. S. Frue,
430
161
Mrs. N. W. Brooks,
402
217
R. W. King,
430
162
The De Garmo Jones Residence,
402
218
William C. Williams,
43'
163
Residence of Alexander Delano,
403
219
Philo Parsons,
431
164
Mrs. T. F. Abbott,
403
220
F. W. Hayes,
432
165
J. P. Phillips,
404
221
W. W. Leggett,
432
166
Clement Lafferty,
404
222
J. Babillion,
433
167
Emily Ward,
405
223
J. L. Edson,
433
!68
Henry Heames,
405
224
Joseph Black,
434
169
Edwin Reeder,
406
225
A. G. Lindsay,
434
170
W. E. Lovett,
406
226
R. H. Fyfe,
435
171
F. Buhl.
407
227
B. F. Farrington,
435
172
Beia Hubbard,
408
228
Henry Stephens,
436
'73
Daniel Scotten,
408
229
C. D. Farlin.
437
'74
C. H. Buhl,
409
230
George F. Moore,
437
'75
Wm. Brodie,
409
231
John Burt,
438
176
M. S. Smith,
410
232
Wells Burt,
438
177
T. D. Buhl.
410
233
William A. Moore,
439
178
George W. Bisseli,
411
234
W. H. Stevens,
439
179
E. Y. Swift,
411
235
Thomas W. Palmer,
440
1 80
Wm. A. Butler,
412
236
L. L. Farnsworth,
441
181
W. H. Tefft,
412
23/
Mrs. E. C. Eaton,
44t
182
Former Residence of Alfred Russell,
4'3
238
C. A. Newcomb,
442
183
Residence of George C. Langdon,
413
239
C. C. Bowen,
442
184
D. M. Richardson,
414
240
W. Boeing,
443
185
George H. Hammond,
4'4
241
C. R. Mabley,
443
186
Neil Flattery,
4'5
242
Charles ICndicott,
444
187
Rt. Rev. C. H. Borgess,
415
243
W. J. Waterman,
444
188
J. W. Waterman,
416
244
il. K. White,
445
189
Robert McMillan,
416
245
G. S. Wormer,
445
190
the late M. I. Mills,
4'7
246
A. H Wilkinson,
446
191
John Moore,
417
247
D. M. Ferry,
446
192
Mrs. John J. Bagley,
418
248
Simon Keavenrich,
447
193
the late S. F. Hodge,
418
249
George C. Codd,
447
194
David Preston,
419
250
G. M. Traver,
448
'95
J. S. Vernor,
419
251
Elisha Taylor,
448
196
E. W. Voigt,
420
252
A. E. F. White,
449
197
J. B. Wayne,
420
253
James V. Campbell,
449
198
J. A. Roys,
421
254
George Jerome,
450
199
Alanson Sheley,
421
255
G. S." Frost,
451
200
G. 0. Robinson,
422
256
C. W. Noble.
451
201
David Ward.
422
257
the late H. P. Bridge.
452
202
0. W. Shipman,
423
258
Former Residence of W. and W. S.
203
F. P>. Dickoison,
433
I larsha,
452
204
William Cowie,
424
259
Residence of T. P. Hall, Grosse Pointe,
453
xlii
260
261
262
263
264
265 .
266
267
268
269
270
271
272
273
274
275
276
277
278
279
280
281
282
283
284
285
286
287
288
289
290
291
292
293
294
295
296
297
298
299
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.
Paue
Residences of John S. Newberry and
James McMillan, Cirosse Fointe,
Residences of H. B. Ledyard and Hugh
McMillan, Grosse Pointe,
Residence of J. I. David, Grosse Isle,
Residence of the late Edward Lyon,
Grosse Isle,
The Smart Block — Present site of Mer-
rill Block,
View of north side of Jefferson Avenue
and Griswold Street in 1837,
Northwest corner of Woodward Avenue
and Larned Street in 1862,
The Abbott Block in 1845,
The Rotunda Building,
View of southwest corner of Griswold
and Larned Streets in 1870,
The Canipau Building — D. Preston &
Co.'s Bank ; Commercial National
Bank,
The Newberry & McMillan Building,
The Coyl Block,
The Merrill Block,
The Ferry Building — Newcomb, Endi-
cott, & Co.'s Store,
The Wesson Building — Taylor, Wool-
fenden, & Co.'s Store,
The Cleland Building,
The Moffat Building,
J. E. Pittman's Coal Dock, foot of Rio-
pelle Street,
Old Council House — original appearance.
Council House — as enlarged,
Old Court House or Capitol,
Fac-simile of Scrip issued by the Gov-
ernor and Judges,
Old City Hall and Surroundings,
The City Hall,
Arbeiter Hall,
Detroit Opera House — Stores of J. L.
Hudson,
W^hitney's Opera House,
Former Music Hall, — now White's
Grand Theatre,
Woodworth's Steamboat Hf)tel,
The Mansion House,
National Hotel in 1846,
The Russell House,
Andrew's Railroad Hotel and Pontiac
Depot,
Perkins' Hotel,
Eisenlord House,
Burning of First Presbyterian Church,
Old No. i,^"The Goose Neck,"
An Old Fire-bucket,
Old Firemen's Hall,
300
454
301
302
455
303
456
304
456
305
457
306
457
307
458
458
308
459
309
459
310
311
461
312
462
463
313
464
314
465
315
316
466
467
317
468
318
319
470
320
472
321
472
473
322
474
323
476
324
477
478
325
326
478
479
327
328
479
480
329
48 1
330
482
331
483
332
333
484
485
334
487
335
495
336
503
337
505
506
338
Pa(;ii
Old No. 5 Engine House, Clifford Street, 507
A " Mose" of the Olden Time, 508
The Banner of Old No. 4, 510
Old Joe, the Firemen's Dog, 51 1
Clifford Street Engine House, and
Steamer No. 3 ready for Funeral Pro-
cession of President Lincoln, 512
Fire Commissioners' OfTice and Engine
Houses, 513
Engine House, corner of Larned and St.
Antoine Streets, 514
Engine House, corner of Larned and
Riopelle Streets, 514
Engine House, corner of Fort .Street and
Elmwood Avenue, 515
Engine House, Eighteenth .Street, 515
Engine House, Hastings Street, between
Congress and Larned Streets, 516
Engine House, Alexandrine Avenue, 516
Engine House, corner of High and Rus-
sell Streets, 5 1 7
Engine House, corner of Sixth and
Baker Streets, 5 1 8
Engine House, Montcalm Street, 518
Engine House, Clifford Street, 519
Engine House, Sixteenth Street, head of
Bagg Street, 520
A Steam Fire Engine, 521
Firemen's Hall, Jefferson Avenue, 522
First Page of St. Anne's Records, 528
Residence erected by Bishop R&se, 533
St. Anne's Catholic Church, original ap-
pearance, 534
St. Anne's Catholic Church, present ap-
pearance, 534
Holy Trinity Catholic Church, 536
Memorial Tablet in Holy Trinity Catho-
lic Church 537
St. Mary's Catholic Church, 538
Residence of Franciscan Fathers of St.
Mary's Church, 538
Priest's Residence St. Anne's Church, 538
Catholic Church and former Cathedral
of SS. Peter and Paul, 539
Original St. Joseph's Church, 540
St. Joseph's Catholic Church, 540
.St. Anthony's German Catholic Church, 541
St. Patrick's Catholic Church, 541
St. Vincent de Paul Catholic Church and
Priest's House, 542
Catholic Church of Our Lady of Help, 542
St. Boniface Catholic Church, 543
St. Albert's Catholic Church, 544
St. Aloysius Catholic Pro-Cathedral and
Priest's House, 544
New St. Albert's Catholic Church, 545
339
340
341
342
343
344
345
346
347
348
349
350
35'
352
353
354
355
356
357
358
359
360
361
362
363
364
365
366
367
368
369
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.
xlii
II
1>ai;f£
339 St. Joachim's French Cathulic Church
and School,
340 Sacred Heart German Catholic Church
and School,
341 St. Wenceslaus Catholic Church,
342 Catholic Church of Holy Redeemer,
343 St. Cassimer Catholic Polish School and
Church,
344 St. Bonaventure Catholic Ciuirch and
Monastery,
345 Crotto at Church of the Assumption —
Connor's Creek,
346 First Protestant, afterwards Trinity Cath-
olic Church,
347 Fac-simile of Scrip issued by First Pro-
testant Society,
348 Reduced fac-simile of Articles of Incor-
poration of First Methodist Episcopal
Church, 1st page,
349 Reduced fac-simile of Articles of Incor-
poration of First Methodist Episcopal
Church, 2d page,
350 Reduced fac-simile of Articles of Incor-
poration of First Methodist Episcopal
Church, 3d page,
351 Reduced fac-simile of Articles of Incor-
poration of First Methodist Episcopal
Church, 4th page,
352 First Methodist Episcopal Church — ori-
ginal brick building,
353 First Methodist Episcopal Church, corner
Woodward Ave. and State Street,
354 Central Methodist Episcopal Church —
Chapel and Parsonage,
355 Congress Street Methodist Episcopal
Church,
356 (Jriginal Lafayette Street Methodist Epis-
copal Church,
357 Tabernacle Methodist lOpiscopal Church,
35S Walnut Street Methodist Episcopal
Church,
359 Simpson Methodist Episcopal Church,
360 Jefferson Avenue Methodist Episcopal
Church,
361 Palmer Memorial Methodist Episcopal
Church,
362 Fort Street Methodist Episcopal Church,
363 Sixteenth Street Methodist Episcopal
Church,
364 Junction Methodist Episcopal Church,
365 Uelray .Methodist Episcopal Church,
366 Wesley Methodist ICpiscopal Church,
367 First German Methodist Episcopal
Church,
368 Asbury Methodist Episcopal Chapel,
369 Cass Avenue Methodist Episcopal Chapel,
546
370
371
546
372
547
373
547
374
548
548
375
556
376
557
377
378
379
560
380
381
561 382
383
562
384
385
386
563
387
565
388
566
389
568
390
570
391
570
570
392
571
393
571
394
572
395
572
396
573
397
398
573
399
574
400
574
401
574
402
403
575
404
575
405
575
406
Pa(;k
Second German Methodist Episcopal
Ch' rch, 576
Thirty-second Street German Methodist
Episcopal Church, 576
Lafayette Street African Methodist Epis-
copal Church, 577
Ebenezer African Methodist Episcopal
Church, 577
Hethel Church of Evangelical Associa-
tion— Original Building, 578
Bethel Church of Evangelical Associa-
tion— Second Building 578
St. Paul's Protestant Episcopal Church, 582
Christ Protestant Episcopal Church —
Original Building, 583
Christ Protestant Episcopal Church, 583
St. Peter's Protestant Episcopal Church, 584
St. John's Protestant Episcopal Church, 585
Grace Protestant Episcopal Church, 586
St. Stephen's Protestant Episccpal
Church, 587
Emanuel Memorial Protestant Episco-
pal Church, 587
All Saints' Protestant Ejiiscopal Mission, 588
St. James's Protestant Episcopal Church, 588
Protestant Episcopal Mission of Messiah, 589
St. Mary's Protestant Episcopal Mission
Chapel, 589
Good Shepherd Protestant Episcopal
Mission, 589
St. Barnabas' Protestant Episcopal Mis-
sion, 590
Holy Trinity Protestant Episcopal Mis-
sion, 590
St. Luke's Protestant Episcopal Memo-
rial Church, 590
Original St. Matthew's Protestant Epis-
copal Church, 591
St. Matthew's Protestant Episcopal
Church, 591
St. Joseph's Protestant Episcopal Memo-
rial Chapel. 591
Epiphany Reformed Episcopal Church, 592
View of Churches on Woodward Ave-
nue in 1849, 594
First Presbyterian Church, 595
Central Presbyterian Church. 596
Fort Street Presbyterian Church, 597
Jefferson Avenue Presbyterian Church, 598
Frontenac Avenue Presbyterian Mission, 599
Westminster Presbyterian Church, 599
Calvary Presbyterian Church, 600
Union Presbyterian Church, 6oi
Memorial Presbyterian Church, 601
Trumbull Avenue Presbyterian Chapel, 602
United Presbyterian Church, 602
XllV
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.
Hagb
407 Dutch Reformed Clnirch,
40S Original Ikiilding of First IkiptistCiiurcii,
409 Baptist Clnirch, corner of Fort and Oris-
wold Streets — First Ikkk Building,
410 Baptist Church, corner of Fort and C Iris-
wold Streets — Second Brick Building,
41 1 Cass Avenue Baptist Church,
412 Second Baptist Church (colored),
413 Lafayette Avenue Baptist Church,
414 First Cicrman Baptist Church,
415 Eighteenth Street Baptist Church,
416 Twelfth Street Baptist Church,
417 Second German Baptist Church,
418 Clinton Avenue Baptist Chapel,
419 Clinton Avenue Baptist Church,
420 French Baptist Church,
421 First Congregational Church — Original
Building,
422 First Congregational Church, Fort Street,
423 Second Congregational Church,
424 Trumbull Ave. Congregational Church,
425 Springwells Congregational Church,
426 Harper Avenue Congregational Mission
Chapel,
427 Mt. Hope Avenue Congregational Mis-
sion Chapel,
428 View of Monroe Avenue and St. John's
Church in 1872,
429 First (lernian Evangelical Protestant St.
John's Church and School,
430 Trinity Evangelical Lutheran Church,
431 St. \L'irk's German Evangelical Church,
432 St. Paul's German Evangelical Church,
Seventeenth Street,
433 Original Immanuel Evangelical Luth-
eran Ciuircl\
434 Immanuel Evangelical Lutheran Church,
435 Zion Evangelical Lutheran Church,
436 St. Paul's ICvangelical Lutheran Church,
Joseph Campau Avenue,
437 St. Matthew's Evangelical Lutheran
Church,
438 Zion German Reformed Church,
439 St. Peter's German Evangelical Lutheran
Church,
440 Salem German Evangelical Lutheran
Church,
441 St. Luke's German Evangelical Church,
442 St. John's Independent Lutheran Church,
443 Washington Ave. Christian Church,
444 Disciples of Christ Church,
445 Mission Church of Disciples of Christ,
446 New Jerusalem Church,
447 Congregational Unitarian Church,
448 Church of Our Father — Universalist,
449 Third Avenue Mission Chapel,
603
450
605
45'
452
605
453
606
454
607
455
607
456
608
457
608
458
609
459
609
460
610
610
461
610
462
611
463
464
613
465
614
466
6IS
615
467
616
468
469
616
470
616
471
617
472
473
618
474
619
475
619
476
477
619
478
479
620
480
620
481
620
482
483
621
484
485
621
486
622
4S7
622
488
489
622
490
623
491
623
624
492
625
493
625
494
626
495
626
496
627
497
628
498
I'agk
Beth El Synagogue, 628
Synagogue of Shaary Zedec, 629
County Insane Asylum and Poorhouse, 649
St. Vincent's Catholic Female Orphan
Asylum, 651
Protestant Orphan Asylum, ' 652
St. Mary's Hospital — original building, 653
St. Mary's Hospital — new building, 653
Old Industrial School, 655
New Industrial School, 655
St. Joseph's Retreat for the Insane, 656
St. Luke's Hospital, Church Home and
Orphanage, 656
Harper Hospital — original building, 658
Harper Hospital — new building, 659
Home of the Friendless, 660
Women's Hospital and Foundlings' Home, 662
House of Providence, 662
The Little Sisters' Home for the Aged
Poor, 663
The Thompson Home, 664
Zoar Orphan Asylum, Springwells, 665
Detroit Day Nursery and Kindergarten
Building, 665
Convent of Mission of the Good Shep-
herd, 666
Post and Tribune Building, 684
Free Press Building, 687
Evening News Building, 688
Michigan Christian Herald Pjuilding, 689
A Newsboy, 692
Detroit News Company's Store, 696
Old Female Seminary, Griswold Street, 716
The Liggett Home and Day School, 719
German American Seminary, 719
Trinity Catholic School, • 721
St. Mary's Catholic School, 722
St. Joseph's Catholic School, 722
St. Vincent de Paul Catholic School, 723
Our Lady of Help Catholic School, 723
St. Albert's Catholic School, 724
Polish Franciscan Convent and Mother
House, 724
Aciidemy of the Sacred Heart, 725
Detroit College, 725
Trinity Lutheran School, ^ 726
Old University Building, Bates Street, 730
Goldsmith, Bryant, & Stratton's Busi-
ness University, 732
.Michigan College of Medicine, 734
First Public School Building, 738
Old Second Ward Public School, 745
The Barstow School, 745
The Houghton School, 746
The Tappan School, 746
The Jackson School, 746
499
The John
i;oo
The Niche
501
The Cam]
i;o2
The Wilk
503
The Lincf
504
The FranI
505
The Cass
506
The Cass
S07
The High
508
The Dulfu
509
The Firna
510
The New
511
The Web.'
512
The Trow
5'3
The Bisho
514
The Bisho
5'5
The Jeffer:
516
Seal of the
5'7
The Public
518
Fac-similc
5'9
Stores of I
1520
Stores of I
521
Store of G
S22
Stores of (
323
Store of F
524
Store of R
525
Stores of I'
S26
Stores of 7
527
Seed Wart
528
Seed Farm
529
Stores of L
530
Stores of C
531
Stores of L
533
Store and
5,33
Store of P.
5,34
Store of M
535
Establish ni
536
Stores of J
537
Stores of J
5,38
Stores of \
539
Stores of E
540
Stores of A
541
Stores of I*
542
Stores of I
543
Stores of I
544
Stores of C
545
Stores of A
546
Stores of h
547
Store of A
548
Store of A
549
Stores of 1
550
Store of D
55'
Stores of V
552
Old Board
553
Stores of L
554
New Boarc
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.
X
Iv
Pa<;b
499 The John Owen School, 747
500 The Nichols' School, 747
501 The Campbell School. 747
502 The Wilkins School, 748
503 The Lincoln School, 748
504 The Franklin School, 748
505 The Cass School — oriij;iiial appearance, 749
506 The Cass School — as enlarged, 749
507 The High School, 750
508 The Dnflickl School, 750
509 The Firnane School, 751
510 The New Irving School, 751
511 The Webster School, 752
512 The Trowbridge School, 752
513 The Bishop School — original appearance, 753
514 The Hisiiop School — as enlarged, 753
515 The Jefferson School, 754
516 Seal of the Board of Education, 755
517 The Public Library, 759
518 Fac-simile of a Trader's License, 768
519 Stores of Beattie, Fitzsimons, & Co., 769
520 Stores of H. P. Baldwin 2d & Co., 769
521 Store of George Kirby, 770
522 Stores of C. R. Mabley & Company. 771
323 Store of Flattery Bros., 772
524 Store of R. H. Fyfe & Co., 772
525 Stores of Farrand, Williams, & Co., 773
526 Stores of T. B. Rayl & Co., 773
527 Seed Warehouse of U. M. Ferry & Co., 774
528 Seed Farm of D. M. Ferry & Co., 775
529 Stores of L. A. Smith & Co., 776
530 Stores of G. & R. McMillan, 776
531 Stores of Dean, Godfrey, & Co., ']•]^
532 Store and Residence of P. Blake, 777
533 Store of P. A. Billings, 778
534 Store of Mumford, Foster, & Co., 778
535 Establishment of Thorndike Nourse, 779
536 Stores of James E. Davis & Co., 779
537 Stores of John J. Dodds & Co., 780
538 Stores of William Reid, 780
539 Stores of Edson, Moore, & Co., 781
540 Stores of Allan Shelden & Co., 782
541 Stores of F. Buhl & Co., 783
542 Stores of Heineman, Butzel, & Co., 783
543 Stores of Heavenrich Bros., 784
544 Stores of Charles Root & Co., 784
545 Stores of A. C. McCiraw & Co., 785
546 Stores of H. A. Ncwland & Co., 785
547 Store of A. R. & W. F. Linn, 786
548 Store of A. C. Bacon & Co., 786
549 Stores of T. 11. Hinchman & Sons, 787
550 Store of Dwyer & Vhay, 787
551 Stores of W. J. Gould & Co., 788
552 Old Board of Trade Building. 788
553 Stores of Ducharme, Fletcher, «Sc Co., 789
554 New Board of Trade Building, 789
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
n
78
79
80
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
9'
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
600
601
602
603
604
605
606
Page
Store of B. F. Farrington & Co., 789
.Stores of Standart Bros., 790
Stores of Phelps & Brace, 790
Stores of Rathbone, .Sard, & Co., 791
Stores of Buhl Sons & Co., 791
Former Woodward Avenue Market, 793
Vegetable Market, 794
Old Washington Market, 795
Central Market Building, 796
Michigan Car Co.'s Works, 803
Detroit Steel and Car Spring Works, 805
Russel Wheel & Foundry Co.'s Works, 805
Detroit Bridge & Iron Works, 806
I-'ulton Iron & Engine Works, 806
Buhl Iron Works, 807
Eagle Iron Works, 807
Michigan Malleable Iron Co., 808
Michels' Wood Working Machinery
Factory, 808
National Wire & Iron Co.'s Works, 809
Detroit Safe Co.'s Works, 809
Detroit Bronze Co.'s proposed building, 810
Detroit Stove Co.'s .Stores, 811
The Barnum Wire and Iron Works. 812
Detroit Stove Co.'s Works. 813
Peninsular Stove Co.'s Works, 814
Eureka Iron Co.'s Works, Wyandotte, 814
Michigan Stove Co.'s Works, 815
National Pin Co.'s Factory, 816
Detroit File Works, , 816
Detroit & Lake Superior Copper Co.'s
Works, ' 817
The Middlebrook & Post Manufacturing
Co.'s Works, 818
Detroic Stamping Works, 818
Detroit Emery Wheel Co.'s Works, 819
Parke, Davis, & Co.'s original Laboratorv, 820
Parke. Davis, & Co.'s present Laboratory, 821
Laboratory of Frederick Stearns & Co., 822
Capsule Factory of F. A. Hubel, 822
Boydell Bros. White Lead and Color
Works, 823
Detroit White Lead Works, 824
Detroit Linseed Oil Co., 824
Berry Brothers' Varnish Factory, 825
Schulte's Soap and Candle Factory, 825
A. Laitner's Store and Brush Factory, 826
The first Tobacco Factory in Detroit, 826
The American Eagle Tobacco Factory, 827
The Banner Tobacco Factory, 827
The Globe Tobacco Factory, , 828
Scotten's Hiawatha Tobacco Factory, 828
Hargreaves Manufacturing Co.'s Factory. 829
Burk, Rich, & Co.'s Cigar Factory, 829
Richardson's Match Factory, 830
The Clough & Warren Organ Factory, 831
xlvi
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.
607 Gray & Haffy's Furniture and Upliolstcr-
ing Establishment,
608 M. J. Murphy & Co.'s Spring Bed and
Chair I'actory,
609 The Sutton Pail Factory,
610 A. Dondero's Willow-ware Factory,
611 Pingree& Smith's Shoe Factory,
612 Vail & Crane's Cracker and Hiscuit Fac-
tory,
613 Carriage Factory and Store of llugii
Johnson,
614 Fac-simile of one of Father Richards'
Shinplasters,
615 Fac-simile of Note of Detroit City Bank,
616 Fac-simile of Note of Detroit Ikuik,
617 Fac-simile of Note of Bank of Michigan,
618 Fac-simile of Note of Farmers and Me-
chanics' Bank,
619 Fac-simile of Note of Michigan Insur-
ance Bank,
620 Detroit Savings Bank,
621 Fac-simile of Note of The Peninsular
Bank,
622 Fac-simile of Note of The State Bank,
623 First National Bank,
624 People's Savings Bank,
625 Wayne County Savings Bank, exterior
view,
626 Wayne County Savings Bank, interior
view,
627 View of the Vaults of the Safe Deposit
Company,
I'\(.B
628
832
629
630
832
833
631
833
834
632
633
835
634
63s
835
636
847
637
85.
857
638
860
639
861 640
863
864
641
642
865
866
643
867
868
644
869
869
645
646
647
870
648
Paos
Michigan Savings Bank, 871
State Savings Bank, 873
Office of Detroit Fire and Marine Insur-
ance Company, 873
Office of Michigan Mutual Life Insur-
ance Company, 874
The Post-Office, 883
Railroad Ferry Dock, 890
Detroit & Milwaukee Depot in 1865, 894
Fac-simile of M. C. R. R. Ticket of
1838, 896
Original Michigan Central Freight Depot, 898
Old Depot lUiiklings of Michigan Central
Railroad on Third Street, 899
New Michigan Central Depot, 900
First Locomotive in the West and old
Passenger-car, 902
Double Railroad Bridge at Baker and
Fifteenth Streets, 905
Jefferson Avenue Railroad Bridge, 906
Fac-simile of Collector's Entry on arrival
of the Walk-in-the-Water, 909
General Offices of the Detroit and Cleve-
land Steam Navigation Company, 911
Docks and Yard of the Detroit Dry
Dock Company, 912
Iron Ship-building Docks of Detroit Dry
Dock Company at Wyandotte, 913
The Ferry-boat Argo, 916
Government Storehouse — Lighthouse
Department, 920
The Marine Hospital, 923
PART I.
LOCALITY.
America hi.
callfd old. D(
tory is unique
New Yorl<, New
settled, and lor
well, the Sieur
our border, and
The city was f(
built St. I'etersl
When Cadili
and the South !
and there was i
the United Stat(
was like a bit
World, and no
one or two in tli
common with (
records read lil<
mediieval scent
strangely intern
Cradled in romii
the school of c(
her ])osition as
stantial of all th(
to the days of t
old castle on the
added to the ai
tlements, so De
past, graced anc
present. Even
most cities. At
nated by no les<
has had three dil
In the old trac
was known by th
ti-a, A Great Vil
phetic of its fut
tun-ong. Circuit!
location at the t
called the site of
sarondia, which
CHAPTER I.
DETROIT: ITS NAMES. LOCATION, AND SURROUNDINOS.
NAMK.S.
America hi..s but few cities tiiat can properly be
cailfd old. Detmit is one of tliese, and its his-
tory is unique and peculiarly interestinj^j. Before
New York, New ( )rleans, Philadelphia, or Boston was
settled, and lonjf before the time of Oliver Crom-
well, the Sieur de Ciiamplain had nearly readied
our Ijorder, and the Indians had described our site.
The city was founded before Peter the Creat liad
built St. Petersburg.
When Cadillac came the East India Company
and the South Sea Bubble had not been heard of,
and there was not a newspa|K'r or a post-oHice in
the United States. The first colony here established
was like a bit of France in the wilds of the New
World, and no city in the Eastern States, and but
one or two in the South and West, have anything in
common with our earlier life. Some of the old
records read like a page of Froissart, and visions of
medi;fval scenes and pictures of savage life are
strangely intermingled in the records of our past.
Cradled in romance, nurtured in war, and trained in
the school of conservatism, the city new glories in
her position as the most attractive and most sub-
stantial of n\\ the cities whose traditions reach back
to the days of the " Grand Monarch." Like some
old castle on the Loire, with cresting, tile, and finial
added to the ancient towers and moss-grown bat-
tlements, so Detroit stands, a proud relic of the
past, graced and crowned with all the gifts of the
present. Even in its names, it is favored above
most cities. At different times it has been desig-
nated by no less than six distinct appellations, and
has had three different corporate names.
In the old traditions of the Algonquin Indians, it
was known by the name of Yon-do-ti-ga, or Yon-do-
ti-a, A Great Village; its first name was thus pro-
phetic of its future. It was also called Wa-we-a-
tun-ong. Circuitous Approach, on account of its
location at the bend c the river. The Wyandotts
called the site of Detroit Toghsaghrondie, or Tysch-
sarondia, which name, variously spelled, will be
hi
found in the old Colonial Documents, published by
the State of New York ; it has been modernized into
Teuscha Grondie, and has reference to the course of
the river. The Huron Indians called the place
Ka-ron-ta-en, The Coast of the Strait.
When first settled, the location received the name
of Fort Pontchartrain, in honor of Count Pontchar-
train, the then French Colonial Minister of Marine.
As the number of inhabitants increased, and the
settlement grew into a village, it received its present
name from the word dctroit, or strait. Its popular
cognomen, the City of the Straits, is thence derived.
It is an interesting fact that the name of the
oldest city in the Canadian Dominion and the first
capital of that region, the place from which Cadillac
and the first settlers came hither, is derived from the
Algonquin word qitcbcis or (jiic/idtr, signifying a
strait ; the cities of Detroit and Quebec thus bear
names similar in origin and signification.
The early French colonists applied the name
Detroit to the settlements on both sides of the river,
calling one North Detroit, the other South Detroit.
It is also known that early French travelers desig-
nated all of the waters between Lakes Erie and
Huron as the di'troit. This generalization has led
several modern authors into the error of locating
events here that really occurred on the river St.
Clair.
The city's corporate names have been as follows :
By Act of January i8, 1802, it was designated as
the " Town of Detroit." By Act of October 24,
181 5, it was called the " City of Detroit." On April
4, 1827, it was enacted that the corporate name
should be "The Mayor, Recorder, and Aldermen of
the City of Detroit." On February 5, 1857, it was
enacted that the name should be " City of Detroit."
LOCATION.
The city is located near the head of the river, on
its northerly and westerly banks. The eastern
boundary is about four miles from Lake St. Clair,
and the western, nearly twenty miles from Lake
LOCATION — SURROUNniNCS.
Erie. The river separates the Hritish Province of
Ontario, formerly Upper Canada, from tiie State of
Michijjan, County of Wayne. The tity is bounded
on the nortli hy tlie townsliips of ("iieenfield and
Hamtrameiv, on tlie east by 1 lamlramci-:, and on tlie
west by thf township of .Sprinjjfwells. Reolconinij
from the ll;igstaff on the City Hall tower, Detroit
lies in latitude 42° 19' 50.28" north; and longitude
83° 2' 47.63' west of (Ireenwii-h, England, and 5'
59' 45-83" west of Washington, I). C. Our time is
therefore 23 minutes 59.06 seconds slower than that
of Washington. Rome a id Constantinople are in
nearly the same latitude, ai< 1 Havana and Calcutta
are longitudinally in the sam range. Upon a globe
the city appears as opposite lie northwest corner of
the Chinese luiipire, and on \n air line, it is about
one thousand miles northeast < f New Orleans, or the
Gulf of Mexico, and seven In ndred miles west of
New York and the Atlantic Coist.
The older portions of the cit ', including all south
of Adams Avenue, are built on a succession of
ridges runnini; parallel with ti.e river, their general
direction being from east to \ 'est. Counting from
the river to Adams Avenue, there were at least four
ridges. At the corner of Woodward and Jefferson
Avenues the ground is twe ity-two feet iibove the
river. From "\Voodwaixl A\ enue the ground slopes
gradually away to the west until, at Second Street,
the roachvay is on a leve' with the wharves. An-
other ridge is shown .".t Fort Street. It crossed
Woodward Avenue and extended beyond Farmer
Street. The third ridge was just south of the ('.rand
Circus; and the property of H. H. Leroy on the
west side of Woodward Avenue shows that the
street at that point has been graded down nearly
four feet. At High Street, and again at Fremont
Street, the rise of ground is quite noticeable. At
the Holden Rojid the elevation is fully fifty-two feet
above the river.
" Beautiful for situation," the city wins the praises
of all who look upon it. No one has more faithfully
portrayed its appearance, and the feelings of a visi-
tor, than Mrs. Jameson. She says ;
The day h.is been most intolerably hot; even on the lake there
was not a breath of air. But as the sun went down in his glory,
the breeze freshened, and the spires and towers of the city of
Detroit were seen against the western sky.
The schooners at anchor, or dropping into the river, the little
<auioes flitting across from side to side, the lofty buildings, the
enormous steamers, the noisy port and busy streets, all bathed in
the light of a sunset such as I had never seen, not even in Italy,
almost turned me giddy with excitement.
Since her visit in 1837, the city has both gained
and lost in beauty. The old pear-trees no longer
form a setting to the houses of white and red, and
the tints of gray and brown have mostly disap-
peared. Rarer architecture now looms amid the
trees and richer coloring greets the eye, and those
who come to see, linger to admire,
.SURROUNDINO.S.
A large portion of the adjoining townsliip of
Hamtramck is built up near the river, and iron
smelting, stove and hollow-ware manufacturing, and
other kindred industries are extensively carried on
there. Stores and shops line the main road, — an
extension of Jefferson Avenue, and many elegant
residences are located on the river-side. Belle Isle
lies in front, and opportunities for boating are unsur-
passed. The new City Water Works, with receiv-
ing basins, substantial engine-houses, and other
buildings, are in the extreme eastern corner. Here
also are Linden Park, the Driving Park, and the
(lerman Shooting (Irounds, and Milwaukee Railroad
Junction. The villages of Leeville and Norris are
also within the township limits. This latter suburb
is about six miles from the city. It was laid o^t in
August, 1873, by Colonel P. W. Norris, after whom
it is named. He purchased the grounds in 1865.
The vill.ige is located about thirty feet above the
forks of Connor's Creek, on gently undulating
ground; the soil is dry and .saiuly, but very fer-
tile, Prairie Mound, once a faxorite haunt of the
Indians, and one of their burial-])laces, is in full view
of the village.
An abundant supply of good well-water is easily
reached. All the streets and avenues are seventy
feet wide ; one is one hundred feet wide and extends
to Woodward Avenue. A large Orphan Asylum,
controlled ' ■• the Lutheran Church, is here located.
Near the ,s the crossing and .station ""f the
Bay C- and Trunk railroads.
'^ , .ip of Springwells, on the southwest
b of Detroit, contains a noted railroad junc-
tio.., iginally called the (".rand Trunk Junction ; the
post-office name is now Detroit Junction. Connec-
tions are here made between the Michigan Central,
(irand Trunk, Detroit, Lansing & Northern, Lake
Shore «& Michigan Southern, Flint & Pere Marquette,
and Detroit & Butler railroads. The car shops of
the Michigan Central Railroad, consisting of four
large and other smaller buildings, were located here
in 1873, and many railroad employes have built
homes near by. Here, also, are the extensive car
manufacturing shops of the Michigan Car Company,
— an establishment unrivalled by that of any other
car-building company in the United States. The
extensive dry docks and ship yard of John P. Clark,
the Baugh steam forge establishment, the leather
manufactory of the late Marshall Jewell, and the
large tobacco manufactory of Daniel Scotten, several
large nurseries and extensive brick-yards, the smelt-
ing works of the Detroit & Lake Superior Copper
Company, the village of Delray, the Detroit Glass
SL'RROUNDINC.S.
Works, Fort Wayiu-, St. Luke's Hospital, and Wood-
mcre Ccmetfry are in this town.
'I'hc shore hne of drosse I 'ointe township, which
joins Ilanitramck on the north, is washed l)y the
clear i)hie waters of Lake St. Clair, The township
is celehrated for its cherries. It is the summer re.'^ort
of a numlier of Detroit families, who have erected
elegant residences and determined its future as the
most desirable and attractive .stiburb that Detroit
can ever |)ossess. A liifhtiiouse, on what is known
as Windmill I'oint. marks the entrance of the river
into the lake, and is the chief landmark of the
vicinity.
The township of (ireentleld adjoins the city on the
north. Here is the immense seed farm of U. M.
I'crry i5t Company, embracing three hundred acres.
CHAPTER II.
THE RIVER. ISLANDS, WHARVES AND DOCKS, STREAMS AND MILLS.
THE RIVER.
London has its Thames, Paris, the Seine, Rome,
the Tiber, and new York, the Hudson; but in
everything the Detroit excels them all. It is no
wonder that the first visitors came by water wiicn
such a stream flowed by them and beckoned them
along. All the early travelers bore testimony to the
beauty of the river and the volume of its waters,
which the population of a score of the largest cities
cannot diminish or defile. Then as now islands,
like emeralds, were strung along its way, and myriads
of wild fowl then fed upon its shores; its waters
did not "dash high on a stern and rock-bountl
coa.st," but were so still and calm and clear that
the smoke of wigwams, nestled on their banks, was
mirrored on their smooth surface. Scores of canoes
were hauled up on the ri\ er-side, while others flashctl
along the current or plied to either shore. Later
on, windmills stretched their broad ar.ns to the
breeze, and, with fish-nets hung on reels, formed the
landmarks of their day.
The Detroit River is undoubtedly one of the most
remarkable in the world. It forms a natural boun-
dary between the United States and Upper Canada,
separating liie Slate of Michigan from the Province
of Ontario ; the boundary line opposite Detroit is
about midway of the i^tream, and for most of the
distance neares. the Canadian shore. The United
States thus has jurisdiction over the larger portion.
It was declared to be a public highway by Act of
Congress December 31, 1819. From Windmill
Point Liglu, at the foot of Lake St. Clair, to Bar
Point, where the river empties into Lake Erie, the
distance is 27 miles, 151 5 yards. The distances
between other established points are as follows :
From Windmill Point Light to foot of Isle La Peche,
1534 yards; from Isle La Pec he to foot of Belle Isle,
3 miles, 254 yards; from Belle Isle to Woodward
Avenue, 2 miles, 347 yards; from Woodward Avenue
to head of Fighting Island, 7 miles, 780 yards ; from
Fighting Island to Bois Blanc Lighthouse, 1 1 miles,
640 yards; from Bois Blanc Lighthouse to Bar
Point, 2 miles, 1480 yards.
The greatest width of the river is three miles ; in
its narrowest point, opposite the city, it is a little
over half a mile wide. Its average width is one
[6]
mile. The depth varies from ten to sixty feet, with
an average of thirty-four feet. The river bottom,
for the most part, is sa 'y or stony. It is navigable
for vessels of the laij^est class, is almost entirely
free from obstructions of any sort, and offers one of
the largest and safest harbors in the world. Lon-
don is the largest port, but more tonnage passes
Detroit than e\-er enters the Thames.
The waters of Lakes Superior, Michigan, Huron,
and St. Clair, of Green, Saginaw, and Georgian
Bays, also of thousands of streams that enter them.
How into the Detroit. It is, in fact, the natural
drain or channel for the pas.sage of waters from
eighty-two thousand square miles of lake surface,
and one hundred and twenty-five thousand square
miles of land, thus rivalling the Ohio, which is more
than forty times as long.
The current is rapid and generally uniform ; the
maximum velocity is 2.44 miles per hour, the mean
velocity, 1.79 miles. It is estimated that two hun-
dred and twelve thtnisand cubic feet of water pass
the city each second of time.
More fresh water is discharged through this river
than through any other in the world except the Ni-
agara and the St. Lawrence. The incline amounts
to one and one half inches per mile, or three feet for
its entire length. The elevation above sea-level, at
a point opposite the Marine Hospital, is five hundred
and seventy-seven feet. The river is not generally
frozen over until the latter part of December or
January ; but in extreme cold weather the ice is from
twelve to twenty inches thick.
Previous to 1854, persons and teams frequently
crossed over on the ice ; and on February 10, 1855,
the river was so completely frozen that a little shanty
was erected in the middle, in which liquors were
sold.
The breaking of the ice by the daily trips of the
Railroad Ferry Boats, since 1854, has precluded any
further crossing on foot in front of the city. Such
is the rapidity of the current that the river is soon
cleared of tloatitig ice. The gathering of ice is an
extensive business, and from 50,000 to 100,000 tons
are annually stored for summer use. The water sup-
plied to citizens amounts to 6,000,000,000 gallons
yearly.
THE RIVER — ISLANDS.
Si
The river is usually tranquil and never danijer-
ously rough. The water is of a bluisli tinij^e, and in
transparency and purity is unrivalled.
Like other bodies of water, the river rises and
falls, but unlike rther large rivers, the variations are
never so sudden or extreme as to cause any incon-
venience, and build ngs are erected at the v.'ater's
edge without fear of damage.
In the year 1800, again in 1814-1815, and also in
1 827-1 828, a'.u in 1838, the river rose from three to
si.\ feet above its usual level, remaining so for two
or three years, rnd then subsiding quite rapidly.
The mean annual rise is about sixteen inches dur-
ing July or August. The low-water period is in
February or March. The highest recorded level
was on June 2, 1838, when the water was only two
and eight tenths feet below the water table of the
Water Works Engine House. One of the lowest
levels recorded was in the winter of 1819, when the
water was eight and five tenths feet lower than
usual.
A succession of wet seasons, or winters of heavy
snows, causes it to rise, and the reverse occurs in
dry seasons. The most marked effect is produced
by winds ; the river is perceptibly lowered when a
southwest wind strikes it, and the water is driven
into Lake St. Clair and blov- n down into Lake ICrie.
In March, 1873, a strong wind of this kind lowered
the river some five feet below its mean level. A
northeast wind will reverse the above conditions
and cause it to rise proportionately.
The temperature of the water varies from 33°
Fahrenheit for the winter months to jy for the sum-
mer season. The variation between the surface and
the bottom is about 3".
The breadth, general safety, and smoothness of
the river make it specially inviting for boating and
yachting, and in later years many persons have
availed themselves of the facilities afforded. Sev-
eral noteworthy reg.ctas have been held here, and
boatmen all concede thiit no finer location can be
found for a trial of skill. During the suni' ;r sea-
son, excursions up and down the river, and to differ-
ent islands, are of almost hourly occurrence.
ISLANDS.
The islands vary in size from one to several thou-
sand acres. Two of them are located above, and
twenty below the city. Beginning at the head of
the river, the first is Isle La Peche, or Isle of the
Fishes, also called, in 1810, Peach Island. It is
situated on the Canadian side of the river, and was,
during the summer months, the home of Pontiiic.
Belle Isle, the City Park, is described in the article
on Parks. Beginning nt a point six r-.les below the
city are the islands known as Fighting, Mud, drassy,
Grass, Mama-Juda, Crosse, Turkey, Stoney, Slo-
cum's. Humbug, Fox, Elba, Calf Snake, Hickory,
Sugar, Bois Blanc, Horse, Cherry, and Tawa, or
Celeron. Fighting Island, also called in 1796, (Ireat
'I urkey Island, was originally occupied by the Wyan-
dotts, and in 1858 it was sold by the Canadian Gov-
ernment for their benefit. In 18 10 Indian intrench-
ments were plainly visible on the northeast end of
the island, and from these warlike appearances the
island took its name.
An old French memoir of the date of 171 7 says:
Two leajfUfS from Kort Detroit is .in island called Isle aux Din-
des. It is so called because 'I'urkeys are always to be found there.
It contains only very little timber, only prairie. Four or five years
ago, a man named Le Tonnerre, principal Chief of the Foxes, and
two of the same tribe, were killed there by the Hurons, settled at
Detroit The two Foxes who were with I,e Tonnerre were de-
voured by wild beasts, crows, or other vermin; but the body of Le
Tonnerre was still uninjured .1 year afterw.-ird, not an animal hav-
in.vi tcuched him.
Grosse, or Great Island, is the largest in the
river. The French memoir just quoted says :
It is very nne and fertile and extensive, being, as is estimated,
horn six to seven leagues in circumference. There is an extraor-
dinary quantity of apple trees on this island, and those who have
seen the apples on the ground sa)' that they are more than half a
foot deep; the apple trees are planted as if methodically, and the
apples are as large as small pijipins. Abundance of excellent mill-
stones are found on this island; all .iround it are very fine prairies.
It was a long time doubtful whether Detroit should not be founded
there. The cause of the hesitation was the apprehension that the
timber might some day fail.
At one time, the locating of Fort Wayne on this
island was seriously considered, and on some
accounts it would have been an extremely favorable
situation. The banks rise abruptly from the water
in many places to fully twenty feet in height. In
1776 Lieutenant-Governor Hamilton gave William
Macomb leave to occupy the island, and on July 5,
1793, Lieutenant-Governor Simcoe gave his family
permission to continue.
Several citizens of Detroit have elegant residences
here, and there are many fine farms and homes.
The Canada Southern Railroad extends to the
island, connecting by ferry with the Canada shore.
Mama-Juda Island contains twenty-nine acres,
and is named from an old squaw, who, prior to 1807,
used to camp there year after year, during the fish-
ing season. She finally died on the island.
Slocum's Island, of about two hundred acres, is
owned by G. B. Slocum.
Humbug Island, of some forty acres, just below,
is also owned by Mr. Slocum. It is not inappro-
priately named, for it is rather a part of the main
land than an island.
Elba Island, in 181 7, was thickly covered with
trees.
Bois Blanc, or Whitewood Island, on the Cana-
dian side of the river, Wcis occupied by the Huron
8
ISLANDS — WHARVES AND DOCKS — STREAMS AND MILLS.
Indians in 1742, .ind contained a villaije rci(v;lariy
laid out and inliabited by st-vral hundred people.
Father Pothier was in charjje of a mission anionnj
them, but in 1747 they became estranijed from tlie
French and he returned to Detroit. Tlie followinjr
year the difficulties were settled, and a Huron Mis-
sion was established at Sandwich under charj^e of
Fathers Pothier and De la Richardie.
In 1796, when the British yielded up Detroit, they
erected a blockhouse on this island, but as the
United States protested that it did not belonjf to
them, they for the time yielded the point, and soon
after erected a fort at Maiden.
In 181 3, during; the tlj^ht which preceded Perry's
victory, Tecumseh and his Indians were here
encamped. When the patriots were in possession
in 1838, they denuded it of the trees in order to get
better range for their cannon.
Celeron Island, of seventy acres, is so named
after Sieur dc Celeron, once Commandant of Detroit.
WHARVES AND DOCKS.
By the building of wharves and docks, and the
extension of the shore by " made land "the river is
continually encroached upon. At the foot of Wood-
ward Avenue, it once came up sevi'iity-seven feet
north of the north line of Atwater .Street; and
between Woodward Avenue and Wayne Street it
covered half the space o'-cupied by the blocks
between Atwater and Woodbridge Streets. At
Cass Street it covered a part of wiiat is now Jeffer-
son Avenue. On T. Smith's map of the town as it
was in 1796 are shown two wharves tailed respect-
ively Merchants' and Public or King's Wharf.
One of the earliest "-ecords concerning the wharves
recounts the voting of a ta.x, on "July 26, 1804, of
twenty-eight pounds eight shillings New York cur-
rency for repairing wharf." The wiiarf repaired was
probably that formerly known as King's Wharf, still
in use in 1823.
In 1819 permission was granted to II. Berthelet to
build a wharf at the ffiot of Randolph Street.
Wharves were also built, about this time, by Mr.
Hudson and Mr. Roby. As the city grew, an increas-
ing amount of rubbish and refuse was deposited on
the low grounds at the river's edge. This created
an almost con.stant nuisance, and from time to time
efforts were made to correct the evil. On July 3,
1820, a ta.\ of five hundred days' labor was voted to
be spent "on the border of the river." In 1826 the
permanent improvement of the river front was begun
by the depositing, along the margin, of earth from
the embankment of Fort Shelby. During the
following years up to 1834, the work was continued
at an expense of over $10,000.
One of the improvements of 1827 was known as
the Steam Mill Wharf. The City Council voted to
give the perpetual use of sixty feet in width on
Woodward A\enue, fnjm Atwater Street to the
channel of the river, to a Steam Mill Company, for
the erection of a mill, provided it was built within
two yeiirs; the City also expended $3,000 in tilling in
and building a dock for the site of the mill, which
was never erected. Since that time the work has
gone on until good and substantial docks, nearly live
miles in length, now line the river along the city
front.
STREAMS AND MILLS.
Within the present city limits threa different
streams once tlowed on their winding way, buoying
up the light canoe, or turning the mills of the French
settlers.
The courses of these streams, in their relation to
present street lines, in so far as old deeds, maps and
observations furnish data for judgment, are indicated
on the accompanving inap.
The Savoyard Creek, b - nch of the Huron, or
Xavier River, as it is variously called, had its rise in
a willow swamp on the (luoin I-'arm, near where
Riopelle Street now crosses Congress. In 1821 the
south bank of the stream was one hundred and
ninety-one feet north of the south side of Lamed
Street; meandering westward, it reached Woodward
Avenue at Congress Street, and here a wide bridge
spanned the stream. At other places, single jilanks
enabled pedestrians to cross. In 1822 L. E. Dolson,
then a boy of nine years, was jumping on one of
these foot bridges on Congress Street, just east of
Griswold, when the plank broke, letting him fall into
the water, which was about eight feet deep. 1 be-
coming entangled in the reeds and rushes ^ lich
were plentiful at the bottom, he barely escaped
drowning.
The stream, in early times, was much used in go-
ing to and from the river ; and boy-anglers found
successful fishing at the corner of Woodward Ave-
nue and Congress Street. Its outlet was at a point
on the Jones Farm close to the Cass line, about
where Fourth Street intersects Woodbridge Street.
Prior to May, 1826, there was a jog in Woodbridge
Street at this point, and an okl bridge which crossed
the creek, not being in line with the street, was re-
moved by order of the Common Council, and a new
one of stone was built in proper line. A channel,
walled with wood, was also constructed from the
bridge to the river. On December 4, 1826, a certi-
ficate was issued to De (iarmo Jones for §422.31 for
constructing said bridge and channel.
In course of time, and increasingly as the years
went on, the people li\ing near the border of this
stream used it as a drain, and after Fort Shelby was
demolished, the bottom and sides, for some dis-
tance, were planked with lumber from that fortifica-
tion. It til
and, as sudl
so offensivel
was com|i(l
a deep and I
A "grand si
mm
sion. The c
yard from tin
its banks can
The strean
after Judge
Creek, from
here in 1780
pan's River.
STREAMS AND MILLS.
lidii. It tluii I)tH:ain(; prnctically an open sewer; ereeted tlie first .^list-mill on tlie stream, just north
and, as sueli, lost all its primeval charms, and grew of what is now ]'"ort Street, and near tlie railroad
so offensive and malodorous that in 1836 the city crossinjr. The stream supi^lied water sullieient to
■was eomiielled, at a great expense, to convert it into run the mill six or eight months of the year,
a deep and covered .sewer by enclosing it in stone. Parent's Creek, or IMoody Run, is the real historic
A "grand sewer" it became, and still fulfils its mis- stream. It was first named, presumably, after
Mai- SH0W1.no KoLTli Ol" FuK.MliK biKEAMS, A.NU UlO KlViiU Ll.NH,
sion. The creek is said to have been named Savo-
yard from the fact that one of the earliest settlers on
its banks came from Savoy.
The stream more recently known as May's Creek,
after Judge May, was formerly called Cabacier's
Creek, from Joseph Cabacie, or Cabaeier, who lived
here in 1780. It was designated in 1747 as Cam-
pau's River. It is claimed that Jacijues Peltier
Joseph Parent, a gunsmith, whose name appears in
St. Ann's records on May 21, 1707. Only a few
yeru's ago the entire course of the stream could be
traced; now nearly half its length is lilled in, and
its channel will soon be entirely obliterated.
The name was changed to liloody Run after the
defeat and slaughter of Captaii\ Dalyell and his
company by the Indians, on July 31, 1763.
10
STREAMS AND MILLS.
On John Farmer's map of Michiiran for i<S30, a
mill is marked on tiiis stream, just south of what is
now Jefferson Avenue. There was also, at one
time, a mill where the stream crossed tiie flratiot
Road.
Knagjj's Creek was just outside the present western
limits of the city, and the course of the stream
can still be traced. Near its terminus, on the Hela
Hubbard Farm in Springwells, was located the
old Knagsr's Windmill, built in 1810. It was in
use till about 1840, and was torn down in 1853 or
1854.
WlNU.MU.l. I'OINI (ON 15KLA Hl.iJllAKl) I'AKM) ANll llIK Rl\KK IN l8j8.
Almost
available foil
jj^ood crops v|
In boring
in 1829, tht
reached : all J
clay, with \\
fifteen feet;
limestone, si:
A small str;
reached, and
Three mile;
of where the
is a broad be!
with drainage
The natun
Cadillac in a c
one of the Fn
The business of
have not the aliilii
better pen than ni
account of it, I w
but a channel or li
length, according
escapes slowly an
and crystal waters
are so many seas <
Fronlinac, and wl
Lawrence, mingle
Its borders are
beautiful waters Is
bordered by lon>t
felt the careful hai
younji and tild, so
and quantity of t
produced them.
vine, which has r
builds a thick rool
ing down the top
with its embrace.
Under these br
timid deer and fai
collect the apple;
Here the cautious
to gather the gra|
large and glutton(
tridge, woodcock,
cover the country
high forests of fi
which sweetens tl
of the pitiless re;
which fatten wo
tion.
CHAPTER III.
SOIL AND PRODUCTS, GAME, GRAIN, AND FRUITS.
Almost all of the land in the city and vicinity is
available for jrardeninjj; and farming, producing
good crops with but little fertilizing.
In boring for a well on P'ort Street, near Shelby,
in 1829, the following strata were successively
reached : alluvial earth, ten feet ; yellow and blue
clay, with veins of quicksand, one hundred and
fifteen feet ; sand and pebbles, two feet ; geodiferous
limestone, sixt) leet; lias limestone, sixty-five feet.
A small stratum of carbonate of lime was then
reached, and then more lias limestone.
Three miles from the river, and a few rods south
of where the railroad crosses Woodward Avenue,
is a broad belt of land, of a lower level, which proves,
with drainage, both rich and fertile.
The natural products were well set forth by
Cadillac in a description written October 8, 1701, to
one of the French officials. He said :
The business of war being so different from lliat of writinj;, I
have not the ability to make a portrait of a country so worthy of a
better pen than mine; but since you have directed me to render an
account of it, I will do so, pninisinj; that the Detroit is actually
but a channel or river of medium breadth and twenty-five leagues in
length, according to my estimate, * * * through which flows imd
escapes slowly and with snfliciently moderate current, the living
and crystal waters of Lakes Superior, M ichigan, and Huron (which
are so many seas of sweet water) into Lake Krie, 1-ake Ontario, or
FroiUeuac, and which liiudly, together with the waters of the St.
Lawrence, mingle with those of the ocean.
Its borders are so many vast prairies, and the freshness of the
beautiful waters keeps the banks always green. The prairies are
bordered by long and broad rows of fruit trees which have never
felt the careful hand of the vigilant gardener. Here, also, orchards,
young and old, soften and bend their branches, under the weight
and quantity of their fruit, towards the mother earth which has
produced them. It is in this land, so fertile, that the ambitious
vine, which has never wept under the knife of the vine-dresser,
builds a thick roof with its large leaves and heavy clusters, weigh-
ing down the top of the tree which receives it, and often stifling it
with its embrace.
Under these broad walks one sees assembled by hundreds the
timid deer and faun, also the squirrel bounding in his eagerness to
collect the apples and plums with which the earth is covered.
Here the cautious turkey calls and conducts her numerous brood
to gather tlie grapes, and here also their mates come to All their
large and gluttonous crops. Oolden pheasjtnts, the quail, the par-
tridge, woodcock, and numerous doves swann in the woods and
cover the country, which is dotted and broken with thickets and
high forests of full-grown trees, forming a charming perspective,
which sweetens the sad lonesomeness of the solitude. The hand
of the pitiless reaper has never mown the lu.\uriant grass upon
which fatten woolly buffaloes, of magnificent size and propor-
tion.
There are ten species of forest trees, among them we the walnut,
white o«k, red oak, the ash, the pine, white-wooc and cotton-
wood; straight as arrows, without knots, and almost without
branches, except at the very top, and of prodigious size. Here
the courageous eagle looks fi.xedly at the sun, with suflicient at
his feet to satisfy his boldly armed claws. The fish are here
nourished and bathed by living water of crystal clearness, and their
great .'ibuudance renders them none the less delicious. Swans are
so numerous that one would take for lilies the reeds in which they
are crowded together. The gabbling goose, the duck, the widgeon,
and the bustard are soi''' lant that to give an idea of their num-
bers I must use the ex;> > ion of a savage whom I asked before
arriving if there was much game. " So much," he said, " that they
draw ".'* "n lines to let the boats pass through.'* ♦ * ♦ In a
word, .1' climate is temperate, and the air purified through the
day and night by a gentle breeze. The skies are always .serene
and spread sweet and fresh influences which makes one enjoy a
trancpiil sleep.
If the situation is agreeble, it is none the less important because
it opens and closes the door of pass;ige to the most distant nations
which are situated upon the borders of the vast seas of sweet
water. None but the enemies of truth could lie enemies to this
establishment so necessary to the increase of the .i;lory of the king,
to the progress of religion, and the destruction of the throne of
liaal.
In addition to the animals named, other early ac-
counts tell of elk, moose, wolves, bears, rabbits,
otters, lynxes, wildcats, beavers, and musk-rats; and
say they were very numerous in the vicinity of De-
troit. So numerous and large, indeed, were the
wild bisons, that the making of garments from their
wool was seriously considered.
Between 1820 and 1830 the howling of the wolves
was frequently heard in the edge of the town.
Bounties of three and four dollars were paid by the
county for killing them; and no small share of the
taxes was devoted to paying for wolf scalps.
In 1824, and also in other years, myriads of wild
pigeons made their roosts in the forests of the
county. They were so numerous that hundreds
could easily be killed with a walking stick.
As late as the fall of 1834 deer were abundant
within a morning's walk, and black bears would oc-
casionally perambulate the streets. Wild turkeys
and quails were numerous up to about 1850, and
frccjuenlly stray ones came into the city, and innu-
merable flocks of ducks and geese, in their annual
migrations, swept over the town, often flying so low
that their notes could easily be heard.
The surrounding woods and meadows have always
been enlivened with the songs of meadow-larks,
["]
Id
fiOlI. AND PRODUCTS, GAME. GRAIN AND FRUITS.
r()l)ins, brown thriislies, aiul l)()l)(>]iiiks; and year hy
year briiLilit-pliiniaged Ininiming birds flit about the
trumpet-vines.
It was not alone tlie y;ayly-featiiere(l birds that
made tiic plaee a pleasant one. In the forests were
wild honeysuckles, and the e)j;lantine, or Michij^an
rose. Snow-berries and lleurs-de-lis were scattered
here and there, and the perfume of locust blossoms
often filled the air, while river and streams were
bordered with the white and blue of the pond-lily
and the sweet flai^. Strawberries, whortleberries,
cranberries, and raspberries were indii^enous, and
melons, beans, and othei' vegetables were cultivated
by the Indians before the whites appeared. In addi-
tion to those named by Cadillac, the forest included
trees of beech, birch, hickory, niajile, elm, butter-
nut, cedar, basswood, and coniferous trees of various
kinds.
In the way of sweets, the wild bees stored up
honey in the trees. The maples also contributed
their store of .sweetness. In 1819 one hundred and
fifty thousand pounds of maple siij^ar were produced
in Michigan, and in September, 1825, one merchant
advertised forty thousand pounds for sale. Charle-
voix says the Indians did not know how to make
sugar out of the maple sap until the French mission-
aries came. Prior to that time, they made only
syrup. They soon became experts, and a "sugar
bush," to them, was better than a farm.
Maple sugar was used almost e.xclusively until
recent years. Loaf sugar was the only other kind
kept for sale, and was used only on state occasions.
The maple sugar was brought in by the Indians in
mococks, which held all the way from four ounces
to fifty pounds. One of the smaller mococks was
a toothsome prize for children in days gone by,
and wail appreciated far more highly than the
French bon-bons of to-day. The method of making
this sugar, together with several points regarding life
in those days, is set forth in the following lines, writ-
ten by Colonel De Peyster while at Mackinaw
THE MAPLE SUGAR MAKERS.
'l\sK—7'/te Jolly Beggars.
I'll slinij my p.ipoos' cradle,' said KitcliL-nL-yoe's Meg,
With kettle, bowl, and ladle, and scoutawaba^ ke«.
CiioKUs — A sug'rin>{ 1 will go, will go, will go, will go,
A sug'ring I will go.
Nasib and Charlotte I'arlie, of whom the lads are fond.
Shall drag^ their father early out to the twelve-mile pond.
Chokls— A sug'ring I will go, etc.
Come Nebenaquoidoquoi, and join the jovial crew,
Sheeshib and Matchinoquoi shall tap a tree with you.
CHOKLii— A sug'ring I will go, etc.
• The Indian child, swaddled upon a flat board, and carried upon
the squaw's back by a band across the forehead, by which it is at
night often hung on a tree.
3 Rum, which they take with them to make sweet grog of the
liquor when half boiled, to entertain their friends who may walk
out to see them.
* On a bftrk sleigh, he being lame.
P.right Kesis, deign to aid us, and make the s;ip to rui\,
I'.ninga,* who arrayed us, at least should have a tun.
CiioKi s — A sug'ring 1 will go, etc.
In kettles we will boil it, on fires between the rocks,
And lest the snow should spoil it, there tramp it in mococks.'
CiioKis — A sug'ring 1 will go, etc.
Of all our occupations, sweet sug'ring is the best.
Then girls and their relations can give their lovers rest.
CnolJl'S — A sug'ring 1 will go, etc.
Rut when the season's over, it will not be amiss,
That 1 should give my lover a sissobacpiet kiss.*
CiioKis— A sug'ring I will go, etc.
As to cereals, old records show a good harvest in
1703, and abundant supplies for a garrison of one
hundred and fifty men. Up to about 1706 almost
the only gniin grown was Indian corn. Cadillac
then procured eight tons of French wheat and other
grain from Quebec. After this there was a good
supply of wheat, which, then as now, was sown in
both spring and fall.
The Ilurons and Ottawas were excellent farmers
and raised large quantities of corn. In 17 14 twenty-
four hundred bushels \\-cre sent from Detroit. Agri-
culture was, however, greatly neglected, and the con-
ditions on which grants of land were made tended
to discourage any intelligent efforts at farming.
In 1747, owing chiefly to the number of Indians
who gathered here and consumed the supplies, pro-
visions were very scarce, and M. de Longueuil was
compelled to apply to Montreal for help. On Sep-
tember 23 a convoy of provisions arrived under com-
mand of M. de Celeron, escorted by one hundred
and fifty men, including merchants and servants.
Their coming saved the settlers from starvation.
M. Bougainville, in his memoirs on Detroit, under
date of 1757, says:
There are two hundred habitations abundantly provided with
cattle, grains, and flour. The farmers can raise as many cattle as
they want, as there is abundant pasture. * * ♦ They gather,
in ordinary years, two thousand five hundred measures of wheat
and much oats and corn. They formerly sowed some fall wheat,
but very often that seed produced only rye. A farmer of that
place assured me that he sowed two measures of very good wheat,
but the product was only rye. They sow during the months of
February and March, and gather in the month of July; the pro-
duct in wheat is usually twenty mciisures for one. * ♦ It would
be well for the authorities to encourage the inhabitants of Detroit
in the cultivation of their land and afford them facilities for selling
their produce. It would be a great advantage to procure from
them all the provisions needed in the garrisons of the forts Presque
Isle, Marchand, Rivi^re-de-Hceuf, and Duquesne.
These provisions would cost less than those sent from Montreal,
as the expenses of transportation from there are excessively high;
and there is such great dilViculty in getting the provisions that the
garrisons are often in danger of being in need.
* The commandant's lady, who at this time of the year generally
gives the neighboring squaws each a chintz shift, and some ver-
milion, and other articles.
' lioxes made of birch-bark, sewed with the fibre of the spruce-
tree root (called watap), holding from thirty to fifty pounds each.
'A sweet kiss. The Indian maidens are remarkable for white
teeth and sweet breaths.
NotwithstJ
was raised iii
her 9, 1763.1
about one tl
In 1768 then]
half acres of
hundred and I
duced; but \\\
became imml
The Annul
tains a lettei|
which says :
Letters from 1 1
that several boati
Lake Erie, in whi
great that they hil
they h.td found il
kill the ravens ai|
subsistence.
Many other bo
Detroit, and seve
lost.
Ten years
trouble for wa
March 10. 178c
Bolton at Nia^
habitants here
ounce of flour
Many will be a
the fall wheat,
having had a cji
he said, " I am
ant Bunbury i\
drowned by the
flying in clouds
they had been (
of sport, have i
This acciden
On March i:
ernor Sinclair, ;
greatest trancji
inhabitants beii
assistance of th
The same ye;
eighty-three ac
cultivation.
From a very
cherry trees wc
of Detroit. (
noted varieties
Apple is partici
called Pomme
was noted for
and freely used
of fish and cidt
lars. Immense
in height, with
with large, thit
SOIL AND PRODUCTS. GAME. GRAIN. AND FRUITS.
13
Notwitlistaiuliiijif v.'irioiis disooura.i^cnicnts. wlieat
was raised in considerable quantities. On Septem-
ber 9. 1763, tiie barn of Mr. Reaiime, containinjf
about one thousand bushels of wheat, was liurned.
In 1768 there were five hundred aiul fourteen and a
half .icres of land under cultivation, and ninety-seven
hundred and eiiflity-nine French bushels of corn pro-
duced; but in 1770 food was so scarce that a famine
became imminent.
The Annual Register, an Enijlish jieriodical. con-
tains a letter from Paris, dated March 19. 1770,
which says :
I.ettfrs from Di-troit by Monday's New York mail inform us
tliat several boats with jjoocls have been seventy clays erossinyj
Lake Krie, in which time the distress of the people has been so
great that they have been obliged to keep two hnman bodies, that
they had fo\ind iinburied upon the shore, in order to eollec t and
kill the ravens and eagles, that came to feed on them, for their
subsistence.
Many other boats have been frozen up within forty miles of
Detroit, and several traders' small boats with goods have been
lost.
Ten years later the inhabitants were apain in
trouble for want of certain kinds of provisions. On
March 10, 1780, Colonel De Peyster wrote to Colonel
Bolton at Niagara, sayinvj ; " The distress of the in-
habitants here is very j;reat for want of bread, not an
ounce of Hour or a tfrain of corn to be purchased.
M.iny will be at a loss for ijrain to put in the ground;
the fall wheat, however, has a good appearance from
having had a cjuantity of snow." In the same letter
he said, " I am sorry to inform you, sir, that Lieuten-
ant Bunbury and Mr. Godfrey, the conductor, are
drownetl by the overturning of a canoe. The ducks
flying in clouds jiast the fort, the gentlemen, forgetting
they had been desired not to go in canoes, too eager
of sport, have lost their lives."
This accident occurred the day before he wrote.
On March 12. 1780. he wrote to Lieutenant-(iOV-
ernor Sinclair, saying: "Everything here is in the
greatest tranciuility except the cry for bread, the
inhabitants being so much in want that without the
assistance of the King's stores, many must starve."
The same year, however, twelve thousand and
eighty-three acres of land were reported as under
cultivation.
From a very early period the pear, apple, and
cherry trees were prominent features in the scenery
of Detroit. Our orchards have produceil many
noted varieties of fruit, among which the .Snow-
Apple is particularly famous. In 1796 a large apple
called Pomme Caille, deep red from skin to core,
was noted for its flavor. Cider was largely made
and freely used a century ago. In 1818 our exports
of tish and cider were valued at si.xty thousand dol-
lars. Immense pear trees, a hundred feet and more
in height, with trunks from one to three feet thick,
with large, thick limbs and heavy foliage, were at
once the pride and pest of their owners; for then,
as now, boys and pears afliliated. Almost every
farmer had from one to half a dozen of these
trees, which produced from thirty to fifty bushels
each.
The seeds or young trees from which they were
grown were probably brought from France. None
of the early travelers mention their e.xistence, and
.'lithe )ugh they were once numerous they have largely
dis;i]ipeared.
In the absence of further facts concerning these
grand old trees, their memory deserves to be honored
l)y the insertion of two poems that they inspired.
The first, giving them legendary origin, w.ts written
several years ago by L. J. Bates; twenty-three out
of the thirty-three verses are given :
THE MISSION PEARS.
In his deerskin covered chair
Overlooking blue St. Clair,
Ripiiling to its marshy edges,
Sat the Jesuit father, thinking.
And the sumuier odors drinking
I'rom the wind-blown, wa\y sedges
Wide the mission lodge before,
"I'wixt the forest aud the shore.
* * * * *
Twice and thrice, with zeal unspent,
Urgent missives had he sent
To the Jesuit colleges
In far France, o'er land and ocean,
liegging help of their devotion
To convert the sa\'ages.
That the Church might foimd and keep
Reahn and empire broad and deep.
*****
" Send me one of burning zeal, —
Someone who can speak and feel.
That these heathen stocks shall hear him;
St)meoni' with an holy miction,
ICIoquent in evtu'y function.
Hold, that savage heiirts may fear him;
Someone patient, quick to teach;
Someone wise, and strong to preach.
*****
Nigii two hundred years ago,
Sat the father, thinking so,
In the Jesuit mission garden,
Looking o'er the St. tHair marshes
Spreading to the forest arches,
While, each side, an Indian warden,
Crim and silent in his place.
Stood and watched his master's face.
Stirred the leaves upon the trail
From the forest, and a pale
Face, impressed with wasting sorrow,
Toward them came, young, sad, exalted;
I!y the father's chair it halted,
And a siid voice siiid, " (iood morrowl "
While the stranger bent his knee.
" I.o, a missive sent to thee."
*****
Long his countenance he bent
O'er the missive, strangtdy sent
From the far-off Jesuit college:
" Him we send, though young, is fervent.
14
SOIL AND I'RODUCTS, GAME, C.RAIN AND FRUITS.
Faithful, resolute, observant,
Valiant, earnest, full of knowledge,
Kloquont and wise of speech;
Patient, ti^nder, quick to teach."
And the wise Superior wrote,
In a separate sealed note
Most discreet, a private letter,
Telliiij; of a lady, fairest
Of I lie belles of France, and rarest,
liound in haled marriage fetter,
Fondly by this youth adored,
Murdered by her jealous lord.
»**•»■
" Work him ever, night and day,
Klse his heart will eat awiiy,
And a j^'allant life be wasted.
Use hini, for his soul's salvalion,—
Give him constant occupation.
IJeath he hath already tasted,
And its after-coniiuK pain.
Work may make hiui whole again."
Soon this pale-faced eloquent,
Ever on his tasks intent,
Won the love of all around him.
All the children loved hini nearly,
All the wi>inen held him dearly;
Flinty hearted warriors found him
Full of strange attractiveness
With his strong, sad gentleness.
Hut when every task was done.
Often, at the set of sun.
When the sky, with glory gleaming,
Flooded the blue- waters sparkling.
Reedy marsh and forest darkling.
Would he stand, .is one day-dreaming.
Gazing o'er the fair expanse,
While his heart returned to France.
*****
Once, as thus he stood distrait,
Like a soul o'erbcme by fate.
The good father, coming on him,
Saw him ])luck from out his bosom
Withered jx'ar and clover-blossom.
While to siii'Ut tears Ihey won him,
On his head the father laid
Disapproving hand, and said:
" Son, this world thou hast put off, —
Earthly love or earthly scoff,
Nevermore, hast vowed, shall move thee.
Much it grieves me, in this fashion,
Then, to witness mortal passion
Call me, loving, to reprove thee.
Give those tokens to my care,
And betake thyself to prayer."
" Father, for each erring soul
One hath died to make it whole:
.Me unworthy! me heart-broken!
Two for me, — most imdeserving! —
For my sin have died imswerving;
And I look upon this token
As my penance, seeing there
All my sin and my despair.
*****
Long the father walked apart.
Deep communing with his heart,
While the brother knelt and waited;
Then, at last, the father, standing.
Spoke in kindness, not commanding:
" Son, thy penance is abated.
This thy token holds within
That which may relieve thy sin.
"Genuine love, though at its worst,
R.irely hath been wholly cursed;
Still some spark of good is in it.
In thy passion, so forbidden.
May we tind one blessing hidden,
And from out the evil win it,
Possible that good may be
Cure or comfort imto thee.
" Son, I bid thee rise and itand,
Look upon thisiu-e<ly land!
In thy within'<l pear lies dormant
Nature's power to bloom, and bless
This unfruitful wilderness.
Here is healing for thy torment!
Many and many a voii e of prayer
Long may bless thy withered pear,
' * « * * *
"Son, thine own hand shall prepare
Mold, and plan' the seed with care;
Haply with it may be buried,
For a noble resurrection,
Murdered love, luiblest affection.
Faith and truth that so miscarried.
Peace and rest descend on thee.
First fruit of the earliest tree!"
Thus, like souls redeemed from sin,
Did the mission pears begin
In the ancient Jesuit garden;
And the shoots, as they ascended.
Prayerfully were watched and ti^nded,
Till the wood could grow and harden.
Often, in their early years,
Watered by repentant tears.
Then, to other missions sent.
Wandered far the eloquent.
Till forgotten for another;
And the father slept, immortal
Many years; when, at the portal,
lient a sick and feeble brother.
Craving rest, from travel sore,
At the mission's welcome door.
In the sunset red, cme day,
Lo, the stranger dying lay
Underneath the pear-trees, laden
With their ripe fruit, bent and swaying.
Where the happy children, playing,
Little man and rosy maiden.
Loved to visit. On each child
Sweet the dying brother smiled.
Glowed the west.'rn sky like fire.
" This," he muttered, " this is Loire,
Rippling through the sedges slowly
Of his marshes. I.o, my lady
Walks the old pear-orchard shady!
O beloved, purged and holy.
Thou dost bring deliverance.
Home, and peace, and love, and — France! "
*****
Old French settlers — work and place
Blended with a mighty race.
Mightiest earth hath ever vaunted:
S'.ill the old faith rarely falters,
A
W
M
Y.
Ai
VI
Stil
Sc
The follow
H. Coyle, ti
SOIL AND PRODUCTS. GAME, GRAIN AND FRUITS.
15
Though It kneels nt <iUi<'r altars,
Til the nrij,'hl)(irinv; city plaiUcd:
At tin; shrhic i>f nond St. Aim,
Worships still the habitan.
Many a thrifty Missiim Pear
Yet o'erliKiks the hitie St. Clair,
Like a veteran, faithful warden;
And their hraru his, gnarled and oUh'ii,
Yield their jniey fruit and >;iil(len.
In the aneient Jesuit >,'ard( 11
Still, each year, their blcissonis dame,
Scent and hUxiTn of sunny I'ranee.
The following verses were wriltiii in iiS4y 1)\ W,
H. Coyle, tlien ;i resident of tiie eity:
TO THK OLD I'KAK TKKKS OK DKTKon'.
An lun.dred years and more ye have stood •
Thriiuj,'h sunshine and thnuiyh storms,
And slill, like warriors elad in mail.
Ye lift your stalwart forms.
Proud in your iniyht ye challenge the winds
As in your palmy days;
And ye laugh in scorn at the howliuK blast
And the lightning's lurid blaze.
Ve have seen the boy in his childhood jilay
111 your loiil shades, blithe iind brave.
And havi' moaned with thi' evening's suininer breeze
o'er the old grandsire's grave.
From your lofty tops o'er the river blue
Ye have looked, long, long ago.
As the Siivage leaped on the shilling sands
With sealping-knife and bow.
'Neath your leafy boughs the painted chief
Has pitched his peaked lent.
And the council fire tlinmgh your quivering leaves
Its silver smoke has sent.
l-'rom the frontier fort ye have sei'ii the flash.
And heard the cannons boom.
Till the stars and stripes in victory waved
Through the battle's glare and gloom.
When the ancient city fell by the llames.
Ye saw it in ashes expire,
liut, like true sentinels, kept your posts
111 the blazing whirl of fire.
And where tall temples now lift their spires
And priest and iieopU' meet,
Ye have seen the giant forest oak
And the wild deer bounding fleet.
W'here the white-sailed ship now rides the wave
Ye have watcheil the bark c.moe.
And heard in tin; iiigiit the voyager's song
And the Indian's shrill halloo.
The lingering few " vieux habitans "
Look at ye with a sigh.
Anil memory's tear-drop dims their gaze
While they think of the times gone by.
Oh! those were honest and happy times, —
The simple days of old.
When theii; forefathers qiiafTed and laughed.
And lived for more than gold.
One by one, like brown autumnal leaves,
They are falling to the ground,
And soon the last of that honored race
'Neath the yew-tree will be found.
Live on, <ild trees, in your hale jfrceil age!
Long, long may your shadows last.
With yiair blossomed boughs and golden fruit,
Loved emblems of the past."
The interior of the State was for many years
deemed almost useless for agricultural purposes.
On November 30, 181 5, Edmund Tiflin, Surveyor-
Cieneral at Chillieothe, wrote to General Meigs,
Commissioner of the Land Oflu-e at Washington,
that in the whole of Michigan Territory there was
"not one acre in a hundred, if there would he in a
thousand, that would in any case admit of cultiva-
tion. It is all swampy and sandy." On December
II he again wrote: "Subsequent accounts confirm
the statements, and make the country out worse, if
possible, than I had represented it to be."
Detroit and the private claims near by were repre-
sented as being somewhat better, without so many
swamps and lakes, but the region as a whole was
said to be extremely sterile and barren. Such repre-
sentations must have been founded on unjjardonable
ignorance or knavery. No .State in the Union has a
larger proportion of excellent farming lands. The
wheat crop in 1879 amounted to thirty-five million
bushels, and the productions of our gardens, fields,
and orchards are unexcelled.
In 1821 II. IJerthelet raised Tl pumpkin that was
six feet eight inches in circumference, and after it
had been picked three weeks it weighed one hun-
dred and seventj'-four pounds and twelve ounces.
The pre\ious year, two seeds planted at Grosse
Pointe produced thirteen hundred and fourteen
pounds of pumpkins.
As early as 1823 water-melons weighing from
thirty-.si.x to forty-four pounds were frequently seen,
and beets weighing eighteen poiuids and water-
melons weighing forty pounds were common.
The following item from the Gazette of December
13, 1825, tells its own story:
Better Prospects. — We mention as a. singular f.ict, and <ntii<ly
new in this territory, that a w.igon-load of FLOL'R arrived in
town last week from the interior. It was made at Colonel Mack's
Mills at Pontiac, and we understand that there are several hundred
barrels there which will be brought in soon.
This notice marked an era, and soon after Detroit
had bread to eat and Hour to sell. In 1827 she made
her hrst export of Hour to the amount of two hun-
dred barrels. About this same time, in 1828, she
began to contribute what some would call one of the
luxuries of life to other places, " sending coals to
Newcastle" in the shape of one hundred hogsheads
of Michigan tobacco shipped to Baltimore, besides
packages to other places.
In 1827 a pear, weighing thirty ounces, was grown
by Judge Sibley; it was seven and a half inches
long and fourteen and a half inches in circum-
ference.
i6
SOIL AND PRODUCTS, C.AMK, GRAIN AND FRUITS.
On Nowmbor 13, 1833, Mr. Moon t-xhihiud a
bfft two f('(.t ;iiul six iiiclKs loiiy; and Iwo kcl and
five iiulu's in cinunifi'iviux'. It uiiji^lu'd sfvcntoeii
pounds wiliiont tin: top. in Juno. 1S4S, a straw-
berry nearly tiirce inilies in di.inu'ter was ji^rown i)y
Horace ilalioik; .and in I1S54. in tiie (.garden of John
Farmer, on Monroe .Avenue, one tree prodciced plums
nieasLUinjr nearly six inches in eircumferenee, .and
the peach trees were heavily laden with peaches .is
larjje as any ever seen in this market. A i^ardiii
near by produced a pot.ito of such immensi'. size
that it furnished a full supply of that edible for four
meals to ;i family of two. A (luint-e tree in the s.ime
y.arden produced (juinces one of which weighed
nearly three p(junds.
Notwithstanding- the productiveness of the .soil,
provisions, in e.irly days, were very de.ar. The
reason is given in the Detroit (iazette of January,
1819; it s.iys : "There are families owning; from
one hundred to two hundred acres of land in the
vicinity of the city who are in the constant luibit of
buyinvr their bread at the baker's and vegetables of
their more enterprising neighl)ors."
In US37 so much interest was taken in the raising
of fruits ;uh1 gr.ain that a meeting was held on .April
24 at the City Hall to org.uii/.e .in .Agricultural ,'ind
Horticultural Society. Colonel McKinstry acted as
chairm.m ;ind H, G. Ilubb.ird ;is secretary. .An
organization was effected which continued in exist-
ence for some twenty years, and its annual exhibition
was looked forward to as among the most interest-
ing events of the year.
In ancient days, as now, whitefish, sturgeon, ])ick-
erel, pike, perch, black b.ass, catfish, sunfish, and
bullheads were plentiful. Large numbers of fish —
from the half-pound perch to the one-lnindred-and-
twenly-pound sturgeon — are caught yearly. Who
that has lived here so long does not remember the
large reels that twenty years or more ago were so
often seen along the river-bank, with the fishers'
nets hung upon them .•'
Of all species, the whitefish is most numerous and
highly prized. Schoolcraft thus sings their praise : —
All friends of unnd living by tureen and dish
Concur in exaltinn tliis prince of a (isli,
So fine in a platter, so teniptiii),' a fry,
So rich on a gridiron, so sweet in a pie,
That even before it the sahnon must fail,
And that niiKhty bonne-bouche, the land beaver's tail.
******
Its beauty and Havor no person can doubt,
When seen in the water or tasted without;
And all the dispute that opinion ere makes »
Of this kiuK of lake-lishes, this deer of the lakes,
Rej^ards not itsch oiceness to ])onder or sup,
But the best mode of dressing and serving it up.
In 18 1 8 whitefish were worth only three dollars
jHT barrel, ;ind bo.it-ioads were sold for fifty cents
per hundred.
In 1S23 there were t.iken at Hog I.sland twelve
huiuircd b.irrels, then worth from four to ti\'e doll.ars
per b.irrel. On the grounds they were sold ;it from
four to eight shillings per hundred. In 1823 the
c.itch w.is not so l.irge, and they .sokl at from two ttj
three doll.irs per hundred. In the early part of the
week ending October 23, 1824, at the fishery on
Grosse Isle, twenty-five and thirty thous.md white-
fish were caught in a single day. In 1825 they were
worth six and .seven dollars per barrel, and thousands
of barrels were shipjied to Ohio and New York.
In 1S27 they were so numerous that fifteen thou-
.sand wefe taken with a single seine, in five hauls.
The citch in Detroit River from 1836 to 1840
averaged about thirty-five hundred b.irrels per year,
worth eight dollars per barrel. In 1880 there were
caught about twelve thousand h.alf-barrels, worth
four dollars and seventy-five cents each.
The importance of fish ;is ;in article of food
induced the establishment, in 1873, of a State Fish
Commission. The first fish h.itchery in the .State
w.is successfully operated in the winter of 1873-1874,
by N. \V. Clark, — about one million I'ue hundred
thousand young tish being producetl. On .April 14,
1874, five thousand young whitefish were deposited
in ^'erkes Lake, I'lymouth Township. On M.irch
'3> 1875, three hundred and sixteen thousand young
fish were deposited in the Detroit River. On
August 3. 1876, the Commission resolved to estab-
lish a hatchery at Detroit. A cheap frame building,
twenty by fifty feet, was erected at Number 475
Atwater .Street, near Deciuiiulre; with the ap|)ar;itus,
it cost $1,300. It was completed .September 25,
1876, and fully equipped by November i. Between
November i .and 12, 1876, four hundred .and five
female fish were stripped on the fishing grounds and
ten million eggs i)rocured; nearly twice as many
male fish were alsf) .stri])ped. .and the h.atchery w.as
set in operation. .More recently largd tish are kept
in the hatchery, and eggs are obtained more easily.
The tirst eggs hatched out on M.arch i, 1877. L^p
to 1S83, nearly one hundred millions of fish had
been prodticed. In the spring of 1883. thirty-eight
millions were hatched out, and many of them were
deposited in the Detroit River. When from eight
to fifteen days old, the young fry are shipped to such
places as the superintendent may designate. In 1 8S3
a new building for the hatchery was erected on the
northeast corner of Lafayette Street and Joseph
Campau .Avenue.
In the winter months, and especially in March or
April when the hsh are hatching, the institution is
well worth a visit.
Tkk city of
only the ancii
and .some pul
sons until gr.i
sible th.at the
several years
dillac, but if
temj)or.iry or C'
In the more se
were made of
control of l.irg
celed out to p
neur, were cult
out to ordinary
agreed upon.
The terms or
were not left tr
the Coutume di
king. When a;
in a new jilace, 1
the fort and ce
lease or sell.
Antoine de la
troit, is said to h
arpents square,
uniform measun
it at 192.24 feet,
than a square ;u
used as interch;
Indian agent at
said that Cadilla
two hundred an
were true, it woi
the farm knowi
Cass Farm, in fr
rear by Grand R
reached to the p
Original docui
Quebec, show th
.sides of the Dett
and it is not pro!
claim if previous
domain of only f
the entire strait
curred in establ
the general ben
CHAPTER IV.
CADILLAC'S GRANT.— FRENCH FARMS OR PRIVATE CLAIMS.
Thk city of Detroit, as now laid out, imliules not
only the ancient town, but several adjoining farms,
and some pulilic land never owned by private per-
sons until granted by the L'nited States. It is pos-
sible that the French occupied the site of Detroit
several years before the founding of the city by Ca-
dillac, but if so, the previous occupation, whether
teni|)orary or continuous, involved no personal rights.
In the more settled portions of New France, grants
were made of seigneuries giving the seigneur entire
control of large estates, which, were generally par-
celed out to purchasers, or, if retained by the seig-
neur, were cultivated by his own people, or farmed
out to ordinary lessees on such terms as the parties
agreed ujion.
The icrms on which lands might be sold by him
were not left to his own option, but were fixed by
the Coutume de Paris or by special decrees of the
king. When an olticer was alUnved to build a fort
in a new place, he was f reijuently made proprietor of
the fort and certain adjacent lands, which he could
lease or sell.
Antoine de la Mothe Cadillac, the founder of De-
troit, is said to have been granted a domain of fifteen
arpents square. The arpent, however, was not a
uniform measure. The United States standard fixes
it at 192.24 feet. A woodland arpent is a little more
than a square acre ; but arpents and acres are often
used as interchangeable terms. Mr. C. Jouett, the
Indian agent at Detroit in 1803, so used them. He
said that Cadillac's grant was fifteen acres square, or
two hundred and twenty-five acres in all. If that
were true, it would now be bounded on the east by
the farm known as the Brush Farm, west by the
Cass Farm, in front by the Detroit River, and in the
rear by Grand River Street. As usually regarded, it
reached to the present line of Adams Avenue.
Original documents, copies of which are on file in
Quebec, show that he claimed all of the land on both
sides of the Detroit, from Lake Erie to Lake Huron;
and it is not probable that he would have made this
claim if previously there had been f^ranted to him a
domain of only fifteen arpents square. He claimed
the entire strait because of the great expense he in-
curred in establishing the first colony, because of
the general benefits accruing to New France from
the peace he secured with the Iroquois, and also for
the reason that the establishment of the fort at De-
troit prevented the English from reaching the west-
ern Indians.
In pursuance of his claim, he made a (joncession
to his eldest .son of a tr.act of land on the riv^r, be-
ginning at tlie entrance into Lake Erie, w ith a front-
age of six leagues, and extending five leagues back
from the river. This concession included Grosse
Isle and all the adjacent islands.
In support of his demand for all the lands on the
strait, Cadillac said tliat he had est.ablished French
or bulians here and there along the whole course of
the river. There can be doubt that he was granted
power by the king to dispose of land on the river,
for tliere is abundant evidence to that effect in a
'etter from Pontchartrain, dated June 14, 1704, and
.^Iso in the decrees of June 14, 17, and 19, 1706.
Under these decrees he made two grants, now in-
cluded in the city, and known as Claims No. 12
and No. 90, or the Ciuion and Withcrell Farms.
The grant to Francois Fafard de Lorme embraced
what is now known as Private Claim 12 and part of
13. It was made March 10, 1707, and covered a
strip of land four hundred feet wide by four thou-
sand feet long, or nearly thirty-two acres. De Lorme
was to have the privilege of trading, hunting, and
fishing, but was not to kill hares, rabbits, partridges,
or pheasants. He was to pay annually, on March
20, five livres as seigneurial dues or rental, and ten
livres for the right to trade. He was to commence
improvements in three months, and was to plant, or
help plant, annually, a May-pole before the door of
the seigneur. He also bound himself to have his
grain ground at the public mill, and to pay toll, at
the rate of eight pounds for each minot, — a measure
of three bushels. He could not sell or give his land
as security without consent; and in case of sale,
Cadillac was to have the first right to purchase. He
was also to furnish timber for vessels and fortifica-
tions when desired; and further promised not to
work as a blacksmith, cutler, armorer, or brewer,
without special permit. He might import goods,
but could employ no clerks unless they lived in De-
troit; and he was not to sell liquor to Indians.
Other conditions, common to grants in this period,
[•7]
i8
CADILLAC'S GRANT.
were that the graiiti-es should pay, on St. Martin's
D?y, a certain number of fowls, so many ilozfti oi^ijs,
or a definite number of measures of j^'rain for each
front arpent <K-cupicd ; ;ukI in addition to havinvf
their jjrain (ijround in the seimieur's mill, they were
obli^fcd to have their brc.id baked in his ovens.
At Deti.iit the Ixiundariesof these farms, or claims,
were detincil by ditches. The I'rivate Claim now
known as No. yo was j^ranted by Cadillat' to Jacob
de Marsac Jouira, dit Desrodies, on the same day
that the jjrant was made to De Lorme. He also
made two other grants of the same size, — one to
M. St. Aubin .and tiie other to the willow IJeaus-
seron. Cadillac also granted to Michel Camjjau a
piece of land tifty-lhree feet lon,v( upon St. Antoinc
Street, anfl .seventeen feet on .St. Ann Street, within
the stockade, for which he was to pay an annual
rent of five livres and five sous. For a riylu to
trade, ten livres additional were oharijed. The
rents were payable on March 20, in furs or " silver
money when there shall !)e any." The jj^rantees
were to pay eight livres per minot for the grinding
of their grain. No transfer could be made without
the consent of Cadillac, and with every transfer a fee
was to be paid him. In case the grantees neglected
or did not wish to ])lant the May-pole, they were
required to pay three livres in silver or peltries.
Cadillac also grantctl a lot inside the fort to M.
Malette. Other lands within and without the pick-
ets were granted by him to Messrs. Langlois, Tru-
deau, Magnau, Des Rivieres, De Ruisseau, Com-
paret, Dufresne, Hubert, Lacroix, and Monier.
In 1708 M. d'Aigremont officially reported that he
caused the lands at Fort Pontchartrain to be meas-
ured, and found that there were three hundred and
fifty acres improved, of which La Mothe had one
hundred and fifty-seven acres, and the French in-
habitants forty-six acres; that sixty-three inhab-
itants p(jssessed lots inside the fort, and twenty-nine
of them farms outside. M. d'Aigremont arrived
at Detroit July 15, 1708, and remained nineteen days.
The records of St. Ann's Church, under dale of July
29, 1708, note his jjresence under the following name
and title: " Franijois Clarembault, Esq.,Sieur d'Ai-
gremont, Navy Commissary in Canada, sub-delegate
of the Surveyor, and King's Deputy for surveying
the Military Posts in Canada."
In 1 7 10 Cadillac was appointed Governor of Loui-
.siaria. In the summer of 171 1 he was relieved of
the command at Detroit, and on his departure his
property was placed in the care of Pierre Roy.
After he left, there were so few immigrants, and
the settlers were so much discouraged, that no
grants were made for many years. It appears evi-
dent that while Cadillac was in Louisiana his inter-
ests at Detroit received but little attention. Set-
tlers, however, began to murmur at the demands
made upon them under the concessions he had
granted, and in April, 1716, the king revoked all
grants made by Cadillac on the ground that they
were not given in ordinary form, .and that too much
was ex.'ictcd of the occu|)ants. This deircc, how-
ever, was accomp.initd with a provision which left
the settlers in possession .as before. 'I'he next year
Cadillac returned to Fr.ince, .and in 17 19 or 1720 the
king directed that lie be put in possession of the
l.'uuls which he h;id cleared at Detroit, together with
the rights th.at he hail in connection with lands he
had conceded to others. He w.as .also to be put in
possession of the buildings, furniture, and cattle
which he left when he went to Louisi.ina, together
with the increase of the live stock. His other claims
he was to bring before an olficer for adjudication,
and ;i patent was to be granted to him for the lands
within two years.
M. V.uidreuil, the Ciovernor. and Megon, the In-
tendant of New France, jjrob.ably at the instigation
of Tonty (then in comm.and h(!re), and presumably
ill the interest of those occupying the Lands cl.aimed
by Cadillac, offered v.arious reasons why it would be
impolitic anil impossible to carry lait the directions
of the king. In connection with their protests they
stated in their mcmori.al of N()vcmi)er 4, 1721, that
there were then only four who h.iil farms outside the
fort, and th.at thirty others had locations inside the
stockade. The king responded to these protests by
a decree, dated May 19, 1722, which conceded to
Catlill.ic all the land he had cleared and rights over
that which he h.ad gr.anted to others, except that the
dues exacted from traders were thereafter to be paid
only to the commandant of the post. He also di-
rected that Cadillac should h.ave two years from the
date of the decree in which to have his claims sur-
veyed. No evidence can be found that the claims
of Cadillac were ever surveyed and defined in ac-
cordance with the intent of the decree. On the
contrary, Vaudreuil and Begon, in a letter dated
October 14, 1723, said: "The Lands cleaied by M.
de la Mothe are not yet surveyed, neither do we
know what he has conceded, the revenues of which
must be paid to him."
It is not probable that the lands and claims of
Cadillac were .settled according to the king's decree,
.and it is clearly evident that the governor-general,
intendant, .and local commandants evinced a masterly
inactivity in bringing his claims to a final and just
conclusion. The proof th.at his claims were left in
vague and unsatisfactory shape is made almost con-
clusive by the following facts. In 1730, the year of
Cadillac's death, his eldest son, in a memorial to
Count Maurepas, said that his father had the promise
of the post of Detroit, with the title of seigneur.
Now, this son was with Cadillac, and old enough to
be aA ensign, when his father came ; and if his rights
had been de
creeof 172^, 1
about it and I
view of the c;
amination of t
was first he.i
C. A. Desnoy
Lower Canat
Detroit. It p
land on the 1
to IJcrnard M
and heirs of C
obtained froii
1873, by Levi
Volume I. of 1
gives .a tran.^
the jiropcrty i;
toine de la Mdi
and her s.aiil .si
sess .at Detroit
consisting of i
with the buildii
.and enjoyment
ing gr.anted on
Council of St.at
said ileceaseil ;
.arrearages of sii
property whicl
quantity .and co
Detroit. Indui
to said vendors
leases, buildings
ever they may a
It will be nocii
1738, makes no
cept the one of A
that Cadillac's cl
years, evidently
tent and numbe
and his claims
doubtedly h.ave
Deed. The mo
f.act that just w
clearly known.
which would not
been fully adjust
that the deed " c
rights and prop
" the whole of I
sold for about
without a knowl
It was never co
council that Cad
appurtenances."
granted were to
much uncertaint
embraced. Ac
FRENCH FARMS OR PRIVATE CLAIMS.
^9
had been definitely settled accordin]Lf to the kinif's de-
cree of 172::. his soil would uiuloiihtL'dly have known
about it and have so stated in his nuMiiorial. This
view of the case is made still more certain by an ex-
amination of the Maichens Deed, so called. This deed
was first iicard of in Detroit in 1872, when Rev. J.
C. A. Desnoyers, curate of the parish of St. i'ic, in
Lower Canada, forwarded it to l). N. Lacroix, of
Detroit. It purported to be a deed for ;i tract of
land on the Detroit, executed on Au,;;ust 28, 1738,
to licrnard Maichens, of Marseilles, by the widow
and heirs of Cadill.ic. 'I"he deed was subsecjuently
obtained from the same priest, on November 29,
1873, by Levi liishop, and on paj^es 343 .and 344 of
Volume 1. of tiie Pioneer Collections of Micliij;an, be
),Mves a translation of it. The deed conveys " All
the property generally left by the said dece.ised An-
toine de la Mothe C'ldill.ie, and which .said Mad.ime
;uid her said sons, in eonse(|iicnce of his death, pos-
sess at Detroit, upon L.ike Ijie, in North America,
eonsistini( of cleared lands forty arpents in depth,
with the buildin,i(s ;ind ;uiim;il stock toijcther in title
.'inil enjoyment ; with the ri,v;ht of huntinj; and tlsh-
inif ijranted on the ujlh of May, A. D. 1722, by the
Council of State of His Maje.sty, for the benefit of
said deceased ; with the right of ([uit rents and
arrearages of such rents in stock and other mov.ible
property which .appertains thereto, and in such
([uantity and consistence ;is belongs llu'reto, in said
Detroit. Including in this sale all that may belong
to said vendors in regard to s.aid lands, fruits, f.irms,
leases, buiklings, stock, arrearages, and rents wher-
ever they may appear."
It will be noticed that this deed, although made in
1738, makes no .'illusion to any gr.uit or de-ree ex-
cept the one of May ly, 1722. That decree provided
that Cadillac's claims should be .surveyed within two
years, evidently in order to cL'iermine llieir real ex-
tent and number. If such survey had been made,
and his claims clearly defined, the f.ict would un-
doubtedly h.'ive been referred m in the Maichens
Deed. The most casual examination discloses the
fact that just what was beinjj^ con\eyed was not
clearly known. The deed tleals only in generalities,
which would not be the case if Cadillac's claims hatl
been fully adjusted. The statement of Mr. Bishop
that the deed "conveyed the site of Detroit, with all
rights and property thereto belonging," and that
" the whole of Detroit and its appurtenances were
sold for about ten thousant* dollars," was made
without a knowledge of the real I'p.cts in the case.
It was never conceded by either he king or the
council that Cadillac owned ' all of Detroit and its
appurtenances." Only the lands he had cleared or
granted were to be restored to him, and there was
much uncertainty as to how much would thus be
embraced. Accompanying the deed (which was
only a duplicate) there was a letter dated Boston.
August 20, I7y8, addressed to a .Mr. Sicart, signed by
Mine, (iregoire, granddaughter of Cadillac, setting
forth that Maichens paid only half of the purchase
price, and left for Detroit inmietliately after getting
the deed ; that they h.id since been unable to hear
from him or get ny satisf.iction as ti> the further
sum due, although the property conveyed was by
the deed mortgaged to the family of Cadillac until
paid for in full. The object of this letter was to
induce some lawyer to recover the projierty, and
Mme.( Iregoire pro|)osed togiveone<iuarterof all that
might be realized from the claim. The probability
is that .Maichens himself, at that early day, never
realized as much as he actually paid for whatever
c.'ime into his possession.
Only about ten years before writing the above
mentioned letter, Mme. (Iregoire had obtained from
the Commoinve.ilth of Massachusetts a grant of Mt.
Desert Islanil .mil portions of the main land. Her
claim for that estate was based on a grant made to
Catlill.ic. prior to his arrival at Detroit, in evidence
of whii'h she furnished a copy of the king's decree
describing and granting the lands. Her success in
securing this grant would undoubtedly have caused
her to make a more earnest effort to obtain the grant
;it Detroit had there been like conclusive evidence
of her rights.
It is matter of record that there was much confusion
for many years concerning the lands of Detroit.
La I'orest, Tonty, and S.'ibrevois all made grants,
but none of them had authority to do so. About
1720 Tonty comiJelled the inhabitants to bring their
contracts of concession to him, imd he retained the
greater part of them.
On \lay 14, 1728, Louis XIV. gave permission to
lease the farms at Detroit; ruid on March 15, 1732,
he directed the settling of all I.ukIs granted, on pain
of forfeiture. In 1734 Beauharnois, CJovernor-Cien-
eral, and IIoc(iuart, Intendant of New France, began
to grant farming lands at Detroit. These conces-
sions were subject to much the same conditions indi-
cated in the grant by Cadillac to De Lorme. The
first lands granted were the farthest from the fort,
antl each new grant was a little nearer the fort than
the one preceding; conseiiuently, in each case, the
gr.ints were bounded by the unconceded lands of the
fort. In fact, nine different claims are described as
being bounded on one side by I'ort Pontchartrain.
An iinportant condition of the grants was that, with-
in two years, a patent of confirmation should be
obtained from the Crow ., but this was almost uni-
versally neglected. The following grants were con-
firmed by Louis XV. on February 22, 1735; they
had been granted by the govtrnor and intendant on
the dates appended : P. C. 1 5, to Jean Gilbert, dit
sans pere, on July 9, 1734; P. C. 16, to Charles
FRENCH FARMS OR PRIVATE CLAIMS.
Chene, on July 14, 1734; 1'. C. 18, to Jacques Cam-
pau, pert, on July 10, 1734. This last grant was also
contirnu'd to Nicholas Campau, pere, and P. C. 38,
to Jean Cass St. Aubin, pere, on July 15, 1734.
The following twenty-three grants were made on
the dates named, but for some reason were not con-
firmed by the king. It will be noticed that ail the
first grants were on the east side of the town ; the
last grant on the east was made on May i, 1747, on
the very day that the first grant to Robert Navarre
was made on the west side of the fort.
Present No.
of claim.
Grants on East Si'cfe of 7 men.
Aments To whom Krantid. Datf of ,i.;raiit.
5, 2x40 — Jean Chapatone
(chirurgien), June 18, 1734
91 and 14, 5x40 — Pierre Kustache, July 3, 1734
733. 5x4o~I.()uis Campau, July 5, 1734
9, 4x40 — St. Marsac l)es-
rocher, pere, July 6, 1734
7, 4x40 — Pierre Meloche, July 8. 1734
19, 4x40 — "Named" Moran, July 1 1, 1734
257, 4x40 — Fran(;ois Cilbert,
dit sans pire, Sept. 10, 1736
26, 4x40 — Ciaeten Seguin,
dit Lederout, Sept. 10, 1736
E. part of 2, 3x40 — Jean Bt. Beau-
bien, May 30, 1745
W. part of 2, 2x40 — Jean Maria
Barios, May i , 1 747
I, 2x40 — Eustache Gamelin,May i , r 747
U1M
\JfVX4AM/t^
27.
vJijikvC ^ (ufrVwf 473
24.
726,
55.
55.
55.
44.
474.
77 and 78,
Grants on J J 'est Snfe of To^cn.
22, 3x40 — Robert Navarre, May
3x40 — Antoine Robert, April
3x40 — Charles Chene, "
2x40 — La \'euve Vital
Caron, "
2x40 — Pierre Labadie, "
3x40 — Lacharie Cicot, "
3x40 — Franejois Burrois, "
2x40 — Jean Bt. Debutes,
dit St. Martin, "
2x40 — Jacques C.odet, "
3x40 — Claude Audrey,
dit St. Andrie, "
2x40 — Alexis Delille, "
8x40 — " iN'amed " De-
quindre.
I, I
I, I
747
750
May 16. 1753
It is net claimed that the above list includes all of
the grants that were rrade. A Canadian official
list of old claims shows that M. Chauvin .eceived a
grant of two arpents by forty on June 16, 1734,
" bounded on one side»towards the east northeast
by the land of Faffard de Lorme which he holds of
Sieur de la Mothe Cadillac." This would identify
the grant with what is now known as P. C. 182, nr
the Mullett Farm. It is also known that on Septem-
ber I, 1736, a grant of a farm two arpents wide,
lying next west of a grant made to Francois Lauzon,
was conceded to Charles Bonhomme, dit Beaupre,
on September i, 1736. Also that a farm of the
same size, lying immediately east of the fort and
between it and the present Brush Farm, was granted
to Pierre Reaume on April i, 1750. The knowledge
of this last grant explains the existence of the old
claims on the east which interfered with the Gov-
ernor and Judges' Plan.
The farthest claim on the east of the city, granted
by the governor and intendant, so far as shown by
the Proceedings of the Land Commissioners, was
Claim 26 in the town of (irosse Pointe. Going
west toviards the city, the following claims, not
shown to have been granted by the governor and
the intendant, are interspersed with those which they
are known to have granted, and with the six claims
that were fully approved by the commissioners.
Their order is as follows: Numbers 688, 7^4, 387,
7-S' 337. 152, 10, 644, 723, 155, 734, 180, 679, 100,
(^7^' 573. 1 1. 453. 454. 609, 14, 8, 17, 182, 181, and 6.
The farthest claini on the west of the city shown
in the Proceedings of the Commissioners to have
been granted by the governor and the intendant is
P. C. Jj, or the Hubbard l'\'irm. ( ioing east towards
the city, the folk.wing claims, in their order, are not
shown to have been granted by the governor and
the intendant, viz.: Numbers 21, 20, 727, 728, 729,
338, 228, 227, 248, 247, 246, and 592. Between the
two extremes there are thus embraced thirty-eight
claims that were, very likely, granted by the governor
and the intendant, but no evidence of the kind was
presented to the Conunissioners of Claims. In fact,
it seems to have been impossible, in the case of all,
or nearly all, the claims, to show a chain of title
from the time of the original grants ; and as the
claims were confirmed in accordance with possession
and improvements on a given date, there was but
little use in ]iresenting any of the original grants to
the commissioners.
An idea once prevailed that affairs in remote
French posts were conducted without much regard
to legal correctness. The more closely the question
is examined, the more careful the local authorities
api^ear to have been ; and if all the facts could be
ascertained, it is not unlikely that the claims con-
firmed by the L^nited States on purely equitable
grounds might have been more generally based on
perfect rights than has been supposed. There can
be no doubt that the British Government looked
upon most of the French titles as clear. In imita-
tion of the French commanders, the English lieu-
tenant-governors and commandants gave possessory
rights in and near Detroit, some approved by the
Privy CouiK
grants could
grants to inc
made by th
authorities ;
king's prod
grants, and t
and America
or with, the
assumed to o
occupancy,
were those
granted by tl
Robert Na\-a:
of their dead
were on thcj
when the trib
The front
occupied by tl
this was gen
orchard; and
and corn fick
give river fron
keep the cccu
and safety. T
tended to be
from two to fi\
had a river fro
hundred feet, \
half miles.
Within the f
the entire |)()pu!
side as well as (
ade for a great
As late as 17
by one hundred
within the pici
subject to fines
charges, ini-lud
the fort in repai
While Michi,t
tory. Congress,
States Laws, V^
Register and Ri
commissioners 1
under French ai
the commission
and rejected all
by F. P. Matche
drum, and P. (
They decided t
them were not f
by the French
Paris, of Februa
made by the Br
prior to the tre
between the Ui
FRENCH FARMS OR PRIVATE CLAIMS.
21
Privy Counril, and some not acted upon ; but such
jrrantj could never le,i(ally become absolute. .Several
grants to individuals on the west of the town were
made by the Indians, and approved by the local
authorities ; but none of these were valid. The
kinif's proclamation of 1 763 expressly forbade such
grants, and they were never lawful. By both British
and American law, all Indian purchases must be by,
or with, the consent of the Government which is
assumed to own the ultimate title, subject to Indian
occupancy. Among the more notable Indian grants
were those of the Na\-an"e and Campaii farms,
granted by the Potawatamies to Isadore Chene and
Robert Navarre, to keep in order the resting-places
of their dead. Their village and place of grazes
were on these lands, and the grants were made
when the tribe removed from this neighborhood.
The front of the French farms on the river was
occupied by the dwelling-house and garden ; back of
this was generally a very valuable and beautiful
orchard ; and in the rear of the orchard were wheat
and corn fields. The farms were narrow, so as to
give river fronts to as many as possible, and also to
keep the occupants close together for convenience
and safety. The depth of the farms was always in-
tended to be forty French acres, the width varied
from two to five acres, or in other words, the farms
had a river frontage of from four hundred to nine
hundred feet, with an average depth of one and a
half miles.
Within the fort the building-lots were small, and
the entire population — those holding farm lands out-
side as well as others — had homes inside the stock-
ade for a great many years.
As late as 1778 the largest lots were twenty-five
by one hundred feet. It is probable that ail the lots
within the pickets were permanently disposed of,
subject to fines of alienation, and to certain annual
charges, including a contribution towards keeping
the fort in repair.
While Michigan was still a part of Indiana Terri-
tory, Congress, by Act of March 26, 1804 (United
States Laws, Volume II., page 227), appointed the
Register and Receiver of the Detroit Land Office as
commissioners to examine and report on all claims
under French and English grants. Under this Act
the commissioners examined a number of claims,
and rejected all except three, viz., !'. C. 16, claimed
by F. P. Matcher, \\ C. 18, claimed by Oeorge Mel-
drum, and P. C. 90, claimed by J. M. Beaubicn,
They decided that the other claims presented to
them were not founded ujion any legal grant made
by the French ("lovernmcnt ])rior to the treaty of
Paris, of February 10, 1763, f)r upon any legal grant
made by the British subsequent to said treaty, and
prior to the treaty of peace of September 3, 1783,
between the United States and Oreat Britain; 01
upon any resolution or Act of Congress had subse-
quent to said treaty of peace.
By Act of March 3, 1805 (United States Laws,
\'olume II., page 343), they were authorized to ex-
amine and report on claims actually possessed and
improved on July i, 1796, the official date on
which the Territory passed from the British into the
possession of the American (iovehinient.
They were also to examine into claims based on
all grounds whatever ; and persons were to have till
November i, 1805, to file their claims, which were
to be surveyed at the expense of the Government.
Before the commissioners had forwarded their first
report to Congress Detroit was destroyed by the fire
of June II, 1805. Under the provisions of the law
of 1805 in connection with the law of 1804, the com-
missioners subsequently reported on six classes of
titles, viz.j I. Grants by French governors confirmed
by the King of France. 2. (}rants .by French gov-
ernors not confirmeil by the king. 3. Occupancies
by permission of French commandants without grant,
and jierhaps without evidence of the permission, but
with long and undisturbed possession. 4. Occu-
pancies under I'rench possession, without any per-
mission, but with undisturbed possession. 5. Simi-
lar titles, together with purchases un Indians
under ISritish rule. 6. Occupancy and possession
under American Government, and purchases from
Indians. They sent three reports to the Secretary
of the Treasury, one dated December i, another
December 16, 1805, and the third March 6, 1806.
They again reported in favor of the three claims ap-
proved under the first law, and also in favor of P. C.
15, claimed by Phillis Peltier, and P. C. 38, claimed
l)y the heirs of Antoine Morass. These five claims
tl . y nortcd as valid so far as original title was con-
ccrneii, but it was not claimed ih.it the chain of title
since the original gnmt was complete. The sixth
claim confirmed by the commissioners was that of
Charles and Nicholas Guoiii, ;in(l cmbr.iccd what is
now known as P. C. 12 and 13. It was claimed in
one |)arccl, and was conlirmcd in separate tracts.
Tlu'y also icpnrlcd claims for many other tracts
b;ist'(l (in owncrshi|) and occup;ilion.
The Amcricin State' Papers stale that the commis-
sioners foiintl only six titles that had been confirmed
by the king. This is undoubtedly an error, caused
by inci .. . j; the two grants of Cadill.ic with the four
grants that were actually confirmed by the king.
The State Papers also say that eight claims were con-
firmed, which error is apparently caused by counting
the two grants of Cadillac twice.
On March 3, 1807 (United States Laws, Volume
II., page 437), Congress confirmed the six tracts al-
ready alluded to, and also all tracts reported upon
by the commissioners which were occupied, im-
proved, and .'.ettled upon prior to and on July i,
2:2
FRENCH FARMS OR PRIVATE CLAlMf^.
1796, and that had continued to be occupied up to
the date of tlie Act. By Law of April 25, 1808
(United States Laws, Volume IL, pai^e 502), claim-
ants were allowed until January i, 1809, to file their
claims.
By the Act of 1807, the claims were to be sur-
veyed under the direction of the surveyor-general.
All certificates issued by the commissiom .'s were re-
quired to be entered at the land office at Detroit be-
fore January i, 1809. The claims confirmed under
this last Act included nearly all the orij^inal private
claims in Wayne County, not excepting the inevita-
ble six French grants, which were again confirmed
as held by po.ssession. The claims were surveyed
by Aaron Clreely, and his map is referred to on page
158, Volume v., of the American State Papers in
connection with the Abraham Cook Claim. His
manuscript map was afterwards engraved.
On April 23, 1812 (United States Laws, Volume
IL, page 710), Congress confirmed the claims as sur-
veyed by Aaron (ircely under direction of the sur-
veyor-general, making his survey authority even
where It did not correspond with the description of
the claims as conlirmed by the commissioners.
There is abundant evidence that in making his sur-
veys he frequently gave extra measure by adding
die length of his "Jacob's staff" from one to three
times. Tradition says a bottle of wine or brandy
had something to do with this proceeding.
Other surveyors, among them Joseph Fletcher and
John MuUett, were afterwards employed in surveying
the rear concessions.
The patents for the lands confirmed reached De-
troit just before or during the War of 1812, and were
seized or destroyed by the liritish.
In addition to grants of lands fr at ing on the river,
the commandants at Detroit are said to have made
grants known as " second," " rear," o-- back com-es-
sions, whereby the depth of the farms was extended
to eight arpents. Many persons claimed of the
Commissioners of Claims a similar duplication of
their farms upon the plea that the lands claimed had
always been used for obtaining wood, and that the
Government would have granted these rear conces-
sions at any time if asked. On September i, 1807,
the commissioners reported to Congress, recom-
mending that as the arable land fronting on the
river was exhausted, and mostly without wood for
fires, lands in the rear be added as asked for.
Hy Law of April 23, 1S12, it was provided that
additional lands might be granted for farms that had
been confirmed only forty arpents in length, and
claims for the additional land were to be filed before
December i, 181 2, but no farm was to be over eighty
arpents in depth.
By Act of March 3, 1S17 (United States Laws,
Volume III., page 390), the time for the filing of
claims for back concessions, under Act of 181 2, was
extended to December i, 1818. On May 11. 1820
(United States Laws, \'olume III., page 572), Con-
gress revived the powers of the commissioners, and
authorized them to decide on claims presented under
Act of 1817, and they were to report on or before
October i, 1821. This Act was construed as reviv-
ing all the powers j^ossessed by commissioners under
former Acts; and several original claims, confirmed
under Act of 1820, are contained in Report or Book
Number 4, in Volume V., page 146, of American
State Papers, entitled, " A Report of Absolute
Claims." The last Act pertaining to the hearing
and deciding upon claims by commissioners was
passed on February 21, 1823 (United States Laws,
Volume III., page 724). It provided that the Act
of 1820 should.be in force until November i, 1823,
and that the final rt'port of the commissioners should
be laid before Congress and the Secretary of the
Treasury. The Act also confirmed claims reported
on under Act of 1820, as reported by the .Secretary
of the Treasury. The numbers of the claims in
Wayne County, filed under the several Acts, range
from I to 734. Many of tlie numbers between these
two extremes are for claims in other parts of the
then Territory of Michigan. The total number of
claims confirmed in Wayne County was only two
hundred and sixty-eight.
Rear concessions were granted for about one hun-
dred claims. The number of acres granted origin-
ally to claims ranged from less than one half an acre
to six hundred and forty acres, and the rear conces-
sions covered from three acres to three hundred acres.
Judging by the testimony given before the commis-
sioners, there must have been a very general, and
apparently a concerted, effort among many claimants
to swear through each other's claims. The com-
missioners themselves reported that the records of
the earlier Boards had been so mutilated that it was
impossible fully to understand them. The unravel-
ling of the history of the claims is made difficult also
by the fact that the different Boards designated the
same books by different numbers. \'olume I. is
sometimes called I., sometimes II. , and then ap-
pears as number III. These errors were appropri-
ately supplemented by the careless transcribing and
transposing of the names of claimants, surveyors,
and clerks, — the same names being spelled in .several
ways. As late as 1823, at least thirteen original
claims were confirmed by Commissioners of Claims
that had been left unconfirmed by the first commis-
sioners. To these claims they gave new numbers.
In the list of claims' most of them are designated
by the new numbers. The only other tract in Wayne
County., aside from the Ten Thousand Acre Tract,
> See Appendix A.
bearing a s
surveyed, is 1
Rouge. It i
the British oc
in the War
fitted out.
of the lands
came to be
first commiss
and Frederic
On April 16,
man, and 01
FRENCH FARMS OR PRIVATE CLAIMS.
23
bearing a specific name or number, and separately
surveyed, is the Ship Yard or University Tract on the
Rous^e. It is called Ship Yard Tract because, durinjj
the British occup.'ition, and also under American rule
in the War of 181 2, vessels were there built and
fitted out. It was selected at an early date as part
of the lands devoted to the University, and thus
came to be called also the University Tract. The
first commissioners were George Hoffman, Register,
and Frederick Bates, Receiver of the Land Office.
On April 16, 1806, Peter Audrain succeeded Hoff-
man, and on April 4. 1807, James Abbott suc-
ceeded Bates. Under Act of 1807, the Secretary
of Territory, Stanley Griswold, was added to the
Commission. On March 18, 1808, Reuben Atwater
succeeded Griswold, and up to October, 18 14,
the Commission consisted of Audrain, Atwater,
and Abbott. In 18 14 William Woodbridge suc-
ceeded Atwater. In 1819 Jonathan Kearsley suc-
ceeded Abbott. In 182 1 H. B. Brevoort succeeded
Audrain, and he, in 1823, was succeeded by John
Biddle. The last commissioners were Woodbridge,
Kearsley, and Biddle.
CHAPTER V.
THE PUBLIC DOMAIN.— THE PARK LOTS AM) THE TEN-THOUSAND-ACRE
THE GOVERNOR AND JUDGES' PLAN.— LAND BOARDS.
TRACT.
THE PUBLIC DOMAIN.
During French rule the lands outside the stock
ade and in the immediate vicinity of Fort Pontchar-
train were, in part at least, cultivated in common by
the inhabitants. Lands similarly situated at Kas-
kaskia, Illinois, were guaranteed in perpetuity by the
king to the inhabitants and used by them as a "com-
mon field ;" and rights of the same nature are known
to have been exercised by the inhabitants of Detroit.
The " common field " was usually enclosed, and
each head of a family had a portion entirely at his
disposal, subject only to such regulations as would
prevent injury to the rights of others. Under these
general regulations, the field was usually cultivated
simultaneously by its several owners, and much of
the work done in common. Outside of these cul-
tivated lands were the "commons," used for pastur-
age by all alike.
It would not have beei\ expedient to allow the
lands adjoining the fort to be built upon to any
great extent. A certain amount of open space about
the stockade was necessary as a protection both
from fire and from the Indians. If houses were too
near together, they might afford a place of ambush,
be used to shoot from into the fort, or serve as look-
outs wherefrom to discern the numbers and the
preparations of the garrison. A few houses were
built outside, but they proved a source of danger
and annoyance, and were repeatedly torn down. A
letter addressed to James McHenry, Secretary of
War, by John Wilkins, Jr., Quartermaster-general,
ancestor of the late Colonel Wi''iam D. Wilkins,
gives interesting particulars of :i a status of the
commons and other property at Detroit, at the
time it was first surrendered to the United States.
It reads as follows :
PriTsnuRGH, 17 February, 1797.
Sir,—
The United States have succeeded to a great deal of property at
Detroit. The whole ground on which the town of Detroit is
situated seems, originally, to have been reserved by the British f(jr
the use of the fort; but the merchants and tradesmen preferring to
live under the protection of the garrison, grants of lots have been
given to them, which, in time, have formed a regular town.
But there yet remains around the town a quantity of vacant
ground, which, of course, becomes the property of the United
States. This, from its situation, is valuable. But in order to pre-
serve it, the.e will be a necessity of preventing any persons build-
ing on it, or the United States should have it laid out in lots and
sold.
The vacant ground I allude to is without the pickets; within
the i)ickets, exclusive of the fort and barracks, there are a number
of houses and lots of ground, which the United Stales have suc-
ceeded to, such as the council-house, store-houses, wharf, etc.,
and two large gardens for the garrison; and outside of the pickets,
a ship-yard, consisting of a number of work-shops. I was in-
formed, when at Detroit, that there were a number of other
buildings than those we got possession of, which had belonged to
the British Government, but that, since thiir removal, were
claimed by people living in their. These claims ought to be
inquired into.
The public domain or commons included at least
all of the northern half of " the Governor and
Judges' Plan," and practically all of the land beyond
lying between the Cass and Brush farms within a
distance of three miles from tiie river.
A few years subsequent to the date of the Wilkins
letter, the Northwest Territorial Legislature adopted
the following instructions to their delegate to
Congress :
ir/iereas, The inhabitants Of Wayne County, in the town of
Detroit, have, time out of mind, enjoyed a small piece of land
adjacent to the town, as a public common, for the use of the
. inhabitants, imtil partially dispossessed by military authority,
therefore,
Resolvedy That Paul Fearing, Esq., be instructed to use his
endeavors to have the right of the Siiid common confirmed by the
United States to the inhabitants aforesaid.
No action was taken by Congress on this or
other claims in this region imtil 1803. The Govern-
ment then directed Mr. Jouett, the Indian agent at
Detroit, to "inquire into and report the situation of
the titles and occupation of the lands private and
public." In accordance with instructions, Mr.
Jouett made a report concerning claims and settle-
ments on the Detroit and St. Clair Rivers, but it
contained little of permanent value. In a communi-
cation presented to the House of Representatives on
January 17, 1805, in regard to the settlement of
claims for farms, signed by Francois de Joncaire
and others, the following passages occur :
Your memorialists further solicit the attentiim of Congress in
favor of the claims set up by the citizens of Detroit to the com-
mons or domain adjoining said town; and request that the siime,
by law, may be confirmed to them and their successors with power
[24]
in said corpo
with lots for
We state ;is
firnie<l by m,
grant was ma
was laid out,
heirs and sue
commons, wlii
siu-li by the
encroachment'
But unfortii
itself nor the
either lost or
places without
iallsts.
On Augu
Woodward,
inhabitants
a grant froi
it as a comn
country. T
it will pro!)
wh;it disposi
At the reti
and Judge \\
1S05, as to
Their report
bank of the r
nions; and t
the existence,
charter from
commons as
either the proj
such as indivi(
"The Com
memorial froi
House of Re]
Mr. (Gardner ]
tants, praying
land, amountii
joining the sai
fee simple, to
use in cominoi
reservations a:
seem meet."
This petitior
Public Lands,
Governor and
posed of the pi
It is very do
dispose of thes
no means unt
the right, .uid
property. Ph
as Park Lots,
them were sold
did not meet tl
June 3, 181 1, a
ernor and Judg
THE PUBLIC DOMAIN.
25
in said corporation to make sale of a part to accoininodatu persons
with lots for bnikliiiK, and to re){nlate tin; nse of tin; residue.
We state as a fart j^cnerally believed in this country, and con-
firmed hy many a^ed persons now livinj^ in this district, that a
grant was made hy the French (iovernment at the time said town
was laid ont, vesting and conferring in the then inhahitants, their
heirs and sncc(;ssors, both the ground plat of said town and the
commons, which have ever since been held, used, and enjoyed as
such by the inhabitants, to the excepti(m of some unwarrantable
encroachments by individuals upon the siune.
Itut unfortunately for the citizens of said town, neither the grant
Itself nor the record thereof can now be found, the grant being
either lost or wrongfully withheld, and the record removed to
places without the district and wholly unknown to your memor-
ialists.
On Aiij^ust 3, 1805, Ciovcrnnr Hull wrote to Jiidi^e
Woodward, who was then in \Vashi/iy;ton, tlin*. tlie
inhabitants claimed the common " in consequence of
a grant from the French ( 'lovernment, and have used
it as a common pasture since the settlement of the
country. Their title to it is, at least, doubtful, and
it will probably rest with Congress to determine
what disposition sliall be made of it."
At the recjuest of the Covernment, Governor Hull
and Judge Woodward made a report, on October 10,
1805, as to the title to the town and commons.
Their report says, " The circumjacent ground, the
bank of the ri\er alone excepted, was a wide com-
mons ; and though assertions are made respecting
the existence, among the records of Oue!)ec, of a
charter from the King of France conferring this
commons as an appurtenance to the town, it was
either the property of the I'nited .States, or, at least,
such as individual claims did not pretend to cover."
" The Commons " was the subject of another
memorial from the inhabitants of Detroit to the
House of Representati\es. On February 17, 1808,
Mr. Oardner presented a memori,-,il of the inhalii-
tants, praying " that the title to a certain parcel of
land, amounting to about two thousand acres ad-
joining the said City of Detroit, may be granted, in
fee simple, to the corporation thereof, for the free
use in common of all the memorialists, untlcr such
reservations as to the wisdom of Congress shall
seem meet."
This petition was referred to the Committee on
Public Lantls, but was never reported on ; and the
Ciovernor and Judges assumed control of and dis-
posed of the property.
It is very doui)tful whether they had any right to
dispose of these lands, anil their legal right was by
no means unquestioned ; they, however, claimed
the right, ind having the power, disposed of the
property. The lands were laid out, and designated
as Park Lots, and on March 6, 1809, forty-one ;>f
them were sold at auction. \qt\ naturally, the sale
did not meet the approval of the inhabitants, and on
June 3, 181 1, a petition was presented to the Gov-
ernor and Judges, praying them to annul the sale,
and convey the lots to be " held by the inhabitants
of the town of Detroit forever as a commons."
The records state that tlije petition was received
and read, and the jirayer thereof not granted.
This decision the older inhabitants received with
mingled grief and indignation, one of them saying,
" It has come to pass that the lands on the common,
that our ancestors and ourselves owned more than
one hundred years before the Congress of the United
States or the Governor and Judges of Michigan
owned one foot of land on the face of the earth, are
now exhibited for sa'e at public auction, to the origi-
nal proprietors, on the humiliating conditions that
we pay twenty prices for it."
The laying out of a portion of the commons, south
of what is now Adams Avenue, into regular city lots
was also protested again.st. Addressing the chief
executive of the Territory, one of the inhabitants
said, " Governor, if you had laid out the commons in
lots of from six to twelve acres, they would have
made us good meadows or pastures for our cattle in
the summer season, and we could afford to pay a
handsome price for them ; but the lots you are now
attempting to sell are not worth the deeds and re-
cording. Believe us, Governor, no town will ever
exist in these marshes."
Others of them, in a memorial to the President,
complained "that the Governor and Judges had
lavished between five and six hundred dollars of our
taxes in digging wells and erecting pumps on the
commons, near half a mile behind the town of De-
troit, where no town, in our opinion, will ever exist,
and no wells be necessary; and when they were
about half finished, the enterprise was abandoned."
All of these protests and memorials were, how-
ever, alike unavailing. The Governor and Judges
were a law unto themselves, and continued to do as
they pleased.
THK PARK LOTS AND THK TKN-THOUSAND-ACRE
TRACT.
The Park Lots and the Ten-Thousand-Acre Tract
together constitute the ten thousand acres which the
Governor aivl Judges, by Act of 1806, were author-
ized to lay out, adjacent to Detroit. The Ten-
Thousand-Acre Tract, so-called, is separated from
the rest of the land because it was not sur\-eyed
until several years after the Park Lots were laid out.
The Park Lots lie on both sides of Woodward
Avenue, and extend northwards for nearly two and
a half miles frtim Adams Avenue. They were
ordered surveyed by the (Governor and Judges on
December 14, 1808. James McCloskey, the sur-
veyor, was instructed " to commence his survey north-
west of the street which runs through the Grand
Circus, parallel with the same street, and to begin
26
THK C.OVERNOR AND JUDGES' PLAN.— LAND BOARDS.
with lots of five acres, and increase the size of lots
as he proceeds."
The land was surveyed into eij(hty-six parcels or
lots, numbers i to 46 inclusive lyinij on the east, and
the rest on the west side of Woodward Avenue.
Owinji; to the fact that the lines of the Cass and
Brush farms narrowed the domain on its northern
extremity, the lots were irregular in size and in num-
ber of acres.
The Tcn-Tliousand-Acre Tract was surveyed by
Joseph Fletcher in 1816 into forty-eij^ht lots, of one
hundred and sixty acres cacii, and twelve lots of
eighty acres each. Half of these smaller lots are
situated on the eastern, and half on the western side
of the tract.
THE GOVERNOR AND JUDGKS' PLAN. — LAND
HOARDS.
Prior to the tire of 1S05, the town embraced an
area of about two acres. Immediately after the fire,
some of the inhabitants erected temporary dwellings
in the midst of the ruins of tiieir former homes.
Others determined to take possession of portions of
the commons and buikl thereon. According to a
report made on June 24, 1805, by Matthew Ernest,
Francois Lasalle, and Charles Moran, there were
sixty-two proprietors of lots in the okl town. The
size of lots varied from twenty-four to one hundred
and sixty-one feet frontage, and from twenty-four
to one hundred and twenty-five feet in depth. On
Monday, July i, 1805, the inhabitants assembled
under the pear-trees in the Public Garden and
informally adopted a plan similar to the old one
including a portion of the commons. Judges
Woodward and Bates, who were present, prevailed
on them to defer further action until the arrival
of the governor, and they concluded to wait two
weeks. On the evening of the same day the
governor arrived. In a letter written August 3,
1805, he says, ".Vfter a conversation with the
judges it was determined to attempt to convince the
proprietors of the impropriety of their proceedings.
* * * * They very readily agreed to relinquish
their plan and wait for our arrangements. We
immediately fixed on a plan, and employed the best
surveyor we could find in the country to lay out
the streets, squares, and lots. If possible, the plan
shall be forwarded by this conveyance. 1 hope it
will be approved by the Government."
The people considered that not more than two or
three days would be necessary to lay out and reg-
ulate the new town. But they were doomed to
disappointment, ,
A few days after the meeting under the_ pear-
trees Judge Woodward was appointed a standing
committee to lay out the new town agreeable to the
plar chey had adopted ; and his Britannic Majesty's
surveyor, Thomas Smith, was brought over from
Upper Canada to assist in that arduous undertaking.
Mr. John Gentle, who wrote a full account of the
proceedings to a Pittsburgh paper, says :
After a few days spent in preparing their apparatus, the judge
l)c;,'an his (ipcrations on a height t'nnti,k;u<iiis to the fort. There
he placed his instrmuinis, astronomical and astrological, on the
siiinniit of a hiiye stone, which stone shall ever remain a monu-
ment of his indefatigable perseverance. '
i'nr the space of thirty days and thirty nights he viewed the
diurnal evolutions of the planets, visilile and invisible, and calcu-
lated the course and rajiidily of the blazing meteors. To his pro-
found obsenations of the heavenly regions the world is indebted
for the discovery of the streets, alleys, circles, angles, and squares
of this magnilicent city, — in theory e<|ual in magnitude and splen-
dor to any on the earth.
Hut the most arduous and tedious performance was the laying
out and measuring the marshes a mile bai:k from the town into
streets, lots, circles, and grand squares, measuring and unineasur-
itig them, arranging and deranging them, for the space of two full
months more. The patience of the people was at h'ugth exhausted;
and they became so clamorous at List that the Ciovernor and
Judges were constrained to rest from their labors and agree to
make a division of the lots.
The inhabitants were told to go and choose lots, and if more
than one chose the s;une lot, the legislature would decide which
should have the choice. They reasoned against this mode of
division, because they well knew it would not succeed; but it was
of no use. Several went and chose the same lot; the legislature
was applied to for a decision, and a dispute took place between
the legislature and the pi'ople. In consequence, jis was intended,
this mode of divisi(m was abandoned.
liy way of killing time, the judge went to work again with his
instruments, and mea.sured the commons over and over for about
three weeks nv re. A few lots were then advertized for sale at
auction, aw these conditions; — If the proprietors of U)ts in the old
town purchased, they were at liberty to otTset the lots they pur-
chased with their old lots, foot for foot; and if the okl ground was
not sulTicient to cover the new, two cents would be e.sacted per
foot for the overplus; atul .all purchasers were to give bonds, pay-
able in five years in five installments, to William Hull, Esq., his
heirs, etc., etc.
The first lot was purchased by James .Abbott, who was instructed
by Judge Woodward to bid it up for him, for five hundred dollars.
The ne.\t, by James Henry, at three hundred dollars: he had old
ground to cover with. The ne.xt, by Charles Curry, at six hun-
drid dollars: he also had ground to cover with. The next was bid
up to two thou.s;uid six hundred dollars, by Henry and Abbott.
The average price of the fourteen lots sold was now taken, and
fixed .IS a general mc^dium for all future sales. .Many applied
afterwards for lots; but nime could be obtained unless they agreed
to pay the fixed average price, which was three hundred dollars
on the lower side of the main street and two himdred and fifty
on the upper side. .As no title ccnild be given, no payments were
required to be made tmderone year.
Early in November, 1805, Governor Hull and
Judge Woodward left for Washington, carrv'ing
with them a plan to aid in obtaining desired legisla-
tion. The plan embraced the old .site and also most
of the so-called Commons or Public Land, which
was almost entirely destitute of trees for a mile or
more on all sides, and afforded a fine location for
the proposed new city.
' The stone referred to was undoubtedly the same immense
boulder that lay on the Campus Martins, at the junction of Mon-
roe and Woodward Avenues, until the street was paved, when it
was buried out of sight.
This pi;
time the 1
year 1815
of it.
The visi
resulted in
which auti
out a new
adjacent,
thous;uKl f(
of .scventct
in Detroit
profess or c
balance of
a court-hou
It would
then were c
of convivi.i
saying tint
wine to trc
purpose of i
All of the
are involved
in passing
variance wit
expected.
The givins.
United State
well, to enab
and a jail, s
when it was
Territory for
than sutficiei
large enough
country. It
comparatively
Detroit, were
crnmcnt so -
firmation of
lay on both s
land matters
that .some of
desire on the
possess them ^
of the Territoi
The delay
forced the inh
there, in impn
and fall of i8(
was taken; an
with the plans
erected that y
deeds had be
These delays c
be no question
pose to delay a
lots staked 01
THE GOVERNOR AND Jl'DCES' PLAN.— LAND BOARDS.
^7
This plan was, probably, lost or destroyed at the
time the Hritisli were in i)()Ssession in 1812; in tlie
year 1815 careful search failed to reveal any trace
of it.
The visit of Hull and Woodward to Washington
resulted in the passaije of the Act of April 21, 1806,
which authorized the Ciovcrnor and Judges to lay
out a new town and ten thousand acres of land
adjacent, and to convey a lot, not to exceed live
th(jusand feet in size, to every person above the aije
of seventeen years who owned or inhabited a house
in Detroit at the time of the fire, and wlio did not
profess or owe allej^iance to any foreign power. The
balance of the lands were to be devoted to erectini;-
a court-house and jail.
It would appear that members of Coni^ress even
then were credited with bein,n' open to the inlUiences
of conviviality, for Judije Woodward is quoted as
saying tl, it he expended three hundred dollars in
wine to treat the members of Congress with the
purpose of influencing them to pass the bill.
All of the transactions of the (iovernor and Judges
are involved in mystery; and the action of Congress
in passing the Act of 1806 seems strangely at
variance with what might naturally have been
expected.
The giving away of ten thousand acres of valuable
United States land, and many of the town lots as
well, to enable the Territory to build a court-ht)use
and a jail, seems a strange proceeding, especially
when it was claimed that the surplus taxes of the
Territory for 1805 alone would have been more
than sufficient to build a court-house and a jail
large enough to accommodate the s|5arsely inhabited
country. It is said that the lands were then f)f
comparatively little value; but if lands, in and near
Detroit, were of so little worth, why was the dov-
ernment so dilatory .and so careful in the con-
firmation of the private claims, so-called, which
lay on both sides of the town? Looking at these
land matters in all their bearings, it is no wonder
that some of the inhabitants thought there was a
desire on the part of some of the officials to dis-
possess them of their property and drive them out
of the Territory.
The delay in the defmite adoption of any plan
forced the inhabitants to remain scattered here and
there, in improvised abodes, all through the summer
and fall of 1805. Winter came, and still no action
was taken ; and such were the delays in connection
with the plans of 1806 that not a single house was
erected that year; up to May, 1807, only nineteen
deeds had been given for lots in die new town.
These delays cannot be justified ; indeed, there can
be no question that had there not been a settled pur-
pose to delay action, plans might have been adopt'?d,
lots staked out, and proprietorship agreed upon,
much earlier, and all such action would have received
whatever of congressional sanction was necessary.
All the old records, and the earliest deeds, show that
there was gross mismanagement and vexatious delay
in the distribution of lots.
The first meeting of the Governor and Judges as
a Land Board was on September 6, 1806, and
during the month various resolutions were adopted
in relation to the manner in which lots should be
dis])oscd of. Corner lots, and thf)se most valuable,
were to be sold, and others not so advantageously
situated were to be given away. This plan did not
meet tile ajiproval of the citizens, and on October 6,
1806, a public meeting was held and the citizens
protested against it vigorously. On October 1 1 the
people were retiuested to present such a plan as
they would ap|)rove, and on October 16 a plan was
presented which was substantially adopted just one
month later.
Under this plan the inhabitants of the town, at
the time of the fire, were divided into three classes : —
1. Those who owned lots in the town at the time;
2. Those who owneci or occupied houses; 3. Those
individuals who resided in the town, but who did
not own or occu]n' any lot or house. Those persons
in .ne first class who had im|)roved their lots subse-
quent to the tire were allowed to retain the lands
occupied or enclosed by them; but as the lots, ac-
cording to the new plan, were, in some instances,
larger than they had before occupied, they were re-
quired to pay from two to three cents per square
fooi for any excess in size.
Towards Christmas the governor, by agreement,
decider; the rights of all the claimants, one by one,
and located the donation lots; and about New Year
every person, male and female, who lived in the
town when it was burned, and whom the governor
judged eligible, to the number of two hundred and
fifty-one, drew their donation lots.
About three weeks after, the board came to-
gether, and the governor introduced the question
" Whether those who came to Detroit since it was
given up to the Americans by the British, who had
not taken the oath of allegiance, should receive do-
nation lots," and delivered a lengthy speech in favor
of said class of claimants. Judges Woodward and
Griffin seemed also at first inclined to favor giving
them lots, but the final decision was against such
claimants. About two thirds of the two hundred
and fifty-one person.^ who had drawn donation lots
but a few days previously were, by this decision,
deprived of them. So the farce went on, the people
being alternately threatened and cajoled until many
of them became almost ready to yield their old
holdings and leave the Territory.
Eventually the terms of the Act of 1806 were very
liberally construed, and not only individual owners
28
THE GOVERNOR AND JUDGES' PLAN.— LAND HOARDS.
and (uxLipaiits but in some cases their wives, and
even tlieir slaves, were the recipients of donation
lots.
The claims allowed to individuals in all three classes
were boujjht up, traded, and transferred, in many
instances never being owned for any length of time
by the persons to whom the lots were given.
There would seem to be no end to the opportunity
for legitimate criticism of the proceedings of the
Governor and Judges. One would naturally sup-
pose that the Congressional Act of 1 806 was intended
to relieve, as far as possible, the necessities of those
who suffered by the fire. That was the ostensible
object of the Act; but in fact the most valuable lots
were sold to and taken up by persons who were not
sufferers by the fire, nor even residents of the town
when it occurred. The ( iovernor and Judges sought,
by various methods, to compel the people to purchase
lots, and the donation lots were offered rather as a
sort of bonus than as a gift.
The Donation Files are in the office of the city
clerk. File Number One contains a list of claim-
ants to lots under the first, second, and third classes,
with the numbers of lots according to the old plan.
File Number Two contains a list of unsettled claims.
File Number Three gives a list of proprietors and
residents of the town on June 11, 1805. There
are one hundred and fifty-eight receipts for donation
lots.
The difficulty of distributing the donation lots
satisfactorily, and the tn)ul)les between the Governor
and Judges, are indicated in the following e.xtract
from a letter by Judge Woodwaird to James Madison,
then Secretary of State. He says :
The town titles will be definitely arranged as soon as the mili-
tary reservation is made. We gave great diss;itisfaction in the dis-
tribution of the donations. Mr. Bates and myself were clearly of
opinion that the donations should not be suffered to run foul of the
adjustment of the ancient titles. The governor gave way to the
public storm. As their wish was, however, impracticable in its
own nature, not from the mere reluctance of those who were to
make the distribution, we have been constantly obliged to pain-
fully tread back upon our own steps; and none of us have given
satisfaction to the people. Perh.ips none could have done it under
the jealousies and dissensions existing among them. But they
would have been more respectful towards the Government if it had
been steady and firm. On one side desiring nothing wrong, and
not to be driven from what they knew to be right on the other.
The plar of 1805 was superseded by the plan of
1806, made by Abijah Hull. This plan differed
from that of 1 805, both in the size and the boun-
daries of the lots. What is probably the original is in
the city clerk's oftice; it is pasted on a piece of stif
paper, and bears on its face the words " Abijah
Hull, Derby, Conn." (the birthplace of Governor
Hull) and the words " Abijah Hull, Detroit, Mich.,"
together with a rough outline of two buildings, evi-
dently intended to represent the capitol and the
penitentiary.
There is also in the city clerk's office a plan on
parchment, mounted on rollers, entitled, "Copy of
Plan of 1806, by Abijah Hull, Detroit, Mich., ' bear-
ing the words, " The figures in black ink denote the
plan of 1806, the figures in red denote the plan of
1807." This last-named plan was fully identified in
1877 by J. F. Munroe as the copy of the Abijah Hull
plan, which was made by him while in A. E. Hae-
thon's employ, from Brush's abstract of titles and
the Governor and Judges' papers.
In 1807 Abijah Hull prepared plans of sections
I, 2, 3, 4, 6, 7, and 8. These plans, in the shape
of some of the k)ts, and also in the numbering,
differ from former plans. This series of section plans,
called the " Hook of Sections," was adopted by the
Governor and Judges, all the plans being attested
with the signatures of William Hull, Governor, and
Peter Audrain, Secretary. The certificate of the
county register as to the recording of these plans was
not attached until December 23, 1 848.
All of the sections named are marked as approved
on April 7, 1807, except Section No. 7, which
was approved April 13, and Section No. i, which
was approved on April 27 of the same year. Sub-
sequently to 1807, Aaron Greely appears to have
been employed by the Governor and Judges as sur-
veyor, and he is said to have deviated from all the
previous plans. Deeds were issued in accordance
with lots as shown on the several plans, and grants
were made that conformed to none of the plans, but
simply confirmed titles to tracts of land in the old
town and adjoining domain, the boundary lines being
described by old landmarks regardless of later plans.
The main features of the plans of 1S05, 1806, and
1 807 were undoubtedly the same, and do great credit
to the foresight of tlieir author. Judge Woodward.
His views of the future of Detroit were nearly a
century in advance of his time.
In the light of existing facts, no one who studies
the original plan can avoid wishing that it could have
been adhered to. The portions of the city of which
we are most proud and which are most admired by
strangers, our main avenues, the Campus Martins,
the Grand Circus, and the smaller public squares,
are all parts of Judge Woodward's plan. His
diagonal streets and avenues have produced several
locations of special prominence which afford excep-
tional opportunities for architectural display. Pecu-
liar and pleasing vistas result in many places from
the triangular intersection of .streets arranged for in
his plan.
That the plan was suggested by Judge Woodward
is evidenced by the fact that seven pages of his
Private Memorandum Book, commenced March
29, 1802, are occupied with a map of the city of
Washington cut into .sections. Anyone who looks
at this book, and examines the old plan of 1806,
ii;
will be coni
from sugge
ton. That
years befoi
from Alexai
ling Detroit
near his old
by a Freiic
portions of \
city thus ha
remembrant
latest Goven
The Go\
old claims ;
in so far as <•
was largely
proprietors w
them foot fi
owners prefer
up or exchanv
the new street
so far as it w;
original shajie
Avenue, and
below (}riswol
of 1807. The
of Jefferson A-
ward and sou
confirmed as o
A space one
the Askin or 1
Michigan Avcn
Mr. Askin, and
the fire, never y
On Novembe
quest of Goven
a plan of the cit
they sought una
seemingly at the
Thomas Smith (
could be found
tions," so far as
plan about six
have been endor
use was made ol
no trace of it cai
The Governor
original Act of
ings; but they r
Act approved M;
mit a plat of the
John Farmer of
Lewis Cass and
mon Sibley, and
of Detroit. The
hundred and fift
warded to Coiun
THE GOVERNOR AND JUDGES' PLAN. -LAND UOARDS.
29
will be convinced that it was made by Woodward
from suggestions afforded by the plan of Washing-
ton. That city had been laid out only fourteen
years before. When Mr. Woodward came here
from Alexandria, he was full of plans for remodel-
ling Detroit after the national capital, wiiich was so
near his old home. The capital itself was laid out
by a French engineer. Major Lenfant, who took
portions of X'ersailics as his model. Our old French
city thus has features in its plan which perpetuate
remembrances of the capitals of its earliest and its
latest Government.
The Governor and Judges' Plan covered some
old claims and also the Government Reserve; but
in so far as any of the owners yielded to the plan, it
was largely of choice. In all cases where the old
proprietors were willing, lands were exchanged with
them foot for foot ; but in several instances the
owners preferred to retain tiieir old holdings, giving
up or exchanging only so much as was covered by
the new streets. The entire front of the old town,
so far as it was in private hantls, was retained in its
original shape, and hence the lots south of Jefferson
Avenue, and extending west from a point not far
below (jriswold Street, do not conform to the plan
of 1807. The same is true of scattered lots north
of Jefferson Avenue, as well as some east of Wood-
ward and south of Jefferson Avenue, which were
confirmed as original private holdings.
A space one arpent wide from the west part of
the Askin or Brush Farm, and extending back to
Michigan A\enue (perhaps a little farther), snkL by
Mr. Askin, and partly built up several years before
the fire, never yielded to the plan.
On November 17, 1808, James McCloskey, by re-
quest of Governor Hull and Judge Witherell, made
a plan of the city, laying it out at right angles, which
they sought unavailingly to have adopted. In 1816,
seemingly at the request of the Governor and Judges,
Thomas Smith examined all deeds and records that
could be found, and, taking Hull's "Hook of Sec-
tions," so far as possible, as a guide, prepared a new
plan about six feet square. This plan apjiears to
have been endorsed by the Governor and Judges, as
use was made of it at various public land sales, but
no trace of it can now be found.
The Governor and Judges were required, by the
original Act of Congress, to report their proceed-
ings; but they made no report until Congress, by
Act approved May 30, 1830, required them to trans-
mit a plat of the city. In accordance with this law,
John Farmer of Detroit was engaged by Governor
Lewis Cass and Judges William Woodbridge, Solo-
mon Sibley, and Henry Chipman to prepare a plan
of Detroit. The map was drawn on a scale of two
hundred and fifty feet to one inch, and was for-
warded to Congress by the Governor and Judges,
with other documents, on January 8, 1831. Much
opposition was made to it by many citizens at the
time, as private interests were not consulted in its
preparation, only the official and legal representation
of lots being given. On February 12, 1831, the
Committee on Territories reported a bill in favor of
the map as drawn by John Planner; but as the Gov-
ernor and Judges were found to have full power in
the matter, no further action w.as thought necessary.
The map, on a reduced scale, is reproduced in Vol-
ume V. of the American State Papers, Public Land
Series ; and a fac-simile, one third the size of that
reproduction, is given. It is the only ofTicial map
forwarded by the Governor and Judges, or recog-
nized by Congress, and is frecjuently referred to in
law cases where the highest authority is desired. It
will be noticed that the sub-divisions of the Military
Reserve, although laid out several years before the
map of i83[ was made, are not shown on the map;
the reason lies in the fact that the Reserve was laid
out by the city, and not by the Governor and Judges,
The Governor and Judges made no report to Con-
gress in regard to their management of the Park
Lots or the Ten-Thousand-Acre Tract. J. F. Mun-
roe says that when the papers of the Governor and
Judges were turned over to A. E. Haethon. city
surveyor, there was among them a sur\-ey of these
lands, and that Haethon neglected to give it*to his
successors. His otTice was subsequently destroyed
by fire, and the survey was undoubtedly burned.
The Governor and Judges, first in charge, un-
doubtedly assumed unlawful power in giving away
lots to various churches and societies, and exceeded
their authority in many particulars. None of these
powers were included in the Act creating the Land
Board. The ease with which their sessions changed
from land-board to legislative, and from legislative
to judicial, as the exigencies of the case seemed to
them to demand, was something marvellous even for
that time of transition. They were not asked to
present any detailed account of their management as
a Land Board or of the disposition of their trust ;
and no report was ever rendered by them as to the
disposal of a single lot, or of a single dollar received
from the sale of lots. Different persons served in
connection with the important trust, and as no ac-
count of their acts was ever officially called for, they
cannot well be blamed ; but it certainly was a mani-
festati(jn of great confidence or of great carelessness
to suffer any set of men to wield so much power
without requiring from them any report.
There were at their disposal ten thousand acres of
land immediately adjoining the city, over four hundred
city lots in the best and oldest part of the town, and
all of the lands known as the Park Lots, lying north
of Adams Avenue and on both sides of Woodward
Avenue, between the Cass and Brush farms, and ex-
f^U^fS
30
THE GOVERNOR AND JUDGES' PLAN.— LAND BOARDS.
k
-i:
tendinjf nearly to the present railroad crossing, a
distance of two and one half miles ; and the old capi-
tol, the jail, .ind a few scatterinij lots, comprised the
net proceeds of their far-seeinij efforts.
Redixed Fac-simile of the Governor and Jt•uG)•;^' Plan.
That no account was rendered is made apparent
by the fact that the memorial of a committee of citi-
zens to Congress, in January, 1823, printed in the
Detroit Gazette, says that no statement of the receipts
or expenses of the Territory had ever been made
public, and that even the appropriation taws had not
been published, except in one or two instances. The
article also s»t forth, " Th.it the ("lovernor and
Judges, as trustees of the Detroit fund, hatl already
been in the management
of that trust for sixteen
years, and no court-house
is as yet built, or any
steps taken towards build-
ing one; no account has
ever been rendered of their
])roti'e(.lings in the man-
agement said fund,
either for iformalion
of the . i-)V whose
benefit th s' '"'^ ^'>'^^^ made,
or to Congress who made
tile grant. 'I'hat one of
the judges is dii-ectiy and
voluntarily interested to a
\cry large extent in the
funds of that trust ; and we
have reason to believe,
from his conduct as a
member of the Land
Board, that that interest
has a direct inlluence on
the management of the
concerns of that trust."
The tiiiant'ial transactions
connected with their doings
under the Act were kept
by the treasurer of the
'I'erritory in an account
called the " Detroit Fund ;"
but tile most diligent search
has failed to tind any re-
cord or statement of re-
ceipts or expenses credited
or charged to the fund dur-
ing the tirst twenty years
of their administration.
The following persons
acted as secretaries of the
Land Board :
I'eter .\udrain, 1806-1809
Josepii Watson, 1809-1818
A. K. Wing . 1 8 18-1822
A. G. Whitney, 1 822-1824
K. A. Brush . i 824-1826
H. Chipman . 1826-1829
L. B. Sturges 1829
K. A. Brush 1830-1832
Thomas Rowland 1832- 1834
A. S. Kellogg 1834-1837
After the State was admitted into the Union, there
remained
Ie;(aily con
maincd of
trust was tc
Tilt; last
Land Boarc
c<invcycd a
Their funct
For twen
regular city
controlled a
committed l(
sity for the
passed awaj
authority ce
of closing up
W'hen tlu
still undispos
cured to thci
erally was in
On April 2
Council was
the Detroit
the recorder
to Congress,
city of the b
On August
a memorial w
1838, $200 w
kins for maki
memorial. N
the work of pt
April 14 a nici
of the council
passed a law
aldermen the si
and directing t
law which auti
The law also rt
January i, 184
they neglected
On .Septemb
rected to take
documents; an(
bard and C. J. (
full examinatior
administration,
originally comm
On Xovembei
ate report, with
complete li.-,t of 1
suiting from the
Governor and Ji
the new plan ai
bers according t(
tracing early owi
THE GOVERNOR AND JUDGES' PLAN.— LAND BOARDS.
31
remained neithur territorial jrovernor nor judges
le;(aily com|)etent to deal with such lands as re-
mained of the orii^inal trust, ;iiul of necessity the
trust was terminated.
The last session of the ("lovemor and Judj^'cs as a
Land Hoard was held on July i, ii^3f>. when they
conveyed a lot to the Detroit Voun.ii Men's Society.
Their functions ceased two days after.
For twenty-two years after the estahlisiiment of a
regular city j^overnment, the Clovernor and Judges
controlled and disposed of the property ori;.;inally
committed to them, altiiouj^h the occasion and neces-
sity for the lontinuance of their trust had long before
passed away; and not until five years after their
authority ceased was .anyone charged with the duty
of closing up their affairs.
When their regime closed various city lots were
still undisposed of, the titles of others were not se-
cured to their rightful owners, and the business gen-
erally was in a confused and unfinished state.
On April 25, 1837, a Committee of the Common
Council was appointeil to in(iuire into the state of
the Detroit Fund, and on May 9 the council directed
the recorder to prepare documents to be presented
to Congress, in order to obtain the transfer to the
city of the balance of the funds, or lots.
On August 5 the recorder presented the form of
a memorial which was adopted ; and on March 24,
1838, S200 were ordered to be paid to Ross Wil-
kins for making investigations and jireparing the
memorial. No action w.'is taken by Congress, and
the work of petitioning was repeated in 1840. On
April 14 a memorial was signed by all the members
of the council; and on August 29, 1842. Congress
passed a law making the mayor, recorder, and
aldermen the successors of the (iovernor and Judges,
and directing them to take an oath to carry out the
law which authorized them to sit as a Land Board.
The law also required them to report, on or before
January i, 1844. This last requirement, however,
they neglected to observe.
On September 27, 1842, the city clerk was di-
rected to take charge of all the old Land Board
documents; and on December 20, 1842, Bela Hub-
bard and C. J. (^'Flynn were appointed "to make a
full examination and rejiort concerning the origin,
administration, and present condition of the trust
originally committed to the Governor and Judges."
On November 26, 1844, they presented an elabor-
ate report, with many interesting details, including a
complete li.-.t of the changes in numbers of lots, re-
sulting from the various and conflicting plans of the
Governor and Judges. The numbers according to
the new plan are the numbers now used, the num-
bers according to the old plan being of value only in
tracing early ownership.
l.l>r OK I HANOES IS NIMDBRS OF LOTS.
Olll
I'lun.
New
I'liin.
Si;(ii(>N I.
i('
37
J8
■♦J
44
45
4rt
47
48
4.) & 50
50 iSi 51
5'
53
5J
57
58
1591k 60
6i» *. 59
61
61
63
64
65
66
17 & 115
68
84
86
87
10
40
4«
48
49
50
5'
ja
53
54
55
56
II
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
JO
■/'
73
73
74
92
93
94
Old
New
Plan.
IMun.
5>
59
i 5'
60
1 33
6i
1 54
62
1 ;5
63
56
64
11
u\
\ 39
67 1
1 6i
11
8j
84
99
87 -i" 97
103 1
Old
I'lun.
SKCTtON 3.
Skci'ion 2.
4'
4-;
43
44
43
46
47
48
4 'J
5"
16
•9
17
20
18
21
I()
22
20
23
&
24
2t
as
22
26
-•3
=7
24
28
21
29
26
v>
27
3<
&
3'-!
37
38
i'>
40
4''
4'
53
54
55
56
107
108
Sectio.v 4.
49
50
5>
52
53
54
53* 5;
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
63
53
54
55
=6
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
Skction 6.
49
5'
5>
5.'
53
54
55
56
76
77
78
II
81
83
84
8s
New
I'lun.
Old
Plan.
33
48
49
50
5'
52
53
54
55
56
57
35
36
37
38
3?
40
4'
42
43
44
43
46
47
48
34
36
37
38
39
40
4'
42
43
44
45
46
47
86
83
Skction 7.
31
31 & 32
33
23
»3
24
24
25
3S
26
26
27
»7
28
28
29
29
30
30
M
3'
32
32
33
33
34
34
35
35
36
36
37
37
38
38
39
39
40
40
4>
4>
42
42
43
43
44
44
45
43
47
46
48
47
49
48
50
49
5'
50
52
5'
53
52
54
53
55
54
56
SS
57
56
58
59
60
61
62
63
It
69
70
7'
72
73
74
II
77
II
81
83
New
Plan.
59
60
61
63
63
64
65
66
7'
7-'
73
74
75
76
77
78
81
82
83
84
Section 8.
& 23
2i
24
25
26
27
28
29
y-"
3'
32
33
34
36
37
38
39
40
4>
82
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
5"
51
52
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
3'
32
33
34
36
38
39
40
4>
42
43
44
46
47
48
49
50
S'
52
53
54
Their report showed that the city had become the
absolute owner of twenty-nine lots, with possible or
part title in nearly seventy others. Ever since 1842,
as occasion has required, land-board sessions of
the council have been held, decisions made, and
deeds issued to claimants and purchasers. Sessions
have also been held from lime to time to perfect
titles of properf originally deeded by the G<)\-ernor
and Judges, am, define the powers and rights of
the city as to various parks laid out on the original
plan. In 1880 a session of the council as a Land
Board was held to perfect the title to a portion of
St. Ann's Church property. It seems hardly possi-
ble that Congress by the Act of 1842 intended to
give the city government, for an indefinite length of
time, the peculiar power it has since continued
to exercise, and a limitation of its power in this
direction would probably be no injustice.
MAPS OF DICTROIT.-
CMAPTER VI.
CITY noUXDARY AT DIFFERENT PERIODS.— CASS AND BRUSH
FARMS.— MILITARY RESERVES.
MAI'S OK DKTROI r.
Thk earliest plans or maps yet discovered were
made in 1749 and 1754 by Joscpii (laspard Chausse-
gros do Eery, a French lieutenant and enj^inccr. A
few of his papers fell into tiie possession of Father
Louis Antoine I'otiiicr, and in 1S45 Jacques \'ii,aT,
of Montreal, made copies of some of them, includinjj
the maps named. In 1854 C. I. Walker obtained
tracinj^s of them, one of which is here reproduced.
The only differences between the plans of 1749 and
1754 are as follows: In the plan of 1754 the
stockade is extended a little farther east, and the
location of a bake-house and store-house are
marked, while the location of tlie cemetery is not
desijrnatcd. From an examination of the ])lan of
1749 it will be seen that in its general outline and
method of layini,^ out the streets, it is almost a fac-
simile of tiie earliest map of New Orleans. The
next oldest plan of Detroit is the one made by T.
Smith in 1816, showinj; the city as it was in 1796.
In 1877 what is believed to be the orii,nnal copy of
this map was in the possession of Eugene Robinson,
rmU4*^
Till]
i.^M'
AoguBt aoth, 1749.
BEFKBEHCKR.
A. — OunimandaQt's Boiue,
B— Qiiard House Bud Barracks,
r.— Powder Magaxine.
P.— Parish Churcb.
X.— Prieit's HouM).
F.— Cemetery.
Q.— Boyal Qardens.
H.— ludlvidual Qardeoa.
HPaSCHCHH
S-_ c 5-
Plan of Detroit in 1749.
[3-']
1
It
II
Si
(
It w;is bnii
Henry Hiri
Tlie pl.iii ill
was maili' fi
of the n).i|)
cations of I
17'/)."
About 18.
and pui)lislu
prob.ilily, ;i
the proposcc
r8o^), uiili
buil(!ini;s ;is 1
of piihlicaiio
a scale of li\
inch, and wa
Joiin Mullet
sanction.
se.ssed by
others. An
map with " 1;
title, and wit
the lots, was ii
A. (iirardin in
j,Tai)hcd by C(
Huffalo, New \
of the ori;,nnal
in \'olume V,
State I'.ipcrs,
in connection
the (lovcrnor a
simile, reduced
given.
In 1830 Johr
published a m;
however, laid do
no Icsral existei
siiow the lines o
lots, the bounda
whic-h Iiad been
("■overnor and Ji;
also reproduced,
in title, in \'()lun
can State Paper
ries. In 1878 J,
copy of the on'ir
five hundred copi
been sol3 at a do
Tlie plan of 18
Farmer, is descri
of the GoveriKir j
was drawn by
office of district
1835, and was th<
accurately the si/(
ated the old land
30.X44 inches. It
MAI'S OF Di.rkoir.
33
It was b(ni;,'ht by A. K. Ilactlum, of Dt-troit, of
Ilniry MiTlIiflct, of Mniilrt'a!, for liftcfii dollars.
Tlie plan in Mrs. Siicldon'.s " History of Mi(lii;;an "
was niailc from it by J. F. Miiiinte. 'I'lie full tiiK'
of the map is " I'l.iii of the Town and Fortili-
cations of Detroit as tlu-y stood before tlu: yrar
17./)."
About 1825 J. <). 1,1'wis, of Detroit. (Mivfravec'
and published a small maj) of the city, whieh is,
probably, a fair representation of
the propo.sed plans of 1805 .'uid
iiSo(^), with the addition of publii:
huildinifs as they existed at the time
of pnblicaiion. 'I'his map is on
a scale of five hmidred feet to one
inch, and was, probably, drawn by
John Mullett; it had no oflicial
sanction. In 1877 copies were pos-
sessed by Sidmy D. Miller and
others. An en,t,n-aved copy of the
map with "1807" attached to the
title, and without the numbers of
the lots, was in possession of James
A. (iirardin in 1878. It was litho-
i^raplied by Compton tS: Ciibson, at
HulTalo, New York. A copy of one
of the ()ri;.,dnal maps is reproduced
in \'olume \'. of the American
Stale I'apers, I'ublic Land Series,
in connection with the report of
the C.overnor and Jud;^es. A fac-
simile, reduced to one half size, is
given.
In 1S30 John Mullett made and
published a map of the city. It,
howcNi'r, laid ilown alleys which had
no let(;il existence, and failed to
show the lines of many I'laims and
lots, the boundaries of and rii^hts to
which had been recognized by the
("rovernor and Judges. This map is
also reproduced, with a slight change
in title, in \'olume \ . of the Ameri-
can State I'apers, I'ublic Land Se-
ries. In 1878 J. C. Holmes had a
c<)[)y of the original map, of which
five hundred copies are said to have
been solcl at a dollar a copy.
The plan of 1831, drawn by John
F'armer, is described in connection with the history
of the (lovernor and Judges' Plan. The next map
was drawn by John Farmer while holding the
olTice of district surveyor. It was published in
1835, and was the first map of Detroit which gave
accurately the si/e of the lots, and carefully deline-
ated the old land lines. The size of the map was
30x44 inches. Its price was three dollars. It had
a very large sale and lias furnished the groimd-work
for all the maps of the city that have .since been
made. The copyright of this map was .sold to J.
H. C'olton (.\: Co., and it was siibsi'quently publisheil
by A. 1'.. Ilaethon. He issui-d two editions, dated
1846 and 1856 respectively.
In 1837 Morsel: Brother issued a hastily prepared
map of the city; and in 1853 Henry Hart published
a maj) showing the loc.itionof the buildings. In
PLAN or rHL TOWN ikFORTinCAr/ONSorDETRO/T
JIa thfv stouU he/ore the year tystS.
t^om T'tmiOta Map miuif Mniy Jo" Hitl, m'tfi nHriitiont from JMes
~~~~' ' 'iiinrii /null Oie tfrir lff/in> hiient , .ihnmn^yils
~ rtlaliun to tHr prvurnl f/tan f/ the Citu
&ea/e ^00 /eel to/ ineli'.
'tTTTrri, •^■•■l-oftillon ^ titii fy* Ponlthnrlraintn-iyoi
■-• ''i„M,',r,nfl,i:"J
Mai' ok iiiK Cnv i.N 1790.
1858 J. F. Munroe, city surveyor, issued the best
map made from 1835 till then. On account of the
growth of the city, it was necessarily much larger
than any tliat preceded it. A new edition was pub-
lished in 1868. In 1 87 1 Eugene Robinson, city
sun'eyor, compiled a large map, which was published
by Calvert & Company. A second edition was
issued in 1879.
^■i^-f^
MAPS OF DETROIT.— CITY BOUNDARY AT DIFFERENT PERIODS.
Several sma!! maps of the city have been pub-
lished in connection with the city directories, that of
James Dale Johnson being the first. Complete
small street maps of the city were first published in
1863, and have been issued almost yearly since, by
the firm of S. f^armer & Company. In 1875 this
firm issued the first edition of a " Map of the City of
Detroit and Its Environs." It was drawn by C. H.
Reduced Fac-simile ov the Lkuij Map o? riiB Governor and Judges' Proposed Plan.
Ellis, is four by five feet in size, and shows all of
Detroit with a larj^'e portion of the adjoininjj- town-
ships of Hamtranick, Springwells, and (ireenfield,
im^luding the Ten-Thousand-Acre Tract and the
village of Norris; it takes in the new Water Works
and Belle Isle, on thi. east, and extends far enough
west to include Foit Wayne, Delny, the Grand
Trunk Junction, and Woodmere Cemetery. Both
sides of the river are shown, with the Canadian vil-
lages of Walkertown, Windsor, and Sandwich.
CITY BOUNDARY AT DIFFERENT PERIODS.
In 1803 Mr. C. Jouett, the Indian agent, wrote to
the War Department that "of the two hundred and
twenty-five acres granted to Cadillac in 1701, only
four were occupied by the
town and Fort Lernoult;
the remainder, except
twenty-four acres added
to Williani McComb's
farm, is a conmion." The
boundaries of the town,
by the Act of 1802, were
as follows: — "Bounded
in front by the river, or
Strait of Detroit; east-
wardly by the division
line between John Askin,
I'.sq., and Antoine Beau-
bien ; westwardly by the
division line between the
farms belonging to the
heirs of the late William
McComb and Pierre
Chcsne ; extending back
from said river two miles,
at an equal width rear as
in front."
The Pierre Chesne
Farm is now known as
the Jones or Crane Farm.
The adopted Plan of
the Ciovernor and Judges
left out the Brush and L.
Beaubien farms on the
east, and the Cass Farm
on the west, and extended
only about one mile back
from the river, thus re
ducing the limits of t'.
town on three sides.
On (\-tobcr 24, 181 5,
the city limits were ex-
tended so as to include
the Cass Farm for a dis-
tance of two miles from the river; but by Act of
March 30. 1820, the Cass Farm was again thrown
outside of the city.
The Witherell P'arm, which became part of De-
troit by the Act taking effect April 4, 1836, was left
outside of the city by the Ac', of February 15, 1842.
By Act of April 12, 1873, parts of the townships
of Ilamtramck and Greenfield were added to the
city, but the
was illegal.
It thus api
have been c
limits have, li
extended no 1
the accompar
planations, gj
Detroit at difi
Amoiig all t
probably none
Cass and Bru.'
original Gover
Hat or Die 8
(HTYOF
r
lit
z^
\^
|£i
M
Tel
r«
CITY IJUUNDARV AT DIFFJIRICNT I'KRlODS.— CASS AxM) 15RUS11 FARMS,
35
citv, but the .Supreme Court decided that tlie Act
was illegal.
It thus appears that the boundaries of tiie city
have been curtailed no less than four times. Its
limits have, however, been actually and permanently
extended no less than seven times, as appears from
the accompanying map, which, with the above ex-
planations, gives a complete showing of the area of
Detroit at different periods of time,
CASS ANU liRUSlI KARMS.
Among all the old claims embraced within the city,
probably none are so frt'(|uently mentioned as the
Cass and Brush farms. These farms bounded the
original Covernor and Judges' Plan, the lirush Farm
lying on the easterly, and the Cass Farm on the
westerly side of the town.
Portions of the tract now included in the Cass
I'arm were granted to Robert Navarre on May i,
1747, and other portions, in 1750, to three several
persons, — Messsrs. Harrois, (jodet, and St. Martin.
The Pontiac Manuscript shows that the person last
named was occupying a ])()riion of the farm in 1763.
On March 29, 17.S1, it was purchased at auction of
the estate of Jacijues St. Martin by \V. Macomb for
^1060. About this time, twenty-four acres are said
to have been added to the tract, without authority so
far as is known. The tract now known as the
Cass Farm embraces Private Claim No. 55, con-
tlrmed, bythe United States Commis.sioners, tojohn,
William, and David Macomb on November 16, 1807;
tf
Plat o[ lie Several AUns ^
CITY OP DETECITr^i
Sonflili'M ofl 0.000 jcretnct.
ULaj 3, 1875.
1^1 May 3, 1875
jgal
I -I
I
DETKOIT RIVER
.\Iai' Of Additions m C in Limits,
_^uJ —
36
CASS AND BRUSH FARMS.— MILITARY RKSKRVKS.
il
and also Private Claim No, 59-2, which was confirmed
to the same parties on December 31, 1808.
The occasion of the transfer to Covernor Cass was
as follows: — The ordinance of 1787, and Acts creat-
ing subsequent Territcjrial (Governments based on
that ordinance, rccjuired the governor to be a free-
holder to the extent of at least one thousand acres of
land. Governor Cass, in order to conform to this
law, after he had brougiu his family from Ohio, pur-
chased of the Macombs in 1816 the farm which has
since borne his name, and about the same time
bought a large tract near the mouth of the river.
The front of the farm was originally a very high
bank, the river coming up to where stores are now
located at the intersection of Jefferson Avenue and
Second Street. The bank was dug away and the
streets graded in 1836, twenty-five thousand cords
of earth being removed. In September and October
of that year lots on the " Cass front," embracing
that part of the farm between Larncd Street and the
river, were offered for sale at auction, the entire
tract having previously been sold to a company of
ten persons for one hundred thousand dollars.
The property was then so far away from the
center of the city that the lots would not sell, and
after spending a large amount of money in improve-
ments, the majority of the original purchasers were
very glad to have General Cass take back the prop-
erty at the price they had originally agreed to pay
That part of the farm between Lamed Street and
Michigan Avenue, was laid out in May, 1841, the
portion north of Michigan Avenue in 1851, the lots
north of Grand River in 1859.
The land now known as the Brush Farm was con-
ceded to Eustache Ciamelin on May i, 1747, and on
March 15, 175^, by consent of Commandant Bellestre
it was transferred to Jacques Pilet. On October 31,
1806, the farm, except a few lots on the western side,
was conveyed by John Askin to Elijah Brush. The
entire farm, as far north as High Street, was laid
out into lots in 1835, and north of High Street in
1862. A large number of the lots have always been
leased, ilie rental being determined by a valuation
of the lots, new appraisals being made from time to
time as agreed upon. The southern entls of both
the Cass and Brush farms were built upon and im-
proved many years ago, but the larger part was not
sold or leased until improvements had been made
on either side; consciiuently the owners were able,
on account of the demand for central property, to
affix conditions of sale that have been greatly to the
advantage of themselves and purchasers. Houses
of a certain value were required to be erected within
a definite number of years, and thus these farms are
now largely covered with elegant and comfortable
residences, nnre being found on them than in any
other part of t)ie city.
MIM'l'ARY RKSKRVKS.
When the English surrendered the city in 1796,
the grounds occupied by the fort, the citadel, and
other government buildings became the special
property of the Uniicd States Government. The
plan of the Governor and Judges was made to
include the government property, but as they had
no control over it, the plan was so far inoperative,
and the Reser\'es remained in possession of the
United States until May 26, 1824, when Congress
gave to the city the Military Reserve between
Lamed Street and Jefferson Avenue, bounded west
by the street leading to the public barn (now Wayne
Street), and east by the line of the large Reserve,
near the line of the present Griswold Street. On
May 20, 1826, Congress granted the balance of the
Military Reserves to the city, including the grounds
occupied by Fort Shelby,— reserving only the arsenal
and military store-keepers' lots, — the grant being
conditioned upon the building, by the corporation,
of a magazine outside of the city.
In accordance with the provisions of the Act, the
city, on November 8, 1830, advertised for proposals
for building a powder magazine for the United
States, on the '"■••atiot Road, near what is now Russell
Street, where the barracks were afterwards located.
The magazine was completed in September, 1831.
The city was put in formal possession of the Reserve
on September 11, 1S26, and on April 4, 1827, the
Legislative Council gave the Common Council
power to alter all that part of the Governor and
Judges' Plan lying north of Larned Street, south of
what is now Adams Avenue, and between Cass and
Brush Streets. Individuals owning lots within the
boundaries designated, whose rights were disturbed,
were to have other lots assigned them, or be paid
the value of their lots. Against this action many
citizens protested vigorously; and on the same din-
that the Act was passed <-. memorial was sent to
Congress praying that body to prevent the proposed
change in the plan. The protest was of no avail,
and by ordinance of April 23, 1827, the city pro-
vided for obtaining the consent of lot-owners to the
plan of the new sub-division as laid out by John
MuUett. His plait ■ as finally agreed to, and on
May 16, 1827, a public auction of lots on the site of
the old fort took place at Military Hall, one of the
old buildings of the cantonment. The conditions of
sale were that a stoT)e, brick, or frame house, two
stories in height, be erected on each lot before the
expiration of the time for the last payment, or else
all previous payments and rights to the lot were to
be forfeited. Some buildings belonging to the old
fort were fitted up for tenants, and for several years
the city performed the part of landlord. For further
particulars as co the sale of lots see chapter on Taxa-
tion and Finances.
In the earlit
surveyed undt
officer appoini
method preva
an old docun
interest :
In consequence (
inl\al)itants that tli
and tliat they do nr
primitive grants, ai
tliereforj, Mr. Janu
surveyor, I have aj
for the future his si
decisive; and all wh
form tliereto.
Given under my ]
From Other c-l
was the survexo
Thomas Smith
.McXiff acted its
Under the An
16, 1812, Aaron
veying private cl,
surveys under a
181 5, and the sin
pleted in 1S57.
office of surveyoi
Michigan was rei
William Johnson
subsecjuent ap])c
1851, Lucius Lyi
1853 to 1857, Le
Emerson. The (
1857, and the Re
Commissioner of
records show thi
miles or 36,128,6.
r-MTKt
The first Land
was established ai
March 26, 1804.
of president Mo
auction sale of lai
the Counril Hon
ranged from §2 tc
being §4. I'p to
sold on credit, onl
CHAPTKR VII
PUBLIC SURVKVS.— UNITED STATI'.S LAND OFFICE
PUBLIC SURVEYS.
In the earliest days of the settlement, lands were
surveyed under the direction of the kiny, by an
oftieer appointed for the purpose, and the same
method prevailed under English rule. This copy o(
an old document making such appointment is of
interest :
In consequence of repeatid complaints made by several of the
inhabitants tliat their neighbors have encroached on their farms,
and that they do not actually possess the quantity spe ified in the
primitive grants, and for which they pay rents to His Majesty;
therefore, Mr. James Sterling being an experienced and ajiprox'ed
surveyor, I have appointed hint Ring's Surveyor at Detroit; and
for the future his surveys onl>' shall be looked upon as valid and
decisive; and all whom it may concern are hereby ordered to con-
form thereto.
Given under my hand and seal at Detroit, April 21, 177^.
Hi;nuv Ha -si; it, Major ami Commandant.
From other old records it appears that Philip Frey
was the surveyor on March 27, 1785. He appointed
Thomas .Smith his deputy on May 8, 1787. P.
McXiff acted as surveyor in 1794 and 1799.
Under the American Ciovernment, by law of May
16, 1812, Aaron (ireely was paid $5,565.92 for sur-
veying private claims in Michigan. The first public
surveys under a general law were commenced in
181 5, and the survey of the entire .State was com-
pleted in 1857. In the month of May, 1845, the
office of surveyor-general for the district including
.Michigan was removed from Cincinnati to Detroit.
William Johnson was then surveyor-general. The
subsecjuent ajipointees were as follows: 1845 to
1851, Lucius Lyon; 1851 to 1853, Charles N(jble ;
1853 to 1857, Leander Chapman; 1857, Charles J.
Emerson. The office was closed at Detroit May 1 1,
1857, and the Record of Surveys deposited with the
Conmiissioner of the Land Office at Lansing. The
records show that the State contains 56,451 sciuare
miles or 36,128,640 acres.
UMtKD ST.\TKS L.VND OFFICE.
The first Land Office in what is now Michigan
was established at Detroit under Act of Congress on
March 26, 1804. On May i, 1818, a proclamation
of Pri .sidcnt Monroe authorized the first public
auction s.ilc of lands in Michigan. It tocic place at
the Council House on July 6, 181 8. The prices
ranged from $2 to $40 piT acre, the average price
being $4. I'p to 1826, United States lands were
sold on credit, only a small amount being required
to be paid down. In 1826 the law requiring full
payment went into effect, and sales were greatly
reduced. The receipts for United States lands sold
at Detroit up to 1830 were as follows: One half year
of 1820, $2,860.32; 1 82 1, $7,444.39; 1822, $17,359.38;
1823, $30,173.34; 1824, $61,917. 15; 1825, $92,332.55;
1826, $41,125.13; 1827, $34,805.45; 1828. $17,433.72;
1829, $23,329.48. Total, $718,548.36.
From 1825 to 1837, the immigration from the
Eastern States increased so rapidly that business
flourished, and by the purchase and clearing of
lands large sums of money were brought into and
scattered about the Territory. As early as 1833
capitalists began to come from New 'S'ork to invest
in wild lands. In 1836 the number of immigrants
was simply amazing; the steamers and sailing ves-
sels were literally loaded down with people who
came to settle in Michigan and the West. From
five hundred to seven hundred frecjuently arrived on
a single boat. During the month of May public
lands weic entered so rajiidly that on Monday, May
9, the register had lu close his door and receive ap-
plications through the window, and the receipts at
the Land Office between the ist and the 25th of the
month were $278,000. The total amount received
at the three Michigan land offices, namely, Detroit,
Kalamazoo, and Monroe, was over $1,000,000. Dur-
ing the year the total sales in Michigan amounted to
the enormous suin of $7,000,000. Numerous asso-
ciations were formed for the purchase of wild lands
and embryo city sites, and at the mouth of everj-
western river, and almost e\cry township corner,
towns were laid out. "(')n paper," creeks were
magnified into streams, and comparatively insignifi-
cant streams were tr.insfornuil into large rivers
floating steamboats and other water-craft, while on
the land the speculatiir's dreams took form in
imaginary hotels, churches, schools, and railroads.
Absolute forests were in imagination transformed
into cities, and sold at ten thousand per cent ad-
vance. The laying out and making maps of these
"paper cities" kept tlie few draughtsmen then in
Detroit busy all day long and far into the night.
Hundreds of dollars, in the "wildcat" currency of
the times, were frequently paid for a draughtsman's
services for a single day. Leading men of both
parties formed pools with fifty or a hundred thousand
dollars, and committed the amounts to the discre-
L<7]
l8
UNITED STATES LAND OFFICE.
lion of agents who were to be compensated by a
sliare of the protits in the lands purchased.
The details of some of these enterprises are so
ludicrous as to be hardly credible. There remain to
this day survivors of the crowds which, in the heii,dit
of the season, occupied the entire width of Jefferson
Avenue in front of the Land Office, each individual
awaiting his turn to enter and secure his prize. Some-
times large sums were given to .secure the services of
the fortunate man at the head of the column by
another who was far in the rear. Horses were merci-
lessly driven and killed in the race to reach the
Land Office. In one instance, at midday, two men
on horseback were .seen turning the corner of Wood-
ward and Jefferson Avenues, hastening at full speed
to the Land Office. It turned out that they were
victims of a cruel joker in Genesee County. Each
of them had ridden all night, breaking dtnvn two
horses apiece in the seventy-mile race, in order to be
the first to enter a certain tract of land. The
sequel .showed that they desired to purchase entirely
different parcels. Men who one day were the pos-
sessors of meadow or pasture lots near some village
or city found themselves, the ne.xt day, the proprie-
tors of innumerable fractions into which their acres
had been subdivided, and could hardly believe they
were the same persons who, so short a time before,
had been hewers of wood and drawers of water.
It is utterly impossible to describe, in terms which
the present generation would comprehend the actual
condition of the public mind at that period. This
abnormal activity began to sh(nv itself in 1S34,
grew rapidly in 1835, and culminated in 1836; and
when the panic came, the sites of many " paper
cities " could be bought for less than the price of
wild land, and to this day are owned and assessed
as farm lands. At the present time the Detroit
District of the United States Land Office embraces
parts of the counties of Muron, Sanilac, Lapeer,
St. Clair, Macomb, Oakland, Livingston, Ingham,
Jackson, Washtenaw, Wayne, Hillsdale, Lenawee,
and Monroe. All the government lands, however,
in these counties are sold. The district also em-
braces the counties of Cheboygan, Presque Isle,
Alpena, Montmorency, and Otsego, in parts of
which government land is for sale. In 1880 about
one hundred thousand acres were still subject to
entry. Lands within six miles of an existing or pro-
posed railroad are held at twenty shillings per acre.
All other government lands are sold for ten shillings
per acre. No credit is given, and payment must be
made in cash, or lands may be selected, and obtained
by the use of Bounty Land Warrants or United
States scrip, so called. This scrip is of the nature
of ;i due-bill, issued by the Government to holders
of land ilaims, in some of the Southern and Western
States, at the time certain territory was ceded by
foreign governments.
The Land Ollice contains a record of the names
of the original purch.asers of all government lands in
the counties above named; and where parties have
failed to call or send for the patent issued by the
Government and have it put on record, the names
of original owners can be obtained only from this
office and the Land Office at Washington. When
payments are made for lands, a receipt is given for
the money, and a record is forwarded to Washing-
ton. The government patent or deed is then issued.
The receipt of the receiver for the payment of the
price of a piece of land is considered good evidence
o* ownership, but unless the go\ernment patent or
deed is placed on file the chain of title is not com-
plete in the county records. That many persons
neglect to obtain their patents is evident from the
fact that there are between twenty ana thirty thou-
sand uncalled-for patents in the office at Detroit.
There are two officers connected with this office,
one is designated as the "register," the other as
the "receiver," and each of them has a salary of
five hundred dollars per year and one half of the
fees. The fees consist of two per cent, on the
gross value of all selections for which cash or
land-warrants are received, and two per cent, on
the cash valuation of lands taken up under the
Homestead Act. There is also a government fee
of ten dollars when the amount of land entered
is over eighty acres, and five dollars when eighty
acres or less are entered. The total receipts by the
United States from sales of land in Jlichigan, up to
June 30, 1883, amounted to $18,501,522.
The following persons have served as registers
of the Land Offic-e :
1804 and 1805, George Hoffman; 1806-1 821,
Peter Audrain; 1 821-1823, Henry B. Brevoort;
1823-1837, John Biddle; 1837-1839, Thomas Hunt;
i839-i84i,01mstead Hough; 1841-1847, Robert A.
Forsyth; 1847-1849, Elisha Taylor; 1849-1853,
Lorenzo B. Mizner; 1853-1857, Daniel J. Campau;
1857-1861, Charles F. Heyerman; 1861-1863, J. G.
Peterson; 1863-1869, Arnold Kaichen; 1869-1871,
Addison Mandell; 1 871- 1877, Frederick Morley;
1 877-1 883, Joseph B. Bloss; 1883- , Adam E.
Bloom.
The receivers of the Land Office have been as
follows:
1 804- 1 807, F"rederick Bates; 1807-18 19, James
Abbott; 1819-1851, Jonathan Kearsley; 1851-1853,
Ezra Rood; 1853-1857, Elisha Taylor; 1857-1861,
Jacob Beeson; 1861-1865, H. K. Sanger; 1865-1869,
Edward Le Favour; 1869 to October, 1 881. John M.
Farland; 1881 to July, 1882, E. W. Cottrell; 1883-
, Lyman G. Willcox.
DEEDS
DEED
Under Fi
recorded by a
By law of Jui
the office of
concerning th
Territory was
that deeds mi
court. An A
ized the regit:
by Act of No
to be recordec
On April
provide a bool
January 29, li
created, and tl
the recording
and mortgage:
which are nur
which they are
consultation.
the register is r
ically the name
with a referenci
name is record
numerous and I
in almost all tn
to abstracts fun
The most th
history of land^
Skinner & Bur
thousands of d-
the compilation
stored in an el
him especially fc
Upon so imp
estate there oug
A very few lots i
English rule, am
be shown. AH 1
derived primaril
ondarily: ist, fi
farms were coni
missioners; 2d, I
were authorized
the " Mayor, Re(
CHAPTER VIII
DEEDS, :iORTGAGES, AND TITLES — PAST AND PRESENT PRICES OF LANDS.
DEEDS, MORTGAOES, AND TITLES.
Under French and English rule, all deeds vere
recorded by a notary in a book kept for the purpose.
By law of June i8, 1795, of the Northwest Territory,
the office of register was created. The first Act
concerning the registering of deeds under Michigan
Territory was passed August 29, 1805; it provided
that deeds might be recorded with the clerk of any
court. An Act, passed on January 19, 181 1, author-
ized the register of probate to record deeds; and
by Act of November 4, 181 5, deeds were required
to be recorded in his office.
On April 12, 1827, the register was directed to
provide a book for the recording of mortgages. On
January 29, 1835, the office of county register was
created, and the register of probate ceased to have
the recording of deeds or mortgages. The deeds
and mortgages are recorded in separate volumes,
which are numbered or lettered in the order in
which they are filled. The records are open to free
consultation. Under the Revised Statutes of 1S46,
the register is required to keep and record alphabet-
ically the name of every party to eac-h instrument,
with a reference to the book and page where the
name is recorded. These index volumes are so
numerous and the arrangement .so incomplete that
in almost all transfers of real estate reference is had
to abstracts furnished by private parties.
The most thorough and comprehensive abstract
history of lands in Wayne County is possessed by
Skinner & Burton. Mr. Skinner has spent many
thousands of dollars and years of labor in making
the compilations and collections, all of them being
stored in an elegant fireproof building erected by
him especially for their preservation.
Upon so important a question as the title to real
estate there ought to be nothing vague or uncertain.
A very few lots are held under deeds obtained under
English rule, and for these a long chain of title can
be shown. All other titles to lands in the city are
derived primarily from the United States ; and sec-
ondarily: 1st, from persons to whom old French
farms were confirmed by the United States com-
missioners; 2d, from the Governor and Judges, who
were authorized to convey by Congress; 3d, from
the " Mayor, Recorder and Aldermen" of the city.
and later the Common Council, who were made the
successors of the Governor and Judges, and who
also received some of the Military Reserves as a
gift from the United States; 4th, from the United
States, who deeded directly some of the Govern-
ment Reserves ; and 5th, from the State, which
issues deeds for lands on which the ta.xes are not
paid to any one who will pay the amount due. *
To constitute a perfect title there should be a
chain of deeds starting from some one of these
classes, and continuing, without a break, down to the
latest claimant or owner; and each new deed should
be signed by all the parties to whom the property
had previously been deeded, or their heirs or assigns.
If any of the parties have married since the deed
was made to them, the deed should be signed by
the new parties, and the man and wife should in all
cases unite in the signing of deeds.
If any of the parties making a new deed are the
heirs of parties who made the last conveyance, it
should be so stated in the deed. The description of
the property conveyed should be the same in each
deed; or, at least, it should be carefully examined to
see that it covers the same land. To make it certain
that there are no tax titles on the land, the books of
the county and city treasurers should be examined,
or, as is usual, a certificate or statement should be
obtained from each of these officers showing that
nothing is due for taxes or spet ial assessments. If
the land has been sold for taxes, this is a cloud
upon the title that needs to be removed, aiul the
books in either office will show who has acquired the
tax title.
A w.irranty deed from a responsible party is con-
sidered to insure a perfect title, but as mistakes may
happen in the making out of deeds, and parties may
cease to be able to make good their warranty, the
safe course is to make sure that the abstract of title
shows the title to be vested in the party or parties
who convey. A quit claim deed from parties in
whom the title to land is clearly vested, is consic'ered
as good as a warranty deed. If any mortgages have
been given covering the land, it should be seen that
they are all discharged by the parties to whom they
were given. A discharge may be made either by a
written document, which should be placed on record,
I39]
40
PAST AND PRESENT PRICES OF LANDS.
or by the mcrtt^aijee writinv,^ " nischarifed " on the
face of tlie orii^iiial record, with the date and their
name.
By law of March 9, i S44, deeds from the Gov-
ernor and Jud)j;cs were reiiuired to be recorded at
length; and a transcript of the same was to be
prima facie evidence in cases where the original
deed would be evidence.
A further law of May 7, 1847, provided that it
should not be necessary to have or prove the
acknowledgments of the Mayor and Aldermen, in
the case of deeds duly executed by them. An Act
of April I, 1850, provided that in the case of deeds
and conveyances from the (iovernor and Judges
heretofore recorded, but not acknowledged, the
record of such deed, or a certified copy, should be
evidence in case it is proved the original deed is lost.
In addition to the other records, in the office of
the register of deeds, all subdivisions of property
in the city or county, and all plats affecting the
division of property, are required to be filed.
Up to January i, 18S1, the county register re-
ceived no salary, hired his own clerks, and was paid
solely by the fees of the office, which were estimated
to amount to from ten to twelve thousand dollars
yearly. By law of 1879, his salary is fixed by the
county auditors at not less than twenty-five hundred
dollars nor more than three thousand dollars per
annum, and all the fees are required to be paid into
the county treasury. The county registers have
been as follows: 1835, R. S. Rice; 1836, C. W.
Whipple; 1837-1841, George R. Griswold; 1841
and 1842, Josiah Snow; 1843-1847, Silas A. Bagg;
1847-1851, C. V. Selkrig; 1851-1855, Henry Cam-
pau; 1855 and 1856, H. R. Nowland; 1857-1861,
H. S. Roberts; 1861 and 1862, H. M. Whittlesey;
1863 and 1864, E. N. Eacroix; 1865--1869, W. E.
Warner; 1 869-1 873, Alonzo Eaton; 1873 and 1874,
John W. McMillan; 1875-1879, Charles Dupont;
1879 and iSSo, Henry Plass; 1881 and 1882, J. I.
Mitchell; 1883- , C. M. Rousseau.
Under Act of July 28, 1818, the governor was
authorized to appoint a city register for Detroit, to
record all papers concerning real estate. A further
law of March 27, 1820, provided that his compensa-
tion should be the same as that of the register of
probate ; and all deeds and mortgages, in order to
be valid as against any new purchaser, were re-
quired to be recorded before December i, 1821. A
law of July 14, 1830, authorized the register to ap-
point a deputy, and by law of March 22, 1837, the
office was abolished and its duties combined with
those of the county rej^ister. The following persons
served as city registers : 1 798- 1 804, Peter Audrain ;
1 806- 1 8 1 8, Joseph Watson ; 1 8 1 8- 1 822, A. E. Wing ;
1822 and 1823, A. G.Whitney; 1823-1825, E. A.
Brush; 1825, P. Lecuyer; 1826-1830, John Whip-
ple; 1830-1835, Theodore Williams; 1836, C. W.
Whipple.
PAST AND TRKSKN'T PRICKS OK LANDS.
In 1760 M. de Ik-llestre, the French commandant,
paid M. V'ernet a sum equal to $2,500 for two lots
whose combined s! 'e was onl)- 30x50 feet. In
1767, under English rule, /220, New York currency,
was paid for a lot forty feet wide on .St. James
Street extending througti to St. Ann's Street.
These prices for that early period seem enor-
mous; yet it is well known that such prices were
freciuenlly paid. Judge Woodward, in a letter
dated March 6, 1806, states that property in the old
town of Detroit bore so enormous a value that he
"would not n;uiie it, as it would be deemed incredible."
The protection afforded by the stockade, and the
privileges of trading, had much to do with the value
put on lots within the pickets. After the town
passed under the control of the United States, real
estate resumed its normal value, and prices became
more definite. According to tiie rei)ort of a com-
mittee appointed by the proprietors of lots, after the
fire of 1805, the value of lots 27x54 feet was
$123.50, and of lots 161x175 feet, $614.50. The
total value of all lots owned by the sixty-nine pro-
prietors was $14,205.50.
After the fire, and the distribution of the lots, the
highest sum paid for the excess was seven cents,
and the average four cents per square foot.
On March 6, 1809, forty-one of the Park Lots,
containing five and ten acres each, were sold at auc-
tion, the auctioneer being p.iid one fourth of one per
cent commission. The conditions of sale were one
fourth cash, one fourth in six months, and the remain-
ing half in twelve months from date of sale.
Upon these terms the following persons bought
the lots indicated, at the prices named :
Purchaser. No. of Lot. Price.
John Palmer 81 ... $55 00
Jacob Sanders 21 ... 21 50
Daniel Stevens 51 and 52 . . . 27 13
William Scott 40 ... 20 00
1 1, 12, 13, 14 ... 195 62
Riciiard Sniythe 72 and Tl . . . 23 78
" 53 ;i'iil 54 ■ ■ ■ 30 50
Solomon Sibley 49 and 50 . . . 24 74
22 and 23 . . . 26 87
42 and 43 ... 45 62
" 74. 75. 7^>. 77. and 78 ... 123 52
" " 8 .md 9 ... 1 1 5 00
B. Woodworth ... 24, 25. 26, 27 . . . 70 00
John R. Willianas 55 ... i- 55
47 and 48 ... 31 37
44and45 ... 45 62
... I, 2, 3, and 4 ... 188 75
John Whipple 68 and 69 ... 22 20
As late a
fiftt-en doll
purchaseil I
the "Cass
west cornel
with a fron
by one hunc
$2,010. In
on the nori
bridge Stre
1817 the In
Bates and I,
two hundrec
On \\m\ 15,
& Co. for $2
in the vicinit
auction by tl
purchasers w
Rowland sai
money are so
ing about tw
would not giv
In 1829 Da
Avenue, for n
for S200. 0
reported that
unsold, which
of less than se
On June id
tained the folic
HiiyiiiK and .sell
with sptciilators, h
from ten to tweni
(jovernor Cass has
back as Lariied Str
In January, 1
over three hunc
of property cha
of the city pape
As proof of the r;
ten acres of land, (
without any l)uildin
On June 15, 1
near Cass Stre
from S300 to ^\
On October
the amount of
water lots .selliiv
In Janu.-iry, \\
of ( Inswold anc
Bank of Michig;
July 25. 1859, it
for $12,550. Tl
feet on Griswoli
bought ten acret
Woodward A\'(
On May 28, 18,
PAST AND PRESENT 1M<ICES OF LANDS.
41
As late as 181 7 the Park Lots were valued at only
fiftt-en dollars per acre. In 181 5 Governor C;iss
purchased five hundred acres of land, now known as
the "Cass Farm," for $12,000. In 1816 the south-
west corner of Jeffer.son anil Woodward Avenues,
with a frontaj^'e of forty feet on Jefferson Avenue
hy one hundred on Woodward Avenue, was sold for
$2,010. In November, 1816, Lot 49, 40x80 feet,
on the northwest corner of Griswold and Wood-
bridjre Streets, was sold to 15. Stead for $1 1.90. In
1817 the University Lot, on the northwest corner of
Bates and Lamed Streets, eij^hty feet on Earned by
two hundred and ten on Bates Street, sold for §80.
On April 15, 1864, it was bouj^ht by Farrand, Sheley,
& Co. for $22,010. In 1819 a large number of lots
in the vicinity of the present City Mall were sold at
auction by the (lovernor and Judj^es. Among the
purchasers was Judge Sibley. After the sale Major
Rowland said to C. C. Trowbridge, " A fool and his
money are soon parted. Sibley has just been buy-
ing about twenty lots at seven dollars each, anil 1
would not give him seventy cents each."
In 1829 Da\iil Cooper bought the lot on Michigan
Avenue, for many years occupied by his residence,
for $200. On October 27, 1829, Robert Abbott
reported that there were .seventy-four city lots still
unsold, which were then worth $5,000, or an average
of less than seventy dollars each.
On June 10, 1835, the Journal and Courier con-
tained the following :
liiiyiriK and sclliin,' is the order of the day. Our cl.j
with speiuliitors, who are all on tiptoe. Several snii)j fortun .,
from ten to twenty thousand dollars have already been niauo.
( lovernor Cass has disposed of the front part of his farm, as far
back as Lamed Street, for $100,000.
In January, 1836, real estate was \eiy active, and
over three hundred and hfty thousand dollars' worth
of property changed hands. In February, 1836, one
of the city papers .said :
As proof of the rapidly inoriasinK v.tIiic of property in thi lity,
t(m aeres of land, one mile from the ri\'er on tlic Pontiac Koail,
without any huiitiin.ys, has been sold fur $io,o(x:).
On June 15, 1836, several lots on Jefferson ,\vcmic,
near Cass Street, were sold at auction, bringing
from $300 to $450 per foot front.
On October 18, 1836, lots on tht; Cass front, to
the amount of $190,000, were sold .at auction, the
water lots selling at from $146 to $220 per foot.
In Janu.'iry, 1843, the lot on the southeast corner
of Ciriswold and Congress Streets was sold by the
Bank of Michigan to the county for $1,800, ;ind on
July 25, 1859, it was sold at auction to C". H. Buhl
for $12,550. I'he lot has a frontage of thirty-tive
feet on Ciriswcld Street. In 1842 Colonel- Winder
bough! ten iicres of land on the northeast corner of
Woodward Avenue and High Street for $1,500.
On May 28, 1846. forty-two acres were purchased
for the proposed Elmwood Cemetery, for $1,858. A
lot on Jefferson Avenue, ne.irly oppo.site the Ex-
change, fifty-two feet front by seventy feet deep,
was .sold at auction, February 17, 1851, for $6,400, or
about $1 23 per foot front. The same year St. Paul's
Church Society sold sixty feet front by one hundred
feet dee|), on Woodward Avenue, where the church
then .stood, for $12,642, and four years later the
adjoining property, on the south, was sold by the
Presbyterian Church for $50,000.
In 1848 and 1850 II. R. Andrews bought the
ground on which the Detroit Opera House is located
for $6,500. In 1 86 1 it was sold by the executors of
his estate for $23,500. In 1867 it was sold for
$50,000, and in 1868 Dr. E. M. Clark paid $55,000
for the property.
The ground and building occupied by the First
National Bank were sold at auction October 4, 1855,
for $24,000, one third cash, and the remainder in
two years, without interest.
I n February, 1 860, the property on southwest cor-
ner of Criswold and Congress Streets, eighty feet
front on C.riswold by one hundred feet on Congress
Street, was sold to C. II. Buhl for $334 per foot
fn)nt.
in 1862 Mr. E. S. Heineman bought the house
and grounds on the north corner of Woodward
Avenue and Ailelaide Street for $20,000.
In 1863 the ti\e lots now occu[)ied by the Central
M. E. Church were bought for $8,600. In October
>f tli^ same year the lot on the northeast corner of
L : .;ress and Ranilolph .Streets, with a frontage of
fifty-four feet on Randolph Street by ninety feet on
Congress Street, with the buililing, sold for $9,000.
On November 11, 1863, two lots on the north side
of Jefferson .Avenue, near Wayne Street, twenty-five
feet front each, sold for $83 per foot front.
On July 10, 1873. one hundred and fifty-two lots
at the Grand Trunk Junction were sold for an aggre-
gate of $55,455; anil on July 18 ninety-two more
lots were sold for the sum of $28,1 10.
The lot on the northwest corner of Jefferson
Avenue and Griswojil Street w.is sold to Albert Ives
in September, 1876, for $27,000.
The size of lots varies accoriling to the fancy of
those who make the subdivisions. The usual sizes
are 30x100 and 50x150. According to the loca-
tion, either business or residence lots sell at from
$10 to $i,5ix) per foot frontage. Among the ni.iny
persons who have laid out large tracts into city lots,
Messrs. F. J. B. Crane, W. B. Wesson, Walter Crane,
John Gibson, and J. W. Johnston have been cspe-
ci.illy prominent. They have enriched themselves,
and promoted the intere.sts of the city by their busi-
ness sag.'icity, and it is l.irgely owing to their efforts
that so great a proportion of our inhabitants are
freeholders.
PART II,
HYGIENIC
Thk dim;
the early tra
here in 1757
l)c'auty and f
iiavinif ainins
snow. Tile i
find tlieir livi
All investi;
nioditled by t
late it seems t
is seldom sub
as are comino
mer temperat
A diary of th(
of July to th(
days, showed
twelve cloudy
fell. A recorc
five days, fnjir
1819, showed
thirteen variaL
snow. In the
perature in No
January 30', ar
ing the years
about the same
Boston, Buffak
The unconir
tumns and the
often been the
temperature, di
surfaces of this t
as soon as it fall
hardly sufficien
open winter is
spring, the pro
being about tw
always followe(
Our deepest anc
in February, \\
Winter often "
then, with a bou
The region is
phere, the inten;
its moonlight, ar
of its sunsets.
CHAPTER IX.
TIIK CLIMATIC OF DICTUOIT
Thk climate of Detroit very favorably impressed
the early travelers. M. tie IJoiigainville, wlio was
here in 1757, says: "The atmosphere is of j^aeat
beauty and serenity. It is a maj,Miiti(ent climate,
havinjf almost no cold weather, and only a little
snow. The cattle stay in the fields all winter and
find their li\iii)^ there."
All investij^ations indicate that the climate is
modified by the surroiindiniij bodies of water. Of
late it seems to be more variable than formerly, but
is seldom subject to such e.\tremes of heat and cold
as are common to the latitude. The mean of sum-
mer temperature is 67 ; in winter the mean is 26 .
A diary of the weather, kept in 1816, from the 24th
of July to the 22(1 of October, or for ei,i,duy-nine
days, showed that fifty-seven d;iys were fair and
twelve cloudy, and that <jn twenty days showers
fell. A record kept at the fort for one hundred and
five days, from Xovember 15, 1S18, to l-ebruary 28,
1819, showed forty days clear, forty days cloudy,
thirteen variable, and tweK'c cloudy, with rain and
snow. Ill the winter of 1818-1819 the average tem-
perature in November was 43 , in December 25 , in
January 30', and in February 33 ' l'"ahrenheit. Tak-
inj^ the years toi^ether, the mean temperature is
about the same as that of Elmira, Albany, Portland,
Boston, Buffalo, and Rochester.
The uncommon beauty and serenity of the au-
tumns and the usual mildness of our winters have
often been the subject of remark. The increased
temperature, due to the extensive and open-water
surfaces of this region, causes the snow to melt almost
as soon as it falls. In manywinters the snow hr- '^een
hardly sufficient for go(jd sleighing. A - <d
open winter is ordinarily succeeded by an early
spring, the proportion as to c( id or late springs
being about two to one. Cold, snowy winters are
always followed by cold and backward springs.
Our deepest and longest lasting snow usually occurs
in Februar)-, which is also the coldest month.
Winter often "lingers in the lap of Spring," and
then, with a bound, leaps into the arms of Summer.
The region is noted for the clearness of its atmos-
phere, the intense blue of its sky, the brilliancy of
its moonlight, and the gorgeous and glowing colors
ol its sunsets. Indeed, in these particulars, it not
only exi-cls the Eastern States, but rivals the far-
famed skies of southern Italy. We have in a single
month more cle.ir firmament, and of an inteiiser blue,
th.in th.it land has in half a year. 'i"he autumn here
is one of the most enjoyable of the sea.sons, afford-
ing a wonderful contrast to the dull, wet seasons of
Fur.ipeaii countries in the same latitude. I'lie latter
part of November is usually so mild that it is known
and enjoyed as the Indian .Summer. True, the
leaves are mostly gone from the trees, and nature
would seem cheerless but for a dreamy haze and a
springlike mildness in the atmosphere that more
than atones for the lost glories of summer.
The climate is the driest in the United States,
east of the head-waters of the Mississijipi. The
rains are ijuite etjually distributed through all but
the winter months, and they have only one sixth of
the entire precipii.ition. Crops seldom suffer for
want of moisture. .Vbout the end of September it
is usual to expect a r.iiny period of some days' dura-
tion, known as the "e(iuinoctial storm," but often-
times no such storm appears. During midsummer
violent rains of brief duration frequently come to
cool and clear the atmosphere, and a feature peculiar
to this locality is the rains that so often occur
during nights which are preceded and followed by
cloudless days.
In the months of December and February there
is the least rainfall. From February to June there
is a gradual increase. The mean fall of the spring
months is 2.8 inches. In June, the month of largest
precipitation, it amounts to 3.9 inches, and the mean
of the summer is 3.1 inches. The mean for Septem-
ber reaches 3.3 inches; in the autumn it is 2.4
inches. The average yearly rainfall, for the period
between 1840 and i860, was 3;^ feet. The greatest
fall of rain was in 1855, it being 6 feet; the least was
2^ feet in 1859.
As a rule, warm summers, if succeeded by dry,
pleasant autumns, are followed by mild and open
winters. Cold summers and autumns are ordinarily
succeeded by cold winters, the exceptions being
about one to two, and the probabilities are four to
one that early springs will be followed by warm and
pleasant summers.
In winter the prevailing winds are west or west-
L.sl
V2
^
/a
^l
'a
>^
7
IMAGE EVALUATION
TEST TARGET (MT-3)
1.0 Iri- IIM
I.I
2.2
2.0
1.8
1.25
1.4 IIIIII.6
^-b^
^^
Q,
1
iV
46
CLIMATIC OF DF/I'KOIT,
crly. In thi; spriiii;, for nearly half tlic time, cast and
northeast winds i)rcvail. The winds vary from cast
to west and from northeast to soulii, seldom romin.sf
from tile northwest, in summer soiitiiwest winds
are most prevalent ; east and west winds are also
fre(iuent, but tiiere are few northwest or southeast.
Autumn brin,v,'-s westerly winds, varying from south-
west to south. Takini; the yearly averaj>:e, probably
two thirds of the winds are southwest, west, and
northwest.
Of course tliere are exceptions to all the above
ji;eneral rules, and some of these exceptions, j^leaned
from old records and letters, will astonish the "old-
est inhabitant." Jonathan Carver states that in
October, 1763, dense black clouds hunj,^ over the
city, from which fell rain of a sulphurous odor, and
of such dark color that some was collected and used
as ink. The winter of 1779-1780 was the most
severe on record. Horses and cattle died from
exposure to the cold, and in the spring hundreds of
them were found dead in the woods. On .May 16,
1780, C(jlonel De Pey.ster wrote to Colonel Bolton
at Niagara, saying: "After the most severe winter
ever remembered at Detroit, this is the earliest we
think prudent to venture a vessel to Fort Erie." In
the spring and summer of 1782 the rains, the most
violent ever known, washed away ;i large portion of
the embankment of Fort Lernoult. Farly in i 784
an extraordinary frost set in, extending all over this
region. The oldest resitlent could not remember
any such dee]) snow as that of ilie succeeding win-
ter ; in some places it was live or six feet deep,
and caused great distress. .\s late as .March 6 the
snow was four feet deej). In Lake St. Clair, a mile
from the shore, the ice was three feet thick, and it
did not disappear until May.
The winter of 1811-1812 brought an earthquake
in place of storms. Its first and most destructive
manifestations occurred at New Madrid on the Mis-
sissippi. On December 16, 181 1, it destroyed the
entire village, which was located on a bluff, fifteen
feet above high-water tnark, sinking it five feet un-
der water. .Sand-bars and islands disappeared,
lakes sixty miles long and one hundred feet deep
were formed, and the air was fu" of suljihurous
vajjor. Up to December 21 shocks were of daily
occurrence, and they were felt at intervals until late
'.1 February. They were especially severe about
thirty miles below New Madrid, and were felt all
over the valley of the Ohio as far east as Pittsburgh.
They were especially noticeable at Detroit on Janu-
ary 22 and 23, on the 24th, at 7 P. M., and also on
February 7, 1812.
In i8r6, at Detroit, ice formed every month in the
year. From the 14th to the 20th of .\pril, 1821,
eight inches of snow fell. The winter of 1S23 was
very mild. Flowers blossomed in the winter out of
doors, and a ves.sel arrived from Sandusky on Janu-
ary 13. On May I. 1S24, there was a foot of snow
on the ground. In 1826 the winti:r wiis so mild
that grass is said to have grown ,-i foot in January.
November 12, 1827, was remarkable as being a very
dark day. In October, 182S, there were extensive
fires in the woods, caused by lack of rain, and last-
ing for two weeks. They began on the Huron
River, and ran over a large portion of the State. It
was impossible to see hou.ses along the road. Arti-
cles exposed gathered a sticky residuum from the
smoke. It was humorously said that a pig which one
man killed became good bacon while he was dressing
it. 1829 was a dry season, but the traditional "six
weeks of sleighing in the month of February" were
duly enjoyed. On December 4. 1833, there was no
ice, and steamers and schooners were arriving and
departing. February 22, 1834, there was a great
gale of wind that l)lewdown chimneys and unroofed
houses. Fi'bruary 8. 1835, the mercury was below
zero all over the country. The winter of 1838 was
particularly mikl. ( )n Januai'y 8 the steamer Robert
Fulton arrived from lUilT.-ilo. March 23, 1840, a
snow-storm beg;ui which lasted eighteen hours, and
eight inches of snow fell. In 1S45 .steamers arrived
from Buffalo every month in the year.
In 1853, with the exception of a slight shower on
September i.^, there was no rain all the summer and
autumn, up to October 21. Fires in the woods were
numerous, and the fog in Detroit was disagreeable
and druigerous, old citizens actu;dly losing their way
in the .streets. The spring ;uid summer of 1855
were rainy, and the wheat w;is generally damaged;
the winter was cjuite severe. In January and Febru-
ary, 1856, there was continuous sleighing. In the
fall of 1856 and the winter of [857 the public were
amused with the prophecies of W. W. Ryan in
regard to the weather. On January 27 he gave a
lecture at the City Hall. In 1859 there was frost
every month, and especially heavy frosts on the
4th and loth of June and the 3d and 4th of July did
great damage to fruits and vegetables. January i,
1864, there was a sudden fall in temperature from 10°
above freezing point on December 31 to 20 "below on
January i. The summer of 1865 was one of the
hottest for many years, and much rain fell; the In-
dian Summer, extending all through November, was
particularly warm. From the 19th to the 20th of
January, 1866, the temperature fell 60°. On the 2d
and the 4th of May, 1867, there was a frost. On
the I.St and the 2d of March, 1868, immense quan-
tities of snow fell, almost stopping travel. Other
snow-storms came on the 2d, 3d, 4th, 7th, i8th, and
25th of .Vpril; in fact, all through the month, and all
thrr)ugh May, there were frosts, which were especially
noticeable on the i8th. On .\pril 12, 1869, there
was a light fall of snow, and on the next day a heavy
snow-storm. On October 23, while the trees were in
full foliage, six inches of snow fell, and many trees
CLIMATE OF DKTROIT.
47
were broken with its weight. On April 26, 1870,
over one hundred vessels were waitin.u^ at the St.
Clair Flats for the iee to move out of the ehannel,
where it was fully ten feet in heitjht.
On April 20, 1871, ice one fourth of an ineh in
thickness formed at ni^dit; and on Auj^nst 17, 18, and
ig there were iieavy frosts. .\o rain had fallen for
a lonjj time, and it was very dry. In .September and
October there were extensive fires in Michij^an and
the West, followed by the i^reat fire in Chica,t,^o.
December 23, 1871, there was a severe wind-storm.
The winter which followed was very severe.
April 13, 1872, occurred a storm of wind, which
did much damai^e to vessels and poorly built houses.
January 29, 1873, was the coldest day of the
season, the mercury ranj^injj^ from 18 to 35' below
zero. April 3 two inches of snow fell. On December
4 a wind-storm did much damage, blowing down
chimneys and signs ami unrooting houses.
April 5, 1874, snow fell sullicit'nt for good sleigh-
ing, and on May 7 ic-e formed. The next month, on
June 28, the mercury was 98' in the shade.
On March 3, 1875, snow fell fifteen inches on a
level. On June 27 there was an occurrence entirely
unusual. -Vbout 6 i'. M. a whirlwind commenced
near the corner of Ash and Williams Streets, and
made its way across Crand River Avenue, a dis-
tance of nearly a mile, sweeping a track fully one
hundred and fifty feet wide, destroying thirty-three
small buildings and injuring twenty-eight others.
Two persons were killed and ten slightly injured.
March 20, 1876, there was a severe snow-storm.
July 5, there was a very heavy wind; trees were
uprooted, carriages and wagons overturned, vessels
dragged their anchors, and the ferry-boats were
compelled to stop running. In December ice
twelve inches in thickness was fornu'd in the river.
On the 15th and i6th, there was a very severe wind,
and the snow and ice were piled up in great masses
in front of the city.
On January 15, if'77, there was a heavy snow-
storm, which for a time stoi)ped all travel. Febru-
ary 7 was extraordinarily warm, and on March 20
there was a sh.irp snow-storm, accompanied by
thunder and lightning. It so affecti'd the ek'ctrical
apparatus in connection with the City Hall bell that
at every fia.sh the bell struck one.
In 1878 no ice formeil until February g. There
was no snow until February 1 1, and boats kept on
running. For a week in the July following, the
mercury ranged from 90° to ioo\ On July i there
was a very heavy thunder-storm and much rain.
In J;uniary and February, 1879, there were no
frosts, but on the 6th and the 17th of June this
remissness of the winter was atoned for. (^n July
10 there was an immense fall of rain, flooding the
sewers and filling cellars. On August i hailstones
as large as walnuts fell in great quantities; during
the last week in January, 1S81, and the first two
weeks in the February following, we had clear
weather and sunshine every day, and the ground
was entirely free from snow.
The first two weeks of February, 1883, were in
marked contrast ; there were several inches of snow,
and the trees during the entire period were covered
with sleet and ice. During the night of Monday,
May 21, there was a heavy wind, accompanied with
rain, which turned to hail and snow the next morn-
ing, the storm continuing at inter\-als all the day.
On the night of Septemlx'r 8 there was a heavy
frost, which did great damage to fruits and vege-
tables.
SPFcrMEN OP Tornado WoKK, {Fyoin a f<l,otofrafh.)
CII AI'TER X.
DISEASKS.— DOCTORS. Ml'.DlCAI. SOflKTII'lS.
DISK, ASKS.
Di'VCRorr camiot he riTomniciulcd as the paradise
of ])liysicians. 'I'lu; j^ciieral inildiu-ss of llic climate,
liic pure breezes from tile river and lal<e, tlie com-
plete system of drainavje, for which there are excep-
tional facilitit'S, the inexhatistible supply of sujierior
water, the abinidance anil \ariety of tish, meat,
fruits, and wj^alables in its markets, the fa\'orable
sanitary contlitions, resiiltini,^ from our wide and
well-kept streets, the enlightened and efficient
efforts of the Health Officers and Sanitary Police,
the almost entire absence of tenement houses, and
the fact LJiat a lari^e majority of the inhabitants own
their homes, are ;ill to be taken into account in
explaininj^ its fortunate contlition as one of the most
healthy cities in the world.
In cases of disease, these ailvantai^es are favor-
able to the physicians, niakintj their prescrijjtions
more effective and increasinj>; the averaije of cures.
The doctors thus i;et full credit for their skill, and
this fact, added to other desirable features, makes
the city attracti\e to physicians as a place of resi-
dence, notwithstandintr its jreneral healthfiilness.
Durinyj the last forty years the prevailing; diseases
have been malarious fever, rheumatism, pneumonia,
choleraic affections, croup, and pleurisy. There
have also been occasional visitations of the ordi-
nary epidemic and contaii^ious diseases, such as
influen/.a, measles, sciirlet-fever, small-pox, etc.,
and within twenty years typhoid, or rather typho-
malari.il fc\ers and diphtheria have been added to
the above list, whic-h, it will be observed, embraces
only the diseases common to temperate climates.
Detroit has an advanta^^e over other ordinarily
healthy cities in the same latitude, in that these dis-
eases, when they occur, are exceptionally mild in
type. The yearly death-rate averacfes only about
twenty for every i.ooo persons. The total number
of deaths reported in iSSowas 1,074; in 1881, 1,709;
in 1882, 2.712; and in 18S3, 2,957.
Old records show that in 1703 the small-pox
made severe inroads upon the infant colony. It is
also undoubtedly true that the first American settlers
suffered mucli from fever and ai;;ue, and whiskey, as
an antidote, wiis freely used by almost every one.
In Course of time quinine was substituted, and this,
combined with other remedies, was tlrst atlmiiiistered
under the n.ime of Dr. Saj^pinv^ton's I'ills.
In the fall and winter of 1813 a sex'ere epidemic
prc\ailed in Oeneral I larrison's army. Hundreds of
soldiers died, and were buricil near the fort. The
remo\al of their remains in 1826, ai the time the
Military Reserve was laiil out into lots, was doubt-
less one of the causes of the illni'ss of that vcar
which carried away II. J. Hunt, A. C. Whitney, and
other prominent citizens.
The first serious cpiilemic amoni^ citizens occurred
in 1832, and in anticipation of its cominj^- the Hoard
of Health, on June 25, issued ])rinted instructions
for the prevention and cure of the cholera, includinj);
lists of medicines and prcscriinions for children and
adults. The mayor's proclamation, ajipended to
these instructions, forbade vessels from any other
port to approach within a hundred yards, or to land
any person until after an examination by a health
oflicer.
On July 4 the .steamer Henry Clay arrived; she
was on her way to Chicai^^o with three hundred and
.seventy soldiers for tlu' Ulack Hawk War, under
command of Colonel T\\ij;j>-s. On July 5 one of the
soldiers died of cholera, and the vessel was immedi-
ately ordered to Hoij Island. From there she went
on her way, but the disease attacked so many of the
troops that it was useless for the vessel to proceed,
and she was compelled to stop at I'"ort (Iratiot.
From there the soldiers betjan to make their way to
Detroit, but many of them died on the road, and
were devoured by wild beasts ; only one hundred
and hfty reached the city, arrixiny; here about July
8. They then embarked on the steamboat \\'m.
Penn, but the disease compelled them to leave the
vessel, and they went into camp at Siiringwells,
where they remained until the scouixc had expended
its force.
Meanwhile, on July 6, two citizens died of the dis-
ease, and a panic was at once created. Many per-
sons left their business and tied from the city. In
the country the excitement was even greater than at
Detroit. On the arrival of the mail-coach at Ypsi-
lanti, the driver was ordered by a health officer to
[48]
disi:asi;s.
49
stop, thai an examination of passt-iijujfrs niii^lit be
made. The driver rcfllsinl,^ his iiorscs were fired
on ; one was killed, and tiie driver iiitnself had a
narrow escape. At other jiiaci's fences wert' l)iiilt
across tile roads, and traveit'rs were compelled to
turn b.tck. At Rochester persons from Di'troit wt're
turned out of the hotel and their ha.i^.^ane thrown
after theni, and the [jridijes were tniMi ii]) to prevent
persons from enteriniithe vilLij^e. At I'ontiac ai)o(ly
of men were armed, and si'ntinels were stationed
on the hii^hw, y to ]ire\-ent ingress. One of the
citi/t'ns of this latter place, Dr. I'oriei-. canu' here to
investii^ate the tliseast', hut on his relui"n he was
refused admiltanee to his own home ;uid com|)elletl
to revisit our city. In Detroit the lioard of Health
issued ren'iiiar bulletins, ;nul the court and jury-
rooms in the old capitol wxre used for hospital ]nir-
poses. Hy .Auj,Mist i 5 the epidemic was ])ractical!y
over. The deaths, nini'ty-six in number, could be
ir.'iced in most instances to iiUemper.ance ar,(l care-
lessness.
Two years later the disease ai;;iiu .appeared, ;uul
this time with added horrors. It l)ei;;in its work of
destruction the first of .\uniist, .and continued till the
last of Se|)teml)ei. The i^featest number of deaths
in any one d.ay was sixteen. In twenty days there
were one hunilred and twenty-two di-.aths fi'om
cholera, .and tifty-seven from other causes. Ninety-
five of these victims were str.an^'ers. Se\-en per
cent of the population died in a month. 'J'he old-
est and best citizens, as well as those conipar.ati\'ely
unknown, were numbered amoni( the dead. Busi-
ness was hardly thoui;ht of. 'I'he air appe.ari'd un-
usually oppressive, and to |)urify it l.irne ki'ttles of
pitch were burned at ni^ht in front of v.arioiis houses,
and at interv.als aloni^ the streits; the burial rite was
shortened; and persons were not .allowed to enter
or leave the city without inspection .and due del.iy.
It h.ad been the laistom to toll the bell on llu' occa-
sion of a death, but the tolling' became so fre()uent
th.at it iiKa'cased the i),anic, ,and w, as therefore discon-
tinued.
Mayor Trowbridi^e w.as especially .activt'. D.ay
after day he visited the hospital, .and in m.any w.ays
cared for the sick, most honor.ably fultdliuj;- his
duties as the chief m.a^istrate of the city in its time
of {greatest nwd. ;\ nurse corps w.as ort;'.ani/ed. .and
anioni; those who (L^.ave sjieci.al and |ierson.il .atten-
tion to the p.atients were Drs. Whitiny, Rice, .and
Chapin, Peter Desnoyers, Z. Ch.andler, John i''.armer,
and W, N. C.ariienter.
Some of the p.atients were s,a\ed by the c.ire of
volunteer attendants .after they h.ad been i^iven up by
the reinul.ar physici.ans. In the case of one ni.in thus
fr'wvu o\-er, Mr. I'.irmer .asked if he mii;ht ni\e the
man some " No. 6." The .answer w.as " ^'es ; ^ixc
him anienic if you want to," meanini; that the
man's case w.as hojieless. Some " No. '') " was .ad-
ministered; the man's jnilse ri'turned. he ii^ot better,
.an.d in three d.ays w.as uji .and ,at his work.
Tall, strong-, bnive l.ather M.artiu Kiuulii;- out-
shone .and oultlid .all others by his tireless devotion
to the sick .and tlu- dyini;. So(jn after the cholera
madt' its appear.ance, l'"ather Kundi.i^ bou,i(ht the old
l'resl)\ teri.in Clninh, which h.ad just been moved to
till' northwest corner of li.ates Street and Michi).;an
(ir.and .Avenue, .and divided it into two ap.artments,
for m.ale .and female patients rt'specti\ely. ( )ut of
four rows of pews, every second one was removed,
and his hosiiital w.as re.atly, A one-horse ambulance
was then prepared, .and mornintj after mornini;', ni,v;ht
after nii^ht, he wint here and there, j.j<atlu'rinn' in the
sick .and t.akini^- them to the refuse which combined
s.anctuary .and hospit.al. lie w.as so much of the
time .amoinf the p.alients that he was .axoided on the
stia'cts lest he should s[)re.ad thi' cont.i)L;ion. I'viiig
|)alients, as the\' p.issed .aw.ay, connnitted their chil-
dren to his care, and ilie trust was f.aithfully admin-
istered. The Le.nisl.alure, on March i.S, 1H37, voted
him $3,000 in .acknowletl^inent of his services ; but,
as is show 11 elsewhere, he w.as never fully reimbursed
for the expenses he iiKan'red.
1''.u1k r Kuiulii;' w.as ably seion.ded by the Catholic
Kemale Association and by the Sisti'rs of St. ClairC'
Mi'. Alpheus While .also rendered el'licient aid, not
only ncL^K'ciiiu.;- his business himself, but xi\in,i,^ also
the time of his employees.
In June, 1X49, the reappearance of the cholera
w.as feared, ,and the follow ini( notice appeared in the
daily papers :
riiK piMiMt: scHooi-s:.
I-'ritla)', the jjtl in-^t. li;i\iii,i.; l)i'.'n a|)|j.)iiUt-il l)y liis Honor, ttie
Mayor, iis a clay of prayir, fastiiij;, and Uianks^'iviu>; in view of
an ini|)i'nding and tfrril)le yet witliluld cpidrniir, llir I'nljlic
Stliools of till.- cily will llirrcforc l)c- dismissed for tliat day.
l.K\l lilSllcil',
Chiih-num Vt>nniiittie on Sihools.
.At this time the citizens turned out in force to
clean up the city and to sei' that .all nuisances were
abated. The Common Council, ,at the sin.;-,ijestion of
the lioard of Health, n.issed an ordinance forbiddinjr
the sale of fresh tlsh, oysters, fruits, xeoetables, \'eal,
or pork. On |ul\' 9 the first death took place. July
16 there were three deaths. July 18 there were
four, and on the i9ih there were ten ca.ses of
choler.a. On tlu' 23d three died, and on the 25th
.seven deaths were reported. The niort.ality con-
tinued to iiu fease, the .a,n'nTe,y;ate of interments for
the month bein;;' se\en hundred .and eighty-one.
The avcr.aife of deaths from choler.a w.as twelve per
day, and on several days the number of deaths
r.ani^ed from thirty-tive to forty. From the 1st to the
2oth of Aui^ust the number of deaths was two hun-
dred .and ei,nhty.
50
DISEASI'.S. — DOCroKS.-MKDICAL SDCIIuTIKS.
The scoiiri,re, at tliis tiiiK', was a national one, rtnd
by ])n)claniati(iii of I'lvsidcnt Taylor ilie first l''ri(lay
ill August was oi)scrvc(l as a day of fasliiiy^ and
prayer. Soon after this tlu; mortality decreased, and
on Aui^iist 22 a Committee of the L'oiineil, ap|)ointed
to make a daily re|)ort, was disehai'm'd, and the ordi-
nance prohihitini,' the sale of certain fruits, meats
and ve,ijetal)les was rescinded. < )n Aii.i,aist 25 the
disease a^ain broke ont, nii^ed with vinilence until
the early part of SeptembiT, and then i^radiially snb-
sided. Its last victim died on Sei)tember 12.
In 1X54 the ]iestilence ai(ain visited the city, and
the |);i|)ers made daily a|:)pe;ils tociti/.ens to " sprinkle
lime." It made its appearance in the latter |),irt of
May. In Jnne the number of deaths avera,v;x'(l two
or three per day. In July the number of deaths
from all causes was two hiuidred and fifty-nine, a
majority beini;' ri'ported as from cholera. Diu'iny
Augtist the scourge disap[)earetl.
llOCl'OKS.
" Medicine men " are no modern innovation.
The red men of the forest used Umg words and mys-
terious decoctions long before the French chintr-
i^eoiis came. The Wa-be-no, a secret society of In-
dian prophets, or medicine men, once held its annual
meeting near Springwells, and their mystic incanta-
tions and incomprehensible compounds formed a
fitting prelude to the cabalistit; signs and abbreviated
Latin of their regular and irregular successors.
The old records of St. Anne's Church contain the
names, not only of the cures, but of the healers as
well, and as early as May 9, 17 10, the name of
M. Henry Hellisle, Cliiniri^con, was inscribed there-
in. The names of others appear, on the following
diites : November 26, 1715, M.Jean Haptiste For-
ester; January 20, 1720, .M. Pierre Jean Chapaton,
Jr. February 8, 1755, the name of (iabriel Christo-
pher Legrand, "Surgeon-Major of the Troops,"
appears. The records also show that, as a titled
surgeon, he outranked any of his predecessors or
successors. He was the ".son of (iabriel Louis Le-
grand, ICsq., Sieur de Sintre, Viscount de Mortoim,
Chevalier of the Royal and Military Order of St.
Louis, and of Henriette Catharine de Creniay."
A return of January 12, 1761, by Cieorge Croghan,
of i)ersons employed by the (iovernment at Detroit,
contains the name of " Doctor Antoney," at " live
shillings per day." This is undoubtedly meant for
the name of Dr. (leorge C. .Inthon. He came to
Detroit on November 29, 1760, with Major Rogers,
and was the .sole medical officer of the post. The
troops of the army and navy, the inhal)itants, and
the Indians, all alike in turn were patients of tliis
gifted physician. He resigned on August 4, 1786.
In 1780 the name of Dr. William Menzies ap-
pears.
The earlier physicians carried medicines and little
scales, wi-ighing out their pre.scri])tions ,'it the houses
of their ii.'itients, .and their long<'ues, powdered hair,
■and rul'tk'd shirt-fronts enforced the rt'spi'cl which
their jirofession conimandetl. In his reflation to
their pt'rson.il well-being, the doctor often comes to
be esteemed and ri'verenced .among men as much
as the i),istor. His touch .and his tread become
known .and loved, .and his (luestions .and his (|uassia
even are longed for. The n.imes of some of the
physici.ans of the ])ast .are "as ointment poured
forth." ;ui(l their memory lingers like the perfume of
cedars; strength .and gr.ice were theirs. Among the
most widely known of the i)hysici.ins of former days
were the following :
William McCroskey, William 15rown, Stephen C.
Henry, J. L. Whiting, M.irsh.tU Ch.apin, Dougkis
Houghton, 1".. lliu-d, Zin.i I'itcher, A. L. I'orter, R.
S. Rice. Slulomilh S. ilall, .1. R. 'i"erry, ( '.eorge B.
Russell, .\br.ih.am S.iger. [. 1>. Scovel, L. I'. Starkey,
Robert McAIillan, T. 11. Cl.ark, V.. A. Theiller, H. P.
Cobb, L. H. Cobb, F. (i. Di'snoyers, I'"rancis Breck-
enridge, Justin Rice, Linus Mott, J. H. Bagg, E. W.
Cowles, Pliny Power, Moses (kmn, J. C. (lorton, E.
B.atwell, C. S. Trii)ler, C. N. Fge, Ira M. Allen, J.
M. .\lden, David Inglis, F. H. Dr.ike, Cieorge Bige-
low, F. \L Clark, .\. L. Lel.and, J. J. Oakley, Lsaac
S. Smith, N. 1). Stebbins, S. B. Thayer, S.'m. Ax-
ford, Rufus Brown, I). Day, F. R.ane, A. B. Palmer,
L. C. Rose, M. P. Stewart, S. (L Armor, A. S. Hea-
ton, and I). O. F.arr.ind.
The physicians now resident in Detroit are located
conveniently all over the city. Many of them are
established on .anil near Lafayette Avenue, and those
desiring treatment by any of the popular "pathies "
of the day can l^e acconunodated.
Two .Medical Colleges gradu.ate .a large niunber of
students every ye.ar, sever.al excellent hosjiit.als afford
exceptional clinical advantages, and .a number of
valuable medical joinai.als .are published in the city.
MKDK Af, .SOLIKTIKS.
While the doctors have often been enabled to
keep their patients alive, their own societies have
over .and .ag.ain died for want of care and because of
improper treatment. It is evidently easier to com-
pound drugs th.an to harmonize the views of mem-
bers of the profession, and a di.agnosis of some
" Society" cases would perhaps reveal .symptoms of
ment.al poisoning.
The first society w.as authorized by an Act of the
Legislative Council of June 14, 1819. Under this
Act the physici.ans .and surgeons of the Territory
were .authorized to meet in Detroit on July 3, 1819,
to form a medical society,
The Act also i^rovided for the formation of county
societies, who were authorized to e.xamine persons
si'i'king tc
fee of Sio
without su
.aster of so
these org.ai
Society w;
president ;i
ye.ars later
organized.
Medical Si
lived for t
on .August
n.ame w.as
aiul W. 1 1
organizatio
A W.ayi
org.anized J
for ten ye;
Honid'opat
org.anized
J.anu.ary 20
this institu
1878-1SS1.
1882, R. (
Porter. 1
1S83
maintained
MEDICAL socii:tii:s.
51
si.'fkiiin' to jiracticc, and to t;rant diplomas. A
ka; of Sio was to l)c \xM for v;n-\\ diplonia, and
without siuli (li|)loina no one inii^lit practice. Dis-
aster of sonic l<in(l soon terminated tile existence of
these ()rt,^'uii/.ations. In 1839 tlu' Micliiyan Medical
Society was in existence, with D. ( ). Iloyt as
president ;ind !■".. \V. Cowles as secretary. A few
years later the Sydenham Medical Society was
orc^anizcd. It ceased in I1S4S. The Wayne County
Medical Society w.is ori^ani/.ed in May, 1S66, and
lived for ten years. It was then dish.anded, and
on An,!L;iist (7, hS;^, n new society by the .same
name was ori;ani/,ed. William Jirodie, president,
and \V. 11. Rouse, secretary, have served from its
organization.
A Wayne County I lomneopathit: Institute was
orirruiized July 3, i<S6S, and continued in existence
for ten years. It was succeeded, in 1878, by the
Ilonid'opathic Collejije of I'hysici.ans and Sur.i,^eons,
orii^ani/.ed October 2\, 1878, and incorporated on
January 20, 1879. The presidents and recorders of
this institute have been as follows : Presidents,—
1878-1881, K. X. Sprani^er; i88[. C. C. .Miller;
1S82, R. C. Olin; 1883, J. McCuire; 1884, I'hil.
I'orter. Recorders, — 1878-1883, J. C. Gilchrist;
1883 , J. M. Cririin. Since April, iSSo, it has
maintaineJ a Free Dispensary, which is a con-
tinu.ition of a I'rce Iloma-oiiathic Dispensary organ-
ized by a number of ladies in 1876.
The Detroit Academy of Medicine was organized
on .September 18, 1869, at the ollice of Richard
Inglis. The otlicers h.ivi' been ,'is follows: I'resi-
deiits, — 1869, Rich.ird Inglis; 1870, !•;. W. Jenks;
1871, II. I". I.yslir; 1872, J;uiies F. \oyes; 1873,
Henry A. Cleland ; 1874, K. L. Shurly; 1875, C. B.
(filbert; 1876, ("leorge I'. Andrews; 1877, Leartus
Connor; 1878, A. 15. Lyons; 1S79 ;md 1S80, Theo-
dore A. .McC.r.iw; 18S1, 11. (). Walker; 1882-
, Judson llr.idlcy. .Secretaries, — 1869, W. II.
Lathrop; 1870, .A. I>. Lyons; 1871, L. Connor;
1872, A. H. Lyons; 1873, i'"r;uik Livermore; 1874,
A. li. Lyons; 1875. II. (). W.alker; 1876 and 1877,
James I). Munson; 1878, ]•;. A. Chapoton; 1879
and 1880, J. \V. Robertson; 1881, A. K. Carrier;
1882, Morse Stew.irt, Jr.; 1883- , A. H. Lyons.
The Detroit Medical and Library Association was
organized October 4, 1876, and incnr|iorated March
12, 1877. The officers have been as follows:
Presidents, — 1877, J. .V. lirown ; 1878, A. .S. Ileaton;
1879, K. L. Shurly; 1880, II. A. Cleland; 1881,
T. A. McC.raw; 1882, X. W. Webber ; 1883
R. A. Jamieson. .Secretaries, - 1877 and 1878,'!'.
F. Kerr; 1879, F. D. Porter; 1880- , Willard
Chaney.
I
H
C]':Mi'/n:uii:s.
C II A I'T I': R XI
Al.S AND Sl'.Xl'ONS. ColNTV Ci )Ri )NI:RS.
cIvMi;ii:kii.s.
Till': fcnii'teries of the past ami the present aiv
naturally tlu'idcd into ci^lit classes, \i/. : Tlu- old
Indian burial ])laccs, the Military, Catliolir. I'roiis-
tant, t'ily, Jewish, .and l.iilhci'.in ;>;rnunds, ;uul the
ccniftrrics of piixalc i'oi-porati<ins,
lihii'aii lUiiial I'liUiS.
" They h;i\'c put tin- s.iiid o\rr him " w;is the
common Indi.m rxprrssion whm lcllini;(if the death
of one of the tribe, I )iie of ihi' plares where the
hiilian de.ad were buried was the N,i\arre' I'';irm,
more lately known as the llrt'voort [''.nan. I><iih
the village! and the buri.al place of the I'oi.iwat.imies
were there, and the tiibe deeded tiie entire' f.iian to
Robert \';i\-;iri-e on M.iy 26, 1771, The ikwl s.iid,
"We ,i;'i\-e him this land fore\-ei- that he m,i\- culti-
vate, till! same li'^ht ,a lire thereon, ,ind take c.ire of
our de.ad ; and for suret\- of oui" word we h.ive
made oin- mai'ks, sup|)orted by two br.anches of
w.ampimi." .\t v.arions times since the det'd w.as
made the march of im|)ro\ement and the siiovel
of tile Milesian have si'riously disturbed the le-
m.ains of the dusky foiaiis there buried. In 1S67,
while W'oodbrid.ne .Street w.as bein,v^\!L;raded, twenty-
live or thirty skeletons were exluuned. There were
also fountl several pipe-bowls, to^ellier with tom.a-
hawks .and llints in i;re,it number. ( )ther remains
have been found within the last few years,
Milita>y Binyi/i^' {hnuiids.
As early .is \'](^'s, and prob.ibly nmch e.irlier, the
j^routid inmiediately in t!ie re.ar of the present First
N;ition;il I5ank Vwis used .as a milit.iry i)iu-i;il-place.
After the l)attle of Bloody ISriiljre, or liloody Rini,
the reiiKiins of Captain D.ilyeii,' anil other oflicers
who perished in lh.it fe;M-ful mass.acre, were buried
there. In i(S47, while workmen were exc.av.atini;-
for ;i buildini;- near die northeast corner of Ciriswold
and \Voodbridj;e Streets, skeletons .and portions of
oId_ tonil).st()ne.s were found; .and one stone w.as
broken up and put in the cellar-w.ill. It is ;i s.ad
cnmment.'irv on the spirit of the .a-c tli.it there is
scarce a ii;nive or i^nivestone left, or even .a record
of the present pl.ice of burial of those who dieil at
Detroit ,a ccnlurv ai;o. .VII, ,ill, h.ive dis.ippe.ired I
The tombstone of ll.amtr.amck .alone I'ein.ains as a
memorial stone for the: thous.ands who p.assed away
before him.
In i.Si;, .and lan-r, ,1 poi'iiou of the ,i;i'oiinils be-
loni^inv; to I'ort .Slulbv, .and even the j^i.aci^: itself,
w.as used .as .a buri.al-pl.nc. Seven bundled soldiers
Were buried West of the fort in the winter of 1S13-
1S14. ( )n < >et(]ber 51, 1X17, Lieutenant John 15r(.oks
w.as burn d 011 iju' ,i:;roun(ls of the fort, I'lieri: was
,1 lon;^' fimcr.al procession, and the servii'es were con-
ducted by Rev. .\lr. I.,arned,
After the jL;rantinn- of the .Milil.i:-y Ki'serve to the
city, the street commissionei-, on .Vui.;nst 27, 1X27,
was directed to re-inter, in the new cemetery, the
bones of soldiers which were exposed by ^r.adinn'
.about tlie foit ; .and .1 l,ir>^-e number were removed.
'Idle .i^roiind w.as located bctwi-en .Michigan .and La-
f.iyette .Avenues, and ociuipied .a ji.art of both blocks
between \\'a\ ne .and I'ii'st Streets. In 1 .S
33'
wlieii
> Often written Ualzell
Cass Street w.as Wwv^ pawd, many cot'fms were dut;
up, .and exc.av.ations for cell.ars in th.at loc.ality have
frequently unearthed other old i;r,ives. In 1869
twenty-live bodies Were duv;- up on Ca.ss Street, and
in i.S.Si, while prep.ua'ni;- found.alions for a new block
on the coiaier of MichiL;",in A\enue .and Cass Street,
the rem.iins of sever.al bodies \wxii revealed.
The little enclosure showai ;it the left in the pic-
ture of Deti'oit in I7</) is bi'liewd to h.i\e been a
ijr.avey.ai'd, .and from ;i comp.iia'son of ni.aps and
pl.ans it seems prob.ible that the bones alluded to in
the Detroit Journ.al of December 9, I1S29, were from
this little niilit.ary bnri.al-|il;ice. The [ourn.al .s.ays:
'I'lu- uiMkiiu-ii ciiipl.ijTcl hj- Maj.)r Si h wail/ in niinn ill,., i-urth
fiDiii priiiiiMS adjiiiiiini; tlu; .Maiisimi It.mse in this city disciivcred
a toiiibst.iiu; iiisciilird til t'.nsi.is'ii Jiiliii ( layu of jist Kiijiniciit of
KcKit. Masonic cmhlnns aro iiii;TavLd ml it. '\\\k date is 1778.
What was done with tiie stone is now unknown.
Catholic C 'riiti-trrics.
The location of the earliest known burial-pl.ace is
showai on the in;ii)s of 1749 .and 1796. The records
of St. Anne's Church st.ate tli.at on June 25. 1755,
certain bodies were tr.ansferred from the old ceme-
tery to the new one. This new cemetery w.as inside
of the stock.ade,.and covered a portion of the irroiinds
of St. Anne's Church, then located on wli.at is now
Jefferson Avenue, between C.riswold and Shelbv
[52]
Streets,
n.ames of
other per>-
were buri
stock.ade
1755. •■i'kI
time to bri
cluna-h.
buried abo
nesses w h(
.a portion
from time
been iii.adi
m.ains li.av
was laid (
old )j;r.ive\
feeliui;, .aiu
(juadr.ani^ii
church, I'.ai
and Judm"-
f|Uestion w
l*'l;mcl, in
Anne's rec
rem.ains fro
1817, llu- 111
wc, nndcrsii^ni
ini'iit (if .1 ci It
strt'tt, wlirre
Cliurili c,f St.
([iiirfd tiTfiiiiH
liiiryiiii; ,i;niiin
I lulu, is, aiitl a
It was as
St, Anne's
l..arned Stfi
^g^vrrHv--v;.^-:-:
ci:.\ii:ri;Kii.s.
.■^0
Stri'fts. TIk' nconls of St. Anne's fluircli \^]\r tlic
iiaini'S of a nuinhci" of priests, coinniandaiiis, and
otlier piTsons of (lislinciiou who, at \ai-ious ])crio(ls,
wiTi.' burieil i'\tn within the •iiureh w.ills, Tiie
stoei<a<lc was enlaiXfd just l)efore tlie removal in
1755, and tliis seems to have i)een di'emed a litiini;
time to brinj; certain rt'mains into,y;roim(l ne.irer llie
ehureh. It is well known that many |)ersons were
buried about the old ehnreh, and lhei-e are livini;- wit-
nesses who, as late as i<Si.S, s;iw i;ra\es oeeiipyini,;'
a portion of what is now Jeffi'rson Avenue ; and
from time to time since then, as (■xca\;itions ha\e
in'cn made for sewers and cell.irs in tile vicinity, re-
mains have i)een nncovcri'd. W'lu'n the new town
was laid out in i.S(y), the (iiies'.ion of .allowinv;' the
old >rra\'eyar(ls to remain ^as'e rise to much hard
fi'i'linit;', and for ni'arly a do/en \eai's there w;is ;i
(|ua(lrani;iilar stru!iri;k' lutwei'n two p.arlics in the
cluu'ch, fathei- Richard, tlu' pi'icst, ,ind the ( lovcrnor
and Judi^i'S, as to the \-acatinj4 of the ^-rounds. The
question was not st'ttled until the arriwil of I'lishop
Fla.i^et, ill iSiS. The following; transcript from St.
Anne's records ni\'es the dati' of removal of certain
remains from the old i^routids :
1817, llir liist (l.iy cif .M:iy ;iii(l ihr lUih of tin- stmie nioiitli,
wr, iimliisiKiKd priest n-i'tiir l^l St. .Ainu's, liavc' maiU: (lisiiUif-
min; iif a ci-rtiiiii (inaiitity iif l)iiiits friim tlic iniddii' nl tin- in.iiii
strc(l, wlurc wcri' foriniTly tin- i>lil liiiryin.i,' y;iniMi(ls ami ukl
Cluirili cif St. Anne. Wc- hiiriiil tlnsi! rcinaiiis, with all tlu^rr-
(liiiri-d ii-i-fmuiiii s, ui Ji Miiiaii; ).;ra\-i-, in the mi(l<lli' of tin- new
huiyini; Kruunil ; lliis in pi-iisun<c of the inulcrsij,'nicl, I'.tiumi'j
I Uiliois, uiul a .uriat number of pioplr.
(Sixiud) I'', r 1 1' N N !■: riiimts,
( ;,\i:Kn I. Rii 11 \i;ii.
It was as a i/zc/y /;7' i/;fi> for these ,!i.;rounds that
St. .Anne's Church recei\-i'd the lai;i.;e, tract un
L.anieil Street, east of liates Street,
.\n old memorial, dated .April 22. 1S07, addressed
to the (lovi'rnor and Jii<lv;('s, says:
.\liont the year ]y<t'> or '117 it was (Icrtncd ixpi-dienl for tin-
liiiiilii .■iiid liialili of tlic inli.ilpitanis of tlir amicnt town of I'l'-
troil (I oiisidiTin^' till- ).;rcal li-ni;ili of time tlial the small spaee of
).;ronnd ,'idjaeeiit to the i hnreh has heeii used as a pulilic plan- of
interment I that .i new linrial-.tfroniid should he allotted to (iiiri<in-
^rev;ation on the then pnhlii: eoinnions. .\< eordinj..'I>' the ground
wliiih We now hold was ])ieketed in, with the approbation ol Ihi'
(orporation of liitmit, and tln^ <'ojisi'nt of ('dlonel llamtranxk,
the military (imnnandanl of this plac f, nniler whose jnrisdietioii
the etitiunnns was then in some measure eonsidi-red.
The statements of the memorial are conrirmed l)y
a letter from I'eter .Aiiih.iin to ( iovernor St. Cl.iir.
dated November i, i7y<S, on file at Columbus, < )hio.
It says:
1 think it my duty to inform your I'.xcelleney that the com-
mamlaru of this post has v;ranli-tl an aert; of v^roiind on tln^ com-
mons joining' the town, to he nsi-d a^ .i linryim; ,i;romid liy the
Roman Catholics. This i,;rant aiiswirs a \ ery ^ood pnr|)os<', as
the old hnryinj.; ;;romul jomini^ their ehnreh and within the pickets
K sM full that it IS a real pidilie nuisance, and h;is been preseiiteil
as such liy sexer.d utand juries.
Thei^rouiids on I.;irned Street, thus obtained, con-
tinued to be used up to 1S27, when the city j^a\c the
C.itholics the use of one half of the then new City
Cemetiry on the ISi'aubien I'arm.
Mount l-'.lliott C '(•iiirtrry.
This is located on the l.eib I-';irm, and is bounded
bvCerman .Street on the north, Macomb .Street on
the south, .M(}uiit Mlliott .\\enue on the east, and
J''.lmwdod C'eiiU'li'rv on the west. In 181S2 it con-
tained siNtv-li\'e acres. The first imrchase of
eleven acres w;is made on .An,t;iist 31, I1S41. 'fhe
cemetery is named after Robert T. l'".lliott, one of
the original pi-ojectors and |)urchasers. His own
interment, the first in the
grounds, took place on
September 12, 1841. I-'rom
that day to January, 1884,
the aggregate of inter-
ments reached about 25,-
765, not including the re-
mains of 1,490 graves
removed from the old City
Cemetery on the Beaubien
Farm in the fall of 1869.
The ground is laitl out
into about 6,000 lots, of
which upw.ards of 4,000
ha\e been sold at ])riccs
r.anging from $25 to S300.
Single graves are sold at
a tixed |irice and the pcxir
are buried free. The cost
of the several piirelia.scs of
land up to 18S4 amounted
to $45,190, and nearly an
*
54
ci:mi:i'i:kii'.s.
equal amount lias bctii txiHiuIrd fnr inipidM-
iiiLiits. 'I'lic ci'Muacry was (>|)t'n((l in Si'|)t<inl)rr,
1841, and was conscrrati'd liu' same year liy liishop
Lcfcvrc. A second lot of .i,M'ound was lonsccralcd
Wa
R.'br .-iZ.ti
SI
ai
III
iilii
m
mmm
ifiiiii
\'f \^ ■••'•'■!'' Ki'<fv[';i;'l.': K
Lii:.;iliiC'i:Etid:£li:t;
, 11,. 1. 1 1 1 II M 1 M i> . ii; \ ^l..l;l . |i:.,i.i ;i 1.1 1 ':/. f.rt
LLi.L'A-'J-LUJJ.b.LLLlL-'J f Ni 1 1 ll ■ 1 I II 1 1 . \/^/, I I'l 1
*: — .'Vi rt ,' • ■ ■ ■ ' — 'J ■ .' ■ ■ ■i,'^,',' ll."., wiifii •. ,,'
iUiLia; liltKjiWiWIyy
^itilw 1; ; i^yj-v. CI' ':■+:•:■ W "SniiS wl
iil
Map of Mr. Elliott Cemetery,
l)y the sanir prelate on Deeeniher 7, iSd,, anda later
purchase by liishop ilorj^'ess on ( irtoher ifi, iSISi.
A stone jt^ateway was eom|)leted in .September,
1 882, at aeostof §6,000. The eemetery was originally
undiT the direct care of the bishop of the diocese.
On November 5, 18^15, it was incorporated, and
placed in the care of twi'Ke trustees, two each beinitt
ilecled from the parishes of St. I'eter and St. I'aul,
St. .\nne"s, .St, Mary's, Holy Trinity, St. Joseph's,
and St. Patrick's. <M those tlrsi chosen only Messrs.
I'.llioti and Ihlfron i-emain on the board. The
Hoard of 'I'rustees in 1883 was as follows: From
the Church of St. i'eter ;uid I'.aul, Richard K. I'.lliott,
Henry I ). IS.irnard; fi-om St. .\nne's, Alexander V..
\'i,!L;er, [osi'|)h W. Moore; from .St. Mary's, {'"rancis
I'et/, Josi'ph Scluilte; from Holy Trinity, Jeremiah
Calnon, John .Mon;it;h;in; from .St. Jost'ph's,
, .\. I'l'tx; from St. I'atrick's, John Heffron,
C. J. O'Klynn.
When the v;r"und was tn-st opened it was placed
in ehariiie of !'. ISiirns, who in 1872 was suecei'ded
by John Ktid. ( >ne of the chief points of interest
is the ^fasi' ;c,ul tombstone of Colonel John l''rancis
ll.imtramck. the tlrst American conun.andant at
Di'troit. Ik: was oriv^in.illy binaed in the iLjraxi'yard
of St. Anne's, but in July, 1866, uiuk'r the super-
inti'iidenc cof K. R. I'.lliott, the remains were ri'moved,
placi'd in an oaken e.asket, and (k'posiled in Mount
Illliott. '{'he i;ra\'e is locati'd at the intersi'ction of
.Shaw^■ and Resurrection Avenues. The inscription
on the stone is as follows :
S;iilV(l
to tlie Mciunry (if
Jolni I-"rani-is IlanUranu k, I"'s(i.,
C'oldiicl (if till- I^t t'liiti-il SiMtis Ki>;im(]it of Infantry
and
Cdinnianilant of
T)ctr(iit and its I Jcpcndcniit^s.
He departed litis life mi tlii! iitli of Ajiril, i.So;,
Aged 45 years, 7 ntontlis iV ;>S days.
'I'rne Patriotism,
And a /ealoiisattaelimeiit to Nation, d lilierly,
Joined to a !andal)li' anil>ition
Ii il hii'i 'nto Military serviee at an early
period of his life.
lie \v;is it soldier even before he was a man.
lie was an aeti\-e participator
in all the I lan^'ers, I liHienlties and honors
of the Re\-olntionar)' War;
And his heroism and nniform good eondnet
proetn'ed him the attention and personal th.mks of
tlie immortal Washington.
'the I'nited .States in him have lost
A valuable olVieer and a i;ood citi/en,
And Soeietyan I'sefiil and I'leasant Member;
to his family the loss is inealeidable,
and his friends will never forxt't
the Memory of Ilamtramek.
'this hnndile monument is placed over
his Remains
by the oO'ieers who had the Honor
to ser\'e under his command —
A ymall but Ki'ateful tribute to
liis merit
and
his worth.
■
ci:mi:i'i;kii:s.
n.T
Proft •s/a lit Ci nil trrit -.v.
'I'lie earliest record foiieerniiix a I'rotestani ceiiu-
tery is eoiitaiiii'ii in the proeeediiij^s of liu' Hoard of
Trusu-es for October 3, 1S03. It says, "It is well
known that the Protestant hnryiny;- iLfroinid is in very
bad order, and Chai'les Curry is re(|iiested to oi)eu a
subscription for that object."
The jrround referred to covered a portion of what
is now Woodward Avenue, between Larned and
Con>(ress Streets, and was probably a part of the
same j^rounds shown in the niajis of 1749 and I7<X).
In iSiS it was known as the Mniilish buryini;-
ground, and nn'ctinirs of eiti/ens were held on July
18 and 25, to consider the necessity of enclosini^
tile .irrounds; and on beini;' imitioned to ilo so, the
trustees resolvetl to enclose them, by tax if neces-
sary. On July 2(), i<Si(;, a portion of this buryinij
pround was ijranted by the Govirnor and Judv;es to
the Kirst Protestant Society, It was used for burials
up to June, 1827, and then the city passed an ordi-
nance forbidding- its further use for such purjioses.
'I'he remains of persons buried in the j.j'rounds were
removed at various times as necessity demanded.
A notice from the trustees, reciuestin.vr the remov.al
of the remains by friends, was published as late as
February 5. 1851.
City Crnirfrn'is.
The establishment of the first City Cemetery
jjrew out of a nieetini;' of cili/ens hekl on December
16, 1826, when a conuiiitlee was ajipointed to report
ujion a site for burial ])urposes outside of the city.
The Conuuon Council then took action, and a com-
mittee was appointed to proc-ure suitable .iijroiuHls.
On March 22, 1827, they reported that they had
purchased of Antoine Heaubien two and one
half acres for a burial ground, for which they paiil
S500. At the same meeting the mayor submitted a
resolution for the payment of the S500 which had
been borrowed from the Hank of Michigan. The
purchase was fully consummated on June i, 1827,
and on June 19 the council appointed a committee,
consisting of Recorder \i. l*. Hastings and Alder-
man P. J. Desnoyers, to divide the grounds into two
equal parts, am' these parts were thereafter desig-
nated respectively as the Catholic and the Protestant
Cemetery. The lots had been laid out previous to
this division, and when the dividing fence was erect-
ed it ran directly across many of the lots. This fact,
however, proved of great practical convenience, for
many families, who had both Protestant and Catholic
relatives, bought these lots lying along the line of
the fence, and buried their Catholic friends on one
side and their i'rotestant relatives on the other; thus
the sanctity of the ground was preserved, while in
the same lot, and yet in two different cemeteries,
those of op|)osite faiths reposed in jjcace. On Sun-
days this |)lace was a favorite resort, lii'ing within
easy walking distance, scores and hundreds of chil-
dren and grown peo|)lc, on pleasant S.ibbaths, wan-
dered about the grounds, reading and comparing
the tombstone inscriptions. The lir'^t lots in the
Protest.'int* portion of the cemetery were sold at
auction on March 26, 1828, atid the money received
was used for imiirovements. i'he grounds lay be-
tween Cir.itiot and Clinton Streets, and extended a
little e.ist of St. .\nloinc Street, bounded on the west
by what is now known as Paton Street. Tliis last
street was then called (. iinetcry l.ane, and extended
from the (Iratiot Road to Jefferson .Avenue. In
1836 a gate was erected at the entrance on Jeiferson
Avenue, midway In'tween lieaubien and St, .Vntoine
Streets. The lane was laid out in 1827, partially
enclosed in 1836, and fully enclosed in 1843. In
June, 1845, a petition was circulated to have it
opened, but it was ilecided that the city had no
rights therein. After 1855 no interments were
allowed to bi' made in the cemetery, and in Feb-
ruary, 1859, Mullett Street was opened through the
grounds. A large portion is now designated as
Clinton Park.
The second City Cemetery dates from May 31.
1834. The mayor on that day bought at auction,
for $2,010, lifty-tive acres of the Ciuoin l''arm, just
north of the Oratiot Road, and now bounded on the
west by Russell Street. The tract was deemed too
large for a cemetery, and thirty-tive acres were di-
vitled into lots and sold. A plan of tlu' grounils was
adopted on .September 30, 1835, and the price of
lots was tixed at §10 for full, and §5 for hall lots.
Originally the city sexton had charge of the grounds
and sold the lots, l-'rom 1841 to 1863 sales were
made by the city clerk, and after 1863 the comji-
iroller was charged with the care of the plan and the
sale of lots. On April 20, 1869, it was ordered that
no more bodies be buried in the grounds, and on May
14, 1879, an order of the Circuit Court was issued
vacating the cemetery. This gave the city full con-
trol over it for other purposes, and since then the
wtjrk of removing the graves has gone rapidly for-
ward. One thousand foin- lunidred and ninety-three
bodies were removed in 1880, at a cost of $2,019,
and buried at (Iro.sse Point, a portion of the hospital
groimds having been set apart for the purpose ; in
1881 one thousand .six hundred and sixty-eight
additional bodies were removed, and during 1882 the
work was completed by the removal of the remains
of one thousand three himdred and fifty-seven
bodies. The House of Correction and one of the
Hay and Wood Markets occupy a portion of the
ground ; and, as opportunity offers, the city is per-
fecting its title to the entire cemetery by buying
up the rights of lot-owners.
56
ti:Mi:i'
l-'.liiiWi>i>ii ( \ nil li rv.
This bc.'Uilil'ul (.■cnicUTy lirs in llir rasirrn p.iri nl
tin- city, 'i'iic v;n>iiiui is nl .1 li'.;lii. pornns iiaiiiir.
.■md from its natural (■iiiifiiiinaiinn adniirahlv adaplci!
Iiir the pnrpiiM'. Parent's C'rcrk, or lilcmiK Unn.
winds uraci'lully thnni'^ii tiic ,v;rinmds and adds
niiich to till' attraction of ilic place, Tlif' money to
purchase tin.' lirst lui'iy-uiie avrcs was obtained by
Kn ru ASc h: ro Ivi.mw unn 1'i;mi' ri'uv.
subscription. The land cost Si. S5S,, and was con-
tracted for in the spriii^of i.S4(). <)n()ctober S, fol-
lowing;', the cemeterv was optiU'd, and l!ie next (l,i\-,
at .an auction s.ale, the subscril)ei\s li.id their clume
of the lots. Those of the subscribers who did not
want lots, luul thi'ir siibscrii)tions refunded. 'I'he as-
sociation was iiicoiporated by special .\ct on Mai'ch
5, 1849, ;uul ttniler tlu' .\ct all moneys recei\ed fi-oni
sale of lots, over ,ind .above the cost of the i^rounds.
must be tle\'oted to their impro\'ement. Tlu' deed
for the tirsc purchase was il.ated July 10, 1S5C. The
date .and cost of sul)se(|uent |)iircliasi's are as fol-
lows : .\u!L;iist 26, 1851, 1 1 1", ■'„ acres, ;isi.2oo; De-
cember 6. 1851, Lots 21 and 22 of Tiiint i'arm,
$f)oo; January 24, 185;!, 2 ,-„-„ acres. S200 ; .Se|nem-
ber 12, 1864, live acres of 1). C Whitwood, !S3,5<>o;
May 12, 1871, 1133 acres, $16,000. ilythe opening;'
of (icrman Street three and one third acres \ww
left outside the eiU'.osure. leaviiiiL;' se\eiit\-ei,t;ht aci-( s
in the ^-rounds. In 1852 a t.isteftil .and substantial
monument was erected on the i^founds ilesi.i,;iiateil as
the .Strangers' Lot.
The Chapel was built in 1855, and cost S4.000.
It is a Xorman ("lothic structtiri' of (|uarried linie-
.';tone, .about thirty-four fei't lon;^- by twenty wide.
The stone i^atcway, fronting;- Mlmwood ,\venuc, at
the head of i.'roi^han Street, was completed in 1870,
and cost §6,000, The size of lots \',iries from 1 5 x 20
to 20x30; the prices in 1850 wei\' from Si 5 l"
SliHM.nh, ( )n J.uiu.iiy I, |S,S4. there were about
;,yi() lot-owners, and 35 lots were still unsold. 1 In
loi.il number of interments ,it lh,it daii' w.as 21,421.
The lirst trusties were .\. D. I'r.iser, president;
|ohn »)v\cn, irc.isurcr; 1 lcnr\ l.edy.ird, se< ret.iry ;
I.', (. I'rowbrid'^e, Ur.icl (.'oe, and J. .S. jciuicss.
On August <■), 1834, t'. 1. Walker look the |)l,icc of
Israel i.'oe, removed lo New N'ork, ( )n JiiK 1'',
|8()|, I). 1;. DuHield w,is I'Iccted in pl.ice of
II. l.edy.ird, ;md C. 1. W.ilkei- becime secre-
tary. (>n June 14. 18(12. (.'.ilcb \',in IJusen
bcc.ime .1 triislee in pl.icc of J. S. Jenness,
removed from the cilv. < )n .\pril 4, 1868,
Mr. \\ alkcr rcsi^^iied, ,ind William .\. llutlcr
w.is then clc< led , I trustee and I). I'l. DiiHii'ld
chosen sccrci,ir\-. ( )n (;uui.u'v 11, 1878,
K. I', I'oms siicceed'd A. D. I'i'aser as .a
trustee, anil 188;,. .alter the de.ith of C, t'.
Ti'owbrid'^c. > pl.ice w.as filled by tlu' ap-
poinimcnl of A. II. 1 )e\ . l-'i'om the limi'
the cenuiery w.as opened until M.ay 2, 1870,
at which (kite the office w,is discontinued,
Robert I'lcll .acted , IS collector and .avji'iil of
the tiaistecs.
The supcrinlendenis h;ui' been .as fol-
lows: \\ ill. I ludson lo .\pial, i855;Thom,is
.Matthews to .\pril, 185O; and I ). ( d.adew it/,
to .\u;.;ust 5. 1808; William K. ll.amillon
w.as .appointed .St'ptembcr 3, 1 808, ,and his successor,
' '.cor^i' 11. Harris, on M.anh 1. 1875. Mr. Harris
resioiud l'"el)ru.ary y. 1876, and on April 12, 1876,
-A. W'. lll.iin w.as a[)pointed.
// 'oiuliiuTi- (. )■//.■, ■/,7-\>,
This cemetei-y lies in the town of Spring-wells, four
.and one h.ilf miles from the City ll.ill, ,uul oc(ai|)ies
part of the Ship \ .u'd Tract. It is bounded west
EntranxI' Tn WcinoMii:!;!- Ci- Mr rpuv.
by IS.aby Creek, .a wide b.ayou, which extends within
the i;rounds ; on the south tlu' i^rounds .are bounded
bv fort Street, .and on the I'.ast bv the Dix Cross
Ko,ul. Wo
ro.tds, is li
entr.Mice.
notice th.at
rivci' Koiiv;
of the cei
" mere," .1
The i;roui
are exem|
ptirposes, .1
The .iss
reor!u;,ani/i(
last year il
0, 1808, tlu
entrance,
|80(;, the
John J. 1;
Smiih. M.
son. ( 1. W
Willi.un I'
Kirby. .\i
cers were e
Hudson, \
M. S. Smii
llubb.ard, 1
The oilic
!•;. N'. Swift
C. 1. W'.aike
as .addition;
M. W'. rieli
S. J. Murpl
■['In; ceil'
1869. when
The numbe
there were
numbi'r of i
from the ol
ber, 1868, t
ten cents ,a
the city po
twenty-live
The i^a-m
All erectio
prohibitt'd.
graves are
corporation
lises. and |
purpose of
No corp;
over one 1
waatiniL;' froi
Skills is supi
The Re
Wasbinirtd
I'"lmwooil
CKMi:il'.RIi:S. Ill KIAl.S AND Si XIONS.
57
Ki),i(l. WniKimcic St.iiion. on tlic f.. S. (.1- C. S, K.iil-
I'dads, is loiaii'il wiiliiii casv walkini;' distaiu'c nl' ilic
untiMiKi.'. It is a iiiiiicidciicc wurtliv of passiiii;
iiotiic iliat a liicalily kiKuvii as World's I'.nd. mi llic
rivrr K(iin;c, is (|uitc nrar the ^numds. 'riir iia'iic
(i| tile ccini'U'ry is a comixniiid dl "wodd" and
" iiuTc," and is su.i;,m'sti\i' dl its wodds and waliTs.
riu' i;rdiinds iMnbracc two hundred and Iwn a<ris,
art: i'.\('ni|)l Ironi lasalidii, well ada|ilrd foi' burial
piu'iidsis, and capahli' of hi'ini; made very allracti\c.
Tin: assdciatidu was ornani/.cd |ul\' iS, i.S^;, and
rcdrv;ani/fd ICbruaiy 19, i.Sdi;, and in llir fall dl this
last year the lirsl inii'rnuius wcrr niaili'. ( )n April
(), 1K6.S, till' board autliori/cd the cdnsiruciidu dl the
liitrancc, and in iiS0(7 it was built. ( )n May 10.
iSb(;, tin: rollowinj; persons were chosi'ii directnis :
John J. Ha.nU'y, K. \V. Iliidsdii. r. I. Walker, M. S.
Smith, M, \V. Field, I'.ela Hubbard, I). M. Kirhard-
soii. {]. W. I.ldyd, Daniel Scditeu. I'.. A. Mllidtt,
William I'helps, Amos (.'. Ilubbard, ,ui<l ( icdi'i^e
Kirby. At a subsf(|iient miciiu's; the Idllowin;^ dlll-
rers were elected: |dlm J. lianles', prisident ; K. \\ .
Iiudsd:i, siee-presidiiit ; C. I. Walker, si'irtt.uy ;
M. S. Sniiili, treasurer: Moses W. i'ield and lUla
llubb.ird, l'.\t'eiiti\c Committee.
■["hi; olliet'rs in i883\vi're k. W.<'.illett. ]iresident ;
I',. N'. Swift, viei'-|M\'sideiit : M. .S. Smith, ire.isurer:
C. I. Walkir, seeri'tary : with the followinv; i)ersdns
;is additional diri'etors: (1, W. Latimer, K. \'. .Swift,
M. W, I'ield, I'hild i'.-irsons, 11. Ilubbard, j. Creusel,
S. J. Murphy, K, W, .\lleii, and ( leor.nc Kirby,
'riie eentetery w.is form.ill)' di'dieated July 14,
18O9, when .an addri'ss was deliwred by L'. I. Walker.
The niimbi'r of lot-owners up to 1 S.S4 w.is 1,487, and
thei-i: were about 17,000 lots still for sale. The
numbi'r of internu'iUs, i-xelusive of the 2,000 removed
from the old Caty Cemetery, w.'is (1,541. Ii; Novem-
ber, iSfxS, the city contr.ieted for about the a( ri's, at
ten ct:nts a s(|uarc foot, to be used for the burial of
the eitv poor. The ordinaiA price foi" lots is from
twenty-live to tilty cents a siiuai'e ffiot.
The jL^eneral rules of the cemetery are as follows:
All erections known ,ls lie.id ;uul foot boards are
prohibited. .Ml f;imily burial lots and all sinii^ic
,Hi'a\es ;irc sodded .ind kept in iL^ood oriler by the
eorpf)ratidii without char,i.;e. I ledijes, wooiK'ii trel-
lises, and posts and chains .are not allowed for the
purpose of enclosure.
No corpse is allowed to reni.ain in tln' i)iiblic vault
over one week, tmless |iermis.Mon is obtained in
writiiii;- from the |iresi(lent or secretary. V. \V. 1 lii,'-
(.(ins is superintendent ; otTioe at the cemetery.
/( Ti i/s// C, 'iiiiii •n'cs.
The Ref.)rm Conirreiration Heth Kl Temiile, on
Washini^tnn Avenue, opened a i-einetery .uljoinini,'
KImwood about uSjo. It was formally recotjnized
as ,1 cemetery by the council on July 1^), iRf^n.biit
no rc'.^ul,u' iccord df interments w.is kej)! till abdut
1S70. It is UdW used <inl_\ by thdse who own lots
then'; no new lots are sold. On .April 5, 1X7^. the
conv;renation contracted with the olliccrs of Wood-
mere for the sole ((iiiirdl of about three acres in
St'ction I' north.
In i.Sfi4 the conj;re,i;.ition of Sh.tary Zi dec pur-
ch.iscd one ;uid dUc h.ilf .acres for ccmetcr\ juirpcises
nc.ir the D. iS. M. K. K. junclidn, for $450. In 1.S82
h.ilf an ;icrc w.is used by the connri-i;ation of Heth
Isr.acl. one fourth of an .acre by the Detroit l.ddyc
Kesher Shel ll.isal, .and three fouiths of ,111 ,icre by
the ori^dn.il purchasers.
I.titlirrtui Ci'iiirfrrv.
This cemetery, cdni.uninvi ti'ii acres, is located
■ ihoul ihrei- miles from the City il.ill, on the k-ft-
h.ind side of the (ir.itiot Kn.id, on the .Mi'ldrum
I' .arm. It w.is purch.iscd J.mu.ir),- 1 1. iSfiS, at a cost
df fiJ.fioo. It is contrdlli'd b_v the cdn,vifet;.itidn df
the Trinitv l.iither.an L'hurcli on the cdrner df
(iralidt Avenue and Prospect Slrei'l. The |)i ce df
Idts is S30. The dfticers in i(S83 were, II. .\. Chris-
tiansen, secrel.iry, and C. 11. Hcyer, ticisunr, with
Christian Schroederas superintendent.
Ill'KIAl.S .\N1) Sl'.XI'ONS.
'I'he use df hearses in Detroit dates from about
1830. Trior to their inirdductidn. colVms wi-re I'ar-
ried to the^faNe upon biers or bars, borne somitimes
upon the shoulders, and ofliii carried by h.and. AX.
the funeral of a pi'rson of wealth, the bearers were
pi-o\ided with loiii;' white liiu'ii scarfs. The.se scarfs
were tied with linen cambric, which, accordinj^- to
custom, was used for the bosoms of the shirts which
the bearers were e.xpicted to h.ive made from the
scarfs.
• l'"ormcrly there was i^reat carek'ssness in the
ki'e]iin);- of the records by cemetery ollicials and
sixtons. At llu' i)risent time i)ermits for burials
must be obtained from the health ol'ticer, aiul are
issued only upon evidence within his knowledjj^e
as sui'h oHicer, or upon the eertiticale of a reputable
physician, or a coroner.
.\ city sexton w.is appointed as e.irly as 1827, but
the office was not detinitely created until March 17,
1829. It w,is the duty of the sexton to su|)erintend
interments in the Protestant j.;rdund, and he was
paid by the .inidimts rt'ceived for his services, which
weri: iircscribed by ordin.mce. It was possibly at
this time that
'riic (IcHtor l<ikl tlic su.xton,
.Vnd till' si'Xlcin tdllcd tlir lirll,
as an ordinance allowed the latter tifty cents for
"tdllinjLT." On September iS, 1829. the council was
petitioned to prevent the further tollinij; of the bell,
58
IJUKIALS AM) SKXroXS. COUXrv CORONKKS.
uiul liiis pari of liis dulios ccasi'd fur a time. In
1S41 it was made his duty lo rt'porl llu' nanu'S of
all persons dyinii' in ihc ciiy, with liic cause oi
dealii, aud liie name of the alteiidinv^ piiysician.
More recently il was his duty to tile the physician's
certilicate with the city clci k. I le was also charn'ctl
with the care of the i;'rounds of the City Cemelei'y.
lie was ap|)oinled by the louncil on nominalion of
the mayor. l''rom 1.S63 he iiad a salary of ,SJO(>
per year in addition to the amounts allowetl to he
char.ijed for the burial of |>aupers.
i>y ordinanci; of iSjo the amount allowed was ftS
if burieil in {''.Imwood oi' Mt. l-Mliolt. and $1) if buried
in Woodnicre. < )n an order fiom the Director of
the Poor, it was the duty of the siwton to ,i;i\e anv
|)ers()n, dyiiii;' without means, or the body of any
pauper or criminal, ;i burial. i>\- ;i I'harli'r .lUKMid-
ment in iS7() the ollice terniin.ated with that year,
aiul the duties were transferred to the Commission-
ers of the i'oor. 'l"he followinj^ persons served as
city sextons:
'1827, K. W. ii.irnes; 1S2S-1S33, Isr.ael Noble;
'833-1835, C.eori^e Combs; i.S35-i84f, I. Noble;
1841 -1844, C. II. I'.ckHlf; 1S44 1847. R. C, .Scadin ;
1847 1850. James Sutherland; 1850-1852,!'".. .Myers;
1852-1857, I". Dcinccke; 1S57-1859, 1*. Clessen ;
[859 i8^)i, .\. T. Ray; i8()i, foscph Parkinson;
1862-1864, \'. Ccisi; 1864, \\:i I'iattery; 1865-1868.
Thomas Roche; 1868 -1871, V. (nist; 1 871 -1874.
Georire Heron ; 1874-1876, R. IJronson; 1876-1878,
James Hickey; 1878, V. Ceist.
COUXrV CORONERS.
The olfice of coroner is as old .as the Northwest
Territory. Under Michii;an Territorv, hv .Act of
.September 13. 1805. the territori.il m.irshal was con-
.stituted coroner, .Act of Xovembor 3, 181 5, pro-
niled th.it coroners should be .'ipiiointed by the
.^■overnor. .\ct of .April 21, 1825, provided for their
election on the second Tuesday of October for
terms of three years, I'nder Constitution uf 1835
the term of ollice w.is two ye.ars. iiy l.iw of 1836
two were lo he t'kicted instead of oiu' as before.
The Constitution of 1850 m,i(k; no |)rovision for the
ollice, and none were elected between 1851 ;uid
1857. The Revised St.itutes of 1857 revived the
ollice.
In any case where death is sudden, .and not to be
accounted for on n.itur.il ^romids, the coroner may
hold .an in(|uest. The fees ,ire p.aid by the county
.auditors ,ind ,iie ,is follows: For \iewini;' .a l)ody,
§3; for e.ich mile tr.aveled in ,i(oinv;- to the pl.ace, ten
cents; for e.ich subpdin.i serveil on witnesses called
to ;iitl in determinimj cause of death, twenty-live
cents; for administeriim' oath to witnesses, ten cents.
Jurymen serviui^' on coroner's inciuests are |)aid $2
per day. Six persons constitute .1 jury.
The names of the coroners, with their terms of
service, .are ,as follows;
1796, llermin I'.berts; i7()9,and 1801, John Dode-
mead; 1803, Joseph ILirrison; 1804, Joseph Wilkin-
son; Xovember 21, 1815 to 1836, Henj.amin Wood-
worth; 1836, I J. Wood worth, A. S. Schoolcr.ift ;
1837 1840. 1). Petty, .V. V.Murray; 1840, .A. Y.
.^blrr,■iy, D.iviil l'"rench; 1841 ,uid 1842, J.ames
Ilanaier, J.imes (tunninv;'; 1843, J.imes licaubien,
John Sinons; 1844, W. W, 1 lowland, J. P.. Spra'.;iie;
1S45 .and 1S46, i'.aschal M.ison, .Alexander I.cid-
beler; 1S47-1S50, John 11. Hill, H. R. Xowl.md ;
1850, C. W. J.ickson, .\lanson ' ., ; 1851 .and
1852. D. I). Hustis; K.Lewis 7, v ;> :)r.^;e Moran,
U.aniel Murray; iS58-iS',i, v.. \\ utile, A. W.
Spr,n,aie; i86r -1S63, !•;. L.tiiden , C. H. P.,ir-
rett; 1863-1865, J. W. D.ily, iben Iftiston;
1865-1867, Timothy McCarthy, J. '.Daly; 1S67
1869, P. M. Austin! J. W. IXaly; 1869-1873. John
(".n.iu, James C.ahill; 1873. .\.. !■". Jeniiin,v;s, J. S.
(iritlin; 1874, X. 1$. Rowley. J. S. Gritlin; 1875 and
1876, X. H. Rowley. J.ames C.ihill ; 1877, Peter O.iks,
John Wilson; 1878 .and 1879, Peter Oaks, .Ad.im
Schulte; 1880, .A. Schulte; i88r, A. !■:. Carrier, J. I).
Richards; 1S82, W. V. Clark, A. !•:. Carrier; 1S83-
, M. Dt'i'.ne. J. Locke.
J
Thk tir
found in
board was
S. Rice ;
ded ; .am
the .aldi'rm
into ,a 1)0.1
ai;-;iin led
Several ph
poor, .and <
ize for th
led to tin-
sistini^' of
Pitcher.
tKUices of I
alderm.an
pointed byl
to be city |
of Police C
a member
tuted a qv
No rei^ular
called toj^i
They wen
The bo.arii
the health
e.xpeiKlitun
The ord
until 1864,
as membei
physicians,
under the
Gorton, C.
1866 -1 87 1
O. F.arr.aiK
H. Drake;
C. C. Vem
J. H. Cars
1877. 1:. 1
E. Leach:
martin, an
Mor.se Stc
.An eiuii
law of ^Ll
ing physi(
Cii aptI':r XII.
ni:Ai;rii oi'kickrs. drains and si:\vi:rs. sca\'i:\(;i:rs.
TiKAr/nr or rrcr.Rs.
Tlir, first meiuinn maclr (if a Iioard of Mcaltli is
found in tlic Couiiril l'roceedin.i;s of 1S31. Tlic
board was composed of Drs. J. L. Whiiinij and R.
S. Rice; in 1S32 Drs. Henry and Ciiapin UTre ad-
ded; and on account of tlie prevalence of cholei,'..
the aldermen also, occasionally, resolved themselves
into a Iioard of Health. In 1837 fear of sm;ill-pox
a^ain led the council to institute a Health I'lOard.
Several physicians were appointed U) vaccinate the
poor, and on April i :: they were rei|ucstt'd ici orj^an-
ize for thai purjiosc. In iS4(; the fear of cholera
led to the appointment of a Hoard of Health, oon-
sistin.i;- of Drs. I,. H. Cobb, R. S. Rice, and Z.
I'itclu'r. A boanl was also pro\uletl for by ordi-
iKuiccs of 1861 and 1870. It consisted of the senior
alderman of each ward and four physicians, ap-
pointed by the coimcil, two of whom were recjuired
to be city physicians. Tiie president of the lioard
of Police Commissioners, by virtue of his oriicc, was
a member of the board. I''i\e members consti-
tuletl a (quorum; the city clerk kept tlu: records.
No regular meetini^s were lu'ld, but members were
calletl toijelher whenever it was deemcLl tlesirablc.
Tln'V were jiaid $1.50 for each session attended.
The l)(jartl had power to do all things needlLil for
the health of the city, but matters involvin;..; special
e.Npentlitures required the approxal of the council.
'I'he ordin.anci' of 1861 was not fulK' carried out
until 1864, and the first a[ipoinlments of physici;uis
as members of the bo.ard were made that year. The
physicians, other th.in city physicians, appointed
under the ordinance were as follows: 1804, j. C.
(iorton, C. li. IJarrett ; i8(')5,Z. Pitcher, C. ISrumme ;
1 866 -1 871, Z. I'itcher, William P.rodie; 1871, D.
O. Farrand, II. K. Smith; 1873, \V. A. Chandler, E.
H. Drake; 1873, K. H. Drake, H. F. f.yster; 1874,
C. C. Venians, A. Harrowman; 1875, (i. A. I''o.ster,
J. H. Carstens; 1876, T. F. Kerr, J. H. Carstens;
1877, !•:. Leach, A, F. Hoke; 1878, H. \. Torrey,
K. I.eacli; 1879, (). A. Foster, E. Leach, P. P. Cil-
niartin, and Duncan McLeoil; 1880, D. O. I'.ifrand,
Morse Stewart, and John Minterman.
An entirely new organization was provided by the
law of May 26, 1881. Under this law three practic-
ing physicians are appointed by the council on
nomination of the mayor; the first appointees were
to ser\e for one, two, and three years t'acli, and then
beginning with 1882, one was to be appointed yearly
on the third Tuesday of June, for a term of three
years. These physicians, with the mayor, cou){>
iroller, and presideiu of the Police Hoard, con-
stitute till' Hoard' of Health. The medii:al nu'iiibers
of tlic bo.ird on June i, 1881, were as follows: D.
O. Farrand appointed for one year, John I'linter-
man for two years, and Morse Stewart for threi'
years. In 1882 tin bo.ud rem.iined the same. In
March, 1883, on tlu' death of Dr. Farrand, T. A.
McCraw was appointi'd as !iis successor.
In i88[ the bo.ird appointed O. \V. Wight as the
health ofiicer, at a salary of bj.ooo jier year.
Lbuler his supervision the Health Department has
obtaineel ;m efliciency ne\'er bt'fore posses.-eil. All
buri.il permits are issued from his ollice, and full
statements of the age of the deceased, cause of
death, name of attending physici.an, and place of
buri.il ;ire required to l)i' lileil with this ol'licer.
Monthly statements of these and other facts pertain-
ing to the health of the city are regul.irly jirinted and
issued. The Health ( )Hicer has the aid of the sani-
tary siiuad of the Police Dep.artment, and placards
all houses where infectious diseases e.xist, using for
cases of small-pox notices printeil on yellow cards,
for scarlet fe\e;', red cards, and for diphtheria, blue
cards. .\n o\-ersight is kept of such premises as are
placardi'd, and after the recovery or death of the
(),itient, they ;ire disinfected.
The scavengers and meal inspector are reiiuired to
co-operate with the Hoanl of Health, and legislation
is hoped for t',;it. 'f obt.ained, will securi' pure ice,
|)iire milk, propi.r \entilalion, good plumbing, and
freedom Ironi wbnoxious sewer-gas and coal-smoke.
DR.MNS AM) .SKWKR.S.
An .\ct of \\m\ 24, 1824, gave the council power
to |irovide for the construction of sewers, but the
desirability of building them seems to have been for
many years an unsettled question. On March 12,
1827. a committee consisting of Lewis Cass, John
liiddle, J. Kcirsley, D. C. McKinstry, P.J. Desnoy-
crs, and John Mullett presented a lengthy report to
the council, in which they said : " In regard to com-
[59]
6o
DRAINS AND SIAVI'.RS.
inoii sc'WiTS, (loiibls havi' hvcw (.■sprrssnl rrsprrtini^
thi'lr oltcct upnn tlu' i)ul)lir lu'-iltli. yci \\c art' in-
clined ti) ihiiiic it WDiiKl hi' i'X|)(.'clicin to make an cx-
perinuMit iiycstaiiiisiiini^one in \\'(i()(li)riil,!^x' Strict."
In tile li,i;lit of facts tliat now exist, such a report
sii^ned l)y siii'li persons seems curious iiuleed.
On May i, 1827, it was determined to " ni.ake an
experiment," and tlie coiun-il adopletl the following :
AVfc/rvi/, lliat I he drain or raviiii- cdinmoiily lallod tlur River
Savoyard, lie (k-ipcmd from the outlet into llic Oclroit Kivir,
throiiK'li tin- farm of ('.ovt-nior t'ass, to tlie line nf the Military
Reservation, with the consent of the proprietor of said farm ; and
that a drain in eontinnation thereof he extended tlimtmh the said
reservation in the alley lietwien t'onitrcss anil l.arn<d Streets tc^
its easterly termination.
This plan w.is carried out, and the timbers from
old Fort Shelby were used to form the sides of an
open sewer which followed the course of the stream.
At that time, even the ditches in -the streets were
made and owned by private parties; and on June 20,
1828, the council appointed a committee "to confer
with the |iroprietor of the ditch leadinit;' alonn' Hati'S
Street to the .v^reat sewer, with a view to j^urchase
the same for the use of the city." ( >ld records show
that the city expended Si.-?^. in 1S28, in di,v;xin,^'
these open sewers or ditches. These primitive drains
offended the eye and outraged the nostrils for se\cral
years.
Hut little real iirogress was made in building
drains or sewers until May 20, 1835, A committee
of the council then i)resented an elaborate re])ort on
the subject, and recommended the construction of
wliat is known as the (Irand Sewer. This was
agreed to, and in December, 1835, the council
offered a premium of $100 for an acceptable plan for
draining the city between the Cass and Brush farms,
A plan was adopted, and in 1836 the first under-
grnund sewer was built, at a cost of $-2, 607. It is
still doing e.vcellent .service, and deserves its name
of •'(Irand." Its route is from Heanbien Street on
Fort to Randolph, through .Michigan (irand Avenue
to Bates Street, along Bates and Congress to (Iris-
wold, diagonally across (iriswold to the alley between
Congress and Larned Streets, along the alley to
First Street, and down First Street to the river. It
is constructed of stone, having side walls eighteen
inches thick, with a brick arch of two feet spring.
The bottom is paved with hard-burned brick. It is
four feet six inches wide and live feet high in the
clear; the average depth of the exca\alion is ten feel.
In the main it follo\ the route of the Savoyard.
The sewer proved such a success that others fol-
lowed, and from year to year the number has in-
creased. For many years, however, there was no
general system, and contractors were often careless,
and ignorant of the first principles of drainage. It
is a fact of record that during 1849 sewers in the
I'"irsi and l-'ifth ward;., and on K;indolph Street, were
so constructed that, wlicn nearly complete, it was
found the water, instead of taking the ilirtction
desired, ran towarils the locality sought to be
drained. In 185^1 the great sewer in Woodward
.\\eniie south of Congress Street w.'is built, and for
months ;ifterwar(ls immense banks of earth remained
in the street as moiuuniiiis of the stupidity and mis-
management of contractors ;ind olVicijils. I'litil 1857
all ])riv;ile sewers wi-re built by indi\iduals, of such
materials and in such places as they pleased. The
result was that many lots \vere without drainage,
and others with only ]iartial or defective drains.
The city charter of 1857 remedied these evils by
|)roviding for a board of three sewer commissioners,
to be nomin.iled by the mayor and appointed by the
council. They seized without p;iy, and were origin-
ally appointed for terms of three, four, and five years,
and then for live years each. More of system was
now introduced; all sewers, public .and ]-)riv.ite, were
placed under their control ;uid built by their direc-
tion, and no drain could be put in without their ap-
pro\-al.
Sewers are called j^ublic sewers wlien built by
order of the Common Council ;ind paid for by jiub-
lic tax for genentl drainage inir[)oses, 'I'hese are
almost inv.'triably built in the streets. Lateral sewers
are usually built in the alleys, and are paiil for by
.special assessnuiit ii|)on the particular lots bene-
fitted, each lot paying according to the number of
square feet it contains. The theory is that every
lot is entitled to dniinage; and on the petition of
even one person, a lateral srwer may be built in order
to ilrain his lot, and the adjoining loi - must help to
pay the cost. Persons desiring to connect a drain
with a lateral .sewer are required to pay §1.00 for the
privilege of the connection, which is made, without
further charge, by the Board of I'ublic Works.
By .Vet of April 13, 1871, the city was authorized
to issue §300,000 in bonds for the purj^ose of build-
ing sewers, provideil the citizens' meeting approved.
Under this law, in 1872, §80,000 were raised by the
sale of bonds, and the number of |')ublic sewers was
largely increased. In 1874, on the creation of the
Board of Public Works, the powers of the .sewer
commissioners were transferred to that body. By
Act of February 18, 1875, the council was again
,iuthori/.ed to issue $300,000 in bonds for sewer pur-
poses; and under the two laws of 1871 and 1875
bonds for building jiublic sewers, to the amount of
§397,500, were issued. Both public and lateral sew-
ers are built of brick; the connections from houses
are generally of sewer pijie, although wood is some-
times used. The main sewers \ary in size from
21 X 28 inches to 6x8 feet, and are from twenty to
forty feet below the surface. Lateral sewers are
generally of egg shape, and 1 5 x 20 inches.
The ])!
gress Stre
neling un
the surfac
city. Tbi
on the strt
it has sini-
The tot.
to 1884, is
length of
and they
The su
Jackson ;
Matthew
l-'inehart.
The me
ers were
ton, Jamc
Jackson, .
clay, T. 1 1
Sheley, T.
A. Shelev,
Bagg, W.
DRAINS AM) SKWKRS.— SCAVENGERS.
6i
The pulilii- sewi-r in Ciriswokl Siivct, from L'on-
jrress Street to the river, was Ixiiil in i<S77, by tun-
iieliiij^ under tlie street instead of excavatinitf from
the surface, and was liie lirst seui'r so built in tin-
city. The nietliod i)rove(l advanta,i;eoiis, as travel
on the street was not materially interfered with, and
it has sinci' been ^I'mrally .adopted.
The total leni^th of i)ul)lic sewers built from iS^$,
to 1884, is 80 miles, .and the cost $2,056,872. The
Icnti^th of l.ater.il sewers built since 1855 is 1 1 1 miles,
and tliey h.a\e cost $581,099.
'l"he superintendents of sewers were, 1852, C.
Jackson; 1.S53, Stephen ^^artin ; [854, J. M. D.ivis,
Matthew Oliver; 1855, II. C. Moors; 1856, Isaac
Kinehart.
The members of the Board of Sewer Commission-
ers were .is follows: 1857, C. Ilurlbut. A. Chapo-
ton, James She.irer; 1858, J. Hou.irhton, C. \V.
Jackson, A. Chapoton; 1859, C. Hurlbut, W. Bar-
cl.iy, T. H. Hinchman ; 1860-1863, W. Barclay, A.
Sheley, T. H. Hinchman; 1863-1866. W. Barclay,
A. Sheley. A. Chapoton; 1866, A. E. Bissell, .\. S.
Bai,% \V. Barclay; 1867-1871, A. E. Bissell, Wil-
liam Barclay, A. Sheley; 1871, W. II. Coots, Wil-
liam Barclay. A. I".. Bissell ; 1872-1874, A. E. I'.issell,
Harvey Kini^, W. 11. Coots.
The followin'.( persons served as enirineers of
sewers: 1859-1862, E. W. Smith, 1862- 1874, I'hos.
Ledbeter.
scavkn<;i:ks.
The olTice of scaveiiji^er was created by ordinance
of 1S52, which provided that a scavenj^er should
be appointed yearly by the council.
By ordinance of 1855 si'wr.il scavcnv^ers mi^ht be
appointed, ,ind they were authori/.ed to charge eit^ht
cents a cubic ft)ot for the cleaninvr of vaults and
drains, in 1883 the le.i^al charije was twelve cents.
In 1864 that part of the business pertaining to the
removal and burial of dead animals was lirst done
by contnict. Ordinances of 1863 and 1870 provide
that, by payin,if one dollar and .tjivintr surety for
faithful services, any proper person may be licensed
by I lie mayor as a scavenij^er. They arc under the
direction of the Board of Health.
C H AI^TE R XIII.
WATKK AM) WAl'IilK-W'ORKS.— I'UIJLIC DRIXKINCr KOI 'XT A INS.
wm
WATFR AXn \V.\ ll'R-WORKS.
TiiK first settlors had no nu'd lor wi'lls, pn,t,nnes,
pumps, or ri'siT\dirs. Tlic water .iIoiiil; the sliore
was not (lelik'il bv sewers and I'eluse troin shop and
factory; instead of eontainini;- inipiirities, it washed
and whitened the sanely beaeli and was everywhere
as clear as a diamond.
I'laeh farnihoirsc hail its sin.i^le roiii^h-iiewn lov;- or
|i!ank iirojectiiiii;' into the stream, and barefootfd
maidens, niorniny;' by morninv;, "walked the plank,"
ilaslu'd a bucket into th.e river, and with the rope to
which it was attachetl drew out tlie w.ater for their
daily needs. There were no assessors to in(|uire
how m;mv the family included. " Shni-ol'fs" wx're
unknown. The supply was hterally "as free as air,"
and whosoe\er would nii.nht tir.iw or drink.
.\s the settli'inent li'rew, buckets ,^a\e partial jilace
to barrels, therefore the wharf was used, and when
the " iiostoni.ans " came they brouiL^ht "rules .and
rej;ulations." ( )ne of the earliest Acts of the Hoard
of 'I'rnstees was the jxissai^e on July Uk 1N04, nf an
ordin.ince reciuii'iiiLj each person t.ikiin; w.iter fi'oin
the Merchants' Wharf to |)ay one doll.ir in adv.ance,
for the privilege of so doini^'. This did not please
the l'"rench and on .\uyust 6, the oi-din,ince was
repealed, .\fter the tire of 1805 the Ciowrnor and
Judi^i's i-oncluded th.at it was not safe to rely alto-
vjcther upon the I'iver for a writer siipi^k. and they
undertook to |)ro\ide public wells. ( )n November
29, iSof), ;in accoimt w.as presented l)\- (ieort^-e Huff
for " sniithwork done ;it the pimips," and on
December 3 followini,^ the .governor was appointed
a committee " to cause the pimiiis to be stored and
painted."
.\n appropriation bill, passed by the C.overnor and
Judi^es on March 20, iSo;, contains the followinv,^
item: " Kor completinjr wells and puni|)s in the
vicinity of the court-house and prison, §100 charv,'-e-
able to Detroit ImukI." Their records for M.irch
2<S, 1807, slate th.il the ni.arshal is ".authorized to
complete the wells ;md pumps in the vicinitv of the
court-house by causing; the said wells to be i\vvp-
ened, and walled with bricks or stones, and c.iusinn-
the said pimips to be put in complete order for use,"
One of the last ii.imcd wells w.as on Jefferson
[.-,.]
A\'cnue ni'.ar Wayne Street, Wells were .also i>ro-
vided on the commons back of the town, in the
rci^ion of tlu' s(|u;irt' now (lisii,(n,att'd ;it the Campus
M.irtius. The di,i;xin;,^' of wells in this locality t,^ave
j;reat olTencc to the people, ISolh cattle .and jjcrsons
fell uuo them, .and on M.ay 7, 1808, the (ir.and Jury
presented "the wells on the dom.iin .as ;i d.ani;erous
nuis.ance." In consequence of this .action, on De-
i-ember 15, 1808, the m.arsh.al w.as " directed to dis-
pose of the pumps, stone .and otluM" .articles which
h,a\e heretofore been furnished for the wi'lls on the
commons." ( )n M.arch 7, 1809, W. McD. Scott pre-
sented ,in .account of H' .i4- 5'-' f'"' *^'"'^pensis incurred
in di,i;;v;in,i;' public wells, which w.as duly allowed.
One of the wells with .a pumj') w.as located on
the noi'th side of Jefferson .\\enue between bates
and R.andolph Streets, On Kebru.ary 3, i8iy, Mr.
Stead w.as p.aid $30 for rep.airini^' well and puttiny^
in a pump. It w.as worked with .a windl.ass, and
w.as in use. for sever.al years. In 1S2S the city p.aid
$2. 37 for tilling- it u]),
Dinani; these years w.ater w.as fi-ei|uently carried in
buckets suspended from the ends of a woodiai yoke,
borne uiion the shoulders. It was .also h.auled in
b.arrels in the old two-wheeled l-'ri'iu'li carls, .and
sold at sixpence per barrel. Two b.arrel were con-
sidered .a load, .and from them, <as the carts Jo^-^ed '
o\er tlu' rou,i;ii, imp.aved streets, much water was
distributed aloni;' the w.ay.
The erection of w.ati'r-works w.as |iul)liely su^tj-
ijested by the trustees of the city for the tlrst time
on February 25, 1820, on which d.ite .1 notice \\',as
published inviting' i)ropos:ils, to be made before June
I, for till' e.\clusi\-e jirivilej^e of erectinn' such works.
The lii-st |)ro|iosition, from John W. Tompkins,
was received March 21, 1820. His offer was not
s.atisf.actory, and meantime the .authority of the cor-
]ior.ation to t^r.ant the exclusive ri^ht for sup|)lyini,'-
the city with w.ater havinv;- been called in question,
on June t H. J, Hunt was .aii|iointed to examine .and
report on the subject, I lis report was doubtless
s.'itisf.aetorv for further propos.als were invited, and
on July 27, 1S20, the trustees voted to meet Au.n'iist
10, to receiw them. The iiroceedini^s of the trus-
tees do not indii-aie that .any proposals were received
WATER AM) WATKR-WURKS.
at lliis iiu'i'tiiii;', aiid on Octdbcr i9"S2tJ was ap-
propiiatcd towards t'xpfiise of ili.^.i^in^' a will in
Jefferson Avfiiuc already trecit'd near Dr. William
Hrown's."
The sul)ject of water-works contiiuied to he a,L;i-
taled, and on jiiiu' i, 1823, a meetim,-- of citizi'ns was
held at the coinicil-honse to consider a |)i'oposiiion
from ("ieori;\: Deininy for fiirnishim;- the eily with
water, and on June 4 they rt'solved that "it is ex-
pedient to jiromote tile enter|)i-ist: of ( leori^e Deinini^
and liis assoi'iates for snpplyini;- the eity with water,
and that upon e(|uital)le comlitions we fa\'or his
havinif ex("liisi\'e privileges for a certain nmnhi'i' of
years." The enterprise was " without l)oitoni," or
tlie resolution "leaked," for no water-works were
obtained.
The next step in the history of our water siijiply
was the passa.^^e of an Act on Au,i,fust 5, 1824,
"authori/.ini;- Peter 15erthelet to erect a wharf on the
river Detroit in the continuation of Randolph Strec;t
and runnini,^ to the slii|) channel of said river," pro-
vided "that the said I'eter lierthelet, his heirs and
assii^ns, shall at all times during; the existence of the
above j^rant, at his own or their own expense, erect,
make, and kt'ep in repair, at some convenient place,
at or near the end of said wharf, next the channel of
the river, a i^ood and suflicient pump, at which ail
persons who may reside in the city of Detroit shall
be at all times free of wharfaj^e or other expenses,
entitled to take and draw water for their own use
and convenience; and for that purpose a free use
of said wharf shall be j,nven, for carts, wai^ons,
sleii^hs, or other machinery to be used in drawini,^
and carrying away the water." The dock and
pump were duly erected, and the pump remained
until March 19, 1835, when it was removed by the
City Council.
The pump, althoui^h an improvement, \v;is still
an uns.aiisfactory method of oht.iinimr water, and
occasioned much c()m[)laint. The same year that
Berthelet's pump was authorized, the father of Jacob
S. l'"arrand, Ik'tluiel Farrand, who was then en-
gaged in the manufacture of pmnps at Ain^elius,
Cayn.t;;a County, New York, learned of the condition
of affairs, and conceivetl the idea of ijettini;- the
ri^ht to ert'Ct water-works at Di'lroit. lie came
on foot to the city, and submitted his proposi-
tion to the council on l''ebruary 16, iiS25, and on
l'"ebruai"y i<; a meetini;' of citizens was held to con-
sider his offer. It UKt their approval, and on I'V-b-
ruary 21 the council api^ointed a committee to con-
clude the contract. The next day they passed an
"Act (j^rantiniL^ to liethuel I'.irrand and his lev^ril
representatives the sole and exclusive ri,nht of water-
ing; the city of Detroit and for otluT purposes." Mr.
Farrand went home, and in May, accompanied by
Rufus Wells, he again arrived in Detroit. He at
once commenced operations, spending the stmimer
in cutting and rafting tamarac logs from the Clinton
River for the inu-pose of making pipes. Refore the
works were fairly established, Mr. \\\!ls ])urchased
Mr. l'"arrand's interest, and on March 3[, 1827, an
ordinance w.is passed "gr.anting to Rufus Wi'lls, or
his legal representatives, the exclusive right of sup-
plying the city of Ditroit with water." ,\ fiuther
ordinance, passed October 10, 1827, granted addi-
tional rights.
The piniip-house was located on the Berthelet
Wh.arf. It was a fnime building, twenty feet s(|uare,
witli two pumjjs of the inches bore. Hy means of
horse-iiower the water was forced into a forty-gallon
cask, located in the (•u|)()la of the pum|)-house, which
was forty feet above the wharf, from where it was
conveyed by wooden logs to the reservoir located on
Randolph Street, at the rear of the lot now occupied
by Firemen's Hall. The reservoir was sixteen
fi'ct s()uare, built of white oak j^lank, two inches
thick and six feet long, caulked with oakum ; it
restt-d on a frame of timber sixteen feet high, was
covered with a shingle roof, and had a capacity of
9,580 imperial grdlons. A fevv wooden logs con vcNcd
water through i^ortions of Ji'ffi-rson .Avenue, 1, anted
and Congress Streets. All the arrangements were
\ei-y pi'imitive ; iqion one occasion a wooden jilug at
one of the houses on Larned .Street was carelessly
knocked out, and the cellar was soon tilled with water,
and the reservoir nearly emptied, causing almost
e\ery jien-stock to fail. The company were re(|uired
to put in service pipes, and for both |)ipes and water
families paid but $10 jier year in ([uarterly instal-
ments.
After a few years, other parties became interested
with Mr. Wells, and in June, 1829, as it was e\-i(lent
that works of grealtr ca|)acily were needed, the
Hydraulic Company, as the association was calli'd,
riceiveil from the city a gi^aiit of the south end of
Lot 8, — the second lot from the southeast ccjrner of
Wayne and Fort Streets. On this lot they were to
erect a new reservoir, and bore for water, the idea
having gained jorevalence that water could be had
more easily from a well than from the river. On
August 6, 1829, The Gazette contained this item:
'I'lio Ilydiiinlif C'<impaiiy (if tins city aio linriiii; fur water im
the ^ili; (if tin; (lUt fnrt, llu; hi,<li(.'st >;niiMKl within tin; limits (if tliu
iMirpdratiim. 'I'licy ha\'': pciictratcd diu' hiuulrftl anti t\V(_-nty fuc^t
jiild aru still K"'"i,' "H witli lliiir labor.
After boring a hole four inches in diameter to the
dei)th of twr) lumdred and sixty feet, one hundred
and forty-four feet of which was tubed with cast-iron
tubing, the pebbles and quick.sand Jiccumulated in
the pipe, and early in April, 1830, the project was
abandoned. The chief engineer of the company, at
this time, was Mr. {'"ailing, who seenis to have been
appropriately nann.'d.
64
WAIl.K AM) \\A TI'.K WoKKS.
Tlu' coini);!!!)- now dctermini-d to ay;aiii rrcrt
])iiniiMii,i( wdrksaiul resort to iln' rivur, and in virw ol
till' nivaicr t'\|)fiisi' tlial tlu'v must incur, they soui^iil
to be relieved from furnishiui;- seiviee pipes and pen-
storks, to obtain an e.Mi'nsinn (if the time durini;-
wiiirh tliey were to ii,i\i' the exeUisive privilc.ne of
su|)plyin,i; water, and also to \x'. released from the
obligation of surrenderiiv^- their works without com-
pensation at the lermin; lion of their charter. After
various nu-etinyjs .and e.ciietl discussions, their ile-
inands were granted, and in 1830 new works were
constructed.
Tile reservoir, located on the I'Drt Street lot, was
of brick, eiv^hteen feet s(|uare and nine feet deep,
enclosed with wood; it held ci.Sii v^allons. On
.August 4, 1S30, the i-oinpany comnu'iici'd layini;'
water-|)ipes from the ri\ei- to Jefferson A\i'iiue, just
al)o\-e the M.ansion House; their new works went
into operation at :: i'. M. on Monday, October 11,
1830. A lai^i' crowd .gathered at the engine-house
to witness tlu- letiinv;' on of ihe water. 'I'he wooden
pi|)es, i)ut toireth.er with iron thimbles, lay just under-
neath tlu; i^'round, and thiir course could be easily
traced by ilu' water which oo/cd out, tlm im[)erfect
joints allowing' it to leak at every length. Governor
Cass, who with others was ])resent to witness the
letting on of the watei\ was called upon for a
speech. Moiuiling ;i b.irrel ni'ar by, and casting his
eye over the route of the \i\pc. hv. began by saying:
"Fellow-citizens, what an age of |)rogress I " No
one then thought his words sarcastic. The pump-
ing was tionu by a ten-horse-power engine belong-
ing to the Detroit Iron Works, located on the corner
of Jefferson A\enue .and Cass Street. The engine
did double duty, supi)lyiug power for its owm-rs .as
well as for the I lydraulii" Comp.any. In conse(|uence
of a defect in the boiler, cUiring a whole week in
November, 1831, no water could be pum|)ed. At
this time there were but two lines of wooden logs
of three ini'hes bore.
In 1 83 1 an aildition.al reservoir w.as constructed,
adjoining the old one ; it w.as built of o.ak i)lank, was
forty feet S(|u;irc, ivn ft-et dt'cp, .and held iii),6.So
gallons. The reserx'oir lirst built rem.ained in use
until 1839, when it w.as sold ant! taken ilown. The
other one w.is ust'd occ.isionally up to 1842, during
which year the 1. gs were relaid, m.iny of them
having been imp.iired by frost in the winters of
1830 .and 1831, At the s.ame time a twenty-horse-
power engine w.as built, and located in a building
erected for it on the north side of Woodbritige
Street, l)etwccn Wayne and Cass Streets,
The company supplied water until 1836, losing
money e.ach ye.ar, .and hearing const.ant .and well-
grounded compl.aints th.it I he w.ater w.as neither
ile.ar, pure, nor wholesome, .and very uncertain as to
quanuty. Finally a Committee of the Council w.as
.ippointed to ivsamine tiie matter. 'I'lu'' reporied
that the comp.any h.ad f.iiled to fult'ill their contract,
,in<l th.it their ch.irUi' w.is null and \did. .After
much discussion, it was decided th.it the city would
buy the works, and on May 18, 1S3''), a Connnittic
of the Council |-cpoited th.it they h.ad purch.ased .all
the re.il and |)erson.il est.ite of the Hydr.aulii- Com-
pany for $20,500, the property to be surrendered
June I, 1836, .and to \)v p.aid .''or in city bonds bear-
ing six per cent interest, due on |une 1, 1856. A
special session of the council was ne.Kt held on June
9, w hen it w.as
Ki-xi'/rvif, tliat Nnali Siittiin lie, and he !s Iicnhy appuinti-d,
as .ivtciU fur this I'Miaid, tn piiMcrd ti) Uir cilics iif I'iUsbiiiK, I'liila-
dilpliia, N'.'W \'iirk, tn iXMiiiiiic tlir watrr-wcirks in tliose <itii:s,
and (il)l.ilii all iiucdful iiiluniiathiii in n-.uard to llii' (Dnstiiii lii>n
and iipitrali.in tluTi-of ; and tlu: said a;;rnl tn hi' .•uitlinri/icl and
rniiiowi^rcd to fontr.-irt in ihr ludialf nf ilu' <nrpnr,iticin i>( this city
for cast and wrought inm pipes for condnctin).,' ihc walur into the
cily.
A'c.vo/, v</, lliat till- snniof $1 icj he approprialid for lhc> ih-frayinv;
the expenses of the agent of the corporation, a)id that a warrant
for that anionnt be issned on thu 'I'reasnry.
A committee w.as also .appointed to jnirch.ase ,a
w.ater lot .ai)o\-e the cily, upon which to erect works.
( )n June 15, 1836, the recorder reported that they
h.id "purch.ased from M.ajor Antoine Dctiuindre
three water lots in front nf the Detiiiindre F.ann, with
,1 front of 350 feet on the river, for §5,500." 'I'he
work of buikling w.as begun ,at onrc. and on June
30, 1836, John I'arr.ir w.ts .appointed to superintend
.and inspect the ereciioii of the wharf. It is e\i(lent
th.at there were some misgivings as to the success or
desirability of the pl.m for obt.aining w.ater from the
ri\fr, for on the s.ame d.ay the council jirocecdings
show the pass.age of the following resolution :
/u-xi'/t'ii/, that I )avid I'rench and II. W'ilinarth be appointed
,1 eoinniillee to examine i he several springs in Xorthville and
Sonthlii Id, also others in ihe vieniity, lo ascertain if a snflicient
qnantilyof |>nre water can bi; obtained from lln-ni to snjiply this
city, and Uie probable' lo^i of con\eying it hiliier.
On August 3 Mr. French reported th.at l)y a con-
centration of several sjirings in the town of F.arming-
ton an abund.ant supply of pure w.ater could be
obtained. Nothing further came of this report, .and,
in the light of later experiences, one cannot help
wondering whetlier tlie members of the council had
not been drinking something, besides water when
they adopted the resolution.
Meantime the newly i)urchased works continued
to l)e used, .and in 1836 an ordinance w.as ])assed
"that, on ,a])i)lication, w.ater m.ay be conveyed 50
feet from front line of lots to be kept flowing at
least twelve hoiu's out of the twentv-four. pro\ided
the corpor.ation does not h.ave to make more than
100 feet of new pipe to supply any one applicant,"
In 1837 work was begun on the reservoir .at the
foot of Orleans Street. In 1838 iron pipes, the first
in the cily,
dolph Sire
eontr.acl w;
Sutton to b
tain.ar.ac h>'^
a forty-live-
voir, and In
or roiind-hi
the old ^:
\\'illi.im Jii
work, wiiic
superinicnd
lifty feet hi;
feet in hcigl
sixiy feet in
tion of the
piers .and ari
st.airw.ay, wi
out over the
from which
olden lime :
things to be
Old Ro(
The rcser\
States stand
and forty t(
and in p.arli.i
house w.as li
.M.arch 27, .am
Meanwhile t
.ai)|)arent that
and in anlici
side of the cii
'•'^'47. g.'ive c(
eslal)lishcd.
In 1 8 50 ,ar
hundred-ant
\VATI:K AM) WATl'.R WORKS.
65
ill tlu; city, wvw laid on Ji-I'ferson Avciuic, Trom Ran-
dolph Slrcrl. U) W Iwaiil Avciun.'. In 1S40 a
contrai't was made with L'harlfS Jackson and Noah
Sutton to build an i'n,:^inc-iiouse, lay niiu' niiks of
taniarac loj^s, four and one half of iron pipis, fuinish
a forty-rivc-horsc-powLT cnj^inc, civet tlic iron reser-
voir, and finish its tower. The plan of the reservoir,
or ronntl-house, was copied by Noah Sutton from
the old Manhattan Works of New \'oi-k Cit\-.
William lUirnell was the contractor fni the brick-
work, wiiich was completed in 183S. John Scott
superintended the construction. The lirick part was
fifty feet lii.^h, surrounded by a wooden top twenty
feet in liei.trht. The iron tank, twenty fei't lii^ijh .and
sixty feet in diamett-r, was located in tlie upper por-
tion of the building;-, restinvj on numerous brick
piers and tu'ches. A narrow, crooked, and winding'
stairway, with a rou.v^h, wooden [ilalform extendins^'
out o\er the reser\dir, led to the top of the building,
from which a fine \iew could be obtained ; in the
olden time a visk to this reservoir was one of the
ihinj^s to be enjoyed In" all visitors.
UlU KiiLM) lioLMi, luul ul- OKLli.\NS STUUUT.
The reservoir had a capacity of 422,979 United
States standard gallons, and weighed one lumdred
and forty tons. It was in constant use until 1857
and in partial use until 1S60. In 1866 the round-
house was torn dow'i. The work was begun on
March 27, and the old land mark soon disappeared.
Meanwhile the rapid growth of the city made it
api)arcnt that more extensive works were needed,
and in anticipation of the erection of reservoirs out-
side of the city, a charter amendment of .March iC),
1847, gave control over any works that .should be
established.
In 1S50 an .additional pumiting engine of one-
hundred-and-rtfty-horse-power w;is set up. ]'"vcn
with these addition.al facilities, the supply of water
was uncertain, .and in 1851 four acres of land on the
Muileit l''ai-m wiM\: purchased as a site for a new
ris(r\iiir. This investment gave rise to nuK:h tlis-
cussion, and in the winter of 1851 and 1852 the
papers were til'ed with arguments and communica-
tions for and against i)roposals to si'il the water-
works to ;i priv.ate corptjration. l'"in;diy, by (jrdi-
anee passed I'ebru.iry 24, 1852, the management of
the works was vested in a board of five trustees,
and a year later, on February 14, the same trustees,
by .Act of the Legislature, were constituted a IJoard
of Water Co nmissioners. Vmm this time the
bo.ard had control of all the property of the water-
works, which, on December 30, 1862, was conveyed
to them by deed of the council.
I'he continued incri'ase of the city and its pro-
spective wants letl the connnissioners to disj^ose of
the four acres on the .Mullett i^'arni ; and in 1854
they i)urchased ten acres on the JJeciuindre l-'arm, a
mile and a h.alf from the river, at a cost of §7,363.
'J'his ground, the highest in the city available for the
pur[)ose, is twenty feet higluT than the level at the
corner of Jefferson and Woodward .Avenues.
.\ nvw resei"\oir\vas begun upon this site in 1S54.
It was first used in .\ovember, 1857, but was not
fully completed until i860. It is bounded by Wil-
kins, Calhoun, Riop.'lle, and I)e(|uindre Streets, and
consists of two basins enclosed by a sloping em-
bankment thirty feet high, composed princij)ally of
clay. The embankment is one hundred and three
feet thick at the base and fifteen feet wide at the
top. The outside is h.andsonu'ly sodded. The
basMis were originally lined with brick. After a few
months' use, heiuier and more durable material was
deeiiK'd necessary, and stone, with brick for a few
feet at the top, was substituted. Steps lead from
the northwest corner to the top of the embankment,
upon which tiiere is a gravel w.ilk 1,003 feet long.
The two b.isins are surrounded by a neat fence, and
a flight of steps from top to bottom of the interior of
each affords easy access for cleaning or repairs.
The dividing wall between the basins contains a
stairw.ay leading to the shut-ol'fs, so that water can
be let on or shut off from either basin without inter-
fering with the other. I'ach basin is two hundred
feet sijuare al the top, one hundred and fourteeii
feet sciuare at the bottom, and twenty-eight and one
half feet deep; and together they cover an area of
530 X 320 feet, or nearly four acres. The capacity of
the two is 9,000,000 gallons. The water is forced in
and distributed through pipes two feet in diameter.
The total cost of the reservoir, aside from the
ground, was §116,287.58. A keeper resides on the
grounds, and on week-days from April i to Decem-
ber I, from 9 A. At. till sunset, and on Sundays from
2 I'. M. to sunset, the grounds are open to visitors.
66
WA'll'.K AM) \\AI1;K works.
As tlic top is sc'venty-scvcn and one lialf feet above
the river, it ronimaiuis an .'xtensive view of the
northeastern portion of tlie city.
Tile various extensions and enlargements de-
manded increased expt'ndiiuri's, and the commis-
sioners were autliorized l)y Ac t of l"ei)ruary (>. I'S^,.
to i)orrow §350.000, and an Act of l''ci)ruary 10,
1857, ).',a\e power to l)orr()W an additional §250,000.
In July, 1858, a new pipe was sunk in the river, the
inlet end heinjL;' one hundri'd ,ind si'\-enty-t"ive feet
from the wharf-line, .and the iiuality of the water o!)-
tained was jrreaily iniprovi'd.
In 1.S56 a new euj^ine was contrncted for, to be
built in New \'orl<. It was completed and deliv-
ered, l)ut f.ailed to do the work ai^reed upon, and
was rejected by the eonnnissioners, who refused to
pay for it. A suit was instituted against them, anti
a decision reiulered under which the contractors
recovered §26,500. In 1S62 a new env^ine w.is pro-
cured, which cost §25,000. Attain it i)ecame neces-
sary to enlarije the capacity of the works, and on
February 17, 1869, the Legislature authorized the
hoard to borrow $2 5o,oixj. A furtlier .\ct of .April
5 i;;ive power to levy a t.ix of three cents a foot
fronta^-e on all vacant lots passed by the supply
]iipes, with power to .sell the lots after a certain time
if the taxes were not i)aii!. Comparatively few per-
sons paid the t.ax, and in June, 1876, the law was
decided to be illei^al, and .all moneys collected under
it have been, or are li.ible to be, refundi'd.
Durinif 1870 m.uiy persons who lived adjoininj,^
the city petitioned to be served from the water-
works, and in October the pipes, for the first time,
were extended outside the corporation. In this same
vearthe ever-recurrinir considenition of enl.ir.i^cment
was ;n;;un :\ iirominent theme, and the<|uestion of ;in
entirely new location occasioni'd nnich research and
investiii;;ition. \'arious jilans .and locations were
discussed bv city oflicers, priv.ate citizens, and the
Water Ho.ird. 'I'he I.enisl.itiu-e, on March 8, 1873,
j;;ive the board power to borrow §r,ooo,ooo for the
pin-pose of erecting- new works, .and the Act pro-
vided for the r.aising of §75,000 yearly by direct t.ax.
the surplus over the necessities of the board to be
KeSEKVOIR and K.MUA.NK.MEM llKUVtEN RiOl'ELLE ANU DecJUI.NUKE SiKEETS.
.set ap.art .as
12, 1873, (1
board, ])ro\ 1
their use, .11
works outsi
enl.aru'enicn
seventy ;tcri
.site for the 1
the ( Irosse
the river, ;i
I'riv.ite Cl.ii
about four n
of the locati
(), W. (;re<
the ni.'iyor :i
ligate the s
works. '11
1874. 'l"he;
and .advised
recommendc
of the bo.ard
services on tl
eral Weitzel,
August 18, ;
The reasons
th;it the woi
from .'uljoinii
.all seasons o(
from .a river i
and, by mci
from iin])urit
settling basin
invited, and t
W.alton, & \\
in December
three years, ;
the first time
The inlet
twenty-seven
angles with t
stream ; it is (
thick, five fe
twenty-tive fe
the ri\-er, wh
two feet of \v
from the wes
ends .and one
bottom four :
tiftv-seven ft
height six feet
the whole len;
'l"he water
strainer, intlu(
basin, thence,
into effluent
wells to the p
the forty-two
WAILR AND WAIllK WORKS
si:t apart as a sinking- fund. A further Act of April
12, i<S73. (k'Tuu'd with iiuicli dft.iil tlio jxiwrrs of the
board, i>ro\idcd for coiulcniniiijL^' priw'ti.' jjropirty for
thi'ir usi', and ,v;a\'c tluMii powir to erect and control
works outside the city. In furtlicranee of plans for
enlar^enicnt, tiie board, in janu.iry, ICS74, Ijou^lit
seventy acres for $35,000 of Roijert P. Toms as a
site for tile new works. Tlic ianil lias a frontage on
the (Irosse I'oinli: Road of 9fi7 feet and extends to
tlie river, a distani'e of 2,715 fi'it ; it covers jiiirls of
I'riv.ite Claims Nos. 337 and 257 in ilamiramck,
ai)out four mile, from the City Hall. The wisdom
of the location w.is called in (jui'stion, nm\ Cii'iierals
I). W. (ireene ;ind C. \\\'it/el were appoiiiteil by
the ni.iyor and the lioard of I'ublic Works to inves-
tigate the subject of location and of the i)roposed
works. Their report was presciiticl in iXun'ust,
1S74. 'I'liey approved of the location purchased,
and ;id\isi'd the erection of works substantially as
reeommiiuh'd by I). I'"arrand Henry, the enii;ineer
of the board. The bill of ( leneral dreene for his
services on this occation was !ii>i,i34and that of (ien-
eral Weit/el, S'.*574o5- Tluse bills were presented
Au]L;tist iS, and orderi'd paid on August 24, 1874.
'["he reasons v;iven in favor of the new location were
that tile works would be beyond the reach of tire
from adjoininjf liri'iiiises, and woukl be accessible at
all seasons of the year; the water would be obtained
from a river channel seldom or never contaminated,
and, by means of settlinif basins, coultl be freed
from impurities. Proposals for constructing the
settlin.iLj basin, docks, and a short slip or canal were
invited, aiul the contract was let to Messrs. Lacey,
Walton, iS: Walker for §106,130. W^ork was beyun
in December, 1874, the works were completed in
three years, and on December, 15, 1877, water for
the first time was supplied therefrom.
The inlet pipe is near mid-channel, in about
twenty-seven feet of water, and is sunk at ri^dit
anodes with the current, with the j^nitini;- side down
stre.am; it is of wrou,!L(ht iron, one fourth of an inch
thick, live feet in diameter, made in lengths of
twenty-tive feet, and extends eleven hundred feet into
the river, where it is enclosed by a crib in twenty-
two feet of water, the water tlowin^' into the ])i])e
from the west. The strainer is of pine lumber, the
ends and one side ei.nlit inches thick, the top and
bottom four inches tliick. The extreme len,t;th is
tiftv-seven feet, width seven feet eij^lit inches,
height six feet. The tjratinjr, extending on one side
the whole length, is of hard-wot-d slats.
'llie water is forced by gravity thnnigh the
strainer, influent pipe, and gate-well into the settling
basin, thence, intercepted by submerged bulkhead,
into effluent gate-well, effluent pipe, and strainer
wells to the pump wells, whence it is pumped into
the forty-two-inch mains; these are so connected
DErROll
Pr.AN OF Detroit Water-Works.
ii
6S
\\ Al I:K AM) W A I I.U \\i »klsS.
that I'iilu r or hoili can In; used ; tln'v nin by difffr-
fiit nmtis.oiu: i6,oo() kvt in Iin;,flli, tln' (itlur jS.ooo
feet, to tlie snpplyiiiij mains.
Tilt; scttliiijj basin is ihri't; bundii'd and siMy-livc
feet wide and tli(' two sides measure. se\cn Iniiulrcd
and fifty and eij^ht jiimdrcd feet ns|HMii\cly. it
varies in deptli from ihirteen fe<l al the eiiannt 1 or
soiilli bani< to si'venteeii feet on the nortli or engine
siile at low-water niaii< ; it is sepai'aled from tlie
ri\er liy a natural l)aiii< of solid eai'ili two liimdi'ed
feet in widlli; on the other thi'ie sides tlnre are
jtlank walls supported hv |)ilcs di'i\rn se\'cn h rl in
blue clay; outside of tiu; |)lank walls there are solid
embanknu'iits of blue clay, |)uddled in by hand,
from elcecn to fnmleen fi'et wide. 1)11 the west
side the embankment, which is eoeeri'd with plank,
eonneets with and le.ids to the <loek, which is nine-
teen hundrt'd feet louv;' and twi'nl\-li\e feci wide.
West of the embankment is a canal forty-live feet
wide: .and seventeen feet dei p. About se\'i'ntv-live
fi'ct from the north bank of iln' setllini;- basin is :i
siibmeri;'ed bre.ikw.ilcr, which prevents ,i direct em--
riMit from tlu' inlet to the outlet pipe, .and facili-
t.ates the dc|)osit of ;uu- sedimcntai'y m.itler. i'lu.'
l)asin ha.s ;ui ari'a of something;' ox'i'r si\ .aeres,
and the ])ipe eonvi'yini,^ the water from it to the
well in the en,;,nne-!iouse, like the inka pi'pc, is
six feet .above the bed of the basin, thus ;illow-
inyf ;ill sediment U) f.ill below the mouth of the
Tile upper i)ortiiin of the ;.;roniids is occnpied by
eo.al-housi', setllin;;- b.isiii, .and i ,uial ; the lower por-
tion is reser\'ed for the site nf .m .addition.i! basin,
shoulil it be n-i|uired. Thi' v^ruinuls .idjacent to the
street .are i^r.lded, seeded, .ind orn.imented with
slirubl)cr\- .and two sm.ill l.ikes; driveways li;id tu
the eni^ine-hou^c.
The en'.;ine-hoiise, of brick, st.ands nearly in the
centre of tlu' upinr h.ilf of the i^rounds, eiu;hl lum-
dred feet from the front line. The hci;^bt of the
buildin;,;' to the lop of the m.iin w.alls is forty feel,
to the pe.ik of tlu' roof Se\'enl\--li\a' feet, .and to the
ti>p of the tower one hundred ;uid fciurieen feet.
The eimine-rooin proper Is'i^ x (») fei'i. .and is o|)en
to the roof. Two boiler-houses ioiii the rear, .and
,are each lift\--ilirce .and six tenths by foi-|\--se\cn and
four tenths feet inside nu'.asurement. with .a hei'.;lii
of forty fei't. A sp.ice of thirty-sexcn fi'ct between
them is used ,as store-roo , w.ash-i"ooni, .and woi'k-
shop. The brick chimnevs on the outer w.al! of e.ach
biiilei--roi]ni ,are li\'e feet in dianieler inside, .and one
hunili-ed ;ind twenty feet hi,L;h. There .are two coni-
poimd-be.un ]nmi|)in^- <'ni,^ines, both (k'sii^iied bv
John 1^. j-alwards, .and each of them c,i|),il)le of
pumiiin:< 24,000,000 y.allons d.aily. A tluVd envjine
of the same kind will be completed durin,;,,^ 1884.
The Nuw Wati;u-Wukks Engini; Hucm;, and Tuuek or Stand I'li't,
One of llii
i)uilt l)y til.
was compli
side b-on \\
'I'he t'Ui;
Works lias
in di.imeter
inches in di.
is eomjiosei
inch stei'l pi
hve feet Ion
six inches
centre eolm
sii|)ports ll
forms the
forty-four f(
fei't in di.ui
base, .and si
inches .at tli
tot.ai heii^ht
pl.ate to top
fifty feet tli
The lly-whei
four feet in d
weiv;iis.il)oui
the cr.aiik sh,
inelies in di.n
Tile eni;in
the Kiverside
differs slii{litl
built by the
eomotive \\'(
hi,nli sti'.am c
four inches nil
l)ump three f(
inch iiKire di.-n
be.ani of thi:
eomposet! of
fourtli-incii s
twenty - live
inches loii^- I
six inches wid
3,350 |)oimds
lly-wheel is t
feet four inch
eter and wei
forty tons. 'I
inir wells .are
wide, ,and tw
four feet thic
weighs ni'.irlj
boilers, iisiiail
ei.t(ht feet in
lonir; heit;jii f
cit,--!!! feet eiy
e.aeli iioiler, s
surf.aee, 1,36^
WAI KK AM) W All.K WOKKS.
Oy
One of till- c'lv^Hiii's was first nsfd in 1S77. and was
built by till' Detroit Loroniotive Works; tiic dtlier
was niniplcicil in iSSi l)y S. I'". Ilodnc, at llic Kivir-
side h-(in \Viirl<s.
'I'lie c'nv;ini' built by the Detroit Locomotive
Works lias a hii;h steam cylinder, forty-two inidies
in diami'ter, and a low steam cylinder, eii;IUy-foin'
inches in diameter, with six-loot stroke. 'I'he beam
is composed of si.\ half-
indi steel plates, twenty-
live feet loiij;- by five feet
si.\ inches wide. The
ci'iitre column, which
supports till' be.'im and
forms the ;iir vessel, is
forty-four feet hiv;h. ten
ft'ct in diamc'ter at tlu'
b.ise. ,uid sewn feet t"i\'e
inches ;it the top. The
total hei;^hi from b.ase
pl.ate to top of be.im is
tlfty fet't three inches.
The lly-wlu'cl is twi'iUy-
four feet in di.imeter. and
weij^iis .about tliii'ty tons ;
the crank sh.ift is tifteen
inclii's in diameter.
'I'he I'lmiiu: built by
tlu; Riverside IronWorks
differs slii.;luly from that
built by the I )etroit Lo-
comotive Works. The
hinh steam cylinder has
four inches more, and the
pump three fourths of an
inch more di.anieter. '{'he
beam of this eiii^ine is
composed of four three-
fourth-inch steel pl.ates,
twenty- live' feet foiir
inehes ion.^ by live feet
si.K inches wide, weii;hin,n-
3,350 pounds ea<h. Tiie
tly-wheel is twenty-four
feet foiu" inches in diam-
iter and wtMv^hs nearly
forty tons. 'I'he pum]-)-
injr wells .an- forty-one feet lonj.^, twenty-one fc "
wide, and twenty-two feet deep, with walls about
four (vvl thick. Kiivh eni;ine with its air-pumps
weighs nearly live hundred tons. There are ei^ht
boilers, usually called marine boilers, each of them
eijirht feet in diameter by nineteen feet si.\ inches
loPif ; heivjht from bottom of furnace to top of shell,
eiv;ht feet ei,i,dit and one li;i!f inches; wei^dit of
each boiler, .seventeen and one half tons; he.ilini,^
surf.ace, 1,364 S()n.ire fi'ct. The st;uid-|)ipe aids in
sectiriii),' a uniform ]iressiire of water throtivfh tlu;
force mains; it is ni.ade of boiler iron rind lias ;i
diameter of live feel at the base ,and thirty inches
,il ihe top, the |)lates r,in,v;ini;' from live eitjhths to
three sixteenths of an inch in thickness. It has ;i
hei(.,du of one luindred and thirty-two feet from the
foundation upon whieli it rests. The tower which
encircles il is built of the best (|ualily of jjiessed
I i.Mc >>i liii. K.N(,im;s.
brick; the base or lower section is extended out-
ward from the main shaft to allow of a p.issa^ew ay
or wstibule to the windin,i^- stairw.iy one hundred
and twenty-four feet hiyh, which leads to an ob-
si'rvatory at the top. There are two luindred and
four steps.
An analysis of the water by I'rofe.ssor Dou).,dass in
1S54 showed the contents of i.oocj j;ramiues to be ;
suliih.ite of |)ot,assi;i. .00:283 j;r,immes; snlpli.'ite of
sod.i. .0075; c.iibon.ile of linu', .033; phos|ih;ite of
ro
\v.\'Ii:r and \\.\i'i:k works.
liiiH', .0311 ; alumina, .0105; silira, .(loy, ami car-
bonatoof inm, .(XJS14 ; oratntai nf .ui^Soy v,rrammt's
of solid luatltT in 1,000; in olIuT words, ;i i^-.illnii of
w.itiT rontaiiK'd only 5.72^ ijrains of solid nialtcr,
and this of siidi niincr.ils, in siicii proportions, as to
1)1- of no re.il detrinifiit. 'I'lif iron pijic from wliicli
tile water for analysis was takfu cxtcndi'd only
twrnty-fivo feet l)cyond the wh.irf-line. An .malysis
of a i,;allon of water l)y I'rofessor A. li. Lyons in
September, 1S79, from w.iter obiaii.cd at the new
works j^ave tiie foilowinij result : pot.issium, trace;
sodium chloride, .229; sodium carbonate, .394; cal-
cium sulphate, 1.043; calcium carbonate, 3.353;
maijnesium carbonate, 1.209; alumina, .241 ; ferrous
carbon.ite, trace; silica, .306. Toi.il, 6.775 j(rains.
The cost of the new works, including the .tjrouiKis,
up to J.iniiary, US84, was §1,271,739.
.Ml .ifenenil distribution pipes are laid at the ex-
pense of the city ;is fast as the commissioners deem
necessary; and all ajjplications for extensions m;iile
at the office are carefully considereil. Service pipes
are recjuired to be put in by a licensed |)liniiber, at
the expense of the individual. 1 'lumbers p.iy live
dollars a year to the board as a license fee. A con-
trast between the methods and facilities of the p.isl
and the present is sugi,n'stetl in the following item
from a daily paper of July, 1850 :
/Viim/ii-r.— Why is it lliiit in a city of 25,i.wj {..habitants, with
oiu: Hydraulic Wiirks, and the very t..\ttnsiv<; iiDprovuineiits evt ry-
wherc going forward, that we have no professional plnnibtr aniung
us?
Petitions to make connections with the water-
pipes must be made at the otlice, on blank forms
there furnished, and a charge of $1.75 to Si-oo for
service cock and for connecting must be paid when
the permit is granted. Between the first day of
December and the tir.stdayof March no connections
are allowed to be made without special permit.
Up to January i, 1884, there were 16,978 .service
connections in the iron pipes, and 8,278 in the
wooden logs; tliere was a total of one hundred
and sixty-two miles of in n pipe, and seventy-eight
miles of wooden logs. The iron pipe varies in size
from three to forty-two inches in diameter, and
the bore of the wooden logs from two and one
quarter to four inches. The winter of 1874-1875
being remarkably cold, the water-pipes were more
generally affected than ever before, and many of the
street mains froze and burst, causing serious incon-
venience.
In 1827 the force mains, or main pipes, delivering
to the supply pipes consisted of tamarac logs o(
four-and-one-half-inch bore. In 1830 three-inch
iron pipes were used, in 1840 ten-inch pipes, in 1854
twenty-four-inch pipes, and in 1875 pipes of three
feet six inches in diameter were first employed.
The following l.iblc gives a good idea of the
grouili ,iu(l extcni of the water-works:
Valnr of
Amount of
Workn.
Diht.
.
rMsi
• rii.-'4"
$ a.sJ,77'
1 Si K 1
'ph.„7Hi
l.^.,...,
.H7,,
1,170,. 70
Hw-.,
1K8,.
^,7S",7'"'
l.5".!i'"«'
,HH,
.l,,li'v»«.
1,555,01.10
18711
1880
188 )
Water
Kati'H.
$ -.5,482
4V.4J4
'-■7. 1 4.1
^85,^.58
No, of
Kaniilii'H.
''S'ASO
M.7'7
a2<7H:)
27,087
IntiTi'.Ht
paid.
•4J.8.t7
54i757
(jy,()IO
'I4.j-'J
Gallons
punipud.
C'oKt of
operutiiig.
Mi5U
33."«)
45.7.)J
54.4.M
Atlles of
ripcagu.
.1o3<';3',74!
/H
87.i,..|0,4si
(>^
i,8tj6,c,(i< 1,1.08
i.'ij
.">i.'i52ii/'.'i)3»o
21 V
7.l7'^.3-'7."'»
242
Tlu: office w.'is at one time located in the old City
II.ill. In i85-' it w.'is removed to the old l''iremen's
II.ill, on the corner of li.-ites and l.jirned Streets. In
July, 1862, it w;is moved to ;i store in the central
portion of the ISiddle llou.se Block, and in .M.iy,
1872, to the north side of Jefferson Avenue, between
Bates and Randoloh Streets. < )n S.'iturday, June 16,
1877, the office w;is established on the e;ist side of
Oriswold Street, midw.ay between Miihig.in Avenue
and Sl.ite .Street, in a building speci.illy erected for
the purpose, and renteil to the connnissioners.
Under ordinance of 1836 the water rates were as
follows: I''ach common dwelling-house, §10 yctrly ;
each dwelling "larger than common," with one
horse or cow, $' 2 ; each family in house with .several
families, $8; each livery with four horses, §10; each
store, $6 ; each office, $5. The t.tx was to be paid
six months in advance, and no w.iter sui)plie(l for
less than six months. As at i^resent managed, in
May and June of each year personul inspection and
intiuiry is instituted throughout the city ; and from
facts thus obtained a list of consumers is made.
On the last business day in June the rolls are
confirmed, .and are fin;il and conclusive except as
aflditional assessments may l)ccome necessary by
increased use of water. Any reduction claimed
by reason of diminished use of water can apply
only to the succeeding (|uarter. The jiresent rates
for each house range from five dollars upwards,
with special rates for varying circumstances and
particular kinds of business. If not paid within
the first month of the quarter, five per cent is added;
if not paid before the expiration of the quarter, ten
per cent is added ; and if not then paid, the supply
of water is shut off, and before it is let on again, not
only the water tax but an extra charge of fifty cents
for turning on the water rnust be paid.
A law of 1873 required the board to charge for the
pipes, and double rates for water supplied to persons
living outside of the corporation. After ten years,
trial, in 1883, discretionary power was given to the
board as to the amount to be charged.
W ;iicr 111
be s.tid to
there were
indic.itors i
<cnls, in
g.illons reg
When tl
superintend
lei'tions. I
city collecti
catcs the .-
th.it d.iy
I'.W ViiCK w
Room iviry rii
receive tin? del
does not |iay ii
the I'onncil, .-i
joking.
IlKTHiirr, A I
In 1848,
assessr )rs o
council. \
tion of the
the collector
The asse*
council wert
ham ; 1 849,
D. Clairoux,
Francis Mel
By appoir
-sors and col
N. Case, T.
From iSj
superintendc
W.'IS $500 a ;
elective oflic
the Water C
The follov
1827-1833,
French ; 1 8
ward M. M
1843, 15. B.
1 846- 1 848, J
ley, N. C.rei
1854, K. .Mc;
The engin
Charles How
min Keeney
J. I'!, lulwan
pointed gent
served until
appointed ch
new works \
when the ofli
Superintendc
and contiiUR
1877, he was
WATKR AXI) WATl'.K WORKS.
;i
Water mt'tcrs wtTi' tcstfd in 1854., hut can hardly
1)1' said to have lu'cii in usr 'iiilil I1S74, and ''> ''*^^3
tiirri' wiiv but thirty-two iiicttrs and tucivi' watcr-
indiiators in the city. 'I'iic r.itc in 1S75 was two
cents, in 1XS3 one cent for eacii )nc hiindreil
jfallons re,;;istere(l.
W'luii tile city took ciiar^ft' of tiie works, liic
superintendent ii.id eii,irv;c of assessments .md eol-
li'ctions. hi I.S45 the rates were eollerted i)y tiu'
city eolleelor. '\'\k' followinv( .■id\eriiM'nient indi-
cates tiic sternness of iiu'.nicipal niana^'ement in
tii.it day
I'Av \nt u Wm UK Tanks,— I will hv iit iho Cdiiimim Cmiiuil
kdiiiii I'M r>' iMiirniiiK' fmin (in until lialf-past twilvc ii'ilmk tn
rt-cciv).' tlur ili'liiii|ii('iit w.itir-tiix .. I'Acry mail and winiiaii wlm
(liit'H ni>t pay up hy .M<itiilay, tlif .isl instaiu, will In- npculid tn
tllr C'ininiil, and tin; water in i"itv rasr shnt olf. 1 am nut
jiikiniiC.
MdKdAN II \ IKS, t'/V^ Colleitor
Dktuoii', April m, 1S4:;.
In i(S48, under a permissive ordinance of 1842,
assessors of w.iter-r.iies witc ap|)oiiUe(l bv the
council. At tile pri'sent time, .'md since the crea-
tion of the W'.iter Commission, the bo.ird appoints
the collectors.
The assessors of water-taxes aiipointed by the
council were as follows: 1S48, W. Haniay, I".. Hen-
ham; 1849, N. I). Carinnter, <}. S|iencer ; 1850, !..
I). Clairoux, John V., Norton; 1851, \. T. Taylor,
Francis Mt Don.iiil.
Hy appointment of the commissioners, the asses-
sors and collectors in 1883 were: James Fenton, L.
N. Case, T. K. I'utnam, and I'. F. .Seitz.
From 1836 to 1849 the council apptjinted the
suiierinteiident of the works. 'I'he salary in 1839
w;is S500 a year. I>y charter of 1849, it became an
elective office, and so remained up to the creation of
the Water Commission in 1853.
The f()ll()wini( jiersons starved as superintendents:
1827-1833, A. v.. Hathon; 1833-1837, David
French; 1837, S.inford iSriltain; 1838-1S40, fid-
ward Ah McCiraw; 1840-1843. William Hanlay ;
1843, '*• '^- Moore; 1844-1846, David Thompson;
1846-1848, James Stewart; 1848, Washinij^ton l>ur-
ley, N. Cireusel ; 1849-1851, David Kdsall; 1851-
1854, K. ,\Ud)onald.
The enjrineers have been as follows: 1830-1840,
Charles fhiward ; 1840, E. Fl. Rees ; 1841, Benja-
min I\^eeney ; 1 842-1 861, F. M. Wing; 1861- ,
J. F:. Edwards. In 1853 Jacob Houghton was ap-
pointed ifcneral superintendent and enir'ncer and
served until 1861. In 1872 I). Farrand 1 enry was
appointed chief engineer. Under his supe ision the
new works were carried into sucessful o]ieration,
when the office ceased. B. 15. Moore was aiijiointed
Superintendent of FIxtension and Repairs in 1850,
and continued to serve until his death. In April,
1877, he was succeeded by Henry I5ridge. Robert ¥..
Roberts w;is ;ippointetl secret;ir\' on the organi/.alion
of the bo.ird, .and continued in ollice until 1872,
when hi' was sueceeiled by Meiiry Starkey. Cieorgc
v.. Kun/e, the receiving clerk, li.is bi'cn in the oflice
since 1872.
The /\ct creating the W.itcr Commission n.imed
five commissioners, who were to serve for three,
four, live, six, and seven years res|)eetively ; ,ind in
April, 1856, ;ind ye.irly thereafter, one was to be
elected annually by the Common Couik il for the
term of five years. They were to serve without
compensation, liider l.ivv of 1879 their terms were
to begin on the first Tuesd.iy of M.iy, and by .\ct of
1881 members of the commission c.in be appointeil
only on the nomin.ition of the ni;iyor. The board
organi/ed .\hiy 16, 1853, .and consisted of S. Conant,
president; J. A. Vandyke, W. R, Noyes, F'.. A.
iirush, .111(1 II. Fedyard. In 1855 James A. \'.in-
dyke died, .and \. I). Fr.aser was aiipointed to till
his pl.icc. At the expiration of the term of S. Co-
nant in 1859, he w.is succeeded by J. D. ^h)rton, and
the sjime ye.ir John \'. Reulile was appointed suc-
cessor to Henry Fedy.ird, who removed from the
city. In 1861 J. V. Reuhle entered the army, and
his pLice vv.is lilled by Chaiiney Hurlbut. His term
expired in 1863, and S. (i. Wight w.is apjiointed.
In 1865 W. R. Noyes resigned, and the v.acancy was
hlled by the appointment of Jacob S. Farr.and. In
the same year the v.ac.-incy occasioned by the ilece.ase
of J. D. Morton w.as tilled by the .-ippointmeiu of
John Owen. In 1868 F. A. Brush resigned, and
Caleb \'an Husan vv.as ajiixiinted, .and the term of
S. (i. Wight h.aving exjiired, Ch.auncy Hurlbu' w.as
again appointed a member of the bo.ard. 'I'he term
of A, D. Eraser closed in 1871, and Samuel F.
Hodge succeeded him, and the next year Elijah
Smith took the place of Caleb \;in Ilusar.. He w.as
;uic(eeded in 1877 by Mich.ael M.artz. In 1879
James Beatty was appointed in iil.ace of S. '". Hodge,
and John I'ridgeon in |)l.ice of John Oacii. The
bo.ird in 1883 consisted of J. S. Farrand, C. Hurl-
but, M. M.artz, J. Beatty, and J. I'ridgeon.
Regular meetings of the commissioners .are hekl
monthly on the Wednesd.ay after the first .S.iturd.iy
in each month. About forty persons are const.antly
employed by the board, with salaries varying from
$100 to Ji2, 200 yearly. During the summer season,
\ .en new pipes and extensions are Laid, from sev-
enty-five to one hundred and fifty addition.al men
are employed, .and $6o,ocx3 is yearly paid out for
salaries and labor.
■"UIU.TC DRINKING FOUNTAIN.S.
]5oth .jzens and dumb animals are indebted to
Moses W. F^itiJ for the suggestion of jiublic drinking
fountains. Fie petitioned the council in regard to
them on May 23, 1871. On the 30th a committee
72
PUBLIC DRINKING FOUNTAINS.
reported favorably, and on Jiuk' 27 Uic toin|nrollL'r
was directed to advertise for seven. Nine more
were ordered in July, 1S74. 'I'liey are generally
plaeed at liie intersection of streets. In iSS-; foun-
tains were located -it the corner of McDoni^all and
Jefferson, Orleans and I'Yanklin, Ki(i]H'lle :an\ ( 'ii-;itiot,
dratiot and Randoipli, Congress and iiatcs, Fort
anil Wootluard, foot of Woodward, First and Jeffer-
son, Twenty-lirst and Woodbridi^e, Tweiftli and
I'ort, Fourteentii and Micliiv^an, Twenty-fourth and
Miciiijran, Cass and I.i'dyard, (Irand River and
Truniinill, Twelfth and liaker, and at Fast and
West Hay and Wood Markets. It is the duly of
the gas inspector to earc for them.
Tin
Wi: are
ward for
l)ordered \
gestions w
of tile (io\
for tile pla
avenues.
Circus is I
slKule of t
or watc tl
hard to ri
jionds .-uul
tlie bulifn
refuse of i
citizens coi
tile directi(
raised from
In 1846
southwest
and also a
Clifford, tc
directed th
— the tirsi
the other I
the further
out trees a
west side c
attention, a
laid out in
1866, the
Campus M
August 27,
Hall, for tisi
co.x. In if
Circus Park
Adelaide Cr
In order t
and grass, t
1866, when
days. In Ji
all the park
fence of the
same time, c
All the sr
apjireciated
CHAPTER XIV
THE I'AUKS AM) I'lll'; liOl J. i:\ARl).- I-ASITRIIS AND POUNDS.
TItF. I'ARKS AND 'IIIE nOTU.KVARD.
Wk arc nrlainly iiululncd to Chki Justice Wood-
ward for our hall'-acrc parks antl l)road avciuics
bordcri'd willi thrifty elms and maples. His su.;;-
i;cstious were cmbodictl in one of tiie earliest Acts
of the (lovernor anil Judv^es, which made provision
for tile planliuJL;' of tries on tlie streets, s(|uares, and
a\eiun's. of all the smaller parks, the (irand
Circus is the most beautiful. As we rest in the
.shade of the trees, enjoy the plash of the fountains,
or watc the children at play upon the lawns, it is
hard to re;ili/,e that up to 1844 these parks were
ponds ;nul marshes, enii\eni'd only by the musit- of
the bullfrog;', and used as a place of dc])osit for
refuse of every kind. in that year a number of
citizens combined for their improvement, and, imder
the direction of II. M. Leroy, the i;roinuls were
raised from one to four feet.
In 1S46 the coiHicil ;ii)pro])iiated a lot on the
southwi'st I'orner of ClilTord and Ailams Avenue,
and also a lot on wi'St side of Macomb A\enue near
ClilTord, to pay for additional im|M'o\emcnts, and
diri'cted that the lots be sold at auction on July 26,
— the lirst lot to be sold for not kss than $150, and
the other for at least §125. In the s|)nn,i^' of 1853
the further sunt of S'. 500 was ixpendcd in setting
out trees and building fences. Tlu' |iark on the
west side of Woodward A\enue receixed the most
attention, a fountain being there erected antl walks
laid out ill the summer of i860. In September,
1 866, tln' speaker's stand was movid from the
Campus Martins to tlie j^ark. It was erected on
August. 27, 1862, on the p.^es'-nt site of the City
Hall, for use at the reception if Ceneral O. Ii. Will-
cox. In 1874 a fountain vis p acrd in the Mast
Circus I'ark. Two years lat^r it was removed to
Adelaide Campau Park, and replaced by another.
In order to insure the perfect rooting of the trees
and grass, the parks wc-e kept closed until May,
1866, when they were opened to the publii- on Sun-
days. In July, 1873. the fences wiTc removed from
all the parks except the Clinton and Cass. The
fence of the latter park was reduced in height at the
same time, and in 1879 w;is entirely removed.
All the smaller parks have been much used and
appreciated since they were thrown open. Linden
Park, located in the township of I lamtramck, is three
miles from the City Hall, about three fourths of a
mile beyond the eastern limits of the lity, and half a
mile north of the ri\er, between Lincoln and Bald-
win .Avenues. It contains twenty-five and seventy
one-luuKlredlhs aiTi'S. It was given to the city by
.Moses W. i'icld, on Oitober 1, 1875, upon condition
that the city a])proi)ri.ile §3,000 annually for im-
proving it. On February 25 Mr. Field gave an-
other piece of land .six hundred feet wide, on the
north side of the park, and so modified the condi-
tions of his tirst gift that, upon sjiending $4,500 in
improving the groinids, the city should have a full
title. Including l.indi'U Park, seven of the ihirtieii
parks have been given by iiulividuals. The list is as
follows:
Namk.
KIlOM
C'lawfdril
Ci.ss
SlaiU(Pii
Maicmil)
Aiielaiclit'ain
pan
I.CHAIUIN.
\ llltlT-l-c. Clf 5II1
( aiui t Mt.hard,
\ hitcrsrc. of 5tli
I ami lli){li,
\ :il Si 1)1 1. i.ed-
( yai<l aiul liaKK
1 liinrsif.iif i7tli
( and Mariiiullr
1 liilcisic.iil' i7tli
* and Ki)sr,
hilirstct.
C'atiipaii and
/ I'lintDn Avcs.
( .1\ KN II V.
("rant' iV ^V(■ss^>n
C'ranr \' Wesson
Lewis Cass,
' S. K. Stanlon,
[ S. K. Stanton,
It. i. \ I). J.I
i C'anipaii, i
WllKN r.l\ KN.
Dei-. -S, 1850
I )cc. ■.■8, 1850
July ui, i860
July ;•!, 1861
Inly 23, 1861
Sept. 6, iSCs
Centre Park, named February i, 1840, is between
Farmer, Farrar, and (iratiot .Streets, and is occupied
by the Public Library. School Park, between Ciris-
wold, Rowland, and State Streets, is occupied en-
tirely by the High School buildings. Clinton Park
is part of the old City Cemetery. It was dedicated
as Clinton P.irk on August 7, 1868. It is located
between Cinitiot, Clinton, Paton, and .St. Antoine
Streets. Randolph Park was .so named April 27,
1869; it was formerly called Miami Square and also
North Park. East Park is located between Farmer,
Pates, and Randolph Streets. In 1883 it was given to
the police commissioners as a site for anew building
to be occupied as their headquarters, West Park
lies between West Park Place, Park Place, and State
Street. The following table shows the number of
acres in each park, except lielle Isle : Adelaide
Campau, 95-100 acres; Linden, 25 and 71-100;
l7d
■4
THE PARKS.
Kaiul(il|)li, 24-100; CriUiT (ii- Library I 'ai'k, 27-100;
Scliodl. 524-1000; Wist, 524-1000; ('.rand Circus,
4 and 5c;5-iooo; CiiiUon. 1 and 32-1000; l^iton,
703-1000; Crawford, 703-1000 ; Siaiitoii. ()ii-iooo;
Maccinii). 4.S<;-iooo ; and Cass. 4 and iS-ioo. I'olal,
40 and 53-100 acrts.
The most prominent inihlic s(]tiarr is tin- Camptis
Martins, so namrd afirr tlu- prinripal s(iu;iri' at
Marietta, tiic lirst settlement and capital of the
Northwest 'IVrritory. That s(|uare was named
Campus Martins by tin; directors and agents on July
2, 1788, lu'cause tlu; blockhouse stood in the centre
of it. The Campus Martins of ancient Rome was
the most celelirated of its parks or public i^rounds.
It was at first set apart for military exercises antl
contests, but afterwards became a public park or
pleasure-iL,n'()uiKl, with i,^'irdens, theaters, batlis, etc.
It received the name of Martins from beini,M)riyin-
ally consecrated to Mars, the Ciod of War. One
would think that our Campus Martins hail i)een
dedicaed to every deity, for everythinij in ttirn has
centered at this hub of the city. It has been occu-
pied as a hay and wood mai'ket, as a standin.n-ijlace
for farmers' waj^ons, and a rendezvous for hucksters
and peddlers of e\ery kind. Here patent medicine-
men, •• linhtniniL;' calculators," cheap jewelry auc-
tioneers, peddlers of knife-shar|)eners, cements, toy-
balloons, oranjLjes and bananas, have tilled the air
with their cries: and " liftin,;;'," "strikini.c," "electri-
cal" ami " lun,n' testinv;" machines have all been
operatetl on this famous square. Huije bontires
have often illuminated the snrrotindinij^ buildin.i;s,
and hundreds of political speeches have here beiMi
made to the thrones that so many limes gathered at
this strand old mcetinii^rplace. It was not always so
attractive as now. Roii^h. muddy, unpa\eil, and
uneven, onlv a prophet could have foreseen the
present beauty of the place and its surroundinj,fs.
The first ste|) towards its im|irovement was m.ide on
April 22, 1S35, when the reconler of the city stib-
mitteil a resolution for a committee to cause the
Cam]ius Martins to be graded, encloseil. planted with
trees, and sodded. The resolution was adopted, and
the recorder and .\itierman I'almer were a|i|)oiiUed
as said committee. Under their direction the s(|uare
was j^raded down fully four feet, and the earth duij
away used to till in the \alley of the Savoyard. The
decoratinif was left until more recent years; and now
the wide walks, the jilats of grass, the fountains, the
Hower-beds, and the view afforded, are worthy of any
city.
A Committee on Parks was first appointed on
May 30, 1854; and in 1863 'i superintendent was
appointed to ser\-e durincf the summer season.
Since 1 870 the smaller parks have been under the
care of the Board of Public Works. The followinj^
persons have served as Sii|)erinti'ndents of P.irks:
i8()2, Timothy Ryan; i8'>3, C. K. Jones; 1864-
i8()7, Timothy Ryan; 1867, Luke Daly and A.
Illnmma; 1868-1870, Cieori^e llenrion; 1870,
Au,i(ust Cioebel.
No history of the parks would be complete without
some reference to the Park Oueslion which a.vjitated
all Detroit fi-om 187010 1873. The desirability of
a pai'k or parks and a boulevard had been the sub-
ject of numerous articles in the daily jiapers tlurinj;"
the fall of 1870, and on June 24, 1871, an informal
meetimj of citizens was held at Yoiinif Men's Hall
to consider the subject. The project of layin.y; out
a laru^e park met with .ijreat favor, ami on April i 5
the Leij;islature passed an Act appointinj.f commis-
sioners to receive i)ropositions for sites and iij'ivinn'
them power to decide as to kication.
The commission met and orjjanized, and soon re-
ceived offers from various parties for locations in all
parts of the city and its suburbs. They deeided
that the most desirable location was a tract of land
in Hamtramck, a little over three miles from the
City Hall, embracinif parts of Private Claims 180
and 734, with a river frontavje of half a mile. The
decision of the commission was unsatisfactory to
many, but the council approved their action, and on
November 21, 1871, a resolution was offered anthor-
i/ini>' the i:omptroller to prepare bonds to the amount
of $2C)0,0(X) to pay for the ijrounds.
The resolution was postponed for two weeks,
>vhen, on December 27, at the call of the mayor, a
citizens' meetimj was held in the Circuit Court room,
to vote on tile question of issuing' the bonds. There
was an immense crowd present, and amid ^reat con-
fusion the vote was (lecla"eil carried; but there was
so much doubt and dissatisfaction that neither the
council nor the citizens re!L;arded the vote as decisixe.
In order to obtain a more satisfactory \'ote the
council, on April 19, 1872, requested the mayor to
call another meetinjL,^ to reconsiiler the ([uestion.
Accorilin.i;ly, on May i, a meetinvr was held at the
Ciriswold Street front of the City Hall. Aijain a
j^reat crowd assembletl. There was plenty of
amusement and much confusion, but no decision
was reacheil.
This was the last so-called citizens' meeting. It
was unsatisfactory to all good citizens, who were gen-
erally agreed that some better methoil of approving
the ta.\ estimates should be devised. Meantime, on
March 14, 1873, the Legisl.iture, by .special Act,
gave the Park Commissioners power to purchase
the grounds, and directed "the council to provide
means to pay for them." Soon after they passed
Acts abolishing citizens' meetings, providing for a
Board of I'.stimates, and annexing a large part of
the townships of Hamtramck and (Ireentield to the
city. It was generally believed that these .Vets were
drawn in the interest of those who wished to have
TllK I'AKKS.
75
the park located m Ilamtranu'k, and the opponents
of the park united in an endeavor to seeiire a Hoard
of Estimates who would oppose tlie purciiase of tiie
])ark. On Apiil 2 liiey iu'ld a l.iri;e nieetinij at
Vounij Mens Hall, and so successful was their pro-
test that on Ajiril 7 a ho.ard was elected composed
of persons known to be unfavorable to the location
of the park in I lamtramck.
The (piestion, however, was still iinseltled, as both
the council .and the P.irk Commission desired to
]iurchase the i;rouiiil selecteil for the jiark. Those
opposed to the plan did not relin(iuish their efforts,
and on Auv^ust iS and 21 anti-park ineetinv^s wci-e
held to protest a,i;ainst the iirovidiiii;^ of money by
the council to pay for the lands contracted for. The
I'.irk (."ommissioners, howe\cr, proposed to C(jmplete
the purchase. The question of their ri,i,dit to tlo so
was broui;ht before the Supreme Court, and on
December 3, 1S73, they reported to the council
that the t'ourt h.id decided they had no power to
bind the lily to pay for the lands; they tlu'refore
asked the council to d<'tcn.iine what action they
shoukl lake. The coiuicil look the .!L;roim(l that, as
the I'ark Act said, "Thecoimcil sh.all provide money
to pay for the pun-hasc of the |>ark," they were under
()i)lij;ations todo so. and on December 1 2 they recom-
mended the issue of boiuls to the amount of §200,-
000, and directed the com|)trolkr to prepare them.
On Det'cmber 16 Mayor Moffat disapproveil of
the action of the council, as the law creating the
Board of T'-stimates provided that no bonds should
be issued unless authorized by them, and the coim-
cil, on the same ilay, again directed the coni])troller
to prc|)are bonds. On December 30 the I'ark
Commissioners reported that they h.id bought the
lands. Meantime the bonds had not been prepared,
and on January 6, 1H74. the council again directed
the mayor and comptroller to issue them. On Jan-
uary 9 Mayor Moffatt returned un.approved that
part of the proceedings relating to the.se directions
for the same reasons given by him on December
16, and said moreover that the council was without
authority over his actions and could not compel him
to sign the bonds. The council, for the third time, re-
peated its order to issue the bonds, and on February
20 ilirected the city councillor to take legal proceed-
ings to compel the mayor to sign the Park Bonds.
The council jiersisted and the mayor resisted, and
finally the(|uestion was brought before the Sujireme
Court, where, on May 12, 1874, it was decided that
the purchase must be ajiprovetl by the Board of
Mslimates. Their ajijiroval could not be obtained,
and the subject drop]>ed.
Thus ended one of the most persistent and bitter
conflicts in regard to municipal matters that ever
transpired in Detroit. The iilea of purchasing Belle
Isle for park |>urposes was first conceived by 1.. I..
I'arbour. He consulted the several owners, ob-
taineil refusals of their interests, and arranged that
the contracts to sell shoukl be made in the names of
several gentlemen whom he interested in the sub-
ject. On .Apfil 8, 1879, the.se gentlemen. Messrs.
Cieorge C. Langdon, J. J, Ikigley, liela Hubbard, C,
1. Valker, .M. S. Smith, and D. O. Farrand, sent a
communicaticjn to the council suggesting that the
city purchase Belle Isle; they stated that they had
procured agreements which would give the city the
entire island for S200.000, and that the ])r()i)osal was
entirely devoid of any personal or pecuniary interest.
Another communication from leading citizens |ie-
titioned the council to seek legislation for the pur-
pose of buying the island ami building a bridge. It
was a favo'.ible time to present the i^roject, for the
(luestion of bridging or tunneling the; river for rail-
ro;ul purposes was then being discussed. The
communic-.aiion w.is f.isorably received, ami a reso-
lution was .adopted |iraying the Legisl.ature to ])ass
an .Vet .auchori/.ing the city to issue bonds to the
;imount of $700,000 to purchase ISelle Isle and con-
struct ;i bridgi'.
.Many cili/i'ns objei'ted. but on May 27, 1879, the
Legislature authorized the city, with consent of the
lio.ird of ICstimates, to issue bomis for the amount
•jiroposed, a portion of them to be used to secure the
building of eitlu'r a bridge or a tunnel. The Act
also g.ive the council power to improve [larks either
within or without the city limits.
On M.iy 27 the Legislature ]iassed an additional
Act authorizing the council, with consent of the
lioard of ICstimates, to purchase the island and
improve it as a |)ark, to issue bonds for not more
th.an $200,000, ami giving them power to erect a
bridge to the island.
On June 30 the Bo.irtl of F.stimates approved of
the purchase, and on September 25 it was consum-
mated. The care of the park was next considered,
and on December 23. 1879, acting under the old
Park Act of 1871, ^Layor Langdon nominated and
the council confirmed six commissioners. On Jruiu-
ary 3, 1880, they organized, and on May 28. 1880,
the council voted to turn over the park to their care.
The next day, during the absence of Mayor Thomp-
son, Charles Fwers, as acting mayor, apjiroved of
the proceedings of the council. During that same
day Mayor Thom|ison returned, ami in a communi-
cation to the council disapproved of their action of
the 28th. on the ground that the Act under which
the commission had organized was a nullity. He
also claimed that the approval of the action of the
council by the acting mayor was not legal, inasmuch
as he had not been absent from the city long
enough to make action upon the iiroceedings neces-
sary. The opinion of Mayor Thompson was sus-
tained by the Suprt'iiie Court in a decision rendered
76
Tin
'Al
\()\riiil)ur lo, i(S,So, anil a iiir-
tlur (Ifcision on Jiiiu- 1 5, 1881,
(IccLiii'd that tlu' commi.ssioni'rs
apixiiiitcd by Mayor l.an^doii
had no iii;al control over lU'lU;
Isle Park.
I'ndcr ordinani-f of Au,ij;usl 29,
1881, Mayor 'I'honipson nonii-
nati'd the followiiii,^ persons as a
JJoard of I'ark Commissioners:
M. I. Mills, A. Marxhausen. \Vm.
A. Moore, and James McMil!..ii,
for terms of one, two, thrt'i', and
four ye.-irs I'espectively, and a
commissioniT w.is to he ap-
pointed annually. W. \'>. Mor.ui
sueeeedeil M. I. Mills on Srp-
lember 1, 1SS2. J;is. MrMill.an
resit^ned in iSHj, and was suc-
ceeded in 1884 by I). M. Ferry.
The board ()rv;.'Uii/.ed on Seji-
li'iiiber 8, i8Si ; on Deeiinber
17 elected |ohn Stirling;' as sec-
retarv, and soon after eonii'acted
with Frederick l.;iw ( )linsteadto
lay out the park. A sin-\cy was
made by luij^t'iie Robinson in
1882, and the work of ])lannini;
and ]irep,iri!i,t;' the island for
park ]nii-piises was l)C'.;un. In
1882 the coimcil appropriated
§20,000 for the park, andy4,(.x)()
additional was reci'ived loi' rent
of lishinv;' i^rounds, ice pri\i-
k'j^'cs, n'StaiH'ants. vie. ( )f these
amoi'nts,Si4,5o4 wire expended
in that \far. Hy law of March
28, 1883, the board was i;i\en
full CDUti-nl (iver all taxes le\ii'd
for the |)urpose of maintainin;;-
the park,
.\lnindant indications of the
.nppreciation of the jjrivi levies of
the island are .atforded in tln'
fact that between June 1 ,ind
October i, 1882, 268,000 ailults
visited the park.
Durinjr 1 883 the eircidar canal
at the upjier end of the island,
shown in the proposed ])lan, was
C()m|)leted at a cost of about
$11,000. The canal is live feet
deep and fifty feet wide.
DinMniL,^ the i'ViMich ()ccui)ancy
of Detroit, Belle Isle, a portion
of it at least, w.is treated as an
.appendage of the j^arrison atid
BS
^ s. i> 1i^^:;:^-^■^•.^::;^•:v^-^^■■^^•;\V:".;i•7;:••v,•,•?^^/■,7
V,.,! .,
i^v:;v|(:K^;.V.f':-*.
;<>>.■•.'•■'■>•, 'i }'/'?'•■■■■."'%■■-.'''■. ••
rv".v •l'"-? '.' • ' 11 .f/
L_
used as a
the i;overni
IJouville Di.
was not coi
tions that
control ovei
On May
diseovend,
and thtding
rill': i'AKKs.
//
Poi.in- Station, T1i:m,I' Tsi.k.
used as a place for pasturai^H-. On June 12, 1752,
the ^overnDi" and inlendanl s^ranled the island lo M.
Douville Dequindiw but it is ])roljable that this ^rant
was not {•onhrnud by the kin^', as there are indica-
tions that the (iovernnient continued to exercise
control over it.
On May 9, I7''>3, when I'ontiac's conspiracy was
and two childrt'n, killed tlicni. and also the twenty-
four cattle belon^iiii;' to the .garrison, which had
been left in their char^^e. During;- the subse([ucnt
siei^e most of the wood for the fort was o!)taiiu'd
from the island In* scndin;^' larv;^' j)arties there tuuler
the protection of armed schooners.
On May 4, I7(')S, deort^e III. and liis council ,v;avc
discoveri'd, a jiarty of Indians crossed to the island, to Lieutenant deoriLje McUou;^all permission to
and fmdinir there Serjeant James Fisher, his wife oceuin' the island so lung as the military establish-
Superintendent's House, Belle Isle P.\kk.
78
■||II': I'AKKS.
nioiit was i-i)iuiiuif(l .ii Dciroit, provided ili.ii lu'
could do so williout causing ilissaiisfactioii to tlu-
Indians, and that tlu' iinproveini'nis lie made should
bu of such character as to be of service in su|)|)lying
the wants of the fort and i^arrison. On June 5 of
the followinjr year Lieutenant McI)oui,mII bou.v^ht the
island of the Ottawa ami Chippewa Indians for live
barrels of rum, three rolls of tobacco, three jiounds
of vermilion, and a belt of wanipinn. an acUHtional
three barrels of rum and three poinuls of paint to
be delivered when possession was taken. The \alue
01 the isl.md was estimated at /194 lo.v.
In 1771 Lieutenant McDou.nall had it surveyed
by a Mr. Boyd, who reported that it contained
seven hundred and four acres. The same yiar Mc-
Douvjall built a dwellin,i,r-house .and out-buildini;s,
and his tenant, one Cassity. cultiv.ated about thirty
acres. After ,'i few years John Lou,i;hton took L'as-
sity's lease. There were then two farms on the
island, comprisinjf eij^hly acres of cultivated land,
together with houses and barns. One of the farms
was cultivated by a man n.anied Ridley.
On January 15, 1778, Lieutenant-Ciovernor Ham-
ilton wrote to Ciovernor Carlton as follows:
Tlu" iiihahiKiiUs li:iviii.i; n-pri-sciiU'd to m<- tin; Icissi'S mul c.aiiiai;!'
tlii-y siifTtr l>y briiiv; iliprivcd nf tlii: cuiniiumaKi' of H(j>; Ulaiul, J
have diriitcd Captain McI lini.naH's hmtlur-in-law, wlio is his
attciriiry at this place, to acquaint him that, unless 1 have your
excellency's orders to the contrary, the inhabitants shall \)i: re-in-
stated in the possession of it on the ist day of May, 177 I, which
is time snilicieni for him to prove a riv;ht.
Meantime McDoug.ill died. ;iiul < ieiieral Ilaldi-
mand, who had succeeded ( loxi'i-nor Carlton, wrote
to \Lijor He I'eyster at Detroit that the eyecutors
of Colonel McDougall must not be allowed to olTer
Isle ail Cochon for sale, as he intended to recl.tini it
for the use of the garrison at Detroit. I ies.iid further
that Mrs. McDougall "need not be alarmed"; that
he would see that her rights were protected.
On July 13, 17S0, in a letter from llaldimandto
De I'eyster, after informing him that in ortler to
raise food and diminish expenses he proposed to
have ground cultivated at each post, he added : " 1
have therefore to desire you will immediately re-
claim for his Majesty's use the ground commonly
known by the name of Hog Island, and appropriate
it to the above-mentioned purpose, exactly upon
the .same ti'rms and fooling with those at Ni.igara,
agreeably to the enclosed articles." The articles
alluded to provided that he should establish set-
tlers upon the islanti, and furnish them with
implements. This letter c-ontained also this direc-
tion: "As I wish to m.ike Mrs. McDougall a reason-
able compensation for wh.it houses, etc., ni.iy be
found upon the island, you will please to appoint
proper persons to a|)praise theni and tr.insmit ine
their report."
Accordingly, on .September 5, 1780, the buildings
on Hog Isl.md were a|)pr;iiscd by Nathan W illianis
,111(1 |. r.. Craiie, nia.ster carpenters. Their report
w;is as follows :
I (Kvehin,;,' iionse £■■?•' i olil h.irn willioula top. £ iR
1 " " (o A fowl lioiiS( 0
I " " 10 Some hnnbc lo
Total (N. V. currency) £ 334
On September 9 De IVyster wrote to Ilaldiniand,
saying: "I propose to settle Mr. Riddle's family,
with three other families, on the island as soon as
possible, reserving p.irt of tb.e meadow ground for
the gr.t/.ing of the king's cattle."
On October lo he wrote: "Agreeably to your
excellency's di'sirc, I have fixed loyalists upon Hog
Island conformable to the terms prescribed. * * *
The island is, however, sut'licient for two substantial
families only, there being much meadow ground and
swamp on it, and it being absolutely necessary to
preserve a run for the king's cattle; that being the
only place of security. * * * 1 have sent your ex-
cellency ;i sketch of the island, which contains only
.seven hundreil and sixty-eight acres."
ICventually William .McComb, guardian of the
heirs of McDoug.ill, petitioned Sir l'"rederick llaldi-
m.iiui, the govenior-generai, for redress against De
I'l-yster, who then otfered six hundred guineas for
the isl.uid. This offer was rejected, and De I'ey-
ster w.is compelled to restore the island, and to
erect a barn ;ind furnish ;i scow as compensation for
the use of it.
On November ii. 1793, the heirs of McDougall
sold the island to Willi.tm McComb. Like all titles
originating jirior to American occupancy, the claim
to this island was passed upon by the United .States
Commissioners. The deed from the Indians was of
but little force, ;is neither the llritish nor the Ameri-
can Covernment recognized deeds from Indians to
private parties; but as the McCombs were in posses-
sion before the .Vmericans came, the commissioners,
on November 6, 1809, confirmed the island, or si.K
hundred and forty acres of it, to the heirs of William
McComb. No one claim at that time was allowed
lo incliule more than six hundred and forty acres,
and then, and even as late as 1833 (when surveyed
by J. Miillett), it was considered doubtful if the
island contained that amount of land. On January
7, 1817, the register of pnjbate and a committee
assigned the island to D. B. McComb, as one of the
heirs of William McComb. On March 31, 1817, D.
15. McComb conveyetl it to H. Campaii for $5,000,
which amtnint, tradition .says, was paid in bills of
suspended Ohio banks. On November i, 1823, the
United Stales Commissioners on Claims recom-
mended that, the entire island be confirmed to D.
Campau.
The island has borne no less than four different
names. Originally called Mah-nah-be-zee, " The
Swan," by
French Isle
with rallU-
allowed to
eventually i
island cami'
Island. Di
island bec.a
[licnic p.irtit
announced i
picnic party
Accordingly
having assei
called to tl
elected seen
was rcsolvei
lielle Isle
(|uently patri
The isl.iiK
ni,'i|)le. and
natunil lawn
city, two avi
to end, and
around the
found to CO
extent it is n
During th
1S71 to 1875
tage that wo
ing entirely
subject was
the Legislati
Commissiom
the townshi
Springwells,
Public Work
The menil
the first Mo
three years,
and all were
authori/.eil u
hundred am
in llamtran
might be a
condemn aiv
way that ro.i
ized to cons
established,
by general t;
The first (
Hamtrainck
(ireusel: Cii
The com
A. S. liag
C. Clippcrt.
The routt
That portioi
./
TIIK I!()ULi:\'ARD. -I'ASrUKKS AM) I'OlJNDS.
79
Swan," by the Indians; it was rc-nanii'd by liu;
l''rc'ncli Isle Si. Claire. At one lime il was overrun
with rattlesnakes, ;inil a luiinber of hoi^s were
allowed lo run al l;iri(e in order to (k'slroy llieni;
eventually tlie ho,;;s beeaine so numerous thai ihe
isl.uid eame lo be known as Isle au Coelions, or lloij
Isl.and. Durini,^ the years jusl previous lo 1845 the
isl.ind became a very |)o|)ul,ir plaee of resort for
picnic p.iriies, ;uid jusl prior lo July 4, i<S45, ii was
announced in the d.iily p.ipers llial on the Fourlh ,1
picnic parly would ,i;ive it a more eu|5honious name.
Aceordinjfly, about five o'clock i>. M., a l.iri;e number
havinji^ assembled on the island, .\Iori(;in Hates was
calleil to the chair, .and William Duane Wilson
elected secretary; .and on motion of .Mr. (ioodell, it
w;is resolved lh.it ihe island be known hereafter .as
Helle Isle, possibly in honor of the ladies who fre-
quently patronized it on picnic occasions.
The isl.ind is covered with beautiful hickory, o.ak,
maple, .and elm trees interspersed with numerous
n.atur.d Lawns. At the time of its purchase by the
city, two avenues, lifty feet wide, e.xtended from end
to end. and it was possible also to drive entirely
around the shore. It w.as surveyed in 1882, and
found to contain nearly 690 aires; in its jjreatest
extent it is 10,800 feet lon^f and 2,400 feet wide.
Durinir the .av^il.ilion of the I'.irk (jueslion from
1871 to 1875 much w.is said concerninjr the advan-
t.a.ne that would be tlerived from ;i boulev.ard extend-
ing entirely around the city. Six years later the
subject w.as aif.iin .a.nit.aled. and on .M.ay 21, 1879,
tlie Le^islaliu'e provided for a Ho.ird of IJoulevard
Commissioners, lo consist of one person each from
the townships (jf Creentield, llamtr.imck, an'd
Sprinijwells, lotjelher with the m.iyor and Board of
Public Works of Detroit.
The members from the townshijis were chosen on
the first Monday in .\pril, 1880, and were to serve
three years, or until their successors were elected,
.and .ill were to serve without pay. The board was
authorized lo l.ay out .1 boulevartl, not less than one
luindreil .and fifty feet wide, from Jefferson Avenue
in ll.amtr.amck to such .a point in Sprini^wells as
mi,n;ht be .a.^reed upon, .and were jriven power to
condemn and take possession of Lands in the same
way th.it ro.ads .are opened ; they were also author-
ized to construct .and imjinive the bouk'v.irtl when
established, the cost of the boulevard to be raised
'^y general l.axation from both city and townships.
The first commissioners for the townshi|)s were :
Hamtramek, J. V. Reuhle; Sprins^wells, John
Cireusel; Cireenfield, I^. Chope.
The commissioners for 1883 were: Hamtr.imck,
A. S. H.ajft^; Greenfield, K. Chope; Sprinv^wells,
C. Clippert.
The route was established on February i, 1882.
Th.at portion between Woodward Avenue and Rus-
,sell Street w.as ijiven !)y property owners on the
route, .111(1 the boulev.ird w.is formally dediciU'd on
September 28, 1882. Tlie List of the (k'cds of land
for the bouk'V.ird from Woodw.ird .Avenue to
Twelfth Street was obtained in November, 18S3.
I'.ASI'URKS A.NI) POUNDS.
A Lirire portion of the commons about the stock-
ade of Detroit w.is once used for pasiurai^e, .and in
eomp.ir.ilively recent years much of the Land within
the city limits w.is unenclosed .and used as public
pr()i)erty. Prior lo 1850 the milkman's bell was un-
known , almost every f.imily ki'pt .a cow or cows, or
boui^ht milk of their iiei,i;hl)ors. The cows were
turned out. in the mornini;-, and found their way to
unoccupied Lands, where they browsed .at their
leisure, or ptM\h.iiu-e, if lliis public feed ,i;rew scarce,
they were driven lo .and from .an enclosed field.
These (usioms h.ave .almost entirely p.assed .aw.iy.
The milk-carls traverse every street, antl the call of
"Co' bos!" "Co' bos!" can no longer be numbered
among the street cries of Detroit.
Prior to the tire of 1805 the narrowness of the
stri^ets m.ade it necess.ary ih.il .anim.als .and fowls
should be prevented from running .at Large. Pounds
wi'fe therefore established .and pound-ki'epers a|i-
l)oinled at an early d.ate, .and if .age confers dignilv
on an olFice, then that of pound-keeper is the most
" ancient .and honorable " in the city, for there is none
other so (*1(1.
On M.irch 12, 1801, ICli.is W.illen w.as .apjiointed
pound-keeper, and the old records of the Court of
Common Pleas for W.ayne County of that date have
this entry :
'I'ln^ t'ourt iif C'omnicin IMcas, «itli tlii' a|)pr(il);itinn of Major
limit, cimimaiiiliiiv; oIVhit nf llic Kanison of Ditroit, order that
tlic yard of tlu' INiiimil lloiisci \n: iisi'd as a I'ouiul.
The eoun<il house referred to w.as located near
the river, between what .are. now (Iriswold and
.Shelby Stri'cts. Although the dignity of that local-
ity m.iy be somewh.it disturbed by this reminiscence,
there can be no doubt of its truth.
Ihider ordin.ince I'f iSjO ;uiy person could t.akc
up an animal running .at Large and be p.iid twelve
.and one h.ilf cents .1 (Lay for its kee|)ing. Notice was
to be given within twelve hours to the m.arshal, .and
after advertising four days any .anim.al was .sold.
The marsh.al received ten per cent on tot.al proceeds
for his services ; the person impounding h.ad one
h.alf of the b.iLince, .and the other h.alf w.as to go to
the Poor Fund. None of the e.arly ordinances as to
pounds were strictly enforced, .aiul up to very recent
times cattle were allowed to roam at their owai sweet
will in various parts of the city. By ordinance of
1855 two pound-keepers might be, and in 1861 two
were nHjuired to be, appointed to serve for eight
months, at a salary of $45 a month. Under ordi-
/
V"
8o
I'ASIl'Ki:S AND POUNDS.
nam i' of March 2.\. 1S70, amciulrd May 4. llir pniiiKls
were lo 1)1' (ipti) hclwccii Apiil I and l)((inil)(r 1,
and ilic keepers were paid $<>o pei' nidnlli Ini- the
liiin (if eii^lit nKinllis. /\fler 1.S74 lluy were
appninied for ilie full year, and |)aid tlw same
iunounl per imintli.
The |)nunds are loealed on ihe same ]L^rounils as
the Wdod and hay markets, Tlie followiiij; persons
havi: sei'ved as pound-keepers: 1^54, I'. I.. Shaw;
l<S55, IVter I.aderool ; 1.S56, J. J. Keid, D. !.. Shaw;
1857, A. 15. Solis, J. Normandin, William Parry;
1.S5S, C. C.ehhart, C. k. I'a^e; iS5(>an(l iSf.o, J. C.
Seluilt/., !•■. h'ulda; 1.S61, II. II. Covcrl. John C.reen-
wood; i.S62,j. Stork, John Urennan ; iiS^^atid iS(i4,
J. Stork. K. Sulliv.in; i.Sd^ ,ind iSr/), N. |Mn,v;l)hit,
John Ivers; 1X67, J. Dicier, J. Ivers; iS^.S. J.
Dieler, (i. (). W'.iiki'r; iS^h;, ,\, l',inl)its, ( '.eoriL^e
Kidetle; 1X70, .\. T.inhiis. J.imes Joy; 1.S71 .and
1S72, Harris Jacobs, Kohcrt Watson; i.S7',,ind iiS74,
A. Peine. I'". C, Neipoth ; 1.S75, A. Peine, J. I\ifs;
i87('). Noali Sutton, (;eori..e Cr;il)l) ; 1S77. Charles
Schmidt. H, Keiliy ; 187.S, K. W'. Pind.ir. T.
M.ihoncy; 1879, I'lastern District. !'.. I'iert/., W'est-
rrn District. D.J. Spinninvj; iS.So, ri.istern District,
D.J, Mri.nxs. W'l'sti'rn District. II, Ja<ol)s; iS.Si ;md
1882, I'lastern District. Thomas Rooks, Western
District, Henry Cross; 1883. Mastern District, II,
Stehner, Western District, II. dross.
in icSc), the Law provided ih.it tiu'ownerof "every
don three months old and upw.irds, kept bv anv one
person or family, sh.ill pay a t.ix for the same of
fifty cents." There cm he no doubt that .1 doi; t.ix
w.is then necessary, hir in 1805, with only live ium-
dred .and twenty-t'ne heads of families, there were
two hundred .and nineteen do^s in the town of
Di'troit. .\ like jiroportion now would -ivt' eivht
thousand doi^s, but there wei^e only .about two thou-
sand licensed in 1883.
Doy;s were deemed I'ssenti.al .as ,1 protection av(,iinst
the Indians in just t inn, and some f.imilies evidently
believeil in " pruteclion." Duriny die War uf 1812,
.alter tUe ,irri\.il ol I l.uri-^on's troops, a I' reni hman
c.imc one day to the oIlMcr of the d.is, .md com-
l)lained, " The soldiers 1,1st ni.^lu killed most all my
d(n;s." " liow ni.iny did they kill.^" •• \ine." —
"llow 111, my li.ive yon left.''" "()nly eii^hi,"
Considering llu' condition of iliinv;s which then
(j.Nisted, and continued to exist for many years, it is
no wonder tli.al the <|ueslion, " Would ,1 diminu-
tion of doi^s ill the city of Detroit and its \iriniiy
ri'dound to the imblic benelii?" was proposed in
1819. .as .a subject for disiai.ssion in the Detroit
lyceimi.
C"oniin.i; down to recent years, we lind that ,111
or<lin,iiu'i: providini^' for the li( cnsini; of doi^s w.is
apjirovid on M,iy 2, 1881, and ,1 do,n-pouiid estab-
lished on July 1. No recoiil W.IS kept of the num-
ber of doi^s impounded until NoNcmbcr 1, 1881.
[''roiii ih.al date up to November i, 1882, there
were c.iptured iii^hleeii hundred .and sixly-eiv;ht
unlicensed do!L;s, .and of this iinmber lifleeii hundred
.and sixteen wert' drowned, oiu' hundred .and foiir-
tei'ii redeemeii on p.aymeiit of the pound or license
fei', seveiity-s( veil released on proof of h.axinj; been
licensed, sevi'iitv-livc sold, sixty i;i\en to mcdic.il
colleges for dissection, I'lii^hteen escaped, .and eii;lit
died a natur.al death. The luimher of doj;s
captured in 1883 was liftcv-n Imiulred .ind six.
Drowned dovjs .ari: di'lixi'red to the city scavenger.
I'nlicensed dot;s ari' caiitiired by iiR-.uis of ,a net
attached to .a loni^ pole, .and are then deposited in .1
covered w.in'on for coina'yaiice to the pound. A
|ioliceman is det.ailed to catch tlu' dovjs. .and there is
.also ;i driver for the w.ai^dii. The license fee for
m.ile doii^s is one doll.ar. for fem.ales two doll.irs, .and
ten cents ,addiiion,il must be p.aid for the br.ass
license-check which is re(|iiired to be .att.achcd to
the coll.ir of .all doiis. The money from licenses,
.and all moneys obt.ained tliroui,di the doj^-pound, are
reiinired to be paid to the city treasurer.
The (Ion-pound is located .at the foot of Uiopclie
Street and is in charge of a iiolicem.aii.
PART 111.
GOVERNMENTAL
Tiir, fiRl
I'" ranee, aiK
iiieius, wert
Fraiieu to
Added lo t
ainbilioiis I
will) feared
furlher die
Jesuit order
where the L
traveled. C
deeds done i
discoursetl ii
M. de Cliani
eminent ela
Canada, .ind
was varioi 1
or Canada.
During- l''r
tliree ri'irent
its surroiindi
May 14, i6i(
ix^ent, and
Louis .\|||.,
kin,i(slii|), T
appointed as
1642. (Jurir
was captured
possession, w
treaty of Mai
to tile I'"rencl
iiis widow, A
Cardinal .Max
in oi'fiee nnti
Austria endec
of fourteen,
deati^, .Septen
then became
XV., then on
king. I^urin
Canada was
General Jeffn
1760, Detroit
mandant Belli
1763, by the '
CHAPTER XV.
FRENCH AND KNCl.lSll KILI':.
Tlir. lish of Newfrniiidlaiul, tlio furs of Novv
FraiU'f, and l''rciu!i jealousy of Spanish arhirvc-
iiiciUs, wvix- all priiiiL' I'aclors in llu' ciforis made l)y
I'Yaiiic to ohiaiii possession of this new world.
Added to these, there were political and I'tliijions
ambitions that knew no limit, inearnati'd in nu'n
who feared noihiniLf and would dare e\erytliinv; to
further the interests of /<r Iwlh' h'raiii,- and the
Jesuit order. I'luy went everywiiere. and evi'ry-
where the l.ily and the Cross marked the route they
traveled. Colonies (ollo\\ed in their w.ake, and ;ill
deeds done in eaeh wt're spread before the kin^, and
diseoursed iii)on by his ministers, from the time
.M. de Champlain visited the Lakes, the I reneh ( iov-
ernnu'nt cLiimed this re,v;ion as its own. .\\\ of
Canada, and what is now known .is the Northwest,
w.is varioi ly desiifiiated ;is New I'raiue, l.oiiisian.i,
or Canada.
During' !•' reneh rule, no less th.in three kin,u;s .and
three rej^eiits e.\ereised authority over Detroit ,uid
its surroimdimis. .\fter the death of i lenry i\'.. on
M.iy 14, 1610, his widow, Mary de Mediei, bt'cime
re.nent, ■a\\(\ eoininui'd ;is sueh until \(i\~. wlien
Louis .Nil!., ;it the a^e of sixteen, assumed the
kiii,i(ship. The eele[)rated Cardinal Richelieu w.is
appointed as iiis prime minister, and served until
1642. DuriniL; his sway, on July 29, 1629, Quebec
was captured by tiie Mnglish, and remained in tlu'ir
possession, with i.ouis Kertk as ,y;overnor. until the
treaty of March 29, 1632, when it was surrendered
to the French. Louis XI II. died May 14, 1643, and
his widow, Anne of Au.tria, l)ecame recent, with
Cartlin.il Mazarin as prime minister. Ik- continui'd
ill oilice until 1661. The regency of Anne of
Austria endetl in 1651, ,and Louis .\'1V., at the ;ii;e
i)f fourteen, bei'amc kini^;'. lie reigned until his
deatlj, September 1, 1715. The Duke of Drie.tns
then became rey^ent, servinii; until 1723, when Louis
.W'., then only thirteen years old, was crowned
kinj;. Durinj.^- his rei^-n, on Sejitember S. 1760,
Canada w,as siu'rendered by Marquis Wuidretiil to
(icneral Jeffrey Amherst, and on November 29,
1760, Detroit was niveii up by the French Com-
mandant IJellestre to Major Robert Ro.ijers. in
1763, by the Treaty of Paris, sometimes called the
Tro.ity of W-rsaillps, it was fully surrcnflcred, .ind
(ieorvfe III. ol FnjL^'land became the sovereii^n ol
Detroit. I'our kin;^s, therefore, h.i\'e ruled this
re,i,don.
L'luler the French ( 'lovernment, .1 j{overiU)r-v;en-
eral, .appointed by the kin.i;, comm.anded at (Hiebec.
Local coinm.indants were appointed for Detroit ,ind
other jxists with jilmosl plen.u'y power, but they
were supposed to, and probably did, conform theii
authority as far as |)ossibk' to French law. They
Were held iv'sponsible to the ^o\'ernor-i;eneral, to
whom they reporit'd.
rile followin,i4 is a list of the I'"rencii j^overnors of
Ni-w fr.mce:
1CKJ3 |C)I2, M. Cli.auvin, Commander de Chastes,
and M. de .Monis.
1612-1619, S.imiiel (U' Chani|)lain, with Prince de
C'onde as actinj.^ governor.
1619 1629, .Admiral .Montmoreuci as acting j,;ov-
ernor.
1633 1635, Samuel de Champlain.
1636, M. de Chateaufort.
1637 1 647, M. de Montm.iijny.
1647-1651, M. d'.Xillebout.
1651- 1656, M. Je.in (k' Lauson.
1656-1657. M. Ch.irles de Lauson-Charny.
i657-i65tS, M. d'.\illei)out.
1658-1661, X'iscount tlWri^fcnson.
1661-1663, IJ.iron d'.\\an.trour.
1663-1665, Clu'v.ilier de Saffrey-Me.sy.
1665-1672, Chev.ilii'r de Courcelles.
1672-1682, Comte Frontenac.
1682-1685, M. Lifebere de la Barre.
i685-i68(;, M.ir(|uis de Denonville.
1689-1699. Comte Frontenac.
1699-1705, Chev.ilier de Callieres.
1705-1726, Mar(|uis de X'audreuil.
1726-1747, M;u"(|uis de P.e.auh.irnois.
1747-1749, Comte de la Cialissonere.
1749-1752, Marquis de la Jon(|iiire.
1752, Baron de Loni^ueuil, acting jrovernor
a short time.
175- ''755' Marquis Dtiqucsne de MennevilU'.
'755 '760. Pierre de Rigaud, Marquis de \'au-
dreuil-Caviijjnal.
[83]
84
|-Ki:\CII AM) I.NCLISII RUI.i:.
Aflir tliir siirrciulir of C^.iii.id.i by ilic Mar<|iiis
Vaiidiviiil to riciicral Amiicrst, tlic folliiwiiij; mili-
tary .v:"\'''''>'"'s wi^n: a|)i)iiiiitt(i : CiriuTal Jami's
Miiir.iv li> commaiiil at <)iii'Ih'i'. ( ii'iicral <iai;i; at
Moniiiil, and t ojoncl itciilon at 'I'liicc Kivcrs.
Ill I7^>5, by i)r<irlaiii.iii()ii of ( iiorj^c III, the
boiiiidaiv of (JiicIkt and odiir indvinccs was cstab-
lislicd, bill no pari of the territory iiortluvcst of tlu'
Ohio was ini ludfd in any of the proviiu'fs tlifii
'■rfali'd. 'I'lic sail." prociainalion appointed (ieiu'ral
James Murray i^Dvernor-^eiierai. and pro\'id< d for
his forniiiij; a eouneil composi'd of llie iieiiteiiant-
.H()\ernors of Montreal ami Tliri-e Rivers, the chief
jiistiir, the inspcetor of nisioins, and eij,du leading;
citizens.
On Jiiiu; 22, 1774, under the sn-e;il!ed Onebec!
Act, a civil .ijovernmein w.is first provided for the
territory which included Detroit. ISy the terms of
this Act the lei^isl;iti\'i' power w;is xcsled in the
ifo-'.'riior, lieiiteii .iii-n'overiior or comm.inder-in-
ciiief, ,ind a (■oimcil of noi less ili.in se\cnieen nor
moH' than t weiitv-ihree persons, to be ,ip|)oinli'd by
the kiivi;.
None of the v;o\-ernor-n'ener;i!s. however, exercised
:iny authority over this re,v,don, except r'ls milil.iry
ollicers. As under I'Vcnch i^^ovi'mmeiil, so .ilso
under lui]L,dish rule, the resident coinaiaiidunt exer-
cised the fiinrtions of both a civil and a military
olTiccr, subject to the orders of the ronim.'mdiii);
j,;cner;il ; and all |)osts west of Detroit were j^ov-
erncd from this est.iblishmeiit.
A l;i\v divi(liiiv( the |)rovincc of Oiubi'c into the
two jrcncral provinces of rpperand Lower C'.inada
bec.imc opcr.itivc on Dicember 26, 1791, and ;is the
Ott.iu.i kiver w,is the dividing line, Michij^an there-
after formed p.trt of I'pper (.'an.id 1.
The followini; is .1 list of the lJi;;lisli j,rovcrnors :
17(10 1763, ("icncral Jelfri'y Amherst.
'7^'3 I7f'^>. <lener.il J,imes Miirr.iy.
1766 , r.uilius I'.melins Irvine (President of
l''.\eciiti\c C'oiincili, for 3 months.
17^/) 1770, Sir (liiy t arleton ( Lieut. -Ciovernor).
1770 1774, I lecioir. t'r.im.ilie ( President of \'.\-
eeiitive (.'oiincil).
'774 ^77^' ^i'' • ''ly ^'arleton.
1778 1784, (leiier.il P'rederick I I;il(lim;md (Lieiit.-
< ■|0\<-rnon.
17S4 . I leiiry ll.imilton 1 l,ieni.-( i<ivrnor).
1785 , Idlonel Henry Hope (President of
Coiineil).
1785 171;-. < ".iiy t-'arlcton, .'IS Lord Dorchester.
1792-171/), John ( ir;ives Simeoe ( Lieut. -( "lovernor
of Upper Canada).
'rill. (|ue
orij^in.il col
the West h,
of X'ilxinia
the other .St
fact th.it sh
attem|)ted h
Territories 1
1 77«. as a|)|i
P-'K'f 557). t
territory on
i\tississi|)pi, i
Colonel Join
.shown by a
to the Pies
American Si
that I'odd
[-e,v,fr;is, .md
various .acts
This would
of the rights
I )issensi()n
States hinder
of the St.ites
'l"o prepar
passed in Oc
to be ceded .•
benefit of the
therein shoiil
one hundred
mill's s(]nare.
March 1 , 17
Virjrinia, on }
19. 1785; am
and .May 30,
inj,' Detroit w
On July 13
for the ^ovcs
States northv
of Beverly, M;
.School of Cai
with the auti
how^ever, no [
ordinance wer
ago as Octol
C " \ I'Tl': R \v\.
TKKuriouiAi. AM) SI All: ( ;( »\i:knmi:n'is.
TiiK (|iicsti()M as to what State, i)y virtue nf its
oriijinal toloiiial charter, pDssfsseci this portion of
the West has been freiiiieiitly ilisciissed. I'he elaiiu
of \'iri^'iiiia seems as well founded as that of any of
the (It iier Slates, and her elaiinswere forlilied by the
faet thai she was the only colonial Slate thai ever
atu-nipted to exercise .iMthority or jurisdiction in the
Territorii's north .ind west of the < )liin. In ( )ciol)(r,
1778, as .appears by llie Statutes at i.arvje (Vol. l.\.,
p.-ii^e 557), tile Assembly of \'irifini,i or;,Mni/',ed llie
territory on the west of tln' ()liii>, .idj.icent to the
Mississi|)pi, iiilo the county of Illinois, and .ippoiiMcd
Colonel John Todi I milil.iry coinm.uid.mt. It is ;ilso
shown by a letter from W'inihrnp .S.uniiU, .iddressed
to the {'resident on biK' .?'. I7'><>. and <|unied in
American Si.ue I'.ipei^, Public Land Sciies, \'ol. I.,
tiiat Todd tr.uisfcrred cert.iin powers to a Mr.
Lt'),(ras, and ili.u .1 i-ouii w.is held ,ti \'iucennes ;uul
various ;icts performed undiT diicction nf its judges.
Tiiis would seem to i)c almost conclusive e\iilenec
of the rivjhts of V'irj,nnia.
Dissensions in rei^ard to the claims of the several
States hindered the form.iiion of the Union; l)ul all
of the States finally surrendered their cl.iims.
To |)ri'|)are tiie w.iy for the ci-ssioii, .i l;iw was
passed in October, 1780, i)rovi(liiij; ih.it the territory
to be ceded should l)e disposed of for the common
benelit of the whole Union ; th.it the .Sl.ites erected
tiierein should be of suilai)le extent, not less lii.in
one hundri'd nor more liian one hundred and fifty
miles s(|uari'. After the passavje of this l.iw, on
March 1, 1781, New York released her claims;
Viririnia, on March 1, 1784; Massachusetts, on A|)ril
'9. '785; and Connecticut, on .September 14, 178^),
and .May 30, 1800. I'he particular rei^ion embrac-
injr Uelruit was ceded by Massacliusetts.
VV/f Xort/norsf Trrr/fory.
On July 13, 1787, Conjrress passed ;in ordinance
for the irovernment of the territory of the United
States northwest of the river Ohio. Natli.in D.me,
of iJeverly, Massachusetts, founder of the Dane Law
School of Cambridije. has been (fcnerally crediti'd
with the auliiorship of the ordinance. There is,
however, no jirobability that the vital points of the
ordinance were oriijinated by Mr. D.ine. As lonj;
aj(o as October, 1841, ;in article apprared in the
North American Review eontniiiin,i>j eopions extracts
from the diary of Dr. M.in.isseh I'ntler, in which lie
distinctly claimed tlii* ;iulhorslii|), without .imend-
nieiit, of portions of the ordinance. /\s the ordi-
nance was expressly fr'-ned in the interest of the
laiul I'ompany he represcnti'd, it is pri'sumably the
portion excludiiij; s!,iv<'r)- .uid providing for schools
that is .ittribut.iblc to him. Lurlhcr evidence of bis
■ lutiiorship is contained in .an ei.ibor.ite article in the
s.inie periodic.il for .April, 1876, written by William
Mai- oi' 'I'i:kki iiiKi.M. Hoindakv. No. i.
V. I'ooie, libnirian of the Public Library of Chieajio.
lie shows that .at the time the ordinance \\;is fr.imed
tlu' country w.is in debt .and in i^reat need of money;
;md that the ordin.ance w.is desiijned to insnri' the
sale to Dr. M.massi'h Cutler. ;it;ent of the Ohio Com-
p.any of .Vssoiiates, of one and one h.alf million acres
of Land in the Northwest Territory. Further, by
the history nd l.iniju.aire of .all the prect'dini,' pro-
jiosed ordin.iiii'es, and of the committees on them ;
by a com|)aris()n of the I.in;j[uaije of the ordinance as
p.issed, with the .style of Mr. Dane .and the state-
ments of his own bioj^rapher ; by the names of the
eommittee who reported the final ordinance ; by an
an.alysis of the vote by which it was passed ; by a
history of the orijaniz.ition in 1 786 -1787 of the Ohio
[85!
■
86
TERRITORIAL AND SI ATK CUVKRNMICN IS.
Company of Asscjciates ; and, finally, hy direct ({no-
tations Ironi Dr. L'ulkr's o\\ n ni(.inoiaiul;i. in which
there are evidences ol I'lear-luaded business capa-
city, ,in<l rare abili'v as a writi-r, diploiual. and cor-
respondent, he pro\cs that Dr. Culler was the aulhor
of the lanv^na^e u hich i^ixes character tt) that most
reniarkabk' document.
Ml". I'oole ;ilso shows that ( "icneral St. Clair, tlu'ii
presidiMit of Cuni^ress, was induced to aiil in the
promotion of the scheme by the |)i-(iniise of bein:.,^
made irov-ernor; and lh.it W'inll- <\t Sargent, the
first secretary of the Northwest Ti rrilory, was one
of the ollicers of the conipan\- which founiled the
first settlement at .Marietta, Ohio.
The ordinance provitled for theappointmi'iit, from
time to time, by C()n;<re.ss, of a i^overnor, who.sc
commission siiould continue in lorce three years,
unless sooner re\i>ked. lie was to reside in the
district, and, while actiiii;- as _s.,a)vernor, was requireil
to have therein a freehold estate of one thousand
acres of land. The secretary, whose commission
was to continue in force for four years unless
revoked, was also to reside in the district, and was
refjuired to possess five hundred acres of land ^ liile
in otiice.
Hy law of 1793 the United States Secretary of
State was directed to provide a seal for the ollicers
of the Territory. The seal furnished was really
syi. oolic. It shows the short, thick trunk of a
prostrate tree, evidently a Iniekeye, felled t)y a wood-
man's .axe, while near by stands an apple-tree laden
with fruit. The l)uckeyc is a species o! the horse-
chestnut, indit;enous to and very numerous on the
banks of the OIiIq .and tributary streams, and not
found elsewhere. I'mm this f.act the tree derives
»&um
Seal (11- Noitinwiisr I'ljiiainuv. iJi.vact she.)
its specific name, O/t/oinisis. 'l"he abund.mce of
these trees .cj-ave tiie name (jf Ikickeye .State to Ohio.
The tree is called i)nckeye from the resemblance of
the nuts to the beautiful brown eyes of the native
deer. The presence of the buckeye tree was an
unfailintf evidence of the richest soil, yet the trei-
w.is worth little except for its sli.ule. 'l"he fellint; of
the useless buckeye, .•iiul the substitution of the
fruit-tree, i^i\es force to the motto, " .Meliorem lapsa
loc.ivit." (The f.illen h.is in.ide room for ;i better.)
'ilie aptness of the seal ;ind motto is enforceil by
the fact th.it Ohio orch.irds, .almost from the first,
h.ave been noted for the profusion and i;ood quality
of their fruit. In cai^ly il.iys most of the supply for
Detroit c.anie from that .State!.
The first tt'rritorial oniccrs were .aiipointed on
July 13. 17.S7. They were as follows: Arthur St.
Cl.iir, irovernor; Scamuel II. Parsons, J.ames M.
\'arnum, and John Cleve Symmes, jud,i,res ; and
Winlhrop S.iixent, secretary, (iovernor St. Clair
continued in ollice, even after the Territory of Indi-
an.a was created, and \v;is the only i^'owrnor this
ret^ion h;ul under the Northwest Territory. Win-
thn)|) Sarj^^'iU was succeecK'd on June 2<S, 1798, by
William Henry ll.arrison. and he in turn by Ch.arles
\\'illinj.j Hyrd. John Rice Jones w.is attorney-ijen-
eral in 1800, and William .Mcintosh, territorial
treasurer in 1801.
Hy law of May 7, 1800,
the Northwest Territory
was divided, and the 'I'er-
ritoryof I ndi.ana created;
.and on April 30, 1802,
Conj.;ress provided th.at
when the citizens of the
ri'^ion to be called Ohio
adopted ;i constitution,
conformiin;- to (xrt.iin
londitioiis prescribed by
Cons^fess, the rei^ion in-
cludin)i^])etroit should be
attached to the Territory
of Indian.a. Althou,t;h a
ni.ajority of the people of
the Territory were; op-
posed to the holdinir of
a convention, and the
creation of the .State of
Ohio, yet a convention was called. It bej;an at
Chillicothe on November l, 1802, and clo.sed Nov-
ember 29. Notwithstanding;- the fact th.at the jiro-
posed State of Ohio embraced a portion of what
was then W.ayne County, and the population of the
entire county w.is < ounted to make up the re(|uisite
numberof inh.abit.ants for a State, yet delejr.ates from
\\'ayne County were not admitted to the convention.
Neither was the constitution which the convention
framed submitted to vote of the peoi)le.
The convention nioditied the conditions made by
Congress, the modifications wcreacce|ned on Marcli
J, 1803, and the admission of Ohio w.is thus com-
pleted.
N. W. TERRITORY
"TN^.M.iy'V, J 800
' Kentiicfiy R.
'i'|-.l;Kr]C)UlAl. ]!lil NDAin-.
No. 2.
Half o
includiny-
Territory
zens, and
The ofll
nection w:
M M
governor, \\
Oibson (it
Logan mad
generals, J.
Sral c
officials of l!
relation to D
a temponiry
on Septeinbei
inindred and
Assembly, am
in.ition th.itth
TKRRITORIAL AND STAIi: (lOVERNMENTS.
87
Half of what is now tlie State of Miclii;^an,
iiicliulin.L;' ])ctroit, was thus aniK'xcd to liuliana
Territory willK)iit tiie wish or ronscnt of liic citi-
zens, and ill ik-l'iance of tiicir protests.
The Tcnifory of fiii/iaiia.
The officers of Indiana 'territory, durincf otir con-
nection with tiiat coninionwcaltii, were as follows:
INDIANA TERRITQffT
Ajiril 30, ia03.
M \l' 01.- Th.Uia hIKl M. Imm Ml \l;\ . — Nci. ).
governor, \\illi;ini Henry llarrison; secretary, John
tjibson (it was to him tiiat the ceii'i)rateci chief
Logan made his noteil s|iee(li in 1774): attorney-
generals, J. R. Jones and licnjamin Park. The
Seal ok Inoian.v I'liUKEioKV. (Exact size.)
officials of Indiana seemed indifferent as to their
relation to Detroit, or realized that it was only oi
a temporary character. A vote of the 'territory
on Septeniher ir, 1804, showed a majority of one
hundred and thirty-eight in favor of a (ieneral
Assembly, and Ciovernor Harrison issued a procla-
mation that till' Territorv had passed into liie second
grade of government. On Saturday, (Jctober 13,
1804, a town-meeting was held in I)-troit to petition
the ( "ieneral ( 'lovernment for a separate territory. 'I'iie
"Annals of Congress," pages 20 and 21, show that
on December 5, 1804, Mr. Worthington presented
the petition of James May and others, praying that
that part of Indiana Territory north of an east and
west line, extending to the southern boundary of
Lake Michigan, may be a separate territory. On
December 6 Mr. Worthington also presented the
petition of " The Democratic Republicans of the
County of Wayne, in the Territory of Indiana,"
signed by their chairman, Robert Abbott, praying
for a division of said Territory. It recei\ed the
same lefereiic as tile previous petition of James
May and others.
While these proceedings were being iiad, an Act
of March 2(1, 1804, which took effect October i,
1804, placed under the government of Indiana all of
till! newly acijuii'ed Territory of Louisiana which lay
north of an cast and west line on the thirty-third
degree of north latitude. !'"or a pt'riotl of three
months Detroit was thus included in a territori.al
government which had jurisdiction over all of the
present .Slates of Michigan, Wisconsin, Iowa, Min-
nesot.'i, .Missouri, Arkansas, and Nebraska, nearly
all of Kansas and Wyoming, o\er one third of Col-
orado and Indian Territories, ai. " all of Dakota,
Montana, Idaho, Oregon, and Washington.
T/ic Tcrn'tory of M/o/iii^aii.
On January 1 1, 1805. by a law to take effect June
30, 1805, (.Congress dividetl Indiana Territory into
two tciritories,'nan!etl Indiana and Michigan. The
latter was to include that i)art of Indiana Territory
lying north of a line drawn east from the southern
end of Lake Michigan to Lake Ilrie ; and on July
2, 1805, the oath of office was administered at De-
troit to the C.ovenior .and Ju.lges. .-\ territorial seal
was adopted on July <;, 1805, |)rol)ably identical with
the private se.il of ( lowrnor Hull. A seal, designed
expressly for a territorial seal, was described by
Ciovernor Cass, and reiorded on December I, 1814.
The motto, " randem tit surculus arl)or" (The shoot
at length becomes a tree), iiulicated that a measure
of independence was secured by a separate territorial
government.
On February 16, 18 18, the people of tlic Tf-rritory
voted on the tiuestion of passing to what was known
as the second grade of government, and, strange to
say, the majority w.is against it. In April, 18 16,
Congress took a strip from the southern p:irt of the
Territory, and incluck'd it in the bounds of the new
State of Indi.ina. Two years Later, on April 18,
i8t8. Congress increased the si/e of the Territory by
adding to it all of what is now the State of Wiscon-
sin .and the western half of tlu' I'pner I'eninsiila.
88
TERRITORIAL AND STATE (GOVERNMENTS.
By Act of Congress of July i6, 1819, the Territory
was authorized to elect a dele.i;ate to Con,i(ress. On
March 3, 1823, Coni^ress transferred tile ,i,n)vernnient
of the Territory from the Ciovernor and Judiijes to
the governor and a council of nine persons, to be
MICHIGAN TERRITORY
— or— »
Jdniiarjr 11^1 80S*
Map uf Tekkitokiai, HofNDAKv. — Ni
Skai. <iv riiK I F'.KKi 1 i»Kv i>i' Mu,iii(.AN'. {H.vact si'zc.)
MICHIGAN TERRITORY
BY-LA.-W-
01
APRIL, 18, 1816.
Mat ok I'kkkiiiiuiai. Ucjcnuakv. — Nu. 5.
selected by the President from ei,v(hteen persons
elected by the people of the Territory.
r>y Act of January 29, 1827, the people of the Ter-
ritory were authorized to elect thirteen persons to
constitute the le,ii;islative coinicil. A second addition
to the territorial limits of Michigan was made on
June 28, 1834. All of the present States of Iowa,
Minnesota, Wisc-onsin, .Michi]L;,'ui. and a large part of
Dakota, were then included in Michigan Territory.
On January 26, iS35,the legislative council provided
fur the election, on April 4, of eighty-nine delegates
to a convention, to form a State constitution. 'I"he
convention assembled at Detroit on May 11, 1835,
and concluded its l.ihors on June 24.
The following delegates from Wayne County were
present at the convention : Caleb Harrington, John
McDonnell, Amnion Brown, John R. Williams,
Theophilus I". Tallman, Alpheus White, (ieorge W.
Eerrington, Amos Stevens. Asa II. Otis, Conrad
Ten Eyck, Charles !•". Irwin, Louis Heaufait, Wm.
Woodbridge, I'eter \'an livery, John Hiddle, J. 1).
Davis, and John Norvcll.
The convcniion proposed to Congress that certain
lands be sit a]iart for the establishment of schools
for the university, and for the eri'ction of public
buildings; ami also that the State have a certain
number of the salt s|irings, and a percentage on the
sales of all public lands lying within the State. It
also asked that the northern boundary should be
fixed in accordance with the provisions of the ordi-
n.iiice of 1787 and the Act of 1805, which created
Michigan Territory.
The constitution, thus jirepared, was adopted by
the people at an election held the tirst Monday of
October, 1835.
The officers of the Territory of Michigan, so far
as known, were as follows. The list is necessarily
somewhat incomplete, becau.se the records of ap-
pointments by the governor, ijrior to 1814, were
destroyed in the War of 1812:
(.f)VKKN01iS.
William Hull, March 1, 1805, to October 29, 181 3.
Lewis Cass, October 29, 181 3,' to August 6, 1831.
(ieorge H. I'orter. August 6, 1831, to July 6, 1834.
Stevens T. Mason. July 6, 1834, to September
20, 1835.
John S. Horner, .September 20, 1835, to Novem-
ber 2, 1835.
SKI KttTAKIKS.
Stanley C.riswold, March 1, 1805, to March 18,
1808.
Reuben Atwater, March 18. 1808, to October 15,
1814.
Wm. Woodbridge, October 15, 1814, to January
•^15,1828.
James V
Jolin T.
Stevens
1835.
Ma
John S. I
ber 13, 183:
FrcdiTick
Elijah l!ri
13. 1813.
Robert A!
1830.
Levi Cook
Rtibert Abb
-Solomon Sil
(George Mel
Richard Sm
James McCI
James May, (
r,cf)rge Mc
August 2, 18 18
TERRITORIAL AND STATE GOVERNMENTS.
89
James Witheirll, January 15,1828, to May 20, 1 830.
John 'I". Mason, May 20, 1830, to July 12, 1831.
Stevens T. Mason, July 12, 1831, to September 30,
1835.
MICHIGAN TERRITORY
■B-X"_Xj-A."V7'
April 18, 1818.
Mat (II' 'rKRKMiiiuiAi, linrMiAK'v.— Ni). 6
John .S. Horner. Septenii)er 30, 1835, to Novem-
ber 13, 1S35.
TRKASIRKRS.
Frederiik ISate.s, 1805 to November 26, 1806.
Klijaii ISrush, November 26, 1806, to December
13, 1813.
Robert Abbott, December 13, 181 3, to January i,
1830.
Levi Cook, January i, 1830, to February 19, 1836,
\. MICHIGAN TERRITORY
Juno 28, 1834.
Map of Tkrritoriai. FiorNDARV.— No. 7.
AL'DITOKS OF PUBLIC AiCOLNTS,
Robert Abbott, 1809 to February 19, 1836.
Solomon Sibley, October 4, 18 14, to 181 7.
(".corii;e McDoujjall, October, 1 814, to 1817.
Richard Smyth, December 21, 1817.
James McCloskey, August 8, 1817.
' ADJI'TANT-r.KNKKAI.S.
James May, October 3, 1805, to September 29, 1806.
("tcorije McDougall, September 29, 1866, to
August 2, 1818.
Joim U. Williams, August 2, 18 18, to April 14,
1829.
l)e darmo Jonis. .April 14, 1829, to October 23,
1829.
W. L. Ncwberrv, October 23, 1829, to March 14,
1831.
John ]•". Schwartz, March 14, 1831.
JrUCH-ADVnCATIiS.
A. C. Whitney, to September, 1823.
B. F. H. Witherell, Sept<'ml)er, 1823, to — .
ofAKTKHMASTKK-CKNKKAI.S.
James McCloskey, August 14, 1818, to — .
.skai.fuf; or i.kathkr.
Calvin Haker, August 10, 1822, to — .
Jefferson Morris, Mar-Ji 7, 1834, to — .
yV/f S/it/(- of Mii/i/ji^an.
The history of tlie legislation in regard to the
boundaries of the Territory and the State of Michi-
gan is a history of alternate enlargement and con-
traction of her possessions. The autocratic and un-
justitiable exclusion of delegates of Wayne County
from participation in the convention which carved
ont the State of Ohio has already been mentioned.
In 1828 a pro]iosition was made in Congress to
organi/.e a Territory by the name of Huron, and to
make the Lake Superior region
a part of it. On February 1 5,
1828, a meeting of citizens of
Detroit was held to protest
against it, and the project failed.
The next effort of this kind, in
1835, was more successful, and
is described in connection with
the Toledo War.
On March 18, 1836, a public
meeting was held in Detroit to
protest against jiermitting Ohio
to possess the territory in dis-
pute, which consisted of about
four hundred and seventy scjuare
miles on the southern boundary
of the State. Meantime, by .Act
of April 20, 1836, which took
effect on July 3, 1836, the State of Wisconsin was
created.
All protests against the curtailing of the southern
boundary were unavailing; and on June 15, 1836,
Congress passed an Act admitting Michigan as ;i
State, i^rovidcd she would accept of boundaries
which gave the disputed territory to Ohio. A few
days later, on June 23, Congress passed another Act,
accepting the proposition of the convention of 1835,
with some modifications, which denied to Michigan
the boundary she claimed. This last proposition of
90
TKRRITORIAL AND STATE GOVERNMENTS.
/""^STATE OF MICHIGAN
"1
April 20, 1.838.
.MaI' ()|- TlilCKITOUI.M. LiOLND.\K\ .— \<l. S.
Congress occnsiuncd nuR-h controvi-rsy, at;itatinir
the public mind all throu,v;h 1836. Meetings wi-iv
held in Detroit, on September 2 and October \ 2, to
oppo.se the yielding- of the territory to Ohio, and 10
arranyje for the election of county ofticc vho would
oppose it. Finally the legislature of Miciiigan Ter-
ritory, by .Vet of July 20, ICS36, [irovideil lor the
election of deleg.ites to a convention, which was to
be assembled to settle the ([uestion. The lollowing
delegates from Wayne County were elected on .Sep-
tember 12: Titus Dort, 1). C. McKinsiry, Louis
Beaufait, B. B. Kercheval, .Amnion Brown, Kli
Bradshaw, 11. A. Noyes, ;mtl John McDonnell. The
con\enlion nu't .at .\nn .\rbor September 2(>. 1836,
antl decided ag;iiiist ,'iccepling admission with the
bound.iry ,-isiiroposed by Congress. On November 14
following the Democnitic County Commiliee issued ,1
circul.ar, recommending llu' holding of .another con-
vention at .\nn .Arbor on Decembir 14. 'i'hey
urged th;it the pi'ople of the St.ate elect dck-g.itcs to
such .a convention, .s.iying that, although the vole of
the Washlen.iw County deleg.ates defeated tln' .ac-
ceptance of ihi' proposition of Congress, tlii' peojile
of that county had since then clectt'd numbers of
the Legislatiu'e who were in fjuor of acctining the
terms of Congress. They further urgetl th.at speedy
action was nec-essary, in order to secure to the new
State ,a share of the surplus reveinie th.at Congress
was about to distribiili', and .also the i)ercent.ige on
sales of public Lands in Michig.an.
C.ovi'rnor M.asou favored the project, .and the
coinention was held .as proposed. 'l"he following
persons were jiresent, .as dek'g.ates from W'.ayne
County: John R. Willi.ams, Ross W'ilkins. Charles
Moran, Mar.shall J, Bac<in, D. Cioodwin, B. I'. II.
Witherelt, J. K. Schw.artz, Reynold C.illett, I'.li lir.id-
sh.aw, II. A. Noyes, IClihu Morse, Warner Tutlle,
.\. V. Murr.ay. James iUicklin, Josiah Mason, .and
Charles F, Irwin.
This last convention un.inimously resolved to
accept the prescribed conditions of admission; .the
v.ilidity of its action w.as- recognized by Congress,
and on J.anu.ary 26, 1837, the St.ate was, by ,1 new
Act, form,il!y ailmitlcil .as the twenly-si.\th Stale of
the Cninn.
It thus apjiears that a convention, called by a
political jj.arty ,as sui'h, brought .aboiu the .admission
of .Michigan as .1 .St.ate. A suggesti\e feature of
the convention was the f.act th.at there weri' no
deieg.ites ]iresent from .Monroe County, in which
Toledo w.as tlu'ii loc.iti'd. The .action of the I'on-
vention that jii'ovided for the admission of ( )hio in
1802, .and refused to .admit dek'gates from Wayne
County, was thus fully e(|ii.alk'd.
The people were now ri'licvi'd of an .anom.alous
government, neither territori.al nor st.ate. Without
specitic congression.il .authoritv, tlu'\' h.ad possi'ssi'da
state go\ei"ninent, wilii .a full set of ollicers, for a
period of nearly two and .a (|u.irter years behire the
St.alt' was ri'cognizctl as such by Congress. I'nder
the ordin.ance of 1787, the people of the Territory,
howi'Vir, h.ul .1 right to .a st.ate goxernment, as the
Territory cont.ained sixty thous.and inhabitants.
The citizens were exceedingly pleased at the final
si'ttlement of the (|ueslion of .admission to the
I'nion ; .ui ! on l''el)ru.ir\- 9, 1837, .a great cek'lir.a-
tion w.as h.ad in honor of tlu' event. The Brady
Ciiiards p.ar.aded, twenty-six guns were fired, Jefferson
AviMuie w.as illumin.ated, .and bontires tl.amed every-
whi'rc.
.\ State st'.al w.as .adopted by the constitutional
convention of 1835. On June 2 the president of the
convention st.itetl th.at lu' h.ad receixcl ;i ci"sign for
.a sell ; ,ind on the same day .Mr. W'ilkins of Lena-
wee offered the following:
Kt-^i'/vcif, llKit till' pri->ii(li.m (if llu- ciMivciilinn tciulir to Iloii-
or.dilr l.iwis Ciss lli<' 111. inks uf lliis i .nivriitiuii, nprociitiiii; llic
piiipii- (if iMiiliij,'an, feu llu- liaiulMinie .SuiU: Seal presented by
him til llie fcirllu'iimiiiK Stall'.
This resolution was Laid on the table, .and adopted
on June 22. On the s.ime d.iy ih.at the design was
presented, on motion of .Mr. .Norvell of Wayne, the
follnwing was .a(lo|)ted ;is p.art of the ])rop()sed con-
stitutidii: ".\ gre.at seal sh.ill be |)rovided by the
gf)\ernor, to cont.ain de\ice .and inscription, desia'ibed
in papers relating thereto, signed by the president of
the coiu'cntion, .and depnsited in the office of the
Secret.ary of 'I'erritory." Concerning the mottin's
on the seal, D. 15. I )iirfieki. in .a letter to Ceneral John
Robertsnn, (juoted in his " Fl;igs of Michig.an," gives
this information: lie s.ays, " When a Law student
with M.ijiir Lewis Cass, in the year 1841, we h.ad
some ci)n\crs;ition on the subject, .and .as I now recall
it, he then slated th.at * * the late C.eneral
C.iss .selected and modilieil the celebrated inscription
upon the bl.ack marble slab that marks the tomb of
Sir Christoiiher Wren in the crypt of St. I'.aul's
C.athcdr.il, of which he w.as the distinguished archi-
tect." That insifipiion reads, "Si inonumentuin
rci|uiris, cinaimspice," (If ymi re(|iiire a monu-
ment, look iiroiind vou.)
In view e
its peninstiL
inscrii)tioii ;
"iiuaris pi
" monunieni
iK'w form,
pcninsuLa, L
f.acls .as t(i
surmised lli,
tion of Mil
iirilish terrii
by the desii
hold the tei
Ohio. The
prominent pi
ventioii th.it
the seal s.iys
li.and. The
cdly, the ide;
not ,a soldier,
" Tuebor," I
fil-'I'.M' SfAl I
After fifleei
' 1
W.as deemed
second coiistii
.at L.ansing. !
The following
County: l(. J.
I 'iter Dt'snoye
Cibson. Tlu'
the people, .an
November, 18:
1851, The ci
Constitution of
By the Constit'i
officers. H,'xce])t
were .appointet
TERRITORIAL AM) STATI-: ( ;()\'I:RN.MI:N TS.
91
111 view of tlu' (listiiinuishiiiv^' fcatiiri' of tlic Stale,
its ])L'ninsular cliaractcr, ('.cnci'al Cass moditied tiic
iiiS(Ti|)tioii as ^ivcn on W'l-cn's torn!) 1)\- sui)stitutiii,ii^
"(jiia-ris |nniiisulam aiiKinam" for tlie words
" iiionunuMitimi re(|iiiris," so tliat tlu' niotlo, in its
new form, wniild rcid " if you seek ;i |)lc,-is;int
peiiiiisul;i, lool< around you." Mr. Dullicld li;id no
facts as to wliy tin- word luihor w.is used, hut
surmised tli.at it li.id refei-ence to tiie fi'ontier ])osi-
tion of Miciiii^an, ,is ;i defender on tiie border of
Ili'itisli tei'i-iloi"\'. More proij.ihly it w.as sui^xested
bv tile desire and deii'rmin.ition of the iK'oj-)le to
hold tile territory on the south, then claimed by
Ohio. The lioldiny- of that tt'rritoi-y occupii'd a
prominent place in the discussions of the \t.'ry con-
vciuioii that adopted the se.il. The (k'scription of
the se;il s.ays ih.at it shows a ni.an with ;i \^\\\\ in his
h;uKl. 'I'lie word " m.in " was evidenlly used design-
edly, the ide.a bi'inj^- tli.it it was a citi/.eii or settler,
not a .soldier, that stoi-d ready with his gun, sayinj;',
" Tuebor," I defend.
f'.ui-:Ai- S|-\i 111 rin-; Siaii-; o|- Mu iiu.an. {I'.xact si.r.)
.\fter lifleen wars of i^i'owth, . a new constitution
w,is deemed desii-,ible ; and on June 3, 1.S50, the
second constilulion.il con\enlioii o|)ened its session
;it I.ansini;-. It concluded its work on .\u,t;iist 15.
The following;' persons were delei^ates fi^oni W'.avne
County: 11. J. .\l\oril, J. II. ISavin, Amnion lirown,
Peter Desnoyers, K. E. I'.aton, II. I'r.ilick, ;uul John
(libson. The new constitution was submittetl to
the jieople, ;uid approved on the lirst Tuesday of
Xovembcr. 1X50, becoming;' opi'nitive on January i,
1851. Tlu! chief points of dilfereiice between the
Constitution of icS^j.aiul th.it of 1X50 ;ire ;is follows:
I5y the Constitution of 1X35, ;il!-iudvies .and all State
piVicers. ^except the i^oNcrnor ;ind l(euten;uit-i;'o\'eriior,
werc^ appointed, ;u,id iheii' sal.iries determined, by
tile lA'nisI.ature. The Constitution of I1S50 made
these otticers elective, :{m\ tixi'd their s.al.iries. The
oriiL^injiI constitution |)ro\ided tli.at the Lei^islaturc
niii^ht est.ablish courts, ;uid .appoint reiicnts of the
university; tli.at of 1X50 presci-ibed what courts
should be established, .allowing' only municip.al
courts to be created by the l.ei;islature. .and pro-
vided for the election of rev;eiits of the university.
The Constitution of 11X35 pi''>vided for .annual ses-
sions of the I.i'nislature; th.at of 1850. for biennial
sessions. 'I'lie one of 1S35 prohibited the passa}.(e
of Laws for j^i'iieral corporate orij.ani/.ations, and
authori/ed s|)eci,il ch;irtei-s; that of 1 850 prescribed
a courst' directly the reverse. The first constitution
providi'd that |)riv;ite ])roperty niii^ht be taken for
jiublic use by allowini^ just compensation, and the
|iovvers of bo.ards of sii|)ervisors were (luite re-
stricted. The Constitution of 1850 m.ade more
slrin;.;i'nt provision ,is to takiiiv,"' private pro[)erty for
liublic use, .and i;.ive larger le,i;isl;itive ])ovver to
boards of supervisors. The Constitution of 1835
said iiolliiiijj; .about the licensing;' of the sale of licinor:
th.at of 1850 pi'ohibiti'd the Lei^isl.ature from .author-
i/.inir licenses for its s.ile.
.\ ihiid coiistitution.al convention came toi^ether
;it I.,iiisiiin-. on M.iy 15. 1867, .and continued in ses-
sion until .\ui;ust 22. The dilci^.ali'S from W'.ayne
County were Robi'rt McClelland, I ),iiiii'l Cioodwin,
I'eti-r Desnoyers, Win. .\. Smith, Jonathan Shearer,
•and W. I".. W'.arner. The result of their labors was
disapprovi'd by the people.
In 1873 a coiistitution.al commission, iirovicled for
by the I.e.nisLiture, held sessions .at L.ansiiiv^, from
Au.v;ust 2j to ( )ciober i''), 1873. Asliky Pond anil
]•-. W. .Medd.iUv;h were dcleiL^.ites from the lirst dis-
trict, which embr.aced W'.ayne County. Nearly .all
of the recommeiulations of the commission f.iik'il
of .adoption.
The Constitution of 1835 ]-)rovided tli.it Detroit
should be the c.apit.il uniil 1847, when the tiiial
location w.is to be determined by the LeiijisLiture.
Cnder a bill ;i|iproved M.irch if>, 1847, the capital
vv.is lociti'd at I..uisini;, .and on December ::5 it was
there est.ablished.
The n.anie Lansim;' w.is probably it^iven to that
town bi'c.ause its first settlers came from i.,aiisinv;.
Toni|)kins Cmintv. X. \'., which town w.as n.amed
.after John Lansiiiv;-, Ch.anct'llor of the .State of \ew
NOrk from 1801 to 1814.
The State officers .and their terms of office, h.ave
been :
'I'llUMS
Sti'vens T. M.ason
William Woodbridj^x'
J. Wright ( iordon (,aciin,ii:)
|oiiii S. Il.arrv
iii-:(.A\.
KNIIKI).
if^35
1840
1840
I 84 I
1841
1842
1842
1846
92
TERRITORIAL AND STATE GOVERNMENTS.
\i
KMS
T
KKMS
llH(i.\.N.
KNDKl).
HHCAN.
i:ndkd.
Alphcus Felch ....
1846
1847
William Jenney
. . 1879
1883
William L. (ireenly (artiii..;)
1847
1848
Harry A. Conant
. 1883
I'Ipaphroditus Ransom
1848
1850
John S. Harry ....
1850
1852
S/ii/r 'rr(Uisiirrrs.
Robert McClelland
1852
'853
Henry Howard .
1836
'839
Andrew Parsons (acting; i
■853
1855
Peter Desnoyers
■ . 1839
1840
Kinsley S. Binj^ham .
.855
1859
Robert .Stuart
1840
184I
Moses Wisner ....
1859
1861
George W. Germain
. I84I
1842
Austin niair ....
1861
1865
John J. Adam
1842
1845
Henry H. Crapo ....
1865
1869
George Rcdlield
. . 1845
1846
Henry ]'. Baldwin
I 869
'873
George B. Cooper
1846
1850
John J. IJa^Iey ....
"873
1877
Bernard C. Whitemore .
. 1850
1855
Charles M. Crosswell
1877
I88I
Silas M. Holmes .
• >855
1859
D. H. Jerome ....
1881
1883
John McKinney
. . 1859
1861
J. W. Bejjole . . • .
1883
John Owen ....
1861
1867
Ebenezer ( ). Grosvenor .
. 1867
187I
Liciifriiintf-GoTi-riiors
Victory !'. Collier
1871
1875
Edward Mundy ....
■835
1840
William B. McCreery
. . 1875
1879
J. Wrii^ht (iordon
1840
I84I
B. D. Pritchard .
1879
1883
T. J. D;ake (actiiij;)
I84I
1842
Edward H. Butler .
. 1883
Origen 1). Richardson
1842
1846
William L. (ireenly
1846
1847
, I U(f //(>?■-( rfl
rr(t/s.
C. P. Hush (acting)
1847
1848
Robert Abbott .
1836
1839
William M. Fenton
1848
1852
Henry Howard
. . 1839
1840
Andrew Parsons
1852
1853
luirotas 1*. Hastings .
1840
1842
G. R. Griswold
'853
1855
Alpheus Felch
. 1842
1842
George A. Coe ....
1855
1859
Henry L. Whipple
1842
1842
I'xiinund B. Fairfield
•859
1861
Charles G. Hammond
. 1842
1845
James Birney ....
I86I
I86I
John J. .\dam
• 1845
1846
Joseph R. Williams
I86I
1862
Digby V. Bell
. 1846
1848
Henry T. Backus
1862
1863
John J. Adam
1848
1851
Charles S. May ....
1863
1865
John Swegles, Jr. .
. 1851
1855
E. O. Grcsvenor ....
1865
1867
Whitney Jones .
• 1855
1859
Dwight May ....
1867
1869
Daniel L. Case
. . 1859
1 861
Morgan Bates ....
1869
1873
Langford (i. Berry
1 861
1863
Henry H. Holt ....
1873
1877
Emil Anneke .
. 1863
1867
Alonzo Sessions ....
1877
I88I
William Humphrey
1867
1875
M. S. Crosby ....
1881
Ralph Ely
• • 1875
1879
^
W. Irving Lattimer
1879
1883
St'cretari'cs of Sfafe.
William C. Stevens
. 1883
Kintzing Pritchette
1835
1838
Randolph Manning
.838
1840
A/foriuy-C!f
wrah.
Thomas Rowland ....
1840
1842
Daniel LeRoy .
. 1836
1837
Robert P. Eldridge
1842
1846
Peter Morey
1837
1841
Gideon O. Whittemore .
IS46
1848
Zephaniah Piatt
. 1841
1843
George W. Peck
1848
1850
YAon Farnsworth
1843
1845
George Redtield ....
1850
1850
Henry N. Walker .
. . 1845
1848
Charles H. Taylor
1850
1853
George V. N. Lothrop .
, 1848
1851
William Graves ....
'853
i8;s
William Hale .
1851
1855
John Me Kinney
1855
18^9
Jacob M. Howard .
• • 1855
1861
Nelson G. Isbell ....
1859
1861
Charles Upson .
1861
1863
James B. Porter ....
1 86 1
1867
Albert Williams
. . 1863
1867
Oliver L. Spaulding
1867
1871
William L. Stoughton
1867
1869
Daniel Striker ....
1871
1875
Dwight May .
. 1869
•873
E. G. D. Holden
1875
1879
Byron D. Ball .
1873
•874
Isaac Marst
.\ndrew J. !
Otto Kirchn
J. J. Van Rii
Conn,
Digby V. Be
Abiel Silver
Porter Kibbc
.Seymour B. '
James W. S^i
.Samuel S. L;
Cyrus Hewit
Benjamin D.
Charles A. F
Leverett A. (
Benjamin F.
lERRlTURIAL AND STATE GOVERNMENTS.
93
Isaac Marston . .
Andrew J. Smith
Otto KiiTlincr
J. J. Van Riper .
CoiiDii/'sstoncys of S/atr
I)i,i(l)y V. IJell
Abie! Silver
Porter Kibbee
Seymour 15. Treadweil
James W. .Sanborn
Sanniei S. I.acey
Cyrus Hewitt
Henjamin I). Pritchard
diaries A. Edmonds
Leverett A. Clapp
Benjamin F. Partridge .
Terms
'I'kkms
IlKOAN.
KNI>KI).
IIKl.AN.
l'..SI)KI).
. '874
1875
James M. Neasmith
1879
1883
1875
■877
Minor S. Newell
. 1883
. 1877
1881
I88I
Superintendents of Pulilic
Instruction
Lull,/ Office.
John I). I'ieree
■ 1838
1841
. 1844
1846
Kranklin Sawyer, Jr. .
1841
i«43
1846
1850
Oliver C. Comstoek, Sr.
. 1843
1845
. 1850
1855
Ira Mayhew
1845
1849
• '855
1859
Francis V/. Shearman
. 1849
1855
. 1859
1 86 1
Ira Mayhew
1855
1859
1861
1865
John \I. (irei>ory .
• 1859
1865
. 1865
1867
Oramel Horsford
1865
'873
1867
1871
Daniel H. Briu^gs
• 1873
1877
. 1871
•873
Horace S. Tarbell
1877
1878
1873
1877
Cornelius A. Gower
. 1878
1883
. 1877
1879
Hersehel R. Gass
1883
C U A VT 1<: R XVII.
LEGISLATl'RKS AND LAWS.
TllK firsl l.ci^islaiurc iiinliT Mni^lish nilc was
called l)y proclainalion from Kinn'sion, in tlu' name
of iIk- kini;. (in July I'l, \7')2. l.ieulcnant-i^ovi'rnor
Sinicnr. of Canada, llu-n drtiiK-d ihc limits of ninc-
tfi'n connti'.'s. Krnl C(.iini\' includi'd llu' rri^ion
L-mbracini; Detroit, and w;is to li;i\c two mem-
bers of the l.ei;isi;itnre. In Anv;ust, 179J, an ek'C-
tion was held, .ind Win. M.aeomb and Wm. Cirant
were electetl as members of the' first Legislature of
L'pper Canada from the eoimty of Ketn.
The k';.^isl;iti\e session beiujan .Si-pieinbi-r 17, at
Newark, now Ni;ii;ar;i, and closed ( )etober 15. 179--
The seconil session bt'i^an at Newark on M;iy 31.
1793. and lasted till July 9. The third session
bi'^'.an June 2, 1794. and closed July 9. 'I'he fourth
session lasti'd from Julv (>, 1795, to Autjust 10. and
the fifth from M.iy 10 to June 3, 179C).
Under the .\ct of Congress of 1 7S7. the (iovernor
and Judj^es of the Northwi'st Territorv constituted
the Legislature. T1h'\' anivcd at Marietta on Julv
9. i7cS8. and their lirst enactments were dated from
that ])l;ice, and published bv bt'lnt;- nailed on a tree
on the l).inks of the Muskinmim. As Detroit was
in possession of the ]-'.nt;iish, none of their laws
were in force here until .after July 11. 179C1. The
laws of the (io\ernor and Ju(.lv;es weri' issued from
Marietta, X'incennes. and Cineinnati. 'I'his last
named ]ilace w;is orinin.illy c.ukcI Losantiville ; it
was so named by Israel Ludlow, one of the ori'^in.al
proprietors. As the town was opposite the mouth
of the Lickiniu;' River, he took the lirst lettt'r of th;a
name, the Latin word os (the mouth:, the (Ireek
word ii//// (oppositei, ;uk1 the l-"rench rv//,' la towni.
and btiilt np the n.ame, thus rivalliiij;' in his ini^emiity
the linguistic fe.ats of our Judj^e Woodwaril. Cin-
cinn.iti was made the seat of justice on January 2.
1 790. and in 1 795 the Governor and Jud,i(es assembled
there to revise their former rej^tilations and adopt
new laws.
By the ortlinance of 1787. as soon as there were
five thousand free male inhabitants in the Territory,
an assembly was to he elected, with one member for
each live hunilrvMl free white males. \\'hen the
number of delejj;;ates reached twenty-tive, the assem-
bly was to r(\i|fiil;itt' the nitio of representation,
Havini;; ascert;iined ih.at there were in the i^erritory
the requisite number of male citizens, over iwenly-
une years of a.^v. (iovernor -St. Cl.iir, on ( )ctol)er 29,
I 791, issued ;i procl.im.ation. directini;- the electors to
choose repi-csentali\(S to a ( '.cncr.il Assemblv, which
he oi'dercd to convi'iie at L'incimi.iti on |;uuiarv 22,
1799. Three members were allotted to W.avne
Cotmty, and ;m election was held on the third Mon-
day of Deci'iiibcr, 1799. Owini;- to some informality
or fraud, .another election w.is dei'iiied necessarv,
and w.is held at Detroit, and in other parts of
Wayne Cotmty. on J.inuary 14 and 15, 1799, result-
uv^ in the I'k'Ction of Solomon Sibley, J.icob \'is,i.;fr.
:o^d Ch.irles ]■". Ch.ibert Jonc.aire. .Although the
.\ssi-mbly was to ha\'e met on J.anuary 22, 1799, its
sessions did not bei^in tmtil l'\'l)rii;u'v 4.
•An upper house or council, .as it w.as ( rilled, was
created, consislini;' of Uvc pe|-sons, selected b\' the
rri'sident ;uid contirmed by Cons^ress, from pi'rsons
nominated by the Assembly. This first council con-
sisted of J.inies Lindl.iv, J.acob lUirnct, Henry \',ui-
derburi;-, D;i\id \',mce, and Robert ()li\er.
( )n the i-re.ation of the Territory of Indi.ana. Judi^e
Wanderbur!.;'. who li\ed within its limits, lost his seat
in till' council ; Solomon Sibley, of Detroit, was ap-
liointed in his pLici', ;md Jon;ithan Schiefllin was
t'lected Sibley's successor in the Le,i;isl<alive y\s-
sembly. The dele<;;ites from W.ayne County, at the
first session of the second Asst'iiiblv, on November
23. R^oi, consisted of Ch.arles !•'. ChabiTt Jonc.aire,
(ieori;e McDoun'.all, and Jon.ath.ui Schieltlin. It is
;i curious f.act. illustnitini;- the ])lianl j)rinciples .and
politics of that day, th.at Schiel'Hin .and Jonc.aire, both
of whom served under (ioNi'rnor Hamilton, and
joined with the IiKh'ans in killiniL;' and sc.alpini;' the
white inhabitants in the Territory, wert' afterwards
elected to represent in the Territorial Li\v;'isl;iture the
very re.^ions they had ravajreil.
As late as iNLay, 1797, Jonathan SchiefHin h.ad
officially declared himself an l'"nsr|ish subject, and
affirmed th.at he did not intend to become an Amer-
ican citizen,
.After the nomination of ten persons as coiincilmen
hv the .Assembly, it was proroi^ued by the vjovernor,
until September 10, 1799. ;it which time he ordered
it to assemble at Cincinnati. Wlu'ii the .\ssembly
convened, there w.as present only one member of the
f4]
council, Jacu
.Messrs. (ioi
Ily SeptemI)
rived, and b
session till i:
business, tin
the .AssembI
inj,' Novembi
Aii.ifiist 20. I
the seat of ;
cothe, and 01
at that pl.ice.
On Novell
a,y;ain met at
Janii.iry 23,
governor, to
d.iy of the f(
mov.al of the
inh.ibitants ol
the house ,it '
were bo.ardii
dticed ,a br.aie
iSefore the A
law of .\|)ril ;
X'an to Indi.ai
not t.ake full e
plied with, ;m
3. 1803.
l-nder liu
provicK'd for i
nor Harrison.
time for holdii
sembly, to m.e
procl.am.ation
and no electi<
sent. Other
I'"ehru;iry 7, r,
n.ames were to
which number
council. .Am
James .May am
Jefferson decli
with the pi'rso:
Harri.son. Mt
1805, Michijrai
nor and the th
I^ci^dslature, m
business.
The first lav
dated July 9. if
for the Territoi
nor and Judije
as a whole at 1
had been draf
desi^-n.ated as '
printed in Was
Woodward wr(
l.lUilSl.A 1 LKLS AM) LAWS.
9.-^
coiiiicil, Jacol) lUiriK'l.aiul l)ui fourrcprfscMU;ili\fs, —
Messrs. (iofiirlli, McMillan, Sinilh, and I.udlow.
15y .ScptcnibtT 24 the rest (if i\\v iiuiiibirs had ai-
riwd, and i)()th houses nrnani/.ed, and conliiuied in
session till Deceniher 19. wiu'n, havinj; Ihiishcd their
business, the ,i;'o\crnor. at their re(|uest, ])roro)L;Lied
tlic Assembly until the first Monday of the follow-
injr November. After the closing' of the session, on
Au,i;ust JO, I7<>S, Con.i^ress |i;issed ;i law removin.vf
the seat of nnvernnK'nt from Cineiniiati to Chilli-
cothe, and on November 3, iSoo, the Assembly met
at that pl.ice.
On November 23, i<Soi, the denerai Assembly
ai^-.-iin met ,it Chillieothe, continuin.t;' in session imtil
January 23, iiSo2, when it w.is adjourned by tiie
governor, to meet at Cincinnati on the fourtii .\b)n-
day of the followinjL;' November. The projxised re-
mov.ii of the seat of jrovernment did not pk'ase the
inhabitants of Chillicothe, and some of them att.icked
the house at wiiicli tiie ijovernor ruid Mr. Schiel'tlin
were boardinv^. The member from Detroit pro-
duced ;i bnice of pistols, and the mob soon dispersed,
liefore the Assi'Uibly a.y;ain conventd, Coni^ress, by
law of .April 30, 1S02, attached what is now ^bchi-
H'.m to Indiana Territory. The law, howevt'r, did
not take full effect until certain conditions were com-
plied with, .'ind these were not fullilk'd until March
3, 1.S03.
I'nder indian.a Territory, no I.ev;islature was
pi-o\ided for until called by proclamation of (iovci'-
nor llarrisoii. lie t'lxed Jaiui;u-y 3, \^o^. ;is the
time for holdini;- ,an election for members of an .\s-
semblv, to n;eet ;it X'incennes on l'"el)ru.UT I. The
proclamation did not reach W.ayne County in lime,
and no election was held, anil no representatives
sent. Other representatives .assembled, and on
Kebru.ary 7, iiSoj, they elected li-n persons, whose
names were to be forwarded to the I'rt'sideut, from
which number he w.as to select five to constitute the
council. .Amonvf the ten n.inies sent wt-re those of
James M.ay.and James Henry of Detroit. President
Jefferson declined to seli'cl, ;is he was unacquainted
with the persons, ;uid left the selection to Ciovernor
Harrison. Meantime, by Law taking- effect JuiH' 30,
1805, .MichijL^an Ti'rritory was created, 'I'he ijo\er-
iior and the three judj.;es, who were constituted the
Lev;islature, met on July 4, 1S05, and organized for
business.
The first law passed and jniblished by them was
dated July 9, 1S05. It describi'd and adopted a .seal
for the Territ(jry. The laws adopted by the C.over-
nor and Judi^es, prior to -May, 1806, were adopted
as a whole at that time. Mo.st, if not all, of them
had l)een draftetl by Judx;e Woodward, and were
desiii^^nated as " the Woodward Code." They were
printed in Washinijton, and on June 18, 1807, Judj^e
Woodward wrote to the Secretary of State that "the
laws of the Ti'iritory had just arrived, and that
hitherto tiiert' had been but one copy in the 'I'erri-
tory, and of the Norihwestern and Indi.ina laws
there is not a com|)leie copy in iht' Tirritory."
In view of their ollici.il position, the disregard of
the Sabb.ith by the Ciovernor .'ind J udi,a-s is especial-
ly noticeable. Oti Sunday, I'ebru.iry 26, 1807, one
of the jud.vjes introduced a bill, which was re.ad three
times .anil i)assetl; other sessions were also held on
the S.abbath.
Many of their sessions were held in Richard
.Smyth's ta\ern, on Woodw.ird Avenin', near Wood-
bridi^c Street. There w.as constant disa>;feenient
and trouble between ( loxcrnor lliill .and Judi4e
W'ondw.ird; and on ,all points of dil'ference, the \()te
jjener.illy stood ilull .and li.ates, or Witherill, a,i;ainst
Woodward and ( 'irillin. Jud.ire Woodward also dis-
aj^reed with .St.ank'y Ciriswold, the secretary of the
Territor\. ( )u M.irch, 17, 1808, he wrote ;ts follows
concernin.i;- the i^overnor and the .secretary:
I lia\i' fniiiid it cinliarrassirn; ami aliiicist an impc>»il)l<- lask to
a\'<ii(l tlu- cninity ft tiirir rrsiniti\( aclhtTrtUs, aifiir(liii>i as I
liapix'ii t(p 1)1- sill 1 i's>i\ily sii>|iii till of fasiirinv; ihf mu; nr tilt;
(itlicr. 'I'lic only imulc I I'niild adopt was tti a\'uid, as f.ir as pfac-
tlialilr, paitiriilar inlcriiiiitsr with lintli. I'or sixtrin mimtlis past
I liavf had tin intriTdiirsL' whatrvrr with the sicrilary, and fir
abuiii ciiiht inonlhs imiic with thr ,i,;ovi:niiir.
.Anions;' the curiosities of the k'v;isl;ition of this
peiiod w;is the jjassaj^i- ol .an .\ct on September 14,
iiSio, "To rci^iiLate tlu' inti'rn.al ,nd\ernnu'nt and
]iolice of tile se\er,il districts of the 'territory of
Michi^-.iu." It pro\i(led for the election of live
st'lectmcu, or councilors, in each district, with |)ower
"to |iro\ide for the su]i|)ort of the poor, for the
iii.iinten.ance and repair ol roads ,aiKl bridi^es, .and,
j^eiKi-ally. for the internal yovi'mnu'iit .and police of
the district, for the education of youth, and for these
.and otiiei- pui-posi's sli.tll k'vy .and collect rates and
taxes." ruder this iVct, Richard -Smylli, C.abriel
Ciodfrov, .Sr., IV'ter Desiioyers, .Vui^tistus 1!. Wood-
w.ird, and lames McL'loskey wi'fe elected for the
district of Detroit, 011 October 8, 1811, and in 1812
the s.ame iiersoiis were si'rvinv;', excejit that H. J.
Hunt h;nl takt'ii the jiLice of .\. 11. Woodw.ard.
The Ciovernor ;ind Jiidi;es seeiiieil to ha\e a
morbid fear tli.it sonu' of the old lui^i^lish laws
woukl remain in force, .and therefore, at intervals of
every few years, ,a new Act was jiassi'd, abolishintj,
either s]iecit:call\' or generally, all Acts of the lui^iish
rarliament. .An .Act of February 21, 1821 (jiai^e
Soo, section 12, of N'ohmie I. of Territorial Laws),
repeals "so miu-li of any law, or supposed law, as
miiiiht operate to require four kni.n'hts ifirt with
swords to be on the jury for the trial of the issue,
joined in an action of rinht, be, and the same is
abolished, abroij.ated. and repealed." An Act of
M,iy 1 1, 1820 (p.ane 586, X'olume L), abolished trial
by battle, .and this w.as ayain specitieally .abolished
96
LKc;iSI..\ riKKS AM) LAWS.
l)y law of Felmiary 21, 1.S21 (pa,i(e 802). As laic as
April 12, 1827, a law ,i;ra\rly provitkd that "tlu'
bcnctit of cleri,ry siiall be, and thi' same is lniThy
abolished." The term "eleri^y," orii^inally limited
to ecclesiastics, had lout; been construed to mean
any person who could read, and all such, at one
time, were exempt from capital punishment. I5c-
tw'cen 1820 and 1824, a few laws were adopted, and
printed in |)amphlct form.
The followini^ judi^es, with the j^overnor, or the
secretary of the 'I'erritory as actinjj |i(overnor, consti-
tuted the I.etjislature; 1805 to November, 1806, .\.
IJ. W'oodwaril, I''. Hates, John ('irillin; November,
1806, to October, 1808, A. H. Woodward, John
("irit'fin; October, 1808, to June 7, 1824, .\. 15. Wood-
ward, John (IriHin. James Witherell. The following-
jXTsons acted as setTctaries to the noxcrnor and
judj;cs in their legislative cai)acity: 1805 to 1807,
I'eter .Audrain; 1807 to 1817, Joseph Watson; 1817,
John Stockton; 1818 to 1823, A. O. Whitney; 1823
to 1825, !■:. A. Brush.
.Many of the doings of the (iovcrnor and Judges
were so utterly de\()i(l of justice ;iiul such ;i mock-
ery of government that the inh.ibilants, almo.si ,//
/f/ussc, were enr;ii;cd and distrusted. There is
abundant evidence that the picture of their mis-
doings could sc.ircely be owrdr.iwn. So inlolcr;ible
did their action become that John (lentle, in 1807,
published in The Philadelphia Aurora an.d Pittsburgh
Oa/.ette a scries of articles detailinj^ the ni-ie\aiices
of the people in lannLiajLje that was far from beini;- of
the tenor the author's name mi^lit indicate.
These artiiles criticized not only the doings of the
(Governor and Judges as legislators, but also their
court proceeiliui^s and tluir .actions as a Land Hoard;
and intimated that they were conlrollin;^ for their
own pecuniary advantajre the lots in the city
and the Ten-Thousand-Acre Tract, and that the
Detroit iSank was a .scheme desii^iied to further the
same object. Ciovernor Hull and Judge Woodward
especially were charjred with intriv^ue, deception, and
untruth; and the charires were apparently proven.
It was believed by many of the ijeo|)le that Hull was
in league with .Varon Hurr, and that his design was
to impoverish the people and drive them out of the
Territory, that his plans might be more easily carried
out ; some even affected to believe, or did believe,
that the burning of the town the day before the
arrival of the ("lovernor and Judges was a part of
their conspiracy.
It was claimed in the articles of Mr. Cientle, ami
also in other published articles, that (Governor Hull
fabricated stories of Indian attacks and e.xcited false
alarms, in order to divert the thoughts of the people
from his wrong-doing.
It does not appear that Oovernnr Hull nwade any
published reply to the articles of Mr. Gentle ; he cer-
tainly did iini in llic |);ipcr which coni.iiucd the
charges, in 1808 Judge Woodward replied in a
series of articles published also in the Pittsburgh
Commonwealth. His defence consisted chielly in
attributing the articles to spite, caused l)y the rejec-
tion of the author's claim for a donation lot, and in
denying that he was in any way interested in lands.
The records, however, show that, if not then inter-
ested, he soon after became an extensive owner of
real estate in this regioi; and though a jlesire for
retaliation may have inciteil the articles of Cientle,
their truthfulness, at least in the main, must be con-
ceded. Judge Woodward made no attemjit to
defend Cioxernor I lull ; on the contrary, he intimated
strongly that the governor was interested in the
1 )etr()it H.ink, as ;i matter of speculation, and conceded
that he had been prcci|)itate in erecting fortifications
and stockades.
The i-h.irges of Mr. (ieiille seem more than half
pro\en by the lame defence of Judge Woodward,
and by his testimoin in regard to (lovernor Hull.
In so far as Woodward was concerned, the articles
in the Delrnii (la/.elte of October and November,
1822, man)- of them writtin by James I). Doty,
afterwards ( lOvernor of Wisconsin, show that Wood-
ward's conduct w.is so unexampled, so extrav.igantly
illcg.'il, that any one in ol'lici.al position, who, having
the power to prevent or expose his ;ict!on, neglected
to do so, mu'.l have been I'ither in sympathy with
him or cowartll\- in the extreme,
.\t the time Mr. Cicntle published iiis articles,
there w.is no jKiper issued in Detroit. Oentle says
he published ;i portion of one (jf the articles in
Detroit. John L. Talbot, in his sketch of I'arly times,
written nearly forty years .ago, says this was done by
writing each .article, which was then "hung out tlur-
ing the tlay from the houses, guartled by arms, and
t.ikeii in ;it night."
The fact that they were resisted and det'ied in De-
troit greatly t'x.ispenited the Ciovcrnor and Judges.
Mr. Cicntle was .attacked in his own house by some
of their friends, but was protected by Mr. Campau.
It is stated in the ( iazctte for November i, 1823,
that he was indicted for libel. " When arraigned,
he i)leatl th.at he was guilty of the writing and \n\h-
lishing, and offered to prove the truth of every fact
stated." In those days, however, the truth of a libel
could not be given in e\idence, and he was found
guilty. The majority of the people, however, did
not approve of the \erdict.
One of iiis articles says :
A meelinj; of the citizens cif I )etr(iit was Uijiiin called to draft a
nicinorial to tile Keneral kii\ eminent, praying for redress of onr
grievances. K. H. and (1. .Mel)., \vh.) still remained ntniter, now
came forward (or rather were sent forward by the governor), and
declared in favor of the people, and hy the force of their eloquence
changeil the intention of the meeting into a resolve that a com-
mittee he chosen to draft an impeachment against Judges W^iod-
ward and Bates, and they had the address to have themselves
chosin (in the
iind II. K. .\|^„
several (lays, fr
was appoinli-il I
of jndgc; Dales,
court. I'rogres!
(ill at last It was
A memori
taiits, d.ited
to the Presii
and Woodw
'i'he Oovei
the yVct app(
laws of the (
best suited t
they violated
ordinance of
of merely ad(
States, they
laws of one .^
different St.at
origin of ;i tei
following st.it
true. They v
States before
the laws of .>
Virginia, won
tences from tl
the laws t^f K
of Connecticu
trouble themst
the original S
find, .\ftor a
whole subject,
ing statement (
Several allempts
the (Jovcrnor and
IjeiTig and good go'
ancient and proviri
distinguished hy ih
The governor fir-
after the usual rout
elates, we suppose,
Hut we were, as iisi
Judge Woodward d
l'ro\-ed, which cov.
cxhihiting, at one vi
odized I hat was eve
thieves for the g',,ve
this Territiiry of tin
enlarged, and Impro
circinnstances of A
forward in great nur
our disapprohation
suhordiriation hy h
although symbolical
doctrine of non-resi
the reports of their
people out of doors
'loors, the (iovcrnor
the adoption of the 1
They made Ia\
LLLilbLATL Kl.S ANU LAWS.
97
(liiisiii iin llic- comiuittit:, iil.iin{ with Jiiiiics Aliliuit, J. Ilaivi y,
,111(1 II. K. Martin. I'lii! .ciiiiiuitt. c •.at at Mr. li.s, iiml lal.i.n.l
Hcvir.il (lays, fr;iiiiiii< llir inipcu limciil. .Ml oil a Miildi ii, Mr. 11.
was apiHiiiiliil by llic Kovcnmr treasurer nf llie I'errildry, in |il,ii ■■
(if jiuUe Hates, mult;. M( I >. w.is appniiiled clerk el llie dislri. I
cDiirt. l'r(i<ress (if tlie iiiipe.K liineiit w.is then liy clenrees relaxed,
till ,it List it W.IS till, illy ali.mdiiiii il
A memorial, si^nicd l)y alxmt fniir liiiiulrfd inliahi-
laiits, ilalud Si-pUnuljcr i, hSoS, \v,is, hdwivcr, stiU
It) the I'rcsidi'iU, prayiiv< for Uif rinii.v,il of Hull
and Woodward, l)iit it was unheeded.
The (iovenior and Jiidvces were empowered, by
the Act api)oiiUinv; ihem, to ", adopt " .such of the
laws of the orij^in.il thirteen States as they deemeil
best suited to the needs of the Territory, 'i'hat
they violated both the letter and the spirit of the
orilinanee of i/'S; is .ibiindantly evident. Inste.id
of merely ailoptin,;;- l.iws from some of the oriv^inal
States, they would take the title of the .\et from
law.s of one State ami i>arts of Acts from laws of
different States, and this so fretjuently that the
oriirin of a territorial law could not be traeeti. 'i'he
followinir statement m.iy be t.aken as almost literally
true. They would "parade the laws of the ori:snnal
States before them on the table, and cull letters from
tile laws of .Maryland; syllables from the laws of
N'iri^inia, words from the laws of New NOrk, sen-
tences from the laws of Pennsylvania, \erses from
the laws of Kentucky, and chapters from the laws
of Connecticut." Ami many times they did not
trouble themselves to make seiections from laws of
the oriirinal States, but used any tliat they could
find. After a full and c.mdid e.x.iminaiion of the
whole subject, I h.ave no doubt that even the follow-
ing statement of Mr. (lentle was true:
Sevural atlempts were made about this time, December, iSort, by
the (lovcrnor and Jiidnes to revive and introdiK c, fur the well-
being and >{iiod Kovernnient of this Territory, that famous code of
anciiMU and provincial laws, by the N'i'w Kn>;l:ind folks, commonly
distin,i;nished by tin: appellation of the I'lhie Laws of Connecticut.
■file ,1,'overnor first [iresinled his vcrsiiin to the I.i.-ijislatiire, and
after the usual mutino of ilispiil.ilion, it was rejected by his asso-
ciates, we siipiiose, for its lyranniial and de .tniclive teiuleiii y,
lint wit were, as usual, e.itrexiously mistaken ; for the day luUowiiii,'
Jndv'e Wuiidwaril displayed a second edition, enlari;ed and im-
proved, which covered the surface of several sheets of paper,
exliibitin>,', at one view, the most rcMiied system of birbarity meth-
odized lliat was ever proposed, even by the ringleader of a den of
thieves for the K'.vernuK'nt of banditti. The transmigration into
this Territory of the aforesiiid lUue Laws of Coniiecti( ut, revised,
enlarged, and improved, "as far as necessary, and suitable to the
circumstances of Michigan," e.xcited serious alarm. We went
forward in great numbers to the li'gislative board, and manifested
our disapprobation and abliorrence of this diabolical system of
subordination by horrid grins and dismal smiles, expressive,
although symbolically, of our aver..,i()n to, and disbelief in, the
doctrine of non-resistance and passive obedience. I''indiiig, by
the reports of their spies, that the sentiineuts entertained by the
people out of doors coincided with the grimaces of those within
doors, the (Jovernor and Jud,'es deemed it expedient to ))ostpoiie
the adoption of the liliu' Laws until a more conveniint season.
They made laws themselves, ami fretiueiitly passed
IS
<.(1
r.s
1)S
los
.£.
loS
them without deliberation. .\ sinele judv;f would
draw up ;i law, .'ind tin n r.irry it arouml t<i the lodv;-
in.^s of the other judnfs to be there sij;lied. The
]i;()\frnor. on one occasion, midertook to si,v;n a law,
and publish it, without the re(|uisite majority of the
bo.ird. The ju(lv;fs pronouneed this a violation ol
tlu: l.iw. and a i mitest arose. The v,'overnor issued
an inll.immatory iiroclam.itioii, c.illin.^ the milit.iry
lo his aid ; the judj.;es declared his .action c.ilumn'ous,
deuiumced him for e.illinv;' for ;ii<l from the military
;iuthorities, ;uid deeided th.at if they j^rjintcd the
mand.imus, retiuesled by the Liw in (iiiestion. they
would subvert their own decisions. This ended the
matter, .and the di.niiity of the court w.is linally sus-
t.iined. The jud;<cs often siibmeri^fd their ilii^iiity
,ind reversed their own decisions, but they h.id no
idea of allowin.;^ others to do it for them.
Thom,di the Governor and |ud,i;es observed no
rei^iil.ir i)l,tce or time of meetinif for ollicial duties,
the time for refreshments was duly observed, as the
foliowinv,^ .luthentic copy of a bill against the Terri-
tory clearly shows:
October .•«, i8o^).
'I'l'iuijniiivV lit Mi(.iiii;.\.N'.
To James May, Dr.
Six bottles of cider Sept. cj, for u>e of l.egislatiin ,
Six black bottles '
Three [lint tumblers, double Hint ( ut, " . .
Six bottles cyder September It, for use o( "... (is
During the winter of dSoS I1S09. while Judge
Woodward was absent at W;tsliinglon, under the
supervision of Judge Witherell m.iny r.idical changes
wt're m.ade in the Laws, forty-four new .Acts were
p.issed, and what was called the Withei'ell Code,
took the place of the Woodward Code. When
Judge Woodward returnetl, he rt fused to recogni/,e
the leg.alilyof the .Acts passed in his .absence, assert-
ing th;it they were not properly .attested, and the
business of the courts was greatly deranged, in
connection with this dillicully. on .August 24. uSio,
Judge Witherell introiluced the following preamble
and resolution:
U7if>'i;ts, by the mosc cxtraordin.iry and tinwarraiUable stretch
of piiwc-r ever attempted to be exercised by the Judiciary over the
Legislature and a fri e government, two of the judges of the
Supreme Court of this Territory, at the September term of said
Court in i8i«^, did declare and decide on the bench of sjiid court,
in their judicial capacity, that the laws adopted and published the
preceding winter, by the (lovernor and two of the Judges of s;iid
Territory, were uncon.stitutional, and not binding on the pe(.ple of
the said Territory, under the frivolous pretext that they were
sigiu (1 only by the ( lovcrnor as presiding officer ; and whereas, by
till' said declaration and decision of the said judges, the peace and
happiness, the rights ; nd interests, of the good people of this
'Territory have been and are still very much disturbed and put in
jeopardy ; and whereas the good people of this 'Territory, after
nearly one year and a half ac(];iaintance with the said laws, have
manifested strong wishes that the same, with a few exceptions,
should b(' continued in operation in the said Territory, in order to
effect which and remi.N-e all diiibt on the subject,
Kfiv/TVi/, that the (lovcrnor and Judges, or a majority of them,
do proceed immediately to sign said laws.
98
I.I,(ilSr..\IIKi:s AND I.WVS.
'riiis icsoliiiidii w.is considered .iiid lejeeted ; and
for nearly a yi'ar then- ensued alternate vietnry and
defeat for l)otli parlies. Kinally Jtidv;e Witlufell
triinnphed, al least in part; and many of the laws
iii question are emhraeed in the reprint of the terri-
Ic; iai laws. It should \)v ineniioned here th.it the
severest eriti<isnis were ap|)lied to the doin.v;s of llu'
it'jfislativc board before Jiid.vje Witherell was a|)-
pointi'd. In iiSi6, durint^' the adniinistr.itioii of
Ciovernor Cass, some I'lUire l.iws. and portions of
others, were eollected. and printed al Detroit in one
volume, ,ind this w.is desi^rnated .is the Cass
Code. In iS::o they were a,i;ain collected, and
those printed at that time are known as the Code
of 1820."
In tile winter of iSiy, and until November 27,
1820, JtKl.i;e Woodward absented himself entirely
from the lei-islative bo.ii-d. Judv^e (Iritlin took no
interest in the nn'isioii of the laws and drew up but
one statute. 1 e is (jiioted as havini^ said that the
others made a mere driidye of him. 'l"he eccen-
tricities of Jud^e Woodward became at len,i(lh ut-
terly unbearable. The people were weary of being
governed by four men none of whom were chosen
by themselves. From being restive they became
determined. On March 11, 1822, a meeting was
held at the Council House to petition Congress "to
separate the juilicial from the legislative power, and
to vest the latter in a certain number of our citi-
zens." A petition was duly drawn up and for-
w.arded, setting forth the fact that Congress had
failed to correct or review the acts of the Ciovernor
and Judges, except in the single instance of the Act
incorporating the Hank of Detroit and praving theni
to take action in behalf of the peoiile. On October
26, 1822, a numerously signed call brought the citi-
zens together in the CouikmI House, and again ;i
committee was appointed to draw up a petition to
Congress. The names of the committee were, John
Diddle, A. K. Wing, John L. Leib, James McClc
key, A. G. Whitney, .Shubael Conant, Ric
Smyth, John S. Roby, David C. McKinsir
Dequindre, Calvin Haker, John Meldrun:
Sheldon, Kbene/.er Reed.
In January, 1823, they sent to the Judiciary Com-
mittee of Congress what was called a "statement of
facts," giving reasons why a change in the govern-
ment of the Territory was necessary. Their state-
ment, printed in the Detroit Gazette for January 24,
1823, says:
The legislative board do nut meet tn do business at the time
fixed by their own st.-jtiites for that purpose, and thev h.ive no
known place of meeting ; and when they do meet, no public notice
of the time or place is Kiven ; and when that can be ascertained by
inquiry, they are found sometimes at private rooms or offices,
where none have a riitht, and few except those immediately inter-
ested in the passage of the laws have the assurance to intrude
themselves, or can find room or seats if thev should. Laws
iiir (ii,|iiinlly jKisMd iind ulliirs n pcilrd, which lake effect
lioiil llii: il.ilr, an<l vitally alfi i l tin- ri,<lils of the clli/iim, an<l
arc nol proinulyaletl or made known to ihu tommunily for iiuiny
lUoUtlls.
This .statement of f.acts was effective, and on
March 3. icSj^, Convjiess eiiacied ih.ii the govi'rn-
inent of the Teriitory be transferred to the governor
and .1 council. The people wen: to elect eighteen
persons, from whom the 1 'resident w;is to .select
nine, who should, on conlirmation of the .Senate,
constitute the COtmeil of llu: Territory. The m.iil
which .irrived at Detroit at noon on Thursd.iv.
.M.inli 27, I(Sj3, brought the news of the p.issagc of
this l.iw. Colonel Smyth, of the Sagina Hotel, was
at once ri'ciuested by sewral citizens to pre|)are ,1
sujiper. .\t sunset CajJlain Woodwortli's companv
fired a federal salute, with an extra gun or two for
Michigan; ;ind at eight o'clock there was music and
firing of guns and crackers. Supper was .servetl
.soon after, Ciovernor Cass presiding.
On June 7, 1824, the first tcrrittirial council was
held in Detroit. One of the sessions was opened
with prayer by Rev. Father Richard, the Catholic
priest, who jirayed that "the legisl.ators may make
laws for the people, and not for themselves," — a
prayer that might be ajjpropriately made at every
se.ssion of a legisl;itive body, i'.y Act of February
5, 1825, provision was made for in<'reasing the si/e
of the council by the election of twenty-six persons,
from whom the I 'resident was to select thirteen, to
constitute the council.
\iy Act of April 12, 1S25, Wayne County was
made the first district, and was to elect eight of the
twenty-six i^ersons whose names were to be for-
warded to the President. I5y Act, approved Jan-
uary 29, 1827, the people were authorized tti elect
thirteen persons, who should constitute the council,
without requiring the approval or confirmation of
the President. The passage of this Act caused
■ ':h rejoicing.
The members of the legislative council from
sV'ayne County were as follows: Fii"^ Legislative
Council, June 7, 1824, Abram Fdwards. Second
Legislative Council, November 2, 1826, Abram
Mdwards, Henry Connor, Robert A. Forsyth.
'I'hird Legislative Council, May 5, 1828, Henry
Connor, William Brown, .Abram Kdwards, John
McDonnell. Fourth Legislative Council, May 11,
1830, William Urown, William Hartow, John Mc-
Donnell, William A. Fletcher. Fifth Legislative
Council, May i, 1832, John McDonnell, Jo.seph W.
Torrey, Charles Moran. Sixth Legislative Council, '
January 7. 1834, Charles Moran, John McDonnell,
Elon Farnsworth.
A second session of the sixth legislative council
was held at Detroit, lasting from August 17 to 25,
1835. They passed an Act providing for the elec-
tion of a (It
oils other /
What is
IcgisLiiive I
uary 6 to 1
of John S. I
tioii Coiigrc!
Territory o
adopted I,,
pri.ition to si
Wisconsin 1
was afterwa
council, vi/.
I'lic Territor
senied. ( iov
W. .S. H.imil
w;is secret.ir\
In 1X24 till
tion of the 1,1
of these e.irl'
plele .set of ai
In 1855 the
and published
«. '«36, Willi;
pare a vmh- ,
wards appoin
Harrington ai
the governor
session of the
cd, .111(1 becam
'«3S. Ill 1 84
Judge San ford
laws, which is
••V>-" In If
compilation in
the " Compilet
James .S. Dewi
prepared .1 sinii
ill two volumes
of 1871." My
preiKired by Ju
authorized to b
clia.se of nine tl
was orderetl.
The laws of
J^in,!^'. and since
systematized wli
and local laws ii
in aiK/tlier. Coj
county clerk, wli
all judges and j
county officers, t
e.-'.oh township, a
and 1874 copies
obtained were |
volumes. The c
in that it omits .
I.i:(.ISI..\ ll'Kl'.S .\\1» I AWS.
99
tion (if ;i (lcl(v;,itf to Coii.nTrss, tovfctluT with iiiimcr-
olis nlluT Ai Is.
What is soMut' nes dcsiv^iiati'd as the si'vciiih
Ifyjisi.iiivtr cDiiiicil was held at (Ircfii Itay frnm jaii-
iiaiy 6 to IV 1H36. It was calicdhy prcM lamaiinii
of Joiiii S. I lorner, actiiij^f )r()v<Tnor, in oiilcr to peti-
tion C'onj^ri'ss to provide for tlii' 01 viani-^ation of the
'I'l-rritory of Wisconsin. A nienioi iai was also
adopted to hi' pri'senled to ConjLjrcss for an .ippro-
prialion to secure liie iniprovenii'nl of the l''o.\ anil
Wisconsin rivers. Only three eonnties, in what
was afterwards Wisconsin, were represented in the
conncil, vi/., iSrown, Milwaukee, and Crawford,
'riie 'i'erritory now known as Iowa was also repn-
senlcd. ( "lovenior 1 lorncr not heinjf present. Colonel
W. S. li.aniillon w.is eiiosen president. A. (i. i'illis
was seeret.iry.
In i.S_'4 the ie.iLfislative ixiard pui)!isiu'd a coniiiila-
tion of the laws tlu'n in force. Most of the copii's
of these early laws have disappearetl. and a com-
plete set of all the laws cannot now he founil.
In I1S33 the Laws were ajL^ain condenseil, arranijed,
and published by the le.vfislative council. On March
S, 1.S36, William A. Kletcher was api)()intcd to pre-
|)are a code of laws for the State. He was after-
wards ;ip|)ointed chief justice, and Messrs. \i. H
I l.irrin,i;lon and E. Y. Roberts were appointed by
the yrovernor to complete the work. At an extra
session of the !,ej,Mslature the re\isions were accept-
ed, and became the law of the State in September,
183S. In iH^(). by authority of the Legislature,
Judj^e Sanford M. ( Ireen i)ri'pari'tl a revision of the
laws, which is known as the " Revised Statutes of
i.S.|.6." In 1857 Thomas M. Cooley prepared a
com|)ilation in two volumes, which is desiirnated as
the "Compiled Laws of 1S57." In 1S71 Jiiilne
James S. Dewey, by authority of the Leijislatiux',
prepared ,1 similar compilation, which was publisheil
in two volumes, under the title of "Compiled Laws
of 1 87 1." I5y law of M.iy 4. 1883, a compilation
prep.ired by JudiL^e .Vndrew llowell, of Adrian, was
authorized to be received as evidence, and the pur-
chase of nine thousand copies, at live dollars each,
was ordercnl.
The laws ot i\u"li session are published at Lan-
sinjL;', and since 1871 they have been somewhat
systematized when published, by issuing; the private
anil local laws in one volume and the jreneral laws
in aiu/ther. Copies of all the laws are sent to the
county clerk, who furnishes them free of charnje to
all judjijes and justices, revjents of the university,
county otlicers, to the supervisor and town clerk of
e.''A'h township, and also to the city clerk. In 1871
and 1874 copies of such territorial laws as could be
obtained were published by the State, in three
volumes. 'I'he compilation, however, is incomplete,
in that it omits all the laws passed at the second
session of the sixth lei;isl;ilive council, A list of
early l.iws, known to be missini;'. is j,(i\in in one
of the volinnes; since Hun ,1 number of them have
been found.
I'nder a provision of the Constitution of 1835,
;ind ,inticip;itin,;( .admission us a State, one reijular
.and oni' extra session of the Lt-ijisl.iture w.is lu'ld
in 1S35 and 1836, before the State w.is form.illy
.idmilted to the Union. The first reifular St.ate
Lenisl.iluri' be).;.in its st.'ssioii Janu.ary 2, 1837.
.\nnu.il sessions were lu'ld up to 1851, since which
time, in iiccordance with tin; Constitution of 1850,
regular sessions hav: been held every two years.
The last rei^ular session in Detroit I'losed on
M.irch 17. 1847, The sessions since then have been
held at L.msin.v;, which city, .after th.it year, became
the .State cipit.il. l'|) to 1 883 nine extra si'ssions
had been held, the occasions for thi'Ui and their
diites beiniLj as follows: In 1851. to provide for
payinv;- the indebtedness of the State and for a new
lei^isl.iti\e ,ind com^ressional apportionment, also to
provide for elections .and other matters m.ide neces-
s.iry by the new I'onstitution. in 1858. to redistrict
the State for circuit courts, and to provide for payinj,'
Sl.ite bonds. In 1861, to provide men and means
for the w.ir tlvn in proijress, and to furnish relief
for f.amilii's of \olunteers. In 1862. to consider the
(juistion of assuminif a portion f)f the direct tax
projjosed to be U'vied by the Cnited States, and to
provide for enrollinv,' the militi.a. In 1 864, to provide
for lillini^ the St.ite (|uota of troops, to provide a
St.ue bounty, .and to .arr.in^e for receivin.if the votes
of soklii'is in the fu'ld. In 1870, to provide for
submiltiii).;' an amendment to the constitution,
.iuthorizin;( ji.iyment. by counties, of bonds \'oteil by
them in aid of proposed r.ailroads. In 1S72, to make
new .apportionments for representatives to Conj^^ress,
anti provide for investitj.ation of the St.ate l;md otlice.
In 1874. to ])rovide for exlendin,i( time of comiiletion
of r.ailroail from M.ackinaw to Marqnette, and to
m.ike |)rovision for submitting;' the nuestion of woman
sulfr.ixe at ;i State election. In 1882. to m.ake a new
congressional apportionment, provide a new tax law,
:md to aid sufferers by fires in Lastern Michigan.
liy Constitution of 1835, the Stale Ilouse of
Representatives was to consist of not less than
fortv-eight nor more than one hundred members.
The Sen.ite w.as to number, .as near as possible, one
third .as m.any members as the House. Under Con-
stitution of 1850. the Ilouse was to consist of not
less than sixty-four nor more than one hundred,
and the Senate w.as to have thirty-two members.
By .an amendmcr"; to the constitution, adopted
November 8. 1874. the House of Representatives
may consist of not less than sixty-four nor more
than one liundrcd persons. No township or city may
be divided to form repre.« 've districts ; but all.
1(H)
i.i:c.isi..\TrKi:s and laws.
friim I'ach city, ;ii'c lo hv i-k'cird on a ,;;t-ncral licki't.
Couiuii's (.■ntitk-il to more than one r(.'i)iTSfiU.iti\c,
are to \k- ilividi'il for fk'ciion purposrs, l)y lln' Hoard
of Siipi'r\isors.
W'ayiKJ coinily has always l)ccn in the first sena-
torial district of tile State. The c-onvention of 1S35
pro\iik'd tliat it akme sJioukl constitute tlie tirst dis-
trict, with three senators. ISy law of .\pril 3. 1838,
the first district was t(- have i)iit two senators. My
law of April 12, 1841, Wayne. Macomb, St. Clair,
Sanilac, and Huron Counties were constituted the
first senatorial district.
By .\ct of March 10, 1846, the first district was
composed of Wayne, Macomb, and St. Clair Conn-
ties. An Act of June 27, 1851, provided that
Wayne County should be divided into several dis-
tricts, as follows :
First District : Third, Fourth, Si.xth, aiul Seventh
Wards, Mamtramck and Cros.se I'l inte.
Second District: First, Second, Fifth and 1-ighth
Wards, Sprin^wells, Cireenfield, Fcorce, and Mon-
guas;on.
Third Di.strict : lirownstown, Huron, Sumpter,
Taylor, !\omulus, \'an lUiren, Canton, riymouth,
Livonia, Xankin, Dearborn, and Riclford.
Hy .\ct of February 13. 1S55, Wayne County was
divided as follows :
First District ; Third, Fourth, and Seventh Wards,
Hamtrainck, and drosse I'ointe.
Second District : Second, Fifth, and Sixth Wards.
Third District: Firs and Kii;hth Warils, C.recn-
field, Sprini^wells, 1-Lcorce, and .Monv;iiai.(on.
Fourth Di.strict: Plymouth, Livonia, Redford,
Dearborn, X.uikin, Canton, \'rui lUiren, Romulus,
Taylor, Hrownstown, Huron, and Sumpter,
ISy .\cts of M.ircli 15, 1861, and .May 1, 1875, the
distritts in Wayne County were as follows:
First District: Second, Third, Fourth, Seventh,
and Tenth Wards, C]reenfield, Ilamtramck, and
Gros.se 1-ointe.
Secoiul District: First, Fifth, Si.\th, Eighth, and
Ninth Wards.
Third District : All towns except the three above
named.
The names of State senators from Wayne County
in various vears have been as follows:
'•^35 ''"^j?' J'>hn McDonnel
Conrail 'I'en Fyck,
Wm. Woodbridi,^',
Jonathan 1). l)a\is.
1838-1839, 15. 11. Kercheva
John McDotmell.
1840 1S41, Dc vl.irmo Jones, 15. !■". H. Witherell
1S42, Jonathan Shearer, Lyni.m ("iranger.
1843 1844, Jonath.m Shearer,
1845-1846, William Hale, -''
1847, A. T. Mc Reynolds, John E, Schwartz.
1848, John I'". .Schwajtz, (ieo. \{. ("iHswold.
1849, (}eo. R. Ciriswold, Titus Dort,
1850 1851. .\. Il.arvey. Titus Dort.
1853, C. R. C.riswo'.d, .■\. 11. Stowcll, H. Fr.ilick.
1855, r>. Wight, Ci. Jerome, N. L.idd.
1857, A. H. Redfiekl, (i(.'o, Jerome. 11. l.edyard,
J. L. Near.
1859, \. Dudgeon, H. ISarns, T. F. Hrodhead,
W. 1:. U'arner.
i86[, Willi.un .\dair, H. 1'. Haklwin, H. T.
U.ackus, J. 1.. Near.
1863. Wm. .Vdair, W. C. Duncan, W. E. W.irner.
1865, \\'m. .\d.iir. Joseph ( iodfrey. .\d;un Minnis.
1867, Paul dies, .\lanson Slieley, Oliver C. Abell.
1869, \\'m. Adair, Lorenzo M, Mason, Elliot T.
.Slocum.
1871, James W. Romeyn, Alanson Sluley. Robt.
D. !••• ;s.
187^,. W. li. Wesson. D. M. Richardson, W. C.
/J'
Sutton.
1875.
1877,
Wm. Atlair, John Cireusel, James I. David.
Wm. Adair, Thos. H. llinchman, Matthew
Markey.
1S79, J. D. Weir, T. W. Palmer. W. W. Duflield.
18S1, James Caplis, John (ireusel, Thos. .Morrison.
1883, James W. Rome\n, John Creusel, James
Hueston.
The convention of 1835 provided that Wayne
County should have eight rejiresentatives. .Subse-
quent apportionments have given it the following
numbir of representative's: .Act of 1838, seven.
Acts of 1841 and 1846, six. .Act of 1851. seven.
Acts of 1855, 1861, and 1871, nine. .Act of 1875,
ten.
The names of representatives have been as fol-
lows :
1835-1836, Peter Van Every, Chas. W. Whiiv
ple, Jonathan P. Foy, Amnion lirowii, il. .\. Noyes,
Cic'o. W. Ferrington, John Strong, Elias liradshaw.
1837, Chas. W. Wliip]ile, Wm. Munger, Job
Smith, loliii M.iriin, .\mnioii Urowii, N. P. Th.ayer,
Caleb lierriiigton, Cieo. W. I''erriiiglon.
1538, \. W. lluel. Louis Beauf.iit, Levi Cook, L.
tloodnian, J. M. Howard, Joshua Howard, Chas,
Moraii, Theodore Williams.
1539, Louis lieaufail, J. L. Near, A. Mack, Harry
Saunders, l'2benezer Eaton, 'I'. 1'". Sheldon, Titus
Dort.
1840, Chas. Moran, Joshua llo'.v.ird, 1). J-",, ilar-
baugh, A. T. McReynolds, H. T. liackus, Wm. S.
(■regory, John l'"orbes.
1841,' John Piddle, A. T. Mather, F. A. Harding,
Roswell Root, luirotas Morton, L. E. Dolsen, Shad-
rach C.illett.
1843, Titus Dort, James (Umning, Thos. Lewis,
John Norvell. John .Scott, 15. F. H. Witherell.
1843, Ceo. A. O'Keefe, D. H. Rowland, J. C.
Vaughan, Peter Codfroy, .A. ^'. Murniy, Daniel
Goodell.
W
H.
Pel
'844. J-
Hlindbury,
Davui h'.
'845. A
Schwartz,
Pullen.
1846, G
Eye!-. l.:iij
Lewis
1S47. !•:(
Heiv.y i.>al
Geo. 15. Th
1848. Je(
Noves, Hii-i
P.uel.
1849
ley. Jr
Ttitilc.
1850,
Sackett
paiigli.
1851, 15.
Alfred 15. G
1853, Fir:
Callagh.in, ^
Irwin. Thii
District : W
Warner.
'855.
A.sa P.
Aubin.
District: W.
JCdwards.
'857, Firs
O'Flynii, .M.
Second Distri
CiiV.cy. Fot
L)istnct : Wn
'8y^, First
13. P. Hush
Second Distr
J- P. Wallae
weather. Fifi
1 86 1, First
Wm. Phelps,
Second Di.stri
J- S. Tibbits.
District : Ira I
1863, First I
ton, L. ^L .M
Second Distric
mVsI
.Mo(
Th
LKC.lSI.AllRi:s AM) LAWS.
lOI
1844, Jolin V. R.nihlc. Jr.. H. \. Walkrr, John
l>lin(ll)urv, Harry Sauiulcrs, J'.lijah IlawKy, Jr.,
I)a\i(l 1 1. Row land.
i<S45, Aiidrrw Ilarvi'v, \\'m. O. I'losi-, John \'..
Scliwartz, Arcli. V. Murray, Win. Munj.^tr, N. W.
'I'ulk'n.
1846, ("r. K, Hand, {ic(irt;c' Moran, Conrad 'I'ci.
Eye!-, Elijah Ilawlcy, Jr.. M. i:. Ames, Ihos.
Lewis
icS47, I'ldward C. Ealon. tu'o, W. Ecrrinsjjton,
Hop; y l'"rali(i<, J.inu's .\hl'';irlan, (ico. W. Moore,
('(.'(). H. Tliroop.
1848, Jed. !'. C. lunnions, Cyrus Howard, ISitiuiel
Noyi's, Hinun H. Stone, .\hrani P. \'ounj;', A. W.
lUii'l.
i84(;, Will. I". Cliitlcndcn, Orrin David, K. Haw-
k'y, Jr., ("H'ornc Mor.in, Amos Ste\cns, Warren
'Lutlle.
1850, H. 1). Carpenter, Jonathan Hudson, David
S.ackett, lletiuiel Noyes, As;i IL Otis, Hiram Mills-
p.ui,i;ii.
1851, B. E. Hyde, Jonatlian Shearer, Levi Eaton,
Alfred B. (lulley, Jared Se.xton. (ieori^^e Martin.
1853, First District: Wm. K. Chittenden, J. O.
CalL'iJLihan, John Reno. Seennd Di.strict : W. W.
Irwin. Third District: Thos. I'. Matthews. Fourth
District: W. LL (iregnry. Eifth District: W. ]•:.
Warner.
1855, First Di.strict: H. H. Wells, Pliny Power,
Asa !'. Moorman. Second District : F. C. St.
Aubin. Third District: Chas. Noble. Foiu'th
District: W. H. Grevjory. Fifth District: Arthur
Edwai'ds.
1857, First District: Sheldon McEnij^hl, C.
O'Flynn, ^L .\. Chase, i:. Kanter, J. >L Davis.
Second District: S. Ludlow. Thiril District : A. B.
■'iul'ey. Fourth District: W. H. C.reiroiy. Eifth
Disfict : Wm. Muni;er.
iSjv First District : A. W. Buel, T.J. Campau,
D. P. Bushnell, John McDermott, Paul Cics.
.Second District: R. H. Connor. I'hird District:
J. B. Wallace. Fourth District: Ceo. A. Stark-
weather. Fifth District: J. I. David.
18(11, First District: J. F. .ly, J. Ci. Peterson,
Wm. Phelps, T. W. Lockwood, Wm. Chapoton.
Second District: John Strong;. Third District:
J. S. Tibbits. Fourth District: A. J. Leetch. Fifth
District : Ira Davis.
1863, First District: T. W. Lockwood, .\. Chapo-
ton, L. M. Mason, S. G. Wii^dit, Wm, W.irner.
Second District : H. W. Ucarc. Third District :
.\lex. Tinham. Fourth District: li. Ilod;^kinson.
Fifth District: R. i:. Clark.
1865, l'"irst District: Wm. S. I>ond, J. Lo^;ui
Chipnian, P.aul (lies, Rich.ird Ilawley, Wm. P.
Wells. Second District: Bi'iijamin May. Third
District: Titus Dort. Fourth District: John M.
Swift. Fifth District : Moses R. Xowland.
iHr.;, JMrst District; I'.dw.ard C. Walker, Thos. I).
I lawlcy, 'Thos. R. SiH'iice, Jefferson Wiley. Wm.
W;irnir. .Second District: Chas. P>. Chauvin.
'Third District: C. C. Smitli, Fourth Distri.'t:
C.eo. W. Swift. Fifth District: Jared A. Se.xton.
1869, First District: J. W. Romeyn, C. N. Rio-
pelle. P. KUin, W. Purctll, 'T. W. Harris. Second
Distr: t : IVter 'Ternes. Third District: R. \'.
lirii^ns. Fourth Di.strict : Ceo. W. Swift. I'ifth
District: James Stewart.
1871, First District: Lyman Cochnine, W. C.
Hoyt, J. CireuscI, J. Ciibson, J.imes Mc(iones;al.
Second District: L. Dalton. 'Third District: B.
Pier.son. I'ourth District: O. R. Patten,v;il. Fifth
District: P. D. I'earl.
1S73, First District: J. C.reuscl, J. Burns. II. 1).
Edwards, J. Ciplis. J. J. Speed. Si'cond District:
M. M.-irkey. Third District : O.D.Pierce. Fourth
District: Winfield Scott. Fifth District: Henry
Cordon.
1S75, First District : Cleveland Hunt, J.ames Daly,
Wm. Livingston, Jr.. J.ames Craig. Peter Klein.
Second District : Michael Cireiner. Third District:
H, N. Ocobock. Fourth District : D. I>. Northrop.
Fifth Di.strict : Cady Xeff.
1S77, First District: R. ILiwlcy, F. .\. P>aker,
P. MeCiinnis, E.. F. Conely, Stephen Martin, Louis
Dillman, Paul dies. Second District: (ieo. W.
Crand.ill. Third District: Myron Coon. Fourth
District : Thos Morrison.
1S79, First District: A. doebel, J. C, Donnelly,
F. A. Noah. Ceo. H. Hopkins, J. E. dirardin, J.
Kuhn, deo. W. Moore. Second District : I". W. A.
Kurth. 'Third District: I"., W. Cottrell. Fourth
District : Joseph Waltx.
1881, First District; deo. H. Hopkins, deo. B.
Remick, .\d;im 1'.. Bloom. Robert \'.. Bolt,a'r. M. \'.
Bor;.,Mnan, Chas. I'wers, Henry Klei. .Second Dis-
trict; C. P.. Hubbard, Third Di.strict: i:. W.
Cottrell. Fourth District : A. P. Youns,'.
1SS3. First District: (k'o. H. Hopkins, Robert E.
Boli^er. Conrad Bittin,i,aT, W. IL Coots, L. A. Brant,
John Devlin. O. N. Case. Second District: IL W.
Riopelle. Third District : George TinhaiTi. Fourth
District; M, IL Ellis.
CHAPTER XVI 1 1
i'ri;sii)i:n riAL i;i.ix tors, cai'.ixi:i" oificiiks, and mi:mi'.i:rs of conc.rkss
FRO.M DF:TRU1T.— rRLSlDENTlAL \1S1 TS TO THE CFIV.
ruKsinKxriAi, klkciviks, cAHiNrr officers,
AND MIC.MDKUS OK t()N(;KKSS.
Til K direct connection of liic Stale .uid tlic city
wilii tiic ( 'io\ iTiiniciU of the riiilcd Slates conies
primarily lliroU)i;ii the appointiiienl. by vole at the
|)rcsidentiai elections, of as many presidential elec-
tors as the whole number of United States senators
and reiM\'sentati\es to which tlie State is to be
entitled when the I'resident I'lected comes into olfH'e.
These iiresidential electors are l)ound by honor
alone to cast the vole of the Slate in favor of the
candidate of the ticket upon which they were
elcclcti. 'I'hey are required to meet on the first
Wednesday of December, in their own Stales, and
dciiosit their xotes. The record of their votes is
then cerlit'icd to and sealed, after whii-h some one is
ap]ioinled to (leli\(.T it personallv to the ])resi(lenl of
the Senate, at \\"ashin,v;ton, before the lirst Wednes-
day in Janu.ary followini^' their meelinij. Another
copv is sent bv mail to the same olticer, and a third
deiJositcd with the jud.i^e of the district.
Only .St.iies fully achnilted into the I'nion may
choose i)rcsidential electors.
The first presiilenlial election in which Michi,i;an
participated was the thirteenth, it was held in the
fall of 1836, and placed Martin \'an iUiren in the
presidential office. The names of the ijrtsidential
electors of Michijran, who have lived in Detroit, are
as follows ;
Thirteenth i:lection, David C. McKinstry; four-
teenth, none from Detroit; fifteenth, Louis Heaufait ;
sixteenth, L. M.Ma.son; seventeenth, D. J. Campau;
ei,i{hteentli, none from Detroit; nineteentli, Oeorye
W. Lee and Rufus Ilosnier; twentieth, none from
Detroit; twenty-fir.st, William Doeltz and John
lUirt; twenty-second, V.. 15. Ward and Hennan
Kiefer; twenty-thinl, William Doeltz; twenty-fourth,
E. n. lUitler.
All the presidential candidates voted for by Michi-
jjan have been elected except Cicnerals Cass and
Fremont, and Detroit has furnished the foUowinif
cabinet officers : (General Lewis Cass, Secretary of
War under i'resident Ja(~kson, and Secretary of
Stale under I'resident Buchanan; Ciovernor Robert
I.
McClelland, Secretary of Interior under President
I'ierce; anil Zachariah Cliaiuller, Secretary of In-
terior untier {'resident (irant.
I'luier the Northwest Territory the following iier-
sons were dele]i(ates to the L'niled .States Conj.;-ress :
1799-1800, W. 11. Harrison; i<Soo-i8oi, William
McMillan; 1801-1803, i'aul Fearini,^ During our
connection with Indiana Territory W. 11. Harri-
son was ajfain cho.sen delei^ate.
As a 'i'erritory, Michij,^'in had no repre.sentative
in Con,i;|-es.. .inlil, by Act of February 16, 1819, .she
was authorized to elect a delegate.
The following persons servetl as delegates for the
terms named ; all of them, except Messrs. \\'ing and
Jones, were residenls of Detroit: 1S19- 1821, Wil-
liam Woodbridge ; 1821-1823, -Solomon Sibley;
1823-1825, C.abriel Richard; 1825-1S29, A. E.
Wing; 1829-1831, John liiddlc ; 1831-1833, A. E.
Wing; 1833-1835, Lucius Lyon; 1835-1836, Cieo.
W. Jones.
I'liited .States senators are elected every si.x years
by a majority vote of the State Legislature in joint
convention. Of the sixteen different senators elected
under the Stale organizati- 1, the following nine
ha\e been from Detroit: I036-1840, Lucius Lyon;
1836-1841, John Norvell; 1840-1845, A. S. Pf)rler;
1841- 1847, Willi.am Woodbridge; 1845-1857, Lewis
Cass; 1857-1875 and 1 879-1 881, Zachariah Chan-
dler; 1862-1871, Jacob M. Howard; 1881-1883. H.
1'. r.aldwin; 1S83- , Thomas W. Palmer.
I'liited States representatives for the .several dis-
tricts are elected directly by the people, for terms of
two years. The population of the State at the time
of its .admission entitled it to only one represent.-ilive,
but its growth was such ;is to treble the number in
1843, The counties of Wayne, i\lonroe, Lenawee.
W.ishlenaw, and Ilillsd.ile were, by Act of March 2.
1843. m.ide the first district. The census of 1850
showed that the State was entitled to four represeiU.i-
tivcs, ;uid the Act of June 26, 1851, made the first
district to consist of the counties of Wayne, Wash-
tenaw. J.'ickson, and Living.ston. In 1861 the State
h;ul become entitled to .six representatives; .and an
Act of March 15 provided that the first district
should eml
Leii.iwee. .1
of 1870 sho
sentatives, c
first district
census of
eleven rejire
State Law
County as tl
Under tht
repre.sentati\
persons ha\--
the whole i
Detroit : Ja(
McClelland.
Field, A. S.
Lord, and W
The p.iy (
various laws,
teniber 22, i
day while all
each twenty
J}y law of A
§1,500, withoi
This law was
ary 22, 181S,
d.ay, and eigh
Uy law of A
$6,000 for tl
Dec-ember 23,
tiiey were to
A law of .Mar
with actual t
se.ssion.
I'RKSIDI
The city h.i^'
the presence (
visit or subse(
The lirst w.is ^
on \Liy 10, I
ag.iin, on the ti
ber 29, 1813, (
September 8. 1
The first tin
presidenti.il vis
ticipated iiitolli
th.it President
Oener.ils Prow
were .at the mo
three miles of
of citizens w.is
Woodbridge in
as .secretary, .im
Sibley. M.ajor y
A, ]■:. Wing, Ch,
MEMBERS OF CONGRESS— PRESIDENTIAL VISITS.
10
slioultl eiiibrai^o the counties of Wayne, Monroe,
Lenawee, and Hillsdale. The United States census
of 1870 showed a population entitled to nine repre-
sentatives, and an Act of March 29, 1872, made tiie
first district to consist of Wayne County only. The
census of 1880 showed a population entitled to
eleven representatives, and the apportionment under
State Law of March 14, 1882, continued Wayne
County as the first di.strict.
Untier the several enlariifcments of the number of
representatives, uj) to 1883, si.xty-seven different
persons have been elected from Michiifan, and of
the whole number the followinji^ ten were from
Detroit: Jacob M. Howard, Lucius Lyon, Robert
McClelland, A. W. Buel, W. A. Howard, M. W.
Field, A. S. Williams, John S. Newberry, Henry W.
Lord, and William C. Maybury.
The pay of senators and representatives, under
various laws, has been as follows : By law of Sep-
tember 22, 1789, they were each paid six dollars a
day while attendinij the session, and six dollars for
each twenty miles traveled in goini; to Convjress.
By law of March 19, 18 16, they were to be paid
§[,500, without mileage, for each Conj^rcss attended.
This law was repealed in 1817, and by law of Janu-
ary 22, 1818, each was to be paid ei^ht dollars a
day, and c'v^ht dollars for each twenty miles traveled.
By law of August 15, 1856, they were to receive
$6,000 for the two sessions, also mileage. On
December 23, 1857, the law was so amended that
they were to receive §250 per month and mileage.
A law of .March 3, 1873, fixed their pay at SZ-Soo.
with actual traveling expenses for one trip each
session.
PRKSIDKNI'I.M, VISITS Vn TIIK CI rV.
The city has been favored, at different times, with
the presence of pt:rsons who, at the time of their
visit or subse(|uently, filled the ollice of President.
The first was W. H. Harrison, who was in Detroit
on May 10, 1803, as (iovernor of the Territory,
again, on the first day of the rc-occupalion, .Septem-
ber 29, 1813, on October 6 following, and also on
Sei)teml)er 8, 1815.
The lirst time that Detroit was honored with a
presidential visit was on August 13, 1817. I'nan-
ticipated iiUelligcncc was nci'ived, about 8 A. M.,
lliat President Monroe, with (iovernor Cass ;ind
(ienerals Brown and Macomb with their suites,
were at the mouth of the river, and would be within
three miles of the city at Wn o'clock. A meeting
of citizens was immediati'ly calk'd, with Willi.im
Woodbridge in tlu' ch.iir and Major Charles Larncd
■ IS secretary, and a committee, consisting of Solomon
Sibley, Major A. Edwards, Captain J. McCloskey,
A. E. Wing, Charles Larncd, Colonel Stephen Mack,
Captain Antoine Dequindre, and O. W. Miller, was
appointed to make suitable arrangements for a
reception. At ten o'clock a large number of citi-
zens, in carriages, on horseback, and on foot, col-
lected at Springwells, and proceeded to the river
Ecorce, where the presidential party had arrived in
barges from the ves.sel. Solomon Sibley, on behalf
of the titizens, congratulated the President on his
arrival. A procession was then formed, which
escorted the I'resident to the city. When opposite
Fort Shelby a .salute was fired ; the procession then
moved on through the principal streets, escorting the
President to the residence of (iovernor Cass. At
night the city was illuminated — the bill for which,
paid to Abram Edwards by order of the Common
Council, amounted to the sum of §23.26 ; the ves.sels
in the harbor were tastefully decorated with lights,
and there was a display of fireworks, under the
direction of Lieutenant Howard of the United States
Ordnance Department.
The following day the city authorities waited upon
the President, and an address was delivered, by
Major Charles Earned, on behalf of the city author-
ities and the citizens. The day after, at 8 A. M.,
the troops of the post, under command of Lieu-
tenant-colonel Smith, were reviewed by the Presi-
dent and (ieneral Brown; after which a sword,
voted by the Legislature of New York to General
Macomb, was presented to him by Governor Ca.ss.
( )n I'"riday evening a ball was given at B. Wood-
worth's Steamboat Hotel, the President and other
notables being in attendance. On Sunday President
Monroe attendeii divine service in the old Indian
council-house, located on the site now occupied by
Firemen's Hall. He remained in Detroit five day.s,
during which time he receivetl many testimonials of
regard, among which was the gift of a carriage and
s])an of horses, presented by the city. On Monday,
August 18, he was accompanied by a number of
citizi'iis to Springwells, where he embarked in a
b.irge, to meet a vessel waiting for him at the mouth
of ih -iver.
Our next visitor in this list was a vice-president.
Colonel R. M. Johnson, rei>uted to have killed
Tecumseh. He was here in ;ittendance on a demo-
cratic meeting, held .September 28, 1840. l']x-Presi-
dent Martin \'an Buren made Detroit a visit on
{•"rid.iy, July 8, 1842, on his return from a trip to
L.ike Superior. The steamer l''airport, bearing a
party of cili/ens, went up to Lake St. Clair, and
met the Gre.it Western, on whi<li he was a pa.ssen-
ger. The two bo.ils were Lashed together, rmd
Major Kearsley, chairman of the committee of
arr.ingements, welcomed the noted politician and
ex-president. At 3 r. M. the !)oats arrived at the
city, where Mr. \'an iUireii w.is welcomed by ^L-»yor
■HHHHIH
104
PRESIDENTIAL VISITS TO THE CITY
lloui^lium and (iowrnor ISarry. A procession of
citizens ami military was then formed, and he was
escorted tliroiij;!! tiie jirincipal streets to tlie Ameri-
can Hotel. A (ompany ,i;athered on tlie tipper
l)alcony. and lie replied al some len^tii to an address
l)y Alderman Ten Eyck. In thi' evenini;-, and also
on Saturday niorninv,'', a reteption was heitl at the
hotel, ;ind on Saturday evenin.i;- Mayor I Ioii,!L;iiton
,y;ave him a reception at the residence of Dr. i'itchcr.
On Sunday morniiii; Mr. \'an Ikiren attended the
Mcthodi.st Church, ;ind in the afternoon visited the
Roman Citholic and I'pi.scopal Cluirciies; in the
evening' .another reception w;is held at the hotel.
On Monday mornin,i<- he visited .Ann .Arbor, return-
ini;- in the afternoon, when a foiu'th adtlress was
made by John P.. Schick, on behalf of the (".erman
citizens. At X I'. .M., on .Mond.ay, he took his
departure for Cleveland on the steamer Fairport,
receiving- a i)artin,iL( salute of twenty-six guns.
In i<S45 ("icneral Zachariah Taylor, afterwards
twelfth President of the United States, was here
on a visit to Captain Joseph Taylor, his brother,
then stationed at Detroit.
President Cir.ant ;it one time lived in Detroit, as
the accompan\in!L( letter shows.
On his first .arrival Lieutenant (irant boarded at
the Nation.il Hotel. In July, 1849, he moved to
the house, still st.indini;- on its original site, known
as No. 233 Fort Street ICast. From there he moved
to wh.'it, in Liter years, was known as the ISacon
House, whicti he occupied in company with C.'ipt.ain
Core. The house stood on the northeast corner
of Russell Street .'md Jefferson .Avenue. It was
sold and juoved away in 1X73. C. R. Hacon has in
his possi'ssion p.art of a pane of ,i;iass, from one
of the chamber wiiulows. on whicli is the name
" Lieutenant I'. S. Crant.;" it is believed that he
traced it while an occupant of the house. His
occupani\- of the Fort Street house is verified by
the fact that the directory for 1850 contains the
following': "C.r.ant, Lieutenant I'. S. .A. N. S. I*'ort
street bet. Russell .and Riv.iril." The l'"ree Press
of M.iy 25, 1850, contained this advertisement :
For Sali\ Roit^ or E.wlutngi: — A two-story dwell iiiK-liouse on
Fort StriTt, bi'twciii kivaril and Russfll Strcrls, now occupied hy
Lieutenant (Irani of tlie I'. S. A. possession ^iven innnediat('ly.
I'"or further particulars inipiirc of (i. M. Rich, on the corner of
Fort and Randolph Streets.
On many occasions Ciener.'il C.nmt h;is sliown a
lively interest in the welfare of his old home. His
remembrance of old ac(|uaintances in Detroit has
always been hearty, and appreciative. Even those
not jiersonally acquainted have noticed his j^iad
rei'oi;iiition of former citizenship. The writer well
remembers the morninj^ of Deeen;ber 17, 1S64.
Ilavinij called at the White House to see Mr. Nico-
lay, tlie President's secretary, 1 was directed by the
jiorter to j^o up stairs. Re.achin.i,'' the landinv;' 1
found the doors leading; from the hall all closed,
with no indication as to which mi.ij^ht .ijive admit-
tance to Mr. Xicolay. Retracing- my stejis, 1 said to
the porter, "The doors ;ire all closed, and 1 did not
find him." A cheerful, bright-f.aced boy near by
s;iid, " 1 think 1 can find him. Come up stairs
again." And u]5 we went, he with a sort of Hying
leap, as though he felt at home, and surely he had a
right, for he was none other than "little Tad." I
h.'ive alw.'iys been gl.id for this brief knowletlge of
one so dear to "our Lincoln." Opening the door of
one of the rooms. Tad called out, " Is Nick here.''"
Ciii.\i:i{.\i. Gk.xnt's Old Ho.mk on I-'uki Si kicki'.
The reply was, " He is at the War Department."
To the War Department I went, and there learned
that (inint had come from the army, then before
Richmond, and was in consultation with Lincoln
and Stanton in an adjoining room. Possibly a dozen
persons were waiting in the lorridor. Very soon
.Mr. Stanton came out, and immediately after fol-
lowed the tall, thin form of Lincoln — thinner and
homelier th;in any represent.ation 1 have ever seen;
his eyes were s.'id, and manner burdened. Stanton
made some ri'iiiark, which did not reach my ear.
Instantly Mr. Lincoln responded, in a tone vibrant
with .anxiety and care, and .almost harsh in its ini-
periousness, "What's that, Mr. Secretary?" A
moment more, and he w.is gone. Immediately after
C.eneral Grant appeared, .and there was at once a
rush to greet him. One gentleman stej^ped up, .say-
ing, "I am from New Ilamjishire. we occasionally
hear of you up there." "Ah," .said (Irant, " I hope
^
-?
:^
if^'^^^^^i^J^
F.\l-S1M11,I! Ill' T.KTTKR FROM OkNKK.M. U. S. OkANT.
io6
PRESIDENTIAL VISITS To THE CITY.
yoti 11 hear of me in Richmond soon." I tiien jjave
my residence. "From Detroit.?" said he. "Why,
I used to live there once. Have yon seen Charley
Trowbridvje lately.'*" The name of Detroit proved
a passport to his attention, and he evinced jjreat
willinijness to hear of his old iiome. it so happened
that a detaileil account of (leneral Sherman's
advance on Savannah liad ajipeared that morninif
for the first time; the papers were also full of den-
eral Thoni;is' victory over Hood. To an allusion to
the jjood news from Sherman he replied, "Yes, and
(ieneral 'I'homas is doinir splendidly, splendidly."
On Aui,nist 12, 1865, he visited Detroit, and
received a welcome that must have been ijratifyin^;.
He was accompanied by his wife and four childien.
At Port Huron he was met by a committee wl.i'-h
had jjjone there for the jiurpose, and on n^achinij
Detroit, at 1 1 A. M., he was ijreeted by immense
thronj^s, which almost block.ided the streets.
In the eveniiii.;- he held ;i reception at the Riddle
House, where addresses were made by 'I'hcodore
Romeyn and Jacob M. Howard. Later in the evcn-
inji^ he visited Ex-CIovernor Cass. On Sunday he
attended .St. Paul's Church. Monday morning-, with
a party of .about one hundred, he enjoyed an excur-
sion on the United States steamer .Miehi,iL;an. In the
evening Senator Chandler gave a reception in his
honor ; and at 4 P. M. on Tuesday he departed from
the city. On June 15 and 16, 1882. he again visited
Detroit, participating in the reunion of the Army of
the Potomac.
On September 27, 1849, \'ice-President Millard
Fillmore paid a visit to Detroit. He was the guest
of Mayor Howard, who gave a reception in the
evening.
Franklin Pierce, the fourteenth President, was
here one day. ruid part of another, in June, 1861, on
a visit to Kx-Secretary McClelland.
Andrew Johnson came September 4, 1866, while
"swinging round the circle" and " ^ipholding the
Constitution " in true stump-speaker .style.
President Hayes, with his wife and two sons,
accomi^anied by General W, T. Sherinan, arrived
September 18, 1879. The mayor, George C. Lang-
don, with a party of citizens, went down to Grosse
Isle to meet the steamer Northwest, which was on
her way to Detroit with the presidential p.arty.
The steamer was hailed, the reception party taken
on board, and the President duly welcomed. A
response was made by General Sherman. On reach-
ing Detroit, at 9 A. M., the party proceeded to the
resideni'c of Ex-Governor Baldwin, by whom they
were entertained. About eleven o'clock, escorted
by the military, the party \nsited the Fair Grounds,
where the President delivered an address. While
Mrs. Hayes w;is on the grounds, Messrs. Pingree &
Smith, leading shoe manufacturers, eausetl the
measure of her foot to be taken, and an elegant pair
of I'Vi-nch kid buttoned boots were cut out, made,
and ])resented to her, all the work being done ui
twenty-three minutes.
In the evening a reception look place in the lower
corridor of the City Hall, which was eleg.intly decor-
ated for the occasion. An immense throng was in
attendance. The following day President Hayes
visited the Fair Grounds, Recreation Park, and the
Nation.al I'in Factory. A recejition was given at
I-2x-( iovernor lialdwin's in the evening, and the fol-
lowing night the jiarty left the city.
Our I'ity was honored more th.an we then knew
by the jiresence of the lamented Garfield. He
visited Detroit no less than four times, on two occa-
sions, at lea.st, accompanied by Mrs. Garfield. At
each visit he was the guest of Rich.'ird Hawley.
His first visit was ])rob;ihly in the summer of 1863.
Ill comp.my with Mrs. R. il.awley, J. ('•. and T. D.
Hawley, he and his wife went to M.ircpiette, return-
ing to Detroit the latter part of .September or e.arly
in October. On the way down, two of the boat's
crew (iu;:.rrelled, and were just about to attack each
other, one being armed with a knife, ami the other
with a heavy b.ar of wood or iron. Word was
brought to the captain, who seemed to hesitate; not
so the strong-armed Garfield, who, rushing below,
laid hold of the men with a power that thoroughly
subdued them, then flung them apart, and the strife
was ended.
One Sunday afternoon in the summer of 1864,
probably in August, he spoke briefly in the Jeffenson
Avenue Christian Church. In the evening he spoke
from Romans xiii., 1-7, on the general subject of the
duty of the Christian to the State, or " Christianity
in its Relation to Civil Government." On one of his
visits, believed to be this one, he delivered a political
address in Merrill Hall. On another occasion, in the
fall of 1866, he ag;iin .spoke in the Jefferson Avenue
Christian Church. Rev. A. J. Hobbs, then pastor
of the church, says, " He was with us on Lord's
day. He declined to occupy the pulpit, morning or
evening, but con.sented to speak at the communion
meeting in the afternoon. His subject was, 'Christ,
the Tried Stone.' The Scripture was Isaiah .xxviii.,
16, ■ Heboid, I lay in Zion for a foundation a stone, a
tried .stone, a pri'cious corner stone, a sure foun-
datiiMi, he that believeth shall not make haste.' He
described the various practical tests to which build-
ing stones are subjected, to prove their cap.ibility of
resisting heat or frost, moisture or pressure. He
then reviewed the tests to which Jesus Christ h.ul
been subjected, and at l.ast the final tests of Geth-
semane and of the cross, showing thus his true
divinity and fitness to be the foundation of the
PRESIDENTIAL VISITS TO THE CITY.
107
temple of (iod. The whole discourse was instruc-
tive, impressive, tender, and calculated tn prepare liis
hearers for a joint participation, witli himself, in tlie
Lord's Supper, which was then celel)rated."
Mrs. Jolm Iharvey has a clear renunthr.anct' of
the sermon, as has also 1', C. Cjray, who recalls the
circumstance of walkinj; with him to church, their
w.'iy takinij tliem p.ist the |irescnt City Hall, whose
foundations were tlien heint,^ l.iid. It was undoubt-
edly those \cry found.ation stones that suijijested
the tluuK' of his brief but weil-remeinbered dis-
course.
ciiai'ti-:r XIX
roiji'ifAr. I'Ai-t rii:s and campaicns. -i:i.i:c"I'1()\s.
I'Ol.niCAl, I'A Kill's AND C AM I'A M AS.
Till'. Anuiicin sysicm of novfrniiu'iit is hasi'il
upon llic supposition tiiat tlu' propic will always
ffi'l tnoiij;h inliTi'sl in llir nianai^iiiunl of local
and national affairs to pi-<i\i(lc for cirtain pnlinii-
narii's for ck'Otions withoul bi'iiii;' rc<iuircd to tlo so
by slatntc.
'riu- ])rini,iry I'lcnicnts in all flections arc the
nominations, and tlu'sc .arc usually arraniijcd by self-
appointed coniniiltees, or Jjy coniinitti'es appointi'tl
at a political nieelinir. A caucus is held, .uul
nominations m;ide I'hui TOir, by ballot, or by sclccl-
ini( (U'le^ati's to a noniinatinj^ coiuention.
The expenses of conventions and jiublic nu'etiiins,
includinj,^ the ])rinliiiif of tickets, etc., are voluntarily
l)rovi(k'(l for by tin; various candidates. Tlie ex-
penses directly connected with the holdini,^ of an
eli'ction, such as the proxidiin,^ of |iollini;- pl.ices,
publishinv,^ registration lists, ;ind jiayinv;- insjiectors
and clerks, are defrayed by the city.
The followini,'- caucus notice of the olden time,
I)efore party politics j^overned city elections, is from
the Detroit (lazette:
City K/ivtion. 'I'lu rili/iiis of Dclmit are rrtiuisiid to nui't
at thr lldtc'l ol t'itptaiii llcnjajiiiii W'cpiuhvoilli to-niorriiw cvcii-
iiiK, at ( aiullc li>;liliii>;, for tlm piirposi! i)f lakin.n into coiisiilir-
aliim till! propriity cif foniiiii),' a li. kit, loin- siippurtcd at the
rlritidii (if ciirpirraliciM cilTiicrs, on Miiiulay ni:.\t.
Diikoi r, SeJ<U-iiU'er 3, 1824.
One of the earliest political parties bore tlie
name of "Democratic Republicans." 'I'his party
had an existence in Wayne Couiity almost as soon
as the coiiniy was ori^ani/ed ; and ever as late as
iiS4o a call for ,1 meetiiiir of members of that i)arty
was published in The Detroit Free Press.
The Democratic party afterwards succeeded to
the first half of the old name, and about 1832 the
Whiy; party ijave the Cirst sii^ns of vii^orous life. In
the interest of the latter jiarty. D.iniel Webster
deliveri'il a speech on the tinanccs, July 1 1, 1837, in
a v,'rove on the Cass i'"arm, located, ;is the city is
now laid out, near l-"irst Street, am' between I'"ort
and l,.ifayette Streets. Some tifteen hundred ladies
and irciiilcnicn were iiresent at the meelini,r, .after
which, at 4 i'. \i., a dinner was served under tlu*
trees to .about live hundred people. Mr. Webster,
with his f.amily, came to the city on July S, p.artly
to \isit his son, Daniel !•". Webster, .1 Lawyer, then
residiuj;' in 1 )etroit.
We of the pre flit day have littk; realization of
the intensity of the party feelinij lh.it existed, espe-
cially bi'lweeii the ye.irs 1830 aiul 1S44. In the
effort to win a victory at the polls, ;iny and every
method was ileemed lenitimale. \'olcrs by the
dozen, and even by the hundred, were imported,
previous to elections, .and their expenses p.iid.
Many other methods employed in those days to
inlluence votes were no better tli.iil those more
recently in vo,;;uc. Wh.at was done, however, was
tlone oiienly. The followini; notice is from The
.Advertiser, of M.arch 30, 183S:
I'oilie Voi'r. Till' Whijits will ilisttihuti- diii' hiiiulnil ilcillars,
i]i l)n-a(l a[ul pork, ainoii),' the city poor lo-iiiorrow rvmiiij;. hen:
iiotiii: of llic lionr and place will lie kIvcii in llie Tnornini; pa|ier.
Accordingly, on Saturd.iy they distributed brc.ad,
pork, .and lish to .ill who called at their hcadi|uai--
ters; and in some inst.inccs the s.ame persons c.alled
attain and ;ii;;iin, and their clforts to obi.iin ,as much
as possible were supplenunled l*y the elforts of
others who c.anu; eviai from Canada to obt.iin a
share of the i)ouniy.
On election d.iy, .\pril 2, both parties were out in
full force; and there was .an abundance of noisy
music, processions, wliiskey, and broken hc.ids.
Surely, we need not retjret the " fornur times."
'I"he presidenti.il c.im]).ii.i;n of 1840 is remembered
by many .is the time wlien. ,is tlie stump-spi.akers
said, "the |)r;iiries were abl.aze, the settlements in
fl.ames, and the woods on lire with i rtthusi.istic
zeal." " 'I'ippecanoe and Tyler too" .and " I'olk
and Dali.as" were the p.irty Shibboleths. And al-
most every four corners in the west h;id its Tippe-
canoe club, with loy^-cabin .and h.ird cider.
On April 15, 1840, ,a Ioil,^ cabin w.as niised on the
northeast corner of Jefferson Avenue .and Randolph
Street, a bottle of Il.arrison br.and h.ird cider ix'inv,^
pl.aced beneath each corner of the buildim;-. The
cabin mcasurtjd forty bv fifty feet, would hold nearly
one thous.and people, and cost one thous.and dollars.
On one side of the door w.as ,1 grindstone, with a
scvthe hanji'lnij abo\e it ; over the door w.as a musk-
rat-trap. Stuffed owls, wildcats, .and r.iecoons, .1
[.oRl
live bear, ,ai
tilt: place,
of the Decl
ini,rto|l's |.";,|
Sl.ates. Sir
<'orn, .and il
pended froii
displ.iyed CI
lion, roiiv;iil\
of dedicitioi
were ctllcd i
I'rcid, and si
he.irts and ii
A|)ril J I \\
.'iiui .at 4 I'. I
entr.anci; of i
they had pre]
the attend.m
room. The 1
att.achrd to tl
• IS ,1 cliandelit
w.as soimdeil,
tile sitk's of 1 1
hominy, musi
parched corn
drniik with h;
On June 1 1
lield on CeiK
l'"ort .Mei^s.
I)resenee to th
i'Vee p.ass.ajTi
attend. Delev
the St.atc TJi
•md then m.irc
the < lener.al V
Macomb, were
two thousjind i;
a s.iliile of twe
'i'he meeting- w
a sham b.mk: \
works .and h.an
.t^r.itilicition of
that lime, this
hekl in [he W
tember 30, by
Detroit, at wine
were present. ;
public houses
citizens, even th
constr.ained to o
tlll•on,l,^ I'iven t
provided with b
two persons slep
and three w.aifoi
came in from !■
I'lynioiith .111(1 I
came, on bo.tts ,t
rOLITKAl, fAMl'AlC.NS AND I'.l.l-.CIloNS.
109
live l)(ar, .111(1 ;i l'.il)l(' were amdnv; tlic altraclinns i<(
\\\v. place. 'I'lu: Willis were (jccDiMtcd willi ,1 ('npy
(if tin; I )('cl.'ir,ili()ii of ln(lc|)cnilcni'c . 111(1 i)f W'.isli-
ini;t(iirs l'";iri'\\cll .\(l(lrcss, .-lud ;i m.ipof tlic I'liiicil
St.ilcs. Striii'^s (if dried .ipples, i)iimpkin, ;iii(l seed
(■(irii, ;ind llilciies (if venison .iiid bicoii were sus-
lieiided from lie.nns .ind r.iflers. 'I'liere were .also
displ.iyed e.iric.itiires of the \'.iii liiireii .idministr.i-
tioii, roiiv;hly fr.innd with barl<. I'rior to the d;iy
of (ledie.ition. by notice in the Adxcrliser, the l.idies
Were called ti|)oM to siip[)ly for the occasion "corn-
bread, and such other loj;-cal)in fare as their kind
hearts and iM.^eniiity iii.iy diet.ate."
April _M w.is Iked ii|)on ,is the d.ay of dedication,
.and .at 4 1'. M. the cabin w.as thrown open for the
t'nlr.ance of the W'hii; ladies with the i^ootl ihinns
they h.ad prei)ariil. in tin; evening it was dedicatt'd,
tin; .attendants l)riM),;in),j candles lo ilhiniinatt' the
loom. The main lii,dit, however, came from candles
.att.aehed to the roots of a tree hiinij from the roof
.as ;i ch.andi'lier. After the addressi's a dinner-horn
w.is sounded, and then, from invitin.t,^ tables aroinul
the sides of the room, piimpkin-pie, pork and licans,
hominy, mush .and milk, johnny-caki-, venison, and
p.arched corn were ser\i'd to all .alike. Toasts,
drunk with h.ird cider, linished the d.iy.
On Jinie 1 1, 1840, .an immense W'hi^ mei'tin^^ w.is
held on ( leni'ra! Il.irrison's old li.ittle-.nroiind .at
i'ort Meii^s, the ,;^ener;il himself .addim;' by his
prt'sence to the enthusiasm of the occasion.
I'Vee p.ass.aij^e was proxided for those who would
.itiend. I )elei;;ites came to Di'troit from .all over
the St.ate. They met at the cabin, h.ad .1 free lunch,
.and then m.arched to the wharf. I'ive stcimbo.ils.
tlu; ( "lener.al V'.anci', l'"rii', Michij^r.an, Huron, .and
.M.acomb, were lo.aded with these political passengers,
two thousand in ,ill, .and at y A. .M. on June lu, .afttr
;i s.alute of twenty-six y;{\ns, they went on theii- w.iy.
'I"he meetinv,^ W.IS a j^re.il success. J l.arrison sjxike,
,a sh.im b.attle w.is fought, .and in the evi'iiini; lire-
works ,and h.ird cider "ti/./.eil" t'\-erywhere, to the
Hr.iliticition of twenty thous.and pcM'soiis. I'p to
that time, this w.as the l.ai\!i;i'st political .i^'.athcriui;'
held in the West. It w.is supplemented, on Sep-
tember 30, by .1 ,t;re.it St.ate W'hi.i;' meetini;- in
Detroit, at which, it w.as estimati'd, fifteen thousand
were present. So i^M-cat w.as the: multitude th.it the
public houses could not cont.ain them, .and .all
cili/ens, even those of opjiosili; political f.aitli, wi're
constrained to open their houses to .accomnd.ati: the
thronj^. lueii then the numbia' w.as too irre.it tobt:
provided with lu'ds; at one priv.ate hotise, twenty-
two persons slept on the parlor Hour. (Jne hundred
and three wai^ons, cont.iininij six liundred persons,
came in from i'",armin,nton, .anil seventy-three from
I'lymouth .and Livonia, it mined, but .still they
came, on bo.ats .and cars, on foot and on horseback.
till it seemed .as if the ('( mntry would be de|)opiil;ite(l.
riu' (ielev;,ition from Dearborn came in .a loi.^ cabin
drawn by twenty yoke of oxen. The ,iii;inj;cments
for feediniLi these muliitiides were fortunately ample.
One delei;,ition brought .1 johnny-cake twelve feet
lonj;. W'illi.ims I'v Wilson's w.arehouse w.as the
proxision depot, .and there two t.ables, each one
hundred .and twenly feet lon.i;, weri' .spread with over
a ton of food.
The procession was .an immense aff.iir. lis prin-
cip.al ft.itui-e of .attraction w.is tlu' ship t'onstitulion,
full ri]ijj;ed ,an<l m.anned, .and dr.awn by six j;r.ay
iiorses. Some dele).;ates carried ll.ai^s .and b.aniier.s,
■and otliirs busied themselvi'S by keepinir in motion
.a hu,ne leather ball, some fifteiii feet in di.amelcr,
silminv; .as they waait, " The b.all is rolliiiij on." A
newsp.aper cut of a scene simil.ar to this Last
appeared in almost every Whii; p.aper of that d.ay.
1''.i.f:( iiciN Ci r, ii;(im .\i)Vi:k i isic u, ()<; idiuck j.', iH.\n.
In tlu" eveninij meetiiii^^s were held at the Capitol,
City ll.all, Lo,i( Cabin, and the N'ellow W.arehouse.
Ily such nn.ans the finht w.as won. Duiiii).; the
camp,iiiL;ii barl)e( lies wci'e freiiueiil, .at which oxen
were ro.isted whole, .and other jtroxisions were
furnished to the crowds who came toj^ether to liear
soiui; noted s|)e.iker.
On SeptembiT 28, 1840, a Dcmocr.alic !)arbe(ue
w,is held on tlu; Cass l'';irm. Colonel Kich.ird .M.
Johnson, \'ice-l 'resident of the I'nited .Slates .and
one of the heroes of the W.ar of 1812, w.as |)reseiit.
Crowds came to hear him, but llu' enthusi.asm on
the other side w.as ;n;,ainst tlieiii, ;ind many of the
r.ank and file "only kept their spirits u]) by iiourinv;
spirits down." .Mthoimh defeated in th.it year, a
resolution, a(lo|)ted a few yi-.ars Later .at .a Democratic
meetinv;' in the sixth w.ird, shows some members of
that p.arty still e.a.i;er for the fr.ay. It ri id :
/u'i('/7'('(/, that we uinmsc tin- inaiiy-riainrd monster, now di-sij.;-
natiil Wliij^.is'iry, and frailcssly ciijj.inc llial, tliou^li In- hail ;is
many hfads as names, wir wonid chop them olT, and tianiph: his
nondescript carcass in the I!la( k Swamp.
(iKouia': Kiniii, Seoitary.
DiciKiiir, Mnrth •.c, iS.( ■.
The ])residenti,al cimp.ai,i,m of 1844 was li.ardly
li'ss excitini; tli.an th.at of 1840. I'"ach ji.arty erected
buildinifs for their meetini^s. The \Vhi)r cabin was
iiicknametl the C'ooii Pen; that of the Demoerats
I lO
I'ol.irU Al. I'.WII'AKiXS AM) I'.I.IX TK »\S.
was c.illfd Ilickiiry Hall. As In'forc, lai^i- ^^^atll(•r-
iiijfs look |)laiL'. 'I'lic \\'liit;s licid a flay and I''iv-
liii),diuysfii mfctin.n', fur WayiU' and St. Clair
coiintii's, on Octdhcr 17, 1844.. This linic tlir I )finn-
crals were victurii)us.
" Tii.vr Sa.mk Old Cou.s."
Ki.KCiio.M C'lT, A|)\i:kti'.i;i!, 0( T(ir.i-;i; is, 1852.
The RL'[)ubliian parly, orvjani/id at Jackson in
1856, was the first to make use of rc\v;iilarly otru-eml
political coni]Kinifs. They were uniformed in caps
and calces, anil hcinjj^ well drilled, presented an at-
tractive appearance. M.'iny thousands of them
came together in Detroit on October 2 to attend a
Ki,i-:( riov ("i r, 'J'kmu'NI'., N'(>\'KMHKK>5, 7856,
State Repul)li<an meeting, which w,is held on the
v.'icant lot now occupied by the Ccntr.il Methodist
Episco]xiI Church.
These were the d.iys of bonfiri's and firch.ills, ,iiul
often sevi'r.il c:irds of wood wert' burned on the
Campus M;irtius, whole b.irrels of rosin giving bril-
liancy to the llimes. The ;iitive help of mischievous
boys could ;ilw;i\s be counted upon to ,idd fresh
fuel to the ])ilc; and woe to die unlucky merch.ant
who h.id left boxes or barrels in sight, for they were
confisc.ited ;it on<-c, ;ind the huge pyr.unids and
the hopes of m.my c.indid.ites wt'iit U|) in smoke
together. lioth p.irties eventually avaik'd them-
selves of drilled torch-bearers, whose ni.in(i;uvres
enlivened the campaign, as they marcheil to " ranch "
or " wigwam."
During the campaign of I1S60, when Lincoln was
running for his first ]iresidential term, there w;is a
grc.it Republican meeting, In Id on September 4, at
which thirty-tlve hundri'd \\'ide-.\wakes were on
parade. In the evening the multitude listened to a
speech from lion. William II. Seward. On the
fifteenth of the following month, an immense Demo-
cratic throng gathered to hear ;in address from Hon.
Stephen .\. Douglass, the " Little Cjiant" of Illinois,
and candidate for the presidency.
So great w;is the desire for harmony, in the early
days of the war with the South, that a uni(jn politi-
cal convention, held on October 26, 1861, c(jmposed
of members of both political parties, decided to
nomin.ite but one city ticket.
During the campaign of 1864 a grand Union and
Republican demonstration was held on the first of
November. Thirty thousand strangers were present.
Orations were delivered by Hon. Salmon P. Chase
and others, .and an immense proccssi(,n took place
at night. In the election of this year the soldiers in
camp and field were allowed to vote, commissioners
being .appointed by the State to afford them the
opportunity of so doing.
(^n October 28, 1866, just prior to the State elec-
tion, (General I!. F. lUitler m.ide ;i speech at the I).
& M. R. R. Depot; and on November i following,
Hon. Schuyler Colfax spoke in Young Men's Hall.
KLKCTIONS.
Territorial Elections under Northwest Territory.
When the first election was held, Detroit had
only a township org.inization. The occasion was as
follows: In 1798 a census showed that there were
five thousand or more inhabitants in the Territory,
and in accordance with the i)rovisions of the ordi-
nance of 1787, C.overnor .St. Clair issued a procla-
mation, ordering an election to be held on the third
Monday of December, 1798, to elect delegates to a
General Assembly to be held at Cincinnati. Mven
in this first election there was the cry of fraud, and
Judge May went to Cincinnati to consult Cfovcrnor
St, Clair in n
.another electi
ary 14 and 1
"i'oee. The si
judge of the
inspectors. 1
of their powe
tli.it the cand
adjourning fn
first day. Di
ninety-eight \
election, in a
finished on tli(
al Cincinnali,
four times to
mended to tlii
nerve in their
Wheri'upon ok
one hundred d
ers. This fact
An Act of
election for rep
which was to
1800, and eve
were to be ope
remain open l
adjourned till i
be kept open u
The same A(
twenty-one ye;
former citizens
been two year
provided they |:
county, or any I
imi)rovements.
An Act of D
election district
County, and th
polls to open at
.Saturday, Septe
Ses.sions, at De
the three elect
First Di.stnct, fi
River, inclusivel
to be the centra
trict, from Rod
Detroit as the
Milk River Poin
Territorial Ei
The only gene
zens of Detroit
Indiana Territor
held to determ
(lenerai Assemb
and thirty-eight
favor of an Ass
KI.KC'I IONS.
I I I
St. Clair in n ■)>;,• in I in il. As a rrsiill of liis visit,
aimliicr cii'itioii was ordered. Il was lui<l on Janu-
ary 14. and 15. 17'/;. 'liu' votin.i; was done :'/;'ii
7>(Ht'. 'i'iif siicriff, with I'lUr McNilf, and amitlifr
jud).ji' of the Court of Cdnunon Picas, acted as
inspectors, 'i'hey were very ari)ilrary in the exercise
of tlicir powers, rcfusinj,' sonic votes on tlie .uround
tiiat tiie caniiidatc voted for w.is not eiij;il)lr, ;ind
adjourninjr from ten o'clociv to tliree o'clo( k on liic
tu'st day. Durin.ij; tiic two d.iys, one iiundred and
nincty-cijrjit votes were called. Concernini.; this
election, in a letter coninienced on the 14th and
finished on the 15th, addressed to James May. then
at Cincinnati, I Vter .Audrain says: " McNiff came
four times to tlu' stri'ct iloor, and earnestly recom-
mended to the friends of Wisewell to e.\ert every
nerve in their power to yet more votes for him.
Wheri'upon old Cissne and Christian Clemens offerid
one hundri'd dollars for ten voies to several bystand-
ers. This fact can he proved upon oath."
An Act of December 6, 1799, provided for an
election for representative to the Ciencr.il .Vssembly,
which was to sit the second Tuesday of ( )ctober,
1800, and every two years thereafter. The polls
were to be opened between 10 anil 1 1 A. M., and to
remain open till 5 \\ M. the tirst day, to be then
adjourned till 10 A. M. next day, when they were to
be kept open until 5 I'. M.
The same Act provided that free male inhabitants,
twenty-one years (;ld, resiilents of the Territory,
former citizens of other .Slates, or perso' , who had
been two years in the Territory, should be voters,
provided they possessed fifty acres of land in any
county, or any land in their own county which, with
improvements, was worth one hundred dollars.
An Act of December 9, 1800, provided that three
election districts should be established in Wayne
County, and that elections should be by ballot, the
polls to open at 10 A. M, ;md to close at 5 I'. M. On
Saturday, September 5, 1 801, the Court of Quarter
Sessions, at Detroit, deter'iiined that the bounds of
the three election districts should be as follows:
First District, from the foot of the Rapids to Rocky
River, inclusively, the Presbytery on the River Raisin
to be the central point, or voting place. Second Dis-
trict, from Rocky River to Milk River Point, with
Detroit as the voting place. Third District, from
Milk River Point to Lake Huron.
Territorial Elections under Indiana Territory.
The only general election participated in by citi-
zens of Detroit while under the government of
Indiana Territory was that of September 11, 1804,
held to determine whether the people wanted a
General Assembly. Duly a majority of one hundred
and thirty-eight, in the whole Te.ritory, -vere in
favor of an Assembly; but in accordance with the
l.iw, ( "loveriior I I;irrison issued ;i pnicl.iniation order-
ing .in election in e.uii count)-, nn J.tuu.uy \, 1N05,
to elect deleg.ites to ihe Assi'mbly. This |)ro(l.tm;i-
tinii did not rcich W.iytu- County in lime, and
therefore no ekciion was held.
Territorial I'.leetions under Mie/ii^an Territory.
The lirsi U'rritorial election was held on Mond.iy,
February 16, 1818. to decide whelher .1 Cicner.il
/Xssi'iiibly should be held, and ihe second grade of
gtivernmenl adopleil. .\ majority of votes were
c.ist ag.iinst the proposition.
liy Act of I'ebruary 16, 1819, Congress provided
for ihe election of a delegate to that body, and all
free while male citizens, above the age of Iwenly-
one years, who had resided in the Territory one
year, .iiul paid a county or Urrilorial tax, wcw made
voters. 'Ihe time for hokling this election was fre-
quently changed. It was tirst held on the tirst
Thursday in September, 1X19. In 1S24 the lime
was changed to the tirst Monday in Ajiril. In 1825
the last 'I'tiesday in May was selected, and the elec-
tion was to occur every second year.
At the election for delegates in 1825 there were
three candidates, Austin JC. Wing, John Hiddle, and
("■abriel Richartl. The ins|)ect()r's return of voles
gave Hidille seven hundred and thirty-two. Wing
seven hundred and twenty-eight, and Richard seven
hundred and twenty-two.
That the number of votes for the three candidates
was so nearly eijual, in an otiice voted for by all
electors in the region now covered by both the
Stales of Wisconsin and Michigan, was a most
remarkable showing, and probably no similar in-
stance luis ever occurred. Father Richard con-
tested the election, on the ground thai his supporters
were intimidaled and maltreated by sluriffs and
constables. The Congressional Committee decided
that there could have been little intimidation,
when his votes so nearly equaled those of the other
candidates.
In 1827 the time for the election of delegates was
changed to the second Monday of July, the polls to
be open between the rising and the setting of the
sun. In 1835 the first Monday of November was
fixed as the time for holding the election.
Members of the Legislative Council were tirst
elected on the last Tuesday of May, 1825. liy Act
of April 13, 1827, the day of election was changed
to the first Mond.-vy of November.
On Ajiril 4, 1835, an election was held for dele-
gates to the constitutional convention. Under the
first Constitution, all voting was done by ballot.
The first election was held the first Monday in
October, 1835. and continued two days.
The constitution provided that the electors should
be while male persons, twenty-one years of age,
i;i.i.iri<)NS.
wlio resided ill the Sl.ite at tile time of tile ad(i|ninii
iif tin; eoiistitiitiDii, or for six iiioiitlis preeediiiiL; any
clrctioii, and iimvidi-d also that they siioiild iiave
resided in tlic district voted in. It will Ix- nntieed
tiiat this provision reduced the time of ri'sidcncc for
voters from one year to six niontlis, and it also did
away with the former reciiiirement that votiTS should
he tax-payers. As a consi'(|iience, and for tiie lirst
time, jfreat numbers of fiM"eiv;n-l)iirii persons had
the jirivilej^e of votin.i(, and many of the lili/eiis
wt-re j^ffeatly dispK'asi'd ; one of the papi'i's com-
plained that a majority ol the votes cast were those
of llritish aiKJ ( ■■ernian subjects.
Ill arraiiifin^r the iireliniinaries for tin- Siale dov-
ernment, deleiL^^'iles to .i coinentioii held to consider
the {|nestion of acceptini; tiic ixnindaries of tlu' State
l)i\'scril)ed by Ldni^ress were elected on the second
.Monday of SeptembiT, i^>3'').
l'"ollowin.i^ the custom of elections, as held under
the territorial govcrmnciits, a law of 1836 provided
that the polls should be kept open for two d.iys ;it
the eli'ctioiis of .Si.it(; and coimly oMicers.
Some of the scenes which occurred at the Stati'
electi<in of 1X37 are portrayed in a p.iiutinv,^ made
by T. II. (). 1'. I!uniliam, an artist, and a publisher
of th.ii period. Mrs. .\, S. W'illi.inis, for m.iny
years the forlnn.ate possi'ssor of the picture, h.is
kindly pi'rmitted it to be en^T.ivcd for this work.
The l.trire building- on the ri^lil will be reco],,Mii/ed
;is the old City I bill; the buildin;^ in the ci'iiter,
with the cupola, represents the old J.iil, then occu-
pyiiii,Mhe site of the iiresent Public l.ibniry. The
houses on the left, and iie.ir the foreground, were on
the site of the Detroit • )pcni Mouse. C. C. Trow -
bridvfe was the Whivf c.mdid.ite for -nvernor, and
Stevens T. M.ison, who was the secret.-iry of the
Territory and ;ict ill;;- governor, was the Deiiiocr.itic
nominet'. A portion of a W'hi.v;' procession, ha\iiiv;'
passed down on the further side, is seen .idv.uicinyf
towards the front of tiic City I bill. In the center
of the picture, and forming' a ii.irt of the Wlii.i;- pro-
cession, is the Ship of State, witli various mottoes,
Eluction Scene.— First State Election.
one o wl
l<i.i(lits. a
ill),; the ins
eriior, C. C.
offered to tl;
of I.apeer;"
'I'ile pole of
procession o
surniouiiled
a tish. 'I'll
l)anuer, Ii.ivl
period. At
just .'ippro.ic
ch.ir.icter of
on his inevii
not shown in
.ifarlanded ,11
After these
citi/ens from
on city wuxV
chnitic thicke
that carried t
front of Still;
Kinsiry, (ieo:
of the Mornir
known cip, ,
and procl.iimi
dates. The
near the cen
represents tin
hands, and |)
On the ticket
T. .Mason."
ereijrns," one
in air, from \
yahela.
In those d,
prime politic.il
men of worth
and trustees, \
they used thei
days of "auld
Under the .
ojiened betwe
continued ope
authorized to c
when all pre.se
On Monday
iiS45, a two (
time, an Act o
elections then
Tuesday of N<
Under the
classes of jiers
male citizen, e\
the State on th
KLJX'noNS.
1 1
diiv' (I uliii li reads, " P'rio Trade and Sailors'
Ki,;;hls, a l)aiiiHr fdllnws the Sliip of Stale bear-
in,^ tlic iiisiri|)tioii, "Wlii); Noiiiiiiatiim for (iov-
eriior, C. C. Tnnvljrid.^je." The hill which is hv'm^
offered to the hoy with the basket is on the " IJank
of Lapeer;" tin: other inseriplions can all be read.
'I'he jiole of the banner carried at tlu' iiead of the
procession on llu' exlrenie left, it will i)i: notici'd, is
snrnionnted with a lo.if of bread, a piece of pork, and
a tish. 'I'hese emblems, and tiie motto on liie
banner, have referi'nce to actual occurrences at thai
period. At the lii'ad of a Democratic pioeession,
just approachimj on the e.vtriiiie rij;ht, is .seen a
character of the jjcriod, -the ri'(|oub'ai)le Stillson
on his inevilai)le horse. Following' him, althouijh
not siiown in the picture, were sever.il yoki: of o.xen,
j,jarlandi'd iind decor.aled with libbons and lla,i;s.
After tiiese cime some two hiuulnd newly made
citizens from tlie i'".merald Isle; they were employed
on city work, and as tiny .ill voted the "Dimmy-
ihralic thicket," they formed the "balance of power"
th it earrietl the day for M.ison. (lathered about in
front of .Stillson are repri'si'tilalions of Major Mc-
Kinsiry, (ieor).;eC. Hates, F. II. Il.irris, Kingsbury
of the Mornini; I'ost,and Frank Sawyer, in his well-
known cap, all supposed to be eagerly disputing,
and proclaiming the praises of their favorite cantli-
dates. The bl.iek-coated and silk-hatted figure,
near the center of the picture, towards the left,
represents the candidate, "'I'om Masun," shaking
hands, and presenting a ticket at the .same time.
On the ticket are the words, " For Ciovernor, Stevens
T. Mason." Near him, on the right, are two "sov-
ereigns," one with a pick, the other with bottle high
in air, from which flows a stream of old Monon-
gahela.
In those days the possession of muscle was a
prime political necessity; and there are living staid
men of wt)rth and solidity, men now deacons, elders,
and trustees, who, when in the mood, will tell how
they used theii boots and their fists on the election
days of "auld ling syne."
Under the Act of March 21, 1S37, the polls were
opened between the hours of 9 and 11 a. m., and
continued open until 4 i'. M., the inspectors being
authorized to close the polls temporarily at any time
when all present had voted.
On Monday and Tuesday, November 3 and 4,
1845, a two days' ekn-tion was held, for the last
time, an Act of May 16, 1846, providing that State
elections thereafter should be lield on the first
Tuesday of November.
Un'ler the Con.stitution of 1850 the following
classes of jiersons were made voters: every white
male citizen, every white male inhabitant residing in
the State on the fourth day of June, 1835, and every
white male inh.ibit.ant residing in tin; Slate on J.inu-
ary 1, 1850, also eviry man who has declare<l his in-
tention to become a citizen of the United .Stales, si.\
inniiihs jjrior to an election, or who, having nsided
in the State two yi-ars .'ind six montlis, declares his
intention as afores.iid; besides the above every
civilized male Indi.in, not a member of any tribe,
was also constitutitl .111 elector. I'iach elector, how-
ever, must be owr twi'iity-one years of agt, and
must have nsided in the State three months, and in
the .rard, wnere he proposes to vote, for the ten
clays next i)i"i'ci>(ling an election.
'I'he declaration of intcn'iion to become a I'itizen
is called "taking out firsl i).ii)ers." 'i'lu'se are is-
sued usually by the county clerk, but may be issued
by any judge or clerk of any court of record h,iv-
ing ;i common-law jurisdiction. These jiapers (|ual-
ify tlu: holder to vote .and hold local offices. I'lukr
"second papers," so-c;illed. the holder may be
elected to State, legislative, ;uul United Slates
oflices; but these papt'rs cannot bi' issued, until two
ye.'irs after the "first papers" have been taken out.
On June 27, 1851, an Act w;is passt'il fixinj^ the
lime for the .St.ile election on tlu' firsl Tuesday after
the first Monday of Niwember, and no change has
since been made. State officers are elected every
two years, the election being held in those years in
which the last figure in the date of the year is an
even numlier. County officers are elected at the
same time as State officers, and all of them for two
years, except the judge of probate, who is elected
for four years. Township officers are elected yearly
on the first Monday of April. Two judges of the
Supreme Court and two regents of the university
are also elected on the fir.st Monday of April, every
two years, for terms of eight years each.
Colored people were first allowed to exercise the
right of suffrage at the State election of November
s] 1870.
After the adoption of the Fifteenth Amendment
to the Constitution of the United States, some per-
sons claimed that it gave the right of suffrage to
women. Upon this supixisilion, at an election for
State officials, on April 3, 1871, Mrs. Nannette Card-
ner, who had previously registered her name in the
ninth ward, was allowed to deposit a vote, but the
act was protested against as illegal. The subject of
woman suffrage was soon after agitated all over the
State, and the I.egislature submitted the question of
conferring the right to hold office upon women, in
the form of a constitutional amendment.
At the election which decided the ciuestion, com-
mittees ()f ladies were stationed at the various poll-
ing places, and nvittoes in favor of woman suffrage
invited the attention and the ballots of voters.
The suliject was thoroughly canvassed and dis-
114
ELIXTIONS.
ciisscd. aiul in Novcmln-r, 1S74, tlu' pt'oplL. by vole
of 1 35,957 against 40,077, dcciiii-d ayainsl ilic anicnd-
ment.
( 'ity h'.lictioiis.
Under Act of Januai-y iS, iSoj, incorporatinjr tiic
town of Detroit, tiic tirst i)iirily local clci'tion was
held on May 3 of that yi-ar.
The Act of September 13, 1806, which gave the
eity its tirst city ch.irtcr, provided tiiat tlie first elec-
tion for members of the I'ppcr House of the Com-
mon Council should be held on the last Montlay of
September of the same year ; members of the Lower
House were to be elected on the fust Monday of
October; and all jiersons over twenty-one years old,
who had rented a house within a year, and i)aid
their public taxes, were made voters.
The city charti'r of October 24, 1815, ordered a
special election for October 30 of the same year,
and provided that the regular election should be on
the first Monday in .May.
In those earlier days there were but few issues in
the corporate elections, and oftentimes there was
practically but one eandidate in the field. At the
city election, on April 4, 1825, John R. Williams was
chosen mayor by a total of one hunilred and two
votes against eleven scattering.
Three years later John lliddle was elected to the
same otilice, by a total of one hundred and ninety-
nine votes, five other persons receiving one vote
each.
By Act of September 4, 1824, a special election
was to be held for city officers on September 6, and
regular eity elections thereafter were to take place
on the tirst Monday of April. Under this law, up
to 1833 or later, it was customary for persons to
apply to the Common Council to have their names
registered as vott'rs.
An Act of March 27, 1839, ordered an election
for city ofticcrs on the third Monday in April follow-
ing, and provided that after iS39the city election
should be held on tlie tirst Monday in March.
At the time of the city election of 1853, it was
believeil that the regul.ir Democr.itii' nominations
had been made in the interest of persons opposed
to the public-.school system. An independent Demo-
cratii' ticket was therefore nominated, and success-
fully elected.
Two years later occurred the great struggle in
whiih the so-called Know-Nothing p.irty sujiiiorted
what was styl'-d the native American element.
The candidate of this party for mayor received
2,026 votes, against 2,798, rmd they elei-ted their
aldermanic candidates in the tirst, second, hfth, and
sixth wards, or one h.ilf of the whole iuimi)er.
On February 12 of this yc.ir a charter amendment
provided that after 1855 the city election should be
held on the tirst Tut'sday in February. Two years
later, on ]'"ebru.iry 5, 1857, a new law provided th.it
the city I'lection should be held on the tirst 'I'uesday
after the tirst Monday of November.
In c.ise ,1 vacancy ociuirs in the otiice of mavor,
councilman, or ;ilck'rm;in more than si.\ months
]irior to tin; time of an .annu.il election, the Com-
mon Council must order a special election. When
possible, these speci.il elections .are held on the tirst
Monday of April, the time ti.\ed for the election of
certain state oliicials. \\s special Act, the .school
inspectors are also required to be elected at that
time.
.Several noticeable coincidences have occurred in
connection with city elections. In 1862 the rival
candidates for tlie office of .school inspector, in both
the third and the fifth ward received the same
number of votes ; and the same state of facts
e.visted in the first ward as to candidates for over-
seer of highways. ^Vnother curious incident oc-
curred in connection with the regular city elections
of November, 1868 and 1869. On both oc>-asions
Lucien Zink was a candidate for overseer of high-
ways in the tenth ward ; and at both elections
there was a tie-vote between him .-"id his competitor.
By provision of the charter, in such cases the presi-
dent of the council determined by lot who should
hold the office; and each year the drawing was in
favor of .Mr. Zink. In the same ward, in April, 1873,
three hundred and thirty-live votes were cast for
each of two rival candidates for the Board of Esti-
mates.
Much interest was felt in the election of April 7,
1873, at which a lioard of Estimates was elected
who were opp<;sed to the expending of money for a
public park. The local election of November 2,
1875, also excited much iiiterest, Alexander Lewis
being elected mayor on what was called the Law
and ( )rder Ticket, supported by those who favored
the closing of saloons on the Sabbath.
During the winter of 1877 a State law was passed
re([uiring s.iloons t(j be closed on all election days,
and on Noveir.ber 6, 1877, for the first time in the
history of Detroit, the saloons were closed on the
day of an election.
Under Acts of 1824 and 1827, the mayor fixed the
time when polls should be ojiened. At the election
of April 5, 1830, the polls were opened at 9 .\. M. and
closed at 10 i'. M. Five years later, on April 4, they
were openetl at 8 A. M. and closed at 6 P. M. At
the present time they are opened at 8 A. M. and
closed at 5 V. M.
Qualifications and Rf;^istrafion of Voters.
By Act of 1802 all freeholders or householders
paying an aiuiual rent of forty dollars were consti-
tuted voter
provision, i
Mrs. IVove
others by j
'Si 5. retail
tion of voti
of the vote;
the electors
An Act
wJiite males
resided in 1
might vote,
must have n
the ten d.iys
nieals were t
dence.
By Act of
a voter must
to thirty day
the time of
provided tha
three month
March 12, i;
voter should
resided, or v
located.
In 1859 ;i r
designed to p
law and subst
13. '871, and
the city, with
Board of Aid
con.stitute the
districts, and
Registration.
the |)urpose 01
voters, are hek
years, countim;
second Wediu
tion, and cont
1'. M. In the y
tration is not n:
Thursday, Frid
general State e
also on the sect
ceding the regu
the purpose ol
sessions of the 1
can be written
re()uest of the i
board, or to .soi
voter of that w
required to be pi
tian and surnan
the day and yea
the dwelling and
.street name, ther
KLKCTIONS.
115
tutcil voters, without rcfcrc-iicc to sex. Under tliis
provision, at tiic election of 1.S04., four ladies voted,
Mrs. I'rovencal and Mrs. Coates in person, and l\v(j
others by j^roxy. The city eharter of Oetobir 24,
1S15, retaini'd the same provision as to (inalitiea-
tion of voters, hut also provideil for tiie arceptiniL^
of the votes of such other piTsons as a majority of
the electors voted to admit to llu' pri\ilci.;e.
An Act of May 3, kSji, provided lliat all free
white males over twenty-one years of av;e, who had
residi'd in the city one year, and piM a city tax,
mi;^ht vote. ]>y law of March 27, 1.S39, a person
must have resided in the ward in which he voted for
the ten days prior lo tin: election, the ward in which
meals were taken being reckoneil the place of resi-
dence.
r>y Act of April 13, 1841, the time diirinj;- which
a voti.r must have resided in a w.ird was extended
to thirty days. The Constitution of 1X30 restoretl
the time of residence in a ward to ten days, and
provided that voters neeil reside in the city only
three months instead of one year. An Act of
March 12, 1861, proviiled that 'lie residence of a
voter should be construed lo be where his family
resided, or where his regular boarding-i)lace was
located.
In 1859 a registr.'ition law was enacted which was
designed to previ'nt fraudulent voting. Under this
law and subsequent laws of February 5, 1S64, April
13, 1871, and the charter of 1S83, the aklcrmen of
the city, with enough other jiersons rqipointeil by the
Hoard of Aldermen to make two for eacli district,
constitute the Registration Hoards for the several
districts, and together they form a City Hoard of
Registration. .Sessions of the District Boards, for
the purpose of making an entirely new registry of
voters, are held in each election district every four
years, counting from 1880. Sessions bej.;''! ' ^ the
secontl Wednesday pret'eding the Novembei elec-
tion, and continue four days, from 10 A. M. to 8
I'. M. In the years when a new and general regis-
tration is not made, st'ssions are held on the second
Thursday, Friday, and Saturday next preceding the
general State election, from 10 A. M. to 8 r. m., and
also on the second Friday and .Saturday next pre-
ceding the regular charier and spring elections, for
the purpose of revising the registry lists. The
sessions of the board must be public, and no name
can be written in tlie register without the i)ersonal
recjuest of the a|ii)licant, unless he be known t
board, or to .some member thereof, as a qualified
voter of that ward and district. All names are
recjuired to be plainly written in ink, with the Chris-
tian and surname in full; and opposite eai h name
the day and year of the entry, with the number of
the dwelling and name of the street, or if there is no
street name, then a description of tlie locality of the
dwelling in which the voter lives. The board are
recjuiri'd to ask each person unknown to them whether
he is (.iitillcd to vote, and whether he has previously
registered or resided in any other district; and no
l)erson may be registered in any tlistrict who is not,
.'it the time of ri'gistralion, a resident of said dis-
trict, and (lualil'ied to vote. At the close of each
session (jf the Board of Registration, the registration
lists must be signed by each member of the board,
and deposited with the city clerk. At least two
Weeks before any session of the Board of Registra-
tion, these lists are printed and pcjsted up in each
ilistrict.
The City l>oard of Registration, composed of the
I)istrict Boards, convenes at y A. M. on the Monday
preceding every election (except it be a special elec-
tion for ward officers), and e.\aniines the registers of
the several districts. No name may at this time be
added lo the voting list, but if any name is found
regisleri'd in two or more districts, the examining
olficer may designate on the registers in which dis-
trict the person is, and in which he is not entitled to
vote. A i)erson who has changed his residence to
some other district between the time of the last
meeting of the Board '.)f Registration and the day
of election, cannot vote ; and no iierson can register
on election ilay withcnit stating on oath that sickness
of himself or some ne"" relative, or absence from
the city on business, pre . ^nted his registering at the
proper time.
I'.lctiion J)/str/its.
Prior to 1828 the polls were held at the old Coun-
cil House on the corner of Jefferson Avenue and
Randolph Street, at the City Council House on
Larned Street, and sometimes at W'oodworth's
Hotel. After the erection of the City Hall, and up
to 1839, that was used as the polling place.
On ;\pril 15, 1839, elections were held in the
several wards for the first time, the places for hold-
ing them being designated by the Common Council.
The charter amendments of March 12, 1861,
>.arch 27, 1867, April 13, 1871, and March 29, 1872,
gave the council power to divide wards into two or
more election districts. An Act of 1872 provided
that no election district should embrace i)arts of two
wards, or contain less than five hundred electors.
L'nder these provisions, in .Vugust. 1868, for the
first time, several of the larger wards were divided
into ekction districts, (^ther wards were subse-
tiucnlly divided, and the boundaries of districts
changed.
After the entirely new arrangement of ward
boundaries made in 1881, the Common Council, by
ordinance of August 30, laid out the following elec-
tion districts :
FiKsr Warik — First District, all that portion
ii6
ELECTIONS.
north of Brady Street ; Second District, all that
portion between I5rady Street and Adelaide Street;
Tliird District, all that portion between Adelaide
Street and Adams Avenue ; fourth District, all that
portion south of Adams Avenue and east of Ran-
dolph Street; Fifth District, the portion south of
Adams Avenue .and west of R.-UKloljih Street.
Second Wakd: — First District, the portion
north of Bagg Street ; ieccjud 1 )istrict, the portion
between B;igg and High Streets; Third District,
the portion between High Street and ;i line running
through Adams ,\ venue to (H-and River Avenue,
thence westerly along said avenue to the intersection
of First Street; Fourth District, the portion lying
between the Third District and Michig.an Avenue ;
Fifth District, the portion lying south of Michigan
Avenue.
Third Ward: — First District, the portion lying
south of the center line of l''ort Street ; Second
District, the portion lying north of the center line
of Fort Street, to (initiot Avenue ; Third District,
the portion lying north of the center line of Cratiot
Avenue and south of the center line of Wilkins
Street ; F"ourth District, the portion north of Wil-
kins Street.
Fourth \Vari>: — First District, .south of the
center line of Michigan .\venue ; .Second District,
between the center lines of Michigan and (Irand
River Avenues ; 'I'hird District, between the center
line of Pitcher Street and drand River Avenue;
Fourth District, north of the center line of Pitcher
Street.
Fifth Ward: — First District, south of the
center line of Fort Street; Second District, between
the center lines of Fort Street and (Iratiot Avenue;
Third District, between the center lines of dratiot
Avenue and Witson Street ; Fourth I3istrict, north
of the center line of Watson Street.
Six in Ward- — First District, .south of the
center of Abbott Street ; Second District, between
the center lines of Abbott and Plum Streets ; Third
District, between the center lines of Plum Street
and Grand River Avenue; Fourth District, north
of the center line of (Irand River Avenue.
Skvknih Ward:— First District, all .south of
the center line of Fort Street ; Second District,
between the center lines of Fort and Maple Streets;
Third District, between the center lines of Maple
and Alfred Streets ; Fourth District, north of Alfred
Street.
Eighth Ward: — First District, .south of Baker
Street ; Second District, between Baker and Locust
Streets; Third District, between Locust and Myrtle
Streets ; Fourth District, north of Myrtle Street.
• Ninth Ward: — First District, .south of Cro-
ghan Street ; Sc-ond District, between Croghan and
JaySt.eets; Third District, between Jay and Detroit
Streets; Fourth District, portion north of Third
District.
Tk.vth Ward: — First District, .south of Baker
Street; Second District, between Baker Street and
Michigan Avenue; Third District, between .Michi-
gan Avenue and Myrtle .Street; Fourth District,
north of Myrtle Street.
I"i,i:vi.:nth Ward: -First District, .south of
Fort Street ; .Second District, between Fort and
Catharine .Streets; Third District, between Cath-
arine and ("icrman Streets; Fourth District, north of
German Street.
TWKi.K lit Wa r I ) : -Mrst 1 )istrict, south of I?aker
Street; Second District, the portion lying between
Baker St^'eet and a line running along lUitternut to
Twenty-fourth Street, thi'uce southerly through
Twenty-fourth to the alley north of Michigan
Avenue, and thence to the city limits ; Third
District, all that portion lying north of Second
District.
Thirtf.knth Ward : -First District, .south of
the center line of Fort Street; .Second District,
bet\veen Fort and ("icrman Streets; Thiril District,
north of German Street.
/■'./(•</ /('lis, /i(Hi> loiitiui/tti.
The Bn,ii-d of .Mdcrmen, from time to time, deter-
mines the several places at which the polls shall be
held, and the city clerk advertises their location.
Two inspectors of election for each district are
appointed by the Board of yVldermen, and one other
is selected viva voce by the electors on the opening
of the polls. The inspectors of each district appoint
two clerks, whose duty it is to keep a list (jf all persons
voting at the election. Tlie ballot-l)o.\es, the printed
registry lists for each ward or district, and all neces-
.sary books and blanks for the election are furnished
by the city clerk to the in.spectors of election. It is
the duty of the inspectors to challenge the vote of
any person whom they suspect is not a qualiticd
voter. The Inspectors must preserve order at the
polls, ;uid they are authorized and reiiuired to cause
the JU-rest of any person who disturbs the good order
of the polling places.
From the time of the incorporation in 1802, the
voting has always been by ballot. Each person de-
livers his h.illot, folded, to oiu' of the inspectors, in
presence of the board. The ballot must be of paper,
written or printed, or ])artly written and partly
printed, containing the names of all the ]ier.sons for
whom the elector intends to vote, and designating
the office to which each person is intended to be
chosen.
After the polls are closed the insiiectors must
carefully count the number of ballots, and compare
the number with the number of electors registered
on the poll lists. If the ballots in the bo.\ shall l)e
found to e
poll list.s, t
of the insj:
and destro
equal to t
agreeing, <
stated, the
estimate tli
result. Su
■'ind at lent
each office,
votes were ,
person; am
be (leliverec
After ex;
two hours o
of e.'ich (lis
true return t
and ballots,
the clerk of
number is
the Board o
chosen form
They must n
at three o'cl(
office, or in 1
electi'j:is.
117
found to exceed the whole number of names on the
poll lists, they must be rcplarcd in the l)ox, and one
of the inspectors must publicly draw out therefrom
and destroy unoj^ened, so many ballots as shall be
equal to the excess. 'I'hw ballots and poll lists
aujreeinj;, or beinij made, to aijree, in the manner
stated, the board must then proceed to canvass and
estimate the votes, and draw up a statement of the
result. Such statement shall set forth in words
and at length the whole number of votes i^iven for
each office, the names of the persons for whom the
votes were i^iven, and the number of votes for each
|ierson; and one of saiil statements shall forthwith
be delivered to the city clerk.
After examining; the votes, and within seventy-
two hours of the closing; of tlie polls, the inspectors
of each district must make and certify a full and
true return thereof, which, totjether with the poll lists
and ballots, must be delivered, carefully sealed, to
the clerk of the city; at the same time one of their
number is chosen to represent his district in
the Hoard of City Canvassers; and the persons so
chosen form the Hoard of Canvassers for the city.
They must meet on the Saturday next after election,
at three o'clock in the afternoon, at the city clerk's
office, or in the common-council chamber, and pro-
ceed to open and canvass the said returns, and de-
clare the result of the election.
When two or more jierscjiis are found to have an
ecjual number of votes for the same office, the elec-
tion is determined by the drawinj^ of lots, in the
presence of the Hoard of Councilmen. The name of
each person, written on a sej^arate slip of paper, is
deposited in a box or other receptacle, the presi-
dent of the Hoard of Councilmen draws out one of
said slips, and the person whose name is drawn is
considered elected.
The mode of conductin),^ State and county elec-
tions is the same, except that the returns are made
to the county clerk, and the inspectors, appointed
by the inspectors of election in townships and wards
to attend the county canvass, constitute the Hoard
of County Canvassers, and meet on the Tuesday
next followinir the election, before one o'clock in the
afternoon, at the office of the county clerk, who is
secretary of the board.
The followinij table of votes cast in Detroit, in
various years, will ^Wc some idea of the (growth of
citizenship: 1820, — 66. 1825,-115. 1835, — 261.
1840, — 671. 1845, — 1,368. 1850,-1,443. 1855, —
4,824. 1860,-8.389. 1870,-11,323. 1875,-13,058.
1880,- 21,676.
Clly\PTi':R XX
'I'Ih; acli
i"''S[)(iii(l(ni
.111(1 ill a I,
Iji;r6, \yc)(
WAYNK COnNTV: IIS i:s rAllLISHMKXr AND liOUNDARII'.S.
^
r-
VlRC.INlA, in 1778, ffcrU'd all of ihc N'ortlnvist
Territory into a county called Illinois, .Sul)sc(|iuiiily,
and before the surrender by llie ISritish, by procla-
mation of l,ieiitenant-(k)vernor Sinieoe, on July 16,
1792, all of what is now Michii,'-an, with other terri-
tory exteiidini; norlhwa-d as far as Hudson's liav,
was included in the county of Kent. Under
American ,i,a)vernmint tin: county of Wayne, the
third ori^fani/ed in the Northwest Territory, was
established b\- proclamation on Aui,Mist 15, i7</i, by
W'inthrop Sari,a'Ml, secretary of the Territory, .and
actini4' iinv,.|-,,,„- A fac-siniile of the procl.un.ition
is here ^'i\('n. The size of the ori^in.il is fifteen
by eii^hteeii inches.
fy-
y- an-^rtjm X ^if..,,, f,^,,/;,j,H7r:iA/f
/>Kifi.-'^t ^ ^■"■'■'■^'■t ^- '
/^-
/ \ / \
^OMefttl*, » ft'nm~y^ctfii9t^^Af,»
■-/•^■L.
'•"7
Ki.n.yt„,/^^C^.t,.^gy^
Mit..- -*»;tr^
u.^C^^tA
T'
1
-Zit-i A-
^^euef^-
rA'^MC-' ^/^^'t-^ &Me^t .^^^a,
Fac-Similk oi- FtKsT PrcocLAMATioN R?!TArw.rsmN(; Wwnk County.
u\m~
L
Ma
Dkah Sir;,—
"ii my ;iiriv,il
tiKlllxlll fit tc, ;„,.
sinci' li;irn<rl, iIk.
(■•Mintry lli.-n-.ilii,i
aniDiiK wlidin is \|
WAVNI", CorNTN'. I'I'S I'.S'I'MU.ISI IMl-.NT AND IK )t N DAk II'.S.
119
'I'lu; aclidii iif S;ir.v;fiil ,i;a\r rise In a sliarp I'or-
rcs|)(iii(lciicc hiiwccn liini .iihI ( ii)\(rii(ii" Si. t'laii',
and ill a Ictlci' to I hm. jaiiics Koss, dalcil Scpicni-
bcr 6, 171/y, CiDvcrnor Si. Clair says :
WAYNE COUNTY
BY PEOOLAMATION
, — or- —
Angaat 16. 1789.
Mlvaijlins.
CO
R Mmn.
/iiiiTCliilljcQtl[e.J
Cleielaiij.
Cuyahoga R,
LsurcDS.
/ -V-^Tuscarawas R.
Muskingum R.
^v»A^ ^«%r.
MaI' ni'' CcilMV liDllNDAUV. No. I.
Di'AU Sir,—
Oil my iirriv:il ;il lliis pLiri', I foiiiid ll>;it tin- wrri'l.iry li;i(l
tli'.niv(lit (U li) nrcoinpatiy (iiiii-ral W'aym; to 1 >rtrnit, .'uul I Iia\'i*
siiuc Irarnicl, ihniif^h nut from liiinsill, tli.it hi' lias laiil ntit llir
ctniUry ihcrralxtiits intd a roimty, .'ind appi)ii)trtl tli'- (ilVirrrs.
anions wlioni is Mr. Audrain, prmh'inni.iry.
'I'h.at c'irt'uin^taiii I- iias;ii\iii me s.'itistail ion, tlnMi^;h 1 am dls-
plrasi-d at tiic prnrri'din).; ;^rni-r.'illy, for it was nnl m)' intriitiDn to
li.ivr moved in tin! Iinsnicss niitil I ii.id nrilvi'd tlii' din i i ions (jf
llir Prcsidrnt, wliirh I li.nl rrason torxprtt; jiiid two >io\rrnors at
one ;ind I In! same tinitr in the samt; <-onnlry, and pt-rhapH conntrr-
ai lin.i,' i.'ii li ollnr, ninsl impn ss tin si- ni w .snlijcrts mifavoralily
witli rrsprct to llir i;ii\'rrmiii'nt tlicy li.i\(* fallrii imdcr. Sonir
I xpi (liinl, liowiAc r, niiiilit have- In c n Imindto niidcr lln- impio-
|iric ly less slrikihv;, li.id I ;4iiiic to I )i iimIi ; Iml I lie si c ril.'iry liavinx
l.ilrly );,iiii' III Mil liiliinai iiiar, my nirilihv; liirii tlu'ir, in ilic liltli:
linn- I cniild jiossilily st.-i\', w.is \-rr)' nnn-rlain.
I'nim oliur letters it apjiears that Cioveriinr .St.
(lair was at l'ittsl)iiri;h when the eoimty was ori^aii-
i/.ed, and Sar;.;cnl claimed lli.it his .ariimi was insti-
lled hy the facts, lie cnnsniled the eili/.ens as to
what name should ]k- i;iven to the eoiinlv, and ihey
agreed th.it it should be named after ( iennal
Anthony Wayne, who was then in the eiiy, and sent
him an address, notifyin;.; him of tiie fact. In reply
lhe\- receiv'ed the follow iii'j:
M \)' iM ("iHNI\* jJiiIMi Mv'W \.^
MaI' 01- C'OIMV I!
7',' till- Ciirr ,iv</ Inha/'itiinii of I'elyi'i/^ umi the Officers^ CitH
,ind Military, of the ( 'oimly ,■/ /' n ynr :
< H S I'l.KMliN,-
I liavr ri'Ci'ivrd with innt li iilrasiirr yonr polilr .iddriss iif tills
d.iii', w'hit'h not only diinaiids my xrattfiil arknowlt'd^inint for
till flattering tistimoniis it lontains of your eslci'in, lint attords
nir an oppiirtnnity to nmurk with what plcasiirr I liavr oliscrvrd
till-' Kiiiiial salisfartion wliirli has appiarrd to prevail .'inii>n>; the
citi/ens of 1 letroit and its nei>;hliorhiiod upon the eslalilislimeiit of
the i^overnnieiit of the l!iiited Slates, and the alai rily and laud-
alile desirtr they have <'\ iiii ed to promote the due exeeution
thereof; acondint so wise, while it merits the warm re>;ards of
their fi-llow-i iti/eiis of the I'nion, must insure to themselves all
till- adv,nilav;es whii h will flow from and l«: the natural i-ITect of
the administration of j;ood I.iws, under so liap|iy a noverninent.
I will with much pleasure riimniunieati- to the President the
w.irm sentiments of zeal and altai hinent whiih you have expressed
toward ilie l ioMriinii lit of the t'nited States; and I lannot permit
I20
WAVNI'; COl^XrV; ITS KSTAIILISFIMKNT AND nol'N'DARlKS.
myself to (Upart hciiif without a-siiriiii; you tliiit I shall always
lake a piTiiliar iiitrrest ill whatever may eoiitriliulc- to |ironii>le
the happiness aiui prosperity of tliis luiiiity^ to whith my name
lias tin; honor to lie attached.
I have the honor to he, vientlenu ii, \\ ith much esteem^
\'our most ohetlienl antl \ery hninhh; ser\ant,
ANr'v W.WNK.
Mkadi.h- AuriiKs, liinKon, .\'(K'e)ii/;i- 14, 1711(1.
^ WAYNE COUNTY
\
Aftor formation of 6tatO
of Ohio,
By Law of April 30, 1802,
Map 111- CoLNTv Ijoindakv.— No. 4.
The boundaries of the county, as defined I)y Sar-
gent, were as follows: " ]ieginnin,ir at the month
of the Ciiyahoija Ri\er, npon Lake Erie, and with
the said river to tlie portaj^e between it and the
Tnscarawa braiuli of tlie Miiskinijuni, tlunee down
the said branch to the forks, at the carrying place
WAYNE COUNTY
BY PEOCLAMATION
JanuaTjri4, 18C3*
Mai' op County Bounoarv.— No. 5.
al)()ve I'ort Lawrance,' thence by a west line to the
eastern boundary of Hamilton County (which is a due
north line from the lower Shawnese Town, upon the
Sciota River), thence by a line west-northerly to the
southern part of the portage, between the Mi.'imis of
the Dliio ;iiul the .St. .M.iry's River, thence by a line
also wi'st-nortlirrly to the southwestern part of the
portage, betwcin the Wabash .and the .Miamis of
Lake lu'le, where Fort Wayne now stands, thence
by a line west-northerly to the most .southern part
of Lake Michigan, thence along the western shores
of the .same to the northwest part thereof (including
the lands lying upon the streams emptying into the
said lake I, thence by a due north line to the terri-
torial boundary in Lake, .Superior, and with the .said
boundary through Lakes Huron, St. Clair, and Lrie,
to the mouth of the Cuyahoga River, the place of
beginning."
The creation of the Territory of Indiana, by Act
of .M.iy 7, iSoo, reduced the limits of the county
about one half. Its boundaries were fiu-ther cur-
WAYNE COUNTY
.Alloc formation of MichigoQ
Terntory,
Byliaw of Jan. 11, 1808.
Map
CoUNTV r.OfNUAKV.— No. (J.
tailed by proclamation of July lo, iSoo, under whicli
that part of W.iyne County lying cast of a point about
five miles west of the present city of Sandusky was
included in a new county, named Trumbull. The Act
of April 30, 1802, which created the Slate of Ohio,
attached this region to the Territory "f Indiana. It
thereftjre became necessary to define tlie bmuulary
anew; and on January 14, 1803, William Henry
Harrison, governor, and commander-in-chief of
1 AUhongh the orijijinal Siiys " I'orl I.awrancc," it is evidently a
n'i.-,tako arising from the iiromiiuiation, as the fort in (piestion
was named Laurens, in 1778, in honor of the president of Congrcs.s.
Indiana
cennes :
1, Willi:,,,
the aiilhorit
of the 'I'trt
formed i,i il
di'siirnateil 1
the hound. ir
point where
c.vtromity of 1
lin<- passini; I
Ihenee north :
<lary of thi> IJn
point where ar
extii'inity of I
alon^' the last 1
WAYNE COUNTY: ITS ESTAHLISHMENT AND BOUNDARIES.
121
Iiuliaiin Tcfritory, issued the ful'uwiiig from Vin-
cennes :
I, Willinm Henry Harrison, ^ovvrnor of Indiana Territory, by
the anthority vested in me liy tlie ordinance for tile government
of tlic Territory, do ordain and deelare that a eonnty sliall In-
formed in the nortlieaslern part of ihi' Territory, to be known and
desii,'nated by the nain<' and style of the county uf Wayne. And
the boundaries of said eounty shall be as follows; liejj'nninK at a
point where an cast and west line, passing through the southern
WAYNE COUNTY
BY PEOCLAMATION
• — ot- — -
Novembor 21, 1815.
Map of Coini v I'oi'NDARv.— No. 7.
extremity of Lake Miehiean, would intersect a north and south
lini' passini; throui;h tin- most westerly extreme of said lake,
theme north aloni; the last mentioned line to the territorial lioun-
dary of the United .Stales, thence aloni,' the s;iid boUPr!:;-y lim' toa
point when' an east and west line, passing through the southerly
evtremily of Lake .Miihigan, would intersect the same, thence
along the last mentioned line to the place of beginning.
Tlic creation of tiie Tcrrilory of Miehi,i(an in
1805 riiani;((i tile western boundary of tlie county,
slijrlitly reduiini; its size.
The next cii;in,i,re in boundary was made by proc-
lam;ition of (lovernor Cass on November 21, 1815.
Under the terms of that ilocument, tiie county was
made to include all of the Territory of Miehijiran to
wliich Indian title had been e.\tin,i,niishc(l.
liy the terms of the treaty of ("ireenville, of
Alienist 3, 1795, the foHowinjr territory constituted
the re).;ion to wliicli tlie Indi.in title had been e.xtin-
iruishetl, and therefore detinetl the limits under his
proclamation: " IJej^inninijat the mouth of the Miami
River of the Lakes, and runninv,r thence up to the
middle thereof, to the mouth of the ,iLjreat Au.^lai/e
River; thence running due north, until it intersects
a parallel of latitude to be drawn from the outlet of
PereMarq'teR.
WAYNE COUNTY
BY PfiOCLAMATION
JulyTdTiai?.
lllttM. y~~.
COPVRIQHriailV, BY SILA* FARMER,
MaI' Ol- COLNTV IJol-NDAKV.— No. y.
-t WAYNE COUNTY
S BY FEOOLAMATION
^_^ 1 October W, 1815.
Mai' of County I!oi;nuahv.— No. 8.
Lake Huron, which forms the river St. Clair; thence
runninjj^ northeast, the course that may be found
will lead in a direct line to White Rock in Lake
Huron; thence due ca.st until it inter.sccts the boun-
dary line between the United States and Upper
Canada, in said lake ; thence southwardly following
the same boundary line down said lake, through the
river St. Clair, Lake St. Clair, and the river Detroit
into L.ikc Erie, to a point due ea.st of the aforesaid
Miami RiviT ; thence west to the place of begin-
ning." Also, "The post of Micliilimackinac, and
all the land on the island on which that post stands,
and the main land adjacent, to which the Indian
title has been extinguished by gifts or grants to the
French or ICnglish governments ; and a piece of the
main land to the north of the island, to measure six
miles on Lake Huron, or the Strait between Lakes
Huron and Michigan, and to extend three miles back
1 22
WAYNE COUNTY: ITS ESTADLISIIMl'-N T AND r.OUNDARIKS.
from the water oi the L;;ke or Strait ; and also the
Island de Bois Blanc."
These two tracts included all of the present
county of Wayne, and also the now existing coun-
ties of Washtenaw, I.ivinijston, Lenawee, Macomb,
Monroe, St. Clair, Lapeer, and Oakland, with a large
portion of Jackson, Ingham, Shiaw.'issce, Genesee,
Tuscola, .Sanilac, and Huron counties, together with
the Islands of Mackinaw and liois Blanc, and a small
.strip of land on the main land north of these
islands.
WAYNE COUNTY
BY PBOOLAMATION
January 16, 1818.
Mai' oi- Cell Niv Udindakv. — Ml
Less than a year after, on October i8, i8i6,
deneral Cass issued a new proclamation, adding the
district of Mackinaw to the county. That district
h.iil been created by proclamation of Governor Hull
WAYNE COUNTY
■BY rEOOLAMATION
September 10, 1822*
on July 3, 1S05, and its boundary was defmed to
"begin at the most western ;uul northern point of
the 15ayof .Saginaw, .and shall nuuhence westw.irdly
to the nearest part of the river Marquette ; thence
along the southern bank thereof to Lake Michigan ;
thence due west tp the middle thereof; thence
north, east, and .south with the lines of the Territory
of Michig.in and the United States to the center of
Lake Huron; thence in a straight line to the begin-
ning."
It will be noticed that by this proclamation the
county consisted of two tracts, entirely separate
froni each other. On July 14, 1S17, the boundary
of the county was curt.iiled on the .south by the
organization of Monroe County, which took in all
of the old county of Wayne south of Town 3, of
Ranges i to 9, to the Huron River.
■'Vta^
VJ^
WAYNE COUNTY
Aftor organization of Wash-
tenaw County.
By Act of Nov. 20. 1826.
iMaJ oi- CulNTS' Hc3l'M>ARV. — No. II
Mai- cm-' Cuinty Hoindakv. — No. 12.
By proclamation of January 15, 181 8, organizing
Macomb County, the " base line " of the United
States survey in Michig.an became the northern
boundary of Wayne County.
The present limits of the county were established
by proclamation of Governor Cass on September 10,
1822. On the same date Washtenaw County was
laid out, to include all of the present county of
Washtenaw, and also the four southeast towns of
what is now Ingham County, the eight most eastern
townships in Jackson County, and the southern half
of the present Livingston County. Washtenaw
County, however, was attached to Wayne County
until it should be organized ; and for all practical
purposes it remained a part of Wayne County up to
the definite organization of Washtenaw County on
November 20, 1826.
L\ the
aff.airs w
crs, ajipt
Under an
the appn
office wa:
to be chc
Ready
county n(
the con in
issuing, u|
From that
bills of the
$1.50. $1.
$10.00. I
per cent d
iniS33i.ssi
On Octobe
ami clerk, and
Under t
issued two
hundred ar
and fifty of
By Act (
commissioni
of 1838 rev
abolished b)
transferred 1
Board of Su]
Under Nc
sioners wen
Jacques Can
Territory, iS
Joncaire, Fr
James Henr
William Bro
wards; 1819,
1820, Abran
McCIoskey ;
A. Edwards,
Levi Cook, J(
L. Cook, J. V
James Williar
lett, J. Shean
tjitiiar*"
CHAPTER XXI.
COUNTY OFFICERS AND TIIKIR DUTIES.
County ConiDiissioHi'rs.
In the early days of the county its financial
affairs were managed by three county commission-
CTS, appointed by the Court of Ouarter Sessions.
Under an Art of May 30, 1818, the governor became
the appointini,^ power. On April 21, 1825, the
office was made elective, and commissioners were
to be chosen on the second Tuesday of October.
Ready money to meet the obligations of the
county not being forthcoming, as early as 1818
the commissioners began tlie issue of due-bills,
issuing, up to 1827, an average of §2,000 per year.
From that time to 1S33 they issued §1,000 yearly in
bills of the denominations of $1.12;^, $1.25, $1.37;^,
Si. 50, $1.62;^, $1.75, $i.87X, $3.00, $5.00, and
§10.00. In 1830 these due-bills were at twenty-five
per cent discount, but the board persevered, and
in 1833 issued bills for §3,000, and in 1S34. for §1,000.
On October 7, 1837, the Board of Supervisors
Ri-sch'Cti, that $4,000, in small bills, be signed by the president
and clerk, and dclivirtd to the treasurer for change.
Under this resolution, the treasurer and clerk
issued two hundred and fifty bills of §10 each, two
hundred and fifty of §5.00 each, and two hundred
and fifty of $1.00 each.
By Act of April 12, 1S27, the office of county
commissioner was abolished. The Revised Statutes
of 1838 revivt^ the office, and it continued until
abolished by Act of February 10, 1842, which Act
transferred the duties of the commissioners to the
Board of Supervisors.
Under Northwest Territory, the county commis-
sioners were: 1800 and iSor, B. Huntington,
Jacques Camjiau, Jacob Visger. Under Indiana
Territory, 1803, Charles Curry, Charles F. Chabert
Joncaire, Francis Lasalle; 1804, Charles Moran,
James Henry. Under Michigan Territory, 1818,
William Brown, John R. Williams, Abram Fxl-
wards; 18 19, James McCIoskey, Robert Abbott;
1820, Abram Edwards, William Brown, James
McCloskcy; 1821,?. J. Desnoyers; 1822 and 1823,
A. Edwards, P. J. Desnoyers, J. P. Sheldon; 1824,
Levi Cook, John Whipple, John P. Sheldon; 1825,
L. Cook, J. Whipple, P. J. Desnoyers; 1826-1827,
James Williams. L. Cook, J. Whipple; 1839, R. Gil-
lett, J. Shearer, B. F. Fox; 1840, S. Conant, J.
1
Shearer, B. F. Fox; 1841, Adolphus Brigham, S.
Conant, J. Shearer ; 1842, Peter Godfrey, S. Conant,
A.
]>righam.
Board of Siipeniisors.
This body, in connection with the auditors, per-
forms duties f)riginally attended to by the Court of
General Quarter .Sessions and the county commis-
sioners. By the Act of March 20, 1827, creating
the board, they were authorized to examine, settle,
and allow all accounts, and estimate the yearly
expenses of the county; they were also authorized
to repair county buildings, and to offer bounties for
the killing of wolves and panthers. Their sessions
were to be of not more than eight daj's' duration,
and they were to be paid §1.00 per day each. An
Act of March 20, 1837, increased their pay to §2.00,
and it was subsequently made §3.00 per day. An
Act of June 30, 1S28, required them to meet the first
Tuesday in October.
Under Act of June 26, 1832, sessions of the board
were held on the first Tuesdays of March and
October. By Act of 1842 they were retjuired to
meet on the first Monday of July and third Monday
of September; but since the revision of the statutes
in 1846, they have met only in October.
Since the Act of 1844, creating the Board of
Auditors, the supervisors have had no control over
the county expenditures, and might be called with
propriety the Board of County Assessors. For a
representative body, they have remarkably few legis-
lative powers. Their chief duty consists in ec|ual-
izing the valuations of property and apportioning to
each city and township its proportion of the taxes to
be raised, these apportionments being based on the
assessors' books of the city and the township rolls
of the several townships.
Under Acts of April 13, 1827, and April 17, 1833,
which treated the City of Detroit constructively as a
township, the city, up to 1841, was represented on
the board only by its one super\'isor, elected for the
purpose. After an existence of eleven years, under
the General Statutes of 1838, the Board of Super-
visors was discontinued, and its duties transferred
to three county commissioners. By Act of February
10, 1842, the office of county commissioner was
124
eouN■^^■ ()i'Fin:Ks and -i'iii'-ir Driiiis.
abolished, aiul a llnard of Supcrxisors was a,i;aiii
proviili'd for. I'licir first lUfi'tin^j was luld on the
first Monday of July, 1843. An Act of l''i'l)riiary I'l,
1S42, iiro\i<lc'd tliat the waril assessors of Detroit
shfiiild act as supervisors. A siii)se(iuent Aet of
January 30. uSjO, provick'd that tiic city shynld ha\e
hut lliree assessors, instead of one for eaeli ward, or
six in all. The eity thus lost three members of the;
ho.ird. I lowiAer, it soon rei;,iiiu(l its (|uot.i. for by
Aet of .\pril 8, 1S51, the alderman of e.ieh ward
has'iny; the shorti'st term w.is .authorized to ;iet ;is a
supervisor on the ho.ird, .-ind on l''el)ru.iry 5. I1S57.
the Lei.^isl,iture .authorized the eity .assessor .and both
aldermen from e.uh w.ird to meet with the bo.ird.
Up to ilie date of tliis last Aet, iinav.iiliny strug-
iLiles h.id been ni.ade ye.arly by the rcpresent.it ives of
the eity to secure siuh an e(iu;iIizatioii of the t.ixt's
.as they deemed just, but their efforts were almost
entirely futile.
Since the Aet of iS57the city h.a.s had an cver-
incri'.asinu; number of members on the, bo.ard; and
had the representatives of the eity at any time
nnited in any effort, they might have effected their
purpose, as they liad votes enough to outninii-
ber the represent.atives from the rest of the county;
but the justice of their cause, or their skill in m.in-
.agement, has en.abled the supervisors from the
townships to preserve nearly the s.inie pro rata of
assessment between city and county that has pre-
v.iili'd for m.any ye.irs p.ast.
When .any ch.ange is made in the relative amount
of taxes to be p.iitl by city and county, it h.as
nsu.illy bi'en done by r.aising or lowering the v.il-
uations on eiihiT side, thus naising or lowering the
percentage of the total t.ax th.it I'ither w.as to i);iy.
The eity, in 1S83, w.as paying nearly five si.xths of
the tot.al of the county t.axes.
The board meets on the second Monday in (Octo-
ber of e.ach year; speci.al si'ssions may be lield to
extend the time for payment of t;ixe"s, or for .any
pur|)ose deemed imi)ortant. 'I"lie k'ngth of their
sessions is not limited, but they are allowed by l.iw
to draw p.ay for only fifteen tlays, whicli is the usu.al
duration of their sessions.
The increase in the number of persons composing
the bo.ard, and in the number of members from I)e-
trf)it, is shown by the following t.able :
1837 1S30, y members, i of them from Detroit.
1830 1833, 10 " I "
1S33 1834, 12 •• I "
1834- '835. '3 " I "
1 835- '839. i^^ ■■ ' "
1839-1842, No board in existence.
1842- 1847, 22 members, 6 of them from Detroit.
1847- 1848, 23 " 6 •'
1848-1850,24 " 6 '•
1850-1851,21 " 8 "
1851 1S37, 1(1 mcmhci's, 3 (if I'll in liom i)(troii.
1857-1870,3'; •• 21 •■
1S70-1873. 41 •• 21 " " "
iS73-'87^'. 43 " ^3
■87^-7— .47 _ •• -V
It will be noticed th.it the luimlHT of members
from country townships reached its maximum in
1848; the only increase in the board since then.
outside of members from Detroit, being two mem-
bers from W'y.mdolte, .atlmilti'd since 1S70. A
reference to the artiile on townships will show in
what year each township was first representeil on
the board.
Hoard • ' tty Auditors.
This board divi( . die IJoard of Supervisors
the honor of succeei ng to the j)owers of the county
commissioners. The ofliee w.is created by Act of
M.ireh 11, 1844. Three .auditors were to be elected
in November, 1845, who were to decide, by lot,
their first terms of one. two, .and three years t'.ich.
Auditors subsi'iiuently chosen wen; to be eUctcd for
three years, one annu.illy at each jjeiier.il election;
.and not more than one member of tin: bo.ard w.is to
be elei'ted from the s.ame township, \ill.age. or city.
The city of Detroit, though it alw.ays p.aiil more
th.an two thirds of the county taxes, w.as often with-
out represent.alion on the board, dreiier eijiLility
was secured by the Act of M.iy 31, 1883, which pro-
vided th.it two members of the bo.ard must be
residents of Detroit, iiy Act of February 12, 1855,
in ease of the expiration of a term of office in a year
when no gener.il election w.as to be held, the ISo.ard
of Su|)ervisors were authorized to fill the vacancy.
In importance, the office is .second to none in the
county. The bo.ird h.ive v.astly more power in
county matters th.an .aldermen have in city affairs.
They h.ave almost entire control of the county funds,
and although they report to the ISoard of Supervisors,
they .are not subject to their directions, neither are
they responsible to them, or in f.act to any one but
the chief executive of the St.ite. It is their business
to estimate the .amount annually needed for county
expenses, to audit ;ill bills, .and to m.ike all disburse-
ments on beh.alf of the county. They appoint three
superintendents of the poor .and two county phy-
sicians.
.Section loof Article loof the Constitution of \hi^o
provides th.at they shall h.ave "exclusive power to
prescribe .and fix the eompens.aiion for all .services
rendered for, and to adjust all (^l.aims against " the
county, "and the sum .so fixed or defined .sh.all be
subji'ct to no .appeal."
The powers of the auditors were further enlarged
by Act of M.ay 24. 1879, and since J.anuary i, 1S81,
they h.ave h.ad ]iower to " determine the number of
clerks to be employed in .all county offices and thg
wages
the Cor
They a
jieiiditii
all t.ix I
to p.iy
the Judi
Clerk, .1
each,"
kind, col
are rei|u
my." ■
nierly $
April 13
pnnided
\'\\ it .at ;
th.an §2.
sal.ary.
The fo
'«4S. ^
iS4^>. W
1847 ,84
Fr.alick ;
liain li. II
Brown;
<^uirk; 18
'85s '85/
i857-i8r)c
i860, M.
1 86 1. Chai
1862, W. 1
1863, J„hi
1864. John
1867, JoIh:
1867, John
J. i'atton. .
A. 15lue M
'V'isger, ,Sai
J. S. Tibbi
betts. I'. C.
T. C. Limb
1879, \\'illi.-i
1880 1883.
1 883- 1 884,
1884-
Sheah.an.
This ofiice
of the NortI
appointment
who w.as req
live per cent
as compen.sa
cember 17, i
Under the T
gan, the govt
By law of Nc
COUNTY OFFICKKS AND I II KIR DUTIES.
125
waj^cs to \h: paid lluin, In li\ tl\c ((impinsalinii of
tliu coroiKTs and tlu: salaries of all county olllci-rs.
Tlu'y also ki'ij) a rrcord of all tin- receipts and ex-
penditures of till- C'ounty 'Ircasiin'r, coinitersii^iiini;
all lax receipts issued by him. 'I'liey are authorized
to |)ay tin: Triasurer from !j)3,txxj lo ;i|(5,(xx>; and
tile Jud,v;c of Probate, I'roseeutin);- Attorney, County
Clerk, and Ke.nister of Deids, from §2,500 to 83,500
each." ruder the same Act, "All fees of whatever
kind, collected for sir\i<es performed in these ollici'S,
ari' ri'(|uii'ed to be turned o\-cr to the C'ounty 'I'reas-
iny." The s.ilary of each auditor, which was for-
merly if;i,o<xj, was incrt'ased to §i,joo by Act of
.April 13, 1.S73, and a further Act of .May n;, i<S<S3,
provided thai ihi' circuit jud,;;es of the county mi^ht
fix it at any amoimt, not less than $i,2ixj, nor more
than §2,500. The larger sum was tixed as the
salary.
The following;' persons havi: si'rsed ;is auditors :
1845, William 1!. Hinit, Job Smith, A. II. tJtis;
1846, William l>. limit, J. .Smith, II. Kralick;
1847 184S, Amnion lirown, William 15. Hunt, II.
Kralick; 1849-1852, II. .Saunders, .\. ISrown, Wil-
liam H. Hunt"; 1S52, S. I'oup.ird, James Sal'ford, A.
Mrowii; 1853, S. I'oupard, James Salford, I). L.
(jiiii'k; 1854, J. Safford, 1). L. (Hiirk, M. Anderson;
1855 1857, M. .Anderson, S. l'oii|)ar(l, ("■. Carson;
1857-1860, M. Anderson, (i. C.irson, I). Saekctt;
i860, .M, Anderson, ("ico. Carson, W. II. Craij,';
1861, Charles Steward, M. Anderson, W. II. Craii^;
1862, W. II. Crail^^ Charles Steward, William Taft;
1863, John Hull, Charles Steward, William Taft;
1864, John Hull, C.eo. Carson, William Taft; 1864-
1867, John I'atton, (icorije Carson, Heiij. Sackett;
1867, John I'atton, .Alex. liluc, Henj. Saekctt; 1868,
J. I'atton, .Alex. Hlue, J.imes ,A. \'is,v;er; 1869-1873,
A. Hlue, Michael Kennedy, J. A. \'isi;er; 1873, J. A.
Vis^iT, Samuel /uij, John S. Tibbetts; 1874, S. Zu^,
J. S. Tibbetts, I". C. Limbockcr; 1875, J. S. Tib-
betts, T. Ci. Kimbocker, J.imes Ilolih.in; 1876-1878,
T. (i. Kimbocker, J. Ilolihau, William .Sales; 1878-
1879, William Sales, II. U. Thayer, C. K. I'ill.ird;
1880 1883, W. Sales, J. Ilolihan, C. K. I'illard;
1883-1884, W. Sales, Alex. Mitchie, (',. V. I'illard;
1884- , W. -Sales, Ale.x. Mitehie, Jeremiah
Slicahaii.
Couii/y Ticasurcy.
This oflk-c dates from .Auijiist i , 1792, under an Act
of the Northwest Territory which provided for the
ap|)oinliiiciit by the i^overnor of a county treasurer,
who was recjiiireil to njive $1,500 bonds, and received
live per cent of tlni moneys comiiijjf into his hands
as compensation for his services. Hy Act of De-
cember 17, 1799, his bonds were increased to $3,000.
Under the Territory of Indiana, and also of Mielii-
jifan, the governor continued to appoint the treasurer.
By law of November 25, 181 7, he was to be paid by
,1 pircent,i,i;i; on all moneys which he receiveil and
paid out. Under the same law Duncan Reid
bec.ime the lirst and only assessor the county has
ever had. Under .Act of April 21, 182,, the com-
mission of the treasurer then in oHice ceased, and
.after iSj6 county treasurers wi're elected. The
term lasted but a year, liy Act of \\>\\\ 13, 1827,
till' ti'rm w.is lengthened to three years. Act of
June 26, 1832, made the treasurer the auditor as
well, but his action was subject to re\ision by the
Hoard of Supcrsisors. An Ai't of .April 13, 1833,
provided that the treasurer should ntain for his
.services not over three per cent of the moneys
received by him; and any excess o\er one luuidred
dollars was to bi' cri'dited to the coiuitv.
Under and since the Constitution of 1835, the
treasurer has bi'cn elected for terms of«two years.
The |)rotits of the ollice, in former years, consisted
not only in the salary received, but in the interest
received on county funds, deposited with, or loaned
out, to b.inks or individuals. Up to 1881 the tre.is-
urers furnished their own books, and took them
aw.iy when their term closed. Many important
details of i)ast doings are, therefore, not in possession
of the public. An Act of May 27, 1879, i)rovitled
that after January i, 1881, the books of the treas-
urer should be provided and o\\ ned by the countv,
aiul that the treasurer shoukl deposit his receipts
daily in .some bank, to be ilesijrnated by himself and
the auditors jointly, and that the funds should be
drawn out only on the order of the auditors and the
treasurer.
Under law of May 24, 1879, and from January i,
1881, the .salary of the treasurer has been $5,000.
I lis assistants are paid by the county.
The county treasurers have been as follows:
1801-1805, Mattl; w Krnesi; 1805, Richard
Smyth; November 26, 1817, to October 17, 1825,
Conrad Ten Kyck ; October 17, 1825/833, I'eter
Desnoyers; 1833-1836, D. Krench ; 1836, IClliot
Cray; 1 837-1 840, O. Spencer ; 1840-1843, K. C.il-
lett; 1843-1845, I'eter Desnoyers; 1845-1850, D.
J.Campau; 1850, J. H. .Schick; 1851 1855, (i. M.
Rich; 1855 1857, William Ilarsha; 1857-1861, G.
M. Rich; 1861-1863. John IJloyiik ; 1863-1867,
Georye Miller; 1867-1869, E. P. Henoit ; 1869-
1873. Paul Gies; 1873-1875, John K. W. Thon ;
1875-1879, Geori^e II. Stellwa.v,a'n ; 1879-1883,
Kin 15. Crosby ; 1883- , 15. N'ounijblood.
County Clerk.
This otfice was unknown to Wayne County until
created by Act of May 8, 1820, which provided
that the clerk of the county courts should act
as clerk of the county. On November 5, 1829,
additional provision was made for this officer, and
he was to be paid by the fees received.
126
COUNTY OFl'lCKKS AND TIIKIR DUTIES.
Fonnurly llic clirk rcicivuil $2,500 a year and
fees, his deputy clerks bein^' paiil by the eoiiiuy.
All Act of April 19, 1873, iiu-rcascc! his salary to
$6,000, witl) fees additional, ami he was to p.iy his
own assistaiUs. I5y law of 1879, ami since January
I, 1881, all fees received by him arc p.iid to tile
county treasurer, ami his salary, nf noi more tiian
$3,000, is fixed by the county auditors.
From 1850 to 1.873 ''"^ county clerk, or liis
deputy, was clerk of the Sujireme (.Hurt of the
State at the terms held in Detroit. At tiie present
time he is clerk of the Hoard of Supervisors and of
the Circuit Court. All of the township oliicers
report to him. All the records of liic Circuit (.'ourt,
the n.tlurali/.ation papers, ,-uid tiie election n'turns
for the county ari' ilepositeil in his otlice. All arti-
cles of incorporation of I'dl societies, and business
corporations of every kind, .also partnership a,v(ree-
nients, ;ind ;ill niarriai.;es, and the ycarl;- record of
births and deaths .are recorded in his ollice.
The county clerks li.ive been as follows: 1826,
riiilip l.ccuyer; 18:17 ''"'I i'^-8, Jerenii.ih \'. k. Ten
Eyck; 1829-1832, J.anies H. Whipple; 1.S32 1836,
Isaacs. Rowland; 1.S36, (1. .Mott Willi.uns ; [S37,
T. K. Tallm.ui; 1838-1841, Charles I'cltier; 1841
and 1842, Theodore Williams; 1843-1847, Cicorvre
R. driswold; 1847 ;uid 1848, 1). C. llolbrook; 1849
and 1850, S. .\. U.iv^if; 1851 ami 1852, Jeremiah
Van Rensselaer; 1853-1857, K. Hawley, Jr.; 1857
1861, Knos T. Throop; 1861 .ind 1862, D.ivid
Walker; 1863 and 1864, J.ireil I'atchin; 1865 1869,
J. D. Weir; 1869-1873, Stephen 1'. rurdy ; 1873-
1877, Ray Il.-.ddock; 1877-1879, Jeremiah She.ihan ;
1879-1883, R. A. Liijjrett ; 1883- , J. J. Knright.
County Siipcrintiiidi-nt of Schools.
This oll'ice was created by Act of March 13, 1867,
with the desiijn of promotinij the ell'iciency of coun-
try schools. The salary w;is from $1,000 to $1,500.
The ollice was abolished by Act of March 20, 1875,
which provided for township superintendents.
The followinii; persons served as County Su])er-
intendents: 1867-1873, Lester R. Brown; 1873-
1876. G. C. Gordon.
Drain Commissioners.
Provision was first made for this office by i.iw of
M.in li 15, 1861, wlu'ii the JSoard of Supervisors was
,i;ivcn [lower to .appoint three Drain Commi.ssioners.
iJy i.iw of March 22, 1869, only one was to be
chosen, .and he w;is to be I'Iccted on the first Mon-
day in April, to .serve for one ye.ir, and not to be
paid over $4.cx) a d.iy. A further l.iw of April 13,
1871, provided for the election of a dr.iin tomiiiis-
sioiuT in each township, to locate and construct
ditches for drain,i,i;e purposes; .iml all ditches were
to be m.ide under his direction.
The followiivi; have served as county comniis-
sioniTs :
18C1 1864. T. I'. M.irtin, L. J. Ford, F. M. Wing;
1864 1866. T. 1'. Martin, Ale.x.ander Hluc, 1.. J.
Ford; 1866, J.ared D.ividson, D.ivid S.ickctt, Il.ir-
vcy Mer.-ell; 1867-1869, H. Mcrrell, J. D.avidson,
I'clcr 'I'crnes; 1869-1871, H. .Mrrrell ; 1871 1S73,
Amos Otis; 1873, .Scth Smith; 1874, T. 1'. .M.trtin;
1875-1884, Wellington Kills; 1884. W. Whitacre.
County Siin><yor,
This olfu cr is the legitimate successor of the office
of district surveyor, which w.is .authori/ed by Acts
of September 14, 1806, .and June 8, 1819. The offi-
cer was .ippoinlcd by the governor, and p.iid by the
fees received, liy .\ct of July 31, 1830, each county
was designated ;is ;i si!r\eyor's district, and one sur-
veyor for e.ach was to be a[)pointed by the governor.
Under and since the Constitution of 1835, county
surveyors are elected with other county officers,
serve two years, and they h.ive no s.alary.
The following have .served as county surveyors :
1830, John Mullett; 1831-1837, John F.'irmer;
1837 1841, Fli lir.idshaw; 1841-1S49, V.. liawley,
Jr.; 1849-1851, Willi.im H. Brown; 1851-1853,
Henry Brevoort, Jr.; 1853 1855, Thom.is Camp.iu;
1855-1860, N.Thelan; i860, David Gninger; 1861
1863, William B. Kna])p; 1863-1865, William Ives;
1865-1869, \. Thckm; 186(^-1873, A. H. Wilmarth.
1873 1875, K. J.Goodell; 1875-1877, L. D. Harris;
1 877- 1 88 1. C. H. Ellis; 1 881- , E. Goodell.
TDK
J5Y laM
(>. 1790, t
ized to (I
'y, as e.u
li.nl been
troit, M;i
1802, or
K.'inized.
n.aw was
the towns
elude the 1
it w.is ;ig;i
include dr
Cass est.il)
tr.imck, M,
'I'lie re.i
river const
townships.
n.irrowed t
divided int
crc.it ion of
^^^7' l)ounc
of Detroit,
Brownstowi
lin. On Oc
!^hips were (
which ceasi
towiisliip iia
.'ind by ;i lau
townsiiip of
sa.ne townsl
niation of Cii
ship of Dear
Act of Marcl
to Dearborn.
On .M.irch
W.IS formed (
wells. On M
W.IS formed
I-ivoni.i w.as
been einbr.ice:
then in Nank
formed out o
By law, takiiii.
ClIAPTEK XXII
'JMII': TOWNSIIII'S Ol'
WAVNM C()lINrV.-I)i;kl\'AII()N OK ■lOWNSIIII'
T<j\VNsiiii' ofiici;ks.
NAMi:;;.--
Tf)\vNsirn's.
By law of tlic Northwest 'iLrritory, of Novenilxjr
6, i7yo, the Court of Quarter Sessions was autlior-
ized to (lividi- couiuit's into towuships, /Vcconliiii,^-
ly, as early as November i, I7<>S, four townsliips
liad l)i'eu createil ill Wayne County, namely, De-
troit, M.ukiiiaw, S;irv;ent, and Il.imtramek. In
iSoj, or earlier, the township of .St. Clair was or-
j^^anized. On June 8, 1803, the township of Macki-
naw was newly defined. On December 2r, 1S03,
the township (jf Detroit was e.xtended .so as to in-
clude the f.irin of John Askin, and on June 4, i>So5,
it was aj^ain e.xtended as far as Huron River, and to
include (Irosse Isle. On January 5, 181.S, Ciovernor
Cass established the townships of .Sprinirwells, Ilam-
traiiick, .Moj;u;i}ro, Huron, and St, Clair.
The rear lifie of the Private Claims aloniL,^ the
river constituted the western boundary of these
townshi|)s. It was not until the county had been
narrowed to its present dimensions that it was all
divided into townships. Simultaneously with the
creation of the Hoard of Supervisors, on April 12,
1827, bound.iries were established for the townships
of Detroit, Sprinvjwells, llamtramck, Monyuagon,
Urownstown, I'lymouth, JCcorce, Huron, and Buck-
lin. On October 29, 1S29, Nankin and I'ekin town-
ships were created out of the towusiiip of liucklin,
which ceased to exist. On I\Iarch 21, 1833, the
township name of Pekin was changed to Redford,
and l)y a law which took effect on April i, 1S33, the
township of Dearborn was created out of part of the
.sa.ne township. On October 23, 1S34, by procla-
mation of Ciovernor Porter, the name of the town-
ship of Dearborn was changeil to IJucklin, and by
Act of March 26, 1836, it was changed back again
to Dearborn.
On March 31, 1833, the township of Greenfield
was formed out of i)art of the township of Spring-
wells. On March 7, 1834, the township of Canton
was fornu'd out of Plymouth, The township of
I.ivonia was created on March 17, 1835; it had
been embraced, first in the township of Bucklin, and
then in Nankin. The township of Romulus was
formed out of Huron, by Act of the same date.
By law, taking effect April 6, 1835, Van Buren was
formed out of part of Huron. Sumpter was org.m-
ized on .April (>, 1840. On l-'ebruary 16, 1842, apart
of P.rownstown was attached to Monguagon. On
March ly, 1845, the n.ime of Romulus was changed
to Wayne, and on January 26, 1848, was changed
back again to Romulus. Taylor was created out of
Kcorce, on April 1, 1847, and Crosse Pointe out of
llamtramck on .\pril i, 1848. On March 3, 1849,
Crosse Pointe was increased in size by the addi-
tion of territory from llamtramck. On .April 2,
1850, Creeiitield was enlarged by the aiklition of
territory from Springwells, and on March 25, 1873,
it was diminished by taking from it certain territory,
which was added to Springwells. 'I'lie At'ts of 1832
and 1836, enlarging the limits of the I'ity, took cer-
tain territory from Hamtramck, a i)ortion of which
was restored in 1842. In 1857 and in 1875 other
territory from Hamtramck was added to Detroit.
The township of Springwells contributed a portion
of territory to Detroit, by .Acts of 1849, 1857, and
1875; and a small portion was al.so taken from
Greenfield and atlded to Detroit in 1875,
In 1883 the limits of the several townships were
as follows :
. Bro7unstinun was bounded on the north by the
town line between Towns 3 and 4 .south of 1< 10 K ;
on the south by the Huron River; on the east by
a line running .south through the centers of Sections
2, II, 14, 23, and 26, and thence east on the south
line of Sections 26 and 25 to the Detroit River ; and
on the west by the town line between Ranges 9
and 10.
Canton included all of Town 2 South Range 8
east.
Dearborn was bounded on the north by the town
line between Towns i and 2 south of Range 10
east ; on the south by the town lines between Towns
2 and 3 of l^ange 10 east ; on the east by the town
line between Ranges 10 and 11 ea.st, the west boun-
daries of Private Claims 670 and 31, and a line there-
from extending to the river Rouge.
Kcorce was bounded on the north by the river
Rouge; on the .south by the town line between
Towns 3 and 4 south of Ranges 10 and 1 1 ; on the
east by the Detroit River ; and on the west by the
[•^7]
i_>S
!)i:kl\ AIION OF ToWNhllll' NAMIIS.
■si liiu' of l'ii\;iU' Chiiii
1 ;i , and 11k- scclmn liiir (i
II lo lasl. lyirij; \mm of ilic wtsL line of Stctioiis
llii: wisl side of Sictions 2, ii. 14. j;,. 2(>. and
of 'I'owu 3 Soiiili Kaiim' 10 last.
(/ /■<ISS(
I'oiiili' was homuk-d o;
11 tl
\v north l)\-
til
CDimty liiK'; on tin.' soiitlt and lasl liy Drtioit l\i\ir
anil Laki; St. (.'lair; on llu' wist by tlu' si'ction iinr
on west sidi' of Sirtions .: and i 1 in Town 1 south
of K;;n,v;i' \i I'ast, by tiic north iinr of Private Claini
394 and Connor's LiTi-k, thr sitlion line on east side
of Seetion 11, and the west line of Private Claim 725.
Liiiiiifii/d was bounded i n the nor'li by the
countv line; on the south by a line runnini; east and
West throu;^h the lenter of Se tions 4, 5 inu (< in
I'owii 2 of Kan;^e I I east, extendinj; east initil it
interseels a line drawn parallel with the east line of
I'rivate claim 2(^0, ,iiul thenei; ea.>t aloni; the rear
line of farms to the line of Twelfth .'■Hreet, in the eity
of Detroit, and the south line of the Ten- Thousand-
Aere 'I'ract to the I'ontiai- koad ; on the east by
the town line between l\.in,ii;es 1 i and 1 2, the north
line of the 'I'en- Thousand- Aere Traet, and tin-
I'ontiae koad; on the west bytlietown liiie between
kani.;es 10 and 1 1.
Haiiilrtviiik' was bounded on the north by the
county line; on the .south by the Detroit kivirand
the south line of the Ten-'rhousand-.Aere Traet and
the quarter line of Seetion 2iS; on the east by the
west bounilarv of Crosse I'ointe; and on the \\est
by the i:ast boimilary of Cireenlield and the eity of
Detroit.
Huron ihcluded all of Town 4 south uf Kaiii,re y
east.
Lh'oniii ineliided all of Town 1 south of Range
9 east.
Jfoni^iicii^oii was bounded on the north l)y the
town line between Towns 3 and 4; on the south by
the south line of .Seetions jj and 26 in 'Town 4
soutli, Range 10 ci, it, and incUideil ali of (Irossc
Isle on the east; on the west it was boinided Ijy a
line I'lnning nortli and south thn ugh the eenter
of Seetions 2, 1 1, 14. 23, and 26.
.\'ii Ill-Ill ineliidetl all of 'Town 2 south of Range 9
east.
Plymouth included all of I'own i soutli of Range
S east.
Rciiford included all uf 'Town i south of Range
10 cast.
Romulus ineluiled all of 'Town 3 souih of Range 9
east.
S/)r/ii^:o,//s was boinided on the north by the
.south boundary of tM-eeiilield ; on the south by the
river Rouge; on the cast by the cast line of Private
Claim 78; and on the west liy the cast boundary of
Dearborn.
Suiiifitrr included all of Town 4 south of Range
8 cast.
Tayloi included all of 'Town 3 soiilh of Range
II, 14, 2},, 26, ,-ind
/■
lillltl!
liicluileil
.f 1
own
soutli o
Range 8 e.isl.
lilKI\\rin\ (11- TOWNSIIII' NAMI'S.
I l.imtr.iiiuk w.is named in honor of C'oloiiel John
!•'. Ilamtramck, tirst Ciiited ,Siates eoniniaiider of
Detroit.
'\\\v name of .Springwells has reference to the
numerous s|iriiigs which there .iboiind. 'The early
settlers called this region lielle-fontaine.
Ilidwnstown ileri\eil its name from .Xdani lirown,
an T".nglislim,in, who, when about eight years old,
was c.i|niired in N'irginia in ( )ctober, \'](i\, by the
W'y.indolte Indi.uis, among whom he grew up, be-
coniing one of the iirincipal chiefs of the tribe. I le
lived at, or iie.ir, what is now Ciibrali.ir, and had
charge of the archives of the tribe, lie was living
as late as 1812 or 1813.
Moiiguagon, o'- Maguagoii, was the name of a
Potowataniie chief, who li\ed on the Detroit as early
as 1755.
Plymouth township was probably named in honor
of the first iVnicrican settlement at Plymouth Rock.
Rcorce takes its name from the ri\er l^corcc, or
Bark River, which llows through the township. It
w.is so called by the I'"rciich and Indians because of
the birch and other barks procured along its banks.
'The name of Huron comes from the old Indian
trilie which frequented this region,
Hucklin was named after William iUicklin, a jus-
tice of the peace, ;ind the lirst white settler in the
township which bore his name.
Concerning the names of Nankin, Pckiii, and
Canton, the following facts appear in the Legislative
Journal. A law of April 12, 1827, prohibited the
incorporation of any township having the same
name as any post-ot'tice then existing'; in the I'nitcd
.States. 'The legislative council, : )raiU or forget-
ful of this law, on October 20, i8_.y, p...,scil an Act
creating the townships of Lima and Richl.uul out of
the township of P>uckliii. (io\crnor Cass returned
the bill the iie.Nt day, unapproved, for the reason ih.at
it coiiilicteil with the kiw in question. 'The council
then determined to se'.ect names that Wdulil dupli-
cate no oth'Ts 111 America, 'i'hcreuiion the names of
X.inkin and Pekin were substituted in the bill, and
the townships were duly created. It is a coinci-
dence worth noting that in 1829, the year these
townshii)s v.cre named, the first ymeriian mission-
ary started for China. 'The name of Pekin was
changed to Redford in 1833,1)111 tin ncM year the
townsl«p of Canton was created, the council being
apparently determined to have two Chinese names.
Redford, or Ro.igc-ford, is probably so called
because of the fording of the river Kouge, which
1^
'lOWXSllll' ()| 1 ICKRS.
129
llows llirouj^li this towiisliii), by llic Indians w lini
till tluii" WAV from llif iinriii lo Kdii Maldm, to
ivciivc tliL' annual j;ilis of tin.' iiriiisli ( ioxcrnnKiit.
I)iaii)orM was nanuil in iionor of ( itiiiTal I Iciiry
I)i-ail)orn, of the I'liilnl Stairs Army.
'I'iii; vriy n.inif of I iri'i'iilicKI sn;^\;rsis its orii^in,
and its j^iwn licids arc IjoiIi hi-aiitifnl and prodiic-
tivf.
Livonia, as a lownsliip naiiu", is donhlliss liu:
iX'sull i)f an rffori to pi'muiv a name noi dnplicati'd
tisfwlurc in tlu' I niird .M.itrs; ii is iTohai)!)' named
after one of llie \wstern provinces of Kiissi.i.
l\omiilus reminds 11s at oiuc uf the founder and
i<in;;- of aneieiil l\on\e.
\'an lliireii is nanieil after Martin \'an ISureii,
i.i!L;litli I'residi'ni of llie I nited .Slates, wiio was
nomin.iled llie year llie township was erealu!.!.
Siiniphr. ,iltliouj;li ineorreetly spelled by the aiidi-
lion uf Uie letter/, commemorates the name uf the
revoiiilionary patriol, (leiieral Thomas .Sunilcr, one
of llie independent Southern yenerals, who, willi
M.uion, ditlsiieli \alianl .serviic.
(iros.su roiiUc is so iiaincd because of il.s size, ami
its projection into Lake .St. L lair.
'i'aylor w.is n.inied in lioiior of ( leiier.il Zachary
'I'.aylor, iwelftli I'ri-sidciit of the Inited St.iles, ,ind
hero of the Me\ic,m W'.ir, which eloseil the year
llie luwiislii[) was or;.^ani/ed.
riiWNsiii I' I Ml icr.Ks.
I'lulir the Northwesl Territory, ,1 law of January
i.S, iSoj, pro\ided fnr thi' election in e.icli township,
on the lirsi Mond.iy in .\i)ril, of one or more super-
visoi's. ,1 township clerk, three irustees or man.ii^i'rs,
two or more overseers of the poor, three feiiee-
viewei's, two appi'.iisers of houses, one lister of ta.\-
ablc properly, and one or more constables, I'lider
Micliii^.in i'crrilory the same oltices existed. lly
law of M,u"cli 30, 1SJ7, town eleclions were held as
before, and ihe followini^ township olliiers were
provided for; a supervisor, town cleik, three or li\i'
assessors, a I'olleclor, two o\ersi'ers of the poo|-.
three lomniissiouers of hij^hways, ami as iiiaiiv
fe ■e-viewers, constables, and pouml-masiers as the
|)eoiile cliosi- to elect. l>y Revised Stalules of iSjS,
the town oUuers were to ct)iisist uf a supervisor,
clirk, treasurer, three assessors, a collector, three
school ins[)t3Cturs, two directors of poor, three com-
OAhLAXV CO
^i>' /•■
MACO.UB CO.
', n- j t-j. i^■vV
Aivsnoe CO.
l'o»N-.|lll' M.M' OK WaVM'. CdCNTY,
I30
TOWNSIlll' ()|-|-ici:rs.
niis.sidiicrs (jf liij;li\\ay>, and siiih ntni:l)cr of justict-s
Jis tin: people (li-sirt(l. I»y Kcxisid Staliitrs of
ICS46, tin; olliccrs wtTc tin; same, <m cpl llial llicru
was to 1)0 no in-asiirtT or rolluclor, aiul biiL two
assessors.
TIk" ('oiisiiuilinii of 1.S50 i)ro\i(lc(l for llu; clfction,
on till- lirsl Monday of Api'il, of a supervisor, a
elerk, a (diiiniissioiicr, and an oscrsecr of lii.i,;li\vays
for I'aili (lisiricl, a treasurer, not more lli.ui four
constables, ;ind .1 school inspector, this l.ist oHici;
lo lie lilird by the <lcrk. A law of April 13, 1.S71,
providid for drain <-onnnissioners.
The supervisor is .it the he.id of the township
j^oNcrnnient. Ili' ni.ikcs the ;issessnient roll, .and is
allowed $J.<j<J .1 day for his services. The town
I Icrk keeps the town reiiirds .and .1 re;;ister of
ih.ili'l niori'^a^cs; he receives $1.50 .1 d.iy for the
time employed in his duties. Tlu' commissioner of
hi^liw,i\s deterniines the number of ro.id distiicis,
.and receives S'-j" •' day for lime em|)loyed. There
is .in overseer of hi^hw.iys, or p.ith-m.isier, for e.ich
ro.id district; he is elected by the |)eoi)le, rvVvr Toir,
the numbi r of such othiers bein.if determined by tin;
luimber of ro.id districts. 'I'hey serve without p.ay.
The township treasurer ( ollccts the town t.i.\es, .anil
rei ei\es olR- pir ((.lit oil .'ill .inioiuits colliMled be-
fore J.iniiary 1 of e.icli year, .and four pw cent on
.amounts collccled after that d.itc. The inspector of
schools determines the bounds of school ilislricts,
.and receiv(;s ^2x)o per d.iy. A townshi]') superin-
tendent of schools w.is provided f(.ir by Act of
Man h 20, i<S75. lie inspects the schools, and, with
the inspector, m.ay ch.inj^e the bounds of school dis-
tricts. I ic; receives $2.00 .a d.iy for time spiiit in his
duties.
K.\(T|)tin.yf those for Detroit, the only n.iniLs found
of supervisors .servin;^' prior to 1S27 .are .as follows :
I l.imir.tm<k : ilSi^!, Henry Connor .and John Mel-
drum ; i.Siv. Willi. nil Little; 1823, I' \'.in livery.
.S|)riii!i;wells : i.Si.S, W'.irreii llow.ard; i.Sk^, I'r.iii-
cis L'icolle; 1S21, James .M.ay.
Monv;ii.i.ni)ii : 1 8 i.S, Jason Thurston ; i8i(j, A. C.
Truax ; 1.S20, 15. Rowley; 1822, Arleiii.as llosmer.
The ii.imes of the super\isors of .all townships
.and ( ities, e.M ciil Detroit, •ince 1827 .are as follows:
ll.wii K.AMi K : 1827 1853, C. .Mor.in, 18^;
1837. I'. \'.in I'A'ery ; 18^7 1841, I.oiiis I5e.iuf.iit;
1841, John Kirby; 1X4J. I.ouis lle.iufait; 1843,
.\nlhonv D.imito; 1844, W, I',. 1 hint ; 18 4:;, (■,eor^re
.\lo|•.ln ; 184O, I,. .Mor.in ; 1847. Jed. I'. C. Kmnioii^ ;
1848, A. Daiiiito; \H^>) 1 .S6j, John M. .M.a- k ; i,Sr,2
iHfx), Henry W. Deaic ; i.S6(y 1871, I,.iwreni c \V.
D.illon ; 1871, II. W. Dc.ire; 1872 1875, J.imes
llolih.in; 1875, John Kevciiy; .876 1883, J.imus
A. X'lsj^cr; 1883 , W. C. M.thonev.
Si'KINOWKI.I.S:
1827 1830, I'eier (iodfrny; 1830,
1837 l,S.4i), j'eler ( lodfroy ; I 840, (ieor;;e \\ . r.idell;
1841, I'cter (iodfroy; i,S.j2 1845, .S.iiiiuel Trudell ;
1845, William I l.arsha ; 184O, Joseph ll.aron; 1.S47
|84(>, S.amuel Medill ; 1849 1851, .S. Trudell ; 1851
183,, W, \V. Irwin; 1855, Hernaid II.k kill ; 1856,
S. Iriidell; 1857 185(^,11. Il,ij;i;erty ; 1859,11. M.
D.ivis; i8ri() 1863, II. i|;n;v;crty ; i8f)3 180^, Ij-ne.st
k.anspach ; i8()9 1875, II. Il.ii;!^erly ; 1873 1881,
Conr.ad Clippert ; 1881 1884, I,. 1). I l.mmrty ; 1884
. J. II. Cli.sby.
.\ln\(,r AdD.N ; 1827 1829, A. C. Tru.a.N ; 1829,
James Willi.ams; 1830 1832, Ar.i Spr,it;ue ; 1832,
II. I', rowers; 1833, Henry K.aymoiid ; 1834,
kii hard .Sin\th; 1835 1838, II. j'. Tout is ; 1838,
John .\. kiicker ; 1839 1842, A. C. Tni.ax ; 1.S42
1844, Thom.is Lewis; 1844, W. J. AKurd; 1845,
II. .S.iunders ; 184^1 1849, (',. I!, l-iloi iiin ; 184(^,11.
(if.iy; 1850, 1 1. S.iiinders ; 1851 1855, J. I. D.avid ;
1855, Thom.is Lewis; 185^1, II. .S.iunders; 1857
1859, J,inics( .ampbcll ; nS^i;, D.ill.as N'orvell ; i86(j
i.Sr,4, Willi.iin l\es; 1 S64 i8r,C,, D.ill.as Ndrvell ;
i.S^O, ,\. Dudv^con ; 18^17, W'm. Ives ; 1868, (.'. Ives;
18^,9 1871, John (lee ; 1 87 I , J.iines I. D.ivid ; 1872,
.\lvin .\. Turner; 1873 1875, J.imes 1 1, \reel.iiid ;
1875 1877, D.miel Ke.anme; 1877 1879, Willi.iin J.
Duddlison; 1879, James 1 1. X'reel.and ; 1880, W.J.
Duddl(son; 1881, John C lee ; 1882-1883- , Louis
Ciidh.
l)Ki)WNsi')\v\ : iX-\7, Mo.ses Roberts; 1828
1830, .Sell) Diinh.im ; 1830, C, Ilrown; 1831. D. C.
\reel.iiid; 1832, D. Smiih ; 1833 1835, John T'orbes ;
■'^35 '"^.^7» I honi.is ll.irrym.iii ; 1837 1840, John
I'orbes; 1840, John fook ; 1841 1844, 'Thos. I l.irry-
ni.in; 1844, I). (.. \reel.aii(l; 1845, II. I'. X'.aii Lleve;
i.S4r), John Forbes; 1847, Jo.seph Seidell; 1848, J.
T'orbes; 1849, John Cook; 1850, li. T'. Knapp;
1851, J. L. N(.ir; 1852 1854, ( leorj^e Carson ; 1854-
1857, li. I'. Kn.ipi); 1857, J. W. \'an Riper; 1858,
li. 1'. Kn.api); 1859 1861, J. N. Iliti li< r.i k ; 1.861-
l.Sr,5, John W. \an Riper; 1,865-1,868, J. N. Ilitcli-
co(k; 1868, 15. I'. Kii.api); 1869, W. II. Hooper;
187 J 1875, William Stolid ; 1875, John Wood;
t876 1878, Samuel T. Hendricks; 1878- , Win.
F. Stollet.
I'l.vMotrni : -1827 i8jo, William l5.artovv; 1830,
R. Root; 1831, J.ames I'urdy ; 1832-1834, I'hilo
'T.iylor; 1834, Roswell Root; 1835, I. M. Mead;
1836, II. .\. Noyes; I037, Jon.ath.in .She.irer ; 1838.
J.imes De Mott ; 18^9, Roswell Root; l84(j 1842,
Henry li. Ilolbrook; 1842 1845, F. J. I'eiinim.an;
1845 1847, II. li. Ilolbrook; 1847 1849, J. She.irer;
|84(;, H. T"rali( k ; 1850, T",. J. I'cnnim.in ; 1851, J. 15.
Covert; 1852, II. T'ralick ; 1853 1855, J. .S. 'Tibbetts;
1855, C. .\. St.irkwe.ather; 1856, J. S. Tibbetts; 1857,
II. linidley; 1858 i860, ('.. A. St.irkwe.ather ; i860-
1.S62, Willi.am 'T.ilft ; 1862. C. A. St.irkwe.ather;
K. A. Forsyth ; 1831 1837, William Woodbridj^c , 1863 1866, Winlield Sc<nt ; 1866 1872, Hir.im li
I'h.iyer
rii.ayer
'■^9. \
H. H. I
( loodcll
( ioodcll
•inl Sutii
'«47.J.(
."y
Ill.'Ko
Amos 1/
ford; iX
Crowfoot
nier; i,S3
'^40. Er;
■1". J. Do
'''^'49. Jos
1852 (.S54
'•vans; (,s
T. Kv.ans;
•"^niiiji; |,s^
iX.Su, II. I
. Joscp
'if'cKi.ir
N \ N K I .\
"• ^'h.inij);
Aiiiiiion lir,
^\\ifi; i.S4(
'•'''-12, .M. .sv
\olney W'ij
'^5". A. |!r,
l>. Walker;
W'.ilkcr; i,S:
Slr.ii-lii ; I.S'
W.ilkcr; i,S6
•"^1' llw.i^cii ;
S.iiniiel A, (
''VS '878, J,,
>>^7') 1881, (
H.iywciod; |,s
i'i:Ki\ • I
Ferrini-toti.
I'tr.DIOK.i,.
'''^'4-'. Hir.im S
'■'''45. A. Sloek
'''4<j. <;. W. F
<;• V\'. Ferrin;^
D. S.ii kett ; i.S
'^■ivid .S,„kitt;
'^"'M'cr, i,S66 I
•"^"lilli; i,SY„;, y
■'^'K'ch.in ; ;X7i
''^"^'•1 It. I'ierc^
^Voodriiff, i,S7,*
TOWNSIIII' Ol'FlCF.kS.
'.>'
riiaycr; i<S7J, W mricld Scnlt ; 1875 1.S75, II. 11.
I'liayir ; 1.S75 i,S7,S, W . S( oil ; i,S7.S, I Ic iir\ 1 liinl ;
1X71;, W. .Scoll; iiSiSu hSSj, S. J. S|)riii;;(r; 1882,
il. I!. I'liaycr: 1.S.S3 . C. I). Durln-.
I'.i ipKi.'i: : il-iJ7-i8jv, J. I i< oiic ; 1.S29 183^, I).
<i<ii)(|(ll; 1835 18;/), John raliiur; 1836 |83(;, Jonas
( ioiidcll ; 1839, C'hailis Sliwaid; 1840 184J, Kii li-
■nnl Stillilf ; 184: i84r), John I'.iddic; 184^,, J. Xisi^cr;
1847. J. (ioodcll ; 1848 1856, I,. C'icolU-; 1856 iXOj,
E. V'isj^i-r; i86j 1867, Janus A. \'is,i;cr; 1867
, llyaiiiiilii; !•'. Ki(i|)( lie.
IliiuoN; i8j7 i8jv, l'i(js|)cr l.anicnsc; i8_'(;,
Amos 1 loWL- ; 1830, A. M( Natli ; 1831, J. (raw-
ford; 1832 1S34, I!, liiadsliaw ; 1834 1836, Joliii
Crowfoot; iX^i'i, S. II. Downs; 1837, /Xilcinas I los-
nicr; 1838, I',. rira<lsliaw; 1839, Martin II. P'ord ;
1840, jj-aslus I'ricsl; 1841, John Crowfoot; t842,
T. J. Downs; [843 t84'^), John Crowfoot; i8.[C)
t849, Joscpl) I'Aans; 1849 1852, I.. Scviraruc ;
1852 (854, \V. S. liosnicr ; [854 i8r,8, Jomi)Ii
i'.vans; 1868 1871, Moses K. Now land ; i87i,'!'lico.
T. I'.vans; 1872, A. I'. 'I'liaycr; 1873 1875. C. W,
Smith; 1875, J(jsc|)h Wall/,; 1876, Ih nry \Vav;ir ;
1877 1879. 11. !,. Slollcl; 1879. Myicn II. i:ilis ;
1880, II. I.. .StolKl ; 1881 1883, M. 11. i;iiis; 1883
, josijili Wall/..
IIiickiin: 1827 1830, Marcus Swift.
Nankin: 1830 1833, Man us Swift; 1833, C.
D. Cham)); 1834, /Xdolpims r.rit;liam ; 1835 1838,
Ammon I'irown; 1838,(1. D.Chnl)!); 1839, Marcus
Swifl; 1840, \'. Wii^him.ui; 1841, S. I". Cady ;
1842, M. Swift; 1843, .Ammon llrown; 1844 1846,
\'ohicy Wi-hlman; 184(1, I'.. Ilawlcy, Jr.; 1847
1850, .\. I'.rowii; 1850 1855, W. iMJmoiids; 1855,
I). Walker; |85(), W. i:dmonds ; 1857 1859, D.
Walker; 1859 i8()i, Wilh'am I'.dmonds; i8()i, D.
Slr.iii^ht ; 1862 1864, W. l''.dmoiids; 1864, D.ivid
W.ilkir; i8(.5 i8(,8, J. J. rainier: i8(.8 1870, (ieo.
St( llwa;,;iii ; 1870 1872, William ImJuioikIs ; 1872,
SamiK-l A. C.idy; 187^, 1875, ( ,e()i\;c Slellwa,;;e!i ;
1875 iS78,John I'.. Wallaic; 1 878, Oscar S. Slrai.i.;hl ;
|87<; 1881, ( hailes II. Cady; 1881, W illi.iui II.
Il.iywood; 1882 , C. II. (adv.
I'KKiN • 1830 1832, C. Ten l^yck ; 1832, C. W.
l''erriin;loii.
KmiIiikh: 1833 1840, C W. l'"ciTiiv.4toii ; 1840
1842, I liiam Sc;,;iir; 1842 1845,(1. W. lerrini.;toii ;
1845, .\. St(M kwcll ; 1846, I'. K. riioiii|)son; 1847
|84(;, {',. W. l''errin;,;ion : 1849, .\. Stockwcll ; 1850,
('.. W. I'crriin^loii ; 1851, D. Walker; 1852 1856,
D. Sacketl; 1856 1862. Alfred Harris; r8C2 1864.
D.ivid Sa. keit ; i8'S4, Alfred Harris; 1865. |. J. T.
/ic'^lcr, i8r,r, i8r,8, J. J. I'rindU;; i8r)8. William A.
Smith; i8ri9, A. J. Wi\om ; 1870 1872, Jetcniiali
Sliech.iii; 1872 i.i74, Alfred Harris; 1874 1876,
Ansel H. I'ierre; 1876, John M. Lee; 1877, A. S.
Woodruff, 1878, Asa H. Wilmarlh; 1879 1881, H.
I. Iiurijiss; 1881, Da\ id < ieiiey ; 1882 , John
M. I.ee.
Di:\KH((KN: [833 1839, C. 'ren V.yrk ; 1839,
Cyrus Howard; 1840, M.iriin \'roonian ; 1841 '1844,
W. <;. i'orter; 1844, Tiins Dort ; 1845, T. M.
.Swceiicy; 184(1, Joshua Howard; 1847 185(1, Titus
Doll; 1850, Cyrus Howard; 1851 1855, II. Wi;,^lit-
iii.ui; 1855, T. Dort; 185^1 1858, II. Wiv^hlm.iii ;
1858, T. Dort ; 1851;, H. Wi^litmaii ; i860 1862, K.
C.ardiier; 1862, T. Dort ; 1863 1867, Willi.un Daly ;
1867, T. Drui; 1868 1870, Willi.uii D.ily ; 1870
1872, J.tred ,\. Sexton; 1872, Cli.ii les N. I'.r.iin.ird ;
1873 1876, Willi.am Daly ; 1876 1 S78, John Coshcy ;
1878 1881, W. Daly; 1881, Charles N. Ilraihard ;
1882 , W. Daly.
C.UKKNiiii.i) : 1833, N. I'. 'I'liaycr; 1834, John
r.urb.ink ; 1835, J.icol) lianai^cr; 183(1 18^8, \. 1',
'I'liaycr; 1838, I,. ( ioodman ; 1831;, Is.iai W. T iillon ;
1841), D,i\id Smart ; 1841, Willi.im C. Maples ; 1842
1846, John lllindbury; 1846, Jolin C. Williams;
1847 1852, A. II. Otis; 1852 1854. J. Mcl'.irlaiic;
1854, A. II. Otis; 1855. J. M( I'.irlanc; i83(), John
.Stron;^ ; 1857 18(14, J.inics Mcl'.irlane ; |8(')4 18(19,
I'clcr Teriies; 1869 1871, C.eorne F. I'll lard ; 1871,
Anlhony 'rernes ; 1872 1878, Cicornr I'. I'ill.ird ;
1878, Waller Ikiidcison; 1879, William A. Mcl'.ii-
laiic; i88l) 1882, Waller Henderson; 1882 1884,
Willi.im A. Mcl''arlaiic; 1884 , W. Henderson.
( animn: 1834 1836, J.imes Salford; kSjC) 1838,
A. \. Murray; 1838 1845, riiilandcr l!ird; 1845.
A.Skvciis; 1846, I). I). Cady; 1847 1852, J. Sahord;
1852 i85(), David Cady; 1856 i8(.i, J. .S.illord ;
i8()i 1873, lir,idshaw llodvjkiiison ; 1873 1878, John
Huston, 2(1; 1878 1884, J, lines .\. .Sal ford ; i88.|
, II. F. Horner.
I.ivonia: 1835 1839, Adoljiluis ISrij^ham; i83(;
1841, (J. C. i.tacli ; 1841, Joshua I'.aiK y ; 1842, W.
'rmile; 1843 1845, Luther Dean ; 1845 1847, (.'. C.
I.ea(h; 1847 i85(j, S. I!. Smith; i85(j 1853, Charles
Nohlc; 185;,, A. J. Crosby; 1854 1857, C.C. I.eaih;
1857, C. Noble; 1858, S. Smith; |85(;, C. C. I.ea(li;
18(10 18C2, J. S. 'libbctls; |8(.2. S. I',. Smith; 1863
Charles Noble; 18(14 18^7, Alc.x.uidcr Dlue ; 1867,
K. I.. .\lc.\;in(ler; 18(18 1870, S. 15 Smith; 1870 1872,
Ira J. Ilradncr; 1872. William II. Smith; 1873-1875,
kansom 1.. AlcNandcr; 1873 1881, Willi.im T. Kal-
icnbury; 1881 1883, John I.. X'roomaii ; 1883, W.
H. Fwini;; 1884 , .Abram Sirins^er.
K(i\li;i,us: 1835 i83(>. I). J. I'lillcn ; 1839, Setli
Marsh; 1840, N. W. I'ullcn; 1841, 11. 15. Atlams ;
1842, N. W. I'ullcn; 1843, John T". Smith ; 1844
1847, John Carr; 1847, N. W. I'ullcn; 1.S48. A. 1'.
N'ouii^;; |84<;, 1,. ISi^elow ; 1850 1853, (1. W.
Moore; 1853 1857, A. j. I'nllcn; 1857 i85(;, J. C.
W'inkleman; 18391868, A. J. I'lilleii ; 1868,
.Ambrose I'. Ndiin^; i86<> 1872, l^'dward Hiii.i,d(' ;
1872, Cieorgc Frosl; 1873, Hiij;li iiradlnirn ; 1S74
13-'
TOWNSIIll' nl'l ICl'.kS.
1.S77, William Whit.u ic ; 1.S77 1X71^, Kdjicii C.
Mini; i.S7'> iSXi, \\ ill:. 1111 Wliil.Kif; 1881, K.
Hin,v;l(: , i<S.Sj , I'ciii ( . Ilinl.
Van liiKi n : 18^3 18 57, l-.hi m/.tr ('. l''..it(pn ;
1857, J. ('. \;uiv;lm, 18 j8, IvC'. l-ildii ; 18 (v. J"l>
Smilii; 184.) 1845, J. I'. Wiiii^lm ; i8.|^ i8.|v 1-li
Itradsli.tw ; 1845 1847, (i.op^c Jrwcil ; 1847, J.
Iliirl ; 1848, I ('. WuikIiii; 184V. '••• *• l.ilon;
1850. k. I', (lark; 1851 i8i;5, 1,. S. AmIciMm;
1855 i8(.;;, Willi, 1111 !•'.. W'ariitr; 18(15, Jaiiics C
\'aiiv;lui; i8h(, 18(18, I., k. I'.iowii; 18^)8 187^, ('.
J. I'.ailnw ; 187^ 1877, W. !■■.. W'.iiiici-; 1877. ( ,ill)crt
I'.niwn; 1878, W'. !•'.. Waimr; 187.; 1881, Jaiiirs
A. SicMiis; 1881 . I|(iii\ 1 1 ivis.
Sl'MlM IK : 1840 184.1, h.i 1'. I'.cach; 184^-,
kdhirl Mcirill ; \X.\] 1847, M. 1 1. I'lird ; 1847 184.;,
•S. ISciincll ; |84(;. \1. II. hold; |8!;() 1858, I', I',
Martin; 1858. 11. I'himl) ; 185.; i8r,5, T. I'. M,,riiii ;
186^, Miiirav Slirniian ; 18^4 1871,!". I'. Martin;
1871 1875, W'.liiii'^tnii i:ilis; 1875 1878, V. I'.
Martin; 1878, |()s.|)li ('. Merrill; 1879, Illias 'I'.
inv^i'isoij; 1880, j. I'.nina|i; 1881 , (li.irlis
M-'rivil.
I W i.oK; — 1847-184V, JarciJ 1di;.\Iuii; ib4'j-i85i,
rclrr (iian, 1851 18(14, *liailis .Sltwaid, 18^)4,
(i. ('. I'ulnani; i8()5 1871, J.inics l'.\;iiis; 1871,
John A. \iooniaii; 1872, J.uiics I'.vaiis ; 1873
1878, j. J. \rooiiiaii ; 1878 i88i), I'dcr lioll/ ; 1880,
<;. I', (o.ui; 1881 188;, I'ticr Hull/; 1883
I' . A. .Srliiiinan.
(iKossh; I'oiNii:: 1848, ( ;corv;c Moraii ; i84(^,
l);iniil ( orliv ; 1850, ( iroii;!- M;irtiii; 1851 1858,
k. M. Kirl)y; 1858. k. Il.( oniior; 1851;, J, A|)|)ly;
i8fi() 1863, k. M. Kiilis ; i8()} 1871. John C.
I'iil<ii<r; 1871 1875. k. M. Kiihy; 1875
I),l\i(l Troliililrv.
( I I \ III W's wiMii 11 : 1870, Jolm Moivjan and
Is.i.ic Simnv; ; 1871, l.iMiidri I cr^nsoii ,inil (. hark:s
Wilks; 187J, ( icurv;c Mars and 1 .onis Stil/ci ; 1873,
<ii(jr',;<- M.irx and 11. 11. I liy; 1874, ( .cor^c .\lar.\
,iiid lames Kiiisi ii ; 187:;, ( .eoii^c M.irx .and ( Ni ar
S.inhiirn; 187(1, !• r;ineis Min4)hv and Jos( |ih < iirardin;
1877, ( ;<'ori^e M.ii\ and i'atriek I'ury ; 1878, k. W'.
I.einhton .ind J. J. Thoii ; i87i>, K. W. I,(iv;hluii
;iiid |. I'. Del.o; 1880 |88.;, k. W'. I.ei'^hloii and
k. M.ison; 1882, Jul. Drennan and .S. 1). Ilinds;
1885, |. l)renn;in and S. J. I ..iwiciicc ; 1884, Charles
S(.liullarl arnJ h. j Lavvrcnti;.
C II A V'VKR X X f I I
■rill'. KAKi.N' <invi:K\Mi:\r oi' Di.iKorr. incokpokation as a 'iowx. kni.i: ok
rill'; (.()\ i;k\(»i-; and h;|)(;i;s.' ki:\'i\'AI. ov i.ocai. (;()\'i;k\Mi;N t.
I'fir, F.MM.v r,ovr.u\'\ii-.v r of i>i rnoir.
'I'lic v;iivciiiiiiciil .mil iIk' Im ,iI .ill.uis uI hciroii
li.ivc .iKv.iys !( c ciM-d .illciilinii. Kiii^s, (|iiicris, and
(■.inllll.lls, .lie lll)isl|i)|)s. I.KJics of lliv;ll (lri.;rcc, ;;i)V-
ti"ii(ii-v;iii(rals, and i;iniials nf \\\r i( lii^iuns nrdcis,
all ill Inrn have v;i\iii liccd in mailers loiiccrniiig
llic " ( 'oiiiny (if ilic StiMJi. "
kcli'^ious priijfcis. iDmincrcial ciiicrpriscs, (.(rave
poiilic.ii sciicmrs and rniin .imdiiis were inlcr-
\vii\cn wiili ilir m.in.iv;i'nicnl nj ilu' |ii)sl. Al
iliirri'cni limes, p.iiii.ireji.il, miiii.iiy, aiilDir.iiie, and
re|)lesenl.lli\c Inel In ids lia\ e liefe held su'.iy. I )e-
l.iils cif some (if llie doings mider these dilferenl
forms ol pouer allord r.ire iieins in the hisiory
(il I he |i.l>l.
{"lie v;riu\lh .md proi^l'ess of Ine.il ^ovemmenl.
under .\meiie.iii rule is shoun ill ihe eliroiiolimieal
lalile of eli.ulers and laws.' I)iirinv; ihe i'l't'iicli
ii'i^iiiii-, local aiilliority was vested almost exclu-
sively in llie eomm.ind.iiils. I'nderihe l.iicr years
(if I'lnnlisli rule, the Court of < ieneral (hi.irter Scs
sions exercised many of l he preroi^aiivi's appertain -
int; to recent muuiiipal v;(i\'ernmeiits.
INCdUI'OK \ I lo.N.
After alownship orv;ani/.iiion w.is ohlained, tlu;
same ((Uirl ih.il i;r.iuie(l il administei( d the few
simple rev;Mlalions that the small si-ttiemeni re(|iiirfd.
In January, i8()», .i petilion of citi/.ens of Detroit
W.is |)reselited to the I .ej.jislat lire of the Northwest
'reiritorv, ,it ( hillit olhc, askiiiy; for tlie iin i upor.itioii
(if the lown. To this end ,i iiill w.is iiitrodui ( il in
the Assemhly hy Solomon Silile\'. The I'pper
I louse or ('ouiicil |)roposi(l wirimis ;unendments,
lull ihe .Assemlily would not ,i',;ree to ilu in. I'inally
a eommiltee of conlerelK !• W.IS ,ippointed, and as
tile result of their dejilieralions, the liil! was p.issed
in its ori;,;in.il form on j.inuarv i'^. Tlic .\i I w.is to
t.ike elfeci on the jirst of l''el)ru.irv. .\t the lirst
elecliiill of the corpo'Mtidn, the freedom of the
lowii W.IS ('(inferred upon Mr. .Sifiley in rec(n.;iiition
of his efforts in lieh.ilf of ihc hill. Tiie Act named
ihe follov'.iiiiLj persons as (illiecrs, and tliey were to
serve iinlil .in election should he lield :
.\|l|Mlllll\ II.
Tnistcos, John Askiri, Jniiu DndciTifafl, James
Ileiiry, ( h.irles l''rancis ( lir.irdin, .and Joseph (am-
|i.iu ; Sei rei.iry, j'eler Audr.iin; Assessor, Kolierl
Ablioll ; Collector, J.icoli C'lelllelis ; .M.ush.ll, I'.ii.is
W.illell.
At tin: lirst nieeiinij of ihe trustees, on l'"el)ruary
(J, 1802, Messrs. (iir.irdiii .iiid W.ilien wert- .ihseiit
from homo, J.imes Henry w.is appoinied ( h.iirm.m,
and John hodeine.id. iriMsurer. J.unes I'eliier w;is
m.lde inessi ii^( I ol the liustees.
The lirsl election, on .\I.iy \, iSo.!, icsiilled in the
rctelllion of .ill the old I riistees except John .\skill,
( ieori^c Meldrum l)eiii;>f clecled in his ste.id. Tin;
secrel.iry, .assessor, and in.irsh.il were continued in
ollice. W'illi.im Smith w.is elected eolleitor; lu;
resii,;iie(!, .iiid llu: iriislees .ippointed (dnr.id Seek.
■|'1k; old ch.iirm.m .ind trti.xsufer were re.ipiioinied.
( )n M;iy J, iSo^, the follow iiiv; ollieers ucrc
cIccIimI : Trustees, Koliiit Alilioti. ( h.iries Ciirrv,
J.unes ,\I, IV, I). W. Scott. I'., r.riisli , Se( rel.iry. I'eler
Audr.iin, Assessor, 1. Mct'l'.ie; C(ille( lor, John
lieiitley. M.irsh.tl, Kich.ird .Smyth.
J.imes M.iy w.is .appointed ch.iirm.in, Robert
Abliolt ire.isiirer, .and Louis I'eliier messeiiirer.
'i'lu! <'leciion of .\I.iy 7, 1X114, resiilhd in the .111-
poiiitmeiit of ili(t followinv; ollnirs: 'rruslees,
.Solomon Siblev. |.inies Aliboll, lleiiry iierllielet,
Joseph Wilkinson, Kicderick it.iles; Sec rel.irs', I'eler
Audr.iin; .\ssessor, John W'.ilson ; Cdlleeior, I'eter
I )esnovers ; M.iishal, 'riiom.is Mc('r.ie.
.\t .1 iiieeliii;.; Ill the inistees on M.i\- 11, 1804,
Solommi Silile\- w.i, iii.ide 1 li.iiriii.in, ,iiid the former
tre.lSlirer .Uld messclivjer were eolllinued. ( )u
Ai||.;usl 6, I.S(>4, |. I'.te. ri(|tlelle w.is .ippoilUed (ol-
Ici tor in pl.n e of Mr. Desiiovers, who w.is .ibseiil,
.111(1 on I )ecemlier \, |S()4, John Connor w.is .ippointed
m.iish.il in pl.iee of '!'. McCr.ie, " who lias lefl llio
coiintrv."
The List olCiccrs elected under llie Acl were
chosen on M.iy (■>. iSot;. .and were .is follows; Trus-
tees, l.iines Abbott. Dr. W'illi.im Hrown, Dr. Joseph
Wilkinson, {■■fed li.iies, .and John W'illi.ims ; .Se( re-
t.irv. I'. Audr.iin; Assessor, J. W.itson; Colleclor,
J. lite. I'i(|nelle; M.irsli.al, Joiin Connor. The
Iriisleis were sworii in mi May 11, and on the s.uiio
r->4
RULE OF THE GOVERNOR AND Jl'DCES.
clay ai)i)()iiunii'ius \wvc mado as follows : Joseph
Wilkinson, chairman; Jaiiu's Ahholt, tn-asiircr ;
1.. IVItiiT, nn'ssciivicr ; and John Connor, cliTk of
m.'irki't and police olliccr.
Just one nionih later tht: fire of June ii wiped out
not only the town, but the corporation as well, and
iiuroiluced the administration of the ("lovernor and
Judijes.
KIM.K OF TIIK C'.dVKRMtR AND JUIiCKS.
This title desijrn;ites a form of (government unlike
anythinir afforded by tiu' history of ,iny other \)\:n\:
in the Uniti'd Slates. An irresponsible ;ind uncon-
trolk;d autocracy f.istened itself upon the pt'ople, .tnd
for a lonv;' st'ries of ve.ars this anom.ilous government,
a strani^e compound of lei^ality .and assumption,
held absolute sw.iv. exercisint;' almost unlimited con-
trol over the lands and laws, the persons .and
pro|)erty. of the town. A condition of affairs ex-
isteil. at once so exceptional .and so sintjular, that the
relation of .ntu.il f.icts seems like ;i record of feudal
times. To obt.iin anythiui^- like ;i clear conci'ption of
those days this .article .should be re.id in connection
with the ch,ii>ters on " I.ev^isl.itures and Laws,"
" I'ublie Dom.iin .and Ciovernor and Judyfcs' I'l.an,"
"Supreme Court of the Territory." '• IJanks and
n.inkinvr." and " Militi.i."
liy a str.mi^e conjunction a( oirctmistances. the
Oovernor and Judges of the Territory, who liad
btuii .ip|iointed Janu.ary 1 1. just live months previous
to the tire, arrived on the tl.iy following; tliat event.
There was l)ut little left in the town for the old
trustees to exercise authority upon, ;ind both trustees
and people n.atur.illy turned for assistance ,and
counsel to their territori.il riders. The Ciovenior
and Jud,!.(es. havinij a whole Territory to care for,
niiii;ht very ajipropriately h.ive av.ailed thi'inselves of
the services of the ollicers of the town in the en-
deavor to bring order out of chaos, especially as the
very Act that created the corporation of 1X02 had
been p.'issed upon .and .approved by the body that
appointed the (iovt'rnor .and Judges, and bisides,
there were among the trustees and citizens men who
Were the efjiLils of the new territori.il ollicers in
learning antl ability, and fully capable of acting in
any capacity.
(iovernor Hull ;ind Judge Woodward, however,
seeing an opportunity to obt.iin increased power ;md
p.atron.ige. did not f.iil to improve it. Tiny ])assed
by all the prominent citizens of Detroit, ignored the
officials and the corporation of 1802, and procured
the p.isKage of the Act of April 21, 1806, which
gave to them alone the pov\-er to lay out a new town
and dispose of the town lands. I'rom this time
they acted in a (htal cap.acity, becoming, in fact, the
executive ollicers of the town, iis well as (,f the Ter-
ritory. That they intended to do away with the
old .i\ct of 1802, and control the .administr.ation of
loi al affairs, is evident from the f.act that on Si'p-
temi.er 13, 1806, they p.issi-d .an Act [irovidiiig for
the inc<"'i)or,ilion of the city of Detroit, tlie real aim
of which is shown in the liMtcrs of John (lentle, pub-
lished in the rillsburgh Conunonwi'.ilth. The Act
itself, still in existence in the original manuscript
signed by tlu- Ciosernor .md Judges, shows th.it Mr.
("icntlc's statemeius ;ire true, .and th.al all the jiower
was re.illy \esled in the m.iyor. .ind th.it he was
.appointed by the g<i\'i'rnor, who thus rel.iincd the
ultim.ite control over the affairs of the city. Mr.
Cientle says:
'I'liis siiniimr the lojjisl.uive Im.ird passrd a l.'iw inriirp(>i..tinK
tlic town (if Dclniit iiUi) a city. 'I'tu' jjovcTiinr cuiifrrnd ihi'
ntayorsliip on Siilniiion Sil)lcy, wlio a<l\'rrl Ucd tlir (-ili/t-ns t*»
assf-mlilr fur tlur piirpcmc nf rhoosiii!^ a first and srcind <'inni('it,
ti) ciinsist of tlirci! nicildnrs I'acli. Arcordinvjly llir followini;
prrsons wrrc rlcitcd: l''irst ('onncil, Stanley (Iriswold, Jolni
llarviy, IN Icr Dcsnoycrs; Scioml C'onniil, Isaai: Jonis, Joint
tii-nllf, Jantrs I tocK-incad.
A fiw days afUr tin; (dcctinn, Solomon Sibley relinqnislied tlis
tnayorsliip, and l''.!ijali i'.rnsli was appointed by llie >;oviTnor
mayor of tin; rily in liis stead. Some time in the nionl'i of
|le(tnilier followini;, tlx' (lovernor and Jn(li;<s weri' com milting
some depredations upon the striits nf llie new town, entin ly
111 PI kint; np one, layin.i; it out in lots, and disjxisin^; of them al an
mormons price, to the >;reat dam.i>;i' of the adjoining settlers; uii(.
removing; .inotluT street aliont fifty feet, on purpose to make thu
liank form the corner of the two streets, and eiilarKi- the .iveinie to
the j;overnor's mansion, to tin; >;real damage (if the prim ipal
ian>;e of honsi s in tlut new town. I'hesi: ilai^rant infra( lions on
the rights and privileges of thu citizens did not fail to allrac t the
.nltcnlion of the city coinicil. They assemliled to cvaniiiie, for
the first time, the corporation law, and to ascertain the extent of
their jnrisdiction. lint how ureal was their astonishment when
they disi (ivered that the w hole of thu corporation powers centred
in the mayor alone.
♦ ***•♦♦♦♦**♦
'I'hat the dec lions of the ciinncils was .1 mere mockery, .and an
insult lo the iniderstandinKs of the c!li/cns, will evidi ntly appear
liy the following exlra( t from the corporation law itself: "And l)e
it farther enacted, that every Hill, or Act, having passed l)y a
majority of both chambers, before it becomes a law shall be pre-
sented to the mayor, :ind if not approved by him shall not take
cffeil.or be(oriie a law, but shall be retnrned, with his objeit ions, to
till chamber in whi( h it last passed, thereto remain (for here it
sloppedl /« xf,ifii quo until the day of Jiul.v,'nient, without fnrlher
reionsideration." lint they ought lo have added a few more
words, to the following etTect: Who shall enter the obj( i lion at
large on their journal, and proceed to reconsider it, and if after such
reconsideration, two thirds of that chamber shall agree to pass the
I'ill, it shall be Sent, together with the objections, to the other
« handier, by \vhi( h it shall also be reconsidered, and if approved
of liy two thirds of them it shall Iiecome a law, etc. 'I'lieii the
powir of the iwochamliers would lie complete, and in exiict simili-
tmle with tin' power vested in ('very (ither body lorporate in the
Christian world, lint as the Detroit (^ iporation .\tt now stands,
<if wl.il h the forejjoing extract is the most important p.irl, I defy
the most enliijhtened age to produce anything so ridienlonsly
alisnrd. Hy it the mayor is dothed with an .ibsohite negative in
all cases whatsoever, and by it the two coiiniils are clothed wilh
absohite insignific.ince. They are, if i may be allowed the expres-
sion, a body without Rllts. Instead of having power to open one
street, and prevent the removal of another, they had not power to
open a hog-pcn, or prevent the removal of ii hen-roosl.
RF.VIVAI. OF LOCAL COVKRNMKNT.
i:>5
So i,ac;it was tlu- iiKlij^natioii of tlic people tlial
offu-ers were clccu-d but once iiikIct this corpora-
tion, and on l-'cbruary 24, 1809, tlie law was re-
pealed. The next act in the farc-e was the repeal,
on Septeml)er 16, 1810, of all laws jiertaininy; to
Miehiiran that liad bcH'n adopted l)y the Levjislature
of tlu; Nortiiwest Territory. This j,oive tlie k^al
finish to the Act of 1802, and, as had been the case
from the d.ite of the fire, tlie (ioveriior ;ind Jndvjes
conliiiiieil to exercise control o\cr tlie affairs of the
town. They had lots to sell and lots to \i\\t.: aw.iy ;
they lired salutes, buried the dead, and supi)orted
the pau|H'rs.
In an old play, Robin Rouijhhead is rei^resented
as sayinij^. on coniiiiir into possession of a fortune,
"There sha'n't be any widows, for I 'II marry
them all, nor any orph.ms, for 1 '11 f.ither ibem
all"; and if there had been no objection, the dov-
ernor and Judjjes, seemint,dy, would have been
e(|iially vjenerous. In ;i word, they .acted as alnion-
ers-jrencnil, p.iyinij out moneys from the Detroit
Fund without consult.ition with any man or body
of men, and renderinij no account therefor. This
st.ite of aff.'iirs continued until after lie War of
1812.
kKVI\ \l, ()|- !,()( Al, (;f)VKRNMKN r.
b'niler the j^'overncjrship of (ieneral Cass, an Act
of October 24, 1815, restored the control of local
aff.iirs to the people. Five trustees were elected on
October 30 to .serve until the first Monday of .NLiy,
i8i(), .after which d.ate olTicers were to be electeil
yearly. The followini^ persons served as trustees:
1S15, Solomon .Sibley, chairman, J.imes Abbott;
iSif), (',eori;e McDoufj.'ill, ch.iirm.m, Stephen Mack,
A. Kdw.irds, O. \V. Miller, i'der Desimyers, and
Oliver Williams, the last named in place of Mc-
I )ou,i(.iII for about two months; 1817, Abraham Fd-
wards cliairman, S. Mack, Charles Larned O. W.
Miller. Antoiiie I)e(juindre; 1818, John R.Williams,
ehairm.m, L. Deciuindre, Richard Smyth, C. Ten
I'lyck, Joseph C.imi\m; 1S19, J.imes MrCloski-y.
cliairman. A. I)e(|iiindre. .Xbr.ih.im Weiidill, James
Connor. Thom.'is I'.ilmer; 1820, James Abbott,
chairm.in, J. McCloskey, 1'. J. Desnoyers. 'ihom.is
Rowland, John Hunt; 1821, A. ('■. Whitney, ehair-
m.m. A. K. Win^^ Levi Cook, S. Con.int. J.icob
Eilert ; 1822, A. < '.. Whitney, chairman, A. K. Winn,
Calvin Baker, Levi Cook, Ch.arles Willcox; 1823, J.
Abbott, ch.iirm.in, Louis Defjuindre, IL J. Hunt.
John P. Sheldon, C. Uakcr.
CHAP T K R X X I V.
Till". COMMON COUNCIL OR iiOARD OF ALDKUMKN.- I'.OAKD OF COKNCILMEN.
oRniNANCilS. OFFICIAL VFAR.— CITY SISALS.
COMMdN ((UN( II.,
TllK vjoveriiiiu'ni uiulcr tiic ii.iiiif of " i'lu' Hoard
f)f Triistcfs" came loan iinl. and tiu' Common Coiiii-
ri! was created by Ail of .\ii'.;iist 5, 1.SJ4. i'lic tirsi
.session was iield on Se|)tiini)ir Ji, 1.S24. The iiew^
ol'l'ii-ials were e\'idenl!\' determint'd to jiave ,ill tlie
"lii,du" possii)le in order to the proper dis('liarv;e ol
their (Itities. as tiu' proci'edin;^s for September 25
show that tin- marshal uas ordered to '• pureiiase
for tile use of tile eouiifii and m.iyor's eonrt four
brass eandlesiieks, two pairs of sniitfers, ten |)oniuls
of sperm candles, and a bo.x for the safe Iseepini; of
the s.mu'."
'The si'ssioiis wore held at v.irious places as eoii-
veiiience seemed to dictate, sometimes at the store
oroHice of one of t lie aldermen; sometimes at \Vo(jd-
worth's Hotel; and now and then at tlio old Coun-
cil Mouse. When the i ity came into possession of
the Military Reserve, one of the old biiildinirs, kimwii
as Military I lall. located just wt'st of I'"ort Shelby.
was .i|)propriated, and a .session held therein on No-
vember 15, 1836. On May i, 1.S27, a nieetini;- \v,is
held on the banks of the river Savoyard, between
Oiswold and Ca.ss Streets, for the purpose of e.x-
aniinin,i( the stream with a view to i-haii'^inir its
course. On M;iy iS. 1827. a session w.is held ;it the
market on Woodw.ird Avenue, just south of Jeffer-
son Avenue. From iS^/to 1.S34 si'ssioris wert' held
in .Military I Fall, which w.is newly ehrist'Mied as the
Council House. On .November 10. 1X34, it was de-
cided to hold sessions in the old Council House, on
the corner of Jefferson .Avenue and R.indolph Street.
In icS^j sessions were held in Williams' I'.lock, on
the southeast corner of Jefferson .Avenue and Hates
Street. The <'iiy Hall was conipk'ted the same
year. ;ind a small mom ii the first story w .as used
for the niectiiii^sof the i'()un(il. The old I'irenu'n's
H.all, on the northwest ( orner of L.irned .ind IS.ites
Streets, w.is the next pi. ice of nleetinl,^ 'i"he I'irst
.session w.as held there on DecemtuT 24. iS^)' "' -'"i
upper room. In the suu.,ner of i,S52 the council re-
turned to the old City H.all, the upper p.irt of which
h.ad been fitted up for its use. This continued to
be the place of meetiiiv; until Julv iS, i,S7i. wluii
the old buildini,^ W.IS formally v.icited, uid sessions
were tlu're.ifter held in the council ch.amber of the
iH'W e'iiy I l.ill.
In 1825 si'ssions were held on Mond,i\ e\ciiinvi.
Ourim;' the choler.i season of 1834 sessions wt're
held twici' .ad.iy. On .\\m\ 13. 1835.it w.is resoKed
to nu'ct on Wednesd.iy evcniiii;. Oi; .\uv;iist 31,
183^), the linu' w;is ch;inv;ed to Tuesda\ . After
.\u,;;i; -, 1838, the council for ;i short time held its
sc'-^ions ;it 2 I'. \l. on Tuesd.iys. Cnder Act of
.■.|.ril 5. 1869, the council, on June 8, bc^j.in holdin.ij
sessions on Tuesd.i)- .and I'rid.iy cxeiiinns of e.ii'h
week. .\ct of June 6. 1881. provided th.it but oiu'
si'ssion .1 wi'ck should thereafter be held. ,uid .ifter
th.il d.ite si'ssions were held on Tiiesd.iy I'Veninn'.
Speci.il mei'tinns I'an be liild on the call of the
president, thouijli no business can be ir.uis.acti'd that
is not mentioned in the call.
I'nder .Act of 1824 live .ildermen. together with
till' m.ivor ,aiid ri'corder. constituted the cmnicil.
An .Act of 1827 iniTeased the number of .ildermen
to seven. I'nder Act of 1839 two .ildernuii from
each w.ard. with the mayor ;ind recorder, composed
the fourteen members of the council. In 1848, by
the creation of tlu' seventh ward, two more mem-
bers were .added. The new eighth w.iril. in 1849,
)i;.ive two additional members, , and in 1857 the ninth
■and tenth w.ards. four more; but .as the .Act of 1837
jirovided that the m.avor ;uid recordi'r should no
longer sit as members, the council consisted of but
twenl) members. In 1873 the twelfth w.ard .added
two members, .and for .about two weeks in 1874 two
meml)ei-s from the then illei^.allv constituted elesenlh
w.ard sat with the council. In 1875 by the creation
of the eleventh .uul thirteenth w.ards, four members
were .added, increisiii!,; the number of members to
t wenl\-six.
( )ri'.^in,ally. .a m,ijoiii\- of ail the members, includ-
hv^ tlie ni,iyor ,iiid ri i-order, edustiiuii d ,1 (|uorum.
Cnder .Act of i83(;, the presence of the niasur.
recorder, .and six .aldermen w.is necess;irv. liv
.\ct of 184S till- m.iyor, recorder, .and live .aldermen
formed .1 iiuorum. I'>\ .\ct of 1S51 the m.ayor
,and .a m.ajority of the ,ilil< rmen were suHicient ;
since |8|;7 .a iiLijoi-ity ol .all the .aldermen constitutes
.1 (|Uoruni. In case .a (juorum is l.ickini;. by \()te of
Ic'l
a m.ijor
m.iy .ser
meetin,;^
Thc'l
were ,1(1
rules ari
meiits ol
l)V the el
no i|uest
be p.assiv
.and no 1
lion in w
of .a tie
of one f(i
by the eh
ill 183^
on Cl.iini:
Heilth, ;
abo\e coi
mittces 01
Licenses.
added. I
li.<lits, Sev
there wer
ch.ir;;e of
sever.i! n;i
.Mean.s, Jn
Life Limit!
.Sewers. T
Markets. ,
Licenses, (
fliarter of
Aldermen.
It I losses
I'ower to si
by Coiii^iv
I" the l.an
<See .article
ceedinifs of
in book for
exception of
i.ssued <-()nt.i
of city order
city ijovernn
I'rior to I
recorder, pr
ch.arter of 18
its own |)resi
In iSr,7 a str
5. look place
aldermen vol
and I'.iul (iie
This contest (
ni.ary 14, 186;
existed in tin
preside until t
File jiresid
HOARDS ()!• AI.DI'.KMKN AND CorXCII.MI'.N.
'.V
a iiiajorily of tlu' akltiiiicii piisiiu, ilu' president
may send an oltici'r to brim; the (lt'lin(|iii'iUs t<> llu-
iiii'ftiiii;.
Tlu' lirsl riik's for tlir ,i;()\viiinu'nl of lIu' council
were adopted on Aiiijust i6, iSp, and the present
rules rire snhslantially tlie sanu'. Petitions or docn-
nicnts of anv propi'r sort niav he presented cither
hv the cli'rk or an aldi'rnian. If objection is made,
no (|iiesiion invoKinvj llu' expenditure of money can
he passed upon at the nu'etini; wheii it is introchieed ;
and no membi'r of tln' council may vote on a (|ues-
tion 111 \\iiicl' hi' is jMH-uniarily interi'sted. In ca'-c
of a tie \n , the iiuestion is lost. ( )n the demand
of OIK- fourdi of the number iJixsent, or if callcil for
by the chair, the ;iyes and noes must bo taken.
In 1S3C) there were live slandinn commitleis, vi/.,
on Claims and Accounts, Ways and .Means, Streets,
Health, ;md I''ire I)e|Virtment. In 1.S42 ,ill the
,abo\(' committees were in existence', ,uid also com-
niittdson Hydraulic Works, .Markets. I'rintinir, and
Licenses. In l''^49 a L'ommittii' on T.ixes w.as
added. In 1S55 eommittei's were named on ( 'i.is-
lii^hts. Sewers, I'ublie r.uil(liii!L;s, ,ind Parks. In 1.SS3
tlii're were twenty sl,indiiv< <-ominittees, ha\in,n
I'hari^e of such matters as .ire indicati'd by their
several names, which ,ire as follows: Ways and
Means, Judiciary, Claims and .Accounts, Streets,
I''ire Limits, House of Correction, Public P)uildin;^s,
Sew'ers, 'I'axes, P.irks, Street ( )pcniii',4s, Printini;,
Markets, Health, ( lasliijhts, < >rdin,inccs. Pounds,
Licenses, City Ilospit.il, and Li(|uor Ponds. Tlu'
ch.irter of l<SiS3 desii;natcs this body the Ilo.ird of
Aldermen.
It ])ossesses a singular sort of authority in its
power to sit .IS ,a Land ISo.ird, a power conferred
by Compress in 1S4J, when the City suirec-ded
to the l.ind trust of thi' (lovciiior ,ind Judges.
(See .article on Land lio.irds.) Since i.S5:;tln' jiro-
ceedinv;s of the council li,i\c been luiblished yearly
in book form; and .innii.illy from 1.S66, with the
exception of one or two \e.irs, ;i m.inu.al h.is bei'ii
issued conl.aininu the rules of the council ,ind n.uiies
of city ol'liccrs, with wirious det.iils concerniin^ the
cit\' i^overnmciit.
Prior to 11^37, the m.iyor, or in his .ibsenci', the
recorder, jiresided over tiie council. I'nder the
eh.irter of i<S57 the council was ,authori/itl to elect
its own president, anil also .a president //<' Icinpotc.
In i8^>7 .1 strii,i(jL;^le, l.astiny; froin Lmu.ary S to March
5, took place over the election of a presitleiit. The
aldermen voted for were H. C. Kni,i,dU, |. 1 ). Weir,
,111(1 P.iul Ciies. 'I"he last n.amed was linalK chosen.
Ibis contest eau.sed the pass,i,i;e of the Act of Feb-
ru.iry 14. 1867, which provided that when a vacancy
existed in the ollice of president, the clerk should
]>resi(le until the otiiee w.is lilled.
The president appoints .all standing committees.
the first person chosen on acommitloe to be chairman.
I'.itlier of the elected presiding otlieers may eali
upon .any of the .ildermen to .lel as temporary ch.iir-
m.an. CiKler .Act of 1.S57, in the absence of the
m.iyor, the iiresideiit of the council di.sch.arges his
duties. I>y l.iw of iS.Si .uid ( h.u-ter of 18S3, the
president of the Ilo.ird of t'oiinciliiK'n, or in his
.absence, the president of the Hoard of Aldermen,
becomes .n'ling mayor.
The following persons li.ive served .as presidents:
1S57, II. .\. Morrow; 1S5.S .md 1831;, Willi.im C.
Dunc.in; 1.S60, X.ith.aniel P. J.acobs ; 1861, J.icob .S.
I'.arr.ind ; 1862 and 1863, Fr.ancis |{. Phel|>s; 1864
.iiid 1.S65, S. Dow KIwood; 1866, Willi.im P.rodie ;
1867,111(1 i8r),S, P.aiil C.ies; i8r,(y, Willi.im S. Pond;
1870, Willi.im Koxen; i87i,(;eorge W. P.ileh; 1872
1875, Willi,im II. L.ingley; 1875, W. (i. 'i'liomii-
son ; 1876, ('.. W. Hough; 1877, Henry lie.imes;
1878, T. I). Il.iwley; i87(; 1.S82, Ch.irles Kwers ;
1882. 1'.. K. Roberts ; 1883, J. i;. \'incent, Henry
Klei; 1884, W. !•;. .Moloney.
lloAkli Ol' COINCII.MKN.
This body, origin.illy called the City Council, was
created by .\ct of Ajiril 12, 1881. The ,ict pro-
vided for the election of twelve |)ersoiis from the
city ,it l.irge. The first twelve members, chosen in
November, 1S81, were elected in grou|)s of three for
terms of otie, two, three, and four ye.irs, and three
members were to be I'lected ye.irly ihere.ifler for
terms of four years eacii. This body w.as origiii;illy
supposed to possess the jwiwers formerly exercised by
the Hoard of I''.stimates. and all proceedings rel.iting
to the levying of t.ixes, the ex|H'nditure of money, or
the incurring of li.ibilities of .any sort, were re(|iiired
to li,i\-e its .ippro\Ml. liy the revised eh.irter of
1883 the Ho.ird of Coiincilmen has only e(|u.il power
with the Pio.ird of .Aldermen in so f.ir .is m.ilters of
t.ix.ition .111(1 legisl.ation .are concerned, but tliev
.aloiie, on ihe iiomin.ition of the m.ayor, eonlirm ;i
in.ijorily of the leading officei's of the city .and mem-
bers of the sever.il bo.irds. Resolutions of .any
kind m.iy origiii.ite in either bo.ird. Hotli bodies
• ire rc(iuired to meet in joint session when the .aniiu.il
report of the m.iyor is ni.ide, .md they m.ay unite .at
other times.
.\ m.ijority of the councilmen constitutes .'i f|iiorum.
'ihe rules are much the s.inie .as those of the
Hoard m Aldermen, ,ind the st.inding committees
.ire the same, ex( cpt th.it this body h.is no commit-
tees on I'irc Limits, Licenses, or Li(|uor Hoiids, ,iiid
h.is committees on l'"r.incliiscs .iiid Privileges, on
Rules, and on joint Resolutions, which the other
bo.ird floes not h.ave. Weekly sessions .are held on
l''rid.iy evening.
'I'he t'ity Council held its first meeting on J.inuary
10, I S82, ,111(1 org.ini/cd by electing .as president A.
■ ;v^
OUDINAN'CF.S. OF-KlLl AI. YI.Ai:. CUV Si:Al.S.
II. Kaynor; he was re-clocted in r<S.S3. In 1.S84
llrnry I). MarnaiHl was ili'ctcd president. His
death occurred soon after, .md he was siieeet'dcd by
'I'hendnre Rent/. Tlu' names and terms of the first
ineml)ers wi're as follows: l""or one year, A. II.
Kaynor, A. .M. Henry, .S. A. I'lummcr; for two years,
J. T. I.owry, .S. (1. Caskey, II. K. Newlxrry ; for
three ye.irs. S. C. Watson, John MeCirevjor, Thomas
Merry; for four years, !•". \V. .Swift, J I. I). iS.irnard,
.S. U. ( irummond. The niemhers tiected in 1.S82
wtTc A. 11. R.iynor, M. H. Ch.imherl.iin, and Theo-
dont Kent/, i'he menihers elected for rcijiiiar terms
in I.SS3 were Morse Stew.irt, Jr., R,il|)h i'lieljis, Jr.,
and Henry \'.. Ch.impion, .md at a speci.il election on
Deceinlier 27, 1.S.S3, August ( loehel was elected
for two yi'.irs, in place of .S. li. ("inimniond resigned,
okhlNANCKS.
The Act of 1S02 ifave the trustees power to
ord.iin rules for the ^-ovi'mment of tlu- town, but
their ordin.inces wert' to be siibniitted to the \-oters
at the annn.il nx'etinv;-. .iml if dis.ipproved were
there.ifter to be null .ind \i>id. .\ pro\ision for the
submission of ordinances to the people was also
cont.iined in the .Act of 11X15. I'nder this provision,
at the ,innu,il election in M;iy, I1S20, an ordinance
concerniny^ hov(s rtninini; ;it larijc was voted out of
c.xistetice, and in the followinvr ye;ir one in rei^.ird to
tires, i>assed live years before, was re|)eale(l because
"uiie(|ua! and oppressive."
The by-laws and ordinant-es were first printed in
1825. On Febni.iry 13, 1.S26. the marshal was
directed to leave "one copy . it every house, where
the owner or occupant h.as not alrc.idy been fur-
nished."
In 181 3 the council rules reqin"red every ordinance
to be re.'id three; times befon- bcinj,^ fm.illy voted on,
and an ordinance could be read but once at the same
session, unless by special vote. The first and second
readinyfs are usually by title only, and all ordinances
are required to be approved by lioth councilmen ;ind
al<lermen. In addition U) the ordinances printed in
pamphlet form in 1825, revisions in book form were
issued in 1831, 1836. 1842, 1855. 1863, 1871, and
1878.
OFFICIAI. YKAR.
Under the Acts of 1802 and 181 5 the trustees
were to qualify within ten days after the first Mon-
day of May. By Act of 1824 aldermen were to
qualify within fifteen days after the first Monday of
April, and by Act of 1839 their term of office beij.in
as soon after the first Monday in March as they
took tile recjuisite oath. An Act of 1855 provided
that the official year should begin on the .second
Tuesday in February. ]?y Act of 1857 the .second
Tuesday in January was ti.xed upon as the time for
the first session of the new ( ouncil. In so f.ir as
elected ollicers .ire concerned, their terms still be.:.,dn
;it th.it time, but since iM7<; the terms of ollicers
.ippointed bv the <<iunril, except members of tlu;
sevi-ral commissions, bej^in on the first day of July.
(irv SKAl.S.
The first se.il of the city was adoi)tiil on J.inu.iry
3, 1815. Thomas Rowland w.is then secretary.
The records of the i'.o;ird of Trustees show the fol-
lowing; :
I'titil a cnrponitc scitl shall In" pnn urrd, tlir st-rrrtary of iho
I'li.ird I'f Iru-tiMS shall use and apply his private si'al, wliiih is
liiri'liy adiipii'd and inailr ihr sial cif ihr < iirpiiraliiin uf Dcliuil.
The ne.xt se.il of the city w,is also a pri\;ite one,
beloniijinvf to John R. Williams, the mayor. It was
tempor.irily adopted on .September zt,, 1S24, ;ind w.is
desi-ribi'd .is ix'ini;' m.ide of red c,ii iv li.m set in .iljoUI,
octagon.il in form, .md .iboul one :■ ',\ in dianu'ter.
In the center was eiivjraved .1 shield with three
di'urs delis; underneath the shield w;is the motto,
" I..1 justice mon de\iiir," ;ind )\e!' it the letters J.
R. \V.
The third seal ;idopted was likewise priv.ite prop-
erty. The official proceedinyjs of the Common
Council for May kj, i 8 2''i, contain this record:
AV-nV™/, that a wall h-sc.il l)ilcin>,'iii(t Ik .May^ir lliiiil lie, and
thir s;uno is h<Ti-l)y adciptcd as a temporary seal of the city of
Ketroit, til Im! nsi-d until a permanent seal shall lie pnieured. Said
s<'al (imsists of a topaz set in ),'old, on whieh are enis'ravid the
initial letters H. J. II.
The fourth seal belonjfed to Jonathan Ki'arslcy.
and the Common Council I'roceedinns for November
13, 1826, show the ;ido|)lion of the followinit;' :
AV.V('/rv*/, that a brass seal, l)elonxin.< to the Keeorder of this
eily, and heariukj the initial letters J. K., he and the s;Mn<: is
hereliy adopted as the seal of the c iiy until a perntanent seal shall
he prorured.
The fifth .md present se.il was ski'tched by J. ().
Lewis, for which service he w.is p.iid live dollars.
The foUowinv; history of this se.il is t;iken from the
Council Reconis for March 26, 1827:
Si'.AL oi' iiih, Cuv. {l-.\act size.)
CITY SEALS.
'39
Till' Miiyiir pri-wntL'U to the Cninmon C'oiiiuil ii xt'iil pniriirfd
l>>' him friiin Mr. Williain Wiijjiiir, of Yiirk, I'ciiiis) Iviiiiiii, in piir-
-■iiiiiic c of a n'Hiiliitiiin |la^s<'(l mi llw lifliiiitli clay of January liixt,
Nshirrnpiiii it was
A'cfi'/rW, llial (lie samr siiil lie adapted, and shall licrrafliT !«'
and ri'inain the pcnnanrnt sial nf the illy nf I'ltrnii; and lliat
I lie folliiwin>; he n-rordt'd as (he drsrription of thi* siiint'f tii wit ;
rill' pirinani'lit wal of ihr rily of Urtroit is I'oniposrd of mcdtcn
lirass, (ini! inili and nine IrntliH <if an iiu h in diamitrr, and xix
linllis of nil ini li in (hickniss, licariiih; this insi ription in a ciri In
nriinnd thi- tid^r ; "Cilyof Dilroil, Miihiyan." Within ihr i ircle
111 llir fon'tfronnd nre rrprrsiiilid two fini.ilr livjiirrs, the one
wi'i'piiiv; over a lily in lluiiu s, and the other pointing tu unothcr
city in a KTowinx itate; iKith of which arr rrprt-aentcd in ihi- dis-
tance, nn opposite sides of the circle. Over the whide, in a
circidur form, is insirihnl the words, "Spcrainiis nieliora," ami
beneath, in a like c in iilar form, the words, " Ki'Mir)-el i im rihiis,"
This sij^nificant tlt'vice commenioratfs tin- t'lri' of
June II, 1S05, .It which time Di-troit was (•niisimicd.
Oiir siihstanli.il i)iii)lic hiiildinj^s, costly stores, ant!
tlcir.int rcsidciiccs indicate the fiiltilmfiU of the pro-
phetic inscriptions. It iii.iy !)•' tnithfiiliy s.iid of
Dciidit, "it h.is risen from ihc uslics " aiul " W'c
hope for better tilings."
#.
«'^'4^ ^'
<>:^..^-
IMAGE EVALUATION
TEST TARGET (MT-S)
y
A
^
is^
1.0
I.I
1.25
IM
1^ 1^
Mi 1^
!!■ 1^ 11 2.0
iiiii
1.4
1.6
Vi
<^
7
L<9
CHAPTER XXV.
MAYOR.— CITY CLKRK.— ClI'V AiroRNlA'. CIIV COUNSELOR.-CITY IIISTORIOG-
RAPIIKR: DUTIKS OF EACH OFFICIAL AND NAMF:S OF TIIK IXCUMJJENTS.
MAVOK.
As shown in the iiisiory i)f tlio rule of tlic fiovcr-
nor and Judges, two jji-rsons, Solnmon Sibley and
Elijah Hrush, were appointcil mayors under tiie Act
of 1806. Praeticaliy, liowevcr, the ollice has existed
only since the charter of 1S24. Originally the
mayor presided at nH'etin,!L;s of the louncil and over
the sessions of the mayor's court, which took coji:;-
nizance of all violations of the city ordinances; he
served without pay. The charter of 1857 ])rovided
that he should have a yearly salary of $1,200; it also
abolished the mayor's court, and jirovidetl that the
mayor should no Ioniser sit in the coinicil. The
mayor nominates the members of the Hoard of
Public Works, and of the \Va*er, Fire, Health,
Park, and Poor Commissions, the city counselor,
the comptroller, the receiver of taxes, the assessors,
anil the inspectors of the House of Correction;
by virtue of his otUcc, he is also one of the com-
missioners of the Sinking Fund. All licenses,
for ordin.'iry business, or for theaters or exhi-
bitions, are issued only on his order. He also
passes upon all pnx-eedini^s of the council, havinjj;
the power of vetoing any resolution which he
disapproves. He is elected for terms of two
years. The following persons have served as
mayors: 1824 and 1825, John R. Williams; 1826,
Henry J. Hunt ; 1827 and 1828, John I5iddle ; 1829,
Jonathan Kearsley ; 1830, John R. Williams; 1831,
Marshall Chapin ; 1832, Levi Cook; 1833, Marshall
Chapin ; 1834, C. C. Trowbridge, Andrew Mack;
1835 and 1836, Levi Cook; 1837, Henry Howard;
1838, Augustus S. Porter, A.sher B. Hates; 1839,
I)e (iarmo Jones; 1840 and 1841, Zina Pitcher;
1842, Douglas Houghton ; 1843, Zina i'itcher; 1844-
1847, John R. Williams; 1847, James A. Van
Dyke; 1848, I'Yederick lUihl ; ^849, Charles How-
ard ; 1850, John Ladue ; 1851, /.ichariah Chandler;
1852 and 1853, John H. Harmon; 1854, Oliver M.
Hyde; 1855, Henry Ledyard ; 1856 and 1857, O. M.
Hyde; 1858 and 1859, John Patton ; 1860 and 1861,
Christian H. Huhl ; 1862 and 1863, William C. Dun-
can; 1 864 and 1865, K. C. IJarker; 1866 and 1867.
Merrill 1. Mills; 1868-1872, William W. Whea-
lon, 1872-1876, Hugh Moffat; 1876 and 1877,
Alexander Lewis; 1878 and 1879, (ieorge C. Lang-
don; 1880-1884, William (i. Thompson; 1884,
Ste[)hen I>. {"irummond.
CITY Cl.KRK.
From 181 5-1824 the clerk of the I)oard of
Trustees was styk'd the secretary, and the olTice was
tilled as follows: i8i5-i;-)20, Thomas Rowland;
1820, < "ieorge McDoug.ill, J. I). Doty; 1821-1824.
J. v. R. Ten Ilyck,
The charter of 1824 created the title, and provided
for the appointment by the council, of a city clerk.
An Act of 1849 made the office electivt'. The
term of ollice is two years. It is the duly of the
clerk to make a full record of the i)roceedings and
resolutions of both boards, and to present it to
the mayor for his approval or disst'ut within
forty-eight hours after every meeting, also to at-
tend to the publication of all notices re(|uired to be
published. He is the custodian of the ol'licial imbli-
cations of the city, and administers the oath of ot'l'ice
to all incumbents. At the beginning of each ot'ticial
year it is his duty to call the Boards of Aldermen
and Councilmen to order, and to preside over the
meetings and all subseijuent sessions until presi-
dents are elected. He has charge of all the ballot-
boxes, blanks, and books re<|uired at any election,
sujiplying the same to the jiroper persons ; keeps the
list of house numbers est.'iblished by the city engi-
neer; is the depository of all chattel mortgages, and
keejis a record of the saiae. The bonds and reports
of all city officers are filed in his office. In 1832 the
salary was $1 50 a year; in 1836 it had increased to
$500; in 1883 the salary was $2,500. The office of
deputv clerk has existed .since March 6, 1857. The
following jiersons have served as city clerks: 1824-
1828, \'. Spalding; 1828-1831, John J. Deming; 1831
and 1S32, John L. Whiting; 1833 and 1834, John
Winder; 1835, Felix Hinchman; 1836-1841, (Ieorge
Byrd; 1841-1844, C. F. Davis; 1844- 18 50, R. E.
Roberts; 1850 and 185T, Jer. Van Rensselaer and
A. T. Hall; 1852, D. Munger; 1853, H. S. Roberts;
1854 1858, Richard Starkey; 1858 and 1859, F. W.
Hughes; i860, R. C. Smith; r86i, H. A. Lacey;
1862 1866, F. Pramstaller; 1 866-1 872, H. Starkey;
1872-1 87
man; iSJ
The of
was not <
Appointii
Since Act
elected ei
projjosed (
jects refer
to .'ittenii
the Comni
against or
$2,500. s
attornev, w
attorneys 1
1S26- 1829,
JS30-1S32,
Eraser; 18
1S36, J. A.
i«39. J. A.
F2. Tavlor;
W. a'. Ho,
1S49, W. A
Mandell; j8
J. Knox (;.'
and 1861, \\
.McEntee; 1
1^72, James
.sell; 1876-1
'88i, F. (;.
The office
of March 12,
council, on 1
tliree years.
[140]
CITY ATTORNEY.— CITY COUNSELOR.— CITY lIISrORIOC.KAI'HIlR.
141
1S72-187S, C. II. liorijinan; i(S78-i882, Louis Dill-
man; 1S82- , Alex. .\. Sacnj^cr.
CUV AIIOKNKY.
The oITice of city altonicy existed in 1825, but
was not created Ijy ordinance until March 8, 1837.
Appointments were orijjjinally made by the council.
Since Act of {'"ebruary 2\, 1 849, attorneys have been
clcctctl every two years. The attorney drafts all
|)roi)oscd ortlinances, ijives leijal opinions on all sub-
jects referred to him by the council, and is expected
to attend its sessions. When directed to do so by
the Common Council, he attends to suits instituted
atjainst or by the city. The salary in 18S3 was
§2,500. .Since 1876 there has been an assistrmt city
attorney, who is appointeil by the council. The city
attorneys have been as follows: 1825, U.S. Cole;
1 826- 1 829, E. Karnsworth; 1829, Cyprian Stevens;
1830--1832, E. Farnsworth; 1832 and 1833,.!. I).
Fra.ser; 1S34. J. .M. Howard; 1835, A. IS. Hates;
1836, J. A. VanDykj; 1837, A. W. T.uel; 1838 and
1839, J. A. \'anl)yke; 1840-1843, C. O'Flynn; 1843,
E.Taylor; 1844 and 1845, 1). IC. liarbauirh; 1846,
W. A. Howard; 1847,1). P.. Dutfiekl ; 1848 and
1849, W. A. Cook; 1850, William Cray; 1851, .\.
Mandell; 1852 and 1853, J. B. Withercll; 1854-1857,
J. Knox Cavin; 1857-1860, J. L. Chipman; i860
and 1861. William J. Speed; 1862 and 1863, T. M.
McEntee; 1864-1868, Thomas II. Hartwell ; 1868-
1872, James J. I5rown; 1872- 1876, Frank C.. Rus-
.sell; 1876-1880, William C. Mayhury; 1880 and
i88r, F. C. Riis.sell; 1882- , j'. B. Corliss.
Cri'Y COITNSKI.OR.
The oliice of city coimselor was created by Act
of March 12, 1861. .Appointments are made by the
council, on nomination of the mayor, for terms of
three years. The counselor is required to attend all
sessions of the council. His tluties are chietly ad-
visory, the intent ui the oltice bcinji^ to insure (.greater
legal certainty in city proceedings, and to this end
the attorney and counselor are supposed to co-
operate. In all suits in which the city is interested,
brought in the Circuit Court of Wayne County, the
Supreme Court of Michigan, or the United .States
Court, the counselor appe.ars in behalf Of the city.
The salary in 1883 was $2,000. The following have
served as city counselors : 1863-1870, William ( "nay;
1870-1872, J. I'. Whittemore; 1872-1878, D. C.
Ilolbrook; 1878-1881, F. A. Baker; 1881- , H.
.M. Dullield.
CII'V mSl'ORlOORAI'HKR.
The origin of the otfice of historiographer is as
follows: On September 6, 1842, a petition for its
creation, signed by Z. Pitcher and others, was jire-
sented to the council. The jielilion was ri'fcrred to
the recorder and city attorney, and on January 24,
1843, an ordinrmce establishing the oliice was
ado])ted. On January 31 Colonel Henry Whiting
was appointed historiographer, but being soon afti'r
ordered to another post, on June 6 he was succeeded
by II. X. Walker. Mr. Walker gathered together
several valuable documents, which were subse-
(lucntly placed in the collection of the State Histori-
cal .Society; he held the office only a few years,
other duties claiming his time. In 1855 B. F. H.
Withercll was appointed, and served until his death
in 1867. The ofhce was then vacant until 1876,
when Levi Bishop received the appointment. His
death occurred in December, 1881, and on January
3, 1882, Silas Farmer was appointed to (ill the
vacancy. The office is purely honorary. The duties
consist in gathering and preserving books, docu-
ments, and historic material pertaining to the city of
Detroit.
CHAPTER XXYI.
Scott, Hai
J. Dcstioyi
Hartsliorn
Lathrop.
ALDERMEN: THEIR DUTIES AND NAMES.
This office was first named in the Act of August
5, 1824, which proviticd for five aldermen, to be
elected from tlie city at large. The number was
increased to seven by Act of April 12, 1827. No
ward aldermen were elected until April 15, i^yj,
when, at a special election, two were chosen from
each of the si.x wards created that year, one to serve
two years and tiie other one year. The inspectijrs
of election determined by lot which should .serve for
one year and wliich for two years. In all wards
since created two aldermen Ivive been provided for,
and at all yearly elections an alderman for each ward
is chosen for a term of two years. Under the charter
of 1824 two aldermen were selected, from time to
time, to preside with the mayor over the mayor's
court. By Act of .Ipril 13, 1841, one alderman
could hold a session of the court. These duties
ceaset! after the recorder's court was established.
The charter of 1857 provided that the aldermen
then in oflice should continue to serve until January,
1858, and provision was made for the election, in
November, 1857, of two aldermen from each ward,
one of whom was to serve for one year only. In
1 88 1, when an entirely new division of wards was
made, the Conunon Council was authorized to
assign the aldermen who had been elected the
previous year to the several new wards. Under Act
of June 6, 1881, no person could be elected a mem-
ber of the Common Council unless he was a free-
holder. The charter of 1883 made no such provision.
On .\pril 8, 1837, a committee was appointed to
inquire into the propriety and expediency of paying
for the services of the mayor, recorder, and alder-
men. That committee did not report, and the alder-
men were apparently content to serve without pay,
until May 13, 1857. On that date a series of single
res(ilutions, offered by various aldermen, provided
that the chairman of each committee should receive
§300 a year, and as each alderman was chairman of
a committee, all, on the approval of these resolu-
tions, would h.ive received com|)ensatit)n. .Mayor
Hyde disapproved of this" action, and for ten years
longer no salary was attached to the ol'fice of alder-
man. Finally an Act of March 28, 1867, authorized
the payment of a sum, not to exceed one dollar and
fifty cents, for attendance on each regular session ;
but under ordinance of October 20, 1870, no alder-
man can receive pay unless he is present during the
entire session, or is excused from attendance. Pay-
ment was made from the general fund until 1873,
and since then from the contingent fund. By law of
1 88 1 the sum of three dollars is now paid for each
regular session attended. No alderman can hokl
any other city office, or any county or legislative
office except that of iu)tary [)ul)lic. Since Act of
April 8, 1 85 1, all of the aldermen, as representatives
of the city, have been members of the Board of
Supervisors. The following persons have served as
aldermei ; where the names of more than two per-
sons to a ward apjiear in any year, it is becau.se
death or resignation brought in a third person for
part of the year :
^■lldi'niicn at Larij^c.
1824, Shubael Conant, Melvin Dorr, Orville Cook,
David C. McKinstry, Peter J. Desnoyers ; 1825, O.
Cook, D. C. McKinstry, R. A. Forsyth, Thomas
Rowland, William Woodbridge ; 1826, Antoine
Deciuindre, Marshall Chapin, D. C. McKinstry,
Thomas Palmer, Obed Waite ; 1827, P. J. Des-
noyers, De (iarmo Jones, M. Chapin, Thomas
Palmer, Jerry Dean; 1828, H. M. Campbell, J. P.'
Sheldon, John Mullett, Levi Cook, John Farrar,
Charles Jackson, Jerry Dean, Obed Waite ; 1829,
Thomas Palmer, B. Campau, 1 1. M. Campbell, II.
V. Disbrow, Peter Desnoyers, John I). Cray, R.
Cillett, .M. Chapin, E. Brooks; 1830, P. J. Des-
noyers, De Ciarmo Jones, B. B. Kercheval, T. S.
Wendell, T. Palmer, Stephen C. Henry, John
Palmer; 1831, O. Newberry, F21liot Cray, John
Palmer, David French, J. Farrar, Ceorge A. O'Keefe,
Alonzo Merrill; 1832, H. V. Disbrow, T. S. Knapp,
A. C. Caniff, Walter L. Newberry, John Hale, John
Roberts, Thomas Rowland; 1833, C. C. Trow-
bridge, John Garrison, T. Palmer, H. Newberry,
Henry Howard, Charles Moran, James Williams;
1834, linoch Jones, Julius Flldred, Stevens T.Mason,
Job F. Howland, Henry Howard, T. S. Wendell, C.
Moran, T. S. Knapp, T.Williams; i835,T. Palmer,
A. C. Caniff, ( ). Newberry, N. T. Ludden, D. Cooper,
T. Williams, Julius ICIdred; 1836, D. Cooper, J.
Eldred, J. Farrar, Thomas Palmer, O. Newberry,
John Owen, D. Lamson ; 1837, John McDonnell, C.
Moran, James Hanmer, George B. Martin, John
1839, F
Second \V
Ward: A.
Ward, P.
M. Bull, I
James Stei
1840, F
Second W
Ward: F.
A. Gruenii
Fiske, ( \. P
Chittenden.
1 84 1, Fir
Ward : C. ;
M. Goodins
M. L. Gag
F'iske. Si.\
Ruehle.
1842, Fin
ond Ward:
Third Ward
Ward: (;.
Tobias Lov
Higgins, H.
1843, Eirs
Second Wc
Third Ware
Fourth Ware
W. !•:. Ste;
James Stew^i
1844, F'irsi
ond Ward:,
Ward : V^.
Ward : P. D
M. Hyde, V
Andrevvs, J. ,
1845, First
Ward: B. \\
Ward: B. \\
C. Moran, P.
O. M. Hyde.
1846, First
Ward: C. j
Ward : U. W
C. Moran, N
Moore, C. C.
L. Baldwin.
1^47. First
Second Ward
Third Ward
Fourth Ward
Li4»J
ALDERMEN : THEIR DUTIES AiND NAMES.
143
Scott, Harlow Beardslce, Tliomas Chase; 1S38, P.
J. Desnoyers, De (iarmo Jo ics, 1'. E. De Mill, A.
Hartshorn, J. M. Mead, Nathaniel Prouty, H. B.
Lathrop.
Ward Aldermen.
1839, iMrst Ward: (".. C. Pates, H. H. LeRoy.
Second Ward: C. Hiirlbut, John Palmer. Third
Ward : A. T. Mc Reynolds, J.J. Garrison. Fourth
Ward, P. Desnoyers, C. Moran. Fifth Ward: C.
M. Bull, A. M. 'stowell, (1. I'aull. Si.xth Ward:
James Stewart, W. F. Chittenden.
1840, I''irst Ward: A. Ewers, H. H. LeRoy.
Second Ward: C. Hurlbut, J. Palmer. Third
Ward : F. Cicotle, J. J. Garrison. Fourth Ward :
A. Gruenlich, C. Moran. Fifth Ward: D. W.
Fiske, G. PauU. Sixth Ward : J. V. Ruehle, W. F.
Chittenden.
1 84 1, First Ward: J. Moor.'^, A. Ewers. Second
Ward : C. Hurljjut, P. J. Desnoyers. Third Ward :
M. Gooding, F. Cicotte. Fourth Ward : C. Moran,
M. L. Gage. Eifth Ward: J. H. Bagg, D. W.
Fiske. Sixth Ward: W. F. Chittenden, J. V.
Ruehle.
1842, First Ward: A, C. Caniff, J. Moors. Sec-
ond Ward: J. Scott, J. Abbott, W. W. Dalton.
Third Ward : A. Ten Eyck, M. Gooding. Fourth
Ward: G. M. Rich, C. Moran. Fifth Ward:
Tobias Lowe, J. H. Bagg. Sixth Ward : S. W.
Higgins, IL R. Andrews.
1843, First Ward : O. B. Dibble, A. C. Caniff.
Second Ward : B. Woodworth, N. Tonilinson.
Third Ward: J. A. ^^'m Dyke, A. Ten Eyck.
Fourth Ward : C, Moran, C. O'Flynn. Fifth Ward :
W. !•:. Stearns, A. S. Williams. Sixth Ward:
James Stewart, H. R. Andrews.
1844, First/Ward : J. Owen, O. B. Dibble. Sec-
ond Ward : B. Woodworth, X. Tonilinson. Third
Ward : E. Chapoton, J. A. Van Dyke. Fourth
Ward : P. Desnoyers, C. Moran. Fifth Ward : O.
M. Hyde, W. Iv Stearns. Sixth Ward : H. R.
Andre \vs, J. Stewart.
1845, F'irst Ward : F. ]3uhl, J. Owen. Second
Ward : B. Woodworth, C. R. Desnoyers. Third
Ward : B. Wight, E. Chapoton. Fourth Ward :
C. Moran, P. Desnoyers. Fifth Ward : B. B. Moore,
O. IVL Hyde. Sixth Ward: W: Barclay, J. Scott.
1846, F'irst Ward: F. Buhl, M. Stevens. Second
Ward : C. R. Desnoyers, W. Duncan. Third
Ward : B. Wight, Theo. Williams. Fourth Ward :
C. Moran, N. Clreusel, Jr. Fifth Ward: B. B.
Moore, C. C. Jackson. Sixth Ward : W. Barclay,
L. Baldwin.
1847, First Ward: G. C. Bates, Marcus Stevens.
Second Ward : J. H. Harmon, William Duncan.
Third Ward: William Burnell, Theo. Williams.
Fourth Ward: G. R. Griswold, N. Greusel, Jr.
Fifth Ward : U. .\L Hyde, C. C, Jackson. Sixth
Ward : W. F. Chittenden, L. Baldwin.
1848, First Ward: G. W. Howe, Ci. C. Bates.
Second Ward : W. Duncan, AL P. Hutchins. Third
Ward : Abram Tuttle, William Burnell. Fourth
Ward : B. Wight. S. 15. Morse. Fifth Ward : John
Norton, O. ^L Hyde. Sixth Ward : James Stewart,
Lyman Baldwin. Seventh Ward : F. E. Eldred,
W. A. Bacon.
1849, First Ward: A. Ives, G. W. Howe. Sec-
ond Ward : W. R. Noyes, William Duncan. Third
Ward : John Patton, Abram Tuttle. Fourth Ward:
H. Ledyard, B. Wight. Fifth Ward : J. P. Whit-
ing, John Norton. Si.xth Ward : John Hull, J.
Stewart. Seventh Ward: F. E. Eldred, R. C.
Smith. Eighth Ward : A. T. Hall, A. Marsh.
1850, Vksi Ward: J. L. Carew, A. Ives. Second
Ward: C. H. Buhl, W. R. Noyes. Jr. Third
Ward : N. Tonilinson, J. Patton. Fourth Ward : J.
M. Davis, H. Ledyard. Fifth Ward : A. H. Stowell.
J. P. Whiting. Sixth Ward : J. Stewart, John Hull.
Seventh Ward: Ezekiel McDonald, R. C. Smith.
Eighth Ward : A. Marsh, L. C. Fletcher.
1851, First Ward : C. W. Jackson, A. Ives. Sec-
ond Ward: J. A. Slaymaker, C. H. Buhl. Third
Ward : J. McReynolds. J. Hoek. Fourth Ward :
S. G. Wight, J. Cornfield, C,co. Miller. Fifth
Ward: E. Shepard, A. H. Stowell. Sixth Ward:
S. B. Morse, J. Stewart. Seventh Ward: R. C.
Smith, E. McDonald. Eighth W^ard : L. C. Fletcher,
A. Marsh.
1852, First Ward : C. W. Jackson, J. B. Clark.
Second Ward : J. A. Slaymaker, W. V. Chittenden.
Third Ward : J. McReynolds, George Foote. Fourth
Ward: S. (".. Wight, A. T. Ladue. Fifth Ward:
E. Shepard, A. H. Stowell. Sixth Ward: S. B.
Morse, D. Riopelle. Seventh Ward : R. C. Smith,
E. Doyle. Eighth Ward: L. C. Fletcher, G. B.
Avery.
1853, I'Mrst Ward: John Gibson, James Collins.
Second Ward: W. F. Chittenden, W. II. Craig.
Third Ward : G. Foote, John Patton ; Fourth
Ward : A. Ladue. E. Lyon. Fifth Ward : A. H.
Stowell, J. Hull. Sixth Ward: D. Riopelle, W.
Barclay. Seventh Ward : E. Doyle, P. Fischer.
Eighth Ward : G. B. Avery, S. Martin.
1854, First Ward: James Collins, W. C. Duncan.
Second Ward: Wm. H. Craig, E. A. Lansing.
Third Ward: John Patton, I. W. IngersoU. Fourth
Ward: Edward Lyon, Isaac Finehart. Fifth Ward:
John Hull, H. H. LeRoy. Sixth Ward: William
Barclay, W. W. Wilcox. Seventh Ward: E. Doyle,
William Fischer. Eighth Ward: Stephen Martin,
Francis Mayhew.
1855, First Ward: W. C. Duncan, Albert Marsh.
Second Ward: E. A. Lansing, W. H. Craig. Third
Ward: I. W. IngersoU, Anthony Dudgeon. Fourth
144
ALDKRMKN: TllLlK DUTIllS AM) ^•A.^FI;S.
Ward: Isaac Fiiu'liarl, li. 11. 'Pliompson. Fiflli
Ward: II, II. Likoy. K. W. Kiiiir. Sixtii W;ii(i :
A. SliL-k'y. \V. W. VVilrox. Scvciuh Ward: i'-.
Doyle, R. Rt'aiiiiK-. lj,v,duli Ward: F. Mayiiuw,
StcpliL'ii Martin.
1856 1S57, First Ward : W.C. Duncan, A. Marsh.
Second Ward, (icori^c Nilus, W. H. Craii^. Third
Ward: I',. V. CicoUc, Josepii Hock. Fourth Ward:
K. N. Lacroix, IS. H. Thonipson. I'"ii'tii Ward: Wn\.
(".il)l)in;<s, R. W. Kiny;. Sixtli Ward: W. Dyson,
A. .Shcley. Seventh Ward: IC. Doyle, R. Reainne.
Eii;litii Ward: S. Martin, P. (".alla.nlier.
i85«. lirst Ward: W. C. Dniican, (1. (). Williams.
Second Ward: deors^e Niles, W. II. Craiy. Tiiird
Ward: 1^. \'. Cieotte, Henry Miller. Fourth Ward:
F. N. Lacroix, Solomon Wesley. Fifth W.ard: Wm.
(al)l)inj.;s, A. S. iiaj^.i;-. Sixth Ward: William Dyson,
J. D. Fairb:inks. Seventh Ward: E. Doyle, (i.Mil-
ler. I':i;j;htli Ward: H. Cordon, F. CalLii^her. Ninth
Ward: W. L. WoiKlbridi^e, Henry Wilson. Tenth
Ward: H. Zender, Theo. Campau.
1859, First Ward: (}. O. Williams, N. P. Jacobs.
Second Ward: W. H. Crai.v^, Willi.im Hale. Third
Ward: Henry Miller, T. Willianis. Fourth Ward:
A. Dudireon, A. Barlavro. Fifth W.ard: A. S. Bag^.
Wm. c;ibbin,i,rs. Sixth Ward: J. D. Fairbanks, M.
Flanivran. Seventh Waril: (".eorge Miller, John
Manx. Eiv^hth Ward: Henry t lordon, N. Triickey.
Ninth Ward: Wm. L. Woodbridge, J. W. Sutton.
Tenth Ward: Henry Zender, H. H. Swinscoc.
i860, First Waril: N. l\ Jacobs, George Foote.
Second Ward: William Hale, E. LeFavour. Third
Ward: T. Williams, J. J. Uagley. I'ourth Ward:
A. Barlage, F. 1}. Phelps. Fifth Ward: Wm. Rib-
bings, J. S. F'arrand. Sixth Ward: M. Flanigan,
Stephen B. Morse. Seventh Ward: J. Marx, Fiank-
lin M. Wing, lughth Ward: N. Triickey, P. M.
Phillips. Ninth Ward: J. W. Sutton, H. T. Backus.
Tenth Ward: H. H. Swinscoe, ("icorge W. Olewine.
1861, First Ward: G. Foote, Joseph Godfrey.
Second Ward : F. Le Favour, M. Howard Webster.
Thirtl Waril : J. J. Bagley, T. Williams. Fourth
Ward: F. B. I'helps, J. C. D. Williams. Fifth
Ward: J.S. Farrand. II. H. LcRoy. Si.xth Ward:
S. B. Morse, James Shearer. Seventh Ward : F. M.
Wing, Joseph Cook. Eighth Ward : P. M. Phillips,
William Purcell. Ninth Ward : H. T. Backus, John
Ford. Tenth Ward : G. W. Olewine, F. C. St.
Aubin.
1862, First Ward: Joseph Godfrey, George S.
Frost. Second Ward : M. H. Webster, E. Le Fa-
vour. Third Ward : Theodore Williams, Joseph
Hoek. Fourth Ward: J. C. D. Williams, F. B.
Phelps. Fifth Ward : H. H. LeRoy, J. S. Farrand.
Sixth Ward : James Shearer, A. Lingeman.
Seventh Ward : J. Cook, George Miller. Eighth
Ward : William Purcell, Patrick Gallagher. Ninth
Ward : J. Ford, Wm. S. I'.ond. Tenth Ward : F. C.
St. Aubin, Paul ( "lies.
1863, I'irst W,u\l : George S. Frost, K. C. liar-
ker. Second Ward: F. Le I'avour, P. .McGinni:..
Third
Ward :
Ward :
W.ird
W.ird :
Ward:
Ward :
P.uil ( ;
Ward: J. Hoek, F. II. Cieotte. Fourth
F. I). Phelps, John C. (lorton. Fifth
J. S. F.irrand, Joseph Granger. Sixth
; A. Lingeman, Benjamin I". Hyde. Seventh
S. Dow Elwood, Jas. McGonegal. Eighth
P. (lallaidier, William Purcell. Ninth
Wm. S. Bond, F. E. llldred. Tenth Ward :
lies, Milton I'rost.
1864, First Ward: Peter J. Ralph, X. W. P.rooks.
Second Ward: P. McGinnis, David Thompson.
Third Ward : F. H. Cieotte, John T. Mcldrum.
Fourth Ward : J. C. Gorton. James I). Weir. Fifth
Ward : Wm. Gaboon, I leiiry C. Kni;;hl. Sixth
Ward: B. F. Hyde, A. She'ley. Seventh Ward:
Jas. McGonegal, S. D. Idwood. Eighth Ward:
William Purcell, P. Gallagher. Ninth Ward : Clem-
ent Lafferty, Wm. S. Bond. Tenth Ward: ^L
Frost, P. Gies.
1865, First Ward: N. W. Brooks, Wm. Brodie.
Second Ward: P. McGinnis, A. T. Camjiau. Third
Ward: J. T. Mcldrum, Joseph Hoek. Fourth
Ward : Jas. D. Weir, M. W. iMcld. I'ifth Ward .
H. C. Knight, Robt. McGinnity. Sixth Wari' :
A. Sheley, George C. Codd. Sevenlii Ward: S. D.
Elwood, Jas. ".\IcGonegal. Eighth Ward: P. Gal-
lagher, Wm. I'urcell. Ninth Ward: Wm, S. Bond,
Peter Henkel, Tenth Ward: Paul Gies, F. C. St.
Aubin.
1866, First Ward: Wm, Brodie, (ieo. F. Bagley.
Second Ward : A. T. Campau, Ale.x. W. Copland.
Third Ward : Joseph Hoek, Wm. B. Howe. I"ourth
Ward: M. W. Field, J. D. Weir. Fifth Ward: R.
McGinnity, H. C. Knight. Sixtli Ward : G. C.
Codd, James D. Allison. Seventh Ward: J. Mc-
Gonegal, Enos Lebot. Eighth Ward : Wm. Purcell,
John Considine. Ninth Ward: I'eter Henkel, A.
H. Schmittdiel. Tenth Ward : F. C. "St. Aubin,
Paul Gies.
1867, First Ward: G. F. Bagley, Wm. Stewart.
Second Ward: A. W. Copland, W. H. Langley.
Third Ward: W. B. Howe, Christian .Melius.
Fourth Ward: J. D. Weir, Frank Kremer. Fifth
Ward ; Wm. Phelps* Walter H. Coots. Sixth Ward :
Jas. D. Allison, G. C. Codd. Seventh Waril: Enos
Lebot. Frederick Ruehle.
Considine, Wm. Purcell.
Schmittdiel, Eugene Laible.
Gies, G. W. Olewine.
1868, First Ward: Wm. Stewart, Francis Adams.
Second Ward: W. H. Langley, A. II. Emery.
Third Ward : C. Melius, Wm! B. Howe. Fourth
Ward: F. Kremer, Richard Hawley. Fifth Ward.
W. H. Coots, Wm. {'helps. Sixth Ward; G, C.
Eighth Ward : John
Ninth Ward: A H.
Tenth Ward: Paul
Codd, PI
Frank Bli
dine. Ni
Hughes.
1869, 1
Adams.
H. I'lmery
Fourth W
I'"ifth Wa
Ward: G
F. Rue hit
Mahoney,
Wm. .S. B
N\'illiams.
1870, Fi
Second \V
Third W;,
Ward : Fi
Ward: W
C. C. Coi
Ruehle, E
Mahoney,
Hill, <;eo.
W. H. Ba.N
1871, Fii
Ward: G
Ward : Wi
Ward : T.
A. S. Bagg
Allison, .m!
Frederick ]
Mahoney.
Tenth War
1872, Fir
Second Wa
Third Ward
Ward : J. I
S. Folsom,
Christian, P
F. Ruehle.
Ninth Ward
A. O'Keefe,
1873. Fir
ford. Seco
Langley . 'I
Fourth Wan
Fifth Ward:
P. Parsons,
Ruehle, M.
Shanahan.
Hough. T<
1874, Firs
Second Wan
Ward: C. M,
Ward: Chas.
Ward: G. Gt
J*- Christian,
ALDKRMKN; lUKlR DLllKS AM) NA.MKS.
145
Ciidd, I'liilip Klinn'. Suvl-iuIi Ward; F. Ruelilc,
Frank 15kiin. Ki.i;iitli Ward: W. I'urccll, J. Coiisi-
diiiu. Niiilli Ward: W. S. liond. K. Laiblc. T. F.
llui-lics. Tenth Ward : C. W. Olcwinc, Paul C.ics.
1869, First Ward: Aaron W. Tyrrell, Francis
Adams. Second Ward: W. II. Laiii;iiv, y\umistiis
11. Fniery. Third Ward : C. Melius, Wni. 11. 1 lowe.
I'ourih Ward: Frank Krenier, Thos. Henderson.
I'iflh Ward: W. 11. Coots, Wni. l'hel|)s. Sixth
Ward: (.'•. C. Codd, Philip Kiint;. Seventh Ward :
F. Riiehle, Frank Blum. I'.ii^hth Ward : Tinioihy
iMahoney, J, Considine. Ninth Wai^l: I'eter Hill,
Wm. S. Bond. Tenth Ward: David Knapp, Juli;in
Williams.
1870, First Ward : Aaron W. Tyrrell, Wm. l'"oxen.
Second Ward: Wm. H. I.aiiL^ley, Ceo. W. ISalch.
Third Ward : C. Melkis, Wm. Wilmot. Fourth
Ward: Frank Kremer, Thos. Henderson. I'iflh
Ward: W. H. Coots, A. S. Ikii^'i;-. Sixth Waid :
C. C. Codd, J. ]). Allison. Seventh Ward : 1".
Riiehle, Elijah Smith. Ei.i;hth Ward: Timothy
Mahoney, Dennis Dullea. Ninth Ward: I'eter
Hill, (ico. Sutherland. Tenth Ward : J.Williams,
W. H. Baxter.
1871, First Ward : W. Foxen, F. Adams. Second
Ward: C W. ISalch, W. H. Langley. Third
Ward : Wm. Wilmot, Charles M. Welch. Fourth
Ward : T. Henderson, Joseph Kuhn. I'ifth Ward :
A. S. Bajrjr, Simeon Folsom. Sixth Ward : J. D.
Allison, M. P.Christian. Seventh Ward : IC. Smith,
Frederick Fulda. Ki;<hth Ward: 1). Dullea, T.
Mahoney. Ninth Ward: G. Sutherland, P. Hill.
Tenth Ward : W. H. I5axter, Arthur O'Keefe.
1872, First Ward: F. Adams, Smith R. Wooley.
Second Ward : W. II. Langley, G. F. Hinchman.
Third W^ard : C. M. Welch, James Flowers. Fourth
Ward : J. Kuhn, Wm. Lichtenberg. Fifth Ward :
S. Folsom, David Preston. Sixth Ward: M. P.
Christian, Philo Parsons. Seventh Ward : F. Fulda,
F. Ruehle. Eighth Ward : T. Mahoney, D. Dullea.
Ninth Ward : P. Hill, James Daly. Tenth Ward :
A. O'Keefe, Chas. Stange.
1873, F'fi^t Ward: S. R. Wooley, Albert Hots-
ford. Second Ward: G. F. Hinchman, W. H.
Langley. Third Ward: J. Flowers, C. M. Welch.
Fourth Ward: W. Lichtenberg, Chas. M. Garrison.
Fifth Ward: D. Preston, G. Grelling. Sixth Ward:
P. Parsons, M. P. Christian. Seventh Ward: F.
Ruehle, M. Broeg. lughth Ward: I). Dullea, D.
Shanahan. Ninth Ward: James Daly, Geo. W.
Hough. Tenth Ward: C. Stange, A. O'Keefe.
1874, First Ward: A. liotsford, J. 15. Hinchman.
Second Ward: W. H. Langley, John Horn. Third
Ward: C. M. Welch, Wm. C,. Thompson. Fourth
Ward: Chas. M. Garrison, J. B. Schmittdiel. Fifth
Ward: G. Grelling, W. H. Coots. Si.xth Ward: M.
1*. Christian, Jacob Guthard. Seventh Ward: M.
IJroeg. W. A. Owen. Eighth Ward: D. Shanahan,
John D. Finnegan. Ninth Ward: (ieo. \\\. Hough,
J. Daly. Tenth Ward; A. O'Keefe, W. H. Baxter.
Elewnlh Ward: Jas. Ilolihan itwt) weeks), R. S.
Dillon (two weeks). Twelfth W'artl: Anthony
Groslield, Henry Ileames.
1575, l'"irst Ward: J. B. Hinchman, Geo. Wilkes.
Second Wartl: John I lorn, Jr., John Schmitt. Third
Waixl: Wm. G. 'I'liompson, J. A. Kurtz. Fotuth
Ward: J. P>. Schmittdiel, Chas. C. Blodgett. Fifth
Ward: George Dunlap, .Seymour Finney. Si.xth
Ward: Jacob Guthard. ^L P. Christian. Seventh
Ward: W. .\. Owen, Paul Gies. Eighth Ward: J.
D. Finnegan, I). Shanahan. Ninth Ward: James
Daly. (;. W. Hough. Tenth Ward: W. II. Baxter,
John P. Rowland. Twelfth Ward: II. Ileames,
(ieorge Dorr.
1576, First Ward: George Wilkes, Rolx'rt A.
Liggett. Second Ward : J. Schmitt, Lewis B. Clark,
Chas. Ewi-rs. Third Ward : Jos. A. Kiulz, 'I'hos.
Jackson. Fourth Ward: C. C. Blotlgett, Jas. I.
•Mitchell. Fifth Ward: S. Finney, G. Dunlap. Sixth
Ward:M. P. Christian, J. Guthard. Seventh
Ward: P. Gies, W. A.Owen. Eighth Ward : I).
Shanahan. J. D. l''innegan. Ninth Ward: G. W.
Hough, Michael Ilaller. Tenth Ward: J. P. Row
land, Geo. W. Herriek. Twelfth Ward : Geo. Dorr,
Henry Heanies.
1877, First Ward: R. A. Liggett, T. D. Hawley.
.Second Ward: Chas. I'2wers, J. Schmitt, Th'rd
Ward: Thos. Jackson, J. A. Kurtz. Fourth Wiird:
J. I. Mitchell, August Schulte. Fifth Ward : Geo.
J)inilap, Seymour Finney. Sixth. Ward : J. Guthard,
Stephen K. Taft. Seventh Ward : W. A. Owen, J.
C. Jacob. llighth Ward : J. D. Finnegan, John
Monaghan. Ninth Ward : M. Mailer, J. B. Moore.
Tenth Ward: G. W\ Herriek, Jas. D. Weir.
I'lleventh Ward : N. Seiininger, J. Lingeman.
Twelfth Ward : II. Heames, G. Dorr. Thirteenth
Ward: P.ernard Youngblood, S. C. Karrer.
1878, I'^irst Ward : T. D. Hawley, Geo. A. Foster.
Second Ward: John Schmitt, Chas. Ewers. Third
Ward : J. A. Kurtz, T. Jackson. Fourth Ward :
Abel R. Torrey, J. I. Mitchell. Fifth Ward: S.
Finney, F. G. Russell. Sixth Ward: S. K. Taft,
Jas. B. Lauder. Seventh Ward : J. C. Jacob, Chas.
M. Rousseau. Eighth Ward : J. Monaghan, D.:miel
Guiney. Ninth Ward: J. B. Moore, M. Haller.
Tenth' Ward : J. I). Weir, G. W. Merrick. Ele\enth
W.ard : N. Senninger, John 15. Ryan. Twelfth
Ward: G. Dorr, Henry Gross. Thirteenth Ward :
B. Youngblood, II. Klei, S. C. Karrer.
1879, First Ward : George A. Foster, P. J. Ralph.
Second Ward : Charles F.wers, Thomas Manning.
Third Ward : Thomas Jackson, Wm. Boydell.
Fourth Ward : A. H. Raynor, J. L Mitchell. Fifth
Ward : F. (;. Russell, S. Finnev. Sixth Ward : W.
146
ALUEKMKN: TIIEIK DUIli:S AND NAMES.
:a
K. Warriiicr, W. II. Connor. .Seventh Ward: C.
M. Rousseau, J. C. Jacob. Kiirlitli Ward: I).
Guiuev, J. M()nai,dian. Ninth Ward : M. lialler, T.
J. GrilVm. Tent'li Ward: G. W. Herriek, C. II.
Chene. Eleventh Ward : J. H. Ryan, Francis Alter.
Twelfth Ward: II. Cross, M.Daly. Thirteenth
Ward: Paul (lies. S. C. Karrcr.
i<S8o, First Ward : P. J. Ralph, C.eor.ire A. Foster.
Second Ward : Thos. Manning', Charles lowers.
Third Ward: Wni. Hoydell, .M. \'. i5ort,nnan.
Fourth Ward: A. H. Raynor, II. D. Barnard.
Fifth Ward : S. Finney, J. I'"., \1ncent. Sixth
Ward: W. H. Connor, W. IC. Warriner. Seventh
Ward : J. C. Jacob, Henry Heck. ICij^dith Ward :
J. Monatjhan, D. Cuiney. Ninth Ward : T. J.
Griffin, M. Haller. Tenth Ward : G. II. Chene,
W. E. Todd. I'Mevenlh Ward : F. Alter, Joseph
Eintjeinan. Twelfth Ward : M. Daly, Geo. Dorr.
Thirteenth Ward: Paul Gies, Henry Klei.
i88t, Finst Ward: G. A. Foster. C. W. Coolidge.
Second Ward : C. Ewers, T. Manning. Third
Ward : M. V. Bori,mian, Thos. J.ackson. Fourth
Ward : H. D. Barnard. JMfth Ward : J. !•:. Vincent,
S. iMnney. Sixth Ward : W. K. Warriner. l".. K.
Roberts.' Seventh W.ird : H. Heck, W. A. Owen.
Eitfhth Ward: D. Guiney, P. Shanahan. Ninth
Ward: M. Haller, Chas. Appelt. Tenth Ward:
W. i:. Todd, H. Merdian. Eleventh Ward: J.
Linirenian, Vl. W. Simpson. Twelfth Ward : Geo.
Dorr, .\lfred E. Hamlin. Thirteenth Ward: Henry
Klei, John Kessler.
1882, First Ward: W. E. Warriner, A.Grant.
Second Ward : Seymour I'inney, J. E. Vincent.
Third Ward : I",. W. Simpson, J. B. Book. Fourth
Ward : C. W. Coolidge, J. W. Fules : Fifth Ward :
W. A. Owen, A. Ruolf. Sixth Ward : !'. Shanahan,
J. I'"alvey. Seventh Ward : Thomas Manning,
Henry ileck. Eighth Ward: K. K. Roberts, W.
!•:. Moloney. Ninth Ward: H. Merdian, Paul
(iies. Tenth Ward : Chas. Appelt, George Dorr.
Eleventh Ward ; Thos. Jackson, Henry Klei.
Twelfth Ward ; Alfred K. H.imlin. Wm. H.Taylor.
Thirteenth Ward : John Kessler, A. I.emmer.
1883, l'"irst Ward : Wm. K. Warriner, Thomas
Fairbairn. Second Ward : G. A. Chase, Seymour
Mnney. Third Ward : James B. Book, F.
Wettlaufer, Fklward Sweeney. Fourth Ward :
James W. Pales, C. W. Coolidge. l"ifth Ward :
Augustus Ruolf, Thomas Beggs. Sixth Ward :
Jeremi.ih Falvey, P. Shanahan. Seventh Ward :
Henry Heck, Augustus Kaiser. I'.ighth Ward : Wm.
E. Moloney, John L.Warren. Ninth Ward: Paul
Gies, Joseph Nagel. Tenth Ward : George Dorr,
A. G. Kronberg, Chas. Appelt. Eleventh Ward :
Henry Klei, Henry Merdian. Twelfth Ward: Wm.
H. Taylor, Geo. W. Loonier. Thirteenth Ward :
August Lemmer, John Kessler.
1884, I'"irst Ward : Thomas Fairbairn, Thomas
Jackson. .Second Ward : Seymour I''inney, George
A. Chase. Third W.ird : ICdward Sweeney, Levi
A. Wilcox. Fourth Ward : Peter J. Ralph, John W.
Westcott. Fifth Ward : Thomas Beggs, I'"rancis
Alter. Sixth Ward : John Kellcy. Jeremiah Falvey.
Seventh Ward : Augustus Kaiser, Henry Heck.
ICighth Ward : John L. W'arren, Wm. I". Moloney.
Ninth Ward: Joseph Nagel, Paul Gies. Tenth
Ward : Charles .Appelt. Louis B. Littlefield. Eleventh
Ward : Henry Merdian, Charles J. Wicser. Twelfth
Ward : Geo. W. Loonier, Bernard O' Reilly. Thir-
teenth Ward : John Kessler, August Lemmer.
CHAPTER XXVII
TIIK WARDS: ■|IIi:iK KS TAnLISIIMI'.NT AND I'.OUXDARIES.
Four wards were c-n-ntcd by nrdinnnrc nf May
14, 1825, for the sole purpose of fonnini; disiriris
for the fire wardens. A lifih ward was created
on Seplcmber 23, 1835 ; hut none of tliese (li\isions
were wards in llie sense in wliieh tiie word is now
used, neither did they inelude all of the city.
The first real division of the city into wards was
by Act of March 37, 1839. Tiie Ixnindaries then
defined would now be described as follows: First
Ward, all between Shelby Street and east line of
Forsyth Farm, and south of Michi;^an Avenue to
the river. Second Ward, all between Randolph and
Shelby Streets, and south of Monroe and .Michigan
Avenues to the river. Thirtl Ward, all between
Randolph and St. y\ntoine Streets, .and south of Cro-
ghan Street to the river. An ordinance of March
17, 1857, added to the Third Waril the territory be-
tween .St. Antoine, Randolph, Cros^han, and (iraiiot
Streets. By Act of 1839 the Fourth Ward em-
braced all south of the dratiot Road to the river,
aiul between St. Antoine .Street and the east line of
the Witherell Farm. I5y Act of February 15, 1842,
the Witherell Farm was thrown outside of the city,
ami Deiiuindre Street became the east boundary of
the Fourth Ward. Si.\ years later Rivard Street be-
came the east boundary, under the Act of January
25, 1848, which created the Seventh Ward. The
Fifth Ward, by Act of 1839, embraced the territory
between Woodward Avenue and the west line of the
Jones Farm, and north of Michigan Avenue to the
city limits; an ordinance of December 12, 1875,
added to it that part of the addition to the city limits
made by Act of May 3, 1875, which lay north of and
between an extension of the east and west boun-
daries of the ward. As established in 1839, the
Si.Kth Ward embraced all cast of Woodward Avenue,
and was bounded on the south as follows : On Ml
roe Avenue to Croghan Street, along Croghanto Si,
Antoine Street, up St. Antoine to Gratiot Road, and
along Gratiot Road to the east line of the city.
The Act of February 15, 1842, which put the With-
erell Farm back into the township of Hamtamck,
after it had been for six years a part of the city,
made Dequindre Street the east line of the Si.xth
Ward, thus reducing the ward in size ; it was further
contracted by ordinance of March 17, 1857, which
added to the Third \\ ard the portion bounded by
[
St. Antoine, I^andolph, Croghan, and Gratiot
Streets. By ordinance of December 17, 1875, which
created the Eleventh Ward, the Si.xth Ward was
shorn of .ill the territory lying e.ast of St. .\ntoine
Street except that portion of the block bounded by
St. Antoine, Hastings, Montcalm, and High Streets,
lying west of an alley running north and south
through said block; this jog in the boundary was
made because at that time one of the aldermen of
the Sixth Ward lived in the block indicated, and it
was desired to retain him in the ward. An or-
dinance of April 7, 1880, remedied this break in the
ward line by making St. Antoine Street the east
boundary of the Sixth, and the west boundary of
the Eleventh Ward. Ordinance of December 23,
1875, added to the Sixth Ward all that part of the
addition to the city limits of that year that an ex-
tension in straight lines of the east and west boun-
daries of the ward would include.
The Seventh Ward, created by Act of January 25,
1848, included all of the city south of Gratiot
A\enue to the river, and between Rivard and De-
quindre Streets. The I-j'ghth Ward was created by
Act of February 20, 1S49, and included all of the
Forsyth, Labrosse, and Baker Farms added to the
city by the .same Act. An ordinance of December
23, 1875, ;iddecl to the Eighth Ward such portion of
the addition to the city limits as would fail within
its east and west boundary lines extended north-
wards to the city line. The Ninth Ward was created
by Act of I''ebruary 12, 1857, and embraced all the
territory west of the east line of the Woodbridge
Farm, east of the west line of the Porter Farm, and
south of the Detroit & Milwaukee and Grand
Trunk Railroad tracks to the river. An ordinance
of May 30, 1873, created the Twelfth Ward, and
made Seventeen-and-a-half and Eighteenth Streets
its west boundary. It was slightly enlarged by the
ordinance of December 21, 1875, which added to it
such of the territory added to the city in that year as
an extension in a straight line, northerly to the city
limits, of its eastern and western boundaries would
include. The Tenth Ward, created at the same time
as the Ninth, included all the new territory on the
east side of the city, and embraced all east of De-
quindre Street, west of Mt. Elliott Avenue, and
north of the river. An ordinance of December 17,
U7l
148
Till': WARDS: TIIKIR KS TAlJLlSliMKNT AND liOUNDA Kl I.S.
i(S75, wliicli (lividc'il it. and created tlie 'I'liiiUeiUli
Ward, defined its nortli boundary as follows:
Catherine Street east to IClnnvood Avenue, ii|) Illni-
wood Avenue to Ciernian Stri'et, and thence east to
Mt. Kiliott Avenue. 15y ordinance of Jeceniher 23,
1875, all of the territory added to the city that year
that an extension of tiie east and west l)oundaries of
the 'l^'Utli Ward in straiijht liiu's would include was
added to the ward. An Ael of .April 2y, 1S73, an-
nexed part of Oosse Pointe and Ilamtranick to the
city, and defined the annexed territory as tlu:
I'-Ieventh Ward, but the Suiirenie Court pronounced
the Act unconstitutional, as it interfered with the
political ri.ujhts of voters. The failure of this Act
exi')lains why the 'I'welflh Ward existed two years
before the Eleventh Ward. The Eleventh Ward
was definitely created by ;ui ordinance of December
17, 1875, which took effect October i, 1876. It
included all east of St. Antoine Street, cxcejit the
piece of land noted in connection with boundaries
of the Sixth Ward, and all west of Decjuindre and
north of dratiot Street to the city limits. The ordi-
nance of April 7, 1880, corrected the broken ward-
line, makini:^ St. Antoine Street the west boundary.
The Twelfth Ward was created by ordinance of
May 30, 1873. It embract'd all west of .Seventeen-
and-a-h.'df and Ki^hteenlh Streets and east of west
line of I'orter I'arni, and extended from the river to
the city limits. IJy orcHnance of December 21, 1875,
such jiart of the territory added to the city that year
as an extension of its east and west boundary lines
in straijjht lines to the new city limits would include
was added to the ward. The Thirteenth \\'ard
was created by ordinance of Decemlier 17, 1875,
taking effect October i, 1876. It included that part
of the city lying east of Dequindre Street and west
of Mt. Kiliott Avenue. It was bounded on the
south by Catherine Street to Elmwood Avenue,
thence on I^'lmwood Avenue to German -Street, and
east on Cierman Street to Mt. IClliott Avenue.
The authority to divide and create wards was
formerly vested solely in the Legislature, but on
April 17, 1 87 1, a charter amendment gave this pre-
rogative to the city. The council, however, was
loath to exercise this power, and up to i88r there
was great inequality in the area and the population
of the wards. Several of tho.s", lying along the
river, in the southern part of the city, were con-
trolled almost entirely by those who had least at
stake in the government of the city. These facts
led to the radical changes in boundaries made by
Act of the Li'gislalure on M.iy 5, i>SiSi. liukr this
Act all the w;irds were m.iile to extend from the
northern limits of the eit\' t" the ri\i'r.
In the new arraiigcinenl, e;ieh w.'ird includes a
portion of the residence, manufacturing, and river
disti'iets. Much gre.iter e(|u;ility in valuation of the
wards and char;icttr of the population is securi'd,
and strei'ts, instead of f;u-m lines, have become the
division lines of all the wartls. The change is of
great value in .apportioning voters and assessing
|iroperty. The boundaries, as established by Act
of iSSi, are ;is follows :
First Waki> : Hctwcen Woodw.urd Avenue and
Heaubien Street.
Skcon'I) Ward: All that part of the ciiybounded
on the east by Woodward Avenue and on the west
by First Street, from the Detroit River to Crand
River Avenue, up Ciraiul River Avenue to Second
.Street, and along Second Street to the city limits.
Third Ward: All between lieaubien and Has-
tings Streets.
Fourth ^V^\R^ : All between the west boundary
line of the Second Ward and Crawford Street, from
the city limits to Cirand Iviver .Vvenue, down C.rand
River Avenue to I''iflh Street, and down Fifth
.Street to the Detroit River.
Fii'TH Ward: All between Hastings and Rus-
sell Streets.
Sixth Ward: All between the west boundary
of the l'"ourth Ward .and Trumbull Avenue.
Skvknth Ward
Decjuindre Streets.
Eighth Ward;
Trumbull Avenues.
Nixi'H Ward:
Chene Streets.
TkN'TH Warp : All between the west line of
Twentieth Street and Wabash .Avenue.
Klkvexth Ward: All between Chene Street
and McDougall Avenue.
TwKi.FTH Ward : All lying west of the west
line of Twentieth Street.
ThirtefIVith Ward: All lying east of Mc-
Dougall Avenue extended on the south to the
Detroit River and on the north to the city limits,
and also the parcel of land known as Belle Isle.
In all cases where the streets are not open to the
river or extended to the northern limits of the city,
the w.ird lines are where the lines of the streets
would be if opened or extended.
: .All between Russell
All between Wabash
All between Dequindre
and
and
and
CH apti<:r XXVIII
FRKNCn AND KNC.LISIl TAXATION'.— TERRITORIAI. TAXI'.S.— STATK AND COUNTY
TAXKS.— CITY TAXATION AND FINANCES.— UNITED STATES TAXES.
FRKXCH AM) KNCI.ISII lA XA IK )N.
Undkr French rule the iiiliabilaiUs of Detroit
paid to the receiver of the domain, as rent to the
Crown, an annual tax of from one to two sols per
foot front. Tile Enyiisii commandants required the
occupants of farms ailjoininj;' tlie town to support
the troops .and to furnisli at lirst one c<jrd of wood,
and tiien two cords, for cacii acre of fronta.t^e on the
river. In 1762 tiie ta.\ on the inhabitants within the
fort amounted to one iiundred and eigiity-four
pounds, tiiirteen siiiliinijs, four pence; two years
later it was one iuindred and fifty-eij;lit pounds. New
York currency. In 1768 a tax of one sliiliinu; per
foot front for lots in the fort, and ten shillin,ns per
acre for tlie farms adjoining, was ordered to be
paid; tiiis would have yielded about four thousand
pounds, New York currency. The inhabitants |)ro-
tested against this tax as exorbitant, and asked to
have the work done by commissioners, whom they
agreed to p.'iy. The indications are that their plan
was adopted.
TKRRrrORIAL TAXKS.
Under the Northwest Territory, by law of August
I, 1792, the Court of Common Pleas appointed
annually a commissioner of land tax, with collectors
for each district. Act of December 19, 1799, trans-
f(;rred the ap|)ointment of tlu^se officers to the Court
of Ouarter Sessions, who were required to lay off
the districts. All the lands in each district were to
be divided by the commissioners into three classes,
the first grade to pay eighty-five cents, the second
sixty cents, and the third twenty-five cents on each
hinidred acres.
Detroit was in the district or township of Sargent,
and the following copy of an old French letter,
found among the archives of the county, shows
that delinquent tax-payers are not a modern insti-
tution :
RiVRK Raisin, 13th August, 1799.
McNsiniM} F. I. Bki.i.ixouk, —
I liave received orders from you to ap|)car at the fort to-morrow
to render my account of I'axes.
I have to announce to you that it is iinposslhle for me to quit.
My harvest at this moment is bcini; ravaged hy blackbirds. The
|)i'ople don't pay, not liavlng any mnney, and I (an't very well
(iinipil tliini. Do yon know what you have to di>, it is to send
your orders so as to give more force, so as to constrain them to
pay.
I am your humble serv.mt,
IMS
JciSKl'll X MkNAKI),
MA UK
Colltctoy /or district 0/ Sargent.
The fort was then the most prominent object in
the place, and "going to the fort" was the cus-
tomary phrase of people going to the town. M.
Hellecour was evidently collector of the land tax.
Etienne Dubois, who served in 1801, is the only
other person known to have acted in this capacity.
The following officers were appointed in March,
1801 : lister of Lands for Detroit and Huron dis-
tricts, A. Dequindre; apjiraiscrs of houses for town-
ship of Detroit, Joseph Thibeaut and Cabriel (Jod-
froy; collector of territorial tax, Elias Wallen. On
June 13, 1801, Francois I'etiuise was appointed to
take the enumeration of jiersons and property for
Detroit township, and on June 7, 1803, T. McCrae
and C.abriel Godfroy were apjiointed assessors and
appraisers for Detroit. On December, 1803, they
were succeeded by Joseph Thibeaut and Joseph
Campau. Undor Michigan Territory, a law of Sep-
tember 10, 1805, imposed taxes as follows: "On
every coach, chariot, phaeton, chair, calash, chaise
or other riding carriage, one dollar for every wheel ;
and on every sleigh, carriole, or other conveyance
for riding in winter, two dollars, — one half thereof
to become due upon the first day of April in every
year, to be collected by the Marshal," The law also
declared that "every male inhabitant in the Terri-
tory, over the age of sixteen years, should pay
annually the sum of one dollar as a capitation tax."
The number of tax-payers in the Territory on
October i, 1805, was five hundred and twenty-five,
and an aggregate assessment of $1,143 seems to
have been nearly all paid. The highest sum assessed
to any one person was eighteen dollars and fifty
cents, and the lowest one dollar. A few of the
names and amounts on the old roll are as follows :
James May, $18.50; Joseph Campau, $10.50; James
Abbott. $8 ; Solomon Sibley, $2 ; Elijah Brush,
$4.50; IJarnaby Campau, $3; Archibald Horner,
[mqI
I^O
STATE AND COUNTY TAXES.
$2; Ciabricl Ridiard, S3; Al)raiii Hull, S3, .ind
I'etcr Dc-snoycrs, $1.
Under tliis law, on June 5, iSo7,tlu' Disiriet Cnuit
for Detroit appointed the following,' ol'lieers: Stanley
(jriswold, ire.isurer ; John lii'nry, Charles Mor.an,
and Chahert Jonraire, assessors ; W'ni. MeD. Seotl,
eolleetor.
In addition to tlic reijiilar taxes, lieenses were
reciuired from nicreiiants, tavern and saloon keepers.
The total territorial reeeipts from all sources were
estimated, in i8o(S, at §5,000; but no one save the
Governor and Jud,y;es knew the amount eolleeted, or
the use made of the money. Meanwhile ("lovernor
Hull and Jud).(e May erected their expensive resi-
dences, and their expenditures seemed so lavish
that the Grand Jury of the Territory undertook to
investii^ate the accounts of the assessors, collectors,
and treasurers; but to their jL^reat surprise, they
founil that neither of these officers could be com-
pelled to render any statement whatever to the
people. Indeed, the Governor and Jiidjjjes told the
(hand Jury, "The laws do not authorize you to
inciiiire into these matters," which information the
Grand Jury, thouj^di surjirised and indii;nanl, could
not gainsay. In the words of a contem|iorary,
" The Governor and Judi^es continued to serve as
the raters of taxes, the assessors, the colk'ctors, the
treasurers and expcnders."
In a memorial to President Madison, the followinvf
complaint was made :
'I'ho taxes ()n our pcdj:)!!* arc \'rry h('a\ y, and tin* piil)Iif ntonc)',
whin intrusted to tin: discrution of Mr. Hull, is wantonly wasted.
He aiithori>!ed a niniilierof eonimissioners to explore a road to tlx^
Miami, in the dead of winter, when the coinitry was hut one sheet
of ice and snow, -and which it would be inpossihle for thi' same,
or any other persons, to find again in l.ie siiniiiKT time, -and
expended four hundred and eighty-two dollars, raised by taxes oil
a sparse and poor population, on this useless and injiidieious jiro-
jeet,— money whieh inii;bt be productive of some good if the
diitatesof common sense* bad been complied wilb, and a propir
season of the year selected for the purposi*.
From 1812 to 1820 there was no direct territorial
t.a.x on lands, but license fees were required from
stores, taverns, and ferries.
On May 8, 1820, provision was made for taxing;
personal property and lands in each county ; and in
case the taxes were not paid, and no personal
property could be found upon which to levy, the
sheriff was authorized to imprison deliiujuents.
Under law of April 21, 1825, provision was first
made for the sale of lamls for non-payment of
taxes, and the first enforcement of this law created
great indignation.
STATE AND COUNTY TAXES,
These ta.xes originate as follows : y\ppro|)riations
made by the Legislature arc aiiportioned by t!ie
auditor-gtncr.il, who communic.itis the iiroportion
of the county to the Mo.ird of Supervisors, through
the county clerk, and the bo.ird apportions tliiin
with the regul.ir county t.ix. The amount of the
county tax is determined by the Bo.ird of Auditors.
Once in live years the .Stale Hoard of I'.tiu.iliz.a-
tion ex.imines the apportionments of the State tax
m.ule by the aiiditor-geiicr.il, ,iiul, as far .is possible,
equ.ilizi'S the .amounts.
I'ndcr the tax law of March 14. 18S2, and Act of
June T), 1883, the State and county taxes, for each
current year, become a lien on the property on
December i, and one per cent on the amount is
.allowed tl township treasurers for colk^cting the
same. A J.inii.ary i four jicr cent is .allowed
the township treasurers. Within the city of Detroit
the tiixes are payable to the county treasurer tij) to
December 16 without any percentage. If not paid
by December 16, four per cent is added to the
amount of the original tax, which must be paid by
the first of I'"ebruary, unless the time is I'Xtcndi'd by
the Common Council or the Township Hoard ; but
not over one month of additional time c;in be
granti'd. If not paid by the first of March, two per
(\'nt addilioii.il is added, and then one jier cent a
month up to June 1, and if not then paid, ;i further
sum of twenty per ci'iil per yi'ar is charged until
paid.
On the first of M.arch a list of all lands on which
the taxes are unpaid is forwarded by the idtiiity
treasurer !(• the auditor-gencr.al, .and if tlu' t.axes
remain un|);ii(l one year or more afti'r liie first of
July, the lands are then sold on the first of May in
the next ye.ir. The sale is made by the county
treasurer, who, within twenty days after the sale,
must file with the clerk of the Circuit Court a list of
the lands .sold, and unless objection is made, within
eight days thereafter the sale is confirmed. Al any
time within one year thereafter the court can set aside
the sale, ujion such terms .as .ire deemed just ; but
no sale can be set aside after the purchaser or his
assignee has been in possession for live years.
A tax receipt, to be valid, must describe Ne
])roperty as fully as it is described on the t.ix roll ;
and it is well for persons to observe for themselves
that the tax is marked "I'.aid" on the collector's
books.
Cnder law of 1827, and up to 1879, the county
taxes in Detroit were collected by the ward col-
lectors under direction of the Common Council;
since 1879 they have been p.iy.ible to the county
treasurer, or to collectors of his a|5pointment.
The total territorial and county, and State and
county taxes, for several decades, with other inter-
esting facts, are given in following table ;
Year.
1830...
lS|o. ,.
ia,o...
l8i;o. ..
I8(K>...
>«7
1.SS1). ..
CITY 'lAXAlloN AM) FINANCKS.
15'
Year.
Total Co.
lax.
'I'lital State
aiKlCii.'i'ax.
I'aiil liy
III iKiit,
C'oimty
Dclu.
5.U10
Popiilal'ii
of to.
l8ao. ..
• $1,688
5i7-'"
.•14."<i7
67,466
■AV 1.658
406,5 J I
i8(o...
l..,7l6
.•1,51J
S.l.'N'J
177,804
i.,,6.o"
'•.)5'
5i,H8fi
181,441,
2~),),Jjii
184.....
t8s'). ..
24.'7J
42.756
75.547
I i(,,i)68
166,444
1S70...
18K0...
1 17."5"
Formerly many county oniccrs were entitled to
the fees reeeiveil, hut under Acts of May 22 antl 24,
iS/i;, tlie fees received hy all county ollicers, after
that year, wi'fe re(|iiired to be paid to the county
treasurer, and credilt'd to the _y;eiuTal fund.
The credit of the county and its linances were fur-
ther cared for by an Act of June 7, 1881, which pro-
vided for funding;- the debt of the county for ten
years, at foiu" and a half per cent interest, and for
the raisini,r by tax, each yi'ar until paid, of not less
than one tenth of the ainouhl of the county debt.
CITY rAXATIoM AND FIMANCKS.
Under the town incoriioralion, the first tax was
voted on .April 17, 1S02. The amount was $150,
and it was to be paid by an assessment of twenty-
live cents upon each individual of the aije of twenty-
one years and upwards, and by a tax of one fourtii
of one per cent on "fixed propert)." In practice,
the " fixed property " was then deemed to mean
houses, anil not lots or lands. Under the rule of the
(lovernor and Jud.nes, no city lax is known to have
!)een levied. Fri'edom from such taxation was,
probal)ly, the one blessing of their ri'^/inr. 'I"he
territorial treasurer ke[)t an account known as the
Detroit Fund, and the (iovernor and Judifcs tfave
orders on it, which were paid by recei|)ts obtained
from sale of lots. In 1S15 the citizens aj^ain as-
sumed the ni.anaii^enH'nt of llu'ir own affairs, and on
Sepiember 21, 1816, ;i tax of §1,500 was voted for,
and was chielly used in buildinj,^ a market-house. It
was raised by a poll tax of one dollar, and by a lax
on real and personal [iroperty.
On February 13, 1817, the IJoard of Trustees
ai^reed to levy a tax of forty cents on each one hun-
dred dollars, aiul the total valuation of the city was
fixed at $1,787.37. On May 10, 1819, the treasurer
of the corporation made the following report for the
year :
Riccmi'TS— Rent of Market Stall, $64.06 ; Kiiics, $(,.;. ii, ; 'ravcni
Lieciisus, $79.93 ; Use of Hay Scales, $17.06. Total, $254,24.
Kxi'KNniriuKS— On account of Market, $13.19; l''ire Hooks
and Handles, $64.13; Salary of t'iiy I'lerk, from September 5,
1817, to May 11, 1819, $115.43; Commission on moiu'ys received
and paid by Tr" isurer, $13.31 ; Deputy Marshal, $47.43; Sheet-
iron for Council House, 75c. Total, $254.24. Outstanding Hills
against the City, $583.93. Amounts due City, $180.77.
Act of April 4, 1827, authorized the "citizens'
meeting," by a plur.ility of votes from qualified
voters, to levy a poll ta.x of not exceeding one dollar
upon every qualified voter. I'he .same Act empow-
ered the city lo fill up the lots on low grounds aloiu'
the river and in other loc.ilities; and if the improve-
ments were not jjaitl for by parties owning the lots,
the city was authorized to lease them for seven
years to .any person who would p;iy the amounts
due. By Act of April 12, power w.is given to lease
lots so assessed for twenty-five years. As might he
expected, there was much trouble in enforcing these
laws, .and speci.al power w.as given to the city
m.arsh.il under which he could summon citizens to
his .aid ii, onlcr to p. lersons into possession of the
lots they hail le.ised.
We now reach the record of events that seem
■almost incredible, and that mark an era in the his-
tory of Detroit. In the year 1827 the city cnlc;''il
upon .and beg.in to l.iy out the m.ignificcnl iiroperty
known .as the Milit.ary Reserve, which h.id been
gr.anled by Congress the i)revious year. Roughly
described by present .street-lines, ihe Ir.icl embr.iccd
all the hand between .Michigan Ave.iue .and I.. irned
.Street, and C.riswold .mil Cass Streets.
Like some boyish heir, who has miexpectedly
come into p )sses.sion of .a large estate, the city did
not know how to properly enjoy and utilize such
wealth, .and the saying " IC.asy come, easy go"
proved as .applicable lo corpor.ate as to individual
fin.ances. Property which to-d.iy is in the hc.irl of
the city, the income from which, year by year, would
pay the entire city expenses and meet our bonded
debt besides, was frittered away and siiuandcrcd.
Twice in the hi.story of the city a Landed dom.iin
which would be .a l.irge factor in the wealth of
<a Rothschild has been lost by the mism.anage-
ment of those who should have preserved it. First
the Ten-Thousand-Acre Tract and hundreds of city
lots were disposeil of, .and then the Milil.iry Reserve;
and to-day the city has literally nothing left of those
magnificent gift.s, — gifts such as no other city in the
Union ever received from the (iener.al ("lovernmcnt.
No other city on this continent was ever so highly
favored, and none could h.avc made a much poorer
u.se of such a donation. If the city h.ad .sold, or
even given away, every alternate lot, and leased the
rem.ainder of the lots, if the aldermanic fathers
had done one half .as well for the city as the owners
of the Cass and Mrush Farms did for themselves,
the city revenue would now be so great as to pre-
clude any necessity for tax.ation, and Detroit would
be the citizens' paradise, the Utopia of burdened
tax-payers.
When the city began to improve its possessions,
it had not money enough to p.ay the laborers. The
council therefore resolved to p.ay for the work in
their own notes. Accordingly, on April 10, 1827,
two days before the legislative council had granted
them authority, the Recorder .and Alderman Jones
IS 2
CITY TAXATION AM) FINANCES.
were apixHiUed ;i committee to attend to the printiiiif
of the due-bills. On .\|)rii 12, the le^Mslative eoiincil
jrave the city power to issue tiiese bills, to an amount
not e.\ceediiijr S5.000 at any one time; and on May
I the first lot of one hundred duc-l)ills, for ti\-c
dollars each, was issued ; and soon after fifty, for ten
dollars each. On .M;iy 31 it was
AViWrvv/, that the snin of iivc liiiinlii'd (li)llars lie issued in cnr-
poration iiDtcs, of a (IciKiiniiiatioii not U'ss than live dcillafs, at tlic
disi!rcti(in of llic ni.iynr.
Diirinjr the year, hills of the (k'noininaiion of
three doll.ars, two dollars, and one dollar, and e\cn
of fractional ;ininmiis, were issued, and a total of
$3,349.78 was put in circulation. In 1828 the issues
of 1827 were redeemed, and §2,300 additional siijncd
and cinuilateci. It was found, however, that tlu'
people did not sustain this " fi;it " currency, and on
July 28, 1828, a special committee of the council
made the foUowinir report :
The ciimmittce instructed to e.xamijie into the state of tin;
credit of the paper, heretofore issued by tliis corporation, etc.,
h.ive to report: That on inquiry it was found that at ri,;;lit of tlie
stores of the principal merchants of Detroit, which were in siii-
cossion visited hy a resptu:tahle individual, a discount of eiiLi:htci'n
cents on a dollar way. dcMUantled, when taken for >;oods.
The couiuiittee have learned that in several instances a much
Rreater sacrifice has been required of those who offered the paper
of the corporation; and in <^ne instance, ,'ibout forty percent dis-
count was exacted of a laborer, who h.id been in the employ of
the street comniissionei-, and who wished to buy ,i barrel of pork.
In fine, it appears to the committee that m place of a desire on
the part of many, who, it might be supposed, are mainly inter-
ested in the welfare and improvement of the city, to support and
assist the exertions of the Cominon Coimcil, and to maint.iin the
value of the means which are at its disposjil, there exists a paltry
and dis.i^'raceful propensity to speculate on these means, and to
increase private wealth, at the sacrifice of the c:ommon property.
* ♦ * The street commissioner, and others who are calli-d on
to employ labirers for the corporation, find them.selves under the
necessity of paying one or two shillings more for a day's work, in
the notes of the corporation, than the s:une would cost in money,
or bills at par. .-Vnd every article reqiured for the corporation, and
paid for in its paper, is charged in a like proportion. * * * *
Tlie committee beg lea\'e to suggest
I''irsty th.'t no improvement wliich will require pecuniary means
he imdertaken until the bills of the corporation shall be within fwe
per cent of their nominal value.
Si-ctmil, that all works which have been undert.iken, whii h
ri'qnire pecuniary means, and which can be relinciuished without
prejudicing the pidilic health or interest, be discontinued.
/V///"*/, that all debts now due the cori)or.'iti(^n be immediately
collected; and
FiK >-th, that, if it be necessary to restore the <redit of the
papi'r 01 he corporation, a number of lots be inunediately sold for
that purpo^.', or that a loan be obtained of either the Hank of
Michigan or the Itank of Monroe, at the legal interi'st, and pay-
able; in the manner money is usually paid when obtained on what
is called Ace<iminodation Notes. * ♦ *
Ri;sp(;cl fully subnrlted.
Jiui\ I'. SiiKi.noN,
1'. I'. II. WrriM.:ui.;i 1,,
Jil.v 18, iSj.S. Coiiiniitter.
The report produced but little effect, and matters
ji^rcw worse and worse, fhc toi.il citv receipts in
1828 were $20,836.20, of which §1 1,765.95 was from
sales of lots, and $1,689.36 from lease of lots 011 the
embankment. I'he expenditures were, for debts of
the previous ye.ir, $i,i 17.66; for roads and super-
visor, $1,697.80; for .sewers, $1,278; for embank-
ment, $7,718; and for o|X'iiinjr streets, $1,754.
.\lmost as soon as the city bcir.in to dispose of
the property i;i\'en to it, tlu' cor|ior;uion l)c,n;in to be
in w;tnt. I'lip-iid debts of previous years were
c.'illcd for. Improvements p.aid for in dc|)reciated
due bills were charged for iiroportionately, and cost
much more than they were really worth. The city
continued its issue of due-bills, netrlected ta.\;ition,
and snjd its lots for almost any price, often taking;
in p.tyment its own notes, boui^'ht at thirty ,-ind forty
percent discount. .Most of the funds th.at were rc-
cei\-ed were expended in improx'in^' the wx\ lots
sold. \. series of so-called imiirovcmcnts was
entered upon, many of them of a temporary char-
acter, and others solely in the interest of siiecuiators.
The Steam Mill Wharf, at the foot of Woodw.ard
Avenue, was tilled in at a cost of several thousand
dollars, for the benefit, as was soon found out, of
private owners. The river front or "embankment"
w;is really improved. The result of the needless
expenditures and bad fin.'incicrint;" is indicated in the
followino^ resolution, " '
22, 1S29:
Risoh'cd, that ,,ie corporat!
Ss", for the tirm of ninety da
a like term; tlu; same to be a
by the council on June
..m of till' ilank of .Michigan
ith the permission to renew for
iriated for the uses of the poor.
In the following;- ycai . committee, api^ointed by
the Common Coinicil. reported that "they had
■applied at both of the b.anks of this city, and had
been unable to obtain any definite terms from said
banks ujion which they would loan money to the cor-
poration."
When we look .at the city of to-day, with its im
mense wcilih .and unass.ailabic (Tedit, receiving- .and
expendino' o\'cr ,1 million of dollars yearly, it seems
stranv^e indct'd that its credit was e\'er so poor
and its future so entirely unforeseen.
In 1830 the city became more moderate in its ex-
pendiliires, and the total amount paid out was
$4,542.75, of which $4,426.63 w;is rei^eived from
s.ale of lots. Whenever money w.is w.anted for any
purpose, the city ollicials diil not, as ;i f.armcr mii,rht
do, take a sheep to market, but thcv sold a lot of
land instead, .11; 1 iliiis, ye.ir by year, the city lived
upon .and devoured its substance. On November
12, 1830, a committee was ".appointed to obtain a
loan for the purpose; of r"decmiim' the cori^oration
money," and this year the city redeemed $2,610.07,
and issued $i,5l;6. In March, 1831, the due-bills
were subject to .a discoimt of twelve and ;i half per
cent. Still the |)rinters were kept busy, .and on
/\pril 14, $1,000 in corporation notes were issued,
CITY TAXATION AM) ITXAXCKS.
>l.-)
and the same amount in i<S32. On July lo, 1834,
the last of the llrst series was issued. Up to that
time $21,208 liad i)een circulated, and on Au.iijust 1
tliere were $6,830 outstandin,;;;. On Oitober 22 it
was decided to cease tile issue of these liills, and lo
redeem all that were outstanding;-.
It should l)e rememheretl that, during' the years
named, neither under the town incorporation of
1802, the rule of the ("lovernor and Jud.i^es from
1805 to 1815, nor by the regular city government
existing from i Si 5, were any city taxes levied upon
ri-al estate. Is it any wonder that those who owned
broad acres in single farms within and adjoining the
city grew rich as the years went by. almost without
effort or care ? However, " nothing is surer than
deatl; and taxes," and city taxation of real estate
came as tiie direct result of the deaths in Detroit by
Asiatic cholera. The expense incurred by the city
during the prevalence of the scourge of 1832 was
too great to be paid by the methods previously in
vogue. The county refused to pay any portion of
the expense, and finally, as a last resort, the citizens
voted to tax the real estate. It was found, however,
that the city had no power to tax the property of
others than the citizens, and as much of the taxable
property was owned by non-residents, no tax was
then levied. Application was soon made to the
Legislature, and an amendment to the city charter
was obtained on April 22, 1833, which authorized
the council, with the consent of the citizens' meet-
ing, to levy a tax of one fourth of one per cent on
real and personal property, and to levy on goods or
chattels, or sell real estate for a term of years for
non-payment of taxes, on notice of one month to
residents, or three months to non-resid.nts. This
law helped the city out of the tinancial slough into
which it had fallen.
Seven years having elapsed since the city received
its donation from the C.eneral ("lox'crnment, a com-
mittee was appointed to ascertain the eontlition of
the city hnances. On March i, 1834 an elaborate
report was made to the council by C. C. Trowbridge
and J. Williams, showing that there had been an
almost entire lack of system in the keeping of
accounts by the various city officers ; and that
during the previous seven years, out of $5,000 bor-
rowed from the banks of the city, only §600 had
pas-;cd through the treasury. The ri'])ort further
set forth that between 1825 and 1834 the average
annual receipts from fines and licenses was $1,100,
and the average annual expenses, excluding amounts
paid for laying out streets and improving roads, was
$1,800, and that the yearly deficit had been ])aid by
the sale of city lots; also that more than two
thirds of all the money which had been received
from .sales of city lots hail been expended on streets,
roads, and cmb.inkments.
Up to .March i, 1834, the city had sold ruid dis-
posed of all the property donated, e\cept three frac-
tional lots, the sales aggregating $54,423; $15,000
of this amount was then due for lots already sold.
Largely tiirough the efforts of Mayor Trowbridge.
Fac-simile of i2j<5 Cent City Siiini'i.astrr of 1838.
this $1 5,000 was used in erecting the old City Hall.
That building has now disapjieared, and a few
Parks are all that the city has left of the extensive
donations it received.
The report of the coiuicil ((jinmittee recom-
154
CITY TAXATUJN AND I L\A\Ci:S.
mended, aiul tlie eily adopted, plans for the more
perfect keeping;- of aeeonnts. On ( )etol)er 22. a
committee was .'ippoinled to devise a system of tax-
;ition on real and personal ]iro|)ertv ; and at a eili-
zens' meetini( on October 31, a real estate t.ix was
voted. It was limiteil to one fourth of one jier cent
on the valuation.
I'roin this time the credit of the city l)e.i,^'m slowly
to improve; and with jjreater needs, additional
powers of taxation have been granted by the Legis-
lature. An Act of .\pril 13, 1841, authorized the
city, with consent of the citizens' meeting, to niise a
tax of one half of one per cent. One of the first
symptoms of enl.arged crecht w;is the agreement of
01i\-er Newberry, on October 28, 1835, to purchase
$100,000 in city bonds. I lis offer was ac'cepied on
November 13, and the lirst bonds issued by the city
were thus sold to a <'ilizen. They were dated
October i, 1835; um: half of the amount was then
issued, and the balani:e just one vear later.
The simplicity, or duplicity, of those days is illus-
trated by the fact that the bonds were delivered
before thi'V were paid for, and the money jiaid over
from time to lime, ;is wanted.
'I"he panic, of 1837 created a demand for a new
issue of city shinplasters, and on August 8, $2,000
were ordered issued in small bills, of the denomina-
tions of six and one fourth, twelve and one half, eigh-
teen and three fourths, twenty-live, thirty-seven and
a half, fifty, and sixty-two aiul ;i half cents. On
Saturday, October 21, 1837, Alderman Ch.asc offered
the following, which w;is atlopted :
Ke.\o/"vii, that tlu! I'ity Ireastiror, uiicUr the clirictii)n of the
maycir, liaw jiriiitcd upon l)auk-ni)tc paper, (liK:-l>iIls to the
.'unoiiut of ^ii^j*)'), of tht; forms jircx-ionsly adopted hy the board,
of the dtMioniiiialioiis of fifty and se\'enty-ri\'e cents; $i,ik)>» of
s:iid Sinn I < he made payable at the Hank of Miehij;an; $!,<>«) at
tlie Michigan State Bank; and $i,.«x) at the I'armers and
Mecluinicrt' Hank; and wluii filled up and signed, tliat the ainoiiiu
he placed to the credit of the city, the treasurer j;ivini,' his receipt
therefor.
On April i, 1831), .a report of the city clerk showed
that there were in circulation, mi March 31, 183S,
$15,615.04 of these hills, , and on March 30, 1839,
$12,323.45. On May 14, 1831J, $10,000 were ordered
printed, to redeem muiiltted bills. The mutil.ated
bills were redeemed by the city treasurer, who had
ihe care of them, until they could be destroyetl by ;i
committee of the council. In those d.iys there wt're
no public s.afes, and the city officers had none of the
modern conveniences for the safe keeping of \alii-
ables, conse(|uently the bills were packed in ;in
immense " hair trunk," -;i trunk covered with horse-
hide, tanned with the hair on.
On one occasion, when Saturday night came, the
trunk was crammed full of these ])romises to ji.ay,
and the treasurer was obliged to convey it to his
own home ; and, with double-barrelled gun and I)r,ice
of ]iistols loaded .and primed, he kept watch .and
w.ard (i\iT the trunk all through the .Sabbath, ;md
on Monday turned the money over to be burned.
r>y Act of I'ebruary 11, 1842. the city was pro-
hibited from issuing any more due-bills. Little
Kac-si.\iii,k oi- CiTV 18% Cr.NT City Siiini'Lastek ok 1841.
heed, liowevcr, was paid to the l.iw, and their issue
continued until even the ti'ii.ants of the city h;id
no f.'iith in their l.indlord. The following notice
appeared in the d.iily ii;i|iers :
m
CITY TAXATION AND FINANCES.
155
\Vt', till,' iin(li!rsi>!m-cl, liiitilurs i[i lli(> City Hall Market, luive
hcicimc sjitisllcd that, in onliT to snslaiii inirseh rs in our biisiiuss,
wo niiisl iliscontiniic to rocuive lorporaticm sliiiiplasttTs for iiii'al,
from this date, 'rnistin.s; the |)iil)lic will sustain us in the stand
\vhi( li necessity alone has eoniix'lled ns to take.
S. 11. MousK,
li. Ta! T,
Damki. Oir.m.AN,
John Hi 1.1, ,
CHAUI.KS r.clNDWKU,
John IIkss.
■Drtijoit, April 18, 1842.
Tlie notice seems to have borne some fruit, for on
Novemi)er i, 1S42, the Comr.iittee on Ways and
Means reported that tiiey li.id destroyed $6,4.^4.84
in warrants and due-l)ilis. This j^ood work was
continued, and on January 24, 1843, the committee
reported the destruction of $4,708.24 additional, and
four hundred and eij^hty sheets of blank due-bills.
On the 7th of I'"ebruary follnwinj;. six inindred more
sheets were burned. On March 19. 1844, the coun-
cil resolved "that henceforth no shinplaster or w;ir-
rant shall be issued by the corporation."
In 1845 Rawdon, \\'rii;ht, <!v: Match were paid
$888.51 for printin.if due-bills previously issued. On
March 13, 1851, $3,472.62 of this corporation money
w;is still outstandinir, and as late as 1871 the sum
of $21.87 \vas redeemed.
Expiiisrs of Ci'iy.
The expenses of the city for several decades, and
the amounts exiK'iided for the most important pur-
poses, are shown in the following' table :
1830
1S40
1850
l8(K.
$10,771
Kite Department
$,!5f>
$i/'39
3.2.S9
Schools
.3"
53
8,i>'3
40,667
35.7-'5
PiiMic SfwtTs . .
246
Intcrt'st on 1 )cl)t
'4.395
24.231
19, 8v'
CanM.f Poor....
V
2,046
2,1) Ij
1 1 ,62 1;
186
2,^0!
City Printing. . .
Cm
297
6S5
City Lights
8,S8o
Cilv roliee
2,475
Citv Courts
68
1,171
7'5
■4"
Care of Streets..
I. '53
1,998
3.432
i8,(,i.-'
l*a\inv; St's and
Intersections. .
445
40
1.232
33..i">J
Water Works
30,080
12,469
Salaries i>fAlder-
tnen, Citv < IfTi-
cers;ind Clerks
588
1,212
4.'4'i
18,047
Kleetion l-,.\pen-
ses
301
364
1.(14
Total expendi- )
tnri's for ordi-
$4,542 |()i,of«
$127,260
$294,436
nary piirp sus )
1
1870
$78,223!!
'7.!.'»74
1 I2,fH.7
52,318
■7.332|
4.333
13.633
20,010
64,706
8,112
44.1571
''5.294
35.5-'<'
2,780
18S1
,198
172
i.';93
.325
I029
.952
909
i94S
,022
,469
002
57.974
73.483
12,935
$693,014 $902,889
Amounts for iScSi are ,i;iven because the rcjiorts
for 1880 included a periotl of seventeen months.
The amounts appropriated in any one year for any
certain purpose do not always indicate how much
w.-is expended for that purpose durin^^ the year. Of
the appropriation for any ycir, only the amount col-
lecti'd can be used, but b.ilances left over, or
amounts collected as back taxes, can be used.
A variety of interesting; facts concerninji;' the tax-
ation and hnanees of the city arc herewith ^iven :
Fac-si.mile of Tui;.Nrv-i'i\ ]■; Cicni (.iiv Siii.m i am i.i; m 1S38.
Years.
Valuation of
Real Estate.
Valuation of
Personal Prop.
Total Valtia-
lion.
1 8 'o
$711,680
.(,f'io,c)5i
2,372,6)9
iSco
i860
1870
1880
1884
|i4,'->27.i:i3-.--
16,872,333....
64, ,,6.085....
8«,890,955--
$2,186,690 ...
<'.7.3".994----
19,807,705...
s7.931.040.-.
16,213,823
23,'>'3.327
85,363,790
110,721,995
156
CITY TAXATION AND KINANCES.
Years.
1830
1840. ...
1850
i860
1870
l88a
1884 ...
Total City 'J'ax.
Net City Debt.
$..i,,8(.j--
129,484..
631,872- •
885,830..
$;,I0.S-
l86,5(»)
304,845
707.794
l,36o,4(:xi
* 906,5^x1
In Siiikiii>;
Kiiiiil.
$11,123
37. •-";2
528,(.2a
*yo6,7C)4
♦July, 1884.
50 CHIKTS^
Fac-simile of Fiftv-Cent Shinplaster of 1837.
In ;uklilii)n to llic n ;^iilar bonded dcl)t of the city,
l)(.'in>il is also liable f,)r about live si.xtlis of the bond-
ed debt of the county, and for all the bonded debt
created by the Bo.'ird of Water Coniniissioners. Hv
the charter of 1803 the bonded debt of the city may
not be o\er twc per cent of the assessed valuation of
all property. An Act of March 8, 1873, whicii
authorized tj-.e 'expenditure by the Water Commis-
sion of mosL of tiie amounts constitutinji^ tiicir debt,
made it ti'.e duty of tlie council to assess an annual
tax of $75,000 for the use of the board, a portion of
wliich »vas expected to be set apart as a sinlcinir
fund : l)ut the council appropriated nothinij until
187^, when $25,000 was appropriated, and since
then $40,000 has been appropriated yearly.
'I'lie increase in tlic wealth of tlic citv is sliown by
the fact tiiat the valuation of 1830 would .i^ive each
inhabit.-uit $321, while that of 1880 would allow each
person $728.
The rate of taxation per capita in 1850 was $3.26 ;
in i860, $2.83 ; in 1S70. $7.94 ; and in 1880, $7.61.
C/'/j' Debt aiiif Si^!/://i_ij- Fund.
Under Act of March 21, 1851, provision was
made for creatini;^ a sinking- fund to meet the indebt-
edness of the city, and in 1852 the first tax, of
$5,000, was levied for this purpose. The proceeds
of this fund are invested chiefly in city bonds, the
city thus actin,i^ as its own debtor and creditor.
The fund is in charge of the mayor, comptroller, treas-
urer, and the Committees on Ways and Means of the
Boards of Councilmen and Aldermen, as commis-
sioners of the fund. The bonds and other securities
are deposited I)y the city treasurer in a "strong
box," which, up to July, 1SS2, was kept in the vault
of the bank acting as " city depository," and since
then in one of the safes (jf the Wayne County .Safe
Deposit Company. The box has two locks, the
mayor and treasurer each having a key, and when
the box is opened, necessity compels the presence of
the comptroller also, as he alone has the key to the
particular safe containing the box.
Under law of 1879 '•'i'^ council was recjuired to
levy a tax, of not less than $5,000 nor more than
$10,000 yearly, to be credited to the sinking fund.
The charter of 1883 did away with this jirovision, as
there seemed no further necessity for such a tax.
The ordinary additions to the fund come chiefly
from interest on investments, from percentage on
taxes not paid when due, from interest on deposits
of city funds, and from the taxes on liquor dealers.
These latter taxes were credited to the contingent
fund, and balances left unused were yearly turned
over to the sinking fund. After July i, 1S85, they
may be used to pay tlie current expenses of the
city.
CITY TAXATION AND FINANLKS.
157
The total ainoimts received from liquor taxes in
Detroit since the State law took effect are as fol-
lows : 1875, $74,196; 1S76, $88.44:;; 1877, §57,-
471; 1878, S65.175; i"-;7y, and to July 1, 1880,
$109,452; 1881, $99,890; 1882, $95,494; 1883,
S141.657.
The amounts transferred to the sinkinj^ fund have
been as follows: 1875, $71,999; 1876, $69,695; 1877,
$51,000; 1878, $58,000; 1879, and to July i, 1880,
$90,000; 1881, $85,000; 1882, $90,000; 1S83,
$[30,000.
The city officers were formerly entitled to the fees
they received, but under law of 1879 all fees received
by any city officer are reciuircd to be jiaid over to
the city treasurer, and credited to the ).;eneral fund.
67// '/'(I. It's : xoIilII and lunj payahh:.
The estimates for taxes, as submitted by the comp-
troller, art required to be adopted by the Boai'd of
Aldermen before April 5 of each year, and by the
lioard of Councilmeii on or before i\pril 15. While
the members of these lioards are considering the
estimates, the iSoard of Assessors have lieen com-
pletintr their valuation of the property to i)e taxed ;
and, at least two weeks before April r, they are
required to .^ive notice that they will sit until April 5
to hear eompl.'iints and make corrections in the val-
uations. After this has been done, on or before the
third Tuesday of /Vpril, they send the completed tax
roll to the 15oard of Aldermen, and within a week
thereafter the Hoard of Aldermen and the fJoard of
Councilmen be.irin to hold joint sessions as a Board
of Review, to hear complaints, and, if necessary, to
correct the rolls. Their sessions continue not over
sixteen days, after which, usually about the middle
of May, the rolls are fully contirmed. The assessors
then compute the amount of taxes payable on each
valuation contained on the rolls, and taxes may be
paid during; the month of July without percentage.
Since the law of 1879, if the clerks in oifice are so
busy that they cannot receive all the taxes offered,
lists of property, with names of owners, may be
handed in on or before July 25, and the parties can
have until August 10 to pay the amounts, if there is
no opportunity of paying sooner. On the first of
August interest, at the rate of one per cent a month,
is added for July, and at the same rate the first of
each month until tiie first of January, unless the tax
is paid. If not paid by the first of January, the six
per cent that has accrued is added to the original
tax, and interest continues to be charged at the rate
of one per cent a month until the tax is paid. If
not paid by the first of February, the receiver of
taxes is authorized to advertise the property for sale,
but as it takes some time to prepare them, the lists
are usually not printed until about May i , when the
property is advertised for sale for four successive
weeks. .After this the cost of advertising, amount-
ing to about fifty cents, is added, and interest con-
tinues to be rt'ckoned at the rate of one per ci'iit a
month. If the lax is not })aid the propi'i'ty is sold
about June 1, the exact day bi'ing discreliunary with
the recei\rr of taxes. The sale indicates only that
the purchaser is entitled to the use of the propeity
purchased for the number of years agreed upon at
time of sale; but if the owner neglct'ts to redeem
it, the sale is contirmed by a regular transfi'r of title
by the city. Rec()rds of sales are filed in the city
treasurer's office. The property can be redet'iiied at
any time within one year after sale by paying the
.amount due at time of sale, and interest at the rate
of fifteen per cent per annum. .Soon after the sale
a list of all property on which the taxes h;i\e not
been paid, nor caiuH'llcd by .sales, is furnished by the
receiver to the city treasurer, to be thereafter col-
le<-ted through him.
At the annual s.ale, unless some private person
bids the amount of the tax, all lands on which taxes
are unpaid are sold to the city, and the amounts re-
ceived for back taxes in the treasurer's ol'llce are
credited as receipts from "City Bids."
l"rom 184410 1863 tile unpaid taxes on real estate
accumulated to the amount of $50,360. The city
treasurers slioultl ha\e collected these amounts, but
through ignorance and carelessness they neglected
to do so. On l'\-bruary i, 1877, a department for
collection was established in connection with the
city treasurer's olTice, and nearly $40,000 collected
the first year.
I'rior to the law of May 31, 1S79, the taxes on
personal property were placed in the hands of ward
collectors, but there was no ade(]uate provision for
e'^f(jrcing tlieir collection. Many refused to pay,
and no further effort was made when collectors
failed to obtain the amounts. Since the law of 1879
the city is authorized to levy for the collection of
personal taxes, and a much larger proportion of the
amounts is now collected. The charter of 1883 pro-
vides that other property than real estate may be
seized and sold at auction for real estate taxes.
Spca'al Taxes.
Ta.xes or assessments for the building of side-
walks and sewers, or f(jr the paving of streets, are
kept entirely distinct from the regular city ta.xes,
and are payable within thirty days from the time '
the rolls are confirmed by the council. If not paid
within sixty days, the receiver of taxes can, at his
discretion, advertise for sale the property on which
these taxes are levied.
Kinds of Property taxed.
The assessors are obliged by law to lax all real
estate (lands and buildings being estimated separ-
'58
Cri'Y 'I'AXA'riON AND KIN'ANCl.S.
atclyi, also all sincks. bonds, and niorii;am's luld
l)y iiulividiials <jr corporations; ail kinds of inir-
chaiidisc and movable propiTty, ton'i'tlu'r with
horsos, cattle, and c.irriaijcs. In addition to llicsc
taxes, real i-statt: located on iinpavec' streets is as-
.sessed specially, and pro rata for road taxes, ac-
cordint^ to tln' ; niount estimated to be necessary
for each ward. l'|) to i<SSi each house or store
with a <'ellar was .assessed one dollar, and, if the lot
was draiiH'd, fifty cents additional, as specitle taxes.
A (lonl)t as to the le.iL^ality of the assessment on
cellars, arising;' from a decision in a case somewhat
similar, caused the discontinuance of assessments
on c-ellars after 1880. All household proptTty over
two luindred dollars in waluc: is liable to assessnu'nl.
All houses of iniblic worship, and their fixtures and
furniture, .also the land on which they stand, and
any parsonaiLie owned and occupied as such, are ex-
empted by law ; all cemeteries, all city property, and
the property of any person who, in the opinion of
the assessor, is nnable to ]iay, are exempt, also other
properly of various kinds, as the result of special
enactments.
An Act of February 15, 1859, ijave the assessor
discretionary power in tlxini.; valuation of pnip'/rty
in the outskirts of the city; and up to 1872 projierty
w.'is as.sessed at only about one third of its value.
An .'\ct of April 17, 1871, made it obliijjatory upon
the assessors to rate property at its cash value.
In order to show the actual valuation of the city
in 1880, the followiuij property then exempted should
be included :
VAl.rATUlN.
Public school-houses and sites . . % 732,955
Police stations and property . . ^'C'.j^j
Fire enijine houses and property . 417,867
Other city property, such as City Hall,
Public Library, House of Correction,
Water Works, .Sewers, Parks, etc. 7,065,282
Cemeteries ..... 224,000
R.ailroad Lands and biiiklinns . . 2,700,000
Street railroads and e(]uii5ment . 684,320
Charitable and benevolent institutions 600,000
United States property . . . 400,000
Chiiri'h property ..... 2,573,625
School property belonging to churches 295,000
Total
$15,739,172
Fiiiaiuial Methods and Accounts.
When the city was first incorporated the fiscal
year was uniform with the official year. In 1859 it
was changed so as to begin March i instead of
April I. In 1873 it was changed to begin February
I. By Act of February 23, 1879, it was ordered
that the fiscal year begin on the i.st of July.
All moneys received by the city treasurer were
originally placed in the common fund. The first
(k'|);irtui"i' from this method w.is m.ide undei- .\t't of
l'\'brn,ary 13, 184:5. which rc(|iiircd ih.at all nioncvs
collected for .■-■chool ]iiirposes should be kcjit in .a
sjieci.-il .account. St'p.irate aci'ounts were not kei)t
for otlu'r funds until rc(|tiirc(l byihi' ch.arter of 1857.
The number of tlu'si' -qiecial .accounts is cor,tinually
incri'asing. the council, from time to time, tlesignat-
ing some new object, the money for which is to be
ke|)t si'p.u'ate.
In order th.at the condition of the funds for which
s|ieci,al .ipproprialions .are made in.ay be readily ascer-
t.ained, the citv treasurer keei)s two .accounts of each
fund. One .account is la-edited with the entire
.amount <aiipro|)ri.atc(l, .and ch.irged with the .amoint
expendi'd ; the other .account is cretliled with I'le
.amount .aclually received, .and eh.arged with the
.amounts p.aid out. The titles of the .accounts, as
kept by the treasurer, .are, most of tluMii, clearly
iniHcative of their char.icti'r. The account n.amed
" Redemption Fund " shows wh.at h.as been receised
from individu.als in redemption of lands sold for
non-p.aymeiit of t.axi's, .and whether the moneys
so received were p.aid b.ick to those who bought the
pro]-)erty at tax sale, or credited to the city, which is
supposed to bid for and buy all the lands thus
offered, not sold to an iiulividu.al.
The account called "City ISids" includes the
entire .amounts due the c-ity for all back taxes, and
when any of these b.ack taxes .are paid the amount
is credited to the year in which the t.axes became
due. The amoimts la'edited to "City Ch.arges " are
m.ade up of the office charges and interest which
has accrued on the back taxes.
The " PuMie Sewer Fund" has reference to ac-
counts connected with sewers paid for by general
tax, the "(ieneral Sewi'r Fund" to accounts for
sewers jxiid for by local assessments, the " Cicner.al
Ro.ad Fund" to amounts received and expended for
gener.al rep.iir of streets and sidewalks ; the " Road
District Fund" has reference solely to amounts
r.aised and paid out for cleaning the streets.
;\11 moneys due for city taxes are originally pay-
,able to the receiver of taxes. The receipts given
are numbered consecutively from the beginning of
eiich fiscal year; and since 1871, in order to be
valid, they must have, not only the receiver's signa-
ture, but that of the comptroller also. The receiver
pays over each day to the city treasurer the funds he
has received, and reports the amount to the comp-
troller, and the city treasurer repcjrts daily to the
comptroller the full amount of his receipts and dis-
bursements, with t'l: .'-'ounts credited or charged
to each account ; h.j :.■. riso recjuired to deposit daily
all the funds received by him in whiitever bank
has been designated by the Common Council. The
bank so designated is known .as the city depository,
and pays such rate of interest on monthly balances
in its k(
upon,
cent on
the inter
The city
the ainoi
ceding tl
out any
by the c
belongiii!
which ar
boards,
except pa
and laboi
the city
written <
eomptroll
the Comi
men .and
examine a
UNri'K!)
One of
States to (
1797. wliii
to be fu
niemoranc
much of t
lent .spec in
the Law w;
nected wit
l>roviding
August 2,
sales, and
and licen.^
b.anks, and
percentage
amounts re
cemljer 23,
The nect
w.ir debt j
which prov
comes of o\
the sever.al
1862, reciuii
of liquors, ;
eatihg-housi
jugglers, CO
peddlers, dr
lawyers, doi
were rei]uiri
certain perc
under $io,o(
comes of ()V(
cent on the
July 20, 1 86)
Detroit h;
INTERNAL REVENUE TAXES.
159
in its kcepinir as may from timu to time he a.ijrcLd
upon. In 1SS2 the rate \v;is four and one ei.ijhtii per
cent on monthly haianees of §100,000, or over ; and
tiie interest received i)y tlie city amounted to §26,763.
The city depository notifies the comptroller daily of
tile amount deposited hy the city treasurer the pre-
cediiii,' ilay. The treasurer is not allowed to pay
out any money without a warrant or order sij^ned
hy the comptnjller, except in the case of moneys
helonyinjif to the i'olice ;uid Educational Funds,
which are paiti out on orders from otlicers of these
hoards. All payments made hy the city treasurer,
except paynieiils on ordinary pay-rolls of city ollicers
and laborers, are rccpiircd to he m.ide by cheek upon
the city depository, aiul the chec-ks must have
written or pi-inted upon llu'm the warrant of the
comptroller for the payment. Once in each month
the Committees on Ways and Means of the alder-
men and councilnieii are recjuired to inspect .and
ex;iniiiie all the affairs and accounts of the treasurer
UNITKI) STATKS INTKKNAI, RKVKNUK TAXKS.
One of the earliest efforts m.ade by the United
States to obtain a revenue w;is by the law of July 6,
1797, which pr(jvi(led for the use of stamped paper,
to be furnished by the (Government, An old
nienior.andum book of Peter Audrain shows that
much of this paper w.as usihI at Detroit, and excel-
lent specimens are preserved. On March 31, i7yiS,
the law w.as repealed, exi'cpt as to documents con-
nected with exports and insur.ance. The first Law
providinj^ for an internal revtMuu; tax w.as p.assed
.\u.v;ust 2, 1813. I5y it ;i tax was levied on .auction
sales, and on sut^.ar refined in the United States;
and licenses were retjuired from li(iuor dealers,
b.inks, .and b.ankers. The collector was paid by a
perci:ntai;e of from three to ei,v;ht per cent on the
■amounts received. This kuv was abolished on De-
cember 23, 1817.
The necessity of a revenue to pay interest on the
war debt ijj.ave rise to the l.iw of Aui;ust 5, 1861,
which provided for a t.ax of three per cent on in-
comes of over §800, and authorized a direct tax upon
the sevenil States of §20,000,060. A law of July i,
1862, retiuired licenses for the m.anufaeture and sale
of liciuors, and from bankers, p.iwnbrokers, hotels,
e.atihj^-houscs, brokers of all kinds, theaters, circuses,
jui;,i;lers, confectioners, livery .stables, soapmakers,
peddlers, dru.u;,i(ists, photoijraphers, manuf.acturers,
lawyers, doctors, and dentists. All m.anufacturers
were required to make monthly returns, and to pay
certain percentajres. Incomes of over §600 and
under §10,000 were t.a.xed three per cent, .and all in-
comes of over §10,000 were required to pay five per
cent on the excess. This law was in force up to
July 20, 1868.
Detroit has always been the headquarters of the
tlrst collection district of Michij^an, and by an
.amendment to the Law takin,if effect Auv(ust 7, 1883,
the district was enlarired W include the counties of
yVlcoiia, .(\lpen.i, Areii.ac, 15ar.is.^a, li.ay, ISranch, Cal-
tioun, L'lu boyvran, Chippewa, Clare, Clinton, Craw-
ford, Dclt.a, (Iciu'see, (il.adwin, Cratiot, Ilillsd.ale,
Houghton, Huron, Ingham, loni.a, Isabella, Isle
Roy.ale, Jackson, Keweenaw, Eenawee, Livingston,
I..a]K'er, M.aconib, M.ackin.aw, Marciuette, Mtnomi-
nee. Midland, Monroe, Montmoreniy, ()).;cm.iw,
Ontoinijon, Oscoda, Oakl.ind, Otseijo, i'lesiiuc Isle,
Roscommon, .St. Cl.air. S.mil.ac, S.a.^in.iw, School-
craft, Sliiawasse, Tusol.i, W'.iync, .and W'.ashtenaw.
The tisc.al t.ax year bej^ins May i.and the special
taxes imposed by the l.aw, when paid, are reckoned
accordiny^ to the number of months left in tlii' year.
The speci.al t.axes up to July 1, 1883, imposed by
law .and p.ayable yearly, wi're .as follows: rectifiers,
§200; ret.ail li(iuor-de.ilci-s, §25; wholesale licjuor-
de.alers, §100; wholes.ale dealers in malt liijuors,
S50; retail dealers in ni.ilt liciuors, §20; wholesale
dealers in leaf-tob.acco, §25 ; retail dealers in leaf-
tobacco, §500; .and on sales of over §1,000, fifty
cents for e\cry doll.ar in excess; di'.alers in m.anu-
f.aclured tob.acco, §5 ; m.anuf.aclurers of stills, §50 ;
for each still m.anuf.actured, §20; for each worm
m.anuf.actured, §20; m.anufacturers of tobacco, §10;
manuf.acturers of ci,!.;ars, §10; peddlers of tobacco,
first c'lass, with more tli.an two .animals, §50; ped-
dk'rs of tobacco, .second cl.ass, with two animals, §25 ;
peddlers of tobacco, third class, with one animal,
§1 5 ; pcdtllers of tobacco, fourth cl.ass, on foot or by
public convey.ance, §10; brewers of less tli.an live
hundred barrels, §50; brewers of live hundred bar-
rels or more, §100. In adtlition to the above, up to
July I, 18S3, every packaii^e of one hundred matches
reciuired a one-cent stamp, obtainable only at Wash-
ington ; and all packages of p.atent medicines, perfu-
mery, aiul cosmetics reciuired .a one-cent stamp for
eai'h twenty-tive cents charged for the same; a
two-cent stamp was required on every check drawn
on .a b.ink ; and all s,-ivings b.anks and b.anking insti-
tutions of every kind, except national b.anks, were
recjuired to pay a tax of one twenty-fourth of one
per cent per month on their capital and average
monthly deposits. The national banks paid every
six months one twentieth of one per cent on their
a\-erage circulation, one fourth of one per cent on
their .aver.age deposits, and .also one fourth of one
per cent on the amount of their capital, over and
above the amount invested in government bonds.
By law of March 3, 1883, taking effect July i, the
tax on wholesale dealers in leaf-tobacco was fixed at
$n. .and on retail dealers at §2.50 ; and thirty cents
on each dollar of the amount of their monthly sales,
when the sales are over §500 per year. Dealers in
manufactured tobacco pay j)2.4o. Manufacturers
l6o
iNi'i.RNAL Ki:\' i:\ri: taxks.
of l()l);i('(() or cijLiars, $6.00 I'.uli. Pcdillirs of the
tlrsL class, $30; second das-;, $1 5 ; third class, $7.50;
and fourth cl.ass, §3.^10. The tax on snuff, sniokintf
and nianiifaciurrd toliacco, was fixed at ^liiS.oj per
pound. Ci.^^ars pay a tax of S3.00 per thousand, and
cis^arctles, from fifty cents to S3.00 per tliousruid.
The taxes on deposits and capital of all b.mks were
rejiealed, and also the tax on matches, perfumery,
pjitent mi'dicines, and hank checks.
The total collections in the district embracinir
Detroit, for the fiscal year endinij June 30, 18.S3,
we're $1,251,409, the l.arijer ]iroi)ortion of which was
from the city. In 1883, there were twelve jjersons
connected with the ol'tice. These ollicers are ap-
pointed by the collector, and their salaries ran.ye
from S90U to §2,000. The salary of the collector is
§4,500, and the total yearly expenses of the olTice
.are about $16,500. The office of assessor was
merited with th.it of collector in 1873.
The I'liiteil States assessors have been as follows:
1S62-1867, Jo.seph R. Bennett; 1867-1873, Mark
Flanitjan.
The collectors have been : 1862-1865, L. G. lierry;
1S65-1860, 1) R. ITarbau.ijh ; 1S69-1873, 11. 15. Rowl-
son ; 1S73- 1875, Mark Flaniij.an ; 1876-1883, Luther
S. Trowbridge; 1883- , James II. Stone.
!
C H Al'T ER XXIX.
CITIZENS' MEETINGS.— r.OARI) OK ESTIMATES.- AUDITORS, COMI'TROLLEKS, AC-
COUNTANTS.—CI TV A.\I) WARD ASSESSORS.— IJOAKD OF Ri:Vli:\V. Cll'V AND
WARD COLLECTORS— CITY TREASURERS.- RECE1\'ERS OF TAXES.
citizens' mf.ktincs.
From the incorporation of 1802 to 1873 it was
the iiistoni to siiijniit tlie amounts proposed to be
raised for various purposes to a viiui %iocc vote of the
citizens, at a yearly meeting- called for the purpose.
At these nieelinirs threat differences of opinion were
frecjuently manifested, and amounts estimated to be
needed for various purposes were sometimes stricken
out, frequently reduced, and oftentimes ordered by a
Very close vote. The meetini;s seldom brought
toi^ether more than four hundred or six hundred of
the larger property owners. The appointment of a
Board of I'ark Commissioners, under an Act of
April 15, 1871, and the proposal to include in the
yearly estimates the sum of $200,000 in bonds for
the purchase of a park, brought a large number of
persons to a citizens' meeting held on December 27,
1871, in the Circuit Court room in the City Mali.
Both those who favored and those who opposed the
purchase were excited and determined, and there
was so much confusion that a decision could not be
reached. A subsecjuent meeting to further consider
the subject was held on May i, 1872, at the Gris-
wold Street entrance to the City Hall. An immense
number of both citizens and non-residents were
present, and again there was so much excitement
and confusion that no definite result was reached.
After these meetings it became apparent that no
expenditure awakening general interest could be
properly considered in so large an assemblage as
would be likely to gather. This conviction resulted
in the passage of the Act of March 28, 1873, which
abolished citizens' meetings, and provided for a
BOARD OF ESTIMATES.
The coincidence is noticeable that the last citi-
zens' meeting was held in the same month, and
within two days of the time, when the first town
meeting was held, seventy years before.
The first election for members of the Board of
Estimates was held on April 7, 1873. Five persons
were elected from the city at large on a general
ticket, to serve for two years ; and two from each
ward, one to serve for one year and one for two
years. After 1873, and until the board was abol-
ished by Act of April 21, 1881, one member was
elected annually from each ward, and live al large
every two years.
The president of the Common Council, chairman
of Committee on Ways and Means, city comp-
troller, counselor, presidents of the various boards
and commissions, as well as the senior inspector of
the House of Correction, were ex offii/i> members
of the board, with the right to participate in its
deliberations, but not to vote. The estimates, after
being considered by the council, were submitted to
the Board of F^stimates, which convened between
the first Monday of March and the 1 5th of April,
whenever the council indicated that the estimates
were ready. The board had power to reduce, but
not to increase, the estimates. Under Act of 1881
the powers of the board were transferred to the
L^pper House or City Council.
The following persons served on the board in the
years named :
1873, F"irst Ward: V. Adams, W. Foxcn. Second
Ward : B. P. Mumford, H. Walker. Third Ward :
W. R. Candler, W. G. Thompson. F'ourth Ward :
W. N. Carpenter, Joseph Kuhn. Fifth Ward: R.
W. King, A. Ives. Sixth Ward : Wm, Duncan, N.
Senninger. Seventh Ward : J. M. Millar, Fl.
liccard. Flighth Ward : D. Guiney, Thos. Griffith.
Ninth Warcf: D. M. Richardson, M. Haller. Tenth
Ward : M. Frost, Chas. Byram.
1873, At Large : T. W. Palmer, W. C. Duncan, H.
P. Bridge, E. li. Ward, P. Henkel.
1874, First Ward: Francis Adams, George
Wilkes. Second Ward : B. P. Mumford, Hiram
Walker. Third Ward: Wm. R. Candler, James
Flower. F'ourth Ward : W. N. Carpenter, J. P.
Ilensien. Fifth Ward: R. W. King, J. W^ Ker-
mott. Sixth Ward : Wm. Duncan, Thos. Hill.
Seventh Ward : J. McMillan, Edward Eccard.
Eighth Ward : Daniel Guiney, M. F. Hogan. Ninth
Ward : D. M. Richardson, J. Witherspoon. Tenth
Ward: Milton Frost, J. D\\7er. Twelfth Ward:
Jos. Loranger, John Diedrich.
1874, At Large: J. Greusel, Julius Stoll, Thos.
Baxter, Wm. Doeltz, E. B. Ward.
1875, First Ward : S. R. Wooley, Francis Adams.
[161]
l62
AUDITORS, COMI'TROI.LKKS. ACCOUNTANTS.
Second Ward: Hiram Walker, Clias. I. Wa,kcr.
Third Ward : Louis Harie. Win. K. Candlrr.
Foiirili Ward: J. I'. Iliiisitii, Kidiard llawley.
Fiftli Ward: J. W. Kcrmoit, R. W. Kiii.v;-. Sixlli
Ward: T. Hill, W. Duncan. Seventh Ward : I"..
Eccard. J. McMillan. lu.^lnh Ward : M. F. I U>y;nn.
D. (iuiney. Ninth Ward: J. W'itherspoon, Jos.
Nicholson. Tenth Ward: J. Dwyer, .M. Frost.
Twelfth Ward: J. Loranjj^er, A. F. Il.iinlin.
1875, At Larirc: J. dreusel, J. Stoll, T. Baxter,
W. Doeltz, U. C. Hodyes.
1876. First Ward: F. Adams, J. D. Hayes.
Second Ward: C. I. Walker, Fouis Dillman. Tiiird
Ward: W. R. Candler, 1'. Herlihy. Fourth Ward:
R. Hawley, W. N. Carpenter. Fifth Ward: R. W.
Kini(, J. W. Kermott. Sixth Ward: W. Duncan,
T. Hill. Seventh Ward: J. McMillan, E. Eccard.
Eiy,dith Ward: D. (kiiney, M. F. Hogan. Ninth
Ward: J. Nicholson, C. Lafferty. Tenth Ward : M.
Frost, Thos. Berry. Twelfth Ward: A. K. Ham-
lin, J. Diedrich.
1876, At Lartre: S. C. Watson, J. (".reusel, N.
Avery, W. Doeltz, W. C. Colburn.
1877, First Ward: J. D. Mayes, C. B. Hebbard.
Second Ward: Louis Dillman, T. N. I5irmint(ham.
Third Ward: l\ Herlihy, W. R. Candler. Fourth
Ward: W. N. Carpenter, Mor.se Stewart. Fifth
Ward : J. W. Kermott, R. W. Kin.i^. Sixth W'ard :
T. Hill, D. M. Ferry. Seventh Ward: E. Eccard,
M. \L'irtz. F^ighth Ward : NL F". Hogan, J. Connor.
Ninth Ward: C. Lafferty, (i. C. Lanv,fdo-,. Tenth
Ward : Thos. Berry, (}. Hendrie. F^leventh Ward :
M. Dederich, ^L Bl'ay. Twelfth Ward : J. Diedrich,
M. Steyskal. Thirteenth Ward : Frank Whitman,
John Japes.
1877, At Larire: J. Greusel, N. Avery, O. Bourke,
W. Doeltz, W. C. Colburn.
1878, First Ward: C. B. Hebbard, R. W. C.illett.
Second Ward: Thos. N. Birminj^diam, Wm. K.
Coyl. Third Ward: W. R. Candler, P. Herlihy.
Fourth Ward: M. Stewart, Theo. Romeyn. F'ifth
Ward: R. W. King, A. E. Leavitt. Sixth Ward:
D. M. Ferry, H. L. Kanter. Seventh Ward: M.
Martz, Adam Schehr. Eighth Ward : J. Connor, ^L
F. Hogan. Ninth Ward : C. Lafferty, G. C. Lang-
don. Tenth Ward : G. Hendrie, J. B. Gravier.
Eleventh Ward: M. Dederich, W. L. Streeter.
Twelfth Ward: M. Steyskal, Thos. Densham.
Thirteenth Ward : F. WMiitman, J. Japes.
1878, At Large: M L Mills, Wm. B. Moran, A.
Pulte, J. Atkiason, J. A. Dudgeon.
1879, First Ward: R. W. Gillett, F. Adams.
Second Ward: W. K. Coyl, E. L. Schmitt. Third
Ward: P. Herlihy, Theo. Chapoton. Fourth Ward:
Theo. Romeyn, J. L Lewis. Fifth Ward: A. E.
Leavitt, R. W. King. Sixth Ward: H. L. Kanter,
Theo. McGraw. Seventh Ward: Adam Schehr, Z.
Dewey, i'.ighth Ward: M. V. Iloii^an, Tiieo. Rintz.
Ninth W.ird : C. Lafferty, H. Hastings. Tenth
W.ird: J. B. C.r.ivicr, P. .McCormick. I'.lcvcnth
Ward: Wm. L. Streeter, M. Bl.iy. Twelfth Ward:
S. I). Bush, S. A. Plummer. Thirteenth Ward: J.
J.'ipes, A. Trost.
1579, At Large: M. 1. Mills, W. B. Moran, A.
Pulte, J. Atkinson, J. .\. Dudgeon.
i.SSo, First Ward: F. Adam.s, W. A. Butler.
Secoiul Ward: F. L. Schmitt, C. D. Flrichsen.
Third Ward: Theo. Cha|)oti>n, Jos. Kurtz. Fourth
Ward: J. I. Lewis, Theo. Romeyn. Fifth Ward:
R. W. King, J. S. Vernor. Sixth Ward: Theo.
.Mc( iraw, J. D. Standish. .Seventh Ward: Z. Dewey,
.S. Kirchner. Eighth Ward: Theo. Rentz, D. Dono-
van. Ninth W.ird: H. Hastings, Robert Miller.
'I"enth Ward: P '. McCormick, .S. B. Grummond.
Eleventh Ward: A. Blay, W, L. Streeter. Twelfth
Ward: S. A. Plummer, J. B. W^ood. Thirteenth
Ward: A. Trost, A. Haischer.
1580, At Large: A. Chaiioton, Thos. Berry, John
Greusel, O. C. Wood, W. C. Colburn.
AUDll'ORS. — COMPTROl.LKkS. — ACCOUNTANTS,
The office of city auditor was created by Act of
March 11, 1844. It was the duty of this ofl'icer to
audit all claims and accounts against the city, and
to examine and adjust, as often as once in three
months, the accounts of all city officers. The city
clerks .served also as auditors until 1850, when A.
T. Hall was appointed solely to this office. By Act
of F'ebruary 12, 1855, the name of the office was
changed to that of comptroller, and the term of ser-
vice was reduced from three to two years. In 1861
the term of office was again extended to three years.
The office is intended as a safeguard in the manage-
ment of the city finances. The estimated expendi-
tures of the several departments of the city are for-
warded to and collected by the comptroller, and
after being tabulated, are presented by him to the
council. He keeps a record of all bonds issued by
the city, all of which are signed by the mayor and
comptroller, and attested by the city clerk. When
bonds are redeemed, the comptroller gives a war-
rant, drawn on the city treasurer. It is his duty to
keep a complete list of the property of the city. He
is nominated by the mayor and confirmed by the
Board of Councilmen, and must give a bond in the
sum of $30,000. In 1883 the salary was Ss.ooo-
I-'rom 1850 to 1854 Amos T. Hall served as
auditor. The names of the comptrollers, and the
dates of the beginning of their terms, are as follows :
Chas. Peltier, July 11, 1854; J. M. Edmunds, April,
1859; B. L. Webb, March, 1861 ; D. C. Whitwood,
March. 1862; A. '; Redfield, October, 1863; B. G.
Stimson, January, 1868; Wm. Purcell, June, 1870;
CrrV ANIJ WARD ASSKSSOKS,
163
E. I. C.articld, March, 1.S71 ; 1 1. I'. ISiidvjc. Mari;li,
1877; I.iitluT S. 'I'r()\vbriil>,'i', July, 1883.
The (liilics of tlic ciiy accouiu.iiil arc intimately
related to the ()ri,i,Miial duties of the auditor and
comptroller. 'I'hc lirst .ippointcc was J. J. Norris,
who w.is charjred \n 1877 with the duty of cxamin-
injjf the methods of bookkeepin,i( and the condition
of the accounts in the sevenil city olhces. His re-
searches were of value, Jind resulted in an improve-
ment in the manaj^'cment of scver.il of the ol'lices.
In 1878 he was succeeded i)y Kirhard Trcii^askis,
and in 1884 was re;ip|)ninlcd. Appniiununts to the
ollici' ;ue made on nomination of tiie mayor, for
terms of two years, or luitil a successor is selected.
CITY AND WARD ASSKSSORS.
The city charter of Octoljcr 24, 181 5, authorized
tile election of ;ui assessor, and old records show
that on May 5, 1817, he was paid $30.75 for collect-
ing' taxes on personal property assessed at $1,787.37.
The extensive imi)n)vement of land and the virc.iter
number of property owners, i^q-owinij out of the sale
of lots on the Milit.iry Reserve, letl the council to
increase the number of assessors; and in 1828 three
were appointed.
An Act of March 27, 1839, provided for the elec-
tion of one assessor in each of the six wartls. Act
of April 13. 1841, retpiired tiie assessors to make
out the rolls between the first Mondays of ^hu•ch
and April, and ^avc them the same power as the
county commissioners, and by Act of February 16,
1842, they were made members of the Board of
Supervisors. By Act of February 23, 1846, the city
was divided into three a.ssessment districts, of two
wards each; and of the six assessors elected in 1846,
three were to serve one year, and three for two
years, the length of term of each to be decided by
lot. All assessments of property were to be made
between the second Mondays of March and May.
Under Act of January 30, 1847, the taxes were re-
quired to be assessed and collected before the first
Monday in March, Act of l<"ebruary 22, 1848, pro-
vided that the council should divide the city into
three assessment districts ; the tirst district to em-
brace the first and .second wards ; the S"Cond district,
the third, fourtli, and seventh wards ; a. id the third
district, the fifth and sixth wards. The Act also pro-
vided that in 1849006 assessor should be elected for
eacli district, the assessor for tlie first district to
serve one year, for the second district, two years,
and for the third district, three years ; and after 1849
they were to be elected for terms of tiiree years. Act
of I'^ebruary 21, 1849, provided for the election of
one assessor for the seventh ward, and that the as-
sessment districts of the city should be as already
constituted by the council, except that the seventh
ward was to be attached to the second district.
On J.inu.iry 30, 1850, the Legislature provided for
the ek'ction of three city assessors, who were to
tleciile by lot what should be their terms of office,
one of them to serve for one year, one for two, and
the other for three years • and after 1850 one asses-
.sor was to be elected aiMually.
By Act of February 12, 1855, the plan of ward
assessors was again introduced, ;iiid in 1856 one
was electei! for e.icli ward, the whole number con-
stituting a Board of Assessors. Assessments were
to be made in March of e.ich year. In May, 1855,
the rolls were seriously tampered with, the assess-
ment of some persons biing reduced, and that of
others increased. It was difficult to determine who
had committed or connived at the wrongdoing, but
on February 5, 1857, the wards system was again
abolished, and provision was made for an assessor
and two assistant assessors, who were to be appoint-
ed by the Common Council.
l'|) to July I, 1883, there was but one chief asses-
sor; his salary was §2.500, and he was appointed
for terms of three years. Under ordinance of De-
cember 30, 1861, the city, on J.anuary i of each
year, .appointed two assistants to serve for three
months, at two dollars and fifty cents per day each.
By ordinance of Novemlier 2^, 1865, the time of
service was increased to six months ; and in March
of the same year the pay was increased to four
dollars, and afterwards to five dollars per day. Tlie
assistants were re(iuired to reside one on each side
of Woodward Avenue.
By the charter of 1883, the office of assistant
assessor was abolished, and a board of three asses-
sors was provided for. The one in office was to
continue for his regular term, and two others were
to be appointed whose terms were to commence in
July, 1883, and to continue for two and three years
respectively. Beginning with 1884, one assessor is
to be appointed annually for a term of three years.
In 1883 the salary was §2,500 each. The charter
of 1883 transferred to the assessors part of the
powers formerly exercised by the Board of Review.
The president of the Board of Assessors is a mem-
ber of the Board of Super\'isors. The assessors pre-
pare not only the lists of taxable property for the
city, but also those for the stat.: and county taxes
for the county treasurer.
T'le following persons have served as assessors :
1816, Antoine Dequindre ; 181/, H. J. Hunt; 1818,
Henry Brown; 1819, Robert Garratt ; 1820-18^3,
D. C. McKinstry; 1823, B. Woodworth; 1824,
MelvinDorr; 1825-1828. J. Moors ; 1828, E. Doty,
M. Dorr, J. Moors; 1829, John Scott, Justin Rice,
F. P. Browning; 1830, S. Conant, J. L. Whiting, P.
Desnoyers ; 1831, John Roberts, John Garrison,
Thomas Palmer; 1832, S. Conant, P. Desnoyers,
D. French; 1833, D. Cooper, T. S. Knapp, E. P.
W.ji.^.i,j^.j| J
164
HOAKIi OK Ki:VIK\V.
Hastinjs's; 1834, I). C. McKinstry, I'. Disnoytrs,
N. Sutton; 1835, N. Sutton, A. Hart shorn, C.
Moran; 1836, \V. Kusscll, Joliii rainier, N.Sutton;
1837. H. NfwlK'rry. S. l'ou|);-cl. M. Story; 1838,
T. S. Wendell, J. rainier, II. Ne\vberr>-.
1839, —First Ward : T. J.Owen. Second W.ird :
1). Cooper. Third Ward : /\. K. Mather. iMiurlii
Ward: N. Sutton. Fifth Ward: I). W. Fiske.
Sixth Ward : W. Barclay.
1840, First Ward: l'. }. Owen. Second Ward:
Levi Cook. Third Ward : Chas. WillcoN. Fourth
Ward: Cullcn lirown. Fifth Ward: C. M. I'.uli.
Sixth Ward : Wm. Barclay.
1841, First Ward : T.J.Owen. Second W.ird :
L.Cook. Third Ward : D.French. Fourth Wan! :
C. Brown. Fifth Ward: W. K. Noyes. Sixth
Warel : H. Beauhicn.
1842, First Ward : T. J. Owen. Second Ward:
Ellis Doty. Third Ward : I". H. Stevens. I'ourth
Ward: Peter Desnoyers. Fifth Ward: ('.. I'aull.
Sixth Ward: Joim (ireeiit'ield.
1843, First Ward : T. J. Owen. Second Ward :
Joliii Farrar. Third Ward : Louis 15eaul)ien. Fourth
Ward: John Reno. Fifth Ward: 11. II. I.eRoy.
Sixth Ward : J. Godfroy.
1844, I'Mrst Ward : T. J. Owen, 1'.. r.iiitjham.
Second Ward : J. I'arrar. Third Ward : L, Beau-
bien. Fourth Ward : J. Reno. Fifth Ward : J. H.
Hill. .Sixth Ward: Henry Beauhien.
1845, First Ward: Thos. Palmer. .Second Ward :
R. J. C'.nnor. Third Ward : M. Goodintr. Fourth
Ward: J. Reno. Fifth Ward: J. II. Hill. Sixth
Ward : H. Beauhien.
1846, First Ward: M. Palmer. Second Ward:
N. B. Carpenter, Third Ward: G. Spencer. Fourth
Ward : J. B. Vallee. Fifth Ward : D. Edsall. Sixth
Ward : H. Beauhien.
1 847, First Ward : M. Palmer. Second Ward :
N. B. Carpenter. Third Ward : G. Spencer. Fourth
Ward : J. B. Vallee. Fifth Ward : Thos. Hall, A.
C. Powell. Sixth Ward : H. Beauhien. Seventh
Ward : R. C. Smith.
1848, First District: Wm. Stewart, I. Ckiodrich.
Second District : J. B. Vallee, Wm. Stead. Third
District : J. S. Jenness, David Weeks.
1849, Finst District: J. Fitzmorris, N. B. Carpen-
ter. Second District : I. Goodrich, James Robinson.
Third District : W. Stead, John Mullett.
1850, George Blakeslee, Robert Reaume, W.
Stead.
1851, First District: R. Reaume. Second Dis-
trict : John McCurdy. Third District : S. T. Dyson.
1852 and 1853, First District : J, Hanmer. Second
District: R. Reaume. Third District: J. McCurdy,
1854 and 1855, First District : J. Hanmt. jecond
District : J. Reno. Third District : A. H. Stowell.
1856, First Ward : S.S. Barrows. Second Ward :
N. B. Carpenter. Third Ward: William .Moore,
Fourth Ward: John .M.D.ivis. Fifth Ward: A. II.
.Stowell. Sixth W.ud : I'.hen I'rcutis. Seventh
Ward; A. II. Rcdfield, llighth Ward : Jonathan
Teai^an.
1857 isr)3. w. w. Wilcox. i8r,3-i8r/), v. k.
i:idied. 1866- 1869, A. y\. Kabitieau. 1869-1872,
Jeremiah Godfrey. 1872-1878, II. 1 1. IxRoy. 1878-
iSSi, G. W. Gilbert. 1S81 Julv, i8«3. J. D. .Stand-
ish. July, 1883, to , J. b. Standish, C. W.
Coolidge, J. McBride.
HOARD (IK RKVII.W.
Lender .Act of March 27. 1839, .after the .assess-
ment rolls were completed, the as.sessors of the
several wards met together, on specified days, to
review their work. Under Act of Fei)ruary 12, 1855,
they met on tin; Urst Monday of April, and sat two
weeks to hear complaints and correct the rolls. By
Act of February 5, 1857, the city asses.s()r, comiv
troller, treasurer, attorney, and the t.'oiuiiiittee of
Ways and Means for e.'ich year, were constituted the
ISoard of Review. Act of M.irch 12, 1861, made
provision for the appointment by the ccunicil, on
nomination of the nuiyor, of three resident property
owners to hold ollice three years, who were to con-
stitute a Board of Review. The three persons first
appointed determined by lot the terms of their
service, and after 1861 one new member was ap-
pointed yearly. The amount ])aid for their services
was determined by the council, and was usually the
dollars per day. The board met yearly at the
assessor's office, on the first Monday in April, and
were required to finish their labors on or before the
first of May. It was their duty to equalize, amend,
alter, and correct the assessment rolls ; but no
assessment could be increased, or new assessments
added, without notice to the persons whose interests
were affected. After a law of 1879, and up to July,
1883, the board consisted of five persons, three of
whom were nominated by the mayor and two by
the president of the Common Council, and all con-
firmed by the council. The first three nominated by
the mayor were to determine by lot who should
serve the terms of one, two, and three years, and
afterwards one new member was appointed each
year for a term of three years. One of the two
appointed annually, on nomination of the president
of the council, was required to reside east, and the
other west, of Woodward Avenue. The charter of
1883 abolished the office, and transferred its duties
in part to the Board of Assessors, and to the alder-
men and councilmen in joint session. The following
persons have served as members of the board :
1861 and 1862, J. Gibson, J. Godfrey, J. Burns;
1863, J. Gibson, J. Burns, J. Hanmer; 1864 and
1865, J. Gibson, C. Van Husan, E. Orr; 1866, J.
!
CITY AND WARD COLLECTORS.
165
Gibson, C. Van lliisan, J. C. Warner; 1867, J.
Ciibson, ("ifo. M. Kiili, J. J. Warner; nSriS and
\Mt(j, C. Van Ilnsan. ('.. M. Rich, J. C. Warner;
1870 and 1871. A. A. Rabincau, G. M. Kicii, J. C.
Warner; 1872 and 1873, A. A. Rai)iru;ui, ('•. M.
Kieh, James iUirns ; 1S74, A. A. Kaiiineaii, A.
Sheley, J. Ihirns ; 1875, 1876, 1877, A. A. Ral)ineau,
A. Sheley, W. A. lUitler; 187S, A. A. Kahiiieaii, A.
Siieley, W. 15. Moran ; [S79, A. Slieley. ii. M. Dean,
L. I,. Harixmr; 18S0 and iSSi, A. Sluley, 11. M.
Dean, L. I,. iJarixnir. M. lialler. W. K. Warriner ;
1SS2. A. Slielcy, .,. L. Harixnir. Waiter In^ersolLJ.
H. \'incent, A. Grant; 1883, A. Sheley, K. Kanter,
W. Ingersoll, George Dorr, Joim Kcssler.
CITY ANM) WARD COI.M'.CTORS.
The office of city collector l)e),^-ln with the incor-
poration of the town in 1802. It was again provided
for in the Act of 181 5, and up to 1824 its dnties
were combined with those of the marshal. In 1817
the ofTirer was paid by a fee of live per cent on
amoimts collected, which percentage yielded him
S89.36. Hy ordinance of 1836 tlie salary was S50 a
year, in addition to the iiercentage allowed for col-
lecting ctninty taxes. After 1846, when ward col-
lectors were provided, the city collector no longer
received the comity taxes.
The following official notice, which appeared in a
daily paper of Septi'inber, 1.S45, must have struck
terror lo the hearts of delinquent tax-payers:
CITY lAXKS.
Positively tlie List ninlit. 'I'liu council has granted a short
cxtcjision of time for tlie payment of taxes. Persons interested
will do well to call at Fireman's Hall, common council room, and
pay up. 'I'liey will find me there every day during this week,
from 0 o'clock A. M. to i^!^ o'clock v. M. On Monday, the
liflecnlli inst., I shall proceed to summary miasurcs with all
delinquents. I,et no man, if dclirupuiit, Halter himself that he
will be overlooked or passed by, for I will positively make a clam
sweep.
MoHG.\N P An F.S,
City Collcxtor.
Under the charter of 1855, all special assessments
for street paving, sewers, and sidewalks were depos-
ited for payment in the office of the receiver of taxes.
If not paid in thirty days, they were then trail: '^rred
to the city collector's olTice, five per cent was added
for collection, and one per cent for each month they
remained unpaid. Prior to 186 the license fees, for
carrying on various kinds of bu' ness, were also pay-
able to the city collector, who w.is ajipointed yearly
by the council. The of.ice was abolished by law c
1879, and its duties transferred to the receiver ot
taxes.
The following persons served as city collectors:
1 80 1, Chas. Francis Girardin; 1804, Jacob
Clemens; 1816, John Meldrum; 1S17, Duncan
Reid; 1818, II. O. Bronson ; 1819 and 1820, J. W.
Colburn; 1821, Robert Garratt; 1822 and 1823,
Smith Knap|»; 1824, Griflith Roberts; 1825, A. C.
CanilT; 1826. John Howard; 1S27 ;uid 1828, A. C.
C'anilf; 1829, S. I'helps; 1830 and 1831, A. C.
Canilf; 1832, J. Karrar, 1833; A. C. Caniff; 1834, J.
(). Graves; 1835, J. Moors; 183^), A. C. Caniff;
1837, James Cicotte; 1838, J. Farrar; 1839 and
1840, A. C. Caniff; 1841, J. I). Maldwin; 1842. H. S.
Fariisworth; 1S43, F. II. llarris, II. J. Caniff; 1844,
C. Wickware; 1845 and 1846, Morg.in Hates; 1847-
1855, no appointments were made ; 1855 and 1856,
J. W. Kelsey; 1857, F. S. I.eadbeater; 1.S58, R. II.
Finley; 1859 and 1860, Win. Cook ; 1861, De Witt
C. Hart; 1862, John Snjdcr; 1863 and 1864, Wm.
Dyson; 1865, Chas. Meyer; 1866 and 1867, John
Schneider; 1868, E. N. Laeroi.K ; 1869, E. W.
Flint; 1870, Thos Joyce; 1871 and 1872, John
Mcl'.ride; 1873-1876, Wm, I'arkinson ; 1876, \V. II.
Christian; 1877, J.im 's Daly; 1878, Jacob Young-
blood; 1879, John ■\rcher.
The oflice of ward collector w.is created by Act
of February 23,1846. The duties of the oflice con-
sisted in collecting the city, school, state, and county
ta.xes. Act of May 10, 1861, authorized the collec-
tors to collect such other taxes ;is the receiver of
taxes and other city officers might place in their
hands. The office was abolished by law of 1879,
which gave the receiver of taxes and the county
treasurer power to appoint their own collectors.
The ward collectors were as follows :
1846, First Ward: J. Moors. Second \vard: R.
J. Connor. Third Ward: I). .Michael. Fourth
Ward: A. O. Madden. Fifth Ward: Moses Ben-
nett. Sixth Ward: E. r.eiiham.
1847, First Ward: Wm. Cook. .Second Ward:
L. B. Willarcl. Third Ward: I. (Goodrich. Fourth
Ward : Geo. Smith. Fifth Ward : E. AL Church.
Si.xtli Ward : R. Hopson.
1848, First Ward: H. D. Carjienter. Second
Ward : John Farrar. Third Ward : S. P. Hopkins.
Fourth Ward: G. Smith. Fifth Ward : M. Sailer.
Si.xth Ward : J. Bramaii. Seventh Ward : Robert
Reaume.
1849, First Ward: H. D. Carpenter. Second
Ward : John Campbell. Third Ward : Paul Cios.
Fourth Ward : Joseph Grimes. Fifth Ward : L.
W. Beebe. Sixth Ward: J. W. Clark. Seventh
Ward; J. Keusch. Eighth Ward: M. McLaughlin.
1850, First Ward: John Collins. Second Ward :
John Campbell. Third Ward: A. Stewart. Fourth
Ward : Joseph Grimes. Fifth Ward : John Sharp.
Sixth Ward: J. W. Clark. Seventh Ward: J.
Keusch. Eighth Ward : M. McLaughlin.
1 85 1, First Ward: R. Storkdale. Second Ward:
A. Stewart. Third Ward : J. Deville. Fourth
Ward: Win. Baton. Fifth W^ard : J. Sharp. Sixth
Ward : W. Paton. Seventh Ward : A. Wing.
Eighth Ward : Thos. Trehey.
1 66
CITY AI> J WARD COLLECTORS.
1852, P^irst Ward: D. Stewart. Second Ward:
Chas. O'Ncil. Third Ward: R. IL Laviiulur.
Fourth Wanl : C. (".ies. Fifth Ward: M. Doraii.
Sixth Ward : F. Briitfgermaii. Seventh Ward : E.
Lebot. Eighth Ward: AL Diillea.
1853, First Ward: E. S. Leadbeater. Second
Ward: C. (VXeil. Third Ward: 1). W. Fisi<c.
Fourth Ward: C. Ciics. Fifth Ward: J. C.odfrey.
Sixth Ward: A. 1'. and E. F Plant/.. Seventh Ward:
E. Lebot. Eij^lith Ward : J. Culiinane.
1854, First Ward : David Stewart. Second Ward :
C. O'Ne'l, Third Ward: W. S. Montjromery.
Fourth Ward: Adam Orth. Fifth Ward: Orville
S. Allen. Si.Kth Ward : K. F. Plantz. Seventh
Ward : J. Hilsendegen. Eighth Ward : J. Cul-
iinane.
1855, First Ward: D. Stewart. Second Ward:
C. O'Neil. Third Ward : Wm. P. Roberts. Fourth
Ward : A. Orth. Fifth Ward : John Sharp. Sixth
Ward: E. F. Plantz. Seventh Ward: J. Hilsen-
degen. Eighth Ward : Nicholas Burke.
1856, First Ward: D. Stewart. IJecond Ward:
T. Anderson. Third Ward : D. Lanigan. Fourth
Ward : A. Orth. Fifth Ward : Wm. Stead. Sixth
Wi rd : E. F. Plantz. Seventh Ward : J. Hilsen-
degen. Eighth Ward: J. Moynaghan.
1857, First Ward: D. Stewart. Second Ward:
T. Anderson. Third Ward : G. Evans, E. T. Sher-
lock. Fourth Ward : A. Orth. Fifth Ward : Wm.
Stead. Sixth Wa-'d : E. F. Plantz. Seventh Ward :
J. Hilsendegen. Eighth Ward : J. Moynaghan.
Ninth Ward : John Mulry. Tenth Ward : F. St.
Aubin.
1858, First Ward : John Collins. Second Ward :
J. Calnon. Third Ward : T. J. Sherlock. Fourth
Ward: Charles Lotz. Fifth Ward: Thomas J.
Barry. Sixth Ward : E. F. Plantz. Seventh Ward :
J. Reno. Eighth Ward: Thomas Holley. Ninth
Ward : Cieorge W. Burchell. Tenth Ward : James
Dubois.
1859, First Ward : Albert Marsh. Second Ward :
C. O'Neil. Third Ward : F. Gies. Fourth Ward :
Charles Lotz. Fifth Ward : T. J. Barry. Sixth
Ward: E. F. Plantz. Seventh Ward: J. Reno.
Eighth Ward : T. Holley. Ninth Ward : G. W.
Burchell. Tenth Ward: James Dubois.
i860, First Ward: David Dickson. Second
Ward : C. O'Neil. Third Ward : Leonard Richter.
Fourth Ward: Alois Katus. Fifth Ward: T. J.
Barry. Sixth Ward : F. Baier. Seventh Ward :
John Hornbogen. Eighth Ward : Thomas
Ninth Ward : Matthias Lenz. Tenth Ward
Plass.
1861, First Ward: J. Collins. Second Ward:
C. O'NeM. Third Ward: L. Richter. Fourtli
Ward: Alois Katus. Fifth Ward: T. J. Barry,
Holley.
. Henry
Wm. Powell. Sixth Ward : William L. Streeter.
Seventh Ward : J. Hornbogen. Eighth Ward : T.
Trahey. Ninth Ward : J. C. Curry. Tenth Ward :
H. Plass.
1862, First Ward : D. Dickson. Second Ward :
C. O'Neil. Third Ward: L. Richter. Fourth Ward :
J. J. Dicdrich. Fifth Ward : Alonzo Eaton, E. C.
Eaton. Sixth Ward: W. L. Streeter. Seventh
Ward : Xazaire Marion. Eighth Ward : T. Trahey.
Ninth Ward : Thos. Ciorman. Tenth Ward : Henry
A. Blenman.
I S63, First Ward : D. Dickson. Second Ward;
C. O'Neil. Third Ward: L. Richter. Fourth
Ward: J. J. Dicdrich. Fifth Ward: S. J. Martin.
Sixth Ward : W. L. Streeter. Seventh Ward : N.
IVIarion. Eighth Ward : T. Trahey. Ninth Ward :
Wm. Binder. Tenth Ward : Peter Dunn.
1864, First Ward: Hugh O'Beirne. Second
Ward : C. O'Neil. Third Ward : Leonard Richter.
Fourth Ward : J. Funke. Fifth Ward: Wm. i'ark-
inson. Sixth Ward : Alonzo T. Ray. Seventh
Ward : N. Marion. Eighth Ward : Wm. Ryan.
Ninth Ward : M. Lenz. Tenth Ward : Philip Rapp.
1865, First Ward : If. O'Beirne. Second Ward :
C. O'Neil. Third Ward: T. J. Sherlock. Fourth
Ward : J. Funke. Fifth Ward : Wm. Parkinson.
Si.xth Ward: Alonzo T. Ray. Seventh Ward: A.
Werthmann. Eighth Ward : Wm. Ryan. Ninth
Ward: J. Daly. ' Tenth Ward: Wm. Wunsch.
1866, First Ward : H. O'Beirne. Second Ward :
CO Neil. Third Ward : T. J. Sherlock. Fourth
Ward : J. Funke. Fifth W^•lrd : Wm. Parkinson.
Sixth Ward: A. T. Ray. Seventh Ward: J. Blank-
enheini. Eighth Ward: Patrick Dv.yer. Ninth
Ward : T. Rattenbury. Tenth Ward : W. Wunsch.
1867, First Ward : Wm. Harsha. Second Ward :
C. O'Ncil. Third Ward : T. J. Sherlock. Fourth
Ward: J. Funke. Fifth Ward: Peter Huy.ser.
Si.xth Ward: Ulrich Kreit. Seventh Ward: J.
Blankenheim. Eighth Ward : P. Dwyer. Ninth
Ward : J. B. Haas'. Tenth Ward : W. Wunsch.
1868, First Ward: Wm. Harsha. Second Ward :
C. O'Neil. Third Ward: Augustus Paulus. Fourth
Ward: J. Funke. Fifth Ward : P. Huyser, Sixth
Ward: U. Kreit. Seventh Ward : G. L. R. Steckel.
Eighth Ward: P. Dwyer. Ninth Ward: J. B.
Haas. Tenth Ward: W. Wunsch.
1869, First Ward : Wm. Harsha. Second Ward :
C. O'Neil. Third Ward: James Mc(;rath. Fourth
Ward : J. Funke. Fifth Ward : W. Kydd. Sixth
Ward : Edward Grevels. Seventh Ward : G. L. R.
Steckel. Eighth Ward : P. Dwyer. Ninth Ward :
Albert .?luma. Tenth Ward : W. Wunsch.
1870, First Ward : J. Danahey. .Second Ward :
C. O'Neil. Third Ward : Henry Roediger. Fourth
Ward : J. Funke. Fifth Ward : W. Kydd. Sixth
■■M
"** ^■^■JJJH^WjwjSSgJJ^V**
CITY TREASURERS.— RECEIVERS OF TAXES.
167
Ward : Nicliolas Senninsrcr. Seventh Ward : C). L.
R. Sieckcl. Ei.i^htli Ward : Thos. O'Neil. Ninth
Ward : Adam Eigenbrod. Tenth Ward : W.
W'lmsch.
1 87 1, First Ward: D. Dickson. Second Ward :
C. O'Neil. Third Ward : H. Roediger. Fourth
Ward: Wm. Carroll. Fifth Ward: W. Kydd.
Si.xth Ward : U. Krcit. Seventh Ward : Daniel
Fleper. Jughth Ward: P. Dwyer, Ninth Ward:
J. ]}. Haas. Tenth Ward : W. Wunsch.
1872, ]'"irst Ward : John Stewart. Second Ward :
John C. Schiietz. Third Ward : H. Roediger.
Fourtii Ward : W. Carroll. Fifth Ward : Robert
D. Huff. Sixth Ward : H. Kueniniel. Seventh
Ward: I). Fleper. Eighth Ward: V. Dwyer.
Ninth Ward : Conrad Fey. Tenth Ward : W.
Wunsch.
1873, First Ward : James Clark. Second Ward :
J. C. Schuctz. Third Ward : H. Roediger. Fourth
Ward : N. Sutton. Fifth Ward : 1'. Huyser. Si.xth
Ward: H. Kuemniel. Seventh Ward: C. B. Max-
son. Eighth Ward : Wm. Ryan. Ninth Ward:
C. Fey. Tenth Ward: W. Wunsch.
1874, First Ward : D. Dickson. Second Ward :
J. C. Schuctz. Third Ward : H. Roediger. Fourth
Ward: N. Kummer. Fifth Ward: J. Parkinson.
Sixth Ward : Henry Zeiss. Seventh Ward: Herman
Sucker. Eighth Ward: W. Ryan. Ninth Ward :
C. Matzen. Tenth Ward : J. Happe. Twelfth
Ward : A. Bauer.
1875, First Ward : D. Dickson. Second Ward :
L. P. Desnoyers. Third Ward : H. Roediger.
Fourth Ward : N. Kummer. Fifth Ward : W.
Kydd, Sr. Sixth Ward : Henry Zeiss. Seventh
Ward : John Caspary. Eighth Ward : W. Ryan.
Ninth Wa<d: John Taylor. Tenth Ward: J.
Happe. Twelfth Ward : A. Bauer.
1876, First Ward : D. Dickson. Second Ward :
L. P. Desnoyers. Third Ward : H. Roediger,
Fourth Ward : N. Kummer. Fifth Ward : G. W.
Owen. Sixth Ward : H. Zeiss. Seventh Ward :
G. L. R. Streckei. Eighth W^ard : P. Madigan.
Ninth Ward : J. Taylor. Tenth Ward : Henry
Wunsch. Twelfth Ward : Chas. Steyskal,
1877, First Ward : Philip Roos. Second Ward :
L. P. Desnoyers. Third Ward : Martin Fo.x. Fourth
Ward : N. Kummer. Fifth Ward : G. W. Owen.
Sixth Ward: W. H. Connor. Seventh Ward: G.
L. R. Steckel. Eighth Ward : P. Madigan. Ninth
Ward : M. Embach. Tenth Ward : H. Wunsch.
Eleventh Ward : l'"rancis Alter. Twelfth Ward :
C. W. Appel. Thirteenth Ward : Fred W. Feld-
man.
1 878, First Ward : Philip Roos. Second Ward :
L. P. Desnoyers. Third Ward : Martin Fox.
Fourth Ward : N. Kummer. Fifth Ward : G. W.
Owen. Sixth Ward : W. H. Connor. Seventh
Ward: G. L. R. Steckel. Eighth Ward: P. Madi-
gan, W. Ryan. Ninth Ward : M. llmbach. Tenth
Ward : Peter V'anDamme. Eleventh Ward : Joseph
Kohn. Twelfth Ward: Joseph Kulnan. Thir-
teenth Ward : F H. Ellair.
1879, First Ward : Robert Knox. Second Ward :
L. P. Desnoyers. Third Ward : Geo. McManus.
Fourth Ward : Wm. Carroll. Fifth Ward : G. W.
Owen. Si.xth Ward : F. Harting. Seventh Ward :
J. T. Widman. Eighth Ward : Wm. Ryan. Ninth
Waril : F. Cronewith. Tenth Ward : P. \'an
Damme. Eleventh Ward : A. Worhofsky. Twelfth
Ward : Jesse Sterling. Thirteenth Ward : F. H.
Ellair.
CITY TRK.ASURERS.
The olTice of treasurer dates from 1802, and under
the various charters and amendments, appointments
were made by the Board of Trustees or Connnon
Council up to 1849, since which time the office has
been elective. The duties have never been materi-
ally changed. The money received from various
sources is turned over to and paid out by this officer.
His term of office is two years, and he is elected at
the regular city election. By ordinance of 1825 he
was allowed, in lieu of .salary, one per cent of his
receipts, and also one per cent on the amount he
actually paid out from moneys belonging to the cor-
poration. In 1832 the salary was §75 a year; in
1840 it was §300; in 1856 it had grown to $i,oqo;
and in 1883 it was $3,000. He gives $200,000
bonds. To aid him in his duties, he has several
assistants.
The following is a list of the city treasurers : 18 16,
and 1817, O. W, Miller; 1818, Louis Dequindre;
1 8 19, A. Wendell ; 1820, T. Rowland ; 1821, Joseph
Campau ; 1822, Levi Cook; 1823, Calvin Baker;
1824, Peter Desnoyers; 1 825-1 829, H. S. Cole;
1829, J. T. I'enny; 1830-1836, R. S. Rice; 1836,
I). French; 1837, P. Desnoyers, C. Wickware ;
1838, John Farmer; 1839, J. C. Williams; 1840-
1842, F. X. Cicotte ; 1842-1844, D. J. Campau;
1 844-1845, Theodore Williams; 1846, D. Smart;
1847, John Winder; 1848-1850, W. A. Howard;
1850-1854, N. B. Carpenter; 1854-1860, John Camp-
bell ; 1860-1861, D. P. Bushnel! ; 1862-1866, A. A.
Rabineau; 1 866-1 871, E. S. Leadbeater; July, 1871-
1876, E. C. Hinsdale; 1876-1884, Wm. Parkin-
son; 1884- , John S. Schniittdiel.
RECEIVERS OF TAXES.
The office of receiver was created by Act of March
12, 1861, and all city ta.xes are primarily payable to
this officer. Up to the passage of the charter of
i68
RECEIVERS OF TAXES.
1883, he was appointed every two years by the
Common Council, on nomination of tlic mayor.
The charter of 1883 lenijthened the term to three
years. The salary in 1883 was $2,500, the receiver
givini;- $50,000 bonds.
The following persons have served as receivers :
i86(toJuly, 1862, B. Franklin Baker; 1862-1868,
Thos. R. Cununings; 1869-1873, Wm. Y. Rurnney;
1873-1877, W. A. Throop; 1877-1879, Robert K.
Roberts; 1879-1881, J. M. Welch; 1881- .Jacob
(kithard.
PART IV.
JUDICIAL.
JUST
In cc
legal adi
one of t
to secun
in this \v
of the (1
the Enj;
A comp
first sett
sented a
grims of
William
various c
from th
jealousit
colony,
only cle
other Ft
with air
at pleasi
son whc
nevertht
and to
plaints f
Abou
council 1
dilfercnt
any one
used ; tl
cane, an
tile roon
matter
paid to
cities of
pelled t(
cile, so I
Notvv
people, 1
main, tl
both m
their pc
to alien;
constani
and gov
fort anc
CHAPTER XXX.
JUSTICE IN THE OLDEX TIME.— UNITED STATES CIRCUIT COURT.— DISTRICT
COURT.— UXriED STATES OFFICERS.— BANKRUPTCY COURT.
In considerincf the subject of ju;>tice, and its
Itgal administration, it should he rcmcnibcred that
one of tlie objects of the settlement of Detroit was
to secure and maintain the supremacy of tlie French
in this western rei^ioii. For this reason, and because
of the dangers from hostile Indians as well as from
the Enijlisli, a military settlement was a necessity.
A company of soldiers was therefore sent with the
first settlers, and the beginnipi.',s of the colony pre-
sented an appearance qtn"te unl'ke that of the Pil-
f^rims of Plymouth Ro-k, or of the Ouakers with
William Pcnn. The treachery of the sava.ijes, the
various exigencies arising among settlers far removed
from the restraints of ordinary society, and the
jealousies and ambitions of leading members of the
colony, all combined to make military rule not
only desirable, but necessary. Cadillac and the
other Freneh commandants were therefore invested
with almost plenary powers. They coukl imjirison
at pleasure, or even run their swords through a per-
son who grossly offended ; they were amenahle,
nevertheless, to the governor-general at Quebec
and to the colonial minister in Frante, and com-
plaints against them were not infrequent.
About 1720 the inhabitants ccjmplained to the
coimcil that Tonly was "judge and party in all the
differences which arose respecting commerce, and if
any one attempted t(3 claim his rights, he was ill-
used ; that in f)ne case he struck Du Ruisson with a
cane, and trampled him under foot, so that he left
the room covered with blood," and that when the
matter was reported to \'audreuil, no attention was
paid to it. In 1722 there were judges at the three
cities of New France, and each inhabitant was com-
pelled to elect some one of these cities as his domi-
cile, so that notices could be served and cases trietl.
Notwithstanding the occasional complaints of the
people, there is every reason to believe that, in the
main, the government of the commandants was
both iTiild and judicious. The circumstances of
their position were such that they could not afford
to alienate many of the settlers. The necessity of
constant watchfulness and foresight in dealing with
and governing the savages, who clustered about the
fort and freelv mingled with the people, made it
[
impossible for them to indulge frequently in freaks
of temper, or to allow or commit injustice. A
coolness and an intrepidity, seldom found in mean
or malicious natures, were important attributes of
the men who should successfully govern the settle-
ment; and in many respects the government was
almost jxitriarchal in its character. The conmiand-
ants were called upon to witness all import.ant pri-
vate transactions, and no wedding or christening was
cjuite satisfactory without their presence.
During the earlier years of Pjiglish rule the gov-
ernment was .still of a military character, auvl the
fatherly offices of the commandants were, if possi-
ble, even more frecjuently exercised. Conniiandant
De Peyster both married and baptized those who
desired his ser\'ices, using the forms of the English
Church. If offences were conmiitted the conunand-
ants went through regular forms of law, and tried,
and as faithfully executed, those whom they deemed
deserving of death. In a letter dated April 20,
1763, addressed to Genertil Amherst, Major Cdad-
win said, "The Panis (a Pawnee Indian slave) who
escaped from the guard last winter got off to the
Illinois ; therefore 1 thought it best to try the woman,
who was sentenced to be hanged for being an
accomplice in the nuirder of the late Mr. Clapham ;
which I had put in execution in the most public
manner."
The original manuscript of the letter has the fol-
lowing explanatory memoranda, probably added by
the aide-de-camp of (leneral Amherst:
'I'liis nuirdcT Wiis coiuiiiiltL<l last siiinnur, aiul was attcncud
with several shocking circumstances. Mr. Clapliain was a trader
cciniini; from the Deiroit, witli liis two Pauls slaves, a man anil a
woman, who, by their own ccinfession, murdered him by cutting otT
his hiad, and tluowinj^ his Imdy into the river. They were de-
livered up by a party of Indians, whom the Panis charged as be-
ing tlic principal perpetrators of the murder; but this the Indians
denied. The general, however, sent a warrant to Major Clladwin
for the trial of the murderers ; and by this letter it appears tliat
the man has made his escape, but that the woman, being found
guiky, has suffered according to her crime.
With regard to the jurisdiction of the local com-
mandant, and the division of power between him
and the resident governor, Thomas Smith testified
before the Commissioners of Claims, on July 14,
1 82 1, as follows :
■7'1
172
JUSTICE IN THE OLDEN TIME.
All military comiUiindaiUs wi.re civil oflicers t:v oj/iciff, wliullier
so commissioned or not, and they dicidid qncslicmsof property,
and put liti|;unts into tho guard-lioiise who di.. obeyed their decis-
ions ! there were civil magistrates, who acted under, and in uil
matters of importance consulted, the commandant. The com-
mandant was considered the chief magistrate, and acted often
witln rUt consulting any other magistrate. If any debtor at tempted
to remove from the country, and tlie creditor made complaint
thereof, the commandant refused permission to such debtor to de-
part until the creditor was satisfied, and the debtor was accord-
ingly detained until the decision of the commandant was complied
with. 'J'he will of the commandant, in whom it is presumed con-
lidence was always placed by the British Government, was sub-
mitled to, and wascertainly the then law of the land, whether it
be called civil or military law, or whether that will related to civil
or military matters. Alexis Maisonville, on the opposite side of
the river, was one instance, where the commandant sent a party
and removed him, upon complaint made to such commandant by
the Indians that said Maisonville had settled upon certain lands
by them claimed, without the permission of such Indians.
John Askin made complaint to the then commanding ofTicer
that a certain person, whose name witness does not reeolle-.t, but
who was a Kreiiehman, had settled upon certain lai.ds at the
grand-marais claimed by said AskIn, on the Detroit side of the
river ; and Jiat the commandant sent men, and that the french-
man was removed was notorious. This witness does not know
that Governor Hamilton was commissioned by the Kinjr of tireat
Britain, asgovernor resident at Detroit, but believed that he was
so commissioned, but witness knows that his authority was dis-
puted by the then commanding ollicer, Cai)taln Montpasant as
witness thinks, and consequently decisions of civil matters were
made by (lovernor Hamilton, but his authority wiis never recog-
nized by Captain Montpasant, who considered this as his exclusive
prerogative. 1
The manuscripts of .Sir William Johnson show
that in 1 767 there \\;is much trouble and conrtict of
authority between the commandant and the com-
missioner of trade, each of these officers claiming
the right to settle disputes between the traders.
Under both Erench and English rule, the notarial
office was one of great importance, as it practically
combinetl the duties of court clerk and register of
deeds. The notary kept copies of all papers wit-
nesseil by or before him, registered marriage con-
tracts, and was connected with every transaction in
business and in social life.
Among the notaries acting between 1734 and
1760, or later, were Robert Navarre, Simon Sanjui-
net, Ikiptiste Campau. and G. Monforton. About
1760 the name of Philip Dejean begins to be of fre-
quent occurrence in old records of every sort. He
was appointetl justice of the peace April 24, 1767,
and on the 201I1 of July following, Robert Bayard,
major commanding, appointed him second judge of
a temporary court of justice, to be held every month
to decide all actions of debts, bonds, bills, contracts,
and trespasses involving large amounts.
It would seem that Dejean's doings did not meet
the approval of all the citizens, as a committee of
investigation, consisting of ten persons, was ap-
pointed by Commandant George Turnbull. On May
21, 1768, they reported themsrhes as of opinion,
* See chapter on Revolutionary Wan
I'irst, that the fees established h the t.i'nmittee appointed by
Major Robert Hayard, in the est; ./lishmenl of the Court of Jus-
tice at Detroit, are just and reasonable, and ought not tube less.
Second, that every prisoner conlined hi the guiird-hoiise,
whether for debt or misdemeanor, shall on being set at liberty pay
one dollar, ami every batteau or canoe arriving here, loaded with
merchandise belonging to any person or persons not possessing in
property any lot or building within this fort, shall pay two dollars ;
the moneys accruing from thence to lie applied, as in the time of
the Krench government, to keep in good and sufTicient repair the
fortlficaticms around this town.
Third, no person having appeared before us, to make any com-
plaints against s;iid I'hilip Dejean, with respi'et to his public
ortice, we are of opinion that they were ill-founded and without
cause.
SigncJ, Jamks Stkhlino, Colonei, Andkews, T. Williams,
William Edc.ak, John RoniSdN, Kistache Gamklin, P.
St. Cosme, I. Caiiasie, T. Moi.ikke, .\. Harthe.
Dejean's character being thus approved, he was
further honored, on June 14 following, by being
newly appointed notary, with jiower to examine by
oath and evidence, but could give no final award
except by joint request. Matters settled by arbitra-
tion were to be approved by the commandant.
The records of St. Anne's Church show that
Pierre St. Cosme was acting as a justice of the
peace on September 15, 1762 ; and Philip Le Grand
is named as a justice on March 18, 1764.
T'nder the Quebec Act of 1774, the criminal law
of England was introduced as a guide in the admin-
istration of justice ; but as the same Act aboli.shed
all courts of justice in the province, after the first of
May, 1775, and as the laws of England were but
imperfectly understood, and much discretion was
allowed to or assumed by the governor and com-
mandant, many enormities were perpetrated under
the semblance of law.
When Henry Hamilton was appointed lieutenant-
governor, a judge, assessor, and sheriff, were alsf) to
be commissioned, and to be paid one hundred and
fifty pounds per year each. The judge was not
immediately named, and on Fe'nruary 2, 1777, Gov-
ernor Carleton wrote to Hamilton saying :
As nothing better could be done at the time, you were included
as commissioner of the peace for the jirovince at large ; and in
that capacity ycui have a right to issue your warrants, for appre-
hending, and sending down (to Montreal) any persons guilty of
criminal offences in the district, at least, such as are of conse-
quence enough to deserve taking that journey; but these orders
must be signed by you, and not by Mr. Dejean, whose authority
is unknown here.
Subsequently a Mr. Owen was appointed as judge
at Detroit, but he died, and in a letter dated April
26, 1778, Hamilton says his loss " mu.st be doubly
felt, while I am obliged to act as judge, and in
several cases executor of justice. There is no execu-
tioner or gaoler, nor is a gaol yet built, though
greatly needed." In another letter, dated August
17, 1778, he says : " Our law proceedings here are as
vague, and perhaps irregula'" as can be, but our
situation must excuse and account for it." About
this time he sent a man named Gardener (believed
JUSTICE IN THE OLUEN TIME.
to have nui'ilcrcd liis wife), and also witnesses, io
Montreal for trial. Turniiiyj^ back two years, we
find that soon a^ter he arrived at Detroit, John Ct)ii-
tincinau and Ann W\ ley — the first a former servant,
and the woman previously a slave of Abbott and
Finehley — were accused of stealing,' about $50 in
furs and money from their late employers. They
were arrested on June 26, 1776, trieil, convicted, and
on March 26, 1777, at twelve o'clock, were han,i;i(I
on the i)ui)lic common. The following- letter, con-
tained in \'oIume \'l. of Almon's Remembrancer,
published at London, and written by John Dodi^^e,
of Detroit, jrives interestinj^ details concerning Ham-
ilton's doings in the Coiitincinau and other trials :
(JUKiiKC, Sept. 21, T777.
SiH : Vcstcrcliiy his Kxccllcncy Sir (luy «;is iilcasid to si.i;n my
pass, a few htiiirs \>vhiTc lie set out for Moiitri-al, notwithstaiKlinff
any oppo.-^iiioii lliat nii^ht have in-vn made l>y ttiir l>ctroit new
lieutenaiit-g.is'enuir, Hamilton, \vlii>, you know, Is now in town
here. Front what yf)U have heard of his cruel and tyrannieal dis-
positicm, you must Ijc well convinced how unhappy we are under
his government ; you know what severity he used against me un-
justly, how he has treated Mr. IlcntK y, and confessed to liim in
presence of se\'eral witnesses that he knew \'ery well his prtieeed-
ings against him were illegal, but that he was above the law, and
added, " Vou may sue me if you please, but you'll get nothing.
Government is obliged to support me in wh.it I do." A very fine
confession for a lieutenant-governor set over a free people !
You know how he wanted to hurt Mr. Isiiac Williams, and the
cool manner in which he treated Mr. Jonas Schindler, silversmith,
whom, after being honorably actiuilted liy a very respect.ible jury,
he ordered to lie druininid out of the town. Captain Lord of the
I'lghteiMilh Regiment, late eomniandant of the Illinois, and at that
time commanding the garrison at iJetroit, silenced the druiii wlu-n
it enter. 'd into tlie citadel, in order to pass out at the west gate
with the [irisoner, and said I.ieutenant-Oovernor Hamilton might
exercise what acts of cruelty and oppression he pleased in the
town, but that he would suffer none in the citadel, and would take
care to make such proceedings known to some of the first men in
Kngland. All these things are cruel, but nothing like hanging men.
Lieutenant-Governor Hamilton, to whom a commission as justice
of the peace was sent up only two or three months ago, which is
the first that ever was given by proper authority to any one in
Detroit, took upon bim in thefall of 1775 to nominate and appoint
a certain Philip Dejean (who ran away from Iioiiie some years ago
and lied to lietroit to screen himself from his creditors) to act as
judge on the trial of Joseph Hecker (formerly a furrier in this
town) for having killed his brother-in-law. Monsieur Moran, in a
quarrel. Judge Dejean passed sentence of death upon him, which
was ajjproved of by Governor Hamilton, and put in cxicution a
few days after, under a j,uard of soldiers who surrounded the gal-
lows whilst he was hanged. In the spring of 1777 they condemned
and hanged also John Coutincinau, a Canadian, for having stolen
some money, etc., from his master, and having been concerned
with a negro wench in attempting to set fire to his master's house.
You'll readily allow that these criminals deser\'e death, but how
dared Lieutenant-Governor Hamilton, and an infamous judge of
his own making, take uiion them to try tlu'iii and execute them
witliout authority ? I mentioned all the above circumstances to
Judge Lewis, and to .Mr. .Monk, the attorney-general. They were
very much surprised at such rash and unwarranted proceedings,
and said Lieutenant-Governor Hamilton and his Judge Philip
Dejean were both liable to be prosecuted for murder. I beg you
may make these things known in England, that we may be freed
from usurpation, tyranny and oppression.
The proceedings of the Council of A'irginia, under
date of June i8, 1779, give details as to the cases of
Mr. Dodge anil others. In spe.'iking of (lovernor
Hamilton the record says:
They find that his Irealinent of our citizens and soldiirs, taken
and I arricil within the limits of his coniniaiui, b.is beiii cruel and
inhuman ; that in the case of John 1 lodge, a cilizi n of these sl.ites,
^vI1icll has been particularly stated to this board, he loaded bim
with irons, threw him into a dungeon, without bi'dding, without
straw, without fire, in the dead of winter and severe climate of
Detroit ; that in that state, lie wasted him with incessant expicta-
tions of deatli ; that ^vhen the rigors of bis situation had brought
him so low that dealli seemed likely to withdraw him from their
jiower, he was taken out, and somewhat attended to until a little
minded, and before he had recovered ability to walk, was again
returned to bis dungeon, in which a hole was cut, seven inches
square only, for the admission of air, and the siimct load of irons
iigain put on him; thataiipearing asecond time in iminimnt danger
of being lost to them, he was again taken from his dungeim, in
which he had lain from January to Jum-, with the intermission of
a few weeks only before mentifined.
It will be remembered that these records were
made after the capture of (lovernor Hamilton,
riiilip Dejean, and otiiers at \'incennes, and while
they were confmetl in \'irgin'a. The document con-
tinues:
It appeals tliat the prisoner I lejean was on all occasions the wil-
ling .'uid cordial instruiuent *if Governor Hamilton, acting both as
judge and keeper of the jails, and instigating and urging him, by
malicious insinuations and untruths, to increase rather than to re-
lax his severilies, lu'ii;liteniiig tliecruelty of his orders by his man-
ner of executing them ; offering at out; time a reward to one man
to be hangman for another, threatening his life on refus;il ; antl
taking from his prisoners the little property their opportiinities
enabled tliem to acqiuie.
Mr. Dodge was eventually sent down and con-
lined in jail at Quebec. He escaped from there on
October 9, 1778, and on July 13, 1779, wrote from
Pittsburgh to " Philip Poyle, merchant at St. Duski "
(Sandusky), as follows :
It is with pleasure that I inform you that I have made my
escape from (Juebec. I h.ave the honor of wearing the Captain's
commission, and the managing Indian affairs. You may depend
on seeing me there this fall with a good army. Fisher and Grav-
erat are here, and desire to be remembereil to their brotlu-is, and
bid them to be of good cheer. There has been a battle at Carolina
— the F.nglish .".:e entirely defeated ; seven hundretl lay dead on
the ground, the rest are prisoners, with all their cannon and bag-
gage. 1 enclose to you the proceedings of a Council. I am going
to Willlamsbiirgh in .1 few days to prosecute Hamilton, and that
rascal Dejean, I.amothe likewise. Hoiiiiniy, hey ? they will all
be hanged without redemiJtion, and the Lord have mercy on their
stuils. My compliments to all the gooc Whigs of r>etroit.
Money plenty, fine times for the sons of liberty. lam just now
drinking your health with a good glass of Madeira. GotI bless you
all, and we will soon relieve you from those "tyrants.
Returning to Governor HamiUon, we find that
notwithstanding the outrageous character of his
proceedings, Ciovernor Haldimand rather justified
and excused him, especially in the Coutincinau
case ; but the grand jury for the district of Montreal
did not, and on Monday, September 17, 1778, they
indicted Governor Hamilton for allowing Dejean to
perpetrate such enormities. They said that in De-
cember, 1775, Dejean illegally acted as judge, and
caused one Hecker to be apprehended for the
174
UNlli:U STATMS CIRCUIT CUURT.
imuikr (if one Chas. Muian, sentenced him to
death, and tarried the sentence into exeriition ; and
that on or about Marcli, i77C), he arrested Jolin
Coutineinau and Nancy, a ncv^ro woman, charged
willi atleniptinn' to burn llie dwellins^- house of
Abjjott and Kinchley, and also willi liavinji,^ stolen
money and pt'ltries ; that he sentenceil Coutineinau
to death, anil that on or about July, 1776, he was
hanj^ed ; that Nancy remained in prison a time, and
was pardoned on condition that siie serve as execu-
tioner, which she did, and that then Dejean handed
her also, and that without law or authority. He also
fined for offences. An action was also brought
a.i(ainst Dejean, and on December 4, 1778, (lovernor
Hamilton wrote to Haldimand, s;iying :
A Icltcr from Mr. (Wiry^ the (Upiity sluriff at Mdiitrial,
ac(|ualiits iiu' tliat siiinc k),':il iirucfss lias liccii ciminuiicid a^'aiiist
Mr. Di'jcaii, for actiiiji iiiulir my diri'dion in rexard lo criminal
inatlLTS. I l)i'j; leave to reeommend him to yonr lv\cellcncy's pro-
tection, as a man who has created enemies hy doini; his duty. *
* ♦ 1 hope 1 shall alone he responsihle for any malversation of
his, as he has only acted by my orders. * * * Should any com-
plaint against myself be lodged jnilicially, I am perfectly at ease,
persuaded your Kxcellency will allow me to vindicate my conduct,
witliout I ncountering the chicanu of the law.
In March, 1778, Thomas Williams, father of Cien-
eral John R. Williams, was acting' as justice of the
peace. In July, 1784, he declined to act longer, and
induced Mr. Monforton to attend to the business in
his stead. His commission, is.sued by Sir Frederick
Haldimand, (iovernor-deneral of Canada, in 1779,
is in the possession of his grandson, J. C. D. Williams
of this city. An immense wax seal, half an inch
thick and four and a half inches in diameter, bear-
ing many devices, is attached to the document.
Thomas .Smith served as commissioner of peace
in 1778. In 1779 the commandant suggested the
establishment of a Court of Trustees, with jurisdic-
ti(jn extending to ten pounds. lughtcen of the mer-
chants then entered into a bond that three of them,
in rotation, would hold a weekly court, and that they
would defend any appeals which might be taken to
the courts at Montreal. This court lasted about
eighteen months, and then, as legal objections were
made to it, the court was abolished. This pleased
the careless, but was unsatisfactory to merchants,
and on March 28, 1781, they petitioned De Peyster
for relief "to enable them to collect of those who
were able but unwilling to pay their debts." De
Peyster was at a loss to know what to do, and on
April 3, 1 78 1, he wrote to Ceneral Haldinumd, ."ay-
ing, "Fori lerly summons were issued by the justice
and decisions given, but since we have learned that
they have no such powers, that mode has ceased."
The establishment of regular courts dates from
July 24, 1788, when several districts were created by
the Canadian council. Detroit was embraced in the
District of Hesse, and William Dunmore Powell was
the first judge. In 1789 Courts of Common I'leas
were provided for, with jurisdiction without ajjpeal.
exce])t to the governors and council. The wealthier
citizens were made judges, and they banished,
whipped, and imprisonetl at pleasure. In De-
cember, 1 788, a .session of the court was held at
Detroit, by Louis Heaufait, senior justice, with James
May, Charles C.irardin, Patrick McNiff, and Nath-
aniel \\'illiams as associate justices.
There was, however, a great lack of proper courts,
and much uncertainty about their action, almost up
to the surrender of the post. On April 30, 1792,
Major Smith of the Fifth Regiment, then in com-
mand at Detroit, said, "It is strange that a man,
for petty misdemeanors, shall be conlined, ami his
property sold antl confiscated for debt, when another
shall commit the crime of murder, rape, and robbing
with impunity."
On October 15, 1792, the name of the di.strict was
changed from Hesse to Western District, and in
1794 a court was provided for, to be held in Detroit.
The law was repealed on June 3, 1796, as it seemed
no longer expetlient to hold sessions in Detroit.
Under the Kngiish Covernment, Courts of (leneral
Ouarter Sessions were also held, the last one on
January 29, 1796.
UNITKU STATICS CIRCUIT COURT.
The first Circuit United Stat(?s Court for the State
of Michigan was provided for by Act df July i, 1836,
the court to be held the third Monday in June
and first Monday in November. By Act of March
3, 1837, the Stiites of Ohio, Illinois, Indiana, and
Michigan were made the seventh circuit, and the
time of United States Circuit Court sessions fixed
for the fourth Monday of June. By Act of March
10, 1*838, the sessions were changed to the third
Monday in June and the first Monday of November.
By law of March 31, 1839, the fall session was to
begin on the second Monday of October. On July
14, 1862, it was provided that an additional session
should be held, beginning the second Monday of
February in each year. By Act of July 15, 1862, a
new ilivision of circuits was made, and Michigan,
Wisconsin, and Illinois were made the eighth cir-
cuit. On January 28, 1863, the circuits were again
re-arranged, Ohio and Michigan being made the
seventh circuit. The terms of court, by Act of Feb-
ruary 21, 1863, were to begin on the first Tuesdays
of June, November, and March. By law of July 23,
1866, the present sixth circuit, embracing the States
of Ohio, Michigan, Kentucky, and Tennessee, was
created.
The court is a court of appeal from the District
Court. In general, its power may be thus defined :
it may hear, and try originally, all cases coming
under United States Law, except admiralty cases.
UNITKI) STATES DISTRICT COURT.— UNITED STATES OFFICERS.
1/5
It has also jurisdiction in cases between citizens of
different States, and between citizens and aliens, in
casi's either of law or iqiiity, involvinj,' anioiinls of
more than five hundred doll.irs. Tlie salary of tiie
circuit judije is Sfi.ooo. He is nominated by the
Pres..'ent and confirmed by the Senate, the term
beiny for life.
The first sessions of the United States courts in
the State of Michiijan were held in the Wiiiiruns
Building-, on the southeast corner of Jefferson
Avenue and Bates Street. In IcSjq sessions were
held in the City Hall, the United States payintj^ $500
a year rent to the city. In 1840 the courts were
moved l)ack to the Williams T?ui!dinj,^ On June
19, 1843, sessions began to be held in the building
purchased by the Government in 1842, located on
the southwest corner of Oriswold Street and Jeffer-
son Avenue. The building was sold, October 4,
1855, to the Michigan Insurance Company Bank,
and the court was soon after moved to Young Men's
Hall, on the north side of Jefferson Avenue, midway
between Bates and Randolph Streets. The sessions
were held there until the completion of the (iovern-
ment Building on the northwest corner of Griswold
and Earned Streets, after which the courts were
held in the upper story of that building.
The circuit judges of the United States, for Mich-
igan, have been as follows: 1836- 1862, John Mc-
Lean; 1862-1870, N, H. Swayne; 1870-1878, H.
H. F'mmons ; 1878- .John Baxter.
The clerks of the United .States Circuit Court
have been as follows: 1837 to June, 1S57, John
Winder; June, 1857 to April 1 5, 1870, W. D. Wilkins;
April 15, 1870 to June 6, 1882, Addison Mandell;
June 6, 1882- , Walter S. Harsha.
UNITED STATES DI.STRICT COURT.
By Act of February 13, 1801, provision was made
for the holding of the first United States Court for
this region, which was then in the District of Ohio ;
sessions of the court were to begin in Cincinnati on
the loth of June and December, except when the
loth fell upon Sunday, when sessions were to begin
on the following day. There is no evidence that
this law ever took effect, and the necessity for it is
not ajjparent, as the judges of the Northwest, Indi-
ana, and Michigan Territories were all of them
direct appointees of the President, and endowed
with power to try offences against United States
law. In fact, the Supreme Court of the Territory
took the place of a United States Circuit Court, and
their District Courts were also District Courts of the
United .States.
United States District Courts for the State of
Michigan, first provided for by Act of July i, 1836,
were to be held on the first Mondays of May and
October. The sessions of both Circuit and District
United Slates Courts, for the entire State, were at
first held only in Detroit. By Act of February 24.
i8f)3, the State was divided into two judicial dis-
tricts. The court held at Detroit is now known
as the District Court for the luistern District of
Michig.'ui. Sessions are held on the first Tuesdays
of March, June, and November; and for admiralty
cases on the first Tuesday of each month. The
District Court has jurisdiction in all cases of infrac-
tion of United States law, and in admiralty cases, or
cases arising in connection with trade or travel on
the rivers and lakes.
The jurors for both Circuit and District United
States Courts were formerly selected by the clerk
and marshal; by law of June 30, 1879, a (•oiiimis-
sioner, who in politics must be opposed to the clerk,
is appointed by the presiding judge to assist the
clerk in tiie selection of names.
On the second Monday of November of each year
they select the names of not less than two hundred
persons from different counties in the district; these
names are placed in a box, and at least twenty days
before court term begins, the clerk and marshal
draw out, in the presence of the district attorney,
twenty-three names as grand jurors, and twenty-
four as traverse jurors. The jurors are paid two
dollars per day.
Judges of the District Court are appointed by the
Senate on nomination of tiie President. The term
is for life, and the salary is $3,500 per year.
The district judges of the United States at De-
troit have been, 1836- 1870, Ross Wilkins; 1870-
1875, John W. Longyear; 1875- , Henry B.
Brown.
The clerks of both Circuit and District Courts
are appointed with the concurrence of both judges
and hold office at their pleasure. The clerks are
paid by fees appertaining to the office. F'or services
and clerk hire they are allowed to retain fees to the
amount of $3,500 per year.
The clerks of the United States District Court
have been as follows ; 1 837 to October, 1 848, John
Winder; October, 1848, to June, 1857, W. D. Wil-
kins; June, 1857, to April 15, 1870, John Winder;
April 15, 1870, to , D. J. Davison. Deputy
Clerk, John Graves.
UNITED STATES OEEICEKS.
Attorney.
This office, directly connected with the adminis-
tration of justice in the United States Courts, was
provided for by Act of September 24, 1789. It is
the dut- of the attorney to prosecute all offences
again^ iie Government, its property or laws ; to
attend lo the collection of all debts due to the
Government, or of the forfeited bonds of any
government officer. The appointment is made by
176
UNirKi) STA ri;s oi-fickks.
tlic Siiiatf (111 iioininatioii of the I'lisiiiciit. 'I'lir
tiiin of oU'ru is iiulclinitc. The salary is $200 and
fi'i's not ixct'cdiii^ i3)6,o(x>. 'I'lu- olfRc in 1880 was
worth about §4,000 per aiiiuiiii.
Tiu' salary of the assistant attorney is $2,000, and
for many years J. W. I'"inne\- lias filled that position.
The following persons have been I'niled States
attorneys for the years named : 1 S08- 1 8 1 1 , II. 11.
Hieknian; 1811-1814, K. 15 rush ; 1814, L'has.
Larned; 1815 1823, Solomon Sibley; 1823-1824,
James U. Doty; 1824-1827, Andrew d. Whitney;
1827-1834, Daniel l.eKoy ; 1834-1841, I )aniil Ciood-
win; 1842-1845, (ieorye C. Bates ; 1845 1850, John
Norvell; 1850-1852, (ieorye C. Bates; 1852, S.
Barstow; 1853 1857, ("leorj^a' K. Hand; 1857-1861,
Joseph Miller, Jr.; 1861, \V. L. Stoughton ; 1862-
1869, Alfred Ru.ssell ; i8<''9n877, Aaron B. May-
nard; 1877- , S. M. Culeheon.
United States Marsluxl.
This offiee was first created September 24, 17S9.
It is the duty of the marshal to make arrests of all
who offend against the United States or its laws,
such as smugglers, counterfeiters, etc. In fact, the
marshal is the high constable of the government of
this district, and attends the sessions of the United
States Courts to see that its rules and orders are
obeyed. He is appointed by the President and
Senate for terms of four years. The salary is $200
and all of the fees if the amount does not exceed
$6,000.
There are between twenty and thirty deputies, all
appointed by the marshal, six of whom are located
in Detroit. Their salaries are dependent on the fees
received.
The marshals for the Territory and State have
been as follows: 1805, July 17 to August 6, Klisha
Avery; 1805, August 6 to November, 1806, James
May ; 1806, November 6 to , W'm. McD. Scott ;
1811 and 1812, John Anderson; 181 2, F. Baby;
(English rule.) 18 14, J. H. Audrain; 1815-1812,
Thos. Rowland; 1831-1837, Peter Desnoyers;
1837-1841, Conrad Ten Eyck ; 1841-1845, Joshua
Howard; 1845-1847, Levi S. Humphrey; 1847-
1849, Austin E. Wing; 1849-1853, C. H. Kno.x;
1853-1857, George W. Rice; 1857-1858, R. W.
Davis; 1858-1859, M. I. Thomas , 1859-1861, John
S. Bagg; 1861-1867, Chas. Dickey; 1867-1869,
Norman S. Andrews; 1869-1877, Joseph R. Ben-
nett; 1877- , Salmon S. Mathews.
Commissioners for United States Courts,
This office was provided for as early as 1789, but
no commissioners were appointed for Michigan prior
to the admission of the State to the Union. The
duties of the commissioners consist in hearing and
taking such testimony as may be referred to them,
for use ill either the Circuit or tl'.e District Court, ;iiid
when so takiii, b\ order of the court, the testimony
h.is all the force that it would have if given before
the court itself. This is done to save the time of
the judges. The ])artiis to .my case re(|uiring testi-
mony to be taken iii.iy elect the commissioner before
whom they will have the testimony taken.
The commissioners ;ire appointed by the United
States Circuit judge. The term is for life, and they
are paid by the fees received.
The following persons, residing in Detroit, were
appointed commissioners on the d.ites named : Feb-
ruary 17, 183S,' John Winder; November 1, 1841,
Alexander Davidson; December 8, 1841, Walter
W. Dalton; March 2, 1842, John Norvell; March
20, 1843, i\. T. MeReynolds ; July 13, 1843, A. Ten
Kyck ; September 4, 1843, E. I'. Il.astings; Sep-
tember 4, 1843, E. Smith Lee; .September 4, 1843,
C.C. Jackson; September 4, 1843,' Addison Miui-
dell; June 17, 1845,11. Chipman ; June 16, 1846,
John I). Watson; June 29. 1847, (ieo. (1. lUill, J.ames
V. Campbell; June 28, 1848, Levi B. Taft ; June
25, 1849, Henry R. Mi/ner; July 3, 1850, S. (I.Wat-
son, Wm. D. Wilkins ; J.muary 2, 1851, deorge
Jerome; June 20, 1851, D. A. A. Ensworth ; June 8,
1852, S. I). .Miller; November 30, 1852, C.eo. W.
Morell ; June 27, 1853,' Wm. Jennison; November
3, 1853, Jeremi.ih \'an Rensselaer; (October 16,
1861, Thos. S. lilackmar; .\ugust 4, 1862,' John W.
A. S. Cullen,' Ervin Palmer,' Theo. P. Hall ; Sep-
tember I, 1862, Geo. P. Russell; May 5, 1863,' J.
Elisha Winder ; April 22, 1870,' D. J. Davison;
March 27, 1873,' John Graves; June 28, 1877,1
Charles Flowers; February 25, 1881,' H.Whittaker;
March 21, 1882,' E. C. Hinsdale.
Masters in C/ianeery.
This office also dates from 1789, and the first ap-
pointees for Michigan were nuule when the State
was admitted to the Union. Masters in chancery
occupy the .same relation to the United States Courts
that similar officials do to State courts. They are
appointed by the circuit and district judges, and are
paid by fees which they receive.
The names of appointees, and date of appoint-
ment of each, are as follows :
March 18, 1837, Robert Abbott; February 27,
1839,' George E. Hand, A. Ten Eyck, H. N.
Walker;. ^L^rch 26, 1839, E. J. Roberts; April 20,
1839,8. Humes Porter; December 12, 1839, C. C.
Jackson; December 7, 1840, John L. Talbot, Chas.
Collins, Alexander David.son; June 21, 1841, Walter
W. Dalton; October 15, 1841, George G. Bull;
October 22, 1842, J. Van Rensselaer, James B. Wat-
son; October 9, 1843, E. Smith Lee, A. T. McRey-
' Still in office.
UANKKUl'TCV COURT.
177
Holds, John Norvt'll ; OcIoIkt 12, iiS43,' Addison
Maiuli'll ; Juik; 17, 1.S45, Ci. T. Sluldoii ; Juiu' 16,
1846. Jolm H. W.ilsoii ; June 29, 1847, Jamiis V.
CamplR'll ; Jimi: 19, 1851, Levi Hisliop ; June 20,
1851, I). A. A. Kiiswortli ; June 27. 1853,' Win.
Jennison ; June 18, 1857, D.iniil (ioodwin, Jr. ; Jiuie
29, 1859,' John W. A. S. C'ullen; July 21, i860,'
Darius J.Davison; Jiuie 16, 1862, 'I'lios S. IJlaek-
mar; Jui.e 17, 1S62.' (Wo. A. Wiknx; July 1, 1862,'
John J. Speed; June 7, 1180,' lltnry M. Camp-
bell.
BANKRUI'TCY COURT.
This court was first provided for by Act of April
4, 1800, which Act was repealed on December 19,
1803. A .second lJankru|)tcy Act was passed on
Auijust 19, 1841,10 take effect P'ebruary r follow-
ing^. On March 3, 1842, it was repealed. Under
' Still in ofTicc.
l)oth of these laws the UiMted .States district jud^'c
acted as rct;ister. 'I'lie third Bankruptcy Act, whicii
created the ollice of ri'.\;istcr in bankruptcy, was
pas.sed March 2, 1867, and amended July 27, 1868.
Under these last Acts II. K.Clarke was appointed
register, June 9, 1867, by the United .States district
judj;e, and held the office durinjj the entire e.xistence
of the law. The compi'us.ilion consisted entirely in
the fei'S connectetl with the ollice, and out of these
the re);ister paid for the service of one rcjjular clerk,
and the occasional services of a stenoj^ri|)her and
co|)yist. The duties consisted in hearinj; testimony
and takinjr depositions as to ability of bankrupts to
pay their debts, and on a satisfactory shov.inj^, to
give them a legal discharge therefrom. The office
and its duties were abolished by law of 1878.
Imprisonment for debt existed .'is late as 1822,
and on .May 27 of tli.it year a law was passed pro-
viding for the release of debtors upon the surrender
of their property.
CHAPTER XXXI.
SUPREME COURTS OK Till'. ri.KRll()l<\ AN'D 'IIII'; STA'I'i:.
Tnr, nrdinanrc of 1787, rrratinj,' ttu- Northwest
Territory, provided for tiic apiioiiiinuMU of a court,
to consist of three judj^es, .'iiiy two of wiiotn were
to form a court and h.ive a comnion-iaw jurisdiction.
Each judjje was recjuired to possess a freehold estate
in the Tt utory of five hundred acres of I.-md wliile
in the exercise of his ollice. 'I'lieir commissions
were to continue durinjj; .tjood behavior. The
(lovernor and Jud,i,a's, or a majority of tiiem, were
to adopt, and publish in the Territory, sucli laws of
the orijjinal States, criminal and civil, as mi^dit be
necessary and be.st suited to the circumstances of
the people. These laws were to remain in force,
unless disapproved by Conjjress, until the ori(ani/.a-
tion of the (ieneral Assembly. Sessions of tin-
court were held four times a year in counties that
seemed to require it most; the sessions were to be-
gin on the first Monday in February, May, (KtolHr.
and December. The first session was held Au,i,aist
30, 1788. When Michigan came under American
control, and became in fact a part of the Northwest
Territory, a session of the Supreme Court w.is lukl
each year in Detroit. A law of the Northwest
Territory of January 23, 1802, appropriated eighty-
five dollars to Arthur St. Clair, the governor, for
organizing courts a: Detroit. The court was at-
tended by lawyers, some of whom came all the way
from Cincinnati, among them Judge Burnett and
Arthur St. Clair, Jr. The larger portion of the
litigants, witnesses, and jurors were unable to sjx'ak
or understand English, and in many cases all the
proceedings were conducted in French, which was
interpreted sentence by sentence. This made the
proceedings very tiresome.
During a session on June 4, 1800, the birthday of
His Majesty King George III. was being celebrated
at Sandwich, and the judges and bar of the court,
and officers of the garrison, with many of the prin-
cipal citizens of Detroit, were invited to attend and
participate in the festivities. The in\itation was
accepted, and about one hundred Americans went
over. A spacious building, which had been erected
for a warehouse, was so arranged that between four
and five hundred persons could be seated at the
table, which was richly and elaborately furnished,
and abundantly supplied with everything that appe-
tite or taste could suggest.
Sessions of the court were held at the liouse of
Mr. Dodemead, then located on the .south side of
Jefferson Avenue, near .Shelby Street. 'I'he salary
of the judges was $800 per year, and was paid by
the United States. They were appointed by the
President with the approv.il of the Senate.
'I'he followingwere appointeil on the dates named :
October 16, 1787, S. II. Parsons, J. Armstrong. J.
M. \'arnum ; February 19, 1788, John Cleve Symmes
in place of Armstrong, declined ; August 20, 1789,
W'm. Marton in place of Varnum, whose term
e.\|)ired ; Sei)tember 12. 1789, (ieorge Turner in
place of Harton. declined; Mavji 31, 1791, Rufiis
Putnam in |)l;ice of Parsons, deceased; I'"ebruary
12, I7<;S, R. J. Meigs in i)l;iee of Turner, resigned;
Deci'inber 22, 1796, Joseph ("lilmaii in jilace of
Putnam, made sur\'eyor-generaI.
The Christian name of Judge Meigs was Return
Jon.ithan ; the origin of this singular name was as
follows: During their courtship his father and
mother had a ([uarrel, and his father, who was then
at the home of his sweetheart, left the house ; .she
soon repented, and rinininir to the door called out,
" Return, Jonathan, retiirn !" The obedient and
fully pacified lover did return. They were happily
married, and in memory of the incident their first
child was named Return Jonathan Meigs.
Supreme Coini uiuier Indiana Territory.
Under the rule of Indiana Territory the Supreme
Court was comjiosed of Judges Win. Clark, Henry
\'an(lerburg, and John ('iriffin. On October 24,
1804, a session of the Circuit Court, presided over
by Juf'ge Vanderburg, was held in Detroit.
Supreme Court of M/'c/iit^an Territory.
Under law of Congress of January 11, 1805, the
Supreme Court for the Territory was organized on
July 29. By Act of July 24, 1805, regular sessions
were to begin on the third Monday in September,
the judge holding the commission of earliest date to
be chief judge, and the other judges to have prece-
dence according to the date of their commissions,
unless they were of same date, when the age of the
persons was to determine the question. The court
had jurisdiction in all cases concerning the title to
lands, and in all other cases where the sum in dispute
I178I
SUrUKMI'l COCRIS OF Till'; ri'.RRITUKY AND 11 II". SIAIK.
>79
i
exceeded ljl.:oo, also appcllati' isdiciimi in all
easi's. It also had exclusive jurisdictioii in all capi-
tal criminal cases, and in proccidiniLis for divonc.
A fiirllicr Act of I'chriiary iS, i8()<j, .i;ave original
and exclusive jurisdiction in all cases involvinif over
$500, and in all capital criminal cases where tlii'
United Stalts was a party, with ai)pcllatc jurisdic-
tion ill eases from llii' several distriil courts. My
Act of October 31, I1S15, jurisdiction was jLjivcii in
cases where the amount irnoKid exci't'ded §1,000.
The three judi^jes with the ,ijoveriior also constituted
the Legislature of the 'rerrilory..'uul possessed within
themselvi's almost entire control of affairs. They
were commissioners for layiii!.;' out the town of
Detroit and disixisinv; of the lots; and, by the
apathy <ir consent of tin- citi/eiis, they exi'rcised
authority in numicipal matters as well, i^cneriiini^
both town and Territory, and administering piuiish-
meitt at their pleasure. The old court records show
that for a crime of some kind they ordered an Indian
to be "burnt in the left hand," ami the fulluwiii^-
hill for executinij; the order was presented and paid :
'I'lniliiiy i>( Mk'lil.L,Mi> l<> Janus May, May i, iKoii, fur liiaiul-
iiiK Waliousi*, an Indian, ayrci-ahU: U> order (if lonrl, sixtt't-n slill-
lin.ns.
When notict'S of |)ul)licati()n were ordered, they
were sent to a l'itlsburi;h paper, that bein'.,^ the
ni'arest place with which ourciii/.ens had intercourse
where .'I paper was piihlislu'd.
On its i'lrst session, in 1S05, the Supreme Court
met at the old Cass House, then oc<'upied by Jud.i^e
May. In iiSo6, it met .it the house of John Dode-
mead. On September 2u, 1S09, a session was held
at the house of Cabriel Ciodfroy, Jr.; on the same
day John Harvey appeared in court, atid made an
offer of a room in his house, without cost, for the
accommodation of the court. In 1814 the houses of
Louis Moran and John Kinzie were made use of ;
sessions were also held at the chambers of the pre-
sidini,' judge. An article in The da/ette of October
25, 1825, says that the court sat "sometimes at mid-
day and sonu'times at midni,i;ht; sometimes in the
council house and .sometimes at the clerk" s olliee ;
sometimes at a tavern and sometimes on a wood[)ile."
Realize this, imagine it, if you can. Vet there is
no doubt of the facts as .stated; they were matters
of public notoriety.
A memorial of the citizens, of January 3, 1823,
presented to Congress, and printed in The Detroit
Gazette, says :
In Siptiinlier, i8-'o, the conrt frrqmntly lu-ld its sissiims fmni
2 I'. M. till 12. I, and 3 o'clock in the inorning of the nr.\t
day ; and cases were disposed of in the absence of both clients
and counsel. Dnrinn these ni^ht sittings, snppers of meat and
bottles of whiskey were bronght into court, and a noisy and merry
banquet was partaken at the bar by some, while others were
addressing the court in solemn argument, and others presenting to
the judges <in the bench, meat, bread, and whiskey, and iiuiting
them to partake.
.\t the opening of the' session of the .Supreme
Court, on September 13, 1S20, only Judges Wood-
ward ;md Witherell were present. Judge ("irifliii
being .ibsent from the Territory. Ihisiness went on
as usu.il, until October 9, when Judge Woodw.ard
absented himself. Judge W'itlierell then adjourned
the court till the lirst .Mond.iy of December. A day
or two after Judge ("irillin arrived, and on October
13 ;i special session of the court w.is <i|)ened at
Whipple's T.'ivern by Judges Woodw.ird and (Irillin,
even the sheriff being un.iware of it until he acci-
dentally happened in. 'I'he court then adjourned
till October iC>, at the council house, where Judges
Woodward .uid (irillin met, nnd resciiuletl the order
of adjournment m.ide by Judge Witherell, and on
the ri'fus.il of those jiresent to do business at such a
session of the court, it w;is ;idjourned till October 21,
.and on that d.iy ;i rule w.is entered on the records
that a regular session should be hekl annu.illy on the
.second Thursday of August; the court then ad-
journed until that day, entirely disreg.irding the d.iy
in December, to which the court had been adjourned
by Judge Witherell.
On December 4 he opened the court alone, and,
although both of the other judges were in the ["er-
ritory, Judge Witherell was compelled, by reason of
their .absence, to adjourn the court .wWr ,//<■.
On March 30, 1821, Judges Woodward and Crilhn
came together, rescinded their adjourning order of
October 21, ancrthen adjourned again; and so the
farce went on.
The memorial of 1823 states that during a session
of four months the court heltl its sittings at night,
insleail of in the daytime, and at private offices,
without giving knowledge of its whereabouts to the
people. At these night sittings rules of the court
were atlopted, and proceedings h;id which violated
common law. On one occasicjii a law was nuide at
a night sitting altering an Act of Congress. " A
single judge h.is been known to open and immedi-
.itely .idjourn the court, without the attend.ince of
either clerk, sheriff, constable, or crier ; and without
the records, or even |ien, ink, or paper; and that,
when causes were before the court for argument,
leaving the suitors and officers of the court and the
c'her judges to hnd out, if they can, when and
wii.Te it will please the court to open itself again.
When a statute happened to be really adopted from
the laws of one of the States, the judges, who con-
.stituted three out of the four persons who adopted
the law, declared from the bench that they would
not be bound by the constructions and decisions of
the State from which the law was taken." Their
own decisions, in .similar cases, were .so discordant
that they furnished no guide from which to conjec-
ture what their decisions might be on the .same
points ill the future; and it was even declared by
i8o
f=!Ul'REMK COURTS OF THE 'rKKKITORY AND TllK STATE.
them that their own decisions should not I)o obli-
gatory as precedents. Many cases wi're dt'cided as
whim or convenience dictateil ; fa\()ritisni was often
grassly manifest ; and court rnlcs were made fortlie
benefit of particular and special casi's, — notorioiislv
so in the case of Sibley t'.v. Taylor, in iSiy and
1820.
After neglecting their duties as judges, they would
meet as legislators, and ])ass a law to remedy the
defects of their carilessncss or indiffiTcnce. Pris-
oners, on giving a note for the amoinit of their tines,
were released from custody. Of necessity, grtat
irregularities resulted from their actions, and the
highest territorial judicial tribunal was brought into
contempt.
During all these years there was no remedy in law
against the dec Isions of the judges. The people
had no right of appeal to the Supreme Court of the
United States, and Congress did not interfere,
and seemingly was determined not 10 remedy the
evil.
From 18 1 8 to 1836 the Territory now known as
the .State of \\'isc()nsin was a part of Michigan, and
the territorial coiu't of Detr-it had jurisdiction over
that region as well. Criminals were conveyed here
for trial ; and the ]")lenary power which the judges
exercised was a great convenience in trying cases, if
not in adtiiinistering justice. In some reminiscences
given by Judge l>. F. II. Witherell, in Gibb's fourth
volinne of Michigan Reports, he says :
If any law was found to work Iiadly, the governor, or ont; of tlu^
judkics, notil'ieil Uic others, tlie Legislature assembled, and the law
was repealed or amended. On one oeeasion, I reeollect, two
Indians were arrested on a c'har>,'e of murder near (Irecn Hay,
and l)rouKht for trial to Oetroit.' Wlien the Supreme Court
assemhletl, it was found tlutt the law relating; to ^raud jurors was
defeetive. The court adjourned, the Legislature airsemhled, the
law was amended, and the prisoners were tried, eonvi<:ted and ex-
ecuted.
A reference to \'oiume I, of Territorial Laws,
pages 234 and 235, shows that the law referred to,
"An Act establishing I''orms of Oaths," was passed
September 17, 1821, Win. Woodbridge, secretary
of the Territory, being then acting governor, and A.
B. Woodward and John Griffin judges.
The Detroit C.azette of November i, 1822, says
that the law in ([uestion was ])assed in the evening,
the grand jtiry having been called in the morning <jf
the same day. A record of the proceedings of the
court, contained in the same paper, shows that there
was much discussion among the judges as to the
form of oath to be administered to the grand jury,
and they finally settled the matter by passing the
law referred to. The stiitute in question is thus
shown to be a genuine and unmistakable ex post
' They arrived in Detroit o. 'he Superior, on Friday, August
3, iSat
fiufo law, applied even in a trial where two human
lives were involved. It is doubtful if the annals of
any other region in the United St.iles afford such a
rccortl.
The case on trial was that of Kctaiikali and Ke-
waubis, who wtre executed December 27, i82i,the
former for the murder of Dr. Wm. S. Madison, the
latter for the murder of Charles Ulrich.
Concerning the trial of the.se Indians, C. C. Trow-
bridge told the following incident: J. I). Doty had
been assigned as coiuisel for one of them, and 15. F.
II. Witherell for the other. In company with Col-
onel Louis IJeaufait, as interpreter, they went to .see
their Indian clients, and learn the facts in the case.
\\'itherell soon tlnishetl the interview with his client,
and they all reii.iired to the cell of the Indian who
murdered Madison. Mr. Doty asked him how it
happened that he .shot the surgeon. The honest
savage replietl, " I saw him going along, and I
thought I would like to shoot him, and I did."
"ISut," said Doty, " was there not some accident.''
\\'ere you not shooting at something else }" After
some time the prisoner seemed to comprehend the
drift of the iiuiuiry, and replied, "Oh, yes, I was
shooting at a little bird." The young advocate then
took coiirsige. "Ah," said he, " this is clearly a case
of no malice aforethought. Now, tell me, how far
was this little birtl from Madison's head }" The
-savage held up one finger, and with the digit of the
other hand measured the distance of an inch, say-
ing, " So far." Of course, Mr. Doty saw clearly
that, on such a .showing, he could not help the
Indian's case. The defence was therefore only
nominal, and the sentence of e.\ecution speedy.
During their confinement in the old jail, on the
site of the present I'ublic Library, the prisoners con-
trived a sort of drum by drawing a piece of leather
over the vessel containing their drink. Aided by
this instrument, the night previtnis to their execution
they danced their death-dance, renewing it again in
the morning. From the jail they were taken to the
Protestant Church, where an apjjropriate discourse
was delivered by Mr. J. S. Hudson. They were
then taken to the gallows. The First Regiment of
the terriiorial militia were under arms on the occa-
sion, and a guard of United States troops attended
the execution. The spectators were very numerous.
These were the first pers(jns hanged in Michigan
after its cession to the United States, The cost of
their execution is indicated in an appropriation '.)ill
of Jainiary2i, 1822, which gave $176.55 to E. Wing
for services in Supreme Court, "and for executing a
certain Indian," and "$33.88 to Thomas Rowland
for erecting a gallows for the e.xeeutitjn of a certain
Indian." Some writers have stated that one of
these Indians connnitted suicide the night i)efore lie
was to be hanged, and that but one was really
SUPREME COURTS OF THE TERRITORY AND THE STATE.
l8l
executed. The Gazette of December 28, 1821, says
that bdth were liani^ed. Tin: stati'iiient tliat one
committed suicide probably orijL,n"nated from tlie fact
that, live years after tiie execution of liic two Indians
referred to, two other bi(hans, Kiskaui<o and his
son, tlie liiij Heaver, were in jail, awaitiuif trial for
the murder of an Indian in Detroit. While in jail,
Kiskaui^o was visited by some of his triiie, one of
wiiom ^ave him poison, and on May 17, 1S26, he
was found dead in liis cell. On ()( tober 6 follow-
ing his son escaped. Kiskauko had always been
troublesome, and even his own tribe h.irdly regretted
his death. The following story, told by Mr. School-
craft, may account for this :
In till! winter of iS2j-i8.;4 a. Chippewa Indian, livinR at Sag-
inaw, was killi'd by ariotluT of the same tribe, and, agreeably to
custom, the relatives of the deceased met those of the slayer, for
the purpose of eompoiinding the alTair, eitlu'r by presents or by
piiltiiiji the slayer to death. At the coiineil it was finally deter-
mined to accept a certain amount in jiresents as indemnity. I'otli
parties were now on the point of smoking the pipe of peace,'when
to the astonishment of all, Kiskauko, the Saginaw chief, stepped
lip, and with a single lilow of his tomahawk struck the murderer
dead. On being asked why he thus interfered with the op<Tation
of their old law, he coolly said, " The law is now altered."
A'erily, he had imbibed the same spirit that ruled
the Territory in those days.
The last inst.ince of capital punishment in Michi-
gan was on September 24, 1830, when a man named
Simmons was executed for the murder of his wife.
This execution, also, took pl.ice near the old jail, and
was mai'aged by l>en Woodworth. It was the first
and only time, under American rule, that a white
man was hanged in the territory included in Michi-
gan. The occasion attracted ;i large crowd, seats
were erected for spectators, and music furnished by
the milit.iry band. Kntertaini leiits were scarce in
those days, and both people and ot'ticials made the
most of any and every " occasion."
[Capital punishment was abolished in Michigan
by Revised Statutes of 1846.]
Much of the unwise and ill-considered doings of
the juilges was directly chargeable to the freaks of
Judge Woodward.
The early history of the courts could hardly be
understood without something more than a passing
allusion to that eccentric genius. There was but
one such man in all the United St.ates, and for nearly
twenty years he was a central figure at Detroit. He
was a b.'ichclor, a \'irginian, from the District of
Columbia, and his old manuscripts and letters ])rove
that he was really learnetl and accoinplished. In
conversation he is known to have bee' entertaining
and agreeable. In the full .sense of the word he was
a " character," that only a Dickens could properly
portray. With some good qualities, there were
peculiarities of manner so marki.'d, ami slovenliness
so extreme, as to almost defy description. What-
ever was odd and unreasonable, he was sure to do.
If there was a thunderstorm, his chair w;is placed
outside the door, and he would calmly sit and take
his shower-b.ith. His room, which was both office
and sleeping apartment, was destitute of a book-
c.'ise, .and many valuable papers lay in a heap in
one corner, and clothing f(jr the wash in another.
Sweeping was never done, lest his books should be
der.mged, and they were where he left them, some
on the lloor, some on chairs, and some on the table.
A gentleman who was a passenger with the judge
on the Walk-in-thc-water in the spring of 1821, on
a trip from Detroit to (ireen Bay, relates this anec-
dote: " The steamer was lying at her little wooden
pier at the foot of Bates Street, and a goodly num-
ber of citizens were on board, to take leave of their
friends who were passengers. Among those present
was Judge Woodward. Just as the steamer was
.about to cast off her lines, a young gentlem.an, who
had been hurriedly dispatched to the judge's <iu;ir-
ters, apjicarcd on board, with a clean shirt folded
in a red bandanna hamlkerchief, which he gave to
the judge, who announced that he also was a p.as-
senger. As the ste.imer entered the harbor of
IMackinaw, where she reii lined a clay, be went be-
low, and soon reajipeared arr.ayed in cle.in linen.
When the bo.at left for (ireen Bay, the clean gar-
ment was removed, .and a soiled one took its pl.ace.
( )n arriving at Green Bay, a ch.ange was again made.
The narrator did not niturn to Detroit in the
steamer, but the cajitain afterwards told him that
the judge pursued the same careful course on the
return, contriving, with the one clean shirt, to make
himself, as he thought, presentable when in port."
The judge was very tall, with sallow complexion,
and usually appeared in coiirt in a loose, long over-
coat, or a swallow-tailed blue coat with brass but-
tons, a red cravat, and buff vest, which was always
open, .and from which protruded ;m immense mass
of rufHes. These last, together with the broad
ruffles at his wrists, were invariably so soiled th.at it
might almost be doubted whether they had ever
been white. His pantaloons hung in folds to his
feet, meeting a pair of boots which were alw.ays well
greased. His hair received his special attention,
anil on court d.iys, p.irticularly, g.ive evidence of the
best efforts of the one tonsori.al artist of the town.
On one occasion, not being able to find a barber
capable of cutting his hair in the improved fashion,
he .sought advice from a member of the bar, who
referred him to Austin E. Wing, whose aid he
sought, bringing with him a pair of shears. His
retiuest w.'is complied with, and his hair trinuued .so
clu. J that he was compelled to wear a cap for weeks
afterward.
He was never known to be wholly under the
inlluence of litpior, but even while sitting on the
bench he customarily kept ,'' glass of brandy beside
l82
SUrKEMK COLKTS OK TIIM 'I'l'.RRI TORV AND TIIK STATE.
him ; and ni.iiht after ni,t;lu, for months together, he
would sit in Mark iS: Conant's store, and alternately
smoke his jiipe and sip raw whiskey until his regu-
lar half-pint was taken.
He was extremely fond of the society of laches,
and on one occasion, callinjj; at (ieneral Macomb's
just after tea, he was invited to the table. lie at
llrst declined, but eventually took the offered seat,
and drank sixteen cups of tea before he rose. l'|)on
another occasion he invited several of the first laiiies
of the tcAvn to a little jvirty at his hotel. As chief
justic'e of the Territory, his invitation was of coui'se
accepted, and when the refreshments were served,
each lady was provided with a plate holdinj;- one
almond, oni' raisin, one sm;'.ll piece of candy and
one of cake.
Duriiii;- a part of his stay in Detroit he kept
bachelor's hall, with a man for cook and house-
keeper. It was thou,i;hl .it one lime that he inUiidt'd
to m.irry, as lu' paid some .iitenlion, in his odd way,
to a lady in the city, lie, had :\ fine coach and
horses, which, when it v.'as his pleasure to drive with
her. he sent to the Lady s door, ordcrinj^ his coach-
man to await his comimr there. This was intt'ndcd
as a notice to the lady to be in ri'adiness to receive
him. After a while the lady concluded to take no
moi^e drives with him. The l.ist time his co.ich
stood its hour at her door slu' di'clined to (40, and he
returni'd home on foot, .niviui^' orders to put u|i the
horses, '['his was the jud!.^e's only attempt atcoiu't-
ship while he rem.iincd in the Territory.
With all his ecct'iitricity, he woukl often manifest
the most painstakin.i( research, and endeavor to
please his friends and ,i(ratify the public ; but what
he would do, or leave undone, could never be fore-
told. He was freciueiitly in trouble with the people.
Once, while upon the bench, he said that the French
spent more time at church than was consistent with
l^rosi^erity. This speech naturally induced i^ri'at
excitement, and he was compelled to apokjgize.
Most of his wrilinifs are extremely verbose and full
of literary e.i,a)tism ; yet when it was his pleasure so
to do, no one could write with ijreater modesty and
directness. Allusions to his personal habits and
private life would perhai)s be unjustifiable if his
public doinvjs had been without reproach ; but it was
of these last that the people specially complained.
His conduct was protested ai^ainst in ju'titions to
the President anil Congress.
On May 4, 1812, the Speaker of the House of
Representatives at W.ashiny^ton l.iid before the
House a presentment of the .vjrand jury at Detroit,
with other papers pertaininij; thereto, complainir.i,^ of
the non-execution of a law of the United St.ates, ap-
plicable to the Territory, and of the enactment of
laws injurious to the interests of tiie Territory, and
of misconduct on the part of A. I!. Wooilward.
Soon after this the post of Detroit was surrendered,
and durini,^ the period of IJritish occupation in iiSi2
anil 1S13, Judi^e Woodward, by appointment from
Colonel I'roclor, acted as chief justice, and held
court under ISrilish rule. This s;;ive further cuise
fur dissatisfaction, and on November 24, i.Si 2, in the
House of Representatives, Mr. I'oindexter offered
the followini;':
/iV,sv>/r'('(/, Uiiil a comrnittcc lie ■■ippoiiUfd lo iiiqiiin" into the ex-
piilicncy iif ripialiiii; ihi' Art critillid " All Ait to divide tlic
liuliaiia 'I'lTtiliii)- into I'wii Scpaiate ( '.')\iininciiN," passed tlic
mil (if Jamiaiy, 1805, and .if prii\ idliii; mure effietnally for the
Koseniiiirnt of .Miehivjaii I'lrrilory ; and th.it the euniinitteu have
leave to report thereon liy hill or otherwise.
Mr. I'oindexter said "that the object he had in
view, in moviiii^' this resolution, w;is to i;ft rid of the
salaries of the olTicers of that Territory. Since the
surrender of Detroit, their functions h;id ce.ased, yet
thcv continued to receive their s.ilaries, while one of
them is a llritisli iirisoner, and another has accepted
;i commission uiidrr liritish .•luthorily. He wished
to reori;-,ani/.e the .^nvernment, and enable the proper
authority to appoint other otficers, .and such as
would, perhaps, ,i(hninister the o;overnment of the
'I'erritoi-y better than heretofori'."
No action w;is h.id on the resolution ; possibly be-
cause it soon became evident that Judi,fe Woodward
endea\i)red to serve the inh.abit.ants while acting- as
a liritish oHici;il. He prolesteil vii^orouslv, to Proc-
tor, aijainst some of his iinjust doini^s, and is desc'rv-
ini;' of credit for his cour.iv;e. These efforts, tm-
iloubledly, secured his retention as judoe after tiie
close of the war. His conduct on the bench, how-
ever, did not improve, and for nearly a decailc
Ioniser the people were outr;i;;ed by his follies.
In the fall of 1S22 many articles were ]niblished
'n the (i.i/.ettc, detailini^ the farcical iiroceeiliiiji^s of
the coui"ts, conducted muler his manai;ement as
chief justice; .mil the articles undoubtedly repre-
sented the sentiments of a larvae majority of the
])eo|)le. In a communication sii^ned "/,./.," pub-
lished in the (i.a/.ette ( )ctober 25, 1822, the followintf
lan,i;ua.u^c was used : " To attempt anything' like a
brief outline of their innumerable outrajjes ujjon jus-
tice and common sense would ri'quire a volume ; and
indeed, if it were even possible, policy would forbid
it ; ;is the \ery extent and I'liormity of the abuses
(Ictai'ed would throw an air of discredit on the nar-
r.ition, in the minds of those at a distance, to whom
alone we can look for redress."
A series of letters, contained in the dazette of
November, 1822, and addressed lo JiiiIkc Wood-
ward, i^ives further indication of the spirit and speech
of those times, and sets forth his characteristics in a
manner that would now be deemed sensational.
The writer quotes from the court records of June
28, 1 80S, the following:
■IP
SUPREME COURTS OK THE TERRITORY AND THE STATE.
i8-
ir/ieri'as, Joliii Whipple, late of the district of Detroit, etc.,
lute a captain in the army of the United States, Veonian, on Sat-
urday, tlie I'slh day of June, 1808, in ihi: afternoon, at tlie Dis-
trict of Detroit, aforesaid, did stop the lin(lersi),'ned, one of the
judges in and over tlie Territory of Michigan, and say to him, thi^
s;iid jiid.ije, that he, tlie wiid John Whipple, was present when an
action dipeiulinif in the Supreme Court of sjiid I'erritory, helweeii
James I'eltier and James and Francis l.asjille was continued, and
that he, the said ]~iUn Whipple, was of opinion that the said
action (iiij^ht to have heen then triicl ; that he, the said jnclye, was
prejudiced a),'ainsl his, the siiid John Whipph-'s relations, and was
partial to the said Messieurs I.asalles ; that the sai<l Messieurs I.a-
salles were the worst rascals in the country, and that he, the said
judge, was a rascal, with other violent lanyua^jc, and ijestnres ;
these are, therefore, to command yon to take the said John Whip-
ple, etc.
The article then says :
This warrant was made retiirnahle before yourself. On this
warrant, Whipple was brought before yon, and after hearinn the
case, you gave the following opinion : " On the present occasion I
am of the opinion that John Whipple l)e bound to his go(](l be-
havior until the ensuing term of the Supreme t'onrl of this Terri-
tory, and to appear at the siiid court, and not depart therefrom
without the leave of the siiid court ; an<l for that pnr|)ose to recog-
ni/<; iiiinself in the sum i>f twenty-four dollars, with two sureties in
the sum of twelve dollarscach." 'This outrage upon decency and
prim iple needs no comment. If you wish to discuss this subject,
1 am prepared to show darkiT fiatures nf the case. I have read
your defence of the procedure, and il is as singular and ridiculous
as your conduct.
♦ ** + ** 4+** + *
On the tenth of June, iSi i, during tlii' vacation of the Supri-tne
Court, Whitmore Knaggs comuiitlid an assault and battery upon
your person. 'The next day you issued a warrant under your hand
and seal, charging him with this offence, upon which Knaggs was
brought before you for ixaminalion. On the suggestion of .Mr.
lirush and others that your Honor did ncjt look well sitting as an
accuser, Judge Robert Abbott and Richard Smyth, two justices of
the pi'ace, were inviti'd to become your colleagues; they did so,
and you, in conjunction with them, after citing many authorities
to justify yourself, im the fifth of July ordered that Knaggs should
enter into recognizance in the sum of $j,ixxi, with two sureties in
f 1,500 each, to appear the next term of the Supreme Court, and in
the niian lime, keep I he peace. 'These facts appear by thv' record,
in yonrown liandwriling, on file in the clerk'solTice of the Supreme
Court. I'or this conduct you were presented by the C.raud Jury
for the Territory.
Ocfflfcr 24, 1822.
MiClllG.XN.
A sffontl lettt:r, addre.ssed to Woodward, and
dated Friday, November 8, 1822, .says:
In my first letter to yon, I brought two cases from the recordsof
your court, in one of which you acted as an accuser, a prosecutor
or party, as a witness, and as a judgi', and in the other, you ap-
peared also as the complainant, and as judge. I have made the
charge and proveil it.
The writer then quotes aijain from the record,
saying :
Pages 24 and 25 of the record contain the following :
" At a session of the Supreme (Hurt of the Tirritory of Michi-
gan, etc., on the twenty-fourth day of September, i.SnO, el( ., were
present Judge Woodward and Judge Hates.
" In the case of the I'nited States against Captain .\dam Muir,
Knsign John Stow I.undi, anil Lieutenant Henry I!. T.revoort, it
is considered by the court that Adam .Muir pay a line of ten
Pounds SlerUng, equal to forty-four dollars and forty cents, and
be imprisoned lor .seventeen days, and that he is now in the cus-
tody of the marshal, until this fine is paid, the time of imprison-
onment is ex|)ired, and the costs of the prosecution are paid. And
that John Stow l.undi p.iy a fine two thousand Pounds Sterling,
equal to $8,888, and be imprisoned six months, and that he is now
in the custody of the marshal until this fine is paid, the time of
his ini|irisonment is expired, and the costs of the prosecution are
paid. And that Henry V.. llrevoort piy a fine of $250, and be im •
prisoned sevi'uly-live days, and that he is now in the i ustody of
the marshal until this fine is paid, the time of imprisonment is ex-
pired, and the i.ists of the prosecution are paid.
" 111 the case of the L'nited States against Jean Marie Oule, it is
considered by the court that the said Jean Marie Oule receives
upon his bare back fifteen stripes, and pay a fine of twenty-five
cents.
" In the cas<' of the United States against Lieutenant Porter
Hanks, it is consider<'d b> the court that Porter Hanks pay a fine
of fifty dollars and the costs of the prosecution." (Lieutenant
Hanks had |>liaded guilty to the indictment.)
Court records Si ptember 2(1, page 26; Judges present this day.
Woodward, I'ates, and (Iriflln. " In the case of the United States
against Captain .Adam Muir, Knsign John Stow I.undi, and Lieu-
tenant Henry li. llrevoort, on motion of the council for the defen-
dants for amending the senteni e pronounced against them on
Wednesday, the twenty-fourth day of the present month, it iscon-
sidered by the court that so much of the said sentence as respects
Adam Muir be amended by erasingthe fine and imprisonment, and
that the said Adam Muir do pay a fine of two and one-half cents,
with the costs of the prosecution. And that so much of the said
sentence as respects John Stow I.undi be amended by erasing the
fine and imprisonment, and that the said John Stow I.ii'idi di>
pay a fine of seven and one half cents, with the costs of the pros-
ecution. And that so much of th<: said sentence as respects
Henry li. P.revoort be amended by erasing the fine and imprison-
ment, and that the said Henry li. lirevoort do pay a fine of five
cents, with the costs of the prosecution."
Page 27 : " In the case of the United Stales against Porter
Hanks, on motion of council it was considered by the court that
the said sentence be amended by erasing the fine, and that the said
P. Hanks do pay a fine of one cent and costs of the prosecution."
Septiniber 27th: " In tUe case of the United States against Jean
Marie ( )ule, on motion, etc., it is considered by the court that the
s,iid sentence be amen<led by erasing the s;iid fine and whipping,
and the said Jean M. Oule do pay a fine of eight dollars to Pierre
Chene, with the cost of tlu; prosecution, and stand nnnmitted, etc.
'The record of the proceedings of the court on this day were not
closed and signed until the twenty-third day of April, iSio.
(Signed) Mkhu.an.
The origin and progress of these remarlcable trials
is humorously told in a .series of letters written hy
John C.entle to the I'ittsburgh Commonwealth, and
confirmed in almost all |)articulars by a letter
addressed to Stanley Criswold, acting governor,
signed by James Abbott and W'm. Mel). Scott, jus-
tices of the peace, published in the i'hiladelphia
Aurora of November lo, 1806. Mr. Centle says:
Soon after the departure of Governor Hull and Judge Wood-
ward for Washington City (in November, 1805) a disiigreeablc
affair happened between the military officers and the lili/ens,
'The officers of port Detroit, and the officers of Fort Maiden, on
the Uritish side, some years ago, enl<red into mutual agreement lo
aid and assist one another in the prevention and detection of de-
serters. 'The Iiritisli officers, on their |)art, have taken and de-
livered lip several deserters to the American garrison, the officers
of which have often attem|ited to return the compliment, but the
l)eo|)li- considered such proce(;diiigsa violation of the civil laws of
the I'nited Stales, and contrary to the Constitution, and have
always succeeded in rescuing the poor devils out of their hands.
On Saturday evening a Ilriti.sh soldier by the name of Morri.son
deserted from Fort Maiden, and came over to Detroit for protec-
tion. 'Two I'.ritish officers came over next day, in the fonnooii, in
search of him, and remained inn'gnilo In the fort all the after-
noon, in company with the officers of the fort. After dusk, in the
i<S4
SUPREMi: COURTS OF THE TERRITORY AND THE STATE.
ivcuiiiy, a tri)o|) of waiters, under the command of Captain 'I'nt-
tlf, was sent from the fort to reconnoiter the town for this Morri-
son. The captain, bsinx a vigilant officer, soon discovered the
enemy, and returned to the fort witli intelligence of his jxisition,
leavinK an advance jjuard to prevent the enemy's retreat. The
Itritish olTici-r, led by tin; American heroes, sallied out of the fort,
douhli' charKid with ^;ood .Mi>non.i;ahela. Lieutenant lirevoort
commanded the right winj.;, Knsinu l.u!uli the left, and Captain
Muir the center division. Lieutenant Hanks, Adjutant Hull, and
Ca])tain Tullle retreated under the guns of Mrs. Lctty Mcl'.ryd's
battery, whde a furious attack was made on the enemy's out-
works.
The besieged was under the contmand of Lieutenant Seek, an
inexperienced ofTicer, who, havinj,{ no other weapon of defense
than his bodkin and Sheffield needles, did not hold out long against
the impetuosity of such experienced vcti'rans. A l)reach was
soon effected, where the invincible heroesof bolli nations entered,
Fword ill hand. Lundi presented 'laded pistol to Seek's head,
while Muir and l»re\"oort sci/i-il ai . ..i.igged the N'anquished Mor-
rison into the street. " Murdir 1 I'iie I Indians!" was loudly
vociferated from the throats of all the men, women and children
that were in the house at the time; the same sounds were rever-
berated by the people of the neighborhood ; a general terror pre-
vaihd, and no wonder. The same day, in the forenoon, news was
circulated in town that seven hiindied Indians were lying in
ambush, fifteen miles back in the woods, ready to ma.ssacre all in
tills town and settlements. The people rushed from their houses,
armed with swords, guns, and shovels, others, carrying buckets
and barrirls of water, shouted "Where are the Indians? Where is
the fire? " Meantime the report of a pistol was heard, and in a
few luiuutes, another; which sounded in the terrified people's ears
like great guns, and directed them to the scene of action. John
Harvey, a baker, and mxt neighbor to Seek, was at his own door
when the affray began. Seeing three or four men dr.igging one by
the shoulders, and without knoViiug the ciiise of the ( iistody, he
ran, laid hold of Morrison's limbs, and iletained him by main
strength, in defiance of their threats to run him thiough'and to
blow out his brains. The old .story was half iiali/i-d of " Pull
baker, pull devil." " Lire and be d d, you rul'lians ! " was all
the baker siiid till poor .Morrison's clothes wiTc all torn to atoms.
Meanwhile .Seek had been around the neighborhood spreading the
alarm, and returned amongst the first, and laid hold of Lundi. A
struggle ensued, but Lundi, finding Seek had the command of his
pistol arm, and perceiving an opening, fired it otT towards the
ground ; and not with an intention to kill Seek, as was emmeously
stated in former publicitioiis. Captain .Muir, seeing the people
as.sembliiig, presented his pistol to Morrison's naked breast, swear-
ing that since be could not take him alive, he would leave him
dead. Morrison, perceiving I'.is intention, struck the pistol to one
side, and instead of killing .Morrison, the ball went through the calf
of his own leg. 'I'heeiti/.ens by thistime asseuibled in great num-
bers, and relieved Harvey from a very dangerous sitiialion ; sur-
rounded the officers, and carried them in civic triiiinph to Smyth's
'I'avirn, to get the wound dressed. Lieutenant Hanks and .Adju-
tant Hull, seeing the people more moderate than usual in .such
cases, now ventured from their lurking places, and finding the
flower of their army thus wounded and maimed, began brandish-
ing their broadswords and swore many bloody oaths that if the cit-
izens would not immediately disperse tli y would turn the guns of
the fort upon them and blow them to lull. They were all taken
into custody, and came under recogni/ance to stand trial at the
next September term. ♦ * * '|'he twentieth day of .September,
iRi/i, the trials of Muir, Lundi, and I'.revoort came on. A respect-
able jury was impaneled, and sworn in one by one ; the witnesses
were brought forward, and underwent scrutinous examinations.
The case appeared so clear that tlu' attorneys waived tlu-ir plead-
ings, tlje jury retired, and returned with their verdict, (jiiilty.
'i'he judgment of the.court was delayed .some days, when one of
the attorneys prayed the court to pass judgment (jn the oflicers.
The judges retired into a private room a few minutes, then return-
ed and took tluir seats. All was silence; the scene was awful.
Judge Woodward opened the judgments by a lengthy preamble,
•selling forth the delicacy of his situation, and his dilTidence in the
performance of the dutii'shc was calhd upon by his country to do,
the enormity of their crimes ; as such irregularity of conduct
might involve countries, now at peace, in all the horrors of de-
structive war. He then siiid, " It is the opinion nf tlie court that
Captain Muir's crime is much more heinous than Knsign Lundi's,
he having aclually discharged the pistol with intention to kill Mor-
rison (although at the siime lime it passed through thi' calf of his
own leg). Therefore the judginent of the cour' is, that Captain
Adam Muir be lined in ten I'ounds Sterling, and seventeen d.iys iin-
prisonnu lit, and to r'lnain in custody of the marshal until the same
shall b(- paid. It is also tlu' judgment of the court that Knsign
John Stow Lundi be lined in two thousiind I'ounds Sterling, that
is to say, $S,888, and six months imprisonment, and remain in cus-
tody of the marshal until the same shall be paid. It is the judg-
ment of the court that Liiutenant Henry IS. lirevoort be limd in
one hundred Pounds, lawful money of New \'ork, and sevcniy-five
days imprisonment, and to remain in custody of the marshal until
the same shall be paid." Knsign Lundi hung down his head, and
looked as any other man would do when condemned to |)erpetiial
imprisonment. The audience stared with wild aina/e at each
other, rose from their seats, and retired. Those who were formerly
the most violent against the officers were now the most violent in
their exccrationsagainst the inequality and injustice of these cruel
judgmeuls. 'I'he court, finding they had missed their aim in this
unjustifiable fetch for iiopularily, now set their wits at work to
remedy their <Tror. Mi'aiitime Judge CirifTiii arri\cd, and took his
seat on the biiu h. A few days afterwards, the judgnunts were
opened anew, when, wonderful to relate, the court then, and not
till then, considered that the officers were tried by the common law
of Kngland, and judgments rendered accordingly, win n, at the
same time, the laws of Indian;', 'i'erru'ory were still in force in
Michigan' Territory, which United fines r:>r a.ssaiilt and battery
to not exceeding one hundred dollars. The former judgments
underwent a ihorotigli investigation, and the decisions of the court,
agreeable to the laws of Indiana Territory, were : That the tcTins
of imprisonment of the ihree officers, .Muir, Lundi, and I'.revoort,
be reduced by striking them out, and their fines reduced losixteen
cents. Lieutenant Hanks was also tried at the siime court, for an
assault on the body of Dr. Joseph Wilkinson. He pleaded guilty
and was fined in fifty dollars. The' judgment in his case wasalso
canccdlrd, and the fine reducc-d to oner cent.
It is impossil.le to describe the feeling of the insulted citizensof
Detroit cm this occrasion. Our peaceful dwellings, violated by a
banditti of insolent foreigners; our wives and children terrified
into fits; ourselves as.sailed and threatened with fire and sword;
and a few cents is presented to us, to redress these barbarous in-
sulls, presenting the lowest dregs of humiliation to a people for-
merly chcrerfnl, generous, and brave, although now debased to the
meanest cxtreMue by the juggling pranksand legerdemain tricksof
these unprincipled judges that fill our judgment seals.
A tliird letter to WoocKvard, contained in the
Gazette of Friday, November 15, 1822, addre.ssed
liim as follows :
You have been plainly and distinctly charged with turpitude
and incemsistency, with meanness and injustice, with indelicacy
and falsehood, with selfishnc'ss and contempt for public opinion.
If you ask for the specific.itions, I refer you to my two previous
communications itn this subject. And what have you answered to
tlie.se grave charges, — charges which not only involve your oHie ial
conduct but also your private character? Nothing. In legal
phrase you stand mute; which, according to the common sense of
mankind, admits the truth of the charges, for the non-denial of an
allegation, fairly and distinctly made, amounts to an admission of
its verity. * * * Vou may write resolutions, and sliiniikile
your tools to offer them at public meetings; but you will never be
able to perpetuate that state of intellectual and political degrada-
tion which hitherto you have contributed to maintain.
This Territory is about to emerge from her long night of polit-
ical darkness; to rouse the sleeping energies, 'and toexhibit to yoti
a practical lesson which .'hail convince you that, having committed
In thf
witii the
against J
I'lie mejsl
his lleiiiiir I
he blend,.,!
tliinking, re
* * ♦ ch
of reason ai
delights itse
"ver the .s,(
peculiarity c
l>i ising in ai
'ion, is a dir
Nc)t only ha
consl.intly ir
aiiiliority, \vl
held in deris
have been a
whether the i
le.gal scic'iice
good tc-eth, ai
ology, lic> was
looking to the
••lice, and by f
of the applieai
any of this e
respe'ct to the
selors at law.
P'lied, one ev
oflieer had t
coniiiidriiin wli
To reward sue
ferred upon thi
llcing onc:e
malfeasance in
Sam knows too
a territorial im|
He has oftet
clerk to enter li
peared to be rea
present would b
the record, whie
the pre'siding ji
SUPREME COURTS OF THE TERRITORY AND THE STATE.
185
iiiniimcralili; outrum-'S in ymirofniial tliuracttr, Tar excetdinK tlie
imlul>^t'iu'L' wiiich, from our former tamcncss and submission, you
had a rijfht lo expect, you have now no loii,v;er the smallest claim
ujion our forbearance, and have bec<ime a fit subject for the knife
of political dissection. You must, therefore, expect to see your
( haractcr portrayed in bold relii'f. I!iit how shall we > lumcrate
Ihi' black catalo),'Uc of outra.i;<'S and i'n<irmities which your ofTicial
life of twenty years has been so fruitful in furnishing? 'I'he
allerupt would be as hopeless as the cleansing of the Augean
stable. ♦ ♦ *
'I'he portals of your narrow, sellish soul are as firmly barrid
against every generous or noble sentiment as the dark cave of Cer-
berus.
You may be likened to the man who, on board a ship in .1 storm,
being calle<l upon lo assist, n^pliid that he was (july a jiassenger.
It may be emphatically sidd of you, that you consider yourself
only a passenger. S'oii stand unconnected by any ti<: of nature,
friendslilp, or gratitude, holding one of the highest and most lucra-
tive ort'ices in the Territory, besid<s an indepimdi'nt estate. You
are literally without ,1 friend. So disgusting is your character, in
every point of view, that it is really a matter of curious specula-
tion how, or by what strange fatality, siu;h a man should have
bi'en palmed upon this Territory. I assure you, sir, that in pur-
suing your character I ha\'e a magnanimous ft;eling, whii:h would
prompt me lo desist from so painful an iincsligation were I not
conscious that the best interests of this community are concerned,
and that the time has arrived when honest men should speak out.
Z. Z.
In the (iazette for December 27, anotlier writer,
witli tlie .si;..rnatiire of "Sidney," took up tiie cudgel
against Judge Woodward. He says:
The uKjst prominint feature, and one that strongly distinguishes
his Honor from the rest of the world, and which, indeed, seems lo
!»■ bli'iuled with .ill his other features, is originality, -a mode of
thinking, reasoning, and acting altogether peculiar to himself;
* * * characterized only by a perfect contempt for those laws
of reason aiul c<imnt()n sense which go\'ern most men, and which
delights itself in driving tandem the steeds of whim and fancy
over the sob('r children of truth and reason. * ♦ * Another
peculiarity of this judicial (,)uixote, and which appears truly sur-
prising in any one having the least pretention to a legal educa-
tion, is a direct and open hostility to law, considered as a science.
Not only has he totally neglected all legal studies himself, and
constantly manifested the most perfect indifference to the highest
authority, when laid before him by coimsel; he has also uniformly
hild in derision all legal and moral qualilications in those who
have been adntitted by him to the practice of hiw. No matter
whether the appllcai\t for admission to the bar possessed any more
legal science or respict for morals than his Honor, if he only had
good teeth, aiul a head confonnable to the best specimensof crani-
ology, hi' was sure of success, since his Ifonor has declared thai, by
looking to the former, he could sulViciently ascertain the leg.d sci-
ence, and by feeling of the latter, he could tell the moral character
of the applicant. And that these are his sober opinions, if he has
any of this class, is fully evident from his uniform conduct in
respect to the examination and admission of attorneys and coun-
selors at law. due instance deserves to he mentioned. It hap-
pened, one evening at a convivial party, that a young military
otlicer had the good fortune lo soh'e some trilling riddle or
ronundrum which had been proposed, as original, by the judge.
To reward such an elTort of genius, his Honor immediately con-
ferred upon this genllenian the degree of counselor at law. * * *
lieing once threatened with an impeachment for some gross
malfeasance in ollicc, he answered, with great (Hunposure, *' Uncle
Sam knows loo well how much it costs to try a judge to listen to
a territorial impeachment." * * »
He has often been known, while sitting in court, to direct the
clerk to enter him absent, although, to mere mortal eyes, he ap-
I)eared to he really present in /oopria />frsona ; and every person
present would be willing to swear with both hands (wi re it not for
the record, which cannot be falsified except by his Honor) tli.it
the presiding judge was still on the bench. This questionable
figure has generally been observed, however, to lose much of its
sparkling brilliancy when the spirit was absent; yet it sometimes
•speaks on critical emergencies. During the operation of one of
these enchantments, and while a learned anil independent advo-
cate was retlecting in pri'tty severe terms upon the proceedings of
the court, one of the associate judges turned involuntarily toward
the siat of the presiding judge, and asked whether such a c<m-
tempt was to be endured; the strange oracle replied, or appeared
to reply, " I consider myself absent." 'In one occasion, while a
suit was being tried, feeling sleepy, he ordered the clerk to enter
ill the journal that he was absent; and, shoving his chair back
against the wall, he closed his eyes as if gone to the land of Nod.
Meantime, the arguments of counsel were going on; and as one
of the attorneys said something that thwarted his views, he sud-
denly moved forward to correct hiin The attorney tartly sug-
gested, " I thought your Honor was absi'iit; the journal of the
court says so." This nonplused the judge, who ordered the
record of his absence to be erased.
It was not merely the public who became dissat-
isfied : the judges grew disgusted with each other,
and, even while sitting as a court, quarrels were fre-
(juent between Judges Woodward and Witiierell.
Judge Witiierell generally .sat with his back towards
Judge Woodwru'd, and often, after Woodward had
deliveretl an opinion, Judge Witiierell would say, " 1
don't see any sense in that view of the case ; there
is no argument in it ; " and donblless Judge Witii-
erell was often correct. Many of the citizens tried,
especially from the year 1820, to have Judge Wotjd-
ward removed, deeming him mainly responsible for
the irregularities of the court. 'I'he articles in the
Gazette were endorsed editorially, on November 22,
1822; and on November 29, in speaking of the
memorial to be presented to Congress, the Ciazette
said:
Another prayer of this petition is, that the law under which our
present Supreme Court is constituted maybe repealed, ami that .a
law may be p::sse(l providing for the appointment of judges, and
limiting the term of their service to four years. The object of
praying lor the repeal of this law is, if possible, to elTei I an imme-
diate riddance of our present judges (we mean the majority of
them), and, if that be impracticable, to leave another door open
for them to go out at the end of four years.
At length, on January 30, 1823, deliverance came.
Judge J. D. Doty was aiipointed to hold courts in
the counties of Mackinaw, Brown, and Crawford ;
and on March 3, 1823, Congress limited the term of
the other judges then in office to four years from
February i, 1824. The same year Judges Wood-
ward and C.ritrin resigned. Judge Woodward went
to Tallahassee, where he died July 12, 1827. Solo-
mon Sibley and John Hunt were appointed to the
vacant judgeships ; and on February 5, 1825, Con-
gress ])rovideil that at lea.st two judges must be
present at the opening of a .session of the court.
An Act of April 13, 1827, provided that sessions
should begin on the first Monday of December and
May. The same year John Hunt died, and in 1 828
James Witherell resigned, to become secretary of
the Territory. In June 1828, the court met for the
first time in the new court-house or capitol. Early
in 1832 the terms of Judges Woodbridge, Sibley,
Chipman, and Doty expired; and on February 3 a
1 86
SUPRKMK COURTS OK I'lIK PKRRITORY AND lllK STATE.
conipliiiicnlary dinner was j^ivcn lliLMn at the Man- to ijcrform
tlu
liiniself,
and
save
tl
le
sion House. I'Onr years later, In' Act of Marcli 26,
1836, the Sujirenie Court of the I'erriloi-y was
aholislied, and its business transferred to tlie State
Court, |>rovided fc^r by tiie same Art.
'I'he names and terms of the several territorial
jud.ifes were as follows: 1805-1808, A. B. Wood-
ward, Frederiek Hates, John Orillin; 1808-1823, A-
li. Woodward, John Ciririin, James Witherell ; 1823-
1827, James Witherell, Solomon Sibley, John Hunt,
James I). Doty; 1827 -1832, Henry Chipman, Solo-
mon Sibley, Wm. Woodbridjfe, J. D. Doty; 1832-
1837, S. Sibley, Oeorvje Morrell, Ross Wilkins,
David Irvin.
in its earliest days the old reeords show that the
court was opened in semi-military style, as follows :
" Attention the whole I Silence on penalty ! Oyez !
give ear you who wish your cause heard." As a
matter of course, the inevitable I'eter Audrain, who
had been clerk of everythinj^ from time immemorial,
was the clerk of this court. He continued to hold
the office until Seiitember, 1S19. Many evidences
of his work remain, but the records, especially in the
latter p.irt of his term, were so carelessly kept or
wholly ne^lectetl, that all the leadini,^ attorneys, such
as Alessrs. Hunt, Lanman, Sibley, McDougall,
I.arned, .'uid others, jirotcsted against his continu-
ance in oflicc ; and in Septi'niber, 1819, (ieoi'ge Mc-
Dougall was appointed clerk />ni iciii.; the same
month he was relieved, and James Duane Doty was
appointeil. He hekl the ollice but one year, and in
October, 1820, McKin Dorr was appointed, Charles
C. 'Trowbridge acting as his deputy. This brings us
to another of the characteristic acts of Judge Wood-
ward. It should be borne in mind that Judge
WooiKvard seldom consulted Judge Witherell upon
any (lucstion, as the latter was so practical and
straightforward that he could never agree with him.
Judge (irifhn, on the contrary, was easily persuaded
by Woodward, and therefore the appointments and
decisions of the court were really made by Wood-
ward. In 1 822 Mr. Dorr decided to resign the office
of clerk in favor of his deputy, Mr. Trowbricigc.
Upon communicating his intentions to the bar, all
the members of that body united in a recommenda-
tion of the deputy, which recommendation, with the
resignation, was presented to the court. In the even-
ing the judge called at the olfice where the deputy
was making up the records, and complimented the
young otlicial upon the handsome testimonial lie had
received from the members of the bar, intimating
that, as a matter of course, the ajipointmcnt would
be given him. " I5y the way," said the judge, as he
was leaving, " I have a young friend, I.ucius Lyon,
just arrived from \'crmont, who is in want of em-
ployment ; I wish you would make him your depu-
ty." Mr. Trowbridge replied that he should prefer
expense of a deputy. 'The next morning, in a cheer-
ful \(iice, he reail the records of the j^receiling day,
which, being signed, .as approved by Judge Wood-
ward, were handed back with this order: "Mr.
Clerk, enter, as the order of the court, that the
resignation of \U'lvin Dorr is accepted, and that
John Woodward, of llarrisburgh, i'ennsylvania, is
appointed clerk, and th.it Jonathan Kearsley, of
Detroit, is aj^pointcd clerk pro friii., imtil the arrival
of the .said John Woodward." If the roof of the
old Indian council-house had fallen, it could not
have been a greater suqirise to Judge Witherell, to
the bar, and to the disaiipointcd deputy. John
Woodward proved to be tlu: father of the judge, an
old man on the verge of the gra\e. He died at
I'-ric, Pennsylvania, on his way to Detroit. Mr.
Kearsley entered upon the duties (jf deputy clerk,
and continued in oriire until 1827, when John
Winder was apj)ointe(l, and served during the rest
of the existence of the tcrritori.-il i-ourt.
Supreme Court of State of Micliii^an.
The .Supreme Court of the State succeeded the
corresponding territorial court, by Act of March 26.
1S36. 'l"he jurisdiction was originally, and is now,
chielly appellate, most of the cases coming before it
being ca.ses taken up from the Circuit Courts. 'The
lirst three judges were appointeil by tiie governor
and Senate. 'The term of oflice was .seven years.
In atldition to their duties as judges of the Supreme
Court, each judge presided oscr one of the Circuit
Courts of the State, and the judge first appointed
was the presiding judge ; Act of July 16, 1836, named
them as chief justices and associate justices. I5y
the Revised Statutes of 1838, one additional asso-
ciate judge was provided for, and by law of April 3,
1848, provisi(jn was made for a fourth associate
justice. 'The Constitution of 1S50 provided for
eight circuits, the judges of which were to sit as
judges of the Supreme Court. I5y law of 1 85 1 , none
of them were to sit as supreme judges until 1852.
By law of February 16, 1857, the constitution of the
court was greatly changed, and a new Supreme
Court provided, to consist of one chief justice, to be
elected as such, and three associate justices. They
were to be elected on the first Monday of April.
1857, and every second year thereafter. 'The judges
elected at the lirst election were to be divided into
four classes, to serve for two, four, si.x, and eight
years each, and judges elected siibseiiucntly were
to serve for eight years. The salary was $2,500.
By the terms of the same Act, the judges of the
Supreme Court ceased to sit as circuit judges. Un-
der Act of January i6, i873,the s;ilary was increased
to $4,000. Act of March 26, 1836, ordered that
sessions of the court be held regularly in Wayne,
SUPREME COURTS OF THE TERRITORY AND THE STATE.
187
Washtenaw, and Kalamazoo counties, the session
in Wayne County to l)e.i,nn on tlie first Monday in
September each year, liy Revised Statutes of 1838,
the .session in Detroit was to hcj,nn on the first Tues-
day of January and June. I5y law of April 20, 1839,
sessions in Detroit were to bev;in on the first Tues-
day of January and Auijust. Hy law of March 25,
184.0, sessions of tiie Supreme Court were to "hen'in
at Detroit on the first Tuesday in January, at Ann
Arbor on the fourth Tuesday in. January, at Kala-
mazoo on the first Tuesday in September, and at
I'ontiac on the third Tuesday in January."
An .\ct of Ai)ril 4, 1851, ])r()vided for five terms,
to bet^in on first Monday of January, May, July, and
third .Monday of Octoi)er, the January Term to be
held at Detroit, May 'I'erm at Kalama/.oo, July
Term at Adrian, and (Jclober Term at I'ontiac.
The fiftii term was to be lii-ld at l.ansiiii;-, at a time
to be determined by tiie court, ;md tlic fourth Tues-
day of January was fixed upon.
A law of February 16, 1857, provided for four
sessions yearly, to bcifin on the first Monday of
January, May, July, and October, the January and
July Terms to be held .it Lansiii).;-, and May and
October 'Terms at Detroit. By Act of February 14,
1859, sessions were to bejrin on the 'Tuesday after
the first Monday in April, and the April and October
'Terms were to be lu'ld ,'it Detroit. I5y Act of April
22, 1873, all sessions of the Supreme Court were
thereafter to be held at Eansin.i,^ ; and the same Act
pnwided for four terms each year, to commence on
the Tuesday after the tirst Monday of January,
April, June, and October.
'The State .Supreme Court held its sessions in the
old Willi.ams iilock, on the southeast corner of Jef-
ferson Avenue and liates .Street, until the sprini,^ of
1844, when it betjan to hold its sessions in the old
seminary buildinir, which the State had bouvrht on
Aujrust 19, 1837. .Sessions continued to be held
there until 1855, when, the buildini; havinjr been
sold to the city, the court removed to the old
Wayne County liuildin^-, on the .southeast corner of
Conij;ress and Criswold .Streets, remaininir there
until May 3, 1858, when it moved to the Odd
Fellows' Hall, on Woodward Avenue. T'rom there
the court was moved to the Seitz lUiilding-, on the
south side of Congress near Ciriswold -Street, in the
room afterwards used by the Superior Court. It
remained there until removed to Lans'ni;.
l!y Con.stitution of 1835, the clerk w.is appointed
by the court, John Winder servin.ij from 1836 to
1843, John Norvell in 1843, and A, Ten Eyck from
1843 to 1847. William Hale served in 1847, and
Elisha 'Taylor in 1848 and 1849.
By Constitution of 1850, the county clerk of the
county in which the court was held w;is made the
clerk of the court. Under this provision from 1850
to 1857 the county clerks of Wayne, Kalama/.oo,
Lenawee, Oakland, and Inifham counties were the
clerks of the court; from 1857 to 1873, the county
clerks of Wayne and lni,diam counties ; from 1873
to 1882, the county clerk of ln]i>ham, or his deputy,
acted as the clerk.
Under .amendment to the constitution adopted in
1881, the clerk is appointed by the judiL^es, and on
January i, 1882, C. C. Hojikins, by appointment,
entered upf)n the duties of the position.
The following is a list of the judges of the Su-
preme Court of the State of Michigan :
1836-1839: Chief Justice Wm. A. Flet<her,of Sec-
ond Circuit; Associates : Ceo. Morell, of l'"irst Circuit;
E. Ransom, of Third Circuit.
1839-1843: Chief Justice Wm. A. Fletcher, of
Second Circuit; Associates: Ceo. Morell, of First
Circuit ; K. Ransom, of 'Third Circuit ; C. W.
Whipple, of T'ourili Circuit.
1843 ; Chief Justice !•".. Ransom, of 'Third Circuit ;
Associates : Ceo. Morell, of First Circuit ; A. l'"elch,
of St'cond Circuit ; C. W. Whip|)li', of I'ourth Circuit.
1844-1S46: Chief Justice E. Kansom, of Third
Circuit; Associates: I). C.oodwin, of First Circuit;
A. Felch, of Second Circuit; C. W. Whipple, of
Fourth Circuit.
1846: Chief Justice E. R.msom, of 'Third Circuit ;
Associates: D. Cioodwin, of i<'irst Circuit; W.
Wing, of Second Circuit; C. W. Whipple, of
Fourth Circuit.
1847 : Chief Justice E. Ransom, of 'Third Circuit ;
A.ssociates : W. Wing, of First Circuit; ( ieorge
Miles, of Second Circuit; C. W. Whipple, of i'"ourth
Circuit.
1848; Chief Justice C. W. Whipple, of 'Third
Circuit; Associates: W. N\'ing, of First Circuit;
Ceo. Miles, of Second Circuit; S. M. Circen, of
Fourth Circuit.
1849- 1851 : Chief Justice C. W. Whipple, of
Third Circuit; Associates: W. Wing, of T'irst Cir-
cuit; Cico. Miles, of Second Circuit; S. .M. Cifeen,
of Fourth Circuit; K. Mundy, of Fifth Circuit.
1851 : Chief Justice C. W. Whipple, of 'Third
Circuit; Associates: W. Wing, of First Circuit;
A. Tratt, of Second Circuit; S. M. Creen, of Fourth
Circuit.
1832 1854: Chief Justice W. Wing, of First
Circuit ; .\ssociates : C. W. Whipple, of .Second Cir-
cuit; S. T. Douglass, of Third Circuit; D. John-
son, of Fourth Circuit; A. I'nitt, of Tifth Cir-
cuit; J. T. Copel.ind, of Si.Nth Circuit; S. M.
Green, of Seventh Circuit ; Ceo. Martin, of Eighth
Circuit.
1854-1856 : Chief Justice S. M. dreen, of .Seventh
Circuit ; Associ.ates : W. Wing, of First Circuit ;
C. ^\'. Whipple, of Second Circuit ; ,S. 'T. Douglass,
of Third Circuit; I). |ohnson, of Fourtii Circuit;
iS8
sui'Ri:mi'. courts ok tiii". ri.kRi iorn' and riii'; siAii-:
A. 1 'rail, of I'illli Ciiciiil ; J. T. C'<>|k land, tif Sixlli 1.H7.' 1X74: C'liicf Jiisiicc I. 1'. Cliiisliaiuy ; As
Circuit; (ico. Martin, of Iu.i;luli I iniiil.
1.S56 : C liiif Jiistici;
;\. rrall, of liflii Circiiil;
Associates: W. Wiiii;, of !■ irsl C'in nit ; N. IJacon,
of Second c:irctiit ; S. I'. I )ou,nlass,of 'I'liird (.■irciiit;
I). Johnson, of i'oiirtii t'ircuil ; J. T. foiicland, of
Sixiii (in nil ; S. M.Crccn, of Seventh Circuit; Cieo.
Martin, <if Kii;hlii I'ircnil,
1.S57: Cliiei" Justice (;eor,v;e Martin, of KiKJitli Cir-
cuit ; Associ.itcs : 15. F. (iraves, of I'ifth Circuit;
I'".. 11. C. Wilson, of First Circuit; N. I'.acon, of
Second Circuit; *l!. F. II. Withercll, of Third
Circuit; '\'.. L.iw icncc, of Fourth Circuit; J. T.
Co|)cland, of .Sixili (.'ircuit ; -'Josiah ■rurncr, of
Seventh Circuit.
1.S5.S iSCiS; Cliief Justice Cieorv;c M.irtiu; Associ-
ates: R,indol|)li MaiHiiniL;', I. 1'. (Iiristiancy, J. \'.
Cani|il)ell.
iKf)iS 1870: Chief Justice T. M. (.'oolev, Associ-
ates: I. !'. Christiancy. J. WC.unpbeli, 1 1. I". Craves.
l«70-i872: Chief Justi<'e J. \'. Can)|)i)<il; Asso-
ciates: I. 1' Christiancy, ll. !•'. (ir,i\(s, '1. M. Coolcy.
♦ I'ail 1)1 I 111- )i .11.
sociates; H. !■ . t itavis, T. M. Cooley, J. \'. C;uu|il)ell.
1874 1S76: thief Justice II. !•'. (iraves; Asso-
ciates: T. M. Cooley, J. V. Cimphell, i. I'. Chris-
tiancy.
1S76-1878: Cliicf Justice T. M. Cooley; Asso-
ciates: Isa.ic M.'uston, J. V. Campbell, H. i". (ir.ives.
iiS7b-iyiio: Chief Justice J. V. C.impbell ; Asso-
ci.itcs : Is.i.ic M.irston, !>. !■'. Ciraves, T. M. Cooley.
iiSSo- iSX.; : Chiif Justici' Is.iac M.arston ; Asso-
ci.ales : U. I". Cr.'ives, T. M. Cooley, J. V. Camjihell.
18X2-18X4: Chief Justic(! 15. F. (iraves; Ass(!-
ciatcs: J. \'. C.unpheli, T. M. Cooky, T. R. Sher-
wood.
1884- : Chief Justice T. M. Cooley; Asv-oci-
;ites : J. V. C.unpheli, V. R. Sherwood, j. VV.
Chanipiin.
The rejiorters of the Siiiiretne Court have been
;is follows: 1843 1847, S. T. Dounl.iss; 1847 1851,
R.indolph Maiuiin.i;; 1851 1858, ( i. C. ( iibbs; 1858
1864, T. M. Cooley; t864, K. \V. Mcdd.uiiih ; ]H(,^
1870, W.Jciuiison; 1870 187 2, 1 1. K. Cl.irke ; 1872
1878, lloyt I'ost; 1878 , II. A. Ch.uiey.
C n A V T E R XXXII
DISTKU'T COnKT.— ORIMIANS' COIJKT. I'koISATI-. COURT. -COUK'I- Ol' (HiAk'i'EK
SICSSKJNS. CODRI' Ol' COMMON 1'L1:AS. CoURI OF CIIANClsRV. COUNTY
COURTS.- ClRCUri" COURTS. -DLSlKlCr CRIMINAL COURT.
hisi'KK r couu'l'. tion of liiis court, and iiclitioiicd foracoiirl sue!) as
Dls'i'KK'l' Courts of the 'IVrritory of Miciiigat) tlicy liad liad under the rule of tlic Norlliwcsi 'icr-
wcri' cstaljlislii'd by law of July J5, 1K05. 'Tin:
courl for tlif distrii I of Huron and Dciroil was held
at Di'tioit, hci^innini; on ilic lu'st Monday of May
and lliird Monday in Auv^usl in I'acii year, and was
l)rcsidcd o\cr liy one of llic l<'rn'torial iud;^cs. It
had original jurisdiction in cases in\()l\ini; over
twenty dollars, txce|)t ;is to cases exclusiwly vested
in oilier courts.
Uy provisions of proclani.ition of |uly 3, i<So5, liie
boundaries of the District of Detroit were as follows:
rilory, whose judj^es were in p.irl l.iken from amoii;^
busini'ss men who bad not studied or pr.iclii cd law.
The i)elition was f.ivorahly received, .md on .April
2, i(So7, a law was p.issi'd wiiich provided ih.it the
governor should .iiipoinl one chief judj^e and two
associ.iles, with |)owir to assess and collect money
to dcfr.iv louil ch.ar\4es, with jurisdiclmn .is to con-
tracts, .and dilfercnces between cilixen^; ,ind Indi.uis.
I'nderlhis l.iw, ( ieortje Mc!)ouj^
chief justice, with J.imi'S Abbott
nd i.i>
appointed
'b \'isi;er
" Hev;innin^ .at the river Detroit on the bound.iry as .associate justices. I'eler Audr.iin w;is vlerk. In
of the United .St.iles of y\meric,i, li\e miles north of
the position of llii' center of the cit.idel in the .ancient
town of Detroit; .and sh.all run theme .a due west
line to the bound.iry of the Indi.in title, .as established
by the ire.ities of I'Orl Mcintosh, of Korl I larmer,
.and Fort (ireenville, theiKe: with thi' sami', ten miles.
Ai)ril, iiSoi;, Robert Abbott w.is .appointed in place
of James Abbott, .and .at the same lime, or soon
after. J.icob \'isirer l)t'<'.ame chief justice, and Joiia
Whipple one of the .associate justices.
This court met in the Council I louse in l.Sc;/, .and
existed until Simd.av, September 16, icSio, when the
thence a due east line to the bound.iry of the United jurisdiction of the justic es w.is enlarged, .and |)art of
the powers of tlu' District C(jurl ir.ansferred to tlie
justices and the rest to the Supreme Court.
ourilA.Ns' COl'Kl.
'This court was est.ablislicd by a law of Nortliwest
'Territory, on Oitober 1, 1795. It was held by the
justices composing the Court of ( irner.il (Hiarti-r
Sessions of the I'e.ace, Its jurisdiction w.is similar
to the |)resent jurisdiction of a I'rob.ate Court, but
more extensisi', exercising a supervisory care over
trustees ami executors. 'The court was abolished
in 181 1, when the ollice of rej^ister of proliate was
created.
I'KOliA IK COIJKI', OK <.()i;kr OI' PKODI'.S.
Courts of Probate, or of Proof as they have also
been c.illed, were first established for the Northwest
lure, votinj^ "eij^ht doll.irs in i).iymeiil to Michael 'Territory on Aui^ust 30, I7S<S; they have existed in
Monette and X'.alne, in laboriiiiif in the erection of a Detroit from llu' time of the first .American oceu-
liowtT for the holdini; of a court." pation ; .and there is on Tile in the Proliate Ollice a
Hy proclamation of M.arch 21, 1806, the District statement of the first jirobate ca.se ever passed
i)f Detroit was newly defined, .as ineludiii.i; a strip upon in Wayne County. 'The estate at issue was
"f country six miles wide on the west b.ank of the th.at of Amos Weston, of which John Askiii was
river. .appointed administrator in 1797. 'This was the
'The people were not satisfied with the constitu- only case for a whole year. The judges were
li8y]
State's.
'The court .ippointed listers, appniisers, collectors,
■ uul treasurers for the district, .and it w.is tliiir duty
to assess and collect the territori.il ,uul county taxes.
'The Court Joiirn.il for Auyiusl 19, I1S05, bejjins as
follows:
( )m llu: niiit-tt-ciilli (l.iy of August, 1805, al <'I(;vrn o'chtck in llir
liiirniiiiii, ill lliit >^iaiul siinan: (if tlif iii'W lily iif I lilioil, iimlir a
nrri'ii JMiwcr, prdvidcil liy llir niaislial iif llii^ 'ri-iiitiiiy iif Miiliii;aii
fill' llial |)tir|>nsr, a ^.fssinii fur the hislrict Court of Union and
l)<:iroit was liiiil, al wliiili was imstiil I'lcdirii k iialis, siiiioi as-
sociate jiidn'' nf tlir I'lrritory of Miclii^an. Jainrs May, iiiaislial
of tli(.' I'lTiitory of MicliiKan, opi'iifd llu: court in the followinK
words: " Altinlion ! Tlic District C'cairt for lliiroii ami Ditroit
llislrict is now silling. Silence loininaiuhd on pain ol iinprison-
incnt."
'The jijreen Ixjwer was ordered paid for on Octo-
ber 7, 1805, the Oovcrnor ;md Judj^es, .as ;i lej^isla-
\l)()
CDURT OK C.I'.NI'.KAL ()rAKIi:i< SI.SSlONS.
appoiiiUil by iIr' ,i;(>\iriiiir Liiiiil .Mi(liii;aii licc-aiiu' a
Stale, altrr wliicli lliu olticc was made ckclivi'.
'I'lic tfiin is fuiir years.
Under Micliigan 'I'lTritory a law (if January 31.
I1S09, aiilliori/.eil llie jiulj;e of prnljale lo appdiiU a
clerk or register, iiy .\ri df January 19, 1811, ihe
court was re()rj;aiii/-ed, aiul the re,i;isur was made
the rej;isti'r of deeds. I'urtJier proxisioiis conccrn-
iii,v; this court were made by Act of July 27, 1S18.
On March 27, iiS2o, the duly of rcj;islcrin,i; liceds
for Detroit was irausferreil to the city re;.;ister, an
oKice tiieii lirst provided for.
By Act of January 29, 1S35, tiie ofl'ice of reyi.ster
of [irobatc was abolished, and the duties of the
offico were transferretl to the county nji^isier of
deeds, provided for in the scunc Act. i'.y Act of
March 12, 1861, the oltice of re;.;ister was re\ived.
This oHicer is appointed by the jutl);e, ami his
duties pertain to the keepinij of the records of the
office. Up to the passing; of the law of February
15, 1859, the juiijLje w." paitl by the fees of thi'
ol'fice. Since then he has been i)aid a salary, which
up to 1S80 was $2. 7 50.
By law of 1879 the salary, after January 1, 1881,
was to be fixed by the Board of Auditors at not less
than $2,500 nor more than §3,000. Law (jf April
29, 1881, fixed the salary at $3,500.
The probate judges have been as follows: I'eter
Audrain appointed 1796; CJeorge McDougall, ap-
pointed 1809; Charles Larned, appointeil November
26, 1818; W. \V. I'etit, appointed November 16,
1825; H. S. Cole, appointed May 3, 1826; J. W.
Torrey, .ippointcd December 26, 1829; Thos. Kow-
iand, a[)pointcd July 20, 1833; B. !■'. 11. Witlurcll,
appointed March 7, 1834; Cico. !•'.. I bind, ap|)ointcd
October 20, 1835. The following were electeil
under .State law: 1837-1840, Oeorge A. O'Kecfe ;
1840-1844, A.S. Williams; 1844-1852, C.J. O'Flynn;
1852 -1856, Joseph II. Bagg; 1856-1860, Mlijah
llawley, Jr.; 1860-1864, \V. 1'. Verkes ; 1864-1868,
II. W.Deare; 1868-1872, James D. Weir; 1872
1876, A. II. Wilkinson; 1876- , K. O. Durfee.
'I'he registers of probate have been : 181 1-181 2,
or later, 11. II. Hickman; 18 14-1 8 16, C.eorge Mc-
Dougall ; November 12, 1816, to .September 12, 1821,
Charles Larned; September 12, 1821, to August 27,
1827, J. V. R. Ten Eyck ; August 28, 1827, to 1835,
Felix Ilinciiman; 1S61-1865, John 11. Kaple ; 1865-
1872, 11. R. Nowland; 1872, S. D. Craig; 1872-
1876. E. O. Durfee; 1876-1880, T. B. Jewell; 1880-
, H. A. Flint.
COURT Ol'" GKNERAI, QUARTKR SESSIONS,
This court was created on August 23, 1788, and
the first session in the Northwest Territory was on
September 9 following. The law provided for ses-
sions four times a year in each county, and gave the
coiut jurisdiction in casts of crinus .ind misdemean-
ors where the pcii.iltics dul not extend to forfeiture
of life or goods, or iniprisonmciu for over ;i yc.ir.
The court also laid out townships, and appointed
the oxi'rscers of the poor, the coroners, constal)les,
and town clerks. It was composctl of justices
appointeil by llu' governor. There was a session in
Detroit as early as .Xugnst 4, 1798, |)risidcd o\ir by
Louis lieaufail, James M.iy, .'ind Joseph V'ojez.
At the term of June 2, 1801, the following justices
were present: Jean M. Beaubicn, Cieo. McDoiigall,
Jaiob \'isgar, F'raiicis Nav.ine, and J.imcs Ih'iiry,
On March 2, 1802, the following persons sat as
judges: Jean M.irie Bciubicn, Janus llcnry, Jacob
\'isg,ar, and Chabert Joncaire. I'lukr the govern-
UK'ni of Indiana Ti'rrilory, in Ma\', 1803, J.imes May,
Francis N.ivarre, Jc.in .M. Beaubicn, James llcnry,
Jacob \'isgar, Chabert Joncaire, AntoiiK' l)i(|uiii(lre,
John I)(Klemead, anil Wm. McDowell Scon wire
■ ippointed justices of the Court of Cicner.il (Uiarter
Sessions for Wayne County.
On July 15, 1S04, David Duncan and John Ander-
son wi're appointed.
At a session of the court on Tuesday, December
4, 1804, Justices May, Navarre, lleaubien, Henry,
Dequindre, \'i.sgar, Dodinuad, Jonciirc, anil .Scott
were present.
On No\eml)cr 25, 1817, uniler Michigan Territory,
the Court of (k'lier.al < Uiartcr Sessions was reorgan-
i/eil to consist of the judges of the County Court
and the justices of the peine. Sessions were to
begin on the first Mond.iy in March, June, Scptiin-
bcr, ;inil December; ;uul three judgi'S constilulcd a
iiuorum. The chief business of the court at this
lime consisted in managing the tinaiices of the
county. Cicorge McDougall was ,-ippointed clerk of
the court November 26, 1817, and in December of
the same year a session was held at John McDon-
nell's house. On M.iy 30, 1818, the court was
abolished, and its business Inmsferred lo the county
commissioners. The records of the Court of (ieiieral
(Quarter -Sessions for June 6, 1805, show that London,
a black man, was seiilenced to "receive thirty-nine
lashes on his bare b.ick, at five o'clock this after-
noon."
An Act of the Coveruor and Judges, passed July
27, 1818, provided that any jusliie of the peace
might order the whi[iping of "lewd, iiUe, or dis-
orderly persons, stubborn servants, eonunon drunk-
ards, and those who neglect their families, with
ten stripes, or the hiring of them out for three
months at the best wages that can be secured, for
the benefit of t!ie poor fund." The first sale under
this Act took place at auction about the middle of
September, 1818, when twenty-eight shillings were
paid for the .services of one bad citizen. In the
summer of 1821 the services of a drunken white
COURT OK COMMON PLEAS -COURT ol CI I.Wi'I.RV
191
vajjaboiul wi'ii' IjouvjIu by a black man fur icii clays,
for tlic sum of (im; dollar. 'I'ln' wliippin^^ was per-
formed at the old market on \\'(io(K\ar(' A\'eniie
below Jefferson. 'I'he law was repealed March 4,
1831.
COIJKI' or COMMON ri.KAS.
A court thus desi^mated existed under EniLjlish
rule; and a law of the Northwest Territory of Au,v,Mist
23, i7tSS, |)ro\ided for tlur holding;' of courts of tills
kind, to consist of not less than three or more than
five persons, to be appointed by tlic jjovcrnor. Two
sessions a year were to l)e held in e.ich county, with
power to hear and determine all cases of a civil
nature. A further l;iw of November 6, 171P, pro-
vided for four sessions a year. I'nder these laws
the lirst American Court of Conunon I'ieas for the
Northwest Territory was opened at Marietta, Sep-
tember 2, 1788; but no business was brouj,dn
before it.
When this re.v^ion came under American rule,
several of the judges under I'.ni^lish rule were con-
tinued in ollice. in 1796 the court was constituted
as follows: Louis Heaufait. senior justice; James
May, Charles I-'rancis (iirardin, Patrick McNilf, and
Nathan Williams, associate justices. About the
same time Jonathan .Schietllin became one of the
as.sociate justices. One of the decisions rendered
in September, 1797. directed th.it the "defendant
should ,v;ive to the plaintiff sixteen d.ays' work with-
out other p.iy than victuals." As kite as 1799 Louis
lieaufait was chief justice, and McNiff, May, and
Ciirardin associate justices.
At a term of the court on June 8, 1 801, there were
present Justices May, McNiff, and X'isgar ; and at
the March Term of 1802, May, \'is^;.ir, Joncaire, and
Henry presided. Feter Audrain was clerk. At the
September .and Dcci^mber sessions of 1802 the
followinif names appear : Justices Henry, Joncaire,
\'is)rar, and McDoui^all.
The sessions of the c:ourt were generally held in
the Dodemead house. Tlie Territorial Records of
Indiana show the appointment in May, 1803, of the
fnllowinj,^ judyes for Wayne County : J.imes May,
James Henry, Jacob X'isj^Mr, Chabert Joncaire, John
Dodemead, and Wni. McDowell Scott. The same
records show that the followinjr judx;cs and justices
were appointed on October 24, 1804: James May,
J.imes Henry, Chabert Joncaire, Jacob Visjjar, John
Dodemead, Wm. McDowell Scott, Francis Navarre,
Ji'an Marie Beaubien, Antoine DequLndre, and John
Vnderson.
The court ceased to exist in 1805, when Michigan
became a separate Territory.
COURT OF CHANCF.RY.
The law establishing this court took effect July 4,
1836; its object was to secure rights and afford
remedies for wliicii nogiiur.il l.iw provided, 'riifce
Ch.'incery Courts were created; the counties of
Wayne, Monroe, < ).ikl;ind, (ienesi-c, Saginaw, La-
peer, M.icomb, St. Clair, Mackinaw, .ind Chippewa
comprised the first circuit. Si'ssimis were to begin
on the first Tuesd.iy of I'cbruar)- ;ind third 'I'uesday
of Jul)-, and wiTe held in ilie old seminary building,
on the .site of the i)resent City 1 lall. ]!y the Revised
Statules of i84('), which took effect on M.irch i,
1.S47, the court w.is abolished, and its business
transferred to the sc\it;iI Circuit Courts, llii' circuit
judges sitting, ;it st.iti'd limes, ;is ;i Court of
Chancery.
I'.lon I'arnsworth was the fir.st judge or chancellor
of the court. He held the oflice until i<S42,;iiid was
succee(lc<l by R.indolph M.inning, who contiiuicd in
office till the cdurt was abolished. The clerks or
registers of the court were: John Winder, 1836-
I1S43; Anllioiiy 'I'eii I'.yck, 1843-1.S46; Wm. Hale,
iS4r.-iS47.
In iH],H provision was made fur a reporter of
chancery courts; 1".. 1!. H.iriinglDn w.is .ippointcd,
and served until /Vugust, 1844, when lie was suc-
ceeded l)y Henry N. Walker.
The office of master in chancery was created by
Act of June 30, iSiiS. The appointments were
m.ide by the governor, .'iiul the duties of the office
were nuich the same as those of a circuit court com-
missioner in chancery cases. These officers had
power to make sales of property and to take testi-
mony in cases referred to them. The oflice was
al)olished by the Constitution of I1S50.
The following is a list of masters for Wayne
County, with the earliest d.ite on wliich they were
appointed, .some of them being appointed for many
successive terms: June 22, 1818, W. W. I'elit;
September 15, 1824, Robert Al)bott; July 2, 1828,
Clias. \V. Whippli'; M.irch 7, 1834, Ceo.' E.
Hand; March iS, 1837, James Churchman; June
22, 1837, Henry N. Walker; December 30, 1S37,
Anthony Ten I'"yck ; February 27, 1839, John 15.
Bispham ; M.in-li 26, 1839, E. J.Roberts; April 20,
1839, Porter S. Humes; Dei-emlxr 12, 1S39, Cal-
vin C.Jackson; M.irch 21, 1840, Samuel Parstow,
Jolin S. Abbott, Sanuiel Pitts, llbene/er 1>. Harring-
ton ; ^Lireh 31, 1840, Fisher A. H;irding; Febru-
ary 12, i84i,John L.Talbot; March 4, 1S41, James
I?. Watson, Henry T. Backus; Marcli 9, 1841,
Walter W. Dalton ; NLnrch 27, 1841, Lansing P>.
Mizner, Jeremiah Van Rensselaer; February 14,
1842, Elisha Taylor; February 9, 1843, Andrew
Harvie, 1".. Smith Lee, Chas. Collins; February 21,
1843, George G. lUill ; March 7, 1843, Andrew T.
McReynolds; ALirch 9, 1843, S. Yorke At Lee,
David W. Fisk ; April 21, 1843, Cideon B. Stevens;
January 26, 1844, Wm. T. Young; February i,
1844, George V. N. Lothrop ; F\bruary 12, 1844,
1()2
coUNiN lorkis. ciKciii' foi'ki's.
I',l)i'iK'/Ar II. Kov;iis ; I''il)rii,iry 24, 1.S44, ('i.irui""!
T. Shcliliiii, ii(()iv;c Kohl); Manli C>, 1.S44, Jjimis
\'.Cami)l)ill, Mi.h.irl ]■:. Ames, K.nlncy D. Hill;
I'Vhniary J>S, I1S45, John WalMUi, I'lvd. 11. Harris;
March 7, 1845. Thus. 1'. Watson; Au);ii.si 11, 1843.
•MJK'rt C'r.mi' ; Fi'hriiary 7, 184(1, Ht-iiry A. Sihool-
irall ; M.irch j, i84(), Levi l!isho|); April 13, 184'),
Milwiii .\. Wak's; May 1^, 184(1, Samiirl (1. Watson,
David \. .\. I'.nssvorlh; I'^hruary 21, 1849, Win.
Gray ; April 2, 1830, Scar.s Stevens.
corNrv cdfurs.
An Art of ()(toi)ir 24, 1815. provided for tlu'
iiold! i>,f of a Connly Court at Detroit until the Ter-
ritory should eontain another eoinity. r>\- the An
one chief justice and two associates were to l)e
appointed, and sessions of the court wcvv to \h\]\\
on the tirst .Monday of January and third Mond.iy
of June. 1 he court was to have exclusive coxiii-
/an<H- of all offences not capital. A furllu'r .Act of
April 13, 1827, provideil that si'ssions should ixi^in
on tile ihinl Monday in January and June. .All
sessions were held in the Council House.
I?y Act of .\pril 1 5, 1833, the court w.is abolished,
and the business transferred to the Circuit Courts.
15y Revisetl .Statutes of i84(), these courts were
reviveil, with jurisdiction in .all ci\il and crimin.il
actions when the amount in tontroviMsy was not
over $500. The judii^es we're elected for terms of
four years each, anil were to be paiti by the fees
received. The court was abolisheil by the Consti-
tution of 1850.
The followinii;' is a comjilete list of the judijes of
the County Court. Trior to 1846 tin 'ue of the
first apiiointmcnt only of each jiidjje sonic
of them beiiin' reai)|iointe(l at su'^ ^es :
James Abbott, chief justice . Jctober 9,
1815. Henry J. Hunt, a.ssoci ce, October 9,
181 5. John R. Williams, assocuia' justice, October
9, 1815. John McDonnell, associate justice, January
17, 1817. John L. Leib, chief justice, June 17, 1822.
Will. A. Fletcher, chief justice, March 25, 1823.
13. F. H. Witherell, as.sociate justice. May 23, 1S23.
Philip Lecuyer, associate justice, December 23, 1823.
B. F. H. Witherell, chief justice, June 5, 1824.
Melvin Dorr, associate ju.stice, Auijust4. 1824. Win.
A. Fletcher, chief justice, December 31, 1824.
Henry Chipnian, chief justice, December 19, 1825.
Asa M. Robinson, chief justice, December 28, 1826.
Shubael Conant, a.ssociate justice, April 14, 1827.
Daniel Le Roy, chief justice, January 18, 1828. Mel-
vin Dorr, chief justice, June 26, 1828. Peter Desnoy-
ers, a.ssociate justice, June 26, 1S2S. Henry M.
Campbell, associate justice, January 18, 1828. John
McDonnell, chief justice, January 13, 1830. \Vm.
I'artow, associate justice, January 14, 1830. Orville
Cook, associate justice, July 28, 1830. Chas. Moran,
associate justice, .Mar( h 4, 1831. J.uncs Williams,
associate juslici'. M.trch 4, 1831.
184(110 1850: county jud.^i', F. .Smith Fee; sec-
ond judvji', Cyrus llowanl. In 1850 P. F. II. With-
erell was ilected coinily juil^v and Cyrus Howard,
siiond judijc ; but the new constitution, which was
adoi)ted at the .s.unc election, discontinued the
County Courts, ,uid llurefort' thcsi' jutl.^^cs did not
I'Utcr upon ollice.
Tims. KowLind w;is ,ip|iointcd chrk of the County
Court on October 9, 1S15. Cndcr law of .May 8,
1820, the ollices of county clerk and clerk of tin-
County Court were iilleil by the same iierson.
ciuciTr loiurs.
The .\ct cri'.iiin!,; the Circuit Court of Wayne
County w. IS passed Dccembi'r 9, 1800. It provided
for a court to In- held in Wayne Comity, to be^in
tile third Tuesday in M.iy of e.ich \car. 'I'he chief
duty of this court was to he.ir a])peals from the
Court of Common Pleas. The jud,i;e was to be ap-
pointed by the j;(i\ernor. No record can hi' foimd of
till .appointment of judj^i'S, or the holdini; of a ses-
sion, of a court created by the Act.
liy .\ct of Ajiril 13, 1827, provision was made, for
the lu'st lime by Miiiiii^aii Territory, for courts styled
Circuit Courts. These w<re to be presided o\er by
one of the judi^es of the .Supreme Court of the 'Ter-
ritoi'v, and were j;i\eii jurisdiction in civil cases wlu'ii
the amoinit involved exceeded S'.ooo. UiiiliT the
Act the County of Wayne was made a circuit, and
sessions of the court were to be.nin on the lirst Mon-
day of January of each year.
lly .Ai't of March 26, 1836, Stale Circuit Courts
were provided for, with ji risdiction ]ir;ictic;illy I'le
.same as before. 'I'lie Stale was di\ided into three
circuits, and one of the Supreme Court judges was
to preside in e.acli circuit. 'The lirst lircuit included
the counties of Wayne, Macomb, St. Clair, Lapeer,
Mackinaw, and Chippewa.
Py Revised Statutes of 1838 the same counties,
excejJt Lapeer, were embraced in the first circuit.
By law of March 25, 1840, the State was divided
into four circuits, and W^ayne Comity alone consti-
tuted the first circuit. On April 30, 1848, the jud,i(es
were authorized to divide the State into five circuits,
and on April 8, 1851, the State was divided into
eight cir'uits, Wayne County alone being made the
third circuit. (Jn February 12, 1853, the counties of
Cheboygan and Fnimet were added to the third
circuit. Py law of January 29, 1858, the counties of
Wayne and Cheboygan became the third circuit,
and on February 10, 1859, Emmet County was
again added. On ^L'lrch 27, 1867, Cheboygan and
F^mmet Counties were detached, and Wayne County
left as the third circuit ; since which time no change
CIKCUIT COURTS.
'93
has Ikx'II iiiailc in llie Uirilory cml)raii(l in liiis
circuit.
My law of March 26, 183^), in acldilidii lo the regu-
larly a|)|)(iinli'(l cireiiit jii(l.n<', wiut acted as chief
jiistici', two jii(l);cs ut :■.• lo he elected for t ,icli cir-
cuit, to serve as associ.iti- judiijcs. 'I'hiy were to he
clccti'd at tlie jLji'iicrai ilection for tirnis of f<iur
years, and to rcci'ive tiirei' dollars |)cr day. anti niile-
a,i;e ,'il the r;itc: of thrci' doll.irs fore.ich twenty miles
tr.ivclid in ,i("'"K '" '"' f''<'iii sessions of the court.
15y Revised .Statutes of KS46 these two judj^'cs were
discontinued.
Ily Consiiiulion of r.S5o one circuit jud.^c was ip
he elected on the lirsl Mond.iy of April, 1851, and
every sixth yt'ar tlu're.ifter.
In .mticip.ition of .111 .unendnienl to the constitu-
tion, which wouUl allow of its l)ein,v( done, an Act of
June 10, i(S,Si, provided for three juil;<(S of the Cir-
cuit Court for the third circuit, who were to .appor-
tion the husiiiess .inionj^ themselves. After the
liass.iije of this law and of the amendment, the
Circuit Court-Room, in the City il.ill, was divided
into two roon\s, .and one of the jury-rooms appro-
priated for a third court-room, and on January 2,
18S2, the three new courts t)e;^an. Under the l.iw
VVni. Jeiinison and John J. .Speed were .apixiinled
by the jrovernor to sit with Jud,iL;e Chamhers as cir-
cuit jiidj^'es. The Act of 1S81 provided th.it the
Sl.ile should pay §1 .500 to each as part of the salary,
and that the county mii;ht increase the amount to
$4,000. Accordini,dy the Hoard of Auditors, in
Octol)er, 1881, resolvetl that for the year 18S2 the
sum of $1 ,500 should be paid in addition to the State
salary, and in 18S2 they tixed the additional salary
for 1883 at $2,000.
Since Act of March 26, 1869, an olfici.-il reporter
has been ctHinected with the court ; he is appointed
by the ,i(overnor, .and paid .an annual s.ilary of $2,000.
Hy law of .March 26, 1836, the sessions of the
Circuit Court, includinjf Wayne Comity, were to
bejrin on the first Mond.iy of April and October.
On July 26 of the .same year the time was cli.m,!L,retl
to the third Tuesday of May and November. I'>y
Revised .Statutes of 1838 the court sessions were to
beyin on the fourtli Tuesday of .Vpril, Auifust, <ind
December. On l'"ebruary 8, 1839, the Auijust Term
was abolished, .and ;i law of .Ajiril i9of the same
year, provided that sessions should be,i;in on the
fourth Tuesday of April anil lirst Tuesd.ay after
second Monilay of November. I$y Act of March
25, 1840, .sessions were to be held in Wayne County
be^innini;- on the first 'I'uesday of May, and also on
the .second Tuesday after the first Monday in No-
vember. 15y Revised St.atutes of 1846, the circuit
judj^es were to fix the time of terms for 1846, ;ind
fop every two years thereafter; since then the terms
have ranged all through the calendar.
in 1883 terms heg.m on the tiist Monday of Jan-
uary, March, May, .ind Noveniher, and third Mon-
d.iy of .September.
I'ormerly the Circuit Court jurors were selected
by the township supervisors and town clerk and by
the assessor .and aldermen of Detroit, from among
tax-|);iyers, not less than one person for every
one hundred jjcrsons being selected, nor more than
four hundred in all, one h.ilf .as petit, ;md one li.ilf
as grand jurors. Under law of .May 20, 1881, si.x
jury commis.sioners, tliree each from city and county,
were appointed by the governor, lo select names
for jurors. They serve without pay, except mileage.
The fust appointments were for terms of two, four,
and six years each. .Subsccjuent .'ippoinlments were
authorized to be made at every regular legisl.ilive
session, for terms of six years each from A|>riJ i.
These ((Jinmissioners select from the assessment
rolls in the county treasurer's ollice the same
number of names that were provided for under
former Laws. The (i)unty clerk writes .all the names
on slips of paper, of uniform color and si/e, and
makes two sei)aralc ])ack.iges of them for each
town and supervisor's district, one jiackage to con-
tain the iiiunes for grand jurors, and the other
those for petit jurors. From these packages the
county clerk, in jjresence of the sheriff .and two jus-
tices, draws out the names of twenty-four jurors.
The clerk puts in a jury box, one at a time, the names
from e.ach town or w.ard, and, after sh.iking them
well together, draws out one name, then the box is
emptied, and the names returned to the p.ick.ages
from which they were t.akeii. The names from
another town, or ward, .are then put in, and this
I)rocess is repeated until the jury is full. Jurors are
p.aid $2 per d.iy.
I'lider territorial rule, sessions of the court were
held at the old Comicil House and in the Capitol.
The State Court met in the City Hall, from 1836
to 1844, and for one year in the Williams lUiild-
ing on the t'oriier of Jefferson Avenue and li.ates
Street. The county then erected the building on
the southeast corner of Criswold and Congress
Streets; the county offices were located in the first
story, and a court-room was provided above. The
building had a front.agc of thirty-two feet on Cris-
wold Strei;t, and eighty feet on Congress. It was
completed on Monday, June 9, 1845, and delivered
over by the contractors to the county auditors, and
at ten o'clock of that day the District Court for the
County commenced its sessions therein. Previous
to the opening of the court, at a meeting of the
members of the Bar, A. W. Buel, prosecuting attor-
ney, offered following resolution, which was
unanimously adopted :
ResolveJy that tlie thanlvs of llie Rar of Detroit be tcndcrcl to
Messrs. Wm. 13, Hunt and Jolin Karrar, tlic committee appointed
194
DISTRICT CKl.MLNAL COURT,
to supcriiitcml the construction of the new Court House of this
county, anil also to Messrs. Henry K. I'erry and Charles Jackson,
contractors and builders, fr)r its tasteful and commodious arrange-
ment, neatness, and simplicity of style, aiul its permanent and
substantial character as a public and linproof buildinis'.
The buildinjr was used (ov tlie sessions of tlic
District, County, and Circuit Courts, until liic com-
pletion of tilt- new City Hall. The march of im-
provement left the i)uiklin,!L^ in the rear, and it was
sold to private |)arties, who ton; it down. On May
31, 1 87 1, the liar of the city held their last and
fit^^ff^^
Fo:iMER Coi'.NTV UlIiniNG, ROI'THWRST COKNEK GrISWOLD
AND L\)NliUl'.SS SrKliKTS.
commemorative meeting within its walls, and a sup-
per was served. The work of tearing down the
building was commenced on June 14, \Sji.
The judges of the Circuit Court have been as
follows: 1S37-1844, George Morell ; 1844-1847, D.
Goodwin; 1847-1851, \V. Wing ; 1851-1857, .S. T.
Douglass; 1S57-1867, 13. F. H. Witherell ; 1867 and
1868, C. I. Walker; i86y, 11. ]\. Urown ; 1S70-1876,
Jared I'atchin; 1S76 to November i, 1879, C. J.
Reilly; November i, 1879101882, V. H. Chambers;
188210 , F. H. Chambers, J.J. S[)eed, Wm.
Jennison.
The associate judges of the Circuit Court were:
1837-1841, Cyrus Howard, Charles .Moran ; 1841,
R. T. Elliott, Kli Rradshaw ; 1842-1845, I'.li I'.rad-
shavv, K. Farnsworth ; 1845-1847, J. 11. ISagg, J.
Gunning.
By Act of 1836 the judges of Circuit Courts
appointed the clerks of the Circuit Courts, but by
the Constitution of 1850 the county clerk became
clerk of the court.
The following persons served as clerks of the
First Circuit prior lo 1850: 1836, John Winder;
1837 1 841. Charles Peltier; 1841-1843, Theodore
Williams; 1843-1845, Geo. R. Griswold ; 1845 and
1846, A. Ten Eyck ; 1847 and 1848, I). C. Hol-
brook ; 1849 and 1850, Silas A. Hagg.
DISTKR r CKIMIX.Vr, COl-RI'.
This court, established by law of Feiiruary 27,
1840, for Wayne County only, was created solely to
try criminal crises. The judge was ai)pointe(l by
the governor, and the associate judges of Circuit
Courts were to sit as associates. Four terms were
held yearly, beginning on the first Tuesday of
March, June, September, and December. It was
abolished by Act of March 9, 1843, and a new law
passed, providing District Criminal Courts for the
State ; Wayne, Oakland, Washten.aw, and Jackson
Counties forming a district. B. F. H. Witherell was
judge of this district during the existence of these
courts, which were abolished by Act of April 3, 1848,
the exclusive jurisdiction of criminal cases being
then given to the county courts.
The ofTu
of 1824. 'I
of the ma\
death. By
over the M;
unable to t
recortlcr wr
poi.itments
date the ofli
CHAPTER XXXIII
MAYOR'S COURT. -KKCORDKR'S COURT. -l'(OLICl': COURT.— SUPERIOR COURT.-
COMMISSIONERS.— JUSTICES.— NOTARIES.— LAWYERS.— DETROIT
BAR LIBRARY.
mayor's roiiRT.
The city rhartcr of Au,i,aisi 5, iiS24, provided that
the mayor, recorder, and aldernieii, or any three of
them, iiii_i(ht hold a court to try offences against city
laws and ordinances, and gave them the power of
justices of the peace. The court was to be lieki on
the second Monday of each month, and to continue
three tiays. In later years sessions were hel'! at such
times ;is the council agreed upon, and two of the
aldermen were designated, from time to time, to sit
with the mayor. Many times the sessions were
little more than a farce. The court would line or
imprison, and the |)arties sentenced would petition
the Common Council, and be reltvised, or have their
lines remitted.
On June 24, 1S20, John Van Alter, confined in jail
for riotous conduct, was released on giving his note
for five dollars and thirty-seven cents, amount oi
costs and charges " payable to supervi.sor " in labor
for use of the corporation.
An amendment to the charter of the city, on June
29, 1S32, gave the council power to compel convicts
to work on the streets, with ball and chain attached.
In August, 1836, several prisoners escaped while
thus laboring, and on August 19, 1837, the practice
was ordered ilisconlinued. Two years later, on June
18, 1839, the street commissioner was authorized to
employ jjcrsons in j.al. under sentence, to work on
streets, and they were to be credited the usual prices
for labor, their earnings to be ajiplied to the pay-
ment of their tines and costs. \s late as 1843 pris-
oners were so emjiloyed.
In 1857 the court was superseded by the Re-
corder's Court.
kkcordf.r's court.
The office of recorder was created by the charter
of 1824. The incumbent was to perform the duties
of the mayor, in case of liis absence, sickness, or
death. By law of 1846 the mayor was to preside
over the Mayor's Court only when the recorder was
unable to do so, and from that date the office of
recorder was chieily judicial. Up to 1849 the ap-
pointments were made by the council, but after that
date the otlfice was elective.
The followincf pcr.'^nns scn'cd ns recorders :
1824 and 1825, A. (;. Whitney; 1826, J. Kearsley;
1827, E. 1*. Hastings; 1828, B. F. H. Witherell ;
1829, Joseph Torrey; 1830, A. S. Porter; 1831, H.
S. Cole; 1832 and 1833, E. A. Brush; 1834, A. S.
Porter; 1835, H. Chipman; 1836, A. D. Eraser;
1837, Ross Wilkins; 1838, E. A. Brush; 1839, A.
U. Eraser; 1840 and 1S42, B. F. H. Witherell;
1843, E. S. Lee; 1844, A. S. Williams; 1845-1848,
E. A. Brush; 1848, J. F. Joy; 1849, M. J. Bacon;
1850, D. E. Ilarbaugh; 1851 and 1S52, J. II. Bagg;
1833, Ci. V. N. Lothrop; 1854, W. A. Cook; 1855-
1858, II. A. Morrow.
By the almost entirely new charter of February
5, 1857, the Recorder's Court took the place of
the Mayor's Court, with jurisdiction in all cases of
offences against the provisions of the city charter
ami ordinances, and in all cases of criminal offences
against State law committed in Detroit, over which
the police justice had not jurisdiction; also jurisdic-
tion in all matters pertaining to the opening of
streets and alleys, with .some other special powers.
The law creating this court took effect on Janu-
ary 13, 1858, but the first session of the court was
not held until February i following. Sessions of
this court have always been held in the City Hall.
By Act of March 12, 1861, the judge was to be
elected every six years. Act of April 4, 1873,
provided for the emi^loyment of a stenographer,
and a subseipient Act of March 26, 1875, defined
fully his powers, duties, and salary. Originally
elected at the annual city election, under Act of
February 18, 1S75, the election of judge of the
Recorder's Court takes place on the first Monday
of April. The salary of the recorder is $4,000, part
of which is paid by the State, as many offences
again'st State law come before this court. The clerk
and de]niiy clerk of the court are appointed by the
judge lor terms of two years. Lists of six hun-
dred jurors for this court are yearly selected by jury
commissioners, in the same way as for the Circuit
Court; slips with the names are then placed in a
jury-box, and the clerk, in presence of the judge and
sheriff, under a standing order from the judge, draws
out fifty names of petit jurors for each of the twelve
l'95l
196
POLICE COURT.— SUPERIOR COURT.
terms; out of tlicsf, on account of numerous exemp-
tions, only .'I sutlicicnl number of jurors is obtaineci.
Tlie lists of jurors for street-opening- cases are se-
lected by the assessors, clerk of the court, and
slicriff from amonv;- ihc freeholders; three htindri'd
names beiny selecleil, the jurors are drawn in llie
same way as for other cases, j mors' fees in this
court arc §2 per day.
The jikl^es of Recorder's Court ha\e been : From
January 13, 1858, to August 18, 1862, Henry A.
Morrow; August 18, 1862, to January 16, 1S64, ]>.
F. H. Witherell, acting- jud,t;e ; January 16, 1864, to
May 16, 1864, Benjamin F. Hyde; May 16, 1864,10
November 19, 1866, 15. F. 11. Witherell, acting-
jiid)4e ; November 19, 1866, to , CJeorge S.
Swift.
Up to 1864 the city clerk was also the clerk of
the Recorder's Court. Since 1864 the clerks have
been as follows : 1864-1874, J. T. Meldrum; 1S74-
1877, A. I. McLeod ; 1877- , Cieor^e H. Lesher.
Deputy clerks: 1873-1877, Ceo. II. Lesher; 1877-
, Charles R. Bags-
I'OLICK COURT.
This court was established by Act of April 2,
185a, and is held daily. In case of any violation of
State law committed in Detroit in which a justice of
the peace woukl have jurisdiction, the police justice
has power to cotiduct the examination, and dis-
charj^e, or bind over to the Recorder's Court ; lie
has also jurisdielion in such cases of violation of
city ordinances as the Common Council shall, by
ordinance, confer upon him; in some cases it is
made his duty, on conviction, to sentence guilty
parties to the House of Correction. He is elected
at the regular ch.irter election in November, for
terms of four vears. jurors in this coiu't are obtained
in much the same manner iis in justices' courts, six
persons composing a jury.
liy .\ct of February 17, 1857, the police justice
had power to appoint a clerk, but by -Vcl of March
20. 1863, this power was lodgetl with the Conunon
Council. Since 1861 the council has yearly ap-
pointed one of the regular justices of the peace as
assistant police justice, to act in case of the sickness
or absence of the elected justice.
No one of the other courts has been moved about
as much as this one. Originally holding its sessions
at the olTice of the police justice, at number 96 Jef-
ferson Avenue, in 1852 it was moved to the Me-
chanics' Hall on Cidswold Street. On March 15,
1861, a fire partially burned this building, ..nd on
March 1 8 sessions of the court began to be held in
the Congregational Church on Jefferson Avenue.
The coimty auditors growing negligent in paying
for this building, Justice Hagg received notice to
quit, and not being able at once to find suitable
quarters, on August 6 and 7, 1861, he lu'ld si'ssions of
the c(]in't under the jjojilar tri'i's, on the site of the
present City Hall, and near Michigan y\ venue. The
court was next held in the coinicil-chamber of the
City Hall, remaining there until the court-room, on
northwest corner of Clinton anil I'aton .Streets, was
built. This building was first occupied in January,
1863.
It being necessary to enlarge the court-room, the
court held sessions at Lafayette Hall, on Cratiot
Avenue, near St. Antoine Street, from December 10,
1878, until February 22, 1879, when it took posses-
sion of the enlarged court-room, in the old location
on Clinton Street.
After the establishment of the Metropolitan Police
in 1865, it was deemed desirable to provide for the
summary trial of persons arrested for vagrancy,
' unkenness, or disorderly conduct, as violators of
city ordinances. Accordingly, on April i, 1866, the
Common Council established the Central Station
Court, which was held at 7 A. M. by the police justice
daily, up to the passage of ordinance of April 3.
1878, after which time it opened at 8 A. M. The
city charter of 1 883 made no provision for the con-
tinuation of this court, and 0:1 October 23, 1883, the
.Sui)reme Court decided that its continuance was
illegal, and its sessions ceased. The salary of the
police justice was then increased from $2,400 to
$3,000, and that of the clerk from $1,200 to $1,750,
with the imderstanding that the class of persons
formerly tried in a siunmary manner should be tried
at a regular sessi 1 of the court.
The following persons served as police justices
for the years named: 1850- 1853, P. C. Higgins;
1 853- 1 862, 15. Rush Bagg; 1862- 1866, Minot T.
Lane; 1866-1870, Julius Stoll ; 1870-1873, Albert
G. Boynton ; 1873-1878, D. E. Harbaugh; 1878-
, John Miner.
The assistant police justices have been as fol-
lows: 1861, H. H. Swinscoe ; 1 862-1 863, E. Fecht ;
1 866- 1 S69, Joseph Kuhn; 1869, S. 15. McCracken ;
1870, Peter Giienther ; 1871-1872,1''. Krecke ; 1873,
F. J. Barbier ; 1874, Albert .Scheu ; 1875-1876, F. J.
Barbier ; 1877-1878, Peter Cnienther; 1879-1880,
Felix .\. Lempkie ; 1881, C. H. Borgman, 1882-
, D. P.. Willemin.
The following have served as clerks of the Police
Court: 1857-1861, P. McLogan; 1862, P. B. Austin;
1863-1866, H. A. Schmittdiel ; 1S66-1867, Peter
Guenther ; 1868, Henry L'lrich; 1869, E. E. Kane;
1870, J. H. Daly; 1871-1877, Frank A. Noah;
1877, L. 1). Sale; 1878, J.imes Daly; 1879-1882,
Edwin Jerome, Jr.; 1882- , P. J. Sheahan.
SUI'KRIOR COURT.
This court was established by Acts of March 28,
1873, and February 4, 1875, and the first formal
i
~«t3iOMBBa3»'*'^
COMMISSIONERS.— JUSTICES OF THE PEACE.
197
session was lu'ld nn June ii, 1873. The chief fea-
tures in tiie jurisdiction of this court arc as follows :
Civil actions of a transitory nature, where the debt
dania^a'S exceed §100, may be brought before it;
and suits concerninij titles to, possession of, or
daniajfes to any real estate in the city, and all
actions for foreclosure of niortjj^rii^es in the city, may
be tried in this court ; and in several particulars it
has the same jurisdiction as the Circuit Court. Its
first sessions were held in what is known as the Seitz
Block, but in December, 1S77, it was movetl to the
Mechanics' lUock, on the corner of Lafayette Avenue
and Griswokl Street, the city taking a lease of five
years at $1,000 a year. The first session was held
there January 22, 1877. On March i, 18S3, the
court began to use temporarily the council chamber
in the City Hall, where it remained until March 14,
when it began to occupy its new quarters in the
Central Market Building.
Lhider the original law the jurors were selected
by the judge, clerk, and slu'riff ; they are now
selected by the jury commissioners. The fee of
jurors is §2 jier clay. The salary of the judge is
§4,000 per year. The county pays $1,500 towards
the salary of the judge, and the city pays all the
other expenses except the jury fees, which, since
1879, have been paid by the county.
The term for which the judge is elected is six
years. The term of the tirst judge, Lyman Cochrane,
began May i, 1873, and terminated with his death
in February, 1879. Judge Swift, of the Recorder's
Court, filled the vacancy until the election in April,
when J. Logan Chipman was chosen. By the Act
of 1873 the county clerk was made the clerk of the
court. By amended Act of 1875 the clerk and
deputy clerk were to be ap: ,)inted by the judge for
terms of two years, dating from January, 1876.
Walter S. H.nrsha was the first clerk, serving tW.
November 12, 1878. when (icorge F. Rohison was
appointed ; on June i, 1879, he was succeeded byj.
B. Moloney.
COMMISSIONERS.
Commissioners of Bail were provided for by law
of November 13, 1820. and the records show that
the following appointments were made : 1821, Janu-
ary 16, Charles C. Trowbridge; 1826, February 15,
John Winder. The powers of this office were even-
tually transferred to the circuit court commissioners,
and justices of the peace.
The office of circuit court commissioner was cre-
ated March 9, 1843, and the powers belonging to it
make the incumbents judges, and their office a court-
room. A commissioner has power to determine
the rights of either landlord or tenant, when the
title to the property is not involved ; and such cases
make a large share of the business brought before
him. He may take bail in suits instituted to re-
cover penalties or damages for any wrong or injury,
the amount of which is not fully known, and may
determine the amount of bail to be given, and the
sufficiency of the surety. By Act of April 3, 1869,
the power of issuing writs of habeas corpus w;is
taken from these officers.
Under Act of 1843 one commissioner was ap-
pointed for the county, by the governor and Senate.
By law of April 2, 1850, two for each county, to
serve for four years each, miglit be appointed. By
Act of April 8, 1851, the governor was authorized to
appoint an additional conmiissioncr for Wayne
County, to serve till January i, 1853. By Act f)f
February 14, 1853, the governor wa^ again author-
ized to appoint an additional commissioner, who was
to serve until January, 1855, when two, which the
same Act provided should be elected in November,
1854, were to enter upon their duties.
The commissioners cu^e paiil entirely by fees ;
they ser\'e for two years, and are elected at the
same time as other coiuity officers. They iiave
been as follows: 1 843-1 846, IC. Smith Lee; 1846-
1S50, Elislia Taylor ; 1850 and 1851, Cieorgi^Robb,
W. T. Young; 1852, George Robb, I). A. A. Ijis-
worth, A. Mandell ; 1853 and 1854, D. A. \. En.s-
worth, A. Mandell, W. T. Young; 1S55 and 1856,
D. A. A. Ensworth, R. II. Brown; 1857 and 1858,
T. S. Blackmar, R. H. Brown; 1859 and 1860, T. S.
Blackmar, (".. H. I'rentis; 1861 and 1862, F. B.
Porter, Ervin Palmer; 1863 and 1864, T. S. Black-
mar, Ci. H. Prentis; 1865-1866, (">. 11. I'rentis, T.
K. C.illett; 1S67, T. K. (nllett, W. S. Alwood ;
1868, B. T. Prentis, T. K. C.illett; 1869-1873, B. T.
Prentis, E. Minnock ; 1873 and 1874, C. H. Penni-
man, Henry Plass, Jr. ; 1875 and 1876, J. .V. Ran-
dall, J. II. Pound ; 1S77 and 1878, J. A. Randall. 1).
B. Hibbard; 1879 and 1880, J. A. Randall, II. F.
Chi[)man; 1881- , Charles Flowers, W. J. Craig.
JUSTICE OF THE PEACE.
No office is older than this. It existed under
English law, and was established in Northwest
Territory August 23, 1788. On August 19, 1796,
about <T. month after the first occupation of Detroit
by the United States, Winthrop Sargent, acting
governor of the Northwest Territor)', commissioned
several justices for Wayne County.
Under the Territory of Michigan, by Act of
September 16, 1810, the jurisdiction of justices was
enlarged, and at the present time, with the exception
of some causes specially reserved from their juris-
diction, they have original jurisdiction in all civil
actions where the debt or damage does not exceed
$100, and also the same jurisdiction that the
Superior and Circuit Courts have in civil actions,
198
NOTARIES.
growing out of definite or implied contracts, wiiere
tile debt or dain.nge does not exceed $300.
Under territorial rule justices were a|)pointe(l by
the governor. Hy the Constitution of 1S35 each
township was authorized to elect four justici's, to
serve for four years, and by Act of March 14, i<S36,
Detroit, as a township, was directed to elect six
instead of four justices.
The city charter, as amended on March 27, 1839,
directed that justices of the peace should be elected
at the same time as city ot'licers.
The Revised Statutes of 1 846 provided that De-
troit should have four justices of the peace, and on
February 5, 1857, the new charter provided for the
election of six justices, to .serve for three years each.
A law of April 25, 1883, provided that after July,
1884, there should be but three justices of the peace
for the city instead of six, all to be elected at regu-
lar charter elections, and paid a salary of $1,500
each by the county. They had been paid solely by
fees. The law also provided that the county auditor
should sujjply rooms and necessary furniture, books,
etc. A clerk is also provided for, at a salary of
$ 1 ,000.
jurors for Justices' Courts may be selected from
property holders by the constable. Eighteen names
being obtained, each party may strike out six names,
and the remaining six form the jury. Jurors are
paid fifty cents per day.
The following list of the earlier justices in Wayne
County and Detroit will preserve the name and
memory of many citizens. The date of appoint-
ment given is the earliest dale found; many of the
persons were reappointed, or elcited to the same
ofTice, from time to time. After 1S80 the names of
Detroit justices are given year by year :
1796, Robert Navarre, James May, James Abbott,
Louis Beaufait, Joseph Noyer, Francis Navarre,
Nathan Williams; 1799, 1'. McNiff ; 1805, I'eter
Audrain. J. Dodemead, Stanley Cjriswold, Antoine
Decjuindre, Richard .Smyth, Robert Abbott, James
Henry, \Vm. McD. Scott, Matthew Ernest; 181 1,
Louis Bond ; 1814. (ieorgc McDougall ; 1816, Thos.
Rowland, David B. McComb ; 1817, John L. Leib ;
1818, John McDonnell ; 1820, James 1). Doty, John
.Sturgis, John J. Deming ; 1821, Jacob \'isger;
1822, Wm. W. Petit, John A. Rucker; 1823, V.
Spalding, Benj. Woodruff; 1824. Wm. Bucklin,
John Burbank, B. F. H. Witherell ; 1825, O. W,
Whitmore, Elisha W. Ramsey, Orville Cook, Ama-
riah Ransom, Selak Neale ; 1826, H.S.Cole; 1827,
Jonathan Kearsley, Joseph Baron, Joseph Hickcox,
Prosper Lawrence; 1828, J. D. Davis, ]5. F. Fox,
Wm. Bartow, Scth Dunham, Philo Taylor, David
Smith, Marcus Swift, Ellis Doty, Daniel. Goodell,
Wm. Little, Joel Thomas; 1829, Martin Clark;
1830, D. R. Rose, A. McNath, Matthew Wood,
Nathaniel Case. Jed Hunt, Alva .Swift, J. F. Chubb,
Rodmrm Stodd.ard, Henry Sprague, Artemas Hos-
mer, A. C. Triiax ; 1831, Ara Spr.ague, Mattlu'w
Woods, ]>enajah Holbrook, Koswell Root, II. I).
Holbrook, Wm. Yerkcs, Eli Bradshaw ; 1832, Levi
Williams, C. S. Hooker, D. L. Cody, G. W. Fer-
rington, R. I). Smith, John Kirby ; 1833, Samuel
Torbert, Henry Chipman, Asher IS. Bates, John W.
Strong, Jub.i Barrows, I'eter Van Every; 1834,
Jason Tyler, T. E. Schooler, Levi Farnsworth, Phi-
lander ISird, '["hos. Harper, Hiram Wilmarth, James
Saffon.1, E/A'a Derby, I'aul Rice, Cyrus Ht)ward,
Russell Ransom, Amnion Brown; 1835, A. A. Bird,
Marshall J. Bacon, 1. S. Saunders, Chas. J. Irving,
Lambert Beaubien, Thos. Lewis, John Simpson,
Titus Dort, J. F. I'ullen, Hiram Whitman, Warren
Tuttle, D.ivid Cable, II. A. Xoyes, Amos Stevens,
y\mna Bradford, John l'"airbanks, Nathaniel Case,
John Clark, Thos. Downs, Claude Campau, Martin
(Ireenman, E. J. Roberts, D. W. Smead ; 1837, D.
E. Ilarbaugh, B. F. H. Witherell. L. Coodell, C.
Moran, H. \'. Disbrow ; 1840. S. Conant, ICzra
Williams; 1841, i'eter Dcsnoyers ; 1842, (1. A.
O'Keefe; 1843, Thos. Williams, J. 15. Watson;
1844, IlughO'Ik-irne, Wm. T. Young, !•". II. Harris;
1846, (ieorge Clancy; 1847, Chas. I'eltier; [8.',8,
Wm. Cook; 1849, Thos, Christian; 1850, ^Vm.
Walker; 1852, B. Rush Bagg, J. J. Cicotte ; 1853,
(".. Spencer; 1855, Elisha Chase, Henry Chcii-e;
1856, M. T. Lane, S. I'. I'urdy, C. B. J:nswort.i ;
1857, Stephen Martin ; 1859, Eugene I'eclit ; 1860,
Joseph Kiihn, Julius Stoll; i86i,II. H. .Swinscoe;
1863, John Fuller, T. McCarthy; 1866, S. B. Mc-
Cracken, P. B. Austin ; 1869, Alo's Wuertli, I'eter
Cuentlier; 1870, A. L.ulue, A. Stutte ; 1871, Morens
Krecke, F. J. Barbier; 1872, Herman Kulin. J. ().
Melick, II. Z. Potter; 1873, Allurt Scheu ; 1874, S.
J. Martin ; 1876, D. B. Brown, F. A. Leinkie, A.
Ci. Comstnck; 1878. Alexander Toll, John Weber;
1880, S. 1). Craig, John i'.itton, 1). Sheehan, C. H.
Borgman ; 1881, John Weber, S, I). Cnu'g, John
Patton, D. Sheeh.an, C. II. Borgman. 1). B. Wille-
min; 1882, F. A. Lenikie, S. I). Craig, John Patton,
I). Sheehan, C. H. Borgman. I). P.. Willemin; 1883,
the same as in 1882, with the exception of Walter
Ross in place of S. I). Craig.
Under the law of 1883 the following justices will
remain in ollice after July, 1884: I). 15. Willemin,
whose term expires in July, 1885; !•". A. Lemkie,
whose term expires in July, 1886; and W. Ross,
whose term expires in July, 1887. One justice, will
be elected in the f.ill of 1884,
NOIARIKS.
Under the Northwest Territory notaries were ap-
pointed by the governor, in January, 1799, F. D.
Bellecour w.'is ajipointi'd by W'inthrop Sargent.
Notarit
Senate,
mi.ssion
.solely 1
t.iking (
to conti
acknowl
strumen
test for 1
The r
congreg.'
this vicin
rooms e^
with eve
vaults, ai
buildings
Moffat," A
Telegrapl
iHTry and
By law ,
the privilt
governor.
By law
1809, atto
judges of t
1820, prov
Court mig
1 82 1, a let
Beach to p
At the p
good mora
twenty-one
the several
amination 1:
before a et
the court.
A 1,-irge n
organization
the City of
the Legislat
original oOie
Theodore R
Treasurer, R
Not a few
cerning mem
brilliant and
tedium of coi
specimen : A
and each side
■ of attorneys 1
was to make 1
He commence
f^are to all the
of law, and (
having done ;
I.AWVIIKS.-- DETROIT WAR LIBRARY
'99
Notaries arc now a]5pointeci by the j^overnor and
Senate. Tlieir niinil)er is not limited; tiieir com-
missions hold )j;oo(l for four years, and tliey are paid
solely by fees reeei\ed. Their ])o\ver consists in
takinji^ depositions of parties who wish, under oath,
to confirm any statement they may make, taking
acknowledgements of deeds, morlv;aj;'es, sealed in-
btruments of any kind, and issuing notices of pro-
test for non-payment of notes.
LAWYKRS.
The members of the legal profession are chiefly
congregated on Ciriswold St'-"t. Whole blocks in
this vicinity are tilted up w ith otlices and suites of
rooms especially for their accommodation, ])rovitled
with every convenience in the way of elevators,
vaults, and steam-heating apparatus. Among the
buildings devoted chiefly to lawyers' oi'tices are the
Moffat, Miller, Buhl. Seitz, Burns, Lewis, lUitler,
Telegraph, and Mechanics' IMocks, and t'"-. New-
berry and McMillan and Campau Ikiildings,
By law of Northwest Territory the power to grant
the privilege of practicing I.. ,\ was vested in the
governor.
15y law of Michigan Territory, of February 23,
1809, attorneys were to be licensed only by the
judges of the Supreme Court. A law of October 1,
i(S2o, provided that any two judges of the Supreme
Court might admit to practice. On August 31,
1 82 1, a legislative Act was passed admitting S. B.
Beach to practice as an attorney.
At the jiresent time, under State law, persons of
good moral character, resident in the State, and
twenty-one years of age, are admitted to practice in
the several courts, upon passing a satisfactory ex-
amination before the court, or, as is usually the case,
before a committee appointed for this purpose by
the court.
A large number of the lawyers are united in an
organization called "The Association of the Bar of
the City of Detroit," established under an Act of
the Legislature, on \L'iy 10, 1881. The following
original officers were still serving in 1S83 : rrcsident,
Theodore Romeyn ; Secretary, H. ^L Cheever ;
Treasurer, Robert V. Toms.
Not a few pungent anecdotes could be told con-
cerning members of the Detroit I5ar. Of the many
brilliant and witty retorts that have relieved the
tedium of court cases, the following will serve as a
specimen : A case was on trial in the Circuit Court,
and each side was present with a formidable array
of attorneys and coiuisel. The late A. D. Fraser
was to make the closing argument, for the defence.
He commenced by saying that he had listened with
care to all the evidence, had e.xamined all the points
of law, and digested the facts in the case ; and
having done so, he felt fully acquainted with its
merits, — so fully, indeed, that he was willing to
represent it, and in fact he stood as the r/^/i/ iuruwr
of the defence. Turning to the then young attor-
ney on the ojiposing side (James \^ Campbell) he
said, " Perhaps my young Sunday School friend
does not know what the right bower is?" "Oh
yes," said the present judge of the Supreme Court,
" we know what it is ; it 's the biggest knave in the
pack."
DETROIT I5AR LIBRARY.
The nu::leus of a Bar Library must have been
formed as , arly as May 19, 1838, as a vote of the
Common Council, on that date, gave a rocm in the
City Hall, as a consultation and library room, to the
" Bar of the City of Detroit." The next effort was
made on December 15, 1851 ; a meeting of lawyers
was then held, anil on motion of (\. \'. N. Lothrop
a coiumittee of live was appointed to consider the
subject of establishing a law library. The commit-
tee apparently never reported, ancl finally, on July
6, 1853, a paper, evidently drawn up by Judge C. J.
O'Flyiui, was circulated among the lawyers, asking
for subscriptions of one hundred dollars each
towards a fund for the purchase of books, and
authorizing Judge O'Flynn to draw up Articles of
Association for a Bar Library, (Jeo. F. Hand, C.J.
O'Flynn, C. V. N. Lothrop, C. I. Walker, T, W.
Lockwood, Le\i Bishop, and Wm. (Iray imited in
calling a meeting, and the Association was organized
on July 21, 1853. A constitution was adopted, the
provisions of which fixed the capital stock at
$15,000, to be represented by one hundred and fifty
shares, at one hundred dollars |3er share. The fol-
lowing were the first officers: President, (".eo.F.
Hand ; Treasurer, T. W. Lockwood ; Secretary, J.
\. Campbell ; Librarian, Sears Stevens.
A room in the rotunda was rented, and the
library duly established. The number of books at
commencement was estimated at about six hundred
volumes, valued at $3,000. At a meeting of the
stockholders on July 13, 1867, it appeared that the
cash valuation of the library was $8,437.67, subject
to a debt of $2,000, due to A. S. Bagg for books.
At this meeting the stock was eciualized among the
stockholders, according to the amount each liad paid
in ; and soon afterwards twenty-two shares of stock
were issued, for the purpo.'.e of paying debts and
furnishing more books. In July, 1868, the library
was renfoved to the Buhl Block, on the southwest
corner of (iriswold and Congress Streets.
On October 5, 1868, Judge Hand resigned the
presidency, which he had held since 1853, and Chas,
L Walker was elected in his place. On February
14, 1874, Mr. Walker resigned, and H. K. Clarke was
elected. In 1876 Ashley Bond became president.
In 1871 the library was removed to the Seitz
200
DETROIT BAR LIBRARY.
Building, fronting on Congress Street, and in 1880
to the Newberry and McMillan Building.
On January 2, 1874, the shelves contained 3,163
volumes, valued .it $14,000. It was then decided
that at least S-.Soo ^^'i-'^ necessary to perfect the
sets, and forty new shares of stock were ordered to
be issued. The yearly dues, payable quarterly, in
January. April, July, and October, are as follows :
ten dollars for attorneys of less than two years*
standing ; twenty dollars for attorneys of over two,
and not exceeding four years' standing ; thirty-live
dollars for attorneys of over four, and not exceeding
eight vears' standing ; all others sixty dollars ; for
law firms of two members, sixty per cent for the
second member ; for law firms of three members,
one hundred per cent for the two additional per-
sons,— the rate to be added to be determined by the
standing of the oldest member of the firm. A divi-
dend of not more than six per cent is allowed stock-
holders. The capital stock and shares remain as
fixed at the time of organization, and about one
hundred and twenty shares arc paid for.
The yearly expenses of management arc about
$1,100. The annual meeting is held on the last
Monday in January of each year, at 10 A. M.
The library is open from eight in the morning to
half-past twelve, and from two to half-past five in
the afternoon, each week day. Miss Helen Norton
has been librarian since January. 1876.
Law libraries, for the special benefit of themselves
and their tenants, were established in 1S80 by the
owners of the Buhl and Mechanics' Blocks.
CHAPTER X X X 1 V.
MORALS.— CITV MARSHALS.— l'()LICi:.—.SHi:Rn'KS.
C()Nstai;li:s.
'ROSKCr
\Cr ATTOiiXKYS.—
MORALS.
Like any other settlement of a semi-military
eiiaraeter, tiie morals of Detroit, almost from the
first, needed some mendini;'. On June 14, 1704,
Count i'ontehartraiii, in a letter to Cadillac, said, " I
reeommend that you have a care that the service of
(jod he conducted will) decency, and that debauch-
ery and l)las|)hemy he banished from the post, and
everythinii; be conducted in order." From the i;en-
eral tenor of Cadillac's letters there can be no doubt
that lie I'udeavored to carry out the spirit of tlu'se
suj^i^estions ; but there were men continually hover-
ing' about, and occasionally, for a leny^th of time,
iiihabitinn' the post, whose presence made impossible
the prevention of disorder. The roiirriirs dc />o/s
were, in the majority of eases, guilty of every ex-
cess; profane, licentious, and drunken, they made a
business of corrupting the savages, and it was well-
nigh impossible to control their actions.
The various wars in which the settlement bore a
part aggravated all existing moral disorder. The
War of 1S12 was especi;il!y detrimental and dis-
turbing. Many, in both armies, were reckless and
dissipated tn a degree that would not now be toler-
ated.' In 181 7 the Rev. Mr. Monleith said, "The
|irofancness of the soldiers exceeds anything T ever
imagined. There is no Sabbath in this country."
Rev. Dr. Alfred I'runson, who was here in 1822,
confirmed the general statement of Mr. ^blnteilh,
he said :
Wiicu I first came lo tlu! placr, Siiiulay markets wcri^ as tom-
mon as week -day mies. Tlu' rreiich lirinijjlit in their meats,
fowls, vegetables, etc., on Sunday as regularly as nn week-days.
After selling out they would go to church, attend m.iss, and, per-
haps, c<mfess, and pay for absolution out of their market money,
and then go home apparently in good spirits. Nor did the Amer-
ican and foreign population generally pay any more respect to
the day, for they patronized the thing to the fullest extent. On
this practice I proclaimed a war of extermination. At hrst it
made a stir. I'ut a young Presbyterian preacher, who vas there,
joined me in the denunciation of the practice, and, in a short
time, the city council decreed that Sunday markets should cease,
and in place thereof a market should be opened on Saturday
night. This raised a great fuss among the Trench, who, from
time immemorial, had thus broken the Sabl)ath, and, .'iftet: market,
gone to mass, then lo the horse-races in the afternoon, and fiddled
and danced and played cirds at night ; but they made a virtue of
necessity, and soon yielded to authority and gave up the Sunday
market, but adhered to the other practices.
A proceeding that savored of the old lllue Laws
occurred on Sunday, June 12, 1825, and caused
much local excitement. On the morning of that
day, Adna Merrilt, the marshal of the city, found
eight or ten soldiers fishing on the i)iiblic wharf.
He ordered them to put up their liiu;s, or go else-
where. They refused. He then went away, soon after
returning with a />(>ssr of citi/eiis, some of whom he
had summoned from church for the pur]iose of help-
ing in the arrest. On their arrival at the wharf the
soldiers put up their lines, but demurred at being
arrested ; they finally concluded, however, to offer
no resistance, and were marched off and confined in
jail. The whole of Monrlay and 'I'uesd.ay were
taken up with their trial, and Wednesday they were
discharged.
As the town grew, some forms of evil were sup-
planted by others, but the standard of morality has
certainly improved with the passing of the years.
Crime has been compelled to hide fnjiii jiublic gaze,
and habits that once were tolerateil and condoned
would now debar from good society. The increased
independence of the press acts as a preventive to
open and gross immorality, compelling purity, or
at least ])rivaey, society being the g.ainer in either
case.
The city government has usually acted upon the
clearly expressed wishes of the citizens. A most
remarkable illustration of this was the actual demo-
lition,, by order of the Common Council, of a house
of evil resort, occupied by T. Slau.ghter and I'eg
Welch. It had become so intolerable a nuisance,
and its inmates, withal, were so hedged about with
technical rights, that it seemed useless to attempt its
suppression by le.gal measures. On November y,
1 84 1, Aldernian Bagg offered the following resolu-
tion :
Reso/7','i/, that the marshal is hereby empowered and directed
to proceed on Wednesday, the seventeenth inst., with sufficient
force and ripparatus, to the corner of Randolph Street and Michi-
gan Avenue, and pull down and so demolish all the buildings
hitherto owned and occupied by Slaughter, I'eg Welch & Co. as
will forever incapacitate them from being used as the abode of
human beings, to the end that not only retributive justice shall be
visited on those who have been gnilty of such practices, liut ns a
precedent to others who may come after them, and a warninj; to
those that already exist in the city of their impending fate,
L201]
2o:
CITY MARSHALS.- roLlCK.
On \'()VL'iiil)cr i6 tlic resolution was callccl up,
and adopted liy vote of sevi-n to four, and ln'fori'
nine o'cloci^ tlie next niorninv;- the city niarsiial and
a /ii'.WKi' of lu'lpers had lorn i.\<\\n and deniolisiied the
obnoxious doniieile. Suit was i)rouL;lit aj^ainsi tlicni
for so doin,^', and on November 23 tiie eity attorney
and A. I). Fraser were aiitiiorized to defend them.
In June, I1S57, tiie eiti/.ens of the tenth ward (then
newly added to tiie city) were also v^reatly annoyed
by the presence of similar establishments. After
tryin.if various methods, tire was applied, and numer-
ous houses were deliberately burned, in order to
drive away the characters that con!L,^regated tlierein.
CIl'Y MARSHAL.
Tiie office of city marshal was providt^d for in
October, ii)02. The duties of the marshal were to
enforce the ordinances of the town, and he acted
also as chief constable ; by Act of April 15, 1816, he
was specially desi,v,mated as a police ofiii-cr. IJy
ordinance of March 6, i<S32, the marshal's salary
was fixed at §150, which was increased in 183610
$600. On the creation of the present police system,
in 1S65, the office was abolished.
The following persons served as eity marshals :
1802, Klias Wallen ; 1805, John Connor; 1817,
John Meldrum, Duncan Keid ; 1818, H. O. Bronson;
1819, Melvin Dorr; 1820, J. W. Colburn; 1821,
Robert Ciarratt, S. Sherwood; 1 822-1 823, Smith
Knapp ; 1824, (".rilfith Roberts, Adna Merritt ; 1825.
AdnaMcrritt; 1826, S. Sherwood ; 1827, Jed Hunt;
1828, S.Sherwood; 1829, Adna Merritt; 1830, K.
S. Swan; 1831, K. S. Swan, Alex. Campbell; 1832,
Alexander Campbell; 1833, J. Scott; 1834, I.
Noble; 1835. H. L. Woolsey ; 1836, David Thomp-
son ; 1837, A. McArthur; 1838, J. J. C.arrison ;
1839, Albert Marsh; 1840, E. C. Bancroft; 1841,
K. C. r.ancroft, A. H. Stowell ; 1842, A. H. Stowell,
M. L. Cage; 1843, ^I- I- ^'iig^^i D. Thompson;
1844-1846, D. Thompson; 1846-1848. J. V. Whiting:
1848, Ceo. Miller, I'.benezer 15enluun; 1849, f-ben-
ezer Benham, James Beaubien ; 1850-1852, John
Warren; 1852, J. W. Daly; 1853, W. H. Barse;
1854-1856, Eli Laderoot ; 1856-1858, P. McGinnis ;
1858-1860, Chas. Miller; 1860-1863, John B. Stad-
ler ; 1863-1865, Daniel Mahoney.
I'OMCE.
Sentinels and military patrols were familiar sights
in Detroit in the early days of its settlement. When
the regular patrol of troops ceased, the inhabitants
felt the need of .some other protection ; and there-
fore, on August 31, 1804, an ordinance was passed
by the trustees " for the better police, and in order
to insure additional security for the town, from the
dangers to be apprehended fron Indians, as well as
other persons, and from fire, etc."
The: following were some of the provisions of the
ordinance. A i);ilrol w.as to be formed, "who in
ri'gul.ir rotation shall be cm|iloye(l as a nightly
watch; said watch shall be composed of fi\'e per-
sons, and shall take up, (iiR'stion, and confine in the
watch-house all individuals anil riotous persons
found in the streets, or elsewhere within the limits
of s.iid tow n after the commencement of this watch;
and all juM'sons after eleven o'clock, who can give
no satisfactory account of themselves." And " on
observing light in any house after eli'veii o'clock,
t(> iiKjuire the occasion of it, lest it should \k- burn-
ing without the knowledge of the family."
John Dodemead was charged with the execution of
this ordinance, and the court-house was set apart as
the watch-house. The police were to assemble i.t
9 I'. M. at the court-house, and not to dep;u't, except
to patrol, "till daylight in the morning."
It will be seen that this was practically a night
watch, that no d;iy duties were prescribed or pro-
vided for.
The next step in the police gf)\:ernmi'nt was the
,'ippoinlment, on May 11, 1805, of John Connor as
police officer. He was also clerk of the market,
and the evident ])urpose of the appoinimeiit was to
jireserve order at the market, rather than in the
town; this is confirmeil by the fait that, as early as
1801, township constables were apixiinted, whose
duties comprised those of a police officer.
The organi/alion of a nighl-walch seems to have
been a favorite |)roject,antl was freiiueiitly attempted,
but the old records indicate that these endeavors,
even when successful, were shorl-li\ed.
On December 19, 1821, the Board of Trustees
resolved " that it is the sense of the meeting that a
watch .should be established to protect the city at
night " and " to attend to the general |)olice of the
same," especially in relation to fire. We next find
the following, in the council proceedings for March
2, 1825 :
Tn ronseqiidicc of .-i supposed iittcmpt to fin; tlio city (liiriii^ the
priN'ioiis night, at a mi'flin.L; of the Common Council un<l I'rce-
nicii, a subscription paper was drawn up, and sijjncd by a sul1ii:iiMit
number of those present, for a volunteer watch, to be kept up un-
til other and permanent measures for the siifety of the city can be
taken.
Soon after, on March 15, an ordinance was passed
regulating this city patrol, and making it their duty
to cry " Fire ! " in case of a conllagration, and tell
on what street it was.
On account of the not in June, 1833, at the time
the colored man ISIackburn and his wife were
arrested as slaves, a public meeting was held, and it
was resolved "that it is expedient to establish a city
watch, to consist of sixteen persons, efficiently
armed, with one olficcr in command." This night-
watch was organized, and kept up for nearly three
POLICE.
203
months. In July one humlrtd and five dollars, and
in September one tiiindred aiul twenty-nine dollars
and sixty-six cents, were i)aid for their services.
About this time the city commenced toj^mw more
rapidly, and amonij the population were manychil-
tlren who so annoyed the citizens by petty thievinji;
that a meeting was held on December 24, i<S34, and
a .Society for the Suppression of I^'clony ori;ani/.ed.
On January 2, 1835, the ])ropricty of est.iblishinijf
a ni,i(ht-watch was ai^ain taken into consideration i)y
the council; on the 15th of the same montli an
ordinance was passed relatin,v( tlureto; on the 2yth
two captains and ten watchmen were api)ointed ; on
the 14th of the month followinj;' the city marshal
reported that two of the captains and four of the
men were drunk and disorderly, and on the 2<Sth the
ordinance was repealed.
The excitement connected with the Patriot War
made a ni,i,dit-watch aj^ain necessar)-, and on June
13, 1S3.S, one was ors^anizcd, and Colonel ]•'. Urooks
api)ointed captain, with power to appoint his helpers.
They strved but a few weeks. Towards the close
of till' year tlu' sanu' excitement caused the re-es-
tablishment of a watch, and on December 4 a force
of forty men were appointed, not less than ten of
them to be on duty each niijht. On the next day
the excitement had so inerea.sed that in order to
preserve the peace one hundred and fifty prominent
citizens were appointed as an additional patrol. On
May 9, 1839, two persons from each ward were
ap|iointe(l by the eounc-il as a niii^ht-walch, one to
serve every other ni^ht, anil to be paid two dollars
for such service. On September 29, i<S4i, ;i volun-
teer watch was oru;anized, but they soon wearied of
their self-imposed task.
In the fall of 1843 house-breakinj^ and thievinij
prevailed to such an extent that a temporary nij^ht-
watch was aj^ain established. In Auijust, 1845, the
same reasons ai^ain induced the orj^anization of a
volunteer watch. A nieetin.y; of this city watch was
held on September 23 at Firemen's Hall, the mayor
aetinjj; as chairman, and F. F. Merceron as secretary.
Alfred Brush was chosen ea|)tain-ireneral of the
watch, and the mayor offered the followinsr :
Resolved, that the city watch since its organization, although
composed principally of citizens owning little or no property, have
(lone tluir duty as watchnuii ; and, as not a single firr <ir hiMKlary
has occurred, as the streets have been cleared of rioters and row-
dies, and the city kept perfectly qnict, the walch are therefore
entitled to the warmest thanks of every well-ineaniiiK citizen.
The folio winij item, from the Advertiser of Octo-
ber 2, 1845, ijives an idea of the need of .such a
watch and of the dilliculties it encountered, and in-
dicates some features of its nianaijement :
Cnv W.ATCH.— KfTorts are being made to enlarge the lunnber
and efficiency of onr volunteer city watch. We suggest to our
citizens that supplies of fuel and refreshments will be very accept-
able to the watchmen during the approaching long, cold nights.
Will they not sec to it ?
On October 6, 1845, the following appeared:
Sup|)Ose the store of one of our wealthy merchants, who refuses
to assist in sustaining a watch, and who replies to all appli( ations
that they can pr<ite<'t thiir own pnipirty, should be enti re<l by
thiives or burglars, and the watch slmuld seize them in the act,
would not the owmr begin at last to see the necessity of such pro-
tection ? If they can be protected by others, and at others' ex
pense, they are (|uiti' content, and see no nicd of a watch ! It is
desirable to see some relaxation of this illiberality, to see our re-
spectable merchants and busines.s men, lawyers, doctors, and
ministers come forward and take upon themselves, personally, the
functions of watchmen, and contribute in providing rooms, re-
fri'shnunts, and fuel for their aeconnnodation. .V new company
(No. 7) is to be organized in a few days, anil it is to be hoped its
nmkswill hi' cheerfiilly .-ind promptly filled.
Durinj; the .s.ime month this notice was published
by order of the City Watch:
Resoh'i-if, that the thanks of thi.s company be tendered in Mrs.
1'. Iliihl and Mrs. J. 1,. King for sumptuous refreshments fiir-
iiislied this company on the nights of the 3d and iSlh inst.
A'l'siih'ctl, in consideration of the fact that most of those con-
iiect(!d with the (Jity Watch at its organization, owning property
in the city, -they, of all others, most iiileresied in its welf ■re,—
have, since the weather became cold and disagreeabli', almost
without exception, withdrawn from the watch ; therefore
AVjrt/777/, that we, as members of Company B of the volunteer
watch, owning little or no properly in the city, do hereby agr.e
upon the adjournmentof this uniting to disband as a company,
and withdraw as iiidividuaU fmiu the City W.itch, for reasons set
forth in the foregoing resolution.
In Noveinber, 1845, the followinj( item appeared :
We learn an effort is being made to nvive the volunteer night-
watch, but the active co-operation of lhu..e most interested in the
security of the city will be indispensable. The want of this led to
the abandonment of the fornuT watch. Sinee then burglaries,
night robberies, and thefts have again become fncpient.
This .appeal was successful, and the new watch
lasted till October, 1S46, when the council thanked
them, and dispensed with their services.
Three years Liter, on September 2, 1849, the jifreat
number of disorderly persons present in the city
asj;ain causctl the ori,ranization of a volunteer watch.
The captains for the eNenin^s of each day were as
follows : Sunday, John 15. LoniL,^ ; Monday, G. Mott
Williams; Tuesday, Marshall J. 15acon ; Wednes-
day, Colonel A. S. Williams ; Thursday, Kin S.
Dy.ijert ; I'Viday, Alderman Duncan ; Saturday, (ieo.
W. I'attison. Like its numerous predeces.sors, this
watch soon disbanded, and in the sprinif of 185 1 a
paid night-watch, under the control of the city, was
temporarily provided.
The question of creatinj,'' a permanent and salaried
city watch was fully discussed in 1854, and on July
5, at a citizens' meetinif, a committee of aldermen
reported the followinij as the probable yearly cost :
Twenty-four watchmen, at ten shilliiii^s |>er day,
$10,950; one captain, §1,000; two assistant cap-
tains, at twelve shillinijs per day, $1,095; t'ontin-
.tjencies, $1 ,955. Total, $1 5,000.
The estimated expense alarmed the tax-payers,
and the meetinc: voted it inexpedient to orj^anize the
watch. The next effort, inaugurated on January 24,
204
I'oi.icr..
1859, l)y K. II. W'rii^ht, was ])iii(ly <if a inixatc and
personal cliaractcr, and resulted in the fi)rmati<iii iif
tlu' Mereli.'ints' I'oiiee, a force consistinii;- of ti\t'
men, wiio patrolled certain business blocks and
acti'd as ni^lit-watclinun ; their services were paid
for by rejjjular subscriptions front the niercliaiUs
whose premises were protected. This force was
continued about six ninnths.
An atli'mpt was next made to ort,'anizc a i'olice
Commission, under a charter amendment of March
12, iiS6i, which provided that the mayor and two
other persons, to be selected by the council, should
constitute a Hoard of I'olice Commissioners. The
chief of |iolice was to be apjiointed by the council
on nomination by the board, and the council were
to appoint temporary policemen, for forty-ciijhl
hour.s when necessary ; the aldermen were also
invested with the powers of policemen.
These provisions, which were only partially <'ar-
ried into effect, were substantially re-enacted on
February 4, 1.S64, when the powiTs and duties of
the board wen- delined at length. Neither of tlu'se
amendments si'cmed to mei't the necessities of the
case or the wishes of the citizens. They served a
.H'ood pin-pose as iireliminary efforts, but practically
had only tlu' \alui' of su.i'irestions.
The demorali/ation natiu'ally jjrowini; out of the
protracted war with the South, and the fad that some
of the constables, elected from time to time by
pojnilar siiffr;it;e, needed themselvi'S to be watched,
caused the want of a rt'j^iilar and responsible police
force to be incrt'asinnly realized.
I'nder the Act of March 12, 1861, C. II. lUihl
and Alexander Chapoton had been associated with
the mayor as police commissioners. They resiijned,
and on August 5, 1862, William Harclay and C. W.
Jackson were appointed. Mr. Barclay soon resigned,
aiul E. v. Cicotte was appointed in his place.
Early in 1863 Mr. Cicotte was succeeded by V.. A.
Brush, and the board, in 1864, consisted of C. W.
Jackson, I'.. .\. Brush, and the mayor. Durini>- these
years the ([uestion of a more thorough police system
was repeatedly brought before the eoimcil. (^n
February 10, 1863, two reports were submitted, one
in favor of, and one ojiposed to, the orl,^'u^ization of
a salaried force. One of the reports stated that
" within the last three months almo.st every crime in
the catalojLjue of crinies has l)een committed in
Detroit."
The followinjT estimate of the expense of main-
taining a police force was submitted : Chief of
police, $1,000; assistant police, $800; turnkey, §600;
twenty-two policemen, at §1.50 per day, $12,445;
lock-up, otTice expenses, etc., $2,000. Total, $16,445.
By this time the " Ides of March " were at hand,
and the riot of March 6, 1863, with its brutal
attacks upon the colored people, the killing of sev-
enil, and the bui'iiint;' of their houses, helpc(l many
citi/ens to the decision that .1 system such as we now
ha\e w;is a necessity ; and on March 17 the Board
of I'oliee Commissioners, by resolution of Alderman
I'urcell, were re(iuested to report a plan of organiz.i-
tion for a paid police force as soon as possible.
Nothing w.is done, however, imtil August 5, when
an anticipated draft, and the almost constant fe.ir of
a rebel raid from Can;ida, caused the council to
establish a temporary police of twenty-five men, who
were continued only about a week. The almost
daily evidence of the city's needs kept up interest in
the police (luestion ; and in April, 1864, the council
r(.(juested the comptroller to report an I'stimate for a
police force, to consist of a chief, one clerk, two
cajilains, and forty men; and also the cost of an
appropriate station-house. Finally, and largely
through the efforts of Alderm.in J. J. Bagley, on
February 28, 1865, the Legislature p.issed an .\ct
establishing the .Metropolitan I'oliee Commi.ssion,
to consist of four jHTsons.
The commission is noticeable as being tlu' only
branch of city government over which the city has
no direct control, the commissioners being a])|)ointi'(l
by the governor, with the ajiproval of the Senate,
for terms of four years. In theory they are State
officers, and in practice, city officials, 'i'hey .are
accountable to the governor, and to the Stale
through him, for all their official acts. The gener-
ally faithful execution of the laws, and the keeping
of the force out of local jiolitics, have repeatedly
demonstrated the advantage and wisdom of the
system. The first meeting of the conmiission under
the Act was held on March y, 1865. The force
was duly organized on May 15 following.
The Act, at first, met with great opposition from
the city marshal, constables, and deputy sheriffs,
whose services were practically dispensed with;
mere politicians opposed it !)ecause its enforcement
would leave fewer jilaces to be disjiosed of as the
reward of political .services; and conservative old
citizens opposed it because it invoked increased
ta.\ation. When the connnission first organized,
they necessarily sought the advice and co-operation
of the council ; but the coimcil .scen'ied indisposed
to countenance, in any way, the action of the board,
and their commimications were invariably tallied.
On May 30, 1865, by vote of twelve to four, the
council passed resolutions disapproving of the Act,
but recommending that its provisions be obeyed
until its constitutionality could be passed upon ; that
was called in question on the ground that the city
was compelled to pay for the support of olilicers
over whom it had no direct control. On October
16, 1865, the Supreme Court decided that the Act
was constitutional ; and as the years have passed,
the best citizens of all parties have conceded its
POLICK.
205
usi'fulnt'ss, and lakr iiiiirasinjc pridi- in tin: orijaiii-
zatioii and its nianaiLfemcnt. Sinci- llic passage of
till' original Act, tiiri'i' additional Acts piTtaiiiini;
to till' i)oard iia\(.' lu't'n passed.
An Acl of March ij, i.S67,dcrnK'd in greater detail
tile powers of the l)iiard, gave increased po\v(.'r in
some particulars, ;uul authori/.ed the detail of |)olice-
nien to perform the diitii's of the sealer of weights
and nii'asures, and to ((jjlect license fees for the city;
it also g.i\e till' l)oar(l power to suppress gambling,
to sell unilaimed property after kc'e|)ing it six
months, and to provide fooil and lodging, if neces-
sary, for i)ersons arresttnl.
A fnrther Act of April 15, 1S71, remedied some
technical di'fects of tlu' pri\ioiis law, and legali/.eil
such portion of the acts of the Hoard of I'olice (Jom-
niissioners as had been illegally performed.
The commissioners receive no c()mi)ensation.
Regular meetings arc held on the last secular tlay
of eaeli month, at three o'clock in the afternoon.
Their duties arc : to preserve the public peace ; to
prevent crime; to arrest offenders; to protect the
rights of persons and property ; to guard the public
health; to preserve oriler; to remove nuis.uices
existing in public streets, y;irds, anil outhouses; to
report to the proper authorities all leaks and defects
in water-pipes and sewers ; to provide a sutticient
force at every public hre, in order th;a the tircmen
may be protectcil in the performance of their duties,
and the property pres rved to its owners ; and to
protect strangers and travelers at steamboat and ship
landings anil railroail stations; they may also serve
warrants in any part of the State, and are required
generally to enforce and carry out all ordinances of
the city and laws of the State,
The following is a list of the commissioners :
J. S. Karrand, from I'cbruary 28, 1865, to Febru-
ary I, 1873; L, M. Mason, from February 28, 1865,
to July 12, 1869; J.J. Hagley. from February 28,
1865, to August 24, 1872; Alexander Lewis, from
February 28, 1865, to February i, 1875 ; CM. Gar-
rison, from February i, 1875, to December 9,
1876; S. D. Miller, from July 12, 1869 ; M. S. Smith,
from August 24, 1872; J. K. I'ittman, from Febru-
ary I, 1873; H. M. Dean, from December 9,
1876.
Upon the organization of the commission, in 1S65,
Frank (i. Russell was appointed secretary. He
resigned on April 24, 1866, and on May 16 James S.
Booth was ap[iointe(l. His failing health necessi-
tated his resignation on October 13. 1873, and five
clays later Lincoln R. Meserve was appointed his
successor. Theoilore A. Drake was the first super-
intendent of policp. He resigned September 30,
1865, leaving Captain V. V. Borgman as acting
superintendent; and on August i, 1866, he was
appointed superintendent. On December 2, 1873, he
resigned, and Stephen l\. Stanton was appointed,
with Captain Andrew J. Rogers as de|)uty. On
March 25, 1876, Rogers was apixiinted superintend-
ent, lie resigned January 31, 1882, and on April
24 was succeeded by ]■;. F. Conely. On March I,
1867, the oliicc of surgeon was created, with a
yearly salary of $500. Dr. D. (). Farrand, the lirst
appointee, retained the oliicc until his decease, on
March 18, 1883, His successor, Dr. J. B. Book,
was appointed in Jime, 1883, 'Ihc oliicc of attorney
of the board was created April 1, i8f)7, with a .salary
of S500. J. Logan Chipman filled the. position to
May t, 1S79, when he was succeeded by W. A.
Moore.
The names of the cajitains and tl e d.ites of tlieir
appointment are as follows: I'. N. ('I'r.Hrdin, October
25. 1865, died December 31, 1882, C. C. Stark-
weather, August 31, 1869; W. II. Myler, June 30,
1875; Joseph Burger, September 30, 1882; Jesse
Mack, Jime 1 1, 1883.
The ol'licers of the police force rank in the fol-
lowing order ; superintendent, captains, sergeants,
round.smen, patrolmen, doormen.
Captains and sergeants rank acconiing to the
seniority of their a|)pointment to either oCrice.
/\ regular system of promotion is alhered to;
vacancies occurring in the ollice of ciptairs must be
filled from the sergeants, and vacancies in sergean-
cies from the regular force.
The original law provided that the superintendent
should receive no more than $2,000 yearly ; the cap-
tains not over $1,200; the sergeants not more than
$!,ooo; and the regular patrolmen not to c.xceeil
S900 per year.
A law of .Man h 14, 1882, gave the commissioners
power to determine the salaries, and from February
I, 1882, the salary of the superintendent has been
$4,000. 'I'he salaries of other members of the force
are as follows: captains, $1,200; sergeants, $900;
patrolmen, $750. Out of these salaries the men pay
for their uniforms, which cost from seventy-five to
one hundred dollars each.
Fach member of the police force must be able to
read and write the I'Jiglish language ; must be a
citizen of the State of Michigan, and a resident of
the city for the two years ne.xt jireceding his appoint-
ment. He must not be over forty years of age, nor
under twenty-one ; and must j^ossess good health
and a sound body, be of steady habits and of good
moral character, and must nc\'cr have been con-
victed of crime.
l'"-ach member of the force is required to devote
his whole time and attention to the business of the
department, and he is expressly prohibited from
being employed in any other business. He must be
civil and orderly; must at all times refrain from
violence, coarse, profane, and insolent language
2o6
I'OI.ICK.
ami, wliili! (HI duly, is not allowed to drinl< .my kind
of li(|nnr. nor sniokr, nor (uxit|)1 in the inmudiali:
|KTforniancc of duty) enter ;iny place in wiiieli
intoxicitini;' drinks of any kind are sold or fiirnislied.
roliceniiMi are ;ilso proliibiteil from ret'eiviny; or
sliarin]L(, for their own i)inetit, in any fee, ^ift, or
cniolunu-Ml for police servi'X', other tiian tin; regular
salary, except hy un.iniinous consent of the connnis-
sioners ; they arc not allowed to belong to any tire
or inilit.iry (•omi)any, or to vco on t.-irv^et or ple.isiirc
excursions, except by order of the superintendent ;
they arc also reciuired, while on duty, to avoid all
religious or political discussions, and ;ill inter-
ference, or usi' of their inlluence as ollicers, in I'lec-
tions; thcv are not .illoweil to solicit, nor c.in they
be obliijed to contribute .inytliini( for |iolilic;il pur-
poses ; they are re(|uire(l to keep careful super\ision
of ;ill disorilcrly houses, or houses of evil repute,
within their be.its, to observe by whom they are fre-
(|Lienieil, and to report their observations to the
oonimandinij oHicer,
Patrolmen are forbidden to walk toifctlier, or to
talk with each other, or with any person, while on
duty, imless it is to communicate brielly information
appertaininv( to their business. Ser^aants and
patrolmen, when on duty, are recjuired to display
their b;idj;es, so that the entire surf.ioe of the s;ime
may be easily and distinctly seen. The following;
oHieial su.iL^i^estions to policemen indicate interesting
and important details of their duties :
As a (iiucc-dlTicur, his first duty slu>uld bt- to set n good example
by biiiii; >;i)o(l-htimi)ri<l and puiitc wliilc im duty. As a scntiiKJ,
he should always be wary and sigilajit, for altliougli tlitre seinis
to be no iniMicdIate necessity for watchfulness, there is no know-
ing when an ein<r(.;ency will suddenly arise in a great city.
Restraint by authority is never popular neither to children nor
men. Authority is, therefore, to be exercised with coolness, and
by always keeping the temper. Men olTijul in trivial matters as
inmh from carelessness anil negligence ;us from design. Caution-
ary words are sometimes mure valuable than arrests. Diplcjuiacy
is oftentimes as great a weapon to the policem.in, in his inter-
course with his fellow-citizens, and in dealing with abuses, as it is
to the general or statesman.
.Among all the trite sayings of the world, there is none more
useful for the policeman to remember than this, " An ounce of
preventit)!! is worth a ptHinil of cure."
i'he public man who quells any trouble in its inception is a.s
much worthy of remembrance as one who redresses an evil of
already increasing magnitude.
Every ijood citizen will say " Amen " to these suv;-
jre^tions, and the more closely they are attendetl to,
the jrreater will be the respect paid to the force, .and
the more agreeable to fearful and restless citi/.ens
will be the thud of the policeman's club. The
criminal classes respect the b.'idge ;itKl the club, but
good citizens honor the guardian of their homes, ;ind
gladly recognize his worth.
Complaints are sometimes made that members of
the force are needlessly officious or severe ; but
when the total number of the force, and the v.iriety
of annoying business attended to, is considered, it
becomes evident th.at the commissioners h.ive been
rem.irkably fortunate in their .selection of men.
The force is in two general divisions, one for day.
the other for night duty.
The day force is on duty for eleven hours, the
night force for eight hours. About two thirds of
the force are usually on night duty, .and the men are
ch.uiged from night to d.iy duty in .iltcrii.tli- months
na far as practicable, iJy a complete system of card
registries, the superintendent cm tell .it .my hour
of the day or night in just what locality each mem-
ber of the force is stationed.
In 1868 .'I sergeant ;ind ten policemen were di;-
t.iiled for the purpose, and .i complete census of the
city taken in ten d.i.ys. On ( )ctol)er 9, i.S/i, ;it ;i
speci.il meeting of the council, c.illed on .iccoinit of
the iirev.iiling dry weather .mil the consei|uenl great
d.'inger from lire, the police commissioners were
reiiucstcd to temporarily .-^jpoint three hundred
extra policemen, the council .-iiJiJropriating $5,000
to p.iy for their .services, A l.irge number of extra
police were accordingly sworn in, and about h.ilf of
the .•i|)proprialioii us-d. In 1883 fourteen special
l).itrolincn, .ippoinicd without expense to the city,
were on duty .it the post-oriice, depots, theaters, l;irge
nianiifaciuring est.iblishments, etc. They report at
luadiiu.irters between the 1st .md the 7th of each
monlh. Some portion of the regul.ir force is always
emi)loyed in sjK'cial duties.
The sanitary .s(|uad, consisting of eight nun, uiuler
control of a. sergeant, attends to the enforcement of
all laws and ordinances rel.atingto the public he.ilth,
.and also collects the State li(|uor tax.
Under Act of .April 17, 1871, scavengers were
.luthorized to be appointed by the Police Dep.'irt-
ment. I5y ch.artcr amendment of 1879 an inspector
of sl;iughtcr-houses and meats is ai)|)ointed by
the commissioners; anil since June 1, 1881, n
patrolman h.as been detailed to catch .mil destroy
unlicensed dogs. Since 1867 a policeman has
acted as inspector of the weights and measures
used in the city.
One policem.m is detailed to look specially after
juvenile offenders, and acts in conjunction with
ISradford Smith, who, by ;ippi/intment of the gover-
nor, untlcr Acts of 1873 .and 1875, h;is, since 1875,
bi'cn employed as county agent, to ex.imine all
children inuler sixteen cluarged with crime, ;iiul to
decide what disjiosition of them will iirob.ibly best
.serve their interests and those of the community.
His decision is maile the !)asis of the court decisions
in .'ill such complaints. Since his ;i|)|)ointment, he
has p.assed upon the cases of over one thous.'inil chil-
dren. ( )f these, m.my have been sent to the Reform
School, and others to the State .School at Coldwalcr;
the l.'irger number h.ive remained in Detroit, under
his surveillance, and are obliged to report to him
i8(>s.
1.
I
i8f.r...|
1
i8r7.
iSffl.
186,}..
1870..
1871..
•87...
,
,1
187}..
I
..!
'874.. I
2
'"iri-. I
1
.876.. I
il
■877.. 1
1
1S78..
1
11
■879..
I
1^ .
1880..
' sl'c
i88f..
I 31 ic
1882..
1 tic
■883.. ,|ij„
roi.icK.
207
from tiiiu' to tinu'. Tin- ami)iiiii of i^nod n-siiltinjj
from his efforts is almost iii(ali'iilal)li'. 'I'lirrc can
1)0 no (|iirstioii tliat liis philaiiiliropii' work lias pre-
vented liiiiulreds of ixiys from heeominv; hardened
irimijials. For his services and expenses the Slate
pays only $200 a year.
Since l''el)ruary, 1.S72, ilu' harimr-masler, ap-
pointed by the Common Comicil, has been a police-
man.
Oriijinaily persons wishin,;; the services of police-
men for special oec.isions eoLiid ol)iain liuin on
application to the superintendent, for a stipulated
sum; this system no lon.i,H'r prevails.
In 187J prosisiou was made for two mounted
policemen, to do duty in the outskirts of the city;
two were also mounted in 1^74; ami in 1.S75 the
number was in< it'.ised to live ; but as their service
did not provir worth its cost, it was v^r.idually dis-
pensed with, and the List horst' w.is sold in Xovem-
bcr, 1S76.
I'rom the ori;anization of the force to if'73, the
license;; chari;ed by ihe lity for various kinds of
busini'ss were collectetl by a |)olict'm;in ; since that
year they have been jiayablc at the ollice of liu'
secretary of tlu; commission. 'The liscal ye.ir of
the commission formerly bci;,an on .\pril 1 ; since
1873 it has commcnct'd on the ist of T'ebruary.
OkAT'OT A.VKNCK I'ol.Ul', Sj,\IIii;<.
,i,n\-cs substantial foundation fu' the belief that there
is less of ci'imc in |)etroil than in any other city of
the s.iuie si/e in the I'nion. As many persons ;ire
ari-esied sevcr.il times in tlu' course of a \iar, the
number of individu.ils arrested is only about half of
rile followinv^ table ,v;ives iuterestiui;' det.iils ;is to the total arri'sts repoi'ted.
jjrowth of the force, the work performed, aiul the
expense of its maintenance :
J
a
u
•0
e
B
r.
V
*•
.■;
e
s
>
a.
■J
2
u
u
V
r.
•a
c
3
0
X
18(1=;..
' .)
iS6f...
'1 ■<
3
I
1867..
', 4
2
I
1868..
'. 4
2
1
i8fx)..
'1 ■*
2
I
.870..
4
2
I
.87...
*
I
1
2
■.872..
I
7
3
1
187,..
8
3
5
1874..
B
3
s
>'^::,--
8
4
6
i87f...
8
4
7
1877..
<)
5
8
1878..
ti
5
b
187,,..
3
<J
4
7
1880..
3
10
7
4
I88I..
3
10
4
')
1882..
1
10
1
M
1883..
4
10
6
'3
,
i
•A
3
I
= 5 U
i 1 h
1
3
X
3S.
<
f,
■u
IS
a
a. ,>s
H
^
>
J
X
47 ....
S"
$i8,6iit
3."5f'
445
$5,182
2' 56..'..
OS
5«,'5'>
4,t«)6
1,201
4.568
2 62 ....
70
6j,i8i
3.8<'>5
2,359
5,220
2I r,..'....
73
''5,3"3
3,6ly
2, 16.)
5.359
2
66; ....
77
68,()4J
3.335
2,648
4,112
2
77;....
88
(k;,I9!
3.577
•-'.734
5,1 »/)
2
78....
»<;
7<),3'i7
t,')29
2,726
4.534
2
85!....
100
76,450
3.83«J
2,41s
4.4'0
3
<)7i •
131
3o,5oj
4,861
4,219
6,224
4 '")
I
•44
>■ 1,305
4.<»J5
7.553
7,161
6 131
2
'SI
"i;,753
4,1.),,
8,7J7
7."27
^'126
MS
126,598
3,«7')
8,02J
8.955
5 126
158
126,U<->'1
4. "57
8,13.1
9,728
7 '3'
.65
■21,27.)
4.33^
8,744
i),o,;4
8 128
iho
"3.454
3.022
11,01 ).i
'1.509
■4 134
.78
127,23.)
4.^84
8,81..
8,176
14 146
.85
'36.045
4,610
5.045
15,212
■2 153
"14
152,192
5,i4«
2,840
13.055
I^
.50
"n
170.735
6,322
2,117
'3.742
In the t.ible the cojinnn of yiTuly expenses in-
cludes only the ordinary expenses of the force, not
the cost of the land and buikliin;s for police sta-
As e\'ery person arrested is lod.i>:ed on an average
three nij,dits, the number of different individuals
actually provided with lod.s^inijs would be about one
third as many as are iriven in above table.
A comparison of the number of arrests with the
populatinn in the years 1870 and t88o shows that
the percentage of arrests has decreased from live to
less than four per cent in the last decade. This fact
and the general good order prevailing in the city
Trumbull Avenue Police Station.
20S
I'OI.ICK.
lions. 'I'licir (.'osl is shown in tlic foliouiny state-
ment :
LoiAIION «)!■■ SlAIION.
Ciist of
Ciist «)f
Kirst
1.1.1.
lliiildiiit;.
occupied.
('■nitiot A> iriiir, N. K. ii)r.
of Kiissill Siiiil
$5.51"
$K),f70
AiiK. t.(, 1873
'1 rumljull A\Tiui(*, S. !•,. cor.
of Miclii>;aii .A\ciun'. . . .
.i-:i75
8,54';
Aug. i.(, 1873
C'cnlral, U inulliriii.i^c Strct-l,
near Wmnlwarii Antiuh'. .
17,400
Jan. I, 1874
♦l'",lin\v«ioil Ave, I'ast siili*,
ht'twrcM l'"ort ami I.afay-
c'llc Slri-c'ls
3,'So
2.436
July •.:7, 1877
♦Twfiitiilli Strrrt, east sidr,
lit'twi't'ii .\tit'hiv;aii Ave.
ami M. C. k. K
1,000
■},^V')
Dec. ;!4, 1877
♦iTciMiirU Strt-cl, udmIi siili*,
m-ar Wimtlwat'il .\\ ciuic . .
1,600
2,300
Sept. 15, 1879
♦C.iaml ki\ r Avr., .N. K.
i'i>r. of Twilflli Sli.il
1.351
2,7^3
Auk. 2, t88o
♦WuiKlliricI);!' Sl.,nurlli ^-iilo,
near Twcnty-foiirlli St. . .
1.5"'
3,000
Aug. 10, i83i
♦Sub-st.Uiou. Sul)-stalioMs are uniform in lliiir ."itylc of building.
Diiiinv; the first two years of tiie e.xistenee of the
boanl the Centra! .Station ami piii)lii- orHces were in
the 1 lawley ISloek, on the northwest c-orner of Wooil-
briilii^e and I Sates Streets. Tile lock-iii) was in the
uh\ City Hall. On Janii.iry 1. 1S6;. the Wooil-
briiliji' Street or Central .Station was oeeiipied for the
first time. It was btiill for. ami at first rented by
tile eomniission. In 1S72 it was ptiriha.seil by the
board. Tiie followim; year it was eniarijed, retltted,
a luorgiic provided, and it was again ucciipicd iu
January, 1S74.
Cbntkal. PuLicB Station.
On thf completion of the new City Hall, in 1871,
otlices were set ajiart for the poliee. Kroni Octo-
ber, 1872, to 1874, a portion of the ba.seinent was
also ()ecui)ied as a loek-iip.
I)urinj.j 1873 the stations and oflice were for the
first time telegraphically connected.
In 18S3 the eity ,i;ave tiie eoniinissioiurs I'.ast
I'ark, boiimU'd i)y I'arnier, Randolph, ;iml H.ites
Streets, and duriiij;- 1883 and 1884 a building- for
police headquarters was erected thereon.
GkANU KlVKU AVKNUB Suil-MAllOV.
All rewards, fees, iiroeeeds of gifts, and emolu-
ments on -ueotint of e.xtraordin.iry services, and all
moneys aeeruiiig fr< .1 llu' sali' of unelaiiiied goods,
;iie p.iid into the City Treasury, and con.stitiue a
fund called The I'oliee Life and Health insurance
Fund. Stolen jiroperty found by the police, or
projierty taken from jiersoiis arrested, is kept for six
months, when, if uncalleil for, it is ad\ertiseil tliiee
times in some public place, and then .sokl for the
beiieht of the above fuml.
During 1883 three hundred and forty-two different
lots of properly, valued at ^y.ixjo, were received by
the clerk of the l)oaril. 'I'lie |)resideiil of the bo.ird
ami the comiilroller of the city are the trustees of
the Life ami lle.illli Fund, ;iml out of it, as occasion
re(|uires, the commissioners make approjiriatioiis for
policemen who are sick or disabled from tliily, or
who have earned rewards. 'I'lie assets to the credit
of the fund, February 5, 1884, were $7,<.j77.
in connection with the force there is also a nliif
society, which was org.ini/.ed June 2, 1868, tlie object
being to provide pecuniary aid for policemen, or
their families, in case of sickness and death. Nearl)
all the members of the force are members of this
organization, and p;iy an initiation fee of one dollar,
ami nionlhly dues of fifty cents eaih. 'i'lie oflicers
are electetl every si.x months, on the first of January
and July. Members incapacit.'ited for .service for
more than three days are allowed one dollar per
day, for a time not to exceed thirty days, unless by
two-thirds vote of the society. In ca.se of death, the
iii'arest kin are paiil one hundred dollars. If a wife
dies, the sum of fifty dollars is paid to the husb.iiul.
A police wagon for the conveyance of jiri.soners
was procureil and lirst used on ALarch 20, 1871. In
the fall of 1877 a new wagon was purchased.
SHKRIFFS.— rROSKCUTlNC, A ITi )RM:VS.
209
l'i.n,i(.i-; lIicAix.u' \KriiKS.
SIlKKIl'I'S.
Tlu; ofCice of sheriff antedates every otlier in tlie
rounly. 1 Ik' lirsl siu'riff for Detroit was ai)|)oinli(l
hy liie (".o>-ernor and Coiineil of Canada in 17S.S.
'riie duties iia\e been inurii liie same inider liotii
I'aiiLjiisii and American rule : the shi'rilf aels as liie
eliief eonslal)le of tile eouniy in niai<ini^ arrests for
irinies a,i;ainsl State laws, and in earrxini;' out tlie
deerei'S and judj;nients of tlie eotirts ; lie is also
responsible for the safe i<t'ei)ing of all prisoiuTs
Iodised in the eotinty jail.
Under territorial rule, sheriffs were ap|K)inte(l hy
the ijoveriKir ; hut from the tinu- Mieliis^an became
a St.ate, they ha\e liecn I'k'cted at the same lime as
other county ol'licers, hir terms of two years.
Since the eslahlishmeni of (he melropolit.ui polici'
llie sherilT has made no arrc us in criminal cases in
the city, and cannot make an arrest outside of the
c'liunty, exci'pl in civil cases, or for contempt of court.
1 lis chief duties consist in atteiid.ince on the Circuit
and Superior Courts, the care of the n .111, llii' pre-
^erxini;' of ordi'r, and the carrying" out of the decrees
(if the courts, oeciipyinjr the same relation to these
courts that the I'nited .States M.irsiial dots to the
I'nited Stati'S Courts, it is his duty to see that the
lii|Uor tax law is enforced in the country townships,
and the tax |)aiil to the county treasurer within the
lime prescribed by law.
lie has no salary, beinij paid hy fees collected for
issuiny^ and .'er\in,v;; various le^al pai)ers, and by liie
prolits on the boarding of the prisoners, the city pay-
'■w^ for tho.se eonfmed in jail for violation of city ordi-
iianees, and the county for all others. The price per
day is fixed from lime to time by the eouniy auditors.
The sheriff has the privilei^e of appoinlinj; as
nany deputy .sheriffs as he may deem expedient ;
but jKitlur he imr his (lci)utics e.m serve papers
issued in civil cases from a juslici''s eourl ; only
eonslables li.ive th.at rij;ht. lie j^ives bonds of
$lo,ixx). The ollice is esliiuated to be worth from
§iS,cKX) lo §io,ootJ i)er yc.ir.
The sheriffs under Ihilish rule were : 1 788, Cire.^or
Medreijor ; i/ys, Richard I'ollard.
I'nder Anieri<'an rule the followiii),^ sheriffs have
serveil : i"*/) lo .Xuntist 20, I7<>S, Herman Ilberls;
1798 and 1799, Lewis IJond ; 1800, !>. Ihinlinj^-
ton, Cieori^e McDoujLj^all ; 1801, Idias W'alk'n; 1803,
Thomas McCre.i; 1804, Richard Smyth; 1815,
Janu's II. Audrain; 1S16-1825, Austin K. Wintr;
1825, .Abram Mdw.ards, Win. Meldrum ; 1826 1829,
T. C. Sheklon; 1829, Thus. S. Knapp ; 1830, Benja-
min Woodworlh ; 1831 1839, John M. Wilson;
1839-1841, Lemuel C.oodell ; 1841 1845, •'■miel
Thompson; 1845-1847, II. R. y\ndrews ; 1847
1851, L:. \'. Cicolle ; 1851-1853, Lyman IJaldwin;
1853 and 1854, Horace Cray; 1855 and 1856,
Joshua Howard ; 1857 i86o, L. V. Cieolte ; i860,
Peter Fruliek ; 1861 and 1862, Mark Flani.nan ;
1863 .uu! 1864, Peter Lralick ; 1865 .md 1866, F.
X. Cicolle; 1867-1869, I".. V. Cicotte; 1869 and
1870, John I'alton; 1871 1875, (leo. C. Codd ;
1875 and 1876, J. A. Sexton; 1877-1881, Walter H.
Cools; 1881- , Conrail Clippert.
I'UOSKCr I IN(; A IIOKNKVS.
This ollice of prosecutiiij; .itlorney was first pro-
vided for by .\cl of December 31, 1818, and ap-
poinlmcnls were m.ule by the ndvernor. ISy Act of
.April 21, 1825, till' ollici' was discontinui'd, and dis-
trict .illornevs, to be ;ip(ioiiited by the v;()\ernor anil
council, were provided for. The Territory was
divided into four districts, with oiu' attonu'y for
each, Wayne ,iiid Washtenaw forniinv;- the si'cond
district. »\n Act of .\pril 22, 1833, provided for a
district .ittorncy for I'.ich county. The Constitution
of 1835 ri'\ivi-d till' olfice of proseeiitinij allorney,
.and u|> to 1850 incumbents were appointed by the
i.;(i\ernor for terms of two years. .Since 1850 the
oflice has been elective. Ciuler .Act of 1818 it was
the duty of the |)roseeutiiijj attorney to prosecute
and defend ;ill suits for and ;i|nainst the county. I'>y
Act of 1833 district attorneys performed the same
duty in any suits in which the Uniteil St.ates, the
Territory, eouniy, or any township was interested,
At the present time the prosecuting attorney conducts
all cases, in which the .State or the county is .1
jiarty ; and on re<iuest of any justice he conducts
criminal eases aj;ainst the persons named. He
reports yearly to the attorney-j^eneral of the Slate
the number of eases he has prosecuted, and the
result of each. The term of oftiee is two years.
An Act of 1879 provided that the auditors should
(ix his salary after January i, 1881, at from $2,500
2IO
CONSTAIU.KS.
to S3.OCK5. l?y law of Marcli 9. 1877, he was
aiithori/id to i'iii|)li)y an assistant, wliose salary is
also fixt'd by the Hoard of Cniiiity Auditors.
From i<Si9 to ICS25 Charles Lanieil was prosecut-
ing attorney. The distriet attorneys were: 1825-
1828, Charles Larned ; 1828, Warner Winj,^ ; 1829,
B. F. H. Witherell; 1830, W. Win;;- ; 1831,' H. V.U.
Witherell; 1832, W. Win,;; ; 1833, Jas. (). Adams ;
1834. H. F. 11. Witherell.
The prosecuting attorneys under .State law have
been: 1835-1S39, B. F. 11. Witherell; 1840-1843,
J. A. Van Dyke; 1843-1846, A. W. liuel ; 1846
1849, Wm. flale; 1849-1 853, David Stuart; 1853-
1855, A. T. McReynokls; 1855-1857, J. 1'. C. Kni-
mons; 1857-1860,]. Kno.x Ciavin ; 1860-1861, I). K.
Ilarbaugh ; 1862- 1866, J. Kno.\ Gavin ; 1866, Jared
Putchin; 1867-1868, Geo. Ilebden ; 1869-1873, P.
J. D. \'an Dyke; 1873 1874, F. H. Chambers;
1875-1876, John G. Hawley ; 1877-18S1, Henry N.
Brevoort ; 1881- , James Caplis.
CONSTA ISLES.
The office of constable in the Northwest Territory
was lirst provided for by Act of December 2,
1799. In Detroit, the city charter of August 5,
1824, authorized the election of constables, and by
Act of April 4, 1827, provision was made for the
election of three. Act of March 21, 1837, gave the
voters of the city power to elect five constables 7'e7>a
7>ih\\ in case the three regularly elected constables
neglected or refused to serve. Act of March 29,
1835, authorized the election of six constables, one
for each \vard, and they are still so elected.
Prior to the creation of the metropolitan iioiice,
the constables acted as police ollicers, and matie
arrests. Now their chief duties consist in the serv-
ing of writs and executions, issued by justices of the
peace. They are paid by the fees.
The folU)wing constables were appointed by the
Court of Quarter Sessions :
March 6, 1798, Michael Monnet; June, 1801, Wm.
Smith, John Harvey, David McLean, Baptiste Peltier,
l.sadore Delille, Jac(Hies Desplats; December, 1802,
Wm. Kelly, Jabez Stern, D. McLean, 1'. Navarre,
James Cissne ; June 7, 1803, John Watson, Louis
Bourginnon, Richard Jones, John Dicks, John Con-
nor, T. Jordan, P. Desnoyers ; September 16, 1803,
J. B. Campau ; December, 1804, Conrad -Seek,
George Smart, J. Bte >.*antay, John Robinson,
Joseph Clark, Joseph Weaver, Joseph Harnard.
The constables appointed by the governor were:
June 10, 1816, Austin 1^ Wing; June 26, 1817,
Duncan Reitl ;, January 18, 1818, Wm. Meldrum,
Fraiu is Cicotte, F.tienne Dubois; July 20, 1818, Asa
Partridge, Warren I loward.
Tlie constables elected have been as follows :
1826, Jed Hunt, John Howard, Thos. Knowlton ;
1827, Thos. Lee, T. Knowlton, F.leazer Ray; 1828,
J. M. Wilson, F. S. Swan, T. Knowlton, Morris
Jackson ; 1829, N. Cham|), K. S. Swan, T. Knowl-
ton ; 1830, Adna Merritt, J. ^L Wilson, Thos.
Knowlton; 1831, L. Gooilell, David Thompson, ().
Aldrich; 1832, A. Campbell, L. (loodell, A. Mc-
Arthur ; 1833, L. Goodell, D. Thompson, J. O.
Graves; 1834, D. Thompson, Squire Trumbull, B.
F, Towne, A. C. Caniff ; 1835, R. R. Howell, J. O.
Graves, P. D. Whitman, D. Thompson; 1836, R. R,
Howell, R. J. Connor, D. Thompson, Jacob Mc-
Kinney ; 1837, J. C. Warner, P. Falvey, John Reno.
1838, First Ward : David B. Wilcox. Second
Ward: John Daly. Third Ward: Edward War-
ner, Jr. Fourth Ward : Anson E. Lyon. Fifth
Ward: Edward P. Clark. Sixth Ward: George
Miller.
1839, First Ward : D. B. Wilcox. Second Ward :
George Miller. 'Ihird Ward: W. W. Johnson.
Fourth Ward : John Reno. Fifth Ward : Robert
Nichol. Sixth Ward: John Daly.
1840, First Ward: P. O. Whitman. Second
Ward: A. H. Bartley. Third Ward: W. W.
Johnson. Fourth Ward : J. Reno. Fifth Ward :
R. Nichol. Sixth Ward : H. Fross.
1 84 1, First Ward: P. O. Whitman. Second
Ward : H. T. Russell. Third Ward : W. W. John-
son. Fourth Ward: O. Bellair, J. J. Cicotte. Fifth
Ward : Wm. Champ. Sixth Ward : B. H. Thomp-
son.
1842, First Ward : W. J. Redmond. Second
Ward: A. N. Hickox. Third Ward: W. W.
Howland. Fourth Ward: J. J. Cicotte. Fifth
Ward ; Wm. Champ. Sixth Ward : C. Gckford.
1843 1846, First Ward: P. O.Whitman. Sec-
ond Ward; J. McMichacl. Third Ward: W. W.
Howland. Fourth Ward : J. J. Cicotte, Fifth
Waril : J. P. Whiting. Sixth Ward : C. Ockft)rd.
1846, First Ward : P. O. Whitman. Second
Ward : J. McMichael. Third Ward : D. M. Free-
man. Fourth Ward: J. J. Cicotte. Fifth Ward:
C;. D. Rodgers. Sixth Ward; B. McDonald.
1847, First Ward: P. O. Whitman. Second
Ward: J. McMichael. Third Ward: D. M Free-
man. Fourth Ward : J. J. Cicotte. Fifth Ward :
W. P. Newton. Sixth Ward; B. McDonald,
Seneca Caswell.
1848, First Ward: P. O.Whitman, Chas. Can-
naro. Secoiul Ward : J. McMichael. Third Ward :
N. Laflcur. D. !\L Freeman. Fourth Ward: D.
Cicotte. Fifth Ward : Wm. Newton. Sixth Ward :
Seneca Caswell, C. G. Solyer.
1849, First Ward: S. Green. Second Ward:
J. McMichael. Third Ward : W. A. Boyt. Fourth
Ward : D. Cicotte. Fifth Ward : M. vSalter. Sixth
Ward : C. G. Solyer. Seventh Ward : J. Duchene.
Eighth Ward : James H. Darcy.
185.
A. \y.
Ward :
Sixth '
J. Reill
simmon
'854.
A. W. i
Stadler.
I'- Sparli
\\ard ;
A. W. J
f'ciirih V
i'lg. Six
J- Reiily.
JS5^^ 1
A. W. S|
Eoiirth W
i»tj-. Sixtl
Kcilly. J.;
'«57. F;
A. W. Sp
''"iirth W.-i
'".I!-- Sixth
'<t'illy. J'j'g
G". Doherty.
1858. Fir
A. W. Spn
Fourth \\'an
Sixth Ward
Smith, C. i
Ninth Ward
'859, Firsi
A. W. Spra^
Fourth Ward
'".^:- Sixth \
Hattie. Kigl-
}• liostwick.
CONSTABLES.
21 I
1850, First Ward : C. W. Tuttle. Second Ward :
J. Mc-Michacl. Third Ward : Wm. A. ISoyt. Fourth
Ward : D. Cicoltc. Fiftii Ward : M. Salter. Sixth
Ward: D. ]). Hiistis. Sevciilti Ward: I'ctcr Ray-
mond. Kijjhth Ward : J. 11. Darcy.
1 85 1, First Ward : C. W. Tulllc. Second Ward :
Isaac Warren. Tliirtl Ward : Wni. A. lioyt.
Fourth Ward: 1). Cicotte. Fifiii Ward: 15.
Sparlini:;. Sixth Ward: John Deniass. Seventh
Ward: I'eter Raymond. Eighth Ward: J. II.
Darcy.
1852, First Ward : C. W. Tuttle. Second Ward :
Levi Dings, A. W. Sprague. Third Ward: Joim
15. Stadler. Fourth Ward: James Duciiene, D.
Cicotte. Fiftli Ward: 15. Sparling. .Sixtii Ward:
Joim Dcmass. Scventii Ward: i'eter Raymond.
i:ighth Ward: J. H. Darcy, C. Doherty.
1853, First Ward : T. McCartiiy. Second Ward :
A. W. Sprague. Third Ward : J. Warren. Fourtii
Ward: D. Cicotte, Fiftii Ward: R. L. Tyler.
Si.xth W^ard: W. W. I lowland. Seventh Wanl :
J. Reilly. Eighth Ward : 1'. ^L Davitt. ^L Fitz-
simmons.
1854, First Ward : T. McCarthy. Second Ward :
A. W. Sprague. Third Ward : J. Warren, John 15.
Stadler. Fourth Ward : D. Cicotte. Fifth Ward :
B. Sparling. Sixtli Ward : James Love. Seventli
Ward : J. Reilly. Eighth Ward : Charles Doherty.
1855, First Ward : L. W. Dings. Second Ward :
A. W. Sprague. Third Ward : John B. Stadler.
Fourth W'ard: C. Stadler. Fifth Ward: B. Sparl-
ing. Sixth Ward : Justin Higgins. .Seventh Ward :
J. Reilly. I'-ighlh Ward : C. Doherty.
1856, l'"irstWard: F. Eglington. Second Ward :
\. W. Sprague. Third Ward : John B. .Stadler.
I'ourlh Ward : C. Stadler. Fifth Ward : B. Sparl-
ing. Sixth Ward : J. Love. Seventh Ward: John
Reilly. ICighth Ward : J. Aylward.
1S57, First Ward : F. Eglington. Second Ward :
A. W. Sprague. Third Ward : John B. Stadler.
I'ourth Ward : C. Stadler. Fifth Ward : B. Sparl-
ing. Sixth Ward : J. Love. Seventh Ward : John
Reilly. Ilighth Ward : John Aylward. Ninth Ward :
C. Doherty. Tenth Ward: Chas. Weyle.
1858, First W'ard : F. Eglington. .Second Ward:
A. W. Sprague. Third Ward: John B. Stadler.
Fourth Ward: C. Stadler. Fifth Ward: B. Sparling.
Sixth Ward : James Love. Seventh Ward : W.
Smith, C. Hattie. Eighth Ward: D. M.ihoney.
Ninth Ward: J. Bostwick. Tenth Wanl : C. Weyle.
1859, First Ward : F. Eglington. Second Ward :
A. W. Sprague. Third Ward : John B. Stadler.
Fourth Ward : C. Stadler. Fifth Ward : B. Sparl-
ing. Sixth Ward : J. Love. Seventh Ward : C.
Hattie. Eighth Ward : D. Mahoney. Ninth Ward :
J. Bostwick. Tenth Ward : C. Weyle.
i860, First Ward : T. McCarthy. SecomlWard:
A. W. Sprague. Third Ward : (ieo. L. Scanlon.
Fourth Ward : William 'I'inim. Fifth Ward : E.
Wynioop. .Sixth Ward: J. Love. Seventh Ward:
C. Hattie. I'.ighth Ward: Timothy Mahoney.
Ninth \\'ard : I'aul May. Tenth Ward: Herman
Deusladt.
1861, First Ward: J. Core. Second Ward: A.
W. Sprague. Third Ward: (i. L. .Scanlon. Fourth
Ward : C. Stadler. Fifth Ward : E. Wyncoop.
Sixth Ward : J. Love. Seventh Ward : D. K. Sul-
livan. I'lighth Ward : T. Mahoney. Ninth Ward:
J. Zimmerman. 'I'enth Ward : H. Deustadt.
1862, First Wanl: J. Core. Second Ward: A.
W. Sprague, C. '1'. Allen. Thinl Ward : D. ^L
Freeman. Fourth Ward : John Gnau. Fifth Ward:
Lyman B. Smith. Si.xth Ward : J. Love. Seventh
Ward: 1). K. Sullivan. Eighth Ward: Timothy
^L•lhoney. Ninth Ward : J. Zimmerman. Tenth
Wartl : F. I''reiburger.
1863, First Ward : J. Core. Second Ward : Jno.
F. Starkweather. Third Ward : D. M. Freeman,
■•"ourth Wanl : J. C.nau. Fifth Ward : L. B. Smith.
Sixth Ward: J. Love. .Seventh Ward: U. K. Sul-
livan. i;ighth Ward : T. Mahoney. Ninth Ward :
J. Zimmerman. Tenth Ward : J. Ochs.
1864, First Ward: John .\Lay. .Second Ward :
Wm. T. Burdy. Third Ward : D. M. Freeman.
Fourth Ward : J. Cnau. Fifth W^ird : L B. Smith.
Sixth Wanl : C. C.ebhanl. Seventh Ward : D. K.
Sullivan. Eighth Ward : T. Mahoney. Ninth
Ward: Ceorge Tillow. Tenth Ward: J. Ochs.
1865, First Ward : James H. Hei^burn. Second
Ward : J. Core. Third Ward : J. B. Stadler.
Fourth Wanl: J. (Inau. Fifth Ward : L. 15. Smith.
Sixth Ward : J. Love. Seventh Wan! : N. Tisler.
Eight Ward : T. Mahoney. Ninth Ward : C. Tit-
low. Tenth Wanl : J. Ochs.
1866, First Ward: J. H. Hepburn. .Second
Ward : J. Core, James Duck. Tliird Ward : John
\'an Stan. Fourth Wanl : J. Cnau. Fifth Ward ;
B. Sparling. Sixth Ward : J. Love. .Seventh
Ward : N. Tisler. Eighth Ward : Wm. Haley.
Ninth Wanl : C. Titlow. Tenth Ward : F. Frei-
burger.
1867, First Ward: J. H. Hepburn. Second
Ward: J. Duck. Third Ward: Chas. T. Allen.
Fourth Ward : J. Cnau. Fifth Ward : Anson E.
Lyon. Sixth Ward : J. Love. Seventh Ward : N.
Tisler. Eighth Ward : Michael Ryan. Ninth
Ward : C. Titlow. Tenth Ward : F. Freiburger.
1868, First Ward: Edward Nolan. Second
Ward : T. McCarthy. Third Wanl : C. T. Allen.
Fourth Ward : J. Cnau. Fifth Ward : B. Sparling.
Sixth Ward : J. Love. Seventh Ward : N. Tisler.
Eighth Ward: M. Ryan, J, O'Connell. Ninth
212
CONSTAI'.LF.S.
Ward : (i. Tillow. Tciilh Ward : !•'. I'lcihur-
ger.
i86<;, l''irsl Wan! : James McKcnzic. Second
Ward : J. Duck. 'Iliinl Ward: I'eler McDr.w.ll.
Fourtli Ward: J. (iiiaii. liflli Ward: (lias.
Atulcrsdii. Sixth Ward: J. l.ove. Scveiiih Waid ;
N. Tisler. I'.inlitli Ward : John ( )X'<)i)iiell. Nintli
Ward: C. Doherty. 'I'enlli Ward: David L.
Mishop.
1870, l''irst Ward : Kd. Nolan. Second Ward :
J. Duck. Third Ward : Jolin L. Solders, i'oiirlli
Ward: J.Cnan. I'ifth W.ird : K. ( iiddey. Sixth
Ward : J. Love. Seventh W.ird : N. Tisler.
Kiyrhlh Ward: J. O'fonnell. Ninth Ward: C.
Doherty. Tenth Ward : I). I.. Uisliop.
1871, First Ward : !•;. Nolan. Second Ward : T.
McCarthy. Third Ward : J. U. Kiinvje. i'oiirih
Ward: J.dnau. Fifth Ward : F. Ciddcy. .Sixth
Ward: J. l.ove. .Seventh Ward; N. 'I'isler.
I'Jilhlh Ward : J. O'Coniiell. Ninth Ward : (i. Til-
low. Tenth W.ird : Al. C. Allor.
1872, {'irsl W.ird : J.iines McKenzie. Second
Ward : Thos. McCarty. Third Ward : I'eler K.il-
lenh.ich. I'oiirth Ward: J. Cnau. Mflli W.ird:
F. (iiddey. Sixth W.ird : J. l.o\c. Seventh W.ird :
N. Tisler. I'.ii^dilh Ward: J. O'Coniiell. Ninth
Ward : Aiii^ust I'.^rirers. 'I'cnlh \\ ard : .\1. C.
Allor.
1873, First Ward : J. McKenzie. .Second W.ird :
Win. II. Close. I'liird Ward: 'I'hos. I'lcnn'nj;.
Fourth W.ird : J.Cnaii. I'iflh Ward: I''. ( iiddey.
Sixth Ward : J. i-ove. Seventh W.ird : Alexander
Siniih. Fiv^hth Ward : Hernard Sweeny. Ninth
Ward: Aii).,aisl I\vj,i(ers. Teiilli Ward: llonorc
Defer.
1874, First Ward : J. McKenzie. Second Ward :
Win. H. Close. Third Ward: Thos. Fleininij.
Fourth Ward : J. Cniaii. I'ifth Ward : F. (iiddey.
Sixth Ward : J. l.ove. Seventh W.ird : A. Siniih.
JCij^jhtli Ward: James Hunt. Ninth W.ird: C.
Doherty. Tenth Ward: II. Defer. Twelfth
Ward : (ieo. 15. Hrown.
1875, First Ward : J. .McKenzie. Second W.ird:
\\'m. II. Close. Third Ward: J. ]•;. Miirr.iy.
Fourth Ward: J. (inaii. Fifth W.ird: W. W.
Witherspoon. Sixth W.ird: T. Fimke. .Seventh
Ward : J.icob Jaeyjer. I'.ij^hth Ward : J.imes Hunt.
Ninth W.ird : W. J. (iiddey. Tenth Ward: M. C.
Allor. Twelfth Ward : Ceo. A. I'ajje.
1876, First W.irtl : II. Ilerzojr. Second Ward :
Thomas Hubert. Third W.ird: John A. Wilkie.
Fourth Ward: John (inau. Fifth Ward: W. W.
Witherspoon. Sixth W.ird: T. I'unke. .Seventh
Ward: J.acob Jaejrer. I'jjrluh Ward: J. Hunt.
Ninth W.'ird : W. J. (iiddey. Tenth Ward : Thos.
Uuoley. Twelfth Ward : A. l^lgjjers.
1H77, I'irst W.ird: II. Ilcrzoij. Second W.ird;
T. Hubert. Third Ward: J. A. Wilkie. Fourth
W.ird: J. (iu.aii. Fifih W.ird: W. W. Wiilur-
spoon. Sixth W.ird: ( ieoiijc (ioldsmith. .Smeiith
W.ird : J.icob J.-ic^cr. I'.ii^dith W.ird : Martin J.
Dunn. Ninth W.ird : W. J. ( iidihy. Tenth W.ini :
Desire li. Willeinin. I'.lcveiilh W.uil : I'r.ink (iiiy-
otte. Twelfth W.ird : Orriii 1 1. Iluttertield. Thir-
leeiilh W.ird : Win. (iiiyotte.
1H7.S, l''irst W.ird : II. llerzo,l,^ Second Ward:
T. Iliibert, J. Duck. Third W'ard: J. A. Wilkie.
Foiirili W.ird: John (in.ui. Fifth W.ird: W. W.
Witherspoon. Sixth W.ird : ( i. ( ioldsinith. Seventh
W.ird : N. Tisler. i:ii.;luli \\'.ird : .Martin J. Dunn.
Ninili W.ird : W.J. (iiddey. Tenth W.ird : liyron
D. Ilolion. ICleventh W.ird : I'", (iuyotte. Twelfth
W.ird: (). II. liulteilield. Thirteenth Ward: W.
(iuyotte.
1879, I'irst Ward : II. Ilerzoij. .Second W.ird :
K. U. Fisher. Third Ward: J. A. Wilkie. Fourth
W.ird: Jolin(in;iii. Fifth W.ird : W. W. Wither-
spoon. Sixth W.'ird : ( i. (ioldsmith. .Seventh Ward :
.\. Tisler. i:i.v;hth Ward : M.irtin J. I )unu. Ninth
W.ird: W. J. (iiddey. Tenth Ward: .M. C. Allor.
i:i.venth W.ird : !•'. (iuyotte. Twelfth W.ird : J.
M. D.ivis. Thirteenth W.ird : Win. (iiivolte.
1880, I'irst W.ird: II. llerzo.^-, Second W.ird :
Win. Close. Third Ward : J. A. Wilkie. Fourth
W.iril: John ( in.iu. Fifth W.ird: W. W. Withcr-
.s|)oon. Si.xth Ward : L. Kosenth.il. Seventh W .ird:
1'". Cbclhoer. l':i,i(hth W.ird : M.J. Dunn. Ninth
W.ird: W.J. (iiddey. Tenth Ward: J. W. (ieiiiik
l':irventh Ward: A. W. llr.ulford. Twelfth Ward-
O. 11. Hutterlield. Thirteenth Ward: I'".. T. .M.iss.
1881, First W.ard : W. A. Stu.irt. Second Ward:
W. Close. Third W.ird: J. A. Wilkie. Fourth
W.ard: John (iii.ui. Fifth W.ird : W. W. Wither-
s|)oon. Sixth W.ird: L.Rosenthal. .Seventh W.ird:
N. Tisler. I-jghth Ward : Martin J. Dunn. Ninth
W.-ird : W. J. Giddey. Tenth Ward : J. W. ( ieni( k.
Kleveiitli W.ird : A. W. I'.r.idford. Twelfth W.inl :
O. 11. Hutterlield. Thirteenth Ward : I'l.T. Mass.
1S82, First W.'ird : S. Kosenth.il. Second W.ird:
W. A. .Stuart. Third W.ird : J. J. .Mcllugh. Fourth
Ward: D. !■:. Moloney. I'ifth W;ird : John (inau.
Sixth Ward: .M.irtin J. Dunn. Seventh Ward : N.
Tisler. I'Ji-hth W.ird : W. J. (iiddey. Ninth Ward:
J. Schnelzer. Tenth Ward: (). II. Hutterlield.
I'.leventh W.ard : 1'.. T. M.iss. Twilfth Ward : Jas.
Tierney. Thirteenth W.ird : A. W. Hr.idford.
1883, First W.ard: S. Ko.seiithal. .Second Ward:
W. A.. Stu.irt. Third Ward : W. T. Weitz. Fourth
W.ard: D. V.. Moloney. Fifth W:ird : John (inau.
.Sixth W.ird : M. J. Dunn. Seventh Ward : N.
Tisler. I'lighth W.ard : W. J. (iiddey. Ninth Ward:
J. Schnelzer. Tenth Ward : O. H. Hutterficld.
CONST AHLES.
213
IMcvoiUli Ward : V.. T. Mass. Turlfili Ward : I'".
II. Addison. 'I'liirlwinli Ward: Adolpli lilooin.
i««4. First Ward : S. Koseiillial. .Second Ward :
W. A. Smart. Third Ward : W. 'I'. Writ/.. Fonrtli
Ward: Henry llcrzog. Fifth Ward ; Julm Cluau.
Sixlli Ward : M. J. Dnnn. Scvcnlli Ward : N.TisIer.
I'.i.nlitli Waul: J. J. (;rimM. Ninili Ward: J. K.
liowtrs. 'I'ctilli W.ird : (). II. liullcrlicld. I'lli-vnith
Ward : I'.. T. M.iss. Twrlfih Ward : F. 11. Addi.son.
Thirteenth Ward : Wni. Caiyuttc.
CHAPTER XXXV.
THE JAILS AND THE HOl'SE OE CORRECTION.
No less than nine buildings, in cipht different
localities, have been built and used for jails.
In June, 1801, the jail was on the extreme east
side of the town, and nearly in line with the stock-
ade. It was probably the building designated as
the guard-house on T. Smith's plan of 1796. The
records of the Court of Oeneral Quarter Sessions
show that on June 6, 1801, the sheriff was ordered
" to whitew.ish the inside of the jail immediately, and
have it as. clean as possible, and that afterwards the
jail keeper was to wash anil clean the jail every
Saturday and to have panes of glass put where
wanted."
The records for June 5, 1802, contain the follow-
ing :
The Couri took into (■on>;icicration the situation of the public
jail, and have roine to the deterinination of piirehasinx', of Mr
Charles l-'raniis Cirardin, the house and lot in whiih he now lives,
Ujion the followiuv: conditions, to wit : that the sum of tivi- hun-
dred pounds lash shall be |)aid to siiid (lirardin and a deed of sale
of the present jail, it beini; estimated at two htnidn d pounds,
making' ir« all seven hundred pounds. Payment of cash to be
made as follows, to wit : three hundred pounds within two or
three months, and two huiulred pounds in a year from this date.
Said ('lirardin is to deliver up half of the premises within twenty
days, which are intended to contain the prisoners; and the re-
mainder of the premises, when the old jail is repaired that .Mr.
('lirardin may inhabit it, which will not he later than the ust of
July ne.xt.
On June 29. 1802, James May was appointed to
contr.ict for m.-iterial. and jiut the new jail in a state
of " safety against escape, as much as possible ; "
and on Saturd;iy, September 18, 1802. the accounts
of "Jean Louis Hoyiiicr, for putting up pickets in
the jail-yard, twenty-six pounds, and of Pierre
Chene, for thirty-three pounds, fifteen shillings, six-
pence, and of Charles Moran, for one hundred and
thirtv-three pounds, seven shillings," were ordered
paid.
After the fire of 1 805 an old blockhouse, located on
the present line of Jefferson Avenue, and between
Cass and Wayne Streets, was fitted up as ;i j;iil by
James May, territorial marshal.
The last record that can be found indicating the
exercise of ;uiy ;iutliority after the fire by the old
trustees of the town is dated October 6, 1805, and
is as follows :
It was ai;ri'ed by the Hoard of I'rustees' that the bliM-khouse
should 111' used as a jail until end of y<ar iSf/i, aiul then it is to
become the property of the marshal, for $.'50, $17^ havini; already
been P''"'- 'f thcpubli<' use the blockhniise for a jail during 1807,
all is to be considered paid, and if the public use it longer, they
arc to pay $75 per year rent.
On May 5, 1807, William McD. Scott, marshal,
wrote to the District Court that he could no longer
be responsible for prisoners confined in this jail,
as it was " insufficient."
In 1808 a new marshal w.as ajjpointed, and the
records of the Governor and Judges contain the fol-
lowing :
Octolur .'8, 1808, on the representation of the marshal of the
'I'erritory that he has no jail wherein to keep his prisoners, the
followin.i; resolution was inianimoiisly passed :
AVWr'C(/, that the marshal of the Territory he authorized to
hire from James .May, Ksc;., a building which he owns in the city
of Detroit for a jail, for tl.c term of three years, in conjtmction
with the District Court for the District of Huron and Detroit, and
to pay for the .siime $75 per year.
Further information concerning this lease, given
in the records of the (Governor and Judges, is as fol-
lows :
May 27, 181 1, on the representation of Jaines M.iy,
A'fSii/Tvif, that the secretary of the Legislative Hoard be directed
to furnish thi' trea.surer of the Territory with a copy of the reso-
lution empowe:rin^; the marshal of the iirritory to hire a huildiiu.;
of James May for a pidilic jail, passed the 2Sth October, i8u8, and
that the s;dd treasurer do audit the said .May's .iccount, as as-
sumed by the Territory, for that part of the jail which was hired
for the I (istrict of Huron and Detroit from the iiith of .September,
181. 1, to the lifth day of July, 181 1.
The records for Monday, February 17, 1812, con-
tain the following :
James Ntay, Esq., haviuR made proposals to sell the house now
made use of as a jail, and the building adjoinin.i; thereto, for the
pur|)ose of .1 temporary court-house anil jail, the (iovernor and
J udv'cs have agreed to j^ive him fourteen hundred acres of land,
out of the <lonalionof ten thousand acres of land, on his cnditint:
the Rinu of $i.»i on account ol j.iil hire.
On February 26, 181 2, on motion of Judge With-
erell, it was,
/u'fc/r'.v/, that the Ciovernor and Jud^res, on or before July i,
1812, executi' to James May a deed of one thousand three hinulred
and seventy-two acres, of the ten thousand ai ns of land appro-
priated by (.'(mKress for the purpose of building a jail and courl-
hou.se in Detroit.
The resolution was adojned, .ind J.imes May
signed an agreement in accordance with the resolu-
tion.
Notwithstanding the.se agreements and resolu-
tions, the !)argain does not seem to have been con-
summated, for ic: Judge May's bill against the United
l■'u^
THK JAILS.
2 I
States for daiiiaj^a's diiriiiv; tlic War of 1812, lie
cliarijeil, iinili-r (late of ( )ct()l)cr 2, 1S13, for " oik-
Vfar's rent of two l)uikliii,i;s in the city of Detroit,
ieasctl to the Cioveriior and Jiidijus of tiie Territory,
for coiirt-iioLise and jail, tai<en jiossession of i)y
Cieneral Hroek after tiie capitulation, and applied
to his Majesty's use for i^.iol, and barracks ior
militia."
The rent and dani.i^rcs were estiinated at $400.
This jail was an old stone l)uil(linJ^^ located on
what is now the northe.ist corner of Jefferson
.Vvenue aiul Cass Street. It afterwards became the
]-)roperty of Judi^e Woodward, .ind tlu'n of (".eneral
J, K. Schwartz, and eventu.illy was widely known ;is
the Mansion House Hotel. In icSi5, the jail, an old
wooden buil(linj(, was on the north siile of Jeffer-
son .\venue, the second or third house east of
Shelby Street, and on November 4 the (lovernor
and Judijes appropri.ited $238.20 to John W. Tyler
for furnishing and settinjij around it two hundretl
and lifty-four pickets. This buildinj^ was used until
about 18 1 7.
The jail was ne.xt established in an old two-story
blockhouse, located on Jefferson Avenue near the
corner of Randolph Street. This buildinjj; cea.sed
to be used as a jail after the sprini,' of 1819, and
the house itself was torn down i.. the fall of 1826.
Proposals for the construction of the jail on the
public sijuare !)oiuicied by Farmer, Farrar, and
C.ratiot Streets were invited on July 25, 1817, and
on December 24 of the .same year James May was
"appointed superintendent of the jail about to be
erected," and was to be paid $5>X7 for his services.
The jail was built by Mack & Conant, and the final
settlement was made with Amos Lawrence of lios-
ton, to whom the contr.ict w.is assiv:ned. The jail
was completed in the sprinv^ of 1819, at a cost of
$4,700. It was forty-four by eii;hty-einht feet, sur-
rounded by a picket fence, which cost §62.
On June 24, 1S24, the remarkable circumstance is
noted that there w.is not a single person in the whole
Territory in prison for crime or ilebt. When we
remember that Michigan then included all of her
present domain, and also the region now known as
the State of Wisconsin, it is evident either that the
laws or the officials were very la.\, or th.it the inh.ib-
it.'ints were a remarkably Law-abiding people, 'len
years later, on June 17, 1834, the same st.ite of
.affairs existed ; there was not a person in the jail,
but evidently it was not long unoccupied, for on
December 30 the j.iil was broken open, and all the
prisoners escaped. The building was occasionally
reiiaired, but it became increasingly insecure.
On M; -ch 28, 1845. II. R. Andrews, the shcrilT,
was authorized to purch.ise materials and re|);iir the
j.iil ; and on the following d;iy the county .auditors
contracted with S. \';inderhoof to rep.iir the build-
ing ;ind the fence for $549. While the re])airs were
going on. the sherilf was authorized by the Legisl.a-
ture to keep the prisoners in other counties. The
rep.iirs failed to make the building either trustworthv
Old iJLix khdim;, Ji;iikkm>n .Vui.M k.
or be.iutiful in appearance, and ;i suit w.is instituted
against the county, by citizens residing in the vicin-
ity, to compel its removal. In the spring of 1847
the Supreme Court decided that the comity had no
title to the public scjuare whiTcon the j.iil was lo-
cated, and that the building was a public nuisance.
A contract was then made on February 10, 1848,
with Thomas I'almer, to tear it down, and yn June
8, 1848, the work of removal began.
Old Jail, on the Site now otcui'iiiu iiv Pi ui.ic Liukakv.
As soon as the court h.id decided that the old jail
must be removed, steps were t.iken tow.ards erecting
;i new one, and on Ajiril 20, 1847. the county .iiidit-
ors resolved to ])urchase siiit.ible grounds, .and erect
.1 j.iil thereon. On May 14, 1847. they .agreed to
purchase Lot 155, on northwest corner of He.aubien
and Clinton Streets, on He.aubien F.irm, for SAoo,
.111(1 Lot ij*') for $400. Lots 157 and 158 were sub-
1 6
rill', lAll.S AM) llll'. llorsi". OK tOKRl'.CriON.
si'qiu'iitly |>uriliascil in an a<l(liii()iial cdsI of 83,550.
On May -''>, i<'^47, tlu' proposal of William llunuli
to vrvct a jail and sluriff's ivsidoini' for Sr 0,6 50 was
ai'ci'incd. On OiIoIrt 14, 1S47, arrani^vnunls were
m-ariy I'oinpictc'd, and on May 1. 1S4S, a linai sit-
tlcnuiU was inadi' for (.'ri'clins; ihrsanu'. On July 7
Mr. iliinicll i-oniractcd to build a stone wall about
the jail for $1,010.
'I'lu' dwi'lliniL;', crccti'd in 1S47, still rcni.iins, but
tlu" jail in tlu' rear, biToniinv;' unsafe, was torn down.
In the fall of iSOi the House of C"orreetion, .and ;ui
old I'lmine-honsi' on the wi'sl e<irnei- of Hales .iiid
I.arned Streets (the l.itter of which was lUleil up for
the purposiM, wi're desi_v;naled .is ten)por.u\v jails by
the eounty .ludiiors.
In 1 85(1 the (|uesiion of buildimj a lU'W jail w.is
agitated, ;uid on April i. 1857. the matter was sub-
niitlt'd to the \i)lers of the couiilv', ;uid a majority of
four hundred and fi>rty-live deeiikxl ai;ainst the
proposition.
The ([uesiion was
a,;;;iin voted on in the
fall of 1S51). and also
in iS^o, when tluie
was ;i majority of
seveni\-eii;ht against
the erection of a jail;
but on November 14.
1S60, the IU)artl of
Supervisors decided
the vote carried, and
appointed a eommit-
tee to eo-operate with
the lioanlof .\uditors
in ereetini;' ;i jail, to
cost §30,000. Work
was .soon bej;un. and
the jail was eom|ileted in 1S62, opened for inspec-
tion December 26. and tirst used J.inuary i. 1863.
The buiklinyf contains .six wards, each ward having
fourteen cells, .seven feet lonij and the wide.
The walls of the prison are of solid block stone,
many of the stones weii;hin_v;' from two to four
tons.
The total number of prisoners received for the
year ending September 30, 1883, was one tiiousand
eight hundred and I'lfty-five, there bi'iiig .an aver.ige
of forty-two persons constantly in dur.inee. The
sheriff is allowed sixty cents per d.iy for boarding
the ]irisoners. The total amount p.iid for their board
in 18S3 was §7,809. The city ji.iys for the board of
all persons arrested for violation of city ordinances,
and the county pays the rest of the expenses.
There are four employes at the jail, three of whom
are paid by the sheriff, the county paying for one
deputy sheritT. The jailer or turnkey receives sev-
cnty-six cents for each prisoner received and dis-
SiiuuM i-'s Resiuicsce, Jam , and Poi kic Curi;i- Koo.M.
ch.irged ; he is .ippointed by the shciilf, and is heUl
res|)onsible for the safe ki-iping of the |)risoners.
No system.ttic and coniinuoiis effort for tlu- moral
;ind reli;^ious bi'iielil of the inm.ites w.as m.ade until
iiS()f), since which time the ^'oung Men's Chrisli.in
Association have held religious services in thew.irds
every S.abb.ith. and reading matter is supplied
weeklv. These services .ire .iKv.ivs appreci.ited, .and
upon oiu- decision gave rise to the following bon-
mot : l.iiile hynm-books were being p.issed to the
persons behind the b.irs, prep.iiMtory to ;i service
of song; t.ikiug one of the books, .1 great, burly
desperado, with .1 twinkle in his eye, excl. limed, " I
c.in't sing mu<h, but 1 will say over the words, and
you can get the air outside."
IIIK HI tROO' llofSI', OK couui'.riiox.
The origin of this institution d.ites from the year
1.S56. when several ediiorials ;ippi',ired in the d.iily
p.ipers, .uhocitiug the buililing of ;i workhouse for
the conlinenu'iit of
cirtain criminals then
s('nt lothecounly jail.
The suggestion met
with fa\(ir. and on
April 24, 1857, Mayor
O. .M. Hyde sent a
commimie.ition to the
Common Council,
recommending the
building of a work-
house, almshousi',
.111(1 city hospital;
submitting, ,'it the
.same time, extracts
from the reports of
the Monroe County
Pcnitenti.ary, at Rochester, New York, then .super-
intended by Z. R. liroekway. .\ letter subsetiuently
received from Mr. lirockway suggested that the
criminal laws of the State be examined, to deter-
mine what classes of criminals could be sentenced
to such an institution, and also that an estimate be
made of the prob.ible number th.'it would be con-
fined therein.
Soon .ifter this, by resolution of the council, Mr.
lirockway w.is invited to visit Detroit for consulta-
tion. Me.iiuime wirious locations were examined,
and on .August 12 the comptroller submitted to the
council twenty-four propiisals for sites, anil the
matter of location was referred to a committee.
On November 11, on motion of Alderman Marsh,
the council,
A'l-sithuif, tliat tlio I'liinptrollcr lio rcqiicslod to prcpari' an rstimalf
for a site fur an almshousi; and wnrklmnso, tdjjctlur witli the
nccesKiry cost of siiital>le ImildinKS tlurt'for, and, fnrlher, tliat the
mayor lie dircrtrd, wlun the .same is prcparid, to call a public
incctini; of thi- citi/ins to take the same into ronsidiration.
rwi: iiorsi', ok corrI'XTIon.
217
'I'lu- public mcctiinf waslicid at llic City Ilall (Hi
December }. i<^57, l>iil no ci)iicliisi\-e action was
reached, liiou\;h llic nicetinv; seemed (i|)|)ose(i lolhe
project. < >n I )ecenii)er 9lhe comptroller was ai;ain
directed to advertise for |)roposals for a site, bill
none well' received, in January, i^>59. the vjover-
nor, ill his messai;e tollu' I. ev;islature, recommended
tile biiii<linn' of a I louse of (.Correction, and iirj^cd
the council to vjive .attention to the m.itter. ^b•lyor
I'.atton seconded tlu' recommendation, .and on J.mu-
,iry I 5 llu- couiii il .ip|)oinli(l ,1 committee to seeiirt-
.1 li\iL;islati\i' .i|)propri.itiou. 'i'his ])l,in did not meet
with favor, and on ri'cei\in),j tlie report of its com-
inittee, tln' eoiiniil re(|iieste(i the m.iyor to c.ill .1 l.iined over twenty thous.ind city prisoners, without
dent feporteil to the council th.it tiicrc w.is .a sur|)liis
of funds, .amoiintinif to $j5,(xj(j, \vhich could be
returned to the city ; .and this amount, tov;cther with
,in oil! claim ;i!L;,iinst the county for bo.ird, subse-
(|iiently collected, in.idi; up the h.mdsome sum of
$63,811) returned to the city diirinv;- the lisc.il ye.ir of
i(S.So. The report for iiS.Si showed th.it there w.is
;m .ulditioii.il surplus of §35,000 ready for the city;
in I'ebrii.ary, i<ScS3, the further sum of !j;4o,(xxj w.as
p.iid over as tlu; |)rolUs of iSSj, .and in I''cl)rii,iry,
1M.S4, §16, (XX), m.ikin^^ .1 tot.il of §154,810 returned
to the city. 'I'he institution h.is .amjilc means to
li<|iiidate every oblii4,ition, .and in .addition li.is m.ain-
citizcns' meeliniL; to furtlur consider the subject.
The tiU'etin)4 w.is held on J.inu.ary 30, .and the fol-
lowiniL;' resolution ]).isse(l :
/w'.vv»/7'*v/, Il1.1l this rnrrliii'.; .ttitli(iri/t' tint ('oniiiioii ("(nitiril to
hnrrow mciiu-y ami issiu! IxmuU t<»r a sum mil rxicidinv; lJ,S'S.«t..,
lur llic |iiii|)nsi! (if cm liiii; ;i woikliousr.
On M.irch 6, i8(k),
Sheldon Smith, architect,
|)resei>te(l pl.ans .and
dr.awin.n' fortlie pro|)osed
buildings, whiclnvere. ac-
cepted, .and on April 9
following; propos.als for
construction were ■adver-
tised for. On the 24th
the contr.act w.as .aw-ard-
ed to Rich.ard ( libbinvjs,
f()r$b('),230. A Uuildini^
Commit ti'c, consisting of
C. M. I'.uhl, J.J. I'.ai,dcy,
I'l. I.c r.avour, F. I>.
I'iielps, .and J. M. I'.d-
miinds, w.as then ap-
pointed, .and on M.areh
15. i86t, the l.eyislaliirc passed an Act establishing
the Di'troit House of Correction.
On June 25 the mayor noniin.ated Z. R. Ilrock-
p.ay from the city, and has accumitl.atcd property
to the value of §200,000 over and .al)ovi" the tot.il
.amount received from the city. Its m.an.agi'tiient
li.is been sexer.al times impuvjncd, but on in\(stii;.i-
tion it h.is .always i)een found to l)e almost without
fault.
UkIKUII' llolsE Ul CoKKKCTION.
I'nder .a coniL^ri'ssion.il Law, United States prison-
ers .and (riminals from the 'I'erritories m.iv l)e
sentenced to this i)l,ace ,as a i)rison ; .and diirinv; 1883
way .as superintendent, .and lie W.IS unanimously con- one hundred .and tifty-four smh persons were con-
I'lrmed, and on July 6 the Coniniittec on Tublic
Iluildings reported th.at the buildiiij^s were com-
pleted .and .aia-epted.
The buildings are located on ;i p.art of the old
City Cemetery, .and are bounded by Division, W'il-
kiiis, Russell, .and Riopelle Streets, the site embr.ac-
ing three blocks. The origin.al buildings, with the
additions, h.ive cost .about §1 50,000. The inventory
lined here. Inder the St.ate Law of M.areh 16, 18A1,
|>risoners .are also la-eeiv-ed from wirious counties
in Michig.aii, other than W.ayne, and the number so
reieiveil in 1883 w.as two hundred .and twenty-eight.
The .aver.age number of prisoners, in 1883, was
four hundred and t'ifty, of whom one seventh were
females.
The city pays no board for the prisoners it sends,
of December, 1883, g.ave the value of the stock. but the Territories anil counties p.ay .according to
in.aterial, and bills receivable, as §161,442 ; the land contracts made with them, the amouni aver.aging
and buildings .are estim.ated to be worth §200,000. about one dollar and twenty-live cents jut w eek.
From its inception up to 1884 the House of Cor- The cost to the city, in 1882, of the food of the pris-
rection h.as received from the city, for all purposes, oners was fifteen and one tenth cents each per day.
a total of §189.841.36. So successful has been the The prisoners work ten hours a day, and are
man.agement th.at in J.anuary, 1879, the superinten- ehietly employed in the manufacture of furniture.
2l8
THK HorSK OF {OKKIX-I'IOM.
Ill 1.SS3 tiny inaiuifartiirt'd 310,790 iliairs, 5.715
beds, and 1.353 iTadles.
Ihitil 1879 tlu- wdiiu'ii wvrc l.irijcly <»'iii|iic(l in
tlie maiuifaiUirc of loarsc cli)lhiiig ; siiKi' llicii tlity
h.iw Iktii mainly empldycd in cliair-mal^inj^. Com-
petent tea<lieis sek'cteil from the ollicers, aiiled l)y
other persons, eondiict an evening school live even-
ini,'s in a week, and all prisoners senteneed for tiiree
months or over are recpiired to attend. Not mori;
than si.x arc alluwctl in a class. Candles arc pro-
vided, th.it they may pursue their studies in the cells.
Diirinjj^ Mr. liroekway's administration, lectures,
re.idinj^s, or musical entertainments were yiven in
the chapel, on Saturday afternoons at five o'clock, by
I;idies and i^entlemen who from lime to time were
invited. .Similar exercises arc still continued at such
intervals as are deemed best ; and on every Sabbath,
at 9 A. M., service is
conducted in the
chapel by clergymen
and l.iyinen.
\'isitors arc receiv-
ed from 9 A. M. to 12
M., and from 2 to 5
P. M.
Under Mr. Brock-
way's supcriiUcnd-
ence, a 1 louse of Shel-
ter, costing §12,000,
was erected opposite
the tiiain building, on
grounds belonging to
the city, with the
hope of establishing
a permanent reform-
atcjry for unfortunate
women. It was open-
ed October 22, 1868,
closed two years lat-
er, and again opened May i, i87i,and continued to
be used until May, 1874. The effort was supervised
in the most careful and thoroughly Christian manner,
and undoubtedly accomplished some good, but the
uncertainty of its results, together with the additional
expense involved, finally led to its abandonment-
The building is now occupied by the superinten-
dent.
Very much of the credit for the good manage-
ment of the institution is due to its organizer and
first superintendent, Z. R. Hrockvvay; later superin-
tendents have proved most admirable successors,
and have fully maintained the deservedly high char-
acter of the institution. Up to Act of 1881, the
superintendent was appointed by the council, on
House or Cokkkctio.n — Sci'Kkini KNDiiN-'s 11(jlse.
nomination of the m.iyor, for terms of three years,
with a salary of $3,000 per year, lie is now ap-
pointed by the inspectors, lie is furnisiied with a
house ;md servants, and all expenses for liie board
of himself ,ind f.imily are paid by the institution.
The p.iy is liher.il, but in no other department in the
city government, probably, is the same amount of
expenditure productive of as much benefit. In
every way, the House of Correction is a model.
The superintendents h.ive been as follows : Z. R.
lirockway, Jiine, 1861, to January, 1873; Anthony
Lederle, laiuiary, 1873, to November, 1873; M. V.
Horgi ;i. November, 1873, to April, 1879; Joseph
Nic' from April, 1879.
• lI.c original Act of Incorporation, the
may :, and three inspectors appointed by the coini-
cilon his nomination, constituted a iio.ird of Inspec-
tors, and served with-
out compensation.
They had a general
oversight over the in-
stitution anil its man-
agement, and. ap-
pointed or approved
all subordinate offi-
cers, holding monthly
meetings for these
purposes. Under Act
of June 2, 1881, the
board consists of four
inspectors, the first
four chosen for terms
of from one to four
years each ; since
1881 one has been
chosen yearly.
The following is a
list of the inspectors :
John J. Bagley,
May, 1861, to May, 1862; H. P. Bridge, May,
1861, to May, 1862; Anthony Dudgeon, May,
1 861, to May, 1864; L. M. Mason, May, 1862, to
May, 1872; Ci. B. Russel, May, 1862, to May,
1864 ; G. V. N. Lothrop, July, 1863, to May, 1872 ;
Morse Stewart, May, 1864.10 November, 1866; N.
W. Brooks, May, 1867, to February, 1872 ; Jefferson
Wiley, June, 1872, to February, 1875 ; J. E. I'ittman,
June, 1872, to February, 1873; E. Kanter, June, 1872,
to February, 1877; A. S. Bagg, June, 1873, to Feb-
ruary, 1876; Francis Palms, June, 1875, to Septem-
ber, 1878; William Foxen, May, 1877, to July, 1881;
W. C. Colbiirn, from June, 1875 ; Don M. Dickinson,
from September, 1878; F. William Lichtenberg,
from July, 1880; J. V. Moran, from July, 1881.
PART V.
MILITARY
FOR'
In
SCCOIl
its cai
and ii
part.
Hritis
when
paiiy
NortI:
Clair ;
was tl
of Mi
Thi
troit \
way t
and tl
posse:
jjainir
tribes
evidei
pr<)te(
the Ii
It wa;
trader
establ
gener
inaw
Luth,
ortlen
Franc
Erie.
Josep
what
withit
betwc
until
Thi
nient,
no lei
natnei
tirst V
Frenc
CHAPTER XXXVI.
FORTS AND DKFENSKS.-
I'KNSIONS AND I'l'.NSloX A( ;i.N TS.-- Mll.l TARV t Jl'I'ICKKS
IN COMMAND A I' Di: IK( )||'.
FOKTS AN'I) OKFKNSKS.
In importance as a military post, Detroit is hardly
second to any place in the riiited Stales. All of
its early history i> connectetl with scenes of strife ;
and in every Amcriean war its soldiers have borne a
part. Its first .settlers came with a military colony,
liritish soldiers received it from the French, and
when the city was yielded to the Americans, a com-
pany of soldiers were the first to enter. Under the
Northwest Territory, its (governor was Cieneral .St.
Clair; under Indiana Territory, (Icncral Harrison
was the only ,nn\ernor ; and the first two tjovernors
of Michigan Territory were (lenerals Hull and Cass.
Fort Detroit.
The desirability of locatinjf a fort at or near De-
troit was perceived at an early date. In no other
way could the Freni'h secure the control of the river
and the fur trade of the Northwest ; and only by its
possession could they prevent the Enijlish from
ijjainin.ir access to, and tratlickiny with, the western
tribes. A fort was also necessary as a substantial
evidence of the French occupancy of the soil, and to
protect the various tribes of friendly Indians from
the Iroquois, who constantly warred aj^ainst them.
It was intended to concentrate the French soldiers,
traders, and friendly Indians at one place, and thus
establish a permanent post. In pursuance of this
(general policy a rude fort had been erected at Mack-
inaw in, or prior to, 1671 ; and in June, 1686, M. du
Luth, then in conunand at Fort Mackinaw, received
orders from M. de Nonville, the C^overnor of New
France, to establish a fort on the Detroit of Lake
I'>ie. In accordance with these orders. Fort St.
Joseph, also called Fnrt du I.uth, was built near
what is now Fort (Iratiot. The fort was abandoned
within two years after its erection, and the passaj^e
between Lakes Erie and Huron was left undefended
until 1701.
The ambition of the French, changes in govern-
ment, and various exigencies caused the erection of
no less than four different forts under six different
names in or near the present city of Detroit. The
tlrst was named Fort Pontchartrain in honor of the
French Colonial Minister of Marine. The stockade
w.'is hardly deserving of so formi<lai)le .1 title, being
intended to omtiuvc nitlicr tli.ui ti> defend. It was
located on the first rise of giduiid frnrn tin.' river,
and, using 'he present n.iiiu s of streets, was bi'twceii
Jelferson .\veiuie and W'oodbridge Street, (xcups-
ing the western h.ilf of the block betwei'n (Iriswold
and .Shelby Streets, probably including also Shelby
Street, and a part of the ground now occupied by
the Michig.an Fxcliange. This space was inclosed
by wooden pickets, (jr sharp poiiUed logs, driven
into the ground as closely as possible, forming a
very substantial fence, \c\\ fei't high. At the four
corners were bastions, but these were of irregular
shape, and the angles of two of them were so small
that they were of little value. Further particulars
as to this fort are contained in a letter of the Cheva-
lier de Calliere, Governor of New France, dated
October 4, 1701, which tells of the arrival of Lieu-
tenant Chacornacle from Detroit with five men, and
letters from Cadillac, one of which letters showed
that he had
hiiill ;i flirt with fmir baslimis cif k'xkI oak pickets liftcrn fuct
liiiij;, sunk lline firt in the k<'<>iii)<I' * ♦ ♦ That lie placed
this fort three Iraxues friim Lake Krie, and two friini l-ake St.
Clair, in the narrowest part of the river, to the west sonlhwest.
lie coninu need by making a storelimise to pnt his elliiis under
cover ; that he had worked at the iu!i essary liidninx'S, which were
not yet very far advanced, which ohliKcd him to keep ahuiist all
his people at work tryinj; to finish them before winter.
A Street, averaging twelve feet in width, sur-
rounded the buildings just inside the line of pick-
ets. If the i^ickets neeiled renewing at any time,
the inhai)itants whose jiremises reached to the line
were reiiuired to supply them, and when the houses
were sold the pickets were sold with them.
In 1703 the fort was .set on fire by the Indians
and partially destroyed. In 1716 £Uid 1717 it was
in very poor condition, and in 1718 Tonty rebuilt the
fort, making it one of the strongest in the country.
In 1748 it was repairetl with o.ak pickets fifteen feet
long, with a diameter of at least six inches at the
small end. One picket was allowed for each foot of
ground. In 1749 a number of immigrants arrived
from France ; and soon after the stockade for the
first time was enlarged.
In 1 75 1 additional troops came, and from this
C"«l
222
FuRTs AND I )i:ki;nsi s.
lime tile jjosl was known as l'"nrl I)ctr()il. In IV54,
1755, and 1751S the slockadi' wa;; i-xtcndcd and ad-
ditional i;r()und cnrlosi'd. ( )n \o\i-iiii)fr 29, 17^0,
it was smicndiicd to tin- i'.ni^lisli, and soon after
was I'nlariji'd to indndc ahonl cii^lity honst-s. 'i'iic
pickets at this time were roinui, and ai)ont t\\cnty-
I'lve feel liii^d). 'I'liere were bastions at eaeli eonvr;
and o\er the two vfates on tiie east and west sides
l)lockl)oiisi'S were l)uilt for observation and defense.
Ilaeii of the Lr\'e wooden i^ i;.'s had a wi( ket j^atc
to allow sin'^li' jx-rsons to pass tliroiii^h. 'I'lie main
i;att'S Were o|)ene(l at siinrisi: and closed at sunset;
the wickets were open till nine o'llock.
If Indians entered, all their .arms were t.akeii from
tliiMi: ,at tin- liale, .and returned when tluy left.
Tile i^fronnd then enclosed, desiv;iialed by prt'sent
street lines, ineiudi'd .ill bi'tween (Iriswold .Street
.and ,1 point tifty feet west of Shelby Street, ;md .all
south of the .alley l)elween Jelferson .\vcniic and
L.arncd Street to W'oodbridijo .Street.
,\t the time of the I'onti.ic (.■ons|)ir.acy tlic fort
was irarrisoned by one hundred and twenty-two men
of the ia.vjhtietii Rc.i^iment, with ei,i,dit ot'licers, under
conun.uid of .M.ajor <il;i(lwiii, and w.as provided with
one tliree-i)ounder .and tiircu mortars. An .armed
schooner, the llc.ixer, |)rotecte(i tiie w.ater front.
in 1766 there was a garriscvii ol two hundred men.
An old letter from the iniiai)itants to tlie command-
.ant, formerly in possession of A. 1). Fraser, indiealL-:
how rep.iirs were then provided for; it reads as ftj!-
I( Avs :
I)ktu(iii, Aiit;. 7tli, 17^/1.
To John Cam/>litUy JCsq., Lieut. Col, and Comma/tdani at
Pitroit and its dn/'endcncies :
SiK,
We luivc taken ymir iirdiT i>f the ^nl. iii'^tant ri'spcitinn the
fiirnisliiiin of inalcriiils hy us fur n^pairinx this fort, into loiisider-
atioii ; rul fiiul it aljsciliitely iriip.issililc tu Li>iii|>ly with il.
The riqiiisiticiii made of us per individuals wniild aiuduiit at
least til four thouviud pounds, .N'ew Vurk thirnin y, a sum l>y
far toil ^rt- 't for the whole ; ettlenient, anil all the tradin^i; people
lioui (lilfircnl places now rrsldiiin hi re, to pay.
* ♦ * Wi- liud, Sir, thai lill thr year I7s>the fort was about
ha'.' the extent il is now. 'I'Ih- iuhahilanls lill tliiii wire ohli^'ed
to furnish one picket (or each foot of ground they po.ssesbcd in
front within the fort, and to pay .mnually Iwo sols per foot to the
Crown, liy way of ipiil rent. Il was with ditlieulty lh.it Ihe eir-
eurnslanee of this plaee eould an oinplish the paynniit of their
dues III the hreneli Kinj,', of wliii :h he proved his sinsiliility hy
easiu); the iidiahitanis of the heavy l>urlliiii of furnishiiit; pii kets ;
for from that time th(> I'ort w.s enlar>;ed ui)on .111 entirely new
plan, at the sole expense of the Crown. The annual lax of two
sol per foot, in front, was continned till the surreniler of this
country to the l''.n;;lish, sinie which the service has required such
tuxes of us that tluy have been .ilpnost insupportable. Permit us.
Sir, to m' .i.ion them, and you will see that we stand in >;ri'ater
need of assislanc<: than lo be obli){ed to pay any new tli in.'inds.
Captain Cimpbell. the first Kn^'hsh (ommandant at Detroit, on
his arrival here levied a lax on the proprietors in ihe Tort, for
lod>;im,' tliR troo,H, which amoiinleil to a very considerable sum ;
l)eside», each of the farmiTS were obli>;eil lo p.iy :; 1 ord of wood
per acre In front. The sec ond year the propriil.Ts paid av'ain for
c|uartcrlnK the !riii.;is, and the farmers furnished ilouble the i|uan-
tity of wood they did the year before.
The tliird yc;ar Colonel tiladwin eonliuin-d the same taxes.
The folliiwin;; >e.ir, biiukf I7''J,' the taxwilliin the I'ort alone
arnoiMiti d lo one hunihc^d and ei;;hty-fuur |>cunds, thirteen ShiU
lin>;s anil four I'eru e. In the year 1764 Ihe taxes came to one-
hundieil .mil lifty-eij;ht I'ocMiils, .New York Currenc y.
In the year 17(15 you was pleased to si^jnify by Messrs. Habee
and Shappooton that the taxes for the future should be the Siune na
in the I'nnc h (iiivernuuii;, which, as we havct siiid before, Wiis
two sol per foot fur the lots within the I'ort.
'I'iie fanners were subjec-t to a (|ult tent of two .Shillings and
e!>;ht pence New Vork Currency, and one-fourth bushel wheat
per acTe in front, which wiis ace ordinal y paid to Mr. Sh'ppoiilcin,
who wasappointed to receive the: same. After this, we cciiild not
help beiiiK surprised at the tax for the current year, vi/ one Shd-
linn per foot in front for lots within the Korl, and ten .Sliillin^,'s
pi r ill re for thcr farmi-rs in ihe country. The heaviness of th's
l.i\ is most severely felt, as you may jiulxe !iy the: delay and difle-
c ully the people: had in paying; it.
This letttr cie.arly shows tli.at tiien, as now, taxes
were deemed a burden.
A few years prior to 1778 the stockade was aj^^ain
eniariL^fd, ,tnd provided with four jjates on eacii side,
with blockhouses over them on tlie east, west, and
north sides, e.icii i)lockhouse liavin>f four si.x-pound-
ers. There were, al.so, two l);itteries of six guns
e.ach, f.aeing ihe river. I'he cit.idel, on hat is now
tile corner of Jelferson Avenue ami Wayne Street,
w.as surrounded with a rowtjf pickets, and contained
i),irr,aeks for tiirec or four hundreil men, a brick
storehouse, a liospital, and a guard-house.
I'iie .stockade, in 1778, included tii.it p.arl of the
city lying i)etween (iriswold and Cass Streets, I.arned
Street, .and the river. On the river side of tiie fort
tile l)ank was (|uite steep, and between it and the
water's edge was a .space of level grouiul forty feet
wide.
Fori Lcrnoult or Shelby.
The history of this fort is thus detailed by Cap-
tain A. Bird of the Mighlh Regiment, in a letlei- to
15rig.a(!ier ( '.cntT.al Powell, d.ated August 13, 1782:
l.ate in the fall of ij;8 wire: alarmed by the approach of the
eniiiiy uniler one llioc'lii . wli'i with two or thri-i' thousiind men
had actually advanec'il as far as Tuscan iwas, about ninety niilis
from the lake at l.owc r Sandusky, and were employed in liuildinK
a larye picketed hiirl. .Major I.erniiult, at a <onvers;ilion with
the iilVicers at l)i:trc)it on the above: alarm, concluded Detroit in-
capable of making a defense that inij;ht reflect honor un the de-
fendants, il bc:in>;iif j{reat extent, only picketed, and in a manner
under a hill. I!y his orders on the Siime eveninn, I Iraciil a re-
ciinbt on the hill. The plan was left to me. ♦ • ♦ We he-
Kan, I think, early in November, and worked without interinissiim
until Kebriiary, at which lime the Iniii.ins dec larinjf un intentiiin
uf attacking Colonel Itroclheacrs post of four hundred lhi;n at
Ttisearowas I joined them. In the meantime I.ieuteiiant Duver-
net retiirneel from Post Vinc'cn'. and was appointed ■ iKineer ; the
work wus then too far adv.mced for him to alter the form of it.
It was made by surrounding an interior spac- with
trees piletl up four fei:t high, with their sharpened
butts projecting outwards. On top of the trees, and
' This date is evidently a mistake, as, ni:ci)rHin)( to this state-
ment, 17^1! would he the fourth yi-ar of l''n);lish possession, when,
in f U't, the fort wun s;oTendered in 1760.
FORTS AND i)i:Fr:\si:s.
3
Ijrojt'ctin,;,^ over llicrii seven or eij^lil feel, al an anj^le
of forly-Cive dej^rees, was a tier of sharpenecl stakes,
tlie wliole siiniimiiited witli an eartli enihanknienl
eleven feel \u\ih. 'I'he tliiekness of llie lop of llie
parapet was twelve feel ; llie banqiielU: for infantry
was raised six fet'l Ironi the found.ilion or level of
the fort; the width of the ramparls al their base was
twenty-six feet. Tiie enibankiiu'nl was surrounded
l)y a dilch live or six feet deep, and twelve feet wide
al the surface, havini^ in it a row of cedar pickets
eleven or twelve feel liiyh, fastened toyetiier with a
rib.
I'lie entrance was towards i!ie town, through :i
|)assa.i(eway underneath llie trees, with .i drawbridi^e
over the diteh. Helween tlii' cil.idel and the fort
there was a subterranean passa.i(e, the |)ow(ler-Ina^,^■l-
zine beinj; on the route. ( )n each side of the
entrance was an iron twenty-four-|)ounder ; t'.icii
side of the fort was defended willi two twi Uy-foiir-
;)otMiders, and at e.'ich bastion four cannons wen:
placed. Tlie fort was entirely outside of liic slot k-
ade, .and a loni^ dist.anci' from the .si'tlled portion of
the town, on wli.it was known as the second terrace.
Desijrnated by streets as they now exist, it lay
between Fort and (..ifayette Streets, includiui; both
streets .and the two blocks between (Iriswokl and
Wayne .Streets.
Shortly .after it w.is built, the old slock.ade was
exliMidcd to the fort, intersectinj; the two souilKru
b.islions, .ind enelosinjj the military jjardens indicated
in the m.ip of 1796.
On March 16, 1779, Colonel (ieorj.(e Koj^ers Clark,
ii.ivinij jusL captured Lieutenant-Ciovernor Hamilton
.and iiis forces .at Vinceni\es, wrilinjr to M.ajor I,er-
noult .at Detroit, enclosin,v; letters from |)risoners to
tiicir friends, says, "I learn by your letters to (lov-
ernor ll.innltou that you were very busy m,ikini;new
works. I .im ^\m\ to hear il, .is it s.aves the Anieri-
cms sonic exjiense in buildinj.;." Unfortunately,
Colonel C.irk's plans niiscir. .ed, ac.d ilie work went
on, but not for tlie bei.v .it of the Americans.
On M.iy 16, 1780, Colonel De I'eyster, who li.id
succeeded M.ajor Fernoull, in a "I'tter to Colonil
liolton at Ni.ag.ar.i, s.iiil :
The iu;w I"'(irl will ^ivr coiistarU (-niptiiytiH-nt l.ir lliis ( iairi^oi)
for sinni' tiiiii' li> (Dine, tlic <lili lir-^ tilliiin fastir than we ran siid,
Dwinj; Id vviri' »ralhi.r, and spiinn'^ l>i'i'.ikinn oiii in all parts,
will, h hrhiKs down tlu: cailli in >(ii'al iIikIs.
On the conclusion of the treaty of peace, work on
the fort ceased, and on A i',usi 5, 1784, l.ieulen.ant-
(iovernor ii.iy wrote from Detroit to Cicneral llaldi-
mand as follovvr :
As all piihhi- works am ordered to oease here, il is my dnly to
inform yoiir Kxiellency that the front and rear of this town are
open, the pickets having been taken down byot.lerof I.ienlenant-
Coloiicl De I'eyster, and the continuation of the lots to the rivi'r
given to the proprietors, savinij a cart mad to the water's edKe,
liy whii h m( aiis a (liscontenliil Indian iii.iy, any iiinht, si t lir. lo
the town.
The jjroiinil K'^'cn liy Colonel I >e l'ey>lrr, as above mentioned,
was formerly tlie woixl y.ird, but now the barrack master is obliged
t<i pile his wood at so >;reat a distan* ■' on eacii side of the town
that no sentry from the ,i;arri-,oii (an laki- iharjje of il. Capiain
I!ird, .11 liiiL; eM>;iiiei'r, has n ported to me ihal part of Kort l.ir-
noiilt has been much damaged this spring and summer l)y liiavy
rains, and if not n-paired will soon not he defensible; but I shall
not allow a si.vpencc: upon either with. ml your K.\cilhii( y's or-
d.rs.
In October, 1779, the foliowiin; troops were st.a-
tioned iicrc : Ont; hundrvd .aini eiijhty of liie Kiii,ir's
Rejrimcnl, one hundred .and thiriy-ei,i,dil of the
••'oriy-sevenlh Kej^imeiil, fifty Kani^fi's, .iiul ihirlccn
of the Koy.al Artillery, .a t(;ta! of three hundred .and
eiirlity-one. On Auijust 23, 1782, there w.as .a total
of twenty-six cannon and iiiort.ars fit for service, with
thirteen soldiers of the lioy.al Artillery, two hundred
anil forty-six of the Kintj's or Figlilh Rci^iiiicnt,
scvcnty-oiic of the i''orty-seveiilli Ret,d!iient, and one
hundred .ind twenty R.iinjers, — .a tol.il of four hun-
dred .and fifty besides the officers.
On September 24, 1782, Fieiiteiiant-Colonel Henry
I lope .arrived ,ii Deinit from M.ackin.aw on .a tour
of inspection. He rem.aincd until the evcniiii,Mif the
26th. (leiieral I'owell li.id been here but .1 short
time before.
in 1793 the fort w.as garrisoned with one comp.any
of .artillery .and one of (grenadiers; there were .also
two new bri.^js, the Cliip|)ewa and the ( )tt;iwa, with
eiiijht JL^uns each, the briir Dunmorc with six tiuns,
■and the sloop Felicity with two swivels.
After the e\acuation by the Iaij.(lisli, on July 11,
1796, Colonel il.imtr.imck, with .a j^.arrison of three
hundred soldiers, w.is st.ationed here. At this time
there w.as .gre.it dilliculty in supplying the troops
with provisions, .aiul Samuel Henley, .acting (ju.arter-
m.istir ,it ( Ircenville, sent the following letters to
Ciener.il Wilkiiis, {|u.irterm.asier-gener.al .at Detroit:
('.i(i'.i;s\ iil.K, Aiiv'nst 4, 171/1.
.Mr. JoiH'S leaves here Ihis day, from the cursed arrangements at
fori ll.iriiilloii, with my hiart full of siirrow he leaves me • •jiout
(uru. ♦ ♦ * If I (aiiassist Mr. Jones with mm on hi-. .^ .j
you, by llcaMU, il shall he done without a iiiomenrs delay.
(lunKNVii.i.h., AiiKust r 1, lyc/j.
1 wrote lo you the Commissary-tJeiieral ^ave thirty dollars for
ihi- tr.insportalion of on.' barrel of Hour. 1 am told In- ^ives ihis
price from I'ort Wasliint;Ion to Kort Wayni'. ♦ * * | am well
convinced thai our public waxon-makersare u p.Hir .set of drunken
men.
Tlu'sc dilfii ulties soon jKissed .away, .and the fol-
lowing letter shows th.at soci.il enjoyments were not
forgotten •
(;i(KI;n\ ii.i.K, December >, 17.)'!.
I hope e;e lonj; to have the honor to see yon in I lelroii 'here to
enjoy the pha^ure of your agreeable company, eai:h of us in >;oi.,.
health. I Hhonid be very much Kratitii'd with the ainuscnicnt.s of
Dc;roit this winter, but must dispense with tlmt pleasure, as 1
wm
224
KoRTs AND I)i;fi:nsi;s.
liii|ii^ Idlijivi' till- (i|i|inrtiiiiity iiixt wiiilii- m| siiing my liicnUs in
li.iMoii.
1 wish :ill llu- lailys in llic- aurid happy.
S \Mi . 1 ll.NI.UV.
I'l'TEH Aii.KAiN, Ks.,.., /',/. ^1. .1/. (;,•«/., n.troit.
In Jiiiu', 1800, iwo iv.v;inKMUs wi'R' Iktc. In 1803
the slockadc was in \i'ry l)a(l condition, and on .April
28, 1804, a town nRL'tin;..^ was lulil to \oit' on llic
(jiic'stion of its repair. 'I'iic vote siooti twelve in
favor of, and tiiirtei'n ai^^ainst repairiiiiL;. In 1806 it
was (leeided to repair the pickets, ami in ( )eiol)er
Pierre Chesiie was paid " fifty-ei^ht |ionnds, si.xteeii
shillinjrs, for tniishinjr the stockade."
In 1807 an entirely new .stock.ide was erected by
(lovcrnor Hull. It included all thei,n-ounds hetwirn
the Cass and lirush I'arnis ;ind exleiidi'd to the fort.
There were i^ali's ;ind blockhouses on each side at
Jefferson Avenui'. I'\)r the purpose of buildini;' this
stockade it was or-
dered on Au.n'ust 9,
1807, that fifty ol'li-
t'crs and men be ik'-
tailed from the I'irst
Kcirinienl, and lifty
from the I.ej;ion.iry
Corjjs to be "niarch-
etl to the works at
eii;ht .\. M." On
AnjL^ust 17 follow-
inv;, James May, the
adjutant -v^cmral, di-
rectetl that the I'irst
Reximciil should
" pnpari' and set up
three hundreil yards
of pickets, and the
Le;^ionary Corps,
one hundred and lif-
ty yards." These pickets were fourteen feet hij;h,
with loop-hok's to shoot throuv;h.
The fort was surrendered by Cicneral 'lull on
Aiijriist 16, 1812. Amonvi; the brass field-pieces
delivered u|) were l\co taken by deneral Sl.ark at
BenniniLjton, one captured from Cicner.il iiurii^oyne
at .SaratoiL,^, and several obtained from Cornwallis
at Ndrktown.
'l"lie fort was evacuated by the I'.ritish on Sep-
tember 28, 181 3 ; when they left, some of the troops
.set tire to the barracks, but the inhabitants speedily
(iuen<'hed tiie tlames.
Ceneral Mc.\rthur llrst occupied the fort on
September sy. Up to this time it Iiad retained the
name of Lernoult, l)ut now it was christened I'ort
Slu'lby in honor of the brave .ij'ivcrnor of Ohio.
While the luiv^lish were in possession, all of the
pickets on tin- west and some on the east were cut
off close to the j^ronnd, and in the winter of 181 j-
Ol.l) AUSF.NAI,, toKMU; JlJll
1814 the soldiers of Harrison's army dui; ont the
ends and used them for fuel. The walls of the fort,
at this time, were closely lined with lo.i; huts, occu-
pied by the army. Just prior to .\pril 25, 1814, four
lines of pickets were erected in jilace of those de-
stroyed in 1813. The fort was also newly moimled
with cannon, and fourteen hundred troops were then
stationed here.
On .\u'j;ust 0, 1815, Major William 11. I'uthuff,
of the Secontl United .States Rifle Reviiment, who
had been in commantl at Detroit, retired from the
aiNny, and was presented by the citizens w ith a com-
plimuil.iry address.
In Sepkinber, 1815, nearly thirteen lumdri'd
soldiers were si.ilioned here, and quartered in what
was called the cantonnuiit, built just west of the
fort in that year. It consisii-d of foiu' rows of one-
story lo;.; bu i Id ini^s arranged in (|iiadrani.{ul.ir form.
The west row stood
directly on the east
line of the Cass
l-'arm. At this time
thei;atesofthe town
Wire ,i;iiarded by
sentinels, and no one
could (.nter or leave
without a pass.
( )n .Saturday, Sep-
tember 6, 1815, Ma-
jor (ieneral lirowii
and suite, who liatl
been at Detroit on a
tour of inspection,
left for ISuffalo on
the brii; Niagara.
The arsinal on
the northwest cor-
ner of Jclierson /\\-
enue and Wayne Street w.is Iniilt tmder the direc-
tion of Colonel R. L. Haker, in 1816, and was torn
down late in the summer of 1S67. The yaril in
the rear, with its stores of cannon-b.ills, was in
ch,iri.;e of C".iptain I'erkins, who kept it in the best of
ordiT. The i^arrison, durinvf a part of 1816, con-
sisted of fifteen hundred rci^tilar troops; in the fol-
lowinj^ year it \'.iricd from one hundred and fifty to
four hiir.dred.
On .April 19, 1S18, the llaij-staff w,ts )lown down
durinj; .1 storm, and two days after the Ci.izette con-
taineil this notice :
'lliL' llaK'-staff (111 whicli, in AuKiist, iHi.', CmuTal Hull ilisiilayid
his sivriKil of (Iis>;r:ui'fnl suhinis-iiiin, fill dniiun llu' sIdiiii last
WrdiHsil ly ivcniiii;, Nu llai; had wavid on it sinii' iSi.?, bnl it
St 1 a mitnnniint of the lowardly snrri'iidiT of 1 trtroit.
It W.IS jKissibly this very staff that the council, in
1827, proposed to convert into ladders for che use of
the firemen. In the sprinj^ of 1873, while a cellar
I) Wa\ SI'. .Si.
FORTS AND Dr.n'.NSKS.
•-5
fur ilic rcsidrnci' of John ( )\vt'n on I'Ort Sirci'i Wist
was briny cxcavaud, llii' sUiiiip of llu' slalT was
fouiiil; a plate suitably insi'iilx'd was placed upon
it, and on April 2b, 1877, it was pirscntttl to the
l*ui)lic Library.
On July 25, 181S, Colonel Juiin E. Wool arrived,
mil remained two days. In 1820 a full regiment
was stationed here. On Wednesday, .Ma\- 3, of this
yi'ar, Captain J. l'"ariey,of the United St.ites .\rtiliery,
and Licuten.mt ( )tis Fislier, of the {•'if'ii Rei;inunt,
went to Sandwieh, and fought a duel, P'isher beiny
inst.mtly killed.
On June 4, 1821, Oeneral John N. .Maromb, who
had been in eonmiand here for many years, jjeini;
• iboiit to leave, was presented by the citizens with
several cnyiavings, and also with a silver tankard
made by Mr. Rotiquette.
In this year Fort Shelby was in a dilapidated con-
dollars were p.iid for tillini; in the old ditch around
the fort, and in May. si.\ thousand pickets, forming,'-
part of the fort ,ind stock.ide. were .sold ,it from two
dollars to three dollars per hundred.
/■'(ir/ IWiynr.
This fortitication, named .after denenil /Vnthonv
Wayne, is located in the township of .S|)rin.y;we!ls,
three ,ind one half miles from the City I bill, ;it the
only bend in the ri\'er, and ;ilso at its narrowest
point. it conimanils the city and the river rli.annel.
Its site was the canipin^'-jjround of the troops ren-
dezvousiniLj for the lUack Hawk W.ir, also of the
forces enijaged in the I'atriot War of 1858.
The tirst appropriation of §50,000 for its construc-
tion was made on Auj,uist 4, 1841 ; in 1842 the
(iovcrnment purchased twenty-three acres, and in
1844 an additional forty-three acres was procured.
OllleUKb' IJl.MOl.kS Al iuKl U.W.Sli.
(lition, and without a sint^le mounted piece of
artillery; the pickets and abattis .il.so were badly
decayed.
On Tuesday, October 19, 1824, Oeneral Ci.iines
arrived from ;i tour of inspection of the northern
posts. lie left the next day. On July 12, 1825,
Ceneral .Solomon \';m Rensselaer visited the city,
.ind was ijiven .a ])ul)lic dinner at Woodworth's
llotel. Colonel J. V.. Wool beinvf also |)resent.
On May 27, 1826. the two companies of infantry
vhich h.id been stationed here dep.irted forOreen
il.iy, !e;'.vini^ the city, prob.ibly for the first time,
\ithout any trooi)s. During- this ye.ar, the fort and
;ts i^romiils were ^(iven to the city by Congress, .ind
niost ol the old b.irr.icks were sold ,ind moved .iw.iy.
Ill the sprini^ of 1827 the stock.ade w.is removed .and
die fort demolished. Six huTuIred and twnty-llve
The fort was be^nin in 1843, and completed a!)out
1 85 1, at a cost of nearly §150,000.
(ieiienil Meivjs li.ad entire ch.ar^^e of the construc-
tion. It w.as orii,n'nally .1 s(|uare-b;istioned fort, with
s.and emb.-inknients, ;ind red ced.ir scarj) with em-
brasures of o.ak. The cedar w.is brouji^lit from
Kelley's Island, .some three lumdred workmen beiiiir
sent thither for the purpose. Iloth the ced.ir ,ind
the o.ak were ky.inixed, .and it w.is thought they
would be \ery dur.ible.
In 1864, under the su|)erintenilence of ( ".ener.al T.
J. Cr.ini, the ced.ir scarp w.is removed, and repl.iced
with, brickwork, seven .and one half feet thick and
twenty-two feet hii(h, with ;i brick f.acinv;' of about
eiuhtecn inches, b.ack of which is six fi'ct of concreic.
The top of the scarp wall extends about six feet
;ibo\e the former woodwork. ,.nd there is .in empty
1'I;N.SI()NS AM) I'KXSIOX A(ii:NIS.-()Fl-lCi:RS IN COMMANIJ AT Dl/lKoir,
span: iM'twccii it and llu; cinhankinfiU. In case the
t(i|) (if till- wall should Ik- shoi auay. this space
would scrvi! as ;i rccciilatlc for the falliri)^ l)ri( k
and mortar, wliicli would lie very nearly as scr-
viciahlc as a sand embankment in rcsistini; the:
dc'strtictivi; c-ffcct of solid sl)oi. 'riic cntirtt cost of
these improvements was nearly $25o,(joo.
/■'(//•/ Crin^/idii or l-'ort Xonsciisc,
r'.arly in the cenlury the Indians near the city
wen.' eoniiruially killin.i( cattle, driving olf horses,
and eonnnittinir depredations of various kinds. To
intimidate them, and to |)roiect the sloiik wiiich
jrra/ed on the commons, this fort was erected. The
following oHiiial order had reference to the work of
erection :
UKMineAKTiuc: Drtroit, ^ Jiinf, iRf/J.
Il is lirri liy iirilcrcil, lli:it tin llinr I'illinviii^ i >>iii|i.iiiii's <if llir
First Ki'xliiu'iu, by and iiridi r tln^ iDjiirMaiiil <if llnir risixclisr
captains, siiall fiiriiisli tilt- folldwiii^^ ((iiuta iif iiicn each, to assist
in iriitinn llic piililii: works un ilic (_!oininon aliovc llu- fort, viz.:
Cai>laiii (.°ain|>aii si.\ nun, C'a|>taiii Tiittiu si.<c nun, and Captain
.\ndirson cinlil nn ii cai;li day, to attend pririsilyat sivcn o'l loi k
in tliu morning .a said work, to In: thi'n; iiiidcr tin: diri-ction ami
control of the cotninandant, already appointi'<l in deneral ordi rs
111 superintend the erei lion of s;iid Works, and siihjeet to the t oni-
inand of thi: ofTii ir of tiled. ly. Tin' ollierrsof the three miiipaniei
afori'said will In^ liahle to be calUd upon, fron". time to tiiiM, to
serv. as uflieers of the day.
[Sii^iiiuf) SlAMIV (iuisWIII.Il,
Aittni^ (ioi'ernor atiti i 'i'linititntivr-itt-Chii-/.
The fort was located near what is now the north-
east corner of I'.trk and lli.y;ii .Streets, and was
eventually called l'"()rt Croi(han, also {•'orl Nonsensi'.
It was cireukir in form, about forty feet in diam-
eter, and consisted of an earth emb.mkment about
ten feet hi,v,di, ;tiid two feet wide on top, surrounded
by a ditch. It w.is mounted with ;i ftw pieces of
artillery.
The soldiers used to iir.ieiice' tirini;- inlo it from
Fort .Shelby so ;ts to be .able to dri\e out the Indians
in e;ist: tliey ;ilteinpte<l to occ lips' it. In l.iier times
it was a favorite place of resort for the bo\s, who
would chixise sides ;ind b.ittle for its |)ossession,
and they, probably, _i;.ive it its best-known n.iine.
Detroit I id mules.
As early as September, i.S>j. the ( lovernment ol)-
tained jxissession, |);irtly by purch.tse ;ind |);irlly by
lease of a \\.\x\^^ portion of the Mulh tt I'arm, front-
injr on (Iratiot Stri;et, near the present Russell
Street; barracks were erected thereon, .ind the dov-
crninent continued to occupy tin; ijround for nearly
twenty-five years. I)urin,v( most of this time, a larire
number of soldiers were (|ii;irtercd there.
As an event in which military oflicers of Detroit
feit much interest, it may be noted lliat the corner-
stone of the Arsenal at Dearborn was l.iiil on July
30, iS;,3, under the suixrsision .-md m.tn.i^i'ment of
Ctjltjiiel Joshua liowanl. The eerenionies com-
menced al 12 .\I., wilh |)rayer by Ke\-. Mr. Se.iile, of
Deiioii, followed by an .iddicss by M;ijor Henry
Whilini;, ;iiid .1 dinner.
( )n .Au.vjust II, 1X45, .u) order airi\ I'd for the three
com|i,'iiiies of the fifth l\ev;iment, ihen in Detroit,
to rende/vous ;il Jefferson IJ.ii'r.ieks, Mo., jirep.'ira-
tory to .noini; to 'I\'.\as ; ;ind on the Kiih, .'icom-
plimenlary dinner w.is given to the ollicers at the
I'i.Nehangi:.
I'KNSIONS .\NI> I'KNSION AC.KN'I'.S.
The I'nited .St;ites, ;is e,ul\ ;is i/Sy, assumed the
payment of pensions, .i.i^reed to be |),iid by the
.States. ,\n All of /\pril 24, i.Sifi, |)rovidcd for the
a|)pointmeul. by the .Seeret.try of W'.'ir, of .'idditionjil
commissioners of pensions. This otlice was est.ii)-
lished in Detroit in i<S24, ,'tnd llirough its agency the
("lovernment p.iys pensions to wounded ollicers,
.soldiers, and sailors who wireenga.ged in the War of
I (Si 2, the .Mexican War. .ind the w.tr with the South.
The amounts paid v.try from one doll.tr to fifty dol-
l.irs jxr month, and are paid at the end of each
(|u.irter, (kiting from .September 4 in ck h year.
There are ;il)oiil 10,500 pensioners on the rolls of
the Detroit I'ension A,gency, of whom about (yuo
\\\c in the city.
The disbursements of the Detroit oMici: for |)en-
sions, for the ye.u' ending June 30, i(SK3, re.iched a
lol.il of $2,750,71)2, jiiiid out to 13,080 ])ersons.
The s.il.try of the pension ;tgent is S4.(xx) ;i year,
and fifteen cents on each ivtyment to [)ensiiiners
I'tfter $4,(HXJ li.ts ])een p.'iid. Out of the .imounl he
receives, the agent ]).'tys tite s.'il.iries of se\'er.tl
employees, and all e.xpenses except ollici; rent, li,ghts,
and fuel.
The following persons h.tve ser\fd ;is pension
.agents; 1.S24 1 S3 1, Thomas Row l.ind ; 1.S31 1837,
I'.lias Doty ; 1.S37-1.S54, k;. I'. I lastings ; 1854 1857,
I'lish.i Taylor ; 1857-1859, C.uy I'oote ; 1857-1S62,
Henry C. Kibbee ; 1.S62-1863, Alexander (1. .\oyes;
1863-1867, Thomas J. Noyes ; i8fi7 1869, Henry
r.;irns; 186(^-1873, Arnold K.iichen ; 1873
S.'imuel l'i)st.
Mll.n'AKV ol'KICKKS IN COMMAND \\ l)K TKt HI'.
No list of either the French. I'',nglish, or Ameri-
can commaiidei's ;it Detroit h;is ever before been
published. The following lists, ((implied from \ari-
ous ofiKi.il and |)rivate nianuscri|)ts, are believed to
be nearly complete.
/•>•/';/(// ( 'oniiiiaiiiiiints.
1701 to f.ill of 1704, M. Anloine de l.i .Mothe
Cadill.ie.
1704, fall 01, to 1706, Sieur Alphonse de Tonty.
MILITARY (JIFILIIRS IN COMMAND Al' DinRCJIT.
22/
17c/), January 29,10 Aui^iist, Sii'ur ik- Hourijmoiit.
1706, Au.t;iisl, to suiiiiiKr of 1711, M. Aiiloini: be
la Mollu- Cadillac-.
171 1 tn June, 171 J, M. Joseph dnyon (hi I'.nisson.
1712, June, lo 1714, Fianc^ois Daupin, Sieur dc
l;i Korcst.
[714 1717, I.ieuti'nant Jae(|iies Clias. Sahrevois.
1717, M. I.oiiis do la I'osle, Sieur dc I.ouviv^ny.
1717, July 3, to 1720, M. llcnri Tonly, yuunvjer
brother of Alphonse.
1720, M. Charles Joseph, Sieur dc Noyellc.
1720 to November 10, 1727 (when he died), Sieur
Alplionsi tie Tonly.
1727, Deeeniber ly, to , M. le Chevalier de
I.epernouclu:.
1728, M. Je.'ui liaplisle Desehaillons de St. Ours.
172.S, M. Charles Joseph, Sieur dc Noyclle.
1728 lo June 10, 1734, M. iU. iioishcbcrt.
1734, June 10, lo , llnj^ucs Jat(|ues IVan,
Sieur do [-ivandicre.
1734 1738, l.icutcuaiil Jacques Ciiarlcs S.abrevois.
1738 1741, M. C'harlcs Josc|)h, Sicur de Noyclle.
1741, July 28, to 1742, I'icrre I'oycn dc Noy.in.
1742 1743, i'icrri' (\v Celeron, Sicur de IJlainvillc. 0
1743 1747, M. Joseph l.inioync, Chi-valicr de
l.onijueuil.
1749 , Licutcnanl Jaccjues Charles S,'ibrcvois.
1751, I'cbruary 15, to Man h 19, 1754, I'icrre dc
Celeron, Sieur ^U• lilainvilic.
1754 to M.iy 25, 1758, M. Jac(|ucs d'.Anon, Sicur
de Muy. Dicil al Detroit.
1758 1760, Captain I'YaiK^ois M.iric I'icoit; (U-
llellcstrc.
J'.ih^lisli I oiiniiaittiiii^ iJj/ki'rs.
1760, Major Rol)ert Ro,i>^crs.
1760 to I7'')3, Major Donald Campbell.
1763 to Au,;(iisl 31. 17^)4, Major Henry Clad win.
17O4, Colonel John liradstreet.
1765, Colonel John Campbell.
1766, /\u,mist 26, Major Kobcrl iiayard.
1767-17^)9, Captain Ceori;r Turnbuil.
1770, June 2, to SeptemluT, Major 'I', i'.riice.
1770, ScptcnilKr, to January 8, 1772, James Stev-
enson.
1772, Major Ktherinjrion.
1772 1774, M.ijor Henry H.issett.
1774, Major R. H. I.crnoull.
1775, Captain Monlpas.mt.
1776, M.ijor yVrcnl Schuyler I )c I'cyster.
1776, Captain Lord.
1778, A|)ril, Captain Stephenson.
1778, December, to October, 1779, Major Richard
larinjfer Lernoult.
1 779, ( )ctobcr, to June, 1784, Major Areiil Schuyler
De i'c-'ster.
1784, >Lnjor William Aneram.
1786, June, Major R. .Mallhcws.
1787, Major Wisinian.
1791, Col(jnel i'Jiyland.
1 791, Major John Smith, of {•"iftii RejjimenL
1792, Major Claus.
1793, Captain William Doyle.
1793, March, to 1796, Colonel Richard l-Jigland'
of Twenty-fourth. Rci,nmenl.
The records of the War Department at Washinj;-
toii having been partially destroyed in tiic W.ir of
1812, no record of the (jllicers in commiind prior to
1815 can be there obtained, but from various old
records the followin.i( odicitrs are found to have been
.it Detroit on and bitwecn the dates named :
Anitr/Kin C oiitmandiiii^ OJJ'urrs.
i7</>, July I I, Ca])lain Moses I'ortcr.
1796, July 12, Colonel John !•". Ilamtramek.
1796, Major-(ieneral Anthony Wayne.
1797, Major-Ccncral James Wilkinson.
1797 i8cx3, Coloinl D. .Slroii.i(.
l8cx). Colonel I'orler.
' 1800 1802, t'olonci II. J. Hunt,
1802 to April II, 1803, Colonel J. V. Ilamtramek.
1803, Major John Whistler.
1803, Colonel Thom.is Hunt.
1805, Aumisl, lo /\pril, 1807, Captain .S. "I". Dyson.
1809 181 1, Captain Ja<'ob Kinijsbury.
1812, May, M.ijor John Whistler.
1812, July, Colonel I '.rush.
1812, July, to Au.i,'ust 16, i8r2, den. W^m. Hull.
1813, .September 29, (General Duncan McArttuir.
1813, M.'ijor-dencral Willi.m) Henry H.irrison.
1813, October, Colonel Lewis Cass.
181 3, November, Cipt.ain Abrah.im Hdwards.
1814, Febru.iry, Colonel H. liutler.
1814, .M.irch, ( oloncl (k-or^e Croj^han.
1814. Jiilv. Colonel H. lUitler.
181 5, .M.-tjur W. II. I'ulhulf.
1815, September. Briiradier-Oener.il Miller.
The (/(Ik i.il list of <omm<andin,ij oihcers since
181 5, compiled by till' direction of the Sccrcl.iry of
W.ar for ihis work, is .is fojiows.
Ctwii//ii)it////L; ()//i/ rrs tit l-'ort Sltilhy.
181 5, Au^nisl, to November, 1817, Cipt.iin John
Hiddic, First Battalion Corps Artillery.
'Tlif fi>llii\vin>; .iiMTiluir < inKcriiiiij; t'liliinil Kn^lond is xiven
in J.ilin A. MiC'liiii>;'s " Skili Ins .pI Wc:-.!. rn Advinliin- ":
" I liis K' "til iimii WiiH n iiiarkaljli- fur his iiniiiiiiM' lui^lii itnd
cnoriiii.iis i|uaiLtily iif llisli. .Xflir hi-, ntuin fpnii Amiii. a, lln-
\va;{;;isli I'ritKCof WaK s, who was hiiiist-lf no pi^niy, ht. anic dr-
sirmisiil sciiiik; lilin. Cdliinrl I' ii)s'l iiul was iiui' diiy piilntitl iiul
III liini, liy Sill nilaii, as lie was in tli< ULt nf (lisiiiuiintinK fniiii Ins
liorsr. riir |)iin<'U ri),ar<l'''l him willi iiiarkcd allcntiun for srv-
<ial iiiiniitt's, and tin ii, lurniii>{ to Sin ridan, suid, with a IuiikIi,
' I'oliinL'l Knijlund, hey ? Vuu sliutild hiivi: said (Irt-at Ilritain, by
!2S
MILITARY OFFICERS IN COMMAND AT DKTROlT.
1817, Novi'inher, to January, i8i8, Second Lieu-
tenant Clias. Mellon, First Battalion Corps Artil-
lery.
1818, January, to June, 1818, First Lieutenant
Neue.'is Mackey, l'"irst Battalion Corjjs Artilleiy.
1818, June, to July, 1819, Cajitaiii John Farley,
First Battalion Corps Artillery.
1819, July, to Auj;ust, 1821. Ca|)lain 'I'hos. Stock-
ton, Fourth Battalion Corps Artillery.
1 82 1, Aui^ust. to June, 1822, Colonel James House,
.Second .Artillery.
1822, June, to October, 1822, Captain J. Mount-
fort, Second Artillen,'.
1822. October, to December, 1822, Captain K. A.
Zant Zinijer, .Second Artillery.
1823, Major Baker.
Coiiivia)u1iiii:[ Officers at Detroit Barracks.
1838, March, to April, 183S, Major John (iarl.md,
First Infantry.
1838, .April, to August, 1838, Captain L. J. Jami-
.son. Fifth Infantry.
1838, Auv(ust, to May, 1839, Major M, M. Payne.
Second .Artillery.
183^, .May, to June, 1839, First Lieutenant C. B.
Daniels, Second .\rtillery.
1839, June, to .August, 1839, Captain R. A. Zant
Zin.uer, Second .Artillery.
1831;, .August, to September, 1839, First Lieuten-
ant C. B. D.iniels, .Second Artillery.
1839. September, to October, 1839, .Major M. M.
Payne, Second .Artillery.
1839, October, to May, 1840, Major F. S. Belton,
Fourth Artillery'.
1840, .May, to June, 1841, Lieutenant-Colonel A.
C. W. {"anninj;. Fourth Artillery.
1841, June, to July, 1841, Lieutenant-Colonel J. B.
Crane, l'"ourth .Artillery,
1841, July, to June, 1842, Brigadier-General H.
Brady.
1842, June, to April, 1843, Colonel Geo. M, Brook,
Fifth Infantry-,
1843, .April, to July, 1843, Lieutenant-Colonel J. S.
Mcintosh, Fifth Infantry.
1843, July, to August, 1843, Captain E. K. Smith,
Fifth Infantry.
1843, August, to July, 1844, Colonel Geo. M.
Brooke, Fifth Infantry.
1844, July, to St'iHeniber, 1844, Captain E. K.
Smith, Fifth Infantry.
1 844, September, to November, 1 844, Colonel Geo.
M. Brooke, Fifth Infantry.
1844, November, to April, 1845, Colonel J. S. Mc-
intosh, Fifth Infantry.
1845, April, to May, 1845, Colonel Geo. M. Brooke,
Fifth Inu:itry.
1845, May, tt. July. 1845, Captain I''., K, Smith,
Fifth Infantry.
1845, July, to August, 1845, Colonel Geo. M.
Brooke, Filth Infantry.
1845, .August, to October, 1845, Captain II. D.iy,
Second Infantry.
1845, October, to July, 1846, Lieuttii.int-Colonel
iiennet Riley, Second Infantry.
1846, July, to Noxemher, 1848, unoccupied.
1848, November, to June 5, 1851, Colonel William
Whi.stler, Fourth Infantry.
185I, June 5th to nth, LlKUTRNANT U. S.
Gk.\n r. Fourth Infantry.
1831, June, to March, i860, unoccui)ied.
During the w.ir it \v;is occujiieil by various ile-
tachments of volunteers.
1866, March 19, to A])ril 9, 1866, Captain I). L.
Montgomery, Seventeenth Infantry.
1866, April 9, to May 11, 1866, Captain R. I'. Mc-
Kibbin, Fourth Infantry.
1866, .May 1 1, to June, 1866, First Lieutenant S.
\V. Black, Seventeenth Infantry.
Commanding Officers at Fort Wayne,
(First uci'iipiid Dninilur 15, 1S61.)
1 861, December, tt) September, 1862, Captain
Alfred Gibbs, Third Cavalry.
1S62, .September, to December, 1862, Captain C.
H. McNally, Third Cavalry.
1862, December, to .March, 1863, Captain C. C.
Churchill. V . S. A.
1863, .March, to June, 1863, unoccupied.
186^. June, to March, 1864, Captain Lewis Wilson,
Nineteenth Infantry.
1864, March, to April, 1865, Major I'inkney Lugen-
beel. Nineteenth Infantry.
1865, April, to October, 1865, Lieutenant-Colonel
De L. Floyd-Jones, Nineteenth Inf.mtry.
1865, October, to April, 1867, Colonel-Silas Casey,
Fourth Infantry.
1867, .April, to May, 1867. Major M. I). Hardin,
Forty-third Infantry.
1867, May, to May, 1868, Lieutenant-Colonel J.
B. Kiddoo, Forty-third Infantry.
1868, May, to April, 1869, Colonel JohnC. Robin-
son, Forty-third Infantry.
1869, A|)ril, to j.uuiary, 1871, Colonel R. C.
Buchanan, First Infantry.
1871. January, to July, 1874, Lieutenant-Colonel
Pinkney Lugenbeel. First Infantry.
1874, July, to October, 1876, Colonel D. S. Stan-
ley, Twenty-second Infantry.
1876, October, to M.iv. 1877, Captain J. B. Irvine.
Twenty-second Infantry.
1877, May. to August, 1877, Lieutenant-Colonel
E. S.Otis, Twenty-second Infantry.
MILITARY OFFICKRS IN COMMAND AT DKTROIT.
229
1877, August, to October, 1877, Lieutenant I'.M.
Thome, 'I'weiuy-suiond Infantry.
1877, October, to November, 1.S77, Captain J. li.
Irvine, Twenty-second Infantry.
1S77, November, to May, 1S77, Lieutenant-Colonel
E. S. Otis, Twenty-second Infantry.
1877, May, to , Colonel II. 15. Clit/,, Tenth
Infantry.
Designation of Command cnibracini^ Ihc City of
Detroit, Mie/i(i;an, from May 19, 1813,717'///
ioeatioH of J/eaiiqiiar/ers and name of Com-
niamting Of/ieers.
May 19, 1813, Military District No. 8, Detroit,
Michigan.
May 17, 1815, Military Department No, 5, Detroit,
Michigan.
May 17, 1821, Eastern Department, Governor's
Island, New York Harbor.
November i, 1827, Eastern Department, New
York City.
May I, 1837, Eastern Department, Elizabethtown,
New York.
May 19, 1837, Military Department No. 7, Detroit,
Michigan.
July 12, 1842, Department No. 4, Detroit, Mich.
August 3' ">'''itary Department No. 2.
September 11 . 'iiary Department No. 2,
Albany, New Yoir,.
October 4, 1848, Military Department No. 2,
Troy, New York.
January 5, 1849, Military Department No. 2,
Detroit.
May 17, i85t. Eastern Division, Troy, New
York.
October 31, 1853, Department of the East, Halii-
more, Maryland.
March 23, 1857, Dep;irtment of the I'.ast, Troy,
New York.
October 26, 1861. to November 9, 1861, in no
Department.
November 9, r86i. Department of the Ohio.
November 15, 1861, Department of the Ohio,
Louisville, Kentucky.
March 11, 18^2, Mountain Department, Wheeling,
Virginia.
June 26, 1862, to August 19, 1862, in no Depart-
ment.
August 19. 1862, Department of ilie Ohio, Cin-
cinnati, Ohio.
November 16, 1862, to January 12, 1 864, in no
Department.
January 12, 1864, Northern Department, Colum-
bus, Ohio.
January 27, 18^)5, Department of the Ohio. De-
troit. Michigan.
August 6, 1 866, Department of the Lakes, Detroit,
.Michigan.
October 31, 1873, Division of the Atlantic, Niw
York City.
November 8, 1878, Department of the ICast, New
Yf)rk City.
Jinie 26, 1878, Department of the East, Ciovcrnor's
IslantI, New York Harbor.
Commanded by
May 19, 1813, M;ijor-(ieneral \V. II. Harrison.
May 17, 1815, nrigadier-( General Ale.x. M.-icomb.
May 17, 1S21, Hrevet Major-Oeneral W. Scott.
December 8, 1823, Brevet Major-(ieneral Edmuixl
r. (laines.
December 8, 1825, Hrevet Major-deneral Wintield
Scott.
November I, 1827, Hrevet Major-Cieneral V.. 1'.
(iaines.
July iC), 1828, Hrevet Hrigadier-dencral Hugh
Hrady, Col. Second Infantry.
March 21, 1829, IJrevet Major-Cieneral EdnniiKi
I'. (Iaines.
November 23, 1829, lircvet Major-( General Win-
field Scott.
May 19, 1837, Hrevet Hrigadier-deneral Hugh
Hrady, Col. Second Infantry.
August I, 1844, Hrevet Hrigadier-deneral (ieorge
M. Hrooke, Col. Fifth Infantry.
September 20, 1844, Hrevet Hrigadier-deneral H.
Hrady, Col. Second Infantry.
July 4, 1S46, Hrevet Colonel liennet Riley, Lieut.
Col. .Second Infantry.
August. 1846, Hrevet Hrigadier-deneral Hugh
Hrady, Col. Second Infantry.
September 11, 1848, Hrevet Major-denenil John
E. Wool.
January 5. 1849, Hrevet Hrigadier-deneral Hugh
Hrady, Col. Second Infantry.
April 15, :85i. Colonel Willi.im Whistler, Fourth
Infantry.
May 17, 1851, Hrevet Major-deneral J. E. Wool.
January 13, 1854, Hrevet Hrigadier-deneral James
Haiikhead, Colonel .Second Infantry.
November 13, 1S56, Hrevet I'>rigadier-deneral
John H. Walbach, Colonel Fourth Artillery.
Marcii 23, 1857, Hrevet M.ajor-deneral John F'.
Wool.
Novemiier 15, 1861, Hrigadier-dener.il Don Carlos
Huell.
March 11, 1862, Hrigadier-deneral William S.
Rosecrans.
March 29, 1862, Major-deneral John C. Fremont.
August 19, 1862, M.ijor-deneral Horatio Ci.
Wright.
March 25, 1863, Major-deneral Ambrose I^.
lUirnside.
!30
MIMTAKN Ol I ic l.kS IN COMMAND AT DI.I KCJll'.
J.iiiii.iry \ 2, 1S64, M.iji»r-( liiur.il S. I'. Ilciiii/tl- August 23, rS^/), linvit M.ijoM lirural Joseph
ni.iii. lliMikci'.
OctolH r I. 18^4, M,ii(ii-( liiK r.il J()S( |)li llndkir, Jnnr 1, iH(,y, I'.icvci M.iji)i-( inicr.il J. (!. Koliin-
J.iini.iiy 27, 1S65, M,ij(ir-< iciicr.il Kdward <). C. son, ( nl, I'oiiv-iliinI Infantry.
Ord. iihruary 1, iHdii, l'.ri:\(:i Majoi-dciii'ial Jolni
l)<!ceml)cr 26, 1K65, llnvct Major-CKiicral Orlando I'oim-.
15. Willcox. May '■>, 1.S70, Mrcvct Major-( i. ncral l'liili|) St. ('..
January 15, 18OO, Majur-Licncral iMlwanl U. L. ( (i<ik(
Urd. UcloliLi ji, 167 J, Majoi-dcni-ial \\ . S. llaM( o( k.
ciiai'TI':r XXXVII.
|;AKI,Y INDIAN A'I'rA( I
nii; KKiwNcii AM) i;N(;i.j.sii ok .si;vi;n yi-.aks'wan.
KAKM.V INDIAN AII'ACkS.
'i'lli'. Iiidiaiis whom ( ailill.ii' .iikI llic <illiir [■rcncli
(■(iiiimaiKJanls y^alliind alioiil l''orL I'Diiirliartiaiii
were, i^ciiiially, fiiciMJiy, l)iil. llicsc liidian allirs had
cMciiiiis, will) fn(|(iriilly .soiiijlil occasiiiii Id iiijnic:
tlii'Mi hy making'' war <iii ihc IniKh. Iluir hi-^l.
allai k wa'. made in 1705, uhiii tin; foil was si t on
lir(' hy an Indian and parlially dcsiroyi-d. A |iorii(in
of till! defenses, the ehlin ll, lh<t I louse of the Kee-
olieeis, C adillae's liousi; and thai of his lienleiiaiil,
Win: bnrned. 'i'iie fiieinlly Indians aiijed in i< -
hniidiiii; llie houses, and j)i'esenle(| ih<: ronnnaiidaiil.
will) one. Iiniuln'il hnshels nf 1 mn Id " ( iirc " in pait
tile loss he iiad snslained i)y iIr; lire,
in )nne, I7d''i, wliil<: (adillae was a!)senl, a dnir
l)eion;;inj;^ Id I'lDdii^inDnl, liie aeliiiv;; commanilanl,
l)il an<)iiawa Indian in the |ii(. Tlie Indirui was
l^reaily enraged, ;ind hia! llie <lo.vj. llonr,v;ini)nt
then fi'il n|»in tiie Imhan, and pnnishid jiini so
severely llial he died soon afler. < )f course this
riiiised the anv;(r of liie ')ila\\as, wlio were besides
ji aloiis of the Miamis, beeause ijiey seemed to be
ihe es|)eeiai [av(jiile.s of Uic I'feiK.li. Un June G
liny fell upon a party nf six Miamis, mid wreaked
llieir veii,t;eaiiee by killing; live <>( the nnmb<T ; oilier
Miamis who wire; in the vicinity then rushed for
prolei lion to llie fort, and llDurv^monl liiid on the
Otiawas, killinir siveral. MeantiiiR: the <)ltauas
had sei/.ed the priest, NicJiol.is (DiistaniiiK! del
lialUt, .IS he w.is walkiiivf in his garden (Jiitside of
the foil. One of the ( hiefs released hini, but jusl
as Ik; was abonl entering the fort he was killid by
a musket-shot from an Ottawa. Hoiirjrinont then
( losed the ^.ite of tin: fort, in which there were but
lifleeii soldiers, .ind hred on the Oti.iw.as, killing
thirty of them. This occasioned iniK h b.id feelin^r,
hilt the French m.iint.iined their j^roiind, ihonj^h the
fori was besiei;('d for iie.irly .1 month. In the sprinij
of 1707 the Ott.iw.is Weill Id Monire.il to expl.iiii
and m.ike |)e.ice, reiurninv; to Detroit on August 6,
1707, with .M. dc Si. I'ierre, who bron\,dil instrue-
lions to Cadill.'ie in rej^.ird Id the matter. A portion
'if the Mi.imis had by tliis lime become dis;irfe( ted,
iiul the same year Cidill.ic m.irehcd aj^ainsl them,
■'ind caiisi^d ihcm l<j sik' for peace.
In 1712, al the insiiy.ilion of ilie Kn),rlish, il
niit.ij^.imies, or I'oxes, aided by the Kii k.apoos .-md
M.iscontins, .itt.K ked tlu; fori, which w.is then held
by Dn riiiissoii uiili .1 force of only twenty men.
Keini^ w.iincd in lime, |i<: seciifcd his ^r.iin ;md
supplies from the w.irehonse outside, ,ind brought
them williin the stoi k.id'.;. lie th<-n burned the
w.irehoiise, the church, .111(1 sevei.il othi r buildings,
whi< h mii^lit li.ive eiid.inv(ere(l the fort if set on lire
by the Indi.ins.
On M.iy I 5, the <)ii,iw.is, llnrons, I'otowat.imies,
\bnoiiicnees, Illinois, .and ' )s,i^es .irrivi-d to ;iid him.
Ily this time the I'oxes li.id erei ted a fort .ilmosl
within ninskel i.in^c of I'ort I'onn h.irlr.iin. Here
they were besicfjed by the .allied Indi.ins, wIk)
r.iised roii.^h sealfokls Ivventy-livc- feel hi>;h, from
which they tired on the I'oxes, who fm.illy sued for
lie.uc. The .allied Indi.ins would m.iki- no terms
e.\( cpl iiiH ondition.il siirnnder, .iiid the I'oxi^s
relirc<l to ihcir fori,. and disi h.ir^e<l therefrom burn-
ing .arrows .at the I'rein h foil, seltiii).r sever.il houses
on lire. Tilt.' Irinch ( o\i red tin ir houses with wt;l
be.ir .and deer skins, .and llie lires were put out with
sw.ibs f.isleiKil on lonv; poles. 'l'\\r I'O.xes held out
s(j loiij^ tli.it the .allied Indi.ins .it one limi; were
about to vjive ti]) the contest, l)utl.iri.;e presents from
Du lltiisson ciused tliem to reni^w llie siene, whiili
was (•ontinned with vij.-or til! .1 heavy rainstorm dis-
persed them. The I'li.xes then esc.tped, .and in.ide
their W.iy up Id < irosse I 'oil it e, where they elilreliched
tliciiisel\( s. With .ii<l of ( .iiiiion from tin; fort they
were dele.ititd, .and ne.irly oiu; thons.ind m.issaired
by the .allied Indi.ins, u ho m.i<le sl;i\es of the s()u;iws
and the < hildnn. In 1717 .1 p.trly of i'o.Nes n.j.j.iin
liire.iteiied the fort, but they were soon put to llij^hl.
'I'hese defe.its seemed to h.ive been s.iltil.iry les ons,
for there is no retord of .any further ;iltai k upon
liie fort until iy.\G, vvlum it w.is set upon by iiorili-
ern Indians, .and defeiuk'd liy I'onti.ae .and his tribe.
TIIK lUK.NC II A.NI) K.NCI.ISIl WAK.
'I'he I'Veiich and lai>;lish or .Seven Years' War
was <'.iused by the delerminid effort of both, tlie
P'ri'iich .111(1 the l'!nif|ish to secure their Western pos-
sessions .and to .add to their extent. To this end
inlrixiie, massacre, .and milit.ary in.inn uvres ( ontin-
u.illy succeeded e.acli other. Year by year the jeal-
bj'l
2T,2
riii: iki.M II AM) i;\'(;i.!sii war.
iiiisy JHiuii n III Mill ,111(1 I'.iij^lisii imiu|i;miIs nf
AiiiiTii;i 1)1 raiiir iiuri-.isiir^ly iii.inifist, ami cm iii-
sinns Id allai k l.in;li'>li srlliiiiiriils were a fcaliiii'
ipf llir linns.
/\s rally as 17.1=;, ami csiKriaily in 1747. mh'Ii
ilcMis as these are nf freijiieiit nieniiiiii in nlil I riin li
leenrils ; " 'I'w (III y-fi mr • Mlawas aii:l I'nllowataniies
have lieeii lilteij mil for the war e\(iiisiun." " Nine
parlies have ineii ei|iii|i|iei| fur a war exeiirsidii.
Siiiir lilnlnlrall, a Mihinleer, I iimillalliis lliiiii."
The I Jli.;lish, hnwever, Were not asleep, ami ihev
were as iiiis( rii|uil()iis as their anta^^onisls in makini;
use i)f the sa\av;es. ( iovcriKir ( iintoii, in a hth r In
C'nloMe! Jiihnsim, ilated New Ndik, April J,, 17.(7,
says, " In liie liill I ,Tin i;"ii'.s '" l''''^'^ lli<' 1 (nineil did
not think il jjinper lo pnl iew,iri!s for si ,il))iin^, or
l.ikiii)^ poor women or eliildreii prisoners, in it ;
hill the ,issemi)ly lias ,issiired iiie the money sh.iJi
be paid when it so h,ippeiis, il liu- ln(li,ms insist
ii|)on il." On M;iy 30 Colonel Johnson wrote the
i(overnor, " I ,1111 i|iiiti' pestered i-\iry day with p,ir-
ties relnriiiiiL; will) i)ris(iners and scalps, .ind w illinni
.'I penny to p.iy llieni with. It comes very li.ird upon
me, .iiid is (lisple.isiiiv; lo lliem I c.m ,issiire \(iii, for
ihey expecl thi'ir |)ay, and dem.ind il of me .is soon
as ihey reliirii."
The f.'ict is imdoiiblcd and iiidispiilahle thai .il
Dctroil and other posts under both I'lcneli ,an(! lai.n-
lish rule, the Indians received ijoods in p.iymeiii for
himiaii se.ilps ;is re.mil.arly .as for eoon ;iii(l miisknil
.skins.
In 1747 the haiijlish, through the lro(|iiois, dis-
Iribnleil belts to the I liirons. :inil in fa< 1 lo.illofthe
Indi.ms in this neii^hboihood, .md .ill, except the
Illinois, Were ;ii;reed in ,1 plol lo niiiss.ii re the
I'Veneh ;il Detidil on one of the holid.ivs of I'eiite-
(ost. The Indians were to sleep in the fort, , is they
h;i(l often done, and each was to kill the inm;iles of
tin; house where he Iodised. A s'|u;iw, .^oinv; into ;i
jf.'irrel in se.ueh of corn, ovcrhe.ird ilu; conspir.itois
pl;miiiii}.j benealh her. She informed ,1 Jisiiit l,iy
brother, who told M. di' I.on;,^iieiiil, the comm.m-
(jaiit. lie .'it once cilled toi;eilier the prim ip.il
chiefs, showed tliein lli.il their plol w.is exposed,
and they .•ib.indoned il with excuses ,ind prolest.i-
lions.
On Aiijriisl 31, 1747, . a settler n.imed M.irlinciii
strayed too f,ir from the fort, ;ind w,is killed ,iiid
scalped by four Indi.ms. On September 2?. follow-
inj;, the fori was reinforced by the .irriv.il of one
luindred ;ind lifty soldiers from Monlre.il, ;iml the
setllers fell much more secure. Th.il there w.is
continue'! danger, howexcr, is e\i(leiii from ihis mn-
eral order, d. It < d Detroit, June 2, 1748:
Slioiilil any lliiiiiii nr rilirl lir mi itaiiii).; .is li> nitrr the fort
willwtul a |)as.s, tlii'tiii^li stircr Itraxatto, 'iwoiilit \n'. proper li> arrest
liiin aiiit pill liini In ilialli mi llir spot.
I )iii im; the year sever.il Imli.ans fro'ii llois Ill.ine
Iskind w,i\l,ii(| ,'i p.iily of I'lemliimn on ( '.rosse
Isle and serioiislv m,illreaie(l them. M. de l.on-
vjuiuil. w ho w,is still in ( omin.iiid .it the foil, sent .1
fori e of thirty men in scan h of the hostile p.irly.
I line of the lliiroii chiefs, who h, id be',;un lo fe.ir
for ilirir own s.ifelv, solunleercd their .lid, jiiid with
ten of de l.oni^iieuirs linn they set out, o\ertook the
lllsl p.uly of lllilly, .111(1 ( Mplllled the live hostile
Indi.ins, only one of whom w.is ,a Ibiion. The
Icidir, .III Onoml.i,i;,i, w;is put to dcilh by the
iiili,ibil,'iiils as soon as the paily rcK lied l>elroil,
,iiiil the rest were |)ul in irons; one of these. ,1
.Seiiec.i Indi.in, w,is found dead in llie i;ll,iri|-lioiise
on the 2ijl\\ of Deiiinbii, 1747; the three others
w(M"e n leased in !• ( brii.iry, 17.pS, on promisiMif vjood
beliav iol'.
in I olisiilel ill'^ the history of the West at this
tiiiK, il should bi- remembeiKl lli.it the Territory
w.alered by tin- Ohio w.is ckaimed by both l''.iiv;lish
and liemli. The Litter had est.ablished .1 sniiill
post on liiinli I'reek, soiilli of I, .ike laic To olf-
s( t this movement, .1 company, known ;is the (>liio
(onip.'iny, wa.s(ir).;aiii/.ed, .and live himdred thoiis.md
.acres in the (jispiiteil territory >;r;inte(l it, on condi-
tion th,it one hundred f.imilies should be settled
ihereon within seven years, and .1 fort erei ted for
llieir protiiiion. These pioi ecdin^s caused the
I'lciich much imcisiiiess. iiiid in 1741; Pierre de
C"elinin, .Sieiir de llkainville, under inslriu lions fnmi
Coiini de 1,1 ( i,illissoni('re, ( iovernor of New I'Vanee,
left Monircil with three hundred soldiers to lake
forilLil possession of llie \,llley of the < )llio. I le W.as
fiiinished with le.iiliii pl.iies inscribed w it 11 a st.ate-
iiieiil of the cl.ijms of the I'leinh, ,aiid <a formal
decl.ir.ilioii llial llie\- thus took possession of thir
kind. These |)l.it( s were deposited at v.arioiis points
lhroii;;li I he coiiiiti\ . .After li.i\iiiv; performedllie.se
duties, ,1 p.ari of the expedition n'tiirned by water,
.irii\iiiv; ,it Deimil (ictobcr (>, .and ihi- rest went
back o\i il.inil. As .111 .appropri.itit supplement to
lii^i expedition, t'oiini ( l.illissoniere nvAtU: speci.il
efforts lo elicolir.ii;e iliiiliii;iMt ion to the Western
posts, ,111(1 pallii lll.ir j)li\ ilevjiS Were, .accorded lo ;ill
iiiimi.v;r,iiils. Those who came to Detroit in 1741^
1751 ..and 175.1. h, III v'.irioi is supplies j.;r, anted to them.
In order lo oliKiin iiifnnii.ilioii ,is to the pLiiis of
the I'lciich, or lo pmlest .ii;.iinsl them. <lo\(iiior
I )inw iddie. on Ik li.ilf of \'ii ii^inia. which ( l.aimcd the
teiritoiA, sent Colonel ( leori;e \\',isliiiiv;ton to inli r-
\iew the Knin II cnmm.aml.inl at tin: post on I'rem li
Cn'ck. W'.ashintjton set out on November 14, 175;,.
,111(1 on his return Irij) n.irrowly esijijied beiiiv; in.is-
.s.icred by the lii(li,iiis. After his return, in order to
])rotecl her interests, Vir;.;ini,i deterniilled to erect ;i
fort. In pursu.iiice of this pLiii, in l''ebririry, 1754,
th,il pniviiicc bci^.m the en'ciion of ,1 fort near wli.il
Till-: KKKNCII AND KNGLISM WARS.
233
is now l'iiisl)iir^li ; l)iit in Ajiril fnllowiii),' tlif \'ir-
Vjiiiia troops wvil: driviMi lioiii their pnsitKni |jy liic
In-iiih, who made llu; jilaci- almost impn -I'tiahlc hy
liiiiliiin^ I'orl l)iii|ii('siit'. Its |iosiiion at liu: (diillii-
I III <• of the Allii^hany and Mniiontjahila, which
iiiiilc to form till! Ohio, rendered it a point of unal
I iiiiimenial and strategic iniporlaiire ; and the I'.ni,'-
lisii al om !■ made a desper.ile, etlort to ohlain it.
(ieiieral I'.raddoek, al the head of a lar^je army, was
sent a,i;;iiiisl it, hut on July <), 1757, he was defeated.
In 175.1 or 1755 .\1. i;ij.;()i, inieiulaut of Canada, sent
lliiv^iics |,i((|iies l'(',in, with four hundred milili.i,
,111(1 a i|uaiiiiiy of provisions ;uid jLjoods for lh<;
Indi.ins, to Detroit, and there is stronjr ground for
ilie lielief that a portion of these troops were sent to
join the army that defe;ited Mraddoi k. I'radilion
siys thai .several j'invjlish horses wen- l)rou>;ht here
.liter his defeat.
Diirin,;^ this period immense (|ii,iiiiiii(s of military
supplies Wert! forw.irded from Ii.iik e, .ind the olll-
I crs vied with e.iih other in their ilforls to swindle
ilie ( lovernmeiii by fr.iuduleiil roiilr.ieis ,ind e.xorhi-
i.iiil ih.irj.;es. iaiormous foiiiiiics were thus aieu-
iiiiilaled.
After the defe.'il of Cicneral liraddock sever.il
iiidi.m Iriixs, who h.id formerly been frieiully to the
lln>;lisli, were won over to the I'lcm h, and on Jaii-
ii.iry lo, 1757, a delejf.'ition fromilie I'l.ilhe.id Indians
arrived ;il Detroit to hold .1 rollferenee with M. de
Muy in reij.ird lo imitini^ .iij.iinsi the lamlish.
A dispati h sent from I'orl Diii|iiesne, .iboiii this
linn', i^iven in the I'eimsyKania .Anhives, says :
M. ill' Vaiiilmiil .iiliiplril ;ill |iiissilili' iiiiasiiri's li> cnalilr M.
Iiiiinas liiiiiiikr II KiiiKJ ilifnii i-. Mr has sriit liiin an aliiiiiilaiii
ii|i|ily iif all siirls of aiiiniiiiiilloiis, hy a (Ictaulimnit of llirtr liiiii-
<ln il I '.'lii.'iili.'ins, ivlm, wIlli llii' >;arrisiiM iiiiil ihi' Di'iriilt iiiililiii,
lli.il will In: iirar I'luMi^;!! lo K'< l>> Ills asiiNlaiirr, will ri>iii|i<is(' a
Inn I iif Iwrlvr In lllli'iil hlliull'nl lllcll, rxrlusivt: of llu: IllUiuils,
u lin air <|iMl'' niiini'iiiiis.
On July I J, 1757, M. Wiiidreiiil wroti; to M. de
.Moras from Montreal :
1 have alrrady •• 'viT.-il Irllcrs to llii: rniniiiaiKlanls of
I li'Iriiil and llliiinis, >.. |iiii iluiiisrlviH at thai iiiiiininl in a nui-
ililiiiil 'I Iraiisiiill al tlir opi'iiiiiK of navJKalion, for llir virUial!iii>;
of III.- posts on llii: lii'anlifiil rivrr, tlir larxi'st i|ii.'intily of provi-
loiis of all ilisiriptions that tiny tonlil spair, liy rrslriilinn thi!
sulllcrs lo tlicir mere hubaUleiicc.
In the fall of liiis year, on November 12, 1757, a
p.irly of three hundred Canadians and Indians, i^oinj;
by way of Niaifara, fell upon the (lernian settlers or
I'alatines on llu- Mohawk f'l.its, killed forty, look
iiiie iiundred and fifty eai)li\(s, ;ind eariii'd off an
immense (piantily of yood.s and iivesioek. I'lom
what sources tiiis |).irty was y^.-iliiered is unknown,
hut there are several reasons for believinv^ that al
least a portion of the force wenl from Detroit.
My this timi! the l!n,i,dish had determined to make
a sei;ond allempl to capture Fori Diujuesne, aiul on
October 15, 175S, ;m .illai k was in.ide by M.ijor
(irant. lit: was repulsed, but on the .jKlli of the
followin^j nionih (lenerai I'orhes captured the fori.
lhonj.;h only after it had liecn lintd and abamloned
by the I'leiich. who retreated to Deiroii. A new
fort, called l'"ort I'itt, was al once eieiitd by ihc
linvilish. It was probably their success al i'orl
Du(|uesne thai inspired the attempt to cipiure
Detroit. ISrief mention of this atlempl is made in
one of the pul)lications of the '.Quebec l.iieiMiy anil
I lislurieal Scn-iety. i he recoril .says :
Sli iir ill' 111 llrstrr, havliiK liraril thai tli>' riKiiiy w> ir man hiii^',
put hmisrlf al the In-ail ol Ihi' lliiroiisaiHl olhrr Imlians lo ^h-r
an alt. II k to ihi' aihani •' >;naiit, whh h he (Irli.ili-il. 'Ihi- lltirons
K.ivr siv;ns I iioii^li of Iht-ir liravrry anil in.iilr alioiil twi-nly pris-
onrrs, lull I hi' I iti.iwas ills){riiri'(l tlii'niM'lvi 't in sral|iinx; all iIiohc
Ihr I 1. M. h h.l.l Uilll'll.
'riie l'ji;,;lish ne.xl turned their attention to the c.-ip-
tiire of Niaj^'ara, and |)reparations wer<' therefore
inaile by the I'reiK h al Detroit lo send provisions
lliilher by way of ihe lieantiful kiver, as the Olii.i
was then called. This plan, approved at tlrst, w.is
afterwards sel aside iiecaiise llie pro\isions, ,is one of
the I'rench ollicers s.irc.isiicilly s.iid, "were rc(|iiirrd
for the private and inviiu ibie ir.ide of some person
in liiat very post itself." The same ollicer, who had
prob.tbly been st.itioned al Niavjar.-i, s.iys, " In llic
spnni; of 1751^ one hundred and lifly milili.i. .ilinosi
.ill belon^in.n to I'drl Dii(|uesne, ;ind who h.id win-
tered ;il Detroit, were also dci.iined under prete.M
of the necessily of m.ikiii),' .1 ditch .iroiiiid the sloek-
■ ide fort, which tumbled down imincdi.iti:ly."
( )n M.irch V'. '75'>. < Governor \'.iudreuil wrote
from Monire.il lo M. Merryer:
.\-> I am aw. Ill- o| llu ilrsinns of thr I'.nvilish aj^aiii^l Ni.ix;.ira, I
urilr M. ill' l.i>;ni'ris thai, siipposiii^ that plan' lo lir rially lir-
sIi'UkI. M I'oiiiihot will ri'lain nndir his ordrrs lhii:i' hiindnd
( anadiaiiH whom I had drsixnrd for llir llranlifnl Uivrr, and ihal,
ai 1 oriliiiK n^ li<' will lind ll mi issary, lir will rail to his assislamr
all Ihr foiii's from Dilroii and otlnr |iosis, hIioim I h.iM' orili'rrd
lo M'iidi-/\ oils at I'll sipi' Isli'.
('olonel ilellesire w.is .'il Detroit in .M.iy, only
waiting for orders from i'oiichol to ^o to his relief
.'It Ni.i,t;.ir.i. < 'ii July .24.1 body of twilvc luiii(lrcd
men, from here.ind elsewhere, attempted lo reinforce
thai post, but were .all c.iptiircd or dispersed. ;ind
the ne.xl day the post w.xs .surrendered.
'i'lie c;i|)ilul.ition of N i.aij^.'ir.i cut off comniunic.a-
tioii with tin- I'Vench posts .il V'eu,inv;o, l'res(|ne
Isle, .ind Le Uti-uf, which were blown up, their
j^.irrisons reliriu).; to Detroit.
The jrri-it number of tn)o|)s thus concentrated
here occasioned .i sc.irciiy of |)rovisioiis. " Me.at
witlioul bre.id or corn " w.is distributed to the
troops, and there w.is much ilistress. These dilli-
culties were hn.illy overcome, .and early in June,
i7rKj, more l-'rench troops were sent hither, and
with them were sent .ill the provisions, .irtillery,
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234
THE FRKNCII AM) ENGLISH WARS.
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ammunition, and merchandise that could be stored
away in the bateaux. From this time Detroit
became the preat depot and stronirhold of tlie West.
Meanwliile, on Jantiary 27, tiie English forces
had landed near Quebec, and on September 8,1760,
Canada was surrendered to the English. On the
ne.Kt day Governor \'audreuil wrote a letter to be
delivered to the commandant at Detroit, in which
he stated that the conditions of capitulation were
particularly advantageous to Detroit; that all per-
sons, even the soldiers, were to retain their property,
real and personal, including their peltries. The
soldiers were to be allowed to delegate to some resi-
dent the care of their property, or to sell to either
French or English ; or they might take with them
all portable property. They were to lay down their
arms, and agree not to serve again during the war.
On September 13 Major Robert Rogers, with two
huntlred rangers in fifteen boats, was sent from
Montreal to lake possession of Detroit and other
western posts. He journeyed by way of the St.
Lawrence and the Lakes. On his arrival at Presque
Isle, he was joined by Captain Croghan and the
Royal Americans under Captain Campbell. One
division, under Captain Hrewer, with a drove of
forty oxen, took the land route. The division under
Rogers, which went by water, had a very disagree-
able journey, the waves breaking over the boats and
making their progress both difficult and dangerous.
On November 7, in a cold, drizzling rain, they
landed near Grand River, where they were met by
Pontiac, who demanded how they dared enter his
country without permission. Rogers replied that he
came to drive out the French, who prevented peace
between them. Pontiac warned him that he should
" stand in his path " till the next morning. A formal
council was held at that time, the pijic of peace was
smoked, and then Pontiac accompanied Rogers on
his journey. When still some distance from the
mouth of the Detroit, Rogers sent a letter notifying
Belleslre, the conmiandant at Detroit, of his ap-
proach. On his arrival at a small stream near the
head of Lake F>ie, several Huron chiefs informed
him that four hundred Indians were collected at the
mouth of the Detroit, at the instigation of Pellestre,
to oppose Us passage. The Indians, however,
returned to Detroit without troubling him. and soon
after Rogers received a letter from ISellestre asking
for a copy of the capitulation and the letter of Vau-
dreuil containing instructions regarding it. The
documents were forwarded by Captain Campbell,
and Rogers pushed on towards the fort. When
within half a mile, he received a message from P>el-
lestre surrendering the fort. Lieutenants Leslie and
McCormick, with thirty-six Royal Americans, were
sent to take possession, and on November 29, 1760,
Detroit passed into the hands of the Engli.sh.
The I'rench garrison, at the time of the surrender,
consisted of three oflicers and thirty-five privates;
there were al.so .seventeen English prisoners in the
fort. The French soldiers were sent to Philadelphia
ruid from there returned to France. On December
2, 1760, Captain Campbell wrote to Colonel H.
Boquet:
Tho inhabitants seem very happy at t'-c change o£ government,
but they are in great want of everything. * * * The (ort is
much belter than we expected. It is one of the best stockades I
have seen, but the Commandant's house and what belongs to the
King is in li.'ul repair.
On December 9 Major Rogers left for Mackinaw,
but on account of the ice in the St. Clair River, he
returned on the 21st. On December 23, he de-
parted for Pittsburgh, leaving Detroit in command
of Captain Campbell.
Some of the Indians were pleased to see Detroit
in possession of the English, but others, among them
the Senccas ,-uid the Wyandotts, in June, 1761, con-
spired to murder the garrison, but the attempt was
unsuccessful.
Realizing that it was desirable to hold a council
with the western tribes, Sir William Johnson, who
was superintendent of the northern Indian tribes,
;irranged to go to Detroit, leaving I'Ort Jt)hnson
(now Johnstown, New York) on July 5, 1761,
accompanied by his son, John Johnson, his nephew.
Lieutenant Guy Johnson, Captain Andrew Montour,
and a few Mohawks and Oneidas. At Niagara, on
July 25, they were joined by Major Gladwin, with
Gage's Light Infantry. Gladwin left Niagara on
the 1 2th, and on August 19 Johnson followed with
the Royal Americans, commanded by Ensigns
Slosser and Holmes, and a comjiany from New
York commanded by Lieutenant Ogden. On Sep-
tember 2 they arrived at the entrance to the Detroit
River, and encamped opposite Lois ISIanc Island.
Scjitember 3 they reached Detroit, ami were wel-
comed by a discharge from the cannon at the fort.
Sir William was lodged in the house which had
been occupied by Pellestre, the best there was in the
place. On Saturday the officers of the fort, among
them Colonel du (luesne, dined with him. By this
time the Indians began to assemble, and he com-
menced to distribute the presents he had brought.
On W'ednesday, the 9th, he ordered seats out doors
for a council, as there was "no house half large
enough." The cannon fired at ten o'clock as a
signal for the Indians to assemble, and they did not
break up until five o'clock in the afternoon. On the
nth another council was held, and attended by over
five hundred Indians. On the 13th, the final council
was called, and on the 14th Sir William invited all
the principal inhabitants to dine with him. Three
days Later he left Detroit.
CHAPTER XXXVIII.
THE CONSPIRACY OF PONTIAC.
TiiK transfer of tlic western posts from the French
to the English did not please tiie Indians.
The French had given the Indians very substan-
tial tokens of their friendly feeling, and the Indians
had learned to respect them and tlicir power. An
experience of three years taught them that the I'-ng-
lish gave but few presents, and these at irregular
intervals, and that the luiglish fur-traders paid too
little for their furs and charged too nuich for goods.
Because of these grievances, Pontiac, the Ottawa
chief, formed the design of relieving the entire West
of the presence of the English. In the latter part
ot 1762 he commenced to enlist various tribes in
his project; and on April 27, 1763, at a council of
Ottawas, Potowatamies, and I lurons, held at ICcorce,
his conspiracy was planned. He secured the co-
oper.'ition of several tribes, and some of the French
inhabitants promised their aid.
In pursuance of his plans, about three o'clock in
the afternoon of May i, Pontiac came to pay a visit
to the fort. As he was in the habit of coming to
the fort occasionally, no suspicions would have been
aroused if he had come alone; but on this occasion
he brought with him the unusual number of forty
warriors, and was consequently refu.sed admittance.
Finally he was admitted with about a dozen of his
followers, who strolled through the narrow streets,
while the rest of the warriors amused the soldiers
by dancing the pipe-dance outside the gate. I laving
completed his inspection of the fort and its defences,
Pontiac retired. On the next day he summoned the
Indians to a council, to be held May 5, at the Poto-
watamie village, to arrange details for the attack.
From this council all the women were excluded, and
sentinels were placed about the village to prevent
any betrayal of their plans.
Three days after, while visiting the Ottawa village,
the wife of M. St. Aubin noticed several of the
Indians filing off their guns. On her return to the
fort she mentioned this fact to the blacksmith, who
(onfirmed her fears by telling her that several
Indians had recently been trying to borrow saws
and files for purposes they did not seem willing to
■xplain. The attention of (lladwin was at once
■ailed to these facts, but he did not seem to think
them indications of evil. In the afternoon of the
next day, however, an Ottawa Indian, named Mohi-
gan, came to the fort, sought an interview with the
commander, and exposed the plot. The Pontiac
Manuscript, an ancient French document written at
this time, and found many years after in the garret
of an old French house, between the plate and the
roof, makes no mention of any other informant, but
other annals say that an Ojibway girl, of great
beauty, known by the name of Catherine, for whom
Gladwin had formed an attachment, told him that
Pontiac and sixty of his chiefs were coming to the
fort for the pretended purpose of holding ;i council ;
their guns, which had been cut short, were to be
concealed under their blankets ; and, on Pontiac 's
offering a peace-belt of wampum in a reversed posi-
tion, the warriors were to fall on the garrison.
Early in the morning on the day after the plot
had been revealed, fifteen Ottawa warriors came to
the fort, and were noticeably anxious to ascertain
the location of the English trading stores. Having
been warned in time, Oladwin watched their move-
ments, and at nine o clock the garrison was ordered
under arms. An hour later, when Pontiac with his
followers reached the fort, he saw at a glance the
probable ruin of his scheme. On either side of the
gateway ranks of red-coats stood, their bayonets
glistening in the sun, while the polished brass of the
cannon told of discipline and preparation. Even
the fur traders and their employees, standing in
groups at the street corners, were armed to the
teeth, and the measured tap of the drum resounded
on the morning air. Pontiac, however, coukl not
give up his scheme. Entering by the north gate,
about where the First National Bank is located, he,
with his warriors, moved along the street, silent and
stolid, but with war-whoops close at their lips and
hatred raging in their hearts.
It was no part of (lladwin's policy to exhibit fear,
and all the savages who came were freely admitted.
iJefore twelve o'clock sixty warriors had gathered at
the council-house. This was near the river, south
of the present Jefferson avenue and between dris-
v/old and Shelby Streets. On reaching the door
they found (iladwin with his officers ready to receive
them, and the observant sons of the forest did not
fail to notice that each wore a sword at his side and
1.2351
236
THE CONSIMRACV OK I'OXTIAC.
pistols ill his belt. I'ontiac aiul liis warriors eyed
each other with uneasy fiances, and at last the
cliieflaiii said, " Why do I ste so many of my
father's youni; men stanchnij in the streets with
their Julius?" Cdadwin, lhroii,i(h his interpreter l.a
Hutte, replied liiat he had ordered the soldiers under
arms for the sake of exercise and discipline. The
conftTence then opi'Ued, I'ontiac, holdini; in his hand
the wamjium belt which was to x'ive the fatal sii^nial,
he commenced by professin.ij; stroni^ attachment to
the Kn.nlish, and declared that he had come to smoke
the pipe of peace and brii;hten the chain of friend-
ship. In the course of his speech he raised the
wam|)um, as if about to j^ive the sii;nal of attack ;
at that instant (iladwin moved his hand, and im-
mediately the clash of arms and the din of drums
were heard at the door. I'ontiac stood like one
bewildered, till (lladwin, rising-, drew aside his
blanket, exposed the hidden ,i;un, and sternly re-
buked him for his treachery. Me then assured the
Indians that friendship would be extt:nded towards
them as loiijr as they deserved it, but threatened
swift vcniLjeani'e for the I'lrst ai^j^ressive act. The
council tlicn broke up, and with minyled feelinjrs of
surprise and rage, the Indians retired.
I'ontiac, it is said, suspected the Ojibway girl of
revealing the plot, and seal four Indians to her wig-
wam. They seized her, took her before (iladwiii,
and asketl if it was not through her he had learned
of the conspiracy. Of course, they obtained no
satisfaction. They were, however, treated to bread
and beer, and dismissed. Tradition says that lliey
then took the girl to I'ontiac, who, with his own
hands, gave her a severe beating. She lived many
yiars after, but became intemperate, and while in-
toxiiated fell into a kettle of boiling niaple-syriip,
and was fatally burned.
On the same day that the council was held. Lieu-
tenant Robinson, Sir Robert Davers,' and two sol-
diers, while taking .soimdings at the head of St. Clair
River, were capturetl by the Indians, and one ac-
coimt .says lliat the body of Uavers was boiled anil
eaten. A letter from Captain Donald Campbell to
Sir William Johnson, dated Detroit, June y, 1762,
thus alludes to this unfortunate otfker: " Sir Robert
Davers passed the winter with us ; it was a great
addition to our small society. Sir Robert is a very
accomplisbetl young gentleman and an excellent
companion."
On Sunday, May 8, at five o'clock in the after-
noon, I'ontiac, with .several of the principal chiefs,
came to the fort, bringing a piin: of peace, as though
to fully convince the garrison of his friendship and
sincerity. The next day, at seven o'clock in the
' Tho name (if this linker is sdiiutinu'S givunas Davis aiulsmniv
limes as DaiiviTs. l>iiv<Ts, howivcr, is |iriibabl/ correct,
morning, six of the Indian warriors came, but see-
ing the garrison uniler arms they soon wi:nt oil.
The same day, about ten o'clock, fifty-six canoes,
with .seven and eight men in each, crossed the rivci
from their camp on the Canaila side, coining toward
the fort. The g.ites were shut at once, and the in-
terpreter sent to tell them that not more than fifty
or sixty chiefs would be admitted at a time. I'on-
tiac told the interpreter to return and say that unless
all his people were given free access to the fori,
none of them would enter it; and that the Mnglish
might .stay in their fort, but the Indians would keep
the country, ("loing to the house of an old Knglish-
woman named Turnbull, who with her two sons
lived on the common and cultivated seven or eighi
acres, they proceeded to put their threat into execu-
tion. The shrieks of the inmates and the yells of
the Indians soon warned tho.se within the fort that
the first blood had been shed at Detroit.
The Indians ne.Kt proceeded to Hog Island, where
they killed twenty-four cattle belonging to the gar-
rison. They also massacred James Fisher, his wife,
two children, and two soldiers who were on the island.
.Some accounts say that two of Msher's children
were carried off as captives, and that four soldiers
were killed, also a man named ("loslin ;nid I'"isher's
servant. In the afternoon I'cjiitiac moveil his entire
camp to this side of the river. The number of
Indians under his direction at this time is variously
e.stimated at from six Inmilred to two thousand.
V^ery early in the morning of the lolh the .savages
began to fire on the fort and on the vessels Heaver
and (ikidwin which lay in front of the town. Tluy
gathered in large numbers behind several buildings
outside of the fort, but within easy range, from
whence they shot into the stockade. The garrison
had but one cannon fit for use ; this was loaded with
red-hot sjiikes, and tired at the houses behind whidi
the Indians had gathered; the buildings were soni,
wrap[ieil in tiames, and the disconcerted savages
fled amid the jeers .'mil cheers of the soldiers.
(ll.idwin thought the whole affair but a sudden
freak of temi)cr, which would soon subside ; and
being in great want of provisions, he resolved to
open negotiations in order to obtain supplies. The
interi)reter, with Messrs. Chapoton and Jac(iiiis
("lodfroy, was disij.itched to the camp of I'ontiac I"
demand the rea.son of his conduct, and to declare
the connnandant's readiness to redress any rc.il
grievance. La Butte and his companions soon camr
back to the fort, saying that peace might readily br
had by making the Indians a few presents. At I'on-
tiac's .suggestion, Major Campbell, Lieutenant Mc-
I )ougall, and others went to his camp for the purpose
of holding a council with him. M. (iouin wariml
them that treachery was meditated, but they con-
cluded to go, and paid dearly for their temerity, fi-r
'IllI': CONSIMUACV ()!•■ I'ONTIAC.
I'Diitiac at once scizi'd thcin and dctaiiu'd llicin as
])iis()iK-r« ill llu- lioiisc of M. Mcloclu'. Soim; of llic
I iciuli will) sympathized witli I'ontiac advised the
i;;irrisoii to escape on board llu; vi^sscls, sayinif tliat
ilic Indians would surely eapturc the fort. At one
nine it looked aslhouv,di their words would prove true.
I'll- the Indians av^ain surrounded the storkadi', and
k' |)l up an incessant lirinj;' from morning- till ni.i;ht ;
(liiiini^ till! same day the soldiers shot ri'd-hol bolts at
i\M) barns which al'fordi'd shelti-r to thi; Indians, and
the buil(lin>;s were consumed, and at nit;ht a |iarty
sallied out ;uid burned other houses which had pro-
Ircied the Indians. As a further measure of safety,
llie bai.^\;a.s4e of the garrison was carrit'd abo.u-d tlu;
vessels, with the mulerstandinij that, at a i;i\in sii^-
Uiil, they weri' to sail for Ni,ii;,ira.
The next dav, May 13, Mr. Hopkins, cajuain of a
new company, with forty volunicers, went out and
M'l lire to other houses near the fort, and .all except
two were biu'ned. As soon as this comp.any re-
liiined, Lieutenant Il.iyes with ihii'ly men went out
.ind set tire to two barns bihind the fort. On the
fiillowinir d.iy twi:lve of the most respect.ible l'"rench
inhabitants went to I'ontiac ,ind besoimhl him to
.stop the w.ir. 'i'he s.anie d.iy .1 si'ri(i'anl, with twenty
men, si't tire to two more barns. On .May 15 ,in
(iHicer with forty men went out and tlestroyed a
hoiisi' l)elon.!.;in,if to M. La liuttt! ; they ;dso cut down
orch.irds and leveled fences until the jL^roimd about
tlu; fort was clear and open.
Meanwhile the sie,v;i' went on. i'ontiac endeavored
to prevent supplii'S from re.ichinir the fort, by warn-
in,i( the inhabitants, under penalty of de.ith, not to
carry provisions there. I lad his orders bteii obeyed,
thi: ujarrison would have bi'en compelled toab.indon
the post; but the friendly services of some of the
inh.ibitants on both sides of the river supplied their
wants. M. liaby, a prominent habitant proved him-
self a friend in need, provitlini,' the jrarrison with
cattle, ho.ii;s, and other supplies, which he bnnij^dit
,ii nii^ht from his farm to the fort. There was, how-
( \ir, jiressinjf need of lari^er supplies and reinforce-
nicnls, and on May 21 the schooner (dadwin was
(lisp.itched to Ni;ij.jara to li.asten their eoniinif.
.Mc.uuvhile, in order to provide weapons for ile-
fcnce, the iron .and steel from the warehouse were
l.'ikcn to live blacksmith, anil on May 23 two men
he^an to work this material into clubs, lances, and
lii'oks, and thouji^h the weapons were rude, there is
lie doubt that, had they been needed, they would
li;ive ilone jrood .service in the hands of the traders
and their eiuployee.s.
As the siejfc projj^resseil provisions became every
il.iy more scarce, and on M,iy 24 Lieutenant Hay
ar I judjje LeCirand starched all the French houses
fi ! supertluous articles of food. Receipts were ijiven
fi what was taken, and all that eoukl be collected
was deposited in the public stonihou.se. Supplies
could be brought in only from the river-side, and the
soldit'rs who went thither for any purpose were con-
stantly lired upon by the Indians.
On May 2<S the Indians erected a b.irric.ide of lim-
ber on the wt'st side of the town near St. Martin's
House, in after \eais known as the Cass House on
t'.iss l'";u'm; the soldiers discovt'red it, s.illii'd out,
and it was soon destroyed. On May 30 the lonij-
looke 1-for .and lont(-(lel,iyed bo.its, with the Mnnlish
ll.iv; llyini^. wi'i'i' seen coming up the river, and the
).;uns of the fort and the chet'rs of the n.irrison b.ide
them welcome. Tlu'lr joy was of short diM'.ation,
for it was soon discovered that the boats were in
possession of tlu; s.ava.yjes. They li.id been c.iptured
by tilt: Indians while the detachment w.as .about to
encamp .it I'oint I'elet', only two b.ate.uix out of ten
esca|)ini^. ( )ne of tlu; two s;i\'ed cont.iinecl seven
b.irrels of jxirk ;iiid .1 b.irrel of Hour. On llu; next
day I'ontiae's forces were incre.ised by llu; arriv.il of
two hundred Indi.ins f|-oni .S;i,v;in,iw. ( )n June 2
(il.idwin rect'i\f(l, through ;in Lnv^lish rnitrrur i/e
/'i>/.s-, a letti'r sent by Major C.ini[)l)ell, who w.is still
in llu' h.inds of tlu; Indi.ins. The Idler li.id been
c;il)lure(l with the b;u;.;i'S the Last of M.iy, .and w.as
enclosed with one from .in ollieer ;il N'i.ii^.ir.i to .1
friend at Mi.anii. It s.iid pi'.ace h.id been concluded
by the treaty of .St. (lermain-cn-Laye. This was,
indeed, jjjood news, and though there weri' s.av.ii^es
outside, there was joy inside the fort ; in the e\eninir
an instnmienial concert w.as liiven, .and tlu; sentinels
p.aced their rounds with tirmer tre.id.
L.arly on the niorniuii;' of June 16, for the lirst
lime since the sievji', the Anj^rclus w.as runir, and the
measured strokes of llu; swei't-loned bell, re|)eated
tliree tHiies o'er, niornini^, noon, and night, soolhed
;ind (}uieted the inhabitants of the beleaguered town.
Durinfj these d.iys the Indi.ins h;id surromided and
captured Mack-inaw, ,uid on June 18 I'ather ilu
Jaiui.iy, a Jesuit ])riesl, brouj^ht letters from the
captured ol'licers lelliji)^ of the dis.a.ster. He left
the fort on June 20, .and rc.achcd M.ackin.iw June 30.
In the fort provisions bei.ime incre.isini;ly scarce,
.and on June 22 Commiss.iry Hay .and the judjje
made their fourth round i-olleciimr provisions from
the inh.ibit.ants. On June 26 .several soldiers re-
ported th.it two Indians had been seen the previous
ni^lit eiilcrinn- .a house. Captain Hopkins with
twenty-four men went out and surrouiuk'd the
house, but instead of indi.ins ihcy found two sows
and their pile's. Tliey look them to the fort, — the
prize beinjr a better one than they h.id expected to
.seize.
A whole month of .anxiety, unrest, .and scarcity
had now been experienced ; but relief was near at
h.ind. On June 30, about four in the .afternoon, a
schooner arrived with twenty-two men of tlie Thir-
23«
1 hi; (ONSl'IKAiN' nl I'O.NTIAC.
li; ill Kc ;iiiiiiii, l.ii iiiciiani ( 'ii)l(r and twciity-i i;.;lil
iiii-ii i/f ( 'apiaiii Ilupkiiis' Kaii^c-fs, toijcllicr with
niic liiiiidiid and fifty haiirls (jf ])r<)visii)i)s and a
i|iianl;;y nf aniniiniil inn. 'I he ' csscls liail a naiTnw
escape as llicy passcil riTS(|U(: Isle, nnw l.rii-,
I't iinsyK'ania, ilial ]ila( <r lia\iny luiii (aiiiund hy
Indians will) wfnl fi'iiin I iciruii. ahmiL Jiiik; Id. i Mi
dii; same day thai liu; \rsscl aiii\(il, Jacinn-s Si.
.Marliii with liis family s()ii;^iil irfii'^e in ihe fnii.
Hnjnly l " llim; oxen, ihife riiws, and Iwo caKcs
lanu; lowing and Mealing U> the gateway," ihe
Indians frnm whose cami) ihry ii.nl escapid ( ha^in:^^
ihein as near ihe fuit as tiny daicd. Allhoii'^h the
Indians were nnl welcDine, ihe bovilies were, as
fresh meal was a rarily. 'ihe iiexl day i.ieiitenanl
Me! )()n;;all, w ho had heeii a eapt ive sine(; Ma)' lo,
est aped, and with tlir<-e oilier while men returned
lo tin: fori. < >ii Uk; .same day I'oiitiae held a eonin il
wilh the ]■ reiieli inh.ihilanls on Ijolh sides of llie
river, and tried lo compel ilieni lo .'issisi iiim, bnl
they refused, .assertini^ llial ihey were honnd by llie
terms of the capit nl.it ion. Some of the younger
men, however, offered ilieir .aid, in spite of the oppo-
sition of the older /idh/'liuis, bill I'onliae was i)re-
\ailed iipijii to refuse their ser\'iees. < in July 3 M.
iSaby, with his f.amily and j^oods, sought refiii^c in
the; fori, and on the same day the commandanl
called tin; people together, and read the Articles of
I'eaie eoncluded b<iween the l''rench and the J'ln^-
lisli.
'] he next d.ay tli<; I'lench were ori,rani/ed into a
company of milili.i; liiey sel<;cted .\Ir. .Sterlinj,'' for
their < ommander, an<l were provided wilh arms and
ammnniiion. The same day a parly, led by I.ieii-
tenanl ll.iy, .started for .M. liaby's lioiise to i^et
sotne ])owd<T .and lead which li.ad l)een left there.
Meeting' the nephew of ;in Ojibway rliief, one of
the men killed him, lore off his scalp, .and shook it
tow.ards the enemy ; wliereii|)on liis uncle ran to .Mr.
.Meloche's lioiise, where John Campbell w.as con-
hiied, .seized liiin, bound him to ;i fence, .and killed
him wilh .arrows, .aftcrw.ards < uttiiiv;' off his lie.ad,
•and icarinj^ out .and caliii:^ his heart. This ineiiient
.awakened renewed fear of ,a ioiii,^ sievje, and (jii July
8 m.iny (jf the prim ii).al inli.ibitants brou^dit their
;.((j()ds witliiri the fort for s.afe keepini^; one of tluMn,
.\Ir. M.aisouville, broiii^ht o\cr ti\-e boatlo.ads, coii-
taiiiinvc ten thous.and ixnmds of furs .and lead.
.M.ijor ( il.idwiii li.id .a |)oor opinion of some of the
inli.ai)itants. In .a letter to (icner.al Amherst he
s.ays, " I dare s.ay that before lonv^ we sli.all see th.ii
li.alf of the colonists deserve the gibbet and that the
other half be dispersed. However, tliere arc a few
lioni-sl men .amonjr them, --,M. Nav.arre and the
two llabys, — .and my inti;rprcters St. M.artin and L.i
Ikittc."
liein;^ dis.appointed in their efforts to st.arve out
the n.irrison, the Indi.ins soiivjht to burn the vesscN
.anchored in the iiv<r, tlirou,i^h wliii h sui)|jlies vscie
obtained. Tiny lilted up ,a i.ilt wilh f.ai^ots of
birch-li.ark ,nid tai', .and on July 10 |)usht d il into tin
middle of the stream, .ami si i it (jn lire, but the v<'s-
sels sheered olf, .and no daiii.ii^c w.is done. Tin \
then shot burning .arrows iiiio the slock.ide, whi< li
lod:.^cd on tin: housis and set tlicm on lire. Tin
lii'cs wi-yr. c\iiii;^fuislK-d, but so i^real .and so conlinii-
oils w.is tin ir d.antjer that for many weeks the j.;.arri-
soii slept in llicir clothes svitli their arms by llieir
side.
Iroiii time to lime during the piw^ress of tin
sie;;e the two vessels under dLidwin's eoinin.im!
sailed down the river, disi h,ar;.^inv; shot inio (In
Imli.in vill.i^cs. I' in.ally the Wy.andotis ,aml I'oto
xs.ilaniies, weariecl with hostilities, soiij^hi for peace ,
;iiid on their retiirniin^ the 1 .iplives in their |)osses
sioii, peace w.is made with them. .Soon .aflcr, on
July 29, twenty-two b.irtjes .arrived with two hundred
.and ta'.i^hty men from tin- lifly-fifth .and l'Jv;lili<tli
Reijiiuents, includin;^ tueiiiy independent Raii^^t'is
commanded by Major l\.obert Roi^ers of New
IIami)shire ; the vessels also broiii^dit several cannon
.ami .a l.ari^c .amount of jirovisions, tin: whole in
( h.arije of (.'.apt.ain l),ilycll. The b.irr.nks wa^re too
small lo .aeeuiunKAlale so lar^e a fcjree, .and tin
soldiers were (luarlercd .imon.i,' the inli.abitants.
C,aj)t,ain D.alyell, who had been ,a companion ol
Isr.acI I'liliiani in m.aiiy d.arim;- exploits, besom^ht of
Campbell the privilege of .iiiackin^ the Imli.ans in
their camp. c;.anipbell opposed the plan, but linalls
j^.avc a relnct.int consent, .and on July 31, ,at two
o'clock in the niornin^-, wilh two hiimlred .and lift\
men in three dcla<liinenis, lJ,al)-ell m.arched up tin
ri\'er ro.ad, sup[)orle(l by (wo i.ar^e b;ile.au.>i armed
wilh .a swi\'el.
Through treachery I'onti.ic li.id been inforrned of
Captain I Jalyell's pl.aii, .and wilh his warriors w.as
lyiiii^ in .ambush .at I'.arcnl's ( Jeek, iie.ar .a n.arrow
wooden britli^n; \siiich then sp.anned tlie creek, .1
little south of the present Jefferson A\'enue. As
D.alyell's force ne.ir<(| the bridge, the I'ldians coin-
ineiiced lo lire. The soldiers ch.ar^cd .across tin-
bridge, but their foes were eome.aled from viesv.
The Indians h.ad every ,adv.int.a.i(e, and the force, led
I)y C.a|)t.ain ( ir.ant, letre.atc^ii. While trying to savi-
a wounded soldier, iJ.alyell himself w.as shot de.ad.
Meantime, Captain Rogers look possession of tin
hoiis(! of .Mr. C.iinp.an, near th<; river, i)etween wh.ai
is now Uiibois .and Chene Streets on I'riv.ate Cl.aini
No. 91, or the J.ames Camp.ai I'" .arm. Comiminici-
tion w.as soon established with tlu! fort, reinforci'-
ineiits obt.ained, and .about six hours .after their
dei).irture the del.acliment returne(l, with .a loss of
twenty-one men, of whom three weia; t.ikeii caijlive
and eighteen killed; thirty-eight were wounded.
alcil,
■ ihoi:
It w,-
t.Sj.,
ing ,
'nln-i
the I
hliriei]
Uoo.l
"pcuec
bodies
and pi
lesl.int
W'ooiKi
Wliat
' anie (,
'■■Down.
Six ,
haltleof
a .sclioiin
'■ighly b,-
■sions, .a
"f ii.awil
some
U'liil.: on
' I'-U' Were
'■"Uie \\u\\
'y o\-erpo\\
'■'">■ esc,ap(
list ,J I,
'■l.idwin
"eaver Wi
l"'ocurct|-,,i
plies. Wii
\\ay (,;„:k,
■" (aiiisli
'"■■^t and ;i|
'■'Xhly-live I
'A'in.
'^'1 .Aiigii.-
•il 'Detroit, 01
'"'•I. 'I're.i.l
'i"t realised.
""'i'.i,di ilu; I
'''■id neitlier \
) t'ley burned
^'■'"11 tfio fort.
vith forty-sc'v
■'nd sixty barn
• '■'^t (jf August
IIll': CONSl'lKACN' OF roNl lAC.
239
I'r.Klilinii says lliat an old uliilcwund ncc, siaiiilin;^
111 llic soiilli side iif |(llrrsiiii .\\inuc, jiisl licyiiiid
Adair Strccl and ilu- wniks nf tlir Mirlm^aii .Si()\c
( uiiipaiiy, was a silcni uitncss nl ihc icirihlc
■-laii^liliT of that early nioniiiii;, and ilic lice lor
many years has been 1 alleil •• The I'oniiae 'Iree."
and six Mohawk Indians. < )n Se|)ienil)er ;, in ihe
inorninv;, she enlered iln- ri\er, where she was
allaeked by alioni lliree hnndred and hfly Indians.
'I'Ik erew delended iheniselves liraNcly, <!( fealed the
Indians, and leaijied hclroii in safel)'.
■| he loll()s\in.i; leiier Ironi ( apiain ('.ladwin is of
The hody of (apiain I )alyel|, slioekin,i;ly niaiil- speeial inleresi, as il e\ idenily refers lo lliis parliin-
an-d, was broiiv^hi lo ihe lorl by younj^ Mr. Ca.npan, l.irailaik. 'Ihi l.n^lish dislrnsi of the i'lcneli, so
.iboni three o'( lo( k in ihe .iliernoon of ,\ii;<nsi 1. presMJeni in th.ii d.ay. is nianifesled by no uncertain
It was buried in tin- Kinv;'s ( lardin, ,ind .is Lite ,is uoixls. 'I'lii; ( .ijii.iin s.ays :
I.Sj.l .1 i;|-;n-eslone ereeled to his ineniory Wassl.llKl-
111;; in the L;ronnds.
I liiier ollieeis slain at
die lime were also
liliried there. When
\\'oo(lblid;<e .Street w;is
opened, sonic of the
bodies were l.lkcll n|)
.mil placed in ;l I'ro-
lesl.inl cliiirehyard on
Woodwanl /Xveiine.
W'lial .ifurw.irds be-
I inie of thein is iin-
I.Mown.
Six days .after llu;
l),illle of llloody lilids^ir
,1 s( liooner arrived with
eii^hty barrels of provi-
sions, a lap^it (|U,inlity
of ii.aval stores, ,ind
some nierch.indise.
While on the w;iy llit;
I rrw were .itt.ackeil by
some Indi.ms .and near-
ly ovcrijowercd, but liii-
.illy ese.ipt'd. ( )ll All.v(-
iist I ] tin' schooner
< il.idwin .and sloo|)
lli'.avcr Were sent lo
proiaire troops .and sup-
plies. \\'liil(! on their
A.iy back, on Aii.;(ust 2(S, llu- sloop w.as wrecked
at Citlish (,'reek, on I, .ike I'.rie. iler i^nns were
lost .and .all li<:r c.arv(o except one liimdred .and
eighty-live barrels, wIik 1 1 were savi'd by the (il.id-
win.
On /\n,i(tist 7.1) two keys were found in tiic street
'I'liic l'w.\ii.\i: Tkiu'.,
I >!■ I UMfl , ( li 11,1)11 ■/, i7'i).
I)i-..\K Sii;,
Wliiil with hiiMiMss, vix-
;itlnii, :iiiil ilis;i|>|ii>jiiini<'iil, I
li;i\r 1 .in I- IiikI linn In lliirik
of .'iny liiirKJ, tiiin h l> sv t>i
\oitr 1.1 lliiiii, lliinl.in I
lli'lir )(»ll w ill iM llsi- III) si-
li'iK ('. I < ;uii(' liillii r iiiii< li
ax;;iilisl my u ill, Inn -.i i in,^
tvll.'ll wnlllll li;i|>|>l'n ; I ;ini
I1ICMI14I1I iiiln :i SI r;i|ii , ;iiiil
l( 11 ill il ; lliihv^s ntf I \|irt till
i>i lllc tll.'ll 1 .lll'l Im- |M'l'fnrtnr(l;
I < iiiilil wish I liiiil <|iiilli:il llii:
srrvii 1: srvi n vciirs j^n, aii'l
that soini'ln'(ly '■I'^i' i niMin.'inii-
r(l hen-. I sli;ill s;iy iinlhin^;
in it-K'i"' 1" "1" alhiii's, as
yiMi will liiai' rnoii^h n( it lir-
Inw ; llllt I I nrlnsi- ymi somr
papi Is ( 0111 ( minx: I'l'' soHiii-
iln I inlialiitaiits nf llitioit,
and thr drstnii linn n| the
niil|)Msls,wliirli, jii itiaps, may
anillsr ynll fnr half .-(11 llnlir.
I»ani<l ililiMiifl nil' ynnr
lillci tn CapLiin lialycll,
wllii II I InnI: lllr lilii ily In
oprn, kiinwiii^ il < nno-mi (1
tlir scr\ i< '•; I riiKlthi- lixli.-ins
(Mnh.iwk-) In 1)1- viry failh
fill .'ind ready to iln aiiythiii);
they .'irf dcslrrd ; the I'Vi-nrh
alli injili'd In hlai kill tin in
by insinii.'itiii;.,' th.it tiny lie
traytd ihi: vrssri, hut I since
find tlial two srnniidril
[■'rem limin, tlial w< lit nii
hnard tn srll ^rcr-iis, st t the Indians iipnii till- allrinpt.
I hnpf I shall \utvr the pli-asiirc nf scciii;; ynll snon, cither here
nr lielnw, hiil I would I house ihe latter. I am with tin: ^^realest
esiecin, I liar Sir,
N'oiiriiinsl hiiinhli- sirs-ani,
Ml'.NKV < Il.AllW IN.
On October 3 ;t schooner arrived with one liuii-
It Detroit, one of which titled ihe sm.ill ,t;.ale of the (ired .and ei!,4hty-live b.irrels of pro\isions, .and e.arly
lort. Treachery was fe.ared, but these fe.ars were in the tnoiith .M.ajor W'ilkins, with six hnndrcil
not re,ili/,ed. The f.all found the fort still besiei^cd, troops, left Ni.iv^.ir.a to relieve !)etroit, but w.as .at-
ilioii.v;li the Indi.ins wen- i^re.illy sc.attcred, .as they t.icked by the liidi.ans ,and fon cd to relnrii. The
li.ad neither provisions nor shelter. On September force .ai;;tin st.artcd, but .a storm on I, .ike laic c.iiiseil
', they burned , a windmill about three hundred y.ards liie loss of sixteen out of forty-si.x b.ate.anx, three
Irom the fort. Two d.ays Later llu' (U.adwin .arrived oMicers, .and seventy men. toijether with lifty-two
with forty-seven barrels of (lour and one linndred b.arrels of provisions .and other stores, .and ,ai(.ain the
and sixty b.arreis of pork. She h.ad left Ni.iv^.ar.a the troops were forced to return to .NLa^r.ar.a. News of
last of August, with a captain, a crew o( eleven men, tlie last disaster was contained in a letter from
240
THE CUNSl'IRACY OF I'OXTIAC.
Major Wilkins to Ciladwin, brou^ijlu, concealed in
liis |)(>\\(ltr-horn, tin: middle of November, by a
friendly Wyandotte Indian.
The Indians had evidently learned that Major
Wilkins with a slronj^ fort'e was on his way to De-
troit, and on October 12 a chief of the .MississaLij,nias
Came to the fort, ostensibly to sne for peace. A
truce was then agreed upon, and Oladwin made use
of it to gather pro\isions for the winter, of which
the garrison was in great need. During the seven
weeks prenous to October 19 the soldiers had re-
ceived but live pounds of tlour and one lialf gallon
of wheat each per week.
On October 29 M. Decpiindre brought to i'ontiac
a letter from M. Neyon, the French commandant at
Fort Chartres on the Mississippi, dated Sei)tember
27, saying that he woukl give him no help; anil on
the ne.xt day he brought a letter to the fort giving
the same information. Soon after most of the In-
dians left the vicinity, and as the winter was coming
on, antl su|)plics for the garrison were uncertain.
Major (dad win tlecidetl to reduce his force to two
luHulred and twelve men, as that was as many as
he could lake care of. The rest were sent to Niag-
ara, where they arrived on the 27th of November.
The winter passed .away without excitement of any
kind. On the evening of March 1 1 an attempt was
made, prob.ibly by some traitor, to tire the maga-
zine, but the brand fortunately went out without
accomplishing its purpose.
On June 4 His Majesty's birthday was celebrated
by the discharge of three volleys from the troops
and three discharges from the cannon. His health
was drunk on |)arade by all the ot'ticers, and several
I'Yenchmen who were invited guests, and at night
the town was illuminated.
On June 28 tlie schooner \"iitory arrived from
Niagara in coin|)any with a new schooner, the Bos-
ton. .\s the fort and settlement were still in dan-
ger, Oeneral Ciage, the commander-in-chief, resolved
to chastise the Indians by carrying the war into their
own country. Two expeditions were therefore fitted
out, — one, under Colonel IJoiiuet, to proceed byway
of Fort Pitt against the Indians between the Oh'o
and the Lakes; and tlie other, under Colonel ISrad-
street, to proceed against the Northern Indians by
way of Lakes Erie and Ontario to Detroit. Brad-
street's forces assembled at Albany; they I'onsisted
of three hundred Canadians and nine hundred colo-
nial troops, two hundred and nineteen of the num-
ber from Connecticut, and commanded by .\L'ijor-
C.eneral Israel Putnam. They reached Niagara the
last of June. I lis force was there joined by three
hundred Iror]uois, under .Sir Jr^hn Johnson and 1 Icnry
Montour, and by nearly one hundred ( )jibways and
Mississauguas, under the command of Alexander
Henry. These last soon became disalTei'tcd and
left. The army reached Detroit on August 26, \y(>4_
bringing provisions and clothing, and ihe garrison,
which had been confined to the ramparts for fiftetn
months, was now relieved. Their joy was so great
that for the time being military ilistipline was almost
lost sight of. Chests and bales were eagerly opened,
new suits donned, and the dangers of the past were
forgotten in the delights of security and plenty.
Pradstreet's force was the largest body of troops
that had ever been seen at Detroit ; and when the
scores of bateaux and barges thronged the river, and
the troo])s landed with all the pomj) of military dis-
play,— colors flying, bugles blowing, and drums
beating, — the Indians were at once so ovi'rwhelm-
ingly convinced of the power of the English that
they made no further resistance to their domin.i-
tion ; and were no longer to be counted as the allies
of the French. On August 30, by order of the
commandant, all the inhabitantsover fifteen years of
age appeared t(j renew their oath of allegiance. The
next day ( lladwin was relieved of his command, and
went east the day following.
On September 7 a council was held, .and a treaty
(jf peace concluded with several of the tribes. The
next day Captain Howard and Alexander Henry,
with three hundred Canadians, left for Mackinaw.
Pradstreet iiKiuired about and punished such of the
Canadians as had aided the Indians. .Some of
them, however, did not await the result of his
inijuiries, but lletl before his arri\al.
Among those whom Pradstreet proposed to pun-
ish— even by hanging — was Jacques dodfroy ; but
on his prnniising to act as guidi' for Captain Morris,
in an expeiiilion to the Illinois Indians, he was
released. He accompanied Captain Morris on his
trip, saved his life .several limes, ;md returni'd with
him to Di>troit on .September 17, the mission h.aving
accomplished nothing. Thi-ec days before their re-
turn. ( 'icneral Pr.adstreet set out for S.andusky. leaving
behind seven comi)anies of soldiers as a reinforce-
ment for the garrison. lie remained at .Sandusk}'
until October 18, when he embarked his forces for
Niagara. \\'hen near Rocky Rix'cr, on Lake Kr'w,
a storm arose, which destroyed twenty-five of the
bateaux antl most of the baggage and .ammunition.
The soldiers were consequently obliged to go by
land ; they struggled through the wilderness, suffer-
ing great hardships, and some of them did not
reach Niagar.i until the last of December, 1764.
In February, 1765, Captain George Croghan,
accompanietl by Lieutenruit I'"razer and a small
gu.ird, was sent west by Sir William Johnson to
distribute presents to the Indians, and thus prepare
the way for the coming of English troops. Near
the mouth of the Wabash Croghan and his party
were made prisoners by the Kickapoos, and taken to
Vincennes, and from there to Ouatanon, where
IIIK CONSIMKACY OF I'OiNTIAC.
241
Criij^liaii fouml fiiLiids, and their captivity ciuli'd.
Wliilu on liis way U) \isit l^'ort L'hartrcs, by invitation
of tlic coinniaiulant, Croglian nut I'ontiae, anil con-
(•iuilud a tnaty of pcaic. lie then gave up the
visit to Cliartrc's. and with I'ontiae started for
Detroit, where they arrived y\uj,fiist 17, 17^)5, and
on Sc[)teniher 26 Croi,diaii left for N'iav;ara. His
treaty with I'ontiae ended tiie war ; Detroit alone of
ill the western posts had held out ;,,ainst the
Indians until peace was thus declared.
In tlu' sprint; of 17(^)9 the Indians ai^ain hecanu'
troublesome, .and there was much alarm at Detroit;
as another war seemed inuiiinent, the traders did
not venture west, and the inhabitants began to
fortify.
Conciliatory measures were, however, adopteil ;
the indi.ms |)roved more docile, and frf)m this time,
under British rule, there w.is in Detroit but little fi'ai
of trouble with the Indians.
I'uNllAC'h CuNbl'lUACV KliVliALliU, AS KEl'KlihUM l;u IN Tllli Pai.ntino bV J. M. ijlA.Sl.lCV,
CHAPTER XXXIX.
THE REVOLUTIONARY WAR.— BRITISH AND INDIAN WARS AND FIRST AMERICAN
OCCUrATlUN OF DiyiRorr. — FRENCH AND SPANISH INTRIGUES.
■riiK kKV()i,i;ii<)XAuv \v.\k.
WllKN the war of iiulcpciKlcnre hcy.'in in the
l''ast, its fffccts were imnK'diatcly fi'lt in Detroit.
Martial law was established in this re_i,non and in all
the British i^rovinces, by proclamation of (liiy Carl-
ton, on June 9, 1775, and deliberate and remorseless
plans were made for Indian forays from this |)ost.
'l"he Government feared that the rebel settlers in
the West would seek to aid their brother colonists
of the East and the South ; and they cspet'ially
dreaded an attack upon Detroit by the brave pioneers
on the Ohio and in Western X'irjrinia. The ICni^lish
knew well the importance of this place, as the i^ate-
way of the West, and they lost no time in availing
themselves of the help of their Indian allies in their
efforts to retain their western possessions. In order
the more el'fectu.ally to interest the savages and
secure their co-operation, the oHice of lieutenant-
governor and superintendent was created for the
three posts of Detroit, Michilimackinac, and Vincen-
nes. This oflice did not exist in the West except
at the three posts named, and it was unknown prior
to and ceased with the close of the war t)f the revo-
lution. Captain Henry Hamilton, of the I'ifteenth
Regiment, was appointed for Detroit, Patrick Sin-
clair for Michilimackinac, and Edward Abbott for
Vincennes.
It has been said that Hamilton was appointed
under the Ouebec Act by Governor Carlton, and
that various military oflicers, including the com-
mandant at Mackinaw, were under him, rmd that he
had charge of the entire Northwest; but none of
these statements are correct. The (Quebec Act con-
tained no provisions that could have any bearing on
this oTice. All three of the aj^pointments were made
by the l.arl of Dartmouth, the colonial secretary, and
the appointees were to act under instructions from
the commander-in-chief of the Province of Quebec.
Governor Sinclair claimed the perquisites of his post
from May i, 1775, and it is probable that all three
appointments were made on that date.
Governor Hamilton left Montreal for Detroit in
September, and arrived here on November 9, 1775.
The position of lieutenant-governor was deemed a
desirable one, for Mr. Hay, who succeeded Hamil-
ton, claimed to have paid a large amount for his
commission. The sequel proved that it was not
worth as much as had been supposed. Consider
able rent^ were received from lantls and lots claimed
by the Crown, and it was also a common cu.stom for
the Indians to send presents of game to the go\ernor
on their return from the chase ; he received also
.some portion of their harvests. Both ( lovernor I lam-
ilton and Colonel De Peyster, who succeeded him
as acting lieutenant-governor, received and made
use of these perquisites, but, much to the'r chagrin,
they were called upon to account for them to the
Government. Colonel De Peyster, in a letter dated
November 21, 1782, strongly objected to this claim,
on the ground that he had saved the Government
at least ten thousand poimds, and that if he was
required to refund the rents received at Detroit, it
would be greatly to his damage, as he had " li\e(l
up to them in support of the dignity of a British
commandant." The Government, however, perse-
vered in the demand.
The powers of these quasi governors could be
exercised only over the inhabitants of their posts
and the Indians who were in the habit of resorting
thither, and were extremely \ague. As Fieutenant-
Governor Cramahe expressed it, the wording of their
commission must have "escaped some person young
in office." While the general intent seems to have
been understood, some of their claims were con-
tinually and successfully disputed by the local
commandants, between whom and the lieutenant-
governors at Detroit and Mackinaw quarrels were
very frecjuent. General Haldimand. in one of his
letters to Governor Hamilton, confessed that the
powers connected with the offices of commandant
and governor were "unhappily blended," but both
commandants and lieutenant-governors were en-
joined, for the good of the service, to do their utmost
to pronK)te harmony. Governor Hamilton, in a letltr
written August 12, 1778, complained that he had be-
come almost a " cypher" through this conflict of au-
thority; and General Haldimand, on August 20, 1779.
wrote to (Governor Sinclair, " I have ever viewed the
situation of lieutenant-governor of the posts as
awkward, and productive of misunderstanding."
[242"!
THE KKVOI.IJTIONARY WAR.
'■43
The office docs nut seem to have reciuired yreat
aliility, and none is known to have been manifested
i)y eitlier of the appointees. Tiie lieutenant-i,'overnor
was not sent to achiiinister jiistiie, and any powers
I if tliat kind were an afterthou,i,du, and conferred
merely for the sake of convenience. Tliat the office
was not a local necessity is shown by the fact that
Lieiitenant-r.ovcrn. r Abbott left his post early in
1778, arrivinjf with his family at Detroit on March 7
of that year ; he stated that he could not be of any
service at Vincennes, as there were no snoods in the
place for the Indians. Clovernor Hamilton left his
post to yo on a foray; Colonel De I'eyster, who
succeeded him, filled the positions both of lieutenant-
i^overnor and commandant ; and (Jovernur Sinclair,
althoui^h appointed to Mackinaw in 1775, did not go
there until i77y, after Colonel De I'eyster had left.
Indeed, it seemed a matter of much indifference
whether or not there was a lieutenant-governor
resident at Detroit. C.overnor Hamilton's real suc-
cessor, Jehu Hay,' was restrained from coming here
for more than a year. I le arrived at Ouebec the
last of June, 1782, but Colonel De Peyster, then in
coinmand at Detroit, anticipating his appointment,
had written to (General Haldimand asking that he
might be allowed, in case 1 lay was appcnnted, to
leave the place " either before or immediately on his
arrival," as he did not wish to have anything to do
with Mr. Hay. Dc I'eyster's abilities were so mani-
fest and so valuable at Detroit that General Haldi-
mand was not willing to displace or displease him.
Consetjuently, after Governor Hay had reached
Montreal he was not allowed to go any farther. He
was very indignant that he should be prevented from
going to Detroit to "enjoy his office and emolu-
ments," but tleneral Haldimand would not yiekl to
his angry demands, and on several occasions sharply
reproved him, and compelled him to retract some of
his utterances. At last on October 30, 1 783, Colonel
De I'eyster was summoned to Niagara, and three
days later Lieutenant-Governor Hay was ordered to
Detroit. He started on his journey, reaching Carl-
ton Island on November 24 ; here he was taken
seriously ill, and wrote to General Haldimand that
he should go no farther until spring. On December
6, however, though still very ill, he left Carlton
Island, and went back to Montreal. De I'eyster
learned of his detention, and on December 8, 1783,
wrote from Detroit that " the lateness of the season
and the severity of the weather prevented his depart-
ure, but he would go as early as the season would
1 The Christian name of Governor Hay heretofore has invariably
licun printed John. The mistake evidently arose from the sinii-
l.irity of llie words when carelessly written. His own letters,
lilid with the Johnson .Manuscripts at Albany, and scores of let-
leis in the Haldimand Collection at Ottawa, show clearly that his
name was Jehu.
permit." In the spring Governor Hay recovered,
and on July 12, 1784, arrived at Detroit. Colonel
De Peyster remained until some time in June, and
possibly later.
I>y order of (iovernor Haldimand the militia at
Detroit were disbantled soon after Governor Hay's
arrival. This officer, when finally allowed to assume
the governorship, found the powers of the office
much restricted; for Haldimand, before giving him
leave to go to Detroit, had directed the distribution
of the goods for the Indians to be made under the
direction of Sir William Johnson. This order was
resented by (iovernor Hay, but his protests were of
no avail. He continued to serve, but claimed that
he was so restricted in his powers that he could not
do for the Indians what was really best. The dis-
appointments which he met undoubtedly hastened
his decease. He died at Detroit in August, 1785.
Governor Hamilton, who in the meantime had re-
turned to Canada, endeavored to secure the a|)point-
ment of Alexander McKee to the vacant office, but
Governor Henry Hope disapproving, no one was
appointed.
The chief duties of the lieutenant-governor evi-
dently consisted in distributing goods to the Indians,
in order to induce them to make war on the " rebels,"
in fitting out the warriors and encouraging them to
keep on the " war path." Nowhere was this work
so diligently carried on as at Detroit. Of all the
posts west of Montreal and New York, at the time
of the Revolution, this was the most important. It
was not only a leading army center, but also the
chief naval depot of the West. After August 10,
1776, no vessels were permitted on the Lakes except
such as were enrolled at Detroit, and armed and
manned by the Crown. It is almost impossible to
realize the extent of ICnglish operations in this
region during the progress of the war, and it is cer-
tain that no one locality in the East was the field of
so many and such varied manifestations of the strife
as were exhibited here. The prominent feature
in every scene during that period was scores or
hundreds of painted savages, with uplifted toma-
hawks, scalping knives in their belts, and fusils, lead,
and flints at hand. All the materials for war were
supplied by their "white father," and all were to be
used against the American rebels. P^verything that
could be done to attach the Indians to the service of
the King was done in unstinted manner. They
were coaxetl with rum, feasted with oxen roasted
whole, alarmed by threats of the destruction of their
hunting-ground, and supplied with everything that
an Indian could desire. Now one tribe, and now
another, were invited to Detroit for a council, and
council followed council in rapid succession, the
Indians gathering by thousands at these meetings.
As Captain Bird expressed it in one of his letters,
244
TllK KKVUl.riloXAin- WAR.
"tlif luclians ail' always cookiiii; or I'diiiiciliiin."
Kmissarirs witi' sint Inmi I)ciiiiii lo tln' inosi dis-
taiu irilu's, to iiKlucc tluiii " t(i laki' iiji tlu' liatcliit ;"
liulian a.ni'iils and inlciprrliTS canu' and wcnl;
boats loaded lo ilicir utinoBl capacity willi army
stores, Indian i^oods, and trinkets, arrived in nuni-
i)crs. An cxti.'nsivc shipyard was kept i)iisy jjuiidini;
new vessels .'ind repairing tlie old. C"a|)tains, iieii-
ten.mts, and minor ollieers thron^a'd tiie n.irrow and
hiisy streets; wai -parties were eijiiipped, "set out"
and " retiMMied ;" prisoners arrived, were sent lielow
or dislribuled ; scaii)s were received, counted, .and
recorded; alarms were raised, dis;ilTection was pun-
ished; and all tlu' I'vi'Uts of the I'^asl weit told o\er,
and many of tJiem duplicated, in re\-olui try days
:". Detroit.
'i'he l''.nj;lish ollieers found it not ;ilwa\s fail'
we.atlu'r. 'I'luri: wen- m.iny secret and some open
sympalhixers with the "rebels." Cili/ens known to
be in sympathy with the Americans were subjected
to many annoyances, ("i.irret ("ira\erat, a leadiiii.;
merch.inl, was eomptlleil to i;ive bail in four hun-
dred pounds not to correspond with the .\mericans
or ]L;ive tiiem aid for the space of ,i year and ;i day.
James SterlinjLj and John I'ld.ijar, well-known tnides-
men, wim'c sent ;iw;iy because they faxored the rebel-
lion, 'i'he Last-named was compelled to lea\i' all
his ij'oods, and ),;<) to Kaskaski.i, Coiii^ress, in .after
years, (L,^ave him two thousiind .acres of l.md to
help m.ake up his losst's. Other citizens also were
forced to lea\i'. Some were compelled to work on
the fortilications ; and those who tried to escape
w ere put in irons i)y the order of Clovernor I l,amilt(jn.
In one of his letters to deneral Il.aldiinand, writ-
ten on 'anu.ary 15, 1778, the jjovernor comi)laine(l
that his plans were fre(iiiently made known, .and
s.aiil it w.as not to be wondered at, "when it is con-
sidered how m.any people in the .settlement h<i\e
connections with the Americans, es|)ecially <as ,in
Indian, for a }4;Ulon of rum, will convey .any letter or
intelli.nence." In .another letter, dated Auyust 17,
he .s.iid, " The few American newspapers which I
.send, being of a Later date than .any from lOurope,
you ni.ay conceive, have furnishctl surmises to the
disaffected here not likely to produce ai^reeable
effects. I shall watch and seize the first, however,
who sh.all dare make a p.ar.ade of his disloy.alty."
In the sprinj^ of 1779, after the capture of Ciover-
nor Hamilton, there w.as much more trouble with
the "rebel sympathizers." Captain Lernoult was
authorized by Capt.ain IJrehm, aide-de-camp to tlen-
eral Haklimand, to apprehend some of these and
"send them to Niaijara, and to take hostages from
others ; " also to " hold court-martials on the ap-
proach of an enemy" and "punish offences with
death."
About this time James Cassity, a farmer at Grosse
roiiUe, m.ide himself obnoxious to the king's ollieers,
.and the following depositions against him .are con,
l.aiiu'd in the li.aldimand correspondence. W illi.im
Miller deposed on July 21, 1779, .ag.iinst tassiiy,
"that he .and Willi.am Itostick dr.ank success to the
Congress .and the y\meric.in /\rms, .an<l s.aid th.at
C'oloiul l Lark would soon be in possi'ssion of I )elroii,
th.at he w.as tanning .a (lu.anlity of leather that he
would not sell until Colonel Cl.ark .arrived .at Detroit."
John l.cjughton, nav.al slorc-kei'per. deposed th.it
Cassity s.aid "th.at Detroit would bi' in the h.uids of
Colonel Cl.ark in six months, .and decl.ari'd himself .a
rebel." John Cornw.all .s.iid Cassity decl.ared "th.at
there were m.any in Dt'troit who wore cockades in
their h.ats who thought thcmsi'lvi'S very good people,
but that, when Colonel Cl.ark came, they wmild be
no better ih.an himself," .and ih.il "Colonel Uutler,
with his scalping (a'ew, would soon imit with tin ir
deserts." Lfpon this testimony, C.assity was sent
.away.
'The inhabitants of Deiroii were thus compelled
to k'.ave their honu'S, and a immlier of loy.alists .and
reneg.ades i.ame to settle in tlu' city, .among them
those noted scmi-s.av.ages, M.atthew I'.lliott .and
J.ames, .Simon, .and (leorge (iirty.
At one time Ciovcrnor Il.amilton estim.ated ih.at
.about ti\i' thous.and persons in Detroit would soon
be dei)einlent u|)on the (iovernment for support.
lie was in f.avor of encour.aging settlers to conn-,
however, .and e\en proposi-d, on his .anticip.ated
for.ay, to bring b.ack llu' colonists .and settle them .at
Detroit, but Cicncr.al Il.aldim.and did not favor this
idc'.a. On .August Ci, 177S, he wrote to Il.amilton:
" I .am of o|)inion th.at the drixing these si'ltlers back
ujion their brethren whom they would distress by
.an addition.al consumption of goods .and provisions
.among them would prove a bi'tti'r measure for His
M.ajesty's interest th.an in\iling them lo your post."
He thi'ii suggested th.at those who did eonu' be
m.ade to t.ake .arms .and "exert tlu'mseb'cs lu'artily."
liecmse of their n.atur.al rmtip.athy to the Mnglisl;.
.and of the attitude of the mother country, the I'"ia'nch
gener.ally favored the /Xmcricans, .aiding them m.ate-
ri.ally in some instances, oy conveying inform.ation;
others were bribed or threatened into ]nitting on the
Hritish uniform. Their inllucnce over the Indians
was such th.at their |iresence was <a necessity.
Colonel De I'eyster s.ays, in one of his letters to
Gener.al Haldim.and, " Cive me leave to assure your
E.xcellency th.at nothing can be effected from the
Indians without troops to head them."
A report of (iovernor Hamilton, m.ade on August
30, 1778, shows that there were then at Detroit four
hundred and eighty two volunteer militia. Those
who went with the Indians were jjaid from four
shillings to sixteen .shillings per day, and on the. pay-
list the names of the ancestors of many of the
TIIK KKVOLUTIONARY WAR.
245
I'ViMicli families of tlu' pn-st'iu day arc easily reco^;-
ni/cd. An oul li'(l,t;i'r, kept by a Detroil linn, lias
one account with ilu; sijj;nitii'aiil heading, " Mii\ of
.\l)scnt Companies," — tlic aeeoiint evidently lu'invj
for i^oods furnished llie families of i)i'rsons abseiU
on some foray with the Kanj>;ers, as they were called.
The employment of the Indians by ilie ICnj^iish
( 'lovcrnment dnrinij the Revolutionary War leaves
an ineffaceable stiv^ma on the names of the men
who were then in power. The p;illiatinj4 facts arc
that the spirit of the ajrc was different from that of
the present, and that the public mind, durini( the
Krench antl I'.nnlisli War, had been j^jradually
accustomed to the thought of Indian allies. The
uhoksalc employment, howevi'r, of the savajjcs in
wars ajjainst white settlers was unknown prior to
the Revolution. It is claimed that the Annrican
forces also employed them to fi,u;ht a.^ainst tlu;
luijjlish; but any such iniploymcnt was in connec-
tion with reijular army movcnunis, and c\in then
cxce|)tional. The I'.ni;lish, on the contrary, employed
all the tribes that could possibly be induced to make
w.ir on the colonists, and nation after nation was
system.'ilically and i)crsistcntly solicited, uryed, and
liired to join them, .and often allowed and encour-
aj^ed to make war in thvir own fashion.
The oflicia! correspondenci' found in the Haldi-
mand papers ami otlur documents contains scores
■and luuidreds of letters to |)ro\e ihesu statements.
A letter from (iovernor Carlton to Lieutenant-
Ciovernor Hamilton, dated Dclober 6, 1776, contains
this postscript :
Vol! must keep tlic savnijcs in readiness to join nie in the spring,
or mareli elsewlieri; as they may \u- most wanted.
Lord Cicorire dermain who succeeded the Marl of
Dartmouth on November 4, 1775, in a letter d.aled
Whitehall, March 26, 1777, and addressed to (Iov-
ernor Cram.ahe, says :
It is His Majesty's resolution tliat tlie most viijorous elTorts
^lioidd l)(? made, and eviTy means employed that IVovideiiee has
|MU into His Majesty's hands for ernsjiin),' the relieliiori and
!■ -.lorinn the eunstitntion. It is tlie Kind's command that yon
~iiiinld direct I.ienienant Governor Hamilton to assemble as many
of the Indians of his district as h'j cimveniently can, and placing
|>roper persons at their head to whom he is to make siiitahle allow-
anci's, to conduct their parties and restrain them from committini;
violence on th(- well-alTected an<l inoffensive inhahilants, employ
ihei.. in niakinj; a diversion and exciting an alarm on the frontiers
<'f Virginia and Pennsylvania.
At this remote date we can afford to smile at the
lintrly assumption that Providence hati put the
Indians into the hands of the Kni^di.sh, to be used
ill killinu^ and scalping the unfortunate settlers of
the West. Ciovernor Hamilton acknowledged the
receipt of Lord Germain's orders, and claimed that
( very possible method had been employed to induce
the Indians to be kind to their prisoners and to
bring them in .alive, ;iiid refniin " from their usual
b.irb.irities." I low int rediblc' this conception of the
sav.age char.icter! How strange this ignorance of
the iiecess.iry rel.ilion of cause and effect ! Scilj)-
ing-kni\es ;ind scalps, sa\ages and murder!
The same sentiments that Lord (ieorge Cicrm.iin
addressed to ( io\irnor Cnimahe weri; afterwards
uttered in I'arli.imcnt. I>ui no criticism on such
words .and the .iction they sustained can etiu.il tli.it
pronounced by the celebrattd Lord Ch.ilh.im. In
the I'.irliament which opened November, 1777, he
.s;iid,
Hut, my lords, who is the man that, in adillliim to these dis-
gracesand mischiefs of onr army, h.is d.ired lo aiithori/e and Jisso-
ciale to onr .inns the tomah.iwk and sialpini;-knive of the savage,
totall intoci\ili/ed alliance the wild and inlninian savaj^c of the
woods; to deli'iijate to the merciless Inilian llw difeni'e of dispnliil
ri.nhls, and lo wane the horrors of his liarliarons war a.nainsl onr
hretlireii ? My lords, these enorinuiis call aloud for redress and
imnishmenl. Ifnless tlioroii^;hly done away it will he a slain on the
national charaiter. It is u violation of the constitution. I belivvu
il is ,'i);ainst law.
In reply to Chatham, Lord Suffolk s.iid, "There
were no means which (iod and n.atiiri: might have
placed at the dispo.sal of the governing jiowers to
which they would not be justified in having recounse."
Said Chatham in reply,
My lords, I am astonished, shocked, to hear such sentiments
confessed; to hear them announceil in this House or in thisi'onntrvt
— principles ecpially unconstitutional, inhuman, and unchristian ;
My lords, I did not intend to have encroached a^ain upon your
attention, but I cannot repress my indignation. I feel myself
impelled by every duty. We are called upon, as members of this
House, as men, as Christian men, to protest against such notions,
standing near the throne, pollutin.fi; the ear of Majesty. "That
Ciod and nature have put into onr hands!" I know not what
idea that lord may entertain of Cod and nature, hut I know that
such abomin.ilile principles are eipially abhorrent to religion and
hum.inily. What I to attribute the sanction of Cod and nature to
the massacres of the Indian scalping-knife .' To the cannibal-sav-
age, torturing, murdering, roasting, and <'aling -literally, my lords,
eating-the mangled victims of his barbarous battles ? Such liorri-
l)K* notions shock every i)recept of religion, divine or natural, .and
esery generous feeling of humanity. 'I'hey shock every sentiment
of honor. They shock mi: as a lover of honorable war, and a
detester of murderous barbarity. These abominable principles,
and this more abominable avowal of them, demand a most decisive
indignation.
I call upon that Right Reverend I?ench, those holy ministers of
the gospel, and pious pastors of onr church ! I conjure them to
join in the holy work, and vindicate the religion of their (Iod ! 1
appeal lo the wisdom and law of this learmtd liench todefend and
support the justice of their country ! I call upon the bishops to
interpose the unsullied sanctity of their lawn, upon the liarned
judges to interpose the purity of their ermine, to siivc us from this
pollution ! I call npim the honor of your lordships to reverence
the dignity of your ancestors, and to maintain your own ! I call
ii|)on the spirit and humanity of my conntry to vindie.itc the
n.'itional character ! I invoke the genius of the constitution !
from tlie tapestry that adorns these walls, the immortal ancestor
of this noble lord frowns with indignation at the disgrace of his
cimntry. In vain he led your victorious fleet iigaist the boasted
Armada of Spain ; in vain he defended and established the honor,
the liberties, the religion, the Protestant religion, of this country
against the arbitrary cruelties of Popery and the Inquisition, if
246
Tiir: Ri;v()i.u rioNARY war.
thcHi: iiiiiro tliiin popish cnu'ltii'S and iiu|iiis{t(iri:il priiiticcs iirr Irt
l(i<is<' iiinciii^' lis. To Uini (i>i'tli itilo oiii' sctlli'iiiciils, iinioii>( mir
ancii'iil ('oniirrlions, frit'iids, and relations, tlit- nu-rclirss cannibal,
lliirslinx for tile liliiod of man, woman, and child, against your
I'rolistant hrclhnn, lo lay waste llnirdiinitry, to disulale their
dwellings, and extirpali' their race and name with thosi' horrihic
hi'll-honnds of s iva.ne war, hell-honnds, I say, of savajje war ! "
Nolwillistandinij this ciuTiLjc'lic and manly |)n)tt.!St,
thr saiiu' nu'thods wnx' tonliniii'd, and, as iM'fore,
till! sava.i^es were cncoiirajjcd and paid to continue
llifir dri'adfiil work.
On January 15, 177S, Ciovcrnor llaniiiton wroti' to
("ii'iuT.'il Carlton, "Tlu- partii's sent from licncc iiavo
l)i:cn i^i'iu'rally successful, tlioniujh the Indians have
lost men enoii,ii;li to sliarpen their resentment ; they
have broiijrht in twenty-three prisoners .alive, twenty
«)f which they presented to me, .and .1 hundred and
twenty-nine scalps." In anotiier letter, written on
September 17, 1778, he st.ated tii.it "since l.ast M;iy
the Indians in this district h.ive t.aken thirty-four
prisoners, seventeen of which they deli\-ered up, .and
eijrhty-oni' scalps."
In onk'r to do Governor Hamilton full justice,
extr.acts from letters written hy Ijim in April, 1771S,
.are lu'ri; ,^iven ; but in view of the statements
.already (|uoted, d.ated both befoix' .-ind .after these
letters, somi! of his words seem like mockery. 11'
s.ays, " Many of the w.ar-parties brint; in prisont
and h.ave shown ;i hum.anity hitherto unpiicticed
.amonir them. They never f.ail of .1 ijr.atuuy on every
proof of obedience they show in sparing the lives of
suoh .as are incap.able of dt.endin,ir themselves."
In .another letter he s.ays, " All parties j^oinij to war
•are e.xhorted to .act with humanity .as the me.ans of
.seiairinif <a .secure peace when His M.ajesty shall be
pleased to order the hatchet to be buried."
At the councils it w.as .a common thinir for the
bidians to i)resent scalps to the jfcjvernor. One of
these presentations is thus reported by I)e I'eyster :
" i'resentin.i^ si.xtecn scalps, one of the Del.aw.are
chiefs said, ' Listen to your children, the Delaw.ares,
who .are now come in to see yon .at a time they h.ave
noUiinjj to apprehend from the enemy, and present
you some dried meat, .as we could not have the face
to .appear before our father empty.' "
Amonjj; the ^oods regularly kept by mcrch.ants
for the Indi.an trade scalpin).(-knives were prominent.
The writer has seen the orijrinal entry of the sale
on June 6, lySj, by Macomb i\: lirother to William
Park & Company of "sixteen ^ross red-handled
scalpinjr-knives at loos — ^80;" and on July 22
foll()winJ,^ there is a elLarre of twenty-four dozen
more to tiie same |)artieh " Scalpinj^-knives for
sale here " was possibly one of the siijns on wh.at is
•V)w Jefferson Avenue, in those " times that tried
men's souis."
Hefore the Indians started out on their expedi-
tions their tomahawks were dedicated to their nuir-
derous work by beintj publicly p.as.sed throu,i,di the
h.ands of the local governor or comm.and.ant in the
council house, this ceremony sijrnifyinjr in the sym-
bolic l.annii.inc of the Indi.an, " We t.ake hold of thi'
sanii' tom.ah.awk,"
At .1 council on July 3, 1778, (lovernor Ilamillon
personally presented ,an ,axe to the chief, s.ayinii he
" presented him ,111 ,axc for his use to set .ai;ainst
those |)eople who w.ant to possess ihemscKi's of
your lantl. It 's the Kinj;'s comin.ind th.it 1 put
this .axe into your h.ands to ,icl a.n.ainst his M.ajesty's
enemies. I i)r.iy the Master of Life to ijive you
succi'ss, .as .also your w.arriors, wherever you j^o with
your f.ather's .axe."
In .1 letter to Ciener.al Il.aldim.and, d.ated 1 1 A. M.,
October 3, 1776, he s.ays, " L.asl ni,i;ht the s.a\'aj;cs
wi'ri- .assembled, wluai I sun|n the war-soni;, .and w.as
followed by C.a|it.ain Lernoult .and si'\-er.al ollicers."
It was |)ossibly this very occasion that is thus
desiaibed by (lovernor Cass in his a|)pendix to
" Onlw.a."
In the year i77ri, diirin.i; the .■idminislr.ilion of I.ientenant-Ciov-
ernor Ilamillon at Detroit, a lari^e nninher of Indian warriors
w< ri' assemhleil in onli r that they ininht he induced lo co-opir.ile
wilh the I'lrilisli in the war which had then comineneed. They
ilr.iwn lip in two lines, ex tend ini.; fr( mi tlu' river to I he wot h Is;
111'., .cities and lires well' helween till' liiii'S. All ox was kille<l,
ail lis head cut off ; ,1 laixe tomahawk was then struck into llii-
, and thus loaded it was presented to the >;overnor. lie was
nested to sin>; his war-son^ aloii).; the whole line of the lii-
tiis.
rile ox-head representi-d the he. id of an American; and as the
■ritish were the principals in the war, it was mH:essary for them
to lake lip the loinahawk first. The lienteiiaiit-noveriior was
cniliarr.issed hy the novelty of the situation and hy his own
ignorance of tint laiiKiia|.;e and son^s of the Indians, lie was
extricated in a manner eipially happy .ind ludicrous hy his inter-
preter, 'i'lu' latter inslrni ted his superior to sinj; the followiiin
words in Kreiich:
" (Jiiand je vais a 1:1 vtiicrre-riih
J'emporlirai in.i i-rand ciiillerc-nih."l
The nionosyllahle al the end of each line is only intended to
mark the elevation of the voice and the prolon^;atiun of the last
syllable.
These words correspond with the necessiiry tune, and were sniii{
wilh all the gravity and dixnily siiiteu lo the occasion. As the
Lieiitenant-liovcrnor passed the iininense asseml)la>;e, he snnK his
soiiK anil fixed his eyis upon iht' Indians, who made the air re-
sound wilh the cries of " Veil ! Veil ! Veil ! "
They concluded, of course, thai the Kreat warrior was threaten-
ing with deadfiil vengeance tlu; " liij; Knives," the rehellioiisi hil-
dren of the Ihilish father. The second otTicer in coinmand, Major
Hayes, was relieved hy a similar expediinl. The iiiKenioiis inter-
preter composed the followiiiis' sonK, which possessed the same
advanta|{e of an aci (impaniment to the music :
" J'ai le ta!:m an lioiit dii pied," etc.!'
Thus even the dreadful prelimin.iries to the m.as-
saere of the Americans were minirled with exhibi-
tions of wit and humor.
• When } K<> to the war
I will hriiiK my yreiil spoon.
* My heel is at the end of my foot.
■P pie
.'O "
10
10 "
JO "
4000 i'l
JtXJ "
500
lOO "
1000 lill
1000 pit
100
loo
Jooo lbs
50 piece;
-o Piece;
i(X) Doz
M
'SO Pier
:oo ( '.ros
.'oo (Iro.s:
THE REVULUllONARV WAR.
24;
Tlie ICn.nlish soon found tlial tin,' Indians urre
costly allies. 'I'lu'y could not he trnstcd to kcc|)
constantly on the war-path unless they were eiicour-
av^ed with .nifts, ::iu\ spurred with the fear that their
hunt in;;-^r(Uinds would he destroyed and tiiey li'ft
to the mercy of tlu: " ISii; Knives." They soon
learned how much dependi'd on their action, and
from askini( a i^ift or accepting a favor, they de-
mandi'd everything- as their rinht. The e.xpenses of
tin: Indian I)t'|)artment i^rew so lar.i^e that letter
after li'tlcr came from ( 'leneral I laldimand comi)lain-
iiij; of the " enormous " .and " ama/iiij; " expense of
the jfoods for the Indians.
The drafts of tjovi'rnor and eonuiiandants for
supplies followed I'ach other in rapid succession;
and {hiring- the war several millions of dollars worth
of i^oods for the Indians wt're distrihuted at Detroit.
In addition to the ordinary Indian jjoods, provisions
■also were supplied. I-'rom December 25, 1777, to
August 31, 1778, there were received at Detroit
372,460 barrels of Hour, 42,176 pounds of fresh
heef, 16,473 |iounds of salt ht'ef, 203,932 iiounds of
salt i)ork, 19,756 poimds of butter, also threat (|uan-
titii'S of mutton, peas, corn, rice, oatmeal, salt, and
rum. In the summer of 1778 hfty-eij^hl and a half
Ions of ,^un[)owder wi-re sent here from Niagara.
Of (bourse a lar^e projjortion of these articles
were used by the rei^iilar troojis, but no small
.imount was for the Indians. The following' docu-
ment j^ives an idea of many similar ones that were
sent from Detroit at this time :
hytiinatr 0/ ,]frri/iaii(f/sr it'ttiifni for JiKf/nii
/'/■(■Si'ii/s (it Detroit from z\st of Au^i^ust, 17S2,
to 2ot/i of .liii^itst, I7(S3.
230 pieces lUui" slrouds.
20 " Red
10 " Crimson "
10 " Scarlet "
20 " .Sc.irlel cloth 8.V 6^/ Sterling.
4000 Pr 2]/, I't lllankets.
i.xj '• 3
500 '• 2
300 " i|4 "
1000 line 2>^ i't "
1000 pieces 4-4 linen sorted.
100 " striped c.ilimaneo.
100 " " cotton.
2000 lbs Vermillion in 1 lb Hags,
i^o pieces co.irse muslin.
'o Pieces Russi.a Sheeting.
iixD Do/ lilk silk handkerch'fs.
20 " Colored "
\o " cotton
150 Pieces ribbon assorted.
:oo (ifoss Hed lace.
200 Clross (lartcring.
30 Pii'ccs I'mbosst'd serge.
500 fill Hats 'j laced.
100 castor
50 I>ea\'er "
500 Pieces White NUIton.
50 '• llluc
20 " Coating, blue and brown.
20 " ISrown Milton.
30 " Ratteen, Itlue and lirown.
100 (.'ommon .S.iddles.
4CKJ liridles.
5(X) Powder I lorns.
20 I )()/. Tobacco lioxes.
30 " Snuff
80 ( llOSS l'i]K'S.
3cj(} Large feathers, red, blue, green.
300 lilk ostrich feathers.
200 Pairs shois.
250 P.iirs Uuckles.
100 Piices ll.imbro lines.
10 Do/. Mackerel lines,
10 " Spurs.
50 Cro Morris Hells.
50 " Hr.iss Thimbles.
6 Pieces Rid serge.
10 Pieces Whitt' serge.
6 " Hlue •■
10 Ciross Jews harps.
500 Fusils.
200 Killes (hnis small bore.
50 Pair Pistols.
5 Doz Couteaux de Chasse.
50000 Ciun Flints.
60 (Iro .Scalj)ing Knives,
10 " Clasi) "
20 " .Si'issors.
20 " Looking ("da.sses.
10 " Razors.
300 lbs Thread assorted.
20 pieces s|)otted swan-skin.
12000 lbs (luniiowder.
36000 " Hall and shot.
1 (iro ( iim locks.
500 Tomahawks.
5CXJ I lalf axes.
300 Hoes.
30 Cross tire .steel.
loooo Needles.
400 Pieces calico,
1 5000 ll)s Tol)acco.
600 lbs Heads assorted.
40 Cross Awl HIades.
40 " Ciun Worms.
30 " Hox combs.
6 " Ivory "
20 Nests Hrass Kettles.
20 " Copper "
248
THE REVOLUTIONARY WAR.
20 Nests Tin Kettles.
50 " Hair Triinl<s.
300 lbs rewtcr liasiiis.
100 Heaver Trajis.
20 Oross IJath finirer rings.
5000 lbs iron.
1000 " steel.
500 lbs Soap.
6 Barrels white wine.
5 " Shrub.
400,000 Black Wampum.
100,000 White Wampum.
Sz'h'cr J Vorks : —
1 5000 large Brooches.
7000 Small
300 Large Gorgets.
300 " Moons.
550 Ear wheels.
550 Arm Bands.
1 500 I'rs large Ear bobs.
1500 " small "
Some medals chiefly large.
A large assortment of Smith and Armorers files.
A. S. De Pkvsikk,
A/iiji>r King's l\egt.
Detroit ami its Dififndeniies.
Other requisitions call for " scarlet and green laced
coats," " calico and linen, ruffled and plain shirts,"
and — though it apjicars incredible — " eighty [lounds
of Rose Pink." This was jicrhai^s to be worked in
with the vermilion, or was it perhaps for the
squaws }
These last, by the way, took care to obtain a fair
share of whatever was given to the Indians. l)e
Pey.ster, in one of his letters concerning the war-
parties, says, " The squaws never fail to tear off
everything from their backs before they enter the
fort, when they must be etjuipped anew." Indeed,
the same party had sometimes to be equipped two
or three times, for the Americans, or " rebels," as
they are almost invariably styled in the Haldimand
letters, frequently circulated reports among the
Indians through some secret friend of the cause,
that led to the return of war-parties, and then
the warriors had to be again titted out and en-
couraged with presents and ammunition. So fre-
quently did this occur that on August 10, 1780,
Cieneral Haldimand wrote to De Peyster, " It evi-
dently appears that the Indians in general wish to
protract the war and are most happy when most
frequently fitted out."
Plans for inciting the Indians were laid as early
as July, 1775. At that time Pr. John Connolley
entered into an agreement with Lord Dimmore, the
royal Governor of Virginia, to endeavor to enlist
certain of the western militia with the Indians to
operate against the Americans. He was to be sup-
plied at Detroit with cannon and ammunition ; was
to visit different Indian nations, rendezvous his
forces at Fort Pitt, and then go through Mrginia to
Alexandria, where he was to nieit Lord Dunmore
on April 20, 1776. The scheme was frustrated by
the capture of Connolley.
In order to counteract these plans. Congress, in
1775, appointed commissioners to treat with the
Indians at Fort Pitt and endeavor to secure tlieir
neutrality. These commissioners, Judge James Wil-
son, of Pennsylvania, General Lewis Morris, of New
York, and Dr. Walker, of Virginia, engaged Arthur
St. Clair (subsequently first Governor of the North-
west Territory) as their secretary. I le formed the
project of a volunteer expedition to Detroit, provided
the Indians would remain neutral, for the purpose of
surprising and capturing the city; and he actually
.succeeded in enlisting four or five hundred young
men in the enterprise. They were to equip them-
selves, and provide everything necessary except
ammunition. The commissioners approved the pro-
ject, and recommended it to Congress, but it w.-is
finally given up, as it was hopeil that (ieneral ^Vrnoid
would capture Quebec, and that the surrender of
Detroit would follow. Arnold's exiiedition failed,
and no expedition was led again.st Detroit; instead,
in May, 1776, Captain Foster, with forty men from
the ICighth Regiment, one hundred volunteers, and
a large number of Indians, went from Detroit and
1 .iptured an important post at the Cedars, about
fifty miles southwest of Montreal. An allusion to
this battle is contained in verses written by Colonel
De Peyster at Mackinaw, entitled
THE D R 1 I . I , SI'. R f ; V. A N T .
TiNK, The llap/>y licggms.
Come, staiici well to yimr (titU-r,
Make not the least f.ilse motion,
Kyes to the riglit,
'I'liiiml), muzzle hciyht,
Lads, yon have the true notion.
Here and there,
Everywhere
That the Kinj;'s boys may be found,
Eight and die !
lie the cry
Ere in battle to y^wv. ground.
Come briskly to the shoulder,
And mind wlu'n yon maki: ready,
No (juid must slide
Erom side lo side.
To make your beads imsteady.
Here and there.
Everywhere
That the King's boys may be found.
Fight and dii' !
He the cry
Kre in battle to give grotind.
THE REVOLUTIONARY WAR.
249
We l)L':it tliem at tliu C'ldars,
With thosf we call our li.ijlit men
Who, that same clay,
Hoard ^'ank<■ys say
They never saw siuh tii;ht men.
Here and there,
Kverywhi're
'Chat the King's buys may be found,
I''i>;ht and die !
lie the cry
Kre in battle to j;!ve Rroimd.
On March 15, 1777, an attack was made on Ilar-
i()(ls!)iir},di. Tliis was repulsed, and about a niontli
later an attack, equall)' unsuc-cessful, was made on
ISoonsboro.
The hulians next in\-csted Lot^an'.s .Station, rc-
niaininj^ before it for several weeks. They finally
retired, after killinir the soldiers of a small detach-
ment that was on its way to the relief of the be-
seiifcd. On the body of 'Hie them the following
proclamation was found :
Detroit, z^th June, 1777.
lly virtue nf the power <ind .authority to me given by his Excel-
lency, Sir tiny Carlton, Knii.,dit of the llatii, (lovernor of the
I'rovince of yiiehec, (leneral and Commander-in-chief, etc., etc.,
etc., I .issiirc .ill such as are inclined to withdraw themselves from
the tyr.'inny and o[)pression of the rebt^l committees, and t.'ike
refii.i;e in this settlement, or any of the posts commanded by His
.Majesty's oflkers, that they shall be humanely treated, shall be
Iodised and victualed; nnA such as are nfTicers in arms and shall use
them in iU;fence of His Majesty jigainst rebels and traitors till the
extinction of this rebellion, shall receive pay adeipuite to their
former st.ttions in the rebel service; and all common men who
shall serve diirinji that period shall receive His Majesty's bounty
of two hundred acres of land.
('liven under my hand and seal,
Hf.nrv Hamilton,
/- ieutcna nt-GoTernor a mi Siif'crintcndent.
On July 27, 1777, Hamilton reported to Secretary
("icrmain that he had already .sent out fifteen parties,
consisting of two hundred and eighty-nine braves
with thirty white ot'ficers and rangers. At the
attack on Fort Henry, now Wheeling, Virginia, on
September 27, 1777, Hamilton's proclamation was
read by Simon dirty, who promised the garrison
the protection of the Crown if they would lay down
their arms and swear allegiance. His force, consisting
of about four hundred Indians, came from Detroit.
The fort was garrisoned by only twelve men and
boys, but they refu.sed to surrender, and the Indians,
after a brief attack, withdrew a short distance. As
the stock of powder in the fort was low, it was
resolved to attempt to get a supply from the house
of Mr. Znnc, sixty yards away. Several of the men
desired to go, but Elizabeth Zane, who was in the
fort, insisted on going herself; and although the
bullets whistled about her, she went and returned
unharmed, and soon after the Indians retired.
On February 7, 177S. the noted pioneer of Ken-
tucky, Daniel Boone, was captured by the Indians.
He was brought to Detroit, arriving on March 10.
C.overnor Hamilton was an.xious to h.ave him as a
h istage, and offered the Indians one hundreil pounds
for their prisoner, but they refused. On \\^x\\ 10
they carried him to Ohio, and soon afterwards he
escaped.
The next attack was made on the ill-fated village
of Wyoming, and the English and the Indi.ins com-
posing the ;ittacking party were largely fi'om Detroit.
'I'he party consisted of about three hundred white
men ;ind hve hundred iiliimed and painted Indians,
led by Colonel John Butler. They aiiiU'ared before
the place on July 3, 177<S, and demanded its surren-
der. The inhabitants deemed it best to comply,
but paid dearly for being faint-hearted. The entire
settlement was destroyed, and the people massacred
or carried into captivity.
In his Life of Brant Mr. Stone says that while he
was writing his work, he received a letter from
.Samuel C. Frcy, son of Philip R. I'>ey, an ensign in
the I'-ighth Regiment, in which was the statement
that the Indians at Wyoming were led by Captain
I>ird, also of the Eighth Regiment. The letter con-
tinues :
r.ird had been en.t;.iKed in a love affair at Detroit, but beingvery
u>;ly, as well as ha\-in,< a hare-lij), was imsuccessful. The affair
Kctlinj; wind, his fellow-ofhcers made thi'inselves merry at his
expi'use ; and in order to steep his grief in forgetfulness he ob-
tained permission to lead an expi^dition somi'where against the
American frontier. Joining the Indians placed under him and a
detachment of his regiment to llutler's Rangers they concerted
the descent on Wyoming. Knsign Krey stated that he was ill-
natured during the whole march, and acted with foolhardiness at
the battle.
On August II, 1778, Boonsboro was again
attacked by a party of French and Indians from
Detroit. This time they were led by Colonel Du
Ouesne, possibly the very man after whom old Fort
Duquesne was named. This same year, early in
November, the noted Kentuckian, Simon Kenton,
was captured, brought to Detroit, and ran.somed by
one of the British ot'ficers.
McDonald's " Western Sketches " gives this his-
tory of Kenton's life in Detroit, and his subsequent
escape :
'I'he next day after Kenton had passed into the possession of
the British at i )elroit, the corniuanding olVuer sent for him, and
bad a long conference on the subject of the strength antl luimber
of the inhabitants in the infant settlements of Kentucky. He
next inquired of the prisoner what he knew of the strength and
design of the movements of (ieneral Mcintosh, who, it was
iniderstood, was on the way, or preparing to invade the Indian
(ciuntry. To all of which interrtjgatories Kenton gavi? such
answer as a patriot might be expected to give.
He told the truth where the truth would not injiiri' his country,
and evaded direct answers where the information might afford
advantage to the enemy. After the liritish commander had inter-
rogated him as long as he thought proper, he dismissed him, .and
gavt; an order on Captain Mctiregcir, the commiss.ary of clothing,
for two suits of clothint;, which were furnished forthwith. He
was now permitteu the liberty of the city of Detroit, but was
!50
TMK RKVOLUTIONARY WAR.
( liar,i;cd not tii Icavi' llic town ; if he did, llic Iiuliniis, in all incih-
idiilily, Wdidd kill him. Here lu' did scmu' \\(pik, and dri'W Half
rations fnnn llut llritish, and liv<(l prclly nmrli .it his lasc I'.aily
in the sprinir of 17711, tli<' Indians l>nin,i;lit tn Hclroil si'vcr.il pris-
oners whnni they had l.-iken from Kmtmky. .\ni(nj,i.ist ihcni wt-ri;
sonii" tif Kenton's old associates. These prisoners had also the
lihcrty of tilt; town, Jind Kenton aiul they strolled aliont .'it pleas-
ure. Ainonj; these iirisoners were Captain Nathan lUillit .ind
(esse Coffer. With these two men Kenton lieijan to meditate an
eseape.
'I'hi-y eon <1 make ni> movement to proi-nre arms, ammiinitlnn,
or provision, without exiitini; suspicion ; .and should they hi' once
suspected they would he immediately eonlined. Kenton was .'i
("ine-lookini.; man, with a di>,'nilie<l and manly deportment, .ind .1
soft, pleasiii),' voice, and was everywhere he went a favorite with
the ladies.
A Mrs. Il.'irvey, the wife of an Indian trader, had treated him
with particular respect c\'er since he came to Detroit, and he eon-
eluded if he could cii.i;a.i,'e this lady as a confidant, hy her assist-
ance and eoiintenanee, ways and means wiiuld lie pre|)arid to .lid
them in their imditateil llitjht. Kent..-' appn ached Mrs. Harvey
on the delicate and interestini; sulijeet, w ith as much trei>iilation
and coyness as ever a maiden was appro.iched in a love alTair. He
watched an opportunity to ha\'e a pri\'ate inter\iew with Mrs.
Harvey ; an opportunity soon offered, .uul lie, without dis;,'uise or
hesitation, in full confidence, infornied her of his intention, and
requested her aid and secrecy.
After a few chit chats, she entered into the views of Kenton
with as much earnestness and enthusiasm as if she had lieen his
sister.
Sh( het^an to collect .'lud conceal such arlii'les .-is mi<ht hi' neces-
sary on the journey ; powder, lead, moccasins, .ind dried lieef were
procured in small quantities, and concealed ill a hollow tree some
distance out of town. Cinns were still wantin,i;, and it would not
do for a lady to trade in them. Mr. Harvey had an excellent fowl-
ing-piece, if nothing better should offer, that she said should he at
their service.
They had now everything th.it they expected to take with them
in their (light ready, except guns. At length the third day of
June, 1779, came, and a large toncouise of Indians were in the
town engaged in a drunken frolic ; they had stacked their guns
near .Mrs. Harvey's house. As soon as it was dark, Mrs. Harvey
went quietly to where the Indians guns were stacked, and selectid
the three besl-loukiiig rifies, carried them into her garden, and
concealed them in a patch of peas. She next went privately to
Kenton's lodging and conveyed to him the intelligence where she
h.'id hid the Indians .gnus. She told him .she would place a ladder
at the back of the garden (it was picketed) and that he could come
in and get the guns. Xo time was to be lost ; Kenton conveyed
the good news he had from Mrs. Harvey to his companions, who
received the tidings in ecstacies of joy ; they felt as if they were
already at home. It was a dark night ; Kenton, lUillit, and Coffer
gathered up their little all and pushed to Mrs. Harvey's garden.
There they found the ladder ; Kenton mounted over, drew the
ladder over after him, went to the pea patch, found .Mrs. Harvey
sitting by the guns; she handed him the rilles, gave him a friendly
shake of the hand, and bid him a safe jutirney to his friends and
countrymen.
The experiences of .nnother prisoner, named John
Lcetii, a clerk and interpreter detained at Detroit
by Ciovernor Hamilton, are thus narrated. He says :
One day, while detained in the fort, I observed some soldiers
drawing the cannon out of the fort, and placing them on the hank
of the river ; and whilst I was ruminating in my mind what could
be the meaning of this singular manneuvor, a young silversmith,
with whom I was intimately acquainted, came and asked me to
walk with him and see them fire the cannon. I walke.l with him
to the place where they had carried them. When we arrived there,
we found Oovernor Hamilton and several other British ofTicers
who were standing and sitting around. Immediately after our
arrival at the place, the Indians produced a large (piantily of sialps;
the cannon fired, the Indians raised a shout, and the soldiers
w.ived their hats, with hiiz/as and trein<'iidoiis sliri<ks which lasted
.somi' time. This ceremony being ended, the Indians brought for-
ward a |),irci'l of American prisoners as a trophy of their viitories,
among whom were eighteen women and children,- poor creatures !
- dri'.idfully mangled and einaciati'd ; with tlu'ir clothes tattered
and torn to pieei s in such a manner as not to hide their naked-
ness ; their legs bare and stre tming with blood, the effects of being
torn with thorns, briers, aiui brush. 'I'o see these jioor creatures
dragged like sheep to the slaiighler, along the llritish lines, laiised
my heart to shrink with throbbings, .'ind my hair to rise with rage;
and if I ever commiltiil murder in my he.irt, it was then, for if I
had had .-in opportunity, and been supported with strength, I
should certainly have killed the governor, who seemed to lake
great delight in the exhibition.
My business hurried me from the horrible scene, .uul I know not
what became of those poor wretches who were the miserable vic-
tims of savage power.
Kvery man in the fort, capabU' of bearing arms, w,is trained
twice a week while 1 remained there.
Up to this period tlic movements at Detroit had
l)een conducted under orders from Major-General
Carlton ; hut for some re.-ison his administnition
failed to jilease the home j^overnment, and on Sep-
tember 26, 1777, he wrote to Hamilton, "The con-
duct of the war has been taken entirely out of my
hands, and the mana.ijemeni of it upon your fron-
tiers has been assiirucd to you, as you have seen by
.'I letter fnim Lord George, — a copy which I sent
you."
This news was doubtless pleasing to Hamilton,
and there can be no doubt that, soon after this, he
commenced to plan an incursion which he should
lead in jierson. Meantime, on June 26, 177S, Gen-
eral Haldimand succeeded General Carlton, and
Hamilton, apparently, beg.m to fear that his jxjwers
would be restricted. In great haste he completed
his preparations for an att.ick on the Americin
posts. He began to talk of what he propo.sed to
do, and was contiilent and even boastful. His
preparations were tlnally completed, and he waiteil
only for the arrival of Captain Bird and fifty of the
King's Regiment from Niagara. They came on
October 7, 1778, and on the same day Hamilton
and his party set out for \incennes. He was
accompanied by I'hilip Dejean, his secretary, John
Mclieath, a surgeon, thirty-two of the Eighth Regi-
ment under Lieutenant Shourd, eighty-eight Detroit
volunteers, forty-two volunteers commanded by La
Mothe, and one hundred and twenty-four Indians.
They had gone but a little distance when the fusee
of Lieutenant Shourd accidentally went off and
broke his leg; the surgeon returned with him to
Detroit, but subsequently overtook and accompanied
Hamilton's party.
Governor Hamilton arrived before Vincennes on
December 17, when, although he was unaware of
it, tlie fort was occupied only by Captain Helm and
THE REVOLUTIONARY WAR.
'5^
a Mr. Ilcnry. On seeing Hamilton's forces a|>
proacli, Helm plarcci a cannon in tlie jfatcway, and
with lij,riitcd fuse ..tood ready to discliari^e it. Wlu-n
Hamilton came within hearini,^ Helm called out,
•' Halt ! " Hamilton demanded the surrender of the
garrison. Helm rejilied that until he knew the
terms no man should enter. Hamilton said. " You
shall have the honors of war." Helm then surren-
dered, and with his garrison of one man marched
out in single file.
In a letter to General Haldimand, Governor
Hamilton claimed that the force at Vincennes which
surrendered to him was as follows : " One Major,
four Captains, two Lieutenants, two ensigns, one
Indian agent, one adjutant, one commissary, one
interpreter, four sergeants, and two hundred and
sixteen rank and file ; of the last, one hundred and
sixty were volunteers." His statement does not
agree with any other, and .seems improbable unless
in his " rank and file " he includes all the inhabitants
of the town. It is evident also that his letter did
not make a very favorable impression upon a certain
official or clerk at Ouebec, for a series of s.nrcastic
endorsements upon it show that the writer did not
iiold in high esteem his military capacity or judgment.
Hamilton had intended to iiroceed to Kaskaskia,
l)ut he weakened his forces by sending out parties
to fall upon and destroy the settlers. He wrote to
the commandant at Natchez, " Next year there will
I)e the greatest number of savages on the frontier
that has ever been known."
We now turn to consider the efforts of the Amer-
ican forces to obtain possession of Detroit and the
West. In 1778 Virginia raised a body of troops to
defend her western settlements. Colonel George
Rogers Clark was placed in command, and pro-
ceeding to Kaskaskia he captured it on July 4. On
December 12, 1778, Patrick Henry, then Governor
of Virginia, gave instructions to Colonel John
Todd, county lieutenant or commandant of the
County of Illinois as follows :
You are to ijive particular attention to Colonel Clark and his
corps, to whom the State has great obligation*. Voi.i are to co-
opemte with him in .any military undertaking when necessary,
and to give the military every aid which the circumstances of the
people will admit of. The inhabitants of Illinois must not expect
settled peace and siifety while their and our enemies have footing
at Detroit, and can interrupt or stop the trade of the Mississippi.
If the English have not the strength or courage to come to war
.against us themselves, their practice has been, and will be, to hire
the savages to commit murders .and depredations.
Illinois must expect to pay in these a large price for her free-
dom, unless the English can be expelled from Detroit. The
means for effecting this will not, perhaps, be foinid in your or
Colonel Clark's power. * * * Rut the French inhabiting the
neighborhood of that place, it is presumed, may be brought to see
it done with indifference, or perhaps join in the enterprise with
pleasure.
V^hile Clark was still at Kaskaskia, Colonel Fran-
cis Vigo, of St. Louis, a Spanish subject in sym-
pathy with the American cause, went to him and
tendered his .services. Clark gladly availed himself
of the offer, and Colonel Vigo, with a single ser-
vant, proceeded to Vincennes, to learn the strength
of that post and liie possibilities of its capture. As
was anticipated, he was cajitured, and brought
before Governor Hamilton. Heing a Spanish sub-
ject, he could not be held as a spy in th.e absence of
proof. He was, however, forl^dden to leave the
fort; but finally, on giving a written pledge not to
attem|n anytliing injurious to liritish interests wiiile
on his return to St. Louis, lie was allowed to depart.
Colonel \'igo kept his pledge by going to .St.
Louis V iliiout telling on the way anytliing he had
learned of the force of Hamilton at X'incennes.
He, however, waited ;it St. Louis only long enough
to change his dress, and then hurried i)ack to Kas-
kaskia, arriving there the 29th of January. Heat
once m;ide known the nuir.i)er and condition of
Hamilton's forces, and Ciuonel Clark resolved to
attem|)t the recapture of \incennes.
The following I't-rbat'iii letter from Clark to Gov-
ernor Henry, dated i'ebruary 3, 1779, gives details of
his plans, and rellecls great credit on his spirit, if
not on his spelling.
SiK,--
As it is now near twelve months since I h.ivc h.ad the least
Intelligence fror.i you I almost despare of any releif sent to me.
I have for many months p.ist had Reports of An Army Marching
against l>e I'roit, but no certainty. A I.ate Menuvr of the
Famous Ihiir lUiyer CJeneral Henry Hamilt(m, Escj., Lieutenant
fiovernor of De Troit, hath allarmed us much. On the iiith of
December last, he with a llody of Six Hundred men, Composed-of
Regulars, French Volunteers and Indians, Took possession of >St.
Vincent (Vincennes) on the Wabash, and what few men that com-
posed the Garrison, not being able to make the least Defence. * *
Heing sensible that without a Reinforcement, which at present
I have hardly the right to Expect, that I shall be obliged to give up
the Country to Mr. Hamilton without a turn of Fortune in my
favor, I am Resolved to take advantage of his present situation and
Risque the whole in a single Rattle. I shall set out in a few
Days, with all the Force I can Raise of my own Troups and a few
militia that I can Depend on, Amounting in the whole to only one
Hundred and Seventy * * men * * of which goes on Hoard of
a small daily * • out some time ago, mounting two four pounders
and four large Swivels, one nine pounder on board. This boat is to
make her way good, if possible, and take her .Station Tenn I.e.igues
behnv St. Vincent untill furthur orders, if I am Defeated She is
to join Col. Rogers on the Mississippi. She has great stores of
amunition on I'oard. Comd. by Lieut. Jno. Rogers, I shall
march across by Land myself with the Rest of my lioys. * ♦ *
You must be sensible of the Feeling that I have for those llrave
officers and Soldiers that are Determined to share my Fate
let it be what it will. I know the case is Desperate, but Sir, we
must Either quit the Country or attack Mr. Hamilton. No time
is to be lost was I shoar of a Reinforcement I should not attempt
it. Who knows what Fortune will do for us. Great things have
been effected by a few men well conducted. ♦ » •
In pursuance of his determination, he sent forty-
six men by water with stores ; and taking one hun-
dred and thirty men, he .set out for Vincennes. No
25:
THE REVOLUTIONARY WAR.
uasy task was before him. The route lay over low-
lands, recently Hooded, and the soldiers niarehed
through w.-iter which was often from two to four
feet (lj;ep. Part of the force, as has been said, went
by boat, but all of them really went by water.
Daily rains made the journey more and more dis-
a,nTeeal)le, yet nothint( could dampen the ardor of the
troops. The drummer of the party was a jovial
little Irishman, with a rich vcjice and a memory well-
stored with comic sonj^s, all of them full of the
" Hejifone-dull-care " spirit that animates the natives
of firin's Isle. When the men were wadinj^ throui^h
mud and water, Colonel Clark would seat the drum-
mer on his drum, on which he floated and sang,
keepinjr up the spirits of the men with his lively
melodies.
At last, nearly starved, exhausted and cold, yet
brave and hopeful, they reached \''incennes. On
his arrival, Clark in a letter addressed to the inhab-
itants, said :
I request such of you as are true citizens, and willing to enjoy
the liberty I bring you, to remain still in your houses; and those,
if any there be, that arc friends to the King, will instantly repair
to the fnrt and join the hair-l)nyer C.eneral.
On February 24 he addressed the following letter
to Oovernor Hamilton:
SiK,-
In order to save yourself from the impending storm that now
threatens yon, I order you to immediately surrender yourself, with
your .uarrison, stores, etc. For if i am oiibged to storm, you may
depend on sueh treatment as is justly due to a murderer, lieware
of destroying stores of any kind, or any papers or letters that are
in your possession, or hurting one house in town, for liy Heaven !
if you do, there shall be no mercy shown you.
G. R. ("1 AKK.
Several interviews were held, in which il.imilton
sought other terms than unconditional surrender ;
but Clark would give none, and Hamilton was com-
pelled to yield. On March 5, at ten o'clock in the
morning, the British forces marched out of \'in-
cennes.
Many histories of the United States entirely ignore
this really great victory of Colonel Clark. In its prac-
tical value and importance it far exceeded a score
of victories in tlie East which arc frequently dilated
upon at length not warranted by their importance
to the country at large. Clark's victory was of
national value, for it largely relieved the West of
fear and saved the region of the Lakes.
Before Clark's arrival, Hamilton had sent Philip
Dejean to Detroit for r.upplies, and on February 9,
he and Mr. Adheimer set out with seven boats
loaded with goods, worth $50,000. Clark was in-
formed of their approach and sent sixty men to
intercept the bo.ats, which, with their stores, were
captured on the 26th as they were coming down
the Wabash.
On M.irch 7 Clark sent Captain Williams, Lieu-
tenant Rogers, and twenty-live soldiers with Covcr-
nor Hamilton, Philip Dejcin, Major Hay, Captain
La Mothe, Lieutenant SchieI'lin, and twenty ollicrs,
to \'irginia as prisoners of war. The \'olunteers
who came with Hamilton were drawn up in line,
told of the real nature of the war, and exhorted, as
they were to be paroled instead of imprisoned, to
go home and use their influence for the American
cause. They returned to Detroit, and obeyed the
request so effectually that, as Colonel Clark says, in
one of his letters:
Tliey made great havoc to the Uritish interest, publicly saying
that they had taken an oath n^t to fight against Americans, but
they had not sworn not to fight for them, etc., and mat ers were
carried to such a height that tl. • rommandlug (ifTieer thought i(
prudent to take no notice of any tiling that was said or done.
Mrs. McComb, who kept a noted boarding-house, I understand,
had tlie assurance to show him the stores she had provided for the
.Americans.
Colonel Clark repeats this information, and gives
further details, in a letter to the Oovernor of Vir-
ginia, dated Kiiskaskia, April 29, 1779. He says:
I'y your instructions to me I find you put no confidence in (Jen-
eral Mcintosh's taking Detroit, as you encourage me to attempt
it if possible. It has been twice in my power. Had 1 been able
to raise only five hundred men when I first arrived in the country,
or when I was at St. Vincennes could I have secured my prisoners,
and only had three hundred good men, I should have attempted
it ; and since learn there could have been no doubt of success, as
by some gentlemen, lately from that post, we art informed that
the town and country kejjt three days in feasting and diversions,
on hearing of my success against Mr. Hamilton, and were so
certain of my cmbr.'icing tlie fair opportunity of possessing myself
of that post that the merchants and others provided many neces-
saries for us on our arrival ; the garrison, consisting of only eighty
men, not d.iring to stop their diversions, They are now com-
phting a new fort,' and I fear too strong for any force I shall be
able to raise in this country.
Further details of the capture of Vincennes, and
the subsequent confinement of Lieutenant-Ciovernor
Hamilton and other officers, are contained in the
following series of letters and documents. (Gover-
nor Patrick Henry, in a letter to the Speaker of the
House of Delegates, written May i8, 1779, says:
SiK, -
I have enclosed a letter for the perusal of the Assembly, from
Colonel Clark at the Illinois. This letter, among other things,
informs me of an expedition which he has planned and deter-
mined to execute, in order to recover I'ort St. Vincent, which had
l)een formerly taken from the liritish troops, and garrison by
those under the Colonel's command. I'his enterprise has suc-
ceeded to our utmost wishes, for the garrison, commanded by
Henry Hamilton, I.ieutenant-Oovernor of Detroit, and consisting
of liritish Regulars and a number of Volunteers, were made pris-
oners of war. Colonel Clark has sent the Governor, with sev-
eral onTiiers and privates, under .1 proper guard, who have by this
time arrived at New London in the county of liedford.
Proper measures will be adopted by the Kxecutive for their
confinement and security. Unfortunately, the letters from Colonel
' The fort Clark speaks of was Fort Lernoult, which was begun
in the fall of 1778.
TlIK KKVOLUTIONARY WAR.
■36
Clark, containing, no doubt, particular accounts of this afTair,
was u\ the possession of an cxpnss who was nuirdcrcil l)y a party
of Indians on his way through Kentucky to this plai i:. The
letters, as I am inforin<il, were destroyi il. As thu fads which I
have mentioned are sufTicienlly anthenlieated, I thought it
nialerial that they should be conuiuinicated to the Assembly.
Soon afUTwards letters were received from Col-
onel Clark, and the State pajjers of V'iryinia contain
this record :
IN eOUNXII., JINE i8, 1779.
The Hoard proceeded to the conslderatii n of t!\e letters of
Colonel Clark, and other iiapers relating to Henry Hamilton,
Ksij., who has a('ted some years past as Lieutenant-Governor of
the settlement at and about I)etroit, and commandant of the
I'ritish K'lri''*'" there, under Sir tJuy Carlton as (lovernor in
Chief, Philip Dejean, Justice of the Peace for Detroit, and
William I, a Mothe, Captain of Volunteers, prisoners of war, taken
in the county of Hlinois. They hud that (Governor Hamilton has
executed the task of inciting the Indians to perpetrate their accus-
tomed cruelties on the citizens of the United States, without dis-
tinction of sex, ago, or condition, with an eagirness and avidity
which evinei' that the general nature of his charge harmonized
with his particular disposition. 'l!iey should have been satisfied,
from the other testimony adduced, that these enormities were
committed by savages acting under his commission; but the num-
ber of proclamations, which, at different times, were left in
houses, the inh.ibilants of which w<-re killed 01' carried away by
the Indians, one of which i)roclamations is in possession of the
hoard, under the hand and seal of liovernor Hamilton, puts this
fact beyond a doubt. At the time of his captivity, it appears, he
had sent considerable bodies of liuljjins against the frcmtier settle-
ments of these stales, and had actually appointed a great council
of Indians to meet him at Tennessee, to concert the operations of
this present campaign. * ♦ *
It appears that tioverror Hamilton gave standing rewards for
scalps, but offered none for prisoners, which induced the Indians,
after making their captives carry their baggage into the neighbor-
hood of the fort, there to put them to death and carry in their
scalps to the Covernor, who welcomed their return and success by
a discharge of cannon.
That when a pris'oner, brought alive, and destined to death by
the Indians, the lire already kindled, and himself bound to the
stake, was dextrously withdrawn, and secreted from them by the
humanity of a fellow-prisoner, a largTS reward was offered for the
discovery of the victim, which having tempted a servant to betray
his concealment, the present prisoner Dejean, being sent with a
party of soldiers, surrounded the house, took and threw into jail
the unhappy victim and his deliveri'r, where the former soon ex-
pired under the perpetual assurance of Dejean that he was again to
be restored into the hands of the savages, and the latter, when en-
larged, was bitterly reprimanded by (iovernor Hamilton. * * *
It appears that the prisoner La iMothe was a captain of thi^ vol-
unteer scalping parties of Indians and whites who went, from
time to time, under general orders to spare neither men, women,
nor children. ♦ * ♦
Called on by that justice we owe to those who are fighting the
battles of our country, to deal out at length miseries to their
enemies, measure for measure, and to distress the feelings of man-
kind by exhibiting to them spectacles of severe retaliation, where
we had long and vainly endeavored to introduce an emulation in
kindness ; happily the possession, by the fortunes of war, of some
of those very individuals, who, having distinguished themselves
personally in this line of cruel conduct, are fit subjects to begin on
with the work of retaliation, this hoard has resolved that the
Ciovernor, the said Henry Hamilton, Philip Dejean, and William
La Mothe, prisoners of war, be put into irons, confined in the
dungeon of the public jail, debarred the use of pen, ink and
paper, and excluded all converse except with their keeper. And
the (iovernor orders accordingly. Arch. lUair, C. C.
The piittinij of the.se oKicers in irons i^ave rise to a
v()liiniinonscorres|)ondenie. Some one of tiie ollicers
at Detroit wrote to (Iovernor Jefferson of Virijinia,
Ijrotfstinir a,t;ainst the imprisonment of (Iovernor
Hamilton ; and iiis reply, given in the Calendar of
Virginia State Papers, with some partly illegible
words supplied in brackets, is as follows :
Wii.i.iAMsiirui-.ii, July 22, 1771J.
Sir,—
Your letter on the subject of Lieulenaiit-C.oveinor Hamilton's
confinement came safely to hand.
I sli.ill with greit cheerfuliuss cNplain to you the reason on
which the advice of Council was founded, sinci', after the siitisfac-
tion of doing what is right, the gnatest is thai of Imving what we
do approved by those whose opinions deserve esteem.
We think ourselves justified in Covernor Hamilton's strict con-
finement on the general principle of national retaliation. To
state to you the particular facts of I'ritish cruelty to American
prisoners would b<: to give a melancholy history from the capture
of Colonel Kthan .\llen at the beginning of the war to the pres-
ent day : a history of which I will avoid, as equally disagreeable
to you and tome. I with pleasure do you the justice to say that
I believe those facts to be very much unknown to yr.u, as Canada
has been the only scene of your service in America, and in that
(piarler we have reason to believe that Sir tniy Ci.illon and the
other officers commanding there have treated our prisoners [since
the instance of Colonel Allen] with considiT.ible lenity. [.As to|
what has been done in F.ngland, .md what in New York and
Philadelphia, you are probably uninformed, as it would hardly be
made the subject of epistolary correspondence.
I will only observe to you, sir, that the confinement and treat-
ment of your [prisoners] officers, soldiers, and seamen, have been
BO vigorous and cruel as that a very great proportion of the whole
of ihose captured in the course of this war and carried to Phila-
delphia while in po.s.sessiim of the Ilritish army, and to New
York, have perished miserably from that cause only, and that
this fact is as well established with us as any historical fact which
has happened in the course of the war.
A gentleman of this Commonwealth in public office, and of
known and established character, who was taken on sea, carried to
New York and exchanged, has given us lately particular informa-
tion of the treatment of our prisoners there. * + *
When, therefore, we are desired to advert to the possible conse-
quences of treating prisoners with rigour, I need only ask. When
did these rigours begin ? Not with us, assured'y. I think you,
.sir, who have had as good opportunities as any I'ritish officer of
learning in what manner we treat those whom the fortune of war
has put into our hands, can clear us from the charge of rigours,
as far as your knowledge or information has extended. I can
assert that Governor Hamilton's is lh(' first instance which has
occurred in my own country, and if there has been another in any
of the United Slates, it is unknown to me. These instances must
have been extremely rare, if they have ever existed at all, as they
could not have been altogether unheard of by me. When a uni-
form exercise of kindness to prisoners on our part has been
returned by as uniform severity on the part of our enemies, you
must excuse me for saying it is high time, by other lessons, to
teach respect to the dictates of humanity ; in such a case retalia-
tion becomes an act of benevolence.
Hut suppo.se, sir, we were willing still longer to decline the
drudgery of general retaliation ; yet Governor Hamilton's conduct
has been such as to call for exemplary punishment on him person-
ally. In saying this I have not so much in view his particular
cruelties to our citizens prisoners with him (which, though they
have been great, were of necessity confined to a small scale), as
the general nature of the service he undertook at Detroit, and the
extensive exercise of cruelties which that involved. Those who
act together in war are answerable to each other. No distinction
can be made between the principal and ally by those against
!54
THE KEVULUTIUNARY WAR.
wliiiin the war is wiiKLcl. lie who iiiiplnys aiuitliii' l<> (In a clctd
iii.ikrs the (lecd his own. If hf calls in the hand nf llir ass;issin
ur inmdrrir, himself becomes the iissussin or nuiriUrtr. Tln'
known rule of warfare with the huli.iu savax'es is an indiscrinii-
nule Ir:1i liery of men, women and children. 'I'he.se savages,
under this well-known character, are cniployid l>y the llritisli
nation a* allies in the wir against the Americans, (lovernor
Hamilton tnidertakes to be the conductor of tlie war. In the exe-
cution of that undertakinK he associates small parties of whitis
under his immediate command with Uuve parties of the Savages,
and sends them to act, sometimes jointly, sometimes separately,
not against our forts or armies in the field, but the farming settle-
ments on our frontiers, (governor Hamilton, then, is himself the
butcher of men, women and children. I will not s;iy to what
lenjilh the fair rules of war would e.\lend the ri>;ht of punishment
agaiast him, but I am sure that confinement, under its strictest
circumstances, as a retaliation for Indian devastation and nias-
s;icre must be deented l-enity. I apprehend yon bad not sulli-
cienlly adverted to the e.\pns.sion in the advice to the council,
when you supposed the proclamation there alluded to to be the
one addressed to the inhabitants of the Illinois. * * * L'l'he]
Proclamation thim alludid to contained nothing more than an
invitation to our ollicers and soldiers to join the I'.ritish arms
against those whom he pleased to call Rebels and Traitors. In
order to introduce these among our people they were put into the
hands of the Indians, and in every house where they murdered or
carried away the family they left one of these proclamations.
Some of them were found sticking in the breasts of pers<ins mur-
dered, one under the hand and seal of Governor Hamilton. ♦ * ♦
Hut if you will be so good as to recur to the address of the
Illinois, which you refer to, you will lind that tho' it does not, ill
e.vpress terms, threaten vengeance, blood, ami massacre, yet it
proves that the (Jovernor had made for us the most ample pro-
vision of all these calamities.
He then gives in detail the horrid Catalogue of savage nations,
extending from south to north, whom he had leagued witli himself
to wage combined war on our frontiers ; and it is well known that
that war would of course be made up of blood, and general
massacre of men, women, and children. Other i)apers of (jovernor
Hamilton's have come to our hands, containing instructiims to
olTicers going out with scalping parties of Indians and whites, and
proving that that kind of war was waged under his express orders.
Further proof in abundance might be added, but I suppose the
fact too notorious to need them.
Your letter .siems to admit an inference that, whatever may
have been the general coiuluct of our enemies towards their pris-
oners, or whatever the personal conduct of Governor Hamilton,
yet, as a pri.soner by capitulation, you consider him as privileged
from strict conruieiueiit. I do not pretend loan intimate knowl-
edge of this subject. .My idea is that the term " prisoner of war"
is a generic one, the specification of which is first, prisoners at
discretion ; and second, prisoners in convention or capitulation.
Thus in .he debate in the House of Commons of the 27th of
N'ovember last on the address, the "Inister, speaking of General
IJiirgoyne (and in his presence), says he is a " prisoner," and
(ieiieral liurgoyne ealls himself a "pri.soner under the terms of
the convention of Saratoga," intimating that, tho' a prisoner, he
was a prisoner of particular species, entitled to certain terms.
The treatnuut of the first class ought to be such as is approved
by the usage of polished nations: gentle and lutmaiie, unless ;i
contrary conduct in an enemy or individual render a strict treat-
ment nerrjssiiry. The prisoners of tlie second class have nothing
to exinipt ihein from a like treatment with those of the first,
except so far as they slmll have been able to make better terms by
articles of capitulation. * * * However, we may waive rea-
soning on this head, because no article in the Capitulation of
Governor Hamiltim is violated by his confinement.
Perhaps, not having seen the Capitulation, you were led to
think it were a thing of course that, being able to obtain terms of
surrender, they would first provide for their own treatment. I
enclose you a copy of the Capitulation, by which you will sec
that the second Article declares tlieiii prisoniis of war, .mil
mulling is siiid as to the Ireatment they were to lie ei tilled to.
When Governor Hamilton signs iiidetd, he adds a lloui i.sh, con-
laiuiiig the motives inducing him to capitulate, one of which was
coiilideiut^ in a generous enemy. He should li.ive iillei led that
generosity on a large scale would lake sides against him. How-
ever, these were only his private motives, ami did not eiitirintn
the contract with Colonel Clark. iJeing iirisonersoi war, then, with
only such privileges as their Capitulation has provided, ar d that
having provided nothing on the siibjei t of their treatinenl, they
are liable to he treated as other prisoners. We have not <'Xl 'nded
our orders, as we might justifiably have done, to the whole of
this Corps. Governor Hamilton and Captain La Mothc alore, as
leading offenders, are in confinement. The other officers and men
are treatid as if they had been taken in justifiable war : the iffi-
cers being at large on their parole, and the men also having tlieir
liberty to a certain I'.xlent. r)ejean was not iiichided in the Ca()-
ilulation, being taken eight days after, on the Wabache, one
hundred and fifty miles from .St. N'inccnnes.
I hope. Sir, that being made' more fully acipiainted wilh the
facts on which the advice of council was gnuindid, and exercising
your own good sense in cool and candid deliberation on these
facts, and the conseiiuences deducted frcjin them, according 10 the
usiige and .sentiments of civilized nations, you will .see the trans-
action in a very different light from that in which it appears at
the time of writing your Letter, and ascribe the advice of the
council, not to want of attention to the sacred nature of iiublii
Conventions, of which I hope we shall never, in any circum-
stances, lose sight, but to a desire of stopping the effusion of ye
unoffending blood of women and children, and the injustifiahlc
severities exerci.sed on our ca|)tive officirs and soldiers in general,
by proper severity on our part.
I have the honor to be, with much [lersonal respect,
Sir, •
Your most obed't it mo.st li'ble Servant,
Thomas Juiiukson.
The imprisonment of these officers was brought
to the attention of (leneral Wasinnj^ton, and on
Aiiji^ust 6 he wrote to Jefferson, advising; that the
irons be removed. 1 lis request was at once acceded
to, and on September 29, 1779, tiie \'iri,Mnia Council
ordered that ("lovernor Hamilton, Captain La Mothc,
and l^iilip Dejean be sent to Hanover Court Hoii.se,
to re n at larije on parole. The prisoners objected
to a parole which would prevent them from saying
anything to the prejudice of the I'nited States, and
so they were remanded to eontinement in jail until
they could " deternune with themselves to be inof-
fensive in word as well as deed." They were appa-
rently r.gain put into irons. Kffoits in their behalf
were continued, and the records of the Virginia
Council for October, 1779, contain a memorandum
of a letter from Ciovernor Jeffer.son to Colonel Mat-
thews, who had been a prisoner in Hamilton's power ;
Matthews pleaded for leniency ttjwards Hamilton,
and brought a second letter frf)m Washington, dis-
approving of his being in irons. These were again
taken off, and Jefferson wrote to Colonel Matthews
as follows:
(Jovernor Hamilton and his companions were imprisoned and
ironed, fust in retaliation for cruel treatment of our captive citi-
zens by the enemy in general, and. For the barbarous species of
warfare which himself and his Savage allies carried on in our west-
THE REVOLUTIONARY WAR.
255
irn frontier. jrH. K<>r partinilar acts of barburity, of which he
li'inscif was personally K'lil') 1 '<> soiiiu of our citiniis in his power.
Any one of tliisc iliar^," s was siiflicliiil to justify the measure we
Uioli. Of the truth (jf ll\e lirst yourself are witness. V'oursitua-
lion, indeed, seems to have been better since you were sent to New
York ; but rellec' on what you suffered before that, nnd knew
others of your eotnitrynien to suffer, and what you know is
now suffered by that ni >re unhappy part ot them who are still
conilned on board of the prison ships of theenimy. Proofs of
llie second eharwe, we have under llandlton's own '.injid ; and of
the third, as sailed assurances as human testimony is capable of
giving. Iluiuane conduct on our part was found to produce nc
effect'; the contrary, therefore, was to be tried.
In a letter to Washington, dated November 28,
1779, Jefferson says:
Lamothe and Dejean have juiven their parole, and are at Han-
over Court Mouse; llamikon, Hay, and four others are still obsti-
nate. Ihey, therefore, an: still in close confinement, though
their irons have never been on since your second letter on the
subject.
On Juno 15, 1780, Governor Hamilton and the
other prisoners were in conlinement al Charlottes-
ville, Va., and Colonel James Wood, then in com-
mand of that place, wrote to Governor Jefferson ■
Sir,—
I am Honored with your Letter of the oth instant, with the sev-
eral Inelosures, and shall think myself Happy if I am able to
carry your Ideas into Kxecution.
I have issued I'eremptory Orders for all the officers, without dis-
tinction, to repair within five days to tiie liarracks, and shaP cer-
tainly enforce them with strictness. * ♦ ♦ I am well assured
that had the Assembly extended their resolutions no farilier than
to have restricted the Officers to the Limits of the County, and
called in all tlieirSupernumerary Servants, it would have answered
a much lielter Purpose. I hope I shall be excused for giving my
opinion thus freely, as your Excellency may be assured it proceeds
from my zeal for the .Service. * * ♦ I shall be extremely glad
to be informed by the return of the Dragoon whether the officers
are to be rjosely confined to the liarracks ; whether some of them
who have built Huts, within the distince of four miles, are to be
removed ; and whether I am to demand other paroles of them,
and wlu'it the Terms of the new ones are to be.
P. S. General Hamilton requests to know whether the General
Officers, their Aid-de-camps, IJrigade Majors, and Servants, are
meant to be included. He says they will willingly give any
Parole that may be thought necessary.
For somf MDCxplained reason General Washington
continued to interest himself in these prisoners, and
on September 26, 1780, Jefferson wrote to him, from
Richmond, as follows :
I was honored, yesterday, with your favor of the 5th instant, on
the subject of prisoners, and particularly of Lieutenant (jovernor
llainilton. You are not unapprised of the influence of this oflicer
with the Indians, his activity and embittered zeal against us.
\ "11 also, perhaps, know how precarious is our tenure of the
Illinois County, and critical is the situation of the new coun-
ties on the Ohio. These circumstances determined us to retain
Governor Hamilton and Major Hay within our power, when
we delivered up the other prisoners. ( )n a late representation
from the people of Kentucky, by a person st^nt here from that
country, and expressions of what they had reason to apprehend
from these two prisoners, in the event of their liberation, we
assured them they would not be parted with, though we were
giving up our other prisoners.
It is probable that Washington replied, opposing
the determination of Jefferson, for on October 10
Governor Hamilton was released on tiie following
parole :
L Henry Hamiltim, Lieutenant (Jovernor and Superintendent
of lletroit, do lieriby acknowledge myself a prisoner of War to
the Commonwiallli of Virginia, and having permission from his
Kxcellency Thom.is Jefferson, Governor of said Comiuonwealtli,
to go to New York, do pledge my faith and most sacredly promise
iipnii my parole of llouor, that I will not do, say, write, or cause
to be done, Siiid, or written, directly or indirectly, in any respect
whatever, anything to the prejudice of the United Stales of Amer-
ica, or any of t'lem, until I shall be enlarged from my captivity
by Exchange or otherwise, wilh the consent of the said Governor
of Virginia or his successors, and that 1 will return, when 11 ipiiied
by the said (iovernor or his successors, to such place wiiliin the
said Commonv allli as he shall jxiiiit out, and deliver mysilf up
again to him or the person acting for or under him.
In testimony whereof I have hereunto set my hand and seal at
Chesterfield, this loth day of October, 1780.
Hbnkv Hamilton.
On the same day Major Jehu Hay. of the Detroit
militia, was paroled to go to New York.
(Jf tiie other prisoners taken by Colonel Clark,
Schieftlin escaped in April, 1780, and returned to
Detroit, and on June i following, while in confine-
ment. Mai.sonville committed suicide. On March 4,
1 78 1, Hamilton, Lamothe, and McBeath were ex-
changed.
With regard to the character of Governor Hamil-
ton and the warfare that he encouraged, Mr. Tucker,
in his Life of Jefferson, on page 129, questions the
justice of the stigma which hiw, been publicly afli.xed
to the character of this British officer. Mr. Tucker
says that in early youth he was acquainted with him ;
and that " he was an educated and well-bred gentle-
man, possessed of a soldierly frankness, great liber-
ality, etc." He also says, " Colonel Clark makes
no mention of his ill treatment of prisoners." Con-
cerning this defense, it is a sufficient answer to refer
to Clark's letters to the inhabitants of X'incennes
anil to Governor Hamilton, both of which are amply
verified. For the rest, the letter of Jefferson to the
Governor of Detroit will safely stand against the
statement of Jefferson's historian, who does not
seem to have been aware of its existence.
The best defense that can be made for Hamilton
is that he acted under orders from his superiors ;
but he seems to have been a willing instrument, and
to have gone beyond any instructions in his endeavor
to punish the Americans.
In 1 7S4, when General Haldimand went back to
England, Mr. Hamilton, as the oldest member of
the Legislative Council, was left in charge of the
duties of Governor of Canada, for about a year,
when Henry Hope succeeded him as the regular
appointee.
Returning again to the history of the efforts to
capture Detroit, we find that while Hamilton was
THK KKVDLUTIONARY WAR,
iiK'iliiaiin,n oil his t\il dci'ds in a \iri;iiiia prison,
clfoi'ls wtiv still Iniiin made to orL;aiii/Cf an expedi-
tion avjaiiisi Dilidit; and the IcltiTs of Colonel
Daniil liiodhcail, in command of L'ontinintal troops
at l'iitsl)iirjrh, are full of iiiterestinjf partiriilars. He
succecdi'd ficneral Mi.Intosli at that place, and in a
letter datetl Ai)ril i6, i77y, adilressetl to Major-
General Armstrong, ,nives these faets as to Mcin-
tosh's proposed expedition ai;ainst Detroit:
Thr lliiaril (jf War iiifurimil im h. Inn- I Itll I arlyslc tlial tlir
viftts i)f C'lmnivss wiri' thai it wa^ Uid Utir In piiiM i iilu Ihtir main
ubJL'ct. I!iit Ciutural Mcliitnsli was nuirc aiiiliiticiiis, tie swure
that nothiiin less than hitniit was his (jhjiit, and he wniilil have
it in thi- wMilir scasiin. In vain was tlu naktdniss of the nun,
tlu- Stanly snppliis, wiirn-<iMt, slarviil iTiirsis, Uaniss uf the
cattle, and tuial want of fiira>,'e, iliflknlly, iinilersmh cireiiin-
stanies, of su|i|)ortinv' posts at so y,n;i\ a distance in tile enemy's
country, and olhiT considerations, urged.
("leneral Mcintosh determined to m.ikc a trial, and
it was owiiin to his determination that the military
absurility called Fort Mcintosh was built hy the
hands of hundreds that were eaj^er to wield sword
and (lJUIi. The followini^ letter from Colonel Hrod-
head to Major-( leneral (ireen, dated l'ittsl)uri,di,
May 26, 1779, gives particulars rei;ardini; the fort:
Last eampaiKn we had great plenty of resonrees for all the
troops which were necessary to make an e.xcnrsion into the
enemy's country, which was then the ultimate view of the
Hoard of War, and to have s;ivcd nnich provisions for the cam-
paign. The KcKular Troops and new I.evi<s were equal to
such an undertaking; but tieneral .Mcintosh's views were much
more extensive. lie was deterniiued to take Detroit ; and with
this view, hegan to bir' "'a fort at much labor and expense, at
Heaver Creek: and c- ;i .(picntly kept, at least, one thousand
militia in the field who might have been better employed put-
ting in their fall crops and taking in their corn, which was
chiefly lost for want of their attendance.
The Fort Mcintosh alluded to in the above letters
was on the north side of the Ohio, about thirty
miles from I'ittsburi^h. C.eneral Mcintosh left it on
November 5, 1778, with the inriMition of i^roceeding
to Detroit, but after goinjr about seventy miles he
was compelled to give up the attempt for lack of
provisions.
On September 24, 1 779, Colonel Brodhead wrote
to Colonel George Morgan :
I have applied some time past for leave to make an expedi-
tion a.gainst Detroit, but fear it will again be put off until the
season is too far advanced, for, although the operations ought
not to terminate before the commencement of winter, yet they
ought to be begun early in the fall, and I must inform you that
by a late letter I rec'd from Mr. Archibald Steele, it appears
that a snfTicicnt quantity of provisions is fiot yet purchased that
he knows of, for such an nndertaking ; and why do you con-
ceive that live hundred men are now equal to the task of carry-
ing that place, which is rendered much stronger by men and
works than it was two years ago when 1,800 men were thought
necessary? I conceive it to be next to an impossibility to carry
on a secret expedition against that place, whilst the English
have goods to engage the Indians in their interest, and we have
nothing but words.
On November 10, 1779, he wrote U) Cieiieral
Washington as follows :
.\u expedition against Detroit in the winter season will doubt-
less put us in possession of the Knemy's shipping, and, of course,
give us the lommand of Lake Krie. Winter espediiions are gen-
erally attended with great loss of Horses and Cattle, except where
large magazines of forage are laid in and can be transported,
liut the liriti-sh Garrison and shipping will be a lull compensation
for every loss of that kind .mil indeed every dilTiiully we can
meet in obtaining it, as it will likewise secure the future tran(|uil-
ity of this frontier. 1 will endeavor to have everything in perfect
rcadiiuss and procure the best intelligi-ni e that circumstances
will admit. I believe a considerabli^ ninnlier of Indians will join
me, hut 1 have little expectation of suppliis exce|il from the
I'rench settlements in the vicinity of that post, and as the I'rilish
yearly cause the inhabitants to thrash out lluir grain and sell to
them for the purpose of lilling their mag:i/ines, little di penilenrc
I .in be plaei'd on receiving supplies from them ; and the Indians
on the Kiver St. Lawrence subsist chielly upon auiiual food.
♦ * * My best intelligence at present is that the enemy have
erected a very strong work, near to the (Mil Kort, and on the only
commanding eniinence behind the Soldiers' ( lardens. 'I'hat the
(larrison consists of three hundred Regulars (some say morel and
about the same numlxir of militia ; some of the latter Description
it is said will join our Troops on their arrival in that neighbor-
hood. The Wyandots, Tawas, Chippewas, and I'ottawatoniii s
live in the vicinity of Detroit ; and many of them are, withoiii
doubt, under llrilish induence.
Twehe days later he wrote to Washington again :
The Drl.iware Cliic fs inform nie that the I'lnglish at Detroit
have refused to supply the Wyandots with clothing, because they
had entered into a treaty of friendship with us. They likewise
say that the new tort at that place is finisheil, and that the walls
are so high that the tops of the I'.arracks can scarcely be seen from
the outside ; but they don't know whether there are any l.ipinli
proofs as they are not i)erniitted to go into the t'ort. They think
the number of soldiers does not exceed three hundred, and -some
part of that number still remain in the old l''ort.
On November 26, 1779, Colonel T>rodhead wrote
to Zeisberger, the Moravian missionary on the
Muskingum, as follows :
1 am very anxious to know the strength of the Carrison at ] >e-
troit, and likewise the strength of the works, but particularly
whether there are any Ilumb proofs, and of what construction,
whether they are arched with brick or stone, or of wood ; and
whether the liomb proofs are only for the safety of the Knemy's
provision and military stores, or whether there are any for the
security of the men. What number of cannon are mounted, and
of what size, and how the inhabitants stand affected with respect
to our cause. If you can employ a proper person to confide in
and bring me intelligence of those circumstances, yon will render
your country essential service ; and you may rely on my paying
the spy eighty lUicks, or one hundred, if eighty is insufTicicnt. I
intend to send one in like manner to Niagara, to gain similar
intelligence.
(^n February 21, 1780, Colonel Brodhead again
wrote to W^ashington :
Hy one of our prisoners who lately made his escape from the
Wyandots, and who has frequently been at Detroit, I am informed
that the new fort erected there has liomb proofs of wood ; that the
walls are very high, fifteen feet thick, and made of fascines and
clay ; that the Harracks are sunk some distance into the ground,
and that their roof cannot be seen from without ; that it stands
on a fine commanding piece of ground with a gentle descent each
SiK,^
TIIK RKVOLUTinNAKV WAR
!57
way ; likewise, tliiit it is stirrouiuli'd l)y a dilc h Iwiiity fiot wiilc.
I 111: (larrisiin ccuisisls nf liu Ur^jiilars ; ami tlir I'luiny have iSi«)
nun at Niagara, besides a ^nal iiiinibrr cil Indians, If this iiilil-
li),'eiiee is true, unless srjine diversion is iieeasioneil by troops
jiiareliinK up the Susipieliannali River, it is not improhalile tliat
llm enemy may pay us a visit down the Alleghany Ulvir next
spring ; and I have neither men nor cannon snITiiieiit for this
I'ojl, unless u reinforcement can be spared from the main army.
I shall, however, make the best disposition that eirtumstani es
will admit, and if possible gain further iiUi lligcni e from the I >ela-
wari's, who continue their diilaralions of frieiulship for us. I
beg your Kxcelleney will indulge me with twinty lloal liuilders
.uul some armourers early in the spring. If I receive no order to
ilie euntrury, ami can be supplied with craft, I am determini d to
drive the Shawnesi' over the Lakes, which I laii do before provi-
sions can be furnished for a Capital Kxpedition.
On tlie .saiiiL' day he wroto to (iovenior Rctd of
riimsylvania, j^iviny very nearly the same infurina-
tion.
'I'lie following' letter from Ciovernor Jefferson to
t'lcneral W'a.sliinyton unfolds many partieulars relat-
ing to the nicn ami the measures of the time :
\Viui,iAMsmK(,ii, loth Feb., 1780.
Sin,-
It is possible you may have heard thai in the i-oiiise of I.ist
suuuner an expeilition was nu-dilated by oui" Coloiu-1 Clark
against Detroit ; that he had proceeded so far as to rendezvous a
considerable body of Indians, I believe four or five thousand, at
St. Vincents ; but, being disappointed in the uund)er of wliites he
expected, and not choosing to rely principally on the Indians, he
was obliged to decline it. We have a tolerable prospect of rein-
forcing him this spring, to the number which he thinks sulTicient
for the enterprise. Wc have informed him of this, and left liim
'.o decide between this object and that of giving vigorous chastise-
ment to those tribes of Indians whose eternal hostility have proved
them incapable of living on friendly terms with us. It is our opin-
ion his inclination will lead him to determine on the former.
The reason of my laying before your Kxcelleney this matter is,
lliat it has been iutinuited to me that Culoiiel ISrodhead is medi-
t.iting a similar expedition. I wished, therefore, to make yuu
ac(piainted with what we had in contemplation. The energetic
genius of Clark is not altogether unknown to you. You also
know (what 1 am a stranger to) the abilities of I'rodhead, and the
particular force with which you will be able to arm him. for such an
expedition. We wish the most hopeful means should be used for
removing so uneasy a thorn from our side. .\s you alone are
accpiainted with all the circumstances necessary for well informed
decision, I am to ask the favor of your Kxcelleney, if you should
lliink Urodhead's undertaking is most likely to produce success,
that you will be so kind as to intimate to us, to d'vcrt Clark to
ihe other object, which is also important to this state. It will, of
. nurse, have weight with you in forming your determination, that
cair prospect of strengthening Clark's hands sulTiciently is not
aljsolutely certain. It . y be necessary, perhaps, to inform you
that these officers cannot act together, which excludes the hopes
c'f insuring success by a joint expedition. I have the hgnor to be,
with the most sincere esteem. Your Kxcellency's
Most obedient and most humble servant,
Thomas Jefferson.
On April 24, 1780, Brodhead wrote to Washing-
ton:
As no reinforcement can be had from your Kxcelleney, the in-
' :nded expedition against Detroit must be laid aside until a favor-
ble turn of affairs takes place, unless you would recommend a
junction of Clark's troops with mine.
On May 30 he wrote :
The acccmnts I have received re lative to the Ilritish darrisnn ut
Detroit differ widily, some making it to ciuisist <if only two him-
dred nun, some three hundred, and others upwards of four
hundred. This has determin<'d me to send Captain lirady with
five white nun ami two Delaware Indians to Sandusky, to eiuleavor
to take a llrilish prisomr, which I hope he will effect. I have,
likewisi', offered other Delaware warriors fifty hard dollars' worth
of goods, for <me Ilritish soldier, and they have promised to bring
him immediately, Shoidd an intelligent one be brought in, I in-
tciul to offer him some indulgence upon his giving me the most
perfei't intelligence in his power.
On September 14, 1780, I'.rodhead wrote to Wash-
ington :
The French inhabitants at Detroit are much in our interest, and
wish most heartily to see an American force approaching. I
re.illy believe that twelve hundred widl a|ipointi'd nu'U would
carry that place without great dinieully ; and I wish for nothing
more, when circumstances will admit, than the honor of making
the alli'mpt.
Ik'fore lirodhead or Clark had an n|iportunity to
ni.ike the tri.il, one Colonel La Halm, who eame
to Ameriea with Lafayette, attempted Ihe capture of
Detroit. The .story of his failure is ;hus told, in a
letter written by Colonel De I'eyster t') Cieneral
Ilaldimand, dated November 13, 1780:
A body of Canadians,' commanded by Colonel La lialm, were
defeated on the 5th inst. by the .Miami Indians near that village. '-'
The Colonel and between thirty and forty of his men were .killed,
and Mons. Khy, who styles himself aid-de-camp, taken prisoner.
They relate that they left the Cahokias on the 3rd of (Jctober,
with 41 men ; that a large body were to follow them to the Ouia,
from whence Colonel La I!alm proceeded to the .Mianiiswith one
hundred ami three men and some Indians, without waiting for
the junction of the troops expected, leaving orders for them to
follow, as well as those he expected from Post Vincent. His
design was to attempt a iou/>-iii-iiiai>t upon Detroit, but finding
his troops, which were to consist of 400 Canadians and some In-
dians, did not arrive, after waiting twelve days they plundered
the place, and were on their way back when the Indians assembled
and attacked them.
In a letter dated three days later, De Peyster says
La Balm's force " entered the village, took the
horses, destroyed the horned cattle, and plundered
a store I allowed to be kept there for the conveni-
ence of the Indians."
La Balm's watch set with diamonds, his double-
barrelled gun, spurs, regimentals, and some valu-
able papers were brought to De I'eyster by an Indian.
A letter from General Haldimand to Colonel De
Peyster, dated January 6, 1 781, says," I have received
your letter 01 1 5th of November reporting the defeat
of Mons. La Balm and transmitting his commission,
etc."
Soon after the defeat of La Balm, the proposed
expedition of Colonel Clark was again under con-
sideration, and on December 13, 1780, Governor
Jefferson wrote to Washington as follows:
1 The French were usually so styled.
* Now Fort Wayne, Ind.
258
TIIK KKVOI.rrioNAKV WAR.
SlH,-
I had the linnor of wriiinx tn ymir Kxcellcncx nn thv Hul)jcct of
an i'X|ii'<lili>>n, i oiitiiiiplatiil liy tliis Mntc, a»{niiist llii' llrilish post
lit Iti'troii, ;iii(l of n-xiviiit; yoiii all^»lr of Oitolxr the lotli,
Siiiru tlic (Liti' of my li ttrr tint fai <' of tliiiik;s has so far i h iii>;i'(l as
to Usivi' it no loiivfcr optional to attrnipt or (li-cliiio thr i-xprditioii,
but (ornprls us to dtcidr ill tllr animialivi', and to l)i>;'ii our prr-
paralious iuuiitdiutcly. 1 he regular furcu Culuiicl C'larii already
has, with a propir draft from the militia hryoiid thr Alli'^hany,
and lliat of tlirri' or four of our most iiortliiirn louuliis, will be
adtMpiati' to the rcdiictioii of I'ort llt'troit, in the opinion uf
C'oloui 1 Clark ; and hoassicus the most prohahlr reasons for that
opinion. \Vl' have, tlicrifori', dt'tcrmiiud to nndertaki' it, and
tornniit it to his direction. * * * Independent of the favoi-
alili! cffeets, wliii h a sueeessful enterprise against Petroit must
produii' to the I'nited States in general, by keeping In cjuiet the
frontier of the northern ones, and leaving our western militia to
aid those of the south, v.e think the like friendly oflTire performed
by lis to the states, whenever desired, and almost to the absolute
exhaustion of our own inanazines, K've well founded hopesth.it
we may be aei onimodaled on this occasion.
Meu and nifaiis for tin- cxpt-clitioii were, how-
ever, scane ; tlu' luiiUers of Kentucky were fearful
their own homes would be attacked in tlieir aiisencu,
and tile expedition was delayed, '["hat the jealousy
between Clark and Ikodhead still continued is evi-
dent from the followinv; letter, contained in the Cal-
endar of Virginia Stale Papers:
Jani'akv i.S, 1781.
Georgt Rogers Clark to the Governor 0/ I ir^iiiia ;
IJk. .Sik,—
I have ex.imined your proposed Instructions. I dont Recollect
of any thin^ ni-ire that is necessary, Kxcept the mode of payin.n
the Kxpeiisesof the (iarrison of DcTroit in case of success, as
supporting our Credit amon« strauyers may be attended with Kreat
and 1,'ood eonse(piences, and my foruur Kxperiences Induce me to
wish it to be the case where I have the Honor to Command. I
would also observe to your Kxcellency, that I could wish to set
out on this Kxpedition free from any Reluctance, which I doubt I
cannot do witlmut a satisfactory Kxplanation of the treatment of
the Viriiinia Didenates in Congress tome in objecting to an ap-
pniiitment designed for me, which your Kxcellency cannot be a
siranxerio, I could wish not to be thouj;ht to solicit promotion ;
and that my IJuty to myself did not oblige me to transmit these
sentiments to you. The treatment I have (ienerally met with
from this state hath prejudiced -ne as far as consistant in her In-
terest, and wish not to be distrusted in the Kxecution of her
Orders by any Continental Col' that inav be in the Countries that
I have liusiness in, which 1 doubt will be the case, although the
orders of the Commander in chief is very positive.
Preparations for his expedition went on rapidly ;
larije sums of money were expended, and immense
rjuantities of supplies provided at the rendezvous
near I'ittsburijh. Up to January 23, 1781, R. Mad-
ison, the quartermaster and commissary, had ex-
pended ^500,000, and on that date apjilied to
Governor Jefferson for £yx>,OQO additional to " ful-
fill his contracts."
On March 27, 1781. Colonel Brodhead wrote from
Fort Pitt to Washington, as follows :
Dear Generai., —
I am honored with you or of the 28th ultimo, and am thank-
ful for the contents. I h. e acknowledged the receipt of your
letter of the 29th of December, and shall give every encourage-
nieiit tudeuir.il Clark'n inleniled enterprise. I wish he m.iy be
in readiness before the waters f.ill, and llie Ki'ntiicky Neltlements
(ire destroyed by the Knemy.
lint I am informed that little or iiothiux has as yit l» in doiii-
at his boat yards, and that the militia he rxpii ted from this side
of the mountains, are availing iheuiselvis of the iiiisetlled Jiiris-
diition.
lioth \'irginia and Pennsylvania at this time
claimed the .services of the militia in the region of
the Alleghanies, the boundaries of both States being
unsettled, and many of the settlers made this an
excuse for not taking U]) arms. On May 26 Clark
wrote to Washington as follows :
Siu, -
Kedueed to the necessity of taking every sti p to carry niy point
the ensuing campaign, I hope your I'lxcellency will excuse me in
taking the liberty of troubling you with this reipiest. The inva-
sion of Virginia put it out of the power of the (lovernor to fur-
nish me with the niimher of men juoposed for the enterprisi' of
the west ; but he informed me he had oh'ained le.u e of the liar..n
Steuben, and agreeably to your letters for tioloin 1 John (•ibsun
and regiment, togeliier with I lelh'seomiiany, to join my foiris;
— an addition, he supposed, of more worth than the milili.i we
were disappointed of. On consulting Colonel IJrodhiad, lie
could not com eive that he was at libi rty to suffer them to go, as
your instructions were pointed respei ting the troops and stores to
be furnished by him. Krom your l^xi clleni y's letters to Colonel
Urodhead I conceive him to hi! at liberty to furnish what men he
pleased. I am convinced he did not think the same as I do, or
otherwise he would have had no objection, as he appeared to wish
to give the enterprise every aid in his power.
the hope of obtaining a grant of those troops has induced me
to address your Kxcellency myself, as it is too late to consult
Governor Jefferson farther on the subject, wishing to set out on
the expedition early in June, as our .stores of provisions are nearly
complete. If our force should be eipial to the task projiosed, I
cannot conceive that this jiost, \\'\\\ a very small garriscm even of
militia, will be in any danger, as il is attached to a populous coun-
try, and during our time in the eiu uiy's, .Mcintosh and Wheeling
will be useless, or might al.so be garrisoned by small parties of
militia. Those I know to be your Kxcellency's ideas. If you
slu.uld approve of the troops in this department joining our forces,
though they are few, the ac(|uisition may be attended with great
and good conse(|uences, as two hundred only might turn the scale
in our favor. The advantage that mu.st derive to the states from
our proving successful, is of such importance that 1 think it di-
served a greater preparation to insure it. Dut I have not yet lost
sight of Detroit. Nothing seems to threaten us but the want of
men. ISiit even should we be able to cut our way through the
Indians and lind they have received no reinforcement at |)etroil,
we may probably have the assurance to attack it, though our force
maybe much less than proposed, which was two thousand; as
defeating the Indians with inconsiderable loss on our side would
almost insure success. Should this be the case a valuable peace
with ihem will then probably ensue, lint on the contrary should
we fall through in our present plans and no expedition take place,
it is to be feared that the consequences will be fatal to the whole
frontier, as every exertion will he made by the liritish party to
harass them as much as possible, and disjible them from giving any
succours to our eastern or suuthjrn forces. The Indian war is
now more general than ever. Any attempt to appease them,
except by the sword, will be fruitless. Captain Randolph wails on
your Kxcellency for an answer to this letter, which I flatter mysi If
you will honor me with immediately. Colonel (;ibson, who com-
mands in the absence of Colonel lirodhead, will keep the troops
ready to move at an hour's warning ; conducting myself as though
this request was granted, impatiently waiting for the happy order.
I remain yours, etc.,
G. R. Clark.
THK Ki:\()LUTI()NAKY WAR.
259
It does not aiipcir ttiat liis rr<|iiL'st fr.r reiiiforci'-
iiiciits V'ls ruini)licd willi, but lu: liiwilly lift I'ilts-
hiirjjli, niovcd down the Oliio, and near l.oiiisvillf,
Kc'iitiicky, his last expedition came to an in]L;lorioiis
end. The reason:; for its faihire are indiiated in
the following letter to Wasliington from (Jeneral
William Irvine:
KoRT I'll I, 3 Dec, 1781.
Sin,—
* ♦ ♦ I presume your Kxcullumy \\i\s I)li:ii inrurmcil by
llif Clovurnor of Virginia, or tliii<nil Clark, of the fiiiUirc of liis
cxiicilition, Itiit ksi that shoiiKI not he the case, I will relate all
the partieiilars that have tome to my knowl<(l>;r, Caplain Craig,
with the (Ictaehment of uriillery iiiulei' him, ritiiriied here the
36th liiHt. lie ^'ot up with much (lilliciilly, and K>''al fatigue to
the mill -hcinj{ forty days on the way, oceasioin d lij ihe low-
ness of the river. He was oKliged to throw away hi-, kuii larriagis,
hilt hrought his pieces and best slons safe. He left ( )eiieral Clark
at the Kapids, and says the (Kiiiral was not able to prcjsecnti' his
iiileiuled pi. Ill of operation for w.iiil of Im 11, being able to eoUeet,
on the whole, only about seven hundred and fifty ; and the lUilfalo
meat was all Kotlin; and lulds, the (Jeiural is upprelnnsivi' of a
visit from Detroit, and is not without fears the .settlement will be
obliged to break uj), unless reinforcements soon arrive from Vir-
Kinia. 'I'he Indians have been so nnnuroun in that emiutry that
all the inhabltanls have been oblig'd to keep close in Forts, and
the Cleiieral could not venture out to figl.t iheni.
A Colonel Archibald Lochrey, Lieutenant of Westnionland
county, in Pennsylvania, with about one hundred men in all,
composed of vohinicirs and a company raised by l'eun>-ylvaiiia
fur the <hfen>eof said coiiuly, followed Ueneral Clark, who, 'lis
s.iid, ordered I^ochrey to join him at the mouth of t'le .Miami, up
wliich river it had been pn viou.sly agreed on to proceed. Hut
Oeneral Clark, having changed his plan, left a small party at
.Miami, with directions to I.ochrey t<i proceed on to the falls after
liiin with the m.iin body. Sundry acccjtiius agree that this ))arly
and all Lochrey's, to a man, were waylaid by the Indians and
regulars (for it is asserted they had artillery) and all killed or
taken. No man escaped, either to join (ieneral Clark or return
home. When Captain Craig loft the General, he could not be
pirsuaded but lliat I.ochrey with his party liad returned liome.'
'I'liese misfortunes threw thu people of this couiUry into 'he
greatest consternation, and almost despair, parti, niarly West-
moreland county, Lochrey's party being all the best men of that
frontier. At present they talk of Hying early ill tin: spring to
111'- eastern side of the iiiouiiiain, and are daily Mocking to me to
imiuiro what support they may expect.
I think there is but too much reason to fear that Gener.d Clark
and Colonel (libson's c.xpidilioii falling through, will grtatly
encourage the s;ivages to fall on the country with double fury, or
perhaps, the Uritish from Detroit to visit this post, which instead
of being in a tolerable state of defense, is, in fact, nothing but a
heap of ruins, * * ♦
I believe, if Detroit was denioli ' 'd, it would he a good step
towards giving some, at least temp. ..ry, ease to this country. It
w.iild take, at least, a whole summer to rebuild and establish
till luselves ; for though we .should succeed in reducing Detroit, I
ilo not think ther is the smallest probabilily of our being able to
h"M it, it is too r. note from supplies. I have been endeavoring
to form some e? nates; and from such Information as I can
C'Hect, 1 really think that the reduction < Detroit would not
Co>t nuu h more, nor take many more nu lan it will take to
C'i'.raiul |)r(plect the country by acting on the defi'iisivc. If I
am well informed, it would take seven or eight hundred regular
troops, and about a thousand militia; which could pretty easily
be obtained for that purpose, as it appears to be a favorite scheme
' The force that attacked Colonel Lochrey consisted of about
six hundred regulars and Indians from Detroit, commanded by
Jcseph lirant and George Girty.
over all this country. 'I'he principal dillii iilly wcuild be to get
provisions anil ston s Iraiisporli il. As to taking a heavy train of
nrtillery, I fear it woiilil imc only In impossible, but an incum-
brance ; (we should take) Two (ield piices, some liowitz, nnil,
pirhaps, a inorlar. I do not think, especially under present cir-
cumstances, that it would be possible to carry on expeditions in
Hiicli a maimer as to promise siicce»» by u regular siege. I would
therefore pro|)o»e to make every appearance of nittini; down
before the place, as if to reduce It by regular approaches ; as soon
as I found the Knemy fully Impressed wilt this idea, attempt it
at once by assault. * ♦ ♦
In order to oI)l;iin .nid for deneral Clark, Governor
Jefferson applied to Waiihington, and reeeived the
following reply:
Nkw Winosor, aSth December, 1781.
I have ever been of the opinion that the r< duclion of the post
of Detroit would be the only certain means of giving peace and
security to the whole western frontier, and I have constantly kept
my eye upon that object ; but such has been the reduced state of
our Ccmlinental force, and sue h the low ebb of our funds, especiully
of '.. le, lliat I have never had it in my power to make the attempt.
On tlie following d.iy, however, he gave an order
on Colonel Hrodhead for artillery, tools, stores, and
men to fnrther the projeet, but apparently the order
w.'t.s neglected, for Cl.irk's forces were left to care for
themselves; and on I'"el)riiary 7, 17S2, (lenera! Irvine
wrote to Washington from i'hiladelphia as follows:
•
The Indians have all left us except ten men, .ind by the best
accounts, are preparing to make a stroke in the spring, either
against General Clark at the Rapids or on Kort I'itt ; which, my
informaiu could not with certainty say, but was positive one or the
other was mtciuleil. I am apprehensive, from thi' sti jis taken by
the Cominanilant at Detroit, .nat something serious is intended.
First, thirteen nations of Indians have been treated with in the
beginning of November ; and at the conclusion llu'v were directed
to keep themselves compact and ready to assemble on .-^hort notice.
Secondly, the .Moravians are carried into captivity, ai d strictly
watched and threatened with severe punishment if they should
attempt to give us information of their movements. Thirdly,
|)art of the live nations are assembled at Sandusky.
To carry on the expedition against Detroit would take two
tl'.iuisaiid men to give a tolerable certainty of success, the time
would be three mimths, and the best season to march from Fort
I'itt the first of August, when the waters are low, morasses and
soft rich meadows dried up ; by land totally, preferable to any
part by w.iter, the enemy having entire command of the lake with
armed vessels ; the navigation of rivers uncertain ; besides the
number of boats and waste of time would make it more expensive
than land carriage. Pack horses to carry provisions would be
better and more certain than wagons. One thoii.sand horses
would carry flour for two thousiind men for three months. IJeef
must be driven on foot. Twenty-five wagons would carry mili-
tary stores sudlcient for the train, which should consist of two
twelve pounders, two si.xes, one three pounder, one eight inch
howitzer and one royal.
At least one half should be regular troops, * * * and three
months are sunicieiit to complete the expedition ; then the only
diffirence in the expense wiil oe the transportation of provisicm
and stores; as acting jU llie defensive, seven months will be the
least, and the same li'.iantity of provision will be consumed, and
ammunition wasted. If yi: .act offensively, it will draw the whole
attention of the enemy to their own defense, by which our settle-
ments will have peace; and such of the militia as do not goon
the expedition will have time to raise crops. On the contrary,
continual alarms will kecj) them from these necessary duties. The
garrison at Detroit is three hundred regular troops, the militia
(Canadians) from seven hundred to one thousand ; the number of
26o
THE REVOLUTIONARY WAR.
Indians that toiiltl assemble in ten days' milice to a certain point,
about one thousand. (Jucry. Should wc be able to take 1 )elroit,
shall wc liold it ? U nut, what advantage will the bare reduction
of the jilaee be, if iinnu'diatcly cvaeualed ? Answer. I'he re-
duction >.f Detroit, in the fall of the year, will prevent an inter-
course with the western Indians for a whole year, as it would be
•ate in the succeedinj; suinnier l)efi>rc the I'ritisli could re-establish,
daring which time we might either open a trade with such sav.iges
as would ask for peace, or by frecpiently penetrating into and
establishing posts in their country, oblige theni to retire to such n
distance as would |nit it out of their power to harass the back
inhabitants. It would be attended with great expense and vast
risk to support a garrison at Detroit, as lung as the liritish possess
the lower part of Canada, and have the command.
All this planning and corresponding was barren
of results, anil meantime Clark's forces gradually
dwindled away. In November, 1782, he went on
an expedition against tiie Indians in Ohio, destroying
their fields and villages, and, in fact, was kept so
busy fighting tlie Indians tliat the Detroit expedition
could not be entered upon. In the fall of 1783 he
sent a quantity of provisions by water to Vincennes,
and with his force proceeded there by lanil. General
Clark, about this time, became intemperate, and
probably jwing to this cause three hundred of his
force left in a hotly ; the rest then became discour-
aged and returneil to Kentucky, and the expedition
was abandoned.
All these expeditions, however, and the fact that
Governor Hamilton was absent aiul a prisoner, did
not prevent army activities at Detroit.
Early in 1779 troops were requested from Niagara,
and on April 1 5 Colonel Bolton sent tifty of the
Eighth Regiment and fifty Rangers to aid in pro-
tecting Detroit. They arrived on May 7, and their
coming very greatly changed the aspect of affairs.
Some citizens were wonderfully elated, and others
correspondingly depressed. The barometer of patri-
otism was as sensitive here as in any eastern settle-
ment, and was watched as carefully.
After ^ ox-ernor Hamilton had left on his expedi-
tion, Colonel De Peyster was in daily anticipation of
ortlers to leave Mackinaw for Detroit, a.id was
greatly annoyed that he, a lieutenant-colonel, should
be continued at Mackinaw, a comparatively unim-
portant post, while Detroit was under command of
a captain. I lowever, the order, dated August 29,
1779, finally arrived, and he waited only for the
coming of Lieutenant -(Governor Patrick Sinclair,
who was to have charge of the post. Governor
Sinclair arrived at Mackinaw (October 4, and in a
few days thereafter Colonel De Peyster left for
Detroit. This neighborhood, at the time, was liter-
ally black with hordes of savage tribes, and in a
letter to Colonel liolton, written July 6, 1780, Colonel
De Peyster doses with these wo ds : "I am so
hurried with war parties coming in from all quarters
that I do not know which way to turn myself."
These parties brought in persons of either sex, and
of all ages ; and the details of the forced marches of
the sick and inhrm, the massacring of troublesome
infants, and the jircsentation of the scalps of the
slain, are matters of regular anil almost continuous
record.
On May 16, 1780, Colonel De Pey.ster wrote to
Colonel Bolton :
'I'he prisoners daily brought in here are part of the thousand
familii'S who are Hying from the oppression of Congress, in order
to add to the number already settled at Kentuck, the finest
coiMitry fornew settlers in America; but it happens, unfortunat<:ly
for them, to be the Indians best hunting ground, which they w ill
never give up, and, in fact, it is our interest not to let the Vir-
ginians, Marylanders, and IVnnsylvanians get possession there,
lest, in a short time, they become forniidabli' to this post.
A letter written ten days later, to Lieutenant-
Governor Sinclair, says :
Every thing is quiet here except the constant nr ' of the war-
drum. All the Seiginies are arrived at the instance of the Shaw-
neese and Delawares. More Indians from all quarters than ever
known before, and not a drop of rum I
Early in this year, Captain Henry Birtl's expedi-
tion against Kentucky was fitted out, and on April
12, after an expenditure of nearly $300,000, the
force left Detroit. It was made up of both white
men and Indians, numbered nearly six hundred per-
sons, and, for the first time on such an expedition,
cannon were taken. The American spies inftjrnK'd
the people of its organization, and fear and dread
pervaded the entire West, while the colonists in the
East awaited anxiously the record of its doings. ( )ii
June 22 the force appeared before Ruddle's Station,
which surrendered, on condititjn that the inhabitants
be considered prisoners of the British instead of the
Indians. Captain Bird, however, was unable to
restrain the sa\ages, antl men, women, and chiklrt 11
were indiscriminately and remorselessly massacred.
The Indians now became refractory, and after
the capture of Martin's Station and one other small
fort, the force was compelled to return without
having accomplished all that hatl been intended. A
letter from Colonel De Peyster to Colonel Bolton,
dated Detroit, August 4, ? 780, 'iays :
I have the pleasure to acquaint you that Captain Bird arrived
here this morning with about one hundred and fifty prisoner-,
mostly Germans who speak Knglish, — the remainder coming in,
for in spite of all his endeavors to prevent it the Indians bmk''
into the forts and seized many. The whole will amount to about
three hundred and fifty. ♦ * * Thirteen have entered into
the Rangers and many more will enter, as the prisoners .ire greai ly
fatigued with travelling so far, some sick and some wounded.
P. S. Please excuse the hurry of this letter, -the Indians
engross my time. We have more here than enough. Were it ii"t
absolutely necessary to keep in with them, they would tire my
patience.
The British now became greatly troubled by the
attitude of the Delaware Indians. This tribe had
wmm
THE REVOLUTIONARY WAR.
261
decided to remain neutral and also souj,d:t to restrain
iilher tribes from enterinj;; into the contest. The
I'.nijlish suspected that liie \h)ravian missionaries,
who had a mission amonj^ tiiem, were responsible
for this action, and therefore looked upon them
with disfavor. The Moravians were advised by the
Americans to return to Pennsylvania, but they per-
sisted in remaininj( at what they deemed the post of
iliity. Finally the v\mericans souj^ht the Delawares
as allies in the war ; they not only refused, but the
body of the tribe soon after cast in their lot with the
llnylish. In order to confirm them in this purpose.
Colonel Ue I'eyster determined to remove the mis-
sionaries from among them ; and in September,
1 78 1, he compelled them to forsake their settlement
on the Muskinijum. With sad hearts they left their
homes and tieUls, their cattle, their books, and all
their household treasures, and, escorted by Indians
commanded by English officers, they were marched
to Sandusky, where they arrived on the nth of
October, and from there, on October 25, they set
out for Detroit. An account of their arrival and
treatment while here is given elsewhere.
That they were really favorable to the American
cause is evident from a letter of Colonel Brodhead
to Oeneral Washington, dated December 13, 1779,
which states that he relied almost wholly on the
Moravians for information from Detroit.
Under the labors of the missionaries many of the
Indians had become Christians, and were entirely
guiltless of wrong to either British or Americans ;
but in those days Indian massacres were so frequent
tliat there was but little sympathy for the red race.
Many Americans, exasperated by the outrages of
hostile tribes, held all alike guilty, and a body of
militia from Washington County, Pennsylvania,
commanded by Colonel David Williamson, was
raised to proceed against the Delawares. Many of
tin; Christian Indians had meantime returned to
tlii'ir settlements on the Muskingum ; and on the
arrival of Williamson, on March 8, 1782, these
really inoffensive people, who had assembled in two
houses, were attacked, and sixty-two grown people
and thirty-four children were deliberately massacred
by the Americans. ( )ne of the blackest crimes of the
Revolution was thus perpetrated by colonial militia.
This questionable success of Williamson and
the hostility of the Delawares led to the organization
of a new expedition, commanded by Colonel William
Crawford, who proceeded against them on June 4,
17S2. When near what is now Upper Sandusky,
he was met by a party of about two hundred Indians
and one hundred of Butler's Rangers from Detroit,
under command of Captain William Caldwell. A
battle ensued, in which Crawford's forces were vic-
torious ; but the next day the British were reinforced
wiih a detachment of Rangers and more Indians,
and the Americans retreated. Colonel Crawford
became separated froin his command, was captured
by the Indians, and burned to death on June 11, 1782.
The English were not parties to the burning of
Crawford. On August 17, 1782, Oeneral Haldimand
wrote Colonel De I'eyster "regretting the cruelty
committed by some of the Indians upon Colonel
Crawford, and desiring De I'eyster to assure them
of his utter abhorrence of such procedure." It is
due to Colonel De I'eyster to state that he often
manifested his disapproval of the cruelties of the
Indians, and felt that he had a diflicult part to per-
form. In a letter, written April 12, 1781, to the
Delaware Indians, and contained in his "Miscella-
nies," he says :
Sttiii! me that littlr liahbliiii; Kri'iichinan named Mimsimir
I.iiutcit, h<- who piiisiins your cars, oru- of those who says hu can
amuse yon with words only, -send him to me, or lie the means of
my K<'""i)s' him, and I will then put eonlidenee in you. I then
will deal with yon as with other Indians wh<jm I call my friends,
my lirothers, and my children, and to whom 1 request ol yon to
give free |)assiii,'e and kind entertainment. If you have not an
opportiniity to brinv; nie the little Krenehman, you may hrinn me
some Virginia prisoners. 1 am pleased when I see what yon call
live meat, because 1 can speak to it and get information. Scalps
serve to show that yon have seen the enemy, but they are of no
use to me. I cannot speak with them. I request of you to give
free passage to sneh Virginians as have a mind to speak with me,
that yon will not offer to stop ihem, but make a straight and even
road for them to come to Detroit.
In another letter, of September 29, 1781, ad-
dressed to (ieneral Haldimand, and given in "But-
terfield's Washington-Irvine Letters " he says :
I have a very difTicuit card to play at this post and its depend-
ences. * ♦ ♦ It is evident that the b;ick settlers will continue
to make war upon the Shawanese, Delawares, and Wyandots, even
after a truce shall be agreed to between (ireat liritain and her
revolted colonies ; in which case, whilst we continue to support
the Indians with troops (which they are calling loud for) or only
with arms, animiniition, and necessjirie*, we shall incur the odium
of encouraging incursions into the bac k settlements ; for it is evi-
dent that when the Indians are on foot occasioned by the constant
alarms they receive from the enemy's entering their country, they
will occasionally enter the si?ttlements and bring off prisoners and
scalps; so that, whilst in alliance with a people we are bound to
support, a defensive war will, in spite of human prudence, almost
always terminate in an offensive one.
Colonel De Peyster's words were prophetic, for
competent authorities estimate that from 1783 to
1790 not less than three thousand persons were
scalped or made captives by bands from Detroit.
In an article in the North American Review,
General Cass says :
When the foraying party returned, they were formally intro-
duced to the commanding officer. The scalps were thrown down
before him in the Council house, and the principal warrior addressed
him in terms like these ; "Father, we have done as you directed us ;
wi- have struck yourenemies." They were then paid and dismissed,
and the scalps were deposited in the cellar of the Council House.
We have been told by more than one respect.-ible eye-witness that
when the charnel-house was eleanset', It was a spectacle upon
which the inhabitants gazed with horror.
262
THE REVOLUTIONARY WAR.
General Cass continues :
We are indebted for the following relation to a respectable gen-
tleman of Detroit, James May, Ksq., and as it elucidates import-
ant traits in the Indian character, and discloses facts not generally
known, we shall give it in his own words;
"During the Americ.in revolutionary war, when the Indian
war-parties approached Detroit, they always gave the war and
death whoops, so that the inhabitants, who were acquainted with
their customs, knew the number of scalps they had brought and of
prisoners they had taken, some time before they had niadi- tlieir
appearance. Soon after I arrived in Detroit, the great war party
which had captured Ruddle's Station in Kentucky, returned from
that expedition. Hearing the usual signals of success, I walked
out of town and soon met the party. The squaws and young
Indians had rangetl ihemst'Ives on the side of the road, with slicks
and clubs, and were whipping tlie prisoners with great severity.
Among these were two young girls, thirteen or fourteen years old,
who escaped from the party and ran for protection to me and to a
naval oflicer who was with me. With much trouble and some
danger, and after knocking down two of the Indians, we succeeded
in rescuing the girls, and fled with them to the C'ouncil House.
Here they were safe, because this was the goal, where the right of
the Indians to beat them ceased. Next morning I received a mes-
sage by an nrd»Tly-sergeant to wait upon Colonel De Peyster, the
commanding olhcer. I found the naval ofTicer, who was with me
the preceding day, already there.
"The Colonel stated that a serious complaint h.iil been preferred
against us by McKee, the Indian agent, for interfering with the
Indians, and rescuing two of their prisoners. He said the Indians
had a right to their own mode of warfare, and that no one should
interrupt them ; and after continuing this reproof for some time,
he told me, if I ever took such a liberty again, he would send me
to Montreal or Quebec.
" The naval officer was still more severely ri'primanded, and
threatined to have his uniform stripped from his back and to be
dismissed from His Majesty's service, if such an incident again
occurred. And although I stated to Colonel De Peyster that we
s;ived the lives of the girls at the peril of our own, l.e abated
nothing of his threats or harshness."
In gratifying contrast to the story just narrated is
the following account of the treatment of O. M.
Spencer, a boy of twelve years ami an only son,
captured near Cincinnati, on July 7, 1792, antl finally
taken to Detroit, where he arrived on March 3, 1793,
and was delivered to Colonel England. lie was
treated with great kindness and was committed to
the care of Lieutenant Andre.
Many years after he wrote an account of his
capture in which he said :
Mr. Andre immediately took me by the hand and led me to his
quarters in the same barracks, only a few doors distant, and re-
(piesling me to sit down, retired from the apartment. In a few
minutes a servant entered, atld set before me some tea and bread
and Imtter, on which ha\'Ing supped, I arose and was retiring froui
the table, when two women, who mere curiosity, as I sujiposed, had
kept standing at one end of the room looking at me intently while
I was eating, now advanced, and each unceremoniously taking me
by the hand, and leading me out of the apartment, conducted me
to a chamber. Here, stripping off all but my shirt, carefully
throwing my clothes out at a back window, beyond the palisades
of the town, and seating me in a large washtub half filled with
water, they tore off my shirt, which had fast adhered to the band-
age round my shoulder, before 1 had time to tell them I was
wounded, and so suddenly, inflicting fora moment acute pain, as to
extort from me a loud Scream. Their surprise at this soim ceased
when I told them that an Indian had stabbed me in the shoulder;
and when they saw the blond from the open wound running down
my back, one of them, '".la'-med, r.in to inform Mr. Aiiibl', the
other, with a rag immediately staunching the blood deliberately
proceeded to scour my person with soap and water, .■ind by the
time the surgeon arrivi'd had effected a complete abhtlion.
On probing the wound, which he found to be about three inchiis
deep, the surgeon pronounced it to be not dangerous. I'drtu-
nately, he said, the knife, in entering, ' ad struck the lower pos-
terior point of the right shoulder blade, and taken a direction
downward ; but had it entered an iiuh low.r or nearer the spine,
it would probably have caused death. I'mni the waul of clothes,
it was late next morning before I could get up, but receiving at
length a temporary supply of a roundabout and pantaloons from
the wardrobe of Knsign O'lirien (brother of Mrs. Kngland) and a
pair of stockings and slippers from one of the women, I made my
appearance in the breakfast room, and was introduced to Mrs.
Andre, wife of the I.ieutenant. She very kindly took my hand,
and congratulated me on my deliverance from the Indi.ans, though
she could not heli> smiling at my singular appearance, dressed as
I was in clothes which, although they fitted the smallest otTicer in
the garrison, hung like bags on me. * ♦ * She was kind and
amiable, as she was handsome and accomplished; and although
quite young, apparently not more than twenty, supplieil to me the
place of a mother. Her husband, a brother of the unfortunate
Major Andre, and one of the handscjnust men I ever saw, very
affabk' in his manners, and frank in his disposition, treated me
with great kindness ; and after seeing that I was comfortably and
indeed genleely dressed, introduced me to the families of Mr.
Krskine and Commodore (Irani (where I found boys and girls of
nearly my own age, who cheerfully associated with me), and look
pleasure in showing me the town, the shipping, the fort, and
whatever else he thought would afford me gratification.
After a stay of about four weeks, near the end of
March young Spencer was sent on the sloop Iclicity
to Niagara.
Some of tlie prisoners were allowed to roam at
large, and get their living as best they could . aiui
one of the old account-books of Thomas Smith, a
leading merchant in Detroit, shows that se\eral :if
them obtained goods of various kinds on credit.
Peace was finally declared between ICngland and
America, and in theory, if not in fact, " the hatchet
was buried." The history of the negotiations for
the surrender of Detroit affords a notable illustra-
tion of diplomatic delay.
BRITISH AND INDIAN WARS AND FIRST AMERI-
CAN OCCUPATION OK DETROIT.
Under the treaties of NovemJjer 30, 1782, and
September 3, 17H3, made between England and the
Unitetl States, it was understood, at least by the
American ("lovernment, that the country north of the
St. Lawrence and the Lakes became part of the
United States, and that Detroit was therefore to be
given up by the Lnglish. lnaiitici|),'ition of its sur-
render, and in order to jiromote friendly feeling
with the Indians and .secure a cessation of hostili-
ties on their part, the Secretary of War, in May.
1783, sent Ephraim Douglass to hold councils with
the Indians. His report, contained in the Pennsyl-
vania Archives, is as follows:
BRITISH AND INDIAN WARS.
263
PKlNCliTON, i8th Aug., 1783.
SlR,-
In obedience to the instructions you hoiiori'd nu' with on the
slh of .May last, I have uscti fvt'ry endi-avor in my power to exe-
cute in the fullest manner your orders. » * * On the 7th of
June I left Kort Vitt, and travellin; about two hundred miles by
the old trading path, arrived on the ifith at the Delaware and
Huron settlements on the Sandusky river. * * * Captain
Pipe, who is the principal man of the nation, received me with
every demonstration of joy, * * * hut told mi', as his nati(m
was not the principal one, nor had voluntarily en.^aijed in the
war, it would he proper forme first to commiuiicate my business
to the Hurons and Shawncse, aiul afterward to the Delawares.
That he had announced my arrival to the Hurons and expected
such of them as were at home would very shortly be over to see
and welcome me. This soon happened as he had expected, but
.IS none of their chiefs were present I declined speaking publicly
to them, knowing that 1 could receive no authentic answer, and
imwiiling to expend unnecessarily the wampum 1 had prepared
for this occasion. I infornud them for their satisfaction of the
peace with Kngland, and told tliem that the United States were
disposed to he in friendship with Indians also, — desired them to
scud for their head men, particularly for the Half King (Chief of
tile Wyandotts, at lirownstown), who was gone to Detroit.
* * * They all readily agreed to this proposal and returned
to their homes apparently very well satisfied ; but the Hurnns
nevertheless failed sending to Detroit, partly thro' the want
of authority in the old men present, and partly through the
assurance of the wife of the Half Kin.g, who was confident
her husband would be home in two days, and therefore a
journey which would require si.x or seven was altogether un-
necessary. * * * On the evening of the i8th a runner
arrived fnun the Miami with intelligence tliat Mr. Klliott had
received despatches from Detroit, announcing the arrival of Sir
John Johnson at that place; -that in consequence the chiefs
and w.irriors were desired to rt;pair thitlier in a few days, where
the council would he held with them. They were also directed to
take with them the War or Tomahawk licks, which had been de-
livered to them by the King to .strike the Americans with. * * *
r.ut when they were ju.st ready to mount their horses, they were
stopped by the arrival of ten men who preceded a body of si.xty
other southern Indians, coming upon business from the nations
uortli andea.st of the Ohio and Mississippi rivers. * *, * Pipe
pnssed me to accompany him to Detroit, assuring me that it
would he useless to wait the coming of the Indians from the
Miami, that they would spend their time in useless counciling
liuie till the Treaty of 1 letroit would come on, and that if 1 even
(ciiild assemble them 1 could obtain nothing from the interview.
That if the Half King was present he would not undertake to
give me an answer, witluuit consulting the chiefs of the Huron
tribe at Detroit, and that these would determine nothing without
rst asking the advice of their lather the Commandant. Kind-
ing that I had little to hope by continuing at Sandusky and likely
to edect as little by visiting the Miami if my horses had even
been able to have performed the journey, I determined to proceed
to Detroit by the nearest route. * * * I left Sandusky on the
Vith accompanied by the Pipi' and two other Indians in additii-ii
to my former companions and travelled onwards to Detroit till
tile afternoon of the first of July, when we were met by Mr.
I.lliott and three other persiuis from that place, whom the Ciun-
luandant had dispatched for the purpose of conducting us thither.
* * ♦ 1 continued my journey with my new companion till the
.)th, when 1 arrive<l at Detroit, where 1 was received with iiuicli
politeness and treated with great civility by the Commandant, to
whom I delivered your letters, shewed your instructions and pressed
for an opportunity of communicating them to the Indians as soon
as might be. He professed the strongest desire of bringing about
a reconciliation between the United States and the several Indian
nations, declared that he would willingly promote it all in his
power ; but that until he was authorized by his superiors in com-
mand, he could not consent that anything should be said to the
Indians relative to the boundary of the United States; for though
he knew from the King's proclamation that the war with America
was at an end, he had no o(Tk ial information to justify his sup-
posing the States extended to this place, and therefore could not
ctuisent to the Indians being told so ; especially as he had uni-
formly declared to them that he did not know these posts were to
he evacuated by the I-'.nglish. He had no objection, he said, to my
communicating the friendly offers of the United States, and would
cheerfully make known to them the substance of your letter to him.
In the morning of the 5th 1 receix'ed an intimation from Colonel
De Peyster, through Captain McKee, that it was his wish I would
go on to Niagara as soon as I had recovered from the fatigue of
my journey. In consequence of this I waited on him in the after-
noon and prcssetl with greater warmth than yesterd.iy the net.es-
sity of my speaking to the Indians, and receiving an answer from
them. I pressed him to suffer me to Toceed on my business with-
out his interference, and offered him 1..7 word that 1 would s;iy
nothing to them respecting the limits of the States, but confine
myself to the offer of Peace or choice of War, and the Invitation
to Treaty. He would not retract his resolution without further
orders from the Commander in chief, and 1 was obliged to submit
however unwillingly ; but must do him the justice to acknowledge
that he made every offer of civility and .service, exrept that which
he considered inconsistent with bis duly. On the 6th 1 attended
the council which Colonel De Peyster held with the Indians to
which he had yesterday invited me. After delivering his business
of calling them together, he published to them your letter and
pressed them to continue in the striitest amity with the Subjects
of tlie United States,— representing to them the folly of continu-
ing hostilities, and as.sured them that he could by no means give
them any further assistance a,i,'ainst the people of America. At
this meeting were the chiefs of eleven Indi.in natii'ns, compre-
hending all the Tribes, as far south as the Wabash ; they were
Chippewas, Ottawas, Wyandots or Hurons, Shawne.se, Pelawares,
Kickapoos, Oweochtanoos, Miamis, Potawatamies, and Pienkishas,
with a part of the Senecas ; most of who..i gave evident marks of
their sjitisfaction at seeing a subject of thf United Slates in that
country. They carried their civilities so far that my lodging was
all day surrounded with crowds of them when at home, and the
streets lined with them to attend my going abn.'ad; that they migh
have an opportunity of seeing and saluting me, which they did
not fail to do in their best manner with every demonstration of joy.
On the morning of the 7th 1 took my leave of Colonel De Peyster
after having received more civilities from him than the limits of
this report will suffer me to enumerate ; but not till I had the
honor of writing to you by my guide whom I directed to return to
Kort Pitt so socm as the Pipe should be ready to return to San-
dusky, on whom I depended for his safe conduct thither and to pro-
vide one to accompany him to Fort I'itt.
I arrived at Niagara on the nth, was introduced to (leneral
Maclean, who was prejiared for my coming, delivered him Colonel
De Peyster's letter, and was received with every mark of atten-
tion, but he declined entering upon any business this day. * ♦ *
On the evening of the 13th I received a note from the General
requesting a copy of my Instructions, ifcc, to send to the Com-
mander in chief to facilitate business. I sent him word that he
shoiiUl be obeyed, and early in the morning began to execute my
promise, but before 1 had finished copying them 1 received a ver-
bal message that he wished to see me at his quarters. I finished
the copies and waited on him with them. He informed me that
he had sent for me to show me the copy of a letter he was writing
to Colonel Dc Peyster. It contained instructions to that gentle-
man in consequence of my representations of the murders commit-
ted by western Indians in the course of the last spring and since;
by his account they had been positively forbid to be guilty of any
such outrage. He pressed Colonel De Peyster very earnestly to
examine minutely into this affair, to forbid the Indiansin the most
positive manner to be guilty of such future miscimduct, to order
them to deliver up immediately such prisoners as they had cap-
tured through the spring into the hands of himself or his officers,
and further to tell them that if they did not desist from these
practices the British troops would join the Americans to punish
them.
264
HKiriSIl AND INDIAN WARS.
While Douj(lass was on his way to Detroit, Colonel
De I'eyster, on June 18, 1783, wrote to Captain
Matthews, Secretary of Cicncral Ilaldimand :
We arc all ill ('xpci tatlmi of iiiws. Kvcrytliiii^; that is bad is
spread tliniii^'li tlii' Imliaii (Mniiitry, Init as I liavr iiolliiiiK nmri'
than the Kind's pniijaiiialion fniin aiithmity, I evade aiiswrriiiK
iinperlineiU (luestinns. Heavens! if ^^oods do not arrive soon,
what will become of iiH' ? 1 have lost several stoiK^ wt. of llesh
within these twenty days. I hope Sir John is to make us a
viiit.
'n order Lo learn what liie real intentions of the
T^ngiish were, the services of Mr. Douii^lass were
continued, and on February 2, 17S4, hi; wrote from
Union Town to President Dickenson of I'ennsyl-
vania :
Karly in the fall Sir John Johnson assemhled the different wisl-
ern tribes at Sandusky, and having pre|)ared them with |)resi'nts
distribnled with lavish |)rofiision, addressed them in a speech lo
this purport : That the KinK, ids and their (oniinon father, had
made iieace with the Americans, an<l had Kiven them the country
they possessed on this continent ; but that the report of his having
>;iven them any part of the Indian lands was false, and fabricated
by the Americans for the purjiose of provoking; the Indians
against their father, that they should, therefore, shut tlieirears
against it. So far the contrary was proved that the great river
Ohio was to be the line between the Indians in this quarter and
the Americans; over w'hith the latter ought not to pass and return
in safety. That, however, as the war between liritain and .Xiner-
ica was now at an end, and as the Indians had engaged in it from
their attachment to the crown and not from any (puirrel of their
own, he would, as was usual at the end of a war, take the toma-
hawk out of their hand ; though he would not remove it out of
sight or far from them, but lay it down carefully by their side that
they might have it convenient tcj use iu defense uf their rights
and property, if they were in\-adetl or molest<'d by the Americans.
Meanwhile President Washinj^ton also took steps
to obtain possession t)f the posts. ()n July 12, 1783,
he sent Baron .Steuben to Canada for the necessary
orders to secure the delivery of Detroit by the local
commander; he was then to proceed to this place,
and was authorized, if he found it advisable, to
orjranize the French of Michiii^an into a body of
militia, and place the fort in their hands. On his
arrival at Chambly on August 3, 1783, he wrote to
(leneral Haldinu'ind that he was on his way to Que-
bec and expected to arrive in three or four days.
When the Haron presented himself near Quebec,
(leneral Haldimand received him politely, but
refused him the necessary passports and papers,
and delivered him a letter to W.ishington, dated
August II, in which it was stated that the treaty
was only provisional, and that no orders had been
received to deliver up the posts along the Lakes.
The next effort to induce Haldimand lo yield up
the posts was made, under the apjiroval of Congress,
at the suggestion of (General Knox, by Lieutenant-
Colonel William Hull (afterwards our iinfortimate
first Governor). He started on May 24, 1784,
arrived at Quebec July 12, and made known his
errant!, and Haldimand for the second time refused
to issue an order for the evacuation of the posts.
Negotiations and demands for the yielding up of
the territory went on, and in 1786 John Adams,
then United Stales minister to Fngland, informed
(ingress that he had madt; a demand for the west-
ern posts and had been refused, on the ground that
many of the States had violated the treaty in regard
to the payment of debts.
All this time the Briti.sh were endeavoring to
strengtiien themselves in the favor of the Indians
and to retain their western ])ossessions. On March
22, 1787. .Sir John Johnson wrote to Josejih Hrant :
It is for your sake chielly that we hold them. If you become
indirfireiil idiout them they may, ))erbaps, be given up, * • *
whireas, by supporting them you encourage us to hold them, anil
ent'oiirage the new settlements, ♦ * ♦ every day increased by
numbers coming in who find they cannot li\'e in the States.
At this same time Dr. John Connolly, the Vir-
ginia Tory, who had fully allied himself to the
British cause, entered upon the vigorous prosecution
of his scheme of inducing the Kentucky settlt:rs to
take sides with the iMiglish, on the ground that they
would wrest Louisiana from .S]iain, and secure the
free navigation of the Mississippi. He was in De-
troit during a great i)art of the year 17H7, and
possibly during 1788. In June, 1787, Detroit was
reinforced by a full regiment and two companies,
aiul the garrison then numbered more than two
regiments under command of Major R. Matthews.
In pursuance of the jilan to h( !d the ]iost. Lord Dor-
chester, in the summer of 1788, visited Detroit, and
by his directions the town was newly picketed, and
other defensive works erected. In the fall of 1789
Connolly was again in Detroit, went to Louisville,
and returned in November. These goings to and fro
were made known to the Americans by their spies ;
and on July 20, 1790, ("icneral Knox, Secretary of
War, wrote to ("lovernor St. Clair that it was reported
th.tt " Benedict Arnold was at Detroit about the
first of June and that he had reviewed the militia."
In addition to the many rumors concerning this
region, Wa.shington, on Augu.st 25, 1790, communi-
cated to the cabinet his ajiprehensions that Lord
Dorchester, in anticij)alion of a war with Spain,
contemplated sending an expedition from Detroit to
attack Louisiana, tlien owned by S|)ain.
There w.is good reason for these apprehensions,
for there was no relaxation in the efforts of the
I'".nglish to retiin possession of the West. The
Montreal merchants, who had been very successful
in their western trade, had increasing fears that this
region would be lost. The fur trade aiid the fur-
nishing of supplies had made tliem inunensely
wealthy ; their wealth brought intluence, and on
December 9, 1791, they adilres.sed a memorial to
Colonel Simcoe advising that on no account the
western posts be surrendered. They claimed that.
HRrriSII AND INDIAN WARS.
265
throu.ijjh an ovcrsiirht, the Kii.i(lish commissioners
who iK\i(otiatc(i tiie treaties of 1782 and 1783 iiad
made lavish concessions, for wiiicii they received
nolliin(i( in exclianj^e. Tiie memorial eniarired upon
ti>e t(reat imjiortance of tlie fur trade, and su)j;.v,n'sted
various boundaries th.it would be satisfactory to
tiiem ; but all of their suijiLjcstions left the West in
possession of the I'"n,v;lish, and the memorial insisti'd
tiiat it must be lield for tlie protection of tlie Cana-
dian border. Tliis memorial was followed by an-
iitiicr, whi<h allc.ned that the Americans had not
complied with the treaty, and that, therefore, it was
not bindinjf, and they reconmiended the Govern-
ment to " disi)ute the j^round to the utmost unless the
treaty was complied with," addin.i;', "All that the
Americans eonciuered from us they are entitled to,
and no more." These and similar ariijuments were
rcpt'ated o\er and over in the nu'morials, and they
undoubtedly had much to do with the lonij delay of
the ("lovernment in complyinj^ with the terms of the
treaties.
British inlluence was also still paramount with
the Indians, and the Mnjuiish oiricers lost no o|ipor-
tunity of assuring; llu'in of their protection and
sympathy. Mncoura.ijed in this way, tlu'y trrew
increasingly hostile, and so many western settlers
were killed that it was determined to 'hastise the
Indians. A force was accordinj^ly gathered and
[)laccd in command of (ieneral Ilarmer.
Some strani^e infatuation or excess of official
courtesy led the Secretary of War to direct that the
iiritish commandant at Detroit be notified that the
expedition was directed only aj^ainst the Indians.
Accordinjily.on September 19, 1790, C.overnor St.
Clair so notified him, sendinii; the letter by R. J.
.Mcij^r.s. 'II1C letter was imdoubtedly one cause of
the defeat of General Ilarmer, as the British were
actini( in full concert with the Indians and aided
lluni in every way. riciural llarmi'r was defeated
near the villaii^es of the Miamis on October i<; and
12, 1790. After his defeat loni; poles struni;^ with
liie scalps of American soldiers were daily p.araded
ihroui^h the streets of Detroit, accompanied by the
demoniac .scalp-yells of the warriors who had t.iken
ihem.
The next expedition, with fourteen hundred troops,
was conuiianded by (iovernor St. Clair; and on
November 4, 1791, he was defeated near the head-
waters of the Wabash. I'Mnally the C.ovirnment
determined to treat with the Indians and endeavor
to prevent their incursions; and on March i, 1793,
the President appointed Benjamin Lincoln, IJeverly
Randolph, and Timothy Pickering- to hieet the hos-
tile tribes at Sandusky and endeavor to make peace
with them. No arran.v;ement, however, could be
made, as the Indians, under the advice of the \'.n\^-
lish, would not aj,free to any other boundary than
the Ohio, and the conference closed on the i6th of
Autfust.
Considerable impression, however, had been made
on the savaj^res, and several of tlie tribes bcnan to
lose faith in the luiiL,dish, who this year, therefore,
made renewed efforts to .i,^'un their jroodwill with
i;ifts, and to convince them that the I'ln^lish would
not yield to the demands of the Americans. Lieu-
tenant-Governor .Simcoe, of Canada, was esjiecially
active in these endeavors, and it was larijely to re-
assure the Indirms that the ISritish fort on the Miami
was erected. Governor Simcoe was in Detroit in
February, 1793, and ^pril, 1794. On the last of these
visits, by order of Lord Dorchester, he selected the
site for the British fort on the left banks of the
Miami, and it was erected, and jjarrisoned with
three companies from Detroit, under commanil of
Ca|)tain C.ililwell.
'{'he Government at Washinj^ton finally became
convinced that a force competent to defeat both
Britisii and Intlians must be put in motion, and Ma-
jor-( Ieneral Wayne took the field ajjainst them. 11 is
name and fame and the army he commanded caust'd
both Lnvjlish and Indians to feel that a ilecisi\e bat-
tle would be fouj^ht. They were greatly alarmed,
and Colonel Lngland sent nearly all his force from
Di'troit, almost dismantling this fort, in order to
.strengthen that on the Miami. Other preparations
made by the British and liidi.ins, with di'tails of
some of the skirmishing, are contained in a si-ries of
letters addressed by Alexander McKee to Colonel
l'".ngland, at Detroit. Tlu'y were jiublished in the
National Intelligencer of Washington on July 26,
1 8 14. The first is as follows :
Rai'Iiis, Jiity 5, 1794.
Sri;,-
1 scml lliis 1))' .'i |Kirty of S.igaiuis wlio roUiriuit yi "ilird.iy fioiii
I'ljrt KiH'iivcry wtiiTi' llir wlmli; liculy of liuli.tiis cxcciit llw 1 >rla-
w.iris, wlici liad K'""' '"K'tlu'r routo, iinpriulfiilly aUiirkid ihc
fort on Moiulay, lliir 30th iif last inmilli, and lust 16 or 17 iiiiii,
iKsidc's a K'lnil m.iny wouiuli'd.
I'A'rryttiiin; liati l)i'fii srtlli-d priitr to lin-ir Iraviii)^ llio fatten
liii»t)fr,' ami it Iiad ticcn ai;rcfd iiptui tn rinitini' ttirmsrlvrs to
tat<iii,< foii\'oys and attai king at .'i dislanrc from tin; forts, if ihcy
stioidd Iia\'<' ttic atUIrcss to entice the en. niy ont ; bnt the iinpeln-
osily of the Maet^ina Indians and tlieir (,'a>;erness to hej^in with
ttie nearest, i)revaiteil with ttie ottiers to alter thi'ir system, the
consi(|iiences of whieli, from tlic present appearance of tliinv,'s,
may most materially injnre the inten'sts of these people, both the
Markina and Lake Indians seeming resolved on K"'"*! I'onic
.'ij^ain, liavin)^ coinptilid ttie l)etts they carried, with scalps and
prisoners, and havinj.; no provisions lliere at the Cila/e to sntisist
upon, so ttiat His Majesty's jiosts will derivtr no secnrily from tile
tale j^'reat influx of Indians into this |)art of llie conntry, should
lliey persist in their resolution of returning so scion.
'Vh-. immediate otiject of the .'itt.-iek was 300 pack horses K'*itig
from this fort to Kort I'lreeiivitte, in wliidi the Indians complitely
sncceeded, taking and kitlini,' all of them. lint tlur commanding
oHicer, ('a|itaiii I iihsoii, si'iiding out a troop of cavalry, and hrini;-
ing his infantry out in the front of his post, the Indians attacked
• Supposed to be the place whore Wayne's battle was fought.
266
BRITISH AND INDIAN WARS.
lluin, and killed about 50, aiiiunj; whom is Captain (jibson and
two other orUccrs. On tlio near approiah of tin- Indl.iiis to the
fort, tlu; remains of his garrison retired into it, and from their
loo)>hoIes kiUed and wonnded as already mentioned, t'aptain
KUiolt writi'S that they are immediatily to hold a council at tlie
(Haze, in order to try if they can prevail njion the Lake Indians to
remain; bnt without provisions, ammnnltlon, \c., beinj; sent to
that place, I conceive it will be extremely dlflicnlt to keep them
t()gether.
With gr<at respect, I have the honor to be your obedient and
very humble servant,
A. Ml Kkk.
The following is the second letter :
Kai'Ids, August 13, 1794.
Sii;,-
I was honored last night with your letter <if the nth, and was
extremely glad to find you are making such exirtlons to sujiply
the Indians \vith provisions.
C'aptain Klliott arrived yesterday ; wliat lu' has brought will
greatly relieve us, having been obliged yesterday to take all the
corn and Hour which the traders had here.
A scorning party from the Americans carried off a man and a
woman yesterday morning between this place and Roche de liout,
and afterwards attacked a .small party of Dilawares, in their
cam|) ; but they were repulsed with the loss of a man, whom they
eitlier hid or threw into the river. 'I'licy killed a Delaware
woman. #
Scouts are .sent up to view the situation of the army, and we
now muster 1,000 Indians. All the Lake Indians from Sagana
downwards should not lose one moment in joining their brethren,
as every accession of strength is an addition to their spirits.
1 have the honor to be, with very great respect, sir, your most
obedient and very hmnble servant,
A. M'Kee.
At this time every exertion was beinjr made to
aid the Indians, and on .\ii!.,aist i8, 1794, (unernor
Sinu'oe wrote to Lord Dorchester that he would
"go to Detroit with all the force he could muster."
I le was too late, iiowever, for on August 30, (leneral
\\ ayne defeated the combined forces near their
own fort.
In a letter to the Secretary of War he said :
It is with inlinlte pleasure that I announce to you the brilliant
success of the federal army under my command, in a general
action with the combined force of the hostile Indians and a con-
siderable number of the volunteers and militia of Detroit. * * *
So long as the savages are furnished with all the necessary
warlike stores by foreign emissaries and traders at Detroit, we
have no reason to suppose that they will be much disposed to
maintain a long peace with the Americans, 'i'he latter ought
certainly to take immediate pos.session of posts that were ceded to
them more than <Mght years since. L'ntil this is dime the frontiers
of the western states cannot rest in security, although formidable
armies may be sent against the Indi.ins * * * so long as
these garrisons afford them an asylum and succor on all occasions.
Major William Campbell, who had succeeded
Captain Caldwell in command at the British fort
at Miami, protested against the near approach of
American troops, and four letters passed between
him and General Wayne. Wayne declared that the
English had no right to occupy a fort there, and
called upon Campbell to withdraw, but he declined,
and although (".eneral Wayne had rcceixcd positive
authority to demolish this fort, he deemed it too
pcr''oiis an undertaking, and left Campbell unmo-
Ics Jd.
Ten days after the battle Colonel M'Kee sent this
letter to Colonel England :
Camp neak Kokt Mia.mi, August 30, 1794.
SlK,-
I have been employed several days in endeavoring to fix the
Indiajis (who have been driven from their villages and cornfields)
between the fort and the bay. Swan creek is generally agreed
upon, and will be a very convenient place for the delivery of pro-
visions ic.
The lastaceoinus from tleneral Wayne's army were brought me
last night by an Indian who s.iys the army would not be able to
reach the (Haze before yestiiday evening, it is supposed on
accomit of the sick and wounded, many of whom they bury every
day. I propose being in town In a d.iy or two, when ] hope for
the pleasure of paying you my respects.
On the very day he wrote, there were estimated
to be 1,300 Indians at Detroit, who had lied there
for protection. The English and Indians were .so
severely ininished by CJener;il Wayne that an extra
surgeon ami another hospital were needed at Detroit,
and on October 31 Covernor Simeoe approved of
their having been provided.
During the battle Antoine Lasselle, a Frenchman,
painted, dressed, and disguised as an Indian, was
taken prisoner. He was tried by the court-martial,
and sentenced to be hanged, but was pardoned
through the interposition of Colonel Hamtramck.
The English now began to feel that Detroit was
really in danger, and fearing both a revolt of the
inhabitants and an attack from without, in Scineni-
ber, 1794, Fort Lernoult was newly fortihed, and
Covernor Sinicoe ordered a block-house and si.K
boats to be built at Chatham. At a conference
with the Indians.held on October 10, 17(^4, he said,
" Children, I am still of the opinion that the Ohio is
your right and title. I have gi\cn orders to the
Commandant at Fort Miami to lire on the Ameri-
cans when they make their appearance again."
The Indians, however, had become distrustful of the
ability of the English to protect them, and there
was no further occasion for such a severe punish-
ment as they received at the hands of C.encral
Wayne.
The question of the boundary line and other diffi-
culties between the United States .' .1 Cireat ISritain
now became so .serious that early in 1794 John Jay
was sent as .special minister to London to negotiate
a new treaty. On June 23 he wrote that he had
information that the ptjsts " will not be sui'rendered."
Finally, however, on November 19, 1794, the treaty
known as Jay's Treaty was made, and in 1795, it was
ratified by the President, it provided for fi.xing the
eastern boundary of the United States ; for the jiay-
ment of claims arising from illegal captures during
the Revolutionary War ; and, also, that Detroit and
FIRST AMERICAN OCCUPATION OF DETROIT.
267
other western posts held by the British slioiild be
surreiulercd on or before the ist of June, 1796.
I'rcparations for taking possession went forward,
and on May 25, 1796, President Wasliington sent
the following communication to Congress :
Ornti.hmkn or TUB Senatk and ok tiif. IIousk oi' Rkpuk-
SRNTATIVHS, —
The measures now in operatinii for taking possession of the posts
of Ditroit ami Mirhiliinaekinae render it proper tliat provi>ion
should be made for extendiiij; to these places, an<l any others
aiike ciu'umstanced, the civil authority of the Northwestern Ter-
ritory. To do this will require an expense, to defray which the
ordinary salaries of the Governor and Secretary of that Territory
appear to he incompetent. The formiuK of a new county or new
counties and the appointment of the various olTicers which the
just exercise of government must require, will olilige the (lovernor
and .Secrt^tary to viait those places, and to spend considerable
time in making the arranjjc ments necessiiry for introdueinv and
establishiii!,' the >;overninent of the United States. Congress will
consider what provision will in this case be proper.
The communication was referred to a committee
consisting of Messrs. Sitgraves, Oreenup.and Reed.
On June i Mr. Sitgraves reported that he had not
been able to get the information necessary to make
a report, and the committee was discharged.
Although the Jay Treaty provided that the west-
ern posts shouki be evacuateii on or before tiie ist
of June, the order to evacuate was not given until
June 2. A letter, on file in the State Department
at Washington, from James McHenry, Secretary of
War, to (ieneral Washington, dated June 27, 1796,
states tiiat he enclosed a copy of the order for the
evacuation of Detroit, which order was dated June
2, 1796.
The order for evacuation was signed by George
Ikckwitli. Adjutant-General, and dated from Que-
bec. It provided that Detroit and other posts were
to be vacated, but a captain and fifty of the Queen's
Rangers, who had been sent to Detroit and Eort
Miami as late as April 24, were "to remain as a
guard for the protection of the works and public
l)uiidings till the troops of the United States are at
hand to occupy the same, when they will er.ibark."
In this connection the subjoined letter from the
original manuscript letter-book of Samuel Henley,
now in possession of the Public Library of Detroit,
is of interest :
Greknvii.i.k, June 7, 179C.
David Ilarrigatly Esq., Department Quartermaster General
at Fort Washington:
DiiAuSiu,—
Veslirday evening Captain (r>artholomcw) Shaumberg arrived
in this cantcmment from Detroit, where he lias been politely
received by the IJritish commanding ofTieer of the garriscm,
C^olonel Kngland.
This gentleman has sent General Wilkinson a plan of the Fort,
town, <fcc. All the I'rltish troops are prep.ired to leave Detroit on
the first order from the high powers.
Samuki. IIkni.hv, a. (1. NF.
We now approach an exceedingly interesting
question, and one that concerns the entire North-
west. Detroit was the farthest west of all the P)ritish
posts. The date on which it was evacuated, there-
fore, fi.xes the date of the actual possession by the
United States of a territory larger than the original
thirteen States. For many years it has been
thought impossible to determine when this inter-
esting event took place.
In determining residence and occupancy of the
claimants in the settlement of the land claims at
Detroit, the United States Government and the
Commissioners of Claims fixed upon July i as the
official date of American possession ; but there was
no evidence that July i was the real date of the first
occupancy of the territory by American troops. It
was simply an arbitrar)- date; it was necessary to
agree upon some point of time, and in the .ibsence of
definite information, the approximate date of July 1
was fixed upon.
The question was discussed at some length by
the late A. D. Eraser in a communication to the
Detroit Free Press, dated June 23, 1S67. He said,
" It nowhere appears, so far as I am aware, on what
precise day the post of Detroit was surrendered by
the British to the American Cioveriiment."
Various other persons engaged in historical re-
search came to the same conclusion.
Hon. William M. Evarts, late Secretary of State,
in a letter dated Washington, March 23, 1877, says,
"Careful examination has been made in this depart-
ment, and in respect to the events in 1796 thi' ])recise
dates have not been found." In point of fact, on
account of the destruction of many of the records,
in the War of 18 12, there are no documents in'
Washington that give any clue to the date in cjues-
tion. .
The finding of this date, so interesting not only
to Detroit but to the entire nation, engaged atten-
tion very soon after this work was begun, and not
until three years had passed was the ample evidence
obtained which is herewith submitted.
In \'olume II of the American Pioneer, published
at Cincinnati, Ohio, in 1843, ^y J- S- W'illiams, is
the following letter :
Dayton, 0., June 24, 1843.
Afr. John S. Williams:
DiiAu Siu, —
A gentleman in this place has a volume of letters of Colonel J.
F. Hamtramck, being the record of his official correspondence
with (ienerals vVayne and Wilkinson, and other olVicers, from Oc-
tober 31, 1794, until January 20, 1797. According to the Daily
Journal of Wayne's Campaign, published in your first volume.
Colonel Hamtramck took the command of Kort Wayne on the
22d of October, 1794, and the army left on the 2Sth for Greenville.
The correspondence commences three days afterwards, and is
dated at Fort Wayne until the 17th of May, 1796. The Hritish
being then about to surren ler the posts within our territory, Col-
onel Hamtramck went down the Maumec to Camp Deposit, from
the Sth to the 21st of June. On the nth of July he wrote from .
the late llritish I'ort Miamis, which he infonns General Wilkin-
268
FIRST AMERICAN OCCUPATION OF DETROIT.
son li.ul thill (lay hern given up. A ft'W U-ttrrs folliiw dated at
Di'tniil.
The history of this volinnt; is somewhat sin;;ular. Colonel
llamtraini'k havinji taken euinn\aiid of !>(lroit on the ijth of
July, 171/i, the Utter-hook reinalni;d anion^j tin: papers of the gar-
risim niitil the surrender of (leneral Hull, At Ihi^ tinifi nn olTiccr
of the < >hio Mulitia jjot possession of it, and was perniilted by the
llrltl>.h to l)rini; it away among his private jjapers and effects.
•Sinee his death it has been preserved by his relatives.
A larjje portion of the correspondence is taken upwitli the busi-
ness of the yarrison, acknowletlging the receipt of supplies, and
askiug for the various articles of which the post stood in need. I
have looked over the whole carefully and gleaiud whatever I
have judged worth transmitting to you.
J(lll^^ W. V.\N Ci.KVK.
Tilt! followinu', with other extract.^ frt)in the I lani-
tramck letters, are yiven in the voiiiiiie:
{To Ccncral Wilkinson.)
KoKT .MiA.Mis, July II, 1796.
On the 7th instant two small vessels arrived from Detroit, in
which I sent a detachment of artillery and infantry consisting of
sixty-five men, together with a number of cannon with ammuni-
ti(jn, Ac, lie. The whole under the command of Capt.iin Porter.
On the yth, a sloop arrived from Uetroit, at Swan t'nek, pur-
chased by Captain De liutts, which carried fifty tons and which
is now lo.ided with flour, quartermaster's stores and troops. That,
to),'ether with eleven liateaux whicli I have, will be sullicient to
take all the troops 1 hav(' with nie, leaving the reinaiuilir of our
stores depositi'd at this jjlaci', which was evacuated on thisda),
and where I have left Captain Marschalk and Lieutenant Sbanklin
with fifly-two men, infantry, and a Corporal and six of artillery;
that is, iiuhiiling the garrison at the head of th,: Kaiiids. * * *
1 shall embark within two hours with all the troops for Detroit.
(To General Wilkinson.)
Dktroit, July 17th, 1796.
I have the pleasure to inform you of the Siife arrival of the
troops imder my command at this place, which was evacuated on
the I III) instant and taken possession of by a detachment of si.xty-
five men, commandid by t'aptain Moses Porter, whom I had de-
tached from the foot of the Rapids for that purpose. Myself and
the troops arrived on the i jth instant
J. 1''. ll.X.MTKA.MCK,
FAC-RIMII.K 01- THE SiGNATURK OF J. F. HaM
The original contract for the use of the vessel
referred to in the first letter above quoted is in the
possession of the .State Historical .Society at Detroit.
It reads as follows :
July 2nd, 1796.— Henry De Butts, Ksq., for and on the part
of the government of the United States of America, of the one
part, and James May of Detroit, gentlenuin, owner of a certain
schooner c.illed the " Swan," of the other part, lets and leases the
said vessel to sail to such ports and places of Lakes F.rie and
Huron as the said Henry De Hutts or any other person represent-
ing the government (^f the iMiited Stales may order, so long as the
siiid (lovernment may re(|uire. De Ilutts to pay 150 pounds New
York currency each month for use <if the vessel. I'eriod of sir-
vice to be computed from July a, 1796.
William Kok,
/( 'itness.
Additional evidence of the datft of British evacua-
tion is found in a volume entitled " 1812 : The War
and its Mor.il. A C.inadian Chronicle, by Wni. V.
Coffin, Sheriff of Montreal, Lieut.-Col., etc., Mon-
treal. 1864." I'Yom the references he makes and
the list of documents quoted, this author is evidently
a reliable authority. Among the witnesses inter-
viewed by him was Stiuire Reynolds, of Amherst-
burg. Mr. Reynolds, who had been in the War of
1812 as an officer in the Briti.sh army, was an old
man of eighty-three at the time of the inter\-iew,
possessing the respect of everybody, remarkably
vigorous, full of intellectual force, with memory per-
fectly clear and reliable. Reynolds, in his narrative
of experiences, gives a large amount of detail on
many subjects, and numerous dates concerning vari-
ous events. The accuracy of his menif)ry as to
many dates is verified by various accounts. Con-
cerning Detroit, he said, " I .saw the Ikitish flag
hauled down from the tlag-staff of Detroit at noon,
I ilh of July, 1796 ; I saw it again hoisted by Brock
at noon of Sunday, i6th August, 1S12." Tliis date
of July I r is further confirmed by Judge Woodward
in a decision rendered on September 26, 1807, in the
case of some fugitive slaves.
The question as to the date of the first American
occupation of Detroit is thus definitely settled ; and
as it marks the point of time when the entire western
territory was dc jure and de fncto transferred from
the English to the American (".overnnient, the date
of July II, 1796, when the
Stars and Stripes first waved
over Detroit, should be treas-
ured in the memory of every
child and every citizen. The
curious coincidence that
Colonel Richard I'^ngland
was the last English com-
mandant will help to fix the
remembrance of the fact.
TRMCK. It will be nnticed that
Colonel Hamtramck ad-
dresses his letters to General Wilkinson, who was
then, in the absence of General Wayne, commander
of the United States troops at (irecuviUe. The
Henley letter-book shows that on June 25 General
Wayne was expected to arrive soon at Greenville by
way of Cincinnati. On July 20 Mr. Henley wrote to
the (]iiartermaster-general, " I received our old Gen-
eral with all the force of my well-meaning polite-
ness. I heard of his arrival in Fort Jefferson, I
FIRST AMERICAN OCCUPATION.— FRENCH AND SI'ANISIl INTRKIUES.
.'69
mounted mir liorsc, tliu old I'olc Evil, went into tlic
wiiods, and there lialted until ! cau^jht tiio eye of
the Gereral ; I then tlew like a. streak of li^hlninj^ to
the Old Iron 6 and hanired her off 15 times, wiiicli
lias piaeed him and me on jrood terms." On July
29, 1796, Mr. Henley wrote from (jreenviile to Mr.
Hopkins at l''ort Hamilton, "The Cicneral and the
( Uiartermasler-Oeneral leave this cantonment for
Detroit to-morrow. Old 15ald appears in j^ood order
and I hope he will carry his old master through all
the bad roads in this country and land him safe to
the rejjained liiitish j^arrison, Detroit." (General
Wayne reached Detroit safely prior to August 25,
remained until after November 14, and then went to
I'resciue Isle, now Erie, Pennsylvania, where he
died December 14, 1796.
Tradition says that, before evacuating, the British
destroyed the windmills and filled the fort well with
stones, and that the key of the garrison was left in
possession of a negro. This may be true, but it is
a matter of ollicial record that immediately after the
evacuation the British commissary at Chatham was
authorized to lend fifty barrels of purk to Mr.
O'Hare, the United States commissary, as he had
not enough for the American troops at Mackinaw.
Simon Ciirty, the renegade, remained behind when
the British took their leave. When the boats laden
with American troops appeared in sight, he became
so much alarmed that he could not wait for the
return of the ferry-boat, but forced his black mare
down a steep bank into the river, and, at the risk of
drowning, made for the Canadian shore ; and as he
rude up the bank, he cursed tlie United States Gov-
ernment and its troops with all the oaths his fury
could inspire. When the British were again in pos-
session, in 181 2, he returned to Detroit, and on
being asked about his horse said, " Oh, she's dead,
and I buried her with the honors of war."
Under the Treaty of Ghent, of December 24,
1814, commissioners were appointed to determine
the boundary line between the United States and
Canada, and on June 2, 1820, Colonels Hill and
Barclay, British commissioners, and General Porter,
American commissioner, with their secretaries, Dr.
Bigsley, of the English, and Major Eraser of the
American Government, arrived at Detroit for the
purpose of determining the boundary line.
Their report, made in 1822, fixed it where it has
since remained.
FRENCH AND SPANISH INTRICUKS FOR THE POS-
SESSION OK DETROIT AND THE WEST.
While the negotiations for the urreiu )f De-
troit and the West were in progress, ti.u French
Government, which was at war with Spain, sought
to effect the seizure of the then Spanish province of
Louisiana through the aid of certain of the adven-
turous spirits of the West, numbers of whom were
ready for almost any scheme of coiu|ucst or of
gain, especially if it promised the control of the
Mississippi.
An expedition against New Orleans was so far
organized that many men were enlisted and gath-
ered at an appointed rendezvous in Kentucky. In
1794 Governor St. Clair felt called upon to issue a
])roclamation against the proceeding, .and it was
abandoned for .i time. As a nn'asure of protection
against the movt'nunt, liaron de Carondelet, the
Spanish Governor of Louisiana, began intriguing
for the organi'/atioii of ;i wi'stcrn coiifi'dcrary which
should ally its forluncs to those of Louisiana, and
Thomas Powers was employed to promote his pkins.
Meanwhile, in November, 1794, and OclolxT,
1795, the United States concluded treaties with
both England and Spain for the surrender of the
western posts occupied by their troops. These
treaties exasperatetl France, and after July, 179''),
she ceased to be on friendly terms with tlu^ United
Slates. On August 19, 179''), France .and Spain
formed an alliance offensive and defensive, possibly
with the hope of securing neutral territory between
England and the far \\'est, which she was seeking
to obtain. l''r;ince sent an agent into the West to
agitate the subject of a western confederacy, and to
obtain information as to the condition of the coun-
try. At the same time the Spanish (Governor Ca-
rondelet showed a disinclination to fulfil the obliga-
tions of his home government by delivering up the
Spanish posts on the Mississippi, and renewed his
efforts to detach the West from the Union.
The following letter, from the private papers of
Governor St. Clair, gives information as to both
French and .Spanish agents and their plans. The
original is somewhat mutilated :
James Mclfenry, Secy, of War^ in Cov. Ht. Clair.
Wak On'itK, May, 1796.
Sir,-
Tlie President lias had information whicli allords strong ground
to t)elieve tliat tiiere arc certain persons employed and paitl to visit
the western country, for the purpose of encouraging the people of
tlKise jiarts to secede from the Union, and form a separate connec-
ticjn with a foreign power. 'I'lie persons more particularly pointed to
iisemissarii-son this occasion are one Powers, de CoUot, and Warin.
It is said also that they have received written instructions from
their government and letters to influence * * * men in the
district of country * * ♦ been * * * as the field of
their operations.
The route, at least of some of them, is by Pittsburgh down the
Ohio to the old Shawaneese town, thence across the Ohio through
the lower parts of Kentucky and southwestern territory, thence to
the rapids of the Ohio, thence to Post Vincents, thence to St.
Genevieve, and thence down to New Orleans. It is thought that
they will be very open in conversations, that they may be easily
traced by those apprised of their project, and that an overweening
confidence in the success of their mission may originate circum-
stances upon which to ground a legal seizure of their papers. You
will perceive that it is important to such a seizure that they
270
FRKNCII AND SPANISH INTRIC.UKS.
hIioiiIiI Iiuvc iiu nasoii li> siispict, rioiii ill-liiiud iiii|iilrj<'s ur ineas-
iiris, iliMt tluy ari' (lismMird, Wni will, of imirsi', kiip ymir
kiiuwIrilKr lit ilitir crraiiil aiul (IcsiKH I" ymirsrif, ami triiMt il mily
ti) those vvliit may l)t' iH'Ci'Hsary ti) the plan yon may adopt, and at
the niiinu'iit wliiii iiinlid ♦ ♦ bo used to effect its suctessfnl
cxccutioH. Powers is of Irish descent, uboiit thirty-five years of
U){t', a man of science, seeminj{ly verstitile, speaks I'reiicli, Span-
ish and Mn^hsh with equal fluency, and pronounces each an u
native,
l)c Colliit is a Frenchman, fidl six feet liiwh, ahoiit forty years
of age, and speaks i'.iiglisli very \vi II. Warin is also a I'reneliman;
was lately a sidi-enyineer in tlie service of the United States
which he risijjiud for his present employment; spiaks l'.nv;lish
tolerahly, is .iljoiit thirty yiars of a^e, ahove six feet hixh, blai k
hair, ruddy complexion .md e.isy manners.
I have only to add that these pt;rsoiis are believed to be in pos-
session of p.i|iers which it is considered of >;reat ijiiportance to
obtain, and to recpiest, if procured, that copies lie made of them,
and attested, as well as the originals, l)y yourself, or some other
person, and forw.irded by safe * ♦ ♦ to the President.
1 have the honor, &c.
James McHknkv,
Si'C, qf War.
The General Victor Collot, alluded to in the let-
ter, while ill Detroit as a French spy, made a map of
the Delroil iviver, with a view of the town as it was
in 17</), whicli view is still preserved in the Depart-
ment of Marine at I'aris. '
As to Collot and I'owers, (lovernor St. Clair
wrote to lion. James Ross, on September 6, I7y6,
as follows ;
Collot has left the country after makmg, it is siiid, an accurate
survey of the < )liio and soundlnn its depths in a number of places.
He was stopped at Massac and his papers examined by the com-
manding olTicer. Another matter has happened that will I sup-
pose, make some noise. A certain Mr. I'owers was met as he was
ascending the Ohio, by an olTicer, Lieutenant Sli\.l, (who, it is
Siiid, was imprudent enough to tell him he was scul lor the express
purpose, by Cieneral Wayne) who stopped him, broke open his
letters, examined tliem aiul his other papers, and took away with
him such as he thought proper.
A year afterwards Powers visited Cieneral Wilkin-
son at Detroit as an ai^ent of the vSpanish j^overnor,
who still .soui^lit to carry out his project. Me left
Natchez early in June, and arrived in Detroit on
August 16. Learning that (General Wilkinson was
absent, he did not enter the fort until August 24.
He was treated by Colonel Strong, who had tem-
porary command, with the rigor which his reputa-
tion seemed to merit. Dispatches announcing his
arrest were sent to General Wilkinson, and reached
him on September 2, just as he entered the river St.
Clair on his return. At the subsetjuent trial of
General Wilkinson a Captain S 1 testified that on
the same day, after having read his letters, he, General Wilkin-
sim, invited n\e to go on shore with him to shoot pigeons. While
on shore he told me that Mr. Thomas Powers had arriv<d at De-
troit in his absence, that Colonel Strong the commandant, acting
under an order of Major-tkiieral Wayne's, had him in confine-
ment; that he was apprehensive that he would have to send Mr.
' It has been reproduced for this work. See chapter on Houses
and Homes.
Powers out of the country, although he knew him to be an lioiiesl
cli-ver fellow, a man of talents, and one that had rendered him
great serviie; but unfortunately that Mr. P. was suspe< ted as a
spy, and tli.il the I'uited States suspected him, (leiieral Wilkinson,
and at the .same time quoting the old adage that it was " more
criminal in Honiu to look over the hedge than in others to steal a
hare," asking me " how I should I'ke to take a trip to New .Madrid
with Mr. Powers." I answered, " Very well." He then enjoini-d
secrecy on me. We arrived at Detroit before the middle of Sep-
tember, I7()7, and foun<l Mr. P. (as the Crniral had stated) in
confinement. He was immediately set at liberty* und a lew duys
afterward 1 dined with him at the ('Kiieral's table.
A very short time after this (perhaps a day) I was sent for by
the (ieneral, who informid me that he had othir duty for me
than that of esiorling Mr. P.; that . plain Sh.iumboMrgb was
selcctcil for that conutiand ; that 1 must hold myself in leadiiiess
to proceed to Kentucky, there to procure money on bills and pay
the troops at Port Massack and Fort Knox at Vinccnncs, which
order 1 obeyed, and left Mr. P. at Detroit. In the beginning of
Noviiidier following, I nic' Captain Sbaumbourgh at Fort Massjick
on his return from N. Madrid, where he had delivered Mr. Powers.
He showed me his instruc tions from the Ceneral relative to .Mr. P.,
in which Captain S. was ordered not to permit Mr. P. to enter any
of our posts, ai\d denied him the use of pen, ink, peiu il or paper,
lie. On reading tliose instructions, I expressed some surprise at
this great pricaulion, when I knew that Mr. Powers had travelled
through that country on his way, and that he had his full liberty
at Detroit. Ca|)tain .Sbaumbourgh, laughing, said it was a bore.
The following letter from General Wilkinsor to
Mr. Powers, considered in the ligiit of all the fa ;,
would seem to confirtn the opinion of Captain S 1
as to the duplicity of (ieneral Wilkinson :
IIkau t,)UAKri:Ks, DiirmuT, Sept. 5, i7y7.
SlK,-
1 have, the last moment, received your letter of this day which
occasions me much surprise.
Al our first interview, the night before hust, I expressed to you
the necessity of your speedy return by the shorte.'-t nmto to the
I'aron de Carondelet, with my answer to the letter which you bore
me from him. You offered no objection to this proposition, except
the incapacity of your horses for the journey which I immediately
agreed to remove by furnishing others.
You, at the same lime, compl.ilned to me of the violence and
outrage which you had experienced on yoiu' journey to this place,
being at one time stojiped, and al another time pursued, seized, and
examined in every (larticular of person, baggage and papers. It
seems a little singular tliat you should incline to retrace a route
in which you had suffered such abuse, when a secure and conveni-
ent one is proposed to you.
As no man can more highly appreciate the rights of treaties and
of individuals than myself, and as I am apprised of the obliga-
tions subsisting between the United States and his Catholic
Majesty, I am .imoiig the last men on earth who would wantonly
or capriciously question the compacted rights of the two sovereign-
ties, their citizens or subjects.
liut as you have approached me in a public character, and on
national business, which requires my speedy answer to the letter
of the Governor of Louisiana, whose messenger you are, I can-
not consider you so far a free agent as to elect the time or
route for your return, but that you stand bound by motives of
political imiiort, as well to Spain as to the United States, to c(m-
summ.ite the objects of your mission with all possible promi)titudc;
and, of consecpunce, that all objects of a private or personal
nature must yield to the obligations of public duty.
I, therefore. Sir, cannot recede from iny purpose, and wii! lope
you may be prepared to take your departure early to-morrow morn-
ing, in the company of Captain Shaumliourgh who will be in-
structed to attend you to New Madrid, and who will receive and
FKKNCH AND SPANISH INTKICUKS.
271
fnrwarit any luller ymi may wish lo mmuI tcp tlic I'lilUiif Ohio,
from lliu must ((nivciiiriit puiiil i>f your miiti'.
With ilii<^ coiiHidcratloii, I am, Sir,
Vutir iiiimt obiclient xirvaiil,
J.\. Wll.KINSdN.
Ill tlic oliuial accomil of Towurs' mission, .ui-
(Iri'ssed to ( layoso, tiic l lovcnior of Natciiez, I'owcrs
said :
Thi: (liMnral n > ■ ivfd tm^ nililly fiioiiKh. In the firMt i-cmfiT-
cni'L', he hriiliL' <iiii uiih saying In nic vny hitlrrly, "Wrari' rciiiuil.
Sir, holh yiiii an<l niysilf, withmit rrii'i\ ini; any l)cnflit fnun your
voyaj,'!-'." Aflirwarcis, lie askeil nu' whiihir I hail liroii;,'lit the six
linnilreil and (orty dollars (eternally lliese six luindreil and forty
dollars I) he added that the exeenliv<- hail yiven orders to the
I lovernor of the Northwestern Territory to take ine and send me
to I'hiladelphia, and that there was no other resixiree left for me
to escape 1)111 to suffer myself to bo conducted immediately under
l^'iiard to I'drt Massaek, and Iroin ihenee to New Madrid, and
having informed him of the proposition of the llaron, he pro-
ceeded to tell me that it was a chimerical project, and impossible
to be executed ; that the inbabilants of the western states having:
obtainedall they wished by the treaty, would form no other politi-
cal or commercial connection, and that now they had no other
motive to separate themselves from the interests of the other
states, altlumgh I'rauce and Spain had made them the most
advantageous propositions ; that the fermentation which had
ixisled for four years was now subsided, \c. ; that Spain had now
iiolhinj; else lo do but to ,i;ive complete effect to the treaty, which
had overturned all his plans and ri'nUered useless the work of
more than ten years. And inasmuch as he had, as he said, de-
stroyed his cyphers and all his correspondence with our govern-
ment, and that his duty and his honor did not permit him to
contintie it ; that the (lovernor need not fear that he would
abuse the confidence he had placed in him ; finally that Spain
having ceded to the United States the territory of the Xatches,
iVc., it might happen that he would be appointed Governor of it,
and that then opportunities would not be wanting for him to take
measures that would be mori' efiicacious to effect his jiolitical jiro-
jects. lie complained iiuieli that tlie secret of his connections with
our government had been divulged through want of prudence on
our part.
The letter from Baron de Carondelet, which
Powers delivered to General Wilkinson on Septem-
ber 3, is said to have appealed to his ambition, with
the promise that he would be made the ,ijeneral of
the new republic ; and it was claimed that both
France and vSpain would pay the troops he would
be able to raise.
In his " Proofs of the Corruption of Cieneral Wil-
kinson," .Mr. c'i.irk says:
I'he llaron de t arondelet did not, however, know the i haraeter
of imr (leneral. t(e was willing to take all the money that
coiilil be offereil ; he wa^ willing to carry <m any correspondence,
provided it could be kept Hecret ; and while in a subordinate sta-
tion, he was willing to risk a place for whitli hi' knew he could ob-
tain an indemnity. Hut the scene was now changed ; he was at
the head of the army ; his legal emoluments wi re .vreat, and his
rnpncity saw the means of increasing them. His wi nt corre-
spondence had been snspeeted. The freqnent visits of Powers had
occasioned jealousy, and the indiscreet communications of the
Spanish ofncers, as we learn from himself, had im iii d more than
allenlion lo his londiict, lie was not yet prepared openly to
assume the Sp.mish uniform, and a secret corresponili 111 e had
become dangerous. Powers, therefore, did not fully succeed in
the object of his mission.
The frequent rommimications of ('■encral Wilkin-
son with alii'ii;ed spits j.;ave rise; to suspirions ; he
was accusfd of trfaihery, liiiil and .'uiiiiitted in
1S08. In September, iSi i, he was tried for allej^ed
complicity with Aaron lUirr in his conspiracy, and
the old chai\i,a'S ai^ainst him were aj^aiii hrou,y;iit
forward. He made a defense full of vituperation
ayainst C/enerals Wayne, Scott, and others, but was
aijain acquitted, thouv^ii the evidences of his i^iiilt
seemed stronif. Anionic those siinnnoned as wit-
nesses were Thomas Powers and the late Colonel
Electus Backus.
In i8r4 he had to undergo a third trial, this time
for allcijed misconduct in the War of 1812 ; and for
the third time he was acquitted. Among his wit-
nesses was Bri.ijadicr-Cicncral Mnses Porter, who
testified that he had .served under him since April,
1793. This was the Captain Porter who received
possession of Detroit in 1796, became a colonel in
181 3, and subsequently a brijfadier by brevet. Cap-
tain John Hiddle, of the Forty-si.xth Unitt^d States
Infantry, and General Alexander Macomb also
testified favorably for Wilkinson. " Wilkinson's
Memoirs," in three volumes, contain the chief points
of his defense in his several trials, which wonder-
fully resemble those of General Mull, in the vigor
with which eotemporary military officers are as-
sailed.
CH APTKR XL.
INDIAN WARS FROM i/yo -I'O 1812.
Ai.i iKUMiH Drtioii liad been surrendered to tlie
AiiR'riians, ilie llrilisli apparciilly cnlrrtaiiu'd tlie
li()|)e tliat tlic fortunes of war would a.i^ain j^ive
them eontrol of the West, and British olTioers were
coiitiMually asserting and exercisinj^' authority on
AnuTiran soil. The followinij extract from a letter
addresseil i)y I'eter Audrain, of Detroit, toCiovernor
St. Clair on October 20, 1800, yives an idea of some
of their illegal actions. Audrain says •
lietwceu n ami u o'clock on tlie evoninj; of the c;th inst. some
liriti^li soldiers liiaikd by a certain Sar^cant Cole, went to the
house where a certain Krancis t'ocjutttc lived with a woman and
two children. They knocked at the door but were refused admit-
tance, as the said I'oquettc h.id some siispii ion of the plot. The
door was forced open, the sergtani cnlcrnl and knocked down
said I'ocpiette with a largi' stick he had ; a battle then ensued, the
strKcant was wounded in the head and face,anii I'oquptte, slabbed
in many places, was carried away naked to a canoe waiting at a
landing near the place. Although badly wounded he jumped out
of till' canoe into the river, when they stabbed him again to make
him be quiet. Dr. Wni. M. Scott, surgeon of this place, was
called next morning and went over the river to the ferry house,
where both the sergeant and the deserter were lying very ill. The
Doctor dressed the sergeant first and went afterwards to the
deserter who, almost naked, w.ts lying on the lloor in a dark corner
of the kitchen. He found the unfortunate man in so dangerous
a state that he informed the sergeant he could not be removed to
Maiden without imminent danger of losing his life. Whereupon,
a man in soldier's dress, standing by Sergeant Cole, said that he
had orders to take the prisoner to M-ilden deader alive. Sergeant
t'ole .igreed, and he was carried away in the afternoon and died at
iMalden about five or six o'clock the next morning. ♦ * ♦
Senator (Uriah) Tmccy (of Conn.), who left this place for
I'resque Isle on Friday, dined on Saturday at Maiden with Cap-
tai.i .McClean, commander of that garrison, lie probably got
more information than he had here. I have been informed that
he pledged his word that he would moke report to the President
on his arrival at the Federal City.
the guard to consist of tliree olTicers and twelve
privates. Five days later lie issued the follow-
ing :
GKNKKAL OKDRKS.
After this night the Guards will be kept in the following man-
ner: Visgars' and I. 'Keuyers' companies will alternately furnish
aduard of a Sergeant and six privates, to be stationed at the old
liloi khouse. The rifle company, the artillery and cavalry will
furnish a sergeant and eight privates every night to be kept at
the north l'lo< khouse.
Hickman's light infantry — Campcau's and Anderson's comp.i-
nies of the lirst Ueglment will alleriiately furnish a Subaltern
Sergeant and twelve i>rivates, as a Ouard to be kept in the I'.asl
lilockhouse.
The Adjutant-deneral will detail a Captain of the day, who
will visit all the (luards by night, and give them their instruc-
tions. In case of an alarm or attack on the ])lace, the following
disposition will be made of the Troops: Scott's company of
Riflemen at the north blockhouse, Anderson's company at the
cast blockhouse, and l.'Kcuyer's company at the old lilockhouse.
Hickman's company will defend the Pickets between thi' two
Hlockhouses ; V'isgar's, the Pickets between the fort and the
north lilockhouse; and Campeau's company, the Pickets between
the cast lilockhouse and the river; all the other companies will
form at Curry's Corner and w;iit for orders.
Colonel Woodward will command from the West lilockhouse to
the fort and so on from the Port to the river, and i>n the river as
far east as Abbott's store, but in such manner as n(Jt to interfere
with Captain Dyson's command.
Colonel llrush will command from Abbott's store on the river lu
the east gate ; and north to the lilockhouse, including said block-
house.
In case the Enemy should break through the Pickets and get
into the town, Hickman's company will immediately take pos-
session of the Stone Council Houst;, Campeau's of the liank, iind
Visgar's of the ( )ld lilockhouse and May's stone house. Captain
iJodemead's and Smith's companies v>ill parade at the stone
council house, where they will receive (heir orders.
Doctor Macroskey will attend at May's stone House and Doctor
Urown at the Council House, where the wounded will be sent.
The English also continued their ehvjrts to attach
the savages to themselves, and kept them in a con-
stant state of unrest by their promises and presents,
which were so far in excess of those made or given
by the United States that many Indians remained
unfriendly to the Americans.
In 1806 and 1807 there was much disquiet at
Detroit on this account, and a new stockade was
built as a protective measure.
As a further means of defense, on August 6, 1807,
James May, adjutant -general, ordered a patrol guard
of militia " to be kept at the Indian council-room" —
On September 3 there was a grand parade of the
militia, and on November 9 they were ordered to be
ready to march at a moment's notice. On Novem-
ber 14 there was again a general review and inspec-
tion of the First Regiment of militia and the Legion-
ary Corps.
On July 27, 1810, Ciovernor Hull wrote to the
Secretary of War that " large bodies of Indians from
the westward and southward continue to visit the
British post at Amherstburg, and are supplied with
provisions, arms, ammunition, etc., etc. Much more
attention is paid to them than usual."
[272I
INDIAN WARS I'KUM I7(/j TO 1812.
273
On SrpU'mlRT 17. 1811. (iovt-mor Harrison wrote
to tlic Si .^i...y ui War:
All iIk' IikIi. ..'. iif tl>i^ Wabush liavr hi'iii, nr nrr imw, (in ii
visit tu llic llril> l< aKi'iil at Maiden ; my iiidirniaiit hu.i never
known more than nur fcmrlli ns many kcxkIh tjivrn to the Indian*
as they are now (listiil)UtinK. He examined llie share of one
man (not a clilef) and loiind that he had received an eleifant rifle,
iiinely-livt; pounds of powder, fifty poimdsot lead, three tilankits,
three pieees of stronds, ten shirts, and siveral other artiek's. II"
siy- every Indian is fiirnisliid with a «un (either a rifle or fusil),
and i4n ahiindanee of ainmnnilioM. A trader of this eountry was
lately in the Kind's store at Maldin, and wns lold that the (pian-
lity of noods for the Indian department, whieh had been sent ont
this year, exceeded that of common years liy jo,o<ai pounds ! r-
lintf. It is impossible to ascribe this profusion to any other motive
than that of instii;atin)jthc hxlians to taki' up the tomahawk ; it
caiiriiit he to sei uru their trade, for all their peltries colleeled on
liie Wahashon one year, if sold in th(! I, )ndon markets, would
not pay the freitfht of the jjoods which have been jjiven to the
Indians.
So confidont was Ticnoral Harrison tliat the In-
dians meant mischief that, uith the militia ami some
reoiil.ir sokliers commanded l)y Colonel Uoyd, lie
proceeded aj^ainst them, .ind lhoroti;<hly def' ated
them at the battle of Tippecanoe on November 7,
i8n.
Notwithstanding this defeat, the citizens of Detroit
felt justly alarmed, as bnt niiuty-foiir soldiers were
then staliunetl in the town, and a meeting was held
on Sunday, December 8, 181 1, to take measures to
protect the settlement. Solomon Sibley w;is chosen
chairman and A. Ii. W'ootlw.ird secretary. It was
resolved to organize a night-watch for thirty tlays,
and a coi.anittee of live, consisting of Solomon Sib-
ley, A. 15. W'ootlwaiil, James Withercll, tleorge
McDoiigall, and Daniel Haker were appointed to
collect funds ;ind war matcri.al. Messrs. Withercll
and Baker declined to act, and II. II. Hickman and
Richard Smythe were apjiointed in their stead. At
a subsetiuent meeting, on December 10, a n.emorial
to Congress was adopted, in v i''h it wat urged
th.it "the whole territory is a double frontier," "the
IJntish are on one side, the savages on the other,"
"every individu.il house is a frontier," "no farm is
covered by another farm in the rear of it," and in
view of these facts, Congress was asked to provide
more garrisons in the West, and to .send reinforce-
ments of infantry and cavalry to Detroit. The
memorial was presented to Congress on December
27. No action was taken on the subject, but the
War of 1812 soon after settled this with other
questions.
CHAPTER X L I .
THE WAR OF 1812.
The searching of American vessels for British-
born seamen. wliii'iT was styled itie "ri^lu of search,"
and the impressment of several thousand American
sailors, were the primary causes of the War of 1812.
The immediate reason was the attack by the
British ship Leopard upon the Chesapeake, an
American vessel, lying in Lynnhaven Hay, off the
coast of \'irginia, the officers of the Leopard claim-
ing that the Ches; peake was h;'.rboring three desert-
ers from the British navy. The 15ritish Government
promptly disowned the act, but was slow in making
reparation ; and, as the impressment was continued
and the search for British seamen vigtjrously prose-
cuted, the breach was ever widening. I'inally, the
President ordered British ships away from the Amer-
ican coast. No heed was paid to his proclamation,
and, on June iS. 1S12, war was declared against
Great Britain.
Pnvious to tile declaration of war, and in antici-
pation of such an event. Congress authorized the
President to call for militia from the several States.
It was evident that the war would be along the
border line of Canada, and in anticipation of the
declaration of wa.-, the citizens f)f Detroit held a
meeting, and, as Governor Hull was absent, re()uested
the secretary of the Territory to call out the militia.
The Secretary was cautious about exercising author-
ity, not being ceriain that Governor Hull was not
in the territory, and he therefore refused. Mean-
time, it became increasingly evident, from the
detention of citizens of Detroit by the Canadian
authorities, and from the erection of batteries at
Amherstburg, that hostilities were iimninent.and c'ls
General Hull did not arrive, measures of resistance
were determined upon. Messrs. Elijah Brush and
Solomon Sibley, and (^olonels Georgi McDougall
anci John R. Williams caused the militia to be
ordered out, and in twenty-four hours some si,x
hundred men from the city and adjoining farms
gathered as volunteers.
On the evening of May 14, 1812. they paraded
under command of Major James Witherell. On
June 12 they were ordered to parade " each Satur-
day, at four o'clock, in the rear of D. Forsyth's
encampment," and the commanding officer of each
company was ordered to cause two hours each day,
Saturdays excepted, to be devoted to disciplining
the men. ( )n June 27, James Witherell, major com-
mandant, issued a general order .giving notice that
'• the signal of an alarm on the north l)ank of the
river would be three rounds fired from a field piece
near the south gate of the Town of Detroit, and
that the militia were then to assemble."
Meanwhile, an army of some twelve hundred
men drafted from Ohio by the President, and three
hundred volunteers under Colonel Miller, together
with other troops, were collected at Dayton. On
May 25 Governor Meigs turned over the command
to General Hull, who was ordered to proceed to
Detroit, and about the middle of June the force,
which consisted of three regiments under command
of Colonels Mc Arthur, Cass, and Findley, left Day-
ton with over tv.'o thousand rank and tile. On the
24th of June, wiiile at Fort I-"indley, General Hull
received a letter, dated June 18, the very day that
war was declared, announcing that war would soon
be declared. Possibly it was written early in the
day, before the declaration had actually \)cvi\ issued.
On July I, when near the old Jiritish Fort Miami,
on the ^L'^umee River, a small schooner, the Cuya-
hoga, belonging to Captain Chapin, was employed
to carry a quantity of baggage to Detroit, and about
thirty officers and privates were sent with it for pro-
tection.
It being the last of the month, complete muster-
rolls had been made out, and either by accident or
design these and other private papers of General
Hull, contained in a small trunk, were placed on the
vessel. An open boat witli the sick was sent at
the .same time. On July 2, when opposite Maiden,
the Cuyahoga was captured by the British, who thus
became possessed of a full knowledge of the force
under command of (General Hull. The same day,
while on the road to Detroit, General Hull received
a second letter from the Secretary of War, also
dated June 18, ccMuaining the announcement of the
declaration of war. One of the two letters was
sent by a courier ; the other was sent by mail to
Cleveland, to be forwarded from there by express.
Charles Shaler, a young lawyer of Cleveland,
agreed to take the letter for thirty-five dollars. I Ic
left Cleveland June 28, and overtook the army at
U74I
THE WAR OK 1813.
275
the Raisin, about 2 A. m., on July 2. After ivrciv-
ing tlic letter, (ieneral Hull nsicd .1 day at I'leiuii-
town, .and on July 4 built a biidv^e across the
Huron River near ISrownstown, about a mile and
a half west of the villaj^e now calleil (libralter.
Troops sent from Detroit to aid in pre|)arini4 the
road met the army near that place. At this time
Major Whistler's company of I''irst Infantry and
Captain Dyson's company of artillery were in
chari^'e of the fort at Detroit. On the 51I1 the army
passed throuv^h the villajijes of Hrownstown and ^h)n-
jifuajLjon, crossed the I'A-orce and Rouije, and arrived
the same day at Springwells. They had travellitl a
distance of over two hundred miles through an
almost unbroken wilderness, building bridges as they
went, wading innumerable swamps,
anil enduring many hardships.
On the morning of the 6th Colonel
Cass was sent to Maiden with a Hag
of truce to demand the baggage and
jirisoners captured in the schooner.
On his arrival tlu'rc he was blindfold-
ed, his demands refu.sed, anil he was
escorted back. The next day five
pieces of artillery were brought down
from the fort and placed on the bank
in front of the army, in a situation to
annoy the enemy at Sandwiili.
On July 12 Cicncral Hull, sending
the boats and c.inoes down the river,
made a feint of crossing at Sjiring-
wells, but after d.ark he crossed over
with his whole force from Mam-
tramck, and marched to Sandwich.
On his arrival he i; sued two hundred
copies of a proclamation to the Ca-
nadian.'^ A fac-simile, reiluceil in
si/.e, is here given.
On July 13 he sent a small re-
connoilering force, under Captain
L'lry, towards Maiden. They returnci
of the bridge, but ;is General Hull would not allow
them to fortify or push on to Maldi'n, the results
were unimportant.
During this period (leneral Hull spent much of
his time at Detroit, and on the 24th, during his
absence. Colonel ^b■Arthur .sent a detachment to
drive the IndiaL:; from the region of Turkey Creek;
but they were themselves attacked by the Indians,
and forceil to retreat, with a loss of six killed. This
was the first blood shed in the campaign.
Me.-intime the ISrilish forces were active, and
before the news of the war had reached Mackinaw,
th.it post was sunnnoned to surrender, and on July
I /ill was surrendered, the paroled ollicers and troops
reaching Detroit on July 2y. General Hull was now
Vi/ WILLIAM HULL, Brs;*'Kf COOTal anj CmtmJa (fihyinilimjlnii Amj f/AeViiiliiShlie
A PROCLAMATION.
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in the
evening on July 14, and reported that there
were a large number of Indians in the way.
General Hull then sent a detachment of Captain
Sloan's cavalry, and they returneil with information
that a body of Indians had gone up the ri\'er. Mc-
Arthur, with one hundred of his regiment and a
rifle corps from Colonel Findley's, was sent in )nir-
suit, ;ind subse(iuently Captain Smith, of the Detroit
I )ragoons, followed, with orders to go to the Thames
and procure provisions. He overtook McArthur, and
went with him about sixty miles above the mouth
of the river, reairning in tlic evening of the 17th
with a large quantity of stores. On the .same day,
before McArtluir's party had reuirned, Colonel
Cass, with two hundred and eiglity men, pushed
on to the river Aux Canards, and took possession
manifestly dishearti'iied, and this feeling was so
apparent that many of the ollicers and soldiers lo.st
conruleiice in his leadership.
K.irly in August an express .arrived with inform.i-
tion that Captain Henry Brush, who had bei sent
by Governor Meigs, of (^hio, with a compaiiy of
volunteers, and provisions for the army, was at the
ri\er R.iisin, waiting for an escort. This was at
lirst refused, but finally General Hull consented to
send Major T. 15. Van Horn with two hundred
men. The major crossed the Detroit River August
4, and man hed that evening as far as the river
J'Icorce. The following morning the force pushed
on, and, as they entered the open grountl of Browns-
town, were attacked by Tecumsch with several hun-
dred Indians and British .soldiers. The suddenness
of the attack threw the troops into confusion, and
276
THE WAR OF 1812.
the entire force retreated towards Detroit, and sent
news of the disaster to (ieiieral Hull. This defeat,
and tile i^lainiy expressed dissatisfaction of tlie olli-
cers at no advance being made in Canada, caused
General Hull to call a council of war, and it was
decided to advance on Maiden. Preparatory orders
to this end were issued, but ere the preparations
were conii^lete, an order was issued by (leneral Hull
to cross over tt> Detroit. Accordingly, on the night
of August 7th and the morning of the 8th, the main
body of the army returned.
Immediately on their return, Lieutenant-Colonel
Miller, with si.x hundred troops, was ordered to open
communication with Captain Brush at the Raisin.
They left on the afternoon of August 8, and on the
next day, at about 4 P. M., when two mil(;s below
the village of Monguagon, the first guard, commanded
by Captain Snelling of the Fourth United States
Regiment, was tired on by an extensive line of
British and Indians. Miller's force, however, made
so good a defence that the liritish and Indians
retreated. Colonel Miller sent an express to Cen-
eral Hull witli information of his success, and re-
quested a supply of provisions.
Colonel McArthur was orilered to take one hun-
dred men from his regiment, and six hundred ra-
tions for Colonel Mi!lei-'s forces, to proceed down
the river in boats, and bring the woimdetl t(J Detroit.
He embarked his force on the morning of August
ID in nine boats, anil arrived safely at Colonel Mil-
ler's encampment, two miles above Brownstown.
As soon as he could deliver his provisions and place
the wounded men in the boats, he commenced his
return, but the British brig Hunter anchored in the
path of his boats, at the head of Grosse Isle, and
preventeil them from returning. A messenger was
sent to General Hull to inform him of this new
trouble and to ask for wagons to carry up the
wounded. These were sent, but .is they could not
get within a quarter of a mile of the boats, the
wounded were placed in small canoes and thus con-
veyed to shore.
As soon as he was supplied with provisions and
relieved of the wounded. Colonel Miller had intend-
ed to march to the Raisin, hut he was prevented by
sickness; and an express soon arrived from General
Hull with positive orders to return. These orders
were obeyed, and on August 12 his force reached
Detroit.
On the 13th the 15ritish were seen marching up
from Sandwich to a point opposite Fort Detroit,
and within point-blank shot of our batteries; but
General Hull would not suffer his gunners to tire,
and even allowed the British to erect batteries with-
out being molested. All this time Captain Brush,
with the provisions for the army, was at the Raisin,
and on the evening of the i.i.th General Hull sent
an escort of three hundred and tifty troops, under
Colonels McArthur and Cass, to his relief. The
force took a circuitous route, and when about
twenty-tive miles from Detroit became entangled in
a swamp, and as they were without provisions, the
accident was a serious one. On August 15, during
their absence, two British of'ticers arrived from
Sandwich with a tlag of truce, and a letter from
General Brock demanding the surrender of I'"ort
Detroit. General Hull at once returned a letter, in
which were the following words: "I am ready to
meet any force which may be at your disposal."
British armed vessels soon appeared in sight, and
the battery on the opposite shore began to play
upon the fort. The tire was returned from our
batteries and the fort, and one of the enemy's guns
was silenced in a few minutes. Tradition says
there was then standing, at the corner of Wootl-
bridge and (jriswold Streets, a magnificent pear
tree, some two feet in diameter, and the pride and
delight of the citizens. During the cannonading
from the opposite shore, it was perceived that this
tree served as a mark to direct the aim of the enemy.
A soldier, by the name of Miller, was therefore
directed to cut it down, He proceeded cheerfully
to his task, and plied his ax with vigor, but made
no very rapitl progress upon the tough old tree. A
fortunate shot from the British battery soon struck
it i^recisely where he was cutting, carrying off two-
thirds of the trunk. Miller paused for a moment,
and exclaimed, " Fire away, John Bull ! You cut a
great deal faster than I can." He then completed
the work.
As soon as the bombardment begafi there was
great confusion in the town. Valuables of every
sort were hastily packed up and buried, and even
clothing and furniture were thus concealed. Several
of the inhabitants sought refuge in a ravine on the
Cass P'arm; others, with beds and bedding, were
sheltered in the fort. Some of the women, mean-
while, were making cartridges and others scraping
lint. Many kept a vigilant eye up<jn the movements
of the enemy, and learned to dodge the shells.
Numbers of dwellings were badly damaged. Some
of the shots aimed at the battery struck the United
States storehouse ; one passed over it, and perforated
the stone building (afterwards the Mansion House)
where Judge Woodward hatl his quarters. He had
just risen from his bed and was standing beside it
when a shot came through the room, struck the
pillow and the bed, and drove them into the fire-
pl.ice, while the .spent ball rolled out upon the tloor.
Another large shot fell upon Augustus Langdon's
house, on the corner of Woodward Avenue and
Congress Street, passed through the roof, struck
THE WAR OF 1812.
II
upon a table around which the family were sittinj;^,
anil went throu,i(h the tloor into the cellar.
In the eveninjr (leneral Hull sent a courier to the
detachment under Colonels McArthur and Cass,
orderin^ij them to return, as the fort had been sum-
moned to surrender. The detachment luarchcd
until two o'clock that night on their return, and the
next morning arrived at the edge of the woods in
the vicinity of Detroit, where they drew up in order
of battle. A party of dragoons sent forward to
reconnoiter returned with the news that, though the
Indians were yelling thrf)Ugh the conuuons, the
American flag was still hoisted at the fort. Soon
afterwards a note was received from (ieneral Hull,
informing them of the capitulation and ordering
them in. At 6 A. M., on the morning of this day
(August 16), the British began firing. Soon after,
in full sight of ( ieneral Hull and his army, their
troops began crossing over to Springwells. Before
eight o'clock they had landed, and begini their
march towards Detroit. So satisfied, apparently,
was Brock that he would not be attacked that he
rode several hundred yards ahead of his troops.
His army consisted of thirty royal artillerists, three
hundred regulars, four hundred militia, and about
six hundred Indians; the force also had three six,
and two three-pounders. The troojis advanced
towards the fort without opposition, the militia and
regulars on the margin of the river, and the Indians,
under Tecumsch, next to the woods. At this time
Hull had an opportunity to repulse General Brock.
A battery of two twenty-four-poundcrs, umler
charge of Lieutenant Anderson, was stationed on
Jefferson y\ venue, where it now intersects Wayne
Street. The high bluff then existing at that point
afforded an excellent and commanding position.
Colonel Anderson subseijuently told C. C. Trow-
bridge that he "had his fuse ready, and by one dis-
charge could have blown Brock's close colunui to
pieces; but, instead, he received a peremptory order
from Hull not to tire."
Colonel Miller, with the Fourth Regiment, was
inside the fort, and the volimteers from Ohio and a
portion of the Michigan militia were on the com-
mons in the rear of the town. The British troops
were exposed on all sides except the river, but they
continued to advance, and when they reached what
is now the foot of Tenth Street, Cieneral Hull or-
dered all the soldiers to retire inside the fort. Soon
after a ball from the British battery, which now kept
up a constant tire, was thrown inside the fort, and
killed Captain Hanks, Lieutenant Sibley, and Dr.
Reynolds, and wounded Dr. Blood. Another shot
passed through the gate, killing two soldiers in
the barracks. Two men were also killed outside.
There were so many soldiers inside, together with
women and children who had cf)me there for pro-
tection, that it was almost impossible for a ball to
strike in the fort without killing some one. \'ery
little injury was experienced from the shells, for,
though well-directed, they generally burst before
reaching the fort.
By this time, if not before, (ieneral Hull seems to
have fully made up his mind to surrender, and his
son, Ca]itain A. F. Hull, was ordered to disjilay a
white flag from the fort. The firing from the bat-
tery on the Canadian side soon ceased, and Captain
Hull was sent with a Hag of truce to meet Brock's
forces. The inaj^propriateness of sending such a
man on such an crnmd is indicated by the state-
ment of Colonel .Snelling, who says that Abram
Hull was always intoxicated when an emergency
occurred, and but a short time prior to his being
sent to negotiate terms of surrender, was disgust-
ingly drunk and noisily foolish in his conduct and
remarks. Lieutenant-Colonel McDoniu'll and Major
Cilegg, who were sent by Cicneral ISrock to agree
U]ion the terms of surrender, were allowed to ride
in before the terms were agreed upon ; and almost
before the garrison knew what was going on, they
were prisoners of the British army. Many of the
militia distinctly witnessed the arrival of Brock's
army at Springwells, and were chagrined beyond
measure at the apathy of their commander ; and
when ixHiuired to surrender their ritlcs, disbanded in
disortler, many of them breaking their guns, and all
was confusion, every man secnu'ng to act u]K)n his
individual convictions. When the soldiers were
drawn up in line, to be deliveri'd as |irisoners, A. C.
Truax, one of the territorial militia, determined that
he would endeavor to escajx'. Handing his gun,
with a careless air, to a .soldier near by, he entered
one of the buildings of the cantonment, shouldered
his trunk, and proceeded on his way, passing succes-
sively and successfully English and American offi-
cers, both of whom supposeil him to be detailed for
the purjiose of carrying the trunk. Once out of
reach, he travelled at leisure, and made his way to
Schenectady.
About 12 o'clock, on August 16, the British forces,
with General Brock at their head, marched into the
fort, and the Americans marched out, the American
Hag was pulled down, and the British colors hoi.s-
ted. The terms of capitulation, printed at the time,
are given herewith in fac-simile. By the capitulation
General Hull surrendered about two thousand men,
forty barrels of powder, four hundred rounds of
twenty-four-pound shot, one hundred thousand
ball cartridges, twenty-four thousanil stands of arms,
thirty-tive iron and eight brass cannon, and a large
supply of provisions.
The next day the British cominenced removing
2 78
THE WAR OF 1812.
the military stores to Malcit-n, and for a month the
river was ccn'ered witii small boats enjj;a,v;x(l in their
transportation. General Hull stipulated that Cap-
tain i5rush and the stores at the river Raisin should
also be surrendered, and Captain I''Jliott, a son of
the liritish Indian agent, was sent to him with the
articles of capitulation ; but in this case, the British
" caught a Tartar," for Captain Thomas Rowland,
who was with Colonel Brush, in command of a
volunteer ritle company, raised and equipped by
CAMP at DETROIT '«a.'"« :3ij-
■ ■aronr
\-/APITUL\TrONror tlic Surrender orForlUETivoir.mhT.
e-linto between Major General Brock, commanding His
3niv»VNir Majesty's forces, on the one part; & Btijadier
General HuLt, commanding the Norlli-Wcftctn Army of Hie
Vnited-States oil llic other part.
in. Fori DK.TROiT.wiih all theltoops, vegnlarsaswelliuMu
litia, will lie immcdialclv. Surrendered to the Britilli forces un-
der the Command of .\l.ij. Gen. Brock, & will bo sonfulered
prifoncisof w.ir, with the exreptionof fuch of the Militia of
the Michigan Territory who Imve not joined the \rmy,
■d. All public Stares. arms& all public docuin jnts includ-
ing every thing eUc of a public nature will be immediately
gii'Pn up.
3H. I'rivatc Pcrfons & property of every dL-fcripiion llialllje
Tclpectcd.
4lh. His excellency Brigadier Gen. Hull havirjexprelTed
a defirc thai a dctjcliment from the Slate of Ohio, on its way
lojoin his Army .is well as one fenl from Foil OETi:oir,und«
the Command of Colonel M Art:iur, fliouldbc iichided iti
the above CAriTULAT'OX, it is accordingly agreed to. It is hon^
ever tobe underiloodthat fuch part of the Uhio - .Militia, irg
have not joined the Army, v.ill hi permitted to return to Ihcir
homes, on condition that they will notfervc during the war,
their arms however will be delivered up, if belonging to the
public.
jth.TheGarrifon will march out at the hour of twelve
o'clock, & the OtitisU forces will take immediately poflelTion
of the Fort.
Approved ^(StJ"'') J.McDoxF.Lr, Licnr.
(SiONTul W. HULL. Brigr. ^ Col. Militia. P. A.D. C.
Gcnl.Comg. the N.W.Army < j. b. Gleco Major A. D-C
AfPROVEn. \ James Miller Lieut. Col.
(5UJMEB) ISAAC BROCK, \ 5th. U. S. Inlantry.
".Major General, J g, BRUEiiCol.Comg. 1 11 .Rcgt.
Michigan Militia.
A true Copy.
Robert Nichol Lieut. Coli
if. Of, M. Genii Militia<
FaC -SIMILE OK I'RINTEl) ARTICLES OI' CaI'ITLLATION.
[Size of original, 0 x 12 inches.]
himself, detained Elliott as a prisoner, carried him
thirty miles, and then released him, retaining his
horse, however, to aid in carrying the sick, and they,
with Captain Brush and all his command and stores,
successfully escaped to ( )hio.
The captured ( )hio troops were paroled, and .sent
home by way of Cleveland. The Michigan militia
were released. Most of the regular troops were
conveyed in Hat-bottomed boats down the St. Law-
rence to Montreal and Ouehec, and some of them
were literally ".sent to Halifa.x." General 15rock
garrisoned Detroit with two hundred and fifty men,
and left it in command of Colonel Proctor with
A. B. Woodward, one of the American judges, as
secretary of the Territory. A reduced copy of two
I'roclamalions of Cok)nel Proctor's, from an original
12x15 inches in si/e, is given.
The news of the surrender of Cieneral Hull was
received with universal execration and astonishment.
Many believed him a traitor, and th 're are not a
few stories and traditions embodying this belief.
Rev. Dr. Alfred Brunson, a .soldier in (ieneral Har-
rison's army, in a work called the "Western Pio-
neer," tells of a midshipman on one of Perry's ships,
who .said it was a fact that Hull sent word "to the
Ikitish that war was declared before the news of it
reached Detroit."
He siiiil that -ilthoiinh born in the United St.itcs, he lived at
Maiden, and that lioforc lie knew of the war he was warned out
of lied and prrssed into service, and so closely watched he could
not make his escape. That, liein^ a sergeant, he to<ik his turn in
heini; orderly for (Iciieral I'roek, and was so whin he landed at
Si>rinkcwclls, three miles below l)ctruit. This brought him in close
priixiniily with I'rnek. He said that whih-- llrmk was waitiiij.; be-
hind till' sand-hills, at the wells, he sent his aid niit three times to
see if Hull had raised the white lla),'. When the aid returned the
second time with the word, "No fla^ yet, (Ieneral," liniek's
knees sii trembled that they fairly smote together, and he said,
" ii n lue, I'm afraid the old dog will trick me yet." lint
when the ;'icl returned the third lime with word that the llaj; was
out, lirock s "ountenanee chanKed, and he ordered a furward
tnovement to take possession of the city. When they came to the
west xate of the city, and saw the cannon planted so as to rake
down the road, with lighted matches by them, he, with others,
felt and looked pale at the ihounht of what would have been the
consetpienee if they had been let loose upon them.
And when they saw the rajje of the .Aiiierieans at beiuK thus
sold, and without a chance to defend themselves, IJrock said it
would have Ix'i'n hard takini; those men.
" Then," siiid Hnin.son to the midshipman, " Hull sold his men,
did he ?" " Oh, yes, that was understood, or Urock would not have
ventured over the river with a force so much less than that of the
Americans." " Well, what did Hull get for them ?" " Why, he
was to have sixteen dollarsa head for the men, and pay for the pro-
visions, guns, ammunition, etc. lint when Hull lay in Sandwich he
sent (Ieneral .Me Arthur up the St. Clair River to .Selkirk's settle-
ment, and took eight litindred merino sheep, which wer<' valued
at from twelve to fourteen hundred dollars a head at that time,
and hutehered them for his army. When liroek had him a pris-
oner in Montreal, and settled with him, he said, ' Vou stole those
sheep after you had maile the bargain, and shall pay for them,'
and thus brought Hull in debt and served him right."
A confirmation of a part of this sheep story is
found in Colonel J. Snelling's reply to "Hull's
Memoirs," published in the Detroit Cazette for
September 13 and 20, 1825. Colonel Snelling said:
Among the anomalies in our army w.is a corps commanded by a
militia Lieutenant. I do not believe he reported to the adjutant-
general, nor is his name mentioned in .my of the papers of those ,
days. My impression is that he received his orders dire^lly from
the (Ieneral. Thisoflicer, among other excursions, made one to
lieldoon, a settlement then recently established by Lord Selkirk.
My company had been ordered to recross the river, to be employed
in ordinance duties, and I saw the Lieutenant and his det.ichmeni
THE WAR OF 1812.
279
the
icn,
avc
the
■,he
pro-
li lu-
ll Ir-
linu',
pris-
llldSC
ihcm,'
)ry IS
hill's
for
said :
i<l by ii
jutant-
f thiisc ,
ly from
one to
S.-lWirk.
Hiloyed
thmeni
when they returned. 'I'hey broii>;ht with tlieni several articles of
pLTsonal propt-rl)', ami a larj^t- llock of Merino sheep. These
sliee|) were pastured in tile pnl)lic lields adjoining,' the fcjrt, and in
my walks on the ramparts, 1 saw them delivind daily, two and
tlirei' at a time, to per;uins who appeanil to be piurhasi is.
As they were nt)t slau>;litered for the use of the troops, and as
tile ( leneral passes over tlieui in sileiiee in his .M^'.noirs, it may l>i'
inferred that in this Merine speeulation he had other views than
merely snl)sistinK the army. Many of the sheep remained in tlie
lields when Detroit was surrendered and were restored to Lord
Selkirk's ayent. I have introduced this circumstance only to
show that we were in no innuediate danger of starvation.
NolhinK could justify this outrage on private property, but an
absolute scarcity in our camp. It was a direct violation of that
clause of the (leiieral's proclamation in which he says to the in-
habitants of Canada, " 1 proMtise yon protection to your persons,
l)rop"rty, and rights. Remain at your homes, purstie your peace-
ful avocations, and raise not your arms against your brethren."
I'his and similar trans,iitions,
particularly the plundering of
Colonel Haby's house, materi- k*iv»»3^tr
ally impaired the confidence of
the Canadians in the (nneral's
jironiises, and lost him the re-
spect of the army.
me," she said, and JLadiii^f tlie oliicer u]) stairs, slie
threw open a bedroom door, and, poiiitiiiy; to tlie old
latly, said, " There, sir, is a IJritisii pieee, all that I
iiave. .Sei/.e lier I " Tile otiicer turned on his iieei,
made a .sprinvf, hit the top, tlie middle, and the
lower stair in his lliijht, and never called on Mrs.
Dodeniead again.
While these events were in progress the governor
of Ohio was collecting reinforcements for Hull's
army, and had ordered the remaining portion of the
det.iched militia of his State, amounting to twelve
hiindreil men, to be gathereil. The response was
gratifying in the extreme, and the ranks were soon
filled. The most prominent, intelligent, and wealthy
2irrssii:2Si3s-5Sij;<ts«>c«js»u»«
The taking u( the
sheep is also contirmed
by the testimony of
Colonel Cass at the time
of Hull's trial. Me .said:
" Another detachment
* * * brought down a
considerable number of
sheep to the amount of
several hundreds, which
were taken care of at
Detroit and its environs,
when surrendered."
Additional indications
of the popular opinion as
to Gen. Hull are found
in the fact tluit the IJre-
voort and other families
preserve stories of a plan
having been arranged to
capture a British vessel,
which was laden with
KEGVLATION rf tin Cfvil Gmwmai of ih
Territory ofMichi^an,s
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ISU
turn nT Junia lull be biu ■■ uCiA
A PROCLAMATION;
jSjKi F«tfT»v TIENRY rnOCTEa air, Oiitmn- </ lit
Xtmtarjc/Muh-iiui.iSl, tfc.6e
VV IIEREAS t.Tililn J nKuinfiancrs tnSer it m,
CelTar^, Tor ihe Peace & f.ifav o( llic (aid Tcniiurv, Ihai Iha
l.AU-5 ndw ill Force tlicrcin, fhimlil, fur tiic prcfcni, bi! fiiti
rfndcil, & that Mailial Law Itiould be Proclaimed i Now
tliercTorr.IllieCiidllfHRV l'Bocr«« Efqr.iJo bylhefe pre.
frnl! dtclare, that, the Civil i Criminil L»\vi now in Forcr,
fn flic (.idTeTiilorynijIlbclorthepicfenr fufpended ; & I
do orJer & direil that Ihe faUl leriitiiry ihall be Goverma
lyMjilial tawunlilUucli lime, aiilie Dingernovf ciilline,
«labe apprehended, sball lie icmond. And all Perroiiiie.'
r lingMiiliin Ihe (.nd ■leriiluiy ite rtquirt.l in tjke Kotir.i
oriheitttnti'ioclamaiimi, &lo Govern lliemfiKei accord,
fejl/a
Cim iiiiifeT mi Hanilf^nTal Mml ihufmriH
4.1J rf Fitt: 1813, cnil M l^r tjci ydr «/ itJS
tUJEilX'i&UiH,
JIENRrrROCTEBj
CuLg>l5L&UM'«
Reduced Fac-si.milk of Pkoctor's Proclam.vtions of iSii- and 1813.
IV,
>R'Oifla» r'w'l.*Mi>ntMooib*ailppIejrronn?7awtraB7orftaa.-.;;::uS;i:-:f
iJ.. v"irl'""""lV<"tt.rir7..bcaai,)-ori!.t,ii.i,iaic\a.i«t. li.a ti.mary n.J
Hn.aewitrci.ri of 81l («;L-i,rrM£«J ri;i & Irjfnvttr nf;!C'jT:iE!,on; tl »-h;illJ>sn
fctaattauilijuif ljHoiH«Jl.,iJla fiamamm, i Hi oitar CuIIl: aaalnk
provisions and lay near
Hois Blanc Island; but after everything was in readi-
ness, General Hull delayed and hesitated, and woukl
not allow the project to be carried out.
Soon after the surrender, ofticers were sent round
to disarm the citizens. One of them came to the
dooi of Mrs. Dodemead, who had in her care a little,
old, dried-up, bedridilen woman from Canada,
whom she had kindly provided with a home.
"Madam," .said the ofl[icer, as Mr.s. Dodemead
opened the door,. " I am or.dereil by Colonel Proctor
to disarm the citizens, and take all giins to the fort.
Have you any in your house.''" Mrs. Dodcmeail
replied that she had "one llritish piece." " Follow
young men of the country eagerly enrolled them-
selves ft)r .service. A new ([uota of Kentucky vol-
unteers went into cam|) at Georgetown ; and by a
strange coincidence, on August iTi, at the very time
General Hull was capitulating ;it Detroit, Henry
Clay was addressing these troops, anticipating in
his adilress the fall of .\hilden and the concjuest of
I'pper Canada.
The surr,ender of Detroit did not dishearten the
Western States, neither tlid they prop(.)se to leave it
in the hands of the British; during all the fall of 1812
preparations and pl.ins "cre being made for its re-
cipture, and in J;uui;iry, 1S13, General Winchester,
280
THE WAR OK 1812.
in command of one of the divisions, was marcliins'
towards Detroit. On arriving- at tlic rapids of tlu;
Maiuncc, he learned that tiic Indians were meditat-
injf an attacic on Frenchtown, in Monroe Cf)imty,
and immediately sent Colonels Allen and Lewis
with six hundred and sixty men to defend the place.
On January 18 they defeated the Hritish and In-
dians, and on the evening of the 20tii Cieneral Win-
ciiester arrived with three hundred additional troops.
Soon after reaching; Frenchtown, the .scouts informed
him that he would he attacked on the evening of the
2 1 St by a force from Maiden. He did not credit
the report, and therefore failed to make adequate
preparations for defence. Early on the morning f)f
January 22, his sentinels tired three guns in cjuirk
succession. The troops were instantly formed, and
almost immediately the British opened a heavy tire
on the camp from several pieces of artillery. This
was quickly followed by a charge of British regulars,
a general tire of small arms, and Indian yells on
the right and left.
The American army was soon in confusion. Lieu-
tenant Garret, with tifteen or twenty men, retreated
about a mile and a half, and then surrendered. All
of his force were massacred, he alone escaping.
Another party of about thirty men ran nearly three
miles, but were overtaken by the .savages, and, after
they had surrendered, half of their number was
shot and tomahawked. In short, the greater part
of the retreating force fell a sacritice to the fury of
the Indians. The snow was so deep, and the cold
so intense, that the troops were soon exhausted, and
unable to elude their pursuers.
After the surrender Cokjnel Proctor informed the
American officers that his own wounded must be
carried to Maiden in the first boats, but that early
in the morning their wounded should also be re-
moved ; and that a guard, in the meantime, should
be left with them. About twehe o'clock the pris-
oners were marched off. Drs. Todd and Bowers,
of the Kentucky volunteers, were left with the
wounded. The only guard left to protect them was
Major Reynolds and two or three interpreters.
Soon after the British forces had left, a large body
of Indians, painted black and red, came into the
town. Their chiefs held a council, in which it was
determined to kill all the wounded who were unable
to march, to revenge their warriors lost in br.ttle.
The houses of Jean B.Jerome and (labriel (lodfroy,
which contained most of the prisoners, were inmie-
diately set on fire, and the greater part of the
wounded were consumed in the tlames ; many, who
were able to crawl, endeavored to get out of the
windows, but as fast as they appeared, they were
tomahawked, scalped, and pushed back alive. Some,
who were not in these houses, were killed and
thrown into the (lames ; and others were scalped
and mangled, .'uid left lying in the road. Sworn
testimony in abundance, subsequently submitted to
Congress by Jutlge Woodward, shows that after
these events the dead bodies were literally devoured
where they lay, by hogs and dogs.
In after years the citizens of Detroit did not fail
to do honor to the heroes of Kentucky who were
ni;issaireil at the Raisin. On Jinie 22. 1S18, a
meeting was held at the council-house to take
measures for collecting the remains of the Ameri-
can officers and sol(liei-s killed at the memorable
battle of January 22, 1813. Ciovernor Cass pre-
sided. A committee was appointed to remove the
remains from the ri\er Raisin to Dcirdit, and on
August 8, 1818, they were buried in the I'rote.stant
Burying (iround, with the honors of wnv. An
oration appropriate to the occasion was delix'ered at
the council-house by Samuel T. Davenixnt, and a
large procession accompanied the honored relics to
their new resting place.
In 1S34 the box containing these remains (all of
the skulls showing the mark of the tomakawk) was
removed to the City Cemetery on Clinton Street;
and from there again removed, in Seiitembcr, 1849,
by Colonel E. Brooks, who carried them, w ith other
bones cf)llected in .Monroe County, to Frankfort,
Kentucky. He arrived there on September 30, ,'md
the venerated remains were deposited, with ap])r()-
priate ceremonies, in the State Cemetery of Ken-
tucky.
After the massacre at the Raisin, the few who
were judged able to march were taken to Maiden
,'ind Detroit, but when any of them gave out they
were tomahawked withcnit mercy. Those who could
.scarcely walk on account of wounded and bleeding
feet were compelled to dani'e on the frozen ground
for the amusement of the savages.
On the arrival of the prisoners at Detroit, the
inhabitruits used great exertions to procure accom-
modations for the wounded, and to ransom the
prisoners from the Indians. Thirty-four or more
were ransomed here, seven by Colonel Elliott of
]\Ialden, and one by Colonel Francis Baby. Day
after day, for a month, the prisoners were brought
in; and with the characteristic sympathy of their
sex, the women left ordinary duties undone that they
might watt-h at their doors to bargain for the nui-
som and relief of the sick and wounded.
The imfortunate prisoners were literally hawked
about the streets for sale, the price ranging from ten
dollars to eighty dollars. The only question with
the Indians seemed to be, whether they could get
more goods for a live captive than f(jr a fresh scalp.
One account says, "They even dug up the dead
bodies and tf)re off their .scalps that they might cheat
their employers by selling them at the same price as
if taken from the newlv dead." In their efforts to
THE WAR OF 1812.
281
satisfy tlu; sava.ijes and rclL'asc! the iiohle Kentiicki-
ans wlio liad voluiiUt'iTcl for llie rescue of Detroit,
many eitizens al)S(jliitely impoverislied tlieiuseiws.
Household vaUiabies, elothinjj^. siiawis, and hiani<ets
from the betls, were given in exchanyc for the cap-
tives.
CK-neral Cass, in an artic-lc contained in tlie Nortli
American l\.evie\v for April, i<S27, sliows conchi-
sively tliat the ISrilisli ('lovt'rnmcnt <hd not ransom
a sin,nie prisoner durini;- tlie War of I1S12, and that
a positive oniciai ordi'r was issued proiiiijilini;' Amer-
ican citizens fiom so doint^. 1 le also shows that the
order of ( ieneral I'roctor, to allow live dollars for
prisontTS hroui;!^ in alive, was not issued until July
20, 1S13, lonu^ aflt'r the time when it could have
saved the life of a sinijle iierson, and then only live
dollars a prisoner was offered, when scores had been
ransomed by the Americans for fifty dollars and
upwards each.
The barbarities of the Indians were under the eye
and by the consent of I'roctor, whose name should
he disassociated from the country he represented;
he was a creature without honor or humanity, his
character and his acts were infamous. Followinjj up
the impulses of his nature, in order to retaliate for
the implied condemnation of his course by the
earnest efforts of the inhabitants to ransom cap-
tives, he forbade any furtlu'r ransominu^, and imme-
diately after the UKissacre, in the middle of a cold
winter, ordered all the leadin,^- Americans, some
thirty in number, to leave the Territory.
'["he followinj^ is a copy of one of the oriijinal
notifications, prescrx'ed by the State Historical So-
ciety :
Detroit, ist Vtib., 1813.
I llvNTI.KMFN', —
I .iin iirilcn-d by Colonel Proctor to s-ay th.it he expects you will
lie prepared to leave the country on I'riday next in company with
,1 number of American citizens from this jjlace.
(tentlemen, your most oli't serv;tnt,
WlI.I.lAM JONHS.
V'c) Afessrs. I[, y. />'. Bni-'tiort and William Afacomb.
These orders drew out a protest, which is given
in full in Niles' Register, Volume V, page 185. It
was dated February i, 181 3, and began as follows :
Whereas, it has been signified to us, the undersigned, citizens of
ihe t'nited States, residi'iit at ])i'trnit, in the 'r<'rritory of Michi-
gan, by Colonel Henry rri>clor, the llritish t'onimanding offuer,
ihat it is his will and pleasure we should depart from and leave'
ihe sai<l Territory, and he so orders and directs it; leaving behind
.It the sauu! lime.as we meessarily must do, our deari'st relatives
exposed to all the cruelties and evils incident to a state of war, and
nur property at the mercy of the marauding savages.
The protest then recites the terms of the surrender
of 1812, claims that the order to leave is a gross
violation of the conditions of surrender, and that it
i"i the duty of the signers to resist the orders, and
requests Judge Woodward to present the protest to
I'roctor. It was signed by Lewis Bond, David Mc-
Lean, William Wilson, John Dicks, Arch. Lyon,
Israel Taylor, Anderson Martin, William M. Scott,
David Henderson, William Russell, Joseph Spencer,
J.uiies Patterson, Cieorge R. Chittenden, W. Robert-
son, John Walker, Conrad Seek, I'l. Brush, Conrad
Ten Fyck, I'etcr Desnoyers, Robert Smart, Janus
iSurnett, Richard 11. Jones, William lirown, J. Mc-
Donnell, John Congsett, Duncan Reid, A. Langan,
(■eorge Ratt/.es, and James Chittenden.
This protest produced no effect, and the citizens
were compelled to leave. At this time, an<I from
the day of the surrender to the day of re-occupation,
thousands of Indians, men, women, and children,
were collected in and about the town, and as many
as twelve hundred nitions liaily were issued to them.
The resources or the willingness of the Ihilish offi-
cers finally became unequal to the task, and before
the Americans, under (ieneral H.arrison, had arrived,
a mortality broke out among them that swept thou-
sands to the grave.
The inhabitants meantime were plundered in
every possible way. Upon one occasion an Indian
entered Major Dequindre's store, and taking a roll
of cloth started for the door. The major leaped
over the counter, took the cloth away, and drove
him and a comrade out of the store. They instantly
raised the war-cry, and Detiuindre, .seeing there was
trouble ahead, locked the dotjr, and ran to the fort
to seek protection for himself and his goods. He
was coolly told that nothing could be done. He
then sought the aid of Colonel McKee, the British
Intlian agent. Meantime, nearly one thousand
Indians had gathered .at his store, and broken in his
doors and windows. Colonel McKee, who had
great inlluence over the Indians, |)ersuatled them to
follow him to the common. He then obtained three
barrels ol whiskey from Judge McDonnell and Rob-
ert .Smart, and soon most of the sawages were too
drunk to tight successfully. The sober Indians
were then stationed at the dwellings of citizens
most likely to be attacked ; and, wrapped in their
blankets, lay on the doorsteps as a guard. During
the war the Canadians resident at Detroit protected
their cattle by designating them with a retl mark,
and their houses were preserved from pillage by a
similar sign.
The follovi.ig story of these times was related to
Mrs. I'"llet, author of the " Pioneer Women of the
West," by Cieneral John V.. Hunt of Toledo:
f)n a beautiful Siniday nu)rning in Detroit, I heard the scalp-
whoop of a war parly coming up the river. When they canu'
near, I discovered that they wi're carrying a woman's scalp upon a
pole, and that Ihiy had with tlum, as prisoners, a family of nine
children, from three years old up to two girls full grown. 'I'hcse
little captives had nothing on their heads, and their clothes were
torn into shreds by the brushwood and the bushes in the way by
which they had come. I went t<i meet them, brought them into
282
THE WAR OF 1812.
my Iioiisr, j^M\-c tliciu and their Iiuiiiui ia|)ti>is a mcai, with a few
hiavis (it hrrail for furlhcr use, and luhl thu childirii net to lir
friKhlcni'd or micasy, fur that my hrolhrr woidd hny Ihcm from
the Indians when lie shuiild return frujn Canada, whither lu^ )iad
ifonc to spend the Sahhath with his father-in-law. Tlie ne.vt day
the prisoners rami' a^ain, an onip.uiied hy ahoiit Uvi- hinidred
Indians. My brother, 11. J. Hum, paid live hundred dollars for
ihiir ransom, and sent them homo. * * ♦ A yonriK girl who
had hecM lluis resem-d ami taken into .i family, seeiii),' a parly of
Indians pass by one day, tittered a jjieri in.i; shriek, and fell sense-
le.sstothe floor. ()\ reeoverin.ij <'onseionsness, slur deelared that
she had seen her mother's scalp in possession of one of the
savages, recognizinR it by the long light braid of hair. Her story
was oonlirnied liy a person who had seen the mother and daughter
brought with other prisoners from near Sandusky, Ohio. I'he
mother being in feeble health, and unable to travel as fast as
reiiuiied, was tomahawked, her daughter being hurried on in
ignorance of the cruel murder.
Early in February, 1813, Prortor comnicnccd to
plan for the inva.sion of the valley of the Maiinu'e.
To tills end. in April, Teciim.sch and fifteen hundred
Indians had collected at Maiden. They sailed,
April 23, for Fort Meiij^s. and attacked that place on
May I, but it resi.sted all their efforts, and on May
5 I'roclor abandiMH'd the attack, returned to Maiden,
ami disbanded the Canadian militia.
The Americans \vc!-e not inactive, I.artje bodies
of militia were leathered in Ohio and Kentucky, and,
under the leadershii) of (ieneral Harrison, were
movin,i( towards Detroit. Dr. lirunson. in his
" Western I'ioneer," jrives the followinvr .account of
soldier fare at the time the troops arrived at San-
dusky ISay :
We drew our pork and flour, but we had no camp equipage, not
having yet reached our regitnent. We kindled fires of drift-wood,
found on the beach, and took the flour, some on pieces of bark,
and some in dirty pocket handkerchiefs. If wc had cups, we
ladled the water from the bay into the flour, and those who had no
etips lifted the water with their two hands so arranged as to form
a cup. The (lour thtis wet, w ithoiit s.ilt, yeast, or shortening, was
baked, some on pieces of bark before the lire, hoe-cake or johnny-
cake fashion. Some removed the tire, ami put the dough into ihi^
hot .sand, wrapped in leaves or ])apt r. ( )in' pork we cooked in the
bla/e of the fire, on the jmints of slicks.
Other details are thus narrated :
The country was infested with Indians, accompanied by llritish
regulars, and we expected an ;ilta< k <very night for lin days.
(General Harrison said that his spies reported live thousand regu-
lars and SL\ thousand Indians on the way for that purpose; and
knowing that his amy of twenty-five hundred men coulil not
resist eleven thousand, he made a ie<|tiisition on ( iovernor .Miigs,
of Ohio, for four thousand militia, who were on the murch to assi.st
U5. The spies reported that the enemy had left Kort Meigs, on
the Maumee River, and were heading tow.ird our camp. In view
of the near approach of the enemy, the ( lineral thiuight it prudent
to fall back toward Upper Sandusky, till he met tJovernor Meigs,
with his reinforcement, and then return to the fight; but he could
not retreat and leave Majftr Croghan at Fort Stevenson, with one
hundred and forty-three men, when', with such a force against
them, they must be cut off. The C.eni'ral tberrforc sent an express
to the Major to burn his fort, and every thing in it that his men
could not carry on their backs, and retreat on the east side of the
river, so as to be at Seneca at reveille the ne.xt morning. I!ut it
so happened— fortunately, as it turned out — that the express
mis-,etl his way, got li>st in the woods, and did imt reai h the Major
tin the ne.vt day at teno'iloik \. M. In the me;imime, iverything
w.'is prepari'd by I '.eneral Harrison's army at Setiec.i for a retreat
at revi'ille that morning. ♦ * ♦ Morning caiui. and no troo|>s
from the little fort. It would not do to ntreat and have tin in.
A I'ouncil of war was calleil to <li'eide wh.'it should be done. * ♦
When ( Ieneral Cass was asked his opinion, he .said, " < ieneral, you
are in cimimand; yiui must do as you think best." " lint," said
H.irrisoit, " two heads are belter than one, and 1 want your opin-
ion." "A\'ell, it is my opiniiui, then, that we would better not
retreat till \vr sei^ something to retreat from." This settled the
(pii'Stion, and every man was si't at work to strengthen our
defences and prepare for the worst.
Major Croghan, knowing that the failure of ihe express to reach
him in time to obey the order would thwart the ( leneral's designs,
and that he must wait for further ordirs, and as bis own sjiies had
reported only hundreds, where tht: Creneral's had reported thou-
sands, believed that be could defend the little fort, if attacked,
before another order could be reciived. .As he had to wait for
further orders, he sent the express back with this letter: " 1 have
men eniuigli, amniiiiiition enough, and provisions enough, .iiid
d 11 me if I (piit tlu' fort."
The express reached heachpiarters with this insolent letter
about siin<lown. The (ienenil, of course, was nettled. The
Major was a jiet of his; had sien serviei' with him through tlie
war, from Tippecaiioi' to this time ; and to get such a letter from
his pet was rather t.Hi iiiikIi fur his friemlship to hear; and, l»'-
sides, subordination must be preser\'ed or the army would be
ruined.
The next morning Colonel Wi'lls was ordered to the command
of the little fort, and Colonel liall, with his two hundred dra-
goons, was ordered to escort him down to it. and bring up Major
Croghan under arre.st. Ahoul noon, tiie order was executed, and
the little Major, only ninete<'n years of agi', was brought into
camp a prisoner, * * * When the .Major appeared before him
he sprang to his feet, and with vehemence said, " .Major Croghan,
how came you to. send me that insoh-nt letter ? " " Why, Cieneral,
did n't the express explain it } " " Kxplain it I What explanation
can be given to such a lettiT as that ? " " Why, ('.eneral, did n't
he tell you that he did n't get there till yesterday morning at ten
o'clock ? " " Vis, he told me that. Hut w hat has that to do with
this letter ? " " Why, you know 1 could n't evacuates the fort, and
get here by reveille of the morning previous." " (If course not."
" Well, 1 knew (hat your plans must be thwarted by the circum-
stance, and that I must wait for further orders ; and believing
that I was completely invested by the enemy, and that the express
and the letter would fall into his hands, I determined, if it did, to
send him as bullying a (me as possible, liut I told the express,
the d d rascal, that if he got through with it to explain it to
you. Didn't he do it, (ieneral?" " No, he didn't." "Why,
(ieneral, you know that I understand my business, and the duties
of a subordinate too well to send you such a letter, under any
other circumstances." "Why, certainly, 1 thought so ; .and th.it
was the mystery of the case. Hut how could I understand it
without an explanation? and with this 1 am s.atisfied. " And
before night the M.ajor was restored to his command. * * *
In two days after his return, he fought the memorable battle of
Kort Stevenson, h.aving but one hundred and forty-three men to
repulse eleven hundred of the enemy,
r.eneral Proctor, who was thus defeated, had at
first determined to attack Fort Meij;s. He collected
a larjre number of savages, and reached the fort on
July 25, but after a two days' attack they retired,
and proceeded to attack Fort Stevenson near San-
dusky, where Croghan was in command. 'I'h.c
result has been already stated : Proctor lost nearlv
as many men as the entire number of the garrison,
and, on August 3, retreated.
THE WAR OK 1812.
'^3
1.1
on
I'd.
;in-
h.v
iHv
on,
Durinti;- these weeks the American tleet liad been
t;atlu'rinj4 at Mrie, and on ScpicnilHM- 10 ()li\it"
Hazard I'crry won, at I'ut-in-liay, a most romijlilc
and l)rilliant victory over tiic iiritish licet. " If a
victory is to hi' ,i;aineii, I will ijain it," said Pt'rry, as
lu; sailed across the hay. I'lill well he jiroxcd his
worils, and " W'e have met the enemy and they are
ours" was tlu' Laconic of his day.
On September 20 he transported Harrison's army
from Tort Clinton to I'lii-in-liay Island; on the 24111
llicy |iroceede(l to Middle Sister Island, and on llu'
27th arrived at Maiden. The news of Perry's vic-
tory, and the onward mo\-cment of Harrison's army,
reached I'roi'tor on October 26. He ininiediately
(ommenced to send his he.ivy ba.ijjL^aiife and supplies
up the river, and on .Se|Ht'mber 28 the last of tlu'
ilriiish army k:ft Detroit. Mr. CoHin, in his "War
of 1812," says that I'roctor "transported all the
f^ims across the river to '" * * Windsor. His
retreat * * * was deliberately ori;ani/.e(l and
jiuhciously |)lanncd." Hi' "sent off his hea\y ba.i(-
,i;a,i,^e, reserve sujiplies, women and children, in
ruKance ; and on the 28th linally reliniiiiished De-
troit, and fi'll back upon Iiritish territory." In his
retreat he pressed into his service all the horses
uliich the inhabitants had not effectually concealed.
< )ne only -and that a very indifferent one — was
left, and this was appropriated by dovernor Shelby.
The American army proceeded from Maiden to
S.mdwich, where they arrived on the 29th.
.Meantime the inh.ibiiants at Detroit were all in
anxious e.xjiectation of the troops. A d.auijhter of
Judjj^e May, afterwards Mrs. Colonel Edward IJrooks,
fiiuiul the old tlaiLj, which hail been secreted by the
jud.ne in his j^arret, and it was hoisted on the top
of the old Mansion Hou.se. The same day, the
2<;th, the army arrived at Sandwich, and immedi-
ately on their arrival, C.eneral Mc Arthur came over
and took possession of the town. When his troops
landed there were about si.\ hundred Indians back
of the town jerkinjf beef. They abandoned their
occupation hurriedly as soon as he came, decampinij
ill such haste that they left eiiou).;Ii meat behind to
supply the brigade for .several days.
The Kentucky soldiers — with their blue hunt-
in;;-shirts, red belts, and blue pantaloons frini>;ed
with red --met with a hearty welcome; even be-
fore they landed many were weeping tears of joy
as they saw the old i]u^ again waving over their
homes.
The fort was newly christened Fort Shelby, in
lienor of the brave Governor of Kentucky, who,
w hen si.xty-three years of age, had marched at the
h'ad of his troo|)s to the relief of Detroit. His
Slate, during the War of i8r2, up to October 12,
1S13, had sent over 17,375 troops to the field, and
at one time, in October, 1S13, had over 7,000 soldiers
in the ,army.
On the evening of September 25, 1813, Colonel
R. M. Johnson, then ;it Fort Meigs with .'i regiment
of Kentucky c,i\-,ilry, received orders from Ceneral
Harrison to m.irch inimediatt'lv to tlu' ri\er K.iisin,
as it was ])rol);ible lli.it the army would land the
next day on the Canad.i shore. Johnson's force
jiresscd forw.ard, sto|)ping at I'renclitown long
enough to bury the rem.iins of the Kentuckians
niass.acred the previous January, .and late in the
forenoon of Si'ptember 30 the he;i(l of the column
emerged from the woods of Springwtlls. The
entire po|)ul;ition of the town gathered along the
river-road to greet the ek'ven hundred horsemen as
tlu'y tlumdert'd by. Colonel Johnson and his .army
crossed over to Sandwich on October 1, .and on the
2(1 H.arrison and Shelby, with thirty-five hundred
troops, left Detroit in pursuit of I'roctor, I 'erry,
with the Ariel .and the Caledonia, going up the
river. Wlu'ii liftei'ii mik'S up the Thames, I'erry
with his troops left the vessels and accompanied the
army.
The battle of the Thames was fought on October
5. I'roctor was defeated, and Tecumseh killed.
I'erry -.ind Harrison returned to Detroit, October 7,
the army under (iovernor Shelby arriving on the
loth.
Several days were spent in taking care of the
Iiritish prisoners, many of whom were sent to
Chillicothe. Soon after October 10, (ieneral Har-
rison started for Niagara, reaching liuffalo the 24th
of October, (ieneral Cass was left in command at
Detroit with the Seventeenth, Twenty-sixth, 'I'wenty-
seventh, and Twenty-eighth Regiments of L^nited
States Infantry, and Capt;iin Sholes' company of
artillery. A few days later a regiment of Pennsyl-
vania militia came. Ceneral Cass, as brigadier-
general of the United States army commanding
the Western District of Upper Canada, exercised
authority in both civil and military matters ; and
many commissions are in existence issued by him
to sheriffs, auctioneers, and other officer:; in Canada.
Before winter set in (ieneral Cass, C^olonel Paul
of the Twenty-seventh Regiment, and many other
oflicers left Detroit, and the command devolved
upon Colonel liutler, with Colonel Cicorge Croghan
as second in command. Concerning this period,
one of the soldiers says, " To prepare for winter we
had a heavy job before us. The iiriti.sh had burned
the fort, leaving nothing but the heavy earthworks.
They left nothing combustible, not a board or stick
of timber, and we were compelled to go to the
woods, from one to three miles distant, or to the
islands, still further, to get logs and poles with
which to build huts to winter in. Until these could
•84
'riii: WAR OK 1S12.
be yjot ready, we occiipifd uniis iiml vai'aiU Ikhisis
in tlic city."
liefore tlicy liad ^ot into their winter (luarli'rs tlie
army was aitai kt'd by an I'liemy whirii (iccinialed
tlu'ir raniss to an extent far '.;reater liian llieir Insses
by i)atlle. A diseasi', similar in aeiion to tin: eliolera,
carried iliem olf by iuindreds. Some of tiie eili/i'iis
wen: also amonjij tlie \iilims. Keiiabie aecounts
say tlial full\' si'\-en iiundred soldiei's dii'd in a few
weel<s. "'IMie sin\v;eons tri'ati'd their patii'nts as for
eonimon bih'oiis attael<s, but tliey died as many as
six or eiv;iu a day. 'I'iie surv;eons liad l)een care-
less, ami more intent upon tiu'ir own comfort tiian
that of tile sick, until they became alarmed for their
reput.ition and ollice, when, by a post morti'm
examination, they discovered the nature «)f the dis-
ease, and then j^ut a stop to it." The entire army
on the northern frontier w.is similarly affected. At
Detroit so ^reat was the demand for collins that
finally no one was able to procure them; and pits
were du^ near the fort, in whit-h m.any soldiers wi're
buried tojjjether .as in one urave. Such was llu
excitement .and the fear of infection that buiial
immedi.ately followed ileath, and in ;it least one ease
a man was about beinjif buried before death liad
taken place. He was rescued by \'ictor Morass.
A jreneral order recpiired the dead to be buried at
twelve, noon. A stjuad of men under arms, with
mul'lled drums, were in attendance, and one .salute
was tired over the eonimon ,i;Tave.
In 1823 the plain wtiere the soldiers were buried
was used as the parade-ground, and was covered
with the tents of the soldiers then in the jjarrison.
(See Cemeteries.) By January 23, 18 14, the epi-
demic h;ul passed away, and the troops were in fair
health. Other events of this time are thus detailed
by Dr. Brnn.son :
As the spring "I 1S14 upeiicd, Uiu r.rili>li wcro K"tl"^^''in,is' in
force at the hfiul «( the Thames, threateninj; to dcsceml upon
Detroit. A flaj^'-ofTicer was sent to our headquarters on some
business, real or pretended, and while there, a regiment of Penn-
sylvania militia, whose term of six months service had expired,
demanded their discharge. No arguments or patriotic |)ersLiasions
could induce them to remain till another regimint that was to
relieve them should arrive. 'I'heir time was out anil they ntust
Ko, and jro they would, and j,'o they did. .Means were taken to
have them leave the place hy a hack way, .and not to pass hy the
window where the ll.ij; olTicerwas quartered — being headipiarters ;
but no, they were free men now and they would go where they
pleased, and the whole regiment went by, and in sight of the
oflki^r, in an unarmed and helter-skelter manner, this must be
counteracted, or the officer might make such a report to his chief
as would induce an immediate attack upon us.
To do this, the Seventeenth Regiment of Infantry, whose quar-
ters were outside, and east of the fort, just about sundown shoul-
dered their guns and knap.sjieks, and moved .stealthily round back
of the fort, and down towards Springwells, and then marched up
the road by the headquarters, straggling along as if greatly
fatigued from a long and hard march. It was beginning to be
dark, so that they could not be seen distinctly from the window
of the otTicer, to enable him to form an opinion of their number;
but the line stretched along for half a mile or more. As the head
of till' ccilumu came u\< hy ihe gate, al lic'ailc|uarli'rs, (olouel
( ni^lian, hy oriler of (irluni 1 lliitirr, who was in 1 "uimanil, wiiit
out to and (unversed wilh lln' olTicer in eonunand of the iiew-
coniers, to ri'ci'ive his report, .\fler talking souu' tinw, while iln
I'oliunn was straggling along hy, the new olVu cr leiuied again-.!
the fence, as if greatly fatigued from the loug march.
In Ihe meantnne the door of the nag-olliei'r's room was |iiir-
posi'ly left ajar, so that he could hear what was said in the hall
helwein Ihi' two Colonels.
When t'lilotul (roghan lame in, he re|iiirted to Culonel lluilri
that ihi' troops just passing weri' under command of Major ,
that they were the advanei- (»f t iem-ral 's llrigade of Regulars,
who would reach thire the ni'Xt day; that this advaiu e had luad,
n fore<d man h of thirty-six miles that day, on account of llu
militia's having, of which they lia<l learned hy the <xpriss sent
theui, thinking possihl)' they lui.L^ht he needed, etc.
All this reached the ll.iK-olVirir's ear at nightfall. I he next
morning he was hoodwinked and put acros.s the river, and li il
some dlstaiu'c, too far off to sie anything of the force or fortilu,!-
tions of the placi', when he was let loose wilh n Iha in his e.u.
It had its desired au<l designed effect, for the enemy kept at a
res|>ectful distance, and nuule no attack.
In l''ebru,iry. 1814, Colonel lUitler determined to
;itt;ick some of the .advanced posts of the enemy.
;ind Captain Holmes, with ;i dct;ichment of re,i,^ul;irs
.and some .Michi,i;;m rani^'crs .and militi.a, w.as direetctl
to march a.iL^.ainst I''ort 'r.ilbot, situ.ated .about one
hundred miles eastw.ard on Lake Erie; or, if he
should deem it more advis.able to m.ake .an .att.ack
on the enemy .it Del.aw.are, he was authorizi'd to
change his destination to th.at pl.acc. On March 3
they liad a skirmish with the British <at Longwoods,
but no impori.tnt results were secured, and the force
returned to Detroit. About this time Colonel liiit-
ler obt.ained leave to return to Kentucky; and the
comm.and .at Detroit devolved on Lieuten.ant-Coloncl
Crogh.in ; soon after, on March 21, the Americans
evacuated Maiden.
The jircsence of Indians in the vicinity of Detroit
m.ide the obtaining of fuel of .any kind, especially
dry wood, almost impossible; .and the troops during
the winter m.ide free use of the stock.ide and the
fences of .some of the inhabitants. In 1824 Con-
gress .appropriated S500 to the heirs of Mr. Brush,
and $363. C)0 to Solomon .Sibley for fences destroyed.
And as late .as 1830, $70 w.is appn-priatetl to James
Abbott to p.iy a simil.ir cl.iim.
During 18 14 the Indians ag.iin became trouble-
some, and the following letter was addressed to
the adjutant-general of the Territory :
DuTKOiT, 2ist April, 1814.
'J'o Col. McDougiill :
Sir,—
The threatening manner of Ihe Indians of the River Huron
renders it essential that an expedition shoidd march against them
in thirty-six hours; the least delay would prove dangerous; it
would allow them to concentrate. Could not one hundred and
fifty or two hundred militia be collected? Use your utmost en-
deavors to effect it.
Let to-morrow, ten o'clock A. M., be appointed as the hoiu- 'f
rendezvous. Tell the militia they will be kept only for ten days.
Yours,
G. CkofiiiAN,
U. Col. Coin 'I.
rilK WAR OK 1 812.
285
1S14.
On llir orijLfinal order is tliis endorsement:
Mi'.M, -Mst Ajiril, 1814, I toinpliud with the abovu nrdcr, and
ilr.iftrd scvfii iirdcrs to the rfspcilivf Captains nl tin; 1st l<i').;'t,
rtliiih wi'rr HiKnt'il hy COlonil Oudfruy, ti> assrnihlc lluir loin-
IMiiics at llt'troit tii-iiuirriiw at ten A, M. In ihcaflcrnuun I'lilunil
( rii;^'hun coiintLTniandcd these orders, and thi' militia were
ilirected to liiild themselves in readiness at a inuinent's warning
hrr marching at tlie Indians,
(Iki). M( Doi (i.M.i,, A. (',, T, M.
Ill April, 1.S14, Artluir St. Clair, son of (iovcrnor
St. Clair, was i)la(ftl in roninutiid of a licet of live
vcs.sels for an e.xpedition a.i.jainst Mackinaw. 'I'hey
left Detroit alioiit the lir.st of July, and effected a
landinj^- at .Mackinaw; i)tit t'mdinj,' tlie post too
strong for them, tliey returned on .August 23. On
July 20, 1814, Cieneral Ilarri.son conckideil a treaty
of peace at (ireenville with some of liie Indian
tribes, after which a number of Indians returned
with Colonel Cass to Detroit to assist in tmluini; the
unfriendly tribes, who were continually traversinij
the country and troublinij the iniiabitants.
The Indians were .so bold that they attempted to
drive off cattle in full view of the fort; and the i.;iins
had to be opened upon them to make them desist.
One of their exploits, which took place on Septem-
ber 15, 1814, as narrated by William McVey to
Judge Witherell, was as follows:
I lavid and William Iliirhank and myself were sittinj; down at
till- Hecr I'ark, on the Maroinli (nnw the Cass) farm, near where
l.^ifayette street crosses it, watchinK our cows. Mr. .McMillan and
.\rehy passed us. We spoke to them about some apples they
were eatin)<. 'I'hey passed on towards some cows that were feed-
ing near the hushes,- the bushes then came down to near where
Uir Capitol now stands. \\'e kept our eyes on them, thinkini;
(lanyer might be near. When they approached within gunshot of
tile bushes, we s;iw three or four guns llred, and Mr. McMillan
fill. 'J'he Indians instantly dasheil upon them aud '.ook off his
M.ilo. Archy, on seeing that his lather was killed, turned and
r:m towards us with all the speed that his little U'gs could supply.
A savage on horseback pursued him. As he rode up, and stooped
1" seize him, the brave little fellow, nothing daunted, turned and
^iTiiek the hor.se on the nose with a rod which he happened to
hive in his hand. The horse turned off at the blow, and .Xrchy
pill forth his best speed again. .Again the Indian came on, but a
sii ond blow made the horse sheer off again; and this was repeated
si veral times, until, fearful of hising his prize, the savage sprang
fi'uu his horse, seized the boy and dragged him off to the woods,
iiiul thence he was taken to Saginaw.
In order to stop these forays, Governor Cass
called tor volunteers, and a company was raised consisting of
Judge Moran, Judge Conant, Captain Trancis Cicotte, James
( icoltc, (Jeorge Cicotte, Colonel 11. J. Hunt, Cieneral I.arned,
William Meldrum, John Meldrum, James Meldrum, James Kilcy,
I'' ler Riley, John Riley, Lambert lieaubien, John H. lieaubien,
.1 siph Andre, dit Clark, Louis Moran, Louis Dequindre, Lambert
la I'oy, Joseph Riopelle, Joseph Visger, Jack Smith, lien Lucas,
ami John Ruland, with Ciovernor Ca.ss in command. They were
M" Hinted on ponies, and a.med with shot-guns, rifles, swords, and
i>en tomahawks. They moved along up the bank of the river to
ll '■ Witherell fanu, the west line of which is now Dcquindre
si-ect, rode up a lane to the woods back of the town, and found
a': Indian camp, from which the Indians had just fled; so sudden
was the surprise that the Indians lift their meat roasting on stick*
befor<' a hre. They al.so found ihi' hat of Archy .McMillan. Kol-
lowing (losriy after till' Indians, they came upon them in rear of
the Cass farm aud killed several; at least, an old sipiaw, who came
into town a few ilays after, so reported. After this skirmish, the
company marched to the Koiigi', drove a band of savages out of
that settlement, and returned to lletroit ou the evening of the
.same day.
The same month ( lovernor Cass wrote from De-
troit to Cieneral Mt Arthur, who was probably then
at Urbana, Ohio:
The Indians have reoommenced hostilities on every sidcr of ns.
They are iiuirdering tlie people and bre.ikiug up tlie settlements.
Tliire is now a large forci- of them in the immediate vicinity of
this place, most probably williin a mile, with tlw avowi'd purpose
of attacking the town. We have no force adequate to the defense
of the I ountry, and none of the description proper for the pursuit
of Indians. .My opinion is that yon should hastin on with the
mounted men with all possible expedition.
Soon after, on October 9, (icncr.al McArthur ar-
rived with seven hundred mounted rillcmcn to pro-
tect the city. Not long after ( leiieral lirown's ;irmy,
at l'"ort Krie. was in a ci'itical condition, and .McAr-
thur determined to form ;i junction with him. lie
went up to Lake St. Clair, crossed into Canada, and
proceeded to Dover, defeating tiie enemy .several
times. lUil on le.irniiig tii.it (iencral Iz/.ard had
abandoned Fort Krie, the detachment returned,
reaching Sandwich on November 17.
In January, 1815, (iovernor Shelby called for one
thousand militia to relieve the troojis under Mc-
Arthur. I>y this time the war was practically
ended. The Hritish officials, however, persisted in
their search of American vessels, and in June, 181 5,
several vessels, while jiassing Fort Maiden, were
stopped and examined for Hritish deserters. Gover-
nor Cass sent a strong remonstrance to the com-
mandant ;it Fort .Maiden, but it was of no avail,
in addition to these diliiculties, Indians from the
other side came over and plundered the inhabitants
on (irosse Isle and other islands.
On October 4, 181 5, D. R. Macomb found several
Indians encamjied u|)on his land at Grosse Isle, and
near by the remains of several of his cattle, which,
it was evident, the Indians had killed. He remon-
strated, and the Indians threatened; one ' hem
levelled his gun at .Macomb, and was insta. .y shot
by one of Macomb's men.
The Canadian authorities took up the quarrel on
behalf of the Indians, and offered a reward of five
hundred dollars for the arrest of the murderer. As
the offense was committed on American soil, Gover-
nor Cass was justly incensed at their interference,
and by proclamation required all citizens to resist
by force any attempt by Canadian authority to
apprehend the man while within American jurisdic-
tion.
These occurrences caused much bitter feeling;
286
II II. \v,\k (H i.sij.
,111(1 lor many yi'ars tiic .si'iitinuiil .iloiiv; liic IiokIit
was ihc (i|)|)iisilc 111 wlial it is in-day.
/'<//(■ ('/ Rioi I u pillion.
'riic li.ilc i>( till' ii()i<ii|ialii)n (if Dilidit by ilic
Anuriiaii tnii)|)s in i.Sij lia.s Ihtii llic siibjol of
nuii'li (•(inliovi'i'sy.
Si'pti'inhtT JS was scUli'd iiiinn iiy a fi'w |)i'is()iis
as llu' ilali', aiul was so tcliliiatcd in iS/'i. ll was
not (•Jaiincd, liDucvcr, thai llic date was f(inrnnu:ti l)y
any nriicial disp.itcii, or siislaimd li\ d( linitr wrillcn
or dial tisiinionv from any individii.i! wiio w.is <on-
tiMn|)()rary with the oicurrt'ncr. ll was nunly an
opinion, founded rliii'lly upon .i comp.irison of dalrs.
So innt'li prominence was v;i\-en to it l)y reason of
tile ( tIehiMtion referred to, th,it it si'cms desir-
able, in a.ssi^;ninv; another dale, to be \iMy full ,in !
e\,iet.
In obtJiinini; m.iteii.ils for this work, ,iii .imonni:
of testimony has been n-illu'red wliieh, from its
cli.'inieli'r .iiid completeness, I'i.M's the d.ite of reoc-
eup.ilion ;is September 2<; with ,i eerl.iinty which
admits of no controversy, 'The eviilence upon
which ihe date of Sei)tember 29 rests is as follows:
111 an ;iildrcss deli\i'red bi-fore the Historical So-
ciety, which numbered amonii; its nn'inbers the le;id-
inif men of I )t'lroil. Captain I Icnry W'hiiinjij said:
" Detroit was oeenpied on Si'plember 29." lie
ijives this date separate from all others; if he hail
been at all in error, it is reasonable to suiijiose ih.it
some corri'ction would have been m.ule in the \dl-
ume cont.iinini; his discourse, which was published
by the llistorie.il Society; or that ( lener.il Ca.ss,
who W..S himself e leaned in the \v;ir, ;iikI was a
member of the Society, ;uid prob.ably one of his
.-ludieiiee, would have corrected publicly so import-
ant ;i date, if ;i mist.ike h.ul been m.ide. C'lener.il
Cass, however, >"'v did not altempl to corri'it
the date, bu: sed its correctness by .illow-
inn it to ,1 his Life, jireiKired by \V. T.
^'oun).; wished by Markham >S; lllwood in
I'Sj^, .e was still iiviiii;-. On |).n(c 65 Mr.
N'oiiii>( says. "On the 2yth of ,Se|nember C.eneral
Harrison moved up to Saiuiwich, opposite Detroit,
crossed over, and took iiossession of the town and
territory."
In Volume I. of .Michii^an Territorial Law.s, as
reprinted by the St.ite in 1871. on pajje 145, is an
Act of October 4, 1H14, which provides for the ap-
pointment, by the ijovernor, of three auditors to in-
quire into and Ii(]ui{]ate debts due to the Territory,
or to the County of Wayne. The Act specially
provides that "all debts accruinc; before the i6th of
August. 1 81 2, and those which have accrued since
September 28, 181 3," shall be kept separate. This
Act was passed so soon after the war that it is rea-
sonable to presume that the dates given in it were
the .iiln.il d.itcs. y\boiil the d.ilc of .Xui^ilsl 1^1,
tliere has been no controvcrs). II the .\mciic,ins
entered on the i\'\\\, .is h.is been cLiiincd, the Act
in ,dl pidb.ibilily wnuld h.ivc provided hi|- the setlle-
nuni of debts .Kcrniin; on .uid from th.it il.ay,
instead of specially providing for the .selllements
of debts .iccruinv; after th.u d,iie.
\(iliime \'.. of N'iles' Kenistcr. p.i,v;(' 17.1. ((inl.iins
the followiny, from the Chillicothe !■ ivdonian :
tiKlKiPir, Odiilici 1 1, iKi I.
I >n till' .'7II1 nil. wi' laiKli'il mi llir ('iiiiii(tii slicir llmr niilis
Ih li>w M.ilili'ii, and iinurlii<l np in ils inins willmiil ('|>|Misiii(in ihr
saiM* .illi iiitM.n. Wi' fniind .Miilttm Imrnl; .ill iii<>\'at>U- |inl»tit
proprrly citlur takiri iiwiiy or dislrnynl; ami llii- <ni my llnwii.
Till' next day wr inai'Iinl on in inusnil Inwards Saiidwiili,
arrived linn- mi llii' .'vlli; rm^Md uvir Ici Hiiruil tin- sanir ilay,
win K \M«ric Kill lid witli Irarfiil cyis and jnyiins liiar's liy ihi
|)n(ii pliindi ud iiili,il)itaiits. " ''
A littir from (loveinor Is.i.ie Shelby to ( ieiur.il
ii;uTison. d.iled Krankfort. A|)ril 21, 1816, eont.iinid
in Todd .md Dr.ike's Life of il.irrison, p.i.m' 94,
says, " It is well recollected lh.it the .army ;irri\-ed ,il
S.uidwich in the .iftenioon of the Ji;th of Seiiieiii-
lu'r." On p,ii;e v8 of the same book, the dati' is
leittialed in the followiiiij words:
When llu; army narliiii Sandwii li (in the i^i^lli, (Iinrraj Mi.
Artluir was dilailird, willi Ids liriKadc, In ri lake pcissrssinri i.f
lli'trnil, svliii ll Inr tliirli'i'ii nuiiillis liad iiicn ill possrssimi nl tlic
liritisli and Indians, 'llu- lallir did nut Icavi^ it niilil sl.irtird liy
a li'W niiinds Irmii iinc nf mir vrsscls. On tlir s;inu' ilay tlHC'.cn-
I'lal, sri/iiij.; tin; first mmni'iit Id alininati' tin- marlial law in furn-
liyl'rmiur, if-istalilislud tin- i ivil xnvrrniiunl ul .Miclii.nun, to
tliL' >;rt'al jiiy and relict uf llu- inlialiilaiits.
ColoiU'l C. S. '["odd, one of the authors of the
book just (luoted, w.is ;in ensii^n at the lime, .ind
was .iftt:rw.irds promoted.
(leneral McArthur, in a letter to the Sicret.iry of
W.ir, dated October 6, luij, niveii in Xdlume \'.,
p.iije 129, of Niles' Kenister, says, " ( )n our .irrival
.It .Sandwich, my briijade w.is ordered .icross the
river to disperse some Iiulians who were i)ill;ixinir
the town, \\\\i\ to t.ake |5ossession of the pl.ice."
John McDon.ild, who \v;is a soldii'r in the ;irmy, .'uid
author of " Western Sketches," published in 183.S,
in narrating the life of (ieiieral Duncan .McArthur,
says, " On the 28th we jKi-ssed the Au.n Canards.
* * * The next d;iy we reached Sandwich, at two
o'clock in the afternoon. At the same time the
fleet came up the river to Detroit * * =i< JJall's
legion and McArthur's brigade passed over to De-
troit."
Moses Dawson, a .soldier in Harrison's army, and
afterward editor of the Cincinnati Advertiser, pub-
lished a Life of General Harrison at Cincinnati in
1824, and on page 421 he says, "The army left
Maiden on the 28th, and entered Sandwich on the
'riii-; WAR oi' i,si2.
2H7
(if
'(;tli ; and Cicncral McArthiir's l)rij,M(lc crossi-d over
ind look |)o.ssi'ssioii of Dctroil, On tlu- same cvtii-
iiiv; (ifiicral Harrison is.siK'il his proclamation for
ii-fslal)lislnnv; tin civil ^'ovirnmcm of ilic iciri-
lory."
In i8tr) RolK-rt U. McAf.c, a soldier of the War
of 181J, |)ul)lislu'd at i.(\in);ion, Kcntnc ky, a " ilis-
lory of the l.ali' War in the W'lsicin tdmilry." In
Ills preface he says, " In pr<iciirin(L; materials for this
udik. ihc aiillior is i;rc.iily indiblcd to ( icncral
Harrison and (lovernor Slulhy for the many valu-
,il)lc ilociiineiits they fnrnished, particularly their
rorri'spoiideiice with the War Deparimenl, and with
lacli other. " ' ' Most of lluse |)apers will
remain in the possession of Colonel CS. 'I'odd, sub-
ject to he examined by any person who may wish to
see tin: authorities on which any stalenient in this
history is founded."
On pavje 374 he states that " ( ieneral McArlhur
went o\er with his brii;ade and took possession of
l>(lroii; and, on the same eveniiiv;, ( ■rcinial Harri-
son issued his proclamation for rc-establishinv; the
I i\il v;()\'ernment."
ll is well known lluil 1 l.irrison's proclamation
was dated Septembi'r 2<;, and it is j;i\cn in lull,
and so dated, in V'oknni' V. of Niles' KeiL^isicr,
I '••'«'• '73-
S. K. lirown, in his " Views of the C',imi).iiii'ns of
the Northwestern Army," published .il I'hiLidclphi.i
ill I. Si 5, on pajfe 64 says, " On the 2Sth we reached
Au\ Canards. * * * The next day we reached
Sandwich, " * * and the briiL^adcs of McArlhur
anil Cass crossed over to IJetiHjit."
In Volume I., jiaj^^e 275, of a work enlilled "A
I'lill and Correct Account (jf the Military Occur-
rences of the Late W'.ar belween ("ire;it liril.ain and
llie I'niu-d Slates of America," by W. J.ames, l.(jn-
ilon, iiSiiS, the author says, "On the 29th C.eneral
Harrison was en.'iblcd to send ,'inolher portion of his
lorc(', under HrijL^ailier-Cieneral Mc/\rtluir, across to
the opposite town of Detroit."
In the i.ife of Commodore I'erry, written by Alex-
ander Slidell McKenzie — who had the use of Perry's
papers from his son, (i. C. I'erry — this |)assa;;e oc-
I iirs, X'olume l.,paire 300: "The army took pos-
Mssion of .Sandwich un the 2ylh. * * * On
the same day ("icneral Harrison embarked with
(ieneral McArthur's brigade, seven hundred stronif,*
ill the s(|uadron, and jiroceeded with Captain I'erry
ti) take possession of Detroit."
This ends the evidence, and such evidence must
( lul ihc controversy.
Distress after tlic War.
After Proctor's defeat, Detroit was so full of far"
ished savages that the rations issued to theni fai.
to s.itisfy their hiin,i(er, and their s<|U.'iws and chililreii
sonv;hi .imoiiv; the refuse of the sliiiij^hter-hoiises lor
.any morsel that eoidd be e.iten. It was not the
s.iv.ij^es .alone th.it were himiiry. There was j^re.il
sc.ircily of provisions, .and much sulferin^ amonv; .ill
( las.ses for several years. On I'ebriiary 26, 1S14,
President M.adison .addressed the following; letter to
Conj^ri'ss :
Ti' Ihi'Siiiiih' iiiii/ llousi- It/ l\i/in'.ifntiiliTi\ of tliv Inili'il
Il li.is iippc.irril Itia!, ill till' r'Tiivcry of tin' Mii Iiik'H I I'rrit'iry
liiiiii tile lrrii|)(irary pdnHcssiim ul llir ill' my, llir iiiliiiliitiiiils
I III rnif witrc Irft in sii ilrsiitiilr anil (listrcfscil a • iiiicliiiiin as In n -
i|iiiir friiiM IJM' piililii stiHi s ( iTlaiii siipp:.< s t'ssi-iiljal Id tlicir siil>-
-.i.iU iiti , wliii 11 li.ui; Ikiii pnili>n>;i(l limli r IIh siiiiH imissily
wliicli called fur thc'iii.
'flic ricpliiralili' sltnaliiin <if the Hav.■l^:^s, llirowii hy llw same
(Vint (111 till' nil II y anil liiiiiiaiuly of tin Aiiirni an i oininaiKii i at
llrlroil, (Irrw fiorii llir saiiir Hoiirirllii' nii aiis ol saving tlniii
from prrisliiii); linni f.iiniiir; ami in otlnr pl.ii is llir appi .ils niaili
liy tin' wants .iiid Kiilfii iii;;s ol llial iinliappy (Iim liplion ol pi opli
liav I' Im'i'Ii ripially impriioiis.
I III' iirirssily imposnl liy llir i omliii I of llir I'lii'iiiy in rrlalioii
I" I III' sa\ ai^rs, of a(tiiiilliiij< tlirir lo-oprralion, in sonir inst.'iiii rs,
v\ illi oiii ai Ills, lias also iii\'olvi (I oi rasioiial cxprnsr in supplying
lliiii wants; ami il is piissililr that a prrsrvrnini i- o( llir rminy in
llirirrrni'l policy may riiulrr a tiiiilin i .\pi iisr lor li! i piiiposr
itii'v iialilr, tin tlii'sr siilijt'i'ls an est inialr f loni tlir I )i parlniiiil
ol War will III' laid lirlori' t'oii^rrss, and I inoninirml a siiitalilr
pnuisioii for tliriii.
I VMI'.S MaIpIHIiN.
I'lirther inform.ilion of the deplorable condition of
Michii;.iii ,it this time is coiU.iined in the followiri)^
exir.ict from ;i letter, dated March 5, I1S15. from
Jud,i;'e Woodw.ard to J.tiiies Monroe, Sccrcl.ary of
Sl.ile :
Till' drsolation of tills trrrilory is liryoml all concrption. .No
kind of Hour or mral to lir prm nrrd, and nolliin)^ for llir siilisisl-
riicr of llir catttr. No animals lor slaii^litrr, and morr than It.-ilf
of tlir population (Irstiliilr of any for domrslic or axticulttiral
pin posis.
Till' Inn inv; of their farms cntirrly destroyed by the incursions
of ll:e emiiiy, and for furl for the military. Their houses left
williuut (tlass, and in many instances even the l1ooriii>; liiirnt.
'I heir cliithniK pliimlered from them by the Indians. Il isa lilernl
fait, and it will scan t'l\' lie deemed permissilile lo shock llit; fecrl-
iii)4S of human nature so much as to slate il. that ihe inhaliitaiits
of ihe river Kaisin have lieen ol)li>;i'd to resort to i/ii</</ifit hay
hoiii'ti for sulisisli'iice. Maiiy.possrssiii),; iirithrr firmness of mind
or body siiflicieiil lo sustain the calamities with which they have
brrn assiiiird, have sunk into the asylum where the wicked tease
lo trouble and the weary are at rest.
In response to these statements, on M.ay 25, 11815,
the Secret.ary of War authorized Ciovernor Cass
to distribute fifteen hundred dollars to the settlers
of the Raisin, and the money was expended in
Hour.
The following ofllcial order gives details of the
methods employed to distribute the relief afforded
by the Cieneral (iovernment:
28.S
THE WAR OF 1812.
Alljl lANT (IkNKKAI.'s OirU'K CIK MlI.lllA, 1
lIl'.M.UAHTKHS, DinivMllr, Supt. .!J, 1815. )
MlI.lllA (iKNKUAl, (IKDKl.'S.
I'lu' ( iiivcriini is authorized by the War Department to issue to
llie iiuiixent and distressed people of tile Territory such relief of
provisions from ihe puldic stiires as their necessities may re(juire.
In order that the puhlie bounty may not be misapplied, the (iov-
eriior has <letermined that a eertiticate shall be ^ivin by the coin-
nutndiuh' olVieer of the company in whose bounds tlie applicant
resides, statin>^ liis iiitirmity i)r inability to support himstdf, which
certificate shall, if the person be of the Roman Catholic Religioni
be countersigned by the Reverend M. Richard and a Justice of
the I'eace; and if the person be not of the Roman Catholic Re-
bgion, il shall be i ountersigned by two Justices of the I'eace.
* * * The flovernor will not injure the officers of the Territory
by supposing, for a moment, that they will not cheerfully lend
every assistance, as well to help the indiijent uul distressed, as to
prevent improper persons from obtaining thai bounty which, as
it is generously bestowed, should be sacredly ai)pl'ed.
Uy comnumd of His KxccUency the Commaiulur in Chief.
Giio. .McDdiC/.i,!.,
Adj. Ccn 1 0/ Michigan.
CHAPTER XLII.
Till-: SUKKKXDKR OK DETROIT. — AN ANALYSIS ANT) REVIF.W OF "HULL'S
TKL\L," "HULL'S MEMOH^S," AND "DEARBORN'S DEFENSE."
SiioKii.v aftir tlic surreiulcr of Detroit, General
Hull w.is otruially iiiarv(ccl witli treason, cowardice,
unorrKcrlike (■oiuliict, ami iiL-glcct of duty. His
tri.il on these ciiarges beijan at Albany on January
3, and ended on March 28, 1814, He was acquitted
of treason, but found i^uilty of the other tharifes.
So far as I ant aware, the evidence introduced at
the trial, and the publications that .t^rew out of it,
have never been reviewiid by any resilient of De-
troit; and after careful inijuiry and e.xaniination, I
am confident that no one has ever ex.ainined the
(lucsiion in the lii;ht of facts tiiat are now accessible.
When the v;atiierin_s; of material for this work was
l)ci;un, I did not expect to devote nuich space to
(lovernor Hull or his administration. Information
that has fallen in my way compels me, in the interest
of truth, and of those whom he and his defenders
denounce, to review certain statements matle by
him and by others in his behalf. Some of the at-
tempts to defend him are marvels of mendacity, and
it is doubtful if the annals of history afford an in-
stance of more persistent effort to excuse crimes
and blunders than the endeavors made to excuse
and defend (icneral Hull. In their efforts at de-
fence, both General Hull and his friends claimed
that President Madison was a cowardly political
trickster; Secretary of War Enstis, a possible
traitor; General Henry Dearboin, a fool or a knave,
or both; Colonel Cass, a Catiline, and that, in fact
(this is the lo.nic of his defense and defenders), all
of his subordinate officers as well were without wis-
dom or honesty, and animated in all their conduct,
after the surrender, by the basest of motives.
It is creditable to General Hull that he was able
to find defenders amon.g his relatives, and equally
' reditable to them that they state their rekitionship.
No one, therefore, need be misled into thinking;
!'iat they viewed the affair from an unprejudiced
stand-point. "Hull's Memoirs," tlrst published
ill a newspaper, were subsequently leathered and
printed in book form, and thus found their way into
many libn'fies. General H. A. .S. Dearborn piib-
Hshed ;i reply, in defense of his father, in the Ameri-
can Statesman, of Boston. In 1824 it wa.s reprinted
in a thin oct.ivo by Edi^ar W. Davies of Boston, but
ap|)a'"ently only a few copies were issued ; the writer
after nnicli research has only found a sin,i;le copy.
The defense of Gt-ncral Dearborn has, therefori',
been almost lost sii^ht of. Fortimately, however, the
manuscript of Dearborn's reply, with other important
and original letters, have been preserved, and I sh.ill
quote therefrom.
It is ])roper to state here that the distinguished
historian, l5enson J. Lcjssing, in a letter to the writer,
dated March 18, 1882, says: "To your allusion to
Dearborn's Defense of his father. General Dear-
born, I reply that I have never seen it and am
ignorant of its contents. The pamphlet to which
you allude ("Hull's Surrender of Detroit ") was an
article written by me for the Ai^'erican Historical
Record, and printed in pamphlet form by a grand-
son of General Hull. It was |)repared with all the
light in my possession, and with a sincere desire to
discover and record the truth."
Inasmuch as Mr. Lossing was not in posse.ssion of
all the f.icts. his mild defense of General Hull cannot
be deemed to have the force it would otherwise pos-
.sess. Rev. James Freeman Clarke, in his Life of Gen-
eral Hull, alludes to Dearborn's defense, but it is
charitable to believe that he saw only a portion t)f it.
The Defense of Dearborn, with the evidence it
discloses, added to other facts of record, leave little
room to doubt that General Hull deserved sentence
of death, and it was jiossibly a mistaken mercy that
spared his life, to be afterwards used in vilifying the
very President who granted the pardon.
The malignant screeil of Gener.il Hull called his
" Mentoirs" is a lit indication of his spirit and man-
ners. His military life at Detroit, both before and
during the War of 1812, was a mixed com|)ound of
pomposity and piisilanimity. He was alternately a
braggart .ind a coward. In fact, there is nothing,
either in his civil or military administration in
Michigan, that reflects any credit on his character or
ability. As a governor, he was such a failure, if no
worse, that he might well have been willing that the
country should become a British Province, that his
doings might be forgotten, or the records destroyed.
[->8yl
2go
THE SURRENDER OF DETROIT.
Tile mori; il is studied, and the more evidence
there is revealed, the worse his record appears. If
it be th()ii,i.,dit that this lanvjiiajre is severe, I call
attention to the lani^iiage he applied to many whom
the whole country has always deli.i;hted to honor.
On paj,^e 30 of his Memoirs lie says, " ISoth the army
and myself have been sacrilii'ed by the Ciovern-
iiU'iit, and (ieneral Dearborn, the commandinj;
j,^eneral." On page 130 he .says, "No lani^uai^e
can descrioe the base injustice I have experienced,
or the vile and disgraceful motives from which such
injustice originated." On page 141 he says, "For
more than a year every possible effort was made to
excite this indignation against me ; and all the ofti-
cers who could be iiuiuced to become witnesses
against me were promoteil and patronized bt;fore
the trial commenced. * * * Neither the admin-
istration nor the Creneral (Dearborn) had any other
safety than by my condemnation." On page 143
he continues, " I believe, my fellow-citi/ens, that
you will form a correct opinio! n this subject, antl
belie\e tliat both the fate of the administration and
the fate of theCieneral (Dearborn) depended so much
on this trial that they were not willing to trust it to
other liaiuls; and likewise that the first court-martial,
composed of honorable and independent characters,
was dissolved for the same reasons." On page i6y
he says, " I was continued by the administration a
prisoner in arrest another year, that ample time
might be afforded for selecting such a court-martial,
and patronizing and promoting oCficers, who in
their testimony would give opinions which would ef-
fect the object of the />/ii/ which had l)een formed."
Notice that he implies that he had been deprived
of his liberty. lie complains of being under arr ,t
another year, when, in fact, he was practically under
no |icrsonal restraint. The reason for the postjione-
nient of the trial was that Sir Oeorge I'revost noti-
fied the ("lovernmeiit that he did not recognize the
e.xchange of Oeneral Hull and some other officer,
and this difficulty was not arranged until December,
1813.
.Vfter his trial he was ordered to return to Massa-
chusetts to await the orders of the President. As
to this order, he claims, on page 144, that, as he
was sentenced to death, this leniency pending the
action of the President with regard to the finding of
the court was afforded because " it was undoubtedly
hoped that the terror of the charges would have
driven me from my country, and that such a deser-
tion would have been considered as an acknowledg-
ment of my guilt, and an absolution of the faults of
the administration." On page 145 he continues,
"The despicable meanness of leaving me in a situa-
tion to avoid the .sen'.^nce of which they were
ashamed, no language can describe, and no example
can be found from Adam to the present moment."
Surely he was hard to please! In the s.ime series
of articles he complains both because he was and
because he was not placed under arrest. It was
clieaj) w<jrk, however, to carp at, criticise, and defy
an ;idmiiiistr.'ition which li.'id leased eight years be-
fore. On page 170 he says, "The truth is, fellow-
citizens, the administration well knew your inde-
pendent spirit and .sen.se of right, and dared not
execute that sentence which injustice had pro-
nounced." The thorough dishonesty of his criti-
cisms on the court-martial will be apparent to any
one who examines the subject. He stultifies him-
self and eats his own words over and over again.
The official report of the trial by Colonel Forbes,
page 3, says, "The names of the members (of the
court-martial) having been called over, the accused
was asked if he objected to any of them. He re-
plied in the negative, * * * declaring his con-
fidence in the honor of the court."
In his opening address, as officially reported by
Colonel Forbes, page 5, he said, " The rank ami
ch.iractcr of the honorable members of this court
will give a weight and .sanction to whatever they
may iletermine." In his defense, as quoted by
Forbes, on page 19 of first Appendix, he says, " I
rejoice that the time has arrived when I may speiik
in my own vindication, before an impartial and hon-
orable tribunal." Further .ilong in his defense, jiage
1 1 5, he says, " Allow me, Mr. President, and gentle-
men of the court, with the most heartfelt sensibility,
to return you my sincere thanks for the manner in
which this trial has been conducted. For though
I humbly conceive there has been some departure
from accustomed forms, in respect to the examina-
tion of witnesses, I know that the court has been
governed by nothing but its own sense of propriety.
The conduct of the members of this court, and of
the Judge Advocate, has been such as I had antici-
pated, and everything that I could expect from
honorable, impartial, and humane men. Whatever
may be your .sentence, I shall always, with gratitude,
acknowledge that I have had a fair, candid, and
patient hearing."
In the face of the foregoing, his own words, writ-
ten and delivered at the time of his trial, and then
dejiosited in the War Department, and obtainetl
therefrom by Colonel Forbes, (leneral Hull, on page
146 of his Memoirs says, " Inconsistent, une(|iial,
and tyrannical principles * * * were atlojUed by
the court-martial in the commencement of the trial."
On jiage 217, in referring to the .sentence of the
court-martial, he says, " It must be evident that a
part of the court were opjiosed to it. I should tn
happy indeed were it in my power to designate the
characters who were only influenced by disinterested
and honorable motives."
The calumnious intimations of (ieneral Hull are
THE SURRENDER OF DETROIT.
291
irc
repealed in the preface to his Life. On pa.ije 14 are
liiese words : " His appoinlcil jiidi;es were men iiiyli
in military rank and titles ; but many of them had
oblainetl liiat elevation and distinction without iiaving
rendered any service to the coLMtry." Oeneral Hull,
in his Memoirs, and Mr. Clarke, iiis grandson and
chief defender, woukl have us believe that the court-
martial by which lie was tried was organized to
secure his conviction, and that not only the admin-
istr.uion (otherwise James M.ulison, President of the
I'nited Slates), anil the members of the couri-
m.iriial were "villains of high degree," but that his
lornicr associate oiru'ers, ISrigadii'r-Oenerrd Duncan
McArihur, Oeneral James Taylor, ( Hiarlermaster-
(kiicral. Colonel James Miller of the Sixth Regiment
L'niletl Slates Army, IJeulenant-Colonel T. 15. \'an
Horn of I'nited Si.'ites Infantry, Colonel Lewis Cass,
and Majors Daliba, Whistler, Snelling, Jessup, and
others, who witnessed against him, were eciually
guilty of misrepresentation and falsehood. In his
Defense, given by Forbes on page 64 of First Ap-
pendix, General Hull says:
A f^ruat inajurily iif the yoimt; xeiulemcn who have been called
liy the Judge Advocate have appeared decorated with their two
ipaulets; those have been bestowed, and sometimes with the
.iiigmeiitatioii of a star, upon seiitlemen who heyan their military
eareir with my unfortunate eampaign. liy what services many
of these gentlemen have merited such rapid promotion, I have
nut learned. * * * With the exception of a few of the younjjer
iilficers there are none of them who have not been promoted to
I heir high station without having had any military experience,
and without, so far as 1 have heard, ever having discovered any
military talents or genius.
On page 206 of his Memoirs, he says :
lleneral McArthur was a Lieutenant Colonel in my army »,''.nd
.ifter the campaign, and before he gave in his testimony, was ap-
pointed a I'rigadier General in the regular army, without having
lierfinnud any service to entitle him to it, or ever having had any
military experience excepting while under my command. The
■idininistration could certainly have had no other motive in
-iipirsiding all the Colonels in th' -egular army in making the
.ippuinlments, than lu prepare him to tcblify against me.
General Hull seems to have forgotten, or possibly
he only hoped others had forgt)tten, that many of
these oliicers won their honors by bravery in tlefeiit-
ing the British on the same territory that he sur-
rendered, within a liitle more than a year after he
had basely yielded that territor)'.
As to other onicers who testitied-ftgainst him, he
thus speaks (page 206) :
Colonel Snelling was a Captain in my army, and before he
ippeared as a witness against me, was promoted, and soon had a
ngiment given to him. * * ♦ M.ijor Whistler was a Captain
II my army. * * ♦ At my trial he was wanted by the admin-
'^tration. and he was promoted to the rank of Major, and travelled
lorn Ohio in the ntidst of winter, to testify against me. lie
>as certainly deeply indebted to the adntinistration, and did not
liil in his testimony to make u suitable reward.
Regarding these very oliicers he so vilifies in his
Memoirs he used these words in his letter of August
26, 1812, to the Secretary of War, giving an ofiicial
report of the surrender (see page 16 of Appendix to
Trial) :
Hefore I close this dispatch it is a duty I owe my respectable
associates in tommand, Cohmels AU- .Arthur, I'intlley, Cass, and
Lieutenant Colonel Miller, to express my obligations to them for
the promiit and jndiiious manner they have performed their re-
spective duties. If aught has taken place during the campaign,
which is honorable to the army, these oliicers are entitled to a large
share of it. If the last act should be disiipproved, no part of the
censure belongs to them. I have likewise to express my obliga-
tions to Ceneral Taylor, who has performed tin- duty of (Jiuirter-
master tieneral, for his great exertions in procuring everything in
his department which it was possible to furnish for the conveni-
ence of the army; likewise to I'rigade Major Jessup for the correct
and punctual manner in which he has discharged his duty.
From his Memoirs and Defense many more quo-
tations of similar character might be made, showing
the utter inconsistency and recklessness of his state-
ments.
General Hull was born in 1753. At the time of
his trial he was si.xty-one years of age. Was he in
his dotage when he published his Memoirs, ten
years later .^ If there were less pettifogging and
venom therein, we might try to believe him simply a
weak old man. A comparison of statements made
by him in his Defense with contradictory statements
in his Memoirs reveals an utter disregard of both
consistency and truthfulness.
His own Memoirs are the best possible illustration
of a statement he makes on page 191 : "The memory
of man is not always correct and retentive ; interest,
passion, and prejudice frequently have a powerful
operation on the mind." Not only is this true of
him, but he and his friends seem to have become
capable of any audacity in their determination to
ilefend his character. On page 1 1 of the preface to
his Life, in speaking of his Memoirs, it is said :
These memoirs have been before the public for more than
eighteen years, and those of his fellow-citiiiens who haxe read
them, have risen from their perusal satisfied that the cause of
failure in the unsuccessful invasion of Canada was not to be im-
puted to the commanding ofTieer, but to an administration that
had rushed into war without foresight or preparation.
Reading only his Memoirs, possibly, but not prob-
ably, the reader might come to the conclusion inti-
mated ; but it seems inevitable that any one reading
the account of his trial, and General Dearborn's
Defense, will be forced to the conclusion that Gen-
eral Hull was both cowardly and incompetent.
Frecjuent references are made by him and his
friends to his ser\'ices in the Revolution. The
question, however, is not. Was he brave in revolu-
tionary days ? but. Was he justified in surrendering
Detroit ?
292
THE SURRENDER OF DETROIT,
It is for his acts at tlic lime of that siirixiKkT that
he was trial. Miuli of the i-ffort in his defense is
devoted to matters liavinvi; no praetical bearing; on
the (juestion at issue. The real ([nestion is, Did he
at any time diirin^^ tlie ramp,'iiv;n of 1.S12 e\hii)it
evidences of br.ivery or ^aiod i;ener;ilslii|)? No smli
evidence lias been presented, either by himself or
his friends. In view of the f.irts, we must believe
either that he w;is lacking- in all the <|n;ilities th;it .ujo
to make up a safe Icuier, and deserved the ij^nominy
that has been hea|)ed iijion him, or th.'it the officers
of the (lovernment and his old .issociates were
guilty of the meanest possii)le spite and subterfii,t,a'.
Concerning the testimony of the witnesses against
General Hull, Mr. Clarke, in his Life of C.eneral Hull,
on page 404, says, " Subtract that part of their
testimony which is made up of their opinions, and
the bulk is much reduced." This sword has two
edges. It may be truthfully said that both General
Hull and Mr. Clarke make free use of opinions in his
Defense, while they continually denounce those
whose opinions were unfavorable, and even desig-
nate some statements given for absolute facts as
mere opinions.
Among the palliating reasons assigned by (ieneral
Hull for his surrender, one of his strongest was the
statement that the (iovernment did not support him
with a naval force on Lake Erie. On page 8 of his
Memoirs he says, " I hiul every reason to believe,
bef(jre a war was declared, that such a navy and
such an army would have been provided." In the
preface to his Life, pages 8 and 9, it is stated that
when Cieneral Hull left Washington in 1812, "he
was assured by the Government that a naval force
would be placed on Lake Erie, to keep open his
communication with his country." It is deemed a
full and sul'ticient reply to these statements to quote
from a letter, dated March 6, 181 2, addressed by
Ciovernor Hull to the Secretary of War. The entire
letter was given by him in connection with his
Defense, ,ind covers three pages of line print. In
this letter he said :
I think it must be evident that the establishment of an army at
Detroit, siiflicient to defend that part of the coimtr>', control the
Indians, and commence operations on the weakest points of
defense of the enen\y, would be, as an incipient measure, indis-
pensably necessary. * * • A part of your army, now recruit-
ing, may be as well supported and disciplined at 'Jetroit as at any
other place. A force adetpTate to the defense of that vidnerable
point would prevent war with the siiva^jes, and probably induce
the enemy to abandon the Province of Upper Canada without op-
position, 'the naval force on the Lakes would, in that event, fall
into our pos.ses5ion, and we should obtain the connnand of the
waters, without the e.xpense of building such a force. The Hritish
cannot hold Upper Canada without the assistance of the Indians,
and that a.ssistance they cannot obtain if we have an adequate
force in the .situation I have pointed out.
With regard to his carelessness or stupidity in
sending the vessel from old Fort Miami on July i,
and allowing his baggage and muster rolls to be
placed in it,Cieneral Hull, on page yof his Memoirs,
says, " This tinst misfortune was occasioned by the
neglect of the administration in not giving me in-
formation of the war, eight days sooner." On pages
35 and 36, he says :
At this linu- 1 had received no inform.ition of the dcclar.ition of
war, and did not consider there was any hazard in the mea,surc.
• * ♦ In lime of peace with I'.ngland, there could have been
but one opinion with respect to engaging this vessel in the manner
it was employed. Having no information of the declar.ttion of
war, I must iiecissarily have believed it was a time of peace, and
consequently no blame could be attached to me.
Was it a time of peace? Was General Hull only
playing soldier? Was his march through the woods
and swam])s merely for amusement? War had
been anticipated for more than six months, as Gen
eral Hull well knew; for he had been in Washing-
ton and had discussed the situation.
On page 36 of his Memoirs he says, "On the 24th
of June 1 received a letter from the War Department
directing me to march to Detroit with all possible
e.\i)edition." A whole week went by after he received
this letter before he sent the vessel, and, according
to his Memoirs, he must still "have believed it was
a time of peace," anil therefore, he reasons, he was
justified in sending the ves.sel.
War was anticipated, troops were on the march,
orders to hasten had been received, and opposing
forces were known to be gathering. Should not
ordinary reason have taught him that war was
probably declared, and that there was danger in
sending the vessel ?
On page 22 of his Defense, he says that an
order "to repair with as little delay as possible
to Detroit," in view of the fact that the enemy
would then be at Maiden, eighteen miles in the
rear, and provided with vessels which wtjuld enable
them to cut olT his supplies, "appeared to me so in-
consistent with my milit.iry cxjierience that 1 did
not suppose it could have been founded on a
declaration of war, or even on a prospect of imme-
diate hostilities."
When such an excuse is deliberately offered, we
may be justitied in heliexing th.it if he had received
no word of the declaration of war, and if, after his
arrival at Detroit, I'roctor or Brock had (|uietly
crossed the river, ,ind t.iken possession of the fort,
he woukl have offered no opposition, because, as he
had not been officially notilied of the decl.iration t)f
war, there ct)uld be no danger, and no reason to
apprehend any.
These statements are illustrations of his argu-
ments, and his Defense and .Memoirs are full of
similar attempts to prove that he was justified in
his actions; but no one valid excuse is offered, no
convincing proof is brought forward.
TTIK SURRF.XDER OF DETROIT.
m
That he was warned tliat war was imminent, and
possibly declared, at the time he sent tiie vessel, is
beyond question. Cleneral Mc Arthur testified (see
paijes 47 and 48 of Forbes' rejiort) that on or about
June 26, the time Hull received tlie first letter, the
same mail brouijht him (McAithnri ;i letter from
a friend at Chillicothe, in w hich it was stated that
"before this reaches you war will be declared," and
that it was "the impression at Chillicothe that war
was declared ;" and further, th.it these statements
were conmuinicated to (ieneral Mull, and were the
subject of conversation between them; that ("leneral
Hull "asked "liat he thoui,dit of sending- the ba;; -
v^age by water;" and th.it he replieil he thought it
would be "rather hazardous, as the British might
be informed of the declaration of war and seize the
vessel."
(ieneral James Taylor, of Ohio, lestifieil <'it the
tri.il (see page 138 of Forbes' report 1 :
riic impression inadi; on my i as well as upon others to
wliom tli(^ letter from the Secretary . ; \Var, dated iStli June, i,Si2,
was shown, was, that war was inevitable, and that it was sub-
stantially, thonj.. i.ot form.illy, del lari'd. 1 was present when
I ieneral Hidl conversed with Captain C liajiin, who coinmandi'd
ilie vessel which was sunt from the Rapids to Detroit; (hapin
talked about dinin); with the liritish ofTicers, and asked an exorbi-
tant price for his boat. I told (ieneral iiuU (whom I called out)
that I suspected the vessel was sent there to entrap them, and
advised that she should not be employed, but that the effects
should be sent by wagons. General Hull, however, looked to the
r.vpense, and said he did not know mucli of Chapin, but he knew
liini to be an Am<'rican and believed him honest. Cha|)in reduced
his price from 150 to 60 dollars, and was employed.
As Hull was sent to Detroit in anticipation of
w.ir, and as he I'.imself urged that he neeiled ves-
sels, and knew that the British had them, was it not
foolh.irdy ;ind careless in the extreme to send his
military .stores and baggage by the vessel.' Did he
not have reason to e.xpect that war might be de-
clared at anytime.' Did he not take an unwar-
ranted risk in assiuning th;it w.tr had not been de-
1 l.ircd, and that there w.is no danger.' He knew
that the mails or express were uncertain, he could
not help knowing that there was a po.ssibility of the
I ,'ipture of the ves.sel; and yet he took the risk. Is
it an evidence of good generalship to take a needless
risk, involving great danger, with no prospect of
gain? The blunder of allowing his nuister-rolls to
be put on the vessel was a blunder so great th.at it
fell but little short of a crime. It w;is this occur-
rence that gave rise to the specific charge of treason,
of which he was ftumd not guilty. If the state-
ment made in the I'hil.idelphia Auroni of Septem-
ber 22, 181 2. was true, even that charge should have
been sustained. In th.at paper Lewis Dent, (juar-
'crmaster of Colonel Cass's regiment, who was sent
vith the vessel to t.ike charge of the bagg.age. is
ijuoted as saying that on e.xamining the vessel after
she was taken to Fort Maiden, in a trunk !)elonging
to C.eneral Hull, the declaration of war against
(ireat Britain was found, and that he saw it. It
will lie remembered that (iovernor Hull always
claimed that the letter ctmtaining the declanation
of war did not reach him imtil after the vessel
sailed.
We come now to the tjuestion of his cowardice.
Mr. Clarke, on page 363 of his Life of Hull, says,
" It would have required very little courage to
tight." It goes without saying that this was the
general opinion at the time. It looks very much as
though he did not ptjssess even a very little courage.
His cour.age was all in his proclamations, letters,
and memoirs, and was of the Falstaffian order.
Battles have been won, and victory wrested from
defeat, by really brave generals. Of Hull's bravery
in the War of 181 2. no evidence has been produced.
In his Defense, page 60, he says:
I should not, however, have yielded to all these considerations,
had the war 1 was carrying on been only .tgainst civilized men.
* * * r.iit I knew li.iw sanguinary and remorseless the .siivayes
would be, should my army be subdued and the troops be obliged
to yield. The whiile lountry would have been deluged with the
blood of its inhabitants. Neither men, women, or children would
have been spared.
The same idea is repeated in the preface to the
Life of Creneral Hull. On page i6 are these
words :
To the latest moment of his life, when aware he was on the
verge of eternity, in the fidl possession of his mental powers, ('ien-
eral Hull still breathed his thanks to his Heavenly Father that he
hitd been the instnmient of saving from the cruelties of a savage
foe a people who expected and demanded protection at his hands.
buch sentiments are pathetic, but they have no
real bearing on the case. The question of surren-
der was a military question. War in its best form
is inhuman, and General Hull had no right to sacri-
fice Detroit and the territory, a fortified post and an
undefeated army, for a possible but really unfounded
fear that <.)therwise the women and children would
all be butchered. It was a fear born of cowardice,
and not justified by probability. If a battle had
been fought, there is no evidence to indicate that,
if defeated at all, the defeat of Hull's army would
have been so complete and absolute that no further
defence could be made, or reasonable terms of
capitulation secured. He surrendered without even
a pretence of fighting, and the luiglish boasted, and
with good reason, that they took Detroit "without
the loss of a drop of English blood."
As to Hull's cowardly words and appearance
prior to the surrender, the following is pertinent
testimony: Captain James Daliha (see page 82,
Hull's Trial) testified that he commanded the upper
battery on the evening of August 14, and on that
294
THE SURRENDER OF DETROIT.
eveniiijj conversed with (lencr.-il Hull "on tlu' pro-
priety of ilrivinj,' the enemy from their works" on
the o|)posite shore. He said to Cjeneral Hull, "Sir,
if you will j^ive nie i)ermission, I will clear the enemy
on the ojiposite shore from the lower batteries."
The general answered, "Mr. Daliba, 1 will make an
ajjreement with the enemy tiiat if they will never
fire on me, I will never tire on them," and concluded
his answer with this sentence, " Those who live in
iflass houses must take care how they throw stones."
Major Thomas S. Jessup, of the Nineteenth Regi-
ment of United States Infantry, testified (page 92
of Trial), " I saw Oeneral Hull in the fort, and
thought him very much frightenetl \vhen I met him.
* * * His voice was, at this time, tremulous."
In answer to a t}uestion from deneral Hull, Captain
Charles Fuller, of the Fourth Regiment Infantry,
said at the trial (page 98), " I have no d(nibt of your
appearance on that occasion being the effect of per-
sonal fear: I had none then, I have none now."
With regard to his neglecting to attack and con-
quer Fort Maiden, the following facts appear. On
July 9 he received a letter from William Eustis, Sec-
retary of War, dated June 24, with the following
order : " Should the force under your command be
equal to the enterprise, and should it be consistent
with the safety of your own post, you will take pos-
session of Maiden, extending your conquests as cir-
cumstances will justify." Concerning this letter and
order, General Hull, on page 36 of his Defense,
says :
This letter informs me that I am authorized to commence offen-
sive operations. 'I'liis would not have been the languajje addressed
to me upon this occasion if the government had supposed I had a
force sufficient to commence such operations. In that case, I
should have received a command instead of an authority. In this
Utter the Secretary adverts to my taking possession of Maiden ;
lint not as if he supposed I had the power of doing it.
It may well be doubted whether the annals of any
police court afford a more perfect illustration of
l)ctiifoggery. Concerning this order, received July
9, (ieneral Hull says further, on page 10 of his
Memoirs :
The authority I received to attack the enemy's fortress !\t
Maiden being discretionary, I wrote to the (iovernnieni the same
day I received it, that my force was not <'idr(|uale to the enter-
prise, and stated as a rc.tson that the enemy commanded the
Lake and the savages.
On July 14 he must have been more hopeful, for '
he wrote to the Secretary of War as follows (^See
the Dearborn manuscript) :
SiK,—
I'he Canadian militia are deserting from ]\[alden in l.nrgc
parties ; about sixty came in yesterday. I send them to their
homes and give them protection. The probability is that the
greatest part of them will desert in a few days. The force under
my rommaml, .iiid the movement into their province, has had a,
great elTect on tlie Indians. They arc daily icliirning to their
villages. I have reason to believe the number of hostile Indians
daily decreasing.
Again, on July 19, he wrote the Secretary:
The Hrilish force, which in numbers was superior tu llio Amer-
ican, iiu'luding militia and Indians, is daily diminishing. Fifty or
sixty of the militia have deserted daily, since the American st.and-
.ird was displayed, and taken protection. They are now re<luced
lolcssthaii one hundred. In a Klay or Hvo I expect the whole
will desert. Their Indian forte is diminishing in n(!arly the same
proportion. I have now a large council of ten or twilve nations
sitting at lirownstown, and I have no doubt that the result will be
that they will remain neutral.
On July 22 he addressed the Secretary of War as
follows (i)age 10 of Appendix to his Trial) :
It is in the power of tliis army to take Maiden by storm, but it
would be attended, in my ojiinion, with loo great a sacrifice under
present circumstances. * * ♦ If Maiden was in our possession
I could march this army to Niagara or York in a very short time.
This letter probably stated the facts as to his
ability to take Maklcn. That he did not do it was
one of the chief grounds for believing him cow-
ardly, and his own letter proved the charge.
We now reach his charge that the lack of co-op-
eration, and the armistice entered into by Oeneral
Dearborn, made his defeat possible, and the sur-
render necessary. The Dearborn manuscript states
that on July 26 the Secretary of Wiir wrote to Gen-
eral Hull :
General I learborn's headipiai ters are at Albany. He will be
apprised of your situation, and directed to keep up a correspond-
ence with you and the immediate eoniinaiul at Niagara, and to
take measures to afford the necessary support.
The same day, as is shown by the Dearborn man-
uscript, the instructions were sent to ( Ieneral Dear-
born, and reached him on July 31. 'I'hcre is no
evidence brought forward by General Hull or his
defenders that, prior to this date, (ieneral Dearborn
shared the responsibility of his movements, or was
expected to co-operate with him. Indeed, it would
have been impossible to have m.ide .any dethiite
arr.'ingement sooner, for information of Hull's
arrival at Detroit had but just reached Washington
on the 2(')th of July. ( )ii August 3 General Dear-
born wrote to General \'an Rensselaer at Niag.'ira:
Take measuri-s for keeping up a correspondence with (Ieneral
Hull, .'ind ascertain his movements by expresses or otherwise, and
* * * make any exertion in your power to eu-operate with him,
;uul if your force will not .'idm'* of any strong offensive o|)eratiuns
it may be well to make such diversions in his favor as circum-
stances will permit, so as to prevent tin: enemy from directing any
force from the vicinity of Niagara to oppose the movements of
(;cneral Hull.
This order .shows that when Dearborn \va.s direct-
ed to c(j-o'- rate with Hull, he g.ave directions to that
THK SURRENDER OF DETROIT.
295
|l-
end. ThatCieneral Hull himself did not expect that
he was in any way responsible to (ieneral Dearborn
prior to July 26 is clearly evident from the fact
that he would not march into Canada without an
order from the Secretary of War ; and all his letters
are addressed to and his orders received from the
Secretary of War, which would have been a most
absurd arranjjement if he was to act under (ieneral
Dearborn. There is no evidence of any kind brought
forward, by Hull or Clarke, to show that Dearborn
had anythintf to do with the raisinij, equipment, or
(Irillinif of Hull's force. (Ieneral Hull does not
claim that Dearborn ordered the march to Detroit,
or jrive any evidence that Dearborn was to act with
him prior to the order of July 26. The armistice,
as shown in a letter from Dearborn to the Secretary
of War, was not concluded initil Au.i^ust 9; and, as
(iener;il Dearborn shows in his letter of that date
to the .Secretary of War, General Hull was not in-
cluded In it, because he had been receivinij his
orders directly from the .Secretary of War, and was
then believed to be capable of and enj^a^jed in
offensive operations. In a letter to (jcneral Hull,
dated August 9, General Dearborn said :
The rumiival of any troops from Niagara to Detroit, while the
present arrangement continues, would be improper and incom-
l)atil>le with the true intent of the .iKreement. I have made no
arrangement that should have any effect upon your command.
General Hull complained that this armistice en-
abled (ieneral Brock to withdraw forces from
Niagara, and throw them against him at Detroit.
It will be shown, however, that Hrock himself did
not know of the armistice until after the surrender
of Detroit.
On page 166 of his Memoirs, General Hull says:
After the capitulation f first learned from the lijis of tlie British
loinmander the true state of the case— thiit the armistice of Gen-
iral Dearborn had been eight days in operation, and that that cir-
cumstance alone had enabled him to bring such a force against me.
This seems like a positive statement. General
Hull, however, on page 124 of his Memoirs, says, of
a letter of Colonel Cass, " It ought not to be con-
sidered as any evidence. He was not under oath
when he wrote it." The same remark will apply
admir.ably to much that General Hull says.
That the armistice in (question had no effect upon
the situation, and that (ieneral Brock himself liad
no knowledge of it, is positively shown by the letter
from General Brock to (ieneral Van Rensselaer,
dated Fort George. August 25, 181 2, given in the
Dearborn manuscript. General Brock says, " It
was not until my arrival at Fort I'>ie, l.ate in the
evening of the 23d inst., that I learned that a ces-
sation of hostilities had been agreed upon between
(ieneral De.irborn and Sir (ieorge I'revost." Com-
liarison of this letter with the statements of General
Hull m.ikes it evident that one of the two was guilty
of falsehood ; and all the facts point to (ieneral Hull
as the guilty one.
In reviewing the entire campaign, (ieneral Hull,
in his .Memt)irs, page 1 1, says :
I remained in the enemy's country about a miiulh, * ♦ *
during thi- ime 1 received * * • certain information that
(Ieneral li: with all the regulars and militia of Upper C anada,
was proceeding' to Maiden, * ♦ » under these circumstances I
considered it my duty to recross the river, * • ♦ (and) on the
8th of August 1 recrossed the river to Detroit.
On page 49 of his Defense he says that on
August 7,
About one o'clock, an express arrived with letters to me from
the comiuandiug officers on the Niagara frontier,- - two from
Major (ieneral Hall and one from (Ieneral 1'. li. Porter, ♦ • ♦
to inform me that a large force from the neighborhood of Niagara
was moving towards my army.
Comparing these two statements with the well-
known fact that the army began moving the night
of the 7th, it is evident that the date given in his
Defense is the correct one ; and the position in
which he places himself is this: first, he says that
he had "certain information on August 7 that Brock,
with all the regulars and militia of Upper Canada,
was proceeding to Maiden;" second, he claims
that the armistice which was entered into a day
afterwards, August 8, at Niagara was the only
thing that enabled him (Brock) "to bring such a
force against me."
Comparison shows the absurdity of these state-
ments. General Hull actually claimed that (ieneral
Brock was on his way to Maiden on the 7th of
August, and that an occurrence of the day after was
the prime cause of his being on the march. Such
an anachronism is fatal to his argument. There
was really nothing new in the statement of the fact
that Cieneral Brock went to and from Maiden. As
early as June 24 General Hull himself wrote to the
Secretary of War, "(ieneral Brock, the Governor of
Upper Canada, arrived at Maiden on the 14th inst.,
with one hundred British troops. On the 17th he
sailed for Fort Erie, in the (jueen Charlotte, and it
is said she will return with a re-inforcement imme-
diately." His statement on page 1 1 of his Memoirs
only shows that Brock, on August 7, was still going
to and from .Maiden.
On page 95 of his Memoirs (ieneral Hull quotes
General Brock's summons to surrender, dated
August 15, and on page 97 he says, " 1 ask on wh.it
grounds I could have possibly conceived that Gen-
eral Brock h.id left that vital part of his province.^"
(meaning Niagara.) There was nothing singular
about it. For nearly two months (ieneral Brock
had been on the march, and General Hull had rea-
son to e.xpect him.
296
TIIK SURRENDER Of DETROIT.
The plea of Genenil Hull and Mr. Clarke that the
armistice was the real cause of the surrender is evi-
ileiitly ail afterthdUiijht, - a plea studied up for the
purjiose of nuiltiplyinj; e.xeuses. Its flimsy charac-
ter is evident; from the fact that when on trial Cien-
eral Hull never even alluded to the arniislice. It
was only after he had been tried, convicted, and
mercifully jxirdoned, that he discovered that the
armistice was the real cause of all his troubles.
The (piestion as to the number of men composing
the army of (leneral Hull has also been the subject of
much discussion. Mr. Clarke .says (life of Hull,
page 362) that " commanders are very apt, even w hen
meaning to tell the truth, to exaggerate the enemy's
forces and underrate their own." He means by this
remark to insinuate that Brock had more men than
the ollicial account shows him to have had ; it applies
equally well, however, to both sides, and the effort
to depreciate the numbers of the American army is
pushed to the extreme by the friends of C.eneral
Hull. On page 8 of his .Memoirs (leneral Hull
says, "I proceeded to the State of Ohio, took the
command of the forces, which consisted of twelve
hundred militia and volunteers and about three hun-
dred regulars."
In three other places in his Memoirs he repeats
the statement that his forces consisted of three hun-
dred of the Fourth United States Regulars and
twelve hundred militia. The evidence that he
understates their number is abundant, and some of
it is furnished by his own words. Among the Stale
Historical Society papers at Detroit is a letter from
Judge James Witherell, dated June 22, 1812, in
which he states that he has received a letter from
Hull, dated June 14, showing that he would be at
the river Raisin about the 26th, with about 2,200
men. On June 24 General Hull wrote to the Sec-
retary of War, " In the event of hostilities, I feel a
confidence that the force under my command will
be superior to any which can be opposed to it. It
now exceeds two thousand, rank and file."
A letter given in the Dearborn manuscript shows
that two days later, in a letter to the Secretary of
War from Fort Findlay, he said : " Inclosed is the
most correct return that can be made of the army
under present circumstances." The return is as
follows :
4th Ri>;im(nt of Infantry
Col. Findlay's Reg. of volunteers and militia
Col. Cass's
Col. MeArthur's
Captain Sloan's troops of Cin. Lt. Dmjjoons
Total
483
509
48.1
552
48
2.075
In his Memoirs Ciencral Hull docs not deny the
correctness of this return, but on page 203 he says
that General Dearborn '
makes it appear tliat in the three Ohio re;.,'iMients of militia,
with the few (Iravjoons, there wiTe fifteen hinidreil and ninety-two
mill. I'liis numher is three hundred and ninety-two more than
the I'resideiit had ordered, which niimlier, as has been slated, was
twelve hundred, and I had no authority to take any surplus under
my rominand. The (dionels, I presume, at that lime must have
ineluded this surplus of three hundred and ninety-two men in
their returns, in order to obtain provision for them in tin- wilder-
ness, as it could not be obtained in any other way. These men
were voluntei'rs who had joined us at intervals in (nir march, and
were nut under my orders. They returned home whenever they
jileased.
What amazing liberality on the part of Hull's
(]uartermastcrs when food was so scarce I Cicncral
Hull would h.ave lis believe that about one fifth of
the force th.at marched with his army, nearly four
hundred men, was simply a "suij.'.us," — volunteers,
who were li.ible to leave the army, and did Ic.ivc it,
whenever they pleased. \'et these same men were
on the mu.ster-rolls, and certified to by the colonels,
and even by Hull himself, as belonging to his ;irmy.
Amazing "surplus"! and still moream;izing effron-
tery! Concerning the militia of the territory, on
page 5(1 he s.ays, "Little or no adv.intage could be
derived from this militia," and yet, on i:)age 125, he
shows th;tt there were four hundred Michigan mili-
tia, some of whom he claims deserted to the enemy
when they landed.
Mr. Clarke says, on page 3S3 of his Life of General
Hull, "The whole number of troops under (ieiieral
Hulls command, from the beginning of his march
until the surrender, was 1,800." He subtracts for
blockhouses garrisoned, sickness, etc., eight hundred
and forty, leaving only nine hundred and sixty at
Detroit on August 16. He evidently renders an old
saying, " Let Hull be true and every man a liar,"
but the facts show that General Hull's own state-
ments do not harmonize.
When Brock, on August 1 5, summoned him to
surrender, Hull repHed, " 1 am jirepared to meet any
force which may be at your disposal." On page
1 10 of his .Memoirs he .says, " I however gave a de-
cided answer that I should defend the fort, ho|iing
to be able, before he made the invasion, to collect
at Detroit the detachments under the command of
McArthur and Cass, * * * ami other detach-
ments which were absent on other duties."
It seems, then, that at this time he thought he
might defend the post, and cope with General Brock
and all his force. How soon his brave v.aporing
changed to abject cowardice!
W-th regard to the lack of supplies ffir his army.
General Hull, in his report to the Secretary of War
made after the surrender, says :
It was impossible, in the nature of things, that an army could
have been furnished with the necessary supplies of provision,
military stores, clothing and comforts for the sick, on paek-horsesi
throuKh a wilderness of two hundred miles filled with hostile
savages.
TMK SURRENDER OF DETROIT.
297
Why did he not realize this impossibility before
he took the command of the army ? He had lived
in Detroit for the seven years previous, and knew
its situation and its sources of supplies. In denying
the proposition that if Hull had defended himself
supplies would have been brought from Ohio, and
in order to show that it would have been impossible,
Mr. Clarke, on page 373 of his Life of Hull, quotes
from a letter of (ieneral Harrison, of October 22,
1812, as follows: "To get supplies forward through
a swampy wilderness of near two hundred miles, in
wagons or on pack-horses which are to carry them
provisions, is absolutely impossible."
The introducing an extract from a letter written
in the fail of the year, when roads and swamps were
notoriously bad, as evidence that tlie transportation
of supplies in midsummer over this same route was
impossible, is but one of the many absurd arguments
resorted to in defense of General Hull. It seems
strange, indeed, that if, as (leneral Hull would have
us believe, the probable want of provisions was one
reason of his .surrender, he did not rmticipate this
(liriiculty. He was evidently exceedingly prodigal
of his supplies, for it will be remembered that on
page 203 of his Memoirs he claims that a "surplus"
of three hundred and ninety-two men, who were
not under his command, were included with his
army, and fed from the supplies. As late as July
29 he seems to h.ive entertained no fear that the
supplies would not hold out, for the original order
issued by him on that date, in j^ossession of the
.State Historical .Society at Detroit, .shows that he
ordered rations given to persons who had lied from
the Hritish standard.
Mr. Clarke, on page 360, says :
Wi; havi; sctn that (■niicnil Hull niiulr tlircp .ittempts to open
ills communiciilicms to ()liiri. Tlir first was on Aii^nst 41(1, by
miaiis ii( Majiir \ an Horn's (litachincnt of two hundred men,
which was drfratrd by a small body of liritisli and Indians. The
•second was on Any;ust Slh, by Colonrl Miller's detachment of
six luiiulrcd men, who defeated the <'nemy, but retnrned to Hetroit
without il'feitin.v: their object. The third w.is by mians of Mr-
Arthur's and Cass's detachment, which set out AiiKust 14th, to
go by a back route.
That this statement is a misrepresentation of the
truth is shown by the fact that both of the last
named detachments were ordered back by Hull him-
self, which fact is studiously ignored in the above
statement of Mr. Clarke. On page 368 he says:
As to the cattle and flour at the River Raisin within reach of
the army, we have seen that before (Icneral lirock crossed the
nver, Major Van Horn and C^oloni-l .Miller had both attempted to
reach it; the one with two hundred and the other with six hun-
dred men, and that both h,id failed.
This statement is not true in the sen.se in which
Mr. Clarke would have us believe. Colonel Miller
would have gone forward but for lack of provisions,
which were not forwarded in time, and because he
was soon ordered back by C.eneral Hull. However
Mr. Clarke elsewhere concedes the whole case, in so
far as lack of provisions having compelled the sur-
render, for, in the preface to the Life of Hull, on
page 12, he states that "deneral Hull could have
sustained his post at Detroit had not an armistice,
now a portitm of history, been entered into by
General Dearborn, to the exclusion of General Hull's
army and without his knowledge."
General Hull voluntarily tried to include in the
.surrender the very troops and provisions at the
Raisin which had been sent for his relief. Fortu-
nately, however, they refused to be includeil, and
escaped to Ohio.
Among the other reasons a.ssigned for the surren-
der. General Hull, on page 108 of his Memoirs, says
that i5rock's position at Sandwich was " more ele-
vated than the fort at Detroit." This statement is
well known to be absurdly untrue. He would not
cross to Canada or attack Maiden without orders .
why, then, was he in such haste to surrender
entirely on his own responsibility .' He says dis-
tinctly, in his letter of Augu.st 26, 1812, to the Sec-
retary of War, giving an account of the surrender,
" I well knew the high respon.sibility of the measure,
and I take the whole upon myself."
Even if 15rock had as many troops as Hull inti-
mates, his was the attacking force ; he had to cross
the river and approach a fort. All the advantages
and probabilities were ag.ainst him. Many battles
have: been fought and won under much greater odds
than General Hull ckiims he had to contend against.
It was not, however, the force that Brock really had,
but only that which Hull imagined he might have,
that led to the surreniler. In his Defense, on pages
59 and 60, General Hull made these remarkable
admissions :
1 shall now state whiit force he (the enciny) brought, or might
briuK, a.i;ainst me. I say, v'entliinen, mi.ijht brinj;, — because it
was th.il consideration which induced thi- surri'nder, anil not the
force whiv'h was actually landed on the American shore, on the
niorniiin of the ifith. It is possible that I mi>;ht have met and
repelled that force. If I had no further to look than the event of
a conlist at that time, I should have trusted to the issue of a
battle. * * * If the llrilisb landed at .SpringA'ells were not
much more numerous than my own troops, I knew they must have
a powi'rful force in reserve, which they could brin>j to operate on
me either by crossing them above the town of Detroit, or by trans-
porting them in their ships to that point, and thus attack the fort
on all sides, and place my army between their fire. * * * If
the attack of the enemy had been repelled, our triumph would
have been but temporary. My numbers must have been dimin-
ished by loss in battle. They would have been daily lessened by
the cannon of the enemy from the opposite shore. The force of
the enemy, augmented as it Was by reinforcements under Colonel
Proctor, Major Chambers, and the Commander-in-chief, (leneral
Brock, would have been daily augmenting.
Yet, at that time, as he elsewhere states, he had
reason to expect, and was expecting, the co-opera-
298
THE SURRENDER OK DETROIT.
tion of (ieneral Dearborn, iind ninforcements from
Ohio; and two luindrcil trcsli men were less than
forty miles away with provisions and supplies.
\'erily, lie had neither faith nor eouraii^e !
The statements of (Itneral Hull and his friends
haviiiir been compared and analyzed, ! now submit
the followinjj copies of oriijinal letters, bound up
with tiie manuscript defense of fiencral Dearborn,
now in possession of the Wisconsin St.itc Historical
Society. Three of the letters were written by e.\-
I'residents of the United States; and when John
Quincy Adams, Thomas Jefferson, and James Mad-
ison condemn the conduct of (Ieneral Hull, we may
well believe that his defenders lead a forlorn hope
and essay an impossible task.
Litti-r 0/ John Qiiiiuy Ai/ams, then Secretary 0/ State.)
\V \-.MiN(;r(iv, irt August, iSi!.(.
Cent'ral H. A , S. Deartorn lios/on,
]>K.\K SiK, —
I have 111 aikiKiwlrilni' '">' receipt cif your Ic'lter, with tlie fiiur
newspapers inntaitiirvi^ ytuir defence nf ymir fatlier against the
recitit piililic iiliiirm of I leiKral lliill. < )f these I had seen and read
only ihret! (ir fmir niiinhers, wliicli had not excited so ninch interest
as to induce me to look for more. While ( Ieneral Hull remained
silent, I had, sincit his pardon, considered him an ohject of com-
passion. His present appeal to the pidilic had weakened that
sentiment in n\y mind. I'erhaps it is not in his power to f<irfeit
the ( laim to it altojjclher. If he coidd, it would be by the attempt
to shed upon honorable men the shame which his country has
emiured for committing a trust of honor and of danger to him.
I am, with (.treat respect, I >ear .Sir,
Your very humble and obedient servant,
Joll.N (^UlNCV Al).\MS.
(Lttttr from Thomas Jefffrson, e.x-l'resiiifut of the United
States.)
Thomas J<frerson returns his thanks to Mr. Dearborn for the
communication cvf the papers containin,u tlie defence of his father.
To him, however, no ilefence could be needed of a person who
has ever |)ossessed his unlimited confidence. It has served to
establish radically the opinion bifore entertained of the di'graded
bcinK who has c.xcitcd this new ciKjuirw
Th. J. siiliitcs Mr. I (earborn with respectful consideration,
MoNIICELLO, Aug. 20, '24.
{Letter from Jamts Madison, Prtsidtnt 0/ the Uniltti States
liuring the War 0/ i8ia.)
M()Mrici.ii'.i<, Aug. ai, i8.>4.
Dkak Sri(,—
I have received and thank you for the papers (imtainiuK your
reply to (Ieneral Hull. A part only of his address has fallen
under my eye. Put the facts yon hnve arrnyed before^ the pul)lie
can scarcely fail to make hiin sen.sible of his indisi iition in pro-
voking a review of his disastrous career. Von have don<' well in
p<rforiuin« this task, both as a contribution to the truth of His-
tory and as the dischargt: of a fili.-d duty to one whose soliti repu-
tation will be but the more firmly sittled on its foinidation by
.tttempts to shake it.
I offer you, Sir, my respects and good wishes.
James Madison.
CenUH. A. S. Dearborn.
(Letter from Gmvrnor Lewis Cass.)
DivrKoiT, Aug. 27, 1824.
Dear Sir, —
I received by last mail your letter, together with the accom-
panying papers, containing your oiiservations respecting fieneral
Hull's recent publications.
Your refutation of his injurious statements is complete and un-
answerable. Your father's fami: is based upon too solid a founda-
tion to be affected by the feible efforts of garrulity and iud>ecility,
striving to shake off a load of obhKpiy, which must press down
the unfortunate man and his memory forever.
I cannot tell what local and ephemeral effect these ptdilications
may have |)roduced within the range of the papers which have
pri[\tcd them, but certainly, in the Union at large, they arc
wholly unknown or disregarded. I have seen but a few of the
first numbirs, and these accidentally, and finding that, like
a "thrice-told tale," they were mere repetitions of what was long
since too stale to be told, and too false t(t be belitn-ed, I dismissed
them from my recollection. The events coiniected with the sur-
render of Petroit are matters of history, and when we learn to
believe that Arnold was faithful to his cmmtry, and that dates in
his southern campaign displayed the talents of a consummate
(Ieneral, we may, perhaps, believe that general Hull did not for-
get the most sacred obligations of duty from the effect of sheer
cowardice.
Should your father have returned, please to present my best
respects to him.
My father early taught me to esteem his character and scr\'ices.
With great respect,
I am, I)r Sir, your ob't servant,
Lewis Cass.
Gen, II. A. S. Dearliorn.
CH Al'TER XLIII
rill': I'.LACK HAWK WAR. — 'l()Li:i)() WAR. - I'AIRIOT WAR. — MKXICAN WAR.
TIIK r.l.ACK HAWK WAR.
Thk IJIack Hawk War oriijiiiatcd in ilic refusal
(if lilack Hawk to ri'tirc to tilt' Indian Reservation
on the west of the .Mississippi, wiiicli had been set
apart for his band by the United States.
In 1831 Cienerai daines and se\en luindreil vol-
unteers conipelled him to leave Illinois. In Aiij^iisi
of this year some members of the Sac and Fo.\ tribes
attacked and killed nearly twenty Menonicnecs near
I'rairie du Chien, and then joined Black Hawk's
iiand. The United States authorities demanded
ihcir snrrender. I51ack Hawk refused, and crossed
the Mississippi to march on Rock River.
The Ciovcrnment called on Michiijan for troops
to dcfenil the West, and (iovernor Mason directed a
c.ill to be issued for volunteers. Accordiii,nly, on
May 22, 1832, the adj.ulant-),a'neral },^'^vc orders to
(leneral V illiams to raise not to exceed three hun-
dred men ; and the same day, the call for three
luMulretl volunteers was made. Two days later, the
Detroit CityCiuards, commanded by luiward Hrooks,
and the Light Dragoons, under Captain Jackson,
iTsponded. The two companies were placed under
ciinimand of Cienerai A. S. Williams, with ICdward
i'.rooks as colonel ; Jonathan Davis, lieutenant-
colonel ; B. Holbrook, major; I.ouis Davenport,
(luarterma.ster ; and J. L. Whiting, surgeon. They
lilt on May 24, and proceeded as far as Saline,
whert' the infantry were ordered to return. The
dragoons went on to Chicago and the troops re-
tiiriud to Detroit, where fhey arrived on W\'dnes-
(liy. May 30, 1832. On T 'icsday, June 3, two com-
panies of United States troops from I'"ort Niagar.a,
in commanil of Major Whistler, left Detroit for
Chicago in the Austerlitz. On June 30, 1832, C.en-
cial .Scott arrived on his way to Chicago ; and on
July 4, llie steamboat 1 lenry Clay came with several
c'lnipanies of troops. Wliile here the choleni broke
out among the soldiers, and a large number perished.
(See chapter on Diseases.)
Black Hawk was eventually captured and taken
to Wa.sliington. On his return to the West he
arrived at D-itroit, on the Superior, about dinner-
time on July 4, 1833, and was lodged at the Mansion
House.
THK TOl.KDO WAR.
The origin of the dissatisfaction which c.iuscd the
so-crdled " Toledo War " dated back to the admis-
sion of Ohio, in 1802, with an indefinite northern
boundary.
i)n January 1 1, 1S05, Congress defmed the boun-
dary between Michigan and Ohio by an imaginary
line, which, according to jiresent boundaries, would
have given Michigan a .strip across the north of
Ohio, live miles wide on the western end, and eight
miles wide on the eastern. As the country became
.settled and the location of the Lakes better known,
it was a.scertained that the boundary of 1805 would
place Toledo within the bounds of .Michigan. Under
authority of Congress, a line was run in 1817, by
William Harris, which placed the disputed territory
within the limits of Ohio, but Michigan continued
lo control the territory. I'"arly in 1835 Ciovernor
Lucas, of Ohio, i.ssued a proclamation assuming the
control, and three commissioners were appointed to
re-mark the Harris line. The Ohio Legislature at
the same time created the county of I-ucas, in( luding
in it the city of Toleilo, and providing for holding a
session of the Court of Common I'leas at that place
on .September 7. In anticipation of this action, the
Legislative Council of Michigan had jiassed an Act
making it a criminal offense, punishable by five
years' impri.sonment and a fine of one thousand dol-
lars, tor any other than Michigan or I'nited Stales
officials to e.xercise, or attempt to exercise, any
official authority in the disputed territory. In order
to enforce this law, on February 19, 1835, C.overnor
Mason wrote to ISrigadier-Ocneral J. W. Brown,
commander of the Third Division of the Michigan
militia, directing him to prevent any of the officers
of Ohio from exercising authority in the disjnited
territory, and to use the civil oflu-ers only if possible,
but the militia if necessary, to preserve the rights of
Michigan; also to report the names of all civil or
military oOlcers supposed to favor Ohio, and by
visitation find out proper persons to be appointed in
their jilaccs. Meantime, a public meeting was held
.at Detroit, and a committee appointed to draft a
memorial to the {'resident in relation to the subject ;
and on March 6, 1835, an adjourned meeting was
[299]
300
Tin-. Tor.F.nn war. — tiff, patriot war.
llt'ld al tilt' t'apildl In luar tlic nixnt of lln' tnm-
mittee, wliii li coiuaiiu'il a miom); proU'st a,t,Miiist tlie
claims of ( )lii(). On April 6 an atti'in|)t was niadi'
to riict Oliio town oKiccrs at I'olrdo. ( )n April K,
wlu'n the fact was made known at Monroe, the
slu'rit'f, with a nunihcr of jx'rsons, ciittTcd Toledo,
and arrested Mi'ssrs. ( ioodscll and McKay of that
place. They were suhsctjiiently admitted to hail
and ri'tiirncd home, lietwecn April S and 14 the
slicrilf of Monroe County, at the head of two
hundred jiersons, ;ijfain entered 'I'oledo to make
fnrtiier arrests, hut did not t'lnd the persons iu' was
in search of.
( )ii April 26 several shots were exchanj^ed ))et wiin
Michigan troops and tin- Ohio commissioners, wlio
were en,v;a,v;ed in rnnniny a l)oundary line abont
twelve miles southwest of Adrian, and the commis-
sioners, with a jiortion of their .^lard, were captured.
The next d.iy the Ciosi-rnor of Ohio w.is at I'ort
Miami, with two hundred militia, to oppose tlu'
forces of Michiv^fan ; but on May 2 he disbanded his
forces. On S.itnrday, July i<S, about 5 I'. M,, the
sheriff of Monroe Comity again appeared in Toledo,
with a/('.v,sr of about two hundred and tlfty armed
men. Seven or ei,i;ht persons were arrested on a
civil process, and some of the men .ittacked the
office of the Toledo (lUzette, and tlid considerable
damajre.
These arrests were chiefly on account of individ-
ual ji^rievances, but they x;rew out of the: ([uestioii of
jurisdiction. The v^overnors of both .States beinjr
determined to hold control, troubks be.ijan to
thicken and troops to i(,ither, MulholLind's in
Monroe County was fixed upon as the head-
quarters of the Michiijan troops, and on September
5, about 7 v. M., a detachment from Detroit arrived
by boat at Monroe, and soon after left for the
rendezvous.
On September 6. 1835, Ciovemor Mason and (ien-
eral Brown, at the head of from eight hundred to
twelve hundred men, entered Toledo, to ]ireve.it the
hokling of the session of a court on the 7th, as iro-
vided for by the Ohio Legislature.
The judges, however, by agreement, came to-
gether immediately after midnight. The iiroceed-
ings, written on loose sheets of paper, were hastily
deposited in the clerk's hat, and the court then
literally took to the woods, and ran from their pur-
suers.
The holding of that court session gave Ohio a
judicial and bloodless victor)'. A further practical
victory for Ohio wis obtained the next day by the
removal of Ciovernor Mason, the order reaching him
while he was addressing the troops. His successor
as secretary and acting governor was John S.
Horner. On September 10 the Michigan troops
left Toledo.
The whole affair w.is reg.irded by many .is simply
an executive joke, and the following, from a war-
song of the |)eriod, illustrates the humor of that
d,iy:
Dill l.ii(,isK.ivi.' Ilis iiriUr ,ill fur In lioUl .( court,
.And Str\fri« I'hnmnH Mikoh, tie ihoiiijlit tii' M hnve unmc sport,
ill' caliid u|iiiii till Wii|vi'riii(», Mint iiskid tin in fur tii jjci
I'll meet Iliis ii'Ih 1 l.ncat, lii- i niirl In im rllinnv.
Our inili pcndcut cuniiMiiic^ wire ciriliml fur llu march,
Onr (iffiicri wrrr rciuly, all stilfiniil np willi -Ian li;
• •11 iiiniliir-fiMilcil (iiiirM'rs Diir iilliii rs (11(1 ri(l( ,
Willi cadi a pair (if pistnls and swnrd liuni,' liy his side,
'i"he tro()|)s from Detroit e.inie homi' on the
steamboat (leneral Mrady, and tin d.iy Ining the
.'innivers.iry of IVrry's victory, they 1 ilrbr.ited tli.it
inste.id of the oiu' they did not win. Tlu' occ.'ision
was an enjoyable one, John McDonnell was e.illcd
to the chair, with l'"r,-iiiklin Sawyir as secret.iry.
To.ists were offered by (.'■iplain ( iriswold, t'oloiu'l
("loodwin, .Surgeon-Ciciu ral W.ill, C"olonel H.-icon,
i-icuti'iiant Howard, of City (iiiards, K. I'ritchette,
C.ipt.iin lUill, C,'i|il;'in j'vossitcr, Laptain Ripley,
Major lUieklin, (hi;irtermaster Tin I'.yek, .Sergeant
S.iwyer, T.iUman of the Rille Corps, 1 1, ('•. I iubb.ird,
Mr, ^h■Clure. S(]uire .Abbott, Jr.. .Mexander r>;iics,
and Mes.srs. Cieotte, Ctarland, Moran, White, Uil-
cox, l.mmons, and Rice,
Among those arrested by M.ison's forces was
Major H. F. .Stickney, of Toledo, The door of his
residence was brokin open, he was t.'iken ]irisoner
and brought to .Monroe, but he and ;ill of tlii' prison-
ers caiHured by Michigan were soon released. An
official comnuinic'itioii of Cio\-ernor Horner, dated
October 5, 1835, gives the following reasons for
their release :
III coiis((]ui;nce (if an ,'inli( lp,'it('(l ( lian,i;(' (if Tcrritdrial lo Slate
(Jovcrnnicnl, on the first Monday of Novcinlicr iic.\t, the l''..\(cii-
tive lost all Icnal ((intiiil over tlic niinlslcrial and cxccntivc ofliccs,
the District all.irncy, lames (,). Adams, aljsoliilcly refnsiny lo
enter a Xol/e I'yi'Sft/iii. * * * llu. coniitry was in a tre.it
slate of cxeitcniciil and llie officers of insnliordin.'ition. S i/ns
/(!/«// suf'riiitit lev.
Congress would not admit the .State of Michig.in
unless she gave up this territory, and she was finally
obliged to yield.
In 1837 the sum of $I3.'')58.75 was appropriated
by the State to pay the expenses incurred in en-
deavoring to defend and save the territory in dis-
pute.
THE PATRIOT WAR.
The cause of this war was similar to that which
gave rise to the American Revolution; but the
troubles in Canada seemed aggravated by a com-
parison of the condition of Canada at that time with
the prosperity of the United States. The agitation
finally found vent in an open war between rival par-
Till-: PATRIOT WAR.
301
tics' in Canada. The I'atriots, so-callcil, fortitiid
Navy Islaiul in the Niajijara River, and bewail to
collect troops and n\iinitions of war. Tiic steam-
boat Caroline was litted out at Miiffalo, and plied
between Mulfalo, I (lack Rock, .and Navy Isl.inil,
(arryin),( visitors and oftentimes supplies to the
I'.itriots. This ex.aspir.ited the C";\ri;i(li;m ofllci.ils,
.111(1 on December jy she was boarded, twelvi' per-
sons killed, and the vessel ^et on tire. This act
called forth enerijctie protests from the United
States, and (leneral .Scott was sent to the frontier
til |)re.serve the peace. The "rebels," as they were
(■.illed, were defeated .it st'\i'ral |)oii)ts by llu' C.ina-
(li.m (lovermnent, and in l)ecemi)er, 1837, three
liitiulred and twenty reftivjees had gathered at De-
troit. Threats were m.ide by some exiited iii-
dividii.ils to |)iirsiie them, even here, and to burn
the town if they were not delivered up.
Hunters' Lodi^n-s, so-called, composed of the
friends of the rebels, were soon formed in Detroit
• lud elsewhere, and were in daily receipt of news
fmui the Patriot .u'lny.
On Monday, J.muary i, 1838, a meetini; of citi-
zens, friendly to the Patriot cause, was hekl at the
tlie.itre, to .assist refujfees in the city, .and to aid the
Patriot army. Si34-5'J and ten rilles were sub-
.scribed. The Mornini; Post favored the Patriots,
and there w;is much feeling botii for ;ind iii;,iiiist
them. .As ;i measure of safety, four hundred ;ind
lifty stands of .arms had been stored at the jail, but
between 2 and 3 A. M. on Janu.ary 5 some twenty
or tiiirty men went there, knocked until they aroused
Mr. rhomi)son, the jailor, and when he opened the
door rusheil in, seized the ijims, ;ind carried them
olf. The next day they seized the schooner Ann,
and with the stolen arms, one hundred and thirty-
two men, and provisions for the Patriots, the boat
left the city.
The vessel was chasetl by an Iai_i,dish steamer,
and hailed at ICcorce by a United St.ites marshal
with a posse of citizens. She, however, proceeded
on her way, was joined by several other boats, and
the Patriots anil about three hundred Canadian
Rfui;ees were laniled at (iibraltar. The same
evening they were joined by sixty men from Cleve-
land, who came on the steamboat J'>ie, under
the lead of a .Scotchman, T. J. Sutherland. The
design was to go over from Gibraltar and capture
Maiden.
On the day that the Ann left, a public meeting
was held at the City Hall to devise means to pre-
•serve neutrality; and on January 8, 1838, at 2 A. M.,
*'.overnor Mason, with two hundred and twenty
vclimteer militia, embarked on the .steamers Erie
and Hrady, to arrest the schooner Ann for a viola-
ti m of neutrality, and to gain possession of the
arms taken from the jail. The Ann escaped to one
of tile islands outside of American juristliction,
;uid the bo.its returned at 1 1 1'. M. entirely unsuc-
cessful,
Meantime Sutherland"s forces .-ittemined to take
possession of llois I'llanc Island, i)Ut the Can.idi.in
ollicials rallied tlu-ir militi.i, ;mil, with a few tmops,
took possession themselves, and prevented his land-
ing. Sutherland then retired to lighting Island,
;uul the Canadians, fearing he would make an
.attempt on the m.iin kind, leturned to .Xmherstbm'g.
Sullierl.uul now ordered Tlullef, who w.is in eom-
ni.and of the .Ann. to join him. Tiie next day Theller
.attempted todoso, but the llrilish soldiers on the
shore tired into the Ann, .mil cut her ropes and
sails, so that she drifted on shore and was captured.
.as w.is .also Theller, who w.is c.irried to ( hiebec as a
prisoner. Sutherland now retired to Sugar Isl.ind,
and from there to (Iibraltar, on the American side
of the ri\er. To ;iid him in his pl.ins, the Patriots
at Detroit, on J.uui.iry y, 1838, seized the steamboat
Erie, but the next day they returned her. On Jan-
u.ary 13 tiiere was a meeting of citizens .at the City
I bill, held in |)ursuance of proclamations by dov-
ernor Mason and M.iyor Howard. Addresses were
m.ide by d. C. li.ates, T. Romeyn, .Mr. Morey,
Altorney-deneral Prilchette, D. (loodwin, .and
.M.ijor Kearsley; and the meeting resolved to sus-
t.iin the (iovernnient in its efforts to preserve
neutrality.
On January 27, 1838, the .steamboat Robert Pul-
ton arrived from liutfalo, with three companies of
United Stales troo|)s in connnand 'jf Colonel Worth.
On February 12 six companies of militia were
called out by (iovernor M.ason to go to (iibniltar
to preserve the peace. The weather was colli,
and the expedition an undesirable one. In order
to avoid going, two men endeavored to cross the
river on the ice, but they broke through and were
drowned.
The militia reached ( "iibraltar, and Cxovernor
Mason induced the Patriots to disband ; but they
soon began to gather for a new attempt. On Feb-
ruary 12, 1838, twelve bo.xes of arms were brought
to the city, from the arsenal at Dearborn. They
were stolen by the Patriots, but found on the fol-
lowing Wednesday in a garret over a ball-alley.
On February 13 one hundred and one barrels of
flour were stolen from the steamboat General JJrady,
by Patriots, as she was lying in the river near the
city. The day following a company of troops,
commanded by Captain Johnson, arrived from
Buffalo; and the same day the Hrady (iuards left
for (iibraltar to convoy provisions for troops at
Monroe.
Prior to February 19, there had been a great
number of Patriots in Detroit and vicinity. They
now disappeared, having gone up the river ; and on
302
THE rATRlOT WAR.
the 22cl the Brady (iiiards went to St. Clair to pre-
vent tlioiii from attat-kiiij;- Port Sarnia. On the 23(1,
about two hundrcil men asscmhlcd at Thomas's
tavern, five miles below IJibraltar. In the night they
moved up the river, in three divisions, as far as Ecorce;
tiiey remained until i l'. M. on the 2.''ii, and then
crossed over to l-'iijiuinj; Island and began removing
:irms and ammunition in sleighs. Tiie Canadian
troops immediately gathered o|)posile the isianil;
and the same day a eompany of United States troops
and the Brady (iuards left for Ecorce, reaching there
about 4. 1'. .M.
On Sunday, the 25th. the Canadians commenced
to cannonade tiie Patriots, and thirteen were killed
and forty wounded. Tiie C'ui.'idians now moved
over to the island, and the Patriots retreated to Ciii)-
raltar and along tiie shore. The American troops
interce|)ted them and took away tiuir arms, taking
two of the leaders into custody. On tiie 26lh. Oen-
er.il Scott arrived to effect a proper dislril)iition of
tile United States troops. On March 7 there was a
meeting of citi/.ens at the City Hall to consult in
regard to warlike preparations niatle in (."anada
against Detroit, and also in regard to the treatment
of the prisoners taken by the Canadians. A com-
mittee of citizens was appointed on the subject,
consisting of D, E. Harbaugh, A. 1). l-'raser, P.
Desnoyers, C. C. Trowbridge, and E. Brooks. On
March 10 there wa.< firing on both sides of the river
by unorganized bodies of men. On March 12 a
great meeting of citizens w;is hekl at the City Hall;
a committee, appointed March 7, reported favoring
neutrality, and the meeting i)rotesteil against state-
ments made in the Canadian Parliament that the
citizens of Detroit sympathized with and aided
the Patriots. At this meeting, by recjuest, John
Farmer read a report of a survey made by him for
Governor Stevens T. Mason, which established the
fact that the capture of Thomas J. Sutherland by
'he British authorities was made within British
jurisdiction on Detroit River. Sutherland had been
accidently met on the ice by Colonel Prince and
captured.
During the summer of 1838 two hundred or more
Patriots were in camp near the Bloody Run.
Meanwhile the United States made active prepara-
tions to enforce neutrality, and between the 14th
and 1 6th of November ten thou.sand muskets were
forwarded to Dearborn.
On November 19 the steamboat Illinois left De-
troit, and returned on the 21st, having captured a
schooner near Gibraltar, with two or three hundred
stands of arms designed for the Patriots. During
the month reports were rife in Detroit that the
Patriots were gathering at Cleveland and Sandusky.
General Brady chartered the steamboat Illinois and
stationed troops along the river to prevent disturb-
ance, and the Uniteil States steamer Erie .sailed up
and down the river, conveying troojis and supplies.
On the 2i.st of the month the Patriots stole the
arms of the Brady Guards, but on the 23d they
were recaptured. About this time nearly live hun-
dred refugees gathend at Brest, and from there
moved up to the Forsyth Farm, now within the
city. On Sunday, December 3, 1838, they were dis-
persed, and twelve bo.xes of arms ca[)turt'd by Gen-
eral Brady, who left Detroit at 8 l'. M. and returned
at 2 A. M.
The Patriots disagreed .among themsi-lves as to
the pl.m of the campiiign. but on December 4. about
2 A. M., from one hundred .and eighty to two hun-
dred .ind forty persons, undt'r Coloni'l llar\el and
Colonel Cunningham, marched into Detroit, to the
wharf where the steamboat Champlain lay. They
boarded her, and crossed oviT about three miles
above Windsor. There tlu'v formed and ni.irched
to tli(.' C.in.uli.in barr.icks. which they attacked,
burning them, together with tin: steamer Thames.
Meantime the British regul.irs had been rein-
forced from M.ilden, and the Patriots were forced
1.0 retreat in c.inoes to Hog Isl.md, with a lo.ss of
twenty-one killed. Four more were shot by order
of Colonel Prince, nearly a tlozen were frozen to
death, and sixty-live were captured.
Colonel Payne, of the United .States Army, fired
on the Patriots as they were escaping to Hog Island.
.So great was the excitement in Detroit on the ("ay
of the battle that a night-watch of forty men was
appointed, and on the following day an additional
watch of one hundred and fifty prominent citizens
was appointed.
On December 4, 1838, nearly a year after he was
captured. Dr. Theller, who had escaped from
Quebec, returned to Detroit. The next day he
was arrested for violation of neutrality, gave bail,
and on his final trial in June, 1839, he was ac-
(|uitted.
On December 6, 1838, the Brady Guards were
regularly mustered into the I'nited States service
for three months, unless sooner liisbanded ; and all
through this war General Hugh Brady co-operated
actively with the British forces. Many who sympa-
thized with the Patriots disapproveil of the exertions
of the United States officers, and on one occasion
gathered at the Michigan Garden, Colonel James L.
tiillis presiding, where they denoimced the United
States oflieers for the part they had taken.
On December 9 M.ajor-General Scott and suite
again visited Detroit for the purpose of mmntaining
neutrality, and on December 1 2 he delivered an ad-
dress at the National Hotel on the Patriot qiie.s-
tion.
As late as December 25, there were one thousand
troops at Sandwich, three hundred of them being
THE MEXICAN WAR.
30:
,vas
oni
lie
lail,
ac-
ics-
ri:,i(iilars ; but the war in tliis rejjion was practically
ciulcd.
THK MKXU AN WAR.
The principal cause of this war was doubtless the
desire of Southern conj^ressnien to obtain more ter-
ritory for slave States; but tiiere were also real
i,rrievances, consisting of unsettled claims for out-
rai^es conuuitted upon /Vmerican cili/.ens livint^ on
the i)orders of Mexico. Tiiese difliculties, to.ijcther
witii a dispute as to tiie boundary line, caused Con-
i^ress to declare war <jn May 13, 1846.
Troops were .soon called for, and ten new reiji-
ments were ordered to be rai.sed for the rej^ular
army. Of these A. T. McReynolds was conunis-
■siored to raise one company for the Third I'nited
States Drayoons, John Brown was commissioned
lirst lieutenant, and J. C. D. Williams .second
lieutenant.
This was the only mounted company to be raised
in Michigan and Wisconsin, and men from both
States enli.sted. Though none less than six feet in
height were accepted, the company w.'is rapidly
tilleil up. It presented so fine an appearance that,
on its arrival in Mexico, Cleneral Scott pronounced
it the finest body lA trt)ops he had ever seen, and
made it one of the two companies composin '-.is
personal escort.
They left Detroit by boat on April 24, 1847, and
reached V'^era Cruz on May 20. The same day that
they left, in honor of victories said to h;ive been won
at I'alo Alto, Buena Vista, and Reseca de la Baliua,
a national salute was tired by order of the Common
Council. There was a parade of the Frontier and
Brady (iuards, and in the evening the ci:y was
illuminated, and the firemen turned out in torch-
light proc^.^si 1. These facts afford the best of
evidence diat Detroit, at that time, was not too
con.servative. Indeed, she was literally ahead of
the time, for a few days later it was learned that
the battles thus celebrated had not yet taken place.
The celebration actually occurred about two weeks
before the battles had been fought.
At this time the telegraph was not in operation,
and any news from the seat of war came by boat.
Captain Joseph 'I'aylor, a brother of Ceneral Zachary
Taylor, was then stalioneil at Detroit, and was
naturally very anxious to hear what was going on.
( >n the day wh . ^finite news arrived of the victory
of I'alo Alto, he spent most of the time on the
wharf, awaiting the vessel with the expected news.
Jidge Wilkins bore him company a part of the
c'.ening, but finally went home. Late in the night
the judge's door-bell rang, and rang again, each
1^ •.il accompanied by loud outcries and thundering
r ii)s on the door. When the judge opened the door
1 1 find out the occasion of all the disturbance, Cao-
tain Taylor was still alternately beating a tattoo and
shouting at the lop of his voice, " .My brother has
licked the Mexicans at I'alo yVlto ! Hurrah! hur-
rah !" Soon after this the memory of victories in
Mexico began to be preserved in the names of
saloons and hotels. A noted bowling alley on
Monroe Avenue was honored with the title of "The
i'alo Alto or 8th of May Saloon," and the hotel of
Colonel I'routy, on the corner of Sixth Street and
(irand River Avenue, was named the Buena \'ista
1 louse, and retained the name for many years.
After the comi^any of dragoons had been filled, it
was decided to raise an infantry company, and one
hundred and eighteen men were enlisted in sixty
days, three fourths of them in Detroit. They were
([uartered at the old arsenal, and were designateil
as Company C of the Fifteenth United States In-
fantry. They were commanded by Captain I". M.
Winans, with William D. Wilkins as first lieutenant,
and M. I'. Doyle as second lieutenant. Early in
April, 1S47, they were stationed at Mackinaw, reliev-
ing some regular troops. In June, 1847, they were
ordered to Mexico, and were relieved l>y a com-
pany from Detroit, coiumanded by Captain M. L.
Gage, with A. K. Howard as first lieutenant, and
W. H. Chittenden and C. F. Davis as .second lieu-
tenants.
This last company, styled the l>rady Guards, was
mustered into the United States service on Jinie 18.
Although called the Brady (juards, they had no
connection or relation to the old company which
bore that name. They were enlisted for the special
purpose of garri.soning the i)osts at Mackinaw anil
.Sault .Ste. Marie, and were dist)ande(l early in 1848.
Company G of the Fifteenth Regiment from Mack-
inaw, on their way to the seat of war in Mexico,
arrived at Detroit on June 26, 1847, and left the
same evening.
During the year Michigan was called on for a
full regiment of volunteers, and the following ollicers
were commissioned : Colonel T. B. W. Stockton,
Lieutenant-Colonel A. S. Williams, Major J. V.
Ruehle, Adjutant J. K. i'ittman. Captains: Com-
]xiny A, F. W. Curtenius; Company B, (jrove A.
Hue!; Company C, A. H. Hanscom ; Company I),
N. Creusel, Jr ; Company E, Isaac S. Rowland ;
Company F, John Whittenmeyer ; Company G,
Daniel Hicks; Company H, Walter W. Dean;
Company I, John \'an Arman ; Company K, James
M. VVilliams. Of the men raised for this regiment,
six companies under Lieutenant-Colonel A. S. Wil-
liams left in December, 1847, — three companies
going on the 24th, under Captains Buel, Hanscom,
and Greusel; and three more on the 25th, under
Captains Curtenius. Rowland, and Whittenmeyer.
Tlie second detachmein of three comiianics, under
Colonel Stockton, with Captains Dean, \'an Arman
304
THE MEXICAN WAR.
i
and Williams, left on the Albany on February 9,
1848.
The war soon after praeticaliy ceased, and on
July 8, 1S48, jKirt of the First Regiment arrived on
the John Owen ; others came on tiie lotii ; and on
Sunday, July 16, the balance of the retjinient and
the Brady (iuards arrived, coming by way of Chi-
•-•ago and down the Lakes. They were met on Lake
St. Clair by the Ferry Alliance, with the Scott
Guards and a number of citi;^ens on board.
The expense to the State of raising the First
Regiment was §10,165.85. On January 15, 184S,
the State appropriated S5.000 to raise the Second
Regiment ; it was mustered into service, but was
not ordered to Me.\ico. The total co.st to the
State of all the troops sent was $17,193.70.
CH APTE R XLIV.
THE WAR WITH Till". SOUTH.
Till", causes of this war are indicated in tliose
fanidiis words of tiic lime, " An irrepressible contlict
between slavery and freedom."
At tlie beijinnin^r of tlie strui^j^ie, tile liero of tlie
hour was Major Anderson. I le transferred iiis force
Id Fort .Sumter, wliere lie could i)e more easily
provisioned, and make a better defense. On January
S, 1 86 1, a salute of one hundred i;uns was fired in
his honor at Detroit, and on April 12 he was fired
.mat Fort Sumter. News of this latter event was
received at Detroit the same day, and on the 13th a
largely attended meetini; of the liar was held, lion.
kiiss Wilkins presidin;^;; resolutions in favor of sus-
lainin.i;" the (u)vernment were adoptetl. t)n April
1 5 there was an immense union yatherini; at Fire-
men's Hall. On the next day C.overnor I Uair arrived,
and in the afternoon a number of leading citizens
were invited to meet him at the Michigan K.\chaiii;e.
At this meetinv^- the governor announced tliatMichi-
;;an had been called upon to furnish immediately an
infantry rei^iment fully armed, clothed, and equipped.
The State Treasurer, John Owen, stated that it was
estimated that $100,000 would be retiuired to defray
ihe necessary expense, and that the State had no
[.resent means of furnishinif the amount. A resolu-
tion was then passed pleiliiiinij Detroit to loan the
State §50,000, and i'allinj4' upon the peojile of Mich-
igan to advance an etjual amount. A .subscription
papir was at once circulated, and $23,000 pledged
hy those present.
The determination of the people to sustain the
Inion now bei,ran to manifest itself. On April 17 a
llai;' was raisetl on the Board of Trade building, and
pairiotic speeches were made, ("icneral Cass was
present. On the same day the Detroit Light duards
org.inized for the war. The following day a flag was
raisetl on the Custom House and the Post Office;
CM .Ajiril 20, in front of the same building, the oatli
I if allegiance was administeri'd to all government,
slate, city, and county officers. On the 23d, the
Sherlock, Scott, .and ISrady ( luards organizeil, and
a llig was raised on l''iremen's Hall. Flag-raising
iinw became gener.il, and churches, schools, stores,
and residences displayed the Stars and Stripes.
On .\|iril 24 an order was issued from the adju-
t int-general's ollice, organizing the First Regiment
of Infantry, and appointing its fiekl-officers. Its
rendezvous was fixed at l-"ort Wayne, and the vari-
ous companies were ordered to assemble there at
once. The day following an immense meeting was
held on the Campus Martins in favor of the war for
the I'nion. An aildress was made by Cieneral Cass,
a Hag was raised on the City Hall, and three thou-
sand children .sang " The Star Spangled Banner."
On May .; the First Regiment was mustered into
the service of the United States, and on May 11 it
paraded on the Campus Martins, when .1 banner and
cockades were presented. The regiment left the
city on the 13th, seven hundred and eighty strong,
with O. B. Willcox as colonel. It was the first west-
ern regiment to arrive at W,!shingt(jn, entering the
city May 16. On May 25 the Second Regiment was
mustered in, antl left on June 5 for the seat of war,
with one thousand and twenty men uniier Colonel
J. C. Robinson. The rendez\ous of this regiment
had been a ten-acre lot, on Clinton Avenue near
Elmwood Cemetery. On June 19, 1861, a Camp of
Instruction was established at F'ort Wayne, with
(ieneral A. S. Williams in commai'i', assisted l)y
Colonel J. !•:. I'ittman, Major W. D. Wilkins, and
Captain H. M. Whittlesey. On August 2 the I'irst
Regiment returned and were given a grand recep-
tion. Tl'.ey were mustereil out on August 7.
The Fifth Infantry was mustered in August 28,
and left Detroit on September 11, nine hundred
strong, under Colonel H. I). Terry. The .Sixtei'iith
Infantry, was mustered in t)n September 8, and left
on September 16, nine hundred and sixty strong,
under Colonel T. B. W. Stockton.
September 26, 1861, was observed as a day of
national prayer and fasting. The Eighth Infan-
try was mustered in September 23, and left on
September 27, nine hundred strong, under Colonel
W. M. l-'enton. The First Cavalry was mustered
in on September 13. and left September 29, eleven
hundred and fifty strong, under Colonel T. F. Brod-
head. The Ninth Infantry, mustered in October
15, left October 25, nine hundred and forty-three
strong, with W. W. DuiVield in command.
On October 26, a large Union political convention,
composed of leading men from both jiarties. was
held, anil it was decided that in the fall election
ho^l
3o6
THE WAR WITH 11 IK SOUTH.
but OIK' lifkcl, and llial a Union lirki'i, sliould 1)l'
noniinatL'd. On Noviiulxr 28 a rirci)li()n was j^ivi-n
tc Coloni-i Mullii;an, ihi' luToof Lfxinj^ton, Missouri.
In January, i<Sf>^, ilic (iovcruMicnl i(.'asc'(l ten
acres of tile Joseph C.ami)au l'"arni on Clinton
Avenue, hetwi'en Josepii Canipau and I'.lnuvood
Avenues, and ei'eeled barracks for ten thousand
men. The |)iace was called Cam]) liackus, and in
June, 1S62, troops were ([uartcred then-.
At 7 P. M. on February 17, i.S^)2, news of the
liani A. llow.ard, Theodore Ronieyn, and Colonel
11. A. Morrow. The nieetini^ was interfeied will.
by disorderly charactt'rs, wiio feared a draft. The
citizens generally denounced the manifestation of
mob-spirit, and another anil l.irner nieetinif was held
on July 22, at which spi'cches were matle by Colonel
Henry A, Morrow, (leni'r.il l.i'wis Cass, Major .Mark
l"l,uii,n;ui, Duncan Stuart, C, I. Walker, 11. 11. V.m-
inons, Lieutenant-Colonel Ruehle, and James !•".
Joy. .\t this yatherinj; for the tir.st time bounties
l'KKM'.M'.\nO.S (II' Col.ilU^ 10 I'lHhl K lidl M KST.
victory at Fort Donelson was received. A c;eneral
rinninjj; of the tire bells calleil the en,y;ines toi^ether
ill the vicinity of the post-otliee. .Soon after the
military arrived, and at eij,dit o'l'Iock a procession
was formed and a number of buildiny^s illuminated.
Larife (|uantities of Roman c.indks had been liis-
tributed throughout the procession, and tlu'y were
biiriied so e.\tra\•a,^,^antly that at times it w.is as
briifht as day aloni^ the route.
On July 15, 1862. about five hundred men were
required from the city. Calls for troo|is came fn-
c|uently, and a liiriLje war-meetiii}; w.is held to ini'ile
voliMiteerinjf, .Siieeches were made by Hon, Wil-
were |)le(i,ijed by leading: citizens, and many volun-
teers were obtained.
( )n July 28 a similar meetinir was lu'ld in front of
the liiddle House and larjrely aided in raisini,' the
Twenty-fourth Re.v;iment, which was comiiosed
chietly of citizens of Detroit .uul W.iyiu' County.
Its rendezvous was at the Pair Cirounds on Wood-
w.ard Avenue.
in 1862, throu,iL,di the efforts of Colonel .Arthur
Rankin, of Windsor, and Lieutenant-Colonel J. W.
Tillm;in, of Detroit, a rej^nment of Lancers was
r.iised, and accejHed by the (iovernmenl, but was
never called into service.
Till-: WAR \vi Til Tin: south.
307
in-
lu-
IV.
In onliT ti) prevent avoidanco of military duty, on
Aiijjjiist y an order \\as receivid from tlic War De-
partment directinv;- lliat all travel to and from Canada
should be interdicted, unless travellers were pro-
vided with a permit. Tlie Twenty-fourth Infantry
was mustered in on Auii,nist 15, and on Au.i(ust 26
assembled on Campus Martins, where a beautiful
stand of eolors was presented.
On the 27th Cieneral O. !>. Willcox, eolonel of tlie
I'irst MiehiiL,fan Reijiment^who hail been ajirisonerat
Richmond, ri'turned
to Detroit, and was
received witlu'nthu-
siasin. Triumphal
arches, an immense
precession, and
hearty ^reetinys
hade him welcome.
The same day the
Seventeenth Infant-
ry, which had been
inusti'red in Auijust
:i, left the city nine
hundred and eit^hty-
iwo stronj.j. Colonel
\V. 11. Withini^ton
in command. The
Twenty- fourth in-
fantry left on Au-
;;iist 29, one thou-
sand and twenty-
seven stronjr, under
Colonel H. A. Mor-
I'DW.
M.arly in .Septem-
licr it was e\itlenl
iliat more soldiers
WHild i)e called for,
,111(1 ihe ciii/t-nswere
riconunendcd toor-
'^aiiize for purposes
' if drill. Accordini^-
': ill most of the
. ards cunipaiHes
Were formed which
ihillcd on Monday
:ind Wednesday
c\ciiinv,fs.
On September 10, an impromptu liar-meet inij
was held, and the propriety of ad iourninii;' the W.iyne
* irciiit Court, on .account of the condition of the
cniintry, was discussid ; union of action of ;ill parlii'S
was recoiinuemleil ; aildresses were made by 11. II.
Ijtunons. C. 1. W.alker, Levi Hishop, D. li. Dut'tield,
.11(1 i;. \. Willcox; aiui at .an adjourned mei'tinj;-
September 11, the above recommendations were
.I'lopted.
Tj;h.miii.m. .\khi, hutciur) xr Jinliiun m- Ji-:! i i-.kmj.n ami Wu(iU\\.\uij
AviiNCliS, ON TIIK Run KN ul- Gt.NliUAL O. li. WlLlXOX.
On September 12 the Twenty-first Reijiment,
which had been .1 year in service, returned and was
ii'wvn ,1 supper and reception at the M. C. R. R.
Depot. The building was handsomely decorated
for the occasion.
The Fourth Reijiment of Cavalry, w hich had been
mustered in on the 26th, left on Auijust 29 for the
front, twelve hundred and twenty-three stronv;, with
R. II. ("i. Minty as colonel.
The Ninth IJattery, one hundred and sixty-eight
strong, under Cap-
tain J. J. Daniels,
and the Fifth Regi-
ment of Cavalry,
thirteen hundred
and live strong,
commantled byj. T.
Copland, were mus-
tered in on .\ugust
30, .and left for the
seat of war on De-
cember 4.
In July, 1862, the
SeiTetary of War
uithorized Henry
ISarns to recruit a
colored regiment in
Michig.m, and with
the .approval of the
governor, he raised
the I'irst Michigan
C(jlorcil Infantry.
Tlie organization
was completeil on
.he 17th of Febru-
ary, 1863, and the
regiment was mus-
terid into the ser-
vice of the Cnited
States as the One
lluiulreil and Sec-
ond L'nited States
Inf.antry, with eight
huiKlredand ninety-
five names on its
rolls, It left Detroit
on March 28.
.\n unjustiliable
feelingagainst colored people, cruised by the iik'a that
they were in some w.iy responsible for the war and
its attendant evils, was the real occasion of a ilisgracc-
ful riot which ociiirretl on M.irch 6, 1863. A man
named I'.aulkner, .an alkgid negro, hail been .arrested
on the charge of outraging ;i while girl, and .sen-
tenced to imprisonment for life. The roughs of the
city made this an excuse for a gener.al attack on the
colored people, and while escorting the prisoner to
;o8
THE WAR WITH llli: SolTII.
tlk' jail, tin.' iirovosl ^uaid nf sivciity-livc nu'ii, calltd
out by aclini,' mayor F. 1>. I'liclps, was assaulU'd by
the niol). A few of tlu' soldiirs llrcd, killiiivc niu- aiul
u()iiiuliui( sfvtTal. The ,miai\l iIkii irluiiu'd id iluir
quarters, and smiii .ifieran indiseriiiiiiiale attack \\;is
comnuMici'd (Hi the iieiiroi'S in the vicinity oi liic ja:l.
'I'lu' provost -i;iiard were a.v(ain called tor by the
mayor, but fearin;^ 'li.il in tluir .absence the draftt-d
men would esciiH', they did not respond. Kc^iil.ir
troops from [•'ort W'.iyne, comm.anded by (.',i|)t,iin C.
C. Chui'ihiH, were now called out, as wei^e also the
l.inht and Lyon (aiards. l-'i\e companies of the
Twenty-seventh Infantry, commanded by Colonel I).
M. l'"ox, were also summoned from Npsil.inti. The
.Scott ("lUards were mustired, many members of the
iio.irdof Traile were sworn in as spt'cial polici', and
the city w.is di\ided into thirty p.itrol districts.
I)iiriny;the afternoon and evciiinv;', overlwenty btiild-
in!.(s were set on lire, . and thii-ty-li\e were burned. .\
larije number of colored people were horribly be.iten
and dri\-en bai'k into barnini; houses ; thoii.ijh noni'
were killed, sever.il were se\'erely Wdimded. I.ari;t'
numbers of citi/ens p.iti-olk'd the streets .all nij^lit.
\o one felt safe in person or property, .and, alto-
V;ether, the occ.isioii w.is one of tlu' d.irkest in the
history of Detroit. On M.irch 7 .a public meeting-
of citi/.ens was held which eondcmiieil the mob, and
called for the .arrest of the rioters. (Sec ciiapter
on Slavery and the Colored K.ace.)
July 2, 1.S63, brought news of the j^ro.at battle of
Ciettysburifh, .and the retreat of Ciener.al I.ee from
Pennsylvania, —news miiiirliiiir joy .and sorrow, for
some of the Miehivran regiments were fearfully
decim.ated in that b,attle.
< )n July 7 news \\,is recei\'ed of the capture of
\'icksl)ui-i;. .iiul .an iiiform.al celebr.ation w.as partici-
p.att'd in bv m.anv citi/i'iis,
On July 8 the Common Council ai)propriate(l
S-,500 to be exjiended in relievintj .soldiers of Mich-
i;^^an who weri' woinuk'd at Cettyslnirirh ; .and a
committee, consistin;,r of \\'. c. Duncan, J. C. Cor-
t(jn. J.ames Mctionei^.i!, and Joseph Hoek, was
ai)i)oiined to visit the scene of b.ittle. On July 28
they reiKirted th.it the " jiiles of bo.ves of lemons and
or.anges, tons of rice, crush sui^.ar. tea and coffee of
the best kind, with s(jups. meat, soft bre.ad, and
crackers, left but very little to be .adiled by the com-
mittee." The\' found tln' wounded ,it .Xnn.apolis,
\V.ashini,^ton, llaltiniore. ,ind I'hiladelphi.i " in |)le.as-
ant hospit.als, surrounded with every comfort the
most f.astidious could desire; in .airy rooms, cle.in
beds, with .a elLaiii^e of linen e\ery day, moscitiito
bars, .and th.at cleanliness .aiuhiuiet so nuich siv^hed
for by the inv.alids. It would seem th.at there is
nothini; our ii^ood ( Itwernment h.as fori^otten to do
for its noble .sons." 'I'hey therefore deemed it
necessary to expenti only $795.
( )n .\pril 2j. i.S(i4. two beautiful llaj;s wen- jire-
.seiited to Colonel II. .\. .Morrow for the Twentv-
fourth Regiment. In honor of the occasion, a large
crowd gathi-red on the Cam|nis Martins, and an
eliKiueiU or.ation w.is delivered bv Judge J. \'. Camp-
bell.
< )n June 20 the Third liif.antry returned to Detroit,
and the s.une day w.as mustered out.
<)njiine 26 tlii' i''ourth Inf.antry returned, and on
June jS w.is mustered out.
< >n .Sepiinibcr 3 news w.as reci'ived of tlu- gri'.at
victory at .\tl.uit.i, .and amid gre.at rejoicing an
improm|)tu la'lebr.ition was .arr.inged. A n.ation.al
s.ilutt' w.as tired, bi'illi.ant tiri'works dis|ilayi'd, .and
s|)eeches weri' made by Theodore Romi'yn, Jacob M.
llow,ard, .and D. li. DuUield.
l\.ii-ly in No\ember, icSC)3, the War Deii.artnient
was otlicially n(jtitied by Lord Lyons, the Hritish
.Minister, th.at .a plot w.as on foot .among .Southern
symp.ithi/.ers in C.an.ad.a to Lake ]iossession of some
of the stcimt'rs on L.ake Lrii', surjirise Johnson's
Isl.and, near Sandusky, and free the ,Southern prison-
ers there confmed. The plot, however, did not take
di'linite sh.ape until September 19, 1864, when the
steanur I'hilo I'.arsons w.as sei/.eti. l-"our of the
r.aiilers, including llennet (i. lUirley, one of the
leaders, h.ad taken passage on the bo.at ,at Detroit,
On her way to S.andusky, she Landed .at S.andwieh
.and Amherstburg, when' the b.al.ance of the r.aiders,
alKHit thirty in number, came on bo.ard. Their bag-
g.age consisted of only one trunk, which was afler-
w.ards fouiul to contain revolvers and hateiiets, 'IMie
bo.at reached Kelly's Island .about 4 l'. M., and while
|)roceeditig to\>;ir(ls .Sanilusky, the eons|)irators took
possession. Meantime, .another party h.ad seized
the ste.amer Island Otieen, with about twenty-tive
soldiers, .at .Middle I5.ass IsI.ukI, Her p.assengers
were put on board tin: I'hilo {'arsons, and the two
\essels went on to within four miles of S.andusky.
Not receiving the assistance th.at was probably ex-
l)ected from ih.at city, the conspir.ators abandoned
the Islanil (^ueen and returned to the Detroit River.
After Landing i)art of the crew on Kighting IsLind,
thev |)roceeded to .S.andwieh, where they arrived on
'I'uesd.ay. I lert' they plundered .and then abamloned
the steamer, which w.as recovertal by the owners in
.1 d.am.aged condition, .and brought to Detroit, The
conspi.^•ltors had ,a Confederate (Lag, and on their
trial it w.as conclusively shown that they were acting
under orders from Richmond.
More troops were gre.atly needed at tiiis time,
and in order to secure the full number recjuired
from Detroit, on September 27, 1864, tiie first
ilr.aft w.as m.ade for the purpose of filling the
(juot.a. A dr.aft w.as also m.ade on .March 21, 1865,
but the men then drafted were nut ealled upon to
serve.
rilK WAR WITH rilK SOUTH.
309
On Octolu-r 30 Mayor Duncan received information
iliat tiierc was a rclHl i)lot to burn tiie city. Tiic
military companies were at iincenri;ani/.i.'(l for acii\e
service, and lifly special police were sworn in. Tlu'
lillle steamer, E. A. ISrush, was also chartered to
[latroi the ri\er. ( )n November 2 tlu- mayor was
warned by tele,;;i\un from William 11. Sewartl of a
similar plot; and at a nuetin.i,^ of the coimcil, the
' iti/.ens of the scNi'r.il wards were recommendi'd to
oriL^ani/.e and drill as a home s^uard. On Nowmber
7. arranv^emeiils liaxini^' been made by the Slate, the
soldiers in camp and at the front were allowed to
V( te at the fall eleclion. On December 10 the
Thirtieth Kei^iment, under Colonel O, S. Wormer.
which had been at Jackson, removed to Detroit for
The whole city was at once in mourning'; men wept
like little children, and intense feeling- pervaded all
classes.
,\t this lime there existed in the city an orijani/a-
tion known ;is the I'nion l.c;iijue. Its i^cneral dcsiv;n
was to brinj;" loyal men toi^etlur .ird unite them in
llu'ir efforts for the j^ood of the n.iiion. At a nu'ct-
inv^ of this bodv, on the t'\'eninn "' die day the iH'WS
of Lincoln's death was recei\cd, John J. l>.iiL;ley,
with ollu'r leadini;' citi/.cns, was present. In cxprc-ss-
ini; his feelin,i;s, hi' said, " 1 I'losi'd m\' store .and
went home. I sat down in the jiarlor. anil the tears
would come. My little d;uit^htcr came to me .ami
s.iid, ' I'apa. what 's the mattei?' 1 said, 'Mr. Lin-
coln is dead.' "What, papa.-' Our Lincoln.^ Is
rs
Death ok Pkicsideni- I,inxoi.n. .Mkki'ini; on rui- Campis .Mvurir-. .\i'un. ifi, 186:;.
on
I'd
in
le
eir
duty alonjT the border. They were mustered in on
January 9, and mustered out on Jiuie 30, 1865.
On April 3, 1865, news was received of the fall
iif Richmond, and a salute of one hundred iiuns
was lired. In the evenin,i( illuminalions .ind bonllres
Were numerous. News w.is received on .April 10
of the surrender of the Confederate army under
Cirneral Lee. This was the virtu.il termination of
till' war, and the announcement caused almost com-
l)l(te suspension of business; and the joy of the
riii/ens found expression in speeches, processions,
and illuminations.
|oy w.as soon turned into mourning;, for on the
iiinrninv; of April 15 tiie city was startled with the
news that President Lincoln had been assassinated.
our Lincoln dead .^' 'Yes,' 1 said, 'our Lincoln is
dead." Mv friends, he was our Lincoln. It 's our
Lincoln that's dead I Not the Lincoln of live years
ai^'o, whom comiianitively few peo|)le knew; nor
the Lincoln of two ve.irs ai^o, whose ;il)ility some
doubted; but the Lincoln of to-day, oi yesterday,
whom as a nation we loved, and whom .as ;t n.ition
wo mourn. '>ur Lincoln is dead I lUit he liveth
still, and the spirits jf the Brave lioys in Blue, from
a hundred i)attle-tields. ,v:ive him urcctiny; in the
mystic land."
The remarks of Mr. Batjley but voiced the uni-
versal feelinv;. Rai^e. .amaxement, y^rief. were all
combined, and stout hearts almost fai'''d from tiie
fear and dread that posses.sed them. The next day
3IO
THK WAR WITH TllK SOUTH,
.'in imineiisc mectiiivf \v;is lu'ld on the Campus Mar-
tins to express sorrow for l\w assassination of tin-
I'residenl, ami condemnation for those responsible
for the ileed.
In aceordancu witii tiie siii^ijestion of a eommittee
of citizens, services were iieid in tiie churches at
twelve o'clork, noon, on April iq, and on April 25
there was an oration by Jacob M. Howard, .uid an
immense funeral possession, with catafal(|ue and ap-
propriate tinblems. {■'.verywlurt' stores and resi-
dences were drajied in bl.ick, .and loving, tender,
and p.itriotic mottoes, displayed in many forms,
relieved and enforced the sombre hanj,nnirs.
May 30 was observed as a national fast ilay.
There was a ij^eneral suspension of business, and the
day was more thorou.ijhly observed than any previous
occasion of similar character.
Karly in June. 1865, Rev. (ieorj,re T.axlor, a.ijent
of the Christian Commission, was aiivised that a
resriment of returnin.ii soldiers was about to arrive .it
Detroit, He conceived the ide.a that they should
be weKomed with a bountiful meal, served by the
Ladies of the city. Notices were sent to the
churches c.allin.ij for provisions, money , ;uid help-
ers. A public meetinsr was held and .irr.angements
perfected, with Mr. Taylor as man.iv^er. Scores
of ladies, both from Detroit and jilaccs in the
interior, volunteered to serve the tables; and when
the re.ijiment arrived the men were welcomed and
waited upon. The upper part of the frei.ijht depot
of the M. C. R. R. was fitted up .as a dinint^-h.ill,
with seats for one thousand jiersons ; and between
June 4, I.S65, and June 10, 1866, more th.in twenty-
three thous.and troops were received ;ind entertained,
most of them cominjr by the Cleveland line of boats.
The followini;^ srjves the d.ates of the .arrival at
Detroit of the Michi^^.an rej^iments in 1865 :
Seventeenth Infantry, on June 7 ; Nineteenth In-
fantry-, June 13; Twenty-tirst Infantry, June 13;
Twenty-fourth Infantry, June 20; Twenty-second
Infantry, June 30; Fifth Cavalry, July i; Twenty-
third Infantry, July 7 ; i-ifth Inf.mtry, July 8; Fourth
Cavalry, July 10; Sixteenth Infantry, July 12;
Fourteenth Infantry, July 21 ; Twenty-seventh In-
fantry, July 29; Ninth Cavalry, July 30; Second
Infantry, Auirust i; Kiirhth Infantry, Au(L(ust 3;
Fifteenth Infantry, September i ; Twenty-ninth In-
fantry, September 12. In 1866: Twenty-eighth
Inf.mtry, Jiuie 8 ; Fourth Infantry, June 10; Third
Inf.antry, June 10.
'}y .appointment of the jjovernor, April 19 was
oh. irved as a day of f.astini^ .and pniyer.
On July 4, 1866, one hundred and twenty-three
battle-stained .and bullet-marked fl.ii^s, belonj^intf to
the Michigan regiments, were form.illy presented to
the State. Many members (jf the decimated regi-
ments took part in .1 procession connected with the
e.xercises, and their appearance with their torn Hags
biought te.irs to m.uiy eyes. They were welcomed
by M. I. Mills, the mayor of the city. The flags
were |)resenled by (ieneral O. U. Willcox, and an
.addri'ss w.is delixtred by (iovcrnor H. H. Crapo;
the religious I'xercist'S wi're conducted by ISishop
McCoskry .and Kev. Dr. Dutiield.
Till' lot.il number of men sent from the .St.ate
during the w.ir w.is 90,747, of which W.iyne County
contributed <;.2i3, or .1 little more th.in one ttnth of
the wholi: iiiiinber, and fully two thirtis of those, or
over 6,ocKj. were from Detiuit.
The number of men lost to the St.ate, as near .as
can be determined, w.as .as follows : Ol'llcers killed,
177; died of woiuids, 85; died of disease, 96; tot.al,
358, Mill killed, 2,^^)43; died of woinids, 1,302; of
disease, 10,040; tnt.il, 13,985. Whole total, 14,343.
The .issoci.itions org.ani/ed to sujiply comforts for
the soldiers in liospii.ils. camp, .and field were .a
m.arked feature of the war. The smoke of the first
battle had h.irdly dis.ap|)e.ared before scores of De-
troit ladies were busily engaged in scraping lint, and
in collecting .and prep.iring needed comforts for the
sick .anil wounded.
Mrs. Morse Stew.irt .and Mrs. Dr. Duffiekl, .acting
on the suggestion of Miss Dix, were the hrst to
obt.ain .and forward hospital siiii])li('s; .and the L.adies'
Soldiers' Aid Society of Detroit, organized Novem-
ber 6, 1861, was the hrst in the L'nited States.
From 1861 to 1865 the following ladies were officers
of this .society, and of its younger sister, the Michi-
gan IJranch of the United States S.anitary Commis-
sion :
Presidents, Mrs. Is.ibella C. Duflield, ^Mrs. Theo-
dore Romeyn, Mrs. John I'.alnier, Mrs. Hel.a Hub-
b.ard; vice-presidents, Mrs. John Owen, Mrs. N.
Adams, Miss Sarah A. Sibley, and Mrs. Henry L.
Chipman; treasurers, Mrs. I). I'. Hushnell, Mrs. W.
N. Carjjenter, Mrs. O. T. Sabin, Mrs. H. L. Chip-
man. Mrs. Cieorge Andrews; .auditors, Mrs, I). I',
liushnell, Mrs. W. A. Hutler; recording secretaries.
Miss Sarah T. Bingham, Miss K.ate K. Stevens,
Mrs. O. T. .Sabin, .Miss Lizzie Woodhams; corre-
sponding secretary. Miss Valeria Campbell.
Among the ladies who were specially active in
visiting the hospit.als. Soldiers' Home, and soldiers'
f.amilies. were .Mrs. Brent and daughter, Mrs. L.
B. Willard, Mrs. Walter Ingersoll, Mrs. Corneli.i
Ludden, Mrs. Fdward K.anter, Mrs. Washington
Throop, and Mrs. A. A. Fish. The.se ladies per-
formed an immense amount of invaluable work.
In April, 1862, the Michigan Soldiers' Relief .So-
ciety was organized, with John Owen as president.
B, Vernor as secret.ary, and Willi.am A. Hutler,
treasurer. This society forwarded huiidreils of
pack.ages containing delicacies and supplies for the
soldiers ,at the front, and Largely sustained the Sol-
THE WAR WITH TMK SOUTH.
311
a
111
•1-
tliurs' Home in Detroit. In iti64 tlic two societies
lUst named formed an alliance, tiie Ladies' Aiil So-
I icty continuing; its individual elforts.
I'he new orj;ani/ati()n bore the name of 'J"he
Michij^an .Soldiers' Relief Society, and had two sets
I if ollicers, as follows: president, John Owen; vice-
presidents, I). V'ernor, I'. V.. DeMill, J. \'. Camp-
lull; treasurer, William .\. lUiller. Lady oflicers:
Miss .S. A. .Sihiey, president; Mrs. H. L. Chipm.in,
Mrs. .\, Adams, vice-presidents; Miss \'aleria
Camphoil, rorrespondini,'' secretary; Mrs. Cicorije
.\ndrtnvs, assistant treasuri'r; Mrs. William A.
liutler, auditor; .Miss Lizzie Woodhams, record-
inj; secretary. 'I'he.se societies .sent thousands of
packajkfes to .soldiers in the various armies. The
total value of the contributions and money expended
through their agency w.as fully §50,000.
Early in Jime, 1863, at .1 public meeting in Chica-
go, Cieorge II. Stuart, Rev. C. I'. Lyford, K. A. lUir-
ncll, and others set forth the work of the I'nited
States Chrisli.m Commission as an outgrowth of the
N'oung Men's Chiistian .Association. The work of
this conunission, at that time, was almost unknown
in Detroit. .At the close of the meeting the Rev.
.Mr. Lyford was engagid by the author of this work
to go to Detroit and organize a branch in th.ii tity.
Returning home soon afterwards, se\iral of the
clun-ches were induced to give up their Sunday
r\ening services, a large meeting was held in N'oung
Men's Hall, and on June 15 the Michigan branch of
(he United States Christian Commission was or-
ganized, with^the following ollicers; K. C. Walker,
ch.iirm.in ; C. I''. Clark, secretary; H. !'. Baldwin,
treasurer; associates, D. I'reston, C. hes, K. Ray-
moiui, J. S. X'ernor. 'i'he Commission .sent numer-
ous deleg.'ites to hospitals and to the field, and e.\-
|)cnded over $30,000 in ministering to the welfare
and comfort of the soldiers.
At the beginning (jf the war provision was made
for the relief of families of those who went as sol-
diers. Under Act of M.iy 4, 1861, and supplemen-
tal Acts of January 17, 1S62, and ^Llrch 19 and 20,
1863, persons were ajjpointed in both city and county
to seek out and relieve those who were in need of
relief; and a sum not exceeding $15 per month for
each family was ordered to be raised and distributed.
The amounts granted were pay.able by the coimty
treasurer; and a total of §547,200 was paid out for
purposes of relief, the city, as part of tht> coimty,
paying nearly two thirds of the amotint.
At a public nteeting held July 18, 1862, a com-
mittee, consisting of T. M. McEntee, D. B. Duflield,
William A. Moore, D. C. Holbrook, W. 1'. N'erkes,
C. Hurlbut, and H. A. Morrow, was appointed to
ilevise means for promoting enlistments. 'I'he com-
mittee reported in favor of .1 bounty of it;5o for each
•-ingle man. and $100 for each married man who
volunteered. On July 24, 1862, the Common Coun-
cil accepted the recomnuiulations of the committee,
■,i\u\ i)le(lge(l the city (provided the Legislature ,111-
thorizcd it) to raise §40,000 to pay the bounties
named. Messrs. l^. i'.irnsworth, Major Lewis Cass,
!■;. Lyon, II. I', li.ildwin, and C. Van Husan were
then appointed by the citizens and eontirmed by
the Coimcil to obt.iin ;ind distribute the money
for these bounties.
On August 26 the Comicil |iledge(l ;i further stun
of §20,000, if necessary. The original amount was,
howi\cr, found to hi' sunicient, and on July 21,
i(S63, the comptroller was directed by the Common
Council, on tlu' ciTtitleitt's of I'.. Farnsw(jrth, to re-
fund the amount of §40,226.25, .idv.inced by citizens
to pay the i)ountii's.
< >n M.irch 22. 1864, §30,000 addition.il was voted
by citizi-ns tow.ird paying a bounty of $50 each to
veter.ms or xolimteers enlisting under ;i new call for
troops which h.id just Incn m.ide ; anil on .M.irch
30, 1864, the comptroller w.as directed, until the
(|uot;i of the city w.is full under the call, to p;iy a
bounty of §50.
At a citizens' meeting, held in October, 1864, ,1
loan of §150,000 was authorized to pay boimtii's of
§100 in cash and §200 in bonds to those who en-
listed; .111(1 on J.imi.iry 9, [865,11 citizens' meeting
ap])r<)prialed §20.000 ;iddition;il for bounties. Up
to Ai)ril, 1867, the city jiaiil out for l)ounties the
sum of §203,000. 'i'he city also bore its share of
the county bounties of §100 each given in the form
of bonds. 'I'he total amount of bounties paid by
the county amounted to §660,554.
Soldiers' and Sailors Momtment.
At a war meeting held July 20, 1861, a resolution
was adopted to erect a monument to our " heroic
dead," and a committee was appointed to carry the
resolution into effect, but for various reasons it was
deemed ;idvis>able to defer active efforts, and it w;is
not until July 20, 1865, that a conmiittee was ap-
pointed to report a plan of work.
On August II, 1865, the c(«r.miltee reported, the
association was organized, and one hundred and six
directors with other officers appointed. The first
public .and inaugural meeting was held at ^■oung
Men's Hall, on .\ugu.st 31, 1865, and subscriptions
amounting to §9,500 were then received. During
the progress of the work. Rev. (ieorge Taylor was
the chief financial .agent of the association, and,
largely through his efforts, .several thousand dollars
were contributed by the scholars in the public
schools; other large amounts were received from the
Masonic. Odd l'"ellow, and C.ood 'I'emplar organi-
zations, and also from various auxiliary Ladies'
Monument Associations. Competing designs for
the monument were advertised for on l'"ebriiary 26,
312
illi: WAR Willi niK SOUTH.
1867, and on June 7 of llif same year the dcsiifii
furnisiifd by Kaiulolpli Koj^fris, of Koine (a forniiT
ri'sidcnt of Ann Arbor, Mi( liij^an), was arc (.ptiil,
and on September 25 a formal eontraet was made.
The corner-stone was laid in Mast (Irand Circus
I'ark, on July 4, iiS07; delij;ations from \arioiis
places in Miehii^.-m were |)resi'nt, and an innnense
profession of military, civil, and sicret societies |)re-
ceded the ceremonies.
The association was formally incorporated on
Autjnst 12, 1867, under the name of tiie " Michigan
Soldiers' and Sail-
ors'Monument As- (
sociation." Tiiean-
luial mectini; is on
the first Tuesday
after the first Mon-
day in SeptemlKT.
The officers in 1882
were : president,
C. C. Trowbrid.i^e;
vice-president,John
Owen; treasurer,
William A lUiiler;
secretaries, Thom-
as W. I'alnuT and
James W. Komeyn.
In 1H83, .after thu
death i)f C. C.
'I'rowbridge, H. P.
Haldwin was elect-
ed president.
After much lon-
sultation, and in
accordance with
tile recoinmenda-
lion of Mr. Roijers,
it was decided to
locate the monu-
ment on the Cam-
pus Martins, in
front of the City
Hall. The corner-
stone was accord-
inijly removed from
Kast CJrand Circus I'.-irk, and rclaid, and tlie monu-
ment erected by J. ('•. IJatterson, of Hartford, Con-
necticut.
On April 9, 1872, tlie monument was formally
unveiled, and dedicated with apjirojiriate and im-
posing ceremonies, which were witnessed by thou-
sands of people from the interior of the .State.
The monument is designed as an offering to the
memory of the brave men from Michigan who per-
ished in the war with the South, and bears the fol
lowing inscription : " krkctkd iiv thk pkople of
MICinC.AN, IN HONOR OK TIIK M.VKTVRS WltO
COPVWtCHT iwa
SOLUIEUS.' AND S.MI.Dlo' .MONC.MKNT.
IKl.l, AM) IIIK IIKROKS WHO TOUOM I' IN 1)K-
KKNCi; III' I.IJIKRIV AM) I'MON."
'The body of the monument is of Westerly, Rhode
Islanil, granite, and the statues arc of golden bron/e,
c.ist in Munich, IJav.iria. 'The genenil design of the
monument is inibr.iced in fnur sections. 'Thi' tirst
section has, at its corners, four bronze eagles. 'The
second section h.as four si.itues, re|irescnting the
fnur(li'i)arlmeiUs of the rnitcd St.itcs Service,— In-
f.intry, M.irine, Cavalry, and Artillery; each of tiie
statues is seven feet high. The tiiird section has
four ;illegorical fig-
ures, representing
\'ictory. I'liion.
I'.mancipation, and
History. 'The fourth
section, or crow ning
figure of the monu-
ment, is eleven feet
high..uid rcprest'iits
Michig.in ;illi'gori-
cally, in aboriginal
garb. On the four
sides of the monu-
ment are bronzed
med.-illions of Lin-
coln, ( irant, T'.ura-
gut, and .Shcrm.m.
'I'hc height of the
monument, includ-
ing the crowning
figure, is sixty feet.
Lack of funds i)re-
vented the finishing
of the four ligurt's
for the third section
at the time the mon-
ument wasuini'iled.
I'in.'illy, on .Novem-
ber 17, 1879. tllc\
were contracted for,
and on July ly. 1881.
were set in position
and unveiled. 'Theo-
dore Komeyn deliv-
ered an address, and there w.as a parade of the mili-
t.iry. The total cost of the monument was a little
in excess of §70,000. The cost of the bronzes was
as follows: the crowning statue, §8,000 ; the four
;irmy and navy statues in the .second section.
$20,000; the four allegorical figures, $10,000; the
four medallions, $4,000; the fcur eagles, $2,400.
l$y an Act approved January 31, 1883, the State
appropriated $350 for repairs to the railing and
foundation, and jirovided for the further t'xiJeniliture
of not exceeding $100 per year, for the care and
l)reservation of the monument.
^r%^^^^'?"-"v^^"-^
CHAPTER X L V
MILITIA AM) MILI'IAKV COMI'ANIES.
11-
n.
ir
I'm', militia ori^aiii/atioiis (.xistiiii; uikIit Krfncli
iiid l'Jn(lisii rule arc named in comicctioii wiiii tilt:
si'vcral wars of lliosc periods. I'ndt'r tiu' I'ariicst
laws of the Nortliwcsl Territory all male eiti/.eiis,
between the ajjes of sixteen and fifty years, were en-
rolled in companies, ami required to parade for two
hours every S.iturday in the year. Whenever per-
sons so enrolled assembled for public worship, they
were reciuircd to ^o fully armed and e(iui|)ped, or
l)c subject to a tine. No prfjvision was m.idc for a
iiiiilorm of any kind, and there was little need of
any. If ;i .settler was able to kill a .sciuirrel or an
Indi.in at lonij ranj^e, thi' question as to whether he
wore ;i blue coat, or any co-it at all, was o( but little
inonu'iu.
Ihider Act of December 1 3, 1799, all persons
i)\er eiifhteen and under forty-live were to be en-
rolled, and to provide their own jj[uns, ammunition,
and accoutrements. The compajiies from Wayne
County weri' to form a briv^.'ule. The Act made no
provision for uniforminjf the commissioned otlicers
(>[■ the nu-mbers of the ordinary infantry comp;inies ;
and the cavalry ;ind tlie li;..;ht infantry companies
only were rei|uired to wear uniforms. Enlistments
ill these companies were entirely voluntary.
Under liuliana Territory the .same rei,nikitions
picv.iiled. On May 11, 1803, there was a parade
,a Di'irt^it of the First Reiriment of Wayne County.
When the State of Ohio was orjjanized, her first
militia law, in 1803, provided that the militia should
(Irtermine for themsi'lves the color and f.ishion of
ihcir reijimenlals. In 1805, when .Michijr.in Terri-
tory was orj^ani/.ed, (leneral Hull, on becominj;
'governor, evidently determined to awaken astonish-
ment by introducinir a sort of West I'oint dress and
discipline. The usual dress of the poor French set-
tl(>rs and backwoodsmen would no longer do for
exhibition on yjeneral nii . or " tniininjr days,"
aiul on Au).(ast 30, 1805, a militia law was passed
which provided that all male residents over fourteen
and under fifty be enrolled, and that the " comman-
iler-in-chief may direct the color ;uu\ f.ishion of the
uniforms of the otlicers, non-commissioned officers,
tiul privates of the militia, and the occasions on
Ahich they sli.ill ;ipi)e;ir in uniform." The number
"f the militia ;it this time is indicited in a return
l3>
m.ide by l.ieuten.ant-Colonel I'hilip Cli.ibert de Joii-
caire on July 9, 1805, which showed si.\ hundred and
twenty-three soldit'rs in ti'ii coiii|),inies. The names
of the general olficers were as follows ; commander-
in-chief, Ciovernor William Hull; aide-de-camps.
Fr.mvois Chabert de Joncaire, (ieorge Mel )()U.v;;ill.
and .Solomon Sibley; (luariermaster-general, Mat-
thew Mrnest ; adjutant-gener.il, J.imes May.
The otlicers of the First Rcniiiieiit were : colonel,
A. I>. Woodward ; lieutenant-colonel, Antoinc
IJeaubieii ; major, (labriel Ciodfroy; adjut.ints,
Christopher Tuttle and Jean U.iptiste Cicotte; ([uar-
termaster, Charles .Stewart ; chapl.iiii. Rev. C.abricl
Rich.ird ; surgeon, Willi;im McCoskry; (•.ipt.iiiis,
Jacob X'isgar, David Duncan, deorge Colterell,
Lewis Cam|vui, Christopher Tuttle, Louis St. Ber-
nard,'Jo.seph Cerre, dit St. Je.'in, Henry Mac\'ey,
Jose|)h Campau, Jean Cissne, and J.imes Anderson ;
lieutenants, John Rul;ind, Ch.irlcs M. C.impau,
Samuel Abbott, J<jhn .Meldrum, Wliitmore Knaggs,
Jcc'in M.irie lU'aubien, Christian Clemens, J.imes
C'lmp.'iu, Thomas Tremble, Fnini^ois Chovin, Con-
rad Seek, .and Henj.'iniin Chittenden; ensigns, Alliii
C. Wilmot, C.eorge Cotterell, Jr., J.imes Connor.
John Dix, l"ran(;ois Riv.ird, FraiKaiis Trembli', John
Rul.md, John lUirnett, J.icob Aeiller, James F'. Cris-
wold, and Peter E. Visg.ar.
The olTicers of the Second Regiment were : col-
onel, John y\nderson ; lieutenant-colonel, Fr.anc^ois
N.avarre ; major, Isniel Rul.'ind ; .adjutant, C.iles
li.arnes; qu.irlerni.ister. Alex.'inder F wings ;• sur-
geon, Fth.iii lialdwin; surgeon's mate, ISernard
Parker; captains, Joseph Jobin, Jean Haptiste
He.augrand, l'"r.in(;ois Lasselle, Hubert L.i Croix,
Je.m B,i|)liste Jer.iume, Joseph Men.ire, William
(iriflith, and Prosper Tliibc.iu ; lieuten;ints. Hya-
cinth La Joy, F'ranc^ois De Forguc, Jean R.iptiste
La Salle, J.acques Martin, Jean Baptiste Couteur,
Jac(iues W. Navarre, Thom.as Knaggs, and Andrew
Jourdon ; en.signs, Joseph Cavalier, Janes Knaggs,
Alexis Loranjcy, Joseph Bordeaux, Isidore Navarre,
Joseph Huntington, .and Dominique Urouill.ird.
The following were oflliccrs of the Legionary
Corps: lieutenant-colonel, Elijah Brush; major,
James Abbott; .adjutant, A. F. Hull; quarter-
master, Charles Curry; surgeon, John Brown;
3H
MIl.rilA AM) MILITAUY COMI'ANIKS.
captains (of (.ualry), Janirs I.a Salle, (df artilkry),
J<iliii Williams, (of li;;i)l infantry), ( u'orjijc Ilolf-
nian, (of rillcnifn), William McDowell .Siott ; licii-
ti'n.mts (of cavalryj, Richard Smytli, (of artillery),
James Dodcmcadi'. (of liiLjlit inf.intry), lU'njamin
Chittenden, (of rillemen). Ilarnahas Campau ; cornet
of cavalry, (iabriel (lodfrcy, Jr; second lieiiti'iiant
of artilk'ry, Henry !■". Hunt; ensigns (of li^jht infan-
try), (ieorije Mi'ldruni, (of lillenu'n), I'ierre Navarre.
The militia of the District of M.ickinaw were
orn;inized into two companies, and those on the
river St. Clair into four.
l'"ollowini,f tile pass;ii(e of the Militia Law, on Sep-
tember 27, 1805, (leneral Hull issued tlio followinjj
proclamation :
UniIhums.- Ill rmiformily to a law of the Tprritnry of Miilii-
Kun, llir C'(>ininan(l<'r-in-(liii'f iliri'cts thp lollowin*; iiiiifuriiis for
tin: (iflki/rs and soldiers of lliu niilitiu of the said 'territory ;
Majok C.I'M-k.m.s. a dark him- 1 oat faced with hiilf, huff e.ipe,
yellow hiitlolis and lining's, two koUI epatdets, with two silver
stars on eaeh, huff vest and hreeehes, hlack eoeked hat, hiack
eoekade, white and red plumes.
I'lKK.MilKK (li'.M-KMs. The same ,is Major fiencraK, with this
differeiue, one silviT star on eaeh ep.iulel, and white and ureen
pluini'S. A|>J1 l.v.v I (Iknkkals. The s;ime as a .Major t leneral,
wilh this difference, no star on the epaulets, and a white plume
tippdl with red. (Ji \K I i;km.\si eu ('ii:m;r m..- 'I'he same as a
Major (leneral, with this difference, no stars on the epaulets, and
■1 white plume tipped wilh Kreen. .\iI)s-iik-C/\mi' or mik
CoMMANI)KU-IN-Cilli I .— 'I he sjiniens a Majo; ( leneral, wilh
this difference, ui> stars on the epaulets, and hlack and while
plumes. .\iiis-i)K-C AMI- OK Majdk-Genekai.s.— 'I'he same as
a Major Cener.il, with this difference, no stars on the ep.iulels,
and a hlack plume. IIkii.adk .Majuk.— The same as a l!ri).;adier
(icneral, with this difference, no stars on the epatdets, and a
jfreen plume.
A1.I. (lENRKAI. Oil ICKKS.- A blue coat edged with gold cord.
KiKI.IJ OiKKKKS, I'Al'IAINS AN l> SciiAi.TKKNs of the 1st kiKiineiit.
A dark hhie coat, long, faced with ri'd, red cape, while huttons,
while lining, white underclothes, silver epaulets. Tiik Colonki ,
I.I 111 1 KSAN I -Colonel, and Majou, two epaulets. Caiiains, an
epaulet on the right shoulder, a silver strap on the left. Liei -
TRN.VNis, an epaulet on the left shoulder, a silver strap on tliir
right. E.Nsii.NS, an epaulet on the left shoulder wilhoul any
strap. The whole, bUtk plumes lipped with red. the Held ofli-
cers, small swords. Thi' Captains and Suhalterns, hangers with
white belts. The whole, long hoots. The held officers, spurs.
The whole, red sashes. The field olTicers, bearskin holsters, pis-
tol-., and blue cloaks i-dged with silver cord.
TiiK REiiiME.NrAi. (Ji.\R I EUMASTEK. -The uniform and rank of
a Lieutenant. The RK<iiMENTAi, Adjitant, the siime. I'lii.:
Si-ki;ko\ AM>SrK<-,E()N's M \ri:, long blue c(^ats edged with white,
cocked hats, while feathers, white undenlolhes, long boots, dirks
with while handles. Cmail.m.ns.- lilack coats, bhuk under-
clothes, black gowns, cocked hats, rose cockades.
Till-: Pkivatks or Tni-antuv. Long blue coats orcapots, white
plain buttons, white underclothes in summer; whiti- vest and blue
pantaloons in winter ; half boots or gaiters, round black hals, black
feath.rs tipped with red, cartridge belt and bayonet belt, black.
The length of the coat or eapot will be precisely to the knee. It
wi'l be made so as to sit easy on the body, hut so tight as to have
a neat and soldier-like appearance. The Colonel of the Regiment
will point out the particular form, and furnish a sample, so th.it
the whole will be made similar to each other.
Ofik EKs CII-- THE 21) Rkciment. — Field ofhcers, long blue
coats, faced with white, while- buttons, white lining, two silver
epaulets, cocked hals, white plumes.
The I- ieUI oflkers will point out the uniform of the other ofTieers
of the Regiment. '1 he uniform uf the Holdiers of the ji\ Regi-
1111 111, the siiiiie as the ist Regiment, 'vith this difference, their
coats or lapols will be edged with while, and they will wear a
white feather.
l-'lEi.ii ( )i I ii i-Ks (IK ilin I.Ki.iiiNAKV CoKi'S.— nine coals laeid
with huff, buff cape, yellow billions, g>j|d epaiili Is, buff lining,
liiilf vi-sis anil bn-echi-s, mcki-d hats wilh rose i-oi kades, white
(e.iiher lipped wilh red, long boots, silver spurs, and in the slim-
mer season they will wear w hite vests and breeches.
CwAI.HV.- R(-d coals, liirni-d up wilh blai k vilvei, bhu k lapes,
white vi-sis, bin kskin bri-ei Iks, long boots, li-alhir taps covered
with bearskin, hliie .sash, white fi-ather.
.\kiili.kk\. liliie coals, skirts turned up with red, red capes,
CI 1 k(-d hats, red feather; for the warm season, white vest and
paiilaloons, bhu k gaili-rs ; for the cold season, hliii- paiit.iloons
edg(-d with n-d cord.
I. II, II r Im AM K^ . Short blue coats faced with buff, buff capes,
round hat liirned up on one side, black cockade, wliiti- (ealher;—
in till- warm season, while vest and pantaloons, with bla< k gaiters;
in the cold season, blue pantaloons <-dg(-d with yellow cord.
Riki.kmkn.- Short green coats, turned up with liuff, buff capes,
round hals, black cockades, green feather; in the warm .season,
while vest anil panlaloons, bhu k gaiters ; in the cold season, green
lianlaloons, edged with huff cord.
I'he Commandcr-in-chit f recommends to the ofTicersand soldiers
to proi-iin- their uniforms as soon as possible; and diii-i Is that
each ofhcer and soldier appear in full uniform, when on military
duty of any kind, afli-r llie lirsi day of June next.
In iiis communications to the I'ittsburijh Com-
monwe.ilth, Jolm Cicntle, of Detroit, shows that
Oeneral Hull was thrifty as well as a'sthetic in his
reciuirements. As to the uniforms C.entle says :
The 0th day of June, iSirfi, the people of Detroit were gratified
with the pleasing intelligence that (iovernor Hull had arrived al
l-'ort .Maldc-ii, w-hi-re he was received with a royal sjilute, and eveiy
royal dislim lion due to his high merits as a disliiigiii.shed ofl'icer
of the United Slates. The ne.xl day he came up by land and
crossed the river to Detroit, where he was also receivi-d l)y a siilule
from the Kort. * ♦ ♦ Me brought with him a number of
car|)enlers and bricklayers and a barge of dry goods, consislingof
cloths, chiefly bhu-, cassiini-res, and a (|iiantily of swords, epaulets,
tinsel w.ire, Jtc. So soon as his slio|) was put in order for liusinc-ss.
he issued his general orders, commanding all the militia in tlu-
territory to provide themselves with complete suits of unifiprm
clothing, viz. : blue coats, white small (lollies for siiinmi-r, and
blue for winter, black hats and fealla-rs, short boots or gaiters.
The (hief of Ihe ofhcers con\pli(-d with his orders, but ilii
soldiers, more from poverty than from contumacy, did not comply.
I'liie cloth could not be got at that time, in any of the stoii-s
where the people were accustomed to traffic, and they could nol
command money to purchase their uniforms a' the (lovernor's
shop.
The same orders were iigain repeated, and all captains of eoiii-
panieswere commanded to enforce obedience to the ordi-rs, by tlni
and imprisonuK lit. Hy ini-ans of this bare-fae(-d iinjuisition. In
emptied a considerable store of money out of the pockets of llii
people in a direct line into his own.
A printed petition to President Madison contains
the followinij statement about this same transaction :
" As a Miiiti.-i Commandant he would first prescribe
a particular dress or epaulette, or cord, or facinfj^,
and then sell the cloth or lace to comply with it."
These statements seem severe, but they are abund-
antly verified by various documents in pos.session of
the State Historical Society. That uniforms, and
MiLlTlA AND MlLllAKV CD.MI'ANIES.
3'5
especially uniforms of siidi (•r)stiy charai'tcr, sliourd
hivi- l)fcn rf(|iiirc(| in this wiiti wcstrni r(v;ioii is of
iisilf cviflencf tMtiuir of joIjIhtv, or of martiiK'tism
rdti mail. In tin- liv;lit of all the facts, Ciciicral Hull's
action sccins to have been a compound of both.
I'lic al)siiriliiy of his rcifiilalions, and the way in
uiiicn his clforts were regarded by the ron^h scouts,
uoolsmen, ,111(1 trappiis, is thus detailed in the
I'hiladclphia Aurora for Scpti'inbcr 15, 1812:
( nvrrnot nil, in iH..;, lonk ii inid his In ail In takr llii' ii\ililla
h. Ill lliilr iiiHiiral kind of w.irl.in, and dn ss and drill Hum in llif
KivciihnlltT "ttylr, with stiff iiuki-d hats and liiic krain nnitnrins.
liay li'annd ndliinK, and tlirir (uily inilit.iry nsifniniss wu»
M luplitily il(nir(iyi.d, lie also brunwlil wllli liini frmn tin- sia-
I < ard, in iS<iC>, two small hrass lii Id pici <>, and |iro|iosrd in rslali-
IkIi a Iroop of C'aviilry inoiintiil and |iro|irily i'<|iii|>pi'd, with a
irimliiT of pistols and siiluis, lint very prolialily lu' was not pir-
' liiti'd to accoinplisli a purpose so prndiint iiiul important in an
lidian country.
The way in which his orders were received by
tiu! settlers is indic.ited by stati'meiits contained on
pa^e 322 of the Milit.iry .and Civil Life of (ieiieral
Hull:"
t'olonrl Anderson of llie sicond Ke^jinnnl of Militia writes
III. my litters from llie rivir Kaisin eon\plaininn of his oiriters be-
1 nise tiny will noi ^vl their iinifornis. 'I'hi' onor Colonel at last
wishes to resi^^n his eoinmission, for '*the l-'renih v;eiitlenu'ii,
headed by the l.ieulenant t'olonel, will not Ket their uniforms,
and the troo|)s, the more I exercise them the less they li'arii."
* ♦ ♦ Out of twenty I'Veiuh gentlemen, ciVicers, only five have
any uniform.
Driven despir.ilu, the Colonel, on June -^d, iSofi, writes that he
has arrested his olTieers, .and they write to the Kovemor deinand-
inx a court-martial, " as they wish to know their fate "
The following co|)y of an ol'licial docinncnt shows
tile foolish jUTsisti'iice of (lovernor Hull in this
matter of the uniforminij of the militia:
Hkai) (Jr.MiTKKs Ar Dp.TKorr, July 2,!, iSod.
riKNKHAI. Okdkks.- The present lieinn the season of harvest,
the Commander-in-chief excuses the militia from paradiiii,' for the
purpose of <*.xercise, ne.\t Saturday.
It will now be more than a month before Ihey will be called for
any ilnly, unless some extraordinary exigence should occur.
This time must be employed in pnttinK their arms and accoutrc-
Mients in best possible order, and in procurinj; the uniform accord-
iri>j to law. The Commander-in-chief now informs the olTicers
that, hereafter, no iiulul)^'ence will be ^'ranted, but the Law, both
as to arms and uniform, will be rigidly executed. At the next
parade he will personally inspect the several companies.
The militia of the Territory have been particularly distinguished
by the (iencral (lovernment. 'I'hi' Cavalry been furnished with
pistols and cutlasses. The Artillery with field-pieces and i oni-
piete apparatus. The Infantry with arms and accoutrements.
These favors have not been granted to any other citizens of the
liiiied Slates. Let us show by our .spirit and ctmduct that we
Ii'' worthy of these favors.
Uy order of the Coitimander-in-chief.
Jambs Mav,
A lijutant-General.
'i'he injustice of tlie rctjtilations ns to uniforms
vas so apparent that on .'\u,i,'u.st 20, 1806, the (Irand
Jury protested a^jainst them. During this ye.ir war
rumors were vcr) luimemus; their eltccl at Dcliuil
Is thus described by .Mr. (ieiitle :
I ow.irds thi' spniiM of iHo<i, all the ( oloiuls. Majors, Captains,
et(., both military and militia, eonvi lied at Smyth's Hotel to ( on-
sider the warliki' rumors. .Mr. Walker of (Iros Kih he, and many
others, were called forward to >;ive evidence, 'I'he best piirt of a
ilay was spent takiiiK down the report of the evidence and collecl-
iiii; all the information that was possible on the subjeil. And
when the whole was summed up, to their >;reat surprise, it
amounted to noihin;.: at all. A v'eneral sili nee prcvaili-d for a few
minutes, ('olonel I', then observed thai he never suffered these
reports to ^ive him oni momim's une.isiiiiss, having considered
them, all aloii),', the effusions of di.ordi red brains. A whisper
went inimedialely roiiml, that it was lasily seen that he was con-
neiled on the Itritish side. No conlidem <• ouxht to be placed in
men of his description. Colonel Meli. rose in y,ui\\ iinilalion,
and declared that althou>;h reports seemed favorable, still he
lookicl upon them aK partial. If we were not in inimediate danwir
from the Indians, he was conscious, in his own mind, we wen
from the K,n«lish. lb', therefore, niovi'd that all true patriots
should wear laijles in their bats to distinKidsh them from llritish
subjeils.
'The motion was secondeii, put to the \oli, and larried. And
from that day true patriots, from the Colonel down lolhi kill hen
by, wore eagles on their bats. » ♦ * Soon after, ( aplain
l>yson, commanding,' oflicer of Knrt Detroit, received a letter by
express, from Captain Whipple of I'ort W.iyne, advisiiiK llial hi-
had undoubted Infoniiation that the Indians were making rapid
prepar.ilious n. .iitaik Chicano, Michilimackinai , llelroil, and
I'ort W'ayiie, on one and the sitine day. Captain Connor, from
the river Huron, also reported that the day of the eclipse was the
day fixed by the Indians to make the attack on the above luimed
settlements. A Council of the principal ofTicers as.semble(l, and
after m.iture deliberation on the state of public affairs, it was
resolv<(l that the country was in danger ; also " Resolved, that
three stockades be erected, one at river Huron, one lit llelroil,
and one at Krie." Also " Resolved, that they be completed the
day previous to the day of the eclipse." Cunernl orders followed
comniaudiiix' >;enir,il musters at \\\nv o'clock on the nioriiinv; of
the eclipse. ;\t twelve o'clock, on llie morninK of the ci lipse, the
twelve companies of the district assembled on the Common, armed
and accoutred, and ready for action, agreeable lo ordi rs. I hey
marched and countermarched, advanced and relreate<l, into the
stockade, and there remained in a statu of perfei I safety, while
their fathers, wives, and children staid at heme to protect ihem-
.selvis. With glasses they very distinctly discovered myriads of
Indians in warlike array upon the surface of the two planets
Venus and .Mars, while they were in conjunction, wliich is the
last they have ever seen or heard of them lo this day.
In adtlition to other comi)laints aj^ainst Ciovcrnor
Hull, a petition lo 1 'resident Madison stated :
In t'ppcr Canada, .\frican slavery has always existed, and the
labor of their slaves is a principal reliance of many families on
both sides, for subsistence. Mr. Hull has countenanced the run-
aways from that Province by enibodyinn them into a military
company, and supplying them with arms from the public stores,
lie has signed a written instrument, appointini; a black man to
the comm.ind of the company. I'his transaction is extremely
dishonorable to the ^,'overnment on this side the river ; violates the
feelings of the opposite side ; essentially injures their interests ;
and eventually injures our own people, by exciting the others to
retaliate in the same way.
Few, if any, of the people had confidence in the
militarv leadership of (icneral Hull. Their opinion
was thus expressed in the petition :
3i6
MII.iriA AND MIl.ITARV COMPAN'II'.S.
I roni \]n: rlrninistaiu <■< of nur liciiix cm a froiitirr in a (l<iiil>li'
sriisr, It is pt-( iiliarly iit-ct-ssary to lia\t- ainiOiccr iif jii(lv:riirii( .itul
i>r inililary Hrii'iu'f, This ;;i-ntlt-iMaii has a kind ol K piilalion >>l
that surtf from liis ha\'ii)>{ served as a Majnr in iIh- .iiiny, ami
from haviiiv; Imih a (WMicral ill Ihr militia; hiil wi- have cnoii^jh
t<i satisfy us Inn, that it u iiiiiiuritril. We jii(l,i;e from what wu
see with our own ryis.
'I'lic petition and iTinoiistraiicfs of tin- pcnpic
wt'ic alike (lisri'ir.iidi'd, and the militia iiai'adcs fol-
lowi'd cacli other at regular iiitei\als and were alike
the joy and dread of tlie inhabitants. The ehildren
enjoyed liiein because of the drum and life and
jiin^jftrbread of traininjLj-day ; and those who |)re-
pared the soup for liie soldiers, which was sirved in
iron kettles, enjoyed them because of the emoiii-
iiients of the occasion; others enjoyed the roiii^h
iiKTriiiU'iU always caused by certain reckless and
unruly spirits. Mrs. William ^■. Hamlin has pre-
served this story of one of the most awkw.ird ( ap-
tains of an awkward s(|uad of that period, liis
name was Je.m Cecirc, He was full of conceit
and e.\aj4.n»:rated self-importance, and when dressed
ill the uniform prest ribed by ( lener.il Hull w.is.
in his own eves, h.irdiv second to the ureat Na-
poleon. )c,in wiiU frei|U(iilly to see the rev;ular
troops drill. 'I'heir wondrous discipline .and mili-
t.iry ex.ictncss soiclv pu/,/.led him, but he thoui,;lil
it must he owiui; to the fact th.it the words i I
comm.md were i^ivi n in Mniilish, .md th.it there
was some hidden m.ivjic in the l.init;u;iv;c. C'allmv;
the roll w.is .also serious business to him, ;is his own
.and his seri^iMnl's knowieilt;c of |jfo|ish w.is .ilmosl
as limitt'd as their use of the ptii, but his ingenuity
con<|iKTe(l the Litter dilficulty. The n.imes of the
members of his company haviiii; been printed in
order, ;i pin was used to punch .a hole after the
li.imes of llie .absentees. His toiiiiue, howest'r, so
easy to control in l'"rench, t oiild not be drilled to
spe.ik other ih.iiuhc most broken IJij^lish. Assem-
bled on [>ar,ide,
(aplain Jran ordered tin' Serjeant to eall the roll, lie pro.
et'f'ded to obey, the Captain st.iiidin).; Ity in full >;lory.
Sfyj^fiiHt, *' Attentitm, ("oni|ianie l-'ran< .'(isi'anadiaiis ! Answer
your name when I eall it, if you pleitse. 'rcMk,'ro(k, l,iv(rnois."
No answer; at last a voire says, " Not heri', ^ont' ealeli his fiim/i-
>iHpy (fast-paierl in the liush."
('ii/i/iiin to .S','rt;itin/. ~ " I'ul pi en hole In dal man ! Ilo'head."
St'yf^^ant. "Lanrant Itondy ?" "Ili're, Sah." "Claude
I'amp.oi ' " "Mere, Monsieur." ".Antoine Salliotte?" Some
one answers, " Little liahy i ame last nielli at his house, must stay
at home."
Ca/i/ain to Sftgrant. " I'lit <ine prcek on dat man's nami."
Sfrgrnnt. " l.'enfaiit Riopelle ?" " II( ri', Sah." " I'iton
Laforem ?" "Mere, .Sah." "Simon Meloehe .''" "Not here,
gone to spear miiskral for arfynt hianc (nilver money).
Captain to Seri^eitHt. "Take pen and ser.iteh dat man."
After the roll was called an. I the alisentees prit ked, the Captain
prorri (h'll todiill his eiiinpany.
Ci/'/iiin. " .Mar( hee, ines eomr.'ides, deu.\ it deu.ii, like oxen,
aiul wlh n you eome to (!al slump, slop." They all matle for tin*
plaet*, and i;ot there in n heap, looking, with their various eolored
dri'ssi's, like a rainbow on a sprei'. Disgusted at thiir awkward-
ness, till! Captain ^ave them .1 lew ininiitis' relaxation. Instead
of resMn>; u« >ni7itiiin\ they rushed oil, one to smoki' his beloved
pipi', another to polish his earhine, whilst others amused tliein-
selvis by sillliiK on the urass, and tilling; about the races. The
C'aptaiii called them to try anain. This time he said, " Marcliee
as far as dat son/iir lir /•(r;//(old shoe) in the road, den turn !
Kiv;lit v;a ,< he, lift .iboul ! Shoulder mns-keete ! .Av.ini e tloiu ,
hark I Drill fineesh !"
The ilisa^rec.ible fe.ilures of these drills .and other
military doin;4S .are thus 'escribed by .Mr. (ieiitle:
The fanners were lominanded to cjuit their harvest -fields ami
repair to the city, armed .ind aiioutred with pii k-axes and
shovels, all day, todij: tninhes and lo pl.inl pii kels ronnil Urnsh'^
farm, adjoining the < ity, without fei- or re.vard, and to slami
>;uar<l over their lords and masters duriiiK the silent iii^hl,wiih
hun>;ry bellies; whilst their families in the coniitry .iri' exposed
(if the danger was real) lo the stalpin^ knif<', and their Y,tA\\\ to
the rot.
.Some of the milili.i '^xv\s restive .and invubordin.ite
iindt r ici^ul.alions lli.il lliey deemed oppressivf. In
one case of ,ibiisi\-e l.in^ii.a.!.;i- .and thr.-.ileiiinj^
.action, .1 court m.arti.al, on December 27, iiSo;.
ordereil "ten stripe on the b.arc back." Others
\\vw lilerally dr.invjed fniin their dwcllinijs and
compelled lo do inilii.irv tlni\'. These ilisturbances
);.a\'e risi' to .1 conllii t biMwecn (lovcrnor Hull
.and .Si,inle\' (iriswulil, the secri't.ary of tlie Terri-
tory, (iovcrnor Hull, on January 16, 1808, coin-
lil.ained lo the secreiary of State thai ^b•. ( Iriswold
w.is the ( hief c.iiise of the troubles between liimseil
■and the militia, .and enclosed a copy of ;i proclani.a-
tion which he h.aii issut.l c,illiiii; on die people tn
(liscour.iy;e .all mutinous conduct and lo aid in
detecting .aiiil .apiirehendini; all luasons who ini.i;lil
disliirb the public peace. No n.inies wire nieii-
tit)neil in the |irocl.imation, but Hull s.iys in his
letter tli.it it was iii.ide necessary iiy the actions o(
Mr. (iriswiild. It. therefore, seems (urioiis indeed
to '.id .It till- bottom of tile procl.imation, " iSy llie
( crnor. St.inley Ciriswold Secy, of Mich. Terri-
tory."
The ne.xt ait in this particular f.irce was the
arrest of Mr. ("iriswold, .and his .appe.ar.anci' at cmiri
before Justices May, MeDouj;.all, and .Smytli, the
l.ist week in J.inu.iry, iSoS, " cli,irj;cil with having'
enticed one or two of the militia to ijiiit the service
and j;o home, telling them that tiiey could not be
hurt for so doin.^." 'i'he testimony was lonj; and
confused, but in no point of view did it tarnish the
ch.ir.iiier of the .iccti'- 'd. On the contrary, it was
pi. .inly e\itleiit lo every spect.itor, and even to Jus-
tice Smylh, th.it .all ihe testimony went to show th.ii
the ae.used uniformly advised those members of the
militia who .asked his advice to scfve their lime with
composure. Slill, .istonishinj; as it may ajipear.
JudjL,rcs May .ind McDniijrall declared it their opinion
that CiHswold was ^ruilty of heinous crimes, and
Mll.ri'lA AM) MII.IIAKN (OM I'AN li;S.
1 1 '■
■(■<1
Tl-
llc
ml
Uv
If
1h
iiul
h.
iis-
lial
111.
itii
•ar.
jdii
iiul
i. ( (ir(lin.v;ly rccn^ni/cd liim in tlu' siiin nf (nic tlioii-
■iiiil <liillars. Al llu- iiiniiuiu tliis strange jii<l>;-
iniiit was .nivi'ii, Jiislici- Smylli rose, and proU'stcd
•• hcfiiii" (idd, l)(f()ic till' Coiiil, and all the hystaiid-
( IS, thai Judges May and Mcl)i>n,v;all had ,v;ivL'n .i
li.utial jud;^incnt." Nntwilhstandin.^ this |)i(ilisl,
ihc nnlcr nf llu- iitlur two judi^is icinairuil in force.
W itliiii tsvo niontiis ;iflcr tin- lii.il, the t< rni of Mr.
(liiswold cciscd ; and hi' w.is rclii'vcd, and Reuben
,\lwatir a|)|)ointed in his ste.id.
I'Or liie next ten years no reiords eoneerninv; the
militia ha\c been found, e\( epl .ueh as directly
(■(iiine'l them with \;irious w.iis. All such facts are
l^iveii in eonnei'tion with I'le w.irs.
Ill I (S I. S ;i company know u as the Detroit Town
Company was in exislcnce, commanded by S. T.
|),i\t'n|)orl, and on .Se])lember 15 of this year there
was a militia |)arade, and .inoilur on ( )ci(jber 4, iXhy.
In i.S^t a milit.iry couit of ini|iiiry was in session,
In iiuiiiire whv deliiKjiients I id not been on duly.
The lonrt w.is held Septtinbei' J<;, and the ricord
shows that Joseph I )iipr,i w.is e.illed, and e.xpl.iined
that he was "taking; cue of his moiher who was
'-Ilk." Louis (iroesbcck "did not know ih.il the
liisi Monday in September Was ir.iinin.i; (I. i)." Jean
I'.ie ( i.irr.il " w.is lame in one of his lens." Another
li.nl "hired on bo.u'd ol ,1 scow, . and w.is not present
lli.il d.iy, ;is the scow was at Hoy; Iskiiid l.ikin.n in ;i
In.id of bark." Ami thus with one accord tiny all
ni.ide excuse.
On December 27, 1S21, ot) tin- occasion of the
execiilionol iwo Indi.ins lor murder, the I'irst Kci^i-
iiiiiit of militi.'i w.is c,illeil out ;ind .also the \'oliintecr
.iilillciy company commanded by Captain lli-n
W (iiidwortli.
< )n May 2^. iiSj2, |olin Roberts, Jr.. notilied jier-
sons liable to militia duty to jippear at Milit.iry
Si|ii,ire oil June 3, .irmed and e(|ui|)pei! as the law
directs.
• Ill AiM'il (>, iiS^i, ,1 (omp.iny. called the City
• .ii.irds, "as ori^aiii/i'd, with I'.dward iinxtks ,is
( ipt.iin. it W.IS in existence only a year.
The Urady (iu.irds, so named in honor of ( ieiur,il
llii^h llrady, were ori^f.ini/ed on .April 1;,, i.S;/),
with .\. S. Willi.iins ,is c.iptain. In 1S37 iu' w.-.s
succeeded by I. S. Kowlaiui. and in this yi-ar, on
W'.isiiini^ton's iiirlhday. the ( (imp.my vvas presented
uith ,in elen.mt stJind.ird by (lovernor Mason. The
prescnt.itioii look |)l;ice in front of the old /\meri-
i.m lloti I. In iX.V> ^'r. I\<iwland was succeeded
hv !•'.. K. Kc.sley, and in i.S4(), 1S41, and I.S42, Mr.
Kiiwiand w.is a.v;ain servility. On hebruary 2, i<S43,
ilic company disbanded, and (»n i'tbruary 10 f<-'
l'iwin,v( was reornaiii/cd, with A. S. Willlanis as
i.iptain. On I'ebruary 22 of this year Anson liur-
I !iy;.ime delivered ,in .'uidress befoic the Scott ;ind
Irady Caiards on the life and character of Washing-
Ion, In 1.S45 C. ,\. rrowbridj.;i,- was capt.iin. In
1846 ,ind 1.S47 Mr. Williams was ai^viin serviiiv;. ( )n
April 10, 1.S51, ( ieni r.il liradydied, .iiid on .\piil i,S
the ( oinpany disbanded.
Jusi before ( ieneial ilrady died, Rc\. Dr. Diifhcld
visited him to in(|uire into his spiritual (diidiiiou
.mil pre|);ira'ion for death. ( iciier.il Ilrady listened
to him respectfully, and then, in wiirds worthy of
; I true soldier, he said, "Sir, that is all ri.nht ; my
ku,i|)s;ick has been p.ukcd, and I am ready to
m,irch ;it ihe tap of the dr' n." 'rwcnty-li\c ye.irs
.iflcr his de.ilh, on A|)ril 13, I.S7''), twenty-six of the
suiAiviiiii; memlHis of the (onip,iny celebrated the
fortieth aimiversary of its ort;ani/.alion, by a supper
.It the Kussill I louse.
The Scoit Ciuards were orvj.ini/ed ( )ctobei- 16,
I.S41. ,ind reorv;.ini/.cd Scptembel' J, liS4J. J, \'.
Reiilile si i\ed as c.ipl.iin from I1S41 to 1846, ,ind
W.IS succeeded by N. (irensel, Jr. In 1S52 I'.uil
("lies was c,i|)t;iin. ['"rom I1S53 to i(S6i !•'. Ri tihle
scr\cd in th.it c,i|),icii y, followed in i.S6j by K.
Kremer. In i.S^j ,inil i.S^;, (here were two com-
p.mies, the .Artillery, comm.inded .it liist by i'".
( iiiciithi r ,ind then b\ J. K.ilns; .mil the Infantry,
commanded by I. Kremer. In i.Sr^ihe l.ist-n.inied
w.is ihc only c.ipt.iiu, ,ind lu' served until the com-
p.my disb,uidcd in Dei eiiibei', iiSfn;. In April,
1.S71;, .1 conip.iny by the s.ime n.une w.is ori;;ini/ed
ihroii.nh the effort of .M.ix I locln^r.icf. who w.is
in.ide c.ipi.iin. in iScSo hcw.is snccceded by Au-
j;ust ( ioebel, who selAed lililil I.SSj, ;ind W.is fol-
lowed by i'. I ici/.m;.
'I'he L.if.iyelte ( iu.irds were ori;.in;/.e(l July 4,
1842, Willi !•'. .\. (.'icotle ,is cipl.iin. In 1.S45 ;ind
1.S46 i,. I), c'l.iiroiix W.IS c.iptain, and soon after the
company disb.uidcd.
'I'lu' C'.iss ( iiiards were or^iini/ed on l''ebruary 27,
1.S43, will) J''.ii,i;cne i'. .Smith .is c,i|)t.iin. .A pre-
limin.'iry mei'lini; li.id been lu Id on Icbru.iry 20 .it
Republican ii.ill. The comp.iny disb.uidcd in ,ibout
a ycir. < )n ( )clober 4 of this ye.ir. for the lirst
tinu', ;ill the Slate uniformed mihii.i went iiitocunp
for two monlhs on the Cass I.e... ( )n ( ictolur 9
there W.IS ;i v;r;md review im the i;rouiul where I'ort
Street now crosses the farm.
'i'he M()nli,'omery (ui.irds were or^Miiized this
s.inu' ve.ir, with A. '1'. McRcynolds ;is c.iplaiu. lie
was siici-edi'd ill 1846 by \\ . ( )'Call.i,i,;li.in, after
which lime there is no record of the .i,i|);inv.
In July, 1841;, a IJoy Company, known .is the
Detroit l.aneers, was in eyisienee. The (ii.iyson
l.ivjht (lu.irds were orl,^■lni/ed July 21;. 1850, and
disbanded in 1855. Colonel John I!. Ciray.son was
captain until 1853, .iiul was < nceecded by A. K.
Howard. On October 10, 1854, . ^tate Military
Convention w.is held in the city, at the armory nf
these Ciuards.
3««
Aill.l riA AM) MII-ITAKV C()M1'ANII';S.
The Dctroii City (liiards were orj^aiii/A'cl Sr|)ltiii-
l)rr 21, i«S4V' N- < 'I'l-'iiscl, jr., was llic lirsi captain,
and was succccdi'd in Mai( li, iK5(;, by Jdiin W'in-
tcrlialtcT, wiio served until i<S54.
T!ic Yajrcr (inards wire orijani/.id in June, i<S53,
witli A. Lini^i'inan as captain, lie served until
1865, when the conij^any practically disbanded.
The National Dra^^nons. C.iiit.iin J. I', \\■hitin^^
were in e.\islence from 1S53 to icSOo. Tlie .Shields
(juards ()r).raiiize(l in 1853. J. t'. White, the first
c.ipt.iin, w.as succeedt'd in 1S55 hy I'. I )ciwlin'.',. In
1857 I''(l Molloy was c,ii)lain, in i85<;, Jnhn McDer-
niott, and in 1861 E. Molloy a.^ain. In 1862 the
company disb.inded.
Tlie Detroit Lii.(hl (aiards were fully or;,.(ani/ed
November ly, 1855, the members enlistinir for live
years. On October 31, 1859, the minibi'rs were
divided into two companies, A and B, and on J;in-
uary (j they rcorijani/xd as one company. On July
5, i860, they entert.ained the f.imous llllsworth
Zouaves, who came to Detroit from Chicago. 'I'lie
Zouaves jravc an e.vhibition drill (jii ( Irand Kiver
Street ne.ir Third, which was witnesseil by an
immense throng of spectators.
On April 17, 1861, the I.i.ght Ciuards organixed for
wa--, and on May i the company voiunti'cred as three
months troops, with C, M. Laru as captain. 'I'hey
were inusterid into the United States service as
Company A of the P'ir.st Ke).(imenl of Michij^an in-
fantry.
Those of the company who did not volunteer for
the w.ir, reorj^anizcd as tlie Detroit I.ii;hl Ouard
Reserve Cor|)s. On Au,s.;ust 7, 1861, the three
months men returned, and were nuistered out at
Kort Wayne. Tlie entire company was soon .after
orijani/ed by the original name. The captains in
\;irious years lia\e been ;is follows: 1855 i860, A.
S.Williams; i860 1861, 11. L. Chipman ; 1861, J.
1:. I'ittman; 1862. Jerome Croul ; 1863 1866, !•:. R.
M.itLhews; 1866 1868, C. M. Lum; 1868. V. \V.
Swift; 1869-1872, r,. L. M.altz; 1872 1875, D.
I'. Fo.x; 1875, R. A. Li-j,nlt; 1876 1878, I.. C.
Twombly; 1878, Max Ihx-hgraef ; 1879- , A.
1', T. Menitcau.
'I"lu; Detroit I.i.ght Inf.mtry were orij.inized No-
vember 16, 1855, and reori^;ini/ed in 1858, i860, and
1877. William Hull was captain in 1859, and
W.J. Nesbit in 1861. Since the reor^;,ini/,ition of
1877, the follow iii;,^ h.'ive .served as captains; 1877
1880, L. C. Twombly; 1880 1882, Charles Du-
pont; 1882, Henry Milward ; 1883, C. Dupont.
The Detroit (Irays, ;i juvenile comp.iny, I'xisted
in 1857, with F. Speed as cajjtain. The Michi^^an
ilussars were orj(ani/e(l July 15, 1859, with A. I'aldi
;is cipt.iin. lie served until 1861, when the com-
p.my disbanded.
In i860 companies of boys, known as Detroit
Zouaves ;md rniled States Zouave C.adets, wiri' in
existence. In 1861 ,ind 1862 ;i company of Urother
Jonathan Zou.ives were eomm.anded by !■ . .\. Ash-
ley. The link .and the Lyon Ouardswere orv^an-
i/.ed in the f.ill of 1861, commandi-d res|>ecti\-ely by
W. S, Biddle and (i. S. Wormer. i5oth (omp.inies
disb.mded in 1862. The J.ickson C.u.irds, M. Mc-
(ir.iw cain.iin, organized and disb.mded in 1861.
The lunmet Rilles, ortj.anized the same year, had
;in existence e(iu;illy brief. The Slierman Zouaves
made their tirst .ippear.ance on l'"ebruary 22, 1869,
with Charles il. iJrown ;is captain. No record has
been found of them after 1870.
'I'lie Detroit National Ciiiards were orij.ini/cd
November 7, 1869. 'i"he captains h.ive beiii .is
follows: 1870 1872, i'. W. Nolan; 1872, John
Atkinson; 1873 1879, J. O'Keefe; 1879 , I'. J.
Sb.e.ih.m. 'i'lu' Wolverine Rilles weri' or).(;ini/>cd
October 12, 1870. with J. \'. Reuhle ;is captain; the
comp.uiy existed .about ;i year .and ;i h.ilf. 'I'he
Sarsiield Cu.ards were orj^.anized April 7, 1874, with
J. 11. l.ally .as capt.ain. lie w.as servinij in 1875,
and the comp.uiy disb.inded in that year.
The Detroit Scottish Ciu.inF orn.anizi'd in .Sep-
tember, 1875, with Alex.UKl( r Witherspoon .as
captain. lie served until 1878, when the comiKiny
disb.inded.
'I'he Detroit Ivxcelsior Ciuards, I*. N. Murkhard,
capt.ain, ori^.ini/.ed .and disb.inded in 1877.
'I"he Montv;omery Rilles weri' or^f.inizc:d in M.ay,
1877, with J. C. Donnelly as capt.ain. in 1880 he
w.as succeeded by Ch.arles Lynch, who served until
1882, and w.as followed by ^L Whel.an.
The Detroit City (Irays, ori,Mnize(l March 15,
1881, have h.ad the followin,y; caiUains : 1881, John
C. Cooper; 1882. F. 1*. liajjley, J. VV, Strong;
1883, F. I*. Hagley.
PART VI.
SOCIAL
CHAPTER XLVI.
ORIOINAL INMAlilTANIS OK DIITROI'I".— INDIAN AdliNTS.- KARI.V VISITORS.
OKICIN \l. IN'II \l;il' WIS.
Till', orii^iii of tlu' liisi occupants of iliis rcv;ioii is
shroiiilid ill mystery. .Several wrilcis have .idoptcd
llie lliciiry thai they were (lesceiidaiils of the losi
tribes of Israel, ami they fortify their position with
a variety of intciestini; facts. TJK' founder of our
fair domain w.is ;i heliever in this theory, .'uid tiie
irchives of I'rance conl.'iii) a leii;;tiiy memorial
written hy C'adiii.ic in wiiich he disti tly .asserts his
lielief thai tin; Indi.ins ,ire (U'sceiid.inls of the lle-
hrew r.icc, strciiKthenini; his .tri^iiment with sl.ale-
iiienls (»f in.uiy rem.irk.able coiiicidem cs ,ind customs
I oniirmalory of the ick'.i. The n si'.irches of School-
1,'ikc. — (ire.il Lake. Tlie so-<';il!<'(l Indian luoiinds
ill v.irious Wesiern St.ales, in their si/.e, fcjrm, and
contents. ;idd force to the A/.lecan theory. In the
towiislii|) of Sprin.nwells, jtisl below Detroit, were
four of tliesi' mounds; one of them still remains
inside the grounds of I'ort W'.ayne ; ihu se( oiul was
on property now oi-cui)ied by the t'r)pper .Smeltiiij.^
Works, .md the third l.iy betwtcn tlie (Jlher two.
'i'liey were circul.ir in f(jrm, from tiiiriy to seventy
feit in diameter, ;ind v.iryiiij^ from liiree to ten feet
in heii;ht. Two i)arallel cinbankmeiUs, about four
feet hiv;h. led to them from the e.ist. One of these
moiuids w.is ()|)ened in 1837, and the one iiisidi- the
ii.ifi, rreseott, I'ickerinjL;, and others, indicate th.it fort, by permission of the War Department, on M.iy
the lirst tomers were from Asia, that they were --< i^?*^'- I'x'tl' wire found to cont.iin numerous
ihiven by winds .iikI waves over to the I'aciiic coast, .skeletons, arrow-he.ids, and vases or pots of earth-
or made their way by the Aleutian Isl.inds or l!eh- enw.ire. The one last opeiK^d contained .also .111
riiii^'s Slr.iil to Alask.i, .and from liience .sonthw.ard in>n vessel c.ap.able of holding; two or three ,i,^ill"ns,
to Me.xico and South .Xmeric.i, .ifterw.ards spread- and sever.il pounds of what ajipeared to be a .scjit of
ini; northward and eastward over the American p.aint.
((inlinenl. I lie ( ireat .Moiinii of the River Rou^e, about
i:i,aborate .and pl.iusible .ar.i;uments have been lialf a mile below i'orl W.ayne, was at first, prob-
iii.ide to prove the i oiivt'ise dieory. tli.it tin; Chin- ably, fully three hundred feet lonyj and two hundred
esc .ire descended from the A/tec race. Ill sii|>|)ort fi'<'t wide. In 1876 it w.ls twenty fei't hii;li. It h.as
of this supposition it is uri(ed tli.il the tr.ide winds never been fully ex|)lored. but .1 p.irti.il invistii^.alioii
from the I'eruvian coast p.iss directly to Chiii.i, .and I>y Henry Oillm.in resulted in the discovery of .stone
tli.al even frail ves.sels eoiild easily be wafted thither. a.\es. ,irrow-hc;ids. fr;ij,mients of pottery, .and human
I iii(|U(; ;iiid .uk ieiit bron/.e implements are found bones much decayed.
alike in both countries; the picture-uritin.^s of the An old Indian told a member of the Cieotte
family th.it these mounds were erected .as forts, .at
the lime the tribes were fixhtinj; eaeli other. Indiar.
tradition .also .ascribes these mounds to the Tiietle
Iiidi.ans, who jireceded the Wy.mdotts. The name
Tuetle is believed to be a corruption of Tuteloes, a
tribe once supposi-d to have emivjrated from V'ir-
i((s, then the Aztecs, or Azteeas. Various reasons .ninia "nly as f.ir north as the Su.s(|ueli.ann,i ; but it
now seems |)rob;il)le that some came .as far as the
Detroit."
Of the more modern Indi.an tribes who roameil
ovei this rei^ion. the AI(ron(|uin r.ace w.as the earliest.
They counted anionic their numbers in the north-
west the tribes of the Ottaw.as, Menominees, .Sacs,
Foxes, and Chippewas. There were also in this
two countries .are in m.iny cases simil.ar, .and in
others .are e.\,actly the s.inie ; .and the Feast of
Souls, .as celcbr.ii-'d in Central .America, is ivmark-
,il)ly like cerlain of the Chinese ceremonies.
Till' order <A the .ancient oc( iiivmcy of the country
seems to h.ive been, lirst the Olmecs, then the Tol-
vMve rise to the theory that the Aztec race wire the
lirst occup.ants of this p.arlii iilar region. I lumlxildi
■ is of the opinion that tlii' country of the Aztecas
\' is in this latitiKJe. The mcanini^ of their trib.al
I line is " I'eople of the Lakes;" .and there is no
pl.ace in the United Slates in whi< li sm.all Lakes are
•1 numerous ;is in Michiif.an. while the .St.ate is
I!' arly surrounded by Lakes, which .are .almost seas
in extent. The name Michi,i(an is derived from two
' .Si-c Ilcniy tlillman's p.ipcr (in Mound HiiiltUrs and Platy-
l llipi)eWU words,- Mitehaw, ).(reat, and Say;ieyan, cncmism in Mithi^au, in Smithsoniau Report fori873.
t3"l
322
OKKilNAI. INIIAIW lANIS.
vicinity llic iribcs of ilic Miamis, I'oiow.ilainics,
\\'iniul).ig()cs, and tlic < )iii iiilals, nr W^andolls.
Tlic laili r uliii ramc l'> this \iriiiily ahniil iCuSo,
fxcfllnl ilii (iilur iiilirs I'l ciuiji^y and |>r()^rcssivc-
ncss. I'loiM tinif ti) time llu liiH|iiciis also appcand.
'I'liis nation was i:()ni[)oscd originally of tin- Onon-
da,i;as, I'ayiivjas, Scii('<as, Oncidas, and Mohawks.
In 1714 the I'liscaroras of North Carolina iinili-d
with tlicrn, and ihcywcrc aflcrw ird known as tlic
Six Nations. They 1 l.iinicd .ill o( Mm lii.;;,in, ;inil
between llieni and the .\lv;(in(inins warf.ire w.is
frei|iuril. inde((l, the llii(|nois were the enemies of
all tin: Indians al or ne.ir |)eir(j|i, ,ind in i64(;tliey
dro\f the /\lgon(|nins from this ri'.i;ion. 'I"liey weic
iinfiiendly to ihe {''reiK h, and dnrini; the P'reneli
and lliij^lisli w.ir did ;;ood s( i\ii c lor the i'.n^lish.
'i'hey were the r.iniiih.ils of Amerie.i, and Ireneh
residents of Delmii, in 175^, staled thai the Iro-
(|uois aetn;illy .ite the llesh of persons slain in liattle.
It was the settled |)oli( y of liic I'reneh ( (mimaiiil-
ants tf) indnee ,is many friendly Indians ;is possible
to settle near their forts. \\C Imd ( adillac , in 1705.
urj^inj^ the Oll.iwas to move lo I )etroit. Ihe !■ icm h
rerord.s of the s.ime year show that several Miamis
were already settled there, and that on June 28
thirty llnrons ,irri\iil from Mackinaw and I'feeted
wij(wams near the fort. 'Ihe I'otowalamies had
tlu ir \illa,i(e west of the fori, iu:ar the month of
what was .afterwards ( .ilied Kna^^^'s t'reek. 'Ihe
Ottawa seiileinent was where Windsor now is, and
the I Inrons were i;.itliere(l on the ( .in.ida -.ide, opp' 1-
sile the Cass karni. In 1705 .abnut two hundred
Indi.ins had been persn.ided by C.idilkie to settle in
the \i(inity. In fiirtln i.iiuc of his pl.tns ;i j^reat
eoiiiK il of t hiefs was held, eonlinnin;< from Antjiisl
(1 to .\ni;nsi 10, 1707.
The followinv; Ir.insl.iiion from .1 I'reiK h Coloni.il
.MemnM', wriiteii ill 1707, ,ind pr( served .it I '.iris,
jiives a vi\id pi( tnre of Indi.in life .it this period :
I 111 vlll.i>;>'iil IJR roll'JW.it.ullii's adji'llr llir Icil ; lliiy IixIki!
partly umlrr A|>u(|ti<iis, whi< h iirc iiiailr nf m.it-^;rass I lie
uijiiK 11 do all lliis work. TliP iwii Im hm^'in^; tii lliat iialiiin .irc
ui'll iliitlicd, liki' our doiiiii iliali'd Indians at Mnnlrral ; tlirir
entire o( I iipation i^ Iinntint; .'did dress ; lliey ni;ike nse of a ;;reat
deal ol verrnilion, and in winter wear liufl.do rolies rii Idy painted,
and ill sniiitnir eillier Ijhie or red tlotli. They play a >;ood ileal
al la < ross( ill snniinir, twenty or niori- on eac li side. Tlieir lial
is u sort ol liiili: rai kit, an<l tin- hall with wliii li tlu y play is made
ol very lieavy wood, soniewliut turxer lliaii tin: halls used al
tL'iinis ; wlieii playiiiK liny are I'litirely nuked, cxii'pl a lireei li
cloth, unci nioerasins on ilnir (eel. Their l)ody is < mnpletely
painted with all sorts of eolors. Soim , with white elay, Inue
white hue nil their hodies, as if on all the seams ol a coat, and at
II distanee it would lie apt to In laki ii lor silver laie. They play
viry ileep (ji'>-.M /I'll) and ofti n. The hets siiiiii times aiiioiiiit to
mere than ei/lii hundred livns. They set up two poles and < oni-
llieiue the name Ironi i he eeiiler ; oiii party propel-, lln hail (roin
one side and the other Irom the opposite, and which ever realties
the K"'''i wins. I hi-. IS line lei reatimi ami worth seeinjj. They
iifleii play vilLu'e nKainsI village, the I'oiix aK''ii<i><l the Oiil/uiiies
or the lliiO'Cis, .mil lay lKa\y slakes. SoineliiiKs IriiKlimen join
ill I he v:.ime Willi 1 In in. Tin vM>mi n 1 nlii\.ite Indian 1 1. in. In ;iti^,
peas, sipi.islu s, and iiii Ion-,, wliii h < nine up very line. Ihe
women ami nil Is d. in. i ii ninlit ; adorn themselves rnnsiderahtv,
Kiiase their hail, put on a white shill, paint Ihijr ilM.t-,ttitli
verinilioM, ami wi.ii wlialever w.impnm they possess, and an
iiry tidy in their way. They dame to the soniiil ol the ilnim
and sisjipini, whii li is ,i sort of a nonrd rontainiiin some nr.iins o|
^Inl. I'oiir or live yniiiin nirls sinn, ami I.e.it lime with tin d
and sisiipmi, ,'iml tlu women keep time and do not lose a slip ; ii
is very inli rtaiiiinn, and l.isls .dmost the entire iiikIiI. 'Ihe old
men often dam e the .Medeliiine (Ml dli ille Il.inie); they reselnlili a
VI I ol ill nioiis, and all this t.ikes pl.n 1 diiiinn llie nielli. The
joniiv; men ofien dam e in a 1 in le (/, i,iii> ) anil strike posis ; ji is
linn liny nii.unt llieir nrhievenienls, ;ind dame, at tin s.-mn
lime, the war dame (//c.v (/<yy'«7(»7c,v), and ivheiievi r the) ait
thus they are highly oriiainenti d. It is altonellier very i.iirioiis.
They often perform tliise ihiiiKs for loliatto. When they y,u
hiiiiliiiK, whii 11 is every f.ill, they earry tlieir Apiirpn.is with tin m
to lint uiiiUr at L.^ht. Iveryliody follows, men, women, and
I liildnn, and vvinlir in the lonsi ,ind letiirii in the spi iiii;.
The lliiii.ir, an also mar, perhaps the einlilh of a league fnaii
tin lieiiihloit. This is the most iiidiisirious nation that tan he
seen. Tlu y siartily ever danee, .iiiil are alw.iys at work; rni.se a
very lar^e amoiini of Imliiii mrn, pe.is, lie.ms ; si, me >;riiw wheat.
They I nnslriii I their huts i ntin ly ol hark, vi ly stroii).; and solid ;
VI ly lolpy .mil veiy lonn, and an hid like arliors. Their fort is
siroiinly em in led with pieki t .mil hasiicns, wi II redniihli ij, and
has slnmn «ati s. They an the most faithliil ii.itioii lo the
Ireneh, and the most evperi hiiniirs ihat we h.ive. Their lahins
.ne divided iiilo sleipiiii; 1 ompaiinn nts, vvliii h I ont.iin their niisi-
ra>;iii , .Old .ire viiy ile.in. They an llie liiaMsl of all tin
nations and possess i onsideiahle talent. They an- well ,i lad ;
some of theili wear I tosi- oven oats (jiisfi- mi wr/'s <!( ,,i/>,tt)
The men .in- always hmitinn, siimnier and winter, and the woiin 11
work. When tliey ^o hunting in the f.ill, a K"oilly niimlii r ol
them rem.iiii to ^iiard tlieu lorl. The old women, .mil lInoiikIi-
oiit the vvinlir those women who niiiain, lolliii vv I in very
laine ipi.inlily. Tin soil is veryliilile; liuli.in i orii ); lows there
lo the heinht of III! Ill ivvi Ive liii. Their III Ills are very 1 lean,
.'lint very extensive ; nol iln- smallest wild is i. In- seen in llieni.
The < )iil.ioui s an on the opposite ol the liver, over anaiiisl the
Ininh I'll ; liny, likewise, have a pii ki I Inii Tin ir i ahins
II si-inble sonuwhal those of the. Unions. Tin y do not make iise
of Apai|Uois e.xiepi when out hunting; Iht-ir eabinr. in this fori
ille all of li.iik. hut not so I li-.in 11"! -owilt made as those of iln
Unions. Tiny are .is well dn ssi d .-mil very hiliorious, lioth in
their av;i II iilliiie and hiinliiiK. Tlieir il.imes, jiinnleries, ami
names ot ball (la crosse) and u( llie howl, are the same as those ol
the I'oux. Tlieir game of the bowl toubisls of eij'Iil small pilihli s
;hi||<i«i), wliii Ii are nil or M.ii k on one side, and yellow oi
white oil the 1.1 111 I ; lliese an- lossed lip in a howl, and when in-
wlio holds tin- vessel tosses them and liiiils Kiveii of the wholi
einhl of the sum- lolor he noius, and i oiitinnes playiiiK as loin; as
he ni lives Ihe s.inie lliiii|{. Wlieii Ille result is different, till
adverse pniy lake iln lioul .iinl plays next, and they risk heavy
slaki s on all these games. They hive likewise the game of the
stravvs, and ..II tin- n.ilions namlile in like manner
In 1736 tliert: were live hundred Indian w.'irriors
al IJetroit, two hiimlred e;ieh from tlu; Huron and
( )ttaw, I tribes . and one hundred from llic I'ctow.i-
trmiies. I'.oii',.(,iinville, who w.is here in 1757, says:
'The Initi.uis who iisn.ilty i oiiie to trade at Iiitroil .'in- tie
Iluro.s ol llie same tnlie of tliosit of l.orelle, near iJui'Imi:, a pei-
hdioiis and deeeitful nation in whom we iniist never put iiinli
deiii '. There are also the Ottawas, the Santeiix, and lie
I'otowatainii's ; these las* named an- of all the Indians the most
failhfnl .ind the most att.ii Inij lo oiir interests. 'They have iievi i
iniinli ri il any i'reni hiiien, uiid have olti n warned un uf the plots
of oilier tribes.
OkK.INAI. INIIAIillANIS.
.^2 3
111.-
Iciul
(.'adill.'ic says llial tlic ( )Uawas wort-, as an (Hiia-
iiifiit, a lilllt! sl<iM<' siispciidctl fiiiiii tlicir nusc, and
ihal "()itawa," lliir iiafiic of ihc iiilic, si^iiiliid
" dit: iialiiin wiili a liiilc in lliiir ikisc" Tin: I'niuli
^a\c nil knaincs l<» nmsl uf llic tiilics in tliis rr.v;i()M.
rill' WyandiiUs llicy (Icsi.niialcd as lliiinns, because
111 dieir Inn e as|)iit, comiiaiiiiv; liieni tu a wild
l)i)ar; the Clii|>|iewas, as Sauliiiis, fioin tlieir resi-
deliee near the Sailll Si. Marie; ihe MennniineeS
were ealliil I'dllis A\iiines, friini"\\ild riee/'niu;
uf ilieii |)rini i|ial arlii lis III Innd. i lie name I'niu-
wataniie was ahbii'vialed iiili) I'miN. 'I liis iialimi
was very mieleaiily.
/\ll of the tribes kiiiiun to the Anieiitans, iiurlli
uf llie ( )liii) and east of the Mississi|)|ii, jiad llieir
1 inimil-lire at the \illa.v;e of the W'yandoll^, mar
the iiioiith of the heiroil kiver. The Wyaiidiilts
aiuiii; had the |)o\\er lo euiivene the tribes, and
when a eoMiieii was to In- held, .ipplie.iiion w.is
made to them, .iiid il w.is held ;il llieir village.
This f.iel ^ave tfie loeality a peeuliar iniporl.inee and
made il familiar t<> .ill the Indians.
At various times nearly all the ni)li:d Indi.in
li'aders visit 1 this post. I'onti.u , Teeuiiiseh, and
his brother The I'rnpliet, were fre(|iii 111 \isilors.
Jiilin I,oji;an, the t'ayu,v;a chief, whose speech to
Lord Dunmore, ( loMinor of \ir).;inia, is f.imiliai'to
every ■ Imolboy, was here in 1774, and after the
tr •■ ■ f (hillieollie, he resided for many y<;irs in
1...S lie !)ec,iine a drunk.ird, .uid was
kille;. lelwei n Detroit .iiid Miami, by ;in Indian.
'Ihe I'leneh iriisted the Indians almost wilhonl
fe.ir. No seals or locks were placed u\\ ihc slorc-
liouses, .111(1 the Indi.ms came and weni .is they
lile.ised. Under I'jinlish and Amerii;.in rule the
Indians \wie wtlcoini-d inside the stockade diirinvj
'he day. but at nii^lit all were turned niil except
lliuse who were i:nlerlained l)y private persons.
Ihe Indians were always persistent bejfj^ars, and no
;\ial) of the pieseiil day dcuuiiids baeksliocsh morcr
1 l.imoroiisiy tiiaii did tlie red ini'ii of their i'reneli
.111(1 I'jij^lish " brotlii 1 s." Their reijiiesls were .gen-
erally aeecded U), and tile presents j^iveii tliein in
some me.'isiire made up for the exorbil.ant prices
I h.uv;ed them for arlicles offered in exch.iiine hir
(iirs. Their likes and dislikes turned, like a pair of
Males, aci ordin;.; as they li.id free r.in.nc or wire
nstrieled in their visitations to the iioii.ses. ( )n
September iX, 1770, Captain Stephenson, of tlie
l.ij^hteeiilh !<e,;;imeiit. then in eomm.md, wrote to
^lir William Johnson :
My iliiUlri'ii licrc urv. (|iiii^t at prcHcnt. 'I'liiy have all liccii I"
1 ly inr a visit and suck my tiri'asl, to wliii li tliiy maili- so tlnsi'
11 applii aliiiii that I tulil thiiii I svasiiliaiil lliiy tviinUI lliiiiw lilt:
i I It >:i>iisiini|iti(iii. 'I'hi^y iin' very hap|>y at haviiiK f":'" ai icss tu
1 y hiiiisi', whicli my prcch-icssiir's drlliai y wimld not admit.
V.vcn .after this rejfion w.is surrendered, the l''.ng
lish ( 'loveriiinenl souvjlit the f.ivor of the Indi.tns
by .annual ^ifls; .and year by year up to 1.S56
thous.mds from \.irioiis tribes n.iihercd .it Deimit,
S.andwicli.or M.ilden to re(ci\c the presents of their
drcil I'ather, the Kini;. The Americin ( iovern-
incnt W.IS compelled to fullow this picci dent. (Jn
No\(iiiber 24, 1807, (liiMiiior Mull wrote lo the
Secret.iiy of War lli.il within llie two or three d.tys
pre\ioiis seven or eivjlit liundicil Indi.iiis had c.illed
.it hclioil, on llie w.iy lo ihcir vill.iv;es, .and lli.il he
had been loiiipcllcd lo liid ilicm. In the .autumn
of iSi.;, while ihc lily w,is in possession of the
Ki'il isli, I lie liiili.iiis ciiinniillcd ni.iU)' oulr.i,i.;('S. A
p.arl)' of them went in ,1 body to rob ('(iluiiel I.aiu-
bert r.caiibicn's orcli.ird, bill the t oloiiel att.acked
tlieiii with his lists, .tnd in.idc so cour.ii^eoiis .adefeiisc
lh.it he drove them from his premises. After the
city .a^.iin p.issed under American control, Colonel
I '.ass w.is oblii;ed to feed i^ical numbers of the In-
dians. In one ( oininniiii.ilion to the W.ar Depart-
ment he st.ilcs tli.ii for se\cral years he fed .an
.a\cr;i]i;e of four liiindrcil Indians per d.iy. riilween
iSi4.ind 1M17, he disbursed $Ji-'<j,ixj<-) for the bendit
of llie Indi.ans. 'I'o di\ide .and distribute .anions
tin III the v;(io(ls ,ind bounty of the < io\crnnienl w.is
.1 l.ask v; x.alious in the extreme, .uid .ilmist uiibear-
.tble, for il W.IS impossible to s.itisfy the stupid .and
stolid s.iv.i.ncs. All the yc.ir round they c.ime .and
went, .iiid the .ii;ciit's f.imily W.is "driven from one
exlremity of the house to the other by them." In
addition to the .annuities the " novcinmenl bl.u k-
smitli " rc|).aired, frei; of ch.ari^c, their y^iins and
tr.ips. There w.is .alw.ays some excuse for tlieir
( ominj;, .and citi/ens were not siirj riscd .it .any time
to see .1 sw.arthy f.ice ;il the window-pane; often-
times the click of the l.atcii w.is tlie only w.arniii.;; of
the eiitr.ince of one of the nation's w.irds. .Some of
them were .K.iyiy dressed with bl.inkets of scarlet
bro.adcloth, .and strings of siKer h.ilf-moons ^rad-
ii.ited in si/e from one to sevcr.il inches in len,v;th,
huni( from neck to .ankles, both in front and down
the l).ack. Their moc( .isins ,uul kxj^ins were ^.ly
with beads .111(1 the st.iined (juills of the porcupine.
The heads of the w.ar chiefs were fre()uently j^.iyer
still with tlu; vermilion .and bear's ).jrtase which h.id
been rubbed thereon. Tlu: sqti.aws were not left
behind. There was alw.ays some burden for them
to ( .irry, and the procession ceased on one day only
to bci^in the next. Indi.ans .and more Indians, and
still they came! Indi.ans lazy .and Indians drunk,
Indians sick and Indians hiinj^ry, all eryinn "(iive!
jrjve!" After rweivin^; their payments, liundrwls
of them would lie about the city .stupidly driink ; in
Aiij,;nst, 1825, they so disturbed the peace of the
city, that the t'oimcil, throu,k(h the m.iyor, sought
aid from the governor to quiet and eontrol tluMH.
A few of these Indians came to biy^ooils, and
324
INDIAN AGENTS.— EARLY VISITORS.
were really triisluorlliy. An ulil account book of
that pcrioil contains cliarijcs made a^jainst Indians
called ••SawCiixisc's Wife," " Big Wiixl's l)auiL;liter,"
"The Kal." "The While Devil," " riie ( )kl Cow,"
" riie Cow's Sister," " The Old Lagle and Sun,"
"The Red Bird." and "The Turtle."
INDIAN y\Oi;NTS.
The disbursinij of Indian ;iniuiities under British
rule was intrusted to an ol'licer styled an Indian
.iijjeMt, and an account book of the M.iconibs shows
that Duperon Baby was i)aid ten shillini^s sterlini;
per day, for services as Indian ajjent, from October
lo, 1778, to December 24, 1780.
I'nder' an Act of X'ir.ninia, on Aui^ust i, 1780,
John Dodije was aj^pointcd Indian avjeiit for this
reijion. By Act of Contjress April 18, 1796, Indian
atj^ents were provided for. ■. .lini; houses est.'ib-
lished, and §' jo.i^tx) w.'s invested by the rnitcd
States to carry tlum or.. They were abolished May
6, 1822. I'nder the .Act of 1805, which orijani/.cd
the Territory of Michi.n.m, the ^ijovernor was consti-
tuted the Superintendent of Imhan Affairs, and
continued to ;ict in th.it capacity until Act of June
JO, 1834, which i)n)\idc(l that .after the Territt)ry nl
Wistonsin w.is organized, the jfovenior should cease
to .act ;is Indian .i.^fcnt.
Since 1836, persons have been appointed to act
.solely as Indian ;i,v;enls.
The Indian title to l.ind in this region w.'is jrr.-Jihi-
ally e.xtinyjuislud ; the I ro<iuois conveyed their title
in 1784, :md the Wyandotts, Chippewas, Ottawas,
and other tribes, by treaties dated January i, 1785,
Au)4U.st 3, 1795, .111(1 November 17, 1807. In 1815
the whole number of Indians in Michigan w.as .about
40,000; in 1825 there were nearly 30,000 ; in 1880
there were 10,141, ;md 66,632 acres of land were
reserved for their use. The following persons h.ave
served ;is Indian .i^ents, the office beiny located in
Detroit up to 1871 :
1836-1843, 11. R. Schoolcraft; 1843-1845, Rob-
ert Stuart; 1843-1851, W. A. Richmond ; 1851, C.
1'. Babcock ; 1852 and 1853, William Spra),Hie ;
1853 1858, H. C. C.ilbert; 1858-1862, A. M, Fitch;
1862-1865, D. C. Leach; 1865-1869, R. M. Smith;
1869-1871, James W. Lon}i[; 1871, R. M. Smith;
1871-1876, Cieorge 1. i5elts ; 1876-1881, G. W. Lee;
1881- , K. V. Allen.
K.VKI.V Vl.SITORS.
It is almost litendly true th.at wherever a stream
of water Howed the Jesuits and French comm.and-
ants followed its course. From the Lakes to New
Orleans and eastward to the Gulf of St. Lawrence,
tr.ivelers, sinsjle and in groups, and eventually
troops of soldiers, went, apparently with as little
care as one now has in the journey of ,1 hutuhcd
miles in .1 palace coach, through a si'tlk'd ( ountry.
It is impossible for us to realize ihc thiring and
bravery exhibited in those long and tedious trips.
Chami)lain is said to h.ave visited this loc ality as
e.arly as 1610; th.it he i;une here in 161 1 or 1612 is
positively a.sserteil in French colonial records.
Two of the most important references to this sub-
ject .'ire to be found in tlu' ninth volume of the New
York Colonial Docununts. .\ ir.inslation from a
French .Memoir, given on p.age 303, says: "That
from 1604 to 1620 he (Champlain) has been more
tli.in live hundred leagues into the interior of New
I'V.inee ; that he defeated the lro(|iiois and look
possession of their river, .md ascended th.'it of Sa-
gucn,i towards the iioilh. The relation of Sieiir L.
Fscorbot, printed in 1612, confirms the s.inie thing.
At p.'ige 450 he s.ays th.at they h.id recei\ii.l intel-
ligence from upwards of live huiulred kaguis be-
yond the first S.ault of the rive^ St. L.iwrence,
including the gre.it Like it Hows from; ;iiul th.ii
they, likewise, h,id knowledge of the .S.aguen.i
counlry tow.inls the northwest, ;ind of the Inxiuois
country to the southwest." In the same volume, on
page 37S, M. de Denonville, Governor of New
Fr.mee, in .1 memoir on the French possessions in
America, says of Ch,imi)l.iin : "In the years 1611
and 1612 he .iscciukd the Gr.ind river as f.ar as
Lake Huron, called the fresh sea. * * * He
passed by pla<-es he h.is himself described in his
I)ook, which are no other th.in Detroit and Lake
I'-.rie."
Notwithstanding thi-se positive assertions, there
seems to be no definite evidence that Chami)lain
visiteii llu' Detroit, in the very complete transl.i-
tiou of his works by the I'rince Society, is the
assertion lli;it the location > f die stniit w.as des-
cribed to him by tlu' Indians ;is early .'is 1603; but
there is nothing in his works so f.ir as published, to
verifv the statements made in the New NOrk Docu-
ments; ;uul although we do it with great reluctance,
we must, ,it least for the present, concede that there
is no s.itisfactory proof that Detroit w.as honored by
a visit from the great French navigator. Although
he may not have visited the site of Detroit, there
can be i)ut little doubt that some of the iOtirciirs de
/lo/s reached here m.iiiy years before there is any
mention of the names of visitors. Tliese .adventur-
ous tr.iders and woodsmen went in every direction in
their endeavors to procure furs, ami they undoubtedly
came to the site of Detroit.
One of the earliest Jesuit visitors to the
region of the Lakes was Father Maniuette.
He traversed the Upper I'eninsula of Michigan,
in 1668, but there is no evidence that he w.as
ever at Detroit. He ilied at wh.at is now known
as Ludingtmi, on Lake Michigan, May 19, 1675.
EARLY VISITORS.
325
(■(',
;!■!-■
1)V
dc
my
ur-
i:i
dlv
and in tiic winur of iC)7C> liis R'luains were
taken to Point St. Ij^nacc, mar Mackinaw,
liif fmst white traveler tliruii,i;li the Detroit was
possibly tile Sieiir Joliet ; he is beheved to have
p.issed lien; in Uqo. \\\ this s.inu' year tlic
.Siil|)itian priests (iaiinee and Doliier, with tliree
cmoes and seven men, p.is.sed throii^ii tiie Detroit
,ind Lake St. Clair. They left I,a Chine Jidy 6,
i66(^, and arrived at Detroit in the sprinif of 1670.
In his journal Cialinee says liiat six kai^nes from
Lake l-'.rie, or not far from the site of Detroit, lie
foitiid a stone idol, whirii the Indi.ms re.ijarded ;is
inlliieneinj^ tiie n.ivi.i^ation of L.ike Lrie, and to
whieh they maile sacrilices of skins and food, wiun-
ever tlu'v wtTc about to embark on the lake, lie
says, " They broke one of their hatchets in breakinvj
I lie idol in pieces, and then threw it into the river,"
.uidini;, "Ciod rewarded lis for the pious deed, for
ue killed, durii\i; the .same day, a deer and a
bear."
The next visitor, so far as known, was Joliet. In
a letter dated Novemi)er 14, 1674. I'Vontenac says
that Sieiir Joliet returned to Ouebec three montli.s
previous, and that "a person can ^a) from Lake
Ontario and I'ort l'"rontenac in a bark to the (lulf
of Me.xico, there beinu; only one carrying place half
a league where Lake Ontario commmiicati's with
Lake Lrie. * * * He has been within ten days
journey of the Ciulf of Mexico, and he left copies of
his journals with the Fathers at Sault St. Marie."
These statements make it evitlent that Jolii't passed
through the Detroit. Unfortunately, on his return
trip, near Montreal, his journals were lost.
In the fall of 167.S, the Chevalier de la Salle sent
fifteen men up the lakes to tr.'ide with the Indians;
and on July 23, ifJ79, M. Tonty with tlve nu'n wi'nt
from Niagara to join them. La Salle, with Fzither
Louis Hennepin, one other Franciscan monk, and
thirty artisans, in Le (".riffon, overtook those who
had gone before, at or near the site of Detroit, on
August 10, 1679. Taking the others on board, Le
( Iriffon proceeded on her way. reached Washington
Island safely, and on September 18 started for Nia-
gara, but was lost in the northern part of Lake
Michigan. After it became evident that Le Ciriffon
was l(jst. La Salle, with others of the |)arty, crossed
from St. Jo.seph to Detroit by land, arriving about
the middle of April, i68o. They then crossed the
Detroit River, on a raft and proceeded to Nia-
gara.
In the spring of 1687 the .\Iar(|iiis de Denonville.
(lovernor of Canada, determined on an expedition
against the Seneca Indians of New \'ork, who were
enemies of the Canadian colonies. In preparing for
the expedition, M. de Tonty, who commanded I'ort
St. Louis in the Illinois country, was ordered
to go to Niagara by way of Lake Huron .and
lake Erie, and to unite with the force of Du-
luth ;it the Detroit. Tonty sent his subordinate,
De la Forest, with thirty men, by way of the
lakes, while he came over lanti direct to Detroit.
His memoir, as given in the first volume of Louisi-
ana Collections, page 69, thus narrates the occur-
rence: "After two hundred leagues of journey
by land we came, on the 19th of May, to I'ort De-
troit. We made some canoes of elm. and I sent
one of them to Fort St. Josiph (near what is now
I'ort Huron), on the high ground above Detroit,
thirty leagues from where we were to givi; the
.Sieiir (Circysi'lou) Dulud ( Dii Luth), the commander
of this fort, information (jf oui arrival." They took
formal jiosstssion of the strait as f.ir down as the
river St. Denis, this last stream being pvob.ibly the
one now known as the Rouge. Soon after, on June
7, the Sii'urs La Forest, Diirantaye, and Du Luth
joined him at Detroit. The Sieur de la Durantaye
hail with him thirty Englishmen, whom he had
captured on Lake Huron while on his way down
from Mackinaw. They had been sent by Colonel
Dongan, (lovernor of New N'ork, to take possession
of NLackinaw and the adjoining region, and to open
up trade with the Indians. The entire party, con-
sisting of one hundred and fifty I'Veiichmen, four
hundred Indians, and the thirty Fnglishmen. soon
left Detroit and proceeded to Niagara, where they
arrived June 27, 1687, having captured, on Lake
Erie, a second party, consisting of Major McC.regor,
sixteen white men and thirteen allied Indians, who
were al.so on their way to Mackinaw.
La Hontan. in his travels, makes no mention of a
village or post at this place, but r.ays that on Sep-
tember 6. 1 687, he passed through the river.
The arrival of Cadillac is elsewhere described;
after him the first visitor of note was Father Peter
Francis .Xavier Charlevoix, who arrived June 6,
1 72 1, and remained twelve days.
the
ciiai'TI':r xj.vii
IU()(;KAI'I!V ok tiADIl.l.Ai:. I'lll'. lOlNDINC. AND (iUOWIII OF DKTKOir.—
MANMIKS AM) CTSIOMS. .MANKIA(.I. LAWS. MA.S(JNIC AM)
ODD li:i.l,o\V SOCIKTIKS.
Amdint. Laimi.i' di: i.a Moiiii-, Cadii.i, ac,
llic foimdir of Dilmit, was Ixiin Man li 5. iCic,^, at
St, Niciilas (li; la (iravc, in llic I Jcpailimnt of 'I arn
and ( iaroiuH', I'raiui'. Tin: ol<l parish nconls show
that \h) was bapti/cd when live days old i)y Rc\'.
Katlur J<ihn liosciis, under the name of Anioinc
Laiiinct, and that lie was the son of "Jean l.anniei,
Advocate in the Court, and of Jian I'ldiav^ut, niai-
ried."
Previous to the hirth of Cadillac, his father lived
at Caunioni, J^oini^ froui tlunci' to Si. Nicolas to
serve in the capa( ily of advocate and jud.i^^e. That
he was a man of wealth is esident from \arious
records of transfers of lands, holh at Caumont and
St. Nicolas. Some of the lan<ls which I'adillac
inherited from hi.s father were known by the name
of Laumct, and were in possession of his de.sccnd-
ants as late as 1748. The name I.aumet is still
attached to a portion of the lands, .and they are so
desijfnatcd on detailed m.aps of the province. The
house belonijinii to the manor is one of the most
comfortable dwellin,t;s in the vicinity, Inil unfortu-
nately for historic purposes, it has been so thoroui,dily
reconstructed th.it notr.ace rem.iins of its appearanc<'
at the time our hero was born.
The father and the relatives of Cadillac t'ij.(ure
Larijely in the records of tlu' commuii.al deliberations
of C.iumont; they were evidently persons of j^ood
standinii;. not members of the nobility, but belon,i,dn,i(
to the hii^her cl.ass of citi/i'us, who, ;it ih.at time, found
easy ac<'ess to judici.'il .and milit.ary em|)loyments.
With rei;ard to the vari(jus n.ames assimicd by
Cadill.ic .and .applied to him by oth-
ers, tlioin,di there .are some thinjijs as
yet uiiexpl.iined, there can be no
doubt ,is to th(- identity of tlie person
to whom they .are .applied.
His siijnature, made at Castelsar-
rasin in 1729, at the tinu' of the mar-
riai;;!^ of his d.au,v;ht(r, h.irmoni/es
closely with his sii;n.iture. wriltc'i a quarter of ,1
century before, in the records of St. Anne's Church
in Detroit. 'I'he n.ime L.imothe, ;ii)pen(lcd to the
istrv of marri;tij:e .at (.)uebee in 1687, is unlike his
l.atiT sivjnatures, but ch.in.i;es in form of letters .are
not .at .all unusu.il. The chief trouble with the
n-cord of < Miibec is that the sl.itement it cont.iins in
ret;;ir(l to his father .and mother docs not h.irmoni/e
with the fa( ts obt.iincd from I' raiice. This, how-
ever, m.ay be .accounted for by the prob.ahility that
the record w.is carelessly t.iken down, or hurriedly
written.
I'ossibly the intim.ation which we tind in one old
m.anuscript, th.al C.idill.ic left I'r.mce on .account of
person.al diDii ulties, is true, .and if so, this ni.ay have
been tlii' reason for his ( han.v;c of n.ame. The body
of the marri.iiL-e record )Lri\esthe n.ame of C.iilillac as
" Antoine de la Mothe." The name lie .sij^rnod was
I..imothe L.iun.iy. The record, however, states that
he married .M.irie 'I'herese duyon, and this name
accords with ,ill the information obtained el.sewhere
concirninn the n.ame of his wife.
It w.as not at .all imcommon, at th.al d.iy, or even
in later times, for the same person to be desij^nated
by two or more n.ames, entirely different from each
other. I..uimet was untloubtedly his family n.ame ;
it was used both by him and his wife, as was alsfj
the name i..i Mothe; and sometimes both names
were used in the same document.
When Cadill.ic 's i^rrjindd.aunhter was married to
li.irtholomew dnyoire, at Castelsarra.sin, she was
styled Marie Tlit'rese de Laumet di' Cadillac. In
1741 .and 1742 the French records of transfers of
land titles jjjive the n.ame of Cadill.aii's wife as
M.idame Therese de (luyon, wife of Antoine Lau-
rnel de la Mothe Cadillac.
registry of marri.aj^e .at (.]ia
[3=';i
Sl(iNATlM!l'. OK I.AMOTIIE CaIMT.I.AC.
The forcpoinjj evidences of identity arc conclusive,
but if it weic desir.ible, simil.ar proofs could be
almost indefinitely multiplied.
lUOtiRAl'IIV Ol CADILLAC.
Z^l
of till' early life of C.iilillac uc have no direct
iiiforination. I'liai he rtitivtd a more llian ordi-
lary cducatioii, (or lliat pLriod, is alniiidantly tvi-
.liiiicd l)y llic style of liis luinieroiis Utters and
memoirs, by tlie dillK ult feats of navij^alioii thai lie
|performed, and by the various positions of ri'sponsi-
liilily wiiieh lie was called lo occupy.
lie had evidently received a reli.i.',ioiis traininvj,
was in synii)athy with the l''r."ncisi an order, and
his wrilini^fs tet'ni with illiistr.itions from and allu-
sions to Itibli' n.irratives. lie was .1 < lose observer,
and his papers ,;;ive evidence of exact knowied^a'.
Almost without exception, his pl.ans, as detailed in
his letters, evince a statesmanship born of l(»ve for
!■ ranee and loyalty to the kini;. ili' thonnht out
his wfirk, and planned like a nenenil. lie ;iimed lo
|iro\idi' for all continj^cncies, .ind in their l)iisiness
details, many of his letters exhibit r.ire commerci.i!
foresight. Those who critici/.ed his actions found
him keen ,'ind cintioiis in his retorts and resolute in
inaintainin;;- his uround. lie would neitluT yield
his rii,;lil of judi;inent nor his prerogatives as eom-
iiiand.int, To (|iiote his own won.s, he was "like a
ir.iveler, and did not jjroposc' to stop because all the
curs b.'irked ;it him."
\\'liere\er he was stationed, he studied the jiLice
,ind till' people, ;ind in every case m;ide detailed
reports (oneernin.ii; both, .maly/ini,; the character
.ind needs of e.ich ,ind sutji^estini^ pl.ins for the
fiitiu'e. Some of his ilestri|)tiuns of .scenery are full
of |)oelic feeling.
I If w.is opposid in many of his plans, not only by
ihe tr;idinj; c<imp;mies, but by the Jesuits ;is well.
'The Latter oi'der, for many years, was the dominant
political force in the Nt'w World, .as \w\\ as the
sirontjist relij;ioiis power. Tli.it the ordi'r hindered
Cadillac's project is cle.irly shown in the i orresijon-
(lenci- of the period, which is still preserved in
I'r.ince .and C";m.ida. While yitldinj,^ tin- Jesuit
lathers .ill (Uference in reli,i;ious matters, t'adill.ic
would not yield lo their dici.nion in m.atlers |)er-
i.iii ' to the civil st.ile. He not only knew his
I It w.is .able to maintain them, even a.n.iinst
l;irn;e odds, and ilid so with spirit .and delcrmin.i-
lion. He hatl rare penetration, could discern
motives and plans, .and as nothinj^ escapid his
observation, the members of that order foimd "a
fiieman worthy of their steel." As a schol.ar, C.a-
ilill.HC was nearly e(|iial to tlie be.st of them ; ;uk1
whether wioldini: pen or sword, he .i^rasjK-d it w ith
no uncertain h.tnd. His history is certainly .a
remarkable one. Duriny twenty years or more, he
w;is a prominent llgiire in many sections of the con-
tinent.
In jrathering material for his history, I h.ave been
literally comi)elled to trace his footsteps in France
.ind then in Canada. He was at Nova Scotia, on the
coast of M.iinc, ,ii M.n kin.iw, ,al Detroit, at Mobile,
.and 01 the lllniois, .uid then the Old World claimed
his ih<iui^d)t ;md time, and near the place of his
birth his v;r;t\e w;is m.ule.
i he most dillij^'cnt se.iri h in I'r.aiu e, Canad.i, .and
the IJnitetl States has failed to discover any portrait
of C'.irlill.ie. riiere is in t'xistetii'c but one <les( ription
of his personal appeanince, .and that is entirely lic-
titioiis, and without historic fotmd.uion for a sinj,jle
feature. Indeed, tlu' .author of it s.avs, "I n<ver
intended it should be received as resting; on any
other fotnid.ation " th.'ui that of .m.-iviination. Any
represcnt.iiion, therefore, of the foiuider of our city
is only of v.ilue .as it helps to honor the name of
Culillac. A |)iclure of the old clun'ch where his
bones repose has been obtained, ,and is deemed an
appropri.ite frontispiece for the history of the 1 ity
whi( h he foimded.
The date of his arrival in the New World is
unknown. It is .sai<l that he h.id previously served
in the ,irmy, and he seems to h.ive held the r.mk of
lieutenant when he came. In 1688 he was styled,
in oriici.il docitments, ;i Knight of the Koy.al and
Military ( )rd<r of Si. Louis. Our history of him in
America bcijins with his m.arri.'i^je at Ouebee, f)n
June 25, 1^187, to M.irie Tht'rese (itiyon, a nalivi' of
that city, d.au.nhter of Denis (iuyon .md I^li/.ibeth
lioitcher. In 1689 (iovernor .Mennevillc desij4iiale(l
him ;is a resident of Acidi.a, .and s.aid he h.ad ;i
h.abil.iiion then-; Ouebee ,al ih.il time w.is within
the limits of wli.it w.is styletl Ai.idi.i. That his
m.irri.ij^fe w.is ,1 li.ippy one is evidint. In Septem-
lier. 1701. when M.id.ime ( ;i(lill.i( w.is .about selling
out from Ouebee to join her husband .it Detroit,
several l.idies s.aid lo her, " It nii).;ht do if you were
j,foin,v; to ;i jilcisiinl country where you could lia\c
,Hi)od comp.any, bul it is impossible to conceive how
you cm be willinvj to go to ;i desert country when
there is nothing lo do but to die of ennui." She
replied. ".A woiii.m who loves her husb.ind .as she
should li.is no stron).jer .iltr.ictioii th.in his comp.'iny.
wherever it ni.iy be; everylliin,i4 else should be
indilfereiit to her."
M.id.ime t'.idill.ic was accompanied on the trip
by the wife of l.icuten.inl Tonty. They came by
w.ay of Ni.av^vini. So toilsome w.as the journe} that
it is no wonder tli.it l'"atlK'r (iermain, on Au.i^ust 25,
1701, wrote to Cadill.ic, " [everybody here admires
the nobleness of the two ladies, who have had the
cour.aije lo undertake such a painful voyage to join
their husbands."
Ladies of the present day, imagine it if you can, —
a journey of one thousand miles in ;in open canoe,
with Indi.ins ;md rough canoe-men. in many resjiects
worse ihan Indians, as companions. It was at a
time, too, when winds and rains might be looked for,
and we may be sure that their resting places en
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BIOGRAPHY OF CADILLAC.
routf were far from being equal to the poorest
hotels of to-day.
Surely there was oecasion to admire their courage,
endurance, and devotion. Cadillac's wife left their
two daughters with the Ursulines to be educated.
Her little boy, Jacques, born March i6, 1695, came
with her. Their oldest son, Antoine de la Mothe
Cadillac, tils, born April 26, 1692, an ensign in 1707,
was already here. He came with his father. A
son named Pierre Denis was born June 13, 1699,
and died July 4, 1700, A daughter, Marie Anne,
born June 7, died on June 9, 1701. The records of
St. Anne's Church show that in 1706 there was a
daughter here named Magdaline, old enough to act
as godmother. The same records also show the
names of five other children, as follows : Marie
Therese, baptized February 2, 1704; Jean Antoine,
baptized January 19, 1707; he died Ajiril 9, 1709;
Marie Agathe, baptized on December 29, 1707 ;
Fran9ois, baptized on March 28, 1709; .and Rene
Louis, baptized on March 18, 17 10, he died October
7, 1714. The names of two sons, Joseph and Fran-
9ois, are contained in the records of Castelsarrasin,
and an old deed, elsewhere referred to, shows that
they were both living in 1738. We have therefore
the names of eleven children ; adding the two
daughters left with the Ursulines, we find that Ca-
dillac had at least thirteen children.
The oldest son was alive in 1730, but died before
his father's property was divided in 1731. The
daughter, ^L'lrie Therese, was married at Castel-
sarrasin, February 16, 1729, to Noble Frc^icis dc
Pouzargues. She died on February i, 1753, and
was buried the next day in the same church where
her fath(;r had been laid. She left two sons; one,
named Joseiih, was born October 14, 1730; the
name ;uk1 date (jf birth of the other have not been
found. Jose])h Lamothe Cadillac, who afterwards
became an advocate in Parli.ament, was married on
June 5, 1732, to Mademoiselle Marguerite de Ore-
goire, and had two children, Marie Therese, born
April 29, 1733, and Marguerite Anne, born July 19,
1735. Francois, the last named of the sons of Ca-
dillac, was married on September 10, 1744, at Castel-
sarrasin to Demoiselle Angelicjue l'"urgole, widow
of I'ierre Salvignac. They had no children.
All of Cadillac's children, except Marie Therese,
Josejih, and Francois, were dead in 1731, when his
estate was divided.
His wife, after his death, continued to live at
Castelsarrasin, and died in the parish of St. Sauveur,
in Castelsarrasin, in 1746.
Joseph Lamothe Cadillac was living as late as
1748, and Francois in 1741, but both were dead in
1798. Marie Therese, daughter of Joseph and
granddaughter of Antoine dc la Mothe C.-idillac,
married her cousin, Bartholomey de Gregoire, son
of Noble r.artholomey de Gregoire, in May, 1761,
at Castelsarrasin. They lived there until they came
to America, to prosecute, in person, their claims to
the lands granted to Cadillac on the coast of Maine.
The history of this grant is as fr)llows : In 1688,
Cadillac petitioned the Marcjuis de Denonville, Gov-
ernor of Canada and Acadia, for the grant (;f a
" place called Douaquec, near Mageis " (Machias),
to consist of " two leagues on the sea shore, with
two leagues in depth, within the land, the D()ua(]uec
River to divide the said two leagues in depth, one
league to be taken on the west side and one league
on the other side of said river," with the island of
Mount Desert and other islands, which are on the fore
part of the said two front leagues, " to hold in fief
and lordship with high mean and low jurisdiction, he
being desirous to promote an establishment there."
The petition, and a concession made by the governor
on July 23, 1688, were presented to Louis XIV. at
X'ersailles for confirmation, and on May 24, 1689,
he confirmed the grant of the lands to Cadillac.
The grant was recorded at Quebec on April 20.
1 69 1. The lands lay in what was then Acadia, ;ill
that part of Maine east of the Penobscot River
being then includeil in the territory made famous
by the story of Evangeline. They afterwards
formed part of the Territory of Penobscot, or Dis-
trict of ?.laine, in the Commonwealth of Massachu-
setts, the State of Maine not having been created
until 1820.
At the time the Gregoircs made their ciann, the
lands were in the County of Lincoln, and the River
Douaquec was then called Taunton. The Gre-
goircs claimed two leagues on the sea shore with
two leagues in depth, one league in depth to be fin
the main land, .and the other league to include
Mount Desert and the neighlxiring islands, named
A, Leans, Prebbles, Hragdons, Hurnt, and lUack,
the six small islands known as the Porcupines, to-
gether with Islaiul 15, and the islands known as
Jordens, Red, Slave or Stave, Nicholas or Iron
Pound, Tintle, and I leron or Scamwells islands.
The entire grant includetl 184,272 acres. While
the Gregoires were still in France, on June 15, 1785,
the I'>ench consul made an api^lication to Massa-
chusetts on their behalf. His communication was
referred to the Committee on L'nappro|-)riated
Lands, and their report was referred to the Com-
mittee on Sale of Eastern Lands. They, however,
made no report until the matter was again brought
to their attention after the arrival in Boston of
Monsieur and Madame Gregoire. In anticipation
of going to America to prosecute this claim, Ma-
dame Gregoire made her will at Castelsarrasin on
February 13, 1784, and .she and her husband, on
their way to America, were in Paris on August
26, 1786. They arrived in Boston a few days prior
BIOGRAPHY OF CADILLAC.
329
i
to November 6, 1786, comintr from France t'/Vj New
York. On tlie date last named tlieir second petition
was presented. It set fortli tlie facts above named,
and also stated tliat, from tlie date of the grant, De
la Mothe Cadillac was styled " Lord of Douaquec '
and Mount Desert."
The records of St. Anne's Church, in Detroit,
abundantly bear out tiieir assertion. He so styles
himself in many places in those old records. The
petition .set forth that Cadillac granted leases to
lands on Mount Desert, the originals of which were
in their possession, and also that he took possci'sicMi
of llie lands, and continued to occupy and claim
jurisdietion over them until his death in 1730, and
that after the treaty of Utrecht, alxnit 1712, the
actual possession of the lands could not be proven,
as the Knglish usurped po.ssession of the territory,
but that as the owner could not be barred of his
lights until sixty years' time had clasped, the peti-
tidiurs believed their chaim to be good. They stated
that the marriages, minority, and death of various
heirs prevented them from prosecuting their cl.aims
earlier, especially as they had no hope of getting
justice from laigland. They brought a letter from
ba l''ayette, recommending them and their claim to
consideration, and the petition stated that Thomas
Jefferson thought favor.ibly of their claim. The
governor brought their petition before the deneral
Court of the Senate and House of Representatives
in a special message, dated November 7, 1786, anil
on tlu^ same day a joint committee was apiiointed
1(1 consider the claim. The committee reported
that the lands were in |3art occupied, and the Legis-
lature, in order to ascertain tlu' eiiuities of the case,
sought .an opinion from the Supreme Court, but tin-
'"urt declined to give an opinion on a case not
actually before it. The subject was then referred
to the attorney-general, and the (Iregoires remained
in boston awaiting a decision.
This was so long delayed that in May, 1787, the
I'rench consul again called the attention of the
I cgislature to the subject, and on Jime 6, 17S7, it
was referred to a joint Committee of the Legisla-
ture. On June 29 the Senate reported favorably on
the claims of the Oregoires, and on July 5, 17S7, the
House of Representatives conciuTcd in the decision.
Ml of the lands they claimed, then possessed by the
lommonwealth, either by original title, contiscation,
or forfeiture, were to be given u|i to the Orcgoires,
l)n)vide(l they would, within one year, make terms
with such of the then possessors of any of the lands
as the Committee on Sale of Eastern i.ands should
deem entitled to consideration. The Legislature
•'l^o, by special Act, provided for their naturaliza-
'ion; and on October 29, 1787, they and their three
' Spelled also Doiiagoet and Dunaqucc.
children, Pierre, Nicholas, and Marie, were natural-
ized.
The conceding of the claim of the Gregoires was
really a graceful act, but the good feeling then
entertained towards the French nation, on account
of services rendered in the Revolutionary War, im-
doubtedly had much to do with the favor with
which the claim was received.
The lands were actually within the limits claimed
by Massachusetts at the time Louis Xl\'. made the
concession. Cadillac's selection of the locality did
credit to his judgment. Mount Desert Island is the
largest on the coast. It has an area of 6,000 acres,
is fifteen miles long and from eight to twelve broad.
( )n it there are thirteen ntountains, with large .and
beautiful lakes far up their sides, and the entire
island is remarkable for picturesque and beautiful
scenery. It now forms part of Hancock County,
Maine, and to this day the land titles of the eastern
half of the island are all traced from the Ciregoires
as the first owners.
AfttT obtaining the grant, the (iregoires made
their home on Mount Desert Isl.ind for si'veral
years. On iVugu.st 4, 1792, they sold their intiTcst
to Henry Jaekson, and rt'moved to Boston, where
they were in August, 1798. They afterwards re-
turned to Mount Desert. Mrs. Clara liarnes Mar-
tin, in her account of the island, .says that they died
about 1810, and that their graves are shown just
outside of the present cemetery, ne.ir Hull's Cove,
on the east side of the island. \\'hen the cemetery
was enclosed, their graves were left outside by mis-
take. In 1S74 a white wooden cross was erected
to mark their site.
In 1882 there was living ;it Lille, in I'rauce, .1
Madame Ciregoire, nct- de Fremiot, probably the
only remaining descendant of the (iregoires.
In the time of Cadillac, the French colonies were
under the control of tlu' Naval Di'partment, conse-
quently Cadillac and other soldiers cng.iged in the
service of the colonies belonged, not to the army,
but to the na\ y, and were rated as marines. Ca-
dillac m.iy be said to have been both sailor and
soldier, and seems to have been t'(|ually at home on
water and on kind. His coiu'age is undoubted ; he
went fearlessly among the savages, and was alwavs
ready to brave the dangers of a new post. Imme-
diately after his marriage he went to Port Royal in
Acadia, remaining there between one and two years,
and in 1689 going to France, probably to secure the
grant of Mount Desert. At this time he seems to
have been a captain of infantry, but without much
means. When he went to France, he left his wife
in Acadia, whither he returned in seven months.
Soon after we find him in command of a vessel.
A letter from Count Frontenac to the colonial
minister, dated October 20, 1691, states that La
330
BI0(;RA1'HV of CADILLAC.
Motlies vessel had been captured by a Boston "cor-
sair."
In February, 1692, Count FroiUcnac, llie jjjover-
nor-jreneral, proposed to send liini to Franee to j^ive
intelliijence as to tlu: condition of tlie i'rovince.
I'ontchartrain, in re|ily, asks that he be sent "by the
first shi])," so that he niiifjit yive minute informa-
tion to aid in tiie jiropused attiuk on New \'ork and
New Fn^land, as iu' is considered to be tlie " best
instructed on plans, SDiindini^s, ruid all obser\alions."
In fuHilmcnt of this rc(iucst, Cadillac returned to
France. While there, or soon after his return to
Canada, he made other su.n'nest ions, which are indi-
cated in a letter from the kinir to Count Frontenac,
written in March, 1693.
In this letter the kin^^ approved of Cadillac's plan
of having- vessels of lii^ht draft to defend the rivers
and lakes of Canada from the laiylish, and author-
ized Frontenac to j^ive the command to Cadillac.
It is doubtful if this was done, for on October 24.
1693, Frontenac wrote to the l'"rench colonial min-
ister that an ol'licer named Mome, havint,^ been
jj;uilty of insolent and unbecomini;- behavior, he had
given the company lately under his command to La
Mothe Cadillac.
In 1694 he was at Quebec, and on September u5
Count Frontenac appointed him conim.uidant of
Michilimackinac and of all the country beyond.
Frontenac says, " We have thou,i,dit that we could
not make a better choice than to appoint Lieutenant
de Lamothe Cadillac, Captain of the troops of the
detachment of the Marine, whose valor, wisdom,
experience, and good conduct have been manifested
on several occasions."
On his way to his new command, Cadillac left
Quebec September 24, and arrived in November or
December at Mackinaw, where he succeeded M. de
Lovigny. He remained there until 1699, when he
asked to be relieved, and returned to Quebec. His
chief motive in asking to be relieved was to further
the project he had formed of establishing a post at
Detroit.
In order that there may be no break in the his-
tory of this post, we temporarily pass over Cadillac's
establishment here, and trace his subseeiucnt career.
The date of his leaving Detroit is not definitely
known. He was certainly here as late as May 7,
1710, for on that day he tcrtitied to the records of
St. Anne's Church. He had been appointed the
day before to the governorship of Louisiana, but
knowledge of the fact could not have reached him
for several months, and he was probably at I )etroit
until the summer of 171 1, when there are .some in-
dications that he went to I'"rance. It is certain that
his oldest son and daughter were here until August
19, 171 1, for on that day they registered at St.
Anne's as godfather and godmother at a baptism.
On September 14, 1712, Antoine Crozat was
granted the e.\ilusive commerce of the I'rovince
of Louisiana for fifteen years, together with all the
lands that he should e.stabli.sh himself upon, and
the proceeds of any mines. Cadillac was now newly
commissioned by Crozat, and is said to have been
promisctl .1 portion of the profits from the province.
If Cailillac was in France at this time he proba-
bly returned to Acadia before going to Louisiana,
for the vessel that carried him there had on board
twenty-five Breton girls, who. the record particu-
larly mentions, "came of their own free will."
He arrived at Dauphin Island, near Mobile, on
May 17, 1713. in the frigate Baron de la Fosse, of
forty guns, commanded by M. de la Jonquiere. His
wife, sons, and d.'tughtcrs came with him, together
with several servants. The vessel also brought
a large quantity of munitions of war and provisions
for the settlement.
During the year Cadillac caused a number of
houses to be built, and the settlement prospered.
The colony had originally been located further north,
but a short time prior to the arrival of Cadillac it
was established on the jiresent site of Mobile.
Cadillac sought to obtain supplies for the colony
from Mexico, and sent out expeditions in various
directions to examine the resources of the country,
and discover the mines which almost every one be-
lieved to be in existence. He visited the Illinois
Country, explored the lead mines near what is now
Dubuque, and returned to Mobile in October, 171 5.
The following month he sailcil for France, pos-
sibly to report his discoveries. He returned in
1716.
On March 9, 1717, three French frigates arrived
at Mobile, bringing M. de 1' Epinay, who was com-
missioned to succeed Cadillac. The Dudlow, one
of the vessels, returned to France in June with Ca-
dillac and Duclos, the king's commissary, as passen-
gers. Disputes between Cadillac and his associate
officers were undoubtedly the occasion of his recall.
It is evident that his principal accusers were not
trusted by the Government, for M. Duclos, one of
the chief defamcrs of his administration, w.is re-
called by the s.ime order which relieved Cadillac.
La Harpe says that the arrival of Cadillac would cer-
tainly have produced a good eifect in Louisiana but
for the jealousy existing between him .and Bienville.
It was manifestly Cadillac's clear judgment and
strong will that arouseil the dislike of his associates.
The old records contain abundant evidence of thcii'
jealousy and of parties formed against him. M. de
Bienville was especially his enemy. He asserts
that Cadillac wanted him to marry his daughter,
but it is ([uite as probable that he was a rejected
suitor. In view of the judgment and ability dis-
played elsewhere by Cadillac, some portions of his
THE FOUNDING AND GROWTH OF DETROIT.
331
•ed
M-
11 It
of
fc-
;ic.
.T-
)Ut
le.
nd
(.'ir
dc
rts
er,
ed
is-
liis
dispatches from Louisiana seem weak and iil-
• idvised. That he was dissatisfied witii tlie c(Ui,itry,
with the position he was jilaced in, and the shahl)y
support he received from the mother country, is
clearly apparent. It has been claimed that in
Louisiana he showed himself weak in character,
I liildisli in spirit, and utterly without capacity fur
the position he occupied ; l)ut careful examina-
tion will show any candid mind that such rcprcseu-
lalions arc founded on a partial and impi'rfi'ct knowl-
cdjje of the man. It should be remembered that in
(."adillac's time. New Fr.ance, as well as the mother
(■(Hintry, was _vr()vcrned by cabal and intrii,nie. Olh-
cials, priests, and traders vied with each other in
crafty schemes for personal and churchly a^;.nTan-
(lizement. Hundreds of witnesses, in the shape of
old letters, can be produced, showinjr that these
different parties were divided by jealousy and dis-
trust, and the evidence is now abundant and con-
clusive that Louisiana historians have hitherto failed
ti) study Cadillac's dointjs and statements in the
liiijht of his previous life and of the society and cir-
cumstances that surrounded him.
We have seen that he sailed for France in 171 7.
After having wandered all over America, he re-
turned to his birthplace to "fight his battles o'er."
In August, 1721, his wife was at St. Nicolas de la
(Irave, and there are records of the sale of property
at Caumont by ihem in that year. Cadillac himself
was then in Paris, having gone thither to obtain the
governorship of Castelsarrasin. Just a year later, in
/\ugust, 1722, a decree authorizing his appointment
was issued, but the details were not settled until
December 11, when he was duly commissioned
governor and mayor. For this office he paid 16,500
livres, 1,500 being for a tax or bonus of two .sous
per livre on the principal sum of 15,000. He was
also to pay 300 livres yearly to the king, but this
amount he was authorized to collect of the city.
On April 16, 1723, he transmitted Iiis commission
from Paris to the council of the city for registration,
and on September 9, 1723, it was read to the coun-
cil at Castelsarrasin and recortled.
His appointment was made under an edict of
Louis XIV., of the same year in which was repealed
an edict of 1717, giving municipalities the choice
of their own ofiicen;. I low long he held the office
is uncertain. In 1724 the king took away the
municipal offices he had granted, and Cadillac possi-
bly was superseded. He, however, continued to
reside at Castelsarrasin, and his remains were in-
t'rred in the old church of the Carmelites at that
place.
The church was confiscated in 1791, at the time
iif the French Revolution ; becoming national |)i()p-
crty, it was turned into a prison and greatly changed,
therefore the exact location of his tomb cannot be
found. He died at midnight on October 15, 1730,
and was buried on the following day.
THK I'OUNDINf, ANT) GROWTH OF DETROIT.
There are circumstances that indicate the possible
existence of a trading post at Detroit, fifteen years
prior to the coming of Cadillac ; but if any such
post existed, it was comjioscd of only a few rnurfitrs
(/<■ /lo/'s. In X'olume 1\'. of the New York docu-
mentary collections are reports of several councils
between the English and Indians, which clearly
indicate that no permanent post existed at Detroit
prior to his coming.
While stationed at Mackinaw, Cadillac became
conviiK'cd that the Indians nuist be gathered in one
locality before the Government could gain control
over them. The soil and situation at Mackinaw
were not favorable for a settlement, and Cadillac
thought that the luiglish could be more easily pre-
vented from trading with the western Indians if a
French post were established at Detroit. Fearing
that a written conmiunication would not sufficiently
convince the French Ciovcrnment of the wisdom of
his plans, the Governor of Canada determined to
allow him to present them in jierson, and accord-
ingly ho .sailed for France. His plans met with
favor, and after an interview with Count Pontchar-
train, and a personal examination of his project by
Louis XIV., he received the authority he desired.
For the building of the fort 1,500 livres was allowed
him; he was appointed commandant, and the king
agreed to grant an allowance for the subsistence
of himself and wife, two children, and twu ser-
vants.
It was no easy task that Cadillac had undertaken.
Even before he came, he knew that his enterprise
would be opposed by the Jesuits at Mackinaw and
the traders at Montreal. He knew also that the
English and the Irocjuois would destroy the post if
possible. He had, however, fully counted the cost,
and had achieved almost perfection in his plans.
The friendly Indians were to be gathered about the
settlement, so that the cottreurs dc hois could find
neither furs nor favorites elsewhere, and in case of
attack the Indians and French could help each
other. Cadillac was strenuous in urging that the
Indians be taught the French language, that they
might understand for themselves the projiosals of
the king, and not be dependent on priests or inter-
preters, both of whom would, on occasion, accom-
modate their interpretation to selfish purposes.
Cadillac also favored the intermarriage of the
French and Indians. This was contrary to custom
in many of the scttlen>cnts, but was permitted at
Detroit, and there can be no doubt that these unions
greatly served the colony.
-1 1 -)
THE FOUNDING AND GROWTH OF DETROFF.
The French colonial documents show tliat on
October i6, 1700, M. de Callieres wrote to Count
I'ontchartrain as follows :
I sliall si-nd SItnir de la Mcitlic and Siciir di'Tonty in the sprini;
I.) innstnict a fort at Detroit. My dBsi,i;n is that tlicy shall ijo hy
Ihi' Oiitaoiu-s (Ottawa) Kivrr In order to lak(> possussion of that
post from the Lake Huron side, liy that means avoidliix the
Niagara passiigo, so as not to give urnhraKe to the Iroquois.
Returninjaf uo America, Cadillac arrived at Ouebec
on March 8, 1701. The same day he left for Mon-
treal, where he arrived M.arch 12, ;ind for some
weeks busied himself in arrantjinir for the trip. All
was tin.illy in re.idiness, and on June 5 he left Mon-
treal, h.iviniLf witli him M. dc Tonty as captain, and
Messrs. Uu^nie .and Ch.icornacle as lieutenants, with
fifty soldiers in blue coats with white facin).^s, al.so
fifty emii,'rants and two priests.
The Chev.alier de iJeaucheue, in a volume pub-
lished in F.aris in 1733, says that he and a company
of AlijoiKiuin Indians started with Cadillac as an
escort, and th.it. on account of a quarrel, he returned.
He i,'-ives a detailed accoimt of the affair, but there
are v.irious indications th.at the narrative is one of
the fictitious works that were not infretjuent at that
dav.
Cadillac's party came by way of the Ottawa
River and Fake Huron, arrivinij on July 24, 1701.
The comoy consisted of twenty-live ca'^ es, which,
besides the soldiers and emijjrants, brought supplies
of various kinds essential to the building and estab-
lishment of a new post.
Arriving at Detroit on a hot .summer d.ay, the
canoes were drawn up on shore, and all of the new
comers were soon sheltered in the leafy groves that
here and there extended almost to the river's edge.
'Flu- site of the stockade was selected, and ere long
the sound of a.xes resounded through the woods.
Holes were ^\u\:; for the palisades, and the stockade
was soon completed. 'J'hc locations of chapel,
magazine, store, and dwellings were next deter-
mined, and before August had passed away, the
settlement was fully established.
A few weeks later the soil was broken, and the
first wheat sown on the Detroit River was carefully
bestowed. On December 6 Cadillac marked out a
place for the Huron village, and in February and
May of the following year he called the Indi.'ins
together for a council. These councils, then and
after, were the occasions of much local interest, for
the Indians were always arrayed in their savage
finery ; and as they expected gifts they also brought
them; as the "talk" progressed, presents v,-ere
given and received with almost every point made by
either side. When the settlement was a year old,
lacking three days, Cadillac for the first time left it,
going to Quebec to conclude an agreement with the
trading company which h.ad obtained control of the
post. He returned on November C). These days
were (l.'irk ones. There w.'is so much opiiosition to
the est.'iblishment th;it but little trading w.is done.
.'111(1 between the king .and the C()ini);uiy, the soldiers
were so poorly p.aid th.at, in 1703, niiu' of them
deserted. 'Fhey were glad to return, however, on .1
promise of pardon, which Cadillac w.as riuite willing
to gram, for .soldiers ;is well ;is settlers were few in
number.
He was constantly seeking to enlarge his force,
and finally, in a letter of June 14, 1704, Pontchar-
train announced that \'audreuil h.id been ordered to
give him .as many soldiers ;is he asked Cadillac only
being required to pay for their transportation.
Fontchartrain also said that all that w.as just and
reason.ible C.adill.ac should have to help him est.-ib-
lish the colony, that he had fully explained the mat-
ter to V.audreuil, .and th.at Cadill.ac would h.ave no
further trouble. The letter concludes with these
words : " I am leaving you absolute master of this
post. ITse your effort to succeed at Detroit, .and
you will not l.uk for concessions, nor even for
a post more considerable than th.at which you
h.ave."
Notwithstanding the explicit directions to \'au-
dreuil, the intrigues of traders and others caused
him to delay .giving the assistance he w.as required
to afford, .and in tiie meantime the tr.ading comjiany
brought such ch.arges .against Cadill.tc th.it in the
autumn of 1704 he w.as compelled to go to Ouebec
to answer them. In June, 1706, after long delay,
he w.as completely vindicated, and the king ;ig.iin
gave him full control f)f Detroit, and in August i>f
th.at year Cadill.ac returned. .After his return the
colony beg.an to tlourish. He induced m.iny fami-
lies to settle .along the str.iit, .and his oldest son, in
a memoir, dated 1730, and addressed to Count
M.aurepas, cl.aimcd th.it he transported one hundred
and fifty inhabitants to Detroit, together with cattle,
horses, and other .anim.als, at his own expense, and
that he expended for various improvements fully
> 50,000 livres.
The boldness of the early settlers w.as not ex-
ceeded in any other colony on American soil. The
settlers of Jamestown and I'lymouth Rock were
located near the coast, and in an emergency could
more easily escape than the first settlers of Detroit,
these last established their firesides nearly a thousand
miles from the se.a, and were literally surrounded
by thousands of savages, ni.iny of them known to
be hostile, and cannib.als as well. The colonists
were mostly persons of limited means, many of
them artisans, whose services were essential in such
a colony. Some were gentlemen by birth, who,
having failed to inherit a fortune at home, or having
THE I-OUNDING AND GROWTH OF DETROIT.
333
L'X-
riif
[lid
l)it.
Ind
led
ltd
kts
lof
loll
io,
lost their inheritance, broiitriil to tiiis western world
their empty titles and well-rilled scabbards to make
hollies and fortunes of their own.
Anion,i; tiiose wiio were specially prominent at an
early day, Robert Navarre may be mentioned, hi
his vcais coursed the proudest blooil of 1' ranee.
The ancient records of Meaux show that Jean
Navarre, who married I'erette Barat in 1572, was
the son of Antoine, Duke de \'eiulome, and half-
brother of Henri IV'., Kini^ of 1'" ranee anil Navarre,
the predecessor of the great hue of kinj^s formiiiiL;
the Bourbon dynasty. Tiie Robert Navarre, who
arrivctl at Detroit in 1728, was a hneal descendant
of this family. On February 10, 1704, he married
.Marie Barrois, daii.nhter of I'rani^ois Lothman de
llarrois, whose father came to Canada as " A^ent
Oeiierale of the Compagnie des Indcs" in 1665.
From this marriai;e spraiii.; a lart;e family, of whom
the most noted was the eldest son, Robert. He
was born in 1739, and married Louise de ^harsac,
a uranddaui^hter of Jacob de Marsac de Lomnie-
sproii, an olticer wiio came with tiie troops when
Cadillac founded Detroit. The cliildren of the
Xavarres intermarried with many of the prominent
families, notably the Mat'ombs, Cioilfroys, Antlions,
liievoorts, and Campaus. The line in P'rance
counts amoiii^' its ilescendants n'pitsentatives of
the proudest families of the old nobility, amonvi;
whom we may mention the name of the Count
beon Clement de Blavette, of \'ersailles, from whose
heraldic tree the descent of Navarre was obtained.
The signatures in the early records of St. Anne's
Church indic-ate that most of the olVicers and early
settlers were persons of gootl education for the
lime. \'ery appropriately, the first child born in the
colony was a daughter of the founder, Marie
Tlu'rese Cadillac. In a letter, dated August 31,
1703, C.'idill.'ic says, " No one lias yet died at this
post." The first death, so far as known, was that
of Father Del Halle, who was killed by an Indian
in June, 1706. Tiie first person who died tiiereafter
was Jean Lasalle, who died January 24, 1707. The
first marriage, where both parties were I-fench,
occurred on May 5, 17 10, when Jean IJaptiste Tur-
pin was marrietl to Margaret Fafard. The next
marriage took place on June 12, 1710, between
Martin Cirier and Mary Ann Bone.
The records of St. Anne's show that many of the
.soldiers brought their wives with them, and nearly
all the habittxiis had large families; in one case, one
mother is credited with thirty children. "In 1707
there were fourteen births, in 1708, thirteen. At
this time they had already begun to build houses
outside the fort, and we find in the suburbs a (lour
mill, and further on, a house and a barn. There
were also two hundred and three arpents of cleared
ground, ten head of cattle, and one horse."
I'p to November 14, 1708, only tliirty-nine inhab-
itants had houses inside of the fort ; and the whole
number of French settlers was sixty-three, of whom
thirty-four were traders. In 1701; the king with-
drew the soldiers, and left Cadillac to manage the
settlement without military aid. The same year
twenty-nine ilisciiarged sokliers settled at the post,
among them men named Marsac, Durocher, La
Ferte, ami St. Aubin. The total population was
then about two hundred. After Cadillac left, and
up to 1 7 19, it was deemed uncertain whether the
post wDuld be sustained. Many families therefore
left, and the settlement at this time was no larger
than when first established.
D'iring this period, the liirths averaged only two
per year. In 17 19, under the impetus given by
John Law and his Mississippi schemes, emigrants
again began to join the colony, and in 1722 the pop-
ulation tJiice more reached about two hundred, and
there were fron. six to eight births per year.
The Chapoton, (iodfroy, ("joyan, and Laderoute
families were among those who came in 1722 or
soon after.
Year after year discharged soldiers ruid emigrants
from further cast continued to .arrive. In 1730 the
births averaged ten o.' twelve yearly, and the popu-
lation continued to increase. There was, however,
great nuirtality among the children for nearly fifty
years. In order to promote emigration, on May 24,
1749, ("lalissonniere, the governor-general, iniblished
ill all the parishes of Cmada the following procla-
mation :
KvL'iy m;\ii wiio wit! go In sitllc in Hotrciit sli;ill icicivc giatiii-
toiisly, one spadi-, one axe, (iiic pldiiylisliiirc, one large ami one
small wagon, Wt.' will make an aih'anct' of other tools to be paid
for in two years only, lie will be given a Cow, of wliiili be shall
retnrn the inrrease, also a Sow. Sei-d will be advanced the first
year, to be returned at the third hiirvest. 'I'he women and chil-
dren will be sniiported on(' year. Those will be deprived of the
liberality of the King, who shall give themselves up to trade in
place of agricultnrc.
This proclamation accomplished its jnirposc, and
the same year forty-six persons came to Detroit,
most of them from Normandy, on the lower Seine,
with nine or ten families from Montreal. The next
year fifty-seven arrived, and a 1 ollicial census of the
same year showed a popula.ion of four hundred
and eighty-three, which, with the floating popula-
tion, made fully five hundred and hfty persons;
among them were thirty-threi women over fifteen
years of age, and ninety-five under fifteen ; there
was also a garrison of one hundred men. The
births at this time numbered about twenty-five per
year. The prosperity of the cdlonists is also shown
by the fact thiit they possess* d one hundred and
si.xty horses, six hundred and e ghty-two cattle, and
over two thousand domesticated fowls.
334
THK KOrNDlNC.
In 1751 a larije body of iniiiii.ijrants came. The
e.vpcnsi's of tliiir journey wire |)ai<l by the ("lovern-
iiifiit, and land was j^rantcd tu twi-niy-lhrti' of
lIrmii. ^blst of tlu)^-c will) canu' in 1751 anil 1752
wtTi' yoiin,^' nu'n, and Celeron, llu- I'lviiili loni-
niandant, wrote to the kint; that \\i\es for tlie new-
comers was tluii- t^reatest want bi 1752 a bad
harvest anil tiie dangers of the war w itii tlie raijiiisii
caused immij^ration for a time to cease.
Other iliscoiiravjements also beset the colony.
On .April 21, 1752, M. de Lon,v;ueuil wrote: "Fam-
ine is not the sole scourge we experience; the
small-pox commits ravages; it begins to reach De-
troit. Over eighty Indians died of the disease at the
adjacent villages, including Chief Kinousaki, who
was much attached to the French."
The natural growth of the settlement causeil the
enlargement of the fort in 1754. and by this time
the colony had so prospered that there was an aver-
age of thirty births, and from seven to eight marri-
ages yearly; and notwitiistanding the war, the settle-
ment so fully held its own that in 1760 the births
had attained to about forty per year.
In 1755, when the luiglish banished the Acadians
from Nova Scotia, many of the fugitives found a
refuge in Detroit, and thus, .ilthougb. many about
this time went from Detroit to V'incennes, the
colony grew and prospered.
In 1764, when Laclede founded St. Louis, many
went thither from Detroit, reducing the population
of the town and vicinity from two thousand five
hundred, to eight hundred, including Indians. A
census of 1765 showed that there were three hun-
dred and fifty families at Detroit and in the imme-
diate neighborhood.
The following copies of official docuinents con-
tained in the Haldimand correspondence, on file in
the British Museum at London, and copied for the
Department of Archives of Canada, give a variety
of interesting details as to the population and re-
sources of Detroit on various dates. The first reads
as follows :
C.ROWT
11 OF
1)1
ilN
OIF
T3
C
•a
•a
c •
:3"a
i
d
■/*
7 '"
3
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0
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X
73
s
^,
<
< "'
X
Sdiilli >.i(li
i)f l-'ort
222
•<>i
117
21
31"
228
1.4-7
u\
(•
Niirtli >i<li
■of I'ort
211
;o6
■.■'41
4-4
O0.1
2S4
.JO
I. 175* 117
u -,
'1 In- holt
20
«1
•> ,
(12
4S
68
On M«g 1
>7
:v-'
412
3"
,,of,7
Total..
47.)
628
5'-'
40
2,f)oa*28o
'57
N. I!. 'I'lir Troops and Naval I Irparlimiil, willi tin ir Cattle,
tVi'., arc not inchiclcd in tlic above. Tlir null sirvaiUs arc ,i.;i'ner-
ally mort- mmnrons, si vera I lii-inv; now limiting' and at tin- Indian
villani'S. Altlioiii;li all t ic farms arc calculated at forty acres in
depth, eight uf tht-ni run eighty and one sixty.
P. Dl•:Jl•.^^.
A census of the settlement, taken by order of
Governor Hamilton, on April 26, 1778, showed the
following totals :
.Men, t'lvc hundred si.\t y-foiir. Women, two hundred sevcnty-
fonr. VonnK men and boys, five hundred thirty. VoiinK women
and yirls, four hundred t!iirty-ei)i;ht. Male servants, one hiiiKlred
seventy-two. Kemale servants, thirty-nine. Slaves, one huiulrcil
twenty-seven. Total, two thousand one hundred forty-four.
Oxen, four hundred scventy-ei),;ht. Cows, ei>;ht hundred eighty-
five. Heifers and Steers, six hundred fifty. Shcip, four hun-
dred seventy. Hogs, one thousand three hundred and twelve.
A survey of the settlement of Detroit, taken
March 31, 1779, was as follows:
Two hundred thirty-nine in Garrison and Navy. Five hundred
Prisoners and I'.xtras. (?) Two hundred seventy-two Male inhab-
itants. 265 Women, includins: 34 connected with the army. 25;
young men. 100 Young women. 4S4 lioys. 40J Oirls. (xj Male
slaves. 78 Kemale slaves. 4:3 O.xcn. 779 Cows. 619 Steers.
1076 Hogs. 664 Horses. ,13 Sheep.
On November i, 1780, the settlement of Detroit
had
394 heads of families. 374 inarried and young women. 324
young and married men. 100 absent in Indian country. 455 boys
from 10 to 15 years. 38;, girls from 10 to 15. 79 Male slaves.
96 I'emale slaves. 772 Horses. 474 Oxen. 793 Cows. 361 Steers.
279 Sheep. 1,016 Hogs; and there were i2,oSj acres of Land under
cultivation.
A Genkrai. RExeRN of ai.i. the Inh.'Mht.xnts of Detroit,
THEIR Possessions, C.vttle, Hokses, Servants, and Slaves.
Taken hv Piiii.i!' Ukjean, Jcstice of the Peace for the
said place, the 221) llAV OF Sei'temiier, 1773 :
South side of Fort .
North side of Fort.
The Fort ; 66
On Huj; Island. .
Total.
c8
^0
3 £
s .
£ °
* 0
c
c
,r. 0
c
!fi
c
i
.M
>.
= P
u
c
>
>"-
7!
«s
107
81
33
112
30
76
27
6
124
107
4S
"37
24
M4
30
26
66
36
6
35
4
30
27
14
I
I
3
298
!
225
84
284
58
240
93
46
3
22
14
39
The state of the settlement of Detroit, taken the
20th of July, 17S2, was as follows :
321 heads of families. 254 inarried women. 72 widows and
married women. 336 young and married Men. 526 Hoys. 55
Girls. 78 Male slaves. loi Female slaves. 1,112 Horses. 41.;
Oxen. 452 Heifers. 447 Sheep. 1,370 Hogs. 4,075 Unshcls of
Wheat sown last fall. 521 acres in Indian Corn. 1,849 acres in
Oats. 13,770 acres under cultivation. 3,000 bushels Potatoes
supposed to be in the ground. 1,000 barrels of Cider supposed
will be made.
In 1 791 and 1792 the colony received an accession
from Galliopolis. Some of the unfortunate emi-
grants who had been deluded thither by false
representations, came to Detroit when that bubble
THE FOUNDINC. AND C.Ki )\\ Tl I oK DI I ROI T
335
burst, and found Ijntli hmnrs and friends. 'I'lu-
larjfe .grants of land, with rations for a spccil'ii'd
lime from ihe fort, offcri-d by tlic lin^lisli, indiuetl
ilu' setllenK-nl of a number uf Scotch and l-^nii^lisii
lauiilics of the iii.i^iiest respectability, yet French
continued tlie prt'domin.mt l.annuaj^e, and soon .after
1796, wlien tile town jKissed inuler American con-
trol, a number of French immijfrants arrived. After
the surrender the llnnlish bej^an to !)uild l'"ort
.Makkii, .and the ni'xt year m.any jiersons went from
Detroit .and fotnided Amherstburij.
The I'irst census taken l)y the Territory of Miclii-
.;.ui, on October 1, 1805, sliowed 525 heads of
families ;it Detroit, and ^)Ci7 m.ales over sixteen
years of .as^e.
About this time emi.irr.ation from tlie F.astern
.St.ites bevjan, but the " liostonians," as they wti'e
called, were not at first m.ade welcome by either
French or English. The tlrst American settlers
were Solomon Sibley, John Whipple, Dr. W'illi.im
Ilrown, Willi.am Kussell, Christian Clemens. James
Chittenden, nenj.amin Cliittenden, Dr. McCoskry,
James Henry, Klijah IJrush, Henry 15. ISrevoort,
Col. Henry J. Hunt, Augustus Laiiydon, and Major
Whistler.
Ffom 1817 to 1830 the cjrowth of the city was
slow but constant. The (lazette did its part to set
forth the advantages of the Territory, and a local
poet, in one of the numbers for August, 1824, thus
sings its charms :
MICHIGAN.
Know ye tlic land to the ciniijiaiu dear,
Where tlie wild flower is bluoiiiiiig one hulf of the year;
Where the dark-eyed chiefs of the native race
Slill meet in the coniieil and pant in the chase ;
Where armies have rallied, by day and by niijht,
To strike or repel, to surrender or t'lglit ?
Know yc the land of the billow and breeze,
'rii.'it is i)oised, like an isle, 'mid fresh water seas,
Whose forests art! ample, whose prairies are fine,
Whose soil is productive, whose climate l)eni,i;n ?
Remote from extremes, neither torrid nor cold,
"r is the land of the sickle, the plow, and the fold ;
"r is a region no eye ere forgets or mistakes,
'T is the land for improvement, the land of the lakes.
Our streams are the clearest that nature supplies,
And Italy's beauties are marked in our skies,
And the isle-spotted lakes that encircle onr plains
Are the largest and purest this planet contains.
Of the means that fostered immigration, none
were more potent than the m.aps .and gazetteers
issued by John Farmer; the first appeared in 1825,
and many thousands of copies of his maps (espe-
cially in 18301 were sold in the E.astern St.ates, and
as tliey furnished all the information obtainable, and
ill tlie most .accurate ni.mner ]iossible, they were
greatly intluential in promoting emigration.
I'^ifteen thousand emigrants arrived in 1830, and
in 1S31, 1834. and 1836 particularly, the steambo.ats
were crowded with p.assengers for .Michigan and
the West. The I'ree I'ress of May ly, 1831, s;iid :
To say nothing of those who have arrived liy land, and through
Lake Krie by siiil vissel, the fulluwiiin sleaniboats arrised In ri'
within the last week. I'he Knterprise, with 251, pass. ii>;ers ; thi'
Win. I'enn, 150; the Ohio, 350; the Henry C'lay, 480 ; the Supe-
rior, 55<i; the Sluldon 'I'liompson, 2ixj ; and the Niagara, 200 :
amountiu).; to more than -^^.xx), an nearly all In the prime of life ;
mostly heads of families who havi; come for tlie purpose of pur-
chasin.i; land and settling in .Michigan.
Such was the title of immigration during the
entire season of n.ivig.iiion tli.at Ixith stc.am and sail
vessels were crowdid to their utmost capacity. On
October 7, 1834, four stc.mbo.ats brought nearly
900 p.issengers. In J.anuary, 1836, three steam-
bo.ats—two first class and one second class — .arrived
e.ich d.ay, with an aver.age of 260 passengers e.ach
w.ay. On May 23, 1836, 700 passengers arrived,
and (hiring the month there were ninety steamboat
.arrivals, e.ach bo.at loadetl with p.asseiigers. The
roads to the interior were literally thronged with
wagons. A careful estimate made in June by a
citi/en showed tli.at one wagon left the city every
five minutes during the twelve hours of daylight.
In 1837 the immigr.ation was fully as large; there
was an .average of three ste.anibo.ats a day, with
from 200 to 300 passengers each, and on one occa-
sion in the month of M.ay, 2,400 p.assengers landed
in a single clay. The larger part of these immi-
grants were from New York, and the rest mostly
froin New F^ngland. It is prob.ible that, in propor-
tion to its population, Detroit, and in fact the entire
State of Michig.in, has a larger percentage of New
York .and New Flngl.ind peojile than any other west-
ern city or State. At one time it seemed as though
all New Engl.ind was coming. The emigration
fever pervaded almost every hamlet of New Eng-
land, and this song was very popular, and is known
to have been largely influential in promoting emi-
gration ;
MICIIKIANIA.
Come all ye Yankee fanners who wish to change your lot,
Who 've spunk enough to travel beyond your native spot,
And leave behind the village where I'a and Ma do stay,
Come follow me, and settle in Michigania, —
Yea, yea "a, in Michigania.
I 've hearn of your . enobscot, way down in parts of Maine,
Where timber grows in plenty, hut darn the hit of grain ;
.■\nd I have heard of (Juoddy and y<iur riscatatpia,
lint they can't hold a candle to Michigania, —
Yea, yea, yea, to Michigania,
Then there's old Varmount, well, what d'ye think of that ?
To be sure, the gals are handsome, and the cattle \'ery fat ;
I'ut who among the mountains, 'ini<l clouds am! snow, would stay;
When he can buy a prairie in Michigania? —
Yea, yea, yea, in Michigania,
32^
THE FOUNDINC, AND CROWTH OF DKTROIT.
'J'liiii tliirc 's yuur Massjii IiumU>, uiui- k'""! inimuli, I"' MH''',
Itllt luiw slir 's always laying; a lax iipun iiianint',
Slic cosls yiiii pciks iil Ironljli', wliiili llii' ilc'il a peck ran pay,
Wliilu all is frrc anil lasy m Mii liigania, -
^*l■a, yt'a, yea, iti Miclii^^Mnia,
Tliuru is lliu lanil ol llliif Laws, wlarc ikacunstiU yimr hair,
I'or fear yonr liK ks and tcmts will not cxadly stpniru,
WInrc Irii- that wnrks cjn Snnday a penalty ninsl pay,
Wliilc all is Scripture nieusnrc in Michigania, —
Vea, yea, ycci, in Miclii>,'anla.
I'lun there 's the State of New York, where siinie are very rich;
'I'lieniselveB and a few others have diij; a niiKhly ilitch,
'I'o render it more easy for ns to find the way,
And sail npon the waters to .Michiyania,—
V<'a, yea, yea, tci Mlchl^ania.
'I'hen there 's yunr hold (Jhici, 1 ve uften heard them tell,
Ahove the other places, she snrely wears the bell ;
lint when yon dime to view her, I will he lionnd you'll say
She falls (piite far below onr Michigania,—
Yea, yea, yea, onr Michijijania.
Then there is Indiana, and Illinois too,
I'esidi's the grand Missouri which rises to i»ur view,
All these are fine indeed, and stand in nice array,
l!ut they must all knock under to Michigania,—
\'ea, yea, yea, to Miehigania.
Upon the Clinton River, just through tin- lujuntry back,
Yon 'II fin<l, in shire of Oakland, the town of J'ontiac,
Which, springing up a sudden, scared wolves and bears away,
That used to mam about there, in Miehigania,
\ ea, yea, yea, in Miehigania.
And if yon follow downwards, why, Koehester is there,
And further slill, Mt. (."leinens looks out npon St. Clair,
liesides some other places within Macombia,
That promise population to Miehigania,—
Yea, yea, yea, to Miehigania.
If you had rather go to a place called Washtenaw,
Yon '11 find the Huron lands the best you ever saw ;
The ships sail io .\nn Arbor right through La Plaisance Bay,
And touch at \psilanli in Micliigania,
Yea, yea, yea, in Miehigania.
Or if you keep a going a great deal furlher on,
I guess you'll reach St. Joe, where everybody's gone ;
There everything, like Jack's bean, grows monstrous fast, they say.
And beats the rest all hollow in Miehigania,
Yea, yea, yea, in .Miehigania.
Then ( onie, ye Yankee farmers, who 'vc mettle hearts like me,
A ml elbow-grease in plenty, to bow the forest tree,
t'omi , lake a (piarter section, and I 'II be bound you '11 say,
This country takes the raj{ off, this Micliigania, —
Yea, yea, yea, this Miehigania.
No considerable number of Irish were here prior
to 1833, but at tliat time numbers of them came.
The Ciermans be,iL,^'in cominjr in the sprintf of 1832,
anil tile Poles in 1870. The numbers of the Yarious
nationalities in the city, accordinjj; to the census of
1870, were as follows: France, 760; Germany,
12,647; Fnjrland, 3,282; Ireland, 6,970; Scotland,
1,637; Holland, 310; Hunijary, 310 ; Norway, 523 ;
Poland, 325. Out of a total of 79,577, 44.196 were
born in America. The census of 1880 gives the
number of citizens born in various states and coun-
tries as follows: I'raiHe, 721; ( iirin.iiiy, 17,292,
luii; 1,111(1, 4,2ou; Ireland, 6,775; Scollaiul, 1. 783;
Ilollaiiil, 275 ; 1 1 miliary, 64 ; Norway, 27 ; rt.i.iiul,
1,771; Africa, 2; Australia, 15; Austria, 12S; Bo-
hemia, 557; IJritish America, 10,754; (.liina, 11;
Cuba, 3 ; Ciibrallar, 2 ; (ireece, 1; India, 9; ltal\,
127; .Malta, 3; Me.Nico, 6; Russia, 77 ; Saiulwit li
Isles, 3 ; South America, 17 ; Spain, 8 ; Sweden, 55;
Swil/erlaiul, 421 ; Wales, 71 ; at sea, 24.
Every Stale and Territory in the Union, c.xcepi
Montana, has contribiiled to our population. New
York hcatls the list with 7,722, Ohio sent 1,965,
I'eiinsyhania 998, .Massachusetts 922, and Illinois
568. Out of a total of 116,340 there were born in
America 70,695, and of these 2,300 were colored.
A curious illustralion of the lack of knowlcd.i^c
concerning this region is afforded in the address of
Mr. Lymi.uncr, agent of the Province of Canada,
read in 1793 before the House of Commons. The
address, which had been prepared in Canada, was
endorsed by Chief Justice Powell, and conlaiiud
this passage :
Although there is a small setlleinent at Detroit, which is, ami
must be considered of great importance as a post to trade with the
Indians, yet it must appear to this Honorable House that from its
situation it can m \ er become of any great importance as a settle-
ment. 'I'he falls of the Niagara are an insurmountable obstacle
to the transportation of such rude materials as the i>rodiice of the
land. As the farmers about Detroit, therefore, will have only
their own sellleiucnt for tlw consumption of their produce, sue h
a confined iiiarkel must greatly impede the progress of setlleiiu ill
and cultivation for ages to come.
The following figures do not verify the jiredic-
tion :
Cc/isi/s of Detroit.
Years.
17c/,. ,
Population.
5'«>
77"
1817.
i8iy.
Years. Population.
i8,!0 2,222
i«J4 4.968
Sixi I iS)" 9(192
<ji»j 1S45 iJiuf'S
110 I 1850 2I,OIiJ
S54 4'^', '-'7
1,442
1,517 i i860 45. ^'19
Years. Population.
1864 53.I7''
1S6S 68,8.17
1870 79.577
1874 101,225
1880 ii6,;)4J
1884 1j4.^J4
The census of 1884 does not do justice to the
growth of the city, because many of the ])eople
doing business in Detroit, and in suburbs that are
practically a part of the city, are counted in Spring-
wells or Hanitramck instead of Detroit. If the
census had included all who really form part of the
population, the number would have reached fully
1 50,000.
The per cent, of increase of population by de-
cades is as follows: 1830- 1840, 400 per cent;
1840 1850, 102 per cent; 1850-1860, loi per cent;
1860-1870, 74 per cent; 1870-1880, 46 per cent.
An average increase of only fifty per cent, will givt'
the following population in the years named : 1890.
185,000; 1900,275,000.
"taWilB
MANXI.RS AND CUSTOMS.
357
lie
ipk:
arc
tlir
llK'
iully
\i\v-
mt ;
I'lit ;
.■111.
r\\C
The iumil>er of faiiiilies in iS6o was ^^,973; in
1870, 14,717; .111(1 in iScSo, 20,493, The sUitistics,
very e.irefully t.iken iiy ihe W.aler Coniniissioncrs
in June, iiS.S4, showed a total of 29,622 families.
As eonip.iretl with the population, the .'ivenij,re in
eaeh decide w.is about live persons to ;i family.
.\s comparet \>ith the school census in the same
djcadcs, tiicre was an .iveravje of less than two chil-
dren between five .and twenty yc.irs of age to each
family. The percentage of children to the tot.'il
population in various decades was as follows: 1840,
22 per cent; 1850, 33 per cent ; i860, 31 percent;
''*^7o. 33 per cent; 1S80, 34 |)cr cent. The number
iif births in Detroit in 1880 was 4,565, and in 1881,
3,611.
MANNERS AND CU.ST()MS.
Many of the earlier colonists niingkd freely with
the liuli.'uis, .ind adopted so ni.any of their habits
that they became more like Indians thrm white nu'n,
for, as Cadillac s;iys in one of his letters, " With
wolves one le.arns to howl." The roitmirs dr /h'/s
m their h.abits rc^mbled the wildest ;md worst of
the men in the lumber-camps of to-day. and the
rioting and sc|u.'mdering of the lumbermen, on their
return from the woods, is p.inilleled by the doings of
these wild .and reckless men of the oklen time.
Almost every individu.al was designated, beside
his own name, by a soiihriipicf indicative of some
characteristic or incident in his life, anil frequently
these names entirely usurped the original ones.
In the list of claims for f.arms, .and in other old
records, we find that Joseph Andre was called
Cl.irk; Chesne, Sequin; La Butte, L.aderoute ;
(lodet, Marantette; Casse, St. Aubin; Vel.air or
\'illier w.is called St. Louis and now Lewis; Hubert
was called La Croix; I'rieur, La Fleur; Trotier,
licaubien; Desconipte, L.abadie; \'ernier, Ladou-
ceur; Billow, L'ICsperance; Ccr.ait, Co(|uill.ard ; Vis-
sier was called La Ferte, now spelleti Lafferty. In
some cases the French name has been Anglicised,
Charboneau becoming Cole; Laframboise, Berry;
(lobiel. Cubby ; Le I'.lanc, White; Le Noir, IM.ack ;
l.,i I'ierre, Stone; .and Meunicr, Miller. Several of
mir most prominent families have thtis entirely lost
their origin.al naines.
The almost universal dress of the male popul.ation
in the olden time is portrayed in one of Judge
Campbell's unpublished fireside poems, as follows:
l'".ach sported as he walked the floor,
Such garments .is the others wore ;
'rhmii;h some— a careful eye iniK'it note —
Had extra cambric round the throat,
Not as a sanitary slay
To ease their rreakina; vertebra;,
Hilt as a fiKiirative si,i;n
Of an unbending moral spine.
licit wruppid 1(1 mil t tlict wintry air.
' r would make' a nicidi.sh tailor stare
To see what Kaiiiuiils, (|iuiiiil and warm,
Kc pt off the linors of the storm.
Upon the head, the noblest part, —
Well fashicmed by tlii' li.itler's art,
CliinK close and warin an ample cap
Of leal or otter's downy nap.
.And when the wind more liereely beat
And dimmed the air with driving sleet,
kaiscd from the shouldirs of tin- coat
The liavilcr douncd his \\w^v lapote,
Within whose folds he could defy
The scmvlinis' of a polar sky.
That coat no dainty cloth of Krancc
liedizeiied with r.\lr.iva>;anc e
Was sh.ipcd of blanket, black or blue,
'l'licjci>;li not unknown the scarlet hue.
Hound were I hi' cuffs and pocket flap
With fur suHicienl fcjr a cap,
And on the collar too enou>;li
To make his wife a stylish muff, —
While moccasins of Caribou
Covered his feel instead of shoe.
lUit in the shoepac's clumsy ba^s,
Stuffed at the toes with blanket rags,
The- clweller in the rural shade
His stout cMreniilies arrayed.
(!.irlerc-d about his knees were seen
l.cM,'Kiii.<s of baize of li\ely K'reen, —
His blanket wrapper 't was polite
To mention by the name of white,
Kor thoujjb throii>;h darkening hues it went,
'T was only time or accident.
His mighty buck or woolen mittens
Would hold at least a brace of kittens;
And when he sought to cut a dash
He gilt him with a crimson sash,
y\nd crowned his lont; and curly locks
With spoil of wocidchuck, coon, or fo.x.
While o'er his shoulders broad ihe tail
Streamed like ;i comet on Ihe Kale.
Some older and sed.iler folks
Were draped in flowini; camlet cloaks,
With soft lined collars stiff and high,
Concealin.ir all beneath ihe eye,
Whose bushy brows would overlap
And seem to fringe the hairy cap.
After the English came, we.althier citizens and
officials wore bl.ack silk breeches and hose, with
shoe and knee buckles, which, with a stiff stock and
beaver hat, were signs of gentility. For the women,
swanskins were in great demand. They were used
to trim bonnets and capes. Bright colors were
much in favor; and the French damsels understood
the art of tying a handkerchief or a ribbon in the
most attractive manner.
Simult.aneously with the coming of the F^nglish,
larger and more attractive stocks of goods gave
opportunity for display, and at an evening party,
honored by the presence of the wives and daughters
of the officers and leading families, there was no
lack of silk and .satin gowns, hosiery, and ribbons.
Silk and "gold-spangled shoes" were worn, and
Fashion had her devotees, as in our day. Colonel
33
S
MANNERS AND CUSTOMS.
Ue IVystcr i)ai(l his respects to one of her worship-
pers in the fullowinj; hues
To A IIkai-iikul YoiNd Lauv, who hah <in onb ok tiiosk
AIIOMINAIll.K STUAW CAI'S OK IIONNKTN IN IMK lOHM OF A UKI;-
IIIVK.
While yoii pcisisi thai cap to wear.
Miss, let a li'ieiid ( outlive
Si) that the hees, when swarmiiii,' near,
Sha' n'l lal<e it fm a hive.
For, lest yuli siiine preiaiitiuii take,
I 'II be in eDiislant (lna<l
That, thiiinuli a niuulli s<i svveel, they 'il make
A loilKMieiit ill yoiit head,
Where siieli liiiul liiu/iiig tiny would keep,
And so dislruLt your brain.
That you 'd not kiI oni' wink of sleep
Till they liu/zed out axain.
Wherefore, to disiippoint the bees,
What I 'd advise is this ;
Close youi sweet lips, when, if you please,
1 Ml seal them with a kiss.
Books and papers were practically imknown for
very many years. News from tlie outside world
came in tiie form of letters, and these were few and
far between. Personal and family plans and adven-
tures were the usual subjects of conversation, and
these, with numerous alarms from the Indians and
the chanj;es made by succeeding commandants,
filled up the measure of the passing years. The
tables were well supplied. Heavers' tails, wild
thicks, turkeys, partridges, (juails, bear-steaks, ven-
ison, whitefish, Inilied corn, succotash, and baked
French pears were common articles of diet ; later
on, many of the best families cured their own pork
and beef, and hams and shoulders were smoked at
tile smoke-house of some enterprising grocer. A
family of bovines and eight chickens were sent from
Montreal in the fall of 1701 ; they soon multiplit 1,
and the lowing of cows and the cackling of hens
helped to make the wilderness seem a home. There
was never more stock raised than was needed for
home consumption, and after the War of 1812, for
nearly twenty years, a large share of the provisions
was brought from Ohio and New York.
The Gazette for Jul' 25, 1817, announced that
"during the preceding two weeks, more than 1,700
head of cattle were brought from Ohio," Even
now little livestock is raised in the vicinity, but in
1883 about 800 cattle, 1,600 sheep and calves, and
1,200 hogs were weekly slaughtered in Detroit.
The consumption of flour is nearly 4,000 barrels
per week ; and a single firm supplies 3,000 gallons
of milk daily to customers. Prior to 1830 maple
sugar was the only sugar in common use ; it was
not made in cakes, but was finely grained by stir-
ring. The Indians cooked their fish in the boiling
sap, and fish-bones and scales would sometimes
stare at you from the bottom of the coffee-cup. It
was used also as swictcniiig for tea, and the daily
drink of many of the early American settlers was
" uinicrgrccn tea swcctciu'd with m.iplc sugar."
The niiiuion of this delicious drink will bring u|)
many visions of the past to sonic of the older inhabi-
tants.
/\ graphic picture of oldcii days is given by (lov-
ernorCass in a letter dated May 31, 1816, addressed
to the Sccrct.'iry of W.ar. He says :
'I'he liidi.iii trade uri^iiially funii>he(l ihe only eni|iloynieMt of
the people of 1 his eouiilry, and their only resource nuainst want.
As traihrs, en^'ayes, and voyaneurs, they spi'lit one half of the
year in lalmr, want, and exposure, and the other in iinloleiice anil
nmiiseminls.
Associated with the Indians, they coinraeted their niannirs
and gained their conlideiiee. An a necessary eonseipience, their
farms were nexleeted, and the UKrieultural products of the coun-
try formed a small portion of tli il)sistence of the iiihabilants.
When the failure of Kame redui !ie profits of this trade, and
rendered it more difTicnlt for the p. i>ons cns'aKed in il to procure
employment, the people were driven to other pursuits, and the
fatal mistake of ediieatini; ii whole communiiy for a siiigli- and
temporary business is now deiply filt and acknowle<lv;ed. Driven
at|len>,'tli to seek resource in tilling the procluclionsof the country,
the state of the farms shows the extreme difect of agrieullural
knowledge.
The spinniuK-wheel and the loom are tinknuwn in the country.
I.on,n since the Territory was ci-ded to the I'nited States, and in
a certain exteiil, to the ppseiit day, tlie farmers were in the jirat-
tice of drawiuK their manure tipun the ice of the river during the
winter, that il mi.i;ht lie carried inlo the lake in the spring. The
wool of ll\(' sheep was thniwn away, and even now, I presume, a
pound (jf wool is not manufactured in the Territory by any per.son
of Canadian descent, and four fifths of its inhabitants are of this
class of population. Within twelve years the making of soap for
family purposes was a i uriosity which attracted the attentinn of
the people, and although the wonder liascea.sed with the novelty,
yet few liav<: attiinpted to prolil by the experiment.
That there were gentlemen in 1837 cannot In-
doubted, for Mr. McCabe, in his directory of that
year, names fourteen persons whose occupation was
that of "gentlemen." Truth compels us to add.
however, that according to his record there was
but one "gentlewoman" in all the city, or at least
only one who was so specified.
At the present time the habits and manners of the
people partake largely of the characteristics of both
the Krendi and English races. The result of this
commingling is manifested in the entire social anil
business life of the city. Detroit is certainly con-
servative; but coupled with caution there is a spirit
of enterprise that, building upon sure foundations, is
yearly pushing the city into the front rank of Amer-
ican cities, 'f here can be no question that it is a
remarkably desirable place for those who wish,
while making money, to enjoy life as well. Various
European nationalities are represented in the popu-
lation, but no one of them in sufTicient numbers to
control public sentiment ; and, as this is true also of
the population of the entire State, both Detroit and
Michigan stand for the New ICngland of the West.
Our citizens will compare in personal appearance
MANNERS AND CUSTOMS.
339
the
on-
lirit
is
lur-
s a
ish,
ous
pu-
w itli till' lust n |)iTscntativcs of the Amerinm pco-
l>li'. All (niaiiliid ()l)SL'rvfrs axrec that in noi'astcni
or wi'sUrii city aru tiiK'-iooiviiiir wonn'n as iniiiH'nms
as ill Detroit; fresii and fair complexions arc the
rule; and anionj,^ niannfactiirL'rs of iadiis' shoes it
is vvi'li known tiiat more lini' and sniall-si/iii shoi-s
arc sold here tiian in any oliur <iiy of (([ual popu-
lation.
The isolated comlilion of the first Imhitaiix, and
thei;' eonse(inent dependence upon each other, natu-
lally made them friendly and social ; and partly for
protri'lion.aiKl |)artly for companionship, the f.irms
of the early settlers were of narrow froiUa;4e on the
river, and the houses only a (|narter of a mile apart.
A nLnii)er of tiic first comers were of ancient and
i^renll • line.i.ife, and they brought the graces of an
older civilization, "the small, sweet eourtesies of
life," to the settlement on the Strait. When tin:
jjigiish came, the numerous othcers of a large gar-
rison, and the Scotch and English merchants that
soon followed, contributed to form a society that
could hardly have been more attractive. After it
was surrendered to the United States, the recog-
nized import;uu-e of the post caused it, for many
years, to be under the command of noted ollicers;
several wealthy and educated eastern families also
made it their home at this jicriod ; and after the
War of 1812, a number of leading families came
from Marietta, Ohio, the then educational centre of
the West. The society of this western city thus
secured an element quite exceptional in polish and
culture, 'that has affected its characteristics to the
present time. Probably no city in the West has
possessed, or maintains, more of the old-school
friendliness and cordial hospitality than is here
manifested. In 1831 a correspondent of an east-
ern paper made this report :
The socii'ly of i)ttr()it is kind, hospitable, and excellent. A
strong scnsi; of t-qnality and indi-pcndcnce pn-vails in it. A citi-
zen wliosc conduct is respectable and decorous is respected by all
and associates with all. Very little etiquette is practised here,
llcnuine friendliness and cordiality are the a,«;ree.nble substitutes.
Afternoon visits even to strangers are as orthodo.x, and even as
frequent, as morninj^ visits. Recently domiciled here, we ran
i\,. k feeliuKly upon this subject. A frank, cordial, and general
1 ivility, at once peculiarly Kra'ify'fK. '""1 indicative of the char-
ailer of the Michiganians, has been extended to us. One of the
most agreeable and best established traits of hospitality at Detroit
is that decent strangers are always invited to the wed'ngs which
take place in the city.
The spirit indicated in this letter now as then
actuates the inhabitants of Detroit, and worth is a
jiassport to the best society.
One of the most noticeable social events that has
occurred in Detroit, and in view of all the facts,
perhaps one of the most notable occurring in the
country, w^as the complimentary banquet tendered
to C. C. Trowbridge by the citizens of Detroit, on
December 29, 1882, on the occasion of his eighty-
third birthday. That wiiich caused the occasion to
be cxception.il ;ind uni(|ue was the fact th.at, living
in Detroit continuously for sixty-three years, aiul
occupying during that time various positions of trust
and res|)onsil)ility, he had so endcired .and recom-
mended iiimself to two distinct gener.ations, includ-
ing men of differing political creeds and religious
faiths .111(1 of v.irious nationalities, th.it they cigerly
embraced the opportuniiy <if doing him honor. The
tribute was offered him solely on the ground of his
per.son.il worth .as the first gentlem.ui of the city,
embodying a r.ire combination (jf courtesy, scholar-
ship, and business aljility.
At the baiKjuet com|)liments were literallv rained
upon him, and the highest compliment of all was
the universal feeling that he could not be injured by
the words and tokens of appreci.ation so he.iriily
bestowed. It was a remarkable fact that he had
witnessed the growth of Detroit from the little
French town of 1,1 ro inhabitants to the metropolis
with a popul.ition of 130,000.
'file reception and bruKiuet took place at the
Russell House, 'fhe toasts were: "Our Guest,"
"The Hanks and Uankers of the Northwest Terri-
tory," " The French and Fnglisli Rule in Michi-
gan," " 'fhe W;irs and Milit.iry Heroes of Michig.an,"
" X'igorous Age the Product of Virtuous Youth,"
"The Highways ;ind Byways of Michigan." Hon.
ti. V. N. Lothrop presided at the ban(|uet, and
responded to the first toast. In making his .ac-
knowled;^ .nents, .Mr. Trowbridge read an interesting
account of old-time citizens with various reminis-
cences. The other speakers were Hon. T. P. Handy,
of Cleveland, Hon. James V. Campbell, of Detroit,
I 'resident James 15. Angell, of the University, Rev.
Dr. T. C. Pitkin, of Detroit, Colonel C. O. Ham-
mond, of Chicago, Hon. R. G. Horr, and Hon.
Thomas W. Palmer. Letters of regret were re-
ceived from General U. S. Grant, General M. C.
Meigs, Hon. Hugh McCulloch, General H. H. Sib-
ley, Colonel John N. Macomb, James Watson Webb,
and others.
The occasion will be long remembered by all who
enjoyed it as one that awakened aspirations after
all that is truest and noblest in character. No
sermon or address could have been more effective.
The testimonial was timely, for a few months later,
on Tuesday, April 3, 1883, as the result of what
seemed at first only a slight cold, Mr. Trowbridge
passed away.
The custom of New Year's calls has been com-
mon since the beginning of the century. In 1879
it became the practice to print in the daily papers
the names and addresses of those intending to re-
ceive calls.
Many persons of various nationalities have or-
340
MAiNNERS AND CUSTOMS. — MARRIAC.E LAWS.
jjanized societies for tlie promotion of social feeliii.tf.
/Vmong those of a ]iiircly social character is tiie
Hums Club, ors^aiiixed I'cbruary 26, 1S67, and the
New England Society, organized November 5, 1873.
This last has no stated times of meeting. The
I'hoeni.x Social Club, composed principally of Jewish
members, was organized September 15, 1.S72, and
incorporated in November, 1S75 ; it occupies the
second and third stories of the block on the south-
west corner of Woodwanl Avenue and Duliield
Street. The rooms were dedicated \ovember 24,
ifc>75, and in their own Hall the Club have lectures
and readings, dramatic and musical entertainments.
A society called the Detroit Club was organized in
May, 1875, and hud its cjuarters in an elegant build-
ing on West Fort Street, but its members became in-
active, and its el'fetts were sold at auction on October
8, 1878. A second club by the same name was or-
Dktroit Ci.ub House.
ganized and incorporated October 4, 1S82, and fitted
up a building at 72 Lafayette Avenue, which was
formally opened November iS. 'I'he Club subse-
quently i)urchased the residence on the northwest
corner of Fort and Wayne Streets. The (jfficers of
the Club have been as follows: 1882, president,
Hugh McMillan; secretary, S. T. Douglas; treas-
urer, J. V. Moran. In 1883 the officers were the
same, except that James V. Campbell, Jr., was
treasurer.
MARRIAGE LAWS.
Long before the French came, dusky lovers
strayed through the primeval forests, exchanged
whispered vows, and made presents of wild roses,
water lilies, and Jlcurs dc lis. Indian husbands,
however, were less attractive than Indian lovers,
and the French when they came carried off the fair-
est of the forest. To their credit be it said that
they treated their Indian wives with so much more
attention than they usually received that the s(|uaws
soon saw the difference, and Cadillac reported that
the Indian women " preferred a Frenchman of anv
sort to a savage." He encouraged these alliances
as a means of protection to the settlement, and half-
breeds soon formed the larger per cent of the jiopu-
lation. There are several families .still in Detroit
with some rmcestral Indian blood in their veins.
In order to provide wives for the soldiers, the
commandants, fnjm time to time, applied to the
ol'l'ici.ils in France to send out " widows and mar-
riageable young ladies "; and at various times com-
panies of maidens, with outtits jirovided by the
king, came to cheer and bless the settlement in the
wilderness.
No one was allowed to marry witliout permission
Even Tonty himself, in 1717, was o'oiigeil to solicit
a marriage permit that he might marry an .'il-
tr.'ictive widow. Of the soldiers, no one was
allowed to marry who could not show iirobable
ability to supjiort a f;uiiiiy. The pres'- of tlu-
comni.-iiidant was essenti.il to wee' ng l^ .ivilies,
and there was much formality at' m pon all
the preliminaries. I'he nota, y, with !i juill and
ink-lK)rn, was a man ot eminent in tance on
these occasions, and the contract of m, tge which
he drew up spi ified with exact care t ,• dowry ol
the bride and named at length all who were present
at the wedding.
Marriages under the English Law were solemnized
either by the minister or a justice of the peace.
The French maidens were not averse to having
l'".nglish suitors, and were so eagerly sought that
they often stepped from childhood into married
life. Tradition says that when Dr. (i. C. Anthon
married Miss St. Martin she had a doll in her arms.
Where both parties were French, less than thirty
years often covered the united ages of both l)ridc
and groom.
Under the laws of the Northwest Territory, males
of seventeen years and femrdes of fourteen might
be married, but the consent of parents or guardians
was rcHjuired if the man was under twenty-one and
the woman less th;m eighteen years of age. The
b;;ns were reiiuired to be published for at least
fiftei'n days before the marriage ceremony, either
from the pulp't on Sundays or by notice posted in
some public pi.-ce by a justice; or a license had to
be obtained.
•By territorial law of y\ugust 2, 1805, a justice
was given authority to marry persons where one of
MARRIAGE LAWS. — MASONIC AND ODD FELLOWS SOCIETIES.
34 T
lilt;
lat
irty
riil'c
ans
iiul
hr
•asl
luT
in
to
llu' parlies lived in the justice's district ; both parties,
however, were required to be over twenty-one years
of a.i;e, or written consent for tlie one under ai^e ob-
tained from tlie fatiier or t^uardi.an.
I5y law of Octol)er 31, iiS2o, lifteen days' notice
of an intended niarriai^e was re(|uired to l)e jiosted
in some public place, or a public declaration to be
made by some minister on two different occasions,
the first publication to be made at least ten days
before the marriajre ; or a license obtained of the
clerk of the county court. Under the same law
males of ei.i;hteen and females of fourteen years of
ai^e mi),rht be married, but males inider twenty-one
anil females under ei,i,dneen were rec|uired to have
the consent of their father or tniardian.
The Revised Statutes of 1838 reciuircd that at
least one of the parties should be examined on oath
as to the leijality of the proposed niarriaj^e, and
under the same law males of seventeen and females
of fourteen years of age might marry regardless of
the consent of parents or guardians.
The Revised Statutes of 1846 fixed the age at
which males might marry at eighteen years, and
females at sixteen years; and no change has since
been made as to marriageable age.
In the Calliolic churches, by church law, the
names of persons proposing to marry, and of the
])arents of each, arc reeiuired to be announced three
times from the pulpit, unless a special dispensation
is obtained.
In the Hebrew congregations, the groom is rc-
cjuired to obtain from the president of the congrega-
tion a permit, and must satisfy him that he can be
lawfully married, and give his own and his bride's
name ; and on presentation of the permit, the rabbi
is authori/.cti to jjcrform the ceremony.
Under present state law, any justice of the peace
and any pastor of a church may solemni/.e a mar-
riage, after examining on oath one of the parties as
to the legality of the proposed marriage ; two wit-
nesses bt'sides the minister or justice and the con-
tracting jjarties must be present.
The person performing the marriage ceremony is
iecjuired, within twenty days thereafter, 10 deposit
in the county clerk's office a record of the date and
place of the marriage, the Christian and surnames
of groom and bride, and the maiden name of the
bride if a widciw, also the color, age, place of birth,
.ind residence of the parties at time of the mar-
riage, and the names and residences of the two
witnesses, togctlier with his own name and official
title or position.
MASONIC AND ODD FELLOWS SOCIETIES.
Within four years after the post of Detroit was
.surrendered to the English, a lodge of Masons was
organized. The warrant for its organization was
issued on April 27, 1764, by ( ieorge Harrison,
C.rand Master of the Province of New York. The
warrant pro\'ided for a " Lodge of Masons, No. I,
to be lu'ld at Detroit under whatever name the said
Master and his ol'licers shall please to distinguish it."
Lieutenant John Christie, of the Sixtieth Regi-
nu-nt, was named as Master, Samson I'lcming,
Senior Warden, and Josias Harper, Junior Warden.
The lodgi! w;is n.anied Zion Lodge. It surrendered
its warrant, and receivt'd a new one from the (Irand
Lodge of New ^'ork on I)ecemt)er 3. 1S06, and was
registered as No. 62. This Lodge w;ls in existence,
bearing the same number, in 1817.
A second Lodge was instituted in 1773, registered
as No. 356, and two yeru's later U'nion L(xlge No.
394 was created.
A fourth Lodge was organized by the Grand
Secret.iry. James Davidson, under authority of
Thos. Ainslie, of (Hiebec, Deputy ("and Master.
The warrant was dated SeiHember 7, 1794, and
autliorize(i .Jami's Donaldson as Master Mason,
ICdward Hyrn as Senior Warden, ami L'intlley
Campbell as Junior Warden, to IkjIiI a Lodge "in
the City of Detroit, in Upper Canaila" on the first
Monday of every calenilar month, 'fhe Lodge
thus authorized was duly established on December
19 at the house of James Donaldsr)n, and was
known as Zion Lodge No. 10. It was in existence
as late-Jis December 28, 1801. A notice of one of
the meetings of this lodge, copied from the original
document, is as follows :
Detroit, 23d Aug., 1799.
nnoTlll-.R MaV,—
Yon are requested to meet the Mastir W.irdcns .uul the rest of
the I'rethreu at the house of James Ilonaldson, on the jist day of
Aui;., ininiecliately at T) o'iliiel< in tlie eveniiij.;, heinj; a l.od),'e of
Ejuergeiuy, and this yuu are to atcejit us a special sunununs from
Zion I.ndt'o \o. to of the Registry of Lower Canada. Tail not
on your ( ). 1!.
liy order of the Body
Bkn. Rami,
Sec. of Zion Lodge.
Under authority of the Grand Lodge of New
York, the fourth warrant organizing a lodge Iiear-
ing the n.ime of Zion was issued on June 13, 1844,
.'ind constituted John E. Schwartz, Master; R. A.
I'orsylh, Senior Warden ; and David Thompson,
Junior Warden, of Zion Lodge No. 99.
.\ fifth warrant, dated June 5, 1844, issued by the
Grand Lodge of Michigan, authorized the name of
Zion Lodge No. i, and constituted David Thomp-
son, Master; Ezra Williams, Senior Warden; and
R. A. Forsyth, Junior Warden. The annual meet-
ing was at the regular commimication p'-eceding the
full moon in December of each year.
On December 21, 1821, Detroit Lodge No. 337
was instituted, and a few days after, on December
342
MASONIC AiNu ouD 1'"i:li.o\vs suciKTii:s.
26, tlie officrrs wore piil)liily iiislalk'd in tlu- l'rott>s-
tant Cliurcli on tlu; (■orncr of Woodwrird Anciiuc
and I.aiMH'd Sircrt, undtT tin- dii'cclion of L'harlrs
Jacl<s(in, Jrrt'niiali Mimi's, antl l.r\i Cook as a C'oni-
niittL-i.! of Arran!L;rnu'nts.
It appears from old records that Detroit l.odiL^e
^'"' 337 t'l'l-'ii"-''' 'i '"^"»\' cliarter as Detroit l.odj4C
No. I, from Mielii^an drantl l.odi^e on Octobers,
1X42, and aijain from some soiirci' on Mav 2S, 1844,
and from New Y(uk, as Detroit i.od,i;c' No. icx), on
Jime 14, 1844, and lastly, as Detroit I.odi^e No. 2,
from the iMichii^an (irand l.od^e, on Juni' 5, 1845.
The foliowinij Detroit l.odms were eluirtered on
the dates named: I'nion I-od^c of Strict ' >l)ser\--
anec No. 3, on January iS. 1852; Ashlar l.od;^e
No. 91, January 16. 1.S57; Oriental l.od]L;e No. 240,
January 10, i.S().S; Schiller l.odv^c No. 263, .\pril
13, i86y; Kilwinniiii;- l.odiL^t' No. 2(>7, J.annarv 11,
1872.
Monroe Chapter No. 1 was oi"i.;ani/.ed .at Detroit
on l'"el)rnary 3, i8[8, under a ilisi)i'nsation s^nuiti'd
l)y DeW'ilt Clinton, of New York. 'I'hey worked
imder this until I'ehru.iry 7, 1S21, when the (ii'neral
(ir.md Chapter ^I'anted them ,1 ch;u'ti'i\ They wi're
incorporated by Act of .March 14, 1851. I'eninsul.ir
Chapter No. 16 was orijjanized l'"ebruarv i 1, 1857.
The lirst (irand Lod^e of .Michii^an w;is formed
on June 24, 1826, by delei;ates from Zion I.odyc
No. 3 and Detroit Lodge No. 337 of Detroit, ;uid
Menominee Lodge No. 374 of Green li.iy, and .Mon-
roe Lodge No. 375. Four special conimunicitions
were held, and one annual one on Jime 6, 1027,
after which the (irand Lodge did not meet until
June 2, i84r. .Vt a meeting of the Cirantl Lodge
on May 22, 1844, it was recommended that old
lodges obtain new charters from New York ; and as
a new (irand Lodge was to be organized in accoril-
ance with the recommendations of this body, the
old Grand Loc'ge was discontinued, and the present
(irand Lodge organized on September 17, 1S44.
Detroit Cominandery No. i was organized Janu-
ary 8, 1851 ; Monroe Council No. i, ^Lay 19, 1856;
Ancient and Accepted Scottish Rite Carson Lodge
of Perfection, .May 21, 1861 ; Carson Council
Princes of Jerusalem, May 21, 1861; .Mount Olivet
Chapter Rose Croix, IVLiy 21, 1862; Michigan
Sovereign Consistory S. I'. R. S., 32 degrees, M;iy
21, 1862; Detroit Lodge of Perfection, June 18,
i86g; Palestine Lodge No. 357, December 20, 1880;
the (irand Imperial Council of the Red Cross of
Constantine was organizeil Ajiri' 10, 1S74.
Masonic meetings were originally held at private
houses. About 1826 a second story was added to
the old council house, on tlie corner of Jefferson
Avenue and Randolph Strt'ct, and the new story
was used for masonic meetings. After the burning
of the btiilding in 1S48, meetings were held in the sion
U|)per st<iry of ;i brick building ;iflerwards known , as
the ( iai-|-ison House, on the corner of JelTersoii
,\\enue and Ciss .Street. The M.-isoni^' I ball on
Jefferson Avinue, bitween (iriswold and Slu'll)\
Streets, was begun in i8;i, the cornt'f-stone beiii'^
laid on .Seplemher 2. 'I'lie building was completed
in 1852,1)111 the I lall was not formally di'dic.ated
luitil June 24, 1857. In 1876 many of the lodges
found <[tiarters in the new building of the Wayiir
County .S.ivings H.ank; .and in tin: summer of i88r,
till' lease of the property on Jefferson .\\-enue hav-
ing expired, all of the lodges left the okl h;ill.
Olu .Masonic Hai.i,.
One of the most notable events in connection
with M.asonry was the Knight Templar procession
of June 9, 1S70. AL'uiy commanderies from various
parts of the United States were present, .and ov( r
one thousand Iv nights participated. l?y a notice-
able coincidence, ex.actly nine years later the visii
and p.anide of the Palestine Commandery of New
^'ork took place, and this also was a notable occa-
MASONIC AND ODD FELLOWS SOCIETll'-S.
343
Tlic Miclii^iL^aa Masons Mulual liiMidlt Associa-
lion was orijani/.ccl June 12, 1874, .iiul incorixnalcd
laiiiiary 7, 1X78. It is soK'Iy for i\\v bcnrlii of
Master Masons not over fifty-live years of n^v.
Tile orHcr of < )(1(1 l''ello\\s was intnuluci'd into
Di'troit l)y liic institulion of Mieliii^an i.odi^e No. i,
nil Deeeiiiiicr 4, 1843, under a diarter .i,n-anted liy
llie ( 'iraiul l.odi;e of llie I 'iiited States. Josluia I-.
Siiiitli and Hartford Joy weri', tlie lirst two eleett'd
(illicers. 'i'lie iodjL^e was incorporated \ovenil)er
10, 1S45, and prospered to siuii an extent tlial on
April 13, 1844, till' serond lodi;;e In the Stale was
(irxanized as Wayne Lod,v;e N(j. 2, willi A. R.
I'erry, John Kobiiison, Jr.. ami Charles S. Adams
.IS its tirst three elective onicers. Other lodges
were instituted in the following order:
Olive ilr.ineh Lodge No. 38, Septi'iiiher 20, 1849;
Washington Lodge No. 54, i'"cl)ruary 22, i85r, in-
coi'porati'd J,iiiu;iry C), 1873; Detroit Lodge No.
I :S, [•"ehni.iry 29, 1867; Ingersoll I'".iu;inipinent
gress ,iiul Larned .Streets. It was built in 1846, and
dedicated on I'ebruary 24, 1847. .\n oration was
delivered on the occasion by Cieorge C. liates, in
the ILiptist fhurcli. corner of Fort and Ciriswold
Streets. The building had a frontage of fifty-two
feet on Woodw.irtl .\venue and was eighty feet
di'ep. It was owneil by a stock company, conijiosed
exclusively of Odil Icllows, In 1S55 most of the
stock of the association ;uid the nnnagemeiit had
passed into the hands of one or two |)ersons. Two
of the lodges and the encampment then le,;sed the
two u|iper lloors in Hull's Ulock. and riitt-d uji a
hall which w.as known as New Odd I'"ellows' Hall.
This hall was dedicated on the 1 3tli of September,
1855, by ('.rami Master William M. Feiiton, and
was occupied by all the lodges until the hall on
(•|>|) ^'l■;l.l.c]U^' II. Ml, WiiiiiiUAUi) A\i-.MK ii^-s?.
OUI) I'liLLOW^' HaIX, IIKAI) (II .MciNKOK AVKNUE.
let 10 1 1
Issioii
Irion-
OVI'l'
|)tifC-
visii
INew
l)cca
No. 29, March 19, 1868; Vhst French Lodge of the
West No. 147, October 15, 1870; Oermania Kn-
campment No. 45, November 21, 1870; Sides Lodge
No. 155, February 22, 1871 ; Columbus Lodge No,
215, September 29, 1873; Riverside Lodge No.
303, September 12, 1877; Amity Lodge, January 1,
I S80,
The Detroit Patriarchs were organized in Sep-
tember, 1875. '{"he organization is composed of
•hid Fellows who have taken the Royal I'urple
ilegree. On September 20, 1876, at the (Irand
Reunion in Philadelphia, they were complimented as
the best drilled company present.
The fir.st Odd Fellows' Hall in the city was on
the west side of W'oodward Avenue, between Con-
Monroe Avenue was built, A small room in the
original hall was occupied from 1S70 to 1876 by
Detroit Lodge. The building was torn down in
1877, to make room for a new block.
In 1874, Washington Lodge No. 54 purchased
a lot on Randolph Street facing Monroe Avenue,
and built Odd Fellows' Teni|)le thereon. 'I'lie
corner-stone was laid on August 20, 1874, by the
officers of the Orand Lodge, at whii'h time an
address was delivered by John N. Ingersoll, R,
W. Grand Warden. The hall was completed in
February, 1875, and occupied by Washington Lodge
No. 54, Michigan Lodge No. i, Detroit Lodge No.
128, and Sides Lodge No. 155. It was dedicated
on February 22, 1876.
CH APTE R XLVTII.
sla\i:rv and the colored race.
Si,.AVF,RY bo;',,in almost with ilu' si'ttlonu'iit. The
Indians wlio i^atlKTul near the fort jiron^ht with
tlicni caplivi's taki'n in i)attli', ;in(i sonu' of tiiesc
wiMV transf(.'rri.Hi to tJic l''rinrh. in 1760 llierc
\V(.'i\' l)otli Inilian and African slaves in Ditroit.
Most of the Indian slaves were from the I'awnee
tril)e, and a few from the (Xsaije, Choctaw, and
otiier western tribes, who had been capturt'd in
w.ir and sold to French and English resiilents.
The Indians made excellent servants and com-
manded sjood prices. At the time of the cajiitula-
tion it was stipniated that the French inhabitants
should keep their nev;roes, but they were to restore
those beloniL,nn!i^- to the IJii^lish. The followini,^
copies of letters from an old manuscript letter-book
of I'hyn & Fllice, in possession of the lUiffalo His-
torical .Society, i;ive an idea of the spirit of these
olden times, and detail the methods of sale and
the prices paid for slaves for this market :
ScilKNliCTAUY, 7 Jisly, 1760.
.I//-. //. Lrty —
r.cforo this reaches you we hope every furmer order will be
completed. Above we send you a small niemoraiuUmi which we
bei,; you '11 execute immediately on receipt. ♦ * * We shall be
pleased to hear how l)eaver is sellini;. • * ♦ If you have wam-
pum, pipes and moons, you may send 'em by first opportunity,
and we '11 make a trial of them at iJctroit this winter. * * *
Yours, *c. P. & E.
P. S. — I")o not fail to purchase the blacks by first opportiutity,
as the person for wh<ini they are, has contracted to deliver them
at Detroit early in the fall.
SclIF.N'FXTADV, 23d Aug., 1760.
Mr. "yames Stirling, Detroit.
Sir,—
Your favor, 29th June, attending your order, we had the plca-
suic to receive, and immediately thereon J. P. made a jaunt to
New ^drk, with a view to be particular and exiiedilioas in making
up the goods. We now inclose you Invoice per L , the load-
ing of six boats is tinder the direction of James McDonald, who
is engaged to proceed with them to Detroit. * * * We have
tried all in our power to procure the wenches and negro lads, but
it 's impossible to get any near your terms. No green negroes are
now brought into this Province. We can purchase negroes from
eighty pounds to ninety pounds, and wenches from sixty pounds
to seventy pounds. If such will be acceptable, advise and you
shall have them in the spring, and perhaps under, if we can meet
with Yankees in the winter.
With great esteem, yours,
P. & F.
Scilli.NliCTADV, IJ AujiUSl, 177.1.
Mr. Levy :
SlK,-
We have received two negro boys ; the- oldest will do for Mr.
Stirling, at Detroit, and is enlend in our Order book. lint we
are intirely at a loss what to do with that fat-gutted Imy, liavim;
orders for none stub for any c.f nur corri'spondents, and we don't
by any means waul him for i-iirselves. * » * I'ray, are ikiI
bills of sale nccesary with Ihese African g<'ntlemen ?
Wo are, &c., P. A h,.
■ SciiKNKCi'Aiiv, aj March, 1771.
Mr. Car/>cntir U'/inrtPit :
SlK,—
I pon your arrival at I'hiladelphia, please advise us by letter ad-
dressed to the care of .\Ir. Saiuuel I'laiikliii, Jiin., if you can p,ir-
chase fur us two negro lads frum filu en to Iweiily years, for alioul
fifty pounds. New York currency, each. They must be stout ami
sound, but we an- indilT<'renl about their qualifications, as they
are for a I icnchman al Detroit. * ♦ »
Yours, P. * ''■■
To Mr. John Forteous, Detroit;
Deah Sir, —
We luive contracted with a New I'.ngland gentleman for some
green negroes to be delivered heri> the lirst of August, and then
your wench will be forwarded, togitber with a negro boy, in erase
she may some time hereafter choose a husband. We apprehend
he will be useful to you, or advantageous about the shmp, or yoii
can dispose of him as you find best. The price is fifty pounds
each.
Yours, (.tc, P. & 1',.
The ofiicial returns made to the trovernor-treneral
in 1773 showed that there were then ninety-six
slaves at the settlement along the Detroit; five
years later there were one hundred and twenty-
seven. After another interval of five years the
number was reported at one hundred and seventy-
five, and in I7(S2 there were seventy-eight male and
one hundred anil one female slaves.
Among other old records at Detroit there is a
dociunent given by John Askin, grandfather of the
late E. A. Hrush, dated September 9, 1766, ami
saying, " I set at liberty and give full freedom unto
my I'awnee slave Monnette, which I had from
Mons. Harrussa at Michilimackinac," On Oetol)cr
19, 1794, the same Mr. Askin bought of James May
a negro man Pompey, for forty-five pounds, and on
January 3, 1795, he sold him to James Donaldson
for fifty pounds.
L34t]
SLAVKRY AND Till': COLOKKD RACK.
345
The Aiiuiicaii Stale Papers (Vuliinie I., pai;c
14OI eontaiii an inlerestinj;' aeeoiml of an elTmt In
lia\c: sla\ery legalized in this re,!L;i(in. The fails were
as f()lli)\vs: ( )n November 22, 1802, ( loNcrnor llar-
iis(in issued a pi-oelanialion notifying;' liie people of
an ek'etion lo i)e held in thi; several comilies on
Di'ceniber II. Delegates were then to l)e elected
lo a eon\'enlion called for I'ccembei- 20, at \'in-
ceiines ; tlu: main object of the eonvenlion lo be
the consideralion of the (iiieslion of si-cnrinv;' the
repeal or snspension of Arti<k; \'I. of ilu' ordinance
of 17.S7, which prohibited liu' holdini; of slaves in
the Teiritoiy. No representalinn was solicited
from Wayiu: County, prol)al)ly because it was so
well iindcrsiood thai Miclli,^,^•ln would soon be a
separate Territory that it was deemed nnnecessai-y
to consnll ils citizens on a (luestion of this charac-
ter, (iovernor li.irrison presidid o\'er thi' conven-
tion, and it was decided to petition L'ont;i-ess to
snspi'nd the said article for ten yi'ars. It is an
interestint;- f.icl that the eeieljraled John Randolph
of l\oanoke, llu' chairman of the Coni^ressional
Commitlee to whom the petition of the deleijates
was referred, made a report deciarinu; that " the
laboi- of slaves is not necessary to promote the
j^rowlh and settlement of colonics in that region.
* * * The committee deem it highly dani^eroiis
and inexpedient to impair a provision wisely calcu-
lated to promote the happiness and prosperity of
the northwestern country and to ,i;ive stri'n,i;th and
security to that extensive fnjnlii'r." After hi-ariii^'
the report, Congress refused to suspend the articles,
and the Territory was preserved to freedom.
In iracini^ the ([uestion through the years, we find,
in a letter, dateil April 2, 1803, that William J'dliott,
of .Sandwich, reeiuestcd James Henry, of Detroit, to
keep Mr. Ormsby's man in jail a few weeks until he
could sell or dispose of him.
y\t the time of the tire in 1805 there were six
colored men and nine colored women in the town.
That their nuntbers increased is evident, for in 1807
( "lovt'rnor I lull organized a company of negro militia.
Many of the older citizens h.id one or more slaves.
Joseph Canipau owned ten at one time. One of
them, nicknanu'd Crow, used to ascend liie steeple
of St. /\nne's Churcli and perform numerous gym-
nastic tricks for the amusement of thost who
gathered beneath.
The importation of slaves was discontinued after
Sep'tembcr 17, 1792, the Can.adian Parliament, by
law of that date, directing th:it no slaves should
thereafter be introduced, and that all born there-
after should be free at the age of twenty-five. The
ordinance of 1787 had previously provided that
slavery should not exist in the Northwest Territory.
At that time, however, this region was not under
control of the American Ciovernment, and there was
no barrier to the holding of slaves at Detroit. After
its surrender in i7</i, slaveowners at Detroit con-
dniied to hold their sl;i\'cs under the Jay tri'aty of
No\'eml)er 19, 1794, which prt)vided thai the in-
h.abitants of the Territory surrendered to the United
Slates should !)(■ pi'oti'cted in their iiroperly. The
(|iieslion as lo whether slaves could be legally lujlden
was adjudicali'd in 1807.
A <'ase came befori; the Supreme Court of the
Territory in which Ricliard Patterson, of Sandwich,
sought to apprehend as slavt'S Jose|)h ( Uiinn and
Jane, then residing in Michigan. The case was
tried, ,ind on September 26, 1807, Judge Woodward
(leli\ircd an elabonite opinion against the claimant,
on the ground that slavery was not admissible in
.Michigan "except as to persons in actu.il jiossession
(if P)riiisli settlers within this Territory on the 1 ilh
day of Jiilv, 179'''." Those- who had ]iosscssed
sla\es under Ilritish rule continued to hold them,
and the oHici.il census for iSio shows that, at that
lime, si'Acnti'cn slaves were hi'ld in Detroit. <_)n
.March ir, 1818, the .assessor of t.axes for Wayne
County gave notici; that the Court of (k'iKTal ()iiar-
ler .Sessions of the peace for said conntv had made
negro and mul.atlo slaves r.atable for t.axes for the
current year. The census for 1830 showed ih.it
there were thirty-two sla\cs in Michig.an, but by
1836 all the slaves were either dead or maiuimittcd.
Advertisements for runaway slaves appeared in the
("■azettc as late as 1827.
The feeling of a portion of the citizens in regard
to the colored race found expression in the Act of
Aiiril 13, 1S27, which i)rovided thai .after May 1 the
names of all colored persons should be registered
in liie county clerk's onice; and no blacks were to
be i)ermitled to reside in the Territory unless they
could produce a cerlificale that they were acliially
free. The certil'icate was lo be placed on recoril,
and IweKc ami oih' h.alf cents ])ai(l therefor. 'I'he
colored people were also rctiuired, within twenty
days, lo file bonds, with one or more freeliokl sure-
ties, in the pi'ii.al sum of $500, for their good be-
h.avior; and the bondsmen were expected to p;iy for
their support in case ihey were unable to support
themselves. If this law was not complied with, the
bl.acks were to be sent out of the Territory. The
same law provided penalties for kidnapping. No
attempt was made to enforce the law until after the
riot of 1S33, and then the colored people Hed to
Canada. The history of that riot is as follows : Dn
June 14, 1833, Thornton IMackburn and his wife,
who had resided here nearly two years, were claimed
and arrested as fugitive slaves from Kentucky.
They were taken before a justice of the peace, who
directed an ofificer to take charge of them and de-
liver them to the claim.ant. During their examina-
tion before the justice, a crowd of colored people
46
SI.AVI:RV AN' I) 11 ll". COLOKKI) RACE.
collci'tecl in j^rcat excitcnifiit, aiul llircatcmd ld re-
sist tlie oxi'ciition of tlu- law. Tlic allci^fd slaves
were, however, eonveyed lo the jail, and tiie crowd
dispersed. TIic next day, whicli was Sinid.ay, the
ajijeiU of tlie owner souvjlit lo h,i\e ihv slaves de-
livered up, but the sheriff, fearini; a disturhanee, de-
clined. DuriniT the day a number of cjlored per-
sons were permitted to have aeeess lo the prisoners,
and one woman was allowed to remain in the cell
with the female slave till after dark. The latter ex-
ehanyed elothini; with her visitor, and thus made
her escape. Meantime the colored people, armed
with clubs, assembled in lara;e numbers on the
common near the jail, and showed a determina-
tion to attempt a rescue; i)ut after the departure of
the steamboat in the evening they ilispersed, as it
was evident that the slaves would not be removed.
On Mond.iy they ai;ain assembled inincreasctl lumi-
bers, i;atherini4- in ;,.;roups in the neighborhood of
the jail, armed with c.'ubs, stones, and pistols.
There was also a large number of them on the
wharf where the steamboat lay. A little before four
o'clock in the afternoon, tne sheriff went to the jail,
and a carriage was driven up to convey Blackburn
to the boat; but he was hardly seated before the
negroes attacked the carriage; the sheriff then at-
tempted to convey him back to the jail, but as he
was going in the negroes made a rush, rescued the
slave, put him in a cart, and he escaped to Windsor.
He was then arrested by the Canadian authorities and
lodged in Sandwich jail. They were requested by
the State authorities to deliver him up, but refused
to do so, and he was soon set at liberty.
During the melee Sheriff Wilson was dangerously
wounded. The excitement in the city was intense,
and several colored persons were arrested. There
were no sufficient means of preserving order, and
Governor Cass, then Secretary of War, who hap-
pened to be in the city on a visit, ordered a com-
pany of troops from Fort Cratiot to proceed to
Detroit to "aid the civil authority in support of the
laws." As affording further and more permanent
protection, the titizcns, at a public meeting, on July
lo, decided to establish a city watch, "to consist of
sixteen persons, to continue until the trial or dis-
charge of the colored persons who are now under
arrest for riotous conduct."
I'ublic sentiment became increasingly opposed to
slavery, and on April 26, 1837, the Detroit Anti-
Slaxery Society was organized. The constitution
contained the following articles:
.4 fZ/V/i' i.- This associatiun shall be called The Detroit Anti-
Slavi'ry Snriety, and shall be auxiliary In tlie Michigan Stale
Anti-Slavery Society.
.)»•//(■/(• 5.— The object of this society shall be the entire aboli-
tion of slavery in the I'nited States of America, and the elc'vation
of our colored brethren to their proper rank .is men. While it
admits that each State alone has, by the constitution of the
United States, the exclusive right to legislate with regard to
slavery willijii its own liinils, ils .oin shall he lo convince all iiur
fellow citi.^ens, by arguments addressi'd to th(ur underslaiiding
and consciences, that slavi-iiuliling is a crime in the sirht of
t iod, and that the duty, safely, and best interests of all con.:iTned
rei|uire its immediate abandonment.
Aylii/r 3. Any person not a slave-holder, or engaged in the
trallic of slaves, may become .i member of this society by signing
its constitution. * * *
Artiilc 7.— The annual meeting of this society shall be held on
the anniversary of the emanciiiation of the lliitish West Indies.
The officers of the association for 1037 were:
.Shubael Conant, presitleiit; Ivlward lirooks, f'.dwin
W. Cowles, and CuUen Brown, vice-presidents;
Charles Henry Stewart, secretary; George F. Por-
ter, treasurer; William Kirklaml, Al.inson .Slieley,
and I'eter Boughton, executive committee. In i<S39
Robert Stewart was president, and A. L. Porter,
corresponding secretary. The society was in exist-
ence only a short time, l)ut its spirit remained, and
its principles grew increasingly po|)iilar.
in January, 1S42, the ex-slave, Henry P>ibl), came
to Detroit, and in 1S44 .and 1845 he lectured in
Michigan under the aus|)ices of the Liberty Asso-
ciation, a political org.anizaiion which sought to pro-
mote the election of anti-slavcr\' candidates. Horace
Hallock was president, Culleii Brown, vice-presi-
dent, and S. M. Holmes, secretary.
On September iS. 1S50, Congress passed the
Fugitive .Slave Act. It jirovided that sla\'es might
bearrcstid in any State, appointeil special officers
to secure their arrest, and direeteil that the testi-
mony of fugitives, in any trial growing out of their
arrest, should not be admitted. This law greatly
incensed many citizens, and increased the strength
of the anti-slavery sentiment. The proximity of
Canatla, where slaves became free men, caused De-
troit to become a noted point of departure, and
fugitive slaves were constan passing through the
city, and frequent, and .sometimes successful, efforts
were made by their owners to capture them. In
October, 1850, the arrest of a colored man named
Rose created so great an excitement that, at the
re(|uest of the mayor. General Schwartz called out
three \olunteer companies to preserve the peace;
and on October 8, 1850, the thanks of the Council
were tendered to John Ladue, then mayor, for his
action in the case.
The attempts to retake fugitive slaves were in
tlu: main unsuccessful, for the majority of the peo-
ple were opposed to sla\'ery, and though the law
upheld them, the slave-holders were foilctl and
outwitted. There was a complete chain of persons,
extending to the sl.ive St.ites, who were organized
for the relief and transportation of fugitive slaves.
A paper in their interest, called the Voice of the
Fugitive, was published, first at Sandwich and then
at Windsor, by Henry Bibb. The issue of Novem-
ber 5, 1851, contained the following notice:
SLAVERY AND THK C()L()Ri:i) KACIv
34;
IjNDKKCiHiilMl KaII.HOAI),
'I'liis rond is doinn better business this fall tlian usual. 'I'iu:
[•'iinitivc Slave Law has Kivin it mure vitality, mure activity,
mcire passengers, and more (ip|)iisiti>>n, wliieli invariably aeeeler-
ilrs business. We liave beiMl under the neeessily of li'arinK'ip
the old strap rails and putting; down the regular T's, so that we
ran run a lot of slaves tliroii,i;li from almost any of the bordirinK
Slave States into Canada, within forly-iixbt Hours, and we defy
ihe slaveholders and their abettors to beat th.it if they can.
We have just received a fresh lot to-day of hearty looking; men
and women, on the last train from Virginia, and still there is
room.
In onkr to aid he runaway slaves a Kcfiij^cf
Home Society wa.s organized at Detroit, and olli-
cered by the, aetive nenilxTs (jf tin; Lil)erty Associa-
tion. The society l)()Ui,dn a larj^e quantity of land
l)ack of Sandwicli, and aided in setlh'nir nc.trly fifty
famihcs. Its operations covered the ]ieri>id from
1854 to 1872.
In order to hinder the wnrkintj of the Fu,t,ntive
Slave T.aw, the I ci^islature of Michitjan. on l'"el)-
ruary 13, 1855, p.is.sed a law prohibiting tiie use
STOCKHOLDERS
OF THE IJJNDERGROUND
Hold on to Your Stock!!
Tlir; market has an upward tendency. By the express train whieli ar-
rived this morning at 3 o'clock, fifteen thousand ditliars worth of human morciiandisc, con.sisting oi'
twenty-nine able 'bodied men and women, fresh and sound, iroiii tlic Carolina and Kentucky
plantations, have arrived safe at the depot on the other side, wh^rc all our synipethi.sinu coloniza-
tion friends may have an opportnnitv of expressing their sympathy by bringing forward donations
of plo'iigbs, &ie., {krming utensils, pick axes and hoes, and not old clothes; as these einigrnnts nil
can till the soil N. B.— Stockholders don't forget ^ the meeting to-day at 3 o'clock at the ferry on
the Canada side. All persons dcanog to take stock in this prosper ons company, he sure to bu on
hand. By Order of the
Dilroit, ^Ipra 19, 18S3. BOARD OF IHIIECTORS.
Fac-simii.f. OK HANti-Bii.i, OF T'MiF.K'f.KorNi) Rmi.uoai). .Half size.)
On December 3, 1851, the paper contained this
item :
Proorrss of Escape from Si.avf.rv.
In cniuiieratinn the arrivals of this week we ran eoiint only
seventeen, ten of whom eame together on the E.\press train of
ihe X^nderKrotind Railroad. This lot consisted nf a mother with
six ehildren, and tliree men. The ne.\t day there came four men,
the neM day two men arrived, and then one rame alone. The
latter lells of haviuK had a warm eomlial by the way with two
■ilave catchers, in which he found it necessary to throw a handful
of sand in the eyes of one of them; and while he was trying to
wash it out he broke away from the other, and effected his escape.
The above fac-simile reduced, half size, of a
hand-bill of that day. shows tlie spirit ;ind humor
that were sometimes indulgetl in.
of tlie rounty jails to detain persons claimed as
fugitive slaves, and directinif the proseeutinji^ attor-
neys in the several counties to defend them. On
March I3, 1859, J jhn Hrown arrived in Detroit,
with fourteen slaves from Missouri. One of these
slaves i^ave birth to a son while on the journey, who
was named John Brown, and lived for many years
in Windsor, lieside-; the slaves, John ISrown had
five of his own men \nth him. Ry a most remark-
able coincidence, or :s the result of a prc-arranired
plan, Frederick Douelass, the colored orator, was
present in Detroit, an( lectured on the .same evening
that 15rown arrived. After the lecture Douplass
and Brown, with (itorge De Haptiste, William
48
SLAVERY AND THE COLORED RACE.
Lambert, John Richards, Dr. J. Ferjjuson, William
Wcbl), and a few oihers, met at the house of
William Webb, who was then livini; in the buikliiig
now known as 1S5 Congress St. Last, and held a
preliminary meeting which resulted in the organi/.a-
tion of the H;ir|)er's Ferry raid. Their plan was to
make the vicinity of Harper's Ferry a place of ren-
dezvous, and the!'e assemble the fugitive slaves in
sullicient numbers to protect tli^in in their freedom.
The treachery or folly of one of their number, who
made known their plans, forced them to make a
premature movement, and the result is a matter of
general history.
TllK JlUlN IiHOU'N HOLSF.
The Emancipation rroclamation was one of the
legitimate results of the meeting in Detroit. The
first celebration in honor of the day of its issue
was held on January 6, 1S63, ;it the colored Il.'iptist
Church.
One of the d.arkest pages in the history of Detroit
is the record of March 6, 1863. The events that
led to the doings of that day arc as follows : A
mulatto named William Faulkner, had been arrested,
tried, convicted, and sentenced to jirison for life for
an .alleged outrage on a little girl. The war with
the South was then in progress ; a draft was feared,
and the ignorant and vicious were glad of an oppor-
tunity to vent tneir ill-nature on a race which was
claimed to be the cause of the war. Faulkner was
arrested on February 26. His trial began on March
5, and on that day, while he was being conveyed
back to jail, he was struck on the head with a
paving-stone and knocki'd down. The mob which
.surrounded him then sought to seize him, but the
otlicers succeeded in gi'tting him inside the jail.
The next day he was again taken to court. The
tri.il was concludi'd ;uid he was sentenced. While
he was being conveyed back to jail, a s(|u;id of the
provost-guard, who were aiding the sheriff, were
attacked. They fireil. and one man was killed.
The mob now became infuriated, and an attack was
begun on the colon-d people. Many of them were
fearfully beaten ; their buildings were set on fire for
the purpose of burning those who were inside ; and
paving-stones were torn up and thrown at those
who trii'd to escape, thus driving them back into
the llames. Many had always doubted Faulkner's
guilt, and after seven years had passed, the doubt
becoming almost a certainty, a pardon was pro-
cured, and on Friday, December 31, 1869, greatly
to his suiprise, he was released. A number of
gentlemen contributed a sum of money, and he was
est.iblished at a st.ind in tlu' m.arket, which he
occujiicd until his de.ith, about seven years after he
was pardoned.
This riot caused great excitement, but it was the
last manifestation of the prejudice against the colored
people, who were soon after made citizens and
clothed with full power of self-defense. Their
efff)rts to obtain citi/.enshi[i began in 1843, in which
year a State conventkin was held on October 36 and
27, at the church on Fort Street, ,ind they peti-
tioned for the privilege of citizenship. In November,
1850, the (|ucstion of conferring the right of suffrage
on colored people w.is Noted on, and the vote in
Wayne County was 608 for and 3,320 against con-
ferring such right. On January 25, 1865, a md
State convention was held at the Croghan .lucet
I>ai)tist Church, .and the Legislature was petitioned
to grant the righ*^ of suffrage. The i)etition was
not granted, but the Fifteenth Amendment to the
Constitution of the United States, which, on ^Larch
30, 1870, the Secretary of State declared fully rati-
fied, made them citizens and voters. The restric-
tive; word "white" w;is stricken from the Constitu-
tion of Michigan by a vote of the peoi)Ic on
November 8, 1S70, and the votes of the colored
citizens were first cast in Detroit on the same day.
CHAPTER XL IX
RECREATIONS AND AMUSEMENTS.
TifK early French colonists had abiinrlant oppor-
uinilics for the niaiiifi'slation of thtir natural i^aycty,
even in this far-off wilderness. 'I'hu wliole rej^ion
was a natural preserve, and its huntini; and lishinjj-
facilities would have satisfied the most enthusiastic
sportsman that ever threw a line or carried a t(un.
(Jars i^lasiied here and there alonj^ the river, and in
iiandlinn' tiie lii^ht canoe the dark-eyed French ijirls
showed i^reat skill and Venice. Sunday afternoon
and evcnintf were especially i,nven uji to v^ayety.
The people had been to mass in the morning;, the
penitents had been duly shrived, and the benedic-
tions of the priests rested upon them : why should
they not be ijay? They, at least, seemed to know
no reason, and in groups and parties they " carri-
oled " alonv,^ the beach or paddled near the shore ;
young lovers strolled beneath the old pear-trees,
and those tall, strong sentinels of the river-side
drojiped mellow offerings at their feet. (.)ften the
sound of music came through open doors, and
within light heels and hearts chased the time away,
(iuns and fish-poles were alike in use, and the finny
and feathery tribes should have known when Sun-
day came, for then there was danger all around.
HoLigainville, who came here in 1757, thus describes
the foot-races of that day :
Tlicri' are in Dclruit some foot-racci between Indians and
Caii.idians, and they are as eelubrated as those of horses in I'.ns;-
land; they take place in the sprnii; ; from live lunidred up to
fifteen hundred Indians are Kenerally present at them; the length
of the race is one mile and a half (Ko and return), from Detrciit to
the village of the INittowatamies; the r<jad is hroad and heantiful ;
there are some posts fixed in the ground at bf)th extremities ; the
bets are very high on each side, and consist of furs on one part
and t'reneh r.ierehandisc on tlie otiier, for the use of the Indians.
The most celebrated racer is a I'renchman named Cuinpau ; liis
superiority is so well recognized that he is no more .idmitted into
the races.
In 1761, during a visit of Sir William Johnson,
notwithstanding the dangers of the time, the fol-
lowing e.xtracts from his diary show that amuse-
ments were not forgotten :
Sunday, 6th (September). A very fine morning. This day I
im to drive with Captain Campbell, who is also to give the ladies
a ball, that I may see them. They assembled at S o'clock at
night to the number of about twenty. I opened the ball with
.Mademoiselle Curie, — a fine girl. We danced until five o'clock
next morning. Saturday, lath. — 'I'his morning four of the prin-
cipal ladies of the town came to wait on me. I treated them
with rusk and cordial. After sitting an hour they went away.
Sunday, I )th. * ♦ * At lo o'clock Captain Campbell came to
introduce some of the town ladies to me .at my (piarters, wluim 1
rcce.ved and treated with cakes, wine, and cord'al. Monday,
14th. * * ♦ I took a ride before dinner up toward Lake Si. Clair.
'The road runs along the river side, whi<'ii is .ill settled ihii kly
some miles. A very plea.vint place in summer, but at other sea-
sons too low and marshy. The Krench gentleman and the two
priests who dined with us got very merry. Invited them all to a
ball to-morrow night which I am to give to the ladies. Tuesday,
15th. * * * In the cvenuig, the ladies and gentlemen assembled
at my quarters, danced the whole night until 7 o'l lock in the
morning, when all parted very much jjlea.sed and happy. I'rom-
ised to write to Mademoiselle Curie as soon as jioss'lile my senti-
ments; there never was so brilliant an assembly here before.
The several allusions to Mademoiselle Curie
make it evident that his tliary was not kejH for the
benefit and instruction of Mollie Brant and the ten
children from whom Sir William was ab.sent for a
time. Another reference to the lady in question is
contained in a letter from Captain Donald Camiibell
to Sir William Johnson, dated Detroit, June y, 1762.
He says :
I gave a ball on the King's birthday, when a certain acquaint-
ance of yours ajipeaied to great advantage. She never lugleels
an opportunity of asking about the Ccneral. * * * 1 think by
her talk Sir William had promised to return to Detroit. She
desires I should piesent her best compliments.
It is evident that these comi)liinents were renewed
through Captain Clad win, for on .April 7, 1763, Sir
William Johnson wrote from Johnson Hall to Clad-
win at Detroit :
Ibave not forgotten the powerful effect of the charms of the
lady who honors me with a place in her remembrance, and .should
be very happy in any opportunity which might offer of paying her
my devoirs.
The lady, however, yielded to the suit of one of
the Detroit merchants, as appears from the follow-
ing extract from a letter of James Stirling to Sir
William Johnson, dated Detroit, April 27, lyt'^ :
Soon after my arrival here I was married to Miss Cuiellierrie,
who desires to be remembered to you in the most grateful manner
and returns you hearty thanks for your civilities to her whilst at
this place.
Although several different names are given in
these e.xtracts, they all referred to the same lady,
[349]
350
KKCRI'.ATIONS AND AMUSKMKNTS.
Miss llcaubicn, who was iu)lal)ly biilliaiit ami ac-
rDiupIisln'il.
All ,i(atlicriii,ifs of younvj people wvrv oiilivi'iicd
by musii- and damiii);, and if n<i violinist was lo he
obtained llu'iv were not a few demoiselles who
eonid lilt the danrin); tmus so blilluly and so wfll
as to make the \iolin almost neeilless. When the
I'lnijlish came the odk-crs made sad havoc with the
time and thoui^hts of the lively maidens of that
time; and in the warp anil woof of levulutionary
days, the scalp-cry of the Indians, the drnm-bcat
of the ]i;arrison, and the howl of wolves, were
min.nled the music of the ball-room .'ind the t^ay
laiiii;!! of merry dancers. Captain (Irant, of the
navy, wrote to a friend, "We hop and bob every
Montlay niv^ht at the council-house."
Later on tlaiicinij parties or assemblies were
arranged for by subscription, and several invita-
tions to these j^athering.s, written on the back of
playiii,i,' cards, are preserved. Some of the amuse-
ments of 1789 are described in a letter written by
Miss Ann i'owell, who was litre in May of that
year. She says :
As suuii as uiir vessel anchored, several ladies and gentlemen
e.irne on board; they had .iKiced upon a lioiise for 11s, till my
brother eoiild meet with one that would suit him, so we r<nind
oinselves at home immediately. The ladies visited iis in full
dress, thoiiKh ihc weather was liuilinv; hot. What do yon think of
walking ahont when the thermometer is above ninety ? It was as
hinh as ninety-six the luorninK we returned (jur visits. Whilst w;
staid at the fort, several parties were made for lis, — a very ajjiee-
ahle one by the C'Sth, to an island a little way np the river. Our
party was divided into five boats ; one held the music, in eaeh of
the others were two ladies and as many gentlemen as it oonld
hold. Lord I'.dward' and his friend arrived just time enoiij,'h lo
join lis ; they went round the Lake by land to see some Indian
settlements, and were highly pleased with their jaunt. Lord
Kdward speaks in raptures of the Indian hospitality ; he told me
one instance of it which would reflect honor on llu' most polished
society. l!y some means or other, the gentli'inen lost their provi-
sions and were entirely without bread, in a plaic where they i (iiild
get none. Some Indians travellini; with them h.id one loaf, which
they offered to his Lordship, but he would not accept it ; the
Indians gave him to understand that they were used to do without,
and that, therefore, it was less iiiconvi-nient lo them ; they still
refused, and the Indians then disappeared and left the loaf of
bread in the roail the liavellers must pass, and the Indians were
seen no more. Our parly on the Island proved very pleasant,
which that kind of parlies seldom do ; the day was line, the coun-
try cheerful, and the band delinhtful. We walked some time in
the sliady part of the Island, and then were led to a bower where
the table was spread for dinnir. I'.verything here is on a grand
.scale; do not suppose we dined in an I'.nglish arbor! This one
was made of forest trees and bushes, which being fresh cut, you
could not sec where they were put together, and the bower was
the whole height of the trees, though quite close at the top. The
band was placed without and played whil.st we were at dinner.
We were hurried home in the evening by the appearance of a
thunder storm ; it was the most beautiful I ever remember to
have seen.
The winter .season furnished many a scene of gay
festivity. The little French or Canadian ponies
• Lord Edward Fitzgerald, then at Detroit.
were SO plentiful as to be had for almost nothinii;;
and box-runiurs. then much in vo.mie, wire so
easily constnu led ihiit every one could procure a
"turn-out," and not only the river, but the (irand
M.irsh on the east, anil the River Rouge on the
west, becime race-coiwses for the whole community.
This last locality, the Red River, as the English
always ealleil it, was the favorite |)laco for this span,
and f.ist pacers were in s|)ecial demand on these
occasions. 'I'he ollicers and ladies of the post,
iliessed in sable-lined robes, with masks to protect
their faces, and bea\er ca|)s for the hc.uls, were well
.sheltered from the winds. De i'eyster in one of his
poems relates at length how, on occasions, dinners
of venison were barbecued in the open air, ;uul
.served on the b.ink, with be.irskins for .seats, and no
sign of a table, — a picnic in the winter time, with
the decrs .-md bears as lookers-on.
The following advertisement, from the (ia/.ette of
January 21, 1825, gives eharac i.sties of the .sports
on the Koiige :
TeKHITDHY ok MiClllC.AN AflAINST NoHTII A.MEKICA.
To Sfiortsiiii'n.
The subscriber will pace his horse lias I'.lanc against any trot-
ting or pacing horse, mare, or gelding in North America, from
two to five miles, for any sum from fifty to ten thousand dollars.
The race lo take place on the ice, the present winter, al some
place within the Territory, and the horses to be driven before :i
carriole, or rode, as the parties please.
ISAUOUli NaVAUKI!.
RiVKK Raisin, Jan. 18, 182,5,
Other sports on the ice, as practiced in his boy-
hoc ' days, are thus described by Juilge Campbell :
When the sharp winter moved along.
And the ice on the river was smooth and strong,
Krom nioody Ilridge to fair llelle Isle
Was seen the Mash of the ringing steel.
As over the bar the skaters pass,
.And llirough tlu^ crystal, clear as glass,
(ia/c al the fish, that turn and stare
At llie strange doings in the air.
On till' wide shallows of llrand-Marais
liefore the bree/e the rushes sway.
And domes of plaited reeds appear,'
Tempting the hunter's cruel spear.
Hut livelier far, as the boys rush down.
Is the clear, deep river before the town.
From shore to shore they glide and swing
Quickly as swallows on the wing.
Or backward .sweep in a circus ring.
Or spread the eagle, or carve the ice
With names, and many a strange device.
And ill the moonlight's silvery flow,
Nimble and tireless as the roc,
.Again on the river the swarm flies out,
Dodging and sliding and wheeling about.
As when for the season the school is out,
And urchin.s, fearless of disaster.
Caper undaunted before the master.
1 The houses of the musk-rat.
KKCKI'IATIONS AND AMUSKMKN "IS.
351
Willi (Hiving Nlirks 111 In in iiii'lcr
'I'Ik'}' (line ihc \vlii/./iiiL( liall away,
< >r sraiM|iiT in a iiiili' lnin; race
'I'o i'> ai li lilt: IhiiiiuIs iiI pi JMiinr's liasc.
Dr, twisiiiiK UkIiI lliiir 'km liirfs stout.
Haul anil slilf a> a Kiis>laii IsMiait,
Anil I uiintin^ slowly ii|i lo ten,
Call llir Ki il I. lull iMit iif Ills ilin,
And siimyiiii; (iff in tin- nuaUvanl track
LaiiKh as llu: tluinsy loiuiii's hack
WIllci'S bcllL'Utli tilt: siiiiiuliii); wliacki
For iiicnic t^nmnds tlu' Wdodljridjro Grove, lo-
cali'd at vvlial is now tlic loriiiT of Micliij^aii and
rriimbull Avi'iuii's, and also iho irroimds near tlio
fort, were di'iMiH'tl drsiral)li! as l.tic as i.Sjo. On
Saturday afttrnoons aiul liolid.ays tlic cliiklreii could
iaml)lc in tin.- woods, inside llic present city limits.
In the sprinji there were winterijreen berries anil
sassafras to be gathered ; aiul later on, mandrakes,
wikl stniwberries, and huckleberries calleil many to
the ("lelds. In the f;ill, hickory and hazel nuts ,iilad-
deiied the eyes and stained the fmijers of those who
went in search of them. ( )n the route out, bull-
frojjs and tree-toads frequently livened the way, and
on the homeward trip, firetlies ilkniiined the path.
Macii period of the ye.'ir l)rouv;ht its own peculiar
names, and then as now kites, hoops, tops, mar!)les,
and b.'ill followed each other as regularly as the signs
(jf the zodiac.
Public exhibitions found but little favor, and the
.Solons of the Territory did not encourage them.
On April 13, 1827, a law was passed providing that
" If any person, or persons, shall exhibit any puppet
sliow, wire dancing, or tumbling, juggling or sleiglit
of hand, within this territory, and shall ask or
receive any pay in money, or other property, for
exhibiting the same, such a per.son, or persons, shall
for every such (jffense pay a line of not less than ten
iior exceeding twenty dollars."
The most enterjirising caterer to the amusement-
ioving public was Major I). C. McKinstry. In
1 834, when the city had a population of only about
live thousand, he was at the same time proprietor
of a theatre, a circus, a museimi, and a public gar-
den, all of them sepanite and distinct from each
other; and in size and management they would be
creditable even in the jiresent (.lay. The Circus
occupied a large wooden building on the northeast
corner of (iratiot .and Farrar Streets; it was after-
wards used as a theatre, then as a furniture factory,
and was tin;illy burned. The Michig.an Garden, as
il was called, is identical in location with what was
recently known as Brush's Garden ; it was bounded
by Randolph, Brush, Lafayette, and Croghan Streets.
The garden, in 1837, was described as being " lo-
cated at the northern extremity of the town." It
contained a restaurant and bath-rooms ; also many
kinds of fruit trees, and plants in great variety.
'I'he folliiwing literal copies of ;id\ertisenients fnun
the papers of ili.ii day furnish det.ails concerning the
g.'irdeii ,ii)(l the enti'rt.iinmeiits there given :
■|.
Si nK 1 SMI' s !
Rare spun al Uif Miiliinan (iaiiliii! 'I'wn lltars ami niir
Willi CiiMisr will 111 sti lip til I ir bill it at, nr iliasnl liy (I, IKS, nil
'I'litsday, v'liili ( Hiiiliir, at two ii'iliii k i'. M.
N. II. Safr iiiiil plc.isanl stilts will lit: in iiaillniss fur I, allies
nnd ( iinlli'incn.
UniKijir, Oct. U), 18 j5.
Mil IIKiAN C.MiDKN.
Tilt: pulilit: arc rtspiti fully iiifiiriiiitl lliiit tlir • iardi'li rtiiiliniii'S
(iptii tci visiltirs. 'I'hr Mnstnin, i iiiisisliii>; nf scniif tif tlir liiiisl
spi'L'Inicns iif ( >rnilliii|ii>;y, Minrials, C'nliis, natural anil arlilit iai
I'liriosilii's, and a (iraiul (.'nsinnrania turnpyiii^' iiiir liiilltliiix tit
tllr (iardiMi; anotllrr iiinlaiiiiiiv: lliirly-sfvtn wax lijiiins, nf
siitiif iif tilt: lUdst intirisMiiK iliarai irrs. 'I'lie (lartleii will In-
illuininali'd fSiry fair t-vtiiini.;, ami a li.ind iif iniisif will Inl^^litrii
tlif tnjiiynitnt :if a walk tlirtniKli upwards tif llirit" llioiiviml
fiet iif priiinriiatli: walk.
Rifrisliiiicnts as usual. Tliu liatlis art: liki:wisf in tirikr fur
company.
.1 «.<'. iij, 1S40.
'i'he Museum was opened on May 13, 1834, oe-
cui)ying the two upper stories of the four-.story
building then owned by Mr. Goil.trd, on the .south-
east corner of Jefferson Avenue .and Ciriswold
Street. It w;is burned out in the lire of January i,
1842.
In after years several valuable private museums
and collections existed, to which the public h;id ac-
cess without ch.arge. The collection of S. \V. Hig-
gins, who lived on the norlhe.tst corner of Willi.ams
and Elizabeth Streets, though not large, ])ossessed
much of v.alue. It was galiiered chietly by his son,
who, as .an ol'licer in the rnited .States Navy, visited
the Mediternmean .and otiur foreign ports; it w;is
especi.'illy noted for its specimens of cutlery from
the interior of Africa. The best priv.ate museum
was that of Dr. Louis C.av.alli, located on Fr.inklin
Street, e.'isl of St. Antoine. It w;is established .about
the year 1846, and was ojx'u daily to .all visitors,
free of charge, until 1852 or 1853. The collection
embraced m.any rare stones, shells, and minerals,
and was especially complete in insects. There were
also many r.are curiosities from 1 lercul.aneum. 'I'he
celebrated men of the fourteenth .and eighteenth
cen -tries were represented in a series of fourteen
hundred med.als; there were also engravings in
great variety, and copies of paintings by Raph.ael
and Correggio. On the death of Dr. Cav.illi, the
collection was sold to the Smithsonian Institute.
Among out-door sports, skating .and coasting
were always popul.ar, and a favorite resort was
known as Piety Hill. This hill, probably fifty feet
high, lay inside of the Catholic grounds between
Randolph, Bates, and Larned Streets and Michigan
Grand Avenue. Sleds would go from the summit,
^^-
KIX'KKATIONS AND AMUSMMIiN'I'S.
iu;ir tlic roiiiir ot l<,iiiuli)l|)li and C'oii.inri'.ss Slii'ils,
llirouxli to Itaus Street. Conj,n\'ss Streut was linally
cut throii.Ltli till- hill, anil llio lirvalioii was li'vi'llti!
many yiais a,v;(). About 1S50 SIilII))- Stivui, from
jilfcrson Awiuic to tlic river, afforded a line op-
|)ortunily for i'oaslin,v;, and sleds oftentimes went
nearly a third of the way across the river.
On Deeemher 7, iSAo, the first skatinj; rink was
opened. It was loeated between Third aiul l''ifth,
IJeeeii and I lij^h Streets. Aiiotiier wassnbsei|iienlly
opened on the northwest corner of Woddw.ird
Avenue and Davenport Street. A rink was also
built on the northeast corner (jf Woodwaril AveniK
anil i;dnuind Street; and in iSOi.and for several
years after, skating was a popular pastime with
beaux antl belles.
ReCHKATION 1'AHK kNTliANtli ANU KliClil'l IIJN I'l ILDIN
As ;i ])|;ice for out-door entertainments, Recrea-
tion Park affords all facilities that can be desired.
It is located on the Ilrush l'".irm, the entrance beini!^
a few blocks east of Woodward .\venue, on llnidy
Street. The grounds, embraciniif ei,ifhteen acres,
are fitted up to accommod.ile exhil)itions of various
kinds. The Recc|)tion Buildin;.;' h.is every needful
appliance for comfort anil convenience. The I 'ark
was opened on May 10, 1.S79
but the enterprise did not prove a tinancia! success,
and the ij.irden w.is closed July 2<;. 1SS4.
lietween 1S30 and iiS4o many of the promii\ent
merch.uits were .accustomed on S.iturd.iy afternoons
to en^M.^i' in a j;;ime of football, ;uid in rolling; c;in-
non-b.ills on Jefferson Avenue, between Ciriswold
.and Wayne Streets. liilli.ird-t.ibles were in use
prior to 1805. (leorv;e .MvKhum, in his estim.ite of
losses by the fire of lh;il year, notes "oni' billi.ird-
table, $^5." A noted >;;une of billi;irds w.is pl.iyrd
at Detroit on .April u, i.S5(j, between Miih.ul
I'hel.ui, of Chica).;o, and John Seereitei. of Deiniit.
The ni.iich look pl.ice at iMrcnien's ll.ill, I'lul.in
winning by ninety-si.\ points.
Amon,v; the noted events, in the w.iy of recrea-
tion, was a .series ,)f ;unusemcm nuitin.^s luld in
Younv;- Men's Il.ill. 'I'he use of
tlk' hall \\;is v;i\(n by l.uther
Ihi'cIut, and the lirsl of ;i series
of ni,i;lit entertainments, which
lasted about tuo weeks, took
!)l;iceon M.irch 10, 1874. 'I'hose
who aided );,ive lluir services;
son.i^s, storii's, ;ni(l music formed
the i)ro,v;nunme. .-nid the h,\ll w;is
lilkd to overlknviiii; every even-
inif.
On June 7, 1875, under the
joint auspices of the ^■ounl;
Men's Christi.in /Xssocialion and
the Home of the I'riendkss, the
yXuthors' C'arniv.il l)ei;.in at
■S'ouni^r Men's Hall, and con-
tinued for a week. The aim of
the entert.-iiiunent w.is to repre-
sent ap])ropriately the works of
noti'd authors, anil it was admir-
ably carried out .at an expense
of over $5,000.
Koller skates anil velocipedes
came into conunon use in 1875.
The city license fees for
amusements are as follows:
'J'heatres, from $50 to §200 per
year; circuses, $75 for tir.st day, and $50 for each
succecilini,'- day ; ball-alleys and billiard-t.ables pay
$5 per year for each alley or table.
^Vthletic and aquatic sports h.ive been iiicour-
ai^eil by the or^ranizalion of nmnerous societies.
The Social Turn\'erein, orOerman Oynmastic .Asso-
ciation, was ori^.ini/.ed June 17, 1852, and incorpor-
ated February 6, 1S55. In i86othe society erected ;i
buildin;.^ on the south side of .Sherman Street, be-
tween Russell and Riopelle Streets, at a cost of
A Zoiilogical ("jardenwas established on Michi
gan Avenue, near Tenth Street, and first opened on §4,000. The Peninsular Cricket Club was organized
September 5, 1883. It was conducted by a corpora- in 1858. The cricket grounds are on the west side
lion, and a large amount of money was expended, of ^"'^-^dward Avenue, just north of Fremont
KKCKKATIONS AND AMUSKMKNTS.
353
J I ISC
IKT
IP-'V
hur-
zed
lont
Sirci:t. Oiu; of tlii' most noted jj^amcs was played
willi till' All l'.iiv;laiid I'.lrviii on Si'ptcmlKr J5,
1879, the l\ii,;;li.sii irickftiTs hciiii; victors. On
August I J, |S(>7, a ureal liase Hall I'durnanieiii l)e-
'<aii on thcerii'ket j^Toiindsand lasted nearly a week.
Tile Detroit Ciyinnasimn, an orv;ani/ation now
extinct, ^rew out of a private ^)innasiuni bilonj^inj.;
to persons connected wiili the L.'ike Survey Oflice.
Their a|)paraius was obtained l)y H. Farrand Henry,
.mil he and Messrs. W, A. Tliroop .iiid A. .Selleck
fitted lip ;i v;ynin;isiiim for person.il iisi- over a
bookstori' on Woodw.ird Avenue, near Compress
Street. Others desirinj^' to p;irtici|)ate, on l''ei)rii-
ary y, 1858. a club was orjL{ai..„ed, the nienibers
to pay live dollars per year ei'ch. On April T),
1851;, a new constiti!tion w.as adopted, and in
i860 the Ciyiunasiuni w.is moved to the Seitz
Hiiildinv;. Here it \v,is l;irv;ely p.itroni/ed and be-
c.inie very popular. It v.as then moved to Con]i;ress
Street, near I.arned, to wh.it w.is known as the
tiynni.isiinii liuildin;^. Here it lost its popul.irity,
;ind in 1867 w.is |)raetic.illy closed. In 1S76 the
api)aratus w.is turned over to the Yomiif Men's
L'hristi.an Association, .and is still in iisi' by th.al
(irxaniz.ition.
Scottish jLjames and nieinoriis are kei)t alive
ihrouv^h the Ditroit Caleilonian Club, or).;.ini/,ed in
1867. The Detroit Scluict/.enl)und,or(ierm.an Shoot-
ing; Club, was on^anized in April, 1855, and incor-
por.ated July, 18(^)6. Its l)uildin).j is located in a
park of eleven acres, in Haintramck, on tlie M.ack
Road. It was erected in M.iy, 1873, at a cost of
about !5i4,(Joo; the entire ])roperty is worth $10,000.
The .\iidubon Club, originally or^iinized on Febru-
iry J4, 1 868, to secure the preserv.ition of j;.inie,
li.is now become ;i social club.
I'lie most popular and llourishini^ sportinif oryani-
/alion is the Lake St. Cl.iir I'lshin^;' ;ind Sliootinj;-
Club. It w.is ori^anized April 11, 1872, and incor-
porated on June 4 of the s.anie yi'ar. The orij^inal
plan w;is to limit the club to twenty-live members;
iIk; number w.is then ini-reased to fifty, .and lin.ally
to two hundred and twcni)'. A slock company was
funned, which owns the buildings and appar.atus.
Members must be owners of one share of stock
ami pay an initiation fee of twenty-five doll.ars. The
club-house cost §5,000, and is located at the north
cud of tlie St. Clair I'Tits Canal. The boats ;ire
fire to members of the club. T"he house is ii
iliar^e of a slcw.ird, .and members ji.ay a stipulatec
Miin per day for boiiid and lodi^in;^' while ;it the
li Hise. Friends of members m.iy be invite*', to the
house, if they are not residents of Detroit or towns
immediately adjt;ining. The St.ar Island House, a
public hotel located near by, is a favorite resort in
lii : siniiiner season.
The width, length, and general smoothness of the
Detroit River makes it e.xtrcniely favorable for
bo.iting and for regattas. These (tpportunities are
every year iiu reasingly ,ippreciated, and the boat
clubs of Detroit are ;» marked fe.itnre in the sport-
ing life of the city. There are few liner sights in ;i
summer evening than the boating parties; the
bo.its are often m.inned ii\ part by ladies, and the
gay uniforms and bright Hags, the measured dij)
of the o.irs, and merry l.iughter, make a pleasing
combination of sight .and sound.
The oldest bo.it club is the Detroit. It was
organized Febrn.ary 18, 1839, and re-organized
August 23, r856. It owns one of the tine.st boat-
houses in the country, erected in 1873, at a cost of
$5,000. It w.is origin. illy located between H.istings
ami Kivard Streets, .and was moved to its present
location, between Joseph Campau and McDougall
Avenues, in 1877.
The K.xcelsior ISoat Club was organi/.eil on May
14, 1867, .and incorporated June 14, 1871. Amended
.articles were tiled J.inuary 8, 1878. The club-
hou;,e, at foot of Joseph Campaii Aventie, was
erected in .May, 1867, .and h.is since been improved ;
with the bo.its .and other property of the club, it is
valued .at $5,000.
The /e[)hyr ISoat Club was org.anized in Jime,
1867, incorporated May 12, 1875, and disbanded in
1881.
'i'he Centennial IJoat Club w.is organized Sep-
tember 14, 1875, and incorporated .M.irch 2, 1876.
Its bo.at-lionse, between Chene Street and Joseph
Camp.iu Avenue, cost $550, and was dedicated June
30, 1S77.
Other boat-clubs have been organized from time
to link', but most of them may be said to be lying
on their o.irs. For the purpf)se of ,>;eneral practice
and the management of ri'g.ittas and races, several
of the clubs were united under the title of the
Detroit River Navy. It was organized in August,
1867, .and re-organized in June, 1868, and ag.ain on
June 8, 1874.
Among the occasions of special interest to boat-
clubs were : T'he annual regatta of the Northwest-
ern Amati'ur lioaling Association, July 14, 1870;
the opening d.iy of the Northwestern Regatta, on
August I.' 1877; aiul the arrival of the Shoe-wae-
cae-meite Ho.il Club, of Monroe, on August 3,
1878, on their return from England; August 6,
187S, W.IS the opening day of Detroit River Navy
Reg.itta, .and August 7 of the .same year the open-
ing d.ay of Nort'- stern Reg.atta.
On June 28, -.S7y, the Detroit River Navy
Regatta took place. The Wyandotts won a two-
oared race, the Michigans won the four-oared, and
the b.irge nice was won by the Detroit Club.
The National Rowing Regatta for 1883 was held
at Detroit, beginning on August 8.
C II APTKR L,
]\IUSIL' AM) IIII. l>k.\M.\. Ak r, AKIISIS, AND I WI'.N'I'OKS.
Mi;sic is iiuli,v;i'ii()us to lliis n'^^imi. Tlu' Ihsi Siri'cl, wliero tlicy would ,n;itluT to siiii;- ;uul In
«cltkrs liiard iiol only Uu- nulc rattles of llu' in- drink "hot llii)," In more rwrnt days tiic sinyiis
dians, but tlic air was vocal witli iIr! S()n,v;s of I)ol)o- of the city oceasiuually united in musical S(jcieties,
links, larks, and roi)ins, to which tlu' chatter of and on such occasions the dininjij-room of some oiu
stjuirri'ls and tlu' call of the wilil ducks as they of the hotels would be irausforni'.-d into a conceit
swipt over the hall. Amon.i; the
town formed a tit-
tingchorus. There
were soon .uldcd
the dill of drums,
tlie plasli of pad-
illes, and the lusty
songs t)f the trail-
ers as they rowed
up and down tlie
risfr.
Music was need-
ed to clieer the
loneliness .if those
so r.ir front home,
therefore life and
liddle wen; in con-
stant i)lay ; and the
echoes of their
tones linger still
.ibout the town,
and their ntemories
are linked with the
music of to-day.
hi olden times,
as now, the
churches were the
fosler-motluTs of
all singers. The
records of St.
Anne's for May
mention
I ;
'/33.
AT THE € APITOIj by
THE TYROTESE JMOISTREL,
fHio has performed in the cities of BiMton,
llVen" York) Philadelphia and New Orleans,
and all the principal cities, of. the U. States
with great applause, respectfVilly informs the
ILadies and wentlemen of this place, that he
will give a Concert at the Capitol on TJbtir«-
«to|y and Friday evenings*
ORDER OF PERFORHANCE*
l«f. TfToIese Sonp, 6:».§hipat8ca(0«r«i«i)
9d. Sweet Home, ^. ,,. Orifc. The Cuckoo,
3il. Tyrolese Son? of Friendship, 8lJk. The Swiss Boy,
Ath, Oh BO, wc never mention her, 9th* I'ts nil (be ^ane •
6Uk. Tyrolese Son? for Liberty,
ir«l«JA«ll*lil<liilb. H«.To>kCo»(«r»dr. umrf.ta.iitt. _
■ CbU Blum, . TrrolM. nn. on Bilur^j mq. ur m Ch.th.m Thr.trr, i. Ih« RUDMt pcculiu to fb« p««MI7 V lii enaHT : IP
tolMMMibk to d»(n.« l.e',mr.I»r iK>H*b< pfoJaCM. It i^liOiMTfr, Ihfl Mm. modeof .inKiB. m th.l which .idl.4 K imich MlMMbnM^
tt LioJoit, Inm, ih< TirelfM rt,n.lr.U, . jm ot tiro .iiicc.'' Wi li.t. Ii.d "i »P|x»iui.,ii . I kMnni CjI. Blim, Ih. Tml<" ■.i"""!.
f.f(rr«lt(.'nthfil»ye pn«i«i.K .nd m frrf to cOBfti-tti.l weknow not innh.t Itrm. tg,ipr,M our ..fflii»tton. Hi. Mjl. of fingt:i«
«.«tmiitl/i>cNlou^uiJpiudiic«J Ih. moatpluMOlMDHUUDj. Wc cou] J li.n luteiM d to luai fur . loitf U|bl vtlMtit wtuiDCM OT
'ffi.'lWoll Tt«.;nn .11. ; Thml. WW U ft. Ttmiool 1 SwK .bo, i« og. odiiioo, I. . pbjoo^«»ii rf«t™ l»p«^
alm^mt. Hipnidjcn»iiid.nckuin>liouMil<iok»oltaniic«i<M<<<idl>tabnii|li><l>Kdi.f7lii.il.b<U«illlll(kt(idn^
Ibafifb nulU)U*UI(l.f fXABCHdM tobi.bov.
AhBtUmM-Vi CaOf. Tickets to be had at Woodworttt*s
and at the Mansion Honse.
Detrvril, Jime^l, 183)1.
Fac-simu.k of Conckkp 1![i,i. ov I'li-rv vicaks Ai
the marriage of
Jean 15a|)tiste Ko-
cou.x, " Chorister
of the Parish;"
and the I'onliac Mimuscript tells of an instrimiental
concert given on June 3, 1763, in honor of the con-
clusion of peace.
I.atcron, in 181 5, there were many excellent .sing-
ers among the troops stationed here. Their favorite
resort was the Yankee Hoarding IIou.se on Ikites
noted local voc.il-
i.sts Madame \:i-
rian Hoffman was
prominent, and in
more recent tla\s
Kdward Scovel
and D.V. r.ell,Jr.,
have attained more
than local f.ame.
I-lonaldson lUnit,
one of the l)est ol
character singers,
went from here id
Califorui.a.
At various tinu-s
we ha\e been fa-
voii-d with visits
from musical ar-
tists who.se f.inie
is in all lands.
'I'luresa I'aroili
and Am.ilie I'atti
were here < )ctol)cr
23, 1851 ; .\dcliiM
Tatti, July i, i.SC.o;
(loltsc-lialk, Apiil
Ji, ]<SCi2 ; Carlott.i
I'atti, February 10,
18S2; and Nil.ss(Jii,
Lucca, Mario, An-
na liishoj), Ca|)oul,
C.iry, Kellogg,
riiillips, and Cani-
panini at otlu r
times. William 1 i.
Doane ;ind Philip Phillips have sung several tini( s
in Detroit; and Dudley P>uck, the great organiM,
Carl Zerrahn, director of the ISoston Handel ami
H.iydn .Society, and I. yman Wheeler were in at-
tendance at a Norm;'! Mnsic.il Institute in July .'unl
August, 1876, and alsoin 1S77. These bi.stitules
(Half size.)
flM]
MUSIC AND rill': URAMA.
3S5
nil ->
f;..-
ai-
aiiir
mil''.
U'liill
Taili
toln r
I'liiia
iS^o;
Ai'iil
licUa
■y 1".
iSSUIl,
An-
lin M.
IliiiK'
ainsi.
iuitt ■
were arranj^cil by I'rofcssor S. S. Jackson, and were
^really enjoyi'il by all who parlicipalti!.
Among the musicians and iiachcis fdinicrl)- resi-
dents of Detroit, the best i<nown were 1'. De Costa,
Professor Mercerson, J. ^blluls, C. II. l.everini;, tin;
Sofgi's, Siv;-. Marlincy. C. i hss, II. Schumaclu'r, ( i.
A. Mct/.ii^ar, E. llol'fnian, the N'arndleys (Tliomas,
Kicii.'.rd, and Josepln, Si^nnr 1'. Centemeri, Pro-
fessor l'hili)riek, C. Swinseoe, T. M. Towne, J.
Zundel, I-. 11. Blaisdel, J. Ilammill IMarum, and
!■;. ,S. Af.-ittnon.
The oldest nuisieal association in the city is the
ll.irmonic Society. Jt was organized on June i,
|S4(), and incorporated in 183:;. The corner-stone
of its beautiful .'ind convenient building, cm the
Hakmunu'; llAi.i..
southwest corner of Lafayette .and l>eanbien Streets,
was laid October 22, 1S74, and the hall dedicated
on November 11, 1875. The lots, building, aiul
hirniture cost about $60,000. The property is niaii-
ai;((l by nine directors, five of them, and then four,
hiing elected on .alternate years. The socitly ein-
jiloys a nuisic.il director, secretary, and steward;
;ind its annual expenses are $7,500. Although otli-
ccred .and ni.m.igid bv ("icrni.ins, it numbers among
its members many leading citizens of other nationali-
ties. The musical directors of the society h.ive
hecn: 1849-1851, — Wiehle; 1851-18^3, John
M.iix; 1863 I Sr/), Ch.-irles Stein; 1866-1871, II.
ISishop; 1871 1873, C.irl Hint/.; 1873 , F. Abel.
A society called the Detroit Musical A.ssoci.ition
was organized on November 2. 1850. with the fol-
'' ving olTicers : V. T. Howe, jircsident ; C. S.
Ad.ims, vice-]iresident ; C". H. Avery, tre.isiircr ; W.
T Cole, secretary. The committee on music con-
sisted of J. L, Whiting, C. A, Trowbridge, C. Hess,
C. K. Morse, rmd V . T. I lowe. I'nder their auspices
.111(1 managed by Professor Ch.irles lUss, a musical
convention w.is hekl from June 10 to 14, iS5i.at
the First M. I".. Church, on the corner of Woodward
AveniK' .and Sl.ite .Strei't. I'rofessor Saroni.of New
^'^|•k, w.is present and delivered ;iii .address.
The Detroit I'hilharmonic Society was org.anized
ill 1854. It was under the direction of 1'. Cente-
iiieri. and flourished until .about 1860, when the
director moved to New \'ork, T'roin i8()8 to 1870
another .society, witli the .s.amc name, w.as in opera-
tion, with A. Flder as presitlent.
The Concordia Society w.is organized on Febru-
ary 22, 1865, under the leadership of W. Kopj). In
July, 1867, he w.as succeeiled by F, Apel, and two
months Later by J. Tinnette. He was followail in
1872 by I'rofessor Abel. H. iJi^hop became the
leader <in June 1, 1874, and (1. Freytag on January
15, 1881. The society was incoriior.itcd April lo,
1873, .and meet at 175 Gratiot Avenue, between St.
Antoine .and Heaubien Streets.
The Nicol.ao Philh.armonic .Society, with Joseph
Nicol.io as leader, w.as organized in 1873, and con-
tinued for .sever.al years.
A musical society was commenced about 1870 in
coniu'ction with the Cierm.an Workingmen's Aid
Society, .and m.aintained for some years.
The Detroit Musical Society w.as org.anized in the
fall of 1870 in the jKirlors of the Mi( liig.an Ivxchaiige.
In I'cbruary, 1872, the .services of Professor Abel
were secured .as mtisical director, and a society was
org.anized by the name of St. Cecilia, but this n.ame
was .soon exchanged for th.at of Detroit Musical
Society. From its organizatio:'' until the fall of 1880
the rehearsals were held in Merrill Hall, except for
the second year, when they were held in the liaptist
Church, on the corner of Fort and Criswold Streets.
On the completion of the new Music H.all, on R.an-
dolph, between Croghan and Lafayette Streets, the
society, for a time, m.ade the building its head-
quarters, and then returned to Merrill Hall, in 1881
it numbered about two htmdred active members,
who paid I'lve dollars per year, and lliri'e hundred
honorary members who paid ten dollars per year.
S. K. Stanton served as president imtil 1878, and
w.as succeeded by C, H. Wetmore, The secretaries
h.ave been : 1875, Josej)!! Colt; 1876, J. C. Frwin ;
1877, to October 2, 1882. F. T. Sibley. Owing to
differences of opinion .among the members, the
meetings for pr.actice weri' discontinued, and the
society pr.actic.ally disbanded on October 2, 1882.
From 1876 to iS,ycj a Catholic Musical Society
was conducted under the direction of Professor
Freyt.ig.
The Detroit Chorus Union was organized J.miiary
19, 1872, under the direction of Professor Jackson.
jo^
MUSIC AND TUK DRAMA.
He resii^ned May 17, 1872, ami was succeedccl by directors. It has an active nienibership of over one
I'rofessor Albert Miller. After practicing; ten years, hundred, and has given several successful concerts,
the society discontinued its meetings in 1882.
The Orpheus Musical .Society, with E. C. Gore as
director, and L. 11. Thomas as pianist, was organ-
ized in 1873, but has been harmoniously inactive for
several years past.
The Arion Glee Club was organized in February,
1874, with C. H. Thompson as director, and J, C.
'^i^Mff^U
Music Stork of C. J. Wmitnky, 40 I'okt St. West.
Kuilt in 1874.
Music Store of Roe Stephens, 184 and iSrt Woodward Ave.
liuilt in 1859.
Batchelder as pianist. It was short lived. In 1878
a new society by the same name was organized, with
G. B. Sihler as director. He was also director of
the Detroit Zither Club, orn^anized in May, 1877.
The Schumann Society was organized September
24, 1883, with Oliver J. De Sale as chorus master,
and J. De Zielinski and L. H. Thomas as associate
The meetings of the North American Saenger-
bund, June 24-27, 1857, and the Peninsular Saenger-
fest, which began August 30, 1880, under the
auspices of the German societies, were both notable
events.
The first piano brought to Detroit was the prop-
erty of Mrs. Solomon Sibley, formerly Miss Sproat.
MUSIC AND THE DRAMA.
357
rer-
thr
•op-
loat.
Slii; had used it wliile attendinjj school at IJethle-
liL'in, Pennsylvania, and after her marriage, in 1803,
hrouirjit it with her to Detroit. It was transported
on horseback from ISethlehem to Marietta, and we
may, therefore, he well assured that it did not com-
pare in size with tiie pianos of to-day.
The first organ was brought here by Father
Richard. During the War of 1S12, while he was
occupying the farm in Springwclls, the Indians ri'-
moved the pipes of his organ and used them as
horns, making the woods ring with their shouts antl
tooling. luther this organ was repaired or a new-
one procured by Father Richard, for after his death
in 1832, an organ which had been used in .St. Anne's
was given to Trinity Church, and was subsecjuently
in use at St. Jo.seph's Church. In 1S31 St. Paul's
Ilpiscopal Church procured a new organ, and on
the occasion of its tlrst trial, on Friday, September
30, a concert was given under direction of Mr,
Newell.
The musical compositions of several Detroit au-
thors have found numerous purchasers. Of various
pieces here jniblished, it is safe to say that over a mil-
lion copies have been circulated. A single instru-
mental ])icce, the Detroit Schotlischc, composed and
published by Adam Cuusc about ii'>54, reached a sale
of over one hundred thousand copies in America, and
was :cpublished in several foreign countries. Signor
1'. Ci'ntenuri published a number of songs, medita-
tive in characti'r, th.at were deservedly po|)ular. Of
two songs written by C. T. Lockwood, of I'ontiac, and
published by Whittemore i!v Stephens, "Don't you
go, Tonuuy," has reached a circulation of some live
hundred thousand, and "Lottie Lee " nearly half as
many. Of his " Houcjuet March," nearly fifty thou-
sand copies have been .sold. Mr. J. II. Whittemore
composc;d many pieces, some of which had a large
sale. " 'T is for him tliat motlier 's weeping," pub-
lished in 1S67, .sold to the extent of one hundred
thousand copies; half as luany more of "V>y old
( )ak Orchard's rippling stream " have been disposed
of. Several other of his pieces have sold to the
extetit of thousands of copies each. K. S. Mattoon
published several pieces of merit, one was entitled
" The Wood Nymph." J. C. Macy, a former resi-
dent, produced some very successful comj^ositions.
"The Little Flower you gave me" and "Bring
back the Old Folks " have reached a sale of fifty
thousand copies each. Messrs. C. II. Levering, C.
Stein, and Richard Yarndley all published instru-
mental pieces, which find occasional purchasers.
l'rofes>,or S. Mazurette has written several pieces,
of which " Home, Sweet Home, with variations,"
has probably had the largest sale. Of the compo-
sitions of M. H. McChesney, " There is no one to
welcome mc home " has sold to the e.xtent of fifty
thousand copies, and of " I 've been dreaming of my
childhood " twenty-tive thousand copies have been
sold. Of the various compositions of J. L. Truax
probably one hundred thousand copies ha\e been
issued; the." Wounded Heart," probably the most
popular, has reached a .sale of twenty-five tlKnisand
copies. The com]iositions of James E. .Stewart
and O. F. Berdan are carefully written, and have
found many purchasers.
Among the popular leaders of brass bands in
former days the names of W. H. Barnhardt, H.
Lucker, H. Bishop, and H. Kern were prominent.
The last-named leader was portly in the extreme,
and able, apparently, to blow any horn that could
be made. During the war with the South he went
with the first regiment, and President Lincoln
pronounced him "the biggest blower in the ser-
vice."
Among the leaders of the Opera House Band
ICrnest Sieger was prominent. He succeeded Kern,
and was followed by Charles Ciraiil ; then came
William Bendix, and then for ten years H. Bishop
was leader of the band. He was succeeded in 1877
by R. Speil.
(',ideon's iSand — they of the life and drum —
were so c.iled from Ciurdon O. Williams, the
amateur leader. They created much amusement
between 1857 and 1861.
In 1SS2 there were five brass bands in the city, —
the Oreat Western, M. Hayek, leader; the Opera
House, R. Speil, leader; the Light Cuard, led by
J. D. Klderkin; Oardner's Band, J. H. Cardner,
leader ; and Detroit National, led by M. Steyskal.
The Theatre in Detroit seems to have been an
American institution, for no record of any theatrical
exhibitions is found until after the coming of the
United States troops. In 1798 military and civic
entertainments were common, and generally given
in the old council-hou.se. In 1816 a theatre was
fitted up in the upper part of the large brick store-
house at the foot of Wayne Street. The sfildiers
made the .scenery, and the ollicers' wives painted it.
Among the amateur performers in 1820 were Major
John Biddle and Lieutenant (afterwards Cieneral)
James Watson Webb. This theatre was in opera-
tion almost continuously in winter seasons until
about 1830. In that year a theatrical exhibition
was given in a barn belonging to the Steamboat
Hotel, kept by the well-known Ben Woodworth.
Parsons, the manager, was a man of considerable
talent, who subseciuently doffed the sock and buskin,
and became a clergyman.
In the summer of 1834 a theatre was fitted up in
the second story of the Smart Block, on the north-
west corner of Jefferson and Woodward Avenues,
The same year the brick building, still standing on
the southeast corner of Gratiot and Farrar Streets,
,5^
MUSIC AND THK DRAMA.
buili for a Methodist Church but never dedicated,
was purchased and fitted for a tiieaire. In 1836
and 1837 a wooden buildinj^, on tlie ojiposite side of
(iratiot Street, was in use for tlieatrical exhibitions,
as was also the Museum at the corner of Jefferson
Avenue and (Iriswold Street. After the tire whicli
destroyed the Museum, the old wooden buiidini,^ on
(Iratiot Street was aijain used, in 1848 tiicitrical
entert.iinments were ^iven at liie City Hall. In
iS49lhe Metropolitan 'Theatre, on Jefferson Avenue
opposite the Biddle House, was opened; it was
subsequently called "The Varietit;' "and then the
"Theatre Comicpie." It was burne ' and rebuilt,
and in 1883 was turned into a H'erv ..table.
About 1864 an old church oi' the corner of i\.in-
dolph and Congress Streets w.is converted into a
theatre. It was calleil the Allunaum, and used for
theatricals several years. The old U.iptist Church
on the corner of I''ort and (iriswold Streets was
also at one time used as a theatre.
The Park Theatre, on Michigan Avenue opposite
the City Hall, was built in 1878 and rebuilt in 1881.
After the buildinj^j of the opera houses, the better
class of theatrical exhibitions were j,Mven in them.
The first C.erman theatre was located on the east
side of St, Antoine Street, near dratiot Street. In
late years (ierman theatricals have been j;i\cn in
Concordia Hall, on the east side of Rivard, between
Crojjhan and Lafayette Streets,
Among the more noted actresses who have ap-
peared on the Detroit stage maybe mentioned Julia
Dean, who was here on October, 1849, ''i"<^l Char-
lotte Cushman, August 4, 1851. Ristori, the great
Italian tragedienne, played on January 11 and 12,
1867. C. 15. I'almerand ('.. A. Hough — the former
projirietor, and the latter manager, of the Detroit
Athena'um — gave five thousand dollars for the two
entertainments. The plays given were " Marie
Stuart" and "Elizabeth." The price of reserved
seats was five dollars, general admission three dol-
lars. The performances were given at Young Men's
Hall, at that time the largest public auditorium in
the city. The enterprise was not profitable, the
net loss being about three hundred dollars,
Modjeska was here December 12, 13, and 14,
1878, and again in October, 1883, and Janausehek
from the 3d to the 6th of March, 1882. Mary An-
derson, Sothern, Jeffer.son, Booth, and Barrett have
visited Detroit repeatedly.
Detroit is particularly noted as the birthplace of
Bronson Howard, one of the most successful drama-
tists of our time. The American plays he composed
have given jileasure to thousands. His " Fantine,"
a drama in five acts, founded on " Les Miserables,"
was first produced in September, 1864, at the De-
troit Athena'um. "Saratoga," his next piece, a
comic drama in five acts, was produced at the I-'ifth
Avenue Theatre in New York, in December, 1870,
and was performed continuously for one hundred
and one nights, and twice revived at the New fifth
Avenue Theatre. "Brighton," an Knglish version
of " Saratoga," was played by Ch.irles Wyndhain
in London in 1874-1875 at the Court Theatre, and
sul)se(|uently at the St. James, N.iMonal, Standard.
Criterion, and Il.iymarket the.'itrt s. It was pvv-
sented two hundred and forty times in the years
named. It was also adapted to the Cerman, and
produced in Berlin. In 1880 it was revived and
playi'd in many cities throughout On at Britain.
"Diamonds," a comedy in five acts, first produced
at llu' I'iflh Avenue Theatre, New York, in Septem-
ber, 1872, ran fifty-six nights. " Moorcroft," ;i
comedy in four ,icts, produced in the fall of 1874 at
the fifth A\enue Theatre, was less successful, run-
ning only two weeks. " Hurricine," a comedy in
three acts, was fn'st brought out in Ilavi'rly's Thea-
tre, Chicago, in M;iy, 1878, and in the fall of 1871;
w;is i^layed for four weeks at the I 'ark Theatre
in New ^'o|•k, and tluT. in various other jil.accs.
"Truth," the Lnglish version of "Hurricane," was
produced at the Criterion Theatre in London, in
I'ebm.iry, 1879, and ran one hundred and fifty-two
nights; in 1880 it was performed in other of the
principal iMiglish and Scotch cities, and up to 188;,
had been produced over three hundred times in
London. "The Banker's Daughter," a drama in
five acts, was fir.st performed November 30, 1878,
at the Union .Sfjuare 'Theatre, New York. It r.iii
one hundred and thirty-eight nights, and has been
performed repeatedly in the principal cities of the
country. The Lnglish version, entitled "'The OKI
Love and the New," w.as produced at the Court
'Theatre, London, on December 15, 1879, runnint;
one hundred nights or mon;, and has been given at
le;ust one hundred times in another luiglish theatre.
"Wives," a comedy in five acts, also produced in
1879, and "Okl Love Letters," a one-act comedy
of 1878, also achieved success. Among his later
productions are "Oreen-room Fun" and " ISaron
Rudolph." In 1882 a four-act comedy, entitled
" Young Mrs. Winthrop," began a successful run.
In the way of comic operettas and farces, F. J.
Thomas has achieved a local reputation. All of his
plays were written especially for entertainments
given by the Board of 'Tnide for the benefit of the
Industrial School. " A Child for Adoption " wa.^
performed in 1873; "The Honest Burglar" in 1874,
"Our Mamma" in 1876, and "Engaged" in 1S77.
ART, ARTISTS, AND INVF.NTdRS.
Before the present century began, there were sil-
versmiths in the city who produced elaborate ami
costly silver ware and ornaments, and skilled work-
ART, ARTISTS, AND INVENTORS.
359
men ill goltl and silver have always found employ-
ment.
Anioni;' our former (/nasi residents was Ran-
ildlpli koj;ers, who, while livin.i,^ al .Ann Arbor, was
fre<HR'ntly in Delroil, His " Nydia," now in the
I'niversity Museum, was exhil)it rd here on April
10, icS62, at VoLHii,; Men's Hall; his "Ruth" .and
■' Isaac," the superb bronze doors in the Capitol at
\\'ashin,y;ton, and our own Soldiers' Monument, all
attest his well-earned fame.
J. M. Stanley chose Detroit for his home in 1835.
and studies. One of his best known single paintings
is called " The Unveiling of the Conspiracy ; " it por-
tr.'iys the Indi.ingirl informing C.ladwin of I'ontiac's
treachery. .Vnoiher, "The I'rial t)f Ked Jacket,"
represents th.il chid in the centre of a grouj) of
warriors on trial fur witchcr.ift. .Seven of his works,
■■ Uncas (iambling for the Muck," "The Trial of
Red Jacket." " Indian Telegrajih," " Blackfoot Card
Players," " Ilimters," and "On the War Path" have
been chromoed ; £ill, except the last, were produced
in lierlin.
The W.\tso.n G.\llerv, 236 Woodw.^ku Ave.nue, cor.nek oc John R Street.
r.nilt in 1870-1882.
"■J-
his
lents
the
k'as
S74.
|877-
sil-
laml
Irk-
After a few years' residence, he wandered over all
the West, gathering material for his brush. He re-
turned in I'S^ij. During his absence he painted
from life lepresentative heads from forty-three dif-
ferent tribes, his collection including the portraits
I if one hundred and fifty-two Indian ciiiefs and
noted characters. In anticipation of their purchase
by the Government, the pictures were deposited in
the Smith.sonian Institute, and the nation suffered
an irreparable loss in their destruction on Janu.ay
24, 1865, when a jiortion of the building was burned.
In addition to these, Mr. Stanley produced one luin-
tired and fifty other paintings, chiefly Indian scenes
'i1ie n.ame of Alvah Bradish is familiar to the
older citizens. He came to Detroit as early as
1837, and £it intervals since then has resided here.
From 1S52 to iS64.hewas Professor of F"ine Arts
in the university. He painted portraits of Stevens
T. Mason, John Biddle, Judge Morell, Klon Farn.s-
worth. H. S. Cole, K, P. Hastings, Z. Pitcher, R. S.
Rice, D. Houghton, Hugh Brady, Lewis Cass, J.
Kearsley, D. Cooper, Thomas Palmer, P.. B. Ward,
John R. Williams, A. S. Williams, Charles Larned,
S. Conant, George Duflield, and William K. Ar-
mitage.
The name and fame of T. H. O. P. Burnham are
360
ART, ARTISTS, AND INVENTORS.
preserved tlirougli liis picture of the election scene
of 1837.
C. V. lk)iul was hen; from 1846 to 1853, and is
favorably remembered.
A Fine Art I'xhibilion at I'ircmen's Hall, coni-
mencinj; February i, 1851, lasted three weeks; it
was repeated in February, 1853, and no local ex-
hibitions of equal merit were held in Detroit up to
1883, IJoth exhibitions broui^ht loj^jelher ;irtieles old
and new, curious and rare, expensive and desirable,
and embraced nearly every dcpartinent of line arts.
Crowds thronj^ed the hall, and the exhibitions were
in every respect credit.'ible to the city. 'I'hey were
j^iven under the aus])ici:s of tiie I'ire Deixu'tment
Society, and their success was due very largely to
tile efforts of James A. \'an Dyke.
Amonjj^ the local artists and amateurs represented
in that exhibition were, F. K. C(>hen, — . Von I5ran-
dis, L. T. Ives, (ieor^re Watson, Robert Hopkins,
R. S. Duncanson, (ieorge \V. Clark, W. A. Ray-
mond, D'Almaine, Mrs. I^. \V. I'aird, C. F. Davis,
A. Smitii, Jr., —. ISownian, .and A. F. Hanks.
From June 25 to 28, 1862, a Loan Fxhibition,
manaj^ed by the ladies of the First Presbyterian
Church, was held at Yoimg Men's Hall, and many
excellent works were broui^ht together. Among
the paintings were the following, claimed as origi-
nals: "Martin l.utlur," by Raphael, a landscape,
by Salvator Ros.i, and " l^cce Homo," by (luido.
At various times some of the noted paintings of
the world have been ixhibitcd in Detroit. Dunlap's
"IJearing the Cross" was here in September, 1826,
and his "Calvary" at the I'resbyterian Church in
August, 1830, and in May, i'84o, with his "Christ
Rejected," at the Baptist Church. IJenjamin West's
painting of "Christ Healing the Sick" was exhibited
in July, 1844, and I'eale's "Court of Death" in
July, 1847. Rossiter's great paintings of "The Re-
turn of the Dove to the Ark" and "Miriam, the
Prophetess, exulting over Pharoah " were exhibited
on September 30, 1851, and for several days follow-
ing, at Foremen's Hall. The following moijth, com-
mencing with October 7, Dubufe's "Adam and
Eve" was on exhibition at the City Hall. It had
been on view at Detroit sixteen years before. About
1853 Powers' statue of "The Greek Slave" was on
exhibition. Two French paintings, "Jerusalem in
its Orandeur" and "Jerusalem in its Decay," were
e.xhibited in 1878. They were valued at $30,000.
In photographic work, Mr. J. F. Martin and the
Messrs. Sutton were the first to give satisfactory
results in Detroit. On March Ck 1S55, there was a
notice in the papers to the effect that the Messrs.
Sutton had photographed by Turner's proiess with
great success. Since then we have had daguerreo-
types, ambrotypes, tintypes, ivorytypes, and photo-
gfraphs ; and in no city is finer work produced, and
nowhere in America are there larger or better
e(iuipped establishments. Large photographic work,
crayon .'uid India-ink jiortraits arc m;idc.
From May 30 to June 1, 1883, ne: riy li.'ly l.irgc
and choice oil paintings by noted a. lists were ex-
hibited at Randall's Art (lallery.
•u-o '^'ift.^ -la^f .^_,'iffi
C. C. Kandai.i.'s Piiotiicuaj'Mk; Stidio, andtiiI' |Ii:ihoit
Art Stokk, loknkk Madison Avi'. and Williams St.
lUiilt in 1882.
All previous local exhibitions were dwarfed into
insignificance by the Art Lo.'in I'.xhibition iimjected
by iv. 1 1. Bre.arley, and held in the fall of 1 883. The
first meeting in relation to it was held at tlu' resi-
dence of Mrs. James V. Joy on December 6, 1882 ;
a (subsequent meeting was held at the office of New-
berry (S: McMillan, and a resolution passed favoring
the jiroposed exhibition, provided <'i sulficient guar-
anty fund was pledged to make good any deficiency.
Through the efforts of the promoter of the Art
Loan, the following persons subscribed $1,000 each
as a guarantee : R. A. Alger, H. P. Baldwin, H. P>.
Brown, Clarence P>lack, W. Boeing, C. II. lUihl, W.
A. Butler, Mrs. Jessie W. Brodhead, W. II. Brear-
ley, A. II. Dey, James L. F'.dson, Moses W. I'ield,
D. M. Ferry, E. S. ITeineman, Charles C. Hodges,
George II. Hammond, James !•". Joy, Fldward Ran-
ter, W. W. Lcggctt, G. V. N. I.othrop, ]•:. W.
Meddaugh, W. A. Moore, C. R. Mabley, Mrs. C. R.
M;i!)lcy, S. V.. Mumford, J.ames McMillan, Hugh
McMill;in, Richard McCaulcv, S. J. Murphy, Thorn-
dike Nour.se, John .S. Newberry, C. A. Newcomb,
David Preston, Thomas W. Palmer, F"rancis Palms,
Philo Parsons, George Peck, Thomas Pitts, C. C.
Randall, George B. Remick, M. S. Smith, K. Y.
i^^m
ART. ARTISTS, AND INVENTORS.
361
;ir-
Art
•u-li
|\V.
\S\-
Irn-
liis.
C.
Swift. Jiimcs K. Scripps. (ieorge H. Scripps. Tliotnas
S. Spra.i^iic. Allan Shcldun. W. II. Tolfl. David
Whitney. Jr.. Kirliard Storrs Willis. Willis Walker.
An orijanizatioii was clfecled, and coniniittccs
were appointed as follows :
i'lxeeutive Connniitec: \V. H. Urearley. eli.iirnian ;
I'ri'd !■■.. l'";n'nswoitli. secret.-iry ; John I,. Harper.
tre;isnrer; II. I". li.ildwin. Mrs. Kich.ird Storrs
Willis. Mrs. II. 11. II. Ir.ipo Sniilh. Mrs. Morse
Stewart. ,Miss .Ad.ims. Mrs. I'.. C. Si<inner. Mrs. !•!. (1.
Ilolden.
City I.o.in tdniniittee : Mrs. Rieliard Storrs Wil-
lis, ehaimi.in; Mrs. Dr. I^'it/hnijli Edwards, seerc-
lary.
Foreijjn I-oan Conniiitlee: Mrs. H. II. Il.Crapo
Smith, ehairni.in ; Mrs. Justin V.. Emerson, seere-
i.iry.
I'rintin-r Committee ; Mrs. Morse Stew.irt. ehair-
ni.in ; Miss Jenny Coyl. seeretary.
Transport.it ion Connnittee : Mi.ss Adams, ehair-
ni.in; Mrs. ( ien. Kini;. .seeretary.
Property Committee : Mrs. I'",. C. Skinner, eh.'iir-
m.'in ; Mrs. Ale.\ander Chapoton. si'eret.iry.
1 lanirini;' and .Xruin^inj^' Committee : Mrs. I".. ('■.
I lolden. (•!i;iirni,'iii ; Mrs. Alfriil Russell, seent.iry.
I'inaiiee Committee: H. 1'. Baldwin, chairman ;
Clarence lUack. seeret.iry.
It \^'as ;it lirsl proposed to h.ave the e.xhibitioii ;il
Music ll.ill. .'uid on April 5. 1S83, ;i mectin),^ to
iatif\ the proposed pl.in for the exhibition \\;is lu'ld
;it t'lat jilace, and addresses were delivered by
Bishop .S. S. Harris, 1). 1)., LL. I).. Rev. C. Reilly.
1). D., Rev. C. R. Hendenson. S. IM. Cutcheon. and
(). W. W'iijht. M. I). At the meeting- a letter \v;is
re.'Kl from T. W'. Palmer pled^inv;- $10,000 tow.irds
;i I'ermanent Art Loan, provided $40,000 additional
w.'S raised. Doubts liavinj;' been expressed ,'is to
the safety from fire of Music Hall, it was decided to
erect a buildinj; especially for the exhibition, and a
tract of land on the nortli side of I.;irned Street,
hjtween Bates and Randolph Streets, was rented
for the sum of $500. I'lans were procured, and at a
tDtal cost of $15,000 a one-story brick building,
133 -x 153 feet, was erected. The plan and contents
'if the .several rooms were as indicated in the
annexed diagr.im.
A very complete catalogue of one hundred and
scventv pages, furnished for the sum of twenty-live
« ents, .showed the following list of articles : Oil
l«intings, 950; water-color paintings, .?6o; examples
in sculpture, 102; bric-a-brac, 250; etchings, en-
gravings, and other examjiies in black and white,
1,000; designs in bron/e. 56; textiles and fabrics,
!03; curios and miscellany, 280. Total, 3,100.
: iipplementary exhibits brought up the total numl)or
to 4.851. An idea as to the completeness and variety
cf the exhibit is given by the statement that the
various .schools of art were represented by the
works of one hundred and ninety-si.x American, one
hundred and tiv.: French, sixty-four Italian, tifty-
cight Cermar, forty-five English, thirty-seven Hol-
land, and twenty-three Sp.anish a.rtists.
c > > / <
S T U V
P
Q
" I ^ M V.
WjbiD^
Plan (>i- .\ict I.h.vn r.i'ii.niNc;.
A— nfTicc ; Fi, rntr.inrc ; ('. twit ; I), iloal; rmim ; K, ,v;i'ntle-
nun's riKim ; K, cntriinii' corriiliir ; (',. l.uliis' rnoiii ; V, rcfri-.-ili-
niciit rcioii).
II t!<illc('li(ins of Si-n.itor I'iilimr, I'.il.i lliilili;ircl, ami :i por-
tion of till' Iloinr Loan.
1 l''orfij.;n Loan (paiiilin,!.;?. from outside tlii' City and .Stale).
I Till' CIcviland. ()., Loan.
K Janus MiMitlan's folliition.
L .AniK x to tl\c I'orcinn Loan.
M Tixiilfs. s( iilpinri-. <'t<-.
N llicC. I'. Ilasiltincd'liilathOpliia; Collcrtion.
O C'ondiinicl (diliitions of K. A.Aljjcr, lames I'", foy, II. P.
llaldwin, 1'. niilil, Mrs. C. 11. linlil, M. S". Smith, "and Allan
Shelden.
I' I'exliles and part of Home Loan.
(,) Lloral and Curios.
K .Amatenr Department.
S City Lo.m and Worths of Di'troit Artists.
'I' I letroit Water Color Soeiity and otliiT Water Colors.
II 'I'lie Century Colli'etion of original drawin.ns.
V I. K. Seripps' eolle( lion (jf itrliin.v;s, i n^ravin^;s, etc.
W Till' Colonial room (eolleetions of rare and aneient furni-
ture, i)i('tnres, etc).
X- lirioil-lirae. textiles, fabrics, statuary.
V - .Arc'hiteetnrai photographs, Cesnola and Morgan nottery
exhibits, refreshments.
Z— Ancient paintings and religions j>!cti!res.
The following Detroit artists had each one or
more oil paintings on exhibition : W. B. Conely,
L. T. Ives, J. A. Ilekking, Robert Hopkins, Percy
Ives. \V. H. Machen, C.. J. Mclchers. J. C. Rolsho-
* ven. Mortimer L. Smith, Cicorge Watson, S. A.
Whiiiplc, John Antrobus, Miss Hattie Leonard,
Miss .\nnie Pitkin, .iiul Delos Bell.
The exhiliition opened on .Saturday evening, Sep-
tember I. 1883, and was continued during the
months of Seiitember and October, and up to No-
vember 10. A total of 134,050 persons visited the
building; the highest attendance was on October 27,
when 6,476 persons were admitted ; the lowest was
on September 7, when there were 711 admissions.
Originally a silver quarter was required as an en-
\G2
l\Vi:XT(lKS AND IWI.NTloNS.
trance fii', but lo aci'nmmndalc those \\\\n wislied
to jiieseiit tiekets to their Irieiiils, ordinary tickets
were linally placed on sale. 'Che e\hil)ition dosed
with a reee|)lion on Monday lAeniiij;, November i::.
The total recti|its were about $45,000, aiul llic
expt'nses footi'd ii]) $42,500.
Diirinij- the jiroi^ress of the loan ;in(l iiiiincdialely
after, a cinvass was made for subscriptions to a
fund of §40,000, to i)c used in the pnrcliase of
i;nuinds as a site for a permanent Museinn of Art.
l''or this fund each of the followiiii;' jiersons sub-
scribed one thousatid dollars: K. A. Al,v;er, II. 1'.
lialdwin. Josepii i'.l.iek, l'". J. K. IJradley. W . 11.
Hrcarli'y, C 11. iliihl, janu's I,, ildson, Charles I'.ndi-
cott, 1). M. I'erry. Ceo. 11. llaiumoiid, llela Hub-
bard, ('.. V. N. Lothmp. (.'. K. M.ibley, James .Mc-
.Millan, G(ju. F. Mooie, \\ . A. .Moure, S. R. Mum-
ford. C. A. Ncwcnmb, T. \V. PaJtner, Francis T'.alms,
J. \:. Scripps, (',. IF Scrii)ps, Allan .SheUlen. M. .S.
Smith, Frederick Stearns, i\. I'. Toms, F. W.
\(>i,i;t, Hiram Walker, E. C. Walker, Willis !•:.
Walker.
'ISy reciuest of Thomas W. P.-ilmer, atid as a tes-
timonial of their .servii'cs in beh.ilf of the Art Loan,
his iiled),fe of $10,000 was ajiplied to constitute the
followiiiij; persons sul?seril)ers to tlu' fund for the
site of the projiosed btiildiny : l'"red. 1".. l'"arnsworth,
John F. Harper, Mrs. !•:. C. Holden, F. T. Ives,
Mrs. F. C. Skinner, .Nh's. H. H. H. Crapu Smith,
Mrs. Col. J. 'V. Slerlinl,^ Mrs. Morse Stewart. John
F. Warren, and Mrs. R. S. Willis.
A majority of the persons n.amed met on l'"ebru-
ary 27, 1X84, a temporary or;^^■lni/,•ltion was effected,
and a committee on site appointed, and the further
prosecution of ilu' iil.ui is ,v;-radually i^oin.i;' forward.
.\t a mectinjj; held on May 17, 1SS4, Mr. IWcirUv
announced the purpose of J;mies F. Scripps to i^ive
the miniitu-cnt sum of $50,000 in furtherance of the
enterprise.
Iu:u-iiti>)-s aiui />t7',>i//(>)is.
In v.iriety and importance, the inventions of cer-
tain of our citi/.ens are deservedly famous. lUu-t's
solar compass, one of the most valtiable of inven-
tions, was p.ati'tited by Willi.im .\. Furt on I^'ebru-
ary 25, 1836, and fully perfecleil in 1850. It was e.\-
amined and commended by Sir John Herschel in
185 1, and received a j^rize medal at the World's Fair
of that ye.'ir. It is called a solar compass because,
by an in.irenious arrani.,a'ment, the rays of the sun
are utilized by the instrument, which enables the
surveyor to determine exactly the position of a due
north and south line. By its use surveys can be
accurately made in mineral districts where the old
style of compass would Ik almost useless. Its value
is so thorouijhly appreciated by the C.overnrnent
that it is required to be used in government surveys ;
.and withoiU it .1 l,ir);e .amount of ,t;'overnmeut land
could have been jiropi-rly surveyed otily by the oiit-
l.iy of more money than the laiul was uorlli. The
Calumet ,ind llecla .Mine of Fake Superior, tiie
l,iri;est .and most productive copper mine in the
world, w.'is discovered through the use of this instru-
ment.
In connettion with the subject of inventions, it is
of interest to note that from iS^joto iSfi^ Thom.is
A. lUlison, while .a train-boy on the Cirand Trunk
Railro.id, w.as freciuetitly in Detroit, and divided his
time betwetii the rele).;r;iph and l''ree I'ress otiices
.itui the I'ublic I.ibr.iry. Whik' here he formed tlu'
idea of readiii].; .ill tin; books in ihi' library, .iiul bi'-
i;innin,!< w ith those on i\ lower shilf, he aitually re.id
;i row of books occupyini,' a shelf fifteen feet in
length bi'fore other [)l,uis .and duties caused him to
desist, .\monn the books on that lower shelf were
Newtoti's •• I'rincipi.i," Lire's Diction.iry, .and Ikir-
toti's '• An.itoiny of Melancholy."
With his n.ame th.it of Ch.arles \',in De I'oeic
should be mentioned; his electric lit;iit w.as first
publicly exhibited on July 6, 1871;.
'i'he astronomical clock invented by i'"elix Meier
is worthy of special mention, ,as in m.atiy respects it
is the su|)eiior of all others. It w.as tirst I'xhibited iti
1879. It is eii^hteen feet hinh, ci,i(ht feet wide, ,ind
live fttt thick, .and weij.;hs four thous.md jiounds.
It is I tin by weights wiinhiiii;' seven hundred pounds,
.and is wound u|) onci' in twelve days. The case is
of black w.aliuit. t'leg.antly carvt'd, .and I'lig raved
with symbols of the I'liiti'd St.ites. At the top is ,a
marble dome, with .a tin'ure of W.ashinglon in his
ch.air of st.ate, i)rotected by ,a cauojiy surmoimted
by ;i gilded st.atue of Columbi.a; on i-itlu'r side (f
the tigure of Washington .are colored sercinls in
liwry, gu.arding the doors between the jiilLars th.at
support the canopy ; on the four corners of the clock
.in- tigures emblem.alic of the march of life; the two
lower corners are supixirted by female figfres with
tl.aming torches, one tli.at of ,an infant, the second ,a
youth, the third .1 mati in middle lift, and the fourth
an .aged ni.an ; still .another ligure, diri'ctly over the
ceiitt'r, represents Death. All of these ligures .arc
furnished with bells .and h.immers, and at the end
of every (luarter of .in hour the infant strikes its bell,
.at the end of the half hour the youth strikes, the
man strikes every three quarters of an hour, the old
man strikes the hour, and the figure of Death gives
the ajipropriate number of strokes for the hour.
The infant's bell is small and .sweet-toned; the
youth's bell Larger and louder; the bell of manhood
strong and reson.ant ; th.at of old age diminishes in
strength, while the bell of the skeleton has a deep.
sad tone. When Death strikes the hour, a music
box conia'.aled within the clock begins to play; tlv
figure of W.ashington slowly rises from the chaii.
INVENTORS AND INVKNTIONS.
3^^:
ml I'xlciids tlic ri>;lit li.md, i)i'iscmiiiv; thr I )c(l;ir.i-
i,)in)f liRlcpciidciicc; till' (lour (111 till' kit is ()|hiuiI
l,y till' servant, and all the rrrsidciits from \\'ash-
I'lyrtoii ti) llayt's I'litci" ill proccssinn, dressed eacli in
ilie cnstniiie of his lime. Passing before Washinv;-
lon, lliey raise their hands as they approaeh him,
planetary svsteni. The as(ronomieal and inalhe-
matieal ealenlalion, if kept np, wmild show ihe eor-
reei moxcment of the planets for Iwn hnndred years.
When till' eloek is in operation it, shows local tinio
in hoiH's, minuti'S, and seconds; also the time ;it
New N'oik, Washington, S;ui I'raneisco, Melbourne,
ved
is .1
his
lied
of
in
hal
oek
AM'
with
ul a
urth
the
are
end
bell,
the
SmIIJi's CoKNEK, CllU. OF jF.ITKUSdN AND \Vc M IIIW AK 1 1 AvF.S.
liiiilt in 1839-^)8, Occupied for twenty years preccdiii)} 1883
by M. S. Smilli iV di.. Jewelers.
Nkw JicwF.iuv SiciKK (11 M. S Smith A- Co.,
CoK. Wiidiiu \Ki> A\i-. ANf) SiArii St.
lUiilt ill i88j.
lour
lisie-
the
liaii .
walk across the platform, and disappcdr through
1 lie opposite door, which is promptly closed by the
-• cond servant. Washinijton then resumes his
I iair, and all is aijain (luiet, save the measured tick
"f the hiisc pendulum. Fiirures of William Cullen
I'lyant and of IVofessor Morse, inventor of tele-
Uiaphy, rest upon the [.ill.ars that support the
Pekin, Cairo, Constantinople, St. Petersburgh,
Vienna, London, Herlin, and Paris; the day of the
week, calendar day of the month, month of the
year, and seasons of the year; the signs of the
zodiac, the revolu'-ons of f • earth on its a.xis and
also around the : n ; the .olutions of the moon
around the earth, and with it around the sun ; also,
364
INVENTORS AND INVF.NTK^NS.
tlie moon's I'han^jes from ihv (luarur to llic half.
three quartets, and full; ami the movement of the
plant'ts around tlur sun.
in ronncction with this clock, mention may l)c
a|)i)ropriatcly made of the clock set up by the firm
of M. .S. Smith & Co. on the outside of their store,
on the corner of Woodward Avenue aiul Stale
Street. It (K-cupies the front of the second story
and is both a curiosity and a public convenience ;
the dials arc five feet in diameter and are illumi-
nated at night. There are two life-size tigures in
connection with the works, one representing a smith
with his hammer, and the other the emblematic
Father Time, the figures together symbolizing
" Smith's 'I'ime." Upon hells hung in full view
both figures, in quick succession, give one stroke
every quarter of ;m hour, two every half-hour, and
three strokes a quarter of an hour before every full
hour ; four strokes are given every hour, and imme-
diately thereafter an appropri.'ite nimiber for the
particular hour. The clock and its fittings cost
S6,ooo, and was first publicly shown o.i February 27,
l}<84. It is the only one of the kind in the United
States, and there is but one similar to it in the world.
The tiist sui-ccssful gold pens were m.ule by l.ivi
llrovvn about 1840. He then lived in Detroit, but
subsc(iuciitly moved to New York.
An invention of practical importance is the street-
railway track-cleaner and snow-|)lough of Augustus
Day. It is used in many St;itcs by .several roads,
and is jirizcd for its simplicity and efficiency. The
pl.ining machine of A. A. Wilder was at one time
highly appreciated, lie also invented a propeller
wheel, still in general use. The patent refrigerators
and freezing processes invented by Willi.im D.-ivis
have revolutionized the business of transporting
tlesh and fish. The use of kerosene to increa.se tli;'
illuminating power of coal gas, invented by F. H.
Fichbaum, has come into general use. F. Fon-
taine's locomotive had trial trips on December 3,
1880, and May 5, 1881, on the Canada Southern,
where it made one hundred and eleven miles in
ninety-eight minutes. The patent double-faced
\alves of James Flowers, for water, steam, and gas
connections, ari' in use all over the United States,
.'IS are also the seamless copper and brass tubes
invented by John Bailey.
PART VII.
ARCHITECTURAL
ciiArri'k LI
ii()i;si:s AM) ii()Mi:s. siokI'.s and misiNi:ss r.uii.DiNcs.
S|-()kK NUMHi:i<S. I.IC.IiriNC. AM) III.A ll\(i.
IIDIISI'. AM)
IIOIJSKS AND IIOMK.S.
'rill'. Iiiiiisis iif tilt' first coloiiisls wi'iH- few .iiiil
smii)lc ill ((iiistliiitiDii. Less tli.iii a store nf lov;
lints, nivtri'il with hirt li hark nr ihalciud with
i^rass, within a stockade nf unodiii pirkcis, made
ii|) ihi- rmhryo lity.
it is safr to say tlial a iiKirc |nrfc(l "scene nf
(|niel l)eaiity " coiilil iiowhcri; else be found; liu'
coininoiiale ilieiii; in i7ocS hiiildin,v;s were ireeied
outside, and from time to time, as i;rants of land
wire made, or |iermils i;i\(ll, ioil; iiollses ill ineie.is-
iiii; inimhers dotted liie l)anks of tiie Delroir*' I lnv
Were scattered aiont; al. inlervals ol (loin a (|naiter
to a half mile, and IIimIIv reached from llie Konv;e
to |„ike Si. CLiir, on hnih side^ of ihe .Sir.iit. The
;;rowth, however, was slow; alter the kipsc of lilty
4m
f-^^'^lnrfr^'T'-^-y.
VllCW Ol- nKlKOIT IN I7i)''i, I'H'IM I'lll'; OKII.INAI. I'AINIINli IN I'Mns.
Ciladi-I. I'riMiit W.iyniSl. St. Anne's Cliiinli. Ilii),; (Icii. CaKi'.
I lUI (uiiiK il lli>ns('.
(irihwuld St.
ijray and hi own of tlie roof, the niiifjifed layers of
unhewn lov^s, the whitewaslieil chimneys, the ureen
III the siirroniidintj forests, .mil the sheen of the
piacitl river, afft)rtleil ,1 r.ire coml^in.ition of colors
;md ;i view thai an .artist niinht covet to portray.
As the years went on anil the luiniher of hou.ses
increased, the stockade became too narrow to ac-
years there were only from seventy-five to one hiin-
ilrctl houses witiiin the stockade, which Was several
times en!ari,re(l. The houses were usually built of
o.ik or ceil.ir loijs. In 1749, and probably before
that time, stone for chimneys and ovens was ob-
tained from Monii(iia.ii;()n and Stony Island. In 1763
there were lime-kilns near, and several stone build-
l/'7l
368
HOUSES AND HOMES.
ings inside tlic stockade. In KS70, while workmen
were laying water i)ipes in front of tlie Cooper
Block on Jefferson Aveiuie, they found between tiie
curl)slone and street-car track, at a depth of al)oiit
four feet, the reniains of an old ciiinnicy, with the
iron crane still fast in the wall. Jnilging from its
The chart is entitletl "'ropoi^raphical I'lan of Ditrcjii
and of the Waters which form the junction ui J.aki
Krie with Lake St. Clair. I'rcpared to illustratr
the travels by (ieneral Collot in this part of the ton-
tinent ni I7y6." 'I'he picture is of special intercsi
because it marks the year when Detroit came into
CdUHIUni UM. if <1IU (ARU
Kl\lil< I-'uilM' l)l- JdNi.J AND CAbS 1''a|(MS IN iKlij.
Uc (Jurnio Junes House. Muiitli of Savoyard. Cass Hmisu in original location.
location, it was probably part of the cellar-kitchen possession of the I'nited States, it was made by a
of a house within the ori;<iiird stockade. French spy. (See " I'"rcnch and Spanish lntri,v;ucs."i
In 1766 there were over a hundred houses in Some accounts st.ite that at the time the Americans
audition to the (piarters for the troops. Three years took jiosscssion, Detroit had thice hundred houses,
later the stockade enclosed one hundred and twenty This number evidently included those outside the
buildinirs, nearly all of them one story high, with a stockade, as in 1805 there were only about tw(j luin-
I'.M.i III' Si. A,\ni-:V. Siuiiiii (.now Ji-,iiickmi.n Avk.nck) i.n iHn
few of a story and a half. One hou.se, near the
l)resent south side of Jefferson Avenue and a little
west of C.riswold Street, occupied in 1778 by Gov-
ernor Hamilton, was two stories hij^h. In 1773 t''t;
settlement included two hundred and eighty houses
and one hundred and tifty-seven barns.
The appearance of the river front of the town in
1796 is shown in a painting occupying one corner of
a large chart in the Depariinent of Marine in Paris.
dred inside of the pi !-;ets. The accompanying en-
graving of a street in iSoo is thoroughly charac-
teristic. The original sketi h was madi^ by Lieuten-
ant Jacob Kingsbury, and is .said to represent a p.ui
of St. Ainie Street. The large house on the riglii
was occupied by one of tlu' oOicers.
'l"he house lirst occupied by ( ■overnor Cass was
located on the north side of i.arned, between l''irsl
and Second Streets. Covernor Cass buuvdit it of
HOUSES AND HOMES.
369
ilie Macombs, and wliile he resided tliere a soldier
witli fixed bayonet was usually pai-inij to and fro in
front. It next became tiie projjcrty of O. New-
'.irrry, and subsetiuentiy li.ad se\eral different owii-
i rs. It was orij^inaiiy located cjuite near the ri\er,
,ind in 183''), when the front of the Cass I'"arin was
;;iaded down, the Ikjusc was left twelve feet above
the street. It was then cut in twain, removed to its
recent location, and repaired. There is some ,i^round
for believin}^ th.it it was originally built in 1703.
Mrs. .Sheldon, in her History of Michii^an, (jutites a
Iftter from Cadillac, in which he says he has built a
house for the chief of the Ilurons on a little emi-
nence which overlooks their \illaj.re, situated on the
ran.ida shore. It was forty feet Um^ and twenty-
Imlu' feet wide and built of oak. The original site
lUit struifjht its rouf, its frann was siniiul
I''r(nn )^ai)I(; iJt:ak tu lf\'fl yrfiund,
Of stuitli' hcains so stjiiarc and stout
That time could never wear tlierii out ;
I'or many a tri^ate sately rides
With lighter keel and frailer sides.
Strangers would pause to [xjnder o'er
The low hrowed eaves and deep set door,
And wondering ask what freakish fate
Had saved that huniely pile so late,
When all heside was new and .-trange
And change had oft succeeded change.
liut nicEi are hurrying to and fro,
Intent lu lay its glories low ;
Thick through the air the shingles (ly,
The roof no more shuts out the sky,
I3ut vain each furious effort seems
To wn.ncli apart the seasoned heams.
The oaks that lent them largist stood
Of all the giants of the wood,
Thic Old C'.vss Hcirsic n\ Laknud Sn<Ei;r, jcsr ruioR to its uii.Moi.rnoN.
of the Cass House fulfills these conditions, and
.IS to the hou.se' itself, (iovernor Cass said to
Mr. McKenney in 1826, "it is anterior to the time
(if I'ontiac's war, there being on it now the marks
of th'- bullets which were .shot into it then." The
house was demolished in August, 1882.
The memories and romance that clustered about
its oaken beams and rafters of fine-grained pine are
admirably preserv-d in a historic poem by Judge
C ampbell, which, though not written for the public
1 ye, has been kindly granted for this work.
CASSINA.
Half hid beside the noisy street,
(Iray with old storms and summer's heat,
The aneient house seemed all alime.
Hemmed in by w.->lls of brick and stone.
That towen'd aloft, serenely great.
When hold Champlaiii sailed down the strait.
And not a withered hough was seen
' >r hlemish on their crowns t>f green.
When the shrewd lord of Mont Desert
Kirst spoiled them of their branches fair,
.■\nd hade his artisans to bring
And shape them for the Huron King.
Well mortised joints with bolt and brace
Held the broad timbers in their place,
Un.noved by storm or earthipiakc shock
As buttresses of living rock.
Now axe and lever, day by day,
Wear slow lint stubborn logs away;
And dei'p-sunk balls and hatchet scars
tlive token of long ended wars.
When rival tribes came prowling round.
And made h spot a battle ground.
And day by day a curious throng
Marks the dull task, and tarries long.
3/0
JlOl'SKS AND IIO.MI'.S.
Well pleased tu liiul some relic slight
riemorliil iif its funncr [ilinlit,—
reieliaiu'r a haininered Imlt »ir key
liniiiKlit liitlier from beyoml llie sea
When Kfat Kin^ l.ouis held the throne,
And elaimed this re^^ion as his own.
One stands aloof whose earnest face
Bears witness In his (lallie race,
With shoulders benl, and fe<l>le frame,
lint eyes llial v;low like liurniiiK llame,
He sees anioni; that rnhhish cast
The records of a glorious past, —
Of hrave explorers, on their quest
To o|>en wide the fahled west ;
Of fearless nohles, trained to know
All haps that fortune can bestow ;
Of men of war and men of state,
Will) thcl-e weri' horn or IhiwciI to fate,
And now beneath the clover lie.
Hut leave a fame that cannot die.
Those eyes look hac kward throiij.;h the gloom,
And see within the .generous room
Gay crowds of fair and joyous xinests,
Witli cheerful words and harmless jests,
And pliasant souks of cild romance, —
Their lierita ;e from br.iuti-ous Krauce ;
While music sounds, anil daiiciUK feet
The solid lloor in cadence hi-at.
Or circle roiuid in merry .v;ames,
I,it by the chimney's crackling llanies.
There j;atherin>{ with the closing year
Old friends rejoice with Christmas cheer.
While youths no more the past review,
Isuf turn impatient towards the new.
And old and younK observe the rite
When crowns arc worn but one brief night,
And all the pomp of king .md queen
llanos on the fortu.ie of the bean.
The past goes by him as a stream
That Hows in some enchanting dream.
And in that waking dream he stands
Willi smiling lips and folded bauds.
Serene as in his youthful prime.
While fancy triumphs over lime.
He hears all tuneful sounds that lie
Within the s|)here of harmony,
WliiU' in his fragile hand is skill
'I'o summon music at his will.
lie knows the wood whose i vi ii grain
Will echo back the sweetest stiaiu,
And whence the subtle charm is lent
To till' great master's instrument.
With anxious care his eye e.xplores
The rafters broad and well l.iid floors,
And in a narrow plank of pine
Me finds the riches of a mine ;
I'or deftly carvi'n, smooth and thin,
Set in a shapely violin.
In sweet accord its shell will ring
A dear response to I'very string.
So, gaining sweetness excrmori",
"r will charm him with the sounds of yore,
And make him lord, while life shall last,
Of all the treasures of the past.
Roused by tli.it spill, his spirit woko.
And iilain hefori' his sight there .stood,
Surrounded by a spreading wood,
The new raised frame of jointed oak.
Ih'hind a niurinuring river flowed,
.And sheltered in the low ravine
Along its grassy banks were seen
In evc-ry clear and sunny spot
The lodges where the W'y.iudot
Had found at last a safe abode.
l!ut fairir seems the view before
The spacious niansiou's open door.
The bhilf, a few short ,^teps away.
Looks down upon a Irauipiil bay,
Through lerraiid trees thai spread between
An amphitheatre of green.
'J'lie elm tree waves its drooping plume,
The dark acacl.i wastes perfume
That mingles In ihe dewy morn
With fresher fr.igrance of the thorn ;
And emerald grass ami blossoms sweet
Reach the still waters at its feet.
A deep sliip-cliannel skirls the bay
Southward a furlong stretch away,
And eastward at the early gun
The fort's broad standard greels the sun,
While, loudly pealing, as it Moats,
They he.ir t!ie mellow bugle noles.
His fancy sees the changes wrought
liy .'ige to age in deed .ind Ihought,
'I'he woodland vanished with llie stream,
Within Ihe bay no waters gleam,
The veidant slope a level made
I'or populous lluiroughfares of trade,
And all things uindrrn in the town,
Ihit those old timbers scarred and brown.
So homeward plodding, sad and slill,
His thoughts go wandering at their will,
Till, murmuring gently as they throng,
They prompt him to a liomely song.
The I'.nglishmen of Orange
Willi promises and bribes
Are sending out their runners
To reach the northern tribes.
And Ihe chiefs of the great I'ive Nations
Think fiercely of the d.iy
When the hreuelMnen siicked their strougliolds
And spoiled lliem of their prey.
And they long for the heaver meadows
'i'liey won from the Huron braves,
And the laud of deer ami bison
Heyoud Lake Krie's waves.
lUit they shrink from the rough bus|i|i,|,iis.
Will) heed no forest law,
And they fear the Lord of Cadillac,
Who rules at Mackinaw.
Hut the Kalhersof the I! lack Robe
Strove sharply with l.amoihe.
And the greedy hiiide of traders
Would bring him f.iiu to nought.
For he deemed a laud well peopled,
A land of Chrislian men,
Was belter far than all the spoil
That ever paid the hunter's toil.
Or all the heasis that roam the wood.
Or feed in trackless solitude
Or lurk in roi ky den.
And he sued before King l.ouis
On l'",rie's pleasant stniil
To plant a town and build ,i fort.
Where all the nations might resort,
And in their children's days might sec
In peace and true prosperity
The founding of a State.
His foes were strong and cunning
While he stood all alone,
IlorSIlS AND IIoMF'.S.
.-) /
liut III- iiliailcil liiH iiiul fiarlt'SS
licluie llu- iiKiiiiin li's Uirone ;
And when his hdon was (granted,
In triumph <> rr Uu- sia
He haslid Id liail wislwaril
His )4allanl <i>ni|>any.
Down thr hrnad i haninl swifl lh<'y flew
In roomy harvjf and IIkIh ( anor,
Anil laniUd at thi- niiilillr nalr,
Thr narrowisl ;)as> of all tin- strait
Whirr tin- xrial Idol met its fate
litiiiatli thf watrrs bhii'.
The irihes of tin; northern rivers,
'I'he tribes of the wesli rn plain,
Came near, and bnilt their wigwams
Heside the furl domain.
The warriors of the Mohawk
No more ihi; path beset
And the Seneca came suing
To smoke the lalnnut.
While the j;real kin« Saslaretsi
Chief of the Huron elan
Close by his j^ood I'reni h brother
To raise his fort be)jan.
lie be.is'Ked Lamothe to teach him
In all the I'renehman's w.iys,
'I'hal his I hildren niijiht Kr"w wiser
And live in peai efnl days.
And so in the coming a^i s
Their races should combine,
And plant their corn and till lluii land.
And liwht bine.itli the same command,
And bow in one catliedral ^rand
liefore a common shrine.
Till II ipiick made friendly answer
The valiant chevalier,
The Huron's soul is honest,
The Huron's eye is clear,
And uladly will I listen
To hear in the cabin's uli'om
The humming of the spindle.
The ralllinv; of the loom.
No softer Ih-ice is xalherod,
To card, or weave, or spin.
Than the dusky wool of the bison
Or the fur of the beaver skin ;
And the low-voiced Huron women.
As they sinx in an undertone.
Have tinners striinK and supple
As the maids that spin by the Uhonc.
And in the Huron clearini;s
The corn jjrows tall and Krien,
And the mats that deck their wi.^wam
Are fit for a weary queen.
Lamoille emplnycd his craftsmen
To build a house of frame,
Where tall .'iin.i.; Sastarctsi
Kirst lit the chimney flame.
There oft in peace together
The white chief and the red
Were joined in friendly council
Or broke as friends their bread,
Till, restless at the malice
Of knaves, who ^ii'dged his place,
And smirched his name with slander.
He won a fiuther wrace.
Then from his western seiv'neuric
He huni'jwurd sailed acro.ss the sea,
Anil otiiei' chiefs with othet lliou>;ht
Conlou!)(li'd all the work he wrought.
And ri>;ht was snUI, and wron>i was bought,
With Ireaclury bold anil base.
The llurorts left their villa.m',
/\nil sou.i^lit the |>|e ol the l.ynn.
Hut the house was all too pleasant
That none should dwell therein ;
Anil thi'eescore \iars were ended,
Aud the lily Ihm was down
When I'ontiac aud his allies
Kncamped before the town.
Ihll safely stood the mansinu.
Unspoiled of bull or bai,
For the Indians loved .St. .Martin,
And the ;iray hairs of Navarre.
Sprung from an old and kindly race,
The K'^fy "f his ilwellinK jdace
Came from his honored children more
Than Irom his aueeslry of yore
liedecked with cross and star.
I'ehind the dormer windows
That open on the strait
First cradled were the .•\nthons.
Renowned in churcii anil slate.
The Kood and wise physician,
Of ail the reil men known,
Had lore of tin: (iennau f'>rest,
Of st.ar .and mine and sltiue ;
And the slender, dark-eyed mother
Thai held ihem on her knees,
Sany songs of the Spanish border.
The land of the Pyrenees.
Who knows what golden threads of thought
liefore the inlanl memory brought,
In manly eloquence were wrought
lieneath those waving trees ?
There on the New Years gathered.
Within the largest room.
Around the roaring chimney.
The household of Macomb.
Straight sat the keen l)e Peyster,
With learning quaint in store.
But first, at sound of the fiddle.
To dance on the well-rubbed floor.
And there were the great fur traders,
Whose will in the woods wa.>^ law,
With heart of a Highland chieftain.
And grip of a lion's paw.
And all were gay together
With New Year's mirth and glee.
While the children romped with the ciders
Or teased the grave Pani.
And little they dreamed, in childish sport,
Of high command in field and fort.
And brilliant scenes in hall and court.
At home and o'er the sea.
The hale old house had flourished
A hundred years and ten, —
Above the fort was floating
The flag of stars again.
A brave and hcmored soldier
Came up to liold the town, —
A wise and manly ruler,
A scholar of renown.
And here he made his homestead
And lived in quiet state,
0/
HOUSES AM) IIOMKS.
licfuic the Wiiiukriny iiiu);riiiils
Iliiian to crowd llic -.tr.iil.
Aloii.;; the sl<j|>ij|g h.iiik siiiL-,
III front of his open door,
Thi' tents of the forest ehieftains
Are in>isl<:re<l (is of yore.
And painted warriors, as lliey pass,
Or smoke in ^foaps upon the ^rass,
Smile ),'riin applause wlien stalely Cass
Moves downward to tin' shore.
The spiiMdiny town h.is shcjuldered
The useless fort away,
The ),'ras|)in>; hands of t'omniercc
Are closing on the bay.
The garden and the urehard
No ripened fniit retain.
And idlers cross the wlnat-Helds
And trampK' down llie ,u;rain.
Alas for the lir.ive old mansion !
Alas for its ancient fame !
Old things make room for the present
As ashes follow th(' flame,
r.ut all of the massy timbers
Are son ml and stiff and strong.
And in their seasoned libre lies
A stoi-e of pnxions memories.
Thai, wakiiied by tin sounding bow.
May inurmnr mnsie sweet and low,
< >r <pn -er inio song
The old M iraii 1 Idusc, l)iiill alxuit
1734, was still staiidinv; in I'^Mj, 011
WoiKlbridire Slrcfi, bclsvccn St.
.AiUoiiK' and I lastin^s Streets. 'I'lie
I.alferty House was on the river, between what arc
now Twelfth and Thirteenth Streets. The main
jxirtion of this buildint;' was erected in 1747; an
addition was built in 1815. The house was burned
or demolished in 1861.
In 1807 Governor Hull built a brick residence fifty feet s(|uare,
on the southeast corner of Jelferson Avenue and Randolph
Sireet. It was the lirst brii k house in the town, and, up ii,
rj^ffiiiihsi'i
TlIK Ol.U lUoHAN HotLSE.
After the fire nf 1805 the first house built inside
the limits of the old stockade was owned by Peter
.Audrain. It was on the north side of Jel'fer.son
Avenue, just below the Michii^an I'lschanjre.
Tun Ulo Lakkkutv llolsK.
about 1820, the only one. In the hnll of 1S13
("icneral Harrison oc('U])ie(i it as 'leadquarii'-s, but
(lurini^ the sickness in the army in the latter p.irt
of 1813 and early in 1814 the officers' quarteis
were reiiioxcd to the Cass House, and the Hull
House became till' (general hospital; l.iici-
on it .ooain bec.ame the officers' (iiiar-
ters. It was used by (ieneral .Macoinh,
and was subsec|uently occupied by Will-
iam \\oodl)ridj;e while secretary of the
firritnry, and then by Major John ISid-
dle, brother of Nicholas Uiddle, of I'liitctl
States I>auk fame. In 1823, when Mr.
liiddle became United States Rej^i.stcr.
he used it for the Land Office. .About
1830 an addition, I'.xtendin^; to the avenue,
w;is built on the west .side. This was
occujiied by /. Chandler as a dry iroods
store. In June, 1834, Mrs. SnelIin.t,^ widow
of Colonel Snellinj^', of the United Stall"-
■Army, leased it for ;i boardiin; lioiisi .
It stibsequently became the Amerbaii
House.
The Campau House, torn tlown ni
March, iSSo, was on the south side o(
Jefferson .Avenue, midway between Ciriswold and
Shelby Streets, and is said to h.-i\'e occupied tin
site of the oriijinal headquarters of Cadillac. 1'
w;is erected in 1813, on an old stone foundation,
HOUSES AM) IIoMKS.
J/0
for Joseph C.-impaii, by IjLjiiacc Moross, at a cost poses. Kifty-one builcliiiirs had Ijccii eirrted llic
>if about $r),cxx). It was one of thi' iiios' ancient, ju'evioiis year. Uji to lliis time the houses were
aivl ,il tlif lime of its destruction iht' btst preserved l)uill almost exckisively of hcA-n io^s, many of litem
KivsiiiK.NLK di" dm. Wm. W'liDiiKuiiM.i- i.s \Vi.(]|)iiMii(,K SiK'i'.Ki. ('I'cini (luwn ill liTi.l'
of any of the French houses of the olden time.
riie enirra\in,ir of it is from a j)aintin,!L; by Mr.
t'lihen in I1S53.
Jn 1813 thercj were about otic hundred houses in
Ijoarded on the otitsidc. The roofs were very steep,
comiu!^ within a few feet of the n'round. I'fom one
to three dormer windows were inserted, and fre-
(juently the etl,i;es of the roof were notched and
painted red. The shint;les were of while cedar, and
often covered not only the roof Init the sides of the
house.
Some houses were co.ited both outside and inside.
Gov. IIl'I.l.'s RliSIOENCK.
Tub Cami'al; Housu.
I 'etroit. In Juno, 1.S19, an official count showed
"ue hundred and forty-two dwelliny;s, and one hun-
i!red and thirty-one l)iiildings used for other pur-
with pl.astcr laid over ci'd.ar lath split so nnev(Mily
th.at the iijasler v,u-ic<l from h.ilf an inch to several
inches in thickness. Some of the older houses were
374
HOUSKS AM) IIOMMS.
lined willi liirth Ijark, aiul iiHiilidii is made, in nwc
old trader's book, of deerskins sold It^r Imii^e
liniii;j;s. 'I'hc outer front door was diviiled crosswise
in the niicKlle. 'I'hc upper part niii;lit thus be open
while the lower iialf was closed. If the duor was
painted a bright groeu, it was an c^'idence of the
taste and wealth of the householder. Kaeh part of
the door iiad its own fastening', and locks nearly a
foot square; and knockers that would "knock up" a
neit^hborhood were a part of the appurtenances.
Door-bills and Il^^opi^s are nf rnmparatively recent
introduction. Tiyjht board shutters were provided
for all the windows. The ]L,dass in the windows was
!)f the smallest size, and, in many cases, so thor-
I'oK.MKK KKSriilCM IC OF I'. II. lIlNLUMAN. ()\1-; 111- I llli KAJil.U-.sl LioTlllC
HoUSlis IN I III! Cm V.
117 I'ort Street West, lluilt in 1848, rciiioveil in 1868.
oimhly patched up tliat half the liu^ht was excluded.
All of the nails used were made by hand, and as
wood was plentiful, the beams and rafters were
larije enout^li to do duty in any liuilding oT the
present d.iy. As a matter of course, a lar^'e chim-
ney of stone occupied the centiT of the house. The
inside furnishing was simple in the extreme. Car-
pets were almost unknown ; Indian mats on yellow
floors often supplied their place, and sometimes the
tloor was sanded. Here and there were a few rush
or wooden chairs; a pl.iin deal table stood at one
side, and a dresser on the other, on which Oueen's
ware and shininij pewter were displayed. In the
bedroom was a wooflen chest, and a hi,y;h-i)ost
bedstead, with wood enough in it, if used for that
puri)o.se, to make many a blazin}.,' fire. On the wall
a crucitix hunt;; and in winter, spre.id in fnjiitof the
bed, a bear or deer skin, dressed with the fur on,
was deemeii an essential.
About the year 1X28 the city bei;an to ^growniore
rapidly, but the nimiber of houses erected b;ircly
kept pace wiUi the demand, and almost any sort of
a (Iwellint;;- commanded a hi,i;1i rent.
In 1.S32 there w.is a tot.al of 4,685 buildint^s, of
which 601 were of brick, 7 of stone, and 4,077 of
wood. The number of houses in the city in
1S53, and their location, is indicated in the fac-
simile of the Henry Hart Map, published in that
ye;tr. In i860 there were 8,243 dwellint; houses;
in 1874 there were 4,046 brick,
and 16,255 wooden buildin_t;s,
valued at about $22,000,000.
.Since 1877, under the rej,nilation
wliich provides that tlie fire
marshal shall inspect all new
buiidinijs or additions, an ac-
count has been kept of the value
of the buildin^serected each year,
and, makint;- allowance for the
fact tliat the cost of a buildini;
almost invariably exceeds the
ori),nnal estimate, it appears that
in 1878 fully $1,000,000 was ex-
pended for new buildings, and
.in average of nearly $2,000,000
l^er ye;>.r has been invested in
buildings since that date. In
1882 there were 28,345 buiUlings
assessed for taxes, and 1,310
new buildings erected.
The first building moved in
Detroit was the old church of
the I'irst Protestant Society.
The work w;is .-icconiplished by
a man who came for tiie pur-
pose from liuffalo, bringing his
rollers with him. Another re-
moval of note occurred in 1862, when the brii k
house just east of the residence of James F. Jov,
on the corner of Fort and I'irst Streets, w.is
niovtd a distance of sixteen feet, — a family living
in and occupying it while the work was in progress.
This was the first time such a fe.it was performed
in Detroit. The \';tn Dyke residence, built in 183'')
by F. H. Stevens, is s.iitl to h;ive been built with the
first pressed brick made in the United .St.ites.
The first gnivel roof w.is laid in 1848 on a small
addition to store No. 115 Woodward Avenue.
Sl.ite roofs were first used about 1853, one bein,.;
then pl.ieed on the Newberry Warehouse at foot of
Wayne Street. Ten yens Lit'T they were comni'in.
The first row of brick dwellings under one roof was
in
In
;">
ill
(il
■ictv.
In-
)ur-
his
rc-
)rii'k
Joy,
was
vii),!;
•I'SS.
iicil
the
nail
UK'.
It of
•)n.
Kvas
F\t;-srMii.B OF Map <ip 185), miowim; Lolaiion of all Buildings then in thk City.
I373I
.•) /
6
llorsI'.S AND IIoMKS.
iroud l)y I). Wii^lit in 1853 011 tin- iioilli side of
jL-ffi'iSDii Avciuir, between Russell and Kiopelle
Streets. Ikiy windows were introdueetl in 1S60.
Tut- Fxmks Annoi-r Rk-^idknce.
SuiUh.,i>t .nrri.r uf (Iri^w.iUI :iiul I'nrt Street.
KiXLlid ill iSjj. Turn duwn ill ibii.
beds, and tlie ijrnnnds of iuindixds of citizens give
ample evidence tiiat liiere is no lac k of astlieln
taste. Many of the ho,;ses liave neat ami \\eli-l<ei)i
lawns, and the introduction of lawn mowers in
186S, and tlieir ,i;eneral use since 1S70, afford facili-
ties for keepinj; lawns in oriler that yearly increase>
their number, few, if any, cities have so larj^e an
area in proportion to population, or furnish .so nuuli
dwellin.vf room to their inhabitants. The United
States census of 181S0 sluiws that Detroit lias a
jjreater ninnber of dwellings in |)ro|)ortion to its
population than any one of one hundred of the
lari^esl cities in the United States. 'I'he averaije
numlxr of persons to eiich house is only 5.68.
Where dwi'llini^s are rented the lease usually
expires on the lirst of May. The rent of dwelliniis
varies from five dollars to two hundred dollars
per month ; an a\erage dwellinj^ in a yood loca-
tion can be had at from twenty dollars to fifty
dollars per month.
Most of the houses, however, are owned by their
occu|)ants, and the numerous env;ra\in.i4S contained
herein i;'ive ample evitleiice of bcaiuy and variety
of architectural style. The date of erection, ijiveii
With the introduction of street
cars in 1S63, ll;e suburbs of the
city l)ei;an to build up rapidly
and all property on the outskirts
i^rcatly increasetl in value. At
the same time, in part owin.i; to
the wealth accumulated durint,^
the war, new departures in archi-
tecture were constantly inau^'-ur-
ated, and now every year m.irks
an increase of elaboration in both
.stores and residences, and tin
streets grow increasinj^ly attrac-
tive. Mansard roofs were intro-
duced in 1S70. No street or
avenue has a monopoly of tine
residences. In every ward there
are many eleirant houses. In-
deed, the city is noted for the
unusual number of tasteful and
elaborate homes it contains, and
Detroit has probably several
times the number of desirable
residence streets of any city of
its size. The exceptionally num-
erous and thrifty shade-trees
are the pride of its citizens and
the admiration of visit(jrs ; so
numerous are they that from the top of the City
Hall tov-er there seem to be as many trees i\s houses.
The soil is well adapted for lawns and flower-
'1'mf: John I'ai..mi:u IIomkstkai).
Northeast corner of Griswold and Fort Streets.
Built in 1829. Removed in 1869.
in connection with each buildinsf, is of
showing the growth of the city and
stvles of architecture.
interest as
changes in
ki:sii)i:\ci:s.
2>77
rill-; joiiN Km;i;ak Ki-'-idknck,
Nurlliwi'st tdi'iRT (if I'.iniir :inil liiilis Strnls. I'liilt in iKiCi.
Till-; John I'ak.mkh I'koii-.hi v, in 1S51;,
South si(k* of I''arint'i Strt-t't, Iiflwt'cn Monroe A\'fnuf ahd IlatL-s Strct't.
RliSlDicNLlc (II Gi;n. I.(:wi.s Cass
Norllnvest corner of I'ort and Cass Streets. lUiilt about 1840. keuiovcd in 1876.
^7^
KI'.SIDI-.NCI'.S.
Till' I >l 11 II' I H lli'MI M I M>,
Krsiil, lur ,.| K, 1. ( ;, ... I III III. I.I, I I. |1 1I1..1-.I I .'III. I .■! U .....lu.il.l .\',. , .111.1 lliyll Mm I.
I'M . Inl ill l^; |c, r..iii il.ivMi ill 1;;;: ;.
Till' I'lKI'.ll I I.AIl'sl K Ml, in iSso,
liilwccii l\^iiul.il|ili, I'.nivli, I.Ml.iyrll.- iinil ('r...i;li.iii Slr.il>.
1. linking nurlli tmni l,;il,iyilli Sii.ii,
Kl SIDI.Nil'.S.
O?')
[So
ki:sii)i:ncks.
Kl->IPKN(K ,i| Mk-. 1\mi.;- a. Vv\ Dvki-, ii.S litf.rscin Ave, I'.iiilt in i8i(>
Ri;siL)i;.NLii oi- Kkanljs r\i.M>, ;57 Jcffcrsuii Ave. lluilt In 184b.
RKSIDKNCKS.
3S<
,.»?'
*^
iuuuuamiiiuii"iiii""''iiii"i'i''''''''''-''''!!' '""<'.*' "
rMm^i
Kl— HUM !• nl |\\ll.-~ I'l V I 1 h.HN , Jo^ |lllir-M'U A\c. lluill III 1071).
Ui:sii)i:nck (H U. H. Ham, .(ofi JclTcison Ave. I'liill in 1S55.
382
KKsini:\'CF.s.
KiisliiiAc !■: cii I-,, li. Wii.Hi, (i:, jilfirMiii Am-. Iliiill in iS^S-ys.
Uksmiknc !■; cii- A. II. llKV, (.'5 Ji'lfiisdii Am-, liiiilt in itii'u.
Ri:sinKNcr:s.
383
Rkmdi-mk (ir A. C. MiCiU.wv 460 JulTorsoii Ave. I'uilt in 18
ivKslDENCK OF A. K. Ilm sii, 46.' JilTfison Ave. I'liiilt in iSa8-7o.
a
i.
386
RKSIDKNCKS,
ki;si[)KM !■: i>i \V. Ci. Thomisdn, .(^s |rrf<rs<iii Am-, r.iiilt in iSyd.
Ki.siiii-\( F- nj' II. U. Nk«|'.i..i.'i;v, ,|Hi |crfirs.m Ave. Hiiili in 1852.
RF.sini:\CKs.
587
RllsnUlNLK m 'I'llDMAS I'KKl.l SUN,
Jilfiisuii Ave. I'.iiill in iS^j
UiMDi'M !■: Ill S. 1>. Mil IKK, 5-'4 Jilftrson Avu. I'milt in 1864,
;,,SM
Ki:SII)I'\('F,S.
Kl II. !■
I III- I M I km. I' r I I'. I ,.M . , -i. |. Ill iv,,,, \v, l;,,i|i Ml
Kl'.'ll)l-M I: "I
Ml... II. I', i;
17 j<IU isiiti A \ I . Iliiill III iM^H
Ki:sii)i,N("i:s.
.^8(,
I III I H' iM \ I' M Ml I. Ili iMI . I I- \1., ' ,.. |. Ill I^.Ml ,\\ ' . Klllll 111 I -; |K.
Kl-.Miii'M !■ i.i> W , K, Ml no, (133 JcllcfMiii Avi. liiiill in 1H71;
390
Ki:sii)i:\ci".s.
Kksidknc !■: Ol C'li.MNCV IliRi.lui, n6i Ii'ffcrson Ave. I'.iiill in iS^f'.
ri:sii)i:nci:s.
;9'
KiisiDHNCK III- iiii' 1..V1I-: IliiMi MmiAi, 750 Jilfcixm Ave. liiiilt in 1861.
RESIDENCE OF Grorgk S. 1).\vis, 7(10 Jclkrson Ave. lUiilt in 1852.
Ki'.sii)i:\ii:s,
Kl.-ll.l;\v !■ .11 S. I!. (HilMMoM), S],, |,rflI>iJ|l .\\
Kkmjikmi: 111 Mks. Chaki.ks I)h }{.\u.\ik, ,Si4 Jt IfiiMui Avt-. liiiili in iHrK;.
RKSIDKNCF.S.
393
KusiiiKSLK t'K S. 1*. |-',IA\ noD, Willi >itU' u\ jftfi-rst'ri .\\r., I i.iinl I .iiiirk . Ituill in 18711
KKsinKM (■ t'l W It. W'l'SMiN, Miiiih >iilf yti hlfi-istiii Ave. Uamlr.imLk. liuiit in 1818-5^-64.
MH
ki.sii)i:\i r.s.
Kl— IM'MI '■! I. (1MIS--I Mil. I.'l' Ml hiillK.lll Am. Illlill ill lHyf\
Kli^lDENXI'. Ill J. .MuJIlls, i,Sj .Ml DdUKlllI .\vc. Illlill ill iS;,,
KKSIDKNCF.S.
395
l<l>rii|-\c !■ Ml C', I. \V\i M'l;, (' ''"rt Si. W'r-ii. Iliiilt in iSii i^j.
Rp'.siDKNLK oi (oMM OwicN, (11 I'Dit St. Wist, liiiill in 1S73
196
RF.SIDKNCES.
Kli-.JliliSC K HI (;. \'. N. l."IHKnl, ,,( Kolt St. Wl-sl. Hulll ill iSCkv8.?
RKsiiiHNtK ot CiiARi.i> Kiiiii, 13.1 l-'urt Si. Wcsi. I'liilt in 1H4S 7.,
;i,«ijj.itfr^
'■:&>^'; i'i
a';.,
||/'t#|l|;
:a%/;M'#r:;i''i--:!;
39'^
Ki:sii)i;Nti:s.
KiismuM i- oi Jami> 1'. j.iV, i.|.. I..rl Si, Wi-i. Iliiill in 1845 <>-■ Sj
Kislnl'Nc I-: 111- Mks. /miivkivm (h.amm ik, r?) I'oil M.Ur^i. Ilml
I Ilk i^3&.
MoiiEnoCo-n V
Ki'.sii>i:ni K "I II. A. Niui wd. 177 I'chI Sl.W'i^l. liuill in 184^,
Kkmiikm !•: HI (,'Mir \' \n IIi;.\n,
165 Kort St. W'lsl.
Iliiilt in iS;^.
Kl'SlhlNCK- ■i|' C'll Mill's IllMMKI.' KNP A I IHI' II ( ' II !■ -|- |il;,il < ,M ,
1(ii| [■Hll St, Wisl 171 I'. in M. WcM.
Itiiili in iSs(>.
400
RESIDENCES.
"' J'/>ffor«.t'<v.i;o. N.Y.
Kr>ii>i-.N( 1- "I Alias mii:i iua, ii'i I'cul >i U'r-l lliiill in 1S75.
FdliMI-K kl>>llll-M !•: (11 •;. S. rLC-l, •iiMlllmcsl ( 1.1 IK T 1,1 Inll ,uill lllinl Sts. KllIU ill 1S4S '.I
KKSIDl'.NCKS.
401
Ri-.MUi Ni !•; "1 r,i-..\,iA\iis Vi:uN..K, .•.■.■ I'.iri Si. West. HiiiH in iS:,i,
RKSIi>hNCK (II Don M. DltklNMiN, jji I'.irt Si. Wot. Iluilt in i.S(>7-75.
402
RESIDEN'CF.S.
Ki-,siiii;nlK c)| Mi;-,. N. W. llkonics, .^ ; ; l-'.irt Si, Wrst. I'.iiilt In iS'..,.
Thi-: Die (iAUMo JciM's Ri->ii)i-.M.ii, I'lirt Si., Iiilwicii I'lJiirtli .iiul I'lflli Sts,
lUiill in 1851 ; moved forward in 1882.
RESIDENCES.
403
Kii'.liii.Ni. !■; Ill- .\Li;x.\Niii-:ii Mi-.ianu, ."14 I'nrl Si., mrmr nl l-'illli Si. I'liilll in jK^S.
UksIDKNi K 111 Mrv. 1'. r. Al.lUHl, 2y7 I'nll St. Wist. Illlilt ill 185^1,
404
UKSIDKNCI'.S.
I<kmiji;m !■: ■■] j. I' I'lniin-, ,ii \"V[ M. W'lsi. I'lnill in 1^74.
kl>nil N( I- 01 (l.KMlCNI I. \l I l-.Kl \ , ,«.: I't'lt M. W'csl, lliiill III 1^7"
KKSIDKNCKS.
4(\S
Ri-:mi>kncI': ui- Kmii.v Wxku, S..7 I'mi M. Wrvi. liuilt in 1869.
KuMiiHNLli OK lli-NKV IIkamus, 896 Kiiil M. Wisl. l!iiiU ill 1H74.
4o6
RF.SIDKNCF.S.
Ki—ii'iMi Ml l-.iiuiN kiiniK. Iiidt.iii .\\r,ni,n !■ mi i Si I'.nill
Kumi)|:nh oi \V. i:. 1,
A 1. 11 , iiMrtii\V( >t I urm 1
.1 l-'oii M. .lllil \
luwiMiil Ave, lluill ill 1S71
4oS
i<i;sii)r.N'ci:s.
Ki>-ii)i-Mi> "I 1 1 \Mi-i ,Si I'l n N, \ iiiiwc'.iil \\i\, ni'.n I cnl M liiiill in iHjt..
Ri:mi)KM K uf lii;i.\ lliBiiAhu, Viiicwuoil Avu., iiciir I'uil Si. lUiilt in 1850,
^^f/^
Ur.SlDKNLKS.
409
th ^
Ui:sii)i-:m I-: mf {'. II, III ill, (.5 l,;ir,iycUr Ave lliiill in 1834 S-J.
KiiMiiKNcK .\M> <)i I K !•; 1)1 \Vm. Hkc'Dik, M. D.. "4 l.al.vyittc Ave, tuniir nf Wayiic Si. I'liill in 1870.
4IO
Ri;sii)i;\ci:s.
Ki --iliiM- 1' !ii M. S, S\ii 1 II, i.'ij l.iil.iviUi Avi. Iluili III 1S7.'.
KrsiuiiNLK ui r. \). Ill III, 14 J l..il,iyriu Ave, limit in i8ik
Ki;sii)i:xtKs.
411
kl-.-ll IM I 111 l.liiUI.I \\ . r.l'.-.lll, 1. 14 l.ll.iyrlti A\l. Illllll 111 I.S55
l<i>liih.M I', ni \:. \ . S«lii, i8.| l..il.iy(Itr Am. liiiill in 1877.
KI.MDI.Nt I'.S.
I-: I iM .i I . .1 U ,\ I; 1 1 I J 1 I .ii.f, ' M. \ . r.iiiii 11,1/,
Ki n.j.-.. I .1 U II. I
I ij I , .J'
I ..l|.l> t Iti \ M I'lUlll III t-^-J I
Ki.sii)i:\( i:s.
-I'.^
IcKMl.l; Hi- ll.i'.'l Ml \MKII. I-' i III. a.''. I..cl.iyilli \.,, Ilinll III lH,).
Ui iiii-N( I', 111 (li'UHi.l. C I. ,\s<. !■'.■., 4"'' l..il.iviiii Avi . limit in iBv.
4 '4
ki:sii)i:n( i:s.
KKSIDf'NC I- "I I I. M. K'h 11 \M.-.n:.. ,|.,.| l..il.l\illi ,\\'. Mlllll III IHI.H.
Ivi' 111 I ni (;i-.,i..p I' II »\i -iii-.h, i..- I|..w.-ir(l Si iiiiili ill iM;^,
ki.sii)i:N( i:s.
Kl' ii/K-i I- "11 Niii I I \MH.i;'., ji W.i'-liiriKl"" Am'. I'.iiili in r./)
■P5
Kii-.llil'.M !■ '.I kii.Mi ki\. ( . II i:,ii;..i-. ■•., |i W.i^liiiiKiiiii Avi-. Ituill III i-y.\ 7K,
4i6
Ki:sii)i:Nfi;s.
UkmdI'INlK hi- J. W. \V\iiKM.\N, ^o \V,i^lii[i>;li>M Am-, lliiill in IIH.)ii.
Kl'>llilNi F .1 Knhiu I
MiMni.w, 77 \V,i»liiiii:i>iii Am. Hi, ill in 185"- 7')
HF.SIDKNCr.S.
4>
Ivl IMI M I '■! I 111 I Ml M I. Mill-, 7 , W .1 ldllvl"ll \\' - llllill ill iS.i"
Ki ■^llilM I-: oi JcHIN Miiiil.'l', .11 \\'.i-liiin;lnn Avr. I'liiill in iS;;.
4iH
ri:sii)i:n(i:s.
Kl'-ll.l-Si !■; Ill- llll r A IP l''.\-( i'H I'.I.NIIK ji.ll'. I. llM.ll'.V,
('..mil W.i^liilik:liili Am. .iliil I'. Ilk M r.nill In iM(..,.
; Nj'1i!«;i
.. ■ ii!'H'!'l«is;i!ii,li,
'Iflliiillliiiiifiiiii'liW^^^^
Ki'MliKM !■ ..I llll I Ml- S. I-', ll.ilii.l-, |(.K llillH M. Mllill III IH'..
ki:sii)i:n(i:s.
10
Ul. I 111' NCI "I l'\'ll' I'llMiiN, l; ll.lKt .--l. Klllll III Irti.
1<i:mi>1'.s( I. oi ). S. \'i k-.''K, ifi.) H.ii;v; St. liuill in iBCkj.
.\2r)
KI'.SIhl'.NCI.S.
.' ' ■*/ - ■ ••'^^^^■-•/^^^jjA.i.rii.vJ
I'' M !• ..I !■. \V. \'.H.,I, iKilllir.i.l . ..111. I ..I -M , ,,|,i| \i, .111.11. il\., 1. 1 M HillMlIK; 111 lil:.^.
Kl'Miil-M l< III I, II. \\■^^M., .,77 Src,,n,| ,\m-., , nitii r ..I \',:,■^l^ ,-,1. |',ii||| ,„ 1H7C,.
KKSIDI \( IS.
I J I
- »/[.^ r*.i"fti
K'l'. IIM' •.' I "I I. A. \<"\ , (U', ( .1-^ Avi. lilllll III iWrlj fi
Ki-.' iiiKM I- Ml Ai \N'.iiN SiiKii-.\, (7 Sliiii->iiii I'l.iiL. Ilinli ill 1H74.
IMAGE EVALUATION
TEST TARGET (MT-3)
V
/.
^' ^ //y,. ^
7,
1.0
I.I
1.25
^ lis lllllio
2.2
1.8
1.4
1.6
V]
<?
/i
/.
7
i^
%'
Jk
422
KF.SIDENCES.
KkmuhniI'; ni I) will W\Kii, 43,^ t'ass Avr. liuilt in 18(14-80.
Kkmdunck oi- G. (). KoiiiNsoN, 4i'5 Cass Avu. Biiill in 1876.
RESIDENCES.
423
Kksidkm !■; 1)1- (I. W. Sifii'MAN, 4;,^ Cass Avt.-. liiiili in 1S77.
Kbsidbnce of K. li, DiiKKKSDN, iiorihi'iist cumtr of Sccoiul and Altxaiulriiie Avcs. Ituilt in 18B3.
424
RKSIDKNCES.
Rksidknck 1)1- J. Ci. DuKiNsoN, 40 Canliikl Ave. lUiill in
Kksidknck uI' William Cciwii.;, 112 CaiiliuUl Ave. liiiilt in 1875,
RKSn:)KNCES.
425
Ki'S11i1':nli-; di- I'.nu \hi> Hikk, ;( (larl'irld Ave. Huilt in 1S84.
KiisiDHNCK ()[• J. K. Stmi'i's, 598 Triinilmll Ave. lluilt in 1874.
426
RF.SIDF.NCES.
Kkmiiknck \mi 111 ii.DiNi.N "I II. A. I.I'. Kov, 271 Wc'iulward .\vc, liiiilt in 1S4 .
Kbsioence 01 K. b. Hki.vk.man, 42B Woodwaid Ave, HuiU in ibjy.
RESIDENCES.
427
U]>niKNi K o|- Mks. I,. K. Mi-iiHi i(\ , (44 Wciudw.ird Ave I'liilt in i8fii.
KKiiDisNcii (.11- C. J. Wnir.Nin, 4,57 Wuoduiinl Ave. liiiilt in 1857 82.
428
ri:sii)i:ncks.
Ri'.siDKM li 1)1 l>\\ni Will I NF.v, ji;,, m Wci.Jilward Avr. Duill in 1S70.
RiisiDKNCi'; iiK JmiN I'uiJx.iiON, 4s('i \Voo(hv;iril Ave. linilt in 1868.
KKSIDKNCKS.
429
Ri;sii>iiNc K (II J. S. I''.\KK\NI>, .(S7 Wiiuilu.ird Avr. Iluill in 1854.
RiislDUM K (11- Samiki. IIkav KNiJiLir, (fiS Wnuduanl Avi. Iluill in 1874.
43^
RESIDKNCES.
Ur.siniCNCK i>i' Mk-;. IIki.kn S. Kkiic, .|Si WoinKvaicI Ave. Uiiill in iS/o-Si.
Rksidf.nce 111 k. W. King, 493 Woodward Ave. I'liilt in 1867.
RliSlDKNCKS.
4;>'
Rksidknck oi- W. C. Williams, 5011 Wuixiwaril Avi-. Itiiilt in 1866,
KiislDiistK i)K I'liiLi) I'aksdns, 530 Woodwaul Ave. lUiilt in 1876.
432
RKSinF.NCKS.
-".g^,!^^ - -
Ui:miiI'N( !■: nj I'. W. Ilwj.s, r,.„s \V...iiUvaiil Avi. r.iiilt in 1870
KiisiuiiNCK ui \V. \V. LKiiiiKi r, (145 Womlw.iid Ave. I'liiik in
ri:sii)i:nci".s.
433
Ki;mii|'.ncP' ni Ji.iiN li.\hM.i.|o\, f'lj-! WiiiiilHiird Ave. litiilt in 1H72
kF.siuii.NLK (i|. J. L. l';j)M).\, (,34 WcMjilwiird Avi'. liiiilt in i8bS.
434
ki:sii)i'.NCF,s.
Kr.siDh.Ni )•- nr |,.si..ni Hiacn, 6fi^ W ii.l ^ <-. Hiiill in 1H78.
KksIIiHNi !■ Ill
A. (i, l.iNDsAV, 8H1 Wciiiilwiiril Avr. Diiill in 18H0.
Ki:sii)KN'ci:s.
435
RhsniKN( !■ iij R. II. I'M !■;, 'ja^ W Uviiid A(. Iliiill in 1K76
KKsiiiiiNi I-. lii li. !■ . I- \i(iiiN(, inN, u.|o Wninlwaid A\(, Diiill in injh.
KKSIUKNCES.
437
Imikmkk Kksiuenck (ir C. D. Kvki.in, i<x>5 Wuciilwavd Avi-, Hiiilt in 1872; nniuviil in iSti.^
Rksidknch ok C.koki.k !•'. Mookic, luio M'doilwaiil Ave. Huilt in 1881.
438
RESIDENCES.
Kksidkni K. OK John Hi ];i, 107 ^ Wiiixiwnrd .\\c. Huilt in iS8j
Kksidknlk ui- Wiu.i.s r.iM, 1. 177 W'ihkIwmkI Ave. liuill in iS8j.
RESIDENCES.
439
I<K.siiii-,Ni li or \Vm. H. SiKVKNs, 1023 W'ocuhvanl Ave. lliiilt in 1875.
KesidkncI': ot \\'%\ A. Mihjkk, 1015 WiKjchvaril Aw. liuili in 1871.1.
Kksidk.nxk ok iMks. C. W, I''..\iiin, I, ,3=; \Vi)i)(lwarcl Ave. lUiill in 1872
Rksidunck ok L. I., F AKNswoKiii, 1050 \Vii(i(hv:ii(l Ave. liuilt in 187(1.
442
RKSIDKNCFS.
RiiMDKNCK OK C. A. Nkwcomii, 1085 Wdddwai'd Ave. liiiilt in 1874
Rbsidence or C. C Houkn, iuus Womlwiinl Ave. Built in 1872.
RKSIDENCICS.
443
KicsiDKNXK nr \Vm. 1'i(ihin(;, iim WcKjdward Ave. lliiilt in 1875.
Kksiuence of C. K. Majii.I'Y, 1105 Woodward A\t. Huilt in 1873 83.
444
RKSIDKNCKS.
RiisniuNLi! or Cii,\Ki.i;> IsMiumi, iioi Wcunlw.dd .\\i , Knjli hi ihri.
Residence of W. J. Watkkman, jj Adams Ave. Kast. lUiilt in 1865.
KKsini:\(F.s.
445
kicsiui-Nci'; 111' I'.. S. W'liuMKK, 3^ lliuli St. I'.Mst. lliiilt in 1K54 77.
Ri:.su>i'.NCF. oi- H. K. White, 37 High St. Kast. liiiilt in 1868-78.
446
RKSIDKNCF.S.
KbsIdenck 111 A. 11. Wu KiN^nN, ju Ilii;li St. Wtxt. liiiill in ii>r)5.
KKsluiiNf.ii 01- D, M. FiiKKV, ji Wiinlci- St. Uuilt in iB-'ij,
RKSIDENCKS.
447
Rksiduncu of Simon Hi: w knhk ii, 4.) Wiiulir St. lliiill in 1875.
REblUE.NCii OF (jiiomiK C. Coun, jo Ailclaulc St. liiiilt in 1S74.
448
RKSIDKNCES.
ki-MiH'Ni !■; oi (;. M. Ikam i;, ,j; Adihiicli M. liuill iii iHi.8.
RusriiKNLK 111 l''.iisn\ 'I'.wi.iiu, 25 Alli.d Si. I'liilt in 187^
RKSIDKNCES.
449
" ysaM
HHemfoai
^-p.S^-r""'''- f^'j-v^iT,
Kksii)|:nik 1)1 A. !•'.. I'. Wiiiii-:, (n Alfrid St. lUiill in 1873.
UiisiDi'.NCK ni- JamI'.^. v. C XMiiii.M., <ii Allied Si. Iliiill in 1S77.
Kh-^lliliNC 10 c)|. CiKuKi.l'. Jl(l;nM|.;, Ht Allied Si. Illlill In 1H77.
RKSIDF.NCES.
451
KiisiDKNCli ui <;,S. KniJsi, K6 Kdiniiiul IM;ii:i-. Iluill in 1H81.
452
RESIDENCES.
■■ii
RusiDENCK OK THK I. A IK HiiNKV P. lliiriH.i:, iiij Ccmxfiss Si. Kast. Hiiilt in 1848.
FoRMKK Rksii)1:n< I- "I W.M. A.Mi Wai.iku S. HaksMa, 113 l.iiiiud Si. Wist. Iluilt in 1845.
Si
in
a
•15^^
ki:sii)i:NCi:s.
mMMsos^Sm^'''^^
/
Hi||U|i^')Mk^!^^^|^^ "''
Ji:
^^^^^^^^MmmS^^^^^^S^imm- ' fflnHi
MW^MmMS
%
^■^E^ijP'' ''■^- ■'^^B9HBBp*:^s!iSt^SflflUiviDi tWbtS^^Bh « ^W^s^kJ^I t^B^KTTflHlllfe
nmBam
■ ^
^Hfei£Eb^!rMJiHB!!^iSu!^y^
^ifcJl<:)f;v^;.,^^:
■ 1
,U'^ff>
l:k./^
^-^■t
■ '^ifl.
'^^^^^SS9l^^m^00^^i^^§~W9l^
■ ■■■■ v^'*^""^^^ >^^r '"•''■ ;^C^^W^^?P?•v^ .;. r?; ■■^: fk<^
^, v-^
., ■ . ' ■ .'■.■' ^ ■ ', ,/',,. 1 . ■ . t
k»>!-iiiil
■iuail
Kkshikni K '<v J. I. D.wii), ('irn^-.!- Ihli-. I'.iiill ill 1873.
KkmdkncI'; ■h- iiik i.ai k I'',ijuai<]i I.vhn, (Inissi' IsU. Iluill in 1865 77..
STORKS ANIJ liUSlNLSS IJUlLUlNLiS.
457
STORKS AND DUSINKSS IIUI I.DINdS.
In oldcii times, much more than mnv, ih.: corners
III hiisiiu'ss streets were (lesi)L;nate(l by the names of
ihe owners or occu|)ants of the ljiiil(hngs thereon.
The s()iilliw(;sl corner of Wuodvvanl and Jefferson
Avenues was
I .illed Curry's
Corner, and is
sddesiijnaled in
the Act of in-
lorporation of
1806. \'ears af-
terward it was
known as Ilal-
|(M k's Corner.
Tlie lirst busi-
ness place built
of briek was a
small, -scjuare,
one-story build-
ing on the north-
west corner of
Jc'ffer.son Ave-
nue and Ran-
dolph Street,
illl': b.MAUr Hl.MtK, lHli-.li.Nl sill'. Ul' MUKKU.I. liLOtK.
in 1820 by 'I'honias I'aliner. It was on the south-
east corner of Jilferson Avenue and (iriswoUl
Street. Ill" sedind was Ijuilt in 1821 by I'eter
Desnoyers, near the northwest corner of Jelferson
Avenue and Hates Street. Smart's i!lo(k, on the
northea.st lorner
of Jefferson and
Woodward Ave-
nues, was erected
in 1822, and was
deemed at tlie
time a very sui)-
stantial and even
ele^^int business
bnildinj,'. It was
toriulownin 1857
to make room for
the Merrill Block.
The property on
the southeast cor-
ner of Jefferson
and Woodward
Aveinies was
known as Kin,i('s
Corner ; it was
Mil' tft'^'T'^^Ici
Viuw 01' rill! Noinii side ui' Jum'ekson Avknuic and Gkiswold Street in 1837.
I^rom an original sltetcli by Wm. A. Raymond.
erected in 1806 for the Rank of Michigan; the occupied until a few years ago by). I,. King as a
next was the Ciovernment Warehous at tl" )t clothing store. The building was commenced in
of Wayne Street. The first brick .sto.c was ilt May, 1832, and finished in the winter of 1833.
458
STORKS AM) UrSINFlSS HUILDINCiS.
Ill tlic fall (if 1857.111 ailclilioiial story was ailcUd tlu' soiilla'asl loriur of Ji ilrisoii Aviiiuc ami IJatcs
ami other iiii|)ri)ViMm'iUs niadc. Almost as soon Stnit. It was built lor John K. \\ illiams in 1833
as lli(; stori; was built the hasciiuiit was occupied and lorn down in iSbi. larj^c platc-ylass store
NllKTIIWI'Sl KIKNKU (!!■ WllllDUAKl) AviiNl'U AND l.AHNKO SlUlilil' IN iSfia.
for restaiiraiit purposes, and has continued to he so windows were hrst introduced by (ieorgc Doty,
used ever since. This fact iijave rise to a conundruni The followin]L(, from tlu' Daily Advertiser of Seji-
whieh obtained the jiri/.e at a minstrel show many teinbir 19. 1 849, i^ives interestiiiii^ details eoncerniiii;
years aj^o. The (lujstion was, Why is a man's tins window :
Till! Aiinnrr Hioc i< in 18.(5.
Woodward Avcmit, Ik iwccii Woodbridge and Atwater Streets.
Show Windows. — Tiin Largest Oi.asr vet.
nose like Kinjj;'s elothin<>' store? Atts^wr. — ^Because
^, '. 1 ']• 1 11 Gcoree Doty, jeweler, has purchased, and is fitting up the builu-
there isan eatinir establishment below. .„^ „„ ^^e west end of the Daily Advertiser block, in 0 styl.<
The first four-story brick building was located on superior to anything in the Western States. His show wn.dows
STOKKS AND UUSINliSS IJUILDINGS.
459
uill lie a (iirli>>ity, 'I'liu inaiii k'oss in cailinf tliriii is iinpcirtxl
1 hikIi plalc, 5 by 7 ftrt in »i/.i', and lott l)ji«i. VVf htlicvt llioo
.irr llii: larKt'itt kIum urnt o( New York City, not cxcrptlriK the
l.ii'i:>', rniL' iini'H in C'iiu itwiati.
riic last years have wiUicssecl many cliatij^'cs
llic liiiiT coiniiRTiial striictiia's in various !o-
caliliis Mv llu' Firry, I'aiins, Mnlf.it. (lodfrcy.
biliiniiil, Ncwbtrry vS; iMiMill.ui, lanipaii, Wil-
liams, lUilil, Ch.'indii'r, and Wesson building's.
'I'licrc arc, besides, a yrcat number of costly
RoTrNDA Urii nmo.
Southeast torntr (jriawokl and l.arncd Streets. Turn down iS;^.
and improvements in the construction of stores and
business blocks. Nearly all the newer hiiildinns
;ire now jjrovided with plale-,v;lass ffunts, and cut
stone and orna-
mental iron -work
are freely used,
The upper stories of
many Larye blocks
are fitted up for
olliees. On Gris-
wold Street, for
nearly its whole
Kiiirth,thebuildin.t,'s
are thus arranged.
The first building
erected especially
with a view of fur-
nishing office ac-
(Dniniodations was
the Rotunda, on
Criswold Street. It
was built in 1852.
hi August, 1879, it
was torn down to
make way for the
Newberry & Mc-
Millan liuilding. Most of the banking, insur-
ance, real estate, and legal business is done on
(■riswold Street, making it the financial center of
the city, — the Wall Street of Detroit. Among
View of S. W. corner op Griswold a.no I.arned Strekts in 1870.
and ornamental stores, many of them provided
with elevators, oiieratcd by ste.am or hydraulic
power. The Moffat ISuilding w;is the first which
had an elevator.
Rents of stores
and offices arc as
varietl as the styles
and locations of the
buildings, and range
from $10 to S400
per month. An
average store in a
desirable location
commands fnjm
$800 to $2,000 per
year, while others
bring $3,000, $4,000,
and even more.
The former names
of the older blocks
and buildings are
unknown to many
of our citizens,
and for purposes
of reference a list
of the more im-
portant old and new buildings, with their loca-
tion and date of erection, is appended. Those
marked with a star are no longer known by the
name given :
460 S'lOKI'.S AM) lUSlNKSS IlUILniMlS.
Arr.'ulc, II. s. I.,irnr<| iicir Slull)\', iSdy. Lewis, c. s. (Irisuold, Ixt. l.ariud ;iiul Cdiinriss,
AblMiti, w . s. W'oodwanl Ave, Ixi. Alwaiir and i'^74.
W'lMidbiidvji', 1.S51. Merrill, 11. e. eor, Jelfersdii ;mil Wdddward Aves.,
llaiik, .s. \v. I'lir. Congress and (Iriswdld. iSfuS. i<^3'>'
lUirns, V. s Cirisudld, bet. (..irnid and (. nin^ress, Meelianio', s. w. eor. (Iriswold .and I.alayi'tti-, 1.S75.
18/4. M.ilher, I', s. Woodward .\\e., bet. Joiiii K. and
Hati'Miii, .s. s. Mielii^;aii Ave., bei. (.ass ,ind I'ir.si, \\ illianis, i8f)8.
lS^m;. Molfal, s. w. (or. lorl and C.riswoUl, 1871.
li.iv^ley, s. \v, eor. Il.ites ;md W'nodbrid^^i'. iSjr). Nv'uberry i\: .MeMill.iii. e. s. ( "iriswoid, be'. Jeffi'rsoii
Huller. e. s. (iri^woki. bit. I.ariied and L'oii_i;ress, and l.arncd. i^7'j.
i860. '"I'liiinix. s. .s. Jcl'fcrsoii Ave, bet. (Iriswold ,iiu!
li.irtlinloiiiew, s. .s, .Miehiv^.in ,\\c., bet. I'luirlli ,iiid Woodward .\\e., i!'4;5.
i'iftli, i.Sdj. I'restoii. s. s. (iraiid Ki\er Avi'., eor. Ciriswold, 1868.
Haldwin, w. s. Woodw.ird /\vi.,bet. .Si.ite ;ind Mich- r.ihns, s. e. ( nr. Jefferson Ave. and l'..ites, 1883.
iv;.in Ave. 1871. I'arker. s. w. eor, Woodw.ird .Ave. ;ind Sl.iU- 18S3.
iJ.irns, w. .s. Woodward Ave, cor. Ciraiid River Ave, 'KoHiikI.i. s. e. eor. CiH.swold and l.arned, 185.:.
18C8. Keiitz, II. s, (ir.ind Kiver Ave., bet. IMili ;iiul Si.xlh,
I'.res^ler. s. s. iMieiiivj.'in Ave., bet. Criswold and 1870.
Shelby, i860. Keeil. 11. .s, Cirainl Kiver Ave., near '1 bird. 1863.
CoyI, e. s. Woodw.ird .\ve., f.'ieini; C.'iniiius Marliii.s, 1^74.
i860. St.'indisii, s. .s. Coni^ress, ne;ir liates. 1850, 1861.
Colbiirn, 11. s. Couyieb.s, near iJales, 1871;. Seit/., n. s. Ciriswold, near L'onj^res.s, ami on Coii-
Conant, .s. .';. Jefferson .\ve., ne;ir Cirisw (lid, 1852. K^t'ss, i86u, 1870.
Chandler, s. s. Jefferson Ave., bet, (iriswxik! :vk\ ' Stn.irt, n. e. eor. Jefferson ;ind Woodw.ird ,\\es.,
W Dodwartl Ave., 1879. 1822.
Cranaj^e, .s. e. cor. .Shelby and Lafayette Ave.. Stinison, s. \v. eor. Shelby and Woodbrid,i;e, 1868.
1878. SlK-ley, e. s. Woodw.ard .\\'e.. iie.ar *',r;itiol. 1854,
Canheld, n. s. Michii4an Ave., bet. 'I'hiril anil I'oiirih, 1871.
1866. Scott, w. s. Woodward Ave., ne.ir C.impus Marlins,
Crane, n. s. C.rand River Ave., bet. Adams Ave. ;md 1881.
lili/.abeth \V., 1861. ' Siron;;, n. w. cor. Jefferson .Ave. and Shelby, 1836.
Camp.iu, s. w. eor. C.riswold and l.arned, 1883. Schmidt, w. s. Monroe Ave., near Fanner, 1872.
Cleland, s. s. St.ite. near C.riswold, 1S81. Tele;<niph, s. e. eor. CJriswold and Coiij^ress, 1872.
Desnoyers, n. w. eor. Jefferson Ave. and Hates, 1834. * Union, s. s. Jefferson Ave., bet. Cass and First,
Uarlinir, n. w. cor. Griswold and Congress, 1855. 1849.
1876. * Waterman, s. e. cor. W'oodward Ave. and I.;irned.
Ferry, e. s. Woodward Ave., bet. State .iiul (irand '^'54.
Kiver Ave., 1 880, * Williams 1 ( )ld), s. e. cor. Jefferson Ave., and IJates,
I'isher, w. s. Woodward Ave., facing;- C.impiis M.ir- i>^3v
tins, 1860. Williams (\ew), cor. Michigan and Monroe Avcs.,
Coilfrey, \v. s. Woodw;ird .Ave., bet. St.ate and 1873.
(".rand River Ave., i860, 1871. Willis (formerly Sheldon), n. s. Jefferson Ave, bet.
liough, n. w. eor. C.riswold and Congress, 1S76. Congress and Shelby, 1838.
Hall, n. w. eor. Michigan Avenue and (Iriswold, W.ilker, s. e cor. Woodward Ave and Woodbridge,
1877- 1852.
Hopson, n. e. eor. Randolj)!! and Cnitiot, 1850. Wesson, n. vv. cor. Woodward Ave and State, 18S0.
Hodges, \v. s. Woodward Ave, near 'ninil Ri\ir
Ave., 1877. The old block which, until 1882, stood on the
Hawlcy, n. w. eor. IS.ites ;ind Wooiibridge, 1858. northwest corner of Jefferson Avenue and Shelby
Hilsendegen, s. s. .Monroe Ave., bet. Farrar and Street was origin.ally called the White Block because
Randolph, 1878. , jj ^^,^^ p.-iinted wliite ; subsequently after being
^•^Johnson, e. s. Monroe Ave, bet. Michigan Ave occupied ;is the Waverlv House, it v'vas called the
and Farmer, 1852. Waverly Block, and then Strong's Block.
1872.
,, uS7^.
(1 First,
jdbridge,
on tlic
Shulby
because
l)e'ni;
died the
Cami'au Block, S. W. corner of Cri<;\voi,ii and I,arned Strrets.
liuilt hy Daniel J. Cainpan, in i88?.
Occupied by
D. Preston & Co., Hankers.
U*^']
Commerrial National Hank.
XVl.-^O C»'l^'
liii' \i'»i'.i'UK\ A M(Miii\N llriii'iNd.
Suuthcasl comer uf Giiswulil ami l.ariKil Strci-ls. lUiilt in 1871).
I462]
Till- Cii\\. Hi.ocK.
Northrasl conKT cif Woodward A
viiiiir ami Camiui
Marl
Kriclcd by W. K. Cuyl in i860.
Till- Ck \\ \i.F- Hi 'h k.
SiMitlu'ast cornir I.afayru. Avuiiie and Shelby Street. Built by riio>. Crana^;! in 1S7S.
c ^
c
1^.
,jiiiiiiiiiil;&.;i:i,,>v;;.iiaii&iki4i!
'i> «»i=.- i--r
a
03
The Fhkuv ni'iiniNc.
NcwTiimh, [".nilicott, A Cu.'s Dry (JdocIs and Carpet Stores, 190 to joo Wd.Khvard Aveiuie, iMtweea Sialc and Grand River Streets,
Biiik by D. M. Ferry in 18711.
[465]
TilK WliSMlN Ikll.DINO.
Taylor, Woolfcnduii A: Co., Dry Goods Slorus. lUiilt hy Win. II, Wesson in 1880.
[466!
HnUSK A\n STORE NUMBER??.
467
HOUSK AXn SldRE NUMnr.RS.
Tlic first provision for numbering houses was
made on December 23, 1845. The Council tiien
piDvided that tlie houses (jn streets each side of
\\(iO(l\vard Avenue should be numbered east or
west of that avenue. The regulation did not apply
10 the streets, and there is no autlinrity for desig-
nating the streets the nselves "east" or "west."
Tiie tirst ordinance definitely providing for the num-
bering of buildings was
jxissed on February
10. 1846. On June 10,
1869, the matter was
thoroughly systema-
tized by an ordinance
which provided for
numbering the houses
ill accordance with sets
(if numbers arranged
in books by the city
surveyor and deposited
with the city clerk.
The regulations pro-
vide one number for
every twenty feet, the
lumibers alternating
from one side of the
street to the other.
On all streets running
nearly north and south,
(irat right angles to the
ri\er and jiarallel with
Woodward Avenue,
the numbers begin at
the south end of the
street, or the end ne;n--
est the river, ;ui(l nuin-
bcr towards the city
limits; and when the
streets do not extend
through to the river,
the numbers begin at
their southerly end,
near some one of the
principal avenues, —
Jefferson, Michigan,
('.rand River, or Oatiot. Going from the river,
the odd numbers, as 1. 3, 5, and 7, are on the
left hand, and the even numbers, as 2, 4, 6, and
8, on the right-hand side of the street. On all
strc'^ts east of Woodward Avenue, and running
nearly east and west, or at riglit angles with Wood-
ward Avenue and parallel with the river, the num-
bers begin at Woodward Avenue, or the end near-
est to it, and number outwards towards the city
limits, the odd numbers on the north or left-hand
side going from Woodward Avenue, and the even
Tuh Clelanu lUiLniNC, St
Built by H. A.
numbers on the soutli side of the street. On all
streets west of Woodward Avenue, and running
nearly east and west <jr at right angles with Wot)d-
ward Avenue and parallel with the river, the num-
bers begin at Woodward Avenue, or the end near-
est it, and number outwards towards the city limits;
the odd numbers being on the south or left-hand side
of the street, and the even numbers on the north
side of the street. The only exception to this
rule is in tlu' case
of Jefferson Avenue,
where the numbers be-
gin at Third Street
an;l run east, the odd
numbers being on the
north side of the street,
and on Madison Ave-
nue, where the even
numbers are on the
south side. There is
an average of about
forty numbtrs to a
block, includinv^ those
on both sides of the
street.
LIGHTING AND
HKATING.
In the long ago peo-
ple were economical
in all things; even a
spark was not need-
lessly wasted. If a fire
was needed for any
purpose, the tlint and
tire steel were brought
together, and "behold
how great a matter a
little tire kindleth."
The cricket on the
hearth never feared the
cold, for the fire was
seldom out ; like that
on vestal altars, it was
kept constantly burn-
ing; if by accident it failed, perchance the old
tlint-lo(-k was taken down, and the tow and wood
were kindled by its use.
Matches were introduced as early as 18 15. They
consisted of little sticks dipped in sulphur; with
which was supplied a small vial of oxide of phos-
phorus. The sulphur sticks, when inserted in the
phosphorus, would at once take fire. This was con-
sidered a wonderful invention. In 1829 matches
that would light upon being drawn through a pre-
pared and folded paper were first used. A few
MK NEAR OrisWOLD StRHET.
Cleland in 1S81.
468
LIGHTING AND HEATING.
years later the ordinary friction matches became
common. In 1780 wax lii^lits or tapers were used
sparinjfjy, even l)y tlie ricli. Tiiese h',v,dits wiTe often
made from the berries of the candic;berry tree or
bayberry bush, whicli usually grew near the sea.
Tile l)crries were jratliercd in the autumn, and put
into jjoilinj; water; a fatty substance exuded, which,
on lieinji; skimmed off, melted, and refmed, produced
a beautiful j;reen, transparent wax, from which can-
dles were made. They would not easily bend or
melt even in midsummer, and gave out an agreeable
■t. 1S79. On March 21. 1880, tiie \'an I)e I'oele
light was piihli<-ly shown in front of the Detroit
Opera House. In July, 1880, .several ISrush
lights were put up on trial in the warehouse of
D. M. Ferry & Co., but the light was not sys-
tematically tried until introduced by Wells W.
Lcggett, on September 13, 18S0. He obtained
his power from the engine of the Detn it Free
Press Company, and on the evening of the day
above named, lights were put in operation at
the following places: Two at the store of M.
The Mofkat rciLDiNo, S. W. cfiRNn; Fort and Griswold Sirehts.
Erected by Hugh Moffat in 1871.
odor while burning. "Tallow dips" or mold can-
dles, also sperm and lard oils, were more largely
used. In 1850 star and stearino candles were popu-
lar iliuminators, and soon after, burning fluid was
introduced. Early in 1850, and over a year before
gas was manufactured elsewhere in Detroit, H. R.
Johnson made gas for his hotel at the foot of Third
.Street, and continued to do so until the Gas Com-
pany went into operation. In the fall of 1851 gas
was first supplied by a Gas Company. In 1861
kerosene oil began to be extensively used. The
Brush electric light was publicly exhibited for the
first time in connection with a circus, on June
S. Smith, three at Steinfeld's clothing house,
two at the Russell House Uazaar, one at I'rittieV
drug store, two each at the Detroit and Whitney
Opera Houses, two at the Coliseum, one each at
Frizelle's and Stearns' drug stores, and one at the
tailor shop of Mr. Tripp. In May, 1881, a stock
company was organized in Detroit to supply the
power and lights, and on September 13, 1881, they
were supplying thirty-two lights; on September 13,
1882, one hundred and thirty; on January 1, 18S3,
two hundred and forty-five, and on January i, 1884.
three hundred and fifty. Their works are located
on the west side of Third Street, between Fort and
LIGHTING AND HEATING.
469
C oiigress Streets. Tlie prii-e cliarijccl varies from
sixteen dollars to eightoeii dollars per month per
li"lu, aceordiiij^ to the luimber of hours that a li.^lit
is required.
The I'^lisoii iiK'aiidesoent lii;ht was first intro-
duced and used in Metealf llruthers' dry goods
suire on January 27, 1883. The Excelsior Eleetric
Liirjit Company was incorjKjrated .September 7,
iH.S^.andon November i had four lij^hts in operation.
The light of the United Slates Electric Light
Company is in use in the establishment of C. R.
Mabley «Jv: Co., who own the apparatus for anil
make their own light. It was first useil on Decem-
Ikt 24, 1883.
The lighting the streets of Detroit by public
lamps was first di.scussed in 1827, and on March 13
a committee of the Common Council rejiorted in
favor of lighting Jefferson Avenue. Nothing fur-
ther was done until May 21, 1834, when a council
committee reported in favor of lighting th(; avenue
from Cass to Rand.olph .Street. They prt'sented the
following estimate : " Twenty lamixs, including posts,
at $5 ; three quarts of sperm oil per night, seventy-
five cents; total cost per year, $262.50." On Janu-
ary 2, 1835, the committee was ordered to carry
into operation the plan, and on the 29th James
Delaney was appointed lam|5lighter at $10 per
month. On February 19 forty lamps were ordered,
and soon after an ordinance in regard to public
lamps was passed ; but both lamps and ordinance
" went out " in about three months, and again dark-
ness reigned.
On March 14, 1849, the City of Detroit Gaslight
Company was incorporated. The company was
slow in its operations, and on March 8, 1851, was
re-organized under the title of the Detroit (iaslight
Company. The work was now successfully prose-
cuted, and on September 24, 1851, the streets, for
the first time, were lighted with gas. The works
were on the north side of Woodbridge Street west,
between Fifth and Sixth Streets. In 1867 new
works were erected at the foot of Twenty-tirst
Street, and gas was first supplied from there on Sep-
tember 27 of that year. In 1871 additional works
at the corner of Chene and Franklin .Streets were
completed. Up to 1881 nearly fifty miles of street
pil)e had been laid by this company. The Mutual
Gaslight Company was incorporated in 1871, and
re-organized in 1S78 as the Mutual Gas Company.
Its works are in Hamtramck, just outside of the
city. They went into operation on November 26,
1872. In 1881 the company had nearly si.xty miles
of street pipe.
The two companies engaged in a lively competi-
tion for several years, but after July, 1877, by
agreement between the companies, the Detroit Gas
Company supplied gas only to consumers on the
west of Woodward Avenue, and the Mutual only
to persons (jii the east of Woodward Avenue. The
increasing demand for gas is shown in the fact
that in 1860 the Detroit Gaslight Com|)any pro-
duced only 26,892,000 cubic feet. In 1870 the
amount produced reached 85,427,000 cubic feet,
and in 1880 the combined jiroduct of the Detroit
imd .Mutual Companies amounted to 162,775,000
cubic feet, the two companies in that year con-
suming about twelve thousand tons of coal and
live huiulred thousaiul g.illons of naphtha.
Street lamps lighted by the use of naphtha were
introduced on July 12, 1877. The l.inips were put
up and supplied under contract witii the Michigan
Gaslight Comi)any. In 1878 naphtha lamps ex-
clusively were used. On January i, 1884, there
were in use 1,929 gas lamps and 1,743 naiihtha
burners.
The expense for lighting the lamps in 1S83 was
!J!72,3oi ; they burn an average of seven hours.
On July 3, 1883, the council voted to light a por-
tion of Woodwaril and Jefferson Avenues with
tweiUy-fmir electric lights, to be sup|)cied by the
IJrush Company. In June, 1884, a contract was
made with the .same company to light the entire
city with electricity, and in July the company com-
menced the erection of seventy-two towers made of
iron tubing, the towers to be from one hundred to
one hundred and fifty feet high, the electric lights
being placed al the top.
The office of gas inspector was established by
ordinance of December 2, 1861, under the title of
"inspector of gas meters." The inspector was
appointed by the Council. A strange provision of
che ordinance was that his salary of $600 a year
was to be piikl by the gas company whose products
and apparatus he was to inspect. Under the revised
ordinances of 1863, as amended September 7, 1870,
the gas company was to pay §600 of his .salary, and
the city to supplement it with $400 more. In 1871
the lamplighters were selected by the (laslight
Company, who paid for one third of their time, the
city paying 'or the other two thirds; yet all of their
time not employed in lighting or cleaning lamps
was given to the gas company. Since the ordinance
of March 16, 1872, the title of the incumbent of
the office has been "gas inspector," and the entire
.salaries of the inspector and lamplighters are now
paid by the city. The inspector is appointed
yearly by the Council, and is charged with the
duty of testing the meters and the quality of gas
supplied. The lamplighters are selected by the
inspector. In 1883 there were twenty-two, at a
salary of $55 each per month.
The inspecors ha\i' been: 1862- 1 871, Alfred
Marsh; 1871-1875, James T. Wright ; 1875-1877,
Christian Blattmeier; 1877, Julius S. Kloppenburg;
470
LIGHTING AND HEATING.
1878, Micli.ifl (Jiiiiin; i<S79, ('H'or^a; H. MiKin- ;
18S0-1884, John Airher; 1884- , John O'RilUy.
Originally, tlic inli.'il)itaiUs of Detroit fmiiul furl
near at hand and easily |iroiure(l, exct'pt durinv; the
days of war. At the time of i'ontiac's Conspiracy
it was broniiht in boats from Belle Isle. Durinj;
the War of 1812 laborers were so few, and soldiers
so lawle.ss, that the farm fences near the town were
freely used for fuel, and in after years the (iovern-
ment paid a considerable sum for danui.iies on this
account. The earliest recortl as to stoves is found
in a letter dated Pittsburgh, September 30, 1797,
from (Quartermaster- Cieneral John Wilkins, Jr.,
others bej^an to keep small lots for sale. In 1850
P. I. Price made a specialty of the business. Tw(i
years later the lirm of Pitlman, Trowbridjje, & Jones
bewail. Since then various lirms have enjLfajjjed in
selliii'.^ coal. The amount of coal sold in Detroit
in several decades is estimated to be as follows:
betv.'ecn 1840 and 1850, an average of i,(<X) tons
yearly; between 1850 and i860, an average of
10,000 tons; between i860 and 1870, an average
of 30.000 tons, and !)etween 1870 and 1880, an
average of 80,000 tons. The use of coal for fuel
became increasingly popular with the year 1873,
the Argand stove extensively introduced that year
J. E, Pitt.man's Coai. Dock.
On River, foot of Riopelle Street. 13uilt in 1875.
to Matthew Ernest at Detroit. He says, " By boat
which went a few days ago, I sent twenty stoves
for the use of the garrison at Detroit. These will
aid in making the soldiers more comfortable and
save firewood. " During this period, and as late as
1825, stoves were obtained from Montreal, and
rented during the winter season. They hardly
came into general use until about 1830. Coal was
introduced in 1836. In the fall of this year three
coal stoves were procured by C. C. Trowbridge, —
one for himself, one for St. Paul's Church, and one
for Judge Sibley. The coal and transportation cost
eighteen dollars a ton. The use of coal was only
occasional and confined to a few persons, until 1848,
when E. W. Hudson, B. L. Webb, and one or two
affording advantages not previously possessed. So
rapid is the increased use that it is estimated that
in 1883, about 100,000 tons of anthracite and
200,000 tons of bituminous coal were sold in De-
troit, and not less than 200,000 cords of wood.
The use of steam for heating buildings was first
known in 1857. The first building fitted for the
purpose was the residence of E. A. Brush, in the
old Michigan Garden. The fittings were put in by
J. Flower & Brothers. Soon after this, steam began
to be used in the larger tanneries, and now it is used
in scores of establishments and residences. On
September 12, 1878, the Detroit Steam Supply
Company was organized, with a capital stock of
$85,000. The company supplied steam either for
LIGHTING AND HEATING.
471
power or heatini;' purposes; it w.'is j^enuralcd in a
iiirics of ten boilers of one iuiiiilrccl iiorsc-powLT
each, located on the corner of Atwaterand driswoid
Streets; four miles of iron pipes, covered with wood,
conveyed the steam throuijh v.'irious streets, and
from them it was suppiieil to customers. The com-
])any beijan to supply .steam on December 25, 1S78,
and ceased to do so on .September i, 18S4, the
profits not warranting a continuance.
Under ordinance of 1881, all steam boilers are
now sui)ject to yearly inspection, and all engineers
are re(iuired to pass an examination as to titness for
tluir position. W. J. Wray, the first city boiler
inspector, was appointed Stptember 27, 1881, for a
term of three ye.irs. During 1883 he inspected
three hundred and thirty-nine boilers. His suc-
cessor in 1884 was John Carroll.
CII APTK R L I I
COUNCIL IIOUSI'.S. — {OCkl'-IIOUSI". (Ik CAI'iroF,. CIIV IIAl.l.S.—
OI'likA IIOUSKS AMJ I'UHLIC IIAl.l.S.
couNcir. iioi'SKs.
A r (lillrniil inriods of time lliri-i' srvcnii hiiild-
iiiyjs have Ix'cii dusijjnalcd l)y llic liiii- of "Council
I JDiisr."
^'<i^^''^'r:
19 wp'yut
■73L
C'llll'l WH .',1 >M||Ji'*^»™*'^'"'*'i'-"'****T
JiTiT"^- " - - ■^'nff: -'■/■■'rJL-_i
r ^ — -.-.jc.j. .
i III) C'()i:,-.( II. Ilorsl.-.,
SiMilliwisl iiiriirr JrKcisoii Av<'Miii' iiiiil ls,iiii|iil|ih Sin it.
()ri|4iiiiil appi'iiniiu I .
Ixforc I camr, built, a^ I siipposi', l)y (lovcriioi'
I lull. It uas iiiidci.siddd t(i lie a rcsci'valiiiii, .'iiiil
was ill possession ol the olliccis of the ( ioviTiiiiiciii
liiiiv; hcloic I (anil- licir. I dnni know liow the
ri'siivalioii was in.ide, hiii ii w as iiiidiislood
to !)(• a ('lOViiiimriU ])idpiity under tin
liiilisii (ioveriiiniiU infore it heeanie tin
inopeily of the I'nited States. This was
the tradition relati\'e to these premises."
H. Woodworili lestilied ihat "the Indian
l)<|);irtnu-nt lot was treated as ;i teservalion
by the Indian hipartnient, .and w;us oeeupied
by said l>ep.irtnieni for ti n years prior to
iKiC), to my knowledj^e." The records of
the ( los'crnor and Judges ( oniain no refertnee
to the ei"eeti(Jii of liie biiildinji;, and wliiii
liie lot was surveyed i)y .Xbijah Hull, on
l'\:bruary (J, 1807, it was marked ;is belon,;;in,v;
to tile United States. At one time there w.is
in thi: city clerk's ollice an unexecuted dt ed
from the- ( io\ernor .ind Jud,i.;es to the- liiited
Slates, dated February 11, nSo;; and ,1
niemoraiiduni, without ilale, foiuid amoni;
■)f\::
t
1 1 H ft n
'I'he first, a larj^e woikKmi buildiiiv^ with
arched ceilinvjs, was near the livi'r, on the
cast side of the alley known in e.irly days
i)oili .is St. AiUnine .Street and Campaii
Alley. It w.is burned in the tire of 1H05.
The second stood on the southwest <or-
ner of Jefferson /\\'eiuie and Randolph
.Street. 'I'he tollowini^ f.icts make it e\i(k'iil
that tin- building w.is .1 relic of liriiish oe-
eupation: In 1.S51 the I'.irmers and .Met h.an-
ies' U.ink tiled .a bill in eh.uKery a,L;ainst the
city and others to recover the value of "the
Indian blacksmith and c.upenter's shop lot."
Till' lot had also been oei upied by Wood-
worth's Hotel, .111(1 w.is iinmeiliatily in the
re.ir of the Council House. Durini,' the trial
(lovernor Cass teslilied as follows: " I un-
derstood lh.it the Hriiish Ciovernmeiit had
some Indian Department Huildinns on .s.iid prini- the ("lOvernor and Judjjjes' papers, apparently written
ises. The Council House was on these premises about the time the deed was dated, says : "Lot 12,
CoCNlll. IIOCSI', ,\s 1.:M .\KOKlJ.
couNcii, iiousi:s.
473
.s(i tion 4, is Iniilt on as Council I louse." Thi' build-
JDH was txTtainly in cxislcini- as early as May 4,
iSo/, forold court records show thai the Disiriit
(iiiiit, for tilt! District of Huron and Detroit, met
in it on tlial dale. An ollicial (irder from James
May, adjiilant-)^enera! of llie 'lerrilory, dated Au-
);iisl 11, iiS()7, malscs several refeniices to the hnild-
iiiy(; and a military order in possession of tiie liis-
tiirieal Society, dated Decemher 15, 1807, .says, "His
I'.xi'eiieney, tln' Connnandcr-in-Chief, liavini; ohli),'-
iiiv^ly Xiveti lip tlie Indian t'oinii ii House, yon will
have to tit it up for the iniliti.i as the Major Com-
nandanl may direct." The .same manuscript .speaks
on Fort Street. In 1827 it fxeaine the property i>f
the rity. In Sepleniher i»f di.it ye.\r it was dec ided
to open l''ort Street from Woodward Avenue to the
1.,'ass l';irni, ;ind this iiecessil.ited the moving of the
hiiildini,'. Tlu: First I'rolest.mt .Soi ieiy olfend to
^ive it room in the rear of their church on the north-
east corner of Woodw.ard Avenue and I.arned
Street, provided they could have occasional use of
it. Their terms were anipted, .md <jn September
(), iKj7,theCoiin( il .ippointcd a committee to siiper-
inlend its removal and rci>.iir; on ( )clol)er 19, 1827,
Ue ("larmo Jones w.is p.iid tifiy ilollars for movinjf
the buildinj;. In the spring; of 1833, after the First
'I'liK Ooi'ur lloi'sK i)K C'aiudi..
di" providini,' materials " for piittinjj the Indian Coun-
cil House in a propi'r situation for the ,iccommod;i-
lion of troops." The house was built of stone, and
was originally but one story iiii;h. In 1S36 or 1827
the .Masonic Order w'as allowed to add anotlier
siory, ni.ide of bo.irds with split lath .and pl.aster on
(uilsidc, .ind to use it for their meetiniis. The lower
room would .accommod.ite .about two hundred |ier-
sons. Itw.asiiscd for .almost every purpose ; courts,
fairs, and elections were held in it, and ri'liijious and
piiliiic-il societies used it in turn. The Indian De-
partment occupied .1 portion as late as 1831. It was
burned in 1848.
'I'lie liistory of the third Council House is cert.iinly
a movinif one. It was ori,i,nn;illy called Milit.iry
Hall, and occupied part of the old cantonment
I'rotestant Society built their brick session room on
Woodw.ird Avenue, they had no furtlier use for the
buildin.ij. and on June 5 the Council j;.ive the First
M. K. Church permission to move it to the rear of
their lot, on northeast corner of Woodward Avenue
and Conj^ress Street. In its new location, as on F.ir-
ned .Street, it vvasoccupieil by the Comm ' Council,
.and ^.liiied the name of Council I louse. Arter tarry-
in^r on C(jni;ress Street for si.x years, on July 9, 1839,
the Council ij.ave the buildinjf to the colored M. K.
Church, and they moved it to Croijh.in Street near the
northwest corner of Hastinjjs Street. In 1841 it
was moved to the north side of F"ort Street, between
Ikush and Ik-aubien Streets. Here it was used as
a Methodist Church, and about 1848, after the
society had buik a brick church, it was torn down,
474
TIIL CUUKT HOUSE OK CAl'lTOL.
Tin; (Ol HI IIOUSK OR CAI'llUI,.
" Kur nil, ill Milil.iry pricli',
Uoiicly uMilit lliir ;ia>(ur<''t ivjilc,
riir I'lriitiirial Coiiit lli>ii'« >Iim>(|
In bold ii'lii ( agaiiisl tlic svuuil,
lliliiiul, friiiii li<inr->.lriwiil plains, arose
A noisy crowd of larrion ( rows,
l)isturl>iiiv: liy tlx'ir riamoroiis laws
'I'how hIii. JMitli niadi' and dialt the law»."
— Camtubll,
After tlic lire of
1805, an Act nf
Coni^Tcss of April
2i,i8o6,;uitli()ri/,c'(l
the laying out of a
new town of De-
troit and of ten
tlioiisaiul acres ad-
joining,'. 'I'lie Act
yave tile (Governor
and Judires i)ower
to dispose of tlie
ten thousand acres,
and such portion of
the town lots as
were not needed to
satisfy the claims of
inhabitants, and to
devote the pro-
ceeds towards
building a Court
House and a Jail.
On September 13,
1806, the (lovernor
and J udges decided
that the Court
House should be
built in the center
of the Grand Cir-
cus, and on No-
vember 3 following
$20,000 were ap
propriated for
erection,
years pa?
without ' .c-
tion, and u.^n, by
Law of November
7, 181 5, the Act lo-
cating it on the
Grand Circus was
repealed, and it
was decided to lo-
cate it at the head
of Griswold Street.
Nearly nine more
years elapsed, and
then plans were solicited. \''arious drawings were
submitted ; that made by Obed Wait was accepted.
and he was eventually paid ^Ooo fcjr sui)criiueniliiij^
the erection of the building, Mr. Wait's estimate
of' the cost was $ii,25o.c/;, but on May 31, 1X23,
U. C. McKinstry offcrcil to build it for $7,000.
There must have been a mistake somewhere, for on
July 25, 1823. the Governor and Judges contracted
with I). C. McKinstry, Tliomas Palmer, and Di
Garmo Jones to erect it for $21,000. The bill for
extras footed up
$3,500 additional.
The terms of this
singular coiitrai L
were as follows:
The contractors
were to have 6,500
aiul 92-iuo acics
of the Ten Thou-
sanil Acre 'I'racl
atS2.i2;i per acre,
and one hundred
and forty-four city
lots, named in a
schedule, at an
average price of
$50 per lot. In ad-
dition to erecting
the building they
were to pay the
creditors of the
Detroit Fund, with-
in three )eais.
$12,000, and to
havi' §3,000 of ilic
debts due .said fiini I.
The building was
to be completed
before Decembei
I, 1824. The cor-
ner stone was laid
in ancient masonic
form on Monday,
Sci)t ember 22,
1823, by the mem-
bers of Zion, De-
troit, and Oakland
Lodges. The Ma-
sons met at their
hall at eleven
o'clock, and pro-
ceeded in proces-
sion to the place;
at 12 M.William A.
Fletcher delivered
the address, and at
the conclusion a
bountiful dinner was provided at the expense of
D. C. McKinstry.
THK COURT HOUSK OR CAPITOL.— CITY MALLS.
475
cr 22,
ic niciu-
lon, Df-
Oakland
Tlic Ma-
at their
t'lcvcii
ul pro-
proees-
place ;
iliain A.
Jelivcred
s, and at
usion a
lense of
111 those d.'iys the crfM-tion of so larj^'c ,1 liiiildiiij,;
was ati extensive enterprise. The tiiiishiniii con-
Muned several years, ami no p.irt was oniii)ie(i
until M.iy 5. 1S28, wlu'ci the Legislative Countil met
liir the lirst time within its walls. In his ()|)eninj;
•iddress at that time the president of the Council
said, " Permit me, jj^entlemen, to con.^'ratui.iti' yon
on the honor that is conferred on tis in Inini; the
lirst to occupy this splendid hall as a le,v;isi;itive
ixiily, and may tlie l.iws we here enact hi' .is credit-
ahle to us ;is this noble editice is to its projector and
its .architect."
In order to aid the contractors who built the Jail,
.*is well .as those wlio built the Court House, the
Ciuvernor.'ind Judges, betwei-n tlie years of iSiyand
1826, issued scrip to the amount of §22,50x3, in sums
of S2.00, $3.00, S5.00, S 1 0.00, and S20.00, recciv-
,ii)ie in p.iyments for lands, or redeemable out of
moneys received from sale of lands. The lands
were sold at such low prices that, on June 23, 1828,
the Council were imi)elled to jj.ass ;m Act jjju.'ir.antee-
inij the scrip issued by the (iovernor and Jud,v;es,
and pledjjfinif the faith of the Territory to make ,;(ood
.my deficiency arising from sale of the l.inds ; the
s,inie act authorized the (Governor and Judges tt)
accept the Capitol. The building was s»i.\ty by
ninety feet in size, and the cupola, one hundred antl
forty feet high, was a favorite place from which to
vii^w the city. In 1847 it w.as decided to remove the
State Capitol to L.ansing, ,ind the Last session of the
Legislature held in the building closed on March 17
of that year. For the subsequent history of the
building, see chapter on Board of Education.
CITY HAI,LS.
The old City Hall, size fifty feet by one hundred
feet, was located just east of Woodward Avenue, in
tile mickiie of Michigan (inipl Avenue; the history
of its erection is as follows : On December 21, 1833,
a committee of the Council was appointed to select
a site for a Market and City Hall. It was thought
tiiat Michigan Avenue would be selected, and on
December 27 a meeting of citizens o|)posed to
tiiat location, was held, but on the same d.iv the
committee of the Common Council reported in
favor of the site named. On January 3, 1834, C. C
Trowbridge and Henry How.ard were appointed ;i
lonimittee to jirocure a design. On M.ircli 19,
1834. a plan was jiresented by Mr. White, and on
April 10 following a contract was entered into with
John .Scott to erect the building for $11,449, one
fourth payable in advance. The lime used in its
crecticn was burned on the Campus Ma'tius, and
the building \\"is completed and first occupied on
November 18, 1835. It cost $14,747, this sum
representing the visible jirocrcd.^ of the lots sold by
tlie city on the Military Reserve. The lower p-
up to the spring of 1856, w.as oc<-upied by stalls for
the sale of meat ; it w.as then fitted up for lity oKices,
.1 s.ifety v.'iult being added in 1863. The city clerk
and collector had their ollices in the second story.'
The council-room in the up|)er, story of the old
City Hall was used for ..arious public" entertain-
ments, and w.as at o:ie time rented continuously for
weeks .as a theatre. Courts held their sessions tlvere,
and several religious bodies, at dilferent times, h.id
the use of it. Originally of a brick color, the build-
ing w.as .ifterw.irds p.iinted a slate color. After the
comiiletion of the new City Hall, it w.as formally
vacated by the Common Council on July 18, i87r.
It w.as .afterwards given to the Hoard of I'duc.ation,
to be fitted up for the public library, but they sur-
rendered it on receiving the site in Center I'.ark.
It w.as fin.ally sold for $1,025, .and torn down in
November, 1872.
The new City Hall has prcjbably no superior
among the municipal h.alls of the country ; both
the building and its site command universal .admir-
ation, and are in every way well ail.apted for the
convenience of the people and the ollicials. The
grounds embrace an entire square, bounded east
and west by Woodward Avenue and Criswold
Street, .and north and south by Michigan Avenue
and Fort Street.
A portion of the square was purchased by the
city in 1854 for Si 8,000. Five years later, on .Sep-
tember 30, 1859, a ciii/.ens' meeti ig voted $250,0(X)
tow.irds the erection of the building, and on No-
vember 1 5 a committee on plans was appointed,
consisting of C. H. lUihl, mayor; H. L. Webb,
comptroller; J. Shearer, J. S. Farrand, and E. Le
Favour. On M.arch 6, i860, so much of the soiiare
as formed part of the Campus Martius was set
apart by the city as a portion of the site. On April
23, 1861, the committee on plans reported in favor
of designs submitted by James Anderson.
The w.ar with the South delayed the erection of
the building, .and nothing further was done until
August 28, 1866. A contract was then made with
Ch.arles Stange to build the basement for $58,625.
On April 23. 1867. A. W. Copland, W. H. Langley,
and J. W. Waterman were appointed a committee
to go East and insjiect methods of heating. On
M.ay 21, 1867, A. Chapoton was appointed superin-
tendent of construction, and on November 26 of
the same year the comptroller was directed to
advertise for proposals for completing the building.
1 In 1857 the oftices of the m.iyor, sewer commissioners, sur-
veyor, and assessor were in the old seminary buildinK on the site
of the new City Hall. The growth of the city business required
still more office room, and in 1866, and up to the completion of
the new City Hall, the ofTices of the city surveyor, lioard of
sewer commissioners, and some other city officers, were located
in the Williams lilock on Monroe Avenue.
476
CITY HALLS.
On February 13, 186S, the bid of X. Osborne iv
Son, of Rochester, N. V., for 8339,578, was aceeptctl.
Five (lays later they reportetl to the Council tiiat, by
an error in the footiniis, $60,000 was omitted from
the total of their bid, and tiiat, althout^li the next
lowest bid was $469,500, tiiey would do the work
for $379,578, or $20,000 less than the sum they
originally intended for their bid. In accordance
Auditors, subject to a|)|iroval of the Common Council
and Board of Supervisors, under whicii the count\
was to pay $12,000 a year, quarterly, in advance,
for I'lfteen years, the county to tit uj) its own rooms,
except that the city was tcj pay part of the expense
of titlinir up the Circuit Court room. The aijrce-
ment was accejited, and city and county officers
occupy the building. In 1883 the county obtained
Oi.i) CiTv Hali. anu Surroundings in 1862.
with their proposition, a contract was made the fol-
lowing day.
On August 6, 1 868, the corner-stone was laid
with imposing ceremonies ; an address was made by
C. I. Walker.
The original contract called for a plain fl.'it roof,
but the Council decided in May to have a mansard
roof, at an additional cost of $3,500.
It was expected that the county ofTices would be
located in the building, and a special committee of
the Common Council was appointed to decide upon
the rooms to be occupied by them and the price to
be paid by the county. On March i. 1870, the
committee reported an agreement with the Board of
a new lease and considerable more room than they
had previously occupied.
On June 20, 1S71, the last p.aymcnt was m.adc to
the contractors, and the city took form.il ])osscssi<)n.
On July 4 the building was formally o|ienc(l, the
occasion being celebrated by a procession, spcerlios,
etc., and on July 18 the City Council held its lirst
session in the new council chamber.
The building is on the western half of the square.
It has four fronts, but the principal entrance is on
Woodward Avenue. It is two hundred and four
feet long from north to south and ninety feet wide.
The first story ^is thirteen feet high, the second
eighteen,''and • tfie third twetity-nne ; the height of
mm
OPERA HOUSES AND I'UI'.LIC HALLS.
477
made to
issi'ssion.
MK'd, the
■;peeel)es,
its lirsl
e square,
ce is on
mil four
'et wide,
second
cinjln of
1 ■ l)uildinu; to the eornice is sixty-six feet, and to
; ,) of llaj,'-staff two Imiuh'od feet. Tiic style is
I; iliau, with a mansard roof. The wails are of
A nherst sandstone, from near Cleveland. The
iMildin,^' is intended to he lire-proof. The hails
liavc m.irliie lloors, and the main lloors rest on
l)iiel< .'irehcs, suppc 'ted by iron beams. The total
I ist of the buildintj --as $600,000, and the square
(il i.uid on wiiieii it st.mds is worth as mueli mo''e.
( *ii tiie several eorniees of the first .section of the
tower are stone fij^nires, eacli fourteen feet hii^h,
n presentinu^ Justice. Industry, Art, and Commerce.
The nimiber of stejis to the top is : from sidewalk
to entr.mce door, 13; to stairway, 67 ; to the clock.
143; to the lop
of the tower,
213. From the
tower, which is
reached by iron
st.iirways, a mai.;-
iiiliecnt view is af-
forded. The usual-
ly clean streets
look cleaner still
ill the distance;
the groves of
sliatle - trees, the
elei;ant residences,
the river and its
siiipping, the Can-
adian shore and
Belle Isle, all unite
to form a panorama
not often e.xcelled.
The weight of the
i)eli in the tower
is 7,670 pounds,
ami it cost $2,782.
Tile clock is the
largest in the
United States, and
tiiere is but one larger in the world ; it cost
$2,850, and was set running on July 4, 1871.
The pendulum weighs one hundred and twenty-five
pounds. The striking part is wound once in eight
days, and the running part every thirty days. The
weights have a fall of one hundred and twenty feet.
The clocK has four dials, each eight feet three inches
in diameter. In the evening the dials are illumi-
n.ited, and the figures can be plainly .seen. The
contract for keeping it in order is awarded yearly.
On either side of the eastern portico is an old
r;,nnon. These cannon originally belonged to the
tleet of Commodore Barclay, and were captured at
the battle of Lake Erie on September 10, 18 13.
After the battle the fleet was taken to Erie, I'enn.
When that station was abandoned as a naval dcpik
Thb CiTV Haul.
by the (iovernment, the guns were ordered removed
to Detroit. Here they were placed on the (lovern-
meiit Wharf, between Wayne and Cass Streets.
Several years later the wh.'irf and these guns were
purchased by Oliver Newberry. The guns were' set
in the ground, and for a long time, as occasion
required, ves.sels were fastened to them. One of
the cannon eventu;illy came into possession of a
foundry, and was about to be broken up, when a
subscrijition of one hundred dollars was raised for
its purchase, and on April 12, 1872, it was presented
to the city. On May 17 following, its male was
presented by Messrs. Moore, Foote, & Co., and on
July 4, 1874, both guns were mounted in their
present position,
and addresses
appropri.ite to the
o c c ;i s i < ) n deliv-
ered.
A presentation
of siill greater his-
toric interest was
made in August.
1884. One of our
oldest citizens, Hela
Hubbard, h;iving
caused .statues of
Cadill.ic, La .Salle,
and Fathers Mar-
quette .'uul Richard
to be ]ire]iared by
Julius Melchers,
presenteil them
to tiie city, and
had llieni pi.iced
in the niches pro-
vided for statues
on the east and
west fronts of the
building. T h e
statues cost several
thousand dollars, and are worthy of the building
.and the donor.
OPF.RA HOU.SF.S AND PUHI.IC HALLS.
In olden times the Indian Council House, near
the river and east of (iriswold Street, was in requi-
sition for balls and other entertainments. After the
fire of 1805 the Council House, on the corner of
Jefferson Avenue and Randolph Street, became the
place where public meetings of every sort were
held. Woodworth's Hotel was also a favorite meet-
ing place.
In the spring of 1833 the Presbyterian Session
Room was completed. It was a small brick build-
ing on the east side of Woodward Avenue, in the
4/8
Ol'KRA HOUSES AND PUBLIC HALLS.
center of llic block between Cdiij^^ress and Larned
Streets. It was a favorite Jerture antl deljatint;' liall ;
and, up to 1850, all the public exercises of the then
Arbeiter Hall.
very popular Younsj Men's Society took
place within its walls.
The State Capitol was also used for
lectures and exhibitions of various kinds.
Young Men's Hall, on the north side
of Jefferson Avenue, between Bates and
Randolph Streets, was dedicated Novem-
ber 27, 1850. It seated about 500 people,
and was the wonder and pride of the
city for many years.
Firemen's Hall, located on the south-
west corner of Jefferson Avenue and
Randolph Street, was opened (Jctober 23,
185 1. It seated nearly 1,000, and was
deemed exceedingly desirable for concerts.
Merrill Hall, in the Merrill ISlock, on
northeast corner of Jefferson and Wood-
ward Avenues, was the next hall used
for public entertainments. It was opened
November i, 1S59, and, with the gallery,
will seat 1,000 persons.
Young Men's Hall, in the Biddle House
Block, was first used November 21, 1S61.
It seated 1,500, and for many years was
a popular place of resort. Since 1875 it
has been but little used for lectures.
Arbeiter Hall, owned by the German
AVorkingmen's Aid Society, located on the
northwest corner of Catherine and Russell
Streets, seats 1,300; it is chiefly used
by German citizens. It was opened May 17,
1868.
St. Andrew's Hall, formerly the Woodward Ave-
nue M. K. Church, was lUted up ;is a public hall,
and t"irst used as such by the .St. Andrew's .Society
in 1867. The building was torn down in April, 1883.
The Detroit Opera House, facing the Campus
Martins, was opened March 29, 1S69. It is ele-
gantly fitted up, and seats i ,800.
Whitney's Grand Opera House, on northwest
corner of .Shelby and Fort .Streets, seats 1,400, and
was first used September 13, 1875.
The large and imjiosing building of the Ilarmo-
nie .Society is located on the southwest c<jrncr of
Lafayette and ISeaubicn Streets; it seats 1,300, and
was dedicated November 11, 1S75.
The Gynmasium, Hall and Rooms of the Detroit
Young Men's Christian Association were formerly
located on west side of l'"armer .Street, between
Monroe and Gratiot Avenues. The building was
dedicated February 14, 1876, and the hall, with the
rooms opening into it, would scat 800 persons.
In 1882 the Association sokl the property to the
Detroit Medical College.
Coyl's Hall, facing the Campus Martins and ad-
joining the Detroit Opera House, was built in i860.
Detroit Opera Hot'SE.
Clothing Stores of J. I.. Hudson, 2 and 3 Opeka House Hlock.
and could accommodate 600 persons. It is chiefly
used for business purposes.
Masonic liall, on north side of Jefferson Avenue,
OI'ERA HOUSES AND PUBLIC HALLS.
479
I
B
j
fe
■
rsi.ocK.
cliiefly
ivenue,
bL-twcen Cjrisvvokl and
June 24, 1857.
(]o()d Templars'
Hall is on north-
cast corner of
Woodward Avenue
and Grand River
Street. Kittelber-
i;cr's ILiU is on
Randolph Street near
Monroe Avenue.
I'unke's Hall was on
south side of Ma-
comb near Ueaubien
Street. It has been
used as a dwelling
for many years,
liarns' Hall, in the
liarns Block, corner
(if Woodward and
(irand River Ave-
nues, was llrst fitted
up as a hall by the
Red Ribbon Club,
and dedicated on
June 10, 1879, as
i-leform Hall. After
the disbanding of
the club it took its
name from the
block in which it is
located.
While's C.rand
Theatre, fc^rmerly
Music Hall, facing
i\aniliil[)h Street,
and between Cro-
jjhan and Lafay-
ette Streets, was
erected in 1880,
and opened as
Music Hall on
.\u,v;ust 31 of
that year; it seated
Shelby Streets, was dedicated
Whitney's Opera House.
FoRMEK Music Hall, now Whmk's Gkanu Theatre.
3,000, and was nuich the largest hall in the city. In
the sunuiier of 1S83 it was arranged iov a theatre.
Under the provi-
sions of State Laws,
approved May 24,
1S79, and March 18,
1 88 1, requiring the
mayor to ajipoint
three building in-
spectors, the Council,
by ordinance of Au-
gust 18, 1882, provid-
ed for their appoint-
ment, with power
to inspect all build-
ings or platforms
erected, or to be
used for public gatii-
erings, and to decide
on the safety of all
such structures. In-
spections are made
at the request of
owners, agents, or
lessees, or of any
member of the Me-
trojiolitan Police, and
are certified to if sat-
isfactory. For such
services the com-
missioners are paid
at the rate of $3.00
per day by owners
or agents. The
first commission-
ers, appointed Feb-
ruary 10, 1 882, were
P. H. McWilliams,
Geo. D.Mason, and
Henry Spitzley.
On November 2,
1883. Mr. Mason
was succeeded by
,F. W. Simpson.
CHAPTER L I I I .
OLD TAVERNS AND NKW HOTELS.
Ir is not proposed in this article to include the
minor establishments, but only the older or more
important public houses, and in these the chanj^es
have been numerous, making it evident that few
persons " know enough to keep a hotel."
After the city came under American control, and
as early as 1805, the Dodemead House, near the
southeast corner of Jefferson Avenue and Siielby
Street, was one of ihe best-known taverns. At the
same lime, and until 1827 or later, Colonel Richard
known characters of that time. He came to Detroit
in 1806, and as early as May, 1812, was keeping a
hotel on the northwest corner of Wootlbridge and
Randolph Streets. In 1818 he built a new house
on the same site, and opened it in March, i8iy.
This house was the chief headquarters for passen-
gers by vessel and steamboat, and in it the various
stage lines had their offices. The " long room " was
in almost constant recjuisition for fairs and public
meetings, and for many years no public dinner was
WoODWOKTh's STBAMnOAT HoTEL.
Smyth was keeping Smyth's Hotel, called, in 1823,
the Sagina Hotel, and subsequently the Michigan
Hotel. It was on the west side of Woodward Ave-
nue, between Jefferson Avenue and Woodbridge
Street. From 1830 to 1834 it was kept by Jolm
IJrunson.
The most noted caravansary was Woodworth's
Steamboat Hotel. The landlord, famili.irly known
as " Uncle Hen," was a brother of the author of
"The Old Oaken Bucket," and one of the best-
all that it should be unless given at this noted resort.
In the spring of 1844 the house was purchased by
Milton IJarney, and on May 9, 1848, it was burned.
The same fire destroyed the Wales I lotel in tht
adjacent block, on the south .side of Jefferson Ave-
nue, just east of Randolph Street. The buildin.i;
which formed the nucleus of that hotel was erected
by Oovernor Hull in 1807. In February, 1835, it
was fitted up for a hotel, and in May following was
opened by John Griswold as " The American." He
OLD TAVERNS AND NKVV HOTELS.
4^1
\s,is soon succeeded by Mr. I'ratt, and in May, 1838,
I'l Uy & Hawley were proprietors. Tiiey were suc-
ceeded by Colonel Dibble, and he by Austin Wales.
During; 1840 Simon Huri< and S. K. Ilarrini; ofli-
ci.iled as landlords. In May, 1841, tliey were suc-
ceeded by H. A. Chase and Joshua \'an Anden,
from Rochester, N. Y. In September, 1S41, or
tarlier. Mr. Cliase retired. Mr. \'an Anden con-
tinued until August, 1845, when the house was ex-
t( nsively retitted, and opened on January i, 1846,
as Wales' Hotel, by Austin Wales and his two
sons. They were proprietors of the house when
it was burned. Harriet Martineau, who visited
Detroit in June, 1836, in her "Society in America,"
gi\ es this account of her stay at this house :
tractive appearance. The hotel contained thirty
bedrooms; it had a frontage of seventy feet, and
was two hundred feet deep, extending through to
Lamed Street. It was torn down about 1836.
In 1817, and for some years after, John I'almer
was keeping a hotel on the south side of Jefferson
Avenue, between Bates and Randolph Streets.
About 1828 John Garrison built and kept a house
called the "Yankee IJoarding House," on the east
side of Bates Street, between Jefferson Avenue and
Earned Street. He was succeeded by Mr. Wattles.
In 1 83 1 the house changed hands, Mr. Sherward
becoming proprietor. Mr. Williams followed Mr.
Sherward, and kept the house until 1833. D. Petty
succeeded him, and changed the name of the house
\\\i rciichcd the American just in
tJMU' fur hrcakfust At that lung
table 1 had the pleasure of seeing
the healthiest set of faces I had be-
hi Id since I lift Kngland. 'I'he
breakfast was excellent, and we were
sirvtd with much consideration ; but
tin- pi. ice was so full, and llu; accor^v
inodations of l)etroit are so insi.li'i-
cient for the influx of people who
are betaking thems''vi,s tbiUi<r, that
stran.i;ers must ))i,-i illy put up with
much dilay and iueonvenii.':i', till
new houses of entertai[iinent are
opened. We had to wait till near one
o'clock before any of us could have
a room in which to dress.
Another noted hostelry of
tile past, known as the Man-
sion I louse, was located near
what is now the northwest
corner of Jefferson Avenue
ami Cass Street. The build-
ing had a varied history.
Erected by James May after
the fire of 1805, from the
remains of the old stone •
chimneys, it was successively
a residence, jail, court-house, the British quarters,
again a residence, and finally a hotel. Originally it
was a story and a half high. From 1815 to 1824 it
was kept by Major Whi|)ple, an old captain in
(ieneral Wayne's army. He was succeeded by John
lirunson, who kept it until 1827, when it was pur-
chased by John E. Schwartz, who raised it, greatly
enlarged it on both sides, and l)iiilt a verandah in
fnintand on the western side. He opened it as a
hotel on Thursday, May 3, 1827. In July, 1829,
Isaac J. Ullman was proprietor. In 1830 the house
was .sold to Colonel Andrew Mack, and on May 24
fiirmaliy opened by him. Three years after it was
cliised as a hotel. As seen from the river, the house
and its surroundings presented a homelike and at-
The Mansion HotisE.
to tlie New York and City Hotel. Soon after this
Mr. Anderson took charge, and was followed by
Horace Heath. In 1837, or earlier, Orson and Valen-
tine Eddy succeeded Mr. Heath. Mr. Eddy died in
1838, and the house remained closed until 1840.
We now turn back to 1835 or 1836, when Russell
Chase rented of Mrs. McMillan a house which he
called the P>anklin House, on the southwest corner
of Bates and Earned Streets. In the spring of 1837
J. C. Warner became the projirietor, and kept it
until 1840. He then purchased of John I.argy the
old New York and City Hotel, and named it the
Franklin House. From 1840 to 1845, liinior was
sold here, as at other houses, but after that date no
bar was kept on the premises. In 1846 S.Finney
482
OLD TAVKRNS AND NEW HOTELS.
succeeded J. C. Warner, and kept the house five
years. After 1846 the name of llie house was
chanjjed from Franklin to Franklin Coldwater
House, and J. C.Warner again became the landlord.
He continued in charge until the summer of 1854,
when he erecteil and took charge of a new brick
hotel called the Franklin House, on the southeast
corner of Bates and Lamed Streets; on October
I, 1856, he leased it to John R. Tibbetts, who kept
it until December i, 1S65. Messrs. Winn^: Emery
then became proprietors. From 1866 to September,
1869, A. H. Emery managed it alone. He was suc-
ceeded by Charles Ruhl, who remained until May i,
1876, and was followed by A. Montgomery. On
July I, 1879, Messrs. Montgomery & Peoples be-
came proprietors. In September, 1880, they sold
thei- interest to Messrs. Andrew & J. C. Warner.
Soon after the management was assumed by War-
ner & James, and on December i, 1881, C. P'riedman
became manager.
The Eagle Hotel,
on the south side
of Woodbridge
Street, near Gris-
wold, was erected
about 1830 by Al-
exander Campbell.
In 1837 Horace
Heath, the pro-
prietor, was a zeal-
ous advocate of the
cause of the patriots
during the Patriot
War. In April,
1838, the house was
purchased by Wil-
liam Shaw, and in
November of the
same year by
Messrs. Crawford &
Murray. In 1845 '
B. B. Davis was the landlord. B. S. Farnsworth
bought the building in 1853, and kept it as a hotel
for ten years. He was succeeded by W. Hickey,
who kept it two years, after which it ceased to be
used as a hotel, and on April 13, 1866, it was
burned.
In 1832, and for at least five years after, Thomas
Cliff kept a tavern on the west side of Woodward
Avenue, just above Clifford Street. He was suc-
ceeded by Mr. Busby, and in 1840 Mr. Turk was
keeping the house.
The New York and Ohio House, made memor-
able by the great fire of January i, 1842, which
originated in or near it, was in existence as early as
1834. J. & L. Ward were the proprietors until
1837, when it was purchased by T. G. Hadley. In
The National Hoiei. in 1846.
Deccmhir, 1838, he .sold to William Shaw, wIim
was occupying the hotel at the time the entire bloi ::
in which it stood was burned.
Of the leading hotels of the present day, tl..
Michigan Exchange is a few months the ddest. Ii
was opened on June 27, 1S35, by E. A. Wales. In
1837 it was nianaged by Au.stin Wales. Soon aftn-
it was sold to O. 15. Dibble, who, in 1846, sold ii
to Mr. Goodnow, and he to Edward Lyon, who
openeil it on January i, 1847. In ifJji H. A. Bar-
stow was associated with Mr. Lyon in its managi-
ment, under the tlrm name of II. A. Barstow \
Co. In 1852 the firm name was Fellers & Benja-
min. In 1835 a five-story addition was built, with
one hundred feet front on Shelby Street by one
hundred on Woodbridge Street, and this year Lyon
& liarstow were managers, followed in 1859 by
Fellers, Barstow, & Benjamin. In 1868 an enlarge-
ment was made on Jefferson Avenue by the then
proprietors, E. & F. Lyon. From 1874 to 1879
H. Porter was as-
sociated with Ed-
ward Lyon, <-'.ftcr
which the hotel was
conducted by Mr,
Lyon until May 1,
1 88 1, when he re-
tired, and was suc-
ceeded by J. 1).
Lyon and W. J.
Ferguson. In May,
1882, Mr. Lyon re-
tired, and Mr. Fer-
guson became sole
proprietor.
The Russell House
inherited the site
and the business of
the old Niitional.
The last-named
house was opened
on December i, 1836, with S. K. Harnng as
proprietor. In April, 1838, Austin Wales was
manager. In April, 1840, it was newly furnished
and opened by Edward Lyon. He was suc-
ceeded on January i, 1847, by H. D. Garrison,
who soon gave place to H. A. Barstow, and under
his management, in September, 1847, the hotel was
enlarged by a brick addition of thirty-five feet, by
seventy-five on Woodward Avenue. In April,
1 85 1, the house was closed for the purpose of beinu
rebuilt and improved. The wooden portion on
Michigan Avenue was moved away, and in 185:
a practically new hotel was opened by Fellers \
Benjamin. In 1857, William Hale bought the prop-
erty, enlarged and improved the hotel, and on Sep-
tember 28 it was opened as the Russell House by
OLD TAVERNS AND NEW HOTELS.
48.
W. 11. Russell, with William J. Cliitlcndcii as chief
iliik. (Jii December i, 1861. Mr. Russell was suc-
ctL(led by L. T. Minor, Mr. Chilleiulen continuing
as clerk. In 1863 H. P. Slevens was proprietor.
The next year W. J. Chittenden antl C. S. Witbeck
entered into a partnership as proprietors of the
house. In 1875 a larije addition was made on the
.soutiu-rly end of the Woodward Avenue front, and
a similar enlargement in 1876 on the Michigan Ave-
nue side. The same year L. A. McCreary became
associate proprietor. In 1881 Mr. Witbeck died,
and in that year the central portion of the lujtel was
turn down and a new building was erected, and first
present Detroit Opera House. The original build-
ing was moved from thejones Farm by Mr. Hallaril,
and opened as a hotel 1838. In 1840 it was kept
by I'atrick & Andrews. An advertisement in 1844
announced that they would carry passengers to and
from their hotel and give them a dinner for twenty-
live cents. After one year Mr. I'atrick retired.
Mr. Andrews continued the hotel until 1861, when
the pro[HTty was sold to J. F. Antisdel & Brother,
and in i • to Dr. 1'.. M. Clark ; the house was
then torii wn.
A hold bearing the name Mansion House, on the
west side of Griswuld Street near Atwater, was
isell House
the site
)usiness of
National.
ast-named
as opened
arring as
ales was
furnished
was suc-
Garrison.
nd under
lotel was
e feet, by
In April,
of beini;
rtion on
in 185:
'ellers \
the prop-
1 on Sep-
ouse bv
RcssELL House,
Corner Michigan Grand and Woodward Avenues.
used in March, 1882. His Royal Highness the
Prince of Wales, the Grand Duke Alexis of I^ussia,
L.uly Jane Franklin, and Miss Elizabeth Dix, the
jfreat philanthropist, have been guests at the Russell.
The St. Joseph House, kept by Amos Lewis, on
the corner of Bates and Woodbridge Streets, was
hurned April 27, 1837.
The Detroit Cottage, kept by O. Field, was of
some note from 1837 to 1840. It had been the
I.arned residence, and was near the southwest cor-
ner of Woodward Avenue and Larned Street.
Andrews' Railroad Hotel occupied the site of the
built and conducted by J. Hanmer, as early as 1837.
On February 16, 1840, it was partially destroyed by
fire. After being repaired it was kept by B. S.
Farnsworth. In March, 1849, John Moore became
landlord, remaining until 1852. Since then it has
frequently changed proprietors.
The United States Hotel was located on Wood-
bridge Street, between Griswold and Shelby Streets.
It was in use in 1837. In 1840 H. Heath was the
landlord. After the burning of the New York and
Ohio House, William Shaw became proprietor and
continued until 1845. From 1845 to 1846 it was
484
OI.I) lAVF.RNS AND NKW HOTELS.
kept l)y M. 'I'. K()l)iiison. On OcIdIht 31, 1S48, it
was biinii'd.
Tlic Ci'iitral R.iilmad H(nisc, kept l)y Joliii
Chambcrlaiii, oil llic iioillu'ast cnriuTof Mi(liit;aii
Avt'inic and Ciriswold Street, was burned on May
17, 184 1. In 1846 William Shaw was kccpiiii;- a
tavern c.'illed the Miciiij^an Kailmad I lolel, on the
northwest corner of Miehivjan Avenue and Oriswold
Street. In 1849 he sold the biiildinv; to W. dar-
rett, and on September 23, 1850, the house was
burned. The Coyl House, located on the west side
of Woodward .Avenue just north of Woodbridj^e
Street, was burned in tlu' lire of January 1, 1842.
The same yi'ar Mi'ssrs. Ilobert \ Ti rluine wvw
keepinvj a temperanee hoU'l at the (irner of Wash-
in,v,rton and Miehi,i;an Avenues. In 1843 the laiul-
lord was William Champ.
remainin.n until i.Sf)S, wlu-n he was sueci'cdt-d by II
'\V'. (iravi's. In iSfiy the nanus of llaekitlX: Uo-.
ai)ptar as proprietors; in 1870 and 1871 M;.
llarkctl was sole proprietor. In 1872 he \\;is siu -
eeeded by M. C,. MeLall. and after th.it time tlu;
buililinv,^ was used for other purposes.
In 1846 the (hand Riser llousi', on the north
west eoi'iur of Ciriswold and Crand River Streets,
was eonilueicd by Marvin Salter. He was sm •
eeeded ill 1848 or 1S50 by S. i\: J. Rreneh. In i8r.j
the proprietor w.is A. Cioodinan, who, six yeais
later, erected the Cioodmrm House on the same site.
The Northern Hotel, on the east side of Wood-
ward Avenue, near the (irand Circus, was opened
in M;ir<-h, 1846. In December, 1847, William I'er-
kins, Jr., became |>ropriet<)r of a hotel on the north-
east corner of Crand Rivur and Middle Streets. In
Andkhws' Kam.uoai) llomi. and Poniiac Dki-op.
The Commercial TTotel, on the .southwest corner
of WoodbridjL^e and First Strei'ts, was conducted
by John Murray in 1842, and was burned on Octo-
ber 6. A new hotel by the same name was erected
on the old site, and opened March 23. 1846, by
John Murray. In June, 1850, B. S. Farnsworth
became proprietor and remained four years. The
house was burned Auj^ust 19, 1856,
From 1845 until the great tire of May, 1848, A.
Leadbeater kept the Indiana House, on the south
side of Atwater Street near Randoljih. Soon after
the fire he opened the Western Hott'l, on the north-
west corner of Jefferson Avenue and Third Street,
1856 he built a larjje brick addition on Middle
Street, and in 1877 a l.ari^e four-story addition on
Griuid River Avenue. He is still (1884J proprietor,
and lias always had a laru^c patronatje.
Johnson's Hotel, on the southeast corner of Third
and Woodbridife Streets, was opened early in June,
1848, by H. R. Johnson. Mr. Johnson retired in
1852, and for the ne.xt seventeen months the house
was kept by ("zar Jones. Durinir 1853 Mr. Johii-
iujH resumed the manai^ement, and continued till
1857, when .S. 15. Kint>; became the proprietor. In
1861 the n.'une was chanijed to HaiL^x's Hotel, and
it was conducted by McDonald, Russell, & Co. In
OLD TAVERNS AND NEW IIUIELS.
4S5
i;v)2 and 1863 R. McDonald & Co. were proprietors.
Ill 1S64 Slii'Idon iV (iravL'S wi-ro coiuluctinij; tin;
Iviirl, and llicy cliaiincd llu; n.inie to Cass I lonst'.
Ill 1865 Slu'ldon X: 'ryrnll were nianaiifrs. and
fiuin 1866 to 187S the Tyrrell liruihcrs. hi 1878
ii was ki'pt by Johnson it Fcrufimon, and in 1S79
!■;. Furjiusoii became sole [jruprielor.
[■'rom the sprint; nf 1S50 for nearly tliree years
\\ illiani .Shaw kept :i hotel on the southeast eorni'r
(i( Woodward .Axcnue ,ind (Irand River Streit.
The l)iiiklin,i( was then tuiiied into stores.
In 184S Colonel N. I'rouly was l.indlord of the
biiena \'ista House. 'I"hc biiildini; is still st-intlinvj
nil Sixth Street, between Walnut Street and Cir.ind
River Avenue.
Randolph, .and Ihush Streets, .and as ho owned the
b.al.inei', In,' eonirolli'd .almost tin- entirt- block. In
1872 he purchased the riv;hls of the \duni( Men's
Society, and in 1873 the W<)odbrid.v;e front of six
stories w.is .added. .M.iny thous.ands of doll.irs h.ave
bci'n sptiii upon the house for .ilti'r.ilions .and en-
l.irniiuenls. but diirini; much of tlu' timi' for the last
ten ye.irs the house .and stores underneath have
been unoccupied; .and specul.ations .ind riunors as
to prob.ible oceup.ints are .as common as rem.irks
upon the we.ithcr. 'Vhc house w.is tirst oiicned on
June 7, 1851, by Colonel O. IJ. Dibble .and his son
Charles. After the cnlarirement of 1861, on No-
vember 4, it was opened by J. & /\. Ii. Tabor.
Tliey were succeeded in August, 1871, by J. F. An-
W11.1.IAM Pkhkins' Horii. and Siouk,
Northeast corner of Ciriuul River Avenue and Middle Street. Motel built in 18)8-56. Store in 1877.
The Riddle House was erected in 1849 by a
stock company upon the site of the old American
or Wales I lotel, on ground belonging to the est.ate
of John Biddle. Various ch.anges took place in the
company, and fm.ally Luther Heeehcr became sole
proprietor. In i860 .and 1861 a large addition was
built on the east side, and Young Men's H.all erected
in the rear. On July i. i87r, Mr. Beecher obt.iined
a one-hundred-ye.ar lease of about two thirds of the
block bounded by Jefferson Avenue, Wotulbridge,
tisdel. who rem.iined two years, and was followed
by H. I'. Stevens. On February 7, 1874, John
Stevens became the m.in.ager. In 1875 J. ^L Max-
well w.as in charge ; and his successors, at various
times up to 1880, have been Howell & Schoaff, Gay
& Van Norman, and N. IL Williams.
The City Hotel on Lafayette Avenue, on the site
of the present Abstract Building, was built by Rod-
man Stoddard in 1850. Upon his death, in 1853,
Nathan Stone became the proprietor. From 1856
486
OLD TAVERNS AND NEW HOTELS.
to 1S51; it was kept by C M. Stoddard, lie was
suocL'ciled in 1851; i)y 11. I,. Rlcvcs, wIid iiinaini'd
till i86i, wlu'ii C. M. Stoddard ri'sumcd tin- maii-
ai^cnu'iu. Ill 1866 ^s'i^■ilols(m i\: luiu-ry hccanu'
nianaiijt'rs, and in 1868 \wrv succi'i-di'd l)y I',. Tol-
luMiuis, will) was tlu; last to nciaipy tlic Ikuiso as a
liotL'i. The huildinu; was torn down in 1874.
From 1850 to 1859 II. R. .\ndrews, with (i. \V.
'I'hayer ,is clerk, kept tiie .American 'i'empei'.inee
Mouse in the old arsenal huildinjL; on the northwest
corner of Jefferson Avenue and Wayne Street.
The biiildinvf was afterwards iisi'd as a Soldiers'
Home, ;ind w;is (U-molished in 1868.
.\t v.irioiis times a building on the southeast eor-
ner of Wootlward Avenue and Willi.ims Street
was oeetipied as a hoti'l ; and on December 22,
1851, a wooden building there loi'.iled. known as
the (ir.ind Circus Hotel, was partly burned, bi
1852 N. Stone was the proprietor, ami in 1S63 S.
Weaver. A later brick building was at one time
called l'iirdy"s Hotel, and in 1875 was known as
the I'ierson House; it subsequently became a
Turkish Hath establishment.
The Mereh.ints' I'.xchange, on the .southeast cor-
ner of driswold ami Woodbridge Streets, was built
by James Abbott, and opened by John Moore on
September 22, 1852. He rem.ained until December
31, 1866, when the building was converted into
stores.
The I'eninsular Hotel, originally part of the -old
National, was moved to the southeast corner of
Macomb and (Irand River Avenues, by Charles
Selkrig, in 1852. After him W. T. I'urdy was
manager for two years, and then John Small.
Frcjm 1862 to 1865 W. liisenlord was proprietor.
In 1867 the names of J. T. and L. M. Ives appear
as managers, and in 1869 J. T. Ives only. Other
landlords succeeded, but none remained long, and
in 1879 the building was torn down.
HIindbury's Hotel, on the corner of Michigan
and Washington Avenues, was erected l)y John
Blindbury in 1852. He kept it until his death in
1864. B. C. Hills succeeded him, followed by R.
D. Johnson, who was proprietor from 1865 to 1867.
In 1868 J. V. &. W. W. Antisdel became managers,
and the name was changed to Antisdel House.
After a few years W. W. .Vntisdel became sole
manager. In May, 1883, W. A. Scripps bought
the property, and W. W. Antisdel became a partner
with him in conducting the house.
The Garrison House was for many years an un-
finished brick building on the northeast corner of
Jefferson Avenue and Cass Street, in 1854 it was
enlarged, finished for a hotel, and opened on January
I, 1855, by A. A. & S. V. I'ond. In 1856 and 1857
George .Millard was manager. In 1859 it was kept
by J. J. Garrison, and in i860, 1861, and 1862 by
G.arrison i<: Gillm.m. In 18(13 .md 1864 it was kii-i
by D. C. Goodale, in 1865 by Cole iV Kingsley. i;i
i8f,r> ,ind isr.7 l)y H. H. and J. K.Cole, in iSi ^
.ind 1869 by J. J. Rhodes, .and in 1870 and 1871 I ,
Rhodes (."v Kingsley. After Mr. Rhodes' dc.i;:i
in 1S71 the house was rebuilt and tiuind in; 1
stores.
The hotel now known as the Madi.son, on tlic
northeast coriu'rof Jcffii-.sou Aveniu' and Kan(lnl|,Ii
Street, w.is origin.illy c.illed tin- St. Ch.irKs Iloi(|,
and was openeil by W. T. I'urdy and S. Co.sens m
1852. In 1853 (i. I" R. Wadleigh was proprietor,
and ,\. H. Goodrich in 1855, and the n.ime was then
changed to 'I'riniont liou.se. in 1862 and 1863 I).
S. Ilcadley was proprietor, from 1S66 to 1S70 D. C.
Goodale, , and in 1S70 G. Tucker, in 1873 the nann:
was changed to Revere House, and W, Gray was
proi)riclor, followed in 1S74 by O. W. Penny. He
was succeetled in 1879 by Cunningham & ISarnard,
and they in 1880 by W. H. Leiand, who changed
the name to Leiand House. In November, 1880,
the hotel w.is closed for rejiairs, and o|)eni'd Man h
9, 1 88 1, by George H. Martin & Co. as the Madison.
On June 1 following M. \'. Ilorgman took jiosses-
sion, and on August 20, 1883, (ieorge Seheller. In
December, 1883, the lease and good will of the
house was purchased by J. L. WildiT.
The Waverly House, immediately o]iposite the;
Michigan Exchange on Jefferson Avenue, was
opened by Cook & Baldwin in April, 1852. ''"hev
kejit it until November, 1853. J. 1'. Whiting then
managed it for a year, an(l Whiting (.V Luff for
several years. After this time it was rented for
other purposes.
The Howard House, on Congress Street, between
Woodward Avenue and Griswold Street, was opened
in 1853, with J. C. Davis as proprietor. In 1855 ho
was succeeded by George Miilard, who remained
three years or more. In 1862 .\I. W. Burchard w.is
acting landlord; in 1863 Mrs. R. A. ISishop; in
1864 J. Haggenbach; from 1S65 to 1869, A. A.
Corkins. In 1869 G. O. Williams was proprietor,
succeeded in 1870 by Mrs. (i. O. W'illiams. From
1871 to 1875 it was conducted by J. 15. Hamilton,
in 1875 by Hamilton & Clark, in 1876 by Iiooth ^i
Root, in 1S77 by G. T. Booth, and in 1878 by L. J.
Clark. On May 3, 1880, A'an Est & Graves became
proprietors, and the name was changed to Griswold
House. In 1881 the house was enlarged on the
nortfi side and extensively refitted.
The Lamed House, on the northeast corner of
Jefferson Avenue and Third Street, was opened by
O. Whitney on May 30. 1853. In 1862 M. W. War-
ner was in charge, and in 1S65 George Niles. It
was never a popular house, was often closed for
long periods of time, and was finally rented for
offices.
ol.l) TAVKRNS AND NKW IIOTl'-LS.
487
ri\c Railroad F.xrliaiiv,^', 011 the soiitli side of
Mnliijraii Avfiint;, iK-twci'ii ilio Campus Martins aii<l
liitfs Street, was opc-nal by C. J. IJcardsici:, who
k' |it the hotel until i8()cS. In 1.S70 J. I'". I.oixicll
w.is manaj^riT. After 1878 llii' buildiiij; was torn
(Inuii, and the Manstidd Market erected 011 its site.
Tiie Fiiuiey House was built in 1854 i)y Seymour
I'iniiey, who ke|)t the house tnitil 1857. in 1858
r.irsliall & Autisdi'l were proprietors. From 1859
to 1S70 J. i'arshall was sole niana.mr; in 1870 C. 1'.
l.onl; from 1872 to 1876, A. II. I'.mery; from 1876
to 1883, N. H. William.s. In 1883 A. 11. Flinery
,it;aiii bee.ime manai,HT.
186^). OiK' or more additions have since been made
to the buildiny.
Hotel Henry, at the lu-ad of Monroe A\enue,
was iri'cted in 1870, and up to 1882 was conducted
by John I li'nry.
Hotil Kenaud, on the northeast corner of Adams
anddrand l<i\er y\vi'niu's. was so named in 1873
by its owner, (ieorjiji' !'". Kenaud.
Hotel (iotHnct, on the .soulhe.ist corner of Ran-
dolph and Famed Streets, also dates from 1875. It
was conducted by James ('.ollinet imtil 1878, when
M. v. liorj^nian becanu! the proprietor, and the
name was changed to ISern;. 1 House. On January
EisENi.oK'1) House, 205 10 -.jii Cass Street, liuilt in 1864-75.
The Brighton House, on the southeast corner of
(irand River Avenue and (iillman Street, was
erected in 1863 ^V Harvey King.
The block on the northeast corner of Fort and
Randolph Street.s was fitted up as a hotel in 1865,
and conducted until 1879 by C. D. Erichsen. He
tiien moved to a building on Farmer Street, between
Randolph and Hates Streets. The first -named
huikling was turned into stores, and the hotel name
transferred to the new location.
The Eisenlord House, on the corner of Cass and
Lewis Streets, was built by William Eisenlord in
15, 1 88 1, the property 'vas sold to \V. A. Jones. In
1883 he was succeeded by R. J. Calvert.
The lirunswick House, on the southeast comer
of Grisw'old and State Streets, w^as opened in 1878
by A. M. Van Duzcr and J. D. Tucker. In 1879
E. H. Hudson was proprietor, in 1880 J. M.
Hanaford, in 1881 M. W. Field, and on June
29, 1882, the house was sold to Messrs. Dickinson
& Carr.
The Standish House, on the north side of Con-
gress Street near Woodward Avenue, was opened
in 1879 by L. B. Clark. Rice's Hotel, occupying a
488
OLD TAVF.RNS AND NICW HOTELS.
part of the same block with the Standish House,
was ()|K'n('(l ill 1879 hy Jolm I). Rice.
In i.SSi the Williams lUock, 011 the north side of
Miihijian Avenue, facinjj the Campus Marlius, was
tilled u|) as a Imlcl, and op.'iicd on Aiiijiist 11 as
the Kirkwoud, with C 1'. Howell as proprietor. He
was succeeded on April 30, 1882, by Me.ssrs. Hart-
/.(■ll ili: Co. In July, 1882, owiny; i ) dilTK iillifs
betwren landlord and proprietors, the house was
closed. Ill 1883 a portion of the building was
ai^aiii opened ;is ,1 hotel with the s.mu' name, and
conducted by John C. Williams.
CHAPTKR LIV.
IMPORTANT FIRKS. — FIRE MARSHAL. — FIRK LIMITS. — CHIMNKY SWEEPS.
IMPORlAi T FIRKS,
Many of the fires whidi have ocourrcd at Detroit
arc vitally comicctiid with imi)(iiiaiU historical facts.
SoiiU' of them affected all tiic future of the city.
I lie mention of many will recall collateral circum-
stances, locate various events, and suijtjest items of
interest. In the followinj; list there h.is heen no
endeavor to recall every hre, hut only those which
destroyed one buildinij or more, or an exceptionally
Lirifc amount (jf property. Soon after it w.is fourded
the settlement suffered from torch and tlame.
1703- This year Indians set fire to a barn fii'ed
with corn and other grain, located outside of but
adioininij the stockade. There v.-as a hi,i(h wind at
llie time, and the flames .spread, consuming the
liuirch and the houses of the priest. Commandant
Cadillac, and M. Tonty, as well as part of tlie stock-
ade. At tiiis tire Cadillac's hand was burned and
many of his papers destroyed.
1712, The .Mascoutins and Outaj,'amies, when
tlu'y besieged the fort, threw luindreds of burning
missiles inside the pickets, which .set fire to the
thatched roofs of the houses. The inhabitants put
out the fire with swabs attached to long poles, and
then covered the roofs with bear and deer skins.
At this time the church, storehouse, and several
other buildings outside the stockade were demol-
ished because they were so near as to endanger the
fort if set on fire.
1805. The ne.xt fire of \,-hich any record has
been preserved was the notable one of June ir,
I1S05, which, on account of its results, was the most
important local event that has taken place in
Detroit. The town came out of this fire entirely
clianged,— built on a new plan, with new streets
and new names, a new basis for the land titles, and
a new and original system of local government ; in
fact, every interest of the inhabitants, social politi-
cal, and commercial, was affected by the event so
appropriately commemorated in the seal of the city,
i'he inhabitants of Detroit, especially the trustees,
J^eem to have had a premonition of the calamity
which so completely swept away the town ; the very
first ordinance passed was in regard to protection
from fires, and the records show that a large portion
of each of their sessions was spent in framing regu-
lations about fires, and fining the inhabitants for
not obeying them. At their last nutting on June 3,
eight days previous to the fire, tin; inspectors were
ordered to inspect the premises of householders
once a week, to sec if their fire-buckets and fire-
b;igs were in order.
The fatal day arrived. A careless laborer, in the
employ of John Harvey, a baker, was sent to har-
ness the horses in a small stable situated on St. ,\nne
Street, on what is now the north side of Jefferson
Avenue, between Shelby and Wayne Streets. Tlie
fire of the man's pipe was c(jmmunicated to the
hay, and about nine o'clock in the morning the con-
ilagration began. There was little or no wind at
first, and no one was much alarmed. The old lire-
pump was brought into use, but as supplying it
from the river was a slow and tedious process, the
firemen resorted for water to a hatter's vat. The
fur and shreds from the vat soon clogged and dis-
abled the engine, and the fire spread apace, in less
than an hour reaching the pickets on the eastern
side of the town.
Meantime the inhabitants were not inactive. They
formed in double lines, obtained water, passed it
from hand to hand, and poured it on the llamca ;
but the effort availed but little, and was soon dis-
continued. Some of the people continued to throw
water from buckets and basins; others rushed
hither and thither with ladders and fire-bags, but
all in vain. Hoats, pirogues, and canoes were now
in requisition. Furs and flannels, beds and bundles,
goods and groceries, were placed therein, and with
heavy hearts and heavy loads the boats were pulled
away, in many cases only to be overtaken and
destroyed by the burning shingles that filled the air.
The margin of the river was thickly lined with
tables, chairs, chests, and bedsteads. In many cases
household goods and household gods were pre-
served only by being thrown into the water. The
excitable French population grew almost frantic as
they saw houses, shops, and barns, one after another,
turned to ashes almost in a moment. The thatched
buildings, many of them a century old, moss-grown,
and made sacred by a thousand memories and tra-
ditions, handed down from those who risked their
[489]
490
IMPORTANT FIRES.
all ill the tirst settlement on tiie banks uf liie
Detroit, tlanied and tlasiied, and faded out of si,i,dit.
The narrow streets, rannin),^ from tweUe to twenty
feet in widtii, offered little or no hindr.inee to the
spread of the tire, and by tine o'eloek, out of nearly
two hundred buildinj^s inside of the stoekade, but
one was left, the stone ehimneys alone remaining to
mark tiic sites of the others.
The buildinjij left standin.i;^ was owned by Robert
McNiff, and was located on St. Anne's Street near
the site occupied in recent years by the Campau
House. A warehouse just outside of the stockade,
at the foot of what is now Wayne Sfeet, on the
southeast corner of Woodbridjje Street, was also
saved; it was owned by Angus Mcintosh, and
occupied by Colonel II. J. Hunt.
On the western side of Woodward Avenue there
were a number of buildings untouched by the fire,
which extended no farther than the middle of the
block between Griswold Street and Woodward
Avenue.
Rev. John Dilhet, a Roman Catholic clergyman,
gives this account of the tire :
I was occiipiitl with Mr. Richard when a mosscnitir came to
inform us that tliri;e huiists had huiii already cunsiimcd, and that
there was no hope of saving the rest. I exhorted the faithful who
were present to help each other, and immediately eomnieuced the
celebration of low mass, after which we had barely time to
remove the vestments and furniture of the church, with the
cfTects of the adjoining presbytery, when both buildings were
enveloped in the flames.
In the course of three hours, from 9 o'clock til! noon, nothing
was to be seen of the city except a mass of burning eoals, and
chimney-tops stretching like pyramids into the air. Fortunately
there was no wind during the conflagration ; this allowed the
flames and smoke to ascend to ,1 prodigious height, giving the
city the appearance of an immense funeral pile. It was the most
majestic, and at the same time the most frightful spectacle I ever
witnessed. The city contained at least one hundnd .ind fifty
houses, mostly frame, which caused the fire to spread with the
utmost rapidity. The number of people in the town being unusu-
.lUy large, there was ample force for removing the merchandise
and furniture of the inhabitants, which were in a great measure
saved. No personal injury was sustained during the fire.
This last Statement is evidently a mistake, for an
appropriation bill of December 8, 1806, contains an
item that not over $20.25 was to be paid to Cather-
ine Lasselle for "nursing a child crippled by the
conflagration of the nth day of June." Other in-
juries are spoken of and further particulars narrated
in the following letter from the agent of the public
stores at Detroit to Governor Harrison :
Detroit, June 14, 1805.
Sir,—
I have the painful task to inform you of the entire conflagration
of the town of Detroit. About ten o'clock on 'I'uesday last a
stable, immediately opposite the factory, was discovered on fire.
The first intimation I had of it was the flames bursting through the
doors and windows of the house ; I immedi.ilely gave the alarm,
and with great exertion siivcd my papers, and about two thirds of
the goods of the factory ; my private property was entirely con-
Bumed.
In less than two hours the whole town was in llames, and before
three o'clock not a v<slige of a house (except the chimneys) vis-
ible within the limits nf Detroit. The citadel and military stores
were entirely consumed, and the furniture bi-longing to the estate
of Colonel llamtramck shared nearly the same fate ; the china is
the only thing I can mention to be the contrary.
I have removed the factory goods to the ship yard, and am now
fixing a place to arrange them for disposal, agreeable to the origi-
n.il intenlion of the establishment, and I will speedily forward a
stalemenl of the loss that has beer sustained. The situation of
the inhabitants is deplorable beyond description ; dependence,
want, and misery is the situation of the former inhabitants of the
town of Detroit. Provisions are furnished by cimtributions, but
houses cannot be obtained.
Mr. Dodi mead lives in a corner of the public storehouse at the
ship yard ; Mr. Donavan with his family have gone to Sandwich ;
and Mr. Audrain, with many others, occupy the small house
below Mr. May's. A number of families are scattered over the
commons without any protection or shelter.
I have been very much bruised and hurt by my exertion to save
the property. My right arm particidarly is so much swelled that
1 can hardly hold the pen to write these few lines, and my mind
is equally affected with the distressing scenes I have witnessed
for the last three days.
I am. Sir, your ob't serv't
Robert Munro.
Just previous to the fire, Jacques A. Girardin, a
baker, kneaded a batch of bread and placed it in
his oven. \Vhen the fire ceased burning he be-
thought him of his loaves, and proceeded to his
bakery. To his astonisliment he ftiund that the
b.c'ad was not only uninjured, but well baked. It
was dinner time and also a time of need ; and his
hot and hungry neighbors were generously supplied
from this unexpected store.
A list of losses by the fire, presented to a com-
mittee of citizens, foots up ;^39,847, but tlie total
loss must have been much greater, as the names of
several score of persons, known to have been living
in the town at the time, are not included in the list.
After the fire some of the people were cared for
in farm houses along the river; others erected tents
and shanties on the commons in the rear of the old
town. In a letter to James Madison, Secretary of
State, dated August 3, 1805, Governor Hull says,
" On my arrival (July ist) every house was crowded,
and it was more than a week before I could obtain
the least accommodation. I am now in a small
farmer's house about a mile above the ruins, and
must satisfy myself to remain in this situation dur-
" ing the next winter, at least."
It was fortuitous, indeed, that the fire did not
occur in winter, for although there was much dis-
comfort, the mild weather made it endurable for a
time. The country people soon poured in, with
materials to be paid for when the citizens were able,
and also offered their assistance to raise new build-
ings. Timber, plank, stone, lime, brick, and other
materials necessary for building were of course in
great demand, — a state of affairs which appears to
have been peculiarly satisfactory to the lumbermen,
and in a letter to James Madison, written Augu.st
IMPORTANT FIRES.
491
5. 1805, and on file at Washington, (lovernor Hull
makes known the horrible suspicion of th'.> people,
lie says, " It has not been aseertained h(j\v the lire
took place, but it is generally believeil it was by de-
sign, and by persons interested in the lumber trade,
(."ontracts had been previously made for all the lum-
ber at the mills, and which could be .sawed this
season, which was a novel arrangement in this coun-
try." Was it in deference to this belief that Gover-
nor Hull issued a proclamation on September 4,
1S05, forbidding all persons, on pain of fine and im-
prisonment, to cut any timber in the .St. Clair pinery.'
or was it because he purposed to prevent, as he did
prevent, the people from building on their old lots,
ill order to .secure the adoption of a new and really
better plan ? Such, at least, was the result of his
efforts, for no houses were built during all that year.
In connection with plans for the relief of the
jieople, some curious statements are made by Mr.
Cientle. He says :
Two (ir thrie days after the fire, the sufferers met in McComb's
orchard and appointed a committee to forward petitions to differ-
ent p.arts, and to receive rontriliiiti )ns for tile relief of the suffer-
ers. ThrouKh neglect the petitions were not forwarded until
about six weeks afterwards. I!y that time the public commisera-
tion had in a irreat measure subsided ; and this, we may suppose,
was the reason why in all the United States not one cent was
raised for our relief. Three weeks after the fire a vessel arrived
from .Miehiliinackinac and brought a contribution of nine hun-
(Ind an<l sixty-one dollars, addressed to Frederick Hates, James
Henry, and Robert .Vbbott, to be distributed amongst ' ■ most
necessitous of the sufferers. Soon after, a bill of exchar _ of one
thousand and ten dollars w.ts received from Montreal by K.lijah
lirush for the same purpose. Mr. linish disposed of the bill to
R. and J. Abbott, and received four hundred dollars prompt pay-
nunt. Meantime Mr. liates gave up his part of the charge to
Mr. Henry. Some part of the Michilimackinac money being in
bills on Montreal, Mr. Henry gave them over to K. and J. Abbott,
to the amount of $3j6. The whole in R. and J. Abbott's hands
is$9!5 ; in Mr. I!riish's, $400 ; in all, $1,1/11.
Towards spring, 1806, a meeting of the sufferers was held, and
a committee empowered to compel those to whom this money was
.nlrusted to give an account of its expenditure. A demand was
made, bn< the nswer not being satisfactory, it was resolved to
"iiler siii'.s agamst them al the following September term, if pre-
vious to that time they did not comply with the above demand.
The disposal of these contributions gave rise to
much controversy, ard the matter was considered
by the (iovernor .and judges on October 22, i8o8,
when "Judge Woodward laid on the table a reso-
lution for the appointment of a committee on the
subject of sundry considerable sums of money sub-
-scribed by the inhabitants of Montreal and Michili-
mackinac for the relief of the sufferers by the con-
llagration of Oi^troit."
It does not .ippear from the old records that a
.settlement was then made, and it is not probable
that any settlement would have been thoroughly
satisfactory to all parties. There is no evidence
that any of the funds were misappro|iriatcd. As
late as October 20, 1817, Solomon Sibley, who, in
some way, became the custodian of a part of the
funds, turned over to the University the sum of
$625.67, as part of the donation received from the
citizens of Mackinaw, and from some other party,
enough more (part or all of which came from Mon-
treal) was turned over to make up the sum of $940.
(.See History of the University).
The remembrances of 1805 made the people care-
ful and vigilant ; and for twenty years thereafter no
record or memory exists of a single conflagration.
1825. On the 27th of September the brewery of
Abbott & C.onverse was consumed, with a large
quantity of beer and barley.
1827. I'wo years later the Detroit Gazette an-
nounced the second burning of the brewery on the
17th of February, as follows :
Between 8 and g i'. m. a fire broke out in the brewery of
Mes.srs. Abbott & Converse, situated on Palmer & McKinstry's
wharf, adjoining the storehouse and wharf of Dorr lit Jones.
After most severe and unceasing exertions for upwards of lour
hours, the fire was so far checked as to warrant the hope that no
faitlur damage would be done by it. On taking i survey of its
rav.iges, it was found that in addition to Ihi^ brewery, the ashery
of Thomas Palmer, the shop of R. W. Paine, wagon maker, and
the shop of V'-. Kwers, cooper, were destroyed. Several small
buildings were torn down and others damaged.
1830. On April 26 the Detroit Gazette office, the
dwellings of John Smith and Judge McDonnell, the
stores of Major Brooks and Mr. Griswold, and the
offices of Dr, Clark and Thomas Palmer were
burned.
1831. On Sunday, January 16, at one P. M.,
a building on the corner of Jefferson Avenue and
Griswold Street, occupied by .Mr. Heartt as a
hardware store, and also by Mr. Wendel, was
burned. The tlames extended to an adjoining
building, occupied by Dean & Hurlbut as a saddle
and harness store ; also to the adjacent dwelling
house occupied by the Messrs. Moon, Cole, Porter
and Dr. I lenry, which was destroyed, together with
many household goods belonging to John Farmer,
stored, during the absence of the family, over Dean
iS: Ilurlbut's. Total loss, about $8,000 ; insurance,
$4,000.
June 8, Judge Leib's house in Hamtramck was
burned.
December 9, the dwelling of Julius Eldred,
French &: Eldred's woolen factory, S. Phelps' gro-
cery and bath-house, also a house owned by B.
Campau and occupied by Mr. Moon as a grocery
and by Mr. Fairbanks as a dwelling, were destroyed.
All were located on and near the corner of Ran-
dolph and Atwater Streets. Loss, $9,000.
1832. March 16, a cooper shop, with dwelling
occupied by Mr. Sutton was burned.
March 28, house and stable owned by Mrs.
Hanks, occupied by J. Keeney. Two horses burned.
492
IMI'ORTANT FIRES.
September 15, stable of Robert Al)b(itt, below
the city, burneci.
1833. July 15, Mr. Cioodell's barn, near the
jail.
Au.tfust 15, the new chvellintj of Mr. Heaubien
tool< fire ; Lieutenant Morris, with severa] U. S.
soldiers, aided in puttin,ij out the fire.
October 5, a fire at i A. M. in Z. Kirby's leather
store and W. & V. lirewsfer's dry gooils store, in
or next to Smart's Hlock. Roof burned and some
of the goods.
1834. Sunday, January 12, cabinet warehouse of
Moore & Hritton, corner of Randolph and Atwater
Streets, entirely consumed.
January i 5, Heartlsley's blacksmith shop.
August 21, steamboat, Oliver Newberry, partially
burned ; loss, $1,000.
1835. On Sunday, December 13, at 10.30 A. M.,
a fire, corner of I.arned and Brush Streets, burned
an unfinished building belonging to the proprietors
of the Jcurnal and Courier; one adjoining building
was als(i entirely destroyed, and several others par-
tially burned.
1836. February 17, a fire began about 8 i'. M.,
which burned N. T. Ludden's grocery and John
Hales dry goods store and shoe shop on Atwater
Street, near Herthelet Market.
September 6, Rice & Clark's steam saw-mill and
sash factory. Loss, about $15,000.
1837. January 4, at 3 P. M., a fire on the north-
east corner of Jefferson Avenue and Shelby Street,
in T. C. Sheldon's block, burned the Free I'ress
office, W. A. Naglee's confectionery and bakery,
Rufus Brown's grocery and A. Chaffee's blacksmith
shop. Total loss, about $23,000.
April 27, at 12.30 A. M., a fire broke out in the
bakery of Mr. White on Woodward Avenue, which
burned seventy-three buildings. It extended on
Woodward Avenue from Woodbridge to Atwater,
on Atwater, both sides, from Woodward to Ran-
dolph ; on both sides of Woodbridge to the Steam-
boat Hotel, near Randolph Street, leaving in three
blocks only one brick house and a range of low
wooden buildings, opposite the Steamboat Hotel.
Loss, about $200,000. Following is a list of the
property destroyed : John Farmer, block of three
stores ; J. L. Whiting, storage and forwarding
house ; J. White, bakehouse ; M. Bishop, provisions
and groceries; McKenzie & (Iraves, provisions and
groceries ; F. Moore & Co., provisions and grocer-
ies ; S. Fletcher, Hall of Amusement ; Garrison &
Holmes, grocery; J. Roberts, cigar manufactory;
Little & Wells, chair manufactory ; A. C. Pierce &
Co, wholesale grocers; H. P'arrar, liquor store;
Jesse McMillan, grocery and liquor store ; Robert
Terhune, crockery warehouse ; Amos Lewis, St.
Joseph House; Michael Dougherty, upholsterer;
William Dickenson, groceries ; William Andrews,
groceries; Mrs. Copland, bakery and confectionery;
Cieorge .Miller, groceries; Michael Kelly, provisions
and groceries ; C. L. Bristol, new block of five
stores.
1838. May I, building on northwest corner of
Jefferson and Woodward Avenues burned. The
occupants were: John McReynolds, loss $11,000,
insured for $6,000; T. H. Hickcox, lo.ss $3,000 ;
(icorge Doty, loss $5,000 ; De Graff & Townsend,
loss $1,000, insured; William IMielps, loss $300.
December 17, a bowling alley, tailor shop, gro-
cery and barn, at foot of Woodward Avenue,
burned at i A. u.
1839. February 9, at 3 A. M., a woodshed, stable,
two horses and a cow, belonging to Mr. Wilkins on
Jefferson Avenue.
June 26, Wednesday, at lo P. M., T. M. Ladd's
two-story house on Cass P'arm.
September i, evening, Cireat Western, at the
wharf of Gillett & Desnoyers.
1840. September 26, 4.30 A. M., corner of Gris-
wold and Larned Streets, a barn and four horses
burned ; the property of O. Field.
October 31, a barn and several small buildings
on southeast corner of Monroe Avenue and Farmer
Street, belonging to Major Kearsley.
December 17, Fletcher's Hall of Amusement and
Campbell's liquor store, foot of Woodward Avenue.
1841. Sunday, January 3, at 6.30 A. M., Major
Dequindre's house, corner of St. Antoine and Wood-
bridge .Streets.
May 17, C. L. Bristol's house, opposite the Capi-
tol, and Central Railroad House, on Michigan Ave-
nue, kept by John Chamberlain. Loss, $9,000.
1842. On Saturday, January i, a fire broke out
about 10 p. M., either in the Coyl House or the New
York and Ohio House, old wooden buildings, located
on the northwest corner of Woodward Avenue and
Woodbridge Street. The fire burned over the
entire block, bounded by Woodward and Jefferson
Avenues, Griswold and Woodbridge Streets, con-
suming twenty-five buildings, including the two
finest four-story brick stores then in the city. En-
tire loss, $200,000.
Among the buildings were those of Messrs. Lud-
den, Garrison, John Palmer, Webb & Douglass,
Dequindre, Moore, Chandler and Dwight. The
following business places were burned out : Adver-
tiser and P'ree Press offices, the Museum, F. Ray-
mond's clothing store, Warren's confectionery,
Gardner's crockery store, G. & J. G. Hill's drug
and grocery store, A. C. McGraw's shoe store, E.
Bingham's drug store, Nelson's grocery, Salsbury's
grocery, Johnson's tailor shop, the Custom House,
and many small establishments.
At this fire the ollicers and soldiers of the Fifth
IMPORTANT FIRES.
493
Lud-
oiiglass,
The
Adver-
Ray-
tionery,
's drug
tore, E.
sbury's
House,
e Fifth
United States Rei^iment did effective service, for
which they were thanl<ed by tlie Common Council.
April 27, the Canadian steamer Western burned
at \Vatl<ins & Bisseli's dock.
October 6, 1 1 i'. M., O. Newberry's warehouse
and part of the Commercial Hotel. Loss, $3,000.
1843. Februruy 20, at corner of Woodward
Avenue and Woodbridge Street, a building occu-
pied by A. H. Stowell, H. U. Moore, and Witherell's
law office. The adjoining buildings, occujiied by
A. M. Bartholomew and M. F. Dickinson, were
much injured.
August 12, several small buildings, also a horse,
corner of Woodbridge and Beaubien Streets.
October 18, at 1.30 A. M., on south side of Jeffer-
son Avenue, between Bates and Randolph Streets,
the bin'lding occupied by (ieorge Egner, confec-
tioner; Tyler & Beaufait's hat store; Dr. Bar-
tholick, druggist; and Oantry, tailor, were burned;
also Barney Campau's dwelling.
1844. November 4, the house of G. Mott Wil-
liams, corner of Congress and Wayne Streets. This
was the first fire that had occurred since the one
last noted, over a year previous.
December 13, early in the morning, Campau's
Block, on northwest corner of Jefferson and Wood-
ward Avenues, partly burned. The stores were
occupied by W. & D. Bennett, druggists. Loss,
§5,000. Adjoining store of De Oraff & Townsend
slightly damaged.
1845. March 15, 2 A. M., Detroit Iron Com-
pany's Foundry entirely consumed.
1846. August 28, Mr. Holmes' residence on
Larned vStreet much injured ; barn burned, also a
carpenter shop and R. H. Hall's stable.
1847. March 8, dwelling on Woodward Avenue,
owned by C W. Morgan, occupied by J. C. W. Sey-
mour. Loss, $6o3.
July 24, dwelling near Central Depot, owned by
Mr. Lothrop, of Jackson, occupied by Mr. Le Roy.
.September 15, tannery of W. Barker, near Water
Works, burned. Loss, $10,000.
December 21, an extensive fire broke out about
1 1 o'clock in the block on north side of Jefferson
Avenue, between Randolph and Brush Streets. It
was first discovered in Long's wagon shop. It
sjircad rapidly half way to Brush Street, west to
Randolph Street, and north to the alley between
Jefferson Avenue and Larned Street, burning all as
far east as William Moore's livery stable.
1848. January 24, residence of Samuel Pitts on
Jefferson Avenue. Loss, $3,000.
April 12. 9 I'. M., barn used by D. Smart, corner
of Russell Street and Jefferson Avenue.
May 4, Odd Fellows' Hall, on Woodward Ave-
nue, considerably damaged.
May 9, an e.xtensive conflagration occurred. It
burned more buildings and destroyed much more
property than any previous fire.
It originated in De Wolf's storehouse, better
known as the "old yellow warehouse," located on
the river between Bates and Randolph Streets, and
was caused by sparks from the propeller St. Joseph,
then lying at the dock. The fire extended from
this point northeast nearly to the southwest corner
of Jefferson Avenue and Beaubien .Street, burning
most of the buildings, nearly three hundred in all,
south of Jefferson Avenue to the river ; and from
the middle of the block between Bates and Ran-
dolph Streets to the middle of the block between
Brush and Beaubien Streets, — a space equal to six
squares. For many years the locality was desig-
nated as the "burnt di.strict." Of the buildings
burned, one hundred and seven were dwelling-
houses, and between three hundred and four hun-
dred families were left homeless. Among the more
prominent buildings burned were the old Council
House, the Berthelet Market, Wales Hotel or the
American House, and Woodworth's Steamboat
Hotel. The fire broke out at 10.30 A. M., and lasted
till 4 P. M. The sparks were so numerous and so
large that, east of Woodward Avenue, nearly every
house had to be watched, and sparks brushed from
the roofs. The whole city was alarmed, and there
was great fear that the fire could not be subdued.
Several buildings were blown up and others torn
down, to hinder the progress of the fiames. Furni-
ture was carried for safety to points a mile distant,
and many families, nearly that distance away, com-
menced to pack their most valuable goods. The
total loss exceeded $200,000, on which there was
but $34,000 insurance. Sufferers by the fire were
relieved by committees of citizens.
August 22, William Barclay's !<> mdry burned; it
was a large wooden "building, on the corner of
Lafayette Avenue and Shelby Street. Loss, about
$12,000.
October 31, 11 P. M., United States Hotel, on
Woodbridge between Grisw'old and Shelby Streets.
1849. February 14, three wooden buildings near
the Commercial Hotel. One entirely, and two par-
tially consumed.
April 14, Bom's shoe shop and dwelling on
Larned Street, between Bates and Randolph
Streets, burned.
May 22, twelve o'clock midnight, a fire broke out
in the machine shop and engine buildings of the
Pontiac Railroad Depot, and the buildings and their
contents, including many valuable patterns, tools,
etc., were destroyed. The engines were removed
without injury. The depot was on the southwest
corner of Gratiot and Farmer Streets.
June 5, Wilcox's carpenter shop, on the north side
of Farrar, between Monroe and Gratiot Avenues,
494
IMroRTANT FIKKS.
ciilircly, and llic acljoiniii;^ old l)ii(k tlu'.itrt.- partially
ik'sii()y(.'d.
June 14, John ICtiwards' uld Ferry House, at tlie
foot of Woodward Avenue, was Ininied.
Au.i,^ust 23, a t'ln: on Monroe Avenue, near Ran-
dulpli, burned Northrop's bkuksniitii shop, (iraves'
paint shop, and a earpenter siiop.
December 7, a lire on soutii side of Jefferson
Avenue, between Hates and Randolph Streets,
originating in a frame buildinj,' next to M. H. Wei)-
ster's hardware store, burned Stewart's Ixitanie
store, Ilirseii «S: Silberman's eivjar store, William
Lambert's clotlies cleaning establishment, anil other
business places.
November 19, officers' (juarters at l-'ort Wayne
burned.
1850. March 20, about three o'clock A. M., a fire
broke out on northeast corner of Jefferson Avenue
and driswold Street, and Collins' eating house.
Banks' clothing store, Rankin's shoe store, Marsh's
jewelry store, and the stores of Kowe & Co., oyster
dealers, anil Hates &. Henderson, tailors, were de-
stroyed.
May II, the Williams' IJlock, on south side of
Jefferson Avenue, corner of Hates Street, was dani-
aged by a fire in the upper stories; building occu-
pied by Carpenter & liice, J. & W. Thompson, and
James Lowry.
Jinie 17, a grocery, on corner of Jefferson A\enue
and Heaubien Street, and several wooden buildings
were burned.
September 23, a barn attached to the Michigan
Railroad House, on northwest corner of ('iriswold
Street and Michigan Avenue, was set on fire, and
the llames communicated to the hotel, which was
totally destroyed.
October 29, tnx' in a carpenter shop on State
Street, in rear of (J. M. I lyiWs dwelling and First
M. E. Church. The last two buildings somewhat
damaged.
November 19, the M. C. R. R. Depot, with all its
contents, was burned. Loss, $150,000. The burn-
ing of this depot was the culminating act in the
" Railroad ConsjMracy Case," and had much to do
with that celebrated trial.
1851. April 11, the Seamen's Home Hotel, on
Atwatcr Street, together with three or four other
wooden buildings.
May 3, F. V. Markham & Hrother's book store,
on Jefferson Avenue, next to l-iremen's Hall, also
James Riley's house in the eighth ward.
December 22, (irand Circus Hotel and barn.
1852. January 23, car manufacturing shop of
M. C. R. R. and mucn lumber.
April 16, Cooper Hlock, on Jefferson Avenue, be-
tween Ciriswold and Shelby Streets, nearly con-
sumed.
September 28, three dwellings and two burns,
corner of Congress anil Russell .Streets.
October 15, C. C. Jackson's house, on Woodwnrd
Avenue, between State and (Irand River Streets,
binned, and I). C. Holbrook's much injured,
1853. February 10, the furniture factory of
Stevens & Weber, above Cirand Circus, burned.
February 15, Fllis's ilry goods store, southeast
corner of Woodward y\ venue ;uul Congress Street.
June 23, a fire on Ciratiot Street, near Heaubien;
four buildings entirely, anil several others ]iartially
ilestroyid.
May 30, the dry kiln of Sutton's pail factory, on
l'"ort Street West, burned.
August 15, a pottery on Orleans Street, near
(iratiot, was totally ilestroyed, and a man burned to
death.
November S, old Howling .Mley, on Monroe Ave-
nue near the Campus Martins, known as the Halo
Alto Saloon, and two adjoining buildings, occupied
as a bakery and a meat shop, were burned.
1854. January 10, the First i'resbyterian Church,
on northeast corner of Woodward Avenue and
Larned Street, with half the block between Larned
Street and Jefferson Avenue, the fire extending to
the old Hoston shoe store of L. L. Farnsworth. The
tire began in .Smith & Tyler's shoe store, on Wood-
ward Avenue, and consumed the grocery stores of
T. Lewis and (leorge Davis, T. H. Armstrong's
hat store, Foster's paint shop, a barber shop, P.
Teller's residence on Larned Street, and the Presby-
terian Church. The burning of the church was a sad
but splendid sight ; as the llames streamed up and
enveloped the steeple, they illuminated half the city.
The picture given of the fire is from an oil paint-
ing produced from a sketch made by Robert
Hopkins the morning after the fire. The original
appearance of the church is more accurately shown
in connection with tiie history of the churches.
January 22, M. C. R. R. oflices, at foot of Third
Street, burned. Loss, $10,000.
June 26, Colored Hapiist Church, known also as
Liberty Hall, on Fort Street East, between Heau-
bien and St. Antoine Streets.
June 29, Phillips' sash factory, part of the Penin-
sular Hotel barn, a bakery, and four dwellings,
burned.
August 6, Lutheran Church, on Monroe Avenue,
corner of l-'arrar Streets, anil two frame dwellings.
August 19, a number of barns and sheds between
Larned Street and Jefferson Avenue and Hrush
and Heaubien Streets.
September 19, two wooden buildings on Atwater
and First Streets burned and two others injured.
October 20, Ingersoll's carpenter-shop, on Wood-
bridge, between Bates and Randolph Streets,
burned.
IMPORTANT FIRES.
495
Di-cember 22, cooihi- sljop ami three clwclliiii^s
on (Iratiot Avenue.
December 23, Wenzell's tin shop and adjacent
buildings, on Woodward Avenue near the Campus
Martius.
1855. January 24, Wilcox's carpenter shop on
Farrar, between Monroe and Gratiot Avenues,
consumed.
March 7, Lonj^'s livery stable, on Woodbridge
Street in rear of Firemen's Hall.
May 28, grocery and feed store of Todd & Van-
August 17, Mechanics' Hall, on Ciriswold Street,
partially consumctl.
August 19, Commercial Hotel, on Woodbridge
and First Streets.
September 19, dwelling houses, occupied by the
Mi-sses Scott and Mrs. J. C. Ladue. corner of Hast-
ings and Lamed Streets, partly burned.
December 24, C. & 1". Melius's saw factory, on
Fort Street East, near Heaubien.
1857. January 13, old Abbott Block, on Atwater
Street.
I'enin-
■ilings,
Burning of First Presbyterian Church.
(ierwarker, southeast corner of Woodward and
(jrand River Avenues.
September 4, Cass Warehouse, foot of First
Street, occupied by Williams & Buckley, burned.
Loss, $30,000.
1856. May 1 3, German Theatre, corner of Rivard
and Macomb Streets, burned, two other buildings
injured.
May 18, Tribime Building, northeast comer of
Woodward Avenue and Woodbridge Street.
February 12, New York Boiler Works and Hall's
Hotel, on Atwater near Hastings Street.
Jime 20, fire in Tenth Ward, caused by inhabitants
seeking to drive disreputable persons out of the
ward.
1858. February 5, the old Srpart Buildings,
known also as the " Scotch store " of Campbell &
Linn, on northeast corner of Jefferson and Wood-
ward Avenues ; also the adjoining brick stores on
Woodward and Jefferson Avenues, occupied by
496
IMrORTANT FIRES.
Sheldon i\: Brother and Anibcr.ij tit Co., were
burned. Loss, §50,000.
February 14, larcje wooden building, corner of
Brush and (iratiot Streets, occupied by Moross &
Provost.
March 7, old wooden theatre on northwest corner
of State and Farrar Streets. The old brick theatre
opposite partially burned.
April 1 1, Hyde's planing mill, in Tenth Ward.
April 16, Moffat's saw mill, in Tenth Ward.
September 20, old barn on Cass Farm, belonging
to Mr. King.
December 31, Tribune Building, northeast corner
of Woodward Avenue and Woodbridge Street.
1859. February 8, stables of Grand River House,
near corner of ( Iriswold and Grand River Streets.
March, 24, Funke's hat store. King's clothing
store, and Elliott's paint shop, on north side of Jef-
ferson Avenue, between Bates and Woodward.
April 25, Grigg's chair factory, on northwest cor-
ner of Brush and Gratiot Streets (formerly used as
a warehouse by the D. & P. R. R. Co.), and eight
otlier buildings.
May 22, dwelling of A. H. Stowell, on northeast
corner of (iriswold and Grand River Streets, par-
tially burned.
June 15, old railroad freight building, on Michi-
gan Avenue, site of New City I lall, partially burned.
June 20, William Phelps c\: Company's store, 98
Jefferson Avenue, damaged, and three or four other
stores burned. At tl.is fire R. W. Wright, by over-
exertion or inhaling of smoke, was much injured.
July 2y, W. F. Belman's grocery, corner of John
R Street and Woodward Avenue.
i860. January i, old Whig Cabin, next to Bid-
die House, occupied by several small firms. Loss,
$5,000.
January 19, Blindbury's planing mill, on Atwater
Street, between Rivard and Riopelle Streets. Loss,
$3,000.
January 29, frame house, corner of Lamed and
Brush Streets. Loss, $1,000.
March 5, box factory, rear of 200 Macomb Street.
Same day, old oilcloth factory, on Jefferson Avenue,
near St. Aubin Avenue. Loss, $400.
March 18, residence of H. H. Wells, corner of
Jefferson Avenue and Rivard Street, greatly dam-
aged.
May 3, two houses on Hastings, between Fort
antl Lafayette Streets. Loss, $1,000.
May 15, dwelling on Earned Street in rear of the
Cathedral.
May 30, a row of one-story buildiijgs, corner of
Michigan Avenue and Third Street. Loss, $1,000.
June 3, several piles of lumber at Pitts' Mill.
Same day, U. M. Richardson's match factory.
Loss, $1 2,000.
June 17, J. Taylor Sc Co.'s grocery, a two-story
building, corner of Macomb and Grand River
Streets. Loss, $4,000.
July 4, old Detroit Institute, or Fowler School-
house, in use as a livery stable, with eleven horses,
burned. Loss, $3,200.
July 7, barn near Woodward Avenue and be-
tween Columbia and Elizabeth Streets.
July II, frame dwelling, corner Park and Sproat
Streets, occupied by Mr. Deming, burned ; several
others injured.
August 1 1, several stables in alley near Beaubien
and between Congress and Earned Streets. Loss,
$1,500.
August 12, two buildings, on Earned near St. An-
toine Street, partially burned.
August 29, fire on the dock between Cass and
First Streets ; Newman's roofing establishment and
Pittman's warehouse burned, and other buildings
damaged. Loss, about §5,000.
December i, stores of J. Van Baalen, P. Carr, W.
G. Peters, IE S. Lapham; Wanbeq & Musche, J.
O'Connor, and D. McCormick, burned ; they were
on north side of Michigan Avenue, between Gris-
wold and Woodward Avenues.
1861. January 4, fire on north side of Jefferson
Avenue, between Griswold and Woodward Ave-
nues. D. Amberg's clothing store burned and S.
Grigg's furniture store badly damaged.
January 25, Traub Brothers' jewelry store, on
south side of Jefferson Avenue, between Bates and
Randolph Streets.
February i, old wooden buildings on west side of
Woodward Avenue, from Atwater Street to dock, in-
cluding Brady warehouse. All burned. Loss, §7,000.
February 22, fire in .Scotten, Granger, & Lovett's
tobacco factnry, on Randolph Street, and in A.
Eingeman's jewelry store, at head of Michigan
Grand Avenue.
March 15, Mechanics' Hall, in use for police
court, on Griswold Street, partly burned.
REiy 5, residences of S. E. Pittman and Mrs. Van
Anden burned, also two or three smaller buildings
on Woodbridge Street, near St. Antoine.
May 29, building on Sixth and Locust Streets,
occupied by Mrs. Starkey's select school.
June I, F. E. Eldred's tannery, in Springwells,
badly damaged.
June 10, Ouinlan's grocery, corner of Seventh and
Grand River Streets. Loss, $2,500.
Ju'v 4, house belonging to Mr. Flattery, occupied
by Mr. Elliott, also adjoining residence and two
barns, corner of Rivard and Earned Streets.
July 13, old building, formerly a Catholic Church,
on the Church Farm in Hamtramck.
July 18, Michigan Oil Company's store, in
Woodbridee Street.
IMPORTANT FlRKh.
497
Irs. Van
juildings
jccupied
ind two
I Church,
Ire, 1 1 1
Auifust 22, two houses on Maple, hctwciii Or-
igins and Dciiuiiidrc Streets.
September 6, larije barn and shed in Kini^'s
stiiikyard, also a bull.
December 23, store on corner of Macomb and
Si. Antoine Streets.
December 26, residence of Mr. German, corner
ol Clinton and Chene Streets.
1862. April 2, M. C. R. R. cujjine house. Ki.vjht
loiMimotives badly damaj^ed, §20,000 worth of
property destroyed.
Auijust 1 2, steam sawmill of H. A. (.\: S. (i. \Vi,i,'iit.
Loss, S75.000-
1863. January i, tire at Heavenrich brothers'
store, 78 Woodward Avenue. Loss, §5,000.
January 7, twelve o'clock i'. M., \V. V.. Tunis's
stori', near northwest corner of Woodward y\veiuie
and Larned Street, upper part occupied by rdj^rim
lv: Cray.
I'ebruary 3, T. J. ILaywood's store, on Atwater
Sucet, between (Iriswold Street and Woodward
Avenue.
March (>, durini,' the riot ajijainst the neijroes in
connection with the trial of F.iulkner, the city was
tired in sonic twenty places, and eiyhty-tive build-
injrs on Lafayette, between Brush and St. Antoine
Streets, on Brush near Conirrcss, and on Beaiibien
nc.ir Croi,diaii, were burned.
July 18, Congress Street ^L E. Church nearly de-
stroyed.
1864. September 23, warehouse occiipii-d by ]>.
O'Cirady and Black & Young, on dock at foot of
First Street.
September 30, large brick factory and shop of
Morhous, Mitchell, & Byram, on south siile of
Woodbridge, between Beaubien and St. Antoine
Streets.
1865. April 23, Campbell & Linn's dry goods
house, on northwest corner of Woodward Avenue
and Congress Street. Loss, $50,000.
October 18, M. C. R. R. freight house and large
quantity of freight. Loss, $1,500,000.
1866. April 26, in the evening, the passenger and
freight offices and depots of the D. & M., and M.
S. & L. S. Railroads, also the freight depot of the
(>. W. K. R., at foot of Brush Street and extending
to St. Antoine Street, were burned, together with
over eighty cars, the steam ferry Windsor, antl an
immense amount of freight. Loss, over $1,000,000.
Kighteen lives were lost at this tire, and in this re-
spect it was the most disastrous the city ever ex-
perienced.
May 6, three distinct hres took place, burning the
liardware store of Charles Busch, on north side of
Jefferson Avenue, near Bates, a carpenter shop at
1 1 2 Randolph Street, and a two-story house on
Clinton Street.
October 9, Frost's woodenware works, on Wight
at foot of Leib Street. Loss, $20,000.
November 24, the paint shop of M. C. R. R.
Loss, $80,000.
1867. June 3, Worcester, Standish, & Co.'s paint
factory and eight dwellings.' Lo.ss, several thousand
dollars.
Jime 28, the b(<.\ factory of Dewey tX: Brady, and
last f.'ictory of Mumford, Foster, >.■<: Co., on Atwater
Street, at foot of RiojU'lle Street.
1868. January 2, old wooilen buikling, on north-
east corner of .Atwater and St. .\ntoine Street.s, oc-
cupied as City Mission Lodging House.
April 4, part of the old Merchants' F..\change
Motel. It was occupied by the Detnjit Stove
Works and LL B. B.ildwin X: Cu.
December 7, Hubbard iS; King's planing mill.
Loss, §20,000.
1869. January 23, old Athemeum, formerly Con-
gress Street .M. K. Church.
June 29, Fulton Iron Works, corner of Franklin
and Brush Streets. Two tiremen badly injured.
Loss, about §50,000; insurance, §2o,cxx).
July I, the picture frame factory of Date & Berry,
on southwest corner of Randolph and Atwater
Streets. Loss, §60,000.
1870. January 9, a two-story fr.ame building,
used as grocery and dwelling, on Wight Street, be-
tween Walker Street and Joseph Campau Avenue.
Five persons burned to death.
1871. February 11, Trowbridge ]ilock,aL foot of
Bates .Street, on west side, jiartially burned. Loss,
§60,000.
^Llrch I, Peninsular Dressed Lumber Company's
Works, on southeast corner of Atwati-r and Riopelle
Streets. Loss, §50,000.
May 1 1, I'ullm.an Car shops, on northeast corner
of Croghan and Deciuindre Streets; three cars and
one of the shops biuau'd. Loss, §50,000.
June 1 1, !•". Stearns' drug stt)re, on west side of
Woodward Avenue near Larned Street. Loss,
$16,588.
July 31, Excelsior Club Boathouse and boats, on
south side of Atwater, between Chene Street and
Joseph Campau Avenue ; also four ice-hou.ses be-
longing to Seitz Brothers.
December 4, the tol)acco factory of M. Rosenfield
& Co., 19 Jefferson Avenue, on north side, between
First anil Second Streets. Loss, $20,000.
December 30, F . .Stearns' drug .store, on west side
of Woodward Avenue, burned, — second tiroc this
year ; four lives lost. Loss, $64,000.
1872. July 14, brick store at 522 Gratiot Street.
Loss, $10,000.
July 29, four stores, numbers 948 to 954, on
Michigan Avenue. Loss, $9,500.
August 5, match factory, on corner of Grand
498
IMPORTANT FIRES.
River Avenue and Thirteen -and -a -half Streets.
Loss, $20,000.
September lo, the jj^ymnasiiini buiidiny^, on the
southwest corner of Congress and Randolph Streets ;
also a i)icture-franie store on Jefferson Avenue.
Loss, §30,000.
()etoi)er 7, brick store, 145 Woodward Avenue.
Loss, $43,000.
November 1 5, brick caipenter shop and wood-
workin;^ room of M. C. K. K. Loss, §100,000.
December 5, tire at I'uihiian Car Works. Loss,
$18,000.
1873. February 9, foundry on corner of Atwater
and Dequindre Streets. Loss, $1 1,500.
April 13, Tribune printintf buildinj,^, on north side
of Larncd, l)el\vecn C.riswold and Shelby Streets ;
also property belonjjing to the Michii^an Farmer
and Commercial yVdvertiser offices. Loss, $1 1 2,000 ;
insurance, $55,000.
May 1 5, Schulenburif's billiard factory, on Ran-
dolph Street, partly burned. Loss, $15,000.
June 7, Frojieller Meteor and lUilkley's ware-
house, at foot of First Street. Loss, §87,000.
June 30, destructive fire in K. C. Ikirker & Co.'s
tobacco factory, south side of Jefferson Avenue,
near Cass Street.
September 2, Republic Brewery, on l-'lmwood
Avenue. Loss, §14,000.
October 11, Weber's planing mill and lumber
yard, a brewery, nine dwellings, and other buildings
in the block bounded by Hastings, Rivard, Maple,
and Sherman Streets. Loss, §35,000.
November 27, distillery on corner of Larned and
First Streets. Loss, §12,000.
December 20, Hinnian's oil store, 54 Jefferson
Avenue, Loss, §12,000.
December 30, Farrington, Cdmpbell, & Co.'s spice
mills. Loss, $25,000.
1874. February 18, tobacco works, 152 Ran-
dolph Street. Loss, $20,000.
March 5, Kieler's Hall, 339 Lafayette Street East.
April 14, burial-case factory, on southeast corner
of Congress and Third Streets. Loss, $75,000.
1875. April 29, at night, W'eber's furniture fac-
tory, on corner of John R., between High and
Montcalm Streets; also fifteen dwellings. Loss,
$250,000.
June 14, Adams' saw mill. Loss, $8,000.
June 30, bridge and iron works, on Foundry
Street, near Michigan Avenue, partially burned.
Loss, $30,000.
1876. March 25, Fort Street Presbyterian Church,
on corner of Third and Fort Streets, a large and
'elegant stone building, was almost entirely destroyed.
The fire was probably caused by a defective chim-
ney. Loss, about $100,000.
June 13, market shed on Michigan Grand Ave-
nue. The heat was so intense that the plate-glass
windows in the Kii.ssell Mouse, McKinstry and
Willi.'uns lilocks. were largely destroyed.
December 30, Wight's saw mill. Loss, $30,000.
1877. May 7, Phillips's show-case factory and 1 ),
^L Ferry & Co.'s box factory, on northwe.st eornci-
of East Fort and I5eaubien .Streets. Loss, $23,oo(j.
May 29, seven small houses and three barns on cor-
ner of Hastings and Marion Streets. Loss, $8,000.
June 5, Charles Tegier's planing mill and other
buildings on north side of High near Beaubien
Street. Loss, $1 5,000.
June 10, .steamer R. N. Rice, of the Cleveland
line, burned at foot of Wayne Street. Loss, $40,000.
July 5, house, barn, and sheds, 46 Lewis Street.
Loss, §2,600.
July 22, Theatre Comique, on Jefferson Avenue
opposite the Biddle House. Loss, §12,000.
.SeiHember 17, the cracker factory of Vail iV
Crane, on southeast corner of Woodbridge and
Randol[)h Streets. Loss, §9,700.
SeiJtcmber 20, several factories at 34 Atwater
Street, occupied by C. B. .Seitz, W. H. Scott, and
W. O'Callaghan. I.oss, §7,000.
November 9, frame store and dwelling, 1 1 1 Joseph
Campau Avenue. Loss, §2,200.
December 14, >L M. Ciisler's house, 1062 Wood-
ward Avenue. Loss, §4,000.
1878. January 13, Amos Chaffee's brick store,
occupied by Ikirnes Brothers antl Hazard & Brew-
ster, on Jefferson Avenue. Loss, §32,000.
March 26, tower of engine-house on Ale.xandrine
Avenue struck by lightning and destroyed.
April 29, Free Press liuilding burned. Loss,
$44,000.
May 22, coal-shed and coal of Gas Company, and
Bigley's packing and ice houses, at foot of Twenty-
second Street. Loss, $12,000.
May 23, Berry Brothers' varnish factory. Loss,
$45,000.
August II, several one-story stores, dwellings,
and sheds, at 485 Grand River Avenue. Loss,
$6,500.
October 24, Doane's flour mill, corner of Larned
and Second Streets. Loss, $12,000.
1879. May II, Post and Tribune Company's
printing office. Loss, $30,000.
May 28, Holy Trinity Anglo-Catholic Church and
rectory partly burned. Loss, $2,000.
August 13, propeller Steinhoff and a warehouse
at foot of C.riswold Street. Loss, $19,000. Two
persons burned to death.
November 23, brick house, 169 Fort Street West.
Loss, $5,500. Also, Kaiser's brick tannery, 219 Rio-
pelle Street. Loss, $4,000.
1880. May 3, M. Maier's trunk factory, 55 Mon-
roe Avenue. Loss, $6,000.
INH'ORTANT FIRKS.
499
:y. Loss,
jf Lamed
I'arehouse
Two
leet West.
219 Rii)-
I 55 Mon-
July 27, brii-k store and dwelling, 316 Rivard
Streel. Loss, $4,200.
October 13, old warehouse, corner of Second and
Front Streets. Loss, $4,700.
November 4, H. McCain's dwelling, 379 Clinton
.Street. Loss, $2,000.
1881. January 2, M. J. Reardon's store and
dwilling, 445 Triinibull Avenue. Loss, $1,250.
January 12, boiier explosion anil tire at Union
Steam Mills, corner of Ninth and Woodbridge
Streets. Loss, $25,000.
January 22, co.nb factory, 203 Mullett Street,
owned by William Roth. Loss, $4,303.
February 6, a two-story dwelling, 474 Congress
Street East, occupied by H. Hunter. Loss,
§1,000.
February 27, store oi Amos Chaffee, 141 Jeffer-
son Avenue, occupied by liarnes Brothers.
March 18, two dwellings, 280 Congress Street
East. Loss, $1,000.
March 31, Ci. M. Traver's store, in Woodward
Avenue. Loss, $8,000.
April 20, store and dwelling, 646 Twelfth Street.
Loss, $1,500.
April 30, Frost's woodenware works, Wight near
Adair Street. Loss, $41,000.
May 4, barns and dwelling, 268 to 272 Alfred
Street. Loss, $1,500.
May 6, Detroit Lithographic Ofiice, 54 Bates
Street. Loss, $6,000.
.May 16, frame store and dwelling. 356 Chestnut
Street. Loss, $1,200.
July 20, J. E. Davis & Co.'s store, corner of Jef-
ferson Avenue and Wayne Street. Lo.ss, $45,500.
August 23, frame buildings, 70 to 74 Catherine
Street. Loss, $6,500.
September 3, I^elray Glass Works burned.
October 27, L. Lauren.se's moulding fiictory, on
Atwater Street near Bates. Loss, $2,000.
December 5, Sowden's Mills, on Gratiot near
Detiuindre Street. Loss, $1,325.
December 12, store 271 Michigan Avenue. Loss,
81,100.
December 29, J. E. iJavis & Co.'s drug store, on
Wixjdbridge Street near Bates. Loss, $3,000.
1882. January 20, C. Schulte's soap factory,
Woodbridge Street West. Loss, $1,768.
January 22, Horace Turner's upholstering stores,
foot of Woodward Avenue. Loss, $17,550.
March 7, Harnum's wire works, 12 and 14 At-
water Street liast. Loss, $5,549.
March 23, T. Hawley's building, 280 Atwater
Street East. Loss, $6,500.
May I, Martz Brothers' brewery, 487 Orleans
Street. Loss, $4,500.
June 19, Shefferly's planing mill, 193 Croghan
Street. Loss, $16,300.
July 22, Mctlregor's machine shop, corner of St.
Antoine and Atwater Streets. Loss, $3,500.
August 5, J. llartness's soap factory, 119 Father
Street. Loss, $2,500.
.September 11, .Seitz's icehouses, foot of Mc-
Dougall Avenue. Loss, $2,500.
September 20, Detroit Dry Dock Co.'s sawmill,
foot of Orleans Street. Loss, $18,000.
October 24, Backus & .Sons' planing mill, corner
of Fort and Eleventh Streets. Loss, $150,000.
November 14, William Saurs's cooper shop, Ber-
lin Street. Loss, $10,000.
November 18, Backus & Sons' lumber yard, cor-
ner of Fort and ICleventh Street. Loss, $4,682.
I3eceniber 30, carriage factory, Randolph Street.
Los.s, $5,776.
1883. January i, candy store at No. 8 Grand
River Avenue. Loss, $3,296.
January 8, Telegraph Block, southeast corner of
Congress and Griswold Streets, badly damaged.
Loss, $19,414.
January 22, factory on the corner of Randolph
and Atwater Streets. Loss, $3,058.
February 28, Miller's soap works at 606 Wood-
bridge Street West. Loss, $7,100.
March 30, Gisler's carriage shop, on Lamed
Street West. Loss, $6,000.
April 4, lumber yard of Mr. Japes, at 643 Gratiot
Avenue, burned. Loss, $5,500.
April 13, furniture stores at 47, 49, and 51 Jeffer-
son Avenue. Loss, $30,410.
May 10, John Marr's cooper shops at comer of
B;igg and Twelfth Streets. Loss, $5,000.
May 21, explosion of boiler and fire at Wolverine
paper mills. Loss, $14,650.
August 2, Henkel & Voorhees's flour mill at south-
west corner of Randolph and Woodbridge Streets.
Loss, $31,450-
August 10, Saurs's cooper shops at corner of
Arndt and Berlin Streets. Loss, $18,376.
November 21, Detroit Dry Dock engine works
badly damaged. Loss, $5,747-
Since the organization of the Fire Commission,
great care has been taken to keep a record of fires,
with the following result :
Number
Number
Year.
iif Fires
Total Loss.
Year.
of Fires
and
Total Loss.
ALirnis.
Alarms.
1867
212
$185-473
1876
232
202,433
1868
137
99,828
1877
340
238,832
1869
152
240,490
1878
234
177.933
1870
190
172,960
1879
261
89.687
1871
191
239,006
1880
191
77,619
1872
128
192,935
1881
230
150,011
1S73
154
390.315
1882
226
290,134
1874
240
195,249
1883
283
210,767
1875
222
250,909
500
FIKF. MAKSIIAl.. TlUi: I.IMrrS.-CIIIMNEY SWKKl'S.
IIKK MAKSIIAL.
This oflioe was first cstablislicil by orcliiiancc,
a|)pr(ivf(l April 3, i860. 'I'Ir' ortiinaiuL' t^rcatly
I'urlaiiid the powers of llie chief eii).;iiieer, and j^ave
the marshal power to eiifone t)rdiiiaiues as to tires,
to eaiise chiiiiiu-ys to be eleaned, to examine
premises as to tiieir safety against lire, and to over-
see the lire wardens. The salary of the marshal
was lixed at $600, ,ind tliat of tiie chief en,v;ineer re-
duced from $500 to $joo. 'I'he projjosed .iclion
greatly displeased some of the firemen, and on Ajjril
2, 1.S60, liu'V held ;i larije mi'i'lini; at I'irenien's
Hall to protest against it. Tiieir jirotest, however,
was of no avail, and the ordinance was approved
tlie next day. The ol'iice of tire marshal was abol-
ished on .M.irch 26, 1867, by the Act ■ .^ating the
Fire Commission,
The following persons have sit\ j mar-
shals: 1861, II. A. .Snow; 1862, .^s Haltle;
1863-1866, William Champ; 1866. J. H. Van
Schoick,
By Act of May 23, 1877, the oflicc was revived,
but with such additional i)ower and increased duties
as to make it virtually a new otlice. The Act
provided that a tire marshal, and, if need be, an
assist.int tire marshal, should be nominated by the
tire commissioners, ;ind appointed by the council.
It is the duty of the marshal to be present at all
tires, to in(|uiie into their origin, recommend pre-
cautionary measures, and to prevent the transi)orta-
tion and storing oC d.'ingerous materials; and all
persons erecting or altering buildings are recjuired
to get a permit from him. The charge for a |)er-
niit within the tire limits is, for repairs costing less
than Si, 000, one dollar ; for repairs costing over
$1,000 and less than $5,000, two dollars; and for
every addition;il $1,000, twenty cents.
The marshal has power to stop repairs or altera-
tions in a building, in case they increase the tire
risk. (Jeorge Dunlap was the first marshal under
the law, serving till April i, 1880, when he was
succeeded by W. H. IJaxter.
FIRE LIMITS.
Fire limits were first prescribed by ordinance
passed October 7, 1845, the limits including all the
territory between Randolph and Cass Streets to
Lamed, along I.arned to (Iriswold. up CiHswoId to
Michigan Avenue, on Michigan Avenue to Mates
Street, on Mates to L.inied, along Larnid to K;m-
ilol|)h, and down Kandol|)h to the river. W ithiii
the.se limits no building was to be erected over
twenty feel in height, unless built p;irtly of stone or
brick, with tire walls ten inches above the roof.
After the gre.it fire of May 9, 1848, a new or-
(liii.tnce w.is p.issed, which prescribed that wooden
buildings of more than twelve feet in height, twenty
feet in length, and sixteen feet in width, should not
be erected within the limits detiiied by the follow-
ing streets: Meaubien from the river to Congress,
along Congress to Randolph, along Randol|)h to
Monroe, ilown Monroe and Campus Martins to
Michig.'in Avenue, on Michigan Avenue to .Shelby,
down Shelby to Fort, on Fort to the west line of the
city, which, at th;it time, extended only to the {'"or-
syth F.irm. Since 1848 the limits have been gradu-
ally extended, and they are frequently changed.
CHIMNKY SWKKI'.S.
The oversight and cleaning of chimneys received
the attention of the trustees in 1802. Fines were
then intlicted for dirty or defective chimneys, and.
in some instances, ilangerous chimneys were ordered
to be torn down.
A curious illustration of the changes that take
l)lace in public oi)ini()n and in l.iw is afforded by the
fact that, by ordinance of 1836, the tire-wardens
weri' authorized to "cause chimneys tf) be buriud
out," while later aiul present ordinances i^rovide
that if any chimney burns out, the owner shall he
t'yied for not preventing it.
liy ortlinance of November 18, 1845, and up to
1859, the lire-wardens were to nominate, ami the
council to apjioint a chimney sweep ; the tire-
wardens, however, held no regular meetings, and
oftentimes no sweeps were apiiointed. Hy orilinance
of November 15, 1869, the office was dignitied .ind
disguised under the title of insjiector of chimneys.
Two or more sweeps are appointed yearly by the
council. The present ordinance allows the chimney
sweep to charge twenty-five cents for each story
that the chimney passes through, and when the
chimney has more than one Hue, ten cents per story
for each additional flue.
,) IWitcs
() K.in-
Williiii
L'd over
stone or
oof.
new or-
wooden
t, tweiUy
loiild not
• follow-
'oiiirress,
(lolph to
.irtiiis to
0 Shelby,
ine of the
the l''or-
jn ijradii-
nged.
s rereivid
"ines weri'
neys, aiul,
re ordered
that take
ded by tlie
e-\vanlens
)e buriuti
;s provide
r shall be
and up to
, and the
the lire-
lniv;s
and
ortliname
[nitied and
ehimneys.
rly by tl
le
le e
himniy
ach story
I when the
per story
CIIAPTI'R LV.
THE OLD FIRE DKI'ARTMKNT. — TIIK STFAM FIRK iJKi'ARTMENT.—
11 IK FIRE DEPARTMENT SOCIETY.
THE OI,n FIRF, DF.PARTMKNT.
TlIF, earliest fire cxtinijiiishers consisted of lonsj
poles with swabs attaeiied, and with these the lirst
)tal>itiiiis of Detroit literally nio|)ped out the fires.
When the sparks llcw so thickly as to be tlanj^erous,
packs of furs were opened, and deer ;uul bear skins,
with the fur downwards, were spread upon the
roofs; if they were ijreen they would not be injureil,
and in any case a little water did not hurt them, and
they often did as jjood service in protectin;,' their
owner's property from tire as they had oriirinally
(lone in protecting their four-footed wearers from
the cokl.
'{'he first mention of a fire engine occurs in con-
nection with the proceedings of the Court of (Quarter
Sessions. It reads as follows :
I'liisday, March i j, 171^8. 'I'liu Court rfccivcd the nccnunt of
TliDmiis Cox rispiitiiiK thi' tnjjini', hy wliich it .-ippdiirs there is a
balance rcmaiiiiiiK' in his hands of $10.47^^.
How this money came into his hands docs not
appear ; possibly it had been collected to pay for
repairing the engine left by the English when the
|)ost was surrendered.
At the second meeting of the tnistees of the town,
on February 23, 1802, an ordinance entitled " Regu-
lations for securing the town of Detroit from injuries
from fires " was drafted. It was the first that they
acted upon, and was adopted two days later. It
re(]uired all chimneys to be swept every two weeks
between October and April, and every four weeks
the rest of the year, the sweeping to be done on
Saturdays before 9 A. M., under a penalty of $5.00,
and a further penalty of $10.00 if a chimney took
fire. Each householder and shopkeeper was also
required to have two bags holding three bushels
each, to place goods in, in case of fire, and to keep
at his shop, where it would not freeze, a keg or light
barrel filled with water, 1. ig ears on each side,
with a lever or pole to pass through them so that
two men could carry it. Two buckets, holding
about three gallons each, one ladder to each chim-
ney fastened on the roof, and one other long enough
to reach up to it, were also to be provided. The
householders and shopkeepers were required to take
or send the kegs or buckets to every fire under a
penalty of $5.00 for each neglect, and every house-
holder capable of assisting was directed to turn out
on the first cry of fire ; a line was then to be formed
from the river to the fire for the purpose of passing
water, and any person refusing to apiiear. or con-
cealing himself, was fined $2.00 or imprisoned for
two weeks. James May, Jac(|ues (lir.irdin, and
Auguste Laffrey, together with twelve United States
soldiers, were requii'ed to assemble at the engine
house, and t.ike the engine out on the first notice of
fire, under penalty of $5.00 foi any neglect or refusal;
and Fr.-mcis Frcro, director, l'res(iue Cott;, Sen.,
Theophikis Meltez, liaptiste Peltier, Charles Pou-
pard, and Prcs([iie Cote, Jr., were required to appear
at the same time, each armed with a good felling
axe, to be used as circumstances might require.
Any one of the above not appearing when alarm
was given was to be fined $5.00.
It appears that the trustees were not observant of
their own regulations, for on March 24. 1803, they
fined three of their own number, and also their sec-
retary and assessor, for violation of the fire ordi-
nance, and the next day another trustee, Joseph
Campau, was also reported to b(; fined.
On May 2, 1803, Joseph Harrison and Joseph
Campau were appointed inspectors of ladders, buck-
ets, fire bags, water barrels, etc.
There was continual trouble in enforcing the fire
ordinance, the inspectors repotting some persons
without buckets, others without ladders ; the barrel
of water frozen in some places, and the barrel empty
in others, the shop bags filled with gotxls instead of
being ready for use, the ears off the barrels and
the poles missing. In a word, then as now, ordi-
nances were not obeyed. On one of their rounds a
quick-witted widow saw the inspectors coming, and
knowing that her barrel v/as empty and that her
excuses for previous neglect would not avail, she
jumped into the water-cask herself, saying, " You
see, gentlemen, the cask is full." Of course there
was a hearty laugh, and the gallant inspectors could
do no less than to obtain water and fill the widow's
cask themselves.
The old records make it evident that the trustees
I501]
502
TMK OLD FIRE DEPARTMKNT.
were mi)rl)i(lly apiirelu-nsivo of fire ; ri'vjiilations
were made and inspectors of cliiinneysappoiiUicI at
almost every ineetinvj. On Septenil)er i<>, 1.S03. a
eonilnitti'e was appointed to ascertain uhillicr liie
enjfinc was in order for immediate use ; on Scptcm-
l)cr 26 thirtc.n persons were appointed to worl< tile
engine, iiiuicr direction of "Dr. Win. M. .Scott,
ICscj.," and on Monday, Marcli 4, 1804, James Dodc-
mcad was appointed in his stead. On May 11
Charles Curry and J. lUe. l'i(iuette were appointed
inspectors of fire reijuiations. On Monilay, October
I, till- trustees ordcrctl "the screws of the envjinc to
l)e put in jfood order." May 11, itSo5, tiiey resolved
that " the Hoard do determine that from and after
the first Monday in June next, the Ins|)cctors of
fire rej^ulations do go around once every week tlur-
injf the time of their .ippointment." On Monday,
June 3, Dr. McCoskry and Robert Munroe were
appointed inspectors of fire regulations " within the
picket.s," and John Oentle and John Harvey "for
the suburbs," with orders to go around once a week,
liefore tiie time for their secoiul tour there were
neither iiou.ses nor chimneys to inspect, for the fire
of June 1 1 liad destroyetl the town. (See history
of fire.)
After the fire of 1805, no traces of fire regula-
tions or apparatus appear until April i, 1811.
Cicorge McDougall tlien applieil to the (iovernor
and Judges for a donation lot in the city of Detroit,
near the center thereof, whereon to erect a frame
building for the firj engine. There is a tradition
that during the War of 181 2 Coiumodore ferry's
tlag-ship was provided with a fire-pump, which,
after the war, became the property of Detroit.
On December 4, 1815, an ordiifance provided for
the appointment, by the trustees, of six household-
ers, who were to be furnished with three " battering
rams," to demolish buildings in case of fire ; and
another, of January, 18 16, appointed twelve house-
holders as "a.\emen," six as "battering men," and
twenty-four as "fire-hook men." On February 5,
1817, the ordinance was revised, but no important
changes were made. The next year, on September
23, the Hoard of Trustees organized a fire company
of eleven ^ixemen, with H. Woodworth as captain ;
fourteen fire-engine men, with D. C. McKinstry as
captain; and fourteen bagmen, with H. J. Hunt as
captain. There was evidently nuich trouble this
year occasioned by evil or mischievously disposed
persons stealing or hiding some of the apparatus.
On September 30 the secretary of the trustees was
directed to " procure information as to where the
Fire hooks and Hattering rams are," and on Novem-
ber 14 John R. Williams was authorized to provide
eight battering rams and two fire hooks. The
Gazette of December 16, 1818, contained the fol-
lowing :
NOIICK.
Any iK-rsiMi wliii will vfi^'i' '<ii< l> inrorniiiilon iih will Ic ad tu tin
riTdvcry of ihr fire liookii mill luittrriiiK rniiiH lii'liin»:iiit( t(i tin
city, wliii li liiivir fur wtmu lime hccn io^t or iinurali-il, will l>'
(Inly ri'wariii'il.
Tuns. Kdwi.ANi),
StCKif/iiry,
The notice w.ts evidently of no avail ; new fire-
hooks h.ul to be obtained, and at a meeting of the
trustees, January 28, iSnj, Harvey Williams prc-
.sented an account of $55 for making them. (Jn
March 13, 1.S19, a meeting of the citi/ins w.is luM
at the call of the trustees "to consider the propriii)
of r.iising a tax to buy a fire engine." The tax was
voted down, because a sclu'iue was in progress tn
procure one by means of a lottery to come olf April
I. A communication in the Oazette of March 26
made the following plea for the plan : " Let every
citizen i)uy a lottery ticket as soon as possible in
order to procure the means to lessen the danger
from fire." Ten per cent was to be deducted from
the eighty-four prizes for the jiurijose of ])urehasing
the engine. The value of the pioperty put up was
$4,040, ;md it was to be disposed of by selling 808
tickets at $5.00 each. The lottery did not draw,
and meantime the old engine was repaired and the
following notice api)eared :
KIKK! I'IkKI
The mcmbiTs of l\n: K»y;\u Engine Comp.nny arv hereby iii-
forimil Uiat the eriK'nu is now lU for use, and that aureeahly In
the liy-laws of the Company, they must assemble every Mondiy
niurning at siinrisi: fur the space uf si\ months.
N. I!.— There not brini; a suitable btiildinj; iTerted in which In
keep Ihc cMiiiiie, it is hi the care uf Captain II. Siiii<ler.son, at
whose house the Company will meet until further directions.
Uy order uf the Acting Captain.
J. W. Coi.TlONN,
March 31, 18 19. Clerk.
On April 28, 1819, a bill for repairing the engine,
amounting to $87.10, was presented by H. Samler-
soii ; it was paid May 1 1, and on the .same day John
W. Tompkins was paid $130 for building a house
for the engine and for fire-hooks.
In January, 1820, J. D. Doty was secretary of
the fire company and Robert Irwin director. On
September 1 1 following, another meeting was held
to consider the voting of a tax to purchase an engine,
but the people again voted against taxation. The
condition of affairs at this time is set forth in the
following from an editorial in the Gazette for Janu-
ary 19, 1 82 1.
The Corporation, it is trtie, is in posiwssion of a small engine,
hat it is much too small and is believed to be out of repair and
unlit for use. The fire company met once a week at sunrisi- for
several weeks for drill, but at lliis dale the organization is extinct-
The article further argued that buckets were pre-
ferable to " tubs with cars " to be carried on a pole,
and complained of the unwillingness of the citizens
//^
TUF. OLD FIRK UKPARTMKNT.
503
III "shouldiT tlu'ir tubs wlun alarmed by cry of
lire."
On Marrh 29, 1821, the chairman of the Hoard of
InisttH's and II. J. Hunt wire aijpointcd a coinniit-
nc to wait on tlic (lovcrnor and Jtulj^cs, and solicit
an ;i|iprn|)ri;ition low.irds ijmcurinj,' an cni^int'. It is
III he presumed tli.it tiie coinniittee were unsueccs.s-
fiil. fur on April <; a eiti/.ens' ineetini^ voted $400 to
pnieure one, the amount to he collected hy a t.ix on
re.il and personal propi'rty.
Me.intinie the editorial in the Ciazettc bore some
fruit, for on .May 16 the ho.-ird of trustees repealed
tluit [ 't of the ordinance which required a wooden
vessel with loops ;uul pole to be kept by citizens,
Ndtwithstandin;; the vote in f.ivor of purchasing
;i lire en.ijinc. the trustees were slow in procuring it ;
hut tin.illy, on December 24, they resolved "to c.irry
into iinniediale elfect the vote of y\pril 9 last, and to
raise $r)Oo instead of $400 to purchase a tire engine."
This resolution, like m.'uiy others, was never carried
out.
On October 16, 1824, a committee of the newly
created Common Coimcil w.as appointed " to ascer ■
tain wiiere a suitable site for the luigine house
could l)e obtained, and to make an estimate of the
expense of removing said building," .and application
w.is made to the trustees of the university for llic
privilege of "placing the engine house in front of
tile .ic.idemy."
On March 2, 1825, the council appointed a
"committee to procure information from New York,
Pliil;idelphi;i, and such other places as they may
think proper, relative to the jirice and (luaiity of a
Fire Engine for the City," and on March 15 the
committee "was authorized to remit the funds
ill tile Treasury, applicable to the purchase
of a Fire Engine, directly to such maker of
engines as they might think proper, accom-
pjiiiied with ;in order for the immediate for-
warding of a Fire Engine ; provided the
price thereof did not exceed six hundred
dollars." On April 7 a committee was ap-
pointed to apply to the Legislative Council
for such exemptions and other provisions
.'Ls would facilitate the establishment of a
I'ire Company; and on June 4 a committee
of the Council was appointed " to superintend
the removal, repairs and painting of I'.ngine
I louse." The building was moved " in front "
of the old academy, on the site now occupied
by the store of Farrand, Williams, & Co.
On June 4, 1825, an elaborate fire ordinance,
modelled after the New York ordinance, was passed ;
among its various provisions was one making it the
duty of every watchman or patrolman, upon the
breaking out of fire, to alarm the citizens by crying
"I'ire!" mentioning the street where it was, that
the lircmen .'uid citizens might know where to vjci,
and hoiisehnldcrs were enjoined to "place a li);hti'd
candle at the windows of their respective dwellings,
in order that citizens niiijht p.'iss along the slreels
with gre.iler safety. " This custom was kept up iinlil
the lelenr.iph jilarm went inK* operation, and m:uiy
a time the nights were filled with terror by the
hoarse shouting of "Fire!" the hurrying crowds
of men and boys, ruul the rattling of the engines
as they were pulletl over the uneven walks and
pavements.
On .September 28, 1825, the council gave notice
that a Fire Company would be organized the suc-
ceeding day, and it was .esolved "tli.it it lie the
duty of the Chief Engineer to niise a hook and
l.idder company, to consist of not less th;in eighteen
men." On October 4 intiuiry was made in the
Detroit (i.izettc as to the whereabouts of the fire
engine, for which the citizens had paid four or five
years previously.
The engine finally arrived, and the Common
Council records for December i, 1825, say that "an
account w.-is audited and allowed of $54 for trans-
portation and storage of a Fire I'mgine from New
York." On January 11, 1826, the council tendered
the thanks of the corporation to W. & J. James, of
New York, for gratuitous commission services, in
procuring a fire engfne on September 21, 1825. As
the balance due William «.K: John James, in pay-
ment for the engine, was not remitted until June 13,
a resolution of thanks was certainly their due.
The engine, the first one really purchased by the
corporation, was named "Protection No. i." It
remained in use for upwards of thirty years, and
rUW. tVllUlflMIMtll.l
Olu No. 1, " Tub Coosbneck."
served as the organizing machine for Engine Com-
panies Nos. 3, 4, 5, 8, and 9. For many years after
it was laid aside it occupied the post of honor on
review days, and in Fourth of July processions was
drawn about on a platform.. Concerning the man-
504
THK OLD KIRK DKI'ARTMKNT.
a,v(fm(Mil of this ciii^ine al a Urv., on Kcbnuiry 17,
1K27, the Dt-troil (ia/clU; says:
'I'liii-io I ili/'Ms wild had llir iii.'injvii'ini'nt cif niir liltio cn^;iiii'
ilrsirrvu praisr lor llic-ir :ii livity and iMMScvcraiiic, yil il w.i'> a
jjc.icral n-mark that not snlVii irnt iiliicrity was displayd l>y thini
ill Mf'llliik; Ihi'ir i ii<in< lo i In- si iiir nf artiiiii. I hr di-Jisirr w ill
d<Mihtt<-ss Irad In ihr |)i'riiiaiiLiil uD^^aiii/atidii <jf il ('111- c<iin|iaiiy,
and tu ihi- adopt inn of such regulations, hy our cili/rns jjini'rally
as will, at a future time, prevent u recurrence of the confusion
wliirh then I'xisted.
A few (lays afti-r, on l'\-l)riiary 22, llu' records of
llic cuimcil sliovv llie appoiiitiueiil of a "commillcc
to JLsccrlain the practicaljility of rt|)airinj4 the old
I'ire Iji^ine l)cloiigiiig to lliis eily, and to contract
for said repairs at any sum not exc cedinj^ $25." At
tlje same mectin]^ it was resolved that " I'.. 1'. Hast-
ings, Marshall Chapin, R. A. Forsyth, Henry S.
Cole, and Kdmund A. Brush be requested to asso-
':iat('. to themselves siuh persons as tiiey may think
jiropcr lor \hc. purpose of lakiiii; care of said Kii-
j^ine;" also that "Aldermen I'almerand Cha|)in he.
a committee to ascert.ain the number and condition
of the lire hooks belonj^inj^ to this city; and, if
necessary, to procure so many as that the wholt;
luimber shall amount to six ; and, also, to report on
the practicability of converliny; the !■ laj; staff at the
cantonment into ladders for the use (A the city."
On March 12 a council committee on iniprovi'-
meiiLs reported in favor of purchasing a new engine,
repairing the old one, procuring twelve good lire
hoflks, well provided with handles, tlie organi/alinii
of suitable lire companies, and the procuring of a
" triangular bell for lire alarms inly."
On March 51 i'Mre Company No. 2, with thirty-
one meujbers, w;is organized, and retjuired by the
council to have the old engine repaired at a cost of
not i;\ceiMling $127, and to use tlu' same for a lime
On May 14 they were authorized to increase their
number to thirty-six; on .September y the old lire
engine was again ordered to be repaired at a cost
of not <\ceiding $275, and on November 26 a bill
for repairs was au<liled at $^I3.''>3.
(ireat eiicuinagement was afforded to lirenier. by
an Act of the Legislative Conncil of April 4, 1.S27,
which exempted hem from military service in
time: of pe.ice and from serving on a jury. l?y Act
of July 31, 1830, the mimi)er exempted was limited
to forty, liy Act of March 14, 1S40, aH tiremen
were exemptcfl from military and jury duty.
On January 21, 1830, the council contracted for
four additional fire ladders. On April 2S they de-
ciiled to organize a Hook £ind Ladder Comp.iny,
and the chief engineer was directec' to proeure mort;
fire hooks, also six ladders, and caps and wands for
use of himself and wardens. The following day
the first (ir(!mcn's inspection and review was hekl.
It took place on the I'ublic W'h.irf at 4 r. M., and
was p.irticipated in by Companies Nos. 1 and 2, , 111(1
the newly <irg;iiiizcd Hook and Ladder ( oiiip.inv.
'I he (jrganization of the last eomp.'iny was fully jxr-
fected two days afterward.
In J.iniiary, i<S3i, a new engine w.is prociiri'd fm
Lagle Comi)any No. 2, and on April 13 follow iiij;
the council borrowed $800 of the Hank of Michigan
to p.iy for it. On .Sei)teml)cr 14, 1831, the chief
enginier was directed "to procure a tub or cask
mounted on wheels, to be attacjied to one of the
engines for use i;i case of lire." On i\Liy 3, 1832,
the council supplemented that primitive arrange-
ment by ordering "six "eservoirs, to contain i'o,oo<j
gallons e.-'.ch, to be built and connected with logs
of Tive-inch calibre for use in case of tire." On
.September 4, 1833, the eoiincii disbanded Company
No. 2 for neglect of duty.
'l"he organi/.ilion of a hose company was recom-
mended by a committee of the council on July y,
1834, and on October 8 a hose coin|)any was or-
ganized, ;ind .'ilso a new com|)any for No. 2.
On December 2, 1835. Comp.iny No. 3 was 01-
g.'inizcd, placi'd in |)ossession of the "old origin.tr'
engine, and located ne.ir the Herlhelet \farket, at
northwest corner of R.-mdolph and Atwater Streets.
( )n April 13, 183^), , e company was disbanded by
the council, and another e(jm|i;my, consisting of
I )a\ id Sin.irt and twenly-twtj others, was recognized
as Company No. 3.
On August 1 1 the i-oimcil
/uMi/ri'i/, III. it a (iiiiiiiiitli'i: tie appointi <l willi authority tu
cnntrai't for tlic rrritioii of a htiildini.; mi tlie t'l-inale Si-iiiiiiai)
Inl.nu nortlirast i urmr of I'ort and < Iriswold stnils, for iiscol
l''iiv;iii'* Cuiiipany No. -j.
'{'he building w.is duly erorted. and occupied li\
the company uiilil Dcccnijjcr 12, 185^; they then
mo\( d into tli<ir new building, on the north side ol
L.irncd .Slii'i'l, betwciii W'oodw.ard yXvenue and
li.ites Street. 'I'his building w.is elig.intly lilted
up, .iiid at the liiiic, .111(1 for ni.iiiy yc.irs, w.as the
'" ;st in tlu; city. '1 lur engire houst^ for No. 3 w.is
I tl'-' north sidit of L.irned, between Hrush and
iie.iiiliicn Streets, and in 1884 is still standing.
In September, 183^1, ,1 new .and el.ibor.ate tire or-
din.ince w.is |);pssed by the. council. Il |)rovi(le(i
lli.it ;it the time of a lire tlu; m.iyor, recorder, ;iiid
.-ildermen should sever.illy c'lrry "a while wand
wilh .1 gilded ll.ime at the lop, ;ind c.icli of the en-
gineers shall we.ir ;i Ic.ithcrn c;i|), p.iinicd white,
with ;i gilded front thereto, .'ind a lire engine
blazoned thereon; and shall, also, c.irry a speaking
trumpet, painted blac, with tlie words 'Chief I'.n-
gineer, Lngine No. 1,' etc., as the c.is(> m;iy be, in
white letti;rs." J-Iach of ihe lire wardens was ti-
wear !i similar rap, p.iinted white, with the city
arms embl.'izoi led on the from, ;i d to carry a speak-
THK Ol.I) FIKK DKPARTMF.XT.
505
inif tnimpit, painted vvliiti-, willi tlie \vf)r(ls " Chii-f
I irc! Wardrii," aiui " !■ in; \Vai(k:ii No. i,"i'tc., in
lilatk IcttiTs. 'I'lic cap of each foreman was to have
ihc word •' I'oicnian " painted on liie fnjnl, lomtiiei
with the nntiii)er of liie company to which lie l)e-
loiijfed, and each metnIxT was to ha\-e the nnmher
of liis company jjainted ni)on tlie front of his cap.
'I'he sarn(- ordinance re(|nired eaeli hiiiiiHnj.; in
, he city to have one lire hiickel for every !ire|)lacc
iir stove, to iiold two .and a lialf ,i;,iil-)ns e.icii,
m.irkcd vvilli owner's name, number of liis liouse,
,ind name of .slri^et; liie l)ii(k( ts were to l)e "siis-
|icn(ied in some conspicuous place in the entry near
ihe front door of e.ich house, so as to he re.idy for
delivery and use in extinijiiishinij fres." One half
iii the number of buckets n(|uired minhl be de-
|insited with the city, and if lost two dollars w.is
p.iid the owner for th(;iii. After a lirt: all buckets
ih.il were unel.iimed were left at the market liou.se,
lo be called for by their owners.
An cm-I) I'lui'. Ill ( KKT.
IJy the sanu! ordinanci' tlu' council, in the month
of May of each year, w.is to ;ippoint one or more lire
w.udens in each ward, who wi're clothed with
|io\\ci' to enti-r any house and examine all chimneys
and lirepla' js. 'I'iiey <.vere al.so aiithori/.id, at the
lime ^f ,1 Cire, to "direct the inhai)iiants to form
themselves in ranks for the purpose of handing
buckets and siipplyinjLi; water." Soon aftir the pas-
s.ii;-e of this ordinance the number of wardens was
MK re.iseil to live in each ward. In 1X45 there were
diree for the (Inst ward, and two e.ich for the other
wards; the followinij;- year there wire four in the
tirst, and three in e.icli of the other wards. The
miinber of wardens was subseqiiently increased to
.ichivf and four .assistants, and fin.illy seven war-
• lens w;a\: assii;neil to e.ieh ward; the ollice by this
lime JM'came a sinecure, and in June, 1857, it was
publicly allirmed that, with .a sini,de e.xcciHio.. not
a warden iiad been present at a tire for two years
previrius. 'Vhf ollice existed in n.ame up to 18^)7,
but on tli( ere.iiion of the I'ire Conunission it was
disi'oniiiiui'd.
In 1856 the council provided for payini; five dol-
lars to the person tirsl .vjivin;^- an al.arm .and rini^ini;
tlu; bell. At this time the bells were tolled instead
of niiiv^. in 1X41, a change from tolliiiJL; I'l rin^inj;
W.IS ni.ide, .and those who h.id ch,ir(.;e of the bell
run.n it so effectively that the whole city w.as st.artled
by the (|uick .and r.itllini; ehar.ieler of the .il.irm.
In I1S47 the council divided the city into districts,
■and .1 w.iich w.is kept in the steeple of the l'res!)y-
teri.in C'luirch, on the corner of W'oodw.ird Avenue
.and L.trned .Street. 'I .le locality of .1 lire w.as indi-
cated, then .as now, by laps upon .a bell. A ni.nht
w.atilim.an w.as sul)se(|uently st.atioiied in "he c up<il.i
of the .N.ational Hotel, now the Russell House, .and
.afterwards in thi; steeplis of the Sl.ite Street .and
Jefferson Avenue I'resbyleri.an Churches. In .M.an h,
1857, .a steel tri.inj^le w.as ordered, u|)on which
al.arms were to be j,dven. It w.as hun^' in the (aipol.a
of the old City II. all, .and for years j)eriodie efforts
were m.ade to so pl.ace it th.it it would ^ive .a s.ati.s-
f.actory .al.arm, but .all efforts were fruitless.
in 1.S5S the city w.as divided into tuo districts,
the lirst, si'cond, fifth, eighth, .and ninth w.arch cuin-
|)osin]i( the First District, .and C'omi).inies 2, 4, 5, 8,
10, .an<l 1 2, .and the Hook .and I. .adder Comp.any
were to do duty therein. The Second I )istriet com-
prised the third, fourth, sixth, sexcnth, .and tenth
w.ards, .and C'ompanies i, 3, 6, 7, y, .and 1 1, .and thi;
Hook and L.addi r Comp.any were to .attend ,ill lires
in the distrii t.
in 1866 the entire city was divided into live tire
districts, .and two com|).inies were desiv; ti.it I'd to
•atli'iul .all lires .and .al.arms ori.nin.atin.n; in each dis-
trict. A ifcncr.il .al.arm w.as tirsl sounded by rin.nini;
.all the bells, and then tin; number of the w.ard was
v;i\cn.
rurninjLf .aj.f.ain to tlu- history of th.e coni|).inie«;
we tind th.at oii October 4, 1836, the in.avor noti-
lied the council lli.il he h.ad conlr.acle<l with Mr.
Smith of New York for a new lire engine of the
most .approveil kind, to be delivered in New ^'o^k,
October 15. On J.inu.ary 1837, the C'ominil-
lee on Fire Dep.artment w.is '■ ie(|uesti'd to .a.scer-
tain the nmsl i-lii^Mble site wiiich can be obl.iined
for the erection of .a i)erm.anent biiildiii).; for the
usi: of Fnij^ine C.'omii.any No. 1, the I look .and
I. .adder Comp.any .and a Hose Comp.any, .and the
terms upon whiih such site can be h.ad, .and
wlulher by piirch.ase or by ieasv'. On Febni.ary 3
it w.as resolved "th.at th<' tire en,i,dne Lately arrived
be ih'livered to I'.nj;inc Company No. 3, provided
tlu; number of members of that company shall be
increased to not less th.an twenty-live by the 18th
inst." It wiis also resolvei. " that the sum of fifty
5o6
THE OLD FIRE DEPARTMENT.
dollars be ajipropriatcd, and expended under the
direction of the Cliitf Knj,n'neer, for paintinij the
enjfine formerly beloni^inij to Company No. i, ami
lately in possession of Company No. 3, and that said
enjjine he hereafter desij^jnated and considered as
engine No. 4," also tli.it "the Chief Knj-ineer be
requested to use his efforts to embody a company to
be attached to I'ngine No. 4." The effort to organ-
ize this company was nut immediately .successful.
A house was built for llicm in the rear of Washing
ton Market in the- simimcr of 1S40, but the company
was not oriiciaily organized until May 18, 1841.
The names of the ofiicers of the companies in
January, 1837, were:
Company No. i : C. Hurlbut, foreman ; John
Owen, assistant foreman; A. Ewers, treasurer; K.
E. Roberts, secretary ; James W. Sutton, steward.
Company No. 2 : Thomas J. Jieese, forcm.'in ; O.
II. Jones, first assistant foreman ; Charles C. Trow-
bridgi', second assistant foreman ; H.J. Caniff, sec-
retary .ind treasurer; W. II. Wells, engineer.
Company No. 3 : Francis E. Eidred, foreman.
In January and .April of this yi'ar very disastrous
I'lres occurred ; the supply of hose was insullicient,
and the firemen declared that they were unable, on
tii.it account, to do got)d .si'rvice. There can be no
(juesiion of the heroism th.it .some of them displayed.
The members of Company No. i suffered severely,
ami many had tiicir coats entirely destroyed by the
ilames. At the burning of the Creat Western, in
1839, the gallant boys of No. 4 st.itioned themselves
within fifteen feet of the fierce Ilames, and remained
until t'.icy were extinguished. The heat was so in-
tense that it w;is nccess.ary to throw the w;iter over
them as they stood at the br.ikes.
On June 6, 1837, Hurlbut Hose Company No. i
was formed, and in February, 1844, LeRoy Hose
Company No. 2.
In 1838 the firemen had so increased in number
that plans for mutual improvement began to be
suggested, and on August 21 they opened a reading
room and library.
In January, 1839, the council obtained the use of
the lot on the northwest corner of Earned and Hates
Streets, and the same ye \r the first Firemen's Hall
was erected, at a cost of S3.300- !•• was paid for by
the city, aided by the firemen. It was of brick,
thirty by fifty feet, and was first occupied in Decem-
ber, 1839. The lower story was used by Protection
Company No. i, Hurlbut Hose Company No. i,and
the Hook, Ladder, and Axe Company. The upper
room was used for .some time i:)y the common coun-
cil, and in 1852 for a public school; it afterwards
became the office of the Water Works. The entire
building w;is finally occupied for business purposes.
It w;is torn dov.n in 1872, to make room for the
store of Farrand, Williams, & Co.
During 1842 one thousand feet of hose was con-
tracted for, and for nearly six months the question
of how to obtain $860 in good money, to pay for
it, was before the council. .So dilTicult was it for
the city to support the department that a propo-
sition to turn over the engines and apparatus to the
Fire Deiiartment Society was .seriously discussed.
The records of the council for June 15, 1842, con-
tain the following :
Ri-soii'iii^ that a committee, with the Mayor as chairman, be
appiiintril to receive priipiisiils from, and to confer with the Fire
Dipartnient of the city, relative to the s-ile to them of the fire
cn^inis, liosi-, hose carts, and other apparatus now in use by the
I'ire Department. .And tliat s;iid committee be authorized to
make such s;de and conveyances for , such consideration as they
deem most advisable for the city.
-- Jg^lg^^^
Old Firembn's Hall.
On June 27, 1843, the council further
Kesohuu/, that the Recorder be anlhorized, in consideration of
the valiial)le ser\'ices rendered the city by the firemen thereof, m
sill and convey, for and on behalf of llw Mayor, Recorder, Aldei-
nun,and I'iremen of tli<- cily of I >etroit, all the fire engines, hose,
hose carls, hooks and ladders, tnicks and the appurtenances of
the various fire companies, and now owned by the said city, to
the Fire Department of the city of Detroit, provided that swiid
matters and things continue to be used for the purposes for wiiich
they were obtained.
As the Fire Depart nenl Society did not dare to
assume the risk whicn the purchase would involve,
this piece of financiering failed. The hard times
finally passed away, and there was no occasion for
further considering the propcsition. The creilit ami
ability of the city was, liowever, .so uncertain that,
lest the property should be attached, a law of Feb-
THE OLD FIRE DEPARTMENT.
507
cialiiin of
liciTof, til
cr, AUli'i-
irii'S, liosc,
•naiici's iif
id lily, 1"
that snid
for wiiich
dare to
involve,
times
sioii for
^tlit ami
ill that,
)f Feb-
d
niary 6, 1843, and amendment of March 9, 1844,
exempted it from execution.
J5y this time the jjrowth of the city made another
company desirable, ;ind on August ly, 1845, rh{i;nix
Company No. 5 was organized. A new engine n'as
then procured, and in 1846 an engine house was
built for this company, on Clifford, at the head of
Griswold Street.
Oi.u No. 5 Engine House, CuKPonn Street.
About this time it became the custom for firemen
to visit other cities and receive visits in return. On
these occasions the Detroit Fire Department always
performed its part thoroughly and well. Concern-
ing the preparations for one of these events a paper
of August 12, 1845, says:
At n mfcting of the committee on l)ehalf of the Fire Pepart-
mcnt of the city of Ocirnit, convened at the National Hotel on
the morning of the nth inst., the following preamhle and resohi-
tioiis were adopted. Whereas, Ithaca Hook and Ladder Co. No.
), liavinR compIimente<l lis hy a visit to the " City of the Straits."
Kesoh'eif, that there be a torchlight procession, to form at eight
o'( lock this evcninjj at King's Comer.
Kesoh'cii, thai we invite our guests of Ithaca to partake of a
dinner on the late Camp ground on Jefferson Avenue, at two
o'( lock 1'. M. on Tuesday.
On July 2, 1849, Company No. 2 went to Ivoch-
(ster, New York, on the steamboat IJaltic; their
engine was sent on the Mayflower.
The popularity of these occasions made the office
of a fireman attractive, and when the growing city
nciuired a new company its formation was not difh-
I lilt. The residents of the Third and Fourth
Wards met on Monday, September 22, 1845, at the
I'iremen's Hall, and resolved to form a company,
to be called Michigan Engine Company No. 6.
The following temporary officers were appointed :
N. Greuscl, foreman ; F. Raymond, assistant fore-
man; W. W. Duffield, secretary. 'Ihe name of
the company was soon changed to "Alert," and
then to "Rough and f<eady." A new engine was
provided in October, and the company was officially
recognized by the council on November 6, 1846.
A building was erected for them in i<S5; on the
northwest corner of Earned and St. Antoine Streets.
fn January, 1849, two companies. Union No. 7
and Mechanics No. 8, were organized. The house
of No. 7 was on the corner of Lamed and Riopelle
Streets. Company No. 8 was located on Third
Street, between Lafayette and Howard Streets.
From the year 1830, it had l)een cu.stomary to
have an annual review of the Department. In 1849
a firemen's parade was arranged for September 26,
during the session of the State Fair, and a torch-
light procession for the evening. For some re.ison,
Company No. i was disaffected, and voted not to
turn out, and on November 20 it was disbanded.
The other companies paraded, adding greatly to
the attraction of Fair week. Th.ese parades were
always occasions of gre.it interest. The gayly dec-
orated engines, polished to the last degree of
brightness, the festoons and wreaths of tlowers
with which they were ornamented, the red shirts
and spotless black pantaloons of the firemen, and
the firemen themselves, were the admiration of all
eyes ; and the " throwing " was watched with anxiety
and delight by both boys and men. Members of
the company which threw the largest stream, high-
est or furthest, were as proud as Orecian victors.
A victorious engine was mounted with an immense
broom, and sometimes with several, and to say
"She carries the broom" was the highest praise.
The steeple of the Presbyterian Church, on the
corner of Woodward Avenue and Lamed Street,
the steeple of the liaptist Church, on the corner of
I'ort and Griswold Streets, and the Cupola of the
City Hall, were favorite places for testing the
"highest water."
Different companies often challenged each other
in order to test the muscle of members and " ma-
chines." Sometimes bonfires were built, or false
alarms raised, that one company might mislead or
defeat another and be first at a tire. In case defeat
seemed probable in a trial of skill, members of
some companies did not hesitate to cut their own
hose, or the hose of other companies, in order to
carry out their plans or make good their claims.
These were days when not only the safety of the
city was in care of the firemen, but they also held the
balance of political pow r, and neither council nor
citizens dared refuse their requests. Because of the
power the organizations possessed, disreputable
persons sought to become firemen, and in some
5uS
TIIK ()l,l) IIKI'. DIll'AKTMKNT.
companies they were adiiiillcd. 'I'lif lirciiuii's halls
llu'ii hccaini.' disjifiju cfiil imiis, and as tlicsi i)alK
siU'Cj-edcd facli diIkt in ia|ii(l sn<'it'ssi(iii, and as
ev<Ty niic was cxijci led in l)iiy a lirkil wluiuvir
asked, llie lax liccainc soiniwliat o|)|irrssive. 'I'iie
worst rliaia< Itrs anion^ the Intimii, however,
wiMild, at the time of ;i tu'e, do deeds ol dariiij; tiial
were the admiration and pride of the riiy.
A tire ol any mom<iil alforded a scene of excili:-
menl that now is never |)aralleli'd. I'lie loud ( ries,
the hoarse slioiitin^(. the raitlinj; thud of tlit; hreaks.
"washed." 'I'his was considered a (|ee|) disj^raee,
and when sm h instances occurred, liienK'H have
heen known to throw np their hals and abandon
the engine. In orilci- in avoid such dilliciilties,
ureal < are uas taken that iiu one of the com|)anies
was supplied with an eiii-ine heller lli.in the
nthcrs.
iJiiriii)^ these ye.irs the duties of liremen wen;
very lahorions .ind exiiaiisiive, and it hecame cus-
lomary to supply ihem with icfreshmenls .ifu-r a
lire, especi.illy if in the nielli. Citizens whose
, /A '
.and the picinres(|nc dress of the tiremeii, were in properly was saved often vied with <ai h other in
markc'd cnnir.'ist
with the (juiet
aixl system of
lilt; present day.
".Start her live-
ly!" "Jiimpher!"
wi'it' llie cries
lie.ird ;is the
hrave ;ind hnis-
tcidiis " h'lioys "
lll;;He<l ill llli-
ropi-s, and
"pulled away"
for a lire. Of-
leiilimes ;i ri-
v.il company
reached the
scene he font
I heir hose-c.irl
arrit'cd. .and lo
prevent anoiher
eom|):iny from
ijetlini; w.iter
ih.it tlii'y u.mlcd
themselves, .i
h.irrel or box
unuld he h.islily
llirnwn (ivcr llu:
hydr.iul, and it
cniild not he li.'td
wilhoul ;i slrtiir-
4,
A " Masi " cil- nil- ftllU'N 'I'lMK.
(I''rciiii II paiiiliiiK )>>' K<>l><i> I li>|ikiii.)
the hospil.ilities
whii h they prof-
fered to the
f.'iilhfiil lint-
men, .iiid m.iiiy
).;,illons (if entice
.mil hiiskcls ol
h;ird hoilcdej^^s,
witholhcr.iii cs-
sories, were pro-
vid<<l. The fnl-
Inuill^ nnliccs
tell their own
story :
'I lit iindt isj^'iit'il
lilkr^ lllis llMiliiiit ul
f^lillt'fiilly ill i(Il(,w)
< il^'lll)^ his jllilrlitill
111 ^^ lo Ult- (ililllftl
III III! I ily (ill llii If
|iriiiii|il I flu ii IK y ill
Mi\ iiif{ liis ri-siili-iii r
IriiiM (Irstriirliiiii liy
lirr nil Siimliiy iiiinn
iii^ ; iiiiil tM Ills
m i^jIiIhiI', fill llir
liiipiiiliiil ussisl.inii'
II iiili'ii il liy llirni. in
iillislill^; tllr nill-
IlilV.Klli'lll.
/. I'm iii'K.
/)//•/■/ IMl, iRs'-
)^y. If llnise
could liavc drowned .i lire, few fires would h.ive
m.idi' any iic.idw.iy .ifler the enniiu's were f.iirly
at \v<Mk. In his encrj^ciic cnde.ivors the forem.in
often mouiilcd llie " m.ichiiie," ;ui<l " I'p with iier,
hoys!" " 1 )nwu wiiji the hi.ikes!" " Me lively !" and
•a hundred oilur ejaculations llowed from his lips .is
fast .as the si re. nil fmm the iio/./.le. Often, jusi .is
the .stream hejfan xaiuin^ on ihe lire, the hose would
hurst ,111(1 drench the hyst.iiiders, .-ind then there w.is
loud and fervent commeiil. Sometimes, owinj.^ to the
.scarcity of water or of liosc, one m.u liiiie |)i,iyeil into
aiiotluT, ;uul an enviine lli.it could not throw <iiii
water ;is fast as .iiioilu r threw it in was s.iid to he
I'riilri liiinCii. Nil.
I ti'iiili'i tlirir Uiaiiks
to l>r. I'ilrliiT mill
Mr, Tlionini ('. Sliililnn, for rcrrCDiimcnta aflrr llw lin- mi tin
iiKiiiiliiv; <i( lilt' |i<lli nil.
JUNKK MlMiI.I.AN,
Htcrttary.
Money was frc(|ut'nlly sent lo the companies or
the I )i |).iriuieiil in .acknowledgment of services ren-
direil, .111(1 from lime to time elegant s|)e.ikin.t;-
trumpels of silver were presented. One such w.is
presented by the eiti/ens of Windsor for v.ilu.ii)le
services rendered ,it the time of .1 lire.
If the people ne^dected lo furnish refreshnients,
the coiiii)aiiies .after ;i lire often ri-.;aled themselves
with holeolfee ind ".sundries" at llicirown liouses.
•nil': oij) I'lKi: dipau'immnt.
5' '9
' >ti siiili Dic.isioiis llii- (cilluvviiii; h"iiJ4 was |in|iiilai°
uitti many nl ilu: Iikiiicm :
KIKKMKN'S |i|<INKIN(; SONf..
Hri'i: Ih III Niiiiilii I I liK , ilriiik III I ilxwii,
lli'ici»lii Niiiiibui (JiK , ilriiik liii iIkkii,
llcri' it 111 Niiiiilii-r Oiir, fur llwir Imys iir<- full nf liiii,
lliink liir (li'Wti, (li iiili lii-i (liiwii, iliiiik In i ili'^vii.
Tlu; liist Ivvu liiiisiif caili verse wire tonsiriii led
.ilikc, anil till- irfrain was ilu- same in all, the lliini
lines of llie veises were as follows:
III II- i-1 III NuNllil:! Twn, liil lllrll liijyi all' K"<"l •^'■l I 'lie,
III n i-1 III N'liiiilii I Tliiif, mill ymi M In llrr li I In r In-,
III 11- is III Nilliili' I {''mil', fur lllr Imys llii'y iiiaki- llfl rmir,
lliii: in III Niiiiiliui I'Ui, liii till ljiiy:>aiu all alivi ,
ill II- is 111 NiiiiiJMT Six, fur Ilu- Imys liny n'lvr lii-r filit,
llrir is Id Nilliil»-r Sivi 11, liii Ilii y air all u k'i'"K '" Ik'UVcii,
111 ir is III Niiiiilii'r I'ImIii, liii ilii y mvir jji't ilirir luu,
Urn is III Niiiiilnr Niiii', lur tiny iiiak)- tin: lust <if tlllii-,
llrii' is 111 Niiiiiliir 'li n, Inr liny arc all Irisliiiiin,
III Ir is III Nllllllirr Kli VI II, l|ii|ii' III liiirl llli III all ill In avi li,
11(11' is til Niiiiilii r Twilvr, tiny 'ri' ton fai avv.iy In Inar lln lii Ms.
i'lirtiicr reioljii lidiis of ilie "old d.iys" are eon-
lained in the followin;^ lines, wriueii by William II.
( ciylc, ,'iiid folliiilij.; |»allof :tn ode re.id ;il a lire-
iiien's bcneliL al die .National 'i'liealre on July (S,
1K50:
Wlnii, ill lilt: ill L|i aiut dim iiiiiliii^lil,
la lii'iird a riy nf wild iiffiii^lii,
A slirirk, lliiit pirn I'S sliiiiilin 's car.
Ami I hills the IiIhiiiI willi Iniriid fi ar,
Wiiilc |i('als til* .il.iiiii liniii many a s|iirc,
And lln ilri'iid sniii.d nf " I' ire ! I- ire !"
W.ikis llic slill 1 My, wlm a|>|iiais,
Swilt llirn' tin- darkness, wild Iniid 1 licers ?
" I 'ml ill inn." K.ill.inl Niinilicr One,
Win n III II and lriini|ii I 1 alls 1 ai li xnii
01 d.iiiiiK InKli, lills Inr liinad sliiclil,
Till- lirst 111 11 s< lie, last til yield.
'I'lic iiiiLilr " l''.ayle," Niiiiibc-r 'I'wo,
Often Iricd, and ever true,
Willi ciiKtin* new, llial 1 .iii'l In lieal,
(liiineHllMindcrinK dnwii lln ion li-hi street,
'I'lie " Wiilveriiic " next, Nnnilici 'lliiee,
Nn lii>i){aiil ill tlic lield will lie.
Siniil arms are lln-irs, llial never tire,
I'lUl liravely work, thru' siiniki: and lin:.
Olil " l.afayijle," -l.iiiiiili N'niiiliir Iniir,
A liiiii III, lnn>; and sliniix, v\itt |iiiiii ;
With i^ealniis pride In Inr lined name.
She 'It li'.nl llie hnliisi, In n est llanie.
Ilirnii: " l'liii'iii.\," Nimilicr Kive,
Impalient, dashes oil, In strive
AjjainsI the flic, on fearless wiii>;s,
And Imm lli<- iislics roiii|iicriiii2 springs.
Old " KhiikIi and Kcady," NnmlierSix,
^follntM fiireinost nn Ilu: mnf In fix
Her pipe ; ill peril Uliru anil steiuly,
Al the liell tap always re.nly.
Iiilicpid " liinin," Niuiilier Seven,
Wlnii 1 mill IS Hash and lly In heaven,
Wlii-i Is inin hni , .1 Sp.irlaii liaiiil,
And lights lln lin Iniid hand In hand.
" .Ml I hanii ," velei.in Niimlnr I'.inlil,
< III duty III II r kimuii inn l.ilc,
Mans her liiakis, .mil makes llieiii rinx,
As llnnd nil llnnil I he ipiil k Sllnkes llill){.
Nnw " llllllllllt llnsi ," and ynllllK " I.I Knys,"
'I aki 1 .11 h ihcil post, while 'inid lln nniM
And smnlln riii;; sinnkc, lln li iiiii|iel hlnws,
" I leal the irai k !" " Keep nil Ih.ll llnsc !"
" llnnk. Axe, anil Ladder, s< .lie lln walls!"
" I'nII haul, my l.nis! il ini ks, il I, ills,
llnwn liimlilmK ni n liliind-rcd lila/.c !
Iliiii.ih ! " And nnw in i hnriis riiisi:
'Ihrec I heirs, my Imys, we 've Willi the fivhl ;
'1 luce iiinre ! (innd iii)>ht ! ^nnd iii>;lit ! ^ihhI ni>iht
Tlie mottoes of tilt; companies also indi< aied the
s|)iiil of lilt' limes. 'I'li.il of No. I read, "needs
.ire fruits, words are but leaves." 'llie moiio of
No. 4 was "When d,in).{ir (.ills we're |)roni|ii to lly,
and bravely do, or bi.ively dn-. " I In- li.uk of
l'dij.(ine No. 5 bore ihc |ei.;('nd, " M.in tin bi.ikes
and keep me ele.ni, ;ind I'll lake the bull from any
niai hull-." Kesetie Hook and L.tddir <. omp.my
No. I li.id lor a motto tin wouIn, "We la/.e to
have."
Ill 1851 the ((iiidilioii of the I )( p.irlnnnt w.is .IS
follows:
I'roteetion i.iliviii nieinbiis, inline biiill lojj,
.150 ft. hose.
I'iav^le 2, lifly-onn niiinbiis, int^iin; biiill iM.}S,
51X) ft. hose.
Wolverine 5, foriy-foiir nunibirs, eiiniiur biiill
I1S51, 350 ft. hose.
[..if.iyette .(, hlly-loiir nniiibers, rlinilie bnill
1851, .\i>n fl. hose.
I'lionix 5, foriy-thn (■ iiii'mlnis, i'ii'.;iiie bmlL iM.j.S,
500 ft. hose.
Koti}.(h .iiid Re.tdy 0, Iweiiiy-nine membeis, in-
).;iiie btiilt i84fi, 5(x> ft, hose.
I'nion 7, forty members, engine built 18,1, !;ix>
fl, hose.
Meejianies' 8. lliirly-two inembns, cn^ini: biiill
1850, 400 ft, hose.
'I'heie weri: ;ilso four old ciiyiines iioi in use.
Mook .'ind Ladder CNimpany had no members. The
company ollii crs eonsisled of .a foreman, lirst,
seeoiid, .111(1 ihird .assistants, .ind .1 seerct.iry. l!om-
mittees wen; .ippoinled by eaeli (oinpany monthly,
to care for ihe engine.
'I'lie tijiper story of e.ieh engine house w.is lilted up
as all assembly room, and in.iny of llu; rooms were
re.illy elegaiil .iiid inviting. Ofteiilimes the liremeii
plated their eiiirjnis ;it their own expense, ;ind llu;
members of sonu; (omp.-tnies toniribiited more tli.ni
the city to further the ubjct is of their orgaiiizatiuiis.
5i<^
rill': oi.i) iiKi: di.I'Ak rMi:N r.
'I'lic ( iiiiiliiinn iif many <>f ili<' siiciis al iliis |)ci iml
oticliliiius iiMilc the iltauili^ iif llii' I li^ilKS a \(iy
lianl lask, <s|)i( lally if hiil (cw iihiiiIm is ti( a i uiii-
|)aiiy wiTt' |ins(iii.
'I'licir was j^icat rivalry aiiKHii; llir ((impanics to
i^rl ilit"lirst strtaiii nii." I )i ays were (ri |ii(Mtly
iisi c|, and jiajil fur l)v ilic < uiiiit il ; if no dray was al
iiand, llic <'(irn|)ani('s ran on tiic sidewalks, to iIk;
danyjcr of pcilcslrians, ai.-' tin: dania^r of sliade-
Iri.'i'S and oiinr |)ro|i«rly. As llic <(irn|)aiiiis in-
creased in nninber, the livalries iniicased in
iniensiiy, inilil N'^ilitnale and |)raiseworliiy einnla-
tion was transformed, in some < ases, into [I'-tty and
malignant jealousy, .iml in llie elfort lo he Insl .it a
lire, some of
tile companies
would crowd
others from ihe
walks, ;ind (All!
rnn into them,
<i.'una>{in,i4 the
env^ines, and
making tiie
I lists lor ripairs
frei|neni and <x-
pensive. 'I'herc
w.is also miK h
disturi).ini'e at
the en>^ini:
houses caused
hythchoymem
1)1 rs of the hose
companies, and
(or this reason
in Man h, 1855,
the hoy coin-
panics were (lis-
b.'inded.and the
hose was there-
after cared for
by the men.
I'his entailed niort- work and increased ihi; dissatis-
faction and disorder.
In order to remedy sijiiic of the ixistinjr evils, the
council, on April 24, 1855, prohil)ile<l the rnnniiij^f
of lire eiii^ines n|)on the sidewalks of paved streets
helween the hours of 6 A. M. and 10 i'. M., ,ind
l)rescril)<-d a penalty of live dollars, or live days'
imprisonment, al the discretion of liie maycjr's
court. I'his jfreatly displeased the firemen, and on
the follow iii,i( wiik the council repealed the clanse
imposing ihe pen.ilty of imprisonment, and adojiteil
an ordinance providinjf for the expulsion or suspen-
sion of the K'l'ilty p-'irty from the f''ire Department.
Certain of the firemen, however, were still dissatis-
lied, and at the semi-annual review, on May 2, they
held a meeting to discuss their ffricvances, after
KiKI'.MKN's DaNNI'.K, C'lMIANV No. 4,
whii II some ol (he nu-mhers of C.'oin|)anies 1,4, 5,
(>, '/, and H .iliaiidoned their eiiv^iries ,'iiid l<;fi tin
service; numlnis of ihein m.iri lied through ili<
streets Willi hats reversed. On iIk- s.inie d,iy, .11 iIh
call ol ihe m.iyor, .1 meeliii)^ was held, .ind .1 |.ii|.(
nnmhei ol prominent ( iti/.eiis, many of them old
liremeii, leiidiied tliiir services for the prole«lioii
and m.in.i^emeiilof such eii^i;ines ;is were iiiimaiiiied.
On ihe lollowiiiv; day tin; employees of tin M, ( . |<,
K. .iml ol Jackson and Wiley's i'ouiulry or^aiii/.e<l
a lire (ompaiiy, called .M.iyllower No. yf>, and vol
uiUeered io j^;o to all liics iieediii); their services. ( )ii
May 15 new ( oiii|)aiiies for Nos. 5, ^, and H wen
(ji^;ini/ed by the council, an<l by June 15 ci^lil new
comp.iiiies ii.'ul
been formed.
'I'he ii.imes of
soiiiei ompaiiH '^
were I In II
( h.in^eil as fol
lows: I'hd nix 5
lo Washiii^ion,
and I hen bai k
a^.'iin lo I'lid-
iiix; Uoii^h and
Ready'') to N<'p-
tuiie 6 ; and
Mechanii s' H to
C'ontineni.il H.
'Ihe meinbers
of lliis Last com-
pany were uni-
formed in C'(,ii-
tineiital-soldii I
style, and in tin
suinmei of 1857
the company
built a new
llOU.se (Jll the
bile of the old
one. 15esides
ihe fiirnishinjf it cost somethinjf over $5,000, of
which till' ( oinpany raised $ },tJoo, ami the remainder
w.is paid by llie city. 'I'he speedy and sui < cssful re-
or>^ani/.ati(jii of the Department did not please the
diss.ilislied memliers of the old coni])aiiies, and fctr
nearly a year there were numerous false alarms
believed to have been )riven by former lireiiien.
On June 10, 1856, Detn)il Company No. <j was
or^janized, .and on November 21, 1856, took pos-
session of a new brii k bnildiii;; on north side of
Ciratiot near St. Aiiioim- Street. They were provideil
with .1 new envjine, which was first ii.sed on May
26, i«57.
On June 9, 1856, Operative Company No. 10 was
orjjani/.ed. They occupied .1 brick building on the
north side of Onliard, corner of I'ifth Stn-et. A
'llli; ol.l) I IKI. DIJ'AKTMKNT,
5'«
new iiiviiiii; for litis inmp.iny .'irrivnl, ;iii<l was tfstc(|
.il llic saint: liiiic. as llic mw i iij^iiKr of No, 'j.
A «;<)iii|)aiiy kiiuuii as Spoultis No. i i was oi-
^alli/<•ll I'fliniary i i, i«57. 'I licy wen: oiiv;iii.illy
(|csii;iialctl tlic I lariilraiiu k .Siioiiins, 'I liiir nii^iiic
lioiisf, l)iiill ill iH5<>, was loi ali-d on tin: < oiik i uf
Jc llcisoii and Si. Auliin Av<iiiics.
W'oodliiiilm: ( oinp.iny No. 12 was oij^am/.i d in
M.iK II, 1^37. 'I'lli-y wen: loi.ilid oil llu; idrncr of
loll and 'l'lioni|isoii, now 'rwrllili .Sin-ci.
A ioni|).iny, styled ( .latiol i'in; C'oiiip.iiiy No. 13,
was or^aiii/.<'<l Novcniliir 2 }, 1X57, l<ni .1 1 oiiiniillic
wf lilt; t oiim il ifpoiliij a^jaiiisl a< 1 ipliiiv; il.
Ily rniiiii-ii, and fspii ially hy inciiibtis of C oin-
|i,iiiy No. 2, "<j|d Joe," lilt; tiri-iiu-n's tloK, will lie;
riiiicinliiiTil. He was a larj^t; hiat k Nivvfonnd-
l.iiid, boti^lil, wlu:ii Iwo years tilil, by John Alkin-
soii of a s.iilor, ami ^jivtii lo Kobi rl MtMillaii. lie
I). lonj.;i<l to I'iault; Company No. 2 for six or sfvtn
)c.iis, was always on li.iiid at tiifs, and natly al llu:
liisl tap of llif bill lo sii/i: llu; lopts and bark llit:
.il.iriii. i lii was proviiltti willi a lint; collar, anti was
;i X<iiii'al f.ivoiiif, .-nil! on liis df.illi, in M.iy, i«5S,
w.is siiHfnly inoiirncil. 'I lie ;it 1 oni|).inyiiin pii uirc
of old Jot- is from ;in oil paiiitin).{, and llit^ painter
alone is ri:sponsible for the |)erspt:(live.
'■■#
(Ji.ii JoK, I III' I' ikumi'.n's 1)u(;,
I'ivi'ii .after tin; rttort^.ini/.alion of the dip;irtnu;nt
ill 1H55. pcai:e diil not always rei^n, and .'imon)j[
those who jf)inetl the fomp.mies were ni.iny un-
worthy inenibers. On AiiKiisl 4, 1H58, some mem-
bers, or prt;ten(letl friends, tif Comp.iny No. 4
started ;i dan^^eious jjonlirt; on the eornerof l..irneil
anil W.iyne Streets, anti when No. 8 arrivt;tl they
int their hose and threw stones al the men. In
fact, the flisortfer w.is .ilmo.st as jjreat as it had been
in 1855; the property of the ff)m|i;inies was nejf-
le< ted, anil the hose allowed to j^o uiuared for im-
lil much of it became until for use. September 2,
1X5H, marked the bej^innini^ of a new era. On that
• l.ile a ste.im firir envjint; was first trieil in Detroit.
Il u.is one of Silsby iV' C'o.'s m.ike, .inil by a>;rec-
nieiit its ineriis were to be I tiin|)aretl with the scr-
vici; reiidereil by hand eiij^ines. 'I'lie iri.il look
|il.t<fon till- I'.impns M.irtiiis.
The ellj^ilies oil ;i Ix II siyjlial wel'e to start at 2
I'. M., :iiid nieei in front -/f the City ll.ill. I.onj,;
befoit; U\oo'(|oik lilt; .iviMiiii! was thronged with
peojile an.xioiis ttj see the r.u t: anil the tii.ii. iai-
^ine t i)m|);mits 8 .uitl 10 were .selecletl as rtpn-
seniinjr tilt: li.inil-eii^iiie comp.iiiies, '{'he time of
arriv.il ami tiimmencemeiil tjf throwiii)^ was as fol-
lows:
Arrival.
Hour. Atin. .Scj.
No. 10, 2 o'c|ot:k ij 47X
No. 8, 2 " II \\'/i
Slt;.imer, 2 " II 20 j4'
CtiiiiiiK'iKi'd to lliriiw wuU-r.
//itur. MiH. Sfi ,
2 oc ioi k Kj 54)i(
2 •• i 1 471.^
K','^
On the sm ti:eiliiij^ il.iy the st<:amer was .i^.iin
testeti, anti for two hours it tliiew a ((Uiiinnous
stream willi ^reat force, abiiml.inlly evim in>{ its
ailv.int.i^'e in enilurame <A<r iianti |)os\er. Oil
November 5, i85i_;, .inother tri.ii look place, .tml the
ste,iiiit:r won still mtjrt; f.ivor.
IJy this liiiit: interest in tlit; volimletr com|);inies
li.'itl .ilmosi p.isseii aw.iy. Com|)aiiy Ni>. 2 dis-
l)ande.d on December 31, 185'^.
Upon lilt: introiluction of sie.im fin: eni^iiics the
city .lulhoriiies look possession of the dillcreni
engine lit)uses, but a iiuiiiixr of the 1 iimp.iiiies stili
ke|)l up a sort of t liib or^^ani/.alion, anti at their
meetiiiv;s il w.is ciistom.iry for them lo siiij^ this
soii^, I (imposed by .1 member of Lafayette Com-
pany No. 4 :
•rilAT Ol.l) MACIilNK ANI) IIDSK.
AlK " ihc hluitliMn .Siow <</ O/4I l'i>/;iMiiy."
'I'liu hiiii liii!i n'lnc ttowii ill till' wcslcni xky,
Ni^lK'' |iiittillK hrr niaiitli; on,
'I III' inooii aiiil '<l/ir>> an- liikiiiK llicir plai.'e.
To sliiiK will II iIk: »uii in gone.
Tlieri' is SI an riy ii liii.'illi lo stir llu: liavts,
All iiatiirr si'iins in ri [low,
Anil llii' iloor in loi knl on tin olil iiiacliini',
Tin: oiil niadiiiii' and lio>>r,
CAorus. TIlcii give u» liai k tli.ii olil iii.k liiiic,
'1 hat ulil mat liiin: and Inm ,
Oil ! K>^'<' "t !>"■ k that old niucliinc,
Tiiul old muciiinr uiid liosic.
'T Is now the fireman necks for resl,
Hii l.'iliorHall liilii); doni',
And kind < inoiions fill liis breast
As 111! rearlii s liis wi li omr home.
His mind is free from sorrow and i are,
He lianishrs all his woes,
And ipiiiy thinks of tin old muchine,
The olil inuL-hine anil liune,
CAorut.
51
rill': oi.i) KiRi': |)i;i'arimi;ni.
Niiw llir finniMU i-. >;iciwin>, uliI,
llii rare in ii .irly mil,
liiil III- has iioiliiii^; t>> K-v^Mt,
Mis dill)' III' 's iiiilily diini'.
Sii nlii'ii III' is ill'. Ill anil t^niir in nsi,
Aiul lakii'K liis last ir|Hi>i ,
UraK nvrr liis ^ravr I hat <il>l iiiai liiiii.',
That old iiiuchiiu' and hose.
^'lll'l Hi.
Oil J.inu.iry 24, iSfio, ilic Cdiimil Commillir on
Firo I )fi),'iiimi'!il was iriiiu'slid to report on ilic
i'\|)i'(Iii'!U'y of prociirinif oiii; or more steam iirtj
ciii^iacs for the lity ; aiitl soon after this, i)roi)osals
nics 3 and 4 dishamled. Tlie second .steamer arrivi il
J.innary 7. iSM , and, under the n.ime of Nepliiiu
No. J, u.'is lo«','iu (1 in ihe engine liouse of old No. fi,
Dii the eorni r of l.iiriuil ;ind St. Anioine Streets,
On July 24. i.Sf)!. a third steamer, known ,is
i'hd'iii.x No. 3, was procured, and locateti in the
house of old No. 5, on Clilforil Street.
On June 25, 1 86 1, ;in ordinance w.is passed whicli
piii\ided for i).iid hand tire en.;;ine comp.inies ; llu
foremen ;ind stewards were to he p.iiil S50 a <iiiar-
ter anil inemhers §25 a t|iiailir, and twciity-thici
men were appointed fur each of four tunipanie.'^
i'lUlNix SliiA.M t'lKK Kni.im: No. ), A'^ 11' \ I'l'i-. M.'i': 1 1 IN iiiK l''rNiiu,\i. I'holussihn ok
I'uicMDiisr Lincoln, Aikii. ^.'s, 1865.
for fiirnisliiinr ste.im entwines were invited. On May
2i> propositions were received, and on June 2A a
contract was made witii the Amoskea^ MaiuifaC'-
turini; Company of M;inche.ster, .N. 11., for a.ste.imcr
lu cost Sj.r 50. The engine was duly received, and
on October 4, i860, it was housed and m.inneil for
service. It was named Lafayette No. i, and was
located on the northeast corner of I.;irned and
Wayne Streets. On C)ct<;ber y the council formally
appointed the olTicers and members, and a paid
Ste.iin I''ire Department was inauv;urated.
A secinul steamer was ordered November 20,
1S60, ami on the 27tli of the same month C'ompa-
orjrani/ed. Members of the hook and l.idder coni-
l).inies were to be p.iid $120 .'i year, anil by ordi-
n.ince of June 17, 1864, ijiis w.is incrcised to §160.
The steamer K. C. llarker No. 4 arrived Febru-
ary I, 1S65, ;ind was st.uioned in the enj^ine house
;il the corner of Orch,ird .and Fifth Streets. It cost
$4.5ixj, ;uul w;is re;uly for use I'ebruary 1 1.
On l'"ebru;iiy 17, 1865, the p.iid hand lire eni^ine
coiiipaniis were disbanded, and on May 16 the
chief eiij^ineer resiirned.
On June 27 tiie steamer J.imes A. Van Dyke
No. 5 was i^rocured. It was located on the corner
of l.ariK'd and Riopeile Streets.
STKA.M I'iKi: i;':i'artmi:n |-.
5'
Ur cdni-
111 ()(liihir, icSr,^, ilu' tity ((Hilraclitl for ;i lire
ai iiin lrlinia|)li. Il was known as llu; Kry anil
|;< il |)lan, and liad wociikn boxt's. The wdrk of
ni::iinvj il up Was bi'jL-un 1 )c(cnil)rr 2(>, ami it was
.iM rpli'il tiic sanii' inoMlli. 'I'lu; apparatus cost
•iv'ixJ. On January 4, i.Sfiy, it was tistid l)y tlic
(. liininitti'i' on Fire I )iparinicnt, tin: lire ni.irslial,
aiiil nicnibi'rs of tliu idinuii, and j;avc yood salis-
la< lion.
Us tills time ptiblir opinion was ready for the
isiabli^hincnt of a I'irt.' C'oinniission, and on Man li
j(), 1S67, it was ( nali-d.
Mil' iliiif in;^inti'rs of tlic okl I'irr I)i'|>artnu'nt
Wire appointed by the conncil, with salaries varying
fniui S3CXJ to ijiscx).
'lluir names and
tcrnisof oMice wi'ri;:
iSji. D. C. Mc-
KiMstry; I1S30. Levi
CiMik ; 1.S31, J. I..
W liilinv;; 1X32,
Marshall t'hai)in ;
if^33-''''35. l-i'vi
Ciiiik; i.'^35, Noah
Slllloll, 1 1. \'. I)is-
hriiw; i^j)'', II.
\'. I )isbrow; 1N37,
Uiatiniy Uuilbul;
iSyS, 'I'lleodore
Williams; 1839-
1.S4J, C. Ibirlbnt;
1.S4:, Matllie;v
('kmm! i n;;- ; 1S43-
1.S45. ll.ll.i-iKoy:
1.S45 I1S47, James
Stewart: 1X47- 1. S4().
William llariiav ;
i.S4<)-i.S5i, William
Duncan ; 1.S51, I,.
II. Ciibb; iMjj if^54, John I'ation; KS54-1857,
William Diinean; 1S57. William Lee; 1 858, William
DiiiK .Ml ; 1851;, William Lee ; 1860, William Ilolnu's;
iM^o 1X63, James liattle ; 1863, Thomas Oakley;
iy<i4 1867, James l>atlle.
Till, SII'.AM IIUK Dl.l'.VKIMKN r.
I'lie present Steam I'ire Department is bilieved
to he one of the best ori;ani/tcl in the eoiintry. It
v.as created by Act of March 26, 1S67, and reorijan-
i/.cil by Act of March 18, 1S71. The latter Act re-
iDu^tittited the commission, remi'died some defects
in the law tirst |)asse<l, and delincd more fnlly the
|)(i\vers of the board. A further Act of NLirch 31,
1 8- 1, lei^ali/ed some technically illegal acts of the
ciunniission. The commissioners named in the
I'lUK t'uMMIssKiNKKS OhKltH, AMI KmiINK IIoCSHS,
(.UK.SliK L.VK.NBU A.MJ W'AVNli SlKliKTS.
tirst Act look the oath of oflice and entered upon
their duties on Ajiril i, 1867. Tlu'y at once found
much to do; the houses in'cded lilting up, and the
machines needed repairing. The hand engines
and some lots and buildings which siemed unde-
sirable were solil ; anil from year to yiar, since the
organization of the commission, tlie value of the
property and the elliciency of the force have steadily
inerea.scii.
The dep.irlment is r-ian.igi'd u|)on military princi-
ples, eai h person being held strictly aceoiintabie for
the work assigned to him; everything is required
to be done ,uid repotted with much precision, and
all ditails coniij before the board at its wcikly mei't-
ings. I'he captain
of I'ach c(ini|),iny
ri'ports to the chief
engincei' tlu' facts
,'ts to all alarms
gi\iii and tires at-
tended, specifying,
on c.K h occ.'i.sion,
till' prcscnci: or ab-
sence of cuh inem-
berof the company.
Tluse reports are
m.ide d.iily, certi-
lied to by the chief
engineer, .ind ri--
p or ted to the
bo.ird. I'or all ex-
penditures .1 sys-
ti'in of checks ;md
balances is pro-
vided, ;md a com-
plete record is kept
of all .articles used.
;\ll oriKrs for siip-
jilies of .any kind
must l)e signed by the presiiU-nt of the connnission ;
c.K h comp.iny is charged with the supplies fur-
nished, ,ind the chief engineer ,ind capt.iin of each
companv .ire re(|uirt'(l to certify th.it .irlicles are
needed before they are furnished or procured.
The ye.uly expenses and the value of the property
of the department havi' been as follows:
Yr.iis.
I 867
l8(.8
1 869
I 870
1871
1872
1873
1874
1875
l'.\|niisc. Iiiviiitury. Years. Kxpiiisi-. liivtiitory.
S^'3.4^'9 $I3'.''^5- ^^7(: $fOij,42} $344,334
71,138
69,02 5
78,106
85,845
71,062
105,806
152,529
166,778
202,730
^•7.155
24 1 ,69 1
299,382
109.7W 334/'3u
109,766 338,y3y
1S77 112,059 360,189
1878 103,655 367,272
1879 104,022 398,895
1880 111,197 417,867
1881 117,290 412,384
1882 142,53^' 439.041
1883 177,869 47S-35
5'4
blKAM IIKK UKI'AKIMKNT.
I'.ni^inc Houses,
lillilt. I'H.llh.ll
|S«2 Sixti.trilli .It lii.iil of r.iiKK Sunt.
I'rinr lo till- in\;.irii/;ilii<n u( llic < niiimissioii, and 1.S.S3 N. \V. < oriiir draliui and ( iiaii(l\ Av( luu
for several years tliereafler, llic ciijjiiie houses were i.S«4 'rwcnlictli Street near Mii liivjaii Avenue.
i-.S^ I.arned near St. .Anlnine Stntt.
I'.ityjnis.
When I lie I' ire (Ununission orijani/.ed, ii
eanie inlx imssessiun nl live •^It aineis, all ul
whil 1), e\i(|)l one. \Mfe sill! in nse in I'SiS (,
some of them, liowcver, iiave heen so
liioron^jhly nliuilt as in In piai iieally new.
\'erniilion led, ,ei an ( niiiji main al loloi ,
is ilie disnn'.;ins|iin'>; mark ol .ill I he deparl-
niiiil |>l'o|)eil y. I lie liodyol I he enj.;ines,
ho, I I .iiria).(es, su|i|ily \\ai;oiis, ihe tiie-
alanii boxes, ;iiid |)osls indii .iliinf loeatioii
of eislerns, ,ile ,ill of lliis ( olor. The or-
(liiiaiy sic.iiiiers uciyli fioiii I u o tollnMf
tolls cieh, eost an a\<r.i)L;( of S4,cxxj, .-iiid
ha\c a eajiaeity of from ti\e in six hniiilnd
}.jallons |)er ininiiie. 'i lie self-|)r(i|)e||( r
l';N(,iNit ll.ji'M',, ((iKNi-.K l.AKM'.i- ANii si. Anj.mni, Sii<i.|..is. wei.^lis fouT aiid a half t<iiis, was |)nr-
iised ;is pollini^r pi.ii cs .and oec.-isionally for political
meelinifs. In the fall of 187(1 the hoard prohibited
tlu; use of tlu- ''n^ine houses for any purpose- not
ailually (Dnneeled uilh llie work of tlu! depart-
ment. The upper |)art of each house is neatly litied
up with beds and fnrniliire for the acedinmod.ition
of the tiremen, and all the rej^jtilar force are re-
(|iiired to lo(l\.;e in the buildinv;. I\aeh house is
provided with a lower about .seventy feel hi^h, and
a conliiuions watch is kept from 8 I', .M. to 6 a. m.,
the lime luinij apportioned between the members
of the company. All the hours are slriiek by lho.se
in I h.irnc of the tower, in the City Hall lower a
watelinian is on duly day antl iiiijlit. In 1883 there
were sixteen buildin;.;s belon).,dni; lo the deparlmenl.
The location and date of ereition of each buildint(
is shown in the followin,v{ table. Some of the
houses, however, h.ive- been almost entirely rebuilt
since the dale i;iven :
lillilt. l.iMjitiiiii.
1849 Corni'r I.arned and Kiopelle Slrcet.s.
l8s6 Orchard near liflh Street.
Corner Lained and St. .Anloine Streets.
Corner I.arned and W'.iyiie .Streets.
Corner !li,nli and Kiissell .Streets.
Corner Lamed and Wayne Streets.
Corner Sixth and Ilaker Stnets.
C(»rner Klmw(«)d Avenue and Fort Street.
'^73 l'".i.i,diU'enth near Howard Street.
1874 H.islini^^s near I.arned Street.
1876 Alexrmdrine near Ca.ss Avenue.
1879 Montcalm West near lark Street.
1879 Clifford near Woodward Avenue.
^5'
i«57
1857
1867
1870
1871
1X73
I''.N(,INK HOesE, CDHNP.H I.AHM'.l) AND I\ KIII'.I.T.K Si KI'll I •..
chased in Janu.iry, 1874, at a cost of $5,000, ami
was the third machine of the kind l)uili in the I'lii-
led Stales; it can |)ro])el itself on the p.aved stre(i~.
STKAM I IKI. Dl.rAIMMI.NI",
515
,v ilir r.ilf cif ,1 mill' in ftnir niiiiuit s. I\.ii li straiiur
I ii|)|iliiil Willi a |)aliiil In altr, liy vvliii li llif w.ilc r
ii. ilic Idiilcrs is ki|)l al sm li a l(iM|iiiatiirr llial
^'•alll < .III l)i: vjincraliii ill two or llini: iiiiiiiitts,
,11. i| till- kiinlliiii; ami < oal an: alwass in plan- in llic
lin-iiox. In 1X74 IJcaiifail's automaiir li.;litir w.is
Mi|i|ilii,-il for cai li cnv^int:, li i oiisists of a niati li
so arranj^cd that, as llic i-'iij^iiu: is drawn tint of tin
Iidusc, it cumcs in contact witii u rouj^li surface, ami
witli all tlic fii^'incs c.xrciii tint sclf-proiMllcr, arc
drawn liy two horses, 'I lie stalls arc so arranniil
that the horses' heads fa( c towards llic front of tiic
ciiv;inc, ami <iii an alarm beiim j^ivcn, they can |)ass
without (It lay to tin ir proper plates. When an
alarm is jjivcti from .any box, the s.ime str(»kt; of the
liainiinr ih.it strikes the y^nw^ in the eiii^ine house,
ilisi oiiiiet Is ;i win: ,'iml jillow s .i wi ij;lit th.il holds
the slall-iloors to thop. 'I he doors of the sl.alls
thru lly opt n, the horses .arc nle.ised, ami .n tiially
bound Ui their plates; the harness, which is sus-
I^.NUINK llolSl!, COKNKK l''()KT Si. ANIJ Kl.MWiiolJ Avii.
liK.IITKI'.NIII StkKI'.I KnCINI'- lIul.SH.
tlic fuel is itjnitfd. In 1872 the env^ines were siip-
I with M.ayor's n-lief v.ilvcs, whieh n-.;(iilalt:
c.'ist: ihi: si/;t; .and How of tin: stre.im. Ti:!!
years later SLimese eonneitions, by wliirh the ftiree
iif several streams can be ct)ni:eiUrateil in one, wt:re
.'idiipted.
I^ach entwine is provided with ;i host-f,irri.a,;(f,
larryiiiif fn>m Him to 1 2'Xi feet of hose, whit h, with
the: c.irriaijc, wcii^hs about two tons. In 1883 the
(li p.irtmcnt li.id nearly 23,''>5o ft:t:t of hose. Prior
t'l 1873 •ill t^lic hose-carts were two-wlicelcd and
drawn by one horse. On j.anuary 8, 1873, the first
fonr-whecletl cart w.as intrfxluccd, and simc 1878
all the hose-carts li.ave been four-wheelers, ;ind thev.
pcndctl over the pl.ice where the horses t.ake their
pii'-iiion, is tiroppcd ui)on them .and ■nljiisted ; .aiitl
within seven secfimls from llic lime of ,111 .al.irm, the
t:n,i(ine f.an leave tht: house. The horses art: excep-
tion.illy well c.ari:d for, .and since 1882 an inlirin.ary
h.is been m.aintained in conneilion with tlie cnj^dne
house on AIt:xandriiu: Avenue, .and tiis.ibled horses
are there c.ired for.
When the commission was or^.anized there w.as
but one hook .ami Ladder com|)<any, the truck for
which w.as built in 1852. It w.as replaced by a new
one on November 17, rS7o. A second hook and
Ladder company w.as ortj.inized Auj:just 12, 1871,
and a thin! in February, i88r. Company No. 2
V]
<^
/2
%
v:
V
/A
IMAGE EVALUATION
TEST TARGET (MT-S)
1.0
I.I
U^ |2.8
IIM
■^ 1^
12.2
t 1^ III 2.0
WUI-
■ 1.8
11.25 11.4 11.6
/
C?
(./
.'*
^0 .#^J5
w-
/.
y
^
&.
w-
5i6
STEAM FIRE DEPARTMENT.
IC.M.lMi llll
vi:, II \->i ISC'
I..\i;nki>
has a patent fire escape extension lacUler. A re-
serve tire escape ladder and tniik went into service
in January, 1880. Each truciv is provided with
ladders, buckets, axes, ropes, crowbars, lanterns,
and Babcock fire extin.i^uishers. Two chemical en-
gines, or large liabcock tire extinguishers on wheels,
were procured in 1876; they throw a tUiid that
quickly smothers an in-
cipient fire.
On January i, 1883,
a protective company,
composed of seven
men, was established.
They were stationed
at the Hastings Street
engine house, and are
provided with a two-
wheeled, eight-gallon
chemical engine, and
a large number of
waterproof covers to
spread over articles
that would be damaged
by water.
The names of the
engines in 1 883 were :
Lafayette No. i, Nep-
tune No. 2, I'hcrnix No.
3, K. C. IJarkcr No, 4,
Jas. A. Van Dyke No.
5, Detroit No. 6, L. H.
Cobb No. 7, Continen-
tal No. 8, and Chauncy
Hurlbut No. 9. Nos. 10
and 1 1 are unnamed.
Rescue IIook& Ladder
No. I, Eagle No. 2,
Alert No. 3, and — NO.
4. Chemical No. i,
Chemical No. 2, Clu-ni-
ical No. 3. In ICSS3
there were also three
reserve engines, for use
in special emergencies.
T/te Fire Alarm Tel-
egriLph,
The telegraph which
was put up in 1866
proved so unreliable
that in 1869 a contract was made for the Game-
well apparatus. It was completed and tested
November 3, and accepted on November 7, 1870.
The cost of the apparatus and putting up was
$8,500; with it were furnished seven himdred white
cedar telegraph poles, six repeaters, seven engine-
house gongs, seven galvanometers, and sixty boxes.
, 1,1-, I U i:i:\ Cll.M.Kl.SS AM)
hjiiiiiiiis.
EsiiiNK llciiM-;, Ali:x.\ni)i;ink Avkm.k.
Up to 1883, these had been increased to one
hundred and thirty-four miles of wire and four-
teen hundred poles, On tlie erection of the appar-
atus, the services of the bell-ringer in the steeple oi
Dr. Duttiekl's church were dispensed with, and on
January 20, 1872, an electro-mechanical bell-striker
was put up in the City Hall, for the purpose of
giving alarms on a
large bell there located.
.Since these imjirove-
ments, the Detroit fire
alarm is believed to be
almost perfect. There
is a complete metallic
circuit starling from
and returning to the
central ollice on Lar-
ned, near St. Antoine
Street. The line, as it
passes about the city,
is "looped " at con-
venient intervals ; e;ich
loop embraces several
boxes, and is supplied
with a repciating wire
which conveys the
alarm from the loop
to the central station,
from whence it is con-
veyed to all the other
stations. Each loop
is connected at the
central station with a
galvanometer, similar
to a compass in its con-
struction. When the
loop is in go(jd workiin;
order the pointer of the
galvanometer (a mag-
netic needle) is always
detlected from its
natural position. If
an examination of the
galvanometer of any
particular loop shows
the needle to be in iis
natural position due
north, it becomes evi-
dent that the lo(ip
is out of order or
broken. With the aid of what is called a " switch
board " any portion of the looji line may be discon-
nected from the battery, and in case any of the
wires are out of order, the particular part of the loop
that is affected is readily determined.
On the arrival of an alarm from any loop, a
repeater at the central station shuts off an alarai
STKAM FIRE DEPARTMENT.
5^7
d to one
and four-
llie appar-
stecple oi
h, and on
bell-striker
nirpose of
ms on a
re located.
iniprove-
Jetroit tire
eved to be
ct. There
:e metallii:
Lini; from
ng to the
c on Lar-
;t. Antoine
c line, as it
It the city,
1" at con-
rvals ; each
ces several
is supplied
.;atini; wire
1 V e y s the
I the loop
;ral station,
•e it is con-
II the other
Each loop
d at the
tion with a
er, similar
in its con-
When the
k1 working
nter of the
r (a mai;-
) is always
rom its
isition. If
ilidO of the
er of any
oop shows
o be in its
jsition line
■conies evi-
the loop
order or
a " switch
be discon-
any of the
of the loiip
;iny loop, a
ff an alann
iVoni any other lodp until the first alann is fully
Hi\en. If two alarms are j^o'ven from two different
hdxes on the same loo|), at about the same time, an
automatic non-interference arrangement (~onnected
with each bo.x shuts off the com])letion of an alarm
from the second box until the alarm first given is
completed.
The fire-alarm boxes are kept locked, and the
keys deposited in the nearest and most convenient
store or house; all members of the police force are
also provided with keys. Within each box is a brass
hook, and in giving an alarm the hook is pulled
lirnily downwards
as far as it will go,
once, then allowed
to slide back. If
the line is in work-
ing order, a small
hell in the same box
will at once ring.
I'he pulling of the
hook causes an
alarm to be struck
oii the gong at the
I'ligine houses, and
rings the bells in all
the fire boxes. If
the bell in the box
does not ring, it is
evident that that
t)ox or part of the
line is out of order,
and an alarm should
then be given at the
next nearest box.
If on going to a box
the bell within is
heard giving an
alarm, the signal
should be coimted,
the same as the
signals are counted
fronithe tower bells;
if it is evident from
the number that
the alarm is not for the same fire, then the hook
should be pulled. Each box has a particular num-
ber, and the pulling of the hook causes the
slipping of a bar into certain notches, thus register-
ing the number of the box. On an alarm being
given, the City Hall bell and the tower bells
immediately strike the number of the box. in this
manner: Ten regular strokes are first given, indicat-
ting that a fire has broken out; the number of the
box from which the alarm comes is then given. If
the alarm comes from Box 73, seven regular strokes
a'e given; then, after a short pause, three strokes;
the general alarm of ten strokes rmd the lunnber of
the box given is twice repeated. Lists of the num-
ber and location of each box are printed, and refer-
ence to a list will show the vicinity of the fire. At
each of the engine houses the fire-alarm instrument
is enclosed in a walnut case with a glass front, which
shows the working of the machinery. Connected
with each fire-alarm box, but entirely distinct from
the other apparatus, is a small bell, attached to
a wire that reaches all the boxes and all the engine
houses, and with these bells by a system of signals
information is conveyed, or help summoned, from
any engine house.
To protect the ap-
paratus from dam-
age during thimder
storms, nearly all
the fire-alarm boxes
are provided with
large copper wires,
which extend to the
ground, and carr\'
off any surplus of
electrical currents.
The followingshows
the number of fire-
alarm boxes in use
in various years :
Year. l><).x(s.
1867 49
1868 50
1869 51
1870-1S72 60
1872 68
1 873- 1 87 5 77
1875 89
1876 104
1S77 96
1878-1881 106
1881-1883 124
1883 138
Engine House, cokneu High a.nu Rissell Streets,
In addition to
the care of the en-
gines, hose, horses,
and apparatus, the department has the care of
the tire hydrants and cisterns, each company hav-
ing charge of those within its district, and it is
the duty of the captain to see that those in his
district are kept in order, and that ice and snow
do not accumulate on or about them. In 1883 red
posts were set up near the hydr.ints to denote their
location. The cisterns hold from one hundred to
five hundred barrels and cost from $65 to $1,100,
and both they and the hydrant;-, are paid for by
the Fire Conmiission. The following table gives the
number of cisterns and hydrants in different years:
5i8
STEAM FIRE DEPARTMENT.
Years.
K(S.-r-
viiirs.
Ily-
ilr.iiits.
Years.
Kescr-
\'()irs.
Hy-
drants.
1867
134
265
1875
170
601
1868
144
305
1876
171
606
1869
144
330
1877
172
662
1870
.36
3^'5
1878
172
689
i87r
•35
394
1879
172
746
1872
•34
420
1880
•75
75«
1X73
r46
4^'3
1 88 1
•75
809
1874
•57
535
1883
202
954
Ajiparatiis, lUiildinxs, and Tclci^raph. Each nicm-
hvv of llic coniniissioii is cliairmaii of, and serves
on U\() (oniniitloes.
The eonmiissioners named in tiie ori).jinal Ari
were T. H. Ilinciinirm. William Duncan, L. II.
Cobb, and J. W. Sntton. 'J"he lerin of T. 11.
llinchman t'.xpired April 1, 1871. He was re-ap-
pointed for two full terms. On his election to the
State Senate in the fall of 1876, lie resiyrncd, and
was succeeded in December by L. 11. Cobb, who,
Co»!)l!lSS/OfU'rS.
The Act of March 26, 1 867, determined the length
of term of each of (he first four commissioners, and
Engine House, Coijni-.u m Si\i ir ash liAKi.n Sru-RRTS.
on the expiration of their terms, others were to
be nominated by the mayor and appointed by
the council for terms of four years each. The
commissioners serve without pay and cannot hold
any political office ; if nominated for any such office,
a commissioner must decline within ten days or his
place will be deemed vacant. Each commissioner
serves as president of the board during the Uist year
of his term.
Their first meeting was on April i, 1867. Regu-
lar meetings are held every Monday at 4 P. M. at
the office, corner of Earned and Wayne Streets.
The commission is divided into eight committees,
viz., on Finance, Supplies, Men, Horses, Water,
ENorNF ITofsn, Montcalm Strf.rt West.
as one of the fir.st commissioners, had previously
served front 1867 to 1S73. Mr. Cobb died April 1.
1879, ruid T. H. llinchm.'Ui was ajipointcd his suc-
cessor, retriining the posiiion until November, iSSo.
when he resigned, and w.is succeeded on Novem-
ber 5 by R. W. C.illctt. On April i, 1872, Jerome
Croul was appointed as the successor of William
Duncan, and has since been three times rc-.iivpointcil.
On A])ril i, 1873, Joseph Codfrey was apjKiinted tlu'
succes.sor of L. II. Cobb. Mr. dodfrey died
January 7, 1875, and the .same month Peter
Ilcnkel was appointed to fill the vacancy, and
he h.'is since !)een re-appointed. The term of
sti:am firk djci'Artmknt,
5^9
="j^
^
ircviously
■d April 1,
(i his siH-
ilx-r, iSSo.
n NoN'cm-
2, Jfronu'
f William
aii;i(iinti'il.
Kiiiitcd the
Ifivy (linl
nil Pctir
J. W. Sullou expired April i, 1870. licnjaniin
Wrnor was appointed as his successor, and has
since been three tinics re-ap])()inted. The chief
oilicers appointed l>y the coniniission, and ihcir
terms of service, have been : l>ecretaries, \\. F.
r.akcr. April i, iSri;. to Jnly 24, 187 1 ; F. 11. Scy-
nidiir, July 24, 1 871, to January i, loSi; James]':.
'Irvnn, from January l, 1S81 ; Chief Juv^inecr,
James ]5aille, from April i, 1867; Assistant Fn-
ijiiu'er, J. R. I'dliott, from April i, i<sr)7 ; Snpcrin-
teiulcnt of Telegraph, M. H. Cascoi-ne, from 1873;
Surgeon, William Brodie, M. D., from 1873 ; Veter-
inary Suri,n'ons, A.
J. Murray, 1876 to
1S71;; Robert Jen-
nings, from 1 879.
Fimiirn.
All members of
companies are rc-
iiuired to be citizens
iifthe United States,
andovertwenty-one
years of age ; they
•are also required to
furnish reliable
references, to pass
a medical examina-
tion, and also an ex-
amination as to
business ability and
moral character.
The endeavor of
the commissioners
from the first has
i)ecn to secure the
best men possible
consistent witii the
pay allowed, and as
a result, the charac-
ter and Dwralc of
the force is calculated to reflect credit on the city.
The bravery and devotion of the men and their faith-
fulness in time of danger are worthy of all praise.
Many of them iiave suffered sirious injury, as the
result of heroic efforts to save life and property.
In July, 1 88 1, one of the firemen, Mr. McQueen,
was instantly killed by falling walls. It was the
lifst fatal accident in fourteen years.
The uniform was adopted in November. 1870.
It is of blue cloth with brass buttons, upon which
are the letters ]). F. I).
All membiM-s of the department are reciuiri'd to
join the l'"ircnicn's Fund yXssociation within one
month after their appointment. Fcave of absence
for not more than five hours may lie granted 1iy the
captains of either engine or
•s: fAirfft^' ryrc'
Engine House, Clufoku Street.
look and ladder ccmi-
panies, provided not more than one stationary man
or one pipemrm is granted leave of absence at the;
same time. Leave of absenc^e for engineers of
steamers, for men of hook and laddiT companies,
may be granted only by the diief engineer. Per-
mission to be absent for more than five hours is
granted only by the president, tipon the endorse-
ment of the ca[)lain, countersigned by the chief
engineer. Substitutes, in all cases, must be pro-
curid by those who wish to be absent. Daily re-
ports are made of the absences of each member of
the company, the
condition of the ap-
paratus, and the
visits of theoniciTS,
and a sununary of
these reports is
niatle by the chief
engineer to the
board. Money or
rewards forser\ices
can hv ri'ceived only
by the chief en-
gineer, must be
turned over by him
to the board, and
cannot be used ex-
cept by permission
of that body. A
fire company con-
sists of ten persons,
— one captain, one
engineer, one fire-
man, one engine-
driver, one liose-cart
driver, and five pipe-
men.
The nimibcr of
men employed dur-
ing the several years
has been: 1867, 62;
1868-1871,72; 1871,78; 1872-1874,81; 1 874- 1 877,
107; 1877, 119; 187S, 1 1 5; 1879, 127; 1880, 137;
1881, 142; 1883, 187. Of those serving in 1883
only one hundred and seventeen devoted their
full time; the rest ot the force, who are under en-
gagement to serve wlu'n needed, are men engaged
in various business occupations, who pursue their
ordinary avocations during the day, and report
and sk'cp at the company quarters at night. They
are paid from $240 to $300 per year; the salaries
of the men in constant scn'ice range from $650 to
$1,000 per year.
The Detroit l^'ircmai's Fund Association
was incorporated on Aiiril 17, i8ri7; its o1)jccts are
520
TIIF. FIRE DEPARTMKNT SOCIETY.
to afford relief to sick and disabled firemen wlio
are connected with the Fire Department, and to re-
lieve the widows and ciiiidren of deceased mem-
bers.
Any member incapacilalcd from altendinij^ to his
work is entitled to live doll.irs per week, for such
time as a commiitce deem proper; and by a two-
thirds vote of the trus-
tees, a larger sum, not
exceedini;' twelve dol-
lars per week, may be
granted. In case of
death, a sum of not
over one hundred
dollars may be ajipro-
priated for funeral ex-
penses. Widows .and
children are relieved
by such monthly pay-
ments, and for such
length of time, as the
trustees may agree
upon.
The initiation fee of
active members is five
dollars, with annual
dues of four dollars,
payable quarterly.
Honorary members
pay five dollars a year,
but have no privileges.
The annual meeting is
on the first .Monday of
April. Twenty trustees
are elected on the last
-Saturday in .March be-
fore the annual meet-
ing, each fire company
being entitled to one
trustee.
All active members
of the Fire Depart-
ment are members,
and there are besides
a large number of
honorary members.
Engine House, Sixtee.nth, head of Bagg Street.
THE FIRK IiKI'AK I'MKN r SOIIKIV.
The pul)lic interest felt i.i the Fire De|iartmcnt.
and the facilities which old Firemen's Hall afforded
for meetings, led to the organization of this society.
A constitution was drawn up by James A. \'an
Dyke, and adopted in January, 1840. The first
election was held January 20, when the following
officers were chosen : Robert E. Roberts, president ;
Frederick lUihl, vice-president; lulmund R. Kears-
ley, secretary : Darius Lamson, treasurer ; Elijah
Goodell, collector. The Board of Trustees was
composed of the officers of the society, the chid
engineer, and deleg.ates elected from each company.
The object of the organiz.'Uion w;is thus stated:
'I'lu- iMirposc iif lliis Assiiciiiiioii >liall Im tlir more cITi.'fUiiilly
to enable the firemen of said eity to perfect the olijert of their
or.i,'.iiii.^ation, .'ind to provide for llu: relic f of disaliled and indi-
Ktnl firemen and their f.ini-
ilies.
All llri'men while doinj;
duty as snch, and heinK in-
di^'ent, all nii'men who have
heen disalile<l while doini;
duty as sneh, and liavim,'
hecome indigent and int'irni ;
anil all lireinen havinj^' served
the time prescribed by law
as Sikh, and who shall resign
thereafter, and haviiiv; he-
come indiuenl and inlinii,
shall heentith'd to relief from
the Kire Di'parlment fund.
'I'he widows an<l orphans ot
<t11 sneh pi'rsons shall, also,
be entitled to assistance from
the fund aforesiud.
On February 14,
1840, the society was
incorporated under the
name of the l'"ire De-
partment of the City of
Detroit. Membership
certificates were fixed
at two dollars each;
other funds were re-
ceived from entertain-
ments of v.'irious kinds,
from donations of
citizens who.se property
was saved from loss,
and from sources in
part indicated by the
following letter, found
among the old records :
1)1 iKDrr, March 3d, iS.|i.
John Oii'in, L'si/., Prcsiiiiiit
of Fire Dcpt. of City of
Detroit.
Deak Sir, —
Enclosed yon will find a
warrant on the city Treasurer
for $100, which I received for services as Chief KuKineer. lieing a
believer in franklin's doctrine that no man should grow rich by
emoluments of office, I remit the warrant to you for the benefit
of the fire Department.
Very respectfidly yours,
ChAUNCV HURLIIUT.
The funds of the society grew quite rapidly ; in
September, 1 848, there was $6,000 in the treasury,
and it was decided to build a large F^iremen's Hall.
The lot on the southwest corner of Jefferson Aveniu
and Randolph Street, from which the old Council
ustecs was
{, tlie chid
li company,
hus stated ;
■ re clTccliKill;,
ilijcrl (.f tlicii
>lc'(l and iiidi-
lul lliiir f.iiii-
while doins;
and lirin^ in-
aii'ii who havr
wliilc duini;
and liavini;
at and intiriii :
lia\-in>; scrx'cd
■rilii-d hy law
1)1) shall rcsii:!!
il havini,' hr-
: and inriini.
d t(i ri-licf frnni
irlmcnt fiuiil.
nd orphans nf
ns shall, also,
issislancc from
suid.
)ruary 14,
society was
d under the
ic ]'"irc Dc-
f the City of
Membership
wore fixed
ars eacii;
were rc-
(.■ntcrtain-
lous i<in(ls,
itioiis of
)se proiuTly
from loss,
sources in
■d by the
tier, foinid
d records :
irrh ^d, 1S41.
f'/., Vrt'sitient
t. 0/ City vf
I will find I
ity 'J'reasun r
ccr, lifiny a
^row rich l>v
)r the bcndit
:v HuKi.iiCT.
■apidly ; in
e treasiirv,
len's Hail,
nn Aveniu
Id Council
THE FIRE DErART.MENT SOCUiTY.
521
House iiad a few nionllis before i)cen swept iiy tlie
lire, was purcliased, and on j.iniiary 15, i^>49, J. A.
\an Dyke, II. II. LeRoy, and Hunh Molfat were
appointed as a l)iii!(!ini;' committee. Comparatively
little was done until .1 year later; then, on January
j'l, 1X50, it was resolved lo solicit loans of money
ill sums of lifty dollars and n|nvard, and i;ifts
id' l)uildinn- material, or goods of any kind that
oiuld be turned to account in erecting the slruc-
tiire. [•"rom this time the work went forwarti ; on
July 4, I '^50, tlie corner-.stone was laid, and the
occasion celebrated by a parade of all the fire
companies, the reading of the Declaration of In-
Mr. \'an Dyke retired from the presidency; tlu
department tendered him its thanks for his untir-
ing zeal and successful efforts in its behalf, and
resolved, as a token of high esteem and affection-
ate regard, to procure his portrait to .adorn the
w.ills he had sjient so much time to raise. The
portrait, a very striking one, was painted by Hicks
of New N'ork, and cost, with its elegant frrune,
nearly §700.
After the coiuplction of the Ilall the dciiartment
inaugurated a course of lectures, the first of which
was given on January 7, i<S53, by J. A. \'an Dvke ;
his subject was "The Fire Department of Detroit, —
A SriiAM Fire Engine.
dependence, an original ode by W". II. Coyli\ and
ail or.ation by l'. Ti'acy Howe.
On T'ebruary 14, 1851, the department gavt' a
supper and concert in aid of the enterprise, w hich
were very successful, and on October 23. 1851, the
Mail was opened with a concert by Theresa I'arodi.
Slie subsefiuently addri'sscd a Utter to the president
itf the department, in which she compliimnted the
Hall by saying, "I think it one of the very be.st
that I have ever sung in." The formal dedication,
hy a grand ball, took place on Thursday evening,
December 4.
The lot co.st Sq.ooo and the building $i 8,000.
The Hall is fifty-six by seventy-five feet and twenty-
six feet high. It was originally seated with arm-
I'hairs, .tnd was for many years the best public
'iill in the city. On the completion of the Hall,
Pa-sl, Present, and Fuuirc." One month later U.
Tracy Howe delivered rui addri'ss on 'Tlu' l'"ine
.Arts." During 1854 a don.ition of $100 was received
from J.imes Stevens, and on January 15, 1855, the
department adopted the following:
Kciohid, lliat this I'iir lliparlnunt .ippropriale llio $too
riMcivid fniin Mr. JaMUS Sicvins towards tlu' purchase of a lot
in I'.lnnvood Cenn'Icry, to !"■ usc<l for the interment of deceased
finnun.
During 1876 the society erected an elegant Fire-
men's Monument on the lot. It cost $5,083.
In 1858 the walls of the Hall were rai.sed and the
front and roof re-constructed at a cost of $6,000.
The Hall was re-oi)cncd on July 8 with a concert by
Miss Caroline Richings. On August 21, 1858, the
department opened a library and reading room.
522
THE FIRE DEPARTMENT SOCIETY.
The wealth of the corporation continued to increase,
and on January 25, 1859, an Ait of ilic Ixxislaiurc
gave it power to hold $60,000 worth of properly,
and exempted it from taxation.
The disbandiiii; of the companies, caused by the
introduction of steam engines, made it imi)racticable
to elect trustees from tiie several comjianies, and, by
Act of March 15, 1861, it was therefore provided
that, on approval (jf tiie society, twelve trustees
should be elected by ballot at the annual meeting
on the third Monday of January, six to be chosen
for one, and six for two years, and six annually
thereafter. These trustees, v.'ith the president, vice-
28, 1870, but no practical results grew out of the
action.
Meanwhile, many members neglected the pay-
ment of their dues; the ollicers luUI ihat tiiey had
thus forfeited their rights as members ; and on May
21, 1877, the Legislature provided that every mem-
ber who had failed lor three years or more previous
to January i, 1878, to pay his dues should cease to
be a member ; and that memljcrs failing for three
years after that date to pay their dues should forfeit
their membership; the Act also provided that new
members, selected by the trustees, might be admitted
by a two-thirds vote of the society at any lawful
Firemen's Hai.i, S. W. Ckkneu of Jefferson Avrnif, and li.wuoi.iii Street.
president, and secretary, were to manage the affairs
of the society. On November 30, i8(Si, the society
voted in favor of this method, and provision was
made for reducing the dues to fifty cents per year.
Notwithstanding this reduction, the membership
constantly decreased, and as there was little occa-
sion to apply its funds to the use originally in-
tended, the Legislature, on April 3, 1869, author-
ized the socit ty to maintain " an Institution or
Institutions for moral and intellectual improve-
ment and the relief and instruction f)f such liome-
less and destitute persons of the city of Detroit as
the Board of Trustees may select." The society
accepted the provisions of the Act on September
meeting. T^y an Act approved April 21, 1883, it
was provided that property to the amount of §120,-
000 should be exempted from taxation, and each
member was authorized to ajipoint some one to suc-
ceed him on his demise ; and in case any member
neglected to aj^point his successor, the trustees
were authorized, on the death of a member, to name
a successor, who should have and exercise all the
rights of the original member.
In 1883 there were about one hundred and thirty
members, and the property of the corporation
amounted to nearly $100,000, about one half being
in cash or its equivalent.
The presidents of the society have been : 1 840,
THE FIRE DEPARTMENT SOCIETY.
523
(■'■jbcrt K. Roberts; 1841-1843, John Owen ; 1843,
'Jli.iuncy ilurlbut; 1844-1847, David Smart ; 1847-
1S53, James A. Van Dyke; 1852-1855, Eben N.
Willcox; 1855-1857, John I'atton; 1857, Robert T.
I'.Uiott; 1858, Robert E. Roberts; 1 859-1 861, John
IX Fairbanks ; i86t, Benjamin Vernor; 1862, H. H.
Weils; 1863, II. W. Newi^erry; 1864-1866, L. H.
Colib; 1866-1868. S.G. Wight; 1868-1870, T. H.
Ilini-hman; 1870-1872, Robert McMillan; 1872-
1874, Jerome Crnul; 1874-1876, W. S. Pcnfield;
1876-1878, J. S. Vernor; 1878, T. H. Hinchman;
1879, William Adair; 1880-1882, Alexander Cop-
land; 1882-1884. R. S. Dillon; 1884, John Camp-
bell.
The secretaries have been : 1840. E. R. Kearsiey ;
1841, W. 15. Wesson; 1842-1846, H. M. Roby ;
1846-1848, B. D. Hyde; 1848, P. C. HisRins ; 1849-
1851, R. W. Kintr; 1851-1854. R. E. Roberts;
1854-1857, C. S. Cole; 1857 1859, B. Vernor; 1859-
i86i,c;. W. Osborn; 1861, II. .Starkey ; 1862-1877,
George W. Oshorn ; 1877-1879, G. C. Codd; 1879-
Mark Flanigan.
PART VIII.
RELIGIOUS,
C H A P T E R L V I .
ROMAN CATHULIC MISSIONAKIhS AND I'KIKSTS. - CIIUUCHES.
DIOCESES. — TME CATHOLIC UNION.
UISIIOl'S ANO
MISSIONAKIKS AND PRIESTS.
The first settlcmcnis in lliu Wost differed from
iKarly all the eastern eoionies, in tiiat the settlers
were not I'lirilans, but members of the Roman
Catholic Chiireh. l.onjj before tlie first posts were
esiahlishetl, the Jesuit and Stilpitian missionaries,
with tmsiirpassed devotion to liieir faith, and with
skill and courajfc tiiat no dit'ficiiliies coiikl over-
eonie, traversed the entire West, exi)lorini;, stiuly-
inJ,^ and planninj;' for the future of their Ciuirch.
One after another they visited tiie rei^ion of the
lakes, and the Indian soon learneil to respect the
"black jjowns," and in form, if not in fact, to
adore the Crucified. Father Sajj;ard came to Michi-
i^an in 1632; Fathers Raymbauil and Jo^ues, in
1641 ; Dablon, in 1655; Menard, in 1660; Allouez,
in 1666; Manjuette, in 1668; and in the spriny of
1770 the Sulpitian Galinee was at Detroit with La
Salle.
A bishop and nuns froin the hij^jhest ranks, rep-
resenting the best blood of France, followed in
the footsteps of these priestly explorers. Father
Hennepin came in 1679. Twenty years later the
settlement was determined upon, and in 1701 the
cross was set up on the shores of the Detroit.
It was well that the old faith was represented by
the ancient Gallic Church : independent but faith-
ful, zealous but liberal, the impress of her spirit
remains to this day.
S/. Aiiiic's Church.
One of the first acts of Cadillac was to provide
a place of worship. He arrived on July 24, which
was St. Anne's Day, and two days later he laid
the foundati()ns for a chapel. Father Francjois
X'alliant, a Jesuit, and Father Nicholas Constantine
del Halle, a Franciscan, both aided in the pious
work.
Cadillac's letters and various other old manu-
scripts make it evident that ne preferred the Fran-
ciscans, who were usually in charge of the posts.
The director-s of the Colony, however, chose to estab-
lish a Jesuit missionary, and agreed to allow 800
francs yearly, necessary food and clothing, and free
transportation for those who were sent to the settle-
ment. The personal preferences of Cadillac ilid
not trouble the colonists, and ere the .settlement
was a month okl the little log church just outside
the stockade vsas completed, the rude cross pointed
to the sky, and thereafter the bell was daily rung
anil daily prayers were said; and when harvest
time hail passed, the priest's granary was full.
Father V'alliant and Cadillac did not agree, and
early in the fall of 1701 V'alliant left the settlement.
The presence of a Franciscan priest was dis-
tasteful to the Jesuits, anil, hoping that the settle-
niLMit would |)rove a failure and that the Indians
would return to .Mackinaw, they evaded the king's
orders directing them to establish themselves at
Detroit, and for several years after V^alliant left
there were no Jesuits at Detroit.
In 1703 some Indians, who hail become disaf-
fected, set lire to a barn, and as a result the church
and the home of the priest were burned, together
with other buildings. A new church was immedi-
ately erected, in which, as will appear, Father del
Halle was buried.
With the year 1704, so far as is now known, the
records of the church began ; and, excepting those
of the Roman Catholic churches of St. Ignace and
Kaskaskia, which date back to 1695 and 1696, there
are no manuscript records in the West so ancient
and so interesting as those contained in the thin
quarto volumes now in possession of the parish
priest of St. Anne's. The records are complete
from the beginning, and the faded and yellow pages
tell the history of events that thrilled the hearts of
the colonists of Detroit for generations before the
war of the Revolution. Their authenticity is at-
tested by the signatures (as witnesses at weddings
and burials) of Cadillac, De la Forest, De Noyelle,
Tonty, Rellestre, Dubuisson, Boishebert, and other
noted military characters. The record of births,
deaths, and marriages, from 1704 to 1744, is con-
tained in a small book of three hundred and thirty-
four pages. The following translation of one of
the pages gives evidence of a care which has pre-
served them to the present time :
The undersigned ReeoUect Priest, exercising vicarial functions
at Fort Pontchartrain of Detroit, declares that the present book
1527]
^i^fcj^iji^^K^iiJBj^;;^^ ■"'•:.;^^-*as#^'^:?!if*;^iasr
i.TB *iU«.' ■"■"
,^^/r-^ "^(^t-Ci^ eM-?i^T^ '^ /<M^4 ^'^<3''>^»ij^t
0/4eoy^V^ yZ^.K^/- ffM- {^i^v?^u^ 9-Q^ /f^a^z'j^
^-3 t-'Z.
Qi:n/iAO(/ 710MS ano-hJ /^^^ (^^ f ^^ui^ /?/K>Ycr'
^ ^^(^(yrv^x ^nt-^ ^^^.. C^^¥^yi/n^ 7?i^rznJ^ ^^(^ii^^ eoy^^
^ I
First Pa(;p. oi St. Anne's Records.
MISSIONARIES AND PRIESTS.
529
coatailis thirteen sheets of paper, being the veritable first I'.ook
or i'.Lgistry of ISaptisms and Interments at Kurt I'untchartrain,
ail ! that it has been prepared and arranged by the venerable I'ere
1) iiiinique de la Marehe, formerly Professor of 'I'heolujjy and
Kr( ollect Priest, my predecessor at this said mission of Fort Pont-
cli irtrain; and for the purpose of givint; to this Registry all
ni ' Lssary force and value, I have reciuested Monsieur Antoine
d' la Mothe Cadillac, Commandant fcr the King at said Fort, to
limior it with his signature. Done at said place the 15th of Janu-
ary, 1709.
FRiiRE Chekuium Dknian,
Recollect Miss. Priest.
We, Antoine de la Mothe Cadillac, T.nrd of the places of Doua-
giKland Mont Desert, Commander for the King at Fort Pont-
chartrain, certify that the prisent book contains thirteen slu its,
being the First Registry of IJaplisnis and interments ; in faith of
.vliich we have signed.
Done at said Fort, January ifith, i7o<j.
La Mothe Cadillac.
A reduced fac-simile is given of the first page of
the record; ' the size of the original is seven l)y eight
and three quarters inciies.
The second entry tells of the baptism of the child
of a soldier and an Indian woman.
From 1704 to 1709 three or four other books of
registry were formally opened by the jiriests in
charge, and a special registry is preserved, in which
baptisms of savages, principally of the Huron tribe,
are noted.
Between April 24 and August 16, 1706, during an
attack on the fort by the Indians, while walking in
his garden outside of the stockaile. Father del Halle
was seized ; he was soon released, but as he turned
to enter the fort he was shot and instantly killed by
one of the Indians ; the place of his burial was the
chapel in which he had officiated. In after years,
when newer and larger churches were erected in
different localities, the remains of del Halle were
four times removed, the first time in 1709. Two of
the removals are described in the following transla-
tions from the records :
In the year of our Lord 1723, May 13th, at the request of Rev.
Father Bonaventure Leonard, Franciscan Missionary for the post
of Detroit on Lake Erie, «r the undersigned declare having been
on the ground where was formerly the church in which had been
buried the late Rev. Father Constantino C\ lialle, Franciscan,
fulfilling the functions of a missionary for the said post ; and,
.leeording to the indication given us, we recognized the ex.ict spot
where his remains would be found. The Rev. Father I3onaven-
' Translated, the entry reads ;
1, brother Constantine del Halle, missionary, Recollect Priest,
and Chaplain at Fort Pontchartrain, certify that I have conferred
lii'ly baptism on Marie Thtirese, legitimate daughter of Monsieur
.Antoine de la Mothe Cadill.ic, commandant for the King, and of
Ml. lime Marie Theriise (luoin, the Father and Mother. There
«,i- fur ('■odfather, Uertrand .\rnault, and for Godmother, Md'lle
(liiievieve le 'I'endrc. In faith of which we have signed, this ..d
of February, 1704.
Fr^re Constantine del Halle,
Recollect.
Arnaid.
Gbnevievr i.e Tenprk.
ture paid two men to make researches in the said ground. The
same day these men found the cofiin of the late Rev. Father, who
was recognized by the marks every ime has seen ; that is, a small
cap, many pieces of cloth of his cloak, very distinct marks on
his body of a string and of haircloth. After that examination
the Rev. Father Bonaventure ordered the body to be taken into
the church.
In testimony whereof we assure whomsoever it may concern of
the truth of our present attestation. Made at the Post of Detroit
on Lake Krie, May 13th, 1723.
(Signed) H. Campai'. Pierre Hubert Lacroix
Cms. Chesne. P.onaventuke.
In the year of our Lord one thousand seven hundred and fifty-
five, the thirteenth day of July, we, priest, Franciscan, and chap-
lain at the Fort of Ditroit, in the name of His Majesty, the King
Louis, and fulfilling in the said place the holy functions of priest,
rector in St. Anne's parish, according to the resolution taken
December 24th of the preceding year (1754) have transferred from
the old church into the new one, first, the remains of the vener-
able Fathir Constantine del Halle, heretofore Franciscan Mis-
sionary, who had been killed by the Indians in 1706, in the per-
formance of his holy duties.
In the year 1723 these rem.'.ins had been already transferred
into the said old church, and buried under the steps of the altar
by our predecessor. Rev. Father Honaventure Leonard.
We have deposited them,/ry /<^w/y>-i", under the steps of the
altar in the new church, until the lengthening and other improve-
ments may be made ; then we will give him a last seijulture con-
formable to his dignity and to the miracles performed through
his intercessicm ; these miracles are related by many persons
worthy to be trusted.
Finally, we have transferred also to the new church all the
other bodies and bones found in the old one, and we have said a
Requiem Mass for the rest of their souls.
(Signed) Simtlk P.oci.aKT,
Priest., Franciscan Missionary.
Immediately after the death of Del Halle, Cadillac
induced two Franciscans to take charge of the little
tlock, one of whom remained three years.
In 1708 it was decided to build a new church, and
in the following year it was erected, proof of which
is found in papers deposited with the Department
of Marine in Paris.
In 17;:, at the time of the attack of the Outa-
gamies, the connnandant burned the church lest it
should afford a place of refuge to the Indians.
About this time, on account of the discouraging
condition of affairs, many of the inhabitants left the
settlement, and consequently there were several
unoccupied houses, one of which was used for
church jDurposes.
On June 6, 1721, Pierre Francis Xavier de Charle-
voix, a Jesuit missionary, arrived on a visit to the
colony, and remained nearly two weeks. Two years
later, on May 13, 1723, Father Bonaventure arrived,
and within a year he began the erection of a church,
which was duly completed and was the first to
receive the name St. Anne's. It was situated near
the stockade, and was probably the first church
located inside the pickets. Both the church and the
cemeteiy then occupied a portion of the property
now lying between Griswold and Shelby Streets,
on the north side of Jefferson Avenue.
DO
O
MISSIONARIES AND PRIESTS.
Concerning priestly life and labor at this time,
Father Emanuel Crespel, who visited the settlement
in 1729, says:
In the spring I made a journey to Detroit on the invitation of
a brother of our order, who was there on a mission. In seventein
days I reached Detroit, and was received by the priest I went to
visit with a warmtli whicli showed the extreme pleasure we ex-
perience in meetins; one of our countrymen in a distant region ;
besides, we are brethren of the same order, and quilted our coun-
try for the same motive.
I was therefore welcome to him on many accounts ; nor did he
omit any opportunity of convincing me how pleased he was with
my visit. He was older than I, and had been very successful in
his apostolic labors. His house was agreeable and convenient ;
it was, as 1 may say, his own work, and the habitation of virtue.
His lime which was not employed in the duties of his oHice was
divided between study and the occupations of ibe held. He had
a few books, the choice of which afforded a good idea of the
purity of his morals and the extent of his knowledge. Willi the
language of the country he was familiar : and the facility with
which he spoke it made him very acceptable to many of the
Indians, who communicated to him their retlcctions on all sub-
jects, particularly religion. Affability attracts conlidence, and no
one was more deserving of the latter than this good man. He
had taught some of the inhabitants the French language ; and
among them I found many whose good sense and sound judg-
ment would have made them conspicuous even in I'rance, had
their minds been cultivated by study. Every day 1 remained
with this man I found new motives to envy his situation. In a
word, he was happy, and had no cause to blush at the means by
which he became so.
In 1738, Father de la Richardie was here as mis-
sionary to the Hiirons. He afterwards went to
Montreal, and was succeeded by Kather Louis An-
toine Pothier, who as early as 1742 was in charge of
a mission among the Hurons on Bois Blanc Island.
In June, 1747, the Hurons fell out with the French,
and J^othier returned to Detroit. In 1748 friend-
ship was restored, and Fathers Pothier and De la
Richardie built a church and established a mission
among the Hurons at Sandwich. For several years
prior to 1761 Father J. B. Sallenauve was in charge
of the Sandwich mission, and then Father Pothier,
who in the interim had been in Detroit, was again
at Sandwich.
Concerning Father Pothier, the Pontiac manu-
script says. "The French, who knew and respected
the Jesuit Father as a worthy ecclesiastic, considered
him as a saint upon earth." He spent much of his
time in Detroit, where he died July 16, 1781. His
death was occasioned by a fall which fractured his
skull.
In 1754 Father de la Richardie was again in
charge of the Huron mission, which was still at Bois
Blanc Island.
With the year 1749 immigration took a new start,
and so great was the increase of the inhabitants
in Detroit that a larger church became a neces-
sity; and in 1754 Father Bocquct, who then had
charge of the parish, determined that one should be
erected. Accordingly, either on the old site, or in
its immediate vicinity, just west of the present Gris-
wold Street, and covering a part of Jefferson Avenue,
the church was erected. In March of the following
year it was consecrated by the Right Rev. Henri
Dubreuil de Pontbriand, Bishop of Ouebec. He was
here the i6th of March, and .spent several weeks in
the vicinity.
It will be borne in mind that, at this period, in
addition to the inhabitants inside the stockade, there
was a large number of settlers on both sides of the
river and on either side of the fort. It was not
always safe or convenient for them to attend ser-
vices at the fort, and therefore as early as 1763, and
probably soon after the capitulation of 1 760, Jacques
Campau, in pursuance of a religious vow, built a
small church, about twenty by thirty feet in size, on
his farm, now known as the James Campau I-'arm,
or east half of Private Claim 91. The building
stood near the river, and was known in more recent
times as the Red Chapel. On May 13, 1787, Father
Frechette, for the first time, said mass in it, and the
odor of incense mingled with the smell of apple-
blossoms from the surrounding orchards. The
building was burned in August or September, 1843.
It was doubtless at this church that these services
alluded to in the Pontiac manuscript took place :
On Sunday, ist of May, about three in the afternoon (the
French thtn returning from vespers), Pontiac, with forty chosen
men, appeared at the gate.
On the Moon day, the i)lh of May, the first day of Rogations,
according to custom, the curate and all the clergy made a pru-
cessiim out of the Fort very i)eaceably. The mass was celebrated
in the same manner.
With regard to the feelings of the Indians
towards Pothier, the manuscript says :
Father Pothier, a Jesuit mi ionary of the Hurons, who in the
quality and by the power he IimI over them, had brought part of
them, particularly the good band, within the bounds of tranquil-
lity, by refusing them the sacrament.
We find also in the same document the following
interesting item :
Thursday, June i6th. It is usual, in places besieged ..nd
blockaded, to observe silence, and not on any .iccount to ring the
bells of the churches, in order that the enemy might not know
the time the people go to chinch. The bell of the F'rench church
of this place had not been rung since the commencement of the
siege. The commander having incpiired of the curate why tlie
bell was not rung, permitted it to be rung, and it commenced its
function by ringing the Angelus.
Trustees for the parish of St. Anne's were ap-
pointed as early as 1744, and the pews were prob-
ably first rented about that time. An old account
book in possession of the writer contains this entry :
Widow McDougall, Dr. September 28th, 1781, cash paid her
seat in the church, i6s.
The best known of the older priests was the
MISSIONARIES AND TRIESTS.
531
le Indians
Kcv. Ciabricl Richard, of the order of Suipilians.
He arrived liere on the feast day of Corpus Ciiristi,
in June, i7yS. Ho was a man of great ciilholicity
of spirit, much esteemed by both Catholics and
I'rotestants, and for nearly a quarter of a century
labored assiduously for the interests of his flock,
and the whole city as well. His connection with
educational and publishing interests is set forth
LJsewhere. In 1S07, on the invitation of Governor
Hull and others, he preached several times in the
Council House. Although an accomplished French
scholar, his English was defective ; yet his discourses
commanded respect because of the character of the
man, and because they were devoid of churchly
assumption. During the War of 1812 he was
imprisoned for a time at Sandwich, because of
loyalty to the United Slates. After his release,
(hiring the period of distress that succeeded the
war, he was actively engaged in ministering to the
necessities of the people.
In 1823 he had the rare honor, for a priest, of
being elected a delegate to Congress; he served
until 1825. This is the only instance in the history
of the Territory or the State where a clergyman
held this position. A short time before his elec-
tion one of his flock married a second wife, without
having obtained a divorce from the first. For this
he was e.vcoiumunicated by Father Richard, and so
injurious were the consequences that he sued for
damages, and obtained a judgment for $1,116.
bather Richard was unwilling or unable to pay the
amount, and was imprisoned in the old jail, remain-
ing there three or four weeks. After he was elected
to Congress, Messrs. Louis Beaufait, Charles Rivard,
and Joseph Bartlett became his bail, and one even-
ing, about nine o'clock, he was released, and pro-
ceeded to Washington, where he faithfully served
the Territory.
At the time of the first visitation of the cholera
he was unselfishly active in affording temporal and
spiritual relief to the sick and dying; finally, on
September 13, 1832, at 3 A. M., he was himself
carried away by the dread scourge. His decease
was universally lamented, and both Protestants
and Catholics were sincere mourners at the funeral,
which took place at 5 r. M. He was buried in a
crypt beneath St. Aime's. Beside him, in other
crypts, are the remains of Fathers Vanderpoel and
De Hruyn, Louis Antoine Beaubieii, and a .sister
whose name is unknown. A memorial window,
bearing an excellent likeness of Father Richard,
occupies a conspicuous place at the left, as you
enter the church. It cost $400.
The church in which I''ather Richard first offici-
ated is shown in the view of the city as it was in
1796. It was a large building, towering far above
the surrounding houses. In the fall of 1799 it was
repaired and enlarged at an expense of about
§3,000. On June 11, 1805, it, with the rest of the
town, was burned. At this time Rev. John Uilhet
was associated with Father Richard. The ruins of
the old church, overgrown with weeds, remained
on what is now Jefferson Avenue until 181 7 or
later.
After the tire a tent was erected on the Commons,
and for a short time services were held therein.
Meldrum's warehouse, which stood not far from the
foot of the present Woodward Avenue, was next
negotiated for, the trustees, on August 27, voting
to offer $300 New York currency for the property.
Whether they bought it or not does not appear, but
for about four years it was occupied by the church.
From the Meldrum Warehouse, as early as the first
of January, 1809, the services were transferred to
Spring Hill Farm, so called, now known as Private
Claim 30 in Springwells. This farm was rented of
the United States, for $205 per year, by Father
Richard. The Government had taken the farm in
settlement of its account against Matthew Ernest,
who, while collector of cu.stoms in Detroit, became
a defaulter to the amount of $6,000 or $8,000.
Father Richard remained on the farm until Novem-
ber I, 1 8 10, or later, and was so unfortunate that in
181 1 the United States had to sue for a portion of
the rent. During this period occasional services
were held in a chapel built on the Melcher or
Church Farm in Hamtramck.
It was evidently the congregation which wor-
shiped in this chapel that had the disagreement
with Father Richard spoken of in Spalding's " Life
of Bishop Flaget." The trouble seems to have
grown out of the proposed removal of the old
cemetery from the church grounds, through which
Jefferson Avenue had been extended. The dis-
agreeing members were also opposed to the building
of St. Anne's on the site it now occupies. On Feb-
ruary 24, 1 81 7, Bishop Flaget issued a pastoral letter
reproving the schismatic members at Detroit and in-
terdicting their church. In order to fully settle the
difficulty, the bishop, in company with Reverend
Fathers Bertrand and Janvier, and Messrs. Godfrey
and Knaggs, left St. Thomas for Detroit on May
15, 18 1 8, They made the entire journey on horse-
back, and on June i, when within ten miles of De-
troit, they were met by a number of persons who
escorted them into the city. The bishop soon
brought about a reconciliation between the chief
members of the congregation on the Melcher Farm,
and they agreed on behalf of the congregation
to rcmovi; their dead from the street and lot, to contribute
towards tlie erection uf the new church in Detroit, and not to speak
of the past, but to bury it in oblivion. On his part, the bishop
promised to raise the interdict on their church, to permit burials
in the cemetery, and to send them a priest once a month.
The preliminaries of the reconciliation having been satisfac-
532
MISSIONARIES AND I'RIESTS.
torily adjusted, the bishop determined to render the ceremony of
removing the interdict as public and solemn as possible. Ac-
cordhijjly, on 'I'uesday, the gth of June, 1818, he was conducted
to their church in Krai'l jirucession, the discliarKe of caumm
announcing the approaching ciriinony, and the music of the
regimeiital liand mingling willi that of the choristers. Addresses
were deli\-crcd in I'.nglish and French. An affecting public recon-
ciliation took place bclwecn the schismatics and tlieir pastor, M.
Richard, who shed tears of joy on the occasion. .\ collection of
$500 was taken up on the spot, which the bisliop considered a
substantial omen of a permanent peace."
The corner-stone of St. Annc'.s was laid the same
day. Later in the day, while the bishop was
returning from a dinner party at General Macomb's,
his horses took friyiil, and he was thrown down the
high hank, then e.xisting below what is now Cass
Street, receiving a severe injury on the right shoulder
from which he never ful'y recovered.
On June 17 the bishop, with Father Bertrand,
left in a sailing vessel for Montreal. He returned
on July 27, and remained until September 3, when
he went up to Saiilt St. Marie, returning on the nth
of October. When he arrived he was quite ill, but
gradually recovered, and on November i he con-
firmed two hundred persons. Soon after this he
commenced a "spiritual retreat" at the Melcher
Farm church, discontinuing it on the 17th for a trip
to the River Raisin, and resuming it after his
return on December 30. The exercises were abun-
dantly profitable to the people. On April 19, 18 19,
he again visited the River Raisin, returning in May.
On the 29th he took his final departure from De-
troit, going by steamer to Erie.
The first church on the Melcher Farm was built
of logs, and was consecrated May 10, 1809. During
the year 1 834 it was repaired. The following e.xtract
from a letter of Rev. Mr. Kundig to Bishop Le-
fevere, dated January 12, 1857, gives interesting
particulars as to its condition at thiit time :
He, Bishop Rese, ordered me to repair the old shabby church,
whicli I did by taking off the casing and shingles. But the night
following, February asd, 1834, the whole concern was, by a great
sti)rm, blown lo the ground. It had looked as old as if it was
Noe's Ark itself. He then put u\> a new churcli, he built the
additions to the old and worthless house and repaired it, and from
that time he took care to have :' clergyman remain there.
The new church was built by a man named
Payee, and was consecrated by IMshop Fenwick.
At various times Fathers Bernier, Warlop, Vander-
poel, Kilroy, Ma.xwell, and Duboix were stationed
here. Father Duboix procured a bell for the church
in 1848. The building was burned on July 13, 1861.
Returning to the history of St. Anne's Church,
we find that in 1798 the use of about an acre of
ground was given for a cemetery. Seven years
later, on account of the wider streets laid out in re-
building the city, after the fire of 1805, a new
church location became desirable. Accordingly,
Father Richard presented a petition asking for a
definite grant of the ground the church had been
using for a cemetery, and on October 4, 1806, the
Governor and Judges passed the following :
Kesolvcii, that the Roman Catholic Church be built in tlie
centre of the little military square, on section No. i, on the
ground adjacent to the burying ground ; tlie said lot fronting on
Kast and West Avenue (Michigan Avenue) two hundred feet
wide and running back two hundred feet deep, and bounded on
tlie three sides by three other streets.
It will be noticed that no title was conveyed by
the above resolution, and the description does not
define all the land which was actually conveyed at a
subsequent date. About six months after the pas-
sage of the resolution, "The Catholic, Apostolic, and
Roman Church of .St. Anne, of Detroit," was incor-
porated under a general law for the incorporation of
religious societies, passed a few days before. One
of the provisions of this law was that trustees could
acquire and hold personal property, "slaves ex-
cepted ;" but no society could hold more than two
thousand acres of land at one time, and the property
was liable to taxation.
The articles of incorporation were drawn up antl
signed April 12, 1807, and recorded three days
later, in Liber 2 of Deeds, page 149.
The following persons were named in the articles
as trustees : Antoine Beaubien, Francois Chabert,
Gabriel Godfroy, and Jacques Campau. The cor-
porators were Charbert Joncaire, Henry Berthelet,
Pierre Desnoyers, Charles Poupard, Joseph Beau-
bien, Antoine Cecille, Etienne Dubois, Alexis Cerat,
Joseph Cote, Presque Cot6, Gabriel Godfroy, and
f>ancis Frerot.
On January 11, 1817, in consideration of the re-
linquishment by the church of all right to the prop-
erty lying within the limits of the then new Jefferson
Avenue, the Governor and Judges conveyed to the
church certain property which they had previously
occupied on Jefferson Avenue, near Griswold, and
also the interior triangle of Section i, sixteen lots
in the block adjoining on the north, and thirteen
lots in Section 9. Under the treaty of Fort Meigs,
of September 29, 18 17, St. Anne's Church also ob-
tained an undivided half of the six sections of land
given by the Indians. This land was located in
Monroe County, and was sold about 1840.
On March 26, 1834, the Governor and Judges
gave a new deed for the interior triangle of Section
I and the sixteen lots adjoining on the north, shown
on John Farmer's map of 1831. The chief point of
difference between this deed and that of 1817 was,
that the new deed gave the church the right either
to dispose of the property or to erect buildings for
any use, instead of exclusively for church purposes.
In 1836 a brick residence for the bishop, facing Ran-
dolph Street, was erected on the property.
MISSIONARIES AND PRIESTS.
5- -
OJ
iing for a
had been
1806, the
built in tlu
o. I, on tllr
t fronting tji,
liundred f n i
1 bounded on
nveyed by
1 does noi
iveyed at a
^r the pas-
:)slolic, and
was incor-
poration of
fore. One
stees could
■ slaves ex-
e than two
le property
iwn up and
three days
the articles
is Chabert,
The cor-
Berthelet,
;eph Ik'au-
exis Cerat,
dfroy, and
of the re-
3 the prop-
w Jefferson
;yed to the
previously
swold, and
ixteen lots
thirteen
ort Meigs,
h also ob-
)ns of land
located in
id Judges
of Section
rth, shown
;f point of
1817 was,
ight either
ildings for
purposes,
cing Ran-
The house was built about an old wooden dwell-
i!ig. Tradition says that the property on which the
wooden house stood was given to the church to be
used as long as the building should remain standing,
and that the brick encasement was designed to pre-
serve the inner building. A careful investigation
of the deeds fails to afford the slightest evidence
upon which to found any such tradition.
KR-SIUIiNLli KUHCIKn BV HlSHOl' RiiSE.
As to the erection of the church, the following
advertisement from the Detroit Gazette of August
19, 1818, gives interesting facts :
Great 1)A1«;ain ! Offered by Gabriel Richard, rector of Pt.
Anne, 200 hard dollars will be jjiven fur twenty toises of long
stnne, of Stony Island, delivered at Detroit, on the wharf of Mr.
J.icob Smith, or two hundred and forty dollars, if delivered on
the ( hurch ground. 100 barrels of lime are wanted inimediately.
I'ive shillings will be given per barrel at the river side, and si.\
shillings delivered on the church ground.
It has been said that the stone for St. Anne's was
brought in bateaux up the Savoyard Creek, but the
above advertisement indicates nothing of the kind,
and the late I'eter Desnoyers, on two different
occasions, told the writer that the statement as 'o
the conveying of the stone up the Savoyard was en-
tirely incorrect. The stone was furnished by J. B.
St. Armour and Louis Uesolcour. The timber was
supplied by Messrs. Young and St. Barnard, and
was obtained on Pine River, St. Clair County. It
Nvas while this church was in process of erection
that Father Richard issued the " shinplasters "
which were so extensively counterfeited.
It was at first intended to have a row of pillars
ahout the outside of the church, and numbers of
ihem were procured. This plan, however, was re-
considered and abandoned ; several of the pillars
were finally used in building a porch in the rear of
the bishop's residence.
The steeples were completed and tinned over in
the fall of 1820. While putting on the tin, the
workmen used a pot of live coals to heat their irons,
and by some carelessness one of the steeples took
fire. It was late at night when it was discovered,
and one of the firemen, who had been out on a hunt
all day, was thoroughly tired out ; when aroused and
warned to hurry up, he carelessly turned over in
bed, saying, "Oh, never mind ! It won't burn much
till morning; it's all green timber." His careless
prophecy proved true, and the old stf^-ple still
remains.
In 1820 the basement was opened for use. The
upper portion of the church was completed and first
used December 25. 1828. There was placed in it
the pulpit and two of the side altars saved from the
fire of 1805, and these relics are still preserved.
The old bell, with its birthmark of 1766, rescued
from that fire, no longer rings the Angelus, but is
laid away as a memorial of the past.
The size of the church is sixty by one hundred
and sixteen feet. Originally there was in the center
■ in octagonal dome, thirty feet in diameter and thirty
feet high, and two small cupolas at the rear. The
center dome was surmounted by a representation of
the sun, on which was a human face, and over it
a cock. On the smaller cupolas were representa-
tions of the moon and a fish. The center dome and
the cupolas were removed in 1842. The next year
the towers were fully enclosed and the front porch
erected. In the spring of 1850 the brick extension
in the rear was added. In 1880 the church sold a
portion of the property, fronting two hundred and
fifty feet on Lained Street, and extending along
Randolph Street through to Congress Street, for the
sum of $100,000.
The changes of the passing years have affected
not only the property, but the customs of the church.
A curious illustration of past scenes, and of the
mingling of the duties of the territorial militia with
those of the church militant, half a century ago, is
afforded by the following copy of an official letter
on record at Lansing :
Adjutant Genekal's Oificr,
Df.tkoit, May 28th, 1820.
£lR,-
Ry general order of the 21st inst., which will be inserted in the
next Gazette, the company lately commanded by Captain licau-
fait in the second Battalion of the first Regiment, has been con-
solidated with that commanded by you. It therefore becomes
necessary that you should take immediate measures to carry that
provision of the General Order into complete effect on or before
the first Monday of June next. Vou are also hereby directed to
cause your company to be assembled at 3 o'clock i'. M. of that
day, at which time the Adg't. and Insp. General will attend in
person for the purpose of inspecting the state of their discipline,
and of introducing the system of discipline established by law.
In the interim you are requested to appear with your company,
on the General Parade ground in the rear of this city, on Satur-
day next at 2 o'clock 1'. M., with a view to prepare your men to
attend as a military escort at the celebration of the anniversary o(
534
MISSIONARIES AND PRIESTS.
the iiisliuaion of the feast of the blessed saiTamcnt uf (jur Lord
Jcsiis Clirist.
Yiiiir "lit. scr\''t,
To Cd/'t. ynii/iii's Ciiiii/iiiii, and
III ('((//. /'. (,'iv//><>.r, on ilte
siihjii t of till- ionstuiilatioii
o/ their tom/i,tHi\s.
John K. Williams.
pmiiiincnt citizens. The hij^hest military ofliccrs
often assisted in this service; and it was no unusual
sijL,dit to see Major-t 'lenerai Maconil), of tiie I'nited
States Army, and (leneral John K. Williams, of the
Territorial Militia, assi.st in larryini; the canopy.
This naturally secured tlie co-operation of the troops
and the militia; and thus, witii the boomin,^; of can-
non and a jLieneral parade of solilicrs, these occasions
possessed imcomnion interest. The procession usu-
ally formed at St. Anne's, procecdin,i( from thence
to the little chapel on the Campaii Farm, or to
similar chapels on the Lafontainc and Codfroy
Farms on the west of the town, and to other shrines
temporarily erected. These public processions were
kept up until about 1S25. At this same period,
durinsi; the last week of T.ent. the church hell hunt;-
untolled and unrung ; and instead thereof, men stooil
upon the street corners, and with crecelle or rattle
called the people to prayer. The Rogation d lys,
spoken of in the extract from the I'ontiac Manusciipt,
were publicly observed up to 1828, and probably
St. Anve's Church.
Original appearance.
A further relic of the olden time is the
following advertisement from the Gazette
of June 2, 1S20, which has reference to
the same occasion :
NOTICE.
According to ancient custom, the solemn Proces-
sion in commemoration of the lilessed Sacrament,
commonly called the I^ord's Supper, will take place
on Sunday ne.\t at 5 o'clock r. ^^, within thr en-
closure of the Church of St. Anne. A short address,
e.splanatiiry of the ceremony, will be delivered at
half past four. Christians of all denominations are
wiieonie. It is e.xpected, however, that they will
conform to all rules observed by Catholics on such
occasions by standiiiK, walking and kneeling. The
Military on duty only may remain covered.
It is enjoined on all persons to preserve profound
silence during the whole ceremony.
N. I!. — A collection will be made, the proceeds
of which will be employed in completing the
steeples of the Church of St. Anne, and covering
them with tin.
In earlier days, this procession on
Pentecost, or Whitsunday, was succeeded
by the feast of Corpus Christi. On such
occasions, almost the entire settlement
turned out, and nearly all united in the
procession. Priests with lighted candles
and acolytes bearing small flags preceded
the host, which was held aloft enclosed
in the ostentorium, and shielded by a
canopy, which was usually borne by four
St. Annk's Roman Catholic Church.
MISSIONARIES AND PRIESTS.
535
u
somewhat later. On these days the procession pro-
ccidcd from St. Anne's, circled .-ibout the f;irms,
anil blessed and prayed for the fertile fields, while
seeds and grain were brought to the altar to receive
tiie priestly blessing. These were the halcyon days
of security and peace.
The corporation of St. Anne obtained possession
i)f a large amount of l.md when it was of compara-
tively little value, and as a natural result is now the
wealthiest church organization in Detroit. It has also
received at least one valuable gift. On February
15, 1845, Presque Cote, one of the original corpora-
tors, deeded to Hishop Lefevere, for the church, Lot
No, 61 in Section 2, located on the west side of
Woodward Avenue near Lamed Street, and now
occupied by the stores of T. A. Parker and James L.
I'isher. The deed, which is recorded in Liber 16.
page 1 57, provided that the property could never be
alienated, sold, or rented away from the corporation,
and imposed the further condition that forty masses
annually be said ff)r the repose of the souls of the
father and mother of the grantor, his brother Joseph
and sister Madeline; and ten masses yearly for
himself, after his decease. This property affords a
yearly income of about $4,000. The estimated
value of the whole property belonging to the chtirch
is not far from $250,000.
The priest's residence, erected in 1858, cost
§3,200. The church seats eight hundred and fifty,
and in 1880 there was an average attendance of five
hundred and fifty. At that time, the priest's salary
was $700 ; the expenses for the choir, $700, and for
sexton, $300. The total annual expenses were
$3,500, and the receipts from pew rents $2,500.
The parish then contained eight hundred families,
and included all French inhabitants west of Rio-
pelle Street. The following is a list of the priests
whose names appear in St. Anne's records. The
(late of the first and last entry by each is given.
It will be noticed that several must have been
here only on a visit, their names appearing but
once :
1. Constantine del Halle, Priest, Franciscan Mis-
sionary. February 14, 1704; April 24, 1706.
2. Dominic|ue de la Marche, Priest, Franciscan
Missionary, F'rst Lecturer in Theology. August
16, 1706; July 29, 1708.
3. Cherubim Deneau, Priest, Franciscan Mission-
ary. January 14, 1709; May 11, 1714.
4. Hy.icinthe Pelfresne, Priest, Franciscan Mis-
sionary. August 20, 171 5; March 25, 17 18.
5. Calvarin, Priest of the Foreign Missions, Vicar-
C.eneral of the Mission. March i, 1718 ; August 3,
1718.
6. Jean Mercier, Priest of the Foreign Mission.
Officiated at baptism. August 3, 1718.
7. De Thaumur, Vicar-General, Superior of the
Mission of the Holy P'amily. August 3, 1718;
March 25, 1728.
8. Antoine de Levis. Priest, Franciscan Mission-
ary. December 12, 1717; March 9, 1722.
9. lionaventurc Leonard, Priest, Franciscan Mis-
sionary, June 28, 1722; July 8, 1757.
10. P. Daniel, Priest, Franciscan Missionary.
August 31, 1735: Jii'ie 19. '738.
11. Lanioirinie, Jesuit Missionary. November I,
173S; April 13. 1739.
12. Jean Baptiste de la Riviere, Jesuit Missionary,
witness of a wedding. January 27, 1737.
13. C. de la Richardie, Jesuit Missionar)'. Octo-
ber 19, 1741 ; August 17. 1743.
14. Do (iasmar, Jesuit Missionary, officiated at
Ikiptism. September i, 1743.
15. Simple Pocquet, Franciscan Missionary, Vicar
General. September iS, 1754; January 14, 1781.
16. Louis Coller, Chaplain for the Troops, Janu-
ary 14, 1760.
17. S. Payet, Rector. September 30, 1782; July
4, 1785.^
18. Pierre Hubert, Vicar-General ; afterwards
P)ishop of Quebec. October 31, 1784; December
I, 1784.
19. Pierre Frechette, Vicar-General. November
29, 1785; August 4, 1789.
20. Dufaux, X'ica'-General ; died in Sandwich,
buried in the church. " 1st 30, 1793; July 14, 1798,
21. Edmund Basil; car-General. November
J, 1794; November 3, 7,
22. Michael Levadoux, Vicar-General. August
16, 1796 ; June 4, 1801.
23. Gabriel Richard, Vicar-General. October 23,
1797; September 13, 1832.
24. John Dilhet, Rector. August 18, 1803; June
II, 1805.
25. Marchand, Rector ; died in Sandwich, buried
in the church. June 4, 1809; July 3, 1823.
26. R. Janvier, Rector. March 4, 1814; 1822.
27. R. Francois, Rector. May i, 181 5.
28. F. y. Badin, \'icar-General ; first priest con-
secrated in the United .States. June i, 181 5 ; 1828.
29. P. D. Kelley, Rector. Ju'y .'., 1815.
30. Hermant. 1826; 1827.
31. Patrick Kelley. 1829; 1831.
32. Jean Haptiste Hatchey, Priest. September 4,
1830.
33. F. Baraga, Vicar-General. September 15,
1832.
34. Francis Vincent. 1832; 1842.
35. P. Lastrie, Rector. June 2, 1833.
36. Vanderpoel, May i, 183.^,
37. J. Kinderkins, Vicar-General. October, 1842;
May, 1848.
38. P. Hennacrt, Vicar-General. May, 1848;
July, 1853.
oj^
MISSIONARIES AXD PRIESTS.
39. C. Moutanl. July, 1853; OctolKT, 1856.
40. 15. J. SoITlts. (JctdlKT, \ii-,C<; Oclober, 1871.
41. T. Anciaux. October, 1871.
J/o/v Trinity Church,
Tl'is society was the socoml Catholic parish
organized in Detroit. Its first house of worsliip
was added and other alterations made in An^nist,
1839. In Auifust, 1849, the buildinij; w.'is moved to
the northeast corner of Porter and Sixth Streets,
where it did ^ood service initil June, 1856, when ii
W.'IS demolished to make room for .a briek edifice,
wliicli w.'is consecr.'iteil October 29, 1866.
This building will accommodate 1,134 persons.
HoLV TKiNiry C'.hoi.k Cihuch.
occupied.the northwest corner of Michigan Avenue
and Hates Street, and was purchased of Alpheus
White, in August, 1834. The building w.as origin-
ally owned and used by the First Protestant Society,
and a picture from a sketch m.ade December 21,
1840, by Robert T. Elliott, is given in connection
with the history of th.at organization. The steeple
cost $30,000, and was extensively repaired in 1870 at
a further cost of .about $10,000. In 1880 the value
of the church property, aside from the school, was
$50,000. The priest's residence, built in 1851, cost
$3,000, and with the lot was valued, in 1880, at
$5,000. Three services of mass are held each S.ib-
bath, the aver.age attendance at each in 1880 being
in Aui;iist,
^ iiiovrd t<
til Streets,
;6, when ii
ilk edit'ice,
J.
14 persons,
in 1870 at
the value
■hool, was
1 85 1, cost
1880, at
each Sah-
880 being
MISSIONARIES AND PRIESTS.
537
I >pcctivcly 1,200, 800, and 1,000. The choir cost
,s70o per year, and the total yearly exjienses
were S4,<xx3. The i)ew rents amounted to ahoiit
8;,.4oo.
hi March, 1881, an eleg.-mt white hmnze tatilet,
;ii a cost of S375, was erected in memory of tiie
SI veiitern acolytes and members of the chiiri h who
[.crishi'd in the .Mamie disaster, which occurred on
ihe Detroit River, July 22, 1880. The parish, in
1881, embriiced the territory bounded by Third
February, 1S48; Rev. M. I'.. I".. Shawe, March to
December, 1848; from January. 1^49, to .\u,i;ust,
1850, mass w;is celebrated by priests from the bish-
op's residenct'; Rev. .M. !•'. I' Ktourneau, Au).just,
i85(j, to Man h, 1851; Rev. i'atrick ^'. Donahoe,
Man h, 1851, to December, 1852; Rev. I"rancis II.
I'eters, December, 1852, to February, 1869; Rev.
.\. F. lUeycnbergh, I'ebniary, 1869, to December,
1883. In December, 1883, Rev. Robert Doman
was placed in charge of the parish. Rev. J. Savaye
TnR AfKMouiAi. Tai'.i.kt.
Design furnished by J. H. K.ikijis, founder (if tlii) I)etrr)it I'ronze Conip.iny.
Street, Grand River Avenue, Eleventh Street, Na-
tional Avenue, and the river, and numbered eight
luindred families.
The regular clergymen have been as follows:
Rev. Bernard O'Cavanagh, 1834-1839; Rev. Mar-
tin Kundig, July, 1839, to May, 1842; Rev. Law-
rence Kilroy, January, 1 841, to October, 1847; Rev.
John Kenny, March to June, 1843 ; Rev. M. Cannon,
July, 1S43, t" May, 1844; Rev. W. Ouinn, July to
October, 1844; Rev. E. Dillon, May, 1846, to De-
cember, 1847; Rev. John Farnan, October, 1847, to
became assistant priest on July 24, 1870, and was
succeeded by Rev. Fathers J.imes Hyrnc, Peter
Leary, P. A. Baart, and D. Coyle.
S/. Afary's C/iitrrk {German).
The first Roman Catholic services in German
were conducted by Father Martin Kundig in St.
Anne's Church, on Sunday, between 8 and 10 o'clock
A. M. in October, 1833. In 1836 Rev. Anton
Kupp conducted the .services, and in 1837 he was
succeeded by Rev. Clemens Hammer, who remained
5:v^
MISSIONAUII'.S A\l) I'KIKSTS.
lill /\ii.i;ust, iX. JO, when Maiiin Kiiiuliv;' .r^.iin tnuk ii'iii,iinc(| iiiilil I1S61. I'alliiTs 'I'. Majciis, J. Nav;!'
'liar;;!' nf llu' llmk. lli- sudii iiiailf pic |)araliciiis am! I.
; liicssfns, iif llic Ki'diiMpiorisI (inlcr.
Will: tluii ill I liari;i' fur scMial yrars. Ii<
i.sr/) Fatlicr V, N. \'aii I.mstcdc was ii
(liar^'c; in 1X67 and l.Sr,.S Rev. J. I!. I Icsp. -
Iciii. .-md from 1.S6.S to 1S72 Rev. Jolm I),
|)\l<(r. In May, 1S72, tlic tliiinli wa.
|ila((d iindtr the care of ilic I^'ranciscan
I' at hers, and in 1S77 an (•li^;ant rrsidfiK (
was creeled for llieir use on C'roj^han Street,
adjareiii to the ehiireii, .'it a <"ost of $2o,(xx);
tile lot cost S3,(x'x>,
.S^Si^"'
Sr. Maky's CaiikiLK Ciirncii. (( iriKiniil l>nililiii«.)
KUANCISL'AN I'mIIFKs' 1 1 1 II'SK, S I'. MaKv's (mI'KCH.
for a elinreh hiiildincf on the
soulhe.ast conur of Si. Anloine
and Cro!,d).'in St reels, and on
June ro, 1S41, the eorner-stnne
\v;is laid, 'liu' ( luirc-ji w;is con-
secr.'ited Jiiiu' Z(), 1843. It was
60 l)y 125 feel; ;md ii.id 231
pews, witli si'alinjLf capacity for
ai)oiit 1,000 persons. Itsoriiiinal
cost was aboiii Jij.cxx). The
value of I lie eluirch, priest's
house, and loi, in iSSo, was
$50,000. l"athc:rs Skoila and
("lodcz succirded Fallier Kundig
in i<S42, and on tiie completion
of the cliurch Rev. Mr. Kupp
was put in eliarije of tlie parish.
In J.'uuiary, 1847, Rev. Martin
Ilassiinijer took eiiarije, and the
society w.'is incorporated on .Sep-
teml)er 28, 1847. In 1853 Rev.
A. Schel'ilar became tlie priest,
and in 1856 or 1857 lie was suc-
ceeded by Father Bcrnick, who
Priests' Housk, St, Anne's Chuklh, Corner of Larned and Hates Streets.
MISSION AKIi;S AM) TKlKSrS.
5;>9
i. J. NukI.
isi ortlir
yciirs, 1 1
(Ic was ii
li. I l(S|)i
V. Jnlin I )
luirili \va .
I''nincis( ,11;
t r<'si(!cni >
liaii Sii-(( I,
('IHKCM,
reels.
In iiScSo till! total yearly cxpnisfs nf the iliiinli
\\> ri: $io.fxx), (if which aiiKuml Sjik) was fur ilic
clmir. Ahniil S3,()ix) was icccJM'd finin tlif pews.
■| lit' aV(Ta\;(' allindaiirc was cii^ht hiindiid. I'ivc
luiiidnd and sivtrity-tivc lainiliis luldiiv; to tliis
|),i;ish, w'liirli in iSSi inrjiidcd all llic ( urnians hc-
tuccn Kusscll and Third Streets, and snutii of the
line of N.'ipdieon Street, I )urint; 1.S.S4 the iild <iuirch
u.is turn down and the ere( tion of a new buildinir
iv.i^ he.viun. The estini.ited cdst is §^)5,lxx). It will
si.ii 1,500, ;ind is tu be cdinpleted (liirinif 1885.
.S'.S'. /W,r (Uui l\iii!'s ( liurch.
The corner-stDne of tiiis ehincli, on the nortiie.ast
(•(irner of jelferson .\\-emie and St. yXnioine .Street,
w.is laid on June jy, 1.S4.), ,ind the
(liiireh w;is I'lnisiied ,ind e<inse-
(iMted four ye.irs after, on Jniic
21;, 1.S41S. , Arclibishop Mi-rleston,
(if lialtiniore, |>re;iehed in thi'
iiiorninj^, and the ves|)er service
w.is coiulucted by Archbishop
Kcndrick, of St. I.onis. While
lii^ho]) I.i'feven- w.'is in ehari^e of
the diocese it w.is ctlled the
l';ithedr.il, II is built of brick, is
eighty feet in width, one hinidrcd
;uid sixty feel in lenv;th, ;ind se\-
culy-lwo feel hi.vjh. It se.its 1 ,(xxj,
;ind cost S3o,(X)o. A chime of
hills costiii.if §4,000, presented by
Mrs. .\nn Keveny, was conse<'r,ited
(iM .April 15, 1H79. The priest's
lumse, ne.xt to the Cathedr.il, w;is
hiiilt in iSjiS, and cost §7,000.
The i)r()perty in i<S<So was esti-
mated as worth SSo.ooo.
The first priest was Rev. John
I'arnan. He w.'is siiceeeded, as
e.irly as 1850, by I'ather M. IC. E.
Sh.iwe. who was followed by
I'atlur I )iil'fy. After him eainc Father llenn.iert,
who had charjfc for twenty-three years, F.ithers
llennesy and Cionnesso beinj.; associated with him a
part of the time. After l'";ither Ilenn.aert came
F,ilher I'lrne.st Van Dyke, who remained in eharv,re
one year, and was succeeded by ['"atlier O'Donovan,
\vl«) remained until June 3, 1877, at which time the
Ji suit Fathers took chariife, Father Mieje servinij
iiiiiil June, 1880, when he was succeeded by l-'ather
J. ('.. W.alshe.
The number of f.'imilics \vorshipini( at this church
in i8(So was about three Inmdred, rcpresentinij one
'huus.ind five hundreil persons. The averavje at-
t' nd.uice at the earliest m;iss was fully i,oo<j. The
parish is bounded on the east by Dubois Street, on
the west by Randolph Street, on the north by Gratiot
and Adams Avenues, and on the south by the river.
rhechin-ch expenses for 18S0 were §3,500.
St. Josiplt's (.'/iKii/i.
'i'his church w.as orii;in.»lly loe.itcd on a p.art of n
l,iri;e tri.inv;ul,ir tr.act of l.ind owned by the soiiety
on the south side of (ir.atiot .Avenue, between Rio-
|)elle .ind ( )rle,ins Streets. It was ,1 wooden build-
in;;, forty-four by one hunilred feet in si/.e, (ost
§5,000, and seated live hundred people, it w.is
eonsecr.iled M,iy 25, 1856. After the <'ompletion
of ;i new church the old one was moved to J;iy
Stri'ct, .and used for school purposes. On Auiju.st 3,
1881, it W.IS ]).irti;illy deslroyed by lire.
In 1863 .1 residence for the priest w.is erected on
Client II AND KiiKMltl; C \ IHI'DKAI, Ol- SS. I'kTHK AM) PaCI..
Orleans Street, at a cost of §5,000. In Au.t^ust.
iS7o,the found.itions of the present church buildini;
were l.iid. It is situated on the southeast corner of
( )rleans .and Jay Streets, on a lot f.acini; one hundred
feet on Jay Street, .and extending two hundred ;ind
thirty feet on Orleans throui,di to Antietam Street.
The edifice is built of stone, and is .seventy by two
hundred feet in si/e. It was completed, excepting
the tower, and consecrated on November 16, 1873.
It will se.it 1,500. The cost, without the tower, was
about §125,000. After ten years, in the fall of
1883, the erection of the tower was begun; it is
estim.'ited to cost §18,000.
The v.ilue of the church property in 1880 was
$130,000. The tot.il yearly expenses, aside from
interest, w'as $3,000, of which $1,000 was for the
54<5
MISSIONARIES AND I'KIKSTS.
priest and 8550 for the ilioir. 'I he pew rents aim unit ( nst ijiio.ixjo, and tlu' oii^^inal siiuiiuif Ifeij.uoij
to $5,5cKj |)cr year. The parish nunibirs one iIidu- li was t.'nlariL;i'd in 1872 at a cost of $3o,(xx), and
sand two Iiiindrctl familii'S. At tlic six o'riock now scats i.joo. 'I'lic lot for tin: priest's lions(
niorninj,' mass tlicri' is an averaj^c attriidancc of cost §9,050, and tlic lioiise itself, wiiii ii was l)uili
500; at half past seven, 1,500; at nine o'cloelv, for in 1867, cost 87,000. I'lie property w.is valiied
children, 1,000. in iSSo at i?ii(xvxio. 'I'jie s.-il.iry of tin- |)ricsi
in 1S56 a mutual benefit society was established was S700; ilie clioir cost §4 50, and tiie total yearK
expenses were 83,400. The yearly receijjls
from |)ew rents were S-.f^oo, Mass is cele-
l)ratcd twice each Sal)bath, witii ;in average
attendance at each of yoo persons.
The first priest. Rev. J. A. Ileiinesey,
served until his decease on October 11,
1875. He was succeeded by Rev. Charles
i'leilly, I). I)., who continues in charj^e of
the parish, wliich includes all north of the
.illey between Columbia and Elizabeth
Streets, and is bounded on the west by
<'ir;uKl River Avenue, and on the cast by
dratiot Avenue,
.S7. / 'inccnt tfc l\iuL
This church is located on tlie ea.st side
of Fotn'teenth Street, between Dalzelle and
Marantette Streets. The building was con-
wsjsSSait^fSLJtt.
OlilClNAI. Si. JlClilll's I'm la II AM) I'RIIiSl'', IllllSli.
in connection with the churcli. the mem-
bers of which receive 85 a week in case of
sickness, and in case of death the fimeral
e.xpenses are paid. The parish includes all
the Cierman-speakin.v( Catholics east of Ran-
dolph Street.
The priests have been: 1856-1859. Rev.
Francis \'an Campenhaudt; sprint^ to fall of
1859, Rev. John .\. Koenii; ; f.ill of 1859 to
1861, Rev. Charles Chambille; 1861, Rev. A.
Durst; 1862 to , Rev. J. V . Friedland.
St. Anthony's Church
is located on the (".ratiot I'load, just out-
side the city limits. Tlie buildinj^ cost
$6,000, and was completed and blessed on
July 5, 1857. It seats 300, and the averaj^e
attendance at early mass in 1880 was 300.
The total yearly e.xpenses were $1,075. The
names of the various priests have been: 1857
to August, icjS, Rev. Leopold I'anlonski;
1859, Rev. J. A. Koenig; i860, Rev. P.
Nagel; November, i860, to January, 1864,
Rev. August Durst; January, 1864, to Octo-
ber 9, 1867, Rev. J. F. Friedland. Rev. P.
Andre commenced his term in 1867 and is
still in charge in 1884.
St. Patrick's Church.
This church, located on the southwest cor-
ner of Adelaide and John R. Streets, was
consecrated on March 17, 1862. The lot
St. Joski'h's Cmiicm.ic Ciilkch.
ROMAN CAIIIOLIC CHUKCHliS.
541
,o,iK)o, anil
St's ll()llS(
was bull'
as valiui!
the prifsi
otal yearl\
•ly rt'ifijus
iss is cclt:-
[in average
s.
I IcnncsL'y,
ctobcr 1 1 ,
•v. Charles
charj^'c nf
jrlli of thi
Klizabclli
c west by
tie east by
e east side
alzfllc and
ly; was con-
w
s rratcil Di'ciiiilx'r 2, iHfiC). Tlii; lot cost $2,</k),
,111(1 the cliunli about $16,000. It contains two
hundred pews and will acconuuodatc Xoo persons.
Tlio priest's house, built in i<S66, msl $4,.Soo,
,iiid the lot on which it stands, $3,000. In
i;-i8o the church property, exclusive of the
sriiool, was estiiiialcd to be worth §28,000.
'Ilic parish then containetl i,i(X) f.imilies,
and included all Catholics west of I'.leventh
.Street and National Avenue to 'I'wenty-si.xth
Street, and all south of (Irand River Avenue.
The priest's salary was S700, the choir ex-
panses $400, ;uul the total expenses $3,000
\> ,irly. About $2,000 per ye.ir was received
friiin pew rents. Mass is said three limes on
Sunday, with an average attendance at each
service of <jou.
Kev. A. I". lilc^ nbergh, the first priest,
look charge in December, 1866, anil left in
I'rbruary, 1869. llew.is succeeded by Rev.
.M. Willigan, who left in the fall of 1S71, and
was succeeded by Rev. 1'^. \'an I'amel, who
nni.iined initil June 1, 1877, when Rev. M.
o'Donov.in look charge.
Streets, ;md was consecrated I U'cember 8, 1867. it
is of brick, fifty by one hundred and ten feet in
size, and cost $10,000. It will seal yoo persons,
St. Anthony's Gkkman Cathol . Chukch.
Our Lady of JM/,.
This church is located on the west side of Elm-
wood A\enue, between Lamed and Congress
St. 1'atkh.k's Caiiioi.ic Chukch.
and there is an average attendance at each service
of m.'iss of about 400. Value of property aside from
school in 1881, §15,000.
The |);u'ish extends from Dubois Street to Con-
nor's Creek and includes all smilli of (ir.iiiot ,\\c-
nue. In 1880 the .sal.iry of the priest was $700; the
yearly expense of the choir S500; anil the total
expenses $1,500.
The priest's house cost $2,000. The first priest
was Rev. (i. 11. M. Limpens. He was succeeded
in 1877 by Rev. J. C. I'ulcher, who was succeeded
in 1 88 1 by Rev. James Savage.
St. Boniface C/uirch.
This congregation was organized in the fall of
1869, and for fourteen years met in the chapel of
their school building, on the west side of Thir-
teenth Street near Michigan Avenue. It seated 400,
and in 1880 there was an average attendance
of fully ih.at number. The income from pew rents
in the same year was $2,000. The total church
expenses were $3,000.
The priest's house, of brick, was erected in 1873,
at a cost of $6,000. The first priest, Rev. A. KuU-
man, remained until October, 1872. He was suc-
ceeded by Rev. H. J. Wermers. In 1880 there were
two hundred families in the parish, which included
all the ( "lerman Catholics west of Third Street.
.During 1882 and 1883 the society erected a
church on the southeast corner of High and Thir-
teenth Streets. The corner-stone was laid on Au-
gust 13, 1882, and the church was consecrated
,ust 19, 1883. The building cost about $30,000,
and the lots in 1883 were valued at $5,000.
542
Rum AN CATHOLIC CHURCHES.
SL .llbcrt's Church.
This parish was uriraiii/.cci ill 1870. The church
is ua ihc west side of St. Aubiii Avenue between
Winter and Fremont Streets, and was consecrated
on July 14. 1872. The lot cost $^000 and the
church $11,000. It seats 1,200, and the average
St. ViNciiNT uE Paul Catholic Church and Priest's House,
attendance in 1880 was 750. The parish includes
all I'o'.^s in the city east of Woodward Avenue. The
priest's house, built in 1872, cost $1,600, and his
salary is S700. The expense of the choir in 18S0
was $420 and the total church expenses $2,400.
The church j^ropcrty was then valued at $; 5,000.
Tne several priests of the parish have been :
1871-1873, Rev. Simon Wieczorek ; 1873-1875,
Rev. Theodore Ciieryk ; 1875-1879, Rev. A. Dom-
brouski ; 1879-1882, Rev. John Woilouski ; 1882-
, Rev. I). H. Kolasinski. ICariy in 1884 the
society began the erection of a new church ou the
southwest corner of St. Aubin Avenue and Fre-
mont Stivct. The building is intended to seat 2,450
persons ami will cost $80,000. The corner stone
was laid June 2y, 1884.
St. Aloysiits (J'ro-Caf/''iira/).
The buikling occupied by this congregation, origi-
nally built for the Westminster Presbyterian Church,
is located o\\ the east side of \\'ashington Avenue,
near State Street. It was bought by Bishop Borgess
in the sirring of 1873 for $2 5,000; $12,000 additional
were spent in improvements, and it received the
name of St. Aloysius and was opened on August 24,
1873. The priest's house, which was bought at the
same time as the church, cost $1 5,000. The church
seats 728, and in 1880 there was an average attend-
ance of 400 at each mass.
The parish is bounded on the north by the alley
between Columbia and Elizabeth Streets, on the
east by Randolph Street, on the west by ThJKi
Street, and it extends to the river. The salary 1 >\
the priest is $703. the cost of the choir $1,000, and
total yearly expenses $4,000. Eroni pew reius
$2,300 are yearly received. Rev. Ernest Van Dyki
has been in charge since the church was first organ-
ized. The estimated value of the church prop-
erty in 1880 was $35,000.
St. Joachi Ill's Church {French), formerly
Church of the Sacred Heart,
The wooden building, used for both school
and church purposes by this congregation,
was blessed on June 11, 1875; it is located
on the north side of Fort Street liast, between
Chene Street and Joseph Campau Avenue.
The lot cost $1,150, and the building $4,000.
It seats 300. The parish includes all Frencli
Catholics east of Rioj^elle Street to Connor's
Creek. The priest's house cost about $3,500,
and the lot $1 ,000. The total yearly expenses
in 1880 were $1,800. \'alue of property,
aside from school, $5,000. In 1882 the name
of the church was changed to St. Joachim.
The first priest, Rev. M. L. Laporte, is still
(1884) in charge.
Church of the Sacred Heart {Geruiaii).
The brick clninh of this congregation is on the
southwest corner of Prospect and Cirove Streets. It
cost $15,000, and was consecrated June 27, 1875.
It seats 800, and in 1880 there was an average at-
tendance of 400 at mass, The total yearly expenses
Catholic Church of Our Lady ok Help.
of the church in 1880 were $1,300, and about $1,800
was received from pew rents. The cost of the choir
was $240. There were then 275 families in the
parish. Rev, Eugene Butterman, O. S. F., the first
ROMAN CATHOLIC CHURCHES.
543
by Thiici
c salary m
ji.ooo, an'i
pew aiii -
\'an Dykr
first origan -
lurch prop-
formcrly
irt.
joth school
ii}4Tc,i(ation,
; is located
St, between
lU Avenue,
invf $4,000.
all French
o Connor's
out $3,500,
ly expenses
: property,
2 the name
it. Joachim,
rte, is still
mail),
n is on the
Streets. It
li 27, 1S75.
iveraj^e at-
y expenses
)ut $1,800
the choir
es in the
„ the first
piiest, remained until 1878, when he was succeeded
by Rev. Uavid Kerstiiig, (). S. F. The parish in
i.SSo included all (lennans livint,' north of Nap-
oleon Street and between Third and Russell
.Streets.
The priest's house
\v;is built in 1875,
I'osting about
S2,ooo. The value
of the church jirop-
uty in 1880, aside
from the school,
was $20,000.
St. W'rihcslaus
Chiircli.
This society in-
cIikIcs all the Bohe-
mians in the city.
The church, a
wooden structure,
is located on tiie
ijjrthsideof Leland
.Street, between
lieaubien and St.
Aiitoine Streets ; it
cost $4,000, and
seats about 200. It
w;is consecrated in
I1S74. The lot was
ijiven by the execu-
tors of the Van
Dyke estate. The
society bejL,^'xn with
sixty families, and
in 1880 there was
an average attend-
ance at mass of 2 50
persons. Father
Tichy, the first
priest in charge, re-
mained till it'77.
and was succeeded
by Rev.WcncesIaus
Tillek, who re-
mained till March,
1S79. From that
time there was no
priest in charge un-
til April 26.^884,
when Rev. W. Koerncr was appointed. The yearly
expenses in 1880 were $550.
Church of ihc Holy Redeemer.
This society began church services in March,
1880, in -i. hall over P. Ratigan's grocery on the Di.x
Si. lloMI'AlE CAliroI.IC Clll'UCH.
Road. The Redcnipiorist Fathers, who were in
charge, soon obtained a lot on the southwest corner
of Dix Road .and (Jrand Junction Avenue in Spring-
wells, and on July 17, 1881, the church, costing
$5,000, was con-
secrated. It seats
850 people. A
house for the priest
was built at the
same time. The
parish includes all
of Siiringwells as
far east as Twenty-
sixth Street. In
1884 the following
fathers had charge
of the parish : Rev.
E. Snuilders, Rev.
Terence Clarke,
and Rev. C. Kern.
St. Cassivtcr's
Church.
The church and
school of this so-
ciety occupy a brick
building on the
southwest corner 6f
Twenty-third and
Myrtle Streets.
The six lots owned
by the society cost
$2,330. The build-
ing cost $7,670, and
was consecrated
April 29, 1883.
Rev. Paul Gutow-
ski, the first priest,
was still serving in
1884, and tile school
in the same build-
ing was taught by
three Polish Fran-
ciscan Sisters. The
parish includes all
Polish Catholics liv-
ing west of Wood-
ward Avenue.
St. Ihmavcnturc Church and Monastery.
This establishment, under the management of the
Capuchin Fathers, is located on the east side of Mt.
Elliott Avenue, opposite the entrance to Mt. Elliott
Cemetery. The grounds embrace about four acres.
The Fathers arrived on May 8, 1883, and tempo-
544
ran IV
Mt. \i
ROMAN CAI'IIOI.IC CIlUKtUKS,— lilSIK^rs AN'I) DIOCICSKS.
OCCU
llioU
)ii'(l a ii'su
CcriKtcry.
k'lui' fnniRTly coiiiuTlnl willi
On July 2y, 1883, the cuimli-
Sl. Ai.iu-.Ki's C'atikii.u C
sionu of one of their l)uil(hiiv;s
was laiil. It is of brick, one
huiidnti and lifty fi-ct S(|iiari',
and iin'hulcs a ihunii forty-tive
by one Inindred and Wn (vet in
size, frontinif on Mt. I'.lliotl
Avenue, and also a chapel 'I'lie
ciuirch will seat ^00. It was con-
secrated July 14, 1884. The mon-
astery in rear of the church is in-
tended to acconimod.ate thirty
persons. The estimated cost of
the two structures is §75,000.
Crotto of till- lUiSSid I 'h'l^iit
Mary.
One of tile most atlracti\e,
and for this country most picu-
liar, structures connected witii
chunh life is the grotto cri'cted
"in memory of tiie apparition at I.ourdes." It is
near the Ciuuch of the Assmnption, in the town-
shi|) of llamtramck, alxnit seven miles from De-
troit on the dratiot road. It was built tiirougli
the exertions of Rev. I'ather Amandus \anden-
ilricsschc, who has been in ehartfe of the parish
since 1S51. The grotto is located at tiie end ol
an avenue of trees nearly i.ock) feet long, planted
through the s.inic ze.'il th.it caused tlu' grotto to be
reared. The entire cost of the structure is estimated
at $6,000, though much of the work has been gr.atui-
tously performed. It was begun by the blessing (jI
the
groLuul, on
the last Sinidav <if Mav, 1881,
and
just a year from that time mass was said for th
hrst tune,
Within the grotto, tc fi-ct of ilic wall on eitlu'i
hanil are (jccunietl
pietl hy tour rows ol niassi\e stones,
.ill dressed to the S(]uare, the f.'ice of e.ach stone
bi'.iring ,in iinblem of the church or of tlu' \irgin.
They ,ire also inscribed with the n.imes of various
dec(;ased priests.
On each tif the stones in the ceiling wil
1)1' en-
graved the name of oni; of the pojies, with the date
of his death, and the name of the donor of the stone.
)W ])rojection or
cornit-e of stone, bearing on its sides the inscrip-
tions: "Ibiil, Mary, full of grace; the Lord is with
At the base of the arch is ,1 narrc
thee
Holy Mary, motlu'r of dod, pray f
or us
sinners," the words being sejiarated by stars. On
till' rear i-ornice is tin
' sanctus
tl
irice re-
peats
The tloor will be of marble.
RDM.W CAIimiJi: IIISIIOI'S A.\l) DIOCK.SKS,
/\ diocese w;is first created for New France on
Juiu' 3, 1658, ;iiid I'r.mcis (\c l,;iv.il de Montmorency
St. Ai.ovsus Pro-Catheural a,nu Priest's Housb.
otto to 1)1
L'stiiuaU'd
le insrrip-
HKSKS.
'ranee on
iitniorrncx'
br. Aluekt's I'oi.isii Catiuh u Ciiukch.
I In process uf crcttiuii.]
L545I
546
ROMAN CATHOLIC CHURCHKS.— lilSHOPS AND DlOCKSKS.
was made IJishop of I'lina in fhiitihus infidiiiuin,
and vicar apostolic of Montreal.
He arrived at ( Hiebec on June 6, 1659. In 1670
he was made Iiisho|) of Ouebec, and the episcopal
F^?^^
rfytjj^f'^-
- — ^ -'r. /i>/V,-. -»"/'
Sr JiiACiiiM Kkksch Catholic Sciiooi. and Ciiuuc 11.
residence was transferred to tliat jilace. On January
24, i6vS8, he resigned. The following bishops suc-
ceeded him :
John Baptist de la Croix Chevriercs de St. \'alier,
consecrated January 25, 1688; tiled December 26,
Sackku Heakt Catiioi.ic Chl'rch and School.
1727. In 1728 M. IJnullard was vicar capitular.
The same year Louis Francis Duplessis de Mornay
was made bishop ; he died November 28, 1741. In
1734 I'icrrc llcnnan Dos(|uet was acting bishop; lu:
died March 4, 1777. He was succeeded in 1740 I)y
I''rancis Louis de I'ourroy de I'Auberiviire, who
died August 20, 1740. MM. de Miniac and Ilazcur
then served as vicars c.ipitular for a year, auvl in
1741 Henri .Marie Dubreuil de I'ontiiri.uul was made
bishop. So far as is known, he was the first bishop
who visited Detroit. He was here M.irch \(\,
1755, and s|)enl se\eral weeks in this vicinity. Hi'
died June 8, 1760. Hetween 1760 and 1766, Rev.
Fathers Briand, 1'' rnmlt, and Montgoltler were
vicars capitular, m 1766 John Oliver Briand was
bisiiop; he died Jlmic 25, 1794. As early as 17S4
Louis I'hiiippe .Mariaucheau d' Lsglis w.'is in charge
St. Wencuslaus' Catholic Chukch.
of the diocese. He died June 4, 1788, and was
inunediatcly succeeded by John Francis Hubert,
who died October 17, 1797. Peter Denaut was
immediately appointed to the vacant bishopric, and
visited Detroit in June, iSoi. Old records .show
that he went to Monroe on June 18; returned on
June 25, and confirmed several persons in the vicinity
of Detroit. He died January 17, 1806.
About this time Detroit was included in the juris-
diction of the Diocese of Baltimore, under the care
of John Carroll, who was consecrated y\ugust 1 5,
1790. Leonard Neale was made coadjutor of Bishop
Carroll, December 7, 1800. Bishop Carroll died in
1815, and Father Neale in 1817. The Diocese of
Bardstown, to include Detroit, was created Ajinl
8, 1 80S, but Benedict Joseph Flaget, who was to ix;
the bishop, declined the honor, and Detroit was
ROMAN CATHOLIC CHURCHES.— HISHOI'S AND DIOCESES.
547
islinp; lu;
11 1740 l)y '
icre, wlio
id Ilazciir
ir, aiiv.'. ill
was niaiU
rsl bisliop
,larch \f'.
inily. lie
1766, Rev.
lliiT wen;
Iriaiid was
•ly as 1784
i in chapj,!'
8, and was
lis Hubert,
bfiiaiit was
lioprio, ami
■ords show
K'turned on
the vicinity
In the juris-
|er tile care
lAiigust 15,
Lr of Hishoji
[•roll died in
1 Diocese of
^ated April
was to be
)etroit was
lactically in the Diocese of iialtimore until June
I, 1811, when i'laj^et consented to serve, and
iiilered upon his duties. He was consecrated No-
,( mher 4, iSio. John 15. David was consecrated
loadjutorto I'lav^ei and Bishoi) of Mauricastro on
.\ujiust 15, lyiy-
CiiiuLii OF Hoi.Y Ki'.nF'.r.MRK.
In 1882 Detroit was included in the Diocese
of Cincinnati, presided over by Bishop E. Fcnwick.
When Father Richard died, in 1832, Bishop Fen-
wick was with him, and that same year he also
passed ;iway. The Diocese of Detroit was now
created, and Detroit became a cathedral city.
Frederick Rese, the first bishoji of the tliocese, was
consecrated at Cincinnati on October 6, 1833, and
arrived in Detroit January 7, 1834. Within six
years after, unfavorable reports concerninj; him were
forwarded to Rome and he was summoned there to
answer them. He never returned, but in accor-
dance with the custom of the church he retained
tile title of Bishop of Detroit until his death, on De-
cember 29, 1 87 1. By an instrument dated Rome,
December 4, 1840, he constituted Rev. John M.
Odin his coadjutor and attorney at Detroit. On the
iSth of May, 1843, Father Odin, who had become
Vicar of Te.xas, transferred his legal authority over
the property of the church to Rev. Peter I'aul
Lefevere, who, on November 21, 1841, had been ap-
pointed Bishop of Zela /n partibus iitfulcUiini, and
Coadjutor Administrator of Detroit. He arrived in
December, 1841. He died on the 4th and was
buried on the 9th of March, 1869. There were two
bishops and seventy-nine priests in attendance at
his funeral. It will be noticed that his death took
place two years before that of Bishop R^se, so that
he never actually possessed the title of Bishop of
Detroit.
The Right Rev. C. H. Borgess was consecrated
bishop uf the diocese on April 24, 1870. On No-
vember I, 1853, Frederick I'-araga w;is t onsecrated
\'icar Apost(jlic of the rp|)er Peninsula of Michi-
gan, and fi.xeil his residence at Sauk Ste. Marie. In
1857 the Diocese of Mar(|uetle and Saull Ste. Marie
was created, ami in 1865 Barag.t removed to Mar-
quette. He died on January 19, 1868.
On February 7, 1869, Ignatius Mnik was
consecrated bishop of that diocese. He
resigned in 1878, anil on September 14,
1879, John \'ertin, D. D., was conse-
crated in his stead. C)w May 19, 1882,
the Diocese of Orand Rapids was created
by bull of Leo .\lll. This diocese em-
braces .'ill the country iiuilh of the south
boundaries of Ottawa, Kent, Montcalm,
Gratiot, and S.iginaw Counties, and all
west of the east boundaries of S;iginaw
and B.iy Counties. The lirst bi.shop
of the diocese, Jlenry Joseph Richter,
D. I)., was consecrated at (irand Rapids
on .April 22, 1883.
All of the vicar-generals (jf the Dio-
cese of Detroit, save oni», the Rev. Ed-
ward Joos, of Monroe, have at some
time ollicialetl .at St. Anne's, and their
names will be found in connection with the history
of that church.
St. Cassimsk Polish School anu Chukch.
The secretaries of the Diocese of Detroit have
been: Rev. H. J, H. Schutjes, January, 1874, to
March 15, 1880; Rev. C. P. Maes, from March 15,
1880.
548
CATHOLIC UNION.
CATHOLIC UNION SOCIKIY ANH YOUNG MICN S
CATMOLIC UNION.
An association named the Catholic Union was
orp^anized lX:femi)cr 25, 1868, and incorporated
March 29, 1861;. It ol)jccis were " to promote the
cause of the Catho-
lic Church hy every
availaliic nieaiis,
among which will
be the foundinj^ of
readinij rooms, li-
braries, and places
of innocent amuse-
ment, performinj^
works of charity,
educatiniLf the poor,
procurinj^ the deliv-
ery of lectures to
the public, etc."
Its affairs were
managed by nine
directors, elected
annually in sets of
three persons, for
terms of one, two,
and three years, and
all of them were re-
quired to be in full communion with the Catholic
Church. Any Roman Catholic, eighteen years of
age, could become a member by vote of the direc-
St. liONAVKNTURK CATHOLIC ChURCH AND MONASTKRV.
tors at any of their meetings and by paying the fees
prescribed. The active members of the Union en-
joyed all the rights and privileges under the Ar-
ticles of Agreement and By-Laws, iniiuding the
right to vote at the meetings of the corporation;
associate members
were admitted to all
the rights and pri\-
ilegcs except that of
voting at the meet-
ings of the corpora-
tion. No Initiation
fee was charged,
but active members
paid quarterly in ad-
vance an annual fei'
of twelve dollars,
antl associate mem-
bers ([uarterly in ad-
vance an annual fee
of six dollars.
Regular meetings
of the directors
were held on each
Monday evening.
The annual meet-
ing was on Kaster
Monday. The total yearly expenses averaged about
$1,500, of which $600 was for salaries. The rooms
of the society were at first located at 146 Woodward
Grotto of Church op the Assumption, Connor's Crbbk.
CATHOLIC UNION.
549
^ the fees
Jnion L'li-
• llic Ar-
itliiii( the
•|)()ratiiiii ;
IllcIllbL•|■^
tlL-d to all
and priv-
^pl thai (if
the iiiccl-
c corpora-
I initiaiidii
charged,
; incnibers
tcrly in ad-
annual [(jf
'c dt)llars,
;iate nieni-
tcriy in ad-
annual fee
liars.
ir meetings
directors
d on each
evening.
nual nieel-
on I'-asler
-aged about
The rooms
Woodward
Avenue, l)ut in Scptcml)er, 1877, liiey moved to
ilu; tliird and fourlii floors of the Williams lllock
(Ml Monroe Avenue, and on Novi'iiiber 27, 1.S81,
Idtlie 1 iilsendcgjn illock. The rooms included gym-
ii.isium, bowling alley, billiard roimi, and reading
idoni. The |)residi'iUs and sccri't.-'.rics have bi-en : —
Presidents: l<S6(j, R. .S.Willis; i.S7(>-i«7 1, C. J.
()'l''lynn; 1872, R. R. Elliott; iHy^, John Heffron;
1S74, Hishop Horgess; 1875187^., W. \\. Moran;
1X77, Willi.'im Foxen; 1878 i,S7(_), A. Ch;ipoton,
Ir.; 1880-1883, M.W.O'Hrien; 1883, Rev. Charles
Kcilly, 1). 1).
Secret.iries : i8r)(;-i874, W. H. Moran; 1874, C.
J. O'I'lynn; 1875 1882, J. li. .Moore ; 1882, John J.
I'.nriglu ; 1883, John l.elteker. On November 21,
1883, this society uas consolidated with a younger
Society known as the Young Men's Catholic Asso-
ciation, the two societies uniting under the name
of the N'oinig Men's Catholic Union, with jirac-
tica'ly the same objects. They occupy the rooms
in the Ililsendegcn iUock. 'I'he president in
1884 is Jeremiah Dwyer and the secretary, J. A.
Russell.
t**^' ■:;.
CHAPTER L V 1 1 .
EARLIEST PROTESTANT MINISTERS. — THE MORAVIANS. — LATER MISSIONARIES
AND CLERICAL VISITORS. — FIRST REGULAR PROTESTANT SERVICES.
When the English troops arrived, Protestantism
for the first time entered tiie palisades. At that
time Protestants were as rare a sight in Detroit as
Mohammedans would be now. The official records
show tiiat in 1 77o,aside from the soldiers, there were
only 360 adult male Protestants in Canada, while of
Catholics there were 1 50,000. The army lists of
England, however, show that, with scarce an excep-
tion, each regiment had its chaplain, whose name
was given with as much regularity as that of the
colonel and other officers. Of necessity, he belonged
to the Church of England ; and as the English
troops came to Detroit in 1 760, and members of the
Eighth, Fifty-fifth, Eightieth, and other regiments
were stationed here, it is probable that each of
those regiments was accompanied by its chaplain.
General Hradstreet, who was in Detroit in 1765
with an army of twelve hundred men, undoubtedly
composed of parts of two or more regiments, prob-
ably had at least one chaplain with him ; and as he
stationed seven companies of soldiers here, we may
presume a chaplain was left with them.
The earliest record found of the presence of a
chaplain is contained in Professor C. E. Anthon's
" Narrative of the Anthon Family." He states that
Doctor G. C. Anthon and Mariana Navarre were
married in Detroit by Chaplain Turring of the Fifty-
third Regiment, on August 13, 1770. After that
date we have no positive knowledge uf the presence
of Protestant clergymen in Detroit until those de-
voted missionaries, the Moravians, were brought
here as prisoners, on suspicion of having aided the
Americans during the War of the Revolution.
Under the orders of Colonel De Peyster, brethren
Zeisberger, Senfeman, Heckenwaeldcr, and Edwards
were arrested near what is now Sandusky, by two
Delaware Indians who had allied themselves to the
English. They were brought to Detroit on Novem-
ber 3, 1 78 1. It is evident that the Indians were
accompanied by an English guide or officer, for an
account book of a government ofiicial, now in pos-
session of the writer, contains this item :
Obcdiah Robbins, Cr. 1781, By Indian account expenses
bringing oR Moravians, £^i 101.
The Moravians were tried on November 9, and
acquitted, the Indians confessing that they had
wrongly accused them. On November 14 they left
Detroit, and reached Sandusky on the 22d.
The renegade Girty still suspected them, and on
the 1st of March, 1782, he produced a letter from the
commandant at Detroit announcing that, on the re-
quest of Half King, an Indian chief, he had deter-
mined to remove them from among the Indians.
Accordingly on March 1 5, in deep sorrow because of
this overwhelming calamity, six of the teachers,
with four women and two children, started for De-
troit under the escort of Matthew Elliott and an
officer named Leslie. Owing to the non-arrival of
vessels, they were obliged to wait for some time in
Lower Sandusky. At length two ships came, with a
corporal and fourteen ritlemen, and on April 14 they
again set out, and reached Detroit in safety on the
20th. A large room in the barracks was given to
them, and many English, French, and German
oflicers visited them and treated them very kindly.
Colonel De Peyster offered them the use of his
own house, and gave orders that they be provided
with clothes and other articles. They had been
robbed of their watches, and De Peyster bought
them back of a trader to whom the Indians had
sold them, and returned them. He also told the
missionaries that they might remain at Detroit or go
to Bethlehem, as they preferred. After several
weeks, they left the barracks, and moved into a
house at a small distance from the fort. Loskiel,
their historian, tells this story of their stay in Detroit:
On tlic 2d of July the missionaries had the inexpressible satis-
faction to bid two families of their beloved Indian (lock welcome.
These were soon followed by Abraham, a venerable assistant,
with his and another family, who immediately ertcted huts near
the Missionaries' house, lirother Richard Connor arrived likewise
with his family at Detroit. One of the dispersed came with some
Heathen warriors painted like a savage. He did not expect to
find the missionaries still here, but upon seeing them said, " You
see, my brethren, that I have no more the appearance of a
brother. I despaired of ever hearing the word of Cod again from
the brethren ; I therefore thought that I ought to live peaceably
with the heathen and do as they do, lest they should persecute
me. But as I perceive that the Indian congregation is gathering
together .again, and our teachers are with them, I pray that they
would kindly receive me again." This request was granted with
Uso]
THE MORAVIANS.
551
INARIES
;s.
ber 9, and
they had
14 they left
d.
;m, and on
er from the
on the re-
had deter-
le Indians.
■ because of
e teachers,
ted for De-
ott and an
n-arrival of
jme time in
ame, with a
Ipril 14 they
ifety on the
as given to
d Cierman
ry kindly,
use of his
le provided
lad been
ter bought
ndians had
told the
troit or go
ter several
ed into a
Loskiel,
in Detroit :
iressible satis-
lock welcome,
ible assistant,
ttd huts near
rived likewise
me with some
not expect to
said, " You
carance of a
xl aRain from
peaceably
lid persecute
is gathering
ray that they
granted with
Pleasure. The rest of the dispersed Indians rejoiced greatly at
lije friendly nu'ssa.v;e sent them by the fiovfrnor and the Mission-
fiues, but suffered themselves to be intimidated by the lies of
some malicious people, who wished to prevent them from return-
ing to the brethren, and resolved therefore to wait a little hmger.
I:i the meantime the missionaries began their usual daily meetings
uilh their Indians, and met in the open air for want of a eliapel.
'1 hey were commonly joined by the neighbors, prisoners, and
oilier strangers, to whom it was a new and interesting sight to
see such devotion among the Indians ; and the sweet singing of
the Christian Indians was particularly admired. Mere the mis-
sionaries had a good opportunity of bearing many a testimony of
the grace of our Lord Jesus Christ, to whom they invited all the
wiary and heavy laden. As they were frequently desired to bap-
ti.:e -children, or to bury the dead, they improved these oppor-
tunisms to preach the gospel, both in the English and German
languages.
Ilrnther Zeisberger delivered also several discourses to the
|>risonprs, many inhabitants of Detroit being present. Fly this
time twenty-eight lielieving Indians had returned to the .Missicm-
aries, and th-y therefore resolved, with the consent of the
(lovernor, to begin the building of a new settlement. * * *
The Governor liberally assisted them in various ways, furnished
tliem with provisions, books, plank, and the necessary utensils
from the royal stores, and gave them some horses and cows. His
Lady presented them with a valuable assortment of seeds and
r.">is, and both of them gave the most obliging proofs of their
benevolent disposition.
The brethren were more particularly thankful to the Governor
that he assisted them in renewing their correspondence with
Pennsylvania and Kurope, so that they could again procure
money which was remitted by way of Montreal. * ♦ * On
July 20th, 1782, the brethren Zeisberger and Jungman with their
wives, and the two single brethren Edwards and Michael Jung, set
out with nineteen Indian brethren and sisters from Kort Detroit.
Many of the inhabitants had conceived so great a regard for
them during their abode there that they shed tears at seeing them
depart.
The brethren Senfcman and Heckenwaelder with their families
remained with the rest of the believing Indians at Detroit, to
attend to the concerns of the reviving mission in this place. The
travelers passed over Lake St. Clair into the River Huron, arrived
on the 21st in the evening at the place destined for their future
residence, and chose on the following day a convenient spot on
the south side of the river, where they marked out a settlement,
calling it Onaden-huetten,* in remembrance of their settlement
on the Muskingum.
In August they began to build, and first erected only one street
of block houses. Towards the end of the month those who had
staid in Detroit followed them to New Gnaden-huetten, and the
missionaries moved into their new house. September 21 they had
a solemn celebration of the Lord's Supper, which appeared as
new to the Indians as if they now partook of it for the first time.
* * * Whenever our Indians passed through Detroit to New
Gnaden-huetten, the Governor always provided them with food
anil, if needful, with clothes. Even the inhabitants of New
(inaden-huetten went now and then to Detroit to fetch provisions,
which the Governor kindly ordered to be given them gratis till
they could reap their own fruits. * * *
On November 5th, the small flock of believing Indians collected
here, to the number of fifty-three persons, met to consecrate their
new church unto God. * ♦ * In May, 1783, the missionaries
received the joyful news of the conclusion of peace between Eng-
land and the United States, and in July they had the pleasure
* This New Gnaden-huetten was on the Clinton River, then
called the Huron. The location was about two miles west of
what is now the village of Mount Clemens in the township of
Clinton. The lands they occupied were confirmed by the Com-
missioners of Claims of the United States as Private Claims 137
and 138, to the heirs of Richard Connor, who, as we shall see, was
left behind at the time the missionaries went away in 1786.
to sec the brethren Weygand and Schebosch arrive from liethlc-
hem after a journey of above seven weeks, by way of Albany,
Oswego, Niagara, Eort Erie, and Kort Detroit.
As it happened that no ordained Protestant divine resided in
Detroit at that time, the missionaries, at the request of the
parents, baptized several children when they visited the fort.
Some parents brought their children to the New Gnaden-huetten
to be bapli/ed there ; and a trader, who had tw(j imbaptized
children, went thither with his wife and whole family, and pub-
licly presented his children to the Lord in holy baptism.
On November 14, 1784, the first grow^n person
was baptized at New Gnaden-huetten. About this
time the governor of Detroit sent word that their
labor of clearing lands and building might be lost,
as no guarantee could be given that the dovern-
ment would allow them to .stay; the Indians also
threatened them, and the missionaries determined
to remove to the south side of Lake Erie. In May.
1785, Mi.ssionaries Jungman and Senfeman passed
through Detroit on their way to IJethlehcm, I'enn-
sylvania. In March, 1786, it was fully determined
that New Gnaden-huetten must be inhabited by
white people, a survey was made, two hundred dol-
lars were paid to the missionaries for their houses
and fields, and preparations were made for their
departure.
April 2oth they met for the last time in the Chapel at New Gna-
denhuetten to offer up praise and prayer unto the Lord, thanking
Him for all the benefits and mercies received in this place and
commending themselves to His grace an<! protection. Then they
all set out in twenty-two canoes, except the family of Richard
Connor, who stayed behind. The white inhabitants of that
country, both English and Erench, came from all places to take
leave of our Indians, and expressed great sorrow at their depart-
ure ; having always found them upright and punctual in their
dealings. At Detroit they were well received by the Governor
and treated with great hospitality for several days.
On April 28, 1786, they left for Cuyahoga River,
going in two trading vessels, the Beaver and the
Mackina.
After the departure of the Moravians, no record
has been found of the presence of any Protestant
clergyman in Detroit until 1795 ; the Simcoe papers
at Ottawa show the presence here in that year of
Rev. Mr. Burke, who was chaplain of the Queen's
Rangers, then stationed at Detroit. Next after Mr.
Burke wc note the arrival of the Rev. David Jones,
a Baptist minister, and chaplain in General Wayne's
army. Mr. Jones's journal says :
August 25th, t7g6. Landed three miles below Detroit where
we shaved and changed our clothes. The wind rising high we
wr obliged ta walk to town, leaving the soldiers with our goods,
and Major Henry sick, who came next morning. Through the
care of that God who has preserved me all my life, I came safe
and enjoyed the happiness of seeing General Wayne in good
health. October 2nd, preached to the troops in the citadel. Oc-
tober 30, Sunday, preached in the Council House.
Soon after this he left Detroit.
Four years later the city was visited by Rev.
552
LATER MISSIONARIES AND CLERICAL VISITORS.
David Bacon, sent out by the Coiiyrej^atioiial Mis-
sionary Society, of Connecticut. He left Hartford
on August 8, 1800. on foot and alone, carr)'inj( his
own b.ijigav^c. He arrived September 11, having;
made the distance from lkiff;iIo, by sail-vessel, in
tiiree days. He was received ;iiid eiUertaini'd by
Major Hunt, and on tlie 131)1 left for Mackinaw to
look over that field. He was detained at 1 larson's
Island by adverse winds, and finally concluded to
return to Detroit, where he arrived Septembir 30.
On his return he found two ministers here, sent to
obtain information respectintj the Indians, with a
view of sending missionaries, 'i'hcy h.id been here
about ten days, but had had little opportunity to
inform themselves, as the Indi.m .'igent was absent
with (leneral Tracey; they s.iiktl about half an
hour after Mr. Bacon's return. These ministers
were the Rev. Joseph ISadgcr of Connecticut, and
Rev Thomas E. Hughes of I'cimsylvania. Mr
Badger reported respecting Detroit that "there
was not one Christian to be found in .all this region,
except a black man, who appeared to be pious,"
On October 7, 1800, Mr. Bacon attended a grand
council of Indians, and was introduced to them by
Ceneral Uriah Tracey, who told them of his desire
to benefit them. Soon after Mr. Bacon left Detroit
for the East, arriving at Hartford about December
15. On the 24th of December he was married to
Miss Olive Parks, and on the last day of December
was commissioned as a missionary to the Indians of
the West.
Departing from Manchester on February 1 1, 1801,
with his wife and Beaumont Parks, her fifteen-year-
old-brother, he set out for the w(Jods and wilds of
Michigan in a two-horse sleigh. At K.ast T>loom-
field, in Ontario County, he sold the sleigh, and
about April i they proceeded to Buffalo, taking
turns in riding the horses. When within about
fifty miles of Detroit, Mr. Bacon sold one of the
horses, and the rest of the way he and his brother
traveled on foot, reaching here on Saturday, May 9.
He was too much fatigued to preach the next day.
On the following Sabbath he preached, and of these
services he says :
In the forenoon I gave them an introductory discourse showing
the need and advantages of Divine revelation and of a regular
ministry of the word. The assembly, which was more numerous
than I expected, appeared to be all attention. We make use of
the court-house, which is very convenient for the purpose. As
the congregation is more numerous in the forenoon (on account
of their being in the habit of visiting and riding out for ple.-isure
in the latter part of the day), if I have a sermon of my own, I
deliver it in the forenoon. I am so cold and lifeless through the
week that it seems an if T should be in no way useful to this
people. Hut when the Sabbath comes, I am generally so unex-
pectedly assisted, and the people appear so uncommonly atten-
tive, that I cannot but hope there is mercy in store for them, and
that it will be poured out upon them in answer to the prayers of
thousands who are pleading for my success. I use notes, but the
best of my sermons often come to me while I am preaching.
Four or five of my hearers «rc men of liberal iihuation, but I
luive not hiurd that liny have nmde any unfiivi>rabl(- remarks
Iiidiid, lam trcati-d with much more respect by all Classen m
people than I li.id any right to expect. ♦ * ♦ I'hough I ha\ ■
been inabliMl, as I lulli've, to declare to this people the countel it
Ciod without reserve, y<t tlu: number of my hcnrem increases.
The people all demanded b.aptism for their chil-
dren, and seemed to think th.at this was the princip;il
thing for which they wanted a minister. He refuncd
to b.'ipti/e the children of p.irents making no pni-
fe.ssion of religious experience, and this caused
much comment.
On August 25, 1801, he wrote that .Mr. Denkey,
one of the Moravian ministers from Fairfield,
C.'in.ida, h.id been to see him, to incpiire whether
he had any objections to his Laboring among the
Chippewas on the St. Clair River. Soon after Mr.
Bacon discontinued his ;ifternoon servires, and h"l(l
instead a service about six miles from the town on
the Rouge.
About .September 25. a second visit w.'is received
from Rev. Messrs. iSadger and Hughes. The latter
preached on the Sahb.ath morning to but few hear-
ers ; in the evening Mr. B.ulger h.-id a large audience,
sever.al of whom expressed their disapproval by
"winking and grinning."
Meantime Mr. B;icon w.as casting about for a
favorable place for a mission among the Indi.ans,
and making himself acriuainted with their language
and logic. On Fehru.iry 19, 1S02, he was gl.addened
by the arrival of his first-born, the late Rev. Dr.
Leonard Bacon of New Haven.
The following incident of those days is given by
the l.ist named in a sketch of his father's life :
It was while my parents were living in Detroit, and wi.en I was
an inf;mt of less than four months, that two Indians cauie as if
for a friendly visit ; one of them a tall and stalwart young man :
the other shorter and older. As they entered my father met
them, gave his hand to the old man, and was just extending it to
the other when my mother, quick to discern the danger, exclaimed
" See I he has a knife ! " At the word my father saw that while
the Indian's right hand was ready for the salute, a gleaming
knife in his left hand was partly concealed under his blanket. An
Indian coming to assassinate waits for a moment when his in-
tended victim is looking away from him, and then strikes.
My father's keen eye was fixed upon the murderer, and watched
him eye to eye. The Indian found himself strangely disconcerted.
In vain did the old man talk to my father in angry and chiding
tones ; that keen black eye was watching the would-be assassin.
The time seemed long. My mother took her baby from the birch-
bark cradle, and was going out to call help, but when she reached
the door she dared not leave her husband. At last the old man
became weary of chiding ; the young man had given up his pur-
pose foi' the time, and they retired.
The last week in April, 1802, Mr. Bacon made a
missionary visit to the Indians on the Maumee,
remaining there nearly three weeks ; he returned to
Detroit May 1 8, and about June 2 went to Macki-
naw on a similar errand. He remained there until
August, 1804, and then returned to Detroit, intend-
LATER MISSIONARIES AND CLERICAL VISITORS.
553
Kiitinn, hill I
ilil(: rciiwirlv-
all classes i :
liDUK'h I ha\
lit' counsel '•:
increases.
■ their chil-
V princip.!'
Ic rcfu:'.iii
ijj no prti-
lis caused
r. Denkcy,
rairlie!(i,
■e wlictlur
imonjij the
after Mr.
s, and h-ld
le town on
IS received
Tile latter
t few iiear-
e audience,
iproval by
bout for a
le Indians,
ir laniTjuase
jjjiaddened
' Rev. Dr.
is given by
ife:
w).cn I was
ins came as if
ynvitiK '"*" •
father met
tending it to
T, exclaimed
w that while
a gleaming
blanket. An
whun his in-
rikes.
and watched
[lisconcerti'd.
and chiding
■he assassin.
im the hircli-
she reachetl
the old man
up his i>Lir-
n made a
Maumee,
^turned to
o Maclci-
ere until
t, intend-
ill.; to go to Cleveland, but was detained by sicknes.s
II arly two montlis, after wiiidi he started for his
destination, and his connection with Detroit termi-
ii.ited.
The next reliijious event of note was the arrival,
in the spring of 1804, of Daniel Freeman, an
elderly local preacher of the .Methodist I'.piscopal
Church from Canatla. Soon after he arrived he
announced that he would preach on tiic following
Sabbath afternoon. He faithfully fulfilled his prom-
ise, his sermon proving prolitabic to at least one
person, and though he stayed but a few days, his
n.tine and his mission were long remembered.
In this same year Rev. Rich.ird I'ullard was rector
of the Church of England in Sandwich, and the
records of that church show that hi frequently held
.services in Detroit, and performed the ceremonies of
baptism and marriage. William McDowell .Scott,
an EjMscopal layman, also occasionally read collects
for particular days.
Rev. Nathan Mangs, subsequently one of the most
eminent ministers and authors of the Methodist
Episcopal Church, was the ue.xt clerical visitor., lie
had been appointed by the New York Conference
in July, 1804, to preach in this region. He arrived,
probably in August. In his History of the M. E.
Church, he says :
When the writer of this history visited Detroit in 1804, he ob-
tained an old building called the C'mincil House to preach in.
On his second visit, while preaching in the evening, there arose
,', mendous storm, accompanied with the must vivid lightning
■Mil. awful peals of thunder. He continued the sermon, however,
nininding his hearers that this war in the elements was but a
faint resemblance of that day " when the heavens shall pass away
with a great noise, and the elements shall melt with fervent heat;
the earth also and the works that are therein shall be burned up."
Ill- was afterwards informed that some of thi! " baser sort " of
the young men, after the randies were lighted, deposited some
powder in them at such a distance from the blaze that tluy sup-
posed it would take fire and explode during the sermon. They
were disappointed. The exercises closed without any explnsiim,
because the candles had not burned down io the powder. 'I'hese
wags, after all was over, informed their nssnciates of what they
hiid done, and remarked that while the peals of thunder were
bursting over the house, they were fearful that the Almighty was
about to hurl a bolt at their heads as a punishment for their
wickedness, and hence they sat trembling for their fate during
the greater part of the sermon.
On this visit he met the Rev. David Bacon, who,
as has been shown, was detained by sickness in the
fall of 1804. Concerning the meeting a note in Mr.
Bangs' history states that he
wns introduced to a Congregational minister, who told him that
he had preached in Detroit until none but a few children would
come to hear, and s;iid he : "It" you can succeed, which I very
nmi h doubt, I shall rejoice." On his third visit, which was on
th.- Sabbath, sure enough, only a few children came to the place
ef worship ; and no one appearing to take any interest in hearing
tht' Gospel preached there, our missionary shook off the dust of
his feet as a testimony against them and took his departure.
Thus even the Methodists at that time gave up
Detroit.
In connection with the history of IVote.stanti.sm,
we ne.xt notice this entry in the records of the Gov-
ernor ancl Judges, for April 27, 1807 :
A pitition fiira spot of grnuiid on which to build a Protentant
Church was pri'srnteil aiul riail, and it was thiTeupon resolved
that a I ommitlee be appointed to report on said petition, and it
w.is orderi:d that the committee consist uf one, and thuC Judge
tlriflin be the s.iid cnniniittee.
On May 13, 1807, the following entry appears;
'I'he (iimmittee to whom was referred the pitition of the I'resby-
teiian Church, made a report, which was ordered to lie upon the
table.
It will be noticed that the word "Presbyterian"
is used in this latter entry, instead of " lYotestant,"
but it undoubtedly refers to the i^etition of Ajiril 27,
and the change may be accounted for by the fact
that the entries were made by two different indi-
viduals.
On May iS, 1807, the (iovernor and Judges
AVWrW, that a <ommittee be appointed to report on the pcti-
ticm of William Scott, Ksi|., in behalf of the membirs of the
Pri'sbylerian Church. Ordered that siiid coiiiinittee consist of
one, and that the (lovernor be the said committee.
No further references to the matter appear in the
records.
With the year 1809 a see*. ;id and successful effort
was made by the Methodist Episcopal Church to
establish services at Detroit.
At a session of the New York Conference, held
in May of that year. Rev. William Case was ap-
pointed to this locality as a missionary. In a letter
to Hisho)) Asbury, dated Chatham, N. Y., May 16,
1 8 10, Mr. Case says:
♦ * * According to your appointment, I set out from Ancas-
ter to Detroit, the 2?nd of Jtmc. * * * T had thought to have
visited Detroit immediately on my first coming into the country ;
but by reason of the revival, my wholi' attention was necessary
on the Canada shore, so that 1 did not visit that town till, I think,
about the last of September. * * ♦
Our Lord has instructed us, that into whatsoever place we
enter, we are to enquire who in it are worthy ; but as I could not
understand that there were any serious persons in the town, and
as I knew of none more worthy than the rulers ought to be, I
immediately went to the governor, and having introduced myself
to him as a minister of the Gospel, I requested the privilege of
the Council House to hold meetings in. He appeared very
friendly, and used me as a Christian minister, and ordered the
Council House to be prepared for meeting, where I preached to
crowded and listening congregations during the time I staid in
that country. As yet there is no society formed in this territory,
(Michigan, Detroit being the principal town), though some few
were brought under awakening, and three or four had found peace
in believing, and expect to join in society when a minister shall
•again be sent among thein.
Mr. Case preached frequently at Detroit, and on one
occasion some of the boys of the place, offended at
his denunciation of their follies, broke into the stable
554
FIRST REGULAR PROTESTANT SERVICES.
where his horse was kept, and closely sheared the
mane and tall of the unfortunate animal. In the
morninjj the dauntless minister mounted his horse,
and e.xhibited his eonilition by ridin.v; throuj^h the
to'vn. Several of the leadinjj citizens were so
mortiHe(l at the occurrence that they offered a larj^e
price for the horse, but Mr. Case declined to sell,
and was not ajjain molested during the year that
he rcm.iincd. In 1810, about three months after
he h.id left, he w.is succeeded by Kev. William
Mitchell, a member of what was called the "West-
ern Conference," and in the .'uitumn of this year a
Methodist Kpiscopal Church was orj^^uiized.
This, the lirst Protestant church in the Territory,
on its ornjanization numbered seven members,
namely, Robert Abbott and wife, William McCarty
and wife, William Stacy and wife, and Sarah Ma-
comi .
It is evident th.'it, by this time, the Methodist
Church was fully alive to the importance of Detroit,
for in this year two ministers from two diftorent
conferences were sent hither, one of whom was
the ^'r. Mitchell before mentioned, the other the
Rev. Ninian Holmes, who came from the dencsee
Conference; tindintf Mr. Mitchell on the jjfround, he
crossed over to the Canaila side, and l.ibored there
for a year, and in 181 1 held services in Detroit.
In the sprinj,^ of 181 1, according to Pilcher's His-
tory of Methodism, the ordinance of baptism and
sacrament of the Lord's Supper, with other services,
were observed by the church at the house of Wil-
liam Weaver, a Roman Catholic who lived on the
Rouge. At this time the church numbered about
thirty members, some of whom lived in Detroit and
others at the Roujje. In the autumn, services
were conducted at the house of Robert Abbott
in Detroit, by Rev. Henry Ryan, the presidin,t( elder,
and by Rev. Ninian Holmes. Mr. Holmes remained
until August, 181 2, and perhaps longer. On Au-
gust 16, the day of the surrender, he baptized a child.
In 1811 Rev. Silas Hopkins was appointed to
assist Mr. Holmes on the circuit, and by July, 18 12,
about fifty persons, most of whom lived in or near
Detroit, had united with the Methodist Episcopal
Church in Michigan.
In July of this year. Rev. George W. Densmore
was appointed to Detroit, but the war prevented his
coming, and scattered the little dock that had been
gathered.
When the city was recovered by the Americans
in September, 181 3, the destitution of its inhabitants
as to bodily comforts symbolized their condition as
to spiritual good, so far as Protestant serv'ices were
concerned.
Each brigade of the American troops had a chap-
lain. The late Rev. Dr. Alfred Brunson, in a letter
to the writer, said that he heard one of them preach
at Detroit in 1814. Mr. Urunson was then a private
soldier in the 'l"vventy-seventh United States Infan-
try. It is (|uite possible th;it this ch.iplain was the.
Rev. James 'i". Wilmor, who died ;it Detroit on
April 14, 1814, after a long and painful illness. Ih
was a brigade ch.ipl.iiii in the nortluvcstcrn ;irniy,
and prior to his .ippointment as an ;irmy chaplain
had .served for thirteen years as chaplain in Con-
gress.
No effort appears to have been made by any one
to re-establish i'rotestant services until July, 1815,
when the Kev. Joscj)!) Iliikcox of theCicncsee Con-
ference was api)ointel to this |)l;ice. (Jn his arrival
he found no members e.\cei)t the original seven;
truly a "perfect number." they held fast their pro-
fession through all the storms of war, and all of
them remained acceptable members of the church
during life.
Mr. Hickcox was received very cordially by dov-
ernor Cass, who said that the Council House would
always be at his service, and that himself and his
family woukl be constant attendants at the services.
The morals of Detroit at this time were in a
deplorable condition. .Soldiers and Indians were
frequently seen intoxicated in the .streets ; profanity
and unbelief were rife ; indeed, the whole popula-
tion were draining the dregs from the cup of war,
and giving abundant reason for the passage, on
November 4, 1815, of the following law, which
savors a little of the old Blue Laws :
If any person shall wilfully blaspheme the holy name of find
by 'inyini;, cursing, (ir contumelioiisly reproachip); His bein^ "r
providence, or by cursing or contumeliously rcproachinj; Jesus
Christ or the Holy ('.host, or the Christian Reliijion, or the holy
word of (iod, that is, the canonical Scriptures contained in the
books of tlie Old and New Testament, or by profanely seolTinn at,
or exposing them or any of them to contempt or ridicule, then
any person so offending shall, on conviction, be punished by a fine
not exceeding $200, or an imprisonment at hard labor, not ex-
ceeding twelve months, or both, at the discretion of the court.
Mr. Hickcox preached at Detroit once in three
weeks on Sabbath evening, and in the interim at the
Rouge .ind also in Canada, doing to the latter
place in winter was a perilous undertaking ; on one
occasion at least he crossed the river on floating ice,
leaping from cake to cake.
At the time Mr. Hickcox arrived, Governor Cass
and Generals Harrison and Brown were holding a
conference with the Indians. A large number of
soldiers were also stationed at Detroit. In his diary
Mr. Mickcox says :
In this state of society but little impression could be made by a
sermon once in three weeks. True, the Council House, .t large
and commodious building, was always filled with attentive audi-
tors, the superior officers setting .1 decorous example by their
uniform presence and respectful attention. Hut in my hurried
rounds on .1 three weeks circuit, traveling some three hundred
miles, my stay in Detroit was necessarily so short that I could not
FIRST RKGULAR rROTIiSTANT SERVICES.
555
liime of God
is beinK or
:hing Jesus
or the hilly
liiuil in the
sciilTmK at,
idiciile, then
•d by a line
b(ir, not ex-
thc court.
made by a
use, a large
:ntive audi-
le by their
my hurried
ee hundred
I could not
finliw up, to nny extent, by pantorul vinitntion, any imprt'i«ioi,
til .1 might have been made by tin Uboi of ilie pulpit.
Ill the l.tttiT jiart of 1816, durinjr liis sccrmd year
ill Detroit, Mr. Ilifkcox was j^rrcatly aidttl hy the
s(,\ices of Rev. Joseph Mitcliell, an elderly local
tin acher of real ability, who soon filled almost all
(il the appointments on this '■'■^^ ..f the river. He
1)1 (ame very popular with all classes by reason of
ills sturdy indein-ndenee, but his popularity did not
(iiili his we.'ipons or cause him to forj^et his duty,
lie was still faithful in reproof and warning. On
Olio Sabbath, when his theme was "The New
Itirth," the old Council House was crowded with
ti'rritorial, military, and city officers, tojjether with
kMdintf citizens. Near the close of his sermon,
addrcssinjf the parties almost by name, he called
out, " You, jfovernor ! You, lawyers! You, judges!
Vmi, doctors ! You must be converted and born
aijain, or (lod will damn you as soon as the bejjgar
on the dun)j;-hill." The ne.xt morning C.overnor
Cass sent him a five-dollar note, and expressed his
kindly thanks, saying that the sermon was the best
he had ever heard.
At the close of his second year, in the summer of
1817, Mr. Hickco.x reported thirty members for
Detroit Circuit. In June of this year the Rev.
Cideon Lanning was appointed to Detroit, and was
so well liked that when he preached the Council
House, yard, and adjacent street were filled with
listeners. Tlie Detroit C.azette of August i con-
tains the following announcement of one of his
.services :
On Sunday eveninir the Rev. Mr. LanninR, a missionary from
New York, will deliver a discourse in the Council House. People
are requested to attend at early candle lighting.
In a letter to Rev. Dr. Carroll, quoted in his Case
and his Cotemporaries, Mr. Lanning says :
Detroit in 1818 was a mission-fiekl embracing the whole of
Michigan and a small section of Ohio. It did not extend into
Canada, as had been the case previously, but was attached to the
Upper Canada District still. In Detroit city I found no society,
and only two members (Judge Abbott and his wife), belonging to
a snciety seven miles distant ; but I had a large congregation
which met in the Council House, there being no church of any
denomination in the place. I found but one class of twenty
members, and a few other names at various points, making a
grand total of thirty members in all in my hands ! I'ut there
were many doors open to receive the Gospel messjige, and I had
th(' honor of preaching in many places where no one had ever
pre.iched before. In consequence of failing health I had to leave
this most inviting field of ministerial toil after the lapse of a few
months; and one Thomas Harmon, a local preacher from Canada,
ofllciated the balance of the year.
On account of sickness, Mr. Lanning remained
only until New Year. He had been assisted, espe-
cially at the Rouge, by a local preacher named
Tliomas Harmon, who filled the rest of the appoint-
ments for the conference year, which ended in June,
1818. There were reported this year forty members
for the circuit. It was under Mr. Harmon's l.ibors
that the log church on the Kouge was erected.
This location was selected, in jiart at least, through
the intUience of Rev. J. Ilickcox, who had entered ;i
tract of land on that river. The church was sitii;ited
on Private Claim 52. then known as the Sargeant
Farm. The deed for a s(|uare acre of land is d.itcd
November 21, 1817, and was recorded in l.iber 6,
|)age 89, of County Records, on April 24, 1821. It
was m.ide by Thomas and John .Sargeant and liieir
wives for the consideration of one dollar. The lot
was on the north side of the Rouge, about one
hundred and twenty rods from the river, and twenty
rods west of the town line which forms the eastern
boundary line of Private Claim 52, in the town of
Dearborn.
The church '"as twenty-four by thirty feet in size,
and of course a rough affair, rcm.irkable only as being
(except the one built by the Moravians in 1782) the
first Protestant church built in Michigan. It was
erected March 31, 1818. Disaffections arising in
the society, the building was used for church pur-
poses only about ten years. It then became a
school-house, and finally "fell from grace," becom-
ing a place of evil resort. In 1843 the neighbors
.set fire to it, and then pulled it down. In 1882 the
site was occupied by an orchard.
In July, 181 8, Alpheus Davis was appointed to
Detroit Circuit, but on account of ill health he was
soon transferred to Ancaster circuit, in Canada, and
was .succeeded at Detroit by Samuel Belton, who
served the rest of the year. He was followed by
Truman Di.xon, who at the close of his year in 18 19
reported sixty-six members.
In 1820 Rev. John P. Kent was put in charge of
the circuit, which was probably divided this year, as
Mr. Kent reported only twenty members. In the
summer of 1821 he was taken sick, and his appoint-
ments were filled for two or more Sabbaths by Rev.
J. li. Finley. So acceptable were his sermons that
Governor Cass, the Messrs. Hunt, and other promi-
nent citizens sent a request to the bishop to have
him stationed at Detroit, but he did not accede to
their wishes. In September Piatt B. Morey was
appointed to this circuit, but he died soon after his
appointment, preaching in Detroit only once. His
predecessor, John P. Kent, having recovered his
health, finished the year, preaching freciuently in
the First Protestant Church. He reported one
hundred and thirty members on the circuit, an
inc. ^ase of one hundred and ten.
On January 25, 1822, the charge v/as visited by
Rev. John Strange, the presiding elder, who preached
in the Council House, greatly edifying his hearers.
We now turn back to 18 16. In that year corre-
spondence with one of the professors of Princeton
556
FIRST RLGULAR PROTESTANT SERVICES.
College resulted in tiie a]i|)c)iiitmi'iu of llie Rev.
John Montcitli to Detroit by the American Hoard of
Commissioners for I'"orei,t|;n Missions. A montii's
pay ($40) was advanced iiini, until arranncnients
could be made for his salary amon.ij^ those for whom
he was to labor. In due time he reached the
city, and on June 30, 1816, he preached his first ser-
mon in the Council Mouse. On Aui,aist 8, at a
public meeting called for the purpose, a committee
of three, consisting of Ciovernor Cass, II. J. Hunt,
and James Abbott, was appointed to represent the
people, and they made
an arrangement with
Mr. Monteith to stay
one year for $. o.
He preached regu-
larly every Sabbath
in the Council House,
except that on every
third Sabbath in the
evening the services
were conducted by a
Methodist minister.
The next year on
September 15, 1817,
an association, com-
prising all persons
who chose to belong,
called the Eirst Evan-
gelistic Society of De-
troit, was organized
with the object of
sustaining the ser-
vices. It was in no
sense a church, but
simply an ass( )ciation.
About this time it was
decided to fit up the
upper story of the
new University Build-
ing as a place of wor-
ship, and on October
24, 1 81 7, the Detroit Gazette contained the follow-
ing notice :
The citizens of Detroit and vicinity are informed that the
upper story of the building now erectinjj and belontjinjf to the
University of Michijj. i, is to be laid out and furnished for the
accommodation of the Protestant Con.v;re);ation as a place of
worship, and that the pews will be sold for one year to tne high-
est bidder, on Monday next at 3 o'clock I'. M. at the Council
House, where a plan of the pews will be exhibited.
This project apparently did not succeed, for ser-
vices were still held in the Council House, as appears
from the following notice, in the Gazette of Decem-
ber 26, 1817 :
The Musical Society and others are requested to assist in the
public exercises to-morrow at the Council House. The hymns
will be selected from Dr. Watts.
ti ■ ■
First Protesta.it Chuhcii as it A
Catholic
It ai)pears that there were some persons who diil
not approve of the form or the name of the organi-
zation of 1817; the Gazette of March 27, 1818,
contained the following editorial :
/•'hst Evangelic Church of Detroit. — On the morning of ilir
■.lid inst. an assembly was held at the Council House in this cily
for the purpose of establishing a Protestant religious society, thiTc-
lieing no "rotestant Chur';h yet established in this Terrilory. Viw
of the indgcs of \.\w. Territory addressed the assembly, and de-
duced the oigin of the word I'rotestant from the publicatiiMi
on the t 'lurch door of Wittemberg, on the 31st day of October,
'•' lie theses of Luther, containing ninety-five proposi-
.inst indulgences ; and the subsequent protest and unieii
of certain potentates of
Germany, published on the
19th day of April, 1529.
He then stated the events
connected with the Cen-
tennial anniversary of Oc-
tober the 31st, 1817, and
the resolution to reduce
the Protestant sects into
one general denomina-
tion under the name
Evangelic. He read pans
of the decree signed by
the Minister of the In-
terior at I'erlin on the
30th day of June, 1817;
reducing the Protestant
sects into one denomina-
tion ; and assigning the
reasons for abolishing the
term Protestant and sub-
stituting the term Evan-
gelic.
After some further ex-
planations it was succes-
sively resolved to adopt tlie
term Evangelic in lieu of
the term Protestant, or any
less general Sectarian de-
nomination, to designate
the first religious society
established within the Ter-
ritory of Michigan, of a
persuasion different from
that of the Roman Cath-
ll'EARED WHEN IN USE 1!Y TkINITY olic.
ChL'KCH.
The judge who de-
livered the learned dissertation could have been no
other tlian the pedantic Woodward, and the article
in the (iazette bears marks of his authorship. The
next Gazette, of April 3, 181 8, contained the fol-
lowing :
The notice contained in our last number respecting the estab-
lishmeiil of a Church we found to be incorrect. We published it
hastily according to *he information we received, supposing that
although there had be^n for a long time regular worship in this
city, there probably was nothing before that could be called a
chuii ii. In this, however, our informant was mistaken. No
organization of a Society took place on the 2 )d ult.
The Protestant Church in its present form existed before, and
in some form ot other bus existed more than ten years.
The following was published for the first time in
the same Gazette •
ns who dill
the ortjaiii-
1 27, 1810,
nornintj of ili
jsc ill this fit;.
s society, thcrr
'crriliiry. Oni
ml)ly, and di ■■
iie publication
ly of ( )ctober,
if-fivc proposi-
itcst and iiniuii
p<jtentatcs ui
;iblished on the
if April, 152^.
ted the events
vith the Cen-
ivcrsary of Oc-
ist, 1817, and
ion to reduce
ant sects into
xl denoniina-
r the name
He read parts
ree signed by
:r of the lu-
Derlin on the
f June, 1817;
he Protestant
one denoniina-
assi.yning the
abolishing the
stant and sub-
le term Evan-
ne further ex-
it was succcs-
ed to adopt the
;elic in lieu of
jtestant, or any
Sectarian dc-
to designate
linious society
thin the Ter-
icliigan, of a
fferent from
Roman Cath-
,c;e who de-
ivc been no
the article
hip. The
d the fol-
ing the estab-
'e published it
upposing that
worship in this
d be called a
listaken. No
d before, and
rs.
rst time in
FIRST REGULAR PROTESTANT SERVICES.
557
UIK FIRST PROTESTANT CHURCH Ix\ TilK TKRKI-
'I'ORY OF MICHIC.AX
DEDICATION,
was erected at the River Kouge on tlu; jist ultimo by a society of
Mrlliodists, a body cor|>oiate belonging to the Methodist Kpisco-
|iai Church in the United Stales, The iuid •society was estab-
lisiud at the River Rouge in the year j8io, and, through tlu'
mi reies of (lod, has remained inllexible through the slonus ..f
war and various other trials, and by the Divine blessing is still in
a prosperous way. R„„krt Annorr,
One 0/ the Trustees 0/ the M, K. Church.
KlVKK RotiCE, April ad, 1818.
No further efforts were made to change the name
of tlie Evangel- ,
istic society, and
ihc services went
on. The natural
ijrowth of the
city and Mr.
Monteith's pop-
ularity rendered
a larger room
(lisiiable, andon
January 17,1819,
Mr. Alonteith
was authorized
by the society to
g<i East and so-
licit funds to aid
in building a
church. His
mission proved
successful, and
on June 17 he
returned with
$1,122.46. Pre-
parations were
at once made
for erecting the
building, and as a preliminary step, on July 26, 1819,
the (lovernor and Judges
Resolved, that the burying ground adjoining upon Woodward
Avenue be granted to the Trustees if the Protestant Religious
society of Detroit by tlieir legal designation for the use of siiid
society, exclusive (jf the streets and alleys therein ; and that the
surveyor make an accurate survey and plat of the P otestint
burying ground for this Hoard.
It is said that one of the judges had scruples
about giving lots for ;i church, and therefore no deed
was granted at this time. Tiie church, however,
was at once erected on a part of the burying ground
on Woodward Avenue, about one hundred feet
mirth of Earned Street. It cost §7,000. The pews
were sold at auction on Saturday, February 26,
1820, at 10 A. M., and the next day the church was
dedicated.
The Gazette of March 3 contained this notice :
Fac-simile of Scrip issued uv First Protestant Society.
The dedication of the First Protestant Church of Detroit took
place on Lord's Day, -..'ylli ult. The sermon was delivered b> the
Rev. John Monteitli, liishop of the Church, from Psalm cxxii. i.
" I was glad when tlicy s.iid unto me, let us go into the house of
the Lord." A Christian society was then formally organized and
three elders ordained with the imposition of hands. In the after-
noon a sermon was preached by Mr. Moses Hunter, a missionary
of the General Assembly, from Canticles, 85, "Who is this that
Cometh up from the wilderness leaning on her beloved ?"
The sacraments of baptism and the Lord's Suppi-r were then
administered, 'i'he assembly was large and remarkably attentive
andsoknin. 'I'he music was good and particularly the tunes of
Denmark and Tamwortli were well performed.
The society
was still com-
posed of Episco-
j)alians, Presby-
terians, Metho-
dists, Congrega-
tionalists, and
persons holding
no particular
creed ; and it
was, perhaps, in
deference to the
Episcopalians or
Methodists that
Mr. Monteilh re-
ceived the appel-
latit)n of " Bish-
op" in the notice.
The Presbyter-
ians were conci-
liated by the or-
daining of three
elders, Messrs.
J. J. Deming,
Levi Brown, and
Lemuel Shattuck ; and as all pew-holders, or those
who paid $5.00 a year, had a right to vote on ques-
tions connectcil with the society, the Congregation-
alists nuist have been satisfied.
The precentor of this period was Abraham Del-
ainatcr, a drummer or lifer connected with the
United States troops then stationed at Detroit. He
led the singing dressed in his regimentals, a bright
red coat being part of his attire. The trustees were
I). C'l. Jones, H. J. Hunt, S. Mack, L. Shattuck, and
J. Abbott. The secretary was James D. Doty, who
afterwards became Governor of Wi.sconsin.
Only nine tenths of the pews were sold up to
Ai)ril, 1820, but enough was realized to more than
pay the cost of the building. The people, however,
did not respond readily to the calls for money, as is
evident from the following statement, published in
the Gazette of November 17, 1820:
' \
558
FIRST REGULAR PROTESTANT SERVICES.
SABBATH COLLECTIONS.
We have been iiifi)rined from respectable sources that sonic of
our citizens wlio licluni^' tu the I'mlesUint Association make olijec-
tions to tlie practice of coilectin.i; money on each Sabbatli, |)re-
vious to the dismissal of the con);re),'ati(jn. 'Jo do away with
these objections we are requested to stale that the money collected
is to be applied to the enclosinj; of the I'rotestant burying
ground. l"here have been already several collections made ex-
clusively for that purpose, but enough has never been collected
to defray more than one half of the probable expense of the
contemplated enclosure, and it will not be commenced until a
sufficient sum is collected to complete it.
Money was also needed to pay Mr. Monteith, yet,
notwithstanding all the efforts made, it coukl not be
raised, and as a last resort, the society issued due-
bills to the amount of S700, in sums of one, two, and
three dollars each, dated March 15, 1821. These
due-bills were paid over to Mr. Monteith on account
of salary. They were evidently intended to be cir-
culated as money, for almost every merchant and
corporation at that time issued their own bills; but
the credit of this church corporation was so poor,
or the time of ISIr. Monteith's stay so limited, that
the bills were never circulated or redeemed, and
consequently Mr. Monteith was never paid.
On April 13, 1S21, James Abbott, as treasurer of
the Protestant Ciuirch, gave notice in the Oazette
that persons could be accommodated with single
seats at fifty cents a quarter, and on June 30 fol-
lowing he gave further notice to "all persons who
owe subscriptions or taxes on the pews, that if they
are not paid by July 6, coercive measures will be
resorted to for their immediate collection." Possi-
bly the funds were needed to pay Mr. Monteith, for
he left on the 23d of July, when an appropriate ad-
dress was voted him.
On October 1 5 a meeting of the corporation was
held, and the following persons were elected
trustees for one year, namely : James Abbott,
Austin E. Wing, Thomas Rowland, Henry J. Hunt,
DeGarmo Jones, and C. C. Trowbridge, The last
named served also as .secretary of the board.
At a subsequent meeting of the corporation a
new constitution and articles of incorporation were
agreed upon, under the title of First Protestant
Society of Detroit. The society was incorporated
under a general law of April 12, 1821. On Decem-
ber 7 the articles were signed by the following citi-
zens: Charles Larned, A. E.Wing, Thomas Palmer.
J. D. Doty, Thomas Rowland, Stephen C. Henr\,
Francis Autlrain, William Woodbridge, John Hum,
Justin Rice, James Abbott, Henry J. Hunt, Henry
Sanderson, DeGarmo Jones, John P. Sheldon, J. J.
Demiiig, Lewis Cass, 15. Woodworth, Arthur Ed-
wards, and B. F. H. Witherell.
No important change was made in the govern-
ment or management of the society at this time,
and it was entirely destitute of any denominational
predilection. It was organized " to secure the regu-
lar public worship of Almighty (}od, and the
enjoyment of the many advantages resulting there-
from."
After the departure of Mr. Monteith, the services
were conducted occasionally by Rev. John P. Kent,
a Methodist clergyman, and also by Rev. A. W.
Welton, of the Protestant Episcopal Church, who
became a resident of Detroit in November, 1821,
but was not settled as a pastor. On May 10, 1822,
he was engaged for a few weeks as a supply.
Soon afterwards C. C. Trowbridge, secretary of
the society, called a meeting for July 1 1, to arrange
"to supply the pulpit with preaching." This evi-
dently had reference to the coming of Rev. Joshua
Moore, the second preacher sent here by the Pres-
byterian Board of Missions. He arrived on the day
appointed for the meeting. Two days before he
came the Rev. Mr. Gratton had been engaged to till
the pulpit, and therefore the engagement of Mr.
Moore for a year did not begin until September 22.
On September 23 a meeting was called by Mr.
Trowbridge " to consider about levying a tax on the
pews for the regular preaching of the gospel for
some definite term." Mr. Moore served until
October, 1824, when he was obliged to leave, as the
society was unable to pay him. On the final settle-
ment the society gave him a note for $1,450, which
was never paid.
On January 23, 1825, the First Protestant Society
and Church was reorganized, and Articles of Faith
adopted which, for the first time, fully committed
the organization to the Presbyterian doctrines and
government. Its history will be found in another
chapter.
CHAPTER LVIII.
THE METHODIST EPISCOPAL CHURCHES.— EVENTS OF INTEREST TO THE
DENOMINATION.
METHODIST EPISCOPAL CHURCHES.
The advent of Methodist " circuit riders " in this
iL'irion, and the services they held, have been already
tictailed. The present article concerns the corpo-
rate body known as the First Methodist Episcopal
Society, and later churches of the same denomina-
tion.
Several notable facts serve as an appropriate in-
troduction to the history of this particular church.
As is elsewhere shown, the Methodist Episcopal
Church was the first Protestant organization that
appointed a minister to labor with the white people
of this region, and the earliest continuous church
services were conducted by a Methodist minister.
First M. E. Church.
The first Protestant church building in Michigan,
other than that of the Moravians, was built by and
for the Methodists, and the society named above
was the first Protestant denominational church
organized in the Territory, and the first to become
incorporated.
The effort to build a Methodist church especially
for Detroit dates from 1820. A meeting was held
on May 16 of that year, for the purpose of consult-
ing in regard to it, and committees were appointed
on site and subscriptions. The following notice
tiien appeared in the Detroit Gazette :
NOTICE
The committee of arianjjement who were appointed to procure
a suitable site for the erection of a Methodist Episcopal Church
ill the city of Di-troit, and to receive subscripticms for building of
the same, will meet at the Council House in said city at 6 o'clock
I'. M. on Monday, the 22nd day of May, 1820, at which time and
place the citizens of Detroit are respectfully requested to attend.
KoiiKKT AiiiHirr,
S. T. D.WKNi'oRT, Jr.,
William W. Petit.
Com.
Detroit, May 16, 1820.
At an adjourned meeting on Monday, May 22,
the committee previously appointed made a report,
but it is evident that the enterprise was not vigor-
ously prosecuted, for the meeting was adjourned to
May 29 and then to June 6. On June 6 Robert
Abbott, Jerry Dean, and Edwin W. Goodwin were
appointed a committee to draft a constitution.
After this action, promoters and committee appa-
rently rested from their labors, for nothing further
was done for nearly two years.
Then, under an act of April 12, 1821, a society
was organized. The original copy of the articles,
drawn up by John Farmer, is still preserved, and
the writer identities, beyond a doubt, the heading
and the body of the document as the work of his
father's hand. The articles were dated March 21,
1822, and are the only articles of incorporation of a
Protestant church organized under territorial law
now known to be in existence. The following
twenty signatures are appended : Robert Abbott,
Joseph Hickcox, William Hickcox, Joseph C. Corbus,
Israel Noble, James Kapple, Nathaniel Champ,
William McCarty, James L. Reed, John Ramsay,
Joseph Donald, James Abbott, H. W. Johns, Edwin
W. Goodwin, William R. Goodwin, P. W^arren,
Jerry Dean, Joseph Hanchett, Robert P. Lewis, and
John Farmer.
It is worthy of mention that the Joseph Hickcox
whose name appears as one of the corporators was
the minister who came after the war, in 181 5, and
reorganized the Methodist Church, afterwards re-
tiring from the ministry and settling on the Rouge.
And as Robert Abbott, Joseph Hanchett, Joseph C.
Corbus, William McCarty, and possibly some others
of the twenty, had been members of the church on
the Rouge, the new organization may be properly
considered the legitimate successor of that church.
The articles of incorporation bear the signatures
and approval of A. 15. Woodward and James With-
erell, judges ; Charles Lamed, attor.iey-general ;
and Lewis Cass, governor of the Territory. The
society was thus doubly legalized, for it was not
only duly organized under the Act, but the articles
received the specific and written endorsement of
the governor and two of the three judges ; and as
the Governor and Judges then possessed legislative
power, the articles had almost the force of a special
enactment.
March 21, 1822, was named in the articles as the
time for the first election of officers of the society,
and on that date the following persons were elected
Lss9l
"^•^
ARTICLES OP Incorporation of First Methodist Ei'Iscotai. CHURtH.
Fac-siraile, half size.
.^i.
t^f^tfl
m^fi> ife^'i*
^■iC4^uiW<£y,
/^cryr^a
'M^C^
■^<t.-Ai^CtC m/f- tc*.y/ A^ ic.y^^^i^ y-Cdca-t^^t/xy irtLyiu.C£i ^n.f(Ci:it, ^^mi^ aJL^
*./c\iJaXi^ CT-a^£^ <K«Muvix^ ^dlUi'tvv'.'/K*^ Cnu'^Ji^ <», .m4.-'rt*,ti.-/lr £iC /Ht^J^
^
Articles op Incorporation, I'Aon »,
I561]
xiUtnt$L /*it^.
7*4^*^
-*'i-
Z^
JA
€> /ti^^^ncaCft^
^y\jiM>
Akticles of Incorporation, pagb 3.
TIIK METHODIST Kl'lSCOl'AI. CIUKCIIKS.
563
,a^ .ta^^ae^T'^^'^^^
Articles oi- I^JCORl'0K.\TI0^', page 4.
as trustees : Rf)l)ert Abbott, Philip Warren, Jerry
Dean, Edwin \V. (loodwin, Setii L. I'appino, Robert
1'. Lewis, James Kapple, Timothy Murphy, and
Joseph Donald.
At the next meetinj^, held October 30, 1822, it was
Ki'soh'i-ii, tluit John Ramsay, John I'armur, 1!. I'. H. WillunU
and Israel Ni>l)le bu apiiciliUi-il to supply the vacancy occasioned
liy the removal of Timothy Mnr|)hy, Joseph Donald, Setli T,.
I'appino, and Kdwin W. Goodwin.
In September, 1822, Alfred Hrunson and Samuel
Baker were appointed to Detroit Circuit. Concern-
i",!^ liis stay in Detroit, Dr. Hrunson i,nves this
account :
I lie house I rented had been occupied hy the Indian bl.iek-
siiiith, his shop answering for a stable. My wife had feared that
she would he afraid of the Indians, especially when I should not
be at home. lUit she soon got bravely over it. The Indians, not
knowing of the death of their blacksmith, came to the shop to
get work done, but Ihuling no smith, they came to the house or
to the door to inquire for him, when my wife, by the best signs
she could make, informed them of his death. Upon this they
would step back in apparent deep distress, and sit on the wood-
pile before the door, at a loss to know what to do. She, seeing
their distress, and that they showed no disposition to molest her
or the children, soon felt her sympathies for them roused up, and
gave them food. This they received with so much apparent grati-
tude, that she soon became attached to them, and they recipro-
cated her feelings and made presents of brooms, baskets, and
bowls wrought out of ash knots.
While here in Detroit 1 saw , what I have since seen more clearly
exhibited, that the missionary spirit is the millennial spirit.
There was but one Protestant minister in the Territory besides
myself and colleague ; he was a Presbyterian licentiat<-, and not
being in orders himself, he requested me to give his little flock
564
THE AIKTHOUIST lil'lSCOl'AL CHURCHES.
tliL Sacraiiiciila of the Lord's Suppci' itiid llaptism. To acnjin-
modati' him and them, as well as my own charge, I adniinisteretl
thu Kucnarist once a quarter, inviting iheni to attend, and bap-
tized IhiiM and their children, when reqiicstid to do so.
In the missionary held we met as hrethren, laborers with (lod
in one common cause. No controversy between ourselves, on
non-essential doctrines, and no seeking of the supremacy one
over the other was ajiparently lhou>;hl of ; hut Christian cour-
tesies, as of brethren in one common harvest-field, seemed to
prevail. In this 's plainly seen tlie spirit that will prevail in the
millennium, win n the wat< hmen of /ion will see eye to eye.
For tlu" first three montli.s tliat Mr. Hrunsoii was
here, lie ami .Mr. Haker preaclied on alternate .Sun-
days at the Council House, and then the service was
left entirely in eharire of Mr. Hrunson.
The next year the fcjllowing notice appeared in the
Gazette*
Ordered by the Trustees of the First M. E. Society of the city
of lletroit, that the Secretary give notice, in the lletroit Oazette,
that the trustees will receive proposals till the I'lth of Kihruary
for the furnishing to said society 8o,noo good merchantable brick,
to be delivered on the banks of some navigable water within a
few miles of the city of Detroit, on or before the 1st of July ne.\t.
And also proposals for the mason and carpenter work, to erect a
brick church, of the dimensions of fifty feet in length by thirty-
si.\ in breadth, and twenty in height ; the proposals for the brick
and stone work to be made separately.
All proposals to be delivered sealed to the Secretary.
Ja.mks L. Reed,
Secrciarx,
N. B. — The pl.in of the building may be seen at my store.
J. L. Rkhd.
Detkoit, Feb. fith, 1823.
Soon after, this notice appeared :
M. K. Mf.ktini; llui si:.— The Trustees of the First M. K.
Church of this city conteniplate building a meeting house during
the present season, of the dimensions of 50 by ^(j feet , two stories
high, with a suitalile cupula. Tlu' funds necessary are to be
raised by subscription, and we trust that the usual liberality ol
the citizens of Detroit will display itself on this occasion.
March 7th, 1823.
The next publication was as follows :
NoiicE is hereby given to those who have subscribed moneys,
etc., for the erection of the Church of the First M. F.. Society, of
the city of Detroit, thai I he society are about to commence the
erection of their church, .ind that the subscribers will shortly be
called on to comply with the terms of their subscription.
Hy order of the Society,
James L. Reed,
Secretary.
On April 22. 1823, the Governor and Judges gave
Lots 55 and 56 in Section 7, on the southeast corner
of Gratiot and Farrar Streets, to " Robert Abbott,
Fhilip Warren, Jerry Dean, Robert V. Lewis, James
Kapjile, John Ramsey. John Farmer, B. F. H.
Witherell, and Israel Xoble," as the trustees of the
society. The deed provided that a church should
be erected before March 19, 1826. Tiie erection of
the church was commenced soon after the deed was
received, but the work moved slowly, and tiie funds
were all gone before the walls were completed.
In Septeml)er of tiiis year ICiias I'attee and '" \
I'lympton were stationed 011 Detroit Circuit, and the
next year I'attee was returned with Isa.icC. Hunter
as his associate. During 1824 Mr. I'attee was com-
missioned to collect funds to finish the church, and
on April 22, he reported that he had collected in
Ohio, over antl above his traveling expenses, $291 .82,
and this amount was paid over to the trustees. In
1825 he was .sent on a similar trip, and a story has
been put in print that his expenses were $2.50 more
than the sum he collected, and that the trustees
were obliged to make up this deficit. The official
records, however, disprove that story, for they show
that he collected "$625.25 over all expenses," and
that out of this amount he was paid $175.00 for his
services.
Rev. J. H. Finley, in his history of the Wyandotte
Mission, gives incidentally the following aixount of
one of his visits to Detroit, during this period :
We set off ne.\t morning (December iCi, i.Sjj, froui lirownstowu)
for Detroit city. Here we were joyfully received by my old
friend, brother Dean. The news got out that some of the Chris-
tian Indians were with me, and this calliil togethiT some who
were skeptical on the subject of the possibility of Indians being
religious. They conversed with them on the subject and fouiiil
that they were not at a loss to give a reason for the hope that was
in them. 'I'hey could tell of their conviction, conversion, and
progress in godliness iis well as though they had been taught to
read, or were brought up by Christian parents.
After the conversation ended, in which 1 took no i)art, hut left
them lo make the examination for themselves, 1 asked the Indian
brethren to sing a hymn in Wyandott, which they did to the
astonishment of the company. Then I asked Mononcue to pray,
which he did with great fervor and zeal, and before he was done,
the company were affected to tears, to bear a poor Indian pray
with such power. When we arose from our knees, they sung
again, and with their faces wet with tears, went around the room
and shook hands with all present. This put an end lo all their
unbelief, and they most c(jrdially received and embraced them as
children of God, born of His spirit, and bound for the land of
Canaan. It was a blessed evening to me and all present.
3'he ne.\t morning (December 17, 1823) we visited Governor
Cass, and were received with great kindness, and obtained from
him all the information he was in possession of, in reference to
the situation of the Indians in that region of country. We were
referred by the (lovernor to Major liaker, commandant of the
garrison, who had recently built the military works at Saginaw.
Drother Mononcue and myself dined with the C.overnor, who
treated us with the greatest respect. I tried to preach at candle-
light, from Romans vi. 23: " The wages of sin is death," etc.;
and (lod owned t.is word. Many were cut to the heart, and en-
quired the way of siilvation.
On the morning of the 18th we took breakfast with Hrothcr
Lockwood. * * * On the 26th I preached on the Rouge
river, at brother Robert Abbott's, from F.phesians v. 15, 16:
" See that ye walk circumspectly, not as fools, but as wise,
redeeming the time, because the days are evil." We had a time
of feeling, many wept, and a few joined class.
I returned lo Detroit (on Sunday, Dec. .'Sth) and preached at
night from Rev. .\x. 12 . "I saw the dead, small and great, stand
before Cod, and the hooks were opined," etc. This night will
be remembered in eternity. Such were the cries for mercy that
my voice was drowned. More than forty came forward to be
prayed for, and several experienced the pardon of their sins,
while many others resolved never to rest until they found
redemption in the blood of the Lamb. This city seemed now
THE METHODIST EPISCOPAL CHURCHES.
565
and '• \
.1. and tlic
J. 1 liinlLi-
was com-
urcli, and
illccti'd in
^ $291.82,
stws. Ill
story lias
2.50 more
e irnstces
lie ollicial
they show
iscs," ;in(l
.00 for his
vVyandotte
account of
:riod :
lirownstowii)
;il by my oUl
; of the Chris-
icr Slime wlm
In.liaiis beini;
tct iiiul fiiiind
liiipe llial was
inversion, and
been taiixbt to
o part, but left
ked llie Indian
■y did to the
oneue to pray,
he was done,
Indian pray
es, they snnK
nd the room
liid to all their
iraced them as
or the land of
escnt.
ted Governor
obtained from
1 reference to
try. \\'e were
andant of the
s at Saginaw,
.ivernor, who
ach at candle-
death," etc.;
heart, and en-
I with r.rother
Im the Rouge
|ns v. 15, 16:
but as wise,
IVe had a time
Id preached at
Id great, stand
]his night will
iir mercy that
Iforward to be
If their sins,
|l they found
seemed now
til lie visited wiili -'i cloiid of mercy, and it appeari'd next
il.iy as if all business w.is suspended. I went from house to house
uid e.\h<irted all to turn to Christ. I went into the barracks
unong the officers and soldiers, and preai bed to them Jesus and
ihe resurrection. I prayed in every house which I visited, and
there was an awful shaking among the dry bones. About si.vty
joined the church, as the fruit of these meetings; and, if I
(oidd have staid, I have no doubt that many more would have
joined ; but it was imperiously necessary f<ir me to return home.
In 1825 William Simmons was appointed to De-
troit, and diirini( his ministry services were held in
the old University iiuilding, on Bates Street near
Congress.
FiKST MKriioiusr KrisrupAi. Ciirnni.
Original brick liuilding.
In 1826 Zarah H. Coston was appointed as pas-
tor. He undertook to lit up the church, making a
pulpit himself ; there was a gallery on three sides, and
the .seats were rough boards, supported at either
end by pieces of short plank piled together. The
building, though never formally dedicated, was used
from 1826 to 1833. It was far out on the commons,
with only an occasional board or stone for a walk,
and in wet weather there w'as no lack of room for
those who attended. The society realized, as early
as 1828, that the location was an imfortunate one,
and sought to exchange with the (Governor and
Jutlges for a more eligible site, but no exchange
could be made. During 1827 Rev. \Vm. Runnels,
one of the preachers for Detroit circuit, preached
several times in this church. Rev. Arza Hrown, who
was pastor in 1828-1829, obtained funds for and
laid a plank walk to the church, and the attend-
ance was greatly increased.
In September, 1829, the membership was seventy-
eight. During these years, when the pastor was
unavoidably detained, one of Wesley's sermons was
occasionally reatl by a young man named Jolin
Owen. In 1830 Alvan Hillings was pasttjr. lie
was succeeded in 1831 by Henry Colcla/er.
The following full record of the proceedings of
one quarterly conference during the pastorate of Mr.
Colcla/er affords several illustrations of old-time
methods :
Pl«lCHHlllN(;S or TIIK <)l riCI.M, .MliMllKkS Ol- rilK t'lH HIH, IIEI.D
IN KuiiHKr Aiumrr, Ksi.i.'s, Okhce, ()i ioiiek J4111, 1832.
After some consultation, it was
Kisoh'i-ii, I. That John Owen and Orson Fddy be a committee
to pripare the .stoves for winter service.
licsohfd, 2. That the preacher in charge be authorized to
select his place of boarding for the ensuing year.
Kfso/rvi/, 3. That in order to raise funds we attend, ist, to oiir
quarterly collection among the members; 2nd, that wi have a
penny collection after each service on the Sabbath ; ird, that we
at ;i suitable time circulate a subseripli<in amongst the cili/ens.
Rcsol7>eii, 4. That we change the manner of sitting in the con-
gregation so that the men will o(i;upy the seats on left of the
aisle, and the women on lh<' right.
A'fso/ivi/, 5. That Thomas Knapp, Jerry Dean, and Mr. Owen
be a eoininittee to select aiul purchase a lot for the purpose of
building a church thereon, after which the meeting adjourned.
JiiUKV IIean,
11. C'oi.cLAZEK, /v. Secrttary.
On June 18, 1834, the tni.stees were authorized by
special Act to dispo.se of the old lot. On May 15,
1833, Mr. Witherell, on behalf of the church, paid
Smog for the lot on the northeast corner of Wood-
ward Avenue and Congress Street. On June if,
1833, the society ordered that the old church and
lots be adverti.sed for sale, and .Messrs. Witherell
and Owen were appointed a committee to obtain
plans for a new church ; and on June 27, this notice
appeared in the Journal and Advertiser :
'I'he trustees of the Methodist Kpiscopal Church contemplate
creeling a new House of Worship, and offer the one they now
occupy for sale, together with the two lots on which it stands.
I'or terms apply to
J. Dran.
On January 24, 1834, the committee reported the
sale of the old church and lots for $1,500, payable
one third in cash, one third in six months, and
one third in nine months, i'rior to this sale, on
June 5, 1833, the Common Council had given the
society permission to remove the Council House
from Earned Street near \\'oodward Avenue to the
lot on Congress Street, in the rear of the church they
were about to erect. In this new location the build-
ing was used for services until the completion of the
church. The new church, built of wood, cost
$3,000, and was dedicated July 13, 1834, during the
pastorate of Elijah Crane; he came in the fall of
1833 and remained two years. On July n, 1834,
on account of a debt hanging over the building, the
trustees resolved to rent one half of the slips in the
church at a minimum price of six dollars each,
with the privilege of retaining them for five years by
566
THI'. MI'THODIST Kl'ISCOI'AL CHURCHES.
paymciU of the rent yearly in advance. The jias-
tor's salary, in I1S40, was §63^).
The successive pastors ;jftcr Mr. Crane, up to
1850, were: 1835, William llcrr; 1836-1S38, Rev.
(sul)sc(iuciuly lUsliup) luhvard Thompson; 1S38, J
E. Chaplain ; 1839-1841, I lenry Colclazer ; 1841, A.
M. Fitch; 1S4J, James S. Harrison ; 1843, James S.
Harrison and Jonathan lilanehard ; 1844. Jan'.es \'.
Watson; 1845-1847, J. A. Haughman ; 1847, O.
Mason and !•-. Crane (temporary supply) ; 1848-
1850, S. D. .Simonds.
Early in 1S48 the building of a new church bepan
to be at,ntateil, and on February 16 it was resolved
to .sell the property then occupied.
In selectinif a site for a new church the choice lay
between a lot on the corner of Lafayette and Shelby
.Streets and the lot on the northwest corner of
Woodward Avenue and State Street. The trustees
finally decided to
buy the first-
named lot, but as
their decision was
not wholly satis-
factory, the sub-
ject was referred
to the class leaders
of the church, and
they reported in
favor of the lot on
Woodward Ave-
nue. On June 26
it was agreed to
purchase the lot
on Woodward
Avenue at $2,cxx),
and four days after
the deed was made.
On March 22,
1849, the lot on the corner of Woodward Avenue
and Congress Street was sold for $7,000. The
erection of a brick church on the new lot was begun,
and on Sunday, April 8, 1849, the basement was
first used for public worship. During the previous
week the old church was moved to the northeast
corner of Lafayette and Fourth Streets to be used
as a Mission Church.
The new church was fifty-five by seventy-eight
feet and cost $11,000. It had galleries on three
sides, and could seat seven hundred persons. The
audience room was dedicated on June 2, 1850.
The morning sermon was by Dr. Edward Thomp-
son, then president of the Ohio Wesleyan University.
In the afternoon Professor Scager, of Buffalo,
preached. From 1850-1852, E. H. Pilcher was
pastor; 1852-1854, W. H. Collins; 1854-1856, A,
D. Wilbor; 1856-1858, F. A. Blades; 1858, S.
Clements; 1859-1861, S. Reed; 1861-1863, John
First M. E. Chirch, cornrr Woodward Aveni'e and State Street.
M.Arnold: during the pastorate of Mr. Arnold an
entrance to the church on the south side was built,
and other imjirovements made, and on July 14 the
audience room was re-opened for service. From
1863 1865 J. M. Buckley was pastor. The siTmoiis
of Mr. Buckley were highly ajipreciated, and during
his pastorate m.any persons who had not been in the
habit (jf so doing commenced to .atlend the (hunh,
and the building became too small for the con-
gregations.
It so happened that a few weeks prior to the
coming of .Mr. lUickley the church building of the
Congress Street .M. E. Society w.is destroyed by lire;
that .society soon deciiled to build in ;i new locatimi,
and purchased live lots on the northeast coriier
of Woochviird ;uul Ad.ams Avenues for $8,600.
Meantime, while arranging their jilans, the congre-
gation worshiped in various public halls. At the
same time the
trustees of the
First Church had
under consider.i-
tion the selection
of a site for a new
church. Kre long
committees from
the two churches
were in consult.i-
tion, and after sev-
eral conferences,
in February, 1864,
it was agreed to
unite the property
and intluence <>f
the two societies
and build a stone
church, to cost not
less than $50,000,
on the site selected by the Congress Street Church,
the building to be erected in the name of the First ^L
E. Church as the older corporation, but to be known
by the name of the Central M. E. Church, which
name had been selected by the Congress Street
Society. There was also included in the agreement
the contribution of $2,500 towards the erection of a
chapel on Jefferson Avenue, and the partial support
of a pastor there for three years.
On March 14. 1864, the following persons were
appointed as a building committee for the new
church; John Owen, David Preston, L. L. Farns-
worth, John Kendall, Aaron C. Fisher. The esti-
mated value of the property possessed by the First
Church was $18,000, and that of the Congress
Street Church $17,500. The old edifice of the First
Church was finally sold for $23,000, and the prop-
erty of the Congress Street Society, aside from the
lots, netted $13,500.
THE MKTHOUIST Ei'ISCOI'Al CHURCHES.
567
Arnold an
was built,
Illy 14 thr
:e. Kroiii
K' sermons
111(1 (li;riii'>;
Ix-fii in tile,
hv churc li,
• the con-
rior to tlk'
lint^r of the
ycd by llru;
!W location,
j;ist conuT
for S8,6oo.
the conjjru-
Is. At the
time the
s of the
Zhurch had
consitlcra-
le selection
:e for a new
1. Ere long
ittees from
,•0 churches
in consulta-
nd after sev-
conferences,
ruary, 1864,
agreed to
le property
ntluence of
societies
ji!d a stone
to cost not
an $50,000,
eet Church,
the First M.
be known
reh, which
ress vStreet
agreement
rection of a
tial support
Tsons were
)r the new
L. Farns-
The esti-
)y the First
Congress
of the First
the prop-
le from the
The Sunday schools of tiic two iliurches wen-
united, and met together for the tirst time on Sep-
ti inber 25, 1S64, The occasion was observed with
appropriate exercises.
It was soon decided to build a chapel as well as
a church ; this necessitated more ground, and on
October 21, 1864, two lots facing on Adams Ave-
nue wt!re purcluised for the stun of §2,5(K). The
erection of the chapel was commenced, and on Sep-
tember 21, 1865, the building was dedicated. The
total cost, including the fiu'nishiiig, w;is §27,834;
the si/e of the buikling is tifty-tw(j by ninety-four
feet, and it seats five lumdretl persons.
On the completion of the chapel, .'is neither it nor
the old church was l.irge enough for the congrega-
tion, the Detroit conference appointed Rev. J. H.
MeCarty as associate pastor, and he and Rev. J. M.
lUu'kley preached alternately, morning .ind evening,
to the two congregations. From the fall of 1866 to
that of 1867 Rev. J. H. .McCarty and Rev. L. R.
Fiske were associated in the same way, and then
Rev. L. R. Fiske became the sole pastor.
On July 2, 1866, at a tiieeting of the members
and friends of the church, $13,200 was subscribed
towards a church building, and on the next day the
corner-stone was laid with apiirojiriate exercises.
On November 17, 1867, it was completed, and dedi-
cated with services conducted in the morning by
bishop M. Simpson, in the afternoon by Dr. T. M.
lUldy, and in the evening by Rev. J. .M. Buckley.
The burden of soliciting the fimds for the erection
of both chapel and church fell largely upon David
Preston, and his presentation of the claims of the
church, and j^lea for funds, on the day of dedication,
was a combination of power and eloquence, born
of feeling, probably never excelled on any similar
occasion. In the work of paying for the church,
the services of John Owen, its long-time treasurer,
were especially valuable ; inider his management
no bills have ever gone unpaid, whether the church
was or was not in possession of funds.
The entire length of the church is one hundred
and twenty-three feet, general witlth, fifty-eight feet,
width including transepts, ninety feet ; height from
ground to ridge of roof, seventy feet, to top of tower,
one hundred and seventy-five feet. It seats 1,200
and can accommodate 1,500. Ir.cluding tlie furnish-
ing, it cost $92,000 exclusive of the ground and not
iniluding the cost of the chapel.
In order to insure light on the eastern side of the
chapel, and as a site for a parsonage, the church, on
September 28, 1868, bought Lots 8 and 9 on Adams
.Avenue for the sum of $4,800, making the total
anK)unt paid for the grounds $13,900. The frontage
on Woodward Avenue is 100 feet and on Adams
Avenue 238.79 feet.
The pastorate of Mr. Fiske ceased about two years
after the dedication of the church, and from the fall
of 1 869 to the fall of 1870 the pulpit was sup|)lie(l l)y
Rev. Dr. H. F. Cocker, Rev. D, 1). Buck, and Rev.
{). (.',. Lyon. From 1870-1873 Rev. W. .\. Ninde,
D. D., was in ch.irgc, assisted the first ye.ir by Rev.
C. C. Vemans. In 1873 Rev. L. R. Fiske, I). I).,
again became the pastor, and remained for three
ye.irs. He was assisted the last two years by Rev.
J, li. Atchinson, who had the morning mission Sun-
day school especially in charge.
During Mr. Fiske's pastorate, in May, 1S74, the
church published five hundred copies of a hymna! of
two hundred pages, c()mi)iled under its direction by
the organist. Professor L. H. Thomas. It found
favor with several other congregations, and was
used until displaced by the denominational hymnal.
In the f.ill of 1876 Rev. \V. .\. Ninde. I). D., (now
Bishop), was for the second time appointed jiastor,
and served imtil the fall of 1879. He was succeeded
by Rev. J. II. Bayli.ss, D. D.,who remained until the
fall of 1882, when the Rev. W. \V. Ramsay, D. I).,
entered upon the pastor.ate. This year, for the first
time, the pews were rented for one year with the privi-
lege of retaining for three years at the .same rental,
and they brought a larger price than ever before.
As is the case in many of the larger churches,
various societies for the proinolion of particular lines
of church work have been organized among the mem-
bers. A Ladies' Missionary Society was organized
May 14, 1844, reorganized as a Missionary and Be-
nevolent Society on November 7, 1855, changed to a
Church Furnishing Society in 1864. and on December
10, 1867, again organized as a Benevolent Society. Its
special object is the care of the sick and poor of the
church, but from time to time it has turned its
efforts in various other directions. The first young
people's prayer-meeting in the city was organized in
connection with this church in November, 1855. It
has been continuously successful, and is now in
charge of the Young People's Society. A branch
of the Woman's Foreign Missionary Society has
been in successful operation for nearly ten years.
During 1883 the society erected an elegant par-
sonage with stone front facing Adams Avenue. It
cost, with its furnishings, about $12,000. The
annual expenses of the church average about $8,000.
In 1883 $7,000 was realized from pew rents. About
$1,000 is received annually from ordinary Sunday
collections. The pastor is paid $3,000, the sexton
$700, and the choir costs about $1,100 a year. The
value of the property in 1880 was $150,000. The
society is entirely free from debt.
The average attendance at morning service in
1880 was 600. The number of members in the
several decades has been: 1830, 78; 1840, 241;
1850, 198; 1860,269; 1870,600; 1880,769. Since
January i, 1879, a paper, called The Central .Mirror,
Central Methodist Kpiscoi'al Chukch, Chapel and Parsonage.
[5f'8|
THE METHODIST El'ISCOI'AL CHURCMKS.
5<^9
-rfC
iias been published, devotecl to the inter, sts of the
chiircli ami Sunday school, l-'rom 1870 tiu' church
has had especially in its cliarj^je a mornin;,' mission
Sunday school, ori;;uii/.ed in 1S44.
' " ItH pantnrand fntiiidi'r wire Imth the uimr,
A (■criiian linitlirr, llrlwi>: l>y ii.iiik,
Me K''itli<''<>l ill frmn lane and strtTt,
lie was /iNilcpiis, and wi^c, anil alsci dUrrcct,
All <dd wdixl biiildiiiK, yrlli>w and Kray,
Slirltrri-d lln' siliu'd <iii Us nalal day,
On llrusli, near l.ariird, the .sihuol bc);an,
"r was fiHin<h'd i>n ihr nnlnn phin.
It fldiirishcd ihcrr fur si'vcrid yt«r:t,
Its teachings watcird with prayrr and tears.
In fiirly-ninc a honic it found
In the ('■(■rinan t'hiinh new to thn xronnd,
On 1 cirnit nf ('ri>>;han and Uiaidiiin Strict,
And inrniiiry lin^'irs n'rr many a swcit
Whiidi came li> our hi arls while l.ihurinn there
With souls new filled with joy and prayer.
In sliiKinn W(^ used the "Sunday Seliool Hell,"
And then the " llarmnnist " as well,
And " Chain," and " Shower," and " Censer " all,
With " SinwinK' I'ik'rim" made ihelriall ;
" I'resh Laurels," too, were strewed alonn.
And " ltriv;htest and llest " was full of sonR,
And " Jewels" with setting of " Pare Oold,"
Shed rays of joy on youny; and old.
And " Hiamonds" l)rij;hter than the day
I.ured ns on in the upwar<l way
And as we sunK alonx the road
We never ealled the work a load.
Hut gladly Kave both means and care,
For benedielions ("died the air ;
And many a sold is nearer heaven
I'eeausc of lessons thiTein ^iven,"
On July 17, 1870, the school was opened in a
new location, on the southeast corner of Clinton
and Hastings Streets. 'I"he original cost of the
property was $ 4,000, and $ 2,000 additional was spent
in improvements. In June, 1883, the property was
sold for $3,458. The school was then reorganized
and continued in the same location.
Con^i^rcss Street Church.
At the conference of 1843, Rev. Jonathan Hlan-
chard was appointed to Detroit to aid in organizing
this church. Under his leadership several members
of the First Church, with some new members, or-
ganized this society. In 1844 Rev. R. R. Richards
was appointed as the tirst pastor and served two
years. Ser\'ices were at first held in Mechanics'
Hall, then in the Capitol, and in May, 1^45, the
society began worsliiping in the United States Court
Room, on the corner of Jefferson Avenue and Gris-
wold Street.
The first meeting of the trustees was held on
March 1 7, 1 845. The following persons were present :
William Scott, S. W. Higgins, William Phelps, J.
S. Trask, Charles Lee. J. H. Van Uyke. and L. L.
Farnsworth. At a meeting held on the following
day, it was resolved to purchase the lot on the
northeast corner of Congress and Rantlolph Street.s
for S'/xj, ,111(1 to build a brick church at an estimated
cost of $3,754.
The church, forty-two by sixty-seven feet, was
completed and the b.'iscment dedicated with ;i ser-
mon by Rev. Noah Levings, on Septeml)er 14, 1845.
The body of the church was dcdic.itcd July 24,
1846, with a sermon by the clo(|iK'nt and eccentric
Rev. John N. M.'ifiitt. Some d.iys after Mr. Mallitt
delivered a k;cture, as appears from the iollowing
newspaper notice :
Rev. I'riifessor Mallitt will deliver a lecture Iji t!ie new brick
Methodist I'.piscopal t'hurth on Congress Street, this eveniii).;,
July vSlh, at H o'elock. Snbji'et : ('dory of Mech.inisni ; tlii'
iMeeh.inisni of the Heavens and the K.arth ; of .Man ; of .Mortals ;
of Kellxlon, and Ktvrnily, and the l'h<enix 1'ird of Immortalily.
Admission, jn cents. 'I'he lecture for the benelit of the Second
Methodist I'.piscopal Church.
In 1846 Re\, James F. Davidson served . is , cas-
tor, and was succeeded in 1847 by Rev. Il.irrison
Morgan. The salary of the p.i.sior at this lime was
$400, ,'ind of course don.'itioii jxirties were made use
of to help raise the amount. It is not to be regretted
th.at these misnomers are things of the past in
Detroit, .and yet tiiey were m.irked occasions, for
the good cheer anil frienilly intercourse that pre-
vailed. The parsonage during this ju'riod w;is on
Congress Street in the rear of the cluinii.
In the fall of i84(; Rev. (ieorge T.'iylor became
the pastor. During his iiastor.ate, in tiie sjiring of
1850, through an introduction from Colonel J. 15.
Cirayson. he made the acquaintance of Lieutenant
U. S. C.rant, and as a result Lieutenant (ir.inl
rented a pew in the church and was ,1 regular
attendant during his stay in Detroit. When Gen-
eral (Irant became I'resideiU, he li'stilied on several
occasions his esteem for his former p.astor, both by
word and deed.
In the fall of 1851 Rev. John Russell was .ap-
pointed pastor; in 1852, Rev. C. C, Olds; in 1853,
Rev. William Mahon, and then for two years Rev.
M. Hickcy was pastor.
In 1855 the old steps in front of the church were
removed, and a new entrance with other improve-
ments made. At this time a Library Association,
with several hundred volumes, was in existence,
regular meetings- were held for social intercourse
and the exchange of books, and there was much
activity and interest in the affairs of the church.
From 1856 to 1858 Rev. A. J. Eldred was pastor.
On October i, 1856, the society purchased the Good-
rich property on Randolph Street for a parsonage,
at a cost of $6,000. From 1858 to i860 Rev. F. A.
Blades was pastor. Soon after his appointment, on
October 18, 1858, it was resolved to take in the old
parsonage lot on Congress Street and increase the
leng-h of the church fifty feet.
5/0
THE METHODIST Kl'ISCOI'AL CHURCHES.
Tlie extension was completed and tlie iluircli re-
opened on January 22, 1859. Tlie cost of tlie im-
provements was $2,500, including tlie tittini,^ up of
CoNGKF.ss Strket M. E. Cihrlh.
two stores in the basement. On February 20, i860,
the (ioodrirh prop,„rty was sold to I'eter Henkel for
$6,500. This year Rev. F. W. May was pastor; in
1 86 1 he was succeeded by Rev. O. W. Sanborn, and
durinjif his pastorate, on January 14, 1862, the
society bought of Governor Cass two lots on the
northeast corner of Second and George Streets for
$1,200, and soon after erected a parsonage thereon
at a cost of $2,000.
In the fall of 1863 Rev. J. S. Smart was ajipointed
to the church, and became the last pastor of the
organization.
The church was wholly destroyed by fire on July
t8, 1863, Immediately after the tire services were
inaugurateii in a hall on Wooihvard Avenue, be-
tween State and Grand River Streets, and continued
until October 25. The society then commenced to
hold services in Young Men's Hall, remaining there
until January 3, 1864. The last public services of
till' organization were held on that day, as the
society had virtually decided to unite with the
Woodward .\venue Church, and build on the corner
of Woodward and Adams Avenues.
The number of members in 1850 was 150; in
i860, 182.
Tabernacle Church.
This society, which at different times was desig-
nated also by the names of " Lafayette Street " and
"Trinity," was organized and incorporated May i,
1S49. Their first church, a wooden building, was
on the northeast corner of Lafayette Avenue and
Fourth Street. It was the old building formerly
locitcd on the ccrner of Woodward Avenue and
Congress Street. On its removal to the new site
the building was extensively repaired, and on Octo-
ber 14, 1849, it was dedicated anew. The parson-
age, in rear of the church, was built about 1854.
Tabbrnacle M, E. Church.
OrICINAI. I.AIAVEITK SlUKEl M. K.ClllKrM.
Early in 1868 the church was again repaired
at a cost of about $5,000, and on Februar\- 2
was rcdedicatcd with a sermon by Hisliop
Thompson. After five years more of service,
it was decided to sell the property and build
elsewhere, and accordingly the last ser\-ice in
the old church was held on August 24, 1873.
The property was sold for $11 ,000 and the
church torn down.
Meantime lots had been jnirchased on the
northeast corner of Howard and Fourth
Streets at a cost of $8,000; the chapel built
thereon was dcdic.ited ( )ctober 26, 1873. ( )n
.September 13, 1874, the church was dedi-
cated. It se.'its 875. The church and chapd,
including uie furnishing, cost $38,700. The
services of
ay, as tin
: with the
1 the corner
as 150; in
was desig-
itrcet " and
ted May i,
liiilinij, was
ivenue and
jr formerly
V venue and
he new site
id on Octo-
'iie parson-
iboiit 1854.
^
2;:^?"
THE METHODIST EPISCOPAL CHURCHES.
571
in repaired
ebruar\- 2
by Bishop
of service,
and l)iiild
sen-ice in
t 24, 1873.
IDO and the
iscd on the
id Fourth
hapel built
1873, On
was dedi-
md chapel,
700. The
pastor's salary in 1880 was $1,700. The total
annual church expenses were §2,500. and S'.ioo was
received from pew rents. The choir cost $100 a
Wai.nit Stuekt M. l". Ciuucii.
year, and the property at that time was valued at
840,000. The average attendance at morning ser-
vice in 1880 was 325. Number of members in 1S50,
43; i860. 58; 1870,225; 1880,234.
The following is a list of the pastors: 1849, J. J.
IVrry; 1850, I.. I). Price; 1851, (ieorgc Taylor;
1852-1854, M. Ilickey; 1854-1856, William' H.
Perrine ; 1856-1858, J. F. Davidsoa; 185S, Robert
15ird ; 1859-1861, D. C. Jacokes; 1 861, Seth Reed,
1862-1865, J. C. Wortley; 1865-1S67, O, Whit-
more; 1 867- 1 870, E. E. Caster; 1870- 1873, J.
McEldowney; 1873-1S76, W. H. Pearce; 1876,!..
R. Fiske; fall of 1S77 to 1880, C,T. Allen; 1880 to
fall of 1882, William Dawe; fall of 1882 to 1883,
John Alabaster ; 1883 to .E.W.Ryan.
Simpson Church.
This society, also formerly designated as " Sev-
enth Street," " Walnut Street " and " Sixth Street "
M. E. Church, grew out of a mission Sunday school
established in 1853 by Rev. M. Ilickey and Welling-
ton Willets. The school was designed as a help to
the Lafayette Ave. M. E. Church, where Mr. Hickey
w;is then stationed. It began in the parlor of a Mr.
F.lliott, on Seventh Street near Walnut. Through
the agency of the Methodist Sunday School Union
a church with t . menibers was organized in Sep-
tember, 1856. The first brick church was built on
a lot donated by Colonel X, Prouty. on the north-
west corner of Seventh and Walnut Streets, then
worth S300. The building was dedicated June 15.
1856, Dr. E.O, Haven preaching the sermon. The
church seated 150, and cost $1,500.
A Hoard of Trustees had been created on Febru-
ary 14, 1854, to hold title to the lot donated. In
1 868, under the direction of the Church and Sunday
School Union of the M. E. Church, and especially
through the efforts of David Preston, a large lot,
fronting one hundred and fifty feet on south side of
(irand River Avenue and two hundred and forty-
nine feet on east side of Sixth Street, was purchased
for $4,500 ; and on August 24, 1868, the corner-stone
of a new church was laid, and on December 5,
1869, the basement was dedicated. The main audi-
ence room was dedicated July 22, 1870.
The old church projierty sold for $2,600. The
new building cost $37,325, and .seats $1,000 per-
sons. The average attendance in 1880 was 300.
It is named Simpson Chuch, in honor of Bishop
Simpson.
In 1876 the brick parsonage was built in the rear
of the church at a cost of $5,000. The pastor's
salary in 1880 was $1,600. The total annual expen-
ses were then $4,000, of which $250 were for the
choir. The yearly receipts from pews was $3,000.
Number of members in i860. 30; in 1870, 124; in
1880, 371. Value of property in 1880, $40,000.
During the summer of 1883 extensive repairs and
Simpson M. E. Church.
57^
Till'. Ml'/niOOISr KI'ISCOPAI. CHUKCHHS.
improvomt'iits were made
formally reopened Oetober
l)v Rrv'. Dr. W. X. Niiidc.
to tlie eluircli, and it was
14, iH8^, with a sernvm
Jkkii'.umin A\i;m !■; M. V.. Cm kcii.
Ori.^inal liuildinx-
Tlu' names of tlie pastors in cliarnc and tlieir
vcars of si'rvjce, liavc l)een : 1.S56, M, lliikey ; 1K57,
j. Le\in,i;ton ; 1S5M, J,.\. I>aui,diman; 1 1^59, Arthur
lldwards; 1S60, John l.exini^ton; 1861-1863, ^^ •
Kello);x; 1863, J. M. Arnold; i8'i4, II. N. ISrown;
1805, S. I'. Warner; i8f.6, M. Fliek.y; 1867. S. I'.,
Warren; 1868, W. J. f.imphcll ; 186.; 1871, I'. J.
Joslin; 1871, W. II. Shier; 1872 1875, Thomas
Stalker; 1875 1878, W. W. Washhm-n ; fall of 1878
lofallof 1879,!). easier; fallof 1871; to fall of 1882.
W. II. I'oolr; fall of 18S2 to , f. T. .\lk-n.
I'iihiur M(')iion\il M. I-'.. CliiDrh, fornirrly /(J/i'r-
s<>ii .Irriiiir ( '///Oi //.
The erection of this ehureh was jirovidcd for .it
the time the Conirress Stri'ct and I'"irst I\I. 1^. societies
iniited. Thi' nucleus for the enterprise was a Sunday
school, establislu'd mainly throui.,di the clforts of
Mrs. I). M. Rice, in the machine-shop of lur hus-
band on .At water Street. The school was suhse-
<|uently removed to a boat-house farther up the
river, and merged into the church school when the
buildinii;- of this society w,is erected.
The original church, on the south side of Jeffer-
son Avenue near the west corner of .St. Aubin
i\vcnue, cost S3/'75. • be lot, which is ninety-si.x
by two hundred feet, cost $3,500. The churcli was
dedicated on December 23, 1866, Rev. I'.. O. Haven
lireachinjj the .sermon. Tlu' society was ineorjior-
ated December 30. 1866, .it which time tliirty-si.x
persons became niembers.
in the f.ill of 1875 the buildinir was enlarjjcd by
the addition of a win.n on e;u'hsi<le; twenty-eiv^ht
additional seals were gained, making the total num-
ber of seats 400, The <ost of the alterations .i-k]
improvements w;is $3, 71X). On December 19, i,s,5,
it was reopened. In 1880 there w;is an aver.i 'c
.ittend.'uue of 325. The p.istor's s;il;iry w.'is tlun
$i,7o<j. The ihoir cost S300. The total ye.nly
expenses were §2,375,, and the .innu.il receijUs frnm
the pews, $650. Nmnberof members in 1870, lui ;
in 1880, 207. \alue of property in 1880, §20,0 «;,
In October, 18S3, it was sold for $14,500. 'I he
socii'ty tluMi bought a lot on the southwest corner
of I,.af.iyette Street .iiul .\le| )oug.dl .Avenue, wlii.li
cost $6,00 >, ;md .1 ehureh eslim.ited to cost §24,ikx)
is in process of i^reetion. The corner stone u.is
laid .May 14, 1884. The society during this ve.ir
i'm.mkk MiMcini.M. .\I. K. Ciieiuii.
(M;isun A Kiic, .\riliilC(ts).
(1884) w.is newly ineorponited .is the M.iry W .
P.ilmer Memori.il M. K. Church in honor of ihe
mother of Thomas W. I'.almer. .She was one of
the earliest Methodists ri'siding in Detroit, ar.fl lur
son h.is been ,1 liberal contributor to this ami otlur
Methoilist i' crests.
The past. irs h.ive been : 1866, M.IIiekey; 18^17
1870, A. I'", llourns; 1870 1S73, E. I'.. Caster;
1873-1875, A. R. r.artlett; 1875, J. M. Fuller;
1876, 1'",. II. rileher ,iu(l I). C. J.aeokes ; 1877 1880,
R. S, I'.irdinglon; 1880 1882, C. T. yVllen ; fall of
1882 to , Willi.un D.iwe.
/■'('>■/ Shtif C/ntrc/t.
This society ;n;iy be called in p.art the o-ugrowth
of a mission Sund.ay school, established in 1856,
under direction of .a City Methodist .Sunday School
Union, in a priv.ate house on Thompson, now
Twelfth Street. In 1857 the school w.as moveil 10
the jMiblic school building on I.afontaine, now
Fifteenth Street, holding its first session there on
June 14. In tlu; fall of 1S5S it was .again moved,
this time into the newly creeled Second German
TiiK Mi;rii()i)isr ki'iscoi'al churciiks.
57;
hs inovfii
M.
at .
tlu
I
iiiti
a 1
pur
i ;. Cluirch. A mission sciiool was also cstaljlislicd,
1 laliT (lay, in Sprini^wtlls, by I'.dwin lU-cdiT, at
I (irniT of Indian /\\aMuu! ami I'ort Slrccl.
II iiS/i scMial persons wiio liad l)L'i'n si)ecially
••(•sti'd in these mission seiiools dt'cided tocre't
mildin^ for their permanent liome. A lot w, s
viiased on the northoasl corner of Fort anu
mined to establisii a cluirch, aiid a society was
incorporated Auj^nsl 22, US71. On Se|)ienil)er 11,
1S71, till' corner-stone of tlie i)riei< cluirch, tifty-six
by sixty-seven feet, on the west side of Sixteenth
Street at the junction of W'.ilmit (now I5a.i;ii;)
Street, was laid. It was completed and dedicated
July 28, ;.S72. It occiii)ies two lots, which cost
$1,200. 'I'he buildiii)^ cost Sio.txxj, ;ind can seal
350. 'I'he averai;e attendance in iSSo was 150.
The p.istor's s.ilary was §800, .and the total yearly
expenses of ihe eluinh §i,2«). 'I he |)roperty was
valued at Si 1,000. The number of members u. as 82.
Tlic following is the list of p.aslors: 1873, H.
N. IJrown; 1874 iS7r), L, !', D.ivis; i87r), L. U.
Dean, S. !■;. Warren ; 1877 1878, John Russell,
L. II. Dean; 1879, J. C ilinyins; 1880 1881, L.E.
Lennox; 1881 1883, 'I'. 11. liaskerville ; 1883-
C. 11. .Spencer.
ain movei!,
tnd Ccnuaii
Fort Strkht M. K. Ciicrcii.
Twenty-second Sirt'cls at ;i cost of $2,000, and .1
wiiuilcn buildinv;'. forty by forty-six fei't, si'.atiu!,^ 400,
and coslini; $7,500, w.as erected. It was dedicated
October 15, 1871. lloth of the mission Sunday ,
schools were moved into the buildiiij;. The society
w.is ineorporaticl in 1873, and on February 22, 1874,
a 1 liunh w.as oriL;.inizi (1 with 30 members. In 1880
llic membership was 1 25.
The church was in charv;e of Ri'V. F. II. I'ilcher,
|)n .idinj; elder, until the fall of 1874, when Rev. R. S.
rardiiiirton was ajipointed pastor, .and served until
till' fall of 1 877. He was succeeded by Rev. W. '^
Ikirnett, who remained until the f.all of 1880, .and
was followetl by Rev. C. \V. Fowe. In the fall of
iS.Si Rev. II. .v. .Merrill became pastor, serving;
iiniil 1883. He was succeeded by Rev. C. M. Stuart.
I'he pastor's salary in 1880 w.as §1,200, and the
liilal yearly expenses $1 ,800. The value of the prop-
LTty was $8,000. The .iver.a.ne attendance was 120.
S/xfiiiif/i Sftttt ( '/lurch.
riu: bejrinnin^ of this society tl.ites from a mis-
sion school begun in May, i8()i;. It was soondeter-
SixTKii.srii SriiKiiT M. K. CuuRCii.
Junction ( 'hioch.
In the fall of 1875, through the efforts of the pre-
siding elder, Rev. F. II. I'ilcher, this chiircli w.as
erected on the cast side of Clippert Avenue, between
Audniin .and Fdwards Streets, in Springwells. Al-
though unlinished, without even being Lathed, it
w.as dedicated on Sunday .afternoon, June 18, 1876,
ai-al from that time services were held regularly on
tlie .Sabb.ath.
The following month .a weekly prayer-meeting
commenced, .and on July 9 a .Sabb.ath school was
organized. The last service in 1876 was held on
574
THE METHODIST El'ISCOl'AL CHURCHES.
September 17. As llic cluircli huildiiii; was too un-
comfortable for fiirtlier use, a room near the present
location was leased, anil a union Sunday school
organized. On Fei)ruary 4, 1S77. Kev. j. M. Ker-
rijje began to hold services at tiie Junction, and on
March 1 1 a church class with ten nicnibcrs was
organized. During tiiis ye.ir a lot in a new location
was given the society by Mr. A. Leavitt, but it was
deemed too small for the church. Mr. C. R. Mabley
then gave one lot Uj the society, and sold it another,
and the church was moved from Clipjiert Avenue to
the north side of Leavitt Street, between Hammond
and Welch .Avenues. In its new location it was dedi-
cated on October 28, 1877, by Rev. F. A. l>lades.
In the fall of 1880 the lot given by Mr. Leavitt was
sold, and the cost of moving and litting up the
church paid in full. The entire property, as it was
Junction M. E. Church.
in 1880, had cost §2,000 and was worth $2,500,
The church had 180 .sittings, and there was an
average attendance of 50 persons. Up to the fall
of 1882 it had no regular jiastor, but was cared for
by Rev. K. .\. lilades ; Rev. J. A. I.owry was then
appointed to the charge. He was succeeded in the
fall of 1S83 by Rev. H. A. Merrill, who was placed
in charge of this, and also of the missions of Del-
ray, Wesley, and Asbury c-hapels.
Dclray Church,
This society is the result of a Simday school
established in the upper story of a public school
building on May i, 1881. On November 20, a
church was organized, and on June r, 1882, its
building, on the south side of the river road, just
east of the village of Delray, was dedicated. It cost
$1,550; the lot, valued at Sjoo, was donated by M.
W. Field. The first regular pastor. Rev. S. 1'. W/u
ncr, w.is appointed in the fall of 1882. Number (j|
memlurs ill 18S2, 56. The names of the first trus-
tees were recorded in the county clerk's office De-
cember 16, 1882. During 1883 an addition to the
church, costing $400, was erected.
Delkay M. E. CiiUKcii.
Wesley Church.
This society had its beginnings in a Simday school
established by the .M. K. Church and Sunday School
Union. The school, under the superintendence of
Mrs. (ieorge Hargreaves, began on February 12,
1882, in a room on Indian Avenue near the Dix
Road, previously occupied as a saloon. The
school nourished, and a lot was procured on the
northwest corner of X'inewood Aveiuu and Dix
Road, at a cost of $1,700. A building was erected
at a cost, including furnishing, of $2,700, and on
January 28, 1883, it was dedicated. It .seats 270
persons, and can be made to accommodate about
50 more. The average attendance at the school at
time of dedication was 180.
Weslev M. E. Church.
Cass Aih-nue Church.
This .society was organized May 8, 1882, by the
election of nine trustees ruid a Hoard of Stewards.
THE METHODIST EPISCOPAL CHURCHES.
575
, V. War
.mibcr ot
'irst triis-
)l'lk-c Dc-
jn to the
iday school
iday Scliool
cndcnoc of
ibriiary 12,
ar the Dix
oon. 'Vhv
red oil the
and l)i\
IS erected
30, and oii
seats 270
date about
e school al
[82, by the
Stewards.
The lot on the northwest cor-
ner of Cass and Selden Ave-
nues was purchased and held
(or the society by David Pres-
ton ; including the interest, it
( ost nearly $9,000. The
(haix'l, with its furnishings,
cost about $11,000, It was
dedicated December 2, 1883,
Rev. J. H. IJayliss, D. D.,
preaching in the morning and
Rev. R. M. Hatfield, D. D.,
ill the afternoon. The first
pastor, Rev. Dr. W. W. Wash-
burn, was appointed in Sep-
tember, 1883.
AslJtoy Mission Chapel.
This enterprise is the
outgrowth of a Sabbath
school established in an
unoccupied building by the
M. E. Church and Sunday
School Union. The chapel
is located on the north
side of (iartield Avenue
just east of Chene Street,
It is thirty-two by forty-
eight feet in size, and with
the lot, cost about $1,700.
It was dedicated October
7. 1883.
First German
Chureh.
This society
was organized
and incorporated
in May, 1847,
and held their
tirst meetings in
an old yellow
building on
Brush Street,
near Larned. On
July j, 1848, the
corner-stone of
their brick
church, on the
northeast corner
of Croghan and
lieaubien Streets
was laid ; and in
May, 1 85 1, the
church was dedi-
FiRST German M. E. Church.
AsBUKY M. K. Mission CHAtEL.
Cass Avenie M. E. Chai'gl.
cated. It seals 300. The lot
cost S300 and the building
$3,000. In 1S73 $2,600 was
expended in repairs, and the
front of the building was much
improved. The parsonage,
built in 1857, is in the rear
of the church, and cost about
$800. The salary of the pas-
tor is $600 ; and the total
annual e.\penses are $1,000.
Value of property in 1880,
$10,000. Amount of debt,
$750.
The average attendance
in 1880 was no. The
number of members in
1 850 was 48 ; in 1 860, 78 ;
in 1870, 92; in 1880, 133,
The pastors have been :
1846, Charles Helwig ;
1847, John M, Hartman ;
1848, Charles Helwig and
C.Grimm; 1849, Charles
Helwig; 1 850-1 851, John
A. Kleine; 1852-1853, Ja-
cob Rothweiler ; 1854-
1855, I'eter F. Schneider;
1856, Emil Baur; 1857-
i858,N,Nufer; 1859-1860,
John Schweinfert ; 1861-
1862, Ceorge Xachtrieb;
1863-1866, C.eorge Ren-
ter; 1866,
Charles Melit-
zer; i 867-1 870,
Geo. Schwinn ;
1870-1872, An-
ton Warns;
1872-1875, H.
Pullman; 1875-
1878, Charles G.
Hertzer; 1878-
1880, A. Loe-
benstein ; 1880-
1883, Charles
Treuscliel; 1883-
, G. Weiler.
Second German
Church.
This society
was organized
in 1857, and on
September 5,
1858, dedicated
the brick church
57^>
'iiii': Mi:iii()i)i,si- i.i'isc oi'Ai, t inii<riii:s.
im lasl shU- oI Sixirciiili Slicil, lluii called l.asalk;
.\V( line, JHlween Mi(lli;;ail A\'clHle aiul l)al/ellc
Sliicl. A lar.nc poilioii ol llie |)iii(liasc [iiiee of iju-
lilt, $i(xj, was (ioiialed by J. W. Joliiisloii. Tiic
(iiun li < list $1 51X). Ii seats J(xj, and tin; averaj^i;
altendariii; ill iKXu was alxml kxj, I'lic iiumiIjct of
iiieinluTs in iK6owas 25; in 1^70, 74, in 1880,88.
'I'iiu salary of llic p.islor was $600, and tin; ollu-r
cluireli expi'iises in iS.So fooled ii|) ,il)onl ijiujij. All
the |)ews are free. 'I'lic parson.i,;;!: was biiill in |85<;
and cost $yM.
i'lii: followinjr persons have served as ]i;islors;
185(1, (aislavns Laas ; 1857 1859, (liistavus li.r-
trams; 1859 1861, William A. Hocrns; 1861, Jaeob
SUCONU CilCKMAN M. K. ClIUUCll.
Hraun; 1862-18^)5, C. ('■. Ilert/.er; 1865, Henry
Maeiit/. ; 18C/1 LSr.S, John S. S<lineider; 1868 1870,
William i'lorelu'i-ilin^; 1 870, A. Mevir; 1871 1874,
jae(il) r.iaiin ; 1874 1876, Henry Krill; 1876 1880,
(■.eoi\;c A. keiiier; i8,Su-i88j, William Miller;
1882- , !•;. Wnndcilieh.
Thirfy-Xiioiuf S/r,Yf Curnian Church.
This society was orv;ani/.ed, ;ind the church orv
'riiirly-second Street, ne.ir Michis;,in Avenue, dedi-
c.ited on l'"el)riiary 26, 1882. The lot cost $5o(j, the
liiiildini; cost §i,ic)(j and scats 200. \Kv\. R. I'Uiddc-
inan, the lirsl |)aslor, is still scrvinj^, in 1884.
l.iifiiVfffc Sfrtui African Church,
It may I)e mentioned to the credit of the colored
race th.at one of the first I'rotestant missionaries to
the Indians in this rei^ion was John Stewart, a free
m.'in of color and a Methodist, born in i'owhattan
County, \'irv;inia. In November, 1816, he arrived
at the Wyandotte Village, near Detroit, as a v(jhm-
leer L'hristi.in leaclier. 1 lis mission proved .1 suc-
cess, as he was both well received and well ad.ipt( il
for the work. In 1819 his mission was taken in
<h.irv;e by the Ohio ( onfereiice, ,ind the s.ame year
the Missi(»n.iry .Society of the M. V.. thiirch was
orn-ini/ed ;iiul his mission contimied.
A colored .Methodist socutty w.is oi^.ini/ed in
Detroit in 1839, but was not orii^in.illy connected
with the African .\1. V.. Chun h. Their lir.sl meet-
inj;s wi-re held in ;m olil buildinjf locati-d on north
side of (.'onj^nss Slrt'i't near Woodward Avenue,
known as Military H.ill or Council House. It w.is
^nmted by the Common Council to the colored
Methodist Church on July 9, i8;,9, ;md removed
within a few wei'ks to t'ronh.in Street near
tile northwest corner of il.islin.ns Street, on
wli.'it was known .is I'.iiher Armstronjf's lot.
Wiiiie the society w.is there located, John
M. iSrowii, now ;i bishop, w.is an exhorler
in the ( hurch. The society reni.iined on
Cro^han Street for .1 year or two, and on
May 10, 1841, w.is oiv;,ini/.ei| iiiidir the
direct control of the Afiic.ni M. !■'.. Church.
The biiiMinv,^ W.IS then mo\'<(l to I'Drt Street
I'.ast, .1 liille west of I'.c.uibien Street, neatly
'>^ fitted up, .and formally dcdic.ited on June i-l,
1H42; il was used by the society until the
brick church on the south side of l.af.iyctte
Street, immediately in the rear, was com-
pleted, 'flu; lot on I,.if.iyelte Street W.is
bou.i.;ht June 5, 1845, for iji^'o. 'I'he church,
forty !)y tifty feet, was dcdic.ited September
19, 1847, and cost !j;2,o(Xj.
On July 30, if^49, the society w.is iiicor-
por.ited. On December 2, 1866, .ifler beinx ix-
teiisively rep.iired, the church w.is re-dedicated,
■flic rep.airs cost .about S4,0(xj, incrcisin.^' the si/c
of the buildinv;- to forty by sixty-eii^ht feet, .and 100
seats were gained. Tiie church now seats 500.
TiiiRi v-Si'.i(iNi> Srniti;!' (Iii.man M. V.. Ciiuk M.
Till'; MiriioDisr icnscorAi, ciiukciiks.
577
reel W.IS
cliunli,
IS iiu'<ir-
iiiv; IX-
(licalcd.
the si/c
niul K'lJ
500.
I,,, Si), }()iS.
rile n, lines of ilie pastors ;irc as follows: 1842-
111, Mr. Il,irv;i.u(^; i.S.|.| 1 S (6, J. ■riioiti,is ;
i;i.(6 1S47, lulwanl Davis; 1.S47 1848, Kdward
In iSSo ilif avcra.iff altinilance \v,is 500. the pas- lirst occiipifd its own bniidiny^ (tn Ciihoim Slrt'cl.
i. IS s.ilary was $'/J(j, and tin- loi.il ( liun li cvpcnscs In 1.S74 the old .Second C'onnrei.;,ition,il C'liapel w.is
,ilioiil $1 !)iiiJ pel" year. Ilie \.ilnc ol (lie propeily purchased and ino\cd htside the loriner ineiliii;;-
u,is$ii,om). The luinibeidl inenil)ers in i84(ju,is house of the socii:iy; it was dedicated in its new
I 1; in 1850, KX); in i86u, 1 51,; in i<S7o, joo; in lociiion on .SeptiMiiher 5, 1.S74, with ;i serinoii by
llishop W. .\.\V .IS 111,111. The old buihhnv; was
then transfoVined into ,1 p,irsona).{e. The present
chinch seals 51XJ.
The aveiaije atlendaiKur in i.SS()wasi25. The
pastor's .sal. try was S.;oo, and total annual expenses,
$.So(). Tile v.ilue of the jiroperly was $3,500, .'ind
llie number of inenibers 85.
They iiad no p.isior until 1873; since then the
pastors ii.ive been: 1873, ( I. Ward, 1874, L. I J.
Crosliy; 1S75, II. II. Wilsuu; lS7r, 1R78, R. Jef-
fries; 1878 1881, J. Siiiipsun; |8,S| to l88.(, !,. I).
('ros!)y ; |8,S,| , V. I'rid-.
X/ou .l/r/iii// CIniiili.
A society uilli seven nieiiibeis, cillcd tin- j'irst
Independent .M. I.. C hunh, w;is orv;aiii/,ed in April,
:87i), by Kev. Henry Henderson, and a wooden
church, on tlie south side of f.ilhoun .Street, between
Il:isiiiiy;s and I'ldspecl Streets, \\;is dedicated
Odobcr 15, 1871. Mr. Henderson rein.iined until
tile f;iil of 1871, ;ind was siicceedi-d l)y Ilisiiop A.
K. ( ireeii, who rcni.iiiied live niontlis. Kev. John
(Ireeii w,is then pastor for two ye;irs. In 1874,
.ind until ;ii)out the close of 1875, Kev. J,inies
Simpson was p;istor. The church tlieii hecann-
disoi\;aiii/.ed, ;ind m.'uiy of the metiibefs joined
oilier coii'.^ relaxations.
I.AiAvi.iii.. STKicn- AiMCAN JJ. K. CicKCH. '''l"' l>'-eseni /ion Church was ()rv;ani/.ed in 1875,
with live members. In 1880 ii had niiielccn mem-
llc;irt; 1848 to Ani.,aisl, 1850, I'elcr (lardner;
AiiiiXiist, 1850, to Marih, i85t, J. liownian; Aii-
i;iist, 1851, to Anijusi. 1852, v.. Heart; 1852-
1854, Is.iac Williams; 1854 1 856, John A. Warren;
185C) 1858, .\. II. Turpiii; 1858 i8ou, .\. K. (lieeii;
i.%o 1862, John .\. Warren; 1862 1864, K. A.
Jiiiinson; 1864 1865, II. J. Voun.i; ; May, 1865,10
Aii.mist, 1867 \. Mclntosii; 1867 1 S69, W. S.
I.aiikford; 1869 1872, < i. C. Uooiii ; 1872 1874, A.
r. Hall; J.inuary, 1874, to August, 1875, Willi.iiu
l. Trev.in; 1875 to March, 1877, W. S. l.ankford;
March, 1877,10 Aiixust, ( '.. C. lioolh; August, 1877,
111 Anniisl, 1879, J. Mit<iieni; Alienist, 1879, to
.Au'^usi, 1882, 1). r. Koiicris; Aii'^iisi, 1882,10 1884,
.\. A. I'.iirici.^h; |88.|.- , j. ILiss.
/■'./iriircrr .Ifrnnn Chitrih.
This society, located on the iiorlh side of Calhoun
Sireet, between lU-;iiil)ien ;ind Si. AiUoine .Streets,
WIS ornani/ed, with thirteen members, by Rev. (1. bers. The church was c,irc-d for i)y ■;iriotis elders
{' Uooiii. in Cook's Hall, corner of l'ros|)ect and until October, 1879, wiien Kev. .\. \. Wilson, of
Wiilson Streets, on November 2, 1871. The .Siiiulay i'onli.io, be^;iii to serve; as p;islor. He w;is siK-
school be^Mii the following .Snnd.iy with twenty- ceeded by Kev. d. W. Ciordon, who |)reached his
tlirce mciiibers. In Auijust, 1872, the society lirst sermon October \(\ 1881. In the winter of
Kbknbzek Ai'idCAN M. E. Ciii'rch.
578
THE METHODIST EPISCOPAL CHURCHES.
1880 tlic biiiklini; was torn down, anil the society
then procured, for S75. 'i leased lot and bnildini; on
the north side of Ohio Street, between St. Antoine
and liastinjrs Streets. The buiklini; aecoinniodates
eighty persons, .iiul in 1880 there was an average
attendance of 50.
French Church. {Extinct.)
This society was an outgrowth of the labors of
Rev. Thomas Carter. The tirst services were held
in the old Congress Street M. E. Church. Success
attending these endeavors, a lot costing S300 was
purchased on the east side of Rivard Street, between
Croghan and Lafayette Streets, and a substantial
brick building, costing §4,000, erected. It was dedi-
cated on November 20. 1853. in tills year lifteen
members were reported.
\\\ 1856 Mr. Carter was called to another tield,
and the church, for the next tliree ye.irs. formed
part of the City Mission, and w.is supplied, for one
year each, by Revs. M ilickey, J. l.evington. and J.
A. Baughman. Most of the members tlien joined
other churches and in the summer of 1861 the
church building was scjld to a congregation of Jews
for 13,500, and was set ajxirt by them on August
30, 1861. It was subsequently sold to be used for
business purposes.
The money received by the Methodist society
from tile sale of the property was in\ested in ;i lot
on Jefferson .\venue, a church was erected thereon,
and the name of the French M. E. Church changed
to Jefferson Avenue M. E. Church on May 31, 1875.
/'///,■ StiCi-t Protrstaiit Mrthodist C/iitrch.
( l-lxll'lhlA
A society of Protestant Methodists was organized
on February 10. 1867, by Rev. \V. H. Hakewell,
and a wocxlen i-hurch erected on the north side of
Pine Street, between Si.xth and Seventh Streets.
Although not completed, it was dedicated on No-
vember 2y. 1868. The society then h.id thirty
meiubers. Rev. W. M. Goodner, who served in
1869, was the last pastor. The buikling was sub-
sequently tm'ned into a machine shop and eveiuu-
allv burned.
Bethel Evangelical Association Church,
This society, although not connected with the
Methodist Episcopal Church, is nearly the .same in
its doctrines and usages as the Cerman M. E.
Churches. The society in Detroit was organized
August 20, 1856, with twenty-six memt)ers. and in-
corporated July 3. 1879. riie wooden church on
the .southeast corner of Hastings and Montcalm
Streets was dedicated July 25, 1858, The thrc*
lots on Hastings Street cost $800; the church cost
$1,700, and sealed 300. The parsonage was built in
1859, and cost S300. (Ju June 26. 1883, the pro|)-
eriy was sold for $j,i8o, anil a lot on the northwesi
corner of Catharine and Dubois Streets purch.ised
for Si, 200. In the fall of 1883 a church cosiiiiv
$5,700 was erected thereon; it was dedicated .\n
vember 4, 1883. It seals 300. The average attend-
ance on Sunday morning in 1880 was 60. The
salary ol the i);istor was S500. anil the other church
evpenses $125 per year. The numbei' of members
in i860 was 24; in 1870, 25; and in 1880, 70,
Bp.TiiiiL CiriKiM (II- K\ \S(;hi.I( Ai. A.ssociation,
( )rigiiiiil liuikling.
The following persons have served as pastors ;
1857 1859, J. P. Schantz; 1859 1861, C. Trainer,
1861 1863, j. Meek; 1863-1866, J. M. llaiig; 1866-
1868, J. C. Ude; 1868- 1870, M. Speek ; 1870-187:,
J. M. Fuchs; 18721875, C, Deike; 1875 1878,].
F.Mueller; 1878, J. Frankhauser; 1879 to April,
1880. C. (".. Koch; April, 1880, to 1883, Frederick
Klump; .April, 1883, to , W. T. Zander,
XkW I'hIIIKI. (.'hIH I nl- \\\ WCIil.lCM. .AsSlllt AIIDN.
EVENTS OF INTEREST TO TllIC DKNOMINATION.
579
KVENTS or INIKKKSr To TIIK DKNOM INA I K i\.
1837. — St'ptL'ml)LT f), first session of Michigan
IdnfiTt'iiri: lu'ld in tiu' cluircii on corner of \\\)od-
ward Avi'niK' .uul Slate Street, IJisiiop R. R.
ivoljerts presiding;.
iSyj. - July 17, Centenary celebration of foiiiul-
'm\r of Methodism in Enj,dand. Convention in De-
troit.
1839.— Sunday, Seineniber 1, Rev. Hishoj) Sonic
preached in the church corner of Con.vjress Street
and Woodward Avenue.
1845. — Sei)t'Mnl)er 10, Session of Miciiiyan Con-
ference held m Coni^ress Street M. E. Church,
liishop v.. S. Janes presiilinir.
1847. —March 7, Sunilay farewell missionary
nieetiniLf on the occasion of tlie departure of Rev.
Jiidson ]). Collins, of Michij^an, to China, at the
Congress Street M. R. Church, lie was the first
Methodist missionary sent to that country.
1851. -June 8, Wetlnesday, Procession of seven
hundred Sunday school scholars. Dinner servetl in
basement of the church ccjrner of Woodward Ave-
nue and St.ite Street.
1S53. — September 14, Michivfan Conference ses-
sion held in State Street M. K. Church, liishop B.
Waui^h presidinif.
1854. — November .13, Detroit Methodist .Sunday
School Union ori^anized, compo.sed of ministers,
oHicers, and teachers of all the Methodist Sunday
schools, with the desi^ai of improNinif the methotis
of instruction and increasing; the membership
of the schools. (Uiarterly meetinirs were hekl
on the Sabbath at different churches at which all
the children were ijjathered. Addresses and sini,nn,i,'
constituted the e.Kercises, which were always enjoy-
able. It was under the direction of this Union that
the Sunday schools were established which resulted
in the forminjr of the Fort Street and Simpson M.
E. Churches.
1S55.— Au.u^ust 2, General Sunday School cele-
bration of the M. E. Churches of the city. Excur-
sion to Wyandotte on May Queen, and picnic there,
1,400 jKirticipants.
1856. —^May 25, Sund.iy, Dr. F. J. Jobson of the
liriiish Conference in Detroit. He stopi)e(l at the
liiddle House. In his book on " America and
American .Methodism." he says, " We passed the
Sabbath in Detroit, and as our Sabbaths in .America
had been wholly spent anions the Methodists, we
resolved, after a visit to the .Methodist Church, to
attend on that day the services of <nher denomina-
tions."
'i860. — October 21 and 22. .Anniversary exercises
of the ( icneral .M. E. Sunday School Union. Sermons
ami adtlresses were delivered by Rev. Dr. (after-
w.irds liishop) 1). W. Cl.irk, Rev. Dr. Wise, editor
of the Sund.iy .School Advocate, Kev. J. II. \inccnt,
D. 1)., and Rev. T. M. Eddy. D. 1).
1861. Sc|)tember 25, Detroit Contcrcncc session
in Wooilward .\yenue .M. E. Church, presided over
by liishop K. R. Ames.
1863. -January ly, Ceneral Methodist Missionary
Meetini; at Vounif Men's Hall. Addresses by Rev.
R. .M. Hathckl, Rev. M. A. l)oui;hcrty, Rev. T. C.
CJardncr, Rev. 15. F. Cocker, and others.
1866.— October 25, Centenary Jubilee of foimding
of American Methodism. Services in chapel of
Central .M. E. Church, sermon by Rev. ]•:. O. Haven,
Union Love Feast, adilresses, etc.
1868. -January 31, The Sunilay .School and Mis-
sionary Union of the M. K. Church of Detroit was
ori;anizeil ; it made it.self chielly useful in stimu-
latiiii^;- the buildinj; of the Simjjson M. I-'.. Church.
1869. September i. Detroit Conference met at
Detroit in Central Church, liishop Levi Scott pre-
sidini;.
1872. — NovemJjer 25 and 26, .Anniversary exer-
cises of (ieneral M. E. Tract Society held at Detroit.
1874.- .August 30, liishop J. T. I'eck, while in
attendance at the C.crman Conference, preached
Sunday morning at Central M. E. Church.
1876. -April 14, (.Uiarterly .and ninth annual
meetinifs of Northwestern liranch of Women's For-
eign .Mi.ssionary Society in Central .M. E. Church.
1876. — Aujrust 30, Detroit Conference session at
Tabernacle Church, liishop E. R. Ames presiding.
1878.— July 15, The M. E. Church and Sunday
School Alliance was formed to further the interests
of the Methodi.st Church in Detroit. .Soon alter it
was orj^anized, the project of uniting all the churches
in an effort to pay off the united debts of the Eng-
lish-speaking Methodist churches was proposed,
and, after various meetings, ratified by the official
boards of the several churches. As a result, there
was raised the sum of $35,500, and on Novem-
ber 25, 1880, at a jubilee thanksgiving service, held
in the Central M. E. Church, the total of the debts
of the several churches was reiJorted, not only as
subscribed but actually paid in, so that the can-
celled mortgages and obligations were presented to
the officiary of the several churches.
1882. — May 10, The semi-annual meeting of the
Bishops of the M. -E. Church- began. There were
present Bishojis Simpson, P'oster, Peck, Wiley,
Hurst, Merrill, Warren, and Andrews. On Sunday,
May 14, they occupied the .several .Methodist pulpits,
and the annual missionary collections were taken
up.
1882. — September 19. Clo.sing session of Detroit
Conference at Central M. E. Church.
58o
KVKN'IS ol" INTKRKSI' In Till; DKNOMINATION.
I'rfsidin^ I •'.Id as of t lie District, huliitlin^
hitroil.
Now Yi)rk Confrr- \ 1804, S;iima'l Coatc.
ciu'c. \ I Soy, Joscpli Sawyer.
^ ,, , r 1810-1813, Henry Ryan.
Genesee Confer- \ „ ,,..:;. ,.' '
■ iSi 5, \\ illiani Case.
( 1816 1.S20, Henry Ryan.
1820, James H. l-'inley.
1831, Jiilm Strange.
i8jj, James 15. Finley.
1823, Jiilm Slr.'inife.
1524, James \\. I''iiiley.
1525, William Simmons.
1826-1829, Z. H. Coston.
1S29 1832, Curtis Cioddard.
1832-1836, James Gilruth.
Ohio Conference,
Michigan Confer-
ence.
Detroit Confer-
ence.
I836--
837. William lierr.
1838-
842, C.eoryc Smitli.
1842-
843, K. II. I'ileher.
1844-
S48, I'.lijah Crane.
1 848-
852, J.unes Sliaw.
1852-
'^53> J' A- r>au,i;hman
1854-
856, W 11. Collins.
iS^6-
857, W. 11. Collins.
185K
S59, J. F. D.ividson.
i860
S64, M. Iliekey.
1864^
868, S. Clements, Jr.
1868-
S72, V. \. r.lades.
1872-
S76, K. 11. rileher.
1876-
8S0, J. M. Fuller.
18S0-
883, W. W. W.ishhurn
1883-
, J, iMeKkluwiiey.
CHAPTER LIX.
IIK l'K()TF:STy\NT KIMSCOPAL CHURCHr.S.-HISIIOI'S, DIOCESES. AND CONVEN-
TIONS—ANGLO-CATHULIC AND REFORMED EI'ISCOI'AL CHURCHES.
PROTESTANT EPISCOPAL CHURCHES.
S/. Paul's C/iun/t.
TllF, first orij.ini/.atinn of ;i rrntest.int Episropa!
CIuirIi in Detroit dates from November 22, 1824, at
wliich time a few persons met in the Council House
on the corner of Jefferson /\ venue and Randnlpii
Street, and, aided by the Rev. Richard 1''. Cadle, who
had arrived July 12 orijanized St. Paul's Protestant
Episcopal Church, the first of the denf)mination in
Michi,i>;an. In February, 1825, under a jreneral law,
the church was incorporated.
The city irovernment seems to have specially
f.nored Episcopalian ministers, for when it came
into possession of several dwellings on the Military
Reserve granted by Congress, the Council, on Nov-
ember 18, 1826, reduced the rent of Rev. Mr.
Wells, the Presbyterian minister, from seven to five
dollars per month, while the Rev. Mr. Cadle's rent
was reduced from four dollars to one dollar per
month.
The church services were held in the Coimcil
House and Fort for some four years, and then, under
Mr. Cadle s ministrations, •'■ was determined to erect
a church. The First i'rotestant Society, at this time,
had become a regularly organized Presbyterian
Church, but retained possession of the entire prop-
erty of the old society. The members of St. Paul's
Church claimed a portion of the land, on the ground
that they were a part of the original owners ; and
on August 7. 1827, a lot si.xty by one hundred was
deeded to the rector, wardens, and vestrymen of St.
Paul's, on condition that they would move the
Wv)oden church, then owned by the Presbyterians,
from the middle of the lot to the corner of Earned
Street. This was done at a cost of $150, and on
August 10, 1827, the corner-stone of St. Paul's
Church, on Woodward Avenue, was laid. The
church was completed and pews sold on July 26,
1828, and on August 24 it was consecrated. It was
a very plain brick building, forty by si.xty feet, cost-
ing, with its furnishings, $4,500. Rev. Eleazer
Williams, the reputed Dauphin of France, read the
consecration service. The sermon was by Bishop
John H. Hobart, of New York.
In June, 1829, Mr. Cadle left on account of failing
health, and on March 30, 1830, Rev. Richard Rury
was installed as his suci'essor. In August. i.S3i,an
organ was procured. Mr. lUiry was compelled to
resign the rectorship on account of illness in .',' irch,
1833, and was succeeded in \pril by Rev. .Addison
Scarle. In 1834 the church had sixty-eight con>-
nuuiicants and a Sunday .school of one hundred and
eighty members, with an average attendance of 120.
This year an addition forty-seven feet in length was
made to the rear of the buikling; galleries were also
put in, and a tower one lunidred and fifteen feet
high added. The total cost of these improvements
was $3,000. (See picture given in a general view
in connection with history of First Presbyterian
Church.)
Mr. Searle served as rector until January. 1835.
Rev. Hugh Smith, of New York, then came and
preached, but declined a call. On June 29, 1836,
Rev. S. A. McCoskry was made rector. He arrived
at Detroit in August.
Mrs. Jaineson, who was in Detroit in July, 1837,
thus speaks of the church and its services at the
time of her visit :
On entering, I perceived at one Rl.ance that the Episcopal
Church is hfri', as at New York, the fashi(inat)li' chunli of tlie
place. U was crowded in every |)art ; the women will dressed,
but, as at New York, too much dressed, too fine for ^ood taste
and real fashion. I was handed ininirdiately to the " stranjiers'
pew," a book put in my hand, and it was whispered to me that
the bishop would preach. Our English idea of the exterior of a
bishop is an old gentleman in a wig and lawn sleeves, both
equally ,h- rigiieur. I was therefore childishly surprised to find
in the liishop of Michigan a young man of very elegant appear-
ance, wearing his own fine hair, and in a plain lil.uk silk gown.
The sermon was on the well worn subject of charity as it consists
in giving,- the least and lowest it may be, of all the branches of
charity, though indeed that depends on what we give, and how
we give it.
We may give our heart, our soul, our time, our health, our life,
as well as our money ; and the greatest of these, as well as the
least, is still but charity. At home I have often thought that
when people gave money, they gave counters ; here when people
give money they are really charitable ; they give a portion of their
time and their existence, both of which are devoted to money-
making.
On closing his sermon, which was short and unexception.able,
the bishop leaned forward over the pulpit, and commenced an
extemporaneous address to his congregation. ♦ * » I have
never heard anything more eloquent and more elegant than this
address. It was in perfect good taste besides being very much
to the purpose. He spoke in behalf of the domestic missions of
I58.]
582
'iiii; i'K()ii;siAN r kimscoi'ai. chukciiks.
hi« ditiCFitc. I imdiTntmid that tin- nii««iiin- liitluiio mippurtiil
In llu- li,u k Willi mints .irr, in miiMi|iii iin' nf llu c xlrcini'
lircKHiiri' iif till' llmi'4, likily In Ih' willulMivn, anil llu mw, lliinly
pinplcd (li.itriils thus Ufl williDiit any n.iiMstry wlialivcr. Hu
rallrd 111! Ilii- pcdplr In n'wr llirir iilil tnwanU '<n«l.iinil)i: lli.sc
diinit'stii nii!iHi(in.iru'!<, at liast (ur a lime, and said, ,iniunK oilier
tliiiiK"<, that ir I'Hcli indi-
vi<lual of ilir I'.pim iipal
Church in the I'liitrd
Statu* sidiM-rilii'd one
crnt per wn k for one
yi'ar, it woidd amount
to uiorr than $^tK)f(MN),
This aildros was rc-
xpnndcd to by a sid)»i'ri|)-
tion iin thr spot, of alinvr
$400, — a larK'' »um for n
small town, snlTorinn,
like all otlnr plait-s, from
the present iitinmen'iat
difTieiilties.
In Octohcr, 1S42,
the servitTs at St.
P.-uil's were so
larjjjily attriulfd
tliatthe l)isli()iici)m-
nu'iii'cd lioldiii;; fx-
tr;i services in llic
City II.ill. and in
N'()vi'inlK'r.iS42. the
followinjr .ippeared
in a daily paper:
(JwinK to the want ot
room in St. I'aid's
Chiireh, hetnilt, the
liisliop cif the hioeese
has orwani/ed a cli.i|)el
in connection with said
cluireh, and has pro-
cured the use of Mechan-
ics' Mall, where Protest-
ant l'".piseop,il services
will he held niornint; and
afternoon e.ii h Sahliath,
at the usual hours.
The attend.ance
(lid not \v,irrant
their eontinuance,
and they were
jriven up: hut the
ij row til of tlie
cluireii and the jiro-
jjrcss of till' times
made it neeess.-iry
to erect ,'i iaij.^er
buildinjj, and ac-
cor(h'ny;ly a new site was selected on the northeast
corner of Couirres.s and .Shelby Streets. In March,
1S51, and 1.S52, tlie |)roperty on Woodward Avenue
was sold to seveivil parties for ;i tot.il of §12,^)42. and
in April. 1S52, the old church was demolished. The
St. Paii.'s I'kothstant I.ti'^copal Ciiukch.
last .service w.is held on Ka.ster Mond.iy. Services
were then held in i'Mremeii's ILill until the church
was completed.
The new huildiii;; mm\ its furnishinyfs cost ?l4;^,ooo.
it was dedicated I>eceml)er ly, 1S52. Its s\m' i-
.seventy hynne hun-
dred ,-ind thirty-
three feet. It has
one hnndrcd ,-ind
sixty-si.\ pews ;ini|
seats eiv;ht hundred
and fifty persons
The lots cost $4,400.
The rectory ne,ii
the cluirch, built in
I1S52, cost S3,ocK).
and the lot S4,5o<'.
Rev. I)r, Mc-
Coskry resij^ned the
rectorshiji in 1S63.
and w.is succeeded
on October 1 1)\
Rev. Milton C.
Liujhtner. lie w;is
followed in()ctol)er,
1867, by Rev. Dr.
T. C. i'itkin. who
served the jxirish
until April, 1.S77,
■'uvl durintr his ]i;is-
tor.'iti'. on Novem-
ber 22, 1X74, the
semi-centenni;il of
the orij.ani/.ation of
the cluirch was ap-
propriately observ-
ed. Rev. KufusW.
Clark became rector
September 12, I1S77.
The rector's .sal-
ary, in 1880, was
$2,500 and the use
of the rectory. The
cost of the choir
was Si, 600, the sex-
ton s .salary, S475,
and the total an-
nual e X p e n s c s,
S7,ooo. The re-
ceipts from pew
rents were $5,000.
Value of the prop-
erty §100,000. The average attendance at Sun-
day morninir service in 1880 was 500. Number of
members in 1830,40; in 1840, 291 ; in 1850, 250;
in 1860, 2C)5 ; in 1870, 296; in 1880, 448. In 1883
the three missions of All Saints, St, Barnabas, and
TFIi: I'l<i)ri:STANT KIMSCoI'AI, CIirKCUKS.
5.^3
ScrvicL-s
If cliiirili
t S4,Votxr
Its si/c h
'one hiin-
I thirtv-
. It li.-is
Irrd .'iiiil
:if\\s nnd
t iiuiuir((l
persons.
)st $4,400.
<iry lu-.ii
h. built in
;t Sl^oo''.
ot S4,5()(<
Dr. M.-
siv;ni'<l till
> in iSfi;,.
siiccfi'dfd
Ikt I liy
ilton C.
IK' w.i'i
nOctdluT.
Kfv. Dr.
itkin, wiiii
hv parish
iril, 1S77.
ivj his pas-
1 Novi'ni-
1S74, the
I'lmial nf
ix.ation nf
h was ap-
y ol)si'r\-
RufusW.
niu'rccior
r 1:, 1S77.
■tor's sal-
81S0, was
1(1 tlu' use
iry. Till'
"ic clioir
the sex-
ry, S475.
total an-
iens c s,
The re-
pew
S5.000.
he prop-
at Sun-
umber of
I.S50, 250;
In 1883
ibas, and
lorn
S TliomaH, were under the care of Si. Pjiiiis
C iireh. ''he former rectory, now kno^vn .as St.
1 il's buil<lini(. is of'upicd l/v a ela.s.sicjil .school
t,. i.iiiit by Kev. I 'aid Ziei^lcr.
• Ill .\pril <), i.S(>3. it was cfinserrateil. Tin- cost of
the bnildin^r .ind its fiirnishinins w;is iftjiS. 150. It is
built in the form of ;i Latin cross. The tot.il lcny;th
inside is one hundred ;mil twelve feet, the width
niToss thf nave forty-four feet, and across the tran-
.sept seventy-seven feel; height from tloor to rid^,^'
of roof, t'ifty-live fet't. It seats yoo persons.
In ( >ctober, I1S64, a chime of nine bells was
placed in the tower, .at ;in e.\]iense of S5.409. The
sever.il bells were contributed by the foUowin.if
p.iriics: Hill No. I, by the I.,idii's' .Society; No. 2,
by Mrs. C. C. Trowbridi;c; No. 3, by the .S.-uiijcr
family; No. 4. by the children of the Sunday .school;
No. 5, by tlie younyf men of the p.irish as a tesli-
moni.al lo the .senior w.irden. .Mr. C. C. Trowbrid).;e ;
No. 6. by J. N. Ford; No. 7, I)y J. ]•:. I'ittman; No.
iS, by I'.dward and M.irtha I.yon ; No. 9 by Mar>'S.
M;iii(lclb;iuin.
In 1.S64 the rectory on \Voodbrid!L;e Street, in
rear of the church, was purchased for ^.',500, .and
in 186^1 it was enl;u;;((l ,it .1 cost of $3,000.
lllKlM l'l;illKSI.\N I 1.1 1^
\l. (.Ill K< II, I lKll,IN.\l. l!l ll.l
C//>/\/ Cfiinih.
This, the second p.irish of the denomin.a-
tidu in Detroit, was or,i.{anized on May 26,
1.S4;. The articles of .association were sij,'neil
l)v sixty-seven persons. As the St.ate Law
under which it would ha\e been necessary to
incorporati' w.is then unsatisfactory, the so-
lietv w;is not incorpor.itcd until M.arch 27,
1S57.
Ill 1845 .a lot on the south side of Jefferson
Avenue. between ll.astinvis.and Riward Streets,
w.is jirocured, and .a fr.ame church, forty-two
hy seventy-two feet, eri'cted ;it .1 cost of
Si. 500. It se.ateil 300. .and was consecrated
M.iy 31, 1846. The first rector w.as Rev. W.
\. I.yster. He served until April. 1S49, ,ind
\v,is succeeded in July by Rev. Charles .\ldis,
who remained until June, 1851. During th.it
summer the church was enl,ari;ed by an ad<li-
timi of thirty feet on the rear, at a cost of
aliiuit $3,000. The se.atinyf capacity w.as thus
iiii Teased to 500,
In November. 1856, Rew T. R. Cliipni.m
Inr.ame rector, and remained until November,
iSy;. Ill February, i860. Rev. H. II. I'.addock
tiidk charire of the parish, and on October
1 1) following;, the corner-stone of the stone
chapel on the rear of the lot was laid. The
ch.ipel was fully completed and cf)nsecrated
nil June 9, 1861. It seats 300 persons and
(list S3. 706. The old church w.as then torn
(linvii and the erection of a new edil'ice beifun.
Chkist Protestant Episcopal Chckch.
584
THK PROTESTANT EPISCOPAL CHURCHES,
In iVpril, 1869, Rev. Mr. Paddock resiijned his
rectorship. He was succeeded in January, 1870,
by Rev. J. \V. P>ro\vn, who rfniaincd until February
1S76. In August, 1S76, Rev. William J. Harris
became rector, and in December, 1881, he w.as
succeeded by Rev. Chauncey V>. Hrcwster.
In 1877 the tower of the church was completed,
at a cost of $4,000.
A short time before his death tlie senior warden,
Mr. C. C. Trowbridge, presented the church with
an elepant memorial window, bearing a repre-
sentation of the (iood Shepherd, witii tliis inscrip-
tion, "I am the Ciood Shepherd. In memory of
Rev. William N. Lystcr, lirst rector of this parish,
and of Ellen E,, iiis wife."
The rector's salary in 1880 was $3,000. The
annua' expenses for the choir are Si.ooo. The
se.xton is paid S300. The total yearly e.\i)enses in
1880 were about $5,000, antl the receipts from pews
$4,500. The average attendance at the morning
service was from 350 to 300. Number of com-
municants in 1S50, 94; in i860, 149; in 1870,
399; in 1880, 500. Value of property in iSSo,
$120,000. Amount of debt, $?, 700.
Marint'rs' Cliiircli.
This church owes its existence to the liberality
of Miss Charlotte Ann Taylor and her sister. Mrs.
Julia Ann Anderson. Miss Taylor died February
1, 1840, bequeathing all her property to her sister,
but with a verbal and well-uiidi'rsiood agreement
between them that Mrs. Anderson would e\entually
bequeath it, witli her own property, to establish a
mariners' church. Both ladies were, at the time of
their death, communicants of St. I'auls.
Mrs. Anderson died October 28. 1842. aged forty-
nine years. Fn.-r will, dated eight d.iys before her
death, gave the lot lifty by one hundred feet on
northwest corner of Woodward ;\\enue and Wood-
bridge Street, .is .1 site for a cluinii, to be called the
Mariners' Church of Detroit, and directed that it
be built of stone. For the purpose of building and
maintaining the church, .she gave a lot of land in
Monroe, and a lot in the rear of the church, on
Woodbridge Street, extending through to (iriswold,
with a front of forty feet on that street, together
with $13,100 in cash.
On March 29, 1848, by special Act of the T cgis-
lature, C, C. Trowbridge, who had been appointed
a trustee by the executors, and eight others who
were to be appointed, were constituted a corpora-
tion under the title of Trustees of the Mariners'
Church of Detroit. The Act jirovided that the
pews in the church to be erected should be forever
free.
The erection of the church was begun in the
spring of 1849. On Octoi)er 24, Rev. Horace Hill
was chosen rector, and on December 23, 1849, thu
church was consecrated. It is fifty by one hundred
feet in size, and seats about 500 persons. The
entire cost was $15,000. The lower story has
always been used for business purposes; it was first
occupied by the post-otlice, and has since been
rented to various business firms. fSce picture given
in connection with chapter on Merchants and Trad-
ing-)
Mr. Hill resigned in December, 1856, and was
succeeded by Rev. Rufus Murray. He rcmaineil
until March 27, i860, and on April 28 of this year,
Rev. A. L. Rrcwer became rector. He resigned in
December, 1864, and the parish was caretl for by
the bishop until November, 1865, when Rev. A. M.
Lewis began his term.. In May, 1872, he resigned,
and on October i, Rev. V.. W. Flower was appointed.
He resigned October i, 1876, and was succeeded on
February 14, 1877, by Rev. William Charle.s.
The revenue of tlie church from rents amounts
to about $2,500 per year, and is used in its m.iin-
tenance. The rector's salary is $1,400 ; the ;uuui.il
expenses of the choir and sexton are $200 each ;
and the total expenditures, abcnit $2,000. The
average .attendance at the church in 1880 was 130.
Number uf members in 1850, 63; in i860, 134; in
1870. 13^; in 1S80, 53. Value of the property in
1880, $I'X),000.
St. Peter's C/wri/t.
This society held its first services in a private
house on the corner of Haker Street and Trumbull
Avenue. On February 12, 1858, it was incorpor-
St. Pbthr's Protestant Episcopal Church.
ated. A small house on T.everette Street, near
Trumbull Avenue, was then fitted up, but as it could
not be used in cold weather, the services were con
ducted in a store on the northwest corner of Raker
Street and Trumbull Avenue, subseciuently at Mor-
nil'. rROTKSTAXr KI'ISCOTAI, ciiuuciiks.
5S5
s mrorpor-
n -s Hall, and then in an old cnvjimj house on Third
Hireet. In 1859 Governor Wcodbridv^e ijave the
S'lcicty a lot on the corner of Chunh Stn et and
'rnimbnll Avenue.
I'lu' society purchased the adjoinincj lot, and a
plain wooden church, costing §1,200 and seating
230, was erected, ;md t'lrst used in December, 1860.
On April 25, iiS6i, it was p.irtially ilestroyed by
tire. It was repaired, and again in use early
ill the fall. In 1866 tiie elun-ch was moved
l),ick thirty feet, and an addition lliirty by .seventy-
fix e feet .and a towi'r ninety feit liigli I'rectecj.
Tliese improve-
ments cost
§4,300. The
church, seating
360, was ri'-
opened after
these additions
(111 April 22,
isr/,.
On April 29,
18S3, a meino-
ri.il window,
erected by a
Masonic So-
ciety as a
memorial to
Thomas May-
bury, one of
the former
wardens, was
fdrm.illy pre-
sentetl to the
church.
The pastor's
s;ilary in iSSo
w.is $.Soo, the
Idl.il church ex-
penses $1,700,
ami the receipts
from the pews
S400. \' a 1 u e
of property,
Sto.ooo. Num-
ber of members in i860, 40; in i8''o, 71; in
iSSo, 180.
The rectors have been : March to November,
1N59, Rev. C. Reighley ; December, i860, to June,
1.S61, Rev, E. Denroche; winter of 1861 and 1862,
Rev, Osgood K. Fuller; July, 1862, to May, 1865,
Rev, II. J. Rrown ; June, 1865, to November, 1866,
Rev. A. P. Crouch; January, 1S67. to .\ugust, 1S69,
Rev. (',. E, Peters; Jannan,', i^/o, to April, 1871,
I<ev. J. L. Taylor; July, 1R71, to J.inuary, 1876,
Rev. \V. R. Tillinghast; July, 1876, to April, 1879,
Rev. \V. H. Watts; May. 1S79, t" fall of 1883,
Rev. I'aul Ziegler; December
Dr. J. H. Hart/.ell,
kSS;, to
, Rev.
St. John's I'sotestant I'.riscorAL Ciicrch, Ciiaiei., an'd Rrctorv.
S/. Jolni's ( 7/ //>■<■//.
This society was organized and incorixirati'd on
December 13, 185S, Its existence is largi'ly due
to the libenility of 1 1. P. H.ildwin, who g;ive the
society a lot valued at $10,000, fronting one hundred
and twenty-tive feet on Woodward Avenue by one
jiundred and sevenly-tive feet on High .Street,
and built .a re<-tory ;it ,a further cost of $7,000. Tlii'
coriU'r-stone of the stone cli.ipel w.as l.iid April 19,
1859. and on
June 29 follow-
ing it was rc-
solvi-d to illA'ite
Rev Willi.im
E. Annitage to
become rector
of the p.arish.
He came in Oc-
tober, and on
November 19,
just sevi'ii
months from
the laying of
the CO r n e r -
stone the
chapel \\;is
consecrated
It cost $10,576.
Two days after-
ward the pews
were rented,
and it at once
beiame evi-
dent that the
chapel was
too small for
the congreg.a-
tions that gath-
ered. Within
two weiks af-
ter the. chapel
was open I'd,
Mr. Paldwin offered to give $17,000 additional, on
condition that a church to cost not le.ss than $32,000
be erected. In aildition to this amount lu: subse-
quently gave $8,000 and then $10,000 to the
enterprise.
The corner-stone of the church was laiil June 6,
1S60, and on December 19, 1 861, it was consecrated.
Rev. C.eorge P.urgess, Rishop of Maine, .and many
clcr<xymcn of note were juvsent. The total cost of
the church and its furnishings was $4(S, 512. It seats
1,000. in order to relieve the rector, who needed
rest, on June i, 1863, Rev, M, Swectland, of New
586
'IIll': I'RorKSIANT EPISCOPAL CHURCilllS.
York, was (.'in^ajLivd lo take his jilace for three
months, .-md in NOvL'inlx'r, 1S64, on tlic nivitation
of Mr. IS.ilcKvin, Mr. Arniila.iic accompanied iiim on
a trip to Palestine and tiie I'last. They returned in
July, iSC),, their tour liavinisf lasted sonic eij;ht
months.
On September 29, 1866, Mr. Armitaj^e announced
to the vestry his .acceptance of the IJisiioprir of
Wisconsin, to wiiich he had been elected, and his
resitjnation took effect October i, 1S66.
On November 10, Mr. li.iidwin donated to the
church a lot twenty-live feet front on W'oodw.ird
Avenue by one hundred and seventy-live feet deej),
adjoiniii;., the rectory on the south.
In M;irc-h, 1867, Rev. John J. McL'ook was called
as rector, but beinvj iniable to come till October,
Rev. IJr. McCullough tempor.irily served as rector.
Mr. McCook came in October, but before he had
served a year, the f.iilinv; health of himself ,ind
wife coniiK'lled his resinn.ation, which took effect
on April 27, 1868. On June 23 followin;;, Rev.
(".eorsj^e Wortliinvjton w;is called, and on Sep-
tember 6, 1868, he preached his first sermon in
the parish.
In December, 1873, liishop y\rmit;i.i(e died. The
intellijrence l)rou,y;lit deep sorrow to his friends
in Detroit ; his remains were brouiL^bt here, and
buried in l-".lnuvood. The funeral, on December
1 1, 1873, was lariL^ely attended by clergy from several
States.
The parish of St. John's is pre-eminent in mis-
sionary work. Its members orijanizedand jiuslied
into successful operation the church of St. James
and St. Mary's Mission. In order to give informa-
tion and aiil in their church work, a monthly ]xipi'r,
called St. John's Chronicle, has been issuetl since
Novembi'r, ! 874.
The a\er .^i, attendance ;it .Simd.ay morninj; ser-
. vice in 1S80 was 600. The rector's s.al.iry was
$2,500, the choir cost $1,000, and the tot.il annual
expenses wi're Sy,'^75. I'hc yearly receipts from
tl, ; jii'ws were $5,000. N'alue of property, $1 10,000.
N'lmiber of mi'mbirs in 18A0, 140; in 1870,630;
in 1880, 923.
The assist.ant rectors ff tlu' jiarish h;i\-i' bci'u :
M;irch, 1866, to E.ister, 1867. John l\. Dunn; M.iy,
1869, to J.anu.ary 4, 1S71, Jt-sse T. WebstiT ; 1872-
1874, John L. T.iylor; 1875 to Pebruary, 1877,
W. Ch.arks ; M.irch, 1876.10 Pebru.iry 1, 1880, S.
R. CarpcntiM" ; I'"ebru.iry, 1880, to July, 1882, S. \\ .
Frisbii', in ch.artre of St. Jaiiu's' Clupel ; .Se|)teml)cr,
1880, to Novemijer, 1882, \V. J, Roberts, in ch;iri;e
of St. M.iry's Ch.apel ; J.inu.iry, i8Si,to .\i)ril,i882,
(i. Molt Willi.ims ; .Ajiril 9, 1882, to Se|)tember 25,
1882, W. J. Roberts; November 1.1882,10
first assisl.mt. P. P. Tuniii.uul ; second .assistant,
"W. Warne Wilson.
Grail' C/iun/i.
This society w.is orij.ani/.ed ;md incorpor.iitd Jul\
12, 1867. The tir.st .service was held on Sundas
■afternoon, September 2, 1867,111 the Paf.aycttc Ave-
nue .M. K. Church. Afternoon services were sub.se-
quenlly held in the Congregational Church, .and then
St. .Andrew's I Pall w.as rented, .and here the congre-
gation rem.-iined until their cluu''.h w.'is completed.
On December 21, 1867, Rev. M. C. Pightner w;i>
callid to the rectorship, and exactly three ye.ars
.after, on December 21 1870, their brick church, on
the northeast corner of Port ,and .Second .Streets,
w.as openi'd for worship.
The lot, seventy-live by one hundred and thirty
fiKAcK I'koI liSI AM Kl'lsCOlAl. C'lll.KCII.
feet, and then worth §13,000. w.as given by I^. N\'.
Hudson. The building is sixty-six by one hundred
.and twenty feet, and with its furnishings, cost
$75,(xx). It will scat twelve hundred persons. In
1879 .a mortg.age of $16,000 on the property was
p.aid by J. \\'. Waterman, who presented the society
witli the cancelled document. As the church was
now free from debt, on J.aiui.iry 7, 1880, it was
consecr.ited.
The axir.age attendance at Sunday morning ser-
vices, in 1880, was 300. The rector's salary was
S3. 500, the choir cost $1,500, the .sexton was p.aid
$350, .and the tol.al .annu.al expenses were $6,000.
Till' ptw rents .amounted to $4,500 per year. The
v.ilue of jiroptriy was $(Xi,ooo. Nimiber of mem-
bers in 1870, 409; in 1880, 535.
'IIII". I'ROTF.S'IWN r KIMSCOI'AL CHURCIIKS.
l\t'V. Mr. Li,v;liliRr iisii^iKd SepliMiibir 13, i<S73,
ai 1 nil Seplciiibcr 28, 1S74, ilic Kiv. Li-wis I'. \V.
\',.:\ch was elected as rector, lie died ... June 4,
ir;5, and on June 11 Rev. C. H. W. Stockinj;
w.iS (hosen his successor. He resiirncct in 1883,
pi\,'icliin,i( liis last sermon on August 5. In Janu-
ar.. 1884, Rev. J. McCarroll accepted a call to serve
as rector.
.SV. Sit'/)/ii)i's L'/iiirc/i.
I'hc huildin.ij of this society is located on the
nii'ih side of Catharine Street, between I)er]uindre
Street and St. Aiiljin Avenue. The society was
(ir-aiiizt(l in 1868 by Rev. M. C. Litrhtncr The
( liiirch huildiiii,^ was (-((nsi'crated November 18,
1X73. It seats 300. The lot cost S500. and the
jniildinij $1,500. In 1870 there were seveniy-rive
(■iiinmunii'.'uits, .and in 1880. 30. The averajjje at-
tiiul.tnce at morning; service, in 1880, was 30. The
tdt.il yearly e.\penscs were Si 50. The estimated
v.ilue of the pro[)erty was Si.jcK).
The following; rectors have officiated in the order
in which they are named : Rev. M. C. Linhtner,
KiA. Milton Ward, Rev. E. W. Flowers. Rev.
William J. Harris, Rev. William Charles. In 18S3
St. Steihkn's I'uotksi.vnt Ki'IS( (h ai. Chirch.
the church was cared for by Rev. C, B. Hrewster, of
Christ Church.
I'.itianidl Afi'inon'ii/ C/mrr/i.
This church ,i,Tew out of services instituted by
lv\. Henrv Manwcil in his house on Forest
.Vveniie. They were be^un in the f.ill of
and continued until June, 1S73. Sirvicis
next held in the chapel of the Fiist \\
5^7
1872
were
.-ijitist
Km.wcki Mkmoki m. 1'kiii i.;..T.\N r I'. ii~< i>iai. C'liirnji.
Chun-h on Hay;ij Street. In the fall of 1873 Rev.
.Moses Hunter took charije of the work, and in I'eb-
ruary, 1874, services were held in the buildin.y; of
the I'eninsul.ir Cricket Club, on Woodward Avenue
just above ■•"rcmont Street. .Mr. Hunter retired
from the w(jrk on October 25, 1874. and on Novem-
ber 30 the church was incoriioralcd. ,\ lot just
north of the Cricket buildin,^;, eij^hty-eiyht by two
huiulred feet, was then leased, and a church erected
which cost $4,035. The entire amount was i^iven
by Mrs. L. R. Medbury, as a memorial of her hus-
band, Samuel Medbury.
On J.inuary 27, 1875, Rev. J. T. Webster was
called ,is the rector. The first service in the new
buildinij was held on February 14, .875. Althouvrh
present at this service. Mr. Webster did not enter
upon the rectorshi]) until April 4, and in the mean-
time services were conducted by J'iev. Paul Zicijler
and Rev. C. A. Ciry. On June 7, 1875, the church
was consecrated. 'IVo years Later the society pur-
chased two lots, eijrhty feet front on the north side
of Alexandrine .Avenue, between Cass and Woe 1-
ward .Avenues, for $4,400. Tlu' ihurch building
was moved thither, and alter.atiiHis and repairs made
which cost $2. 500.
On ,Aui;tist zG, \^77, the buildinsr. seating ^loo,
was opened for worship. In 1878 , a rectory costing
$2,000 was built on the lot formerly occupied by the
588
riiic I'ROTKsrAN r i;i'isc(^i'Ar, churciiks.
church. Mr. Webster resigned on Decenilu'r 31,
US79. RfV. (".. v.. IVUTs tlu'ii servid until the first
Sunday in Lent, when Rev. M. C. Doiten became
rector. The number of meml>ers in iSSo\vas2 2o.
Tiie averaj^e attendance at .Sund.iy morninir service
was 200. The rector's salary was $1,200, in aildi-
tion to the use of rectory. The total annual
expenses amounted to S5.500. ■in'^l nearly $1,300
was received from jiew rents. The property was
valued at $15,375; .imount of debt, $4,000.
Ai.i. Sainis' 1'. 1'^. Mission.
/I// Sdiiifs' Chapel.
This mission w.is established in 1873. The first
services were held in a hall on Michigan Avenue
near the R.ailroad Junction, in 1S74 three lots were
jnircli.ised on the northwest corner of Otis ;ind
Wesson Streets, in .Sprinv;\vells, at a cost of $(/x),
and a buildinvj enacted which cost $1,000. It h,is
120 sittin.n's, and the .avcrajL^e attendance at Sunday
niorninjf service, in 1880, was 60, and there were 41
conuiumic.ants. The yearly expenses were $450.
The rectors in eharye have been: 1874 1877,
Rev. v.. TT. Rudd; Aucftist 5, 1877, to Februan." i,
18S0, Rev. S. \V. Frisbie. After th.it date Rev.
William Charles and Rev. II. J. Drown continued
the ser\-iccs for a time, and then they ceased tinti!
resumed under the direction of Rev. Mr. Clark of
\'::. Paul's Church.
^V. Jaiiifss Church.
This church is the oiitjCfrowth of a mission estab-
lislied on May 17, 1S6S, by St. John's p.irish, in tiie
upper .story of a buililinif on Crand River Avenue
near Sixth Street. In 1S74 the property on the
northwest corner of Wahml and Seventh Streets,
which had been owned and used by the Simpsoii
M. J".. Church, was purchased for $2,600. The oM
church was torn down, and a new one, costin.;
$1 3,000, was erected. It was lirst opened for public
worship oti Febru.iry i, 1876. It w.as consecratnl
June 8, 1S80. Number of sittin.n's, 400. Averai^^c
attend.ince ;it mornii\ij service in 1880, 1 20. Xumlur
of communicants, 1 50. The rector's salary w.is
$1,000, and the total .uiiuial expenses $1,850. The
receipts from pew-rents were $C)oo. X'.ilue of prop^
erty, $18,000.
The rectors in ch.irj^e have been: Rev. J. T.
Webster, Rev. J. I,. Taylor, Rev. Willi.'ni Chrnks,
Rev. S. 15. Carpenter and Rev. S. W. I'risbie. The
term of the last named began February i, 1880.
On February i, 1882, the society became a rej^ailar
parish, severing; the connection it h.ul previously
sustained as a mission of St. John's.
Sr. James P. K. Church
Af/ssi(i)i of fhr M'l'sst'iih.
This nu'ssion w.is established by Christ Church
in June, 1874, in ,1 three-story brick iniildins;'. No.
1 160 Jefferson .\veiuie, near Ml. Elliott Avenue.
It proved so successful that a lot on the southeast
corner of Mt. Klliott Avenue ami Fort Street was
purchased, at a cost of $800, and a buildinij; erected
costin.i^, with the furnishing;, $1,700. It was first
used on November 9, 1879. It seats 200. In 1880
the jiroperty was valued ;it $3,000. The avera.^c
attendance at service in 1880 was 80, and there
were thirty-tive communicants. The yearly expenses
were $600.
TllK I'KcrrKSTANT El'lSCOl'AL CHL'RCIIKS.
5S9
c Siiiipsd,'.
Tlic »' 1
R!, costing
for public'
onsecratnl
Avcra'^e
). NuiiUur
vilary w.is
,850, Tli>:
ic of prop
<ev. J. T.
nn CharLs,
•isbic. 'I'liu
I, 1880.
10 a regular
previously
["lie rectors in charge have been: Rev. C. A.
I'aiv, to September, 1875; Rev. \V. A. Cochran,
liiiiu September, 1875, to July, 1877; Rev. Lucius
Irisl Church
iiilding. No.
ill Avenue.
le southeast
Street was
ling erected
It was first
In 18H0
the average
and tlicro
By expenses
PuoriisrANr Ei'Iscoi'al Missihn m- Tin- Micsmaii.
Waterman, from July, 1877, to June, 1879; Rev.
J. J. ,\h)rton and Rev. Mr. Alcorn, from June, 1879,
to September, 1879; Rev. 11. Banwell, from Novem-
ber. 1879, to February, 18S1 ; Rev. W. J. Roberts,
from February, 1881, to January i, 1882; Rev. G.
M. Williams, from January r, 1882.
.SV. Miuy's M/ss/oii.
This mission was established February 7, 1S75,
in Cook's Hall, on the corner of I'rospect and St.
Aiitoine Streets. On December 29, 1 878, the pres-
Sl, M AKV's I'KOIKSIANT El'ISCOlAL MISSION ChAI'EL.
ent church, on the southeast corner of Benton and
St. Antoine Streets, was first used. The lot cost
Si, 000 and the church $'. 440. It seats 200. The
average attendance at Sunday morning service in
iS8o\\as rcK) ,ind the number of members 20. The
ycirly exiiensis were ^djO. The value of the i)rop-
erty in 1880 was §2.500. Auniunt of (kbt, 6i3o(x
The following (icrgymen have been in iharge
about a yiar eacli, d.uing from 1875: Ri'v. Paul
Ziegler, Rev. William Charles, Rev. .S. H. Carpenter,
Rev. J. W. I'rosser, Rev. S. W. Frishie. The term
of liev. W. J. Roberts began Sepicmber i, 1880,
and ceased in November, 1882. lie was succeeded
January i, 1883, by Rev. K. L. Turquand.
M/ss/on of tlic Ciooit Slu-plicrtL
This mission was inruigurated by the establish-
ment of a Sunday school in July, 18S1, in a building
on Vinewood Avenue, ownetl by Cleorge Hendrie.
(loon Siiii'Miiuii I'. I., \|l■^-rn^•.
Regular church services, under the charge of Rev.
Cj. I". Peters, were commenced in the same place
in April, 1882. .V lot for a church. loc;ited on the
east side of \''ine\vood Avenue, between Michigan
Avenue ar.d the M. C. R. R. was donated by Mr.
Hendrie, and a church building begun in 1882,
anil fmisheil at aost, including furnishing, of ab(jut
§3,500. The value of the intire property is about
$4,000. The building w.is first used by iIk- Sunday
school on December 25, 1883. Church services was
held in it for the llrst time on May it, 1SS4,
St. Thoiiiiis s M/ss/i'it.
This mission Sunday school, located on the north-
east corner of Twenty-sixth Street and Shady Lane,
was established by the members of St. Paul's
Church in December, 1882. Their new building
was consecraied August ;,. 1884.
S/. /unii(i/i(is' s .]//ss/i>ii.
Tl.is mission was inaugurated July 13, 1883. on
Giaiul River .\venue near Sixteenth Street. Their
590
Tin: I'Rori'.siANT f.imscoi'al churchks
chapel, oil t!io t()rin.T of (iiaiul \<\\\v A\ciuic ami
Foiirlcfiiili Sirci't, was iirsl used on (Ktobcr 14,
iSiSj. The lot ami biiildiii^^ rust nearly $3,000. 'Vhv
mission was oii^inaiiy under the rare of Rev. .S. W.
Frisbie, and Rev. (l. Molt Williams. On January
I, 1884, it was jjlaced in liiar^e of Rev. i'aul Zi(.i;ler.
-' '^ *" ~' ■'^
Sr. 1!.\KNAI1AS p. K. MI.-..SUJN.
//o/y Trinity Afission.
This mission was established by authority of the
bishop, in the buiidinif formerly occupied by the
Holy Trinity An,i;lo-Catholic Church on the corner of
Fourteenth Avenue and Howard Street. The first
services were held on December 16, 1883. The
mission be,v;an under the care of Rev. G. Mott
Williams and Rev. C. A. Cary.
Hoi.v 'I'kinitv I'. K. MrssioN.
Formerly the Aiiglo-Caiholie Church.
Si. Liilr's Mt'iiiorial Ciiapel
is located on the grounds of St. I.uke's Hospital,
just west of the main buildini^r. It is of brick, cost
$7,000, and was consecrated February 27, 1881, the
anni\ersary of the birthday of the wife of C. C.
Trowbridge. It was erected by Mr. Trowbridijje
as a tribute to her memory, and is an eleijant and
substantial testimonial, both of the worth of the
dead, ;ind of the wisdom that remembers tlu- dc. I
by doinn i^ood Id the livinvj. It is ilesijt;m'd 1
accommodate the inmates of the ho.si)itai, .11 1
others in tli;it nei,i,diborliood, ;uid will seat u,.
.Services were conducted by the chaplain of tiir
hos|)ii,il. Rev. Aui^ust Bush, until his death in Ma\,
1883.
St. Link's .Miimokiai. I'kui lisi an i Kjisloiai. Ciiaii 1
St. Ma/t/ii:i''s CInirch (Colored).
The coniifreijation thus ilesiirnated first met fur
worship, in 1847, in .111 old buildinij on Fort Street,
west of Heaubien Street, previously occupied by
the .African M. E. Church. The society remained
there until their church, on the .southeast corner of
Conx;ress and St. .\ntoine .Streets, was completeil.
This was built in the fall of 1851, but beini.,' en-
cumbered by debt, it was never consecrated.
Services were conducted by Rev. W. C. .Monroe
until 1859. Rev. Mr. Kinij; then served the chun li
for a brief period, and as early as April, i85<;, Rev.
S. V. Berry was in charge. The cluirth had no
members, as such, because it was not fully ori^an-
ized. Many of those who attendeil held member-
ship in other parishes. The i)resent i5ishop of llu
Island of Hayti, James Holly, attended this chun h,
In 1864 the buildinjr was sold to the Hebrew con-
i;Te.i(ation, Shaary /edec. A portion <jf the av.iils
was invested in a lot on the southwest corner of St.
Antoine and F.li/.abeth Streets, on which, in 1883,
Tin; i'K()Ti:sTAXT episcopal ciiukciiks.
591
rs i!u' lit !
il(.-sij;iu'(l ■■
Dspilal, aiM
II siat i-s.
)lain of ill'-
;alli ill Ma\,
■^:^.:/^r
I'.Al. Cll.\l'i:i.
\cd).
Itirsr met for
[•"ort Struct,
[(H't-upifd by
[ly renuiiiifd
:isl corner of
conipli'lal.
.It bciiix eii-
ated.
C. Monroe
the chunli
I, [85<). Ki'v.
Iinh liad im
fully orijan-
■kl nu-nilKT-
|isli()|) of tlu
this chunli.
Hebrew cou-
\ the avail^'
•nrner of St.
Ich, in 1883.
, eiiiircii was erectetl, which, witli the lot, cost
sS.ooo. 'I'lic l)uildin,i( was dedicated May 13, 18S3,
iiiiiiiii;..:;:-!
j-H/IMIi
CJku.inai. Si. .M.\itiii-:u'.s I'. \\. Cm Ki. ii.
witii a sermon by Kev.
(ieoriiie \\'orthin;>;ton. On
January 1. 1S82, it was
placed in charv^e of Rev.
fi. Molt Williams.
St. /(>sip/i's Mriiiorial
C/ia/hl.
'I'his chapel is located
on the noitheast corner of
Woodward and Medbury
Avenues. It is forty by
lifty-hve feit, is built of
Ionia stone, and cost about
iffj.ooo. The lot was
donated and the chai)el
erected by Mrs. I,. R.
Medbury. It was conse-
crateil July 9. 1884.
sittitins, was erec-ted. 'I'lie society was fully orj^an-
i/cd April 22, and incorporated on May 2, 1874.
Mr. .McC.ee left in 1876, and was succeedeil by Rev.
Mr. Rudd, who remained only about si.\ months.
Rev. (\. 1;. Peters ihiii ser\ed for a short time,
and in 1877 services were conducted by a lay reader.
On I'ebruary 14, 1879 the society transferred the
properly to I'jnanuel Reformeil I'.piscojjal (.'huich;
it was subseiiueiitly returned to the Protestant I'.pis-
copal Church, and on .May 25, 1880, was sold to a
society styled St. John's Evangelical Lutheran
Church.
niSllOl'S, piUCKSKS, AND CONVENTIONS.
When the dioce.se of Michiv;an was created, a
canon of the cluirch provideil that any diocese with
si.\ presbyters mi.nht elect a bishop. The Episco-
palian Church in this region had been classed as
mission ground, but it was decided to create the
Diocese of .Michig.m, and
^j 1)11 September 10, 1S32,
this was done, In i833tlie
standing committee votetl
to \)\\\. the diocese under
the care of liishop Mc-
llvaine of Ohio. At the
convention of 1835, held
at Tecum.seh, Henry j.
W'hiteliouse was elected
bishop. He declined, ;md
as one of the t krgymeii in
charge of ;i parish soon
after left, there was no
legal authcjrity to elect a
bishop. By the pass.ige ol
a new c;mon the I louse of
Hishops w.is allowed to
elect a bishop for a dio-
Sr. M.MIHKw's Kl'IstnlA[. Cmi'Ucii.
Trinity Cliiircli. [ I'.xtiiut.)
Tliis society w.is incorpor.ited June 25, 1838. Tt
worshiped in the old capilol, anil in 1839 reported
forty-three communicants, with Rev. Richard Bury
as rector. It e.\isted only a year.
St. Mark's CJnirch. (Extinct.')
This enterprise was commenced as ;i mission in
rented rooms on Twenty-fourth Street, near .Michi-
gan Avenue, in August, 1873, L)y l-^ev. Mr.' Liglitner,
then in charge of (irace Church. After two months'
labor. Mr. I.ightner transferred the work to Rev. E.
McCice. Inder the supervision of Mr. McOee two
lots, on the snnthwe.st corner of Twenty-third .and
Ash .Streets, were purchased at a cost of S950, and
a brick cluirch, costing S-.500, with one hundred
Sr. J'i^iiiii\ Mi'Moki Ai. I'. I.. Cinii'.i..
592
ANGLO-CATHOLIC AND RKFOKMKi:) Ll'LSCOl'AL CUL KCllES.
cesc (Jii a|)plicati()n, even if there were not the
reiiuisile luimber of (•lerv,rymen with eharnes in tlie
thocese. Under this last canon, in Jnne, 1836. Rev.
S. A. McCosi<ry was electee! bishop, anil on July 7,
he was consecrated at St. Peter's Churcii in I'liila-
delphia. On December 2, 1874, Michigan was
divided into two dioceses, and on February 24., 1875,
at Orand Rapids, Rev. Cicorge B. C'.illespie was con-
secrated Hishop of Western Michigan.
liisiiop McCoskry resigned on March 11, 1878,
and was succeeded by Rt. Rev. S. S. Harris. He
was elected June 6, and consecrated September 17,
1879, at Detroit.
This city has had the honor of furnishing three
bishops for other dioceses : the Rev. W. K. Arnii-
tage, rector of St. John's Church, consecrated liishop
of Wisconsin ; Rev. 15. H. Paddock, rector of Christ
Church, consecrated Bishop of Massachusetts; and
Rev, W. E. McLaren, formerly pastor of Westmin-
ster Presbyterian Church, now Bisiiop of Illinois,
Conventions of the dioce.se were held at Detroit
in November, 1S35; October, 1S36; June, 1840,
1845, 1S47, and 1851 ; November, 1852; June, 1853,
1855, 1857, i860, 1862, 1867, 1S71, 1S77, 1S7S, 1S79,
1 880, 1881, and 1883. At the first, convention,
April 20 to 27, 1834, Bishop McHvaine of Ohio was
present, and preached on the first and last day of
the session.
The diocese owns an episcopal residence, bought
in 1866, at a cost of $12,000. In 1879 it was en-
largetl, anil partly rebuilt, at a cost of $8,000. Its
estimated value in i S80 was $20,000. The creation
of a diocesan fund, the interest to be used to pay
the salary of the bishop, was begun in 1854. In
1883 the fund amounted to $84,000, which sum is
invested, and in the care of trustees appointed from
year to year by the convention.
On January 30, 1880, the Church Association of
Michigan was org.inized to assist the religious,
charitable, and educationrd interests of the Protest-
ant Episcopal Church in Michigan, by acting as the
trustees of gifts or legacies given in aid of any of
the enterprises of the church. From 1880 to 1883,
C. C. Trowbridge was president, and John IL Bissell
secretary and treasurer.
ANGLO-CATHOLIC AND REFORMED EPISCOPAL
CHURCHES.
.%. Aldan's, formerly Holy Trinity, Anglo-
Catholic Church.
This organization, established >Tay i, 1876, met
for six weeks in St. Andrew's Hall. It then moved
to the store No. 842 Fort Street West, near Twen-
tieth Street, which was fitted for church purposes.
The room was first opened for service on July 18,
1876, and the pastorate of W. R, Tillinghast then
began.
On July 29, 1S77, the society dedicated a build-
ing on the northeast corner of Fourteenth Avenui
and Howard Street. The lot cost $i,5'X), and tin
church and furnishing about $4,500. The buildin.;
seats 600. It was badly damaged by fire on May
28, but was repaired, and again opened on July 5.
1879. On August 19 following, the rector was
ticcidently shot and killed by a boy, at Fo.x Island.
His successor. Rev. Y.. B. Taylor, served from
August 30, 1879, to May 23. 1880. Rev. R. M.
Edwards began his pastorate in August, 1880.
Number of members in 1880, 84. Average
attendance at Sunday morning service, 75. Pastor's
salary, $820. Total yearly exi)enses, $1,000. The
society was incorporated April 14, 1881, and the
church debt at that time amounted to $2,300.
In 18S3, owing to the fact that the title to the
church property was vested in the widow of the first
pastor, the Rev. R. M. Edwards and a portion of
the congregation withdrew and began services at
746 F'ort Street West, their opening meeting at
that place being held on November 25, 1S83.
On June 22, 1884, Mr. Edwards resigned, and the
society ceased soun after.
Epif)Jiany Reformed Episcopal Church.
This society was organised and incorporated
March 10, 1880, with fourteen members; during the
year the number increased to forty. The first
EPIFIIANY RkFORMUU EllSCOI'AL ClIL'RCH.
services were held in what had been St. Mark's
Protestant F^piscojial Church, and the society fur a
time controlled that projjerty. It was eventually
turned over to its original owners, and the societv
built a new church on the south side of Myrtle
Street near Trumbull Avenue. The lot cost $600
and the church $1,400.
REl'URMEU Ll'lSCUl'AL CHURCHES.
593
Lrhasl the;
cd a build
ith Avenih
rx), ami tip
he buildiiiv
fire on May
on July 5,
rector was
Fox Island,
irved from
Rev. R. M.
, 1880.
Averajje
5. Pastor's
1,000. 'Ilie
81, and the
to $2,300.
title to the
V of the first
X portion of
1 services at
meeting at
T 25. 1883.
;ied, and the
Tiie church was first used on l",aster Sunday,
1S80. It lias two iiundrt'd sittini^s, and the averai^e
Sunday inorniiiv; atU'nd.ime during tiial year was
60. The total annual expenses were §400.
Up to if?S3 the society had no rccjular ordained
p.istor, altlu)Uj,di in i8S_' it was supplied for a time
liy Rev. Dr. W. II. I'oole. The services since that
lime have been conducted by Rev. Frederick
Woolfenden.
Fmaiiiiil Rt-forincd Episcopal Church. {Extinct.)
'i'his .society was or^^■ulized in January, 1879, by
Ki. V. 1'. H. Morgan. The first meetings were held in
the First Congregational Church, and subsequently
in Young Men's Hall, in tiie Tabernacle Cliunh on
-south side of Dufiiekl Street near Woodwartl Ave-
nue, in the V. M. C. A., and St. Andrew's Halls,
in the Opera House, the Industrird .School build-
ing, and then again in the Tabernacle Church.
The society was incorporated on February 13,
1879. Rev. Dr. Morgan left in January. 1881,
and after that date services were conducted by lay
readers.
Number of members in 1880, 110. Average
attendance, 35. Total yearly expenses, S35t>. I'l
.March, 1882, the society disorganized.
Church.
incorporated
during the
The first
St. Mark's
kociety
for,
eventually
the society
of Myrtle
k cost $600
ClIAl'TK K LX.
Till': rKi:siiv'i'i:Ki.\N fin'Rcni:s. — occ/Xsions or i\'i'r.Ki:sT to i'Ki:sr.vTi:RiAN-
PRKSr.Vrr.RIAN' fHURCIIKS.
I'iist P>i'il>yti-n\in C/iiiit//,
The oriraiiizalioii known as ilic First Protestant
Society inlK'ntfil the title, l)iiil(iin.i;, and pn)|K'rty
of the (lid soiieiy wliose name it bears. Ily tiio
adoption of certain Articles of Kailii, on Jannary
25. I.S25, it became a I'resbyterian Church, with
twelve male and thirty-seven female members,
and became the third Protestant denominational
Mary Unnt, Sarah Hubbard, Tlicodocia C. Piiu,
Nancy Caniff, Mary Llillett, Sophia Seymour, iau y
P.rown, Melicent Hunt, Mar\' Kico, Slary Owin,
.Matilda llurd, Asenalli Lee, ICmily l)emin,i(, Ann
Henry. M this time the society h.id no minisii r.
Rev. Noah M. Wells, who had been previously calkd,
arrived in May, 1835, and Ijccame the first pastur.
' .. November 5, 1S25, the (iovernor and Judvjcs
'.•red that ;i Deed issue to the trustees of \\w
.tant Church fur the ground lieretofure ordend
1^34 5 67
\\v.\\ (IP Cin'KiiiKN ON Kast Side 01 WHonu \i>ii Avrni k is 1S41).
1. I'ir-t Milliiidisl K.|iisiii|)al Chiircli. 2. CoiiKri'^!-; Slri it. ; ( Hd liiinliaril iUiildink'. 4. St. I'aiil's
l'.|)iMii|Kil t'liiiii li. 5. Scssioti kiiiim. Ci. I'irst I'lciliytiiiaii (liiiirli. 7. I..inii(l Stirrt.
church oru^anized in Detroit. The names of the
rirst members wen as follows: Stephen C. Henry,
Enrotas P. Hastings, John J. Demini^, Ashbel
S. Wells, Klijah Converse, J. W. Woolsey, Seth
Beach, Cullen Brown, Justin Rice. Wm. B. Hunt,
l^hebe Crosby, Mary Chapin, Catharine Jones, Panny
Mack, Hannah Roby, Plli/.abcth Noble, 'Pemperance
Mack, I.ovicy Cooper, Rebecca Converse, F.lizabeth
Cass, Marujaret An Irain, Jane Kelly, Jane Palmer,
Martha 'Pen Eyck, Mary J. Scott, Almira Willco.x,
Pydia Sanderson, Mary McMillan, Abivjail (ioodwin,
Mary Brewster, Achsah (ioodin, Lucretia C.oodwin.
Catharine Bronson, Ann Hunt, Ruthv P^dwards,
to be conveyed to them." This deed, which was
the first one made for the proiierty, it^ave them what
was known as the " Pnijlish buryinn-nroiuid." (Hi
Woodward ,\\enuc, includinj^ all of the block west
of the alley between Woodward .Avenue and Ikites
■Street. The (\i.xi.\ is datetl December 9, and was
recorded December 21. 1835. 'Phe ijift was cer-
tainly a munificent one, even at that day.
In 1S27 the city came into possession of the Mili-
tary Reserve and bufldinirs of old Fort Shelby, on
Fort Street, and in September the Assembly Room,
or Military Hall, was removed to a lot on Pariud
Street in rear of the church. It was there used ;is
l5';4l
TIIL: rKEbBVTLKlAN CllURCHKii.
595
TKKIAN-.,
;. .scssioa-ruom, 1k)IIi by llic Common Cuunoil and
111- cluirch. Tliis same year llic luvsbyli'ry of
I I troit was cri'aU'd, (oiisistinif of Rev. N'oali M.
\\ ills, of Detroit, Rev, i;. rriiuc, of i'arminjfton,
lUv. Isaac W. Kiii;v;k'^. "f I'oiitiac, Rev. William
M, Kerry, of Mackinaw, and Rev. William 1 'age, of
Monroe.
tlicre was a revival
|SJ2,
In March or Apri
a' Detroit, anil sev-
enty persons joined
llie eluireli. In tlie
sin-ing of 1833 tlie
ihiirch erected a
liiifk session-room
1)11 Woodward Ave-
iinc, and durinij the
year Mr. Wells re-
sli,aied. After his
departure the pulpit
was supplied by
Rev. r.enrjje Horn-
ell and Rev. (".eori^e
.Sheldon until June,
1S34, when Rev. J.
P. Cleveland be-
came the pastor.
A plan for a new
church had been
drawn by AInn/o
Merrill, .as early as
ICS31. In the spring
of 1834 the work of
erection was beijun.
•Maiison Sheley was
the contractor. As
a preliminary step,
the ohl wooden
church was sold. It
was purchased by
Robert Hilton, who,
with Mr. Caniff,
John Farrar, and
others, proposed to
establish a Univer-
.salist Church. The
biiildinir was moved
to the northwest
corner of Michij^an
.\ venue and Hates
Street, where it became a Roman Catholic Church.
After the sale of the church the coni^rejijation met in
the Capitol until their new church was completed. It
was of brick, sixty by ninety feet, with a s'-'- -«le one
hundred and thirty feet high. The total cost .esched
830,000.
It had one hundred and forty-six pews, with
galleries on three sides, and seated nearly one thou-
FiRST Presdvterian Church.
sand persons. It was dedi-'.-Ued April 28, 1835. with
a sermon by the pastor, and tlie exercises were
m.ade particularly interesting by the singing of an
original hymn written by Mrs. L. II. Sigourney On
May J7, 1.S35, Rev. Mr. Clevel.ind was regularly in-
stalled. At this time the church hail two hundred
and twenty members. Mr. Cleveland resigned in
1S37, and on November 26 preached his farewell
sermon from Jonah
iii., 2. On October
I, 1838. Rev. Geo.
Dutlield became
the pastor. On t)c-
tober iC> following,
a clock, which had
been contracted for
three months
before, was com-
pleted and began to
keep town time in
the tower. In Jan-
uary, 1840, Horace
Hallock started a
branch Sunday
school in the City
Hall, which was
continued for nearly
three years, with an
average attendance
of some three hun-
dred scholars.
In December,
1844, the society
lost a number of its
members by the or-
ganization of the
First Congregation-
al Church. On Feb-
ruary 1 1 , 1 849, other
members left the
congregation a n d
founded the Sec-
ond Presbyterian
Church. In Febru-
ary, 185 1, the old
brick session-room,
with the ground on
which it stood, was
sold ; the building
was torn down, and a brick block erected the same
year.
In the fall of 1852 Dr. Duffield visited Europe
and Palestine in search of needed health and rest.
He remained abroad about a year, and during his
absence the pulpit was supplied by Rev. Myron
Barrett.
On January 10, 1854, the church, with several
50
'Illi: l-kKSMYTKRlAN CIIUUCIIKS.
otlirr biiililiiins in ;m .iiljiuciit hlink, was riiliiily
biiriicil. \\ lun llu' llaiiK-s i-aiiKl>t tlic tail sliijili' it
was a mav^niluiMl si^lit. AfliT tlir lire tlic ninains
of tlu- iilil IhII wliicli had lalkil tlKHisaiuls to piayir
ami praise wiiv liiiK '"H *'f ''"' 'H'"'*. ""il luinuTtiiis
soiivi'iiiis in till' siiapi' of tr.i-i)(lls \\v\v cast. 'I'licy
vvtTc iiisiribcil, " Tart i)f tlif ulil bell (iistiiiyeil Jan-
uary ID, 1S54." and iradilysolil at S5 eacli, lirinKins
many dniiars iiitn llif fund for a lu-w ihnicli. 'I'lie
oil! bill lin.iiis no mnrc for lire, but its voice in
many luniseliolds i,jives a welcome eall to tea and
toast.
Dn July 15, tlie tir.st Siinilay after llie lire, ser-
vices wire lield in firemen's Hall, and in the old
VouniL; Mens Hall nii Janu.try 2iS, and eonlinunnsly
tliere.ifter until the i ompletion of the new briik
cluircli on the northwest corner of Sl.ite and
l-'.irmer Streets. 'I'liis buildinj;' w.is dedic.ited Sep-
tember 9, 1S55. The lot. oiii' iiundred by one
hundred and twenty feet, cost $S,oou; llu chureli,
.seventv by one hundred, cost S4'>.ixJo. It has one
hundred ,uul forty pews. ;ind .seals about "ik). To
;iid in buildin.iL;' their elunvli the .society received
about one half the net proceeds from the .s.ile
of the old property; the rest w.is jL^iven to the
Jelferson Avenue anil Fort Street rresbyte'iaii
churches.
In M.uvh. 1862. the side ijalleries in the audience
room were removed :i\u\ other improvements m.ide.
In .\pril. 1S05, Kev. W. .\. MeCorkle was called as
assot i, lie pastor. 'I'liree ye. us Liter, in June. 1S68,
while Dr. Dullield w.is ii^ivin;;- .m .address of wel-
come to the ilele!i;.Ues of the Intern.iiional Conven-
tion of the '1'. M. C. .\., a sudden illness sei/.ed him,
from which he did not recover, lie died June :6.
All elevjaiU marble tablet, with nudallion portrait,
W.IS erected ;is a memori.il .it the rii.;ht of the pulpit.
His associate continued as p.istor until May, 1S71,
when he resivjned. In Sei)teml)er. 1871. Rev. Dr.
li. 1). li.iker became the pasior. He was installed
on October ;>.
The pastor's .saLiry in 1880 was §3,000. The
cost of the choir. S'.-oo. The sexton w.'is paid
S300. The total annual cNjieiises. reaching $6,000,
are almost entirely defrayed by the receipts from
pew rents. The property in iSRo w.'is estini.itcd
to be worth S55.000. The a\eraj;e attendance ai
the mornint; services was 400. Number of mem-
bers in 1830, 86; in 1840 and 1850, the same num-
ber, 44S. is reported in e.ach decade; in 1S60, 300;
in 1870, 368; in 18S0, 733.
This society has the favored distinction of Iieiiv.;
the only one th.at h.as ever .ittempted to sust.iin ,1
.school for the Chinese. Since 1S72 ,1 number of
these " Celesti.ils " have been foimd here on every
Sabb.ith. in the care of faithful and benevolent
teachers.
Siii/,/i <<>■ Ciiittal Pitshytii iiUt C/iioi/i.
The |)reliminary meetiiij,; which resulted in t!
orj(.ini/ation of this chureli was held in a mom <
the old City Hall, on Novembei lu, 184J. Tw 1
weeks .after, tlie lot on the northwest corner ^ 1
I'.irmer .ind U.ites Streets w,is purch.ised for Sso'i.
and a plan for ,1 wooden church, forty by se\eiiiy
feet, ,iv,reed upon.
The buildinv; W.IS opeiieil for worship in an luiii
islied stale on September C\ 1S43. Kei^ular servi( ( s
ThK CkNTR.VL PRKSllVTliKl.\.N ClICKCII.
in the completed church bixnn in October, 1844. It
cost $3,500 and seated 6ou. On I'ebruary 21, 1845,
tlie society decided to unite with the rniteil .Asso-
ei.ite Church of Scotland, and on .April 14 followiiiji;
a church w.is fully orv;.ini/.ed. with sixty-tive mem-
bers, and Rev. D.avid in^jlis ;is p.istor. He resi.v;iuil
on May i, 1846, and was succeeded by Kev. Mr.
Torrance, who preached for ab ui six weeks. Kev.
Mr. Dalrymple. from Scotland, then .served the
eliurch for two months, but declined .1 call.
Rev. John Mcl.ell.in entered upon the pastorate
in December, 1847, was inst.illed in 1848, and re-
signed in April, 1.854. Rev. John Hogg, the next
Till". I'RF.SnYTKKIAN CHURCUFIS.
597
'finnh.
iiliiil ill li
I a roniii 1
1842. 'I V, .
it rorniT 1
,hI (iir S5110,
y by sfviniy
• ii) ail iiiirin-
ular siTvicis
)lxT. 1844. It
IV :i. \^A'y
(1 Asso-
iilldwiniL;
lua
Iriii
|l 14 f
Ixtv-tivi' I1U I
11-
lli' irsiv;iut
bv 1
\l'V.
Wll'KS,
III SCl'VCi
all.
Mr.
K.v.
d llic
1 the pastorate
1848, and ri.-
logg, the nuxt
|i UM", st-rvid frciin 1 )((t injur, 1.S54, ti> .\|)ril. iKyS.
II, was .sill Tii'di'd by Kt'v. Stcplirn llaliiur, who
w i^nriiaiiiiMl in Novi'inbrr, iS^o, and rt">iv;inil July
I. iSdo, Diiriiiv; llir iiixl tlirif yiais tluir was no
n .; liar pastor. Dii July 29, lSf)i;, Krv. (irorm'
M Kitii Millii;aii was inslalli'd. During; his pas-
t.'i.iti' till' old I'iiiirrli was sold, .ind iiuntd to
\\ .i^liin^ton .\\iniK'.
A brick cluinh sv.is bi\Min. and tlu- basfiiirnl
Ills! iisid on July, \, 1S71. ( )n No\iinl)cr 5 fol-
jiiAiiiv;, till' main aiidiiiu'i' room u,i-i di'diialid.
liH ImliiVn till-
i; 1 1 li'iii'S, tlir
fliiirch si'.its
I, '■ lo, and fost
ji'o.ooo. On
A|iril 12. 1879,
till riinv;ri"^.il ion
(1( . idcil Id iinilc
with ihf ,\mu ri-
c.iii I'rcsiiyU'ri.in
C'liiiiili, and till-
11,1 nil' of the
I'liiirch, t'xci'pt
fur lorporatf
purpnsi's, was
rli.iiii^fd lo C'fii-
iral rri.;>bytiri-
,in. Mr. Milii^.-m
SI "111 afli'r w-
sii^iitil till' |ias-
tiiiaic.pri'.uhinvj
ills Liivwrll srr-
iiiiiii on OitobiT
1,1X76. Ill- was
siici'fi'di'd bv
Ki'v. Willi. tin
Sti'iihcnson.who
was railed on
Oiidbcr 24, cii-
Urcii iipiiii his
iliitirs Niivrm-
Inr 15. was reg-
ularly installed
(111 ! )(Cfnibi'r 1 1,
1^7^'. and resigned on Febrii.iry 25, 1S78. On
A|iril 25, 1879. Rev. J. F. Diekie was installed as
his successor.
The average attendance .at morning service, in
iStSo, was 4CX). The pastor's .salary was $2,000.
The total church expenses were §2,760. 'I'he num-
ber of members in 1830 was 300; in i860 and 1870
the number is given at 350 for each ilecade ; in
1880 there were 292 members.
For/ S/n-it CJiurcJi.
The beginnings of this society gave no indication
I'oKr SlKllir I'RlihllVTEKlAN Ciieiaii.
of its |)reseiil strength .111(1 iiilliieiice. The lirsi
record st.'ites ih.n on August 7, iS4<S, the First I'res-
byteri.m I'hiircli ap|)omted .1 committee to co-oper-
ate with Kev. K. K. Kelloyg in otablisiiiiiv; ihe
society. On September lo he commenced holding
services in the old c.ipiiol ; on Febru.iry 21, 1849,
a society w.is fully organi/.ed with lwenty-si.\ nu'in-
bers, and on .March 19, 1849, was incorporated
as the Second i'rcsbytcri.in Church. In August
following they began the erection of a brick church
on the southeast corner of l..if,iyette .\vcnue ;md
W.iync Street.
'I'he building,
forty-live by
seventy-live feet,
was dedicated
on .April 7. 1850.
It cost S4.364.
On .M.iv2i,i85o,
Kev. K. K. Kel-
logg w;is in-
stalled .is the
pastor, ;ind con-
tinued as such
until he ri'signcd
on September 1,
1853. He was
suc( ceded by
Kev. llinry
Neill, who en-
tered upon the
p.astor.ile in Jan-
nary, and was
installed ( )cto-
ber 18, 1854.
During his i)a.s-
tor.ite the church
buililiiig on the
southeast i orner
of I'"ort and
Third Streets
was erected.
The lot cost
$7,000, and the
buildingS7o.ooo.
It was dedicated November 18, 1855. It was built
of lime-stone, the main .iiidicnce room was si.xty
by ninety feet, had 120 pews, and .seated 1,000 per-
sons. The basement was twelve feet high and
would seat 4cx). The height of the sjiire from the
ground to the top w.is two hundred and thirty feet.
On the com|iletion of the new building, the old
church was sold to the I'nitcd Presbyterian Society.
On June 17, 1857, Mr. Neill resigned. The
church was then supplied for three months by Kev.
P. S. liyington. lie w.is succeeded by Kev. James
Means, who remained six months " '^ "
Kev. Dr. Etrin
59^
TIIF. I'kl-.SnvrKRI.W CHIJKCHKS.
Hall then prcadicd 'wo iiioiulis, aiul was fnlKiwcd
l)y Kcv. \V. A. McCnrkl.. Kiv. A/ariali Kldrid'^c
was installi'd |)asl(>r dii December 2, i.SyS. ( >ii
Marcli 19, i<S5i;, by s|)eeial A( I of llu- I.ei;islalure,
tile name of tlie sneiety was (hailed In I'orl Street
I'resbyteriari C'litireli. Mr. l''.ldiidv;e resiv^iied mi
hme 4. 1.S65. Ktv. W. II. Claik tluii siiiiplied tiie
pulpit for three nionths. In detober, iSC>5, Kev. S.
'I'. Clarke beiijan his ministry, lie was inst.illed
July I, 1866. and resii^med in Novemlier, F.S6.S. On
l'"e!)riiary 8, 1869, a < ,il! was extended to Kev. Ar-
thur T. I'ierson, of Waterford, New \u\l, who was
installetl May 5, i86r), In Aii,i,Mist, 1882. lie resii;ned,
and on J.innary 7, 188-5, Rev. A. I'. Tinker entered
upon the pastoiate as his siieei ssor. <i»\iiiv; to poor
health, he was able to serve bin a few nionths. .•ind
on M.ireh 1, 1884, he r'jsigiied. lie was siieeeeded
by Rev. II. r. Miller,
who ei-immeiu"ed to
serve as pastor in
April. 1884.
On January 30,
1S70, ,1 yoinii; peo-
l>le's pr.iyeiineelini;
was est .ibiished,
and this year the
entire interior of the
eliureli, and as lar
as necessary the
exterior also was
repaired and ini-
jiroved at a cost of
$3o,cxxj, and on the
( veniii.i^ of I )eet'm-
ber 29, i87(j, the
ehnreh was re-
opened witli ,1 \(ieal
and instninienl.il
concert. .About 5
A. M. on M.ircli 25,
1876, a tire broke
out in the ciiiirch
w''ieli destroyed the
bnildin^. Whitney's
( )per.i House was
then env^;ii;i'd for
th( S.ibb.ith ser-
vices, and the pub-
lic, as well as the
oid cron.nre.i^ation,
thronjjed tlu' biiiid-
itii,' from S,;l)b,itli
to Sabbath. Meantime the work of rebuililini^ the
church went forward, and as the old pl.an w.is
elos<'ly followed, the present building js .ilmost a
fac-siniilc of the origin.il.
J. was dedicated on June 10, 1877. The expense
of reconstruct ing .amounted to about $<p,ooo, twi
thirds of the .imotint being provided by the insui
ance. .\li the .appointments of the church ai.
exceplion.illy compl<lc, even to ,1 servici: of tabli
wan; for festi\;il use, made expressly for tlieehur( h,
with ;i picture <if ilie biiilcHng on i.irl
piece, J. I). I l.iyes. .after the lire, diipli
citing his original gift of lifteen hinidic 1;
lieces.
The p.istor's s.il.iry in 1880 was §4,500.
The choir cost $i,vx>. I'he sexton w.a.
Kiid $770. The loi.il expenses were
§7,5(X), .and ?ig.<Kx) w.is received from
lew rents. The ]iro|)erlv w.is tlnii
N.llued .It §l(XJ,0()n.
The church h.is
sittings for 1,3'xi.
The .avcr.agc ;ii-
tcnd.incc at Sund.iy
morning service 111
I 880 w.as 8 50,
Nimibcr of mem-
bers in 1850, 62,
in 1860, \ijC} ; ill
1870, 282 : in 1880,
686. In .addition to
its own Sund.iy
sell, ij, the chini h
sheltered for m.iny
ye.irs ,1 .Sund.iy
school which W.IS
esl.iblished in 1833
in a public schiml
liuilding in the
flight h W.inl.
When .s( hool build-
iiij^s could no longer
bi' used for Sund.iy
schools, the siliodl
w;is '•einoved to this
(lllirell. where it
w.as held until 1874,
when its eoiitinii-
aiice was no Ioniser
deemed desir.able.
In its e.ailii r lifi' il
accomplished gre.il
good.
Jl'.IFI'KSDN AVKNIK I'misr.VTIiUlAN f'lll'RCIt,
JijU'irsoii Aiuiiui
CliurtJi.
'{"his society was
incorporated J.innary 25, the cluire'.i was org.ini/.ed
I'ebru.iry 8, 1854. and began Sund.ay-sehool ser-
vices in the old I>eti<iil Institute, ,1 n. hool buildiii;.;
on the north side of Jefferson Avenue, lietween
IJe.uibieii .and St. Anloiiie Streets.
iHK rKi:.siivii;KiA\ churciiks.
599
ip.CXX), tWi
y tin: iiisiii
clmrcli .11'
•(■ of l;il)li
llic clninii.
n^; on (■;i( I,
lire, (liipli
(11 liiindrcii
\v;is $4.SO(i.
SfXifill W.is
iiiiscs wxn
civcd frniii
was llicii
.il !iiil(X),(X«).
cliiirih lias
fur \,y>".
;ivcraj;c at-
ic at Siiiulay
yi stTvi<(' in
was S50.
T (jf nicm-
II 1X50, O2 ,
)o, \f/i ; in
!S2 : in iSSo,
III ailllilidll Id
ai Sunday
, till' <liiinli
(■■1 ((ir many
;i Sunday
wliicli was
cd in 1S53
)lir scIkkiI
;^ ill IIk-
Ward.
Iidol lilllld-
d no Iniv^cr
for Snnd.iy
ilic SclllKll
lOVl'd In lliis
wlicrc it
I until 1S74.
Is continu-
s nc l<)n!.;(r
dcsir.'lliir.
niii r lifi' it
islud gri'.it
I rom here, in (Jctobcr, ihcy moved to the
I. I Coni^rci^at ion.il Cliurcli, on Jefferson Avenue,
liic Kcv. Josliu.i t'ook w.is ilicn serving as
.('// .hull II r
liunJi.
society was
,is orj;aiii/ed
-selioo! sei-
lonl hiiildin;:
lie, bctwetn
I
l''RnN I I':N.\( Am.NIIH I'li I-.MIV I KKI AN M l-.-.IUN.
pastor. In the spriiii; of I.S55 Rev. Ilui^li Me-
IJriiy took eli.irge of llie eonv;re.i;.'ition, and on
December 9 of the s.une yar the briek eiuircii
on the north .sidi; of Jefferson Axcniie, between
Russell and Riv.ird Streets, w;is dedi(.iled. The
( hurrh with lot cost §50,000. The .-ludienee room
is sixty by ninety fei't,
with otu; hundred .and
seventy pews, .-md will
scat I, (XX). Mr. Mel'.lroy
was inst.illed .as p.islor
(111 July 2, i.S5r), and died
Hccember 24, 1.S57. A
lahlct of It.ili.m m.arblc,
111 the cliureh. bears tes-
tiiiiDiiy to his worth.
1 1(' w.as succeeded by
Ki\-, W illi.am lloi^.irth,
1). 1)., who W.IS iii-
si.illed Jul)' ^o, 1858, ami
resi,i;ne(l July i ^, 1.^73.
The pulpit w.ts llu n su|)-
p'icd bv x'.irious ckTi.^'y-
nicu until M;iy 6, 1.S75,
niieii Rev. R. J. L.iid-
i.iw w.as iiisl.illed. I le
icsi^riicd I'ebru.iry (S,
I ^^78, and W.IS succeeded
in M.iy by Rev. I'"., ii.
Mason, who \\,is inst.ii'id on May 15, i.S7(;. In
llic(;niber, iK.Si.lic r(si;.;iie(!, and on April K;, I1S82,
Rev. K. II. Ki'lloj^v; was ord.iiiied his successor;
lu! i(siv;ned iii .-ie|)teml)er following- 'he next
regul.ir p.istor, the Rev. Thom.as A. lloyt, o;v;an
his Labors in April, 1883, and in May, 1S84, w.is
Kuecceded by Rev. T. S. Hamliii.
'i"!ie p.istor's s.il.iry in i88(j was $3,250. The
( hoir cost §1 ,(x;o. The sexton was |).ii(l §3^15. The
tol.il yearly expenses were §5,250, .and §4,250 were
r.iised from |)ew nnts^ Number of members in
i860, i8(;; in 1870,346; 111 :88o, 360. The .aver-
age allcndaiicc ul incjrning service in 1880 was 300.
This church for a time had ch.artje of .1 mission
school ill 1 l.imtr.iiiK k, which w.is commeiKcd in
1803. in . I room at the M.irine llosiiil.il. ( )ii I'cb-
rii.iiy (i, i87(j, .a new buildinv; erected for the school
w.is dedicated. Il is located on the southe.isl ( oriuT
of I'roiiteii.ie Avenue .and Idiiv^rcss Si, eel. The
lot C()si S5'J<^^. ''uid the building; S3,5(xj. It si'.its 3(j().
Ill 1882 the school was placed in iliarge of the
I'resbyteri.ui Alliance.
W'lsthiinslir Cliinu li.
This .society was organized with thirty-one mem-
bers, on October 6, 1837, .and incorpor.ited on < )eto-
ber 26. The tir.st .services, with Rev. Henry Neill
.as pastor, W(r(r held in the United I'resbyleri.in
Chureh on Laf.iyetle Avenue, corner of Wayne
.Street. The society worshiped there until J.anii-
;iiy 13, 1861, when the briek ehurcli, on the e.ist
side of \Vashin.;;l()n Avenue, betwi'en Stale and
{ir.and River, w.as dedicated. I'he buiidiuy; w.as
Wl'.sl MiNsMtK I'Pdi'llVI ICKIAN Cm la II.
sixty-six bv one hundred feel, .and se.ited livi liun-
clnd and lifly persons.
in April, 1861, Mr. Neill resigned. Ua July
.■.^'
6oo
THE PRESUYTERIAN CHURCHES.
14 Rev. Ci. W. l'ii;iu' intcrcd upon tlu' pastorate,
ami was iiistalkd ( )(tol)cr 2;^, i<S6i. In tlic sum-
mer of 1866 liis lu-illli failed, and he went al)ro,id.
Tlie eliurcli was then temporarily supplied by vari-
ous eleri(ymen until July, 1867. Rev. W. E. Me-
Laren tiien beeame the pastor, antl soon after ttic
building was extensively cniarnjed ami repaired at a
eost of §17,000. It w.is rededieated Diiruiber 8,
1867. .Mr. Mel.aren was inst.illed January 12,
1868, and resijrned in l'"ebruary, 1S72. He was
succeedeci in April l)y {■lev. William Aikm ni, D. 1).,
wlio was installed June 5, 1872.
On Mareh 1, 1873, the soeiety .sokl tlieir jtrop-
erty. and it passed into the possession of the St.
Aloysius Catliolie Chureh. The last .serviee of
the I'resbyteri.in Society was on M;ireh 2. 1873.
On the first Sund.iy of the previous November
evenin^r services had been eonuneneed in one of the
buildings of Harper Hospital, and on and after
Mareh 9 all the chureh services were held at the
same \i\;n\\ A Sunday school had been conducted
in the buildiiii.^ by R. C. .Smith since 1865, and this
was now transferred to the church.
I'rior to their removal, the society had bought, for
§16,000, a lot on the northwest corner of Wood-
ward .Avenue and Parsons Street. .\ large brick
ch.'i]X'l. costing S20.000. was erected on the rear end
of the lot. ;md on May 10. 1S74., it \,as dedicated.
It seatetl three hundred and si.xty persons.
Dr. .Aikman resigned on May i. 1877, -'"I'l ^^''T*
succeeded by Rev. I'raiik T. Ii.iyk-v. who |)reaclud
his first sermon January 27, and w.is installed M.mh
7, 1878. On February 11, 1SS3, he resigned on
account of his wife's hv.'ilth, and soon .after removed
to Portland, Maine. In June, 1883, Rev. Nathaniel
West. D. n.. entered upon an engagement for six
months; his term exjiired in Nr)vember, and on the
26th of that month ,1 c.ill was extended to .and
accejUed by Rev. Ci. II. I )iittield, ,ind on .\|iril lo,
1884. he was installed.
In 1S79 the audience room of the ch;i|xl w.'is
enlarged, increasing its cip.icity .about tlftv sittings.
The church eost §35.ocxj :i\-n\ se.its 860. It was
first used November 13, and w.is dedicated Novem-
ber 29. 1S81. The estim.ited value of the church
property is §65.000.
The plan of the church contemplates a tower on
the southeast corner, to cost §7,000.
The pa.stor's sal.iry in 1880 was §3,000. The
choir cost $550. The number of church members
in i860 was 72; in 1870. 192; in 1880, 252. The
average attendance in 1880 was 350.
Cnh'iiry Church.
This church is an outgrowth of a mission Sunday
school. The school w.is st.irted in M.iy, 1868, in .a
small building on Harrison Avenue which had b;*en
a grocery; in October it was moved to a cottai^e
on Miihigan .\venue near the toll-ga.te. In tin
summer of 1869 a lot was purcha.sed on the south-
east corner of .Mayberry Avenue and lUitternin
Street, .and a frame building, thirty-six by seventy-
five feet, was erected at a cost (jf §3,500. It was
dedicated December 13, 1869,
On October 3. 1S72, a church w.as organized and
incorporated with sixteen members. Rev. Dr J.
(]. Atterbury, the first pastor, served until August,
1S74, He was succeeded by Rev. Willi.ani (irandy,
as stated si^ ijly. On November 24. 1878, Mr.
(irandy resigned, and on October 29, 1879, Rev. d.
W. liarlow \v;is installed.
The church seats 300. The average morning
attendance in 1880 was 200. The number of mem-
bers. 1 15. The pastor's s.ilary was §1,400. and tin
total annual expenses, §1,800.
C.M.VAKV Pui:m;\ IF-IJIAN Chikcii.
Uiu'oit Church.
Tliis .society had its beginnings in a mission
.Sunday school established by Z. R. P>rockway. He
was eflicienily aidvd by John S. Newberry. J;imes
and Hugh McMillan, .Mrs. H. .\. Wight, and many
others. The school was opened .March 8. 1863. in
a primary room of the Piishop School. It was
largely attended from the first, and within a ye.ar
subscri|->tions were obtained from persons of every
denomiii.ition, to erect a building for the sch vil.
The last §400 of the amount reci'iveu A.as obtained
at a union meeting at the Jefferson Avenue Presby-
terian Church, D. L. Moody, of Chicago, makiny an
appeal for the money.
nil': I'KKSHVTERIAN CHURCHES.
60 1
J. In tin
the south-
Biittcrnui
)y scvfiuy-
Kj. It \v;is
anizcd and
<ev. Dr J.
itil August,
im rinmdy,
1S78. mV.
~<-), Rev. (1.
;c niornin^Li
cr of nuni-
00, and tin
a mission
cway. Ill'
rry, James
and many
8. 1S63, in
It was
hm a year
(if every
i( srh Mil.
s nhtaineil
le I'resby-
iiaking an
On March 20, 1864, the eiiai)el, a neat wooden
h iildiniL;, was tirst oeeupied. It was located on the
n. irthwest corner of Russell and Nai^oleon Streets,
and in 1866 was enlarged by an addition, twenty
bv thirty feet in size. In the summer of 186S it
Union Pkesuvteri an Ciicrch.
was moved across Russell Street to the sjrnunds of
the old City Cemetery in order to make room for a
new brick building, seventy-t"ive by eighty feet,
which was dedicated February 17, 1869. It could
scat 2,150 children, and cost §16,000.
Mr. lirockw.iy did not favor a church org.iniza-
lidii, and it was dillicult to determine the fi'll results
nf the efforts put forth. In 1872 he was called to
aniither field of labor, interest in the school began
til w.ine, and fur a lime it \\;is iiilirely closed.
On May 15, 1S74, the I'resbyterirm Alliance se-
cured the property, and on February 18, 1875, a
duirch was org;inized with si.xteeii members. Rev,
A. F. I lastings w.is appointed p.astor. and continued
as such until his de.itli on November 28, 1880.
I\( V. Lewis R. Fox succeeded to the pastorate on
April 10, 1881.
The l)uil<ling c.m accommod.ite 1.200 adults,
i'lie jKistor's salary in 1881 was §1,500, ,'md the total
yearly expenses, §2.000. Number of meirbers in
1S80, 105. .Aver.ige .ittendance Sunday mornings,
100. \';ilue of iiroperty, $20,000.
Mtiiiorial Cliurcli.
This church is the outgrowth of one of the oldest
mission Sunday schools in the city. Tiie school
was first est.iblishetl on February 21, nSjS, in the
(lerman Reformeil /.ion Church, on Russell between
Sherman and Catherine Streets. On July 20. 1S62,
tlie school w;is moved to ;i ballon Clinton Street
li'tween Russell .and Riopelle Streets, and on (Icto-
her 19 of the same vear it w;is moved to the Tenth
Ward i'tiblic School building on Larned Street.
The school diil not tlounsh, and in the fall of 1854
it was transferred to the primary school building on
Clinton Avenue near St. Aubin .\. venue. In Sep-
tember, 1 866, the buildings near by. which had been
used as barr.acks, were .sold at auction ; the one
which had served as a hospital w.is purchasi d for
the -school at a co.st of $3-5- I-ol 70 of the Chene
Farm, on Clinton Avenue oppo'^ite the Duflield
I'nion School, was leased for .1 term of tifteen years,
and on December 31, 1856, the Clinton Avenue
Mission Ch.apel Society was incorporated.
The building was lilted up, and first opened on
January 27, 1867; and here the school grew and
prospirec'.
During 1880 Mr. Leonard I.aurense. who h;ul
l;eeii conni'cted with the school for many years,
conceived the ide.i of building ;i Memorial Chapel
in nuinory of his deceased wife, who had been a
zealous worker in the school. Rev. 1). M. Cooper
propcised to unite in the tnterprise. ami erect a
church with the chapel, ;is a memori.al of his
deceased f.ither. uKithcr. ,and wife. The jirojei I was
entered upon, .and the chapel was dcdic.iied J.anuary
16, i(SSi, ;uul on J.inuary 27, 1881, ;i chun h with
fifty-one members was organized, with Rev. D. M.
Coojur as |-),istor; he was installed on Novem-
ber 21. 1883. The church w.is erected at the s.ame
time ,as the ch.ipcl. but was not finished until
December 17, 1SS2. on wliich d.iy it was form.illy
dedicated. The total cost of lots, chapel, church.
Mf.mukiai. Presiivtkkian Ciu kcii.
and furnishing was §35,900. nf which amount
§2.000 was received from the sale of the old prop-
erty. To make up the balance. Leonard I.aurense
gave §5.000, Rev. 1). M. Cooper, §25.500. .Adeline
S. antl Irene Spragiie. each §1,000. In .addition to
the amount already mentioned, Mr. Cooper made
6o2
THE rRESI5VTr:R!AN CHUUCUKS.
provision for llic iiniidii df a parsdiiavji' adjoiiiiii.v;-
tiic rluirtli, III lost not kss than §(),ooo. I'lic ciuinii
is i^niili'il witli a cliiiiu' of fonr lirlls, and srvnal
staini'il ijlass windows, wliirli ri'prodiui' tlif ex-
ceedingly elaborate emblems and deeorations pre-
pared at immense eost of lime and labor for the
ter-centenary I'rcbbyteriun celebration held at I'hila-
deljihia in 1872. They have not been prodnced for
anv other editire, and are artistically and historically
the most valuable memorials to be found in any
church in the country. I'ollowinjLj the deilication,
the pastor arrangeil for a series of memorial dis-
coursis.ihe first on December 24, 1S82. by Leonard
W. Hacon, 1 ), |)., upnn his i;randfather, David
Bacon, and \u> lather. Dr. I.ci'm.iril Kacon, who was
born at Detroit. On the day of this ;iddress, an
elej;;int memori.il tablet, iilaccd in the church by
himself and his relatives, was lor the first time
unveileil.
Addresses were subsequently delivered:
On Rev. John Monteilh, by John Monteith, of
Missouri.
On Rev. Noah M. Wells, by (.'leorj^e D. I5aker,
D. D.
On C.eorge Dullield, D. D., by D. ik'lhunc Duf-
field.
The subjects suggested by the memorial windows
were iliscourscd upon as follows: Italy, bv Ri'V.
i Unry C. McCook, I ). 1 )., of I'hiladelphi.i ; .Scotland,
by Rev. James F. Dickie, of Detroit; Ireluul. by Rev.
J.imes McLcod, (if lUiff.ilo ; I'.ngland, by Rev. \Vm.
M. r.lackburn, D. D.. of Cincinnati ; !•' ranee, by Rev.
Win. I'. Hived , D. D..of riiiladelphi.i ; Swit/crland.
by Rev. II. .\. MacCr.icken. D. 1)., of ritlsbiirgh ;
liolunii.i, by Rev. A. T. i'icrsun, D. D.. of Indian-
.ipolis : I loll. mil. by Rev. J. Ambrose Wi^hl. D. I).,
of Hay Lily; t icrm.uiy. by Rev. /.;ichary luldy. D. D..
of Detroit; Ilung.u-y. by Rev. D.ivid M. Coojier.
The avcr.ige attendance in i.SSo, on Sunda\
morning, in the ch,i|H-l, w.is 180. Total yearly
expenses in 1880. $500. The church hasaccommo-
d.ilions for 500 persons; the chapel for 300.
Truinbull ./■"'< 7///, ■ CInirili.
This enterprise beg.m with a Sunday school,
org.ini/ed M.irch 18. 1877. in .1 sm.ill wooden build-
ing ;it No. 484 Trumbull .\vcnue. The pnscul
buililing is located on the southcisi corner of Trum-
bull Avenue and Fulton Street. The lot is one
hundred feet on Trumbull Avenue by one hundred
and iwenty-four on Fulton Street. The .society
was organized .\ugust 28, 1881, with 72 members.
The lot cost §2. 500. ;ind the building and furniture
$7.3cw. The chapel w.is dedicated July v 1S81.
It is of brick. forly-si.\ by eightv-one feel, .-md seats
500. Rev. .Allen M. Dulles became the first piistor
in November, 1881.
L nittii /'ris/iv/ir/\iii C/iuit/t.
This society was organi/.i'd May 8, 1853, ;md held
ils first meetings in ihc old Wayne County L'ouri
Tui Miiei.i. .\\i:niic rui;shvn;ui.\N t'liAiii..
Koom, corner of driswold ;ind t'ongress Streets,
moving from there to the old City Il.ill. ,ind iluii
purchasing, for $(),5tx). a church which h.id been
erected by the .Second l'resbyleri,in Society, on the
southeast corner of l„if;ivctte Avenue .md W.iviie
Street. I'lie first ser\ice of the new owners was
1.'niti:i) Pkeshvtkuian Ciukch.
held on December 23, 1855, In 1869 the building
was extensively improved, at a cost of .about $1 i.otxi,
,ind the selling c,i]),ieity increased from 500 to 650.
It was rededieatcd on September 12, 18C9.
THK PRESBYTERIAN CllURCllLlS.
603
ria- first pastor, Rev. Saimu'l Palton. was in-
s :illi'(l I K-tTinbor :?;, 1S54. Mr. I'alton iliid a(ii r
^iivinij abmit two ami a half years. Rrv. J. 1'.
^ .HI. 1). 1)., bcijaii his labors July 29. was installed
Novcmbor 30, itS5(), and on January 20. 1.S7S, re-
si^iU'd tho pastorate, preaeliiny; iiis last sermon
jchruary 24. He was sueeeedeil by Rev. R. Turn-
JMlll.
i'he pastor's .salary in 1.S80 was $1,500, and tlie
I. ii.il yearly o.xpen.ses $3.otxj. The nunil)er ,)f nieni-
Ivrs in 1.S60 was 30; in 1.S70. 12\; in 1.S80, 301;
Tlu' ,iveraj;e atter.d.inee Sunday niorniny; in 1.S80
\^''^ 375- '"'i^' I'liiireli ii.ul a ilei)t of $5,000. iu
iSSo. which has since i)een i)aid.
.\n occasion 1 s|)i'ci,il inti'rest to this society was
the annual convention of ilie lirst synod of the West,
which coniniencetl its sessions in the church on Au-
gust 28, 1S83.
I'rrnch, or French and German Prrs/iyfcrum
Church. (Extinct.)
A society known as tiie l"renili Presbyterian
Clnirch was orn.ani/.ed ;is early ,is March ;,, 1854,
,iiul purciiased on ih.it day a lot on the south side
(if Catharine Street near Russell Street forS7oo. On
September i, 1856, a society called the French .and
ilerman I'resbyterian Church was incorporated, and
on October 18 following; the orii^inal society tr.ins-
ferred the lot to the new orj^jani/alion. A wooden
church was then erected, which w.is deilicatcd l'"eb-
riiary 22, 1S57. Tlic society did not prove har-
inoiiious or successful, .and on \\\x\\ 22, 1S61, a
sDciety in ch.irjije of Rev. 11. Miller, a branch of St.
John's Lnlher.m Church on Monroe Avenue, ob-
tained the use of the buildinvj. It w.is subseciuently
sold to still .another Lutheran congregation.
Rcfornicif Church of .Inicr/ca.
This society w.is org.ini/.ed in Deci-mber. 1872,
with 42 mem!)ers. In August, 1874, lluy dedicated
their church, which is on the south side of C.ith.irinc
Street in the middle of the block between I)e<|uindre
Street ,unl St. Aubin .Avenue. The lot I'ost $650
and the building Si.ioo, The building seats 200.
It is held in trust by the Uo.ard of Home Missions.
Rev. II. R. Boer w.is the tirsi |)astor, serving from
l.'^72 to 1874. Rev. M. Rirki'iiocld took charge in
1875, and on account of f.iiling health resigned in
1877. The cluircli remained without .1 pastor until
June 25, 1882, when Rev. (i. Niemeyer became
p.istor .md served until June, 18S4. The number of
members in 1S80 w.is 38.
OCIASIONS (IK INTK.RF.ST T(1 PRF.SHYTERl ANS,
1833, October 12. — Mcctinjj of Synod of Western
RcsetTc in Detroit.
1837, October 23. -First meeting of Synod of
Michig.m in Detroit.
1842, Octol)er 14, — Synod again met in Detroit.
Den 11 Ukuik.miii (.ihkim,
1845, June 19 to 24. — Joint Convention of Con-
greg.ational ;uul I'ri'sbvti'ri.in ministers and deleg.ites
from churihes in northwestern St.ites.' Dr. I.ym.in
lleecher and I'rofi'ssor C.iKin V.. Stowe were pres-
ent.
Jmie c;, 1848. Meeting of St.ite Synod.
M.iy 16 to 29, 1850. The I'resbyteriaii Cicnenil
Assembly convened .it Detroit. M.iny distinguished
persons presi'iit.
October 27. 1864. .111(1 July 12, 1870. Meetings
of St.ite Sviiod.
M.iv if> to 30. 1872.-- I'resl)yterian Cicncr.il As-
sembly in session in Detroit.
In November, 1872, the rresbyteri.m .\ili.ince of
• It is a 1 urioiis lail that r llii' scciiiul Miliiiiu- I'f Dr. jlicilicr's
.\ultil'i.i<rapliy, cilili il liy liis son, Uiv. diaries llcrtliiT, this
iiu-t'tinK is slalril to liavu Inrii liilil in t'liiiaj^o. TIk' narrative
says, "In Iiinr, iS,(s, Dr. Ilriihci allindi-il a ronvinlion ai
C liica.i;o, .if t'onK'r<>;ational anil I'rcsbyti'rian I luirclHs. * » *
I hi- convinlion was a ^jrcat and vsood ono, whoso inlUnnre will
1)1' felt powerfully for nood throiij,;!! all eoniing time. It will, I
trust, avert a schism between Conis're.v'alional and I'reshytcri.in
Chiirelies and eonsummate and perpetuate their nnioii. * » ♦
I preaelud for the Methodists on llie Salihath, on jiistifieation by
faith, witli Kre.it delight and nuiliiplied .Aniens, and the other
tokens of emotion and approbation ; and thons'i niy theories
often swept aeross their Irarli, ibi- stream of feilini; swept them
along, and tliey still cried /\ men 1 ll was a delii;lilfiil tniio of
boundless lil)trly and heart melting and llowing onw.ird r>£ the
copious stream of triilh."
6o4
TIIF. I'KKSI'.YTKRIAN CHUKCHKS.
Detroit was orifaniziHl, and in Frbniary, 1S74, it
was incorporated. It is roniposid of tin: sessions of
the rri'si)yterian Cluirclies in tlie city, toijether with
suil) l'resi)ylerian ministers and elders residing in
said city as sliall i)y tleetion be admitted. Its ob-
ject is tile foundini; and estai)lisiimcnt of IVesby-
terian cimrciies, missions, and .sciiools, and such
oilier work as may promote the interests of said
denomination in the city of Detroit ami its vicinity.
It is a consuitinif and advisory body, M'cnrinu;
unity of ojiinion .md harmony of action in mattiTs
of common interest. It is sustained by voluntary
C(jntrii)utions. When money is needed an .assess-
ment is made upon the churches .lecordinn' to their
several abilities. This call is usually presented to
c.icli I hurcli under llic diniiiMii nf its session ;ifli .
its own method.
The presidents have bet'ii : i<S73, Kev. W'm. ilo-
IH,uth; 1X74. Kcv. Will. ,\ikman; 1875, Rev. A. T.
riiison; 187^), kiv. (leori^e I). I laker; i(S77, Uev.
Robert J. I,;iidlaw; i(S7,S, J.acob S. l'';irrand : i(S79,
i;iisha Taylor; iS.So, (ieorj^a- W. Ilolfm-an; i.SKi,
Rev. James Dickie; i88j, John Cameron ; i'SiS3-
Rev, C. \V. Barlow.
Treasurers: ICS73 ''^7^'' Janies II. Muir; 1.S76
, Cicorife v.. I land.
Secretary: Rev. J. C Atterbury.
18S0, October 11. Synod of Miclii^an met in
Detroit.
CHAP T E R L X I .
TIIK liAITIsr CIIURCUKS.— OCCASIONS OF IN TliKIlST TO TIIK DENOMINATION.
/■Vrs/ Pmfitist C/nin/i.
TliK Rev. Henry Davis, a IJaplist niiiiisicr, is
said to have conducted services in the old I'nivcrsity
Uuilding, on liatcs Street, in the spring of 1^26.
ORUilNAI. l!l'lI.T)lN(;
I'iKST li.M'Tisr CiirucH.
This date is, prohai)ly, one year too early, as the rec-
ords of liie trustees of tiie University do not
show that tile use of the i)nildini( was v,rranted
prior to .Nhiy 28, K- "^ ; on that dale a rt'soiu-
tion appear? ; ■•■'■>\\, "tiiat the IJaptist
Society may ha\ . mh f(ir minister for
si\ monllis." ()u_,.ay3 followiu).;', tiie Detroit
(iazette contained a notice tiiat tlie "trustees
of the L'niversity had ,i;iven tlie liaptists per-
mission to use the lower room of tile academy.
I'reaching by Rev. Henry Davis."
On Aiigiist 19, 1827, Mrs. Nancy Cobel!
was baptizeLJ. tliis being presumably the lirst
baptism by immersion in Detroit.
Tin; society was fully organized on October
20, 1837. Mr. Davis was compelled to resiGfn
on account of failing health in April, i82S,aud
oil June 10 of the same year the city donated
to the society the Ini on the northwest corner
of I'ort anil Oriswold Streets. In May, 1829,
Ml. I irowning announced to the church " that
he had loncluded to go forward and build
a house of one story, twenty-two by thirty-five
feet, as .1 meeting room for the church, upon
the lot granted by the city loiincil List year,"
and in November, 1830, the old records
speak- of a i)roposition to meet in their house
of worship.
After Mr. Davis left, the chnrcli was without a
pastor for .se\eral years, but w.is kept together
largely through the faithful efforts of Francis I'.
Browning. In 1831 the society \\;is admitted to
the Michigan ISaplist .\ssoci;itioii, and in July Rev.
S. (ioodman became the pastor, niiiaining one year,
after which, notwithstanding tluy were now left
without .'I shepherd, the members of the lloek were
not hopeless; for in September, 1833, the old frame
church w.is .sold to James Witherell, and a new
church was begun on the original site. The old
building was moved to the site now occupied by the
Detroit Opera House. In the .spring of 1S34 KIder
Looniis, agent of the New \\)vk Baptist Conven-
tion, w;is employed three months, and in November
following Rev. Robert Turnbnll commenced his
labors.
On January 11, 1835, the new church was dedi-
cated. It was of brick, lifty by seventy feet, with a
steeple one hundred feet high.
On August 31, 1S36, delegates assembled in
FlUSr IlKH K UaI'TIST ClUKl 11, tOK.NKK
L605]
ItlKl A.NU (JKISWUI.U brUliKTS.
C)oC)
rili: I'.AI'IIST ( IUKCIIKS.
Itiliiiil. aiul llic r.a|ilisl Si, lie (.'(iinciiliiiii was
orijani/cd. I'lir |iastiiratc nf l\c\. I\. runihull
lasted two years ami a lialf. Ilellieii went I'.ast,
ami as an aiillmr a< liiexid esteiKled fame. It was
(I'.iriiiii;- his jiastniale that Mrs. Jatnesoii visited
I )etrciit ; she alteiidid ser\ iei- lure, and thus reeords
Iht impressimi of the eliiireii and its sir\iees:
I'lir 1 liLUili is uiii- iif llii' l.iii;<"-l ill llii' liiwn, plain in :i|i|>r;M-
aiiir, lint till- iiilriiiir IiiiikImhiu-, mikI in >;cmji| tiislf. 'I'lii- t iimkh -
X.itiiiii «.!» Mill (Tdwiliil, liiil I'oinpciMil iif iiiiist rispii liiMc ,
siriiMis, «i 11 (liisMil |»(i|ili . * ♦ * ( )n rinsing' Ills siriiiiin, III'
iiiiiiniriiK'd a iiniycr, iiinl I li.ivr m lilnm lislinid ti> oiiu iniiri'
i'liii|iiriilly fcrviiil. Ilnlli llir siiniiiii .iiiiI lln- prayir wire
ixtiiii|iiiraii<Miiis. Ml! piayrilliT all pniplr, naliuiis, onli'rs, anil
lonililiniis iif iiicii lliri)ii>;liiMii tin- wni Id, iniliiclinK lln Kin>,'<>f
(Iriat I'lilain, Imt tl\e prayrr for llic I'lrsiilinl nf llii' I'liiliil
Stall's HtriiK'il III nir it litllr nii^liial, iiiiil ailniiralily rait lllaird tu
suit tli« t«i> parlii's who arc: at prrsint diviiji-d on tin' nn i it-, of
that unitlinian. 'llic suppliant lii'sonjjlit tlic .Mininlily lliil if
Mr. \'aii I'.nnn wrnt a noud man, lir nii,i;lil '"' niadi' liilli r, .iiiil
if a bad man, In: miijlit I": spi rdily rrgriuratcd.
Second I^kuk I!.\i iim Cm uoii, cuKNiiK Koki amj Liui^wui.u biKUETb.
.Vfter Mr. riirnhiill left, the ehureli wa.s i)ast()rless
initii I'ehniary, wSv"^. when Kev. ( ). C.Comstoik
was seilled (i\er it and remained until September,
I1S39. He was su<-eeeded in l'"el)riiary, i<S4i. by
Rev. lliiwell Smith, and in Se|)tember of the same
year Rev. .Andrew Ten Rrook was ordained and
settled as the pastor. In I.S44 Mr. Ten Rrook was
ealled to the ehair of Mental and Moral Science in
the Michigan University, and in .September, 1844,
Rev. James [ni^lis was ordained as pastor. lie
remained until the sprinv; of 1S47. In October fol-
l:iwinjf Rv'v. Samuel Haskell aeceptetl the pastorate.
In I S49 several nu'iiibers (jfnanized the Tabernacle
Baptist Chiircti. Rev. Mr. Haskell left in March,
1852, and Kev. Mr. Coh'er bec.'inic pastor in A])ril,
1853. He remained until March, \^-,(>, ;ind was
siieceed((l by his son, Rev. t'hailes K. Cdlver, will,
remained until June, 1857. After lie left, thechun I
was supplied by Rev. ('■. \V. Harris, editor of tin
I'hiistian Herald, and Rev. S. C'onicliiis. ( )n Janu-
ary I, 1S5.S, Rev. J. W. ■l'a,i,;X''i'' \^''^ .settled a-
pastor.
In the sununir of 1.S59 the old church was torn
down, ami the erection of the third chuich on lln
same site was bc^fim. 'I'he corner-stone was l.dil
September S, 1859. While the church was bnildiii;,;
the c(»n]L;rcv;ation foiuid temporary (|u.irters. lirst in
tlu; old Com^rcj^.ition.il Church on JcMcison Avciuii
and then in the li.ill in t'oyKs building on Wood-
ward Avemic, .iboM- Slate Street.
In iSfio several membirs of the church orv;ani/eil
the Lafayette Street Raplist (.'hurch. Rev. Mr.
Ta.v;.i.;art's lal)ors closed in June, icSf.i. bi Ji;l\
Re\'. J. H. ('irinith ((inimeiieed p.isior.'il work, am!
in November followin^-^ he was or<l;iiiied.
After about two ye.irs the con,nre,natiiin
bei^an to use the basement of their new
chin'ch, and on < >ctol)er 11, i.S^^, the main
audience room w;is dedicated. It li.id an
avera!.;e width of sixty-six feel and was
seventy feet loni; ; the width across the
tr.'insepts was eij;hty feet. The tower w,is
not completed, but the cost of the church
and furiiishinj; reaclu'd giJ5,tx)o. It seated
(150 |iersons.
Mr. (iririith rt'si.i;iu'd on April 14, iSCi;.
Rc\. (1. S. Chase succeeded him ill De-
cember, i.Sfi7, .111(1 remained until I'cbni-
ary, 1870. I k', with otlur members of tin
church, then withdrew and formeil the
I'ark Sircct I'.aptisl Chuich.
About this time it was d<'<ide(l to sell
the I'ort Street site, and build a new
church on the corner of Cass A\i'iiue and
I'",i;,U Street. 'I'he lots were boui^hl and
a brick cluipcl erecteil, which was lirsl
used in May, I.S72.
Rev. L. M. Wdodruff, who succeeded Mr. Ciia.se,
remained until July. i<S72. In January. 1073, the
I'irst and i'ark Street C'liiirches were united,
Rev. John M.itihews. of the I'ark Street Church,
servinv,^ ,is pastor from i-'ebruary to Noxember,
1'^/ J-
In July, 1874, Rev, N. C, Mallory commenced
his pastor.ite. He resiirned in 1871;, and was suc-
ceeded on July 1 by Kev. /.. Cifenell.
On .April 25, 1875, the new church on Cass
y\ venue w.is dedicateil. The lot has a front;i,ije of
one hundred feet on Cass Avenue by one luindretl
and lifty feet on Hav^j,^ Street, and cost $9,(xx). Tin
lenirih of church and chapel is one hundred and
thirty-eitjht feet, and width seventy-four feet. Tin
main ;iudicnce room is sixiv-ti\c bv one hundred
TiiK iiAi'Tis'i' ciii:rciii:s.
607
Solver, wild
llic clHinl,
iior (if ilii
< )n J;imi-
scttlcd a--
•li was Ion I
licll oil till
(• was laiil
as hiiildiiii^
<'rs, liist ill
ioii Avcniii
oil \\'(l(l(|-
li ort;aiii/(il
K.v, Ml.
I. ill July
I work, aiul
f tlicir new
)\, llic main
It had an
it and was
across the
L' lower was
llir cliunh
J. It seated
ril 14, 1S67.
liilii ill De-
iiilil I'ehrii-
iihers of the
loriiied the
led to sell
Id a new
i\elilie and
l)<iii]u;ht and
was first
Mr. Cna.se,
lh73, the
■le united,
■et (.liiireh,
November,
iimnieiK'ed
(1 was siic-
h oil Cass
froiil.i.i;e of
lie hiiiulred
),(xK). Till
lulred and
feet. The
le luiiidred
The
h.api'l
Icet. It lias 122 pews and se.its 700.
rost !|>l(),cxj() and the chiireh $5<),(xxj.
The !eii.v;th of ehiirch ;iii(l chapel is one hundred
,ind thirtv-ei^ht feit, .iiid width seveiitv-foiir feit.
C\s.s AM'.snc liMiisi (ill Rill.
Till' I'.astor's s.d.iry in i.SSo w,is $2,500; the choir
cost $250; .ind the tot.il annual I'.xpeiisi's wen:
§4,500. The ])ew rtnts amounted to S5.000. The
proinrty w.is valued .it S75,(xxj. The aver;n.;e .a-
tend.ince on Sund.iy inoriiiii).,^ w;is 4(X). Number of
nieiiihers in iiS3o, 10; in 1840, 153; in iiS5o, 2(iy,
ill i860, 350; ill 1870, 266; in 1880, 421.
SiKDii/ luiptist Chin I h {.Coloreii^.
This church was orff-nnized in 1836, and held its
lirst services in jirivate liousi's. As cirly as March
',0 1836, the society contracted for .1 buildiiij; to
( ost S480. The church, however, w.is imi built, and
ill 18^1) the society held meetini^s in ;i buildinif .also
used for school piir]iosi's. on the south side of Fort
Street, between T?eaubien and St. Antnine Streets,
subsequently known .is Liberty H.ill. On M.irch
18, 1839, the society was incorporated.
l'"rom .Nuifiist 16 to 20, 1850, the church was
oceiipiiil by till' annual meetiiij; of the Auii'i istbuii;
li.iptist ■Association, to which the .society l)eloii;;ed.
In Septi iiiber, 1851, the society was reeeivid into
till' Miclii.n.ui ilaptist As.soeiation, On June 26,
1854, the chiircli w;is burned. Services wire then
held for ;i time in .in old school-house on the south
side of l'"ort near ll.istinvjs Street. In I'ebruary,
1857, the society boii^hi their present property on
the north side of Cronh.ui iie.ar lie.iiibieii Street for
!5>3,8(j<) of the l'"irst (lirni.iii Reformed /.ion Church,
which society had built it in 1851. In 1881 it w.is
e.Nlensively rei);iired, at a cost of l3;3,ooo. In 1875
the church .adopted J. Newton llrown's ll.iptisl
Church .Manual.
.Number of members in 1840, 15; in 1S50, 80;
in i8f)o, 221 ; jii 1870, 165; in i88t), 3(/i. Number
of sittiiii^s in the church, 275. The .-iver.-ivie .atteiid-
.inee .it niorniii,i( service in 1880 w.is 150, 'I'hc
p.istor's s.il.iry w.is S7(X), The tot.il yearly e.\peiises
were S875. The property w.is v.ilued at $i8,txx),
.iiid encumbered with a debt of $1 2,o<xj.
Ke\. W. C, Monroe, llu' lirst p.istor, sirved from
i83<'i to 1847, kev. S, II. 1 ),ivis W.IS ji.istor from
1847 to 1 85 1, and W.IS succeeded by Rev. D. Ci.
Shciinh H must Cm iiRFii CiiuRcii,
Lett, who remained until 1856. In 1857 Rev. VV'ii-
li.im Troy w.as pastor. Tie was followed l>y Rev.
(i. \V, Anderson, who served from 1859 to 1861.
Kev. S. Chase served from April 1, 1861, to April
I, 1874, .and Rev. J. I'. Wills from M.ay i, 1876, to
December, 1881. He w.is succeeded on October 1,
1882, by Rev. W. R. Davis, who remained only one
year.
6< )S
TIIF: liAI'TIST ClirKCMKS.
I.AIAYKl 1|. Avi-NIK li.Mllsl ClIl'Klll.
Lii/irviffi- .Iviiinr C/iiir,/i.
TIk- first steps towards orjf.uii/.ini^ litis cluircli
Will' lalscii at a mci'tiiiv; held on June 3, iSdo; and
on June t, folldwiin;, tlfiy-six jJiTsons, iiidslly from
till- I'irsi liaptist Clmnli, nnitcd lomtlirr as tlic
Lafayette /Vveniie llaplisi (.'lunrli.
'I'lie sneiety lirst nu't in the 'ral)erna<'ie Cluireli,
on Howard lU'ar Second Street. In ( )ttol)er, 1.S60,
tile cluirtli was rereived into the Miiliii;an ISaptist
.Association. On W'edncNday, I'ebrii.iry 13, 1X61,
Kcv. Jdlin Matthews was inst.illed as pastor, and on
I)eccnil)er 12. liS6j, the society was incoi|)orateil.
In i.sr)3a lot seventy-live by one-hundred and thirty
feet, on the south side of Lafayette Avenue between
Cass and Kirsi Streets, w.'is piu'chased for $3,1^5,
and a cli.ipel scitinyf 250 was eri'cted. it was tirsi
used oil janii.iry 31, 1X64. ( )n October 6, 1865,
Mr. Matiluws resivjiied, and on December J.S foj-
lowin's^ the m.iin chiM-<'h w.is dexlic.ited. The tot.il
cost of the church, ch.i|)el, .ind furnishin.i;s, w.is
$26,000.
On jaiui.irv 2<). !iS66. Kcv. M. '{".lylor w.is c.illed
as the pastor. I le r(siv;nc(l on September 29, and
was succci'ded on November 21, 1866, by l\e\'.
Alfred Owen, who was inst.illed I.iiiii.iry 20, 1X07.
In May, 1.S7C), the society jirojecti'd ,1 mission
whiih desiloped into the l".ii;hlecnth .Street IJ.iplist
Church. The jj.istor.it'' of .Mr. Owen closed Jul\'
I, 1877, and for a time Rev. !•'. I>. Cressey supplied
the pulpit. I le was siifceedcd on < >cinbcr 22 of tin
.sami' ye.ir Ity Kc\. W. W. Il.immond. I le re.sixmd
in December, liS.Si, ;ind Jii' pulpit \\;is icmpor.uilv
supplied by v.irions persons until July, i!S,S2. whin
Uev. C. I\. Henderson w.is c.ilk'd. He |)reai:liL'(l
his lirst sirmon .;.■. the p.islur on .September 3.
The church h.is 50*1 sittiii,;;s. '!"hc ,i\er.it;e .it-
tend, mcc .11 morniui; service in icSSo was ',ix). TIk
pastor's s.il.iry was §2,(XJo, the i lioir i nst §i,(X)o,
.ind the loi.il ,'innu.il church expenses were l»i.t,4oi).
The prnpcriy \\as \;ilncd ;it $35,cxk). Number i>|
mcmbirs in i.Srw). 6o; in 1^70, 242; in icSSu, ifid.
in July, I1S.S3, sever.il members of the sociiiy
l)()ii).;ht a lot on the souihe.ist corner of \\dod\\,ii(|
Avenue .iiid Winder Street for !iii42,<Kxj. i he lot
h.is ;i frontage of sc\(nly-li\'e feet on W'oodw.'ird
A\'eniH' by one hiuulrcd and si\ly-li\e on W'indci-.
;iiid the coni;rev;.iiion proposi' tlu' erection of ;i new
and costly cluireh.
///■*/ (ii-r/ihui ClntPili.
This society w.is ori^.-mi/.ed .Aui^ust iS, 1S64, anil
re<ir;;.ini/cd by .1 Coiiiicil of ILipiist (.'hurches on
Janu.iry iS, i.Sf)(_). i'he lirst mcetini^s were held
in the I'ri'nch il.iptisl Church, :ind then in the
Clinton .Avenue Sund.iy .School buildini;. 'i'heir
church, on the norlhwcst corner of St. Aiibiii A\e-
nne .ind .Mullet Strict, w.is (Udie.ited May 8, 1870.
The lot cost S7<Kj ;ind the church $2,ixm). in ilu;
winter of 1.SS2 .md 1.SS3 an addition w.is m.ide to
the front of the buildinjj;. it scats Tpi.y. 'I'lie p.ir-
sonay;e. on the s.ime lot, w.is built in 1875, and cost
S51XJ. 'i'he .i\er,n;e atlend.incc in iSSo w.is 2(X).
The p.istor's sal.iry w.is $450, .md the tot.il yearly
expenses of the church S</x). \alue of the prop-
erty. §3,000. Number of members in 1870,51; in
1880, 130. 'I'he followin.i; h.ive .serviil ;is |)ast()rs:
S. Thoms, from 1X04 to iXO.S; C. Jnni;, from 1868
I'lK'^r (liiioM.M IfAiriM' Cmii.cH.
rill. r-Ai'i iM' I III Ki iii.s.
I )0(J
22 of tilt
• risii;ll(il
m|MPr,iiily
{82. will 11
prracliiil
-T J.
•cniKi- at-
',(><). 'I'lii
si ^I.IHMI,
re §4.4ot).
.iimlur III
;,S(., ]ii(>.
lir Miiiily
A'l II iiiwanl
■\hv llll
A'l II 111 ward
III Winilir.
II of ;i iHW
, 1S64, ami
iiiriiu's 111!
WlTl' llrlil
III! in llu-
iiit^. 'I'luir
Aiihin Avc-
lay <S, 1S70.
IX). Ill llu:
ts niadi' 1(1
Tin- par-
5, and I'osl
was J<xi.
la! yearly
llu; prop-
870, 51 ; in
IS |)asluls".
In 111! li^()i^
1, 1876; 11. I rlliiiaii. fri'iii iS/r. til i.S.So. In May, al S''',v>"- 'n Man li, i.S8_', Krv. Mr. ("nsscy ru-
iSiSo. l'". C KuililiT Ihi anif pasinr,
Z/c// ('/iioi/i {('i>/i»,;/).
This Miciily has iin liiiiidiiii;. Il sv.is or-
v iiii/<tl in 1870, nitiiiin; al llic liniisc of
luiiri;i- I'lciii li, \]ij .M.iriiMiit Sinil. Ki-v.
(iiorijf lliirihiil was p.isiiir fniin iS'/otn 1S72,
.'iiiil tluy liavf ii.id iiniic simi'. Niinilicr of
iikmiiIhts in 1870, .j^, in iS.So, jj. The swi-
ciy iiKorporaU'd January Jj. 1871.
/•,/(,•///(< 7//// S/r,;/ (lull I /t.
I'iiis rliiinh .^ivw oiil of a inissiun isiah-
hshcd hy llii' i.afayrlli' .Xvi'iiiu- Snciilv. .\
imitin,n was lu-liI al llial (liiiri h mi Mav 1,
I1S76, to foiisidrr ihf siihicil, ,iiii| mi M.iy 1.;
il was (licidcd to cslahiish llir I'i^liitciilh
Slicil Mission. .\ lot on the cist sidf nl
I'.ijLjliliinlh Slirrt nc.ir M,iri)iii lie v\as piir-
rli.isi'd al a I'lisi of :<ii,iiM>, and a i liiin li,
(iisiiiiv; S.V4'^-'*' •'"'''itional. w.is iriMtid. Kiv.
i , I'l. Cressry. tlif liisl pasinr, li(',^an his labors
May 15, and on M,iy 20, 1877, a Siiiid.iv
mIiooI was idnmirmcd with one luinilinl
.iiiil sixty-two sihol.irs. The linildinn was
fiiiinaliy (Icdii'.itiil June v i^>77. and regular
liri.iciiini.; scrxici's hci^.in ]\\\\k' 10.
I lie a\i-r,im' ;illrndaiiri- ;il ciuin li in liir nimn-
iii.H, in 1880, w.is 125. 'I'lir .sal.iry of tiic p.isinr
Uas §I.21XJ, .111(1 the lol,l! Vf.irlv fXlUllsrs, $1, v>o-
111 .Miiy, |S8(), iJic I hiin h w.is inlarv;i'd. and ihr
scaliiij,^ cap.u'ilv incrrasid from 275 to jix. I lir
|)( \\s .lie ,ill free.
siv;ii((l, ,111(1 Oil .Match j6 lie wu.s siirciriiiil hy Kcv,
M. II. WOrrali.
'rWKLlTll STKBlvr HaITISI CllUKCIl.
IWilflli Slr,;l ( /////■<//.
'fhis is llif oiilijrowlh of a Sniid.iy school ori^,in-
i/cd ill the f.ill of 187C) ill ihf upper p.irt of ,1 siofe
on (ir.iiid Ki\er A\eiuie hetueeii 'Iwclftli ;iiid Tliir-
rile ehlireh proper w.is mvj.illi/ed Jillv I, 1880, teentll Streets. The |)ro',perily of I lie school led to
Willi one limidred ,illd eivjhteen nieniiiels ; reiilv;ail- (lie ohl.iiiiim; of a lot oil liie smithe.isl coiller of
i/ed on July 6, ,ind fmin.il reeov;iiilii)n service held rwclllii ,ind 1 .illdcn Streets, .illd the lelllowil ihelelo
(111 July II, 1880. The properly was then v.ihicd nf the iiiiiised I'.irk Street I'.aptisl t'hureh. On
l.inuaryf), 1878, the school hist iiicl in tiial biiildiiiv;'.
< 111 M.iy 1 Kev. S. W. Titiis coiiinieiieed his labors
,is p.islor. ( )n September h; ;i cluireii w;is ori;;m-
^ i/id, ,111(1 on September 21;, 1878, tlu: society W.IS
incorpor.ited.
The society beii^.in witii forty-one, and in 1880
had one hundred .iiid iiiiulieii nunibers. The lot
cost §800, and the removal .and relilliiij; the church,
§5 50. The ctiurch si;ils 380. The p;istor's salary
in 1880 w.is §i,cxx), ,ind the total yearly (;.\pciises
^1,300. The \;iluv of the properly w.is §4.o(X).
TIr: .iver.ine ;itleml;ince was 200. In tiie f.ill of
1883 the lecture room w;is eiil.irmd .and other
imp!-o\'eineiUs m.ide, ;it .1 cost of about SOcx).
SiiOiii/ (iiiinan Clitiith.
This society h.id its bejj.innin^s in .1 ( ierm.an
Suiulay school, eommeiiced February 20, 1S76, in the
Eighteenth Stkeet 1!aiti;>t Chukch.
^
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IMAGE EVALUATION
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TllK 15Al'Tlsr CllLRCllKS.
Calvary I'rcsliytcrian Cliurch. A cluirch was then
oriraiii/ed, and willi twenty- live nK'ml)ers was duly
recojjni/.cd on y\ii,ijiist 16, 1877, and on S(.'|)tcnil)(.r
25 it was received into the Michis^an Ikiptist Asso-
ciation. The cluircii biiiidinir, located on tlie east
side of Mt. Hope A\cnuc. between Michiijan Ave-
nue anil Ash Street, was hrst used ]i\nc 29,
and forniaiiy dedicated December 16, 1879. The
lot cost $400 and the buikliiin' •*420. The cluirch
seats 90. In 1880 there were twenty-four nii'mbers,
and an average attendance Stmday morning- of 30.
The property was valued at $1,000.
The church was organi/,ed by Rev. C. Jung, who
served as ]iastor \\\i to 1882. On January i, 1883,
Rev. A. Freytag became his successor.
SiieciNi) (Ikuman liAi'Tisr C'licntii.
Clinton Anionic Church.
The church building of this society is located on
the southeast corner of Joseph Campau and Clinton
Avenues. The society was organized November 30,
1880, with fifty-two members.
The (diapel was dedicated on December 12, 1880.
The lot cost $2,000 and the building $5,000. It
seats 500. The lirst pastor, Rev. J. I), i'ulis, began
his pastorate November 30, 1880. 'llie average
attendance at the morning service in 1880 was
250. The pastor's salary was $1,200. and the total
annual expenses $1,500. The value of the projierty
was $8,000. A chach costing $15,000 will be com-
pleted during 1884.
Shiloh Cltiirih {Colored).
This society was organized December i . 1 88 1 , by
]^ev. John V. Wills. Twenty-five members, mostly
from the Second IJaptist Church, luiited with the
society. Mr. Wills died on May 14, 1882, and was
succcedt'd by Rev. T. C. Johnson, and he, in October,
1S82, by Rev. John S|)ears, who continued the str-
\ices where they were begun, in a private house, at
421 Hastings Street, hi November, 1S83, that prop-
Clintiin Avrnie I'.ArrisT Cmai'ei..
Clinton Avenuk Uatilst Chikch.
erty was sold ; services were then held for several
months in a hall at 258 Gratiot .Avenue.
In the spring of 1S84 a building on Columbii
Street, between Hastings and I'rospect Streets, wa^^
purchased for $1,300, with the purpose of fitting it up
for church services.
THK I5APTIST CHURCHES.
6ll
iirst /■'iiiu/i liaptist Cliiiiih.
This cluinii was ori^ani/fd Sci)lcinlj(.T 20, iiS57,
and iiu'orpnralcd May 2, 1.S60. TIk: lirsi services
were iield in llie old Cons^reiialioiial Cluireli (jii
lefferson Avenue, wliieii was used uiilil llieir
(iwn buiUlinn' was ((juipleted. It is joeated nu
the iKjrih side of Siierniaii Street between Rivard
and Russell Streets. The lot was donated by (Gen-
eral Cass, and the brick church was iledicated l"eb-
ruary 11, 1862. It seats 200 persons and cost
>;2,ooo.
Till'; KuKNCEI liAITISl ClUKCII.
The pews are free. 'I'he averat^^e attendance in
1S80 was about 125. Number of members in 1S60,
49; in 1.S70, 157; in 18X0, 100. Rev. R. 15. I)es-
riiclies is the (lastor, and his salary is S700. The
total expiMises in rSSo were S<Soo. The property
was estimated to be worth $3.5fX).
Taln'macli- Chnrc/i. [ /•'.a/i/u/.)
This society was a branch of the I-"irst Baptist
Church. The Iirst meetini^- was luld July 17, 1849,
and on July 21 a Council of Churches or,nani/ed
the society. On (Jctober 28. 1849, Rev. J. in,i;lis
look charire. Services were hekl in the Detroit
Institute, on the north side of Jefferson Avenue near
St. Antoine Street, and in -Si'piember, 1850, in
N uunjr Men's Hall. About' this time deneral Cass
ilunated a lot on Howard Street, between Second
.111(1 Third Streets, and in the fall of 1852 a chapel
thirty by forty feet was erected. In Auiijust, 1852,
Kev. A. E. M.-'.ther succeeded Mr. Inj,dis, and soon
alter services were held in the new chapel. It seated
200. Mr. Mather remained a few months, and the
' luirch was then without a pastor for a year. In
"ctober, 1S54, Mr. Inj^lis aj^ain took chari,'e, but in
ilie summer of 1855 he resigned. Rev. A. E.
M.-ithcr a,i;;iin ser\ed for tw(j or three years, and
then for some tinu- the church was without a p.astor.
Rev. J. C;unpi)ell I'ame ne.\t, and remained two
years.
( )n July 20, 1859, it was decided to sell the chapel,
buy a lot on Washington Avenue, c(jrner of Clifford
Street, for $6,000, and erect a church.
On October 1, 1859, the .society laitl the corner-
stone of a bi'ick liuuHh, and on Au^iisl 26, i860, it
was detlicateil with preachinir by Dr. James in the
morniiit;'. and Dr. Ini^dis in the evening-. It cost
$10,000, had sixty-nine pews, and seated about 500.
In this church, from 1859 to 1864, Rev. James ln,tr|is
served as pastor, and in the fall of 1864 Rev. E,
Curtis took charj^e. He remained through 1865,
and was the last minister (jf the society.
On .April 20, 1863, the old church on Howard
Street was sold to a society c-allini,;' themselves
the "Howard Street Church of Chri.st," aiul on
March 19, 1867, the church on \V:ishington Avenue
was sold for $17,000 to a Jewish congrej;ation.
The proceeds of the sale were used in liquidatini;'
debts, and the balance divided among those who
had paid for 'he erection of the church.
In 1850 tht society had 45 members and in i860,
no. After tlie sale of the church many of the
members joined other .societies. A year or two after
the church was sold a few of the members began
meeting for worship in the chapel built about 1869
by Dr. Richard Inglis on the south side of Duflield
Street, near Wooilward Avenue. The frame of the
building had formerly been a barn, but was refitted
and practically built anew. About twenty persons,
remnants of the old Tabernacle flock, with some
additional members were worshiping there in 1883.
The building was owned by William Cowie.
Pdik Sfnrt Chitrch. {Extinct.)
This church was organized by Rev. G. S. Chase
in February, 1870, mostly from among members of
the First Baptist Church. They dedicated their
wooden church on the northeast corner of Park and
DufHeld. Streets, on October 2, 1870. It cost $5,500
and seated 420. In 1870 they had 73 members.
In 1872 Rev. John Matthews became the pastor,
and in January, 1873, the society united with the
First Church. In December, 1877, their building
was removed to Twelfth Street, and became the
property of the Twelfth Street Baptist Church.
OCCASIONS OF INTEREST TO THE DENOMI-
N.VTION.
The semi-centennial of the organization of the
Baptist Church in Detroit was observed on Septem-
ber 25, 1877.
6l2
OCCASUXNS UK INTEREST TO THE UENOMl .ATION.
Sessions of tlic Baptist State Convt'iitioii have
been lickl in Detroit as follows: At the First
Church, beijiniiinjr Aiiyiist 31, 1836, ()etol)er 11,
1S50, anil October 14, 1S64; at the Lafayette
Cluirch on October 8, 1S69; and again at the First
Church on October ly, 1875.
The Detroit Baptist Social I'nion was organized
May 20, 1878. It was established to propagate and
establish the principles and practices of the Baptist
Church. The inenibershi|-) fee is $2.00.
The following have served as officers ;
I'rcsidcnts: 1S78 and 1879, A. II, Wilkinson;
1880-1881, C. C. lioweii ; 1882, Rev. Z. (ircnell;
18S3, D. A. Waterman; 1884, _ I). Standish.
Secretaries; 1878- 1 88 1, Rev. i". B. Cressey ;
1881, S. C. Annabel; 1882- , J. " ■adlc.
Treasurers: 1S78-1881, Solon • Jss ; 18S1,
I). A. Waterman ; 1S82- , (' ■■ . King.
The National Baptist Annivei^ .js tor 1884 were
held at the Cass Avenue Church, beginning on May
21,1884.
CHAPTER LXir
''^HE CONGREGATIONAL CHURCHES.— NOTABLE CONGREGATIONAL GATHERINGS.
CONGREGATIONAL CHURCHES.
First Congregational Church.
After the visit of Rev. David Bacon, we have no
record of the presence of a Congrei^ationa! minister
in Detroit until 1843, when the following notice
appeared in the Daily Gazette :
The Rev. K. McDowell, of the Kastern ConKregational Asso-
ci.Ttinn of Michigan, will preach to-morrow (Sunday) in the City
Hall, at J o'clock w M. The public are invited to attend.
I'reacliinn may also be expected at the same time and place every
Sabbath until further notice.
These services, which were .soon discontinued,
had no connection with the orc;anization of the First
Conirreirational Society, which dates its beginnings
from the autumn of 1844, when a series of .Sunday
meetings was held at the City Hall and also in the
Scotch Presbyterian Church, corner of Farmer and
Bates Streets, by Rev. Henry L. Hammond.
On November 25, 1844, at a meeting held at the
residence of C. G. Hammond, preliminary steps
were taken to form a church. On December 8
following, at a meeting held in the City Hall, the
plans were completed, and on December 23 tlie
First Congregational Society of Detroit was incor-
porated. A Council of the Churches was held De-
cember 25, and the society duly organized with
thirteen members. On January 5, 1845, a Sunday
school was established. On March 31 a lot was pur-
chased on the southwest corner of Jefferson Avenue
and Beaubien Street for $2,000, and the society com-
menced tlie erection of a church. Services were
held meantime, first in the City Hall, then in the
Capitol, and finally in the Circuit Court room, on
the corner of Congress and Griswold Streets.
On Sunday, December 14, 1845, ser\'ices were
first held in the basement of the new church. On
August 30, 1846, the building was completed and
(Indicated. It was of brick, cost about $5,000, was
forty-five by seventy-five feet in size, had 180 pews,
and seated about 1,000.
During the first two years of the existence of the
church, David Hale, of New York, paid $600 a year
to the support of the pastor. Rev. H. L. Hammond.
On January 16, 1847, the noted revivalist, Rev. C.
<'. Finney, visited Detroit, and preached every eve-
ning for the week following. Several were added
to the society. In his biography the fact of this
visit is not mentioned. Mr. Hammond resigned
his pastorate on July 5. 1847, and was at once
succeeded by Rev. O. C. Thompson, who preached
for about two months, when failing health com-
pelled him to tjivo \\\) the charge. Rev. R. R.
Kellogg then served ,-is pastor for a short time, and
on November 11, 1847, it was agreed to engage
Rev. \V. W. Atterbury to fill the pulpit for .si.x
months. During the winter evangelistic services
First Congregational Church.
Original building
were held in the church by the Rev. J. P. Avery.
On July 10, 1848. Rev. H. D. Kitchell was called to
the pastorate; on Sunday, October i, 1848, he
preached his first sermon, and on December 6 he
was installed.
In the fall of 1852 the subject of a new church
in a different location began to be agitated. On
January to, 1853, it was decided to locate on the
southwest corner of Fort and Wayne Streets. The
lot cost $10,000 and the building and furnishing
L6t3]
6i4
CONGREGATIONAL CHURCHES.
$45,yo8. The cliurcli was dedicated September 21,
1854. The old elnifch and lot sold for S9.'50-
On November 2, 1864, Rev. H. 1). Kitehell re-
sijijiied, and on December 2, Rev. S. M. Freeland
was called. He commenced his laiiors on March
20, 1865, and in less than a year a muvenient for a
Second Congregational Church was inaugurated.
iVir. Freeland
resigned as pas-
tor of the First
Church, andover
one h u n d r e d
members went
with him into a
new organiza-
tion. In April,
1866, Rev. A.
IkiUard began to
preach for the
First Church.
He was called
soon after, com-
menced rej;iilar
pastoral work in
June, and on
October iS,
1866, he was in-
stalled.
On December
9, 1 869, the char-
ter centennial of
the organization
of the church
was observed
with appropriate
exercises. Dr.
r>allard resigned
on February 5,
1 87 2, and the
pulpit was sup-
plied by Rev.
Mr. McWil-
liams. Rev. Pro-
fessor Esta-
brook, and oth-
ers, until Sep-
tember, 1873.
Rev. Dr. Z.
Eddy then be-
gan his pastorate. He was installed October 10. and
resigned just ten yt'.-irs later; his successor. Rev.
\V. H. Davis, accepted a call to the p.istorate in
April, 1S84.
In the summer of 1874 the church was extensively
rep.aired and improved at a cost of $12,260. The
number of sittings in liu- church is 940. The avi'r-
agc attendance at Sund;iy morning service in 1880
was 500, the pastor's salary was ^3,500, the yearly
expense of the choir sfyoo, the se.xton was |)aid !J!30o,
and the total annual expenses footed up $6,000.
The value of the property was .tscooo. About
.f.5,500 is received annually from pew rents. The
number of members in 1850 was 166; in i860, 355;
in 1870, 279; in 1880, 516.
SiroiKf Chiircli.
Ihe first ef-
fort to establisli
a .society called
the Second
Con gregational
Church was
maile by l-lev.
Josciih Parker,
and a society
thus called was
incorporated on
January 24,1850.
It was proposed
to build a church
on \\'oodwar(l
Avenue to be
called Detroit
Tabernacle, ami
on P'ebru.'iry 14,
1850, a fair was
held in a vacant
stori' on Jeifer-
son Avenue to
obtain funds in
aid of the enter-
prise. The soci-
ety held meet-
ings for a time
in Mechanics'
ll,-ill,l)ut the en-
terprise was
soon ;ibandonc(l.
The Later .•ind
successful soci-
ety branched oil
from the l'"irsi
C h u re h i n
March, 1 86r.,
w;is incorpora-
ted March m.
and organi/cd
by a Council of Churches on April 3. Rev. S. M.
l'"rcel;ind resigned as p.'islor of the Y\x\ Church to
become pastor of the new Hock, which numbered one
hundred and ten persons. The society first met in
the church then known as the Tabernacle liaiHist, "ti
the corner of Washington Avenue and Clifford Street.
In July, 1866, a lot was purchased near the corner
of Woodward Avenue and Sibley Street for $5,oo<i.
FlKST CONCHECATION \I. ChUHCH.
COXGRHGATIONAL CHURCIII'.S.
615
,111(1 a 'liapcl forty by sixty foct efccU'd on tlie rear
.if Uic liii. It was completed at a cost of !il(i,5oo,
and (k'dii-aied July 23, 1867. in 1870 the society
liad one iuindred and ninety-seven members, and
iiil
Second C(is(;kkg\tionai. Church.
this year they purchased an adjoininjf corner lot for
!S;5.500, and in the fall of 1S73 bci^an to build a
church. The basement was completed and first
used Aui^ust 23, 1874. The chapel was then sold
to the African M. V.. Church for $300. The body
of the church was dedicated Xovember 21, 1874.
It seats nearly 1,200. The cost, including furnish-
iiii;'. was about $70,000.
Mr. Freeland resigned, and his pastorate ceased
March i, 1875. lie was succeeded, on April t, by
Rev. (leorj^e Porter, as special supjily to October 1.
Kev. W. T. Sprole then entered upon the duties of
the jiastorate. He was followed in September, 1878,
by Rev. R. DeWitt Mallary, who remained a year,
and in October, 1879, Rev. Moses Smith t/ecame
the pastor.
From the time the society built its new church it
was heavily in debt, and beini,^ unabh to pay a
morti^ajfe on the property, on Febru;t;y 21, 1S79,
tile church became the property of t'le mortujau'ee,
and the .society for a time worshiped in the cha|)el
of the Cass Avenue Haptist Church. Arran,y:ements
were finally made to rent the church, and on Xovcm-
hcr 22, 1880, the connTci,ratio'-. subscribed enous^h to
purchase the church, and apain became owners of
the property.
The pastor's salar, in 1880 was $2,500, the yearly
cost of choir, $;-j, and the total annual expenses,
§3,500. Four thousand dollars a year was received
from |u\\ rents. The value of the property was
$60,000. The ;iver.i,;fe attendance was 375. Num-
ber of members in 1870 was 197: in 1880, 279.
'rruiiiliiill /h'lniic Church.
This .society is the outj;rowth of the Ninth or
Trumbull Avenue .Mission School, which was estab-
lished in 1868 on the west side of Trumbull Avenue
near Howard Street. The building was dedicated
November 7, 1868. The cost of the property was
about $10,000. The .school flourished, Sunday
evening services were held from time to time,
and on April 27, 1881, a Congregational church
with seventy-three membt-rs was organized, with
Rev. R. W. Wallace as pastor. The building seats
500, and the average attendance at church serxices
in 1 88 1 was 100. The total yearly expenses were
$2,500.
In .August, 1881, the building was moved to a
lot which cost $4,500, on tiie northeast corner of
liaker .Street ami Trumbull .Avenue. In its new
location the building was dedicated on October 16,
1881. The property was then V'alued at $10,000,
and ;it lh;it time there was a debt of $3,000 on
the property.
Sprm<riiH -lis Ch iirch.
The building of this organization is located on
the (,ranc Farm, on the west side of Lovers' Lane,
about five hundred feet from the river. The lot,
worth $600, was donated by Cieorge Jerome and
o'.her owners. The church cost S-/)00. and while
TrCMRI'M, AVRNIIR CoNGRFOATIONAI. ClIURCH.
in an unfinished condition, was first occupied by
the Sunday .school in December. 1879. It was
seated with chairs, and could accommodate 300. It
was gradually completed, and in January, 1881, was
6i6
XOTAISLE CONGREGATIONAL GATHERINGS.
turned over l)y tlic building committee to tiie care
of the First L'ongregatiouai Society. A church
200. Tiie scho(jl was established on July 23, and
is under the care of Rev. t), C Thompson.
Si'niNGWEi.i.s Con(;rk(..\ti(in.\i. Ciukcii.
society was organized in tiie spring of 1881, with
twenty-five members.
The enterj^rise is the outgrowth of a mission
school established about 1868, under the care
of the First Congregational Church after 1875.
1 'reaching services were begun in November, 18S0,
with an average attendance of 75. In 1S81 this
and the Trumbull .\ venue Congregational Church
were both untler the pastoral care of Rev. R. \\'.
Wallace. On February 19, 1882, Rev. S. R. Ronnell
became the first regular pastor; he resigned on
October 15, and on March 15, 1883, Rev. A. B.
Allen entered upon the pastorate.
Harper Ai'i'iiui' Mission.
This mission is located on the south side of
Harper Avenue, between Woodward Avenue and
John R. Streets. The building was dedicated on
Harpkr Avence Mission Chapel.
March 4, 1883. The lot cost $1,600, and the build-
ing and furniture $1,050. The building can scat
J//. J/<if>i' M/SS/IDI.
This mission schnnl is located on the
west side of Mt. Ilupe .Avenue, about one
block south of Michigan Avenue. Tlu-
building cost S400 anil is on leased ground.
It was first occupied on (October 19, 1882.
The school is under the care of W. H.
Russell.
NOTAHI.K CONdRKdATlONAL CATHKU-
INCS.
In May of the years 1845, 1854, 1859,
1864, and 1880 the Slate meetings of the
General Association of Michigan were held
in Detroit.
.Mt. Hoi'E AviiNUE .Mission.
On October 17, 1870, the Triennial Council of the
Congregational Churches began its sessions in
the Second Congregational Church. Many distin-
guished delegates were present, including Fresi-
denls Woolsey and Magoun and Rev. Dr. Storrs of
New York.
On .September 7 to 11, 1858, the forty-ninth
meeting of the .American I)oard of Commissioners
for Foreign Missions was held in Detroit. Mark
Hopkins, EL. D., Leonard IJacon, LL. I)., and many
other noted clergyiuen, were present. Twenty-live
years later, from October 2 to 6, 1883, the sessions
of the IJoard (the seventy-fourth), were again held
in TMroit, at the Central Methodist Episf^opal
Church, which was tenilercd for the meetings.
There was a very Large attendance, and nuich inter-
est was manifested in the services.
|uiy 23, ami
sun.
itfd on tlic
l;, about oiH'
cnuc. Tlu-
isccl .vrrouml.
)er 19, 1882.
re of W. n.
L CATIIKR-
1854, 1859,
.'lings of ihi-
an were held
-.a^ - —
" ~ -i-i rA nirR'
touncil of the
sessions ill
l^lany distiii-
ludins Trcsi-
ll)r. Storrs of
forty-ninth
limniissioiu'rs
Itroit. Marl;
p., and many
Twcnly-fivc
the sessions
le attain held
\. I'.pisrojial
le meetinijs.
much inter-
CHAPTER LXIII.
THE luthi;kan churchks.
St. John's German Evan<:;i-Iicnl Cliitrili.
This society grew out of services first held by
Rev. F. Schmid on August iS, 1833, in a carpenter
shop owned i)y John Hais, located on the corner of
Woodbridge and Bates Streets. On September 22
following, two elders, N'alentine Ruelile, Jr., and
David Striker, were elected. Un January 30, 1836,
the Governor and Judges sold the society Lot 54, in
Section 6, on the northeast corner of Monroe Avenue
and Farrar Street, for S40. Mr. Schmid preached
until July, 1836, and then the society obtained
I'.o services of Rev. J. 1'. Schwabe as a pastor;
the services were
held in the Presby-
terian Session Ro-Mii
on Woodward A\'e-
nue. Mr. Schwabe
remained until
January, 1837, and
soon afterwartl died.
During 1837 a wood-
en church, thirty-five
by fifty feet, was
erected on the Mon-
'oe .\ venue Lot, and
in March it was near-
ly completed.
On October 22,
1S37, Rev. M.
Schaad was called
to the pastorate. He remained until June, 1841,
and was succeeded in October i)y Rev. F, Herman,
who served until August, 1852, and was followed by
Rev. C. Haass, who arrived on August 19. Soon
after this the church wiis sold, moved to the south-
east corner of licaubicn and IJcacon Streets, and
turned into a dwelling. It was afterwards burned.
y\ new i)rick church, fifty-six by seventv-five feet,
was then erected. It seated 850, and was dedicated
J uiuary 9, 1853. Rev. ^h-. Hartman of Chicago
preached the sermon.
On August 6, 1854, at twelve o'clock at night, the
inside of the church was almost entirely destroyed by
fii'e. Mr. Haass left in September, and in October,
1 854, Rev. C. F. Si ildan became pastor, remaining one
year. He was succeeded by Rev. Herman Miller,
who continued until February, \^(i\, wlicn he, with
a part of the congregation, left tiie society, and
organized a Oerman Presbyterian church, holding
services in a building on the soutli side of Catharine
near dratiot Street, I'rected in 1867 ;is ;i French and
Germ.in Presbyterian Church. Rev. C. lia.iss was
again called as i)astor of the original society, and
in April, 1862, he began a pastorate which is still
continued.
In 1872 the congregation sold the jiroperty on
Monroe Avenue for §25,000, and in February, 1877,
the building was torn down. After the .s.ile of the
l')roperty the church
on Russell Street,
between .\ntict.'im
.and Chestnut Streets,
was erected. It was
dediciited on Sep-
tember 20, 1S74.
'I'lie lotscost §13,100,
and the church and
school $72,000. The
church debt, in 1880,
was $30,000. The
church scats i..:arly
1.500 persons. The
number of commu-
nicants in 1840 was
175; in 1850, 375;
in i860, 638 ; in 1872,
1.550; in 1874, 1,272; in 1876, 1,346; in 1880,
1,250. In 18S0, the total yearly expenses, and
receiiHs from pews, were about $5,000 each. The
salary of the pastor w.is $1,200. The average
attendance at Sund.iy morning .service was 750.
On September 23, 1883, the semi-centennial or-
ganization of the church was observed with appro-
priate exercises, sermons were preached by several
clergymen from other cities, and three bells, pur-
chased at a cost of !j! 1,600, were dedicated.
St. Piinl's Gcrnuxu Evnui^n^/ifn/ Church.
This society, a branch of the original Monroe
Avenue Church, was organized with twenty-four
members on (October 21. and incorporated on
November i, 1872. Its brick church, located on
[r„7]
Part of Monroe Avf.nuk in 1872, and sf.lond blmlding of
St. John's Church.
6i8
THE LUrilKRAN CHURCHES.
the lonur cif Scviiilcciuli ami Rose StrcLls, was
dedicaled oil I'l binary 16, 1.S73. The iliunli cost
jjli.S.ooo, and seals 700. 'I'lie lot cost §1,850. Rev.
J. (i. Ilikliier was llie first pastor, and 111 1SS3 was
still serving. In 1880 the number of eonmiunicaiits
was 1,000, representing Joo families. The average
attendance at church was 250. The pastor's salary
was iji/oo. The total yearly expenses were |3,(xx),
and the receip.s from pews, sj 1,700, Adjoining tiie
c h ti r c h is a
brick parson-
age, which cost
^2,470, the lot
cost $1. 375-
Th e church
debt, in 1S81,
was $ 1 1 .000.
.SV. .Uiiik's
Crri'idii I'.i'an-
gclical Church.
This society
wor^;hip in a
building located
on the corner of
Military Ave-
nue and the nix
Road. They
own a property
costing $1,750.
and a building
which cost
$1,300. It IS
used both for
church and
school pur-
poses. It was
dedicated on
.Sunday, Janu-
ary 16, 1804,
and se.'its one
h u n d r e d and
twenty persons.
St. Jchin's ('.Ki;M\N Evas(;bi.ical Cmikch and Si hooi, HufSR.
I'linity /i^'tJii^r/ifit/ Lii/hrrau ( 'hiircli.
This church was org.ani/cd in tiic vcar 1850, and
incorporated M.arch 10, 1851. The tirst jiastor, Riv.
J. M. (1. Sch.-illcr, accc|nc(l a call in November,
1850, and meetings were begun in ,'i building on
Woodbridge Street, in rear of Christ Church.
In 1 85 1, J. H. Toepcl {\m\ about twenty-live
others bought, for $200, the old frame w.irehouse
on Woodbridge Street, between Shelby and Waviu'
Streets, which h.id been used as a Ilethel Church.
It w.-is moved .'It ,'U1 i'.\|)cnse of $200 to ;i lot si.vtv by
one hundred .iiid tifly feet, costing $1,050, on the
north side of Earned Street, between Rivard and
Russell .Streets, and fitted up at a fuiiher cost of
$300. Rev. J. .M. C. .Schaller stayed three years,
anil in 1854 accepted a call from St. Louis. In 1854
Rev. H. Fick succeedeil .Mr. Schaller, but .soon .ifter
his coming, owing to his failing health, an assistant
had to perform much of his duty. In 185^) an ad-
dition, e<iual in size to the original building, was
erected, and the seating cap.acity increased to .joo.
In 1858 Rev. A. \V'esserma,a became pastor, and in
January, 1 860.
. he was suc-
ceeded by Rev.
J. A. Huegli,
who was still
ser\ing in 1883.
In i8r)f) a lot
with dwelling,
on the north-
east corner of
('■r.'iliot Avenue
and I'ro )ect
Street, was pur-
chased for
$6,000, and a
brick church,
fifty by one
hundred and
three feet, cost-
ing %\ 5,000
was erected,
It was dedi-
cated Octobi r
24, 1866, and
s c a t s s e \' e n
humlred per-
sons. The old
church was
turned into
a d w e 1 1 i n g .
N u m b e r of
comnuuiicants
in 1 860, 200 ,
in 1870. 400;
in 1880,450. The average attend.'uice at niorning
ser\ici' in 1880 was 500. The ye.'irlv cost of main-
taining the church was ;d)i)Ut §2,000, and the same
amount w.'is received from |H'w rt'iils. Including
the |-)ar.sonage, the pnjperty was v;iiucd at about
$30,000, and in 1881 there was a debt of $4,000.
lUthUIu'in Gcnnati lli^aiiotlual Liithiran
Chiirrh.
This society, located in the village of Norn's, was
established in 1874. It has 60 communicants. Tin
pastor is Ri'w Conrad .Schwankoosky. Conmctcd
with the church there is a school with one teaehci-
and forty eight scholars.
TiiK u'Tiir.R.w ciiruciii:s.
619
•tlier cost of
three years,
uis. Ill 1S54
lit soon aftci
, an assistant
1 8 56 an ad-
luildinjjf, was
.■ased to 400.
lastor, and in
Hilary, 1 860,
; was s ne-
eded by Rev.
A. Hnejrli,
u) was still
rvin.i; in 1883.
Tn iR^>C) a lot
ilii dweilinj,;,
I tlie nortli-
.st corner of
r;ili(it Avenue
id I'rc K'ct
ireet, was piir-
liased for
■1,000, and a
riciv cluircli,
fty by one
nndred and
irec feet, eosl-
ig $ I 5,000
as crertcd.
was dedi-
ited October
1866, and
Its s c \' e n
ndred per-
Thc old
urcli was
lud into
d w e 1 1 i n i; .
niber of
>ninuniicants
1 860, 200 ,
1 870. 40f) ;
al nioniin;^
•dsl of niaiii-
and tiu' saiiu'
Iiiclndin'^
iK-d al aboul
of §4,000.
Luf/nrar.
f Norris, w.is
nicants. 'Ilic
ConiH'cti'd
l> one teacher
TUINUY Kv \NULLIC.\I. I,CTI{l:H.\N (jlIKH II.
hiDUixHiicl /■huvi^i^r/tra/ l.utlirran C/n/rr/i.
This or,irani/,ation is a branch of I'riniiy
Church. It was ori;ani/.cd in 1864 wilii lif-
iii'U nienii)ers, and iiicoi-porated ,\uj.,''iist 14,
18C15. Their tirsl church, a wooden biiildinir,
iwcnly-six iiy tifty-si.K feet, was erected on
Tninibiill .\ venue, i)etween Orchard and I'luin
Streets, it w;is dedicated Xoveniln'r 5. 1865,
and seated tliree luuulred and fifty jiersons.
sefiuentlv torn down. Kev. i\, I.. Mull, the lirst
pastor, came to the city I'cbruary '>, 1800, ,ind is
still servini; in 1884. In 1870 the number of coin-
nninicants w.is 460, or sixty-six heads of families,
and in i88t), L.^C), or one liundrrd .-Liid forty-live
heads of families. The averajije attiiidance at
m(irnini,r service in 1880 was 800. The pastor's
s.-ilary in 1880 was ij(6oo. The total yearly expenses
were 12,51x3, and the receipts from jhw rents,
!fi,7oo. There was a church debt of $9,000.
The parsonajL^e was l)uilt in 1871 and cost ifi.jcx).
Zi'oii /■'.V(Vii^c//tii/ ].iitJtcra)i Cliiirch.
This society was orv^ani/.ed Anijust 22, 18S2, I)y
Rev. K. L. Mdll. The buildinij is Idcated on Welch
Avenue in Sprinijwidls. The luts idsi S!,2(X3an(l
the church $8,000. It was dedicated July 8, 1883.
The lirst pastor. Rev. C. F. Schal/,, commenced his
labors October 1 5, 1882.
St. Paitl's /■'.Tni{!i;r/i\a/ Liitlwrnii C/im r/i.
The church ociuipied by this society is loc-itcd
on the northeast corner of Jo.seph L'ampau Avenue
St. M \hk's r.l'.RMAN F:v.\NT,ri.I(AI, ClICRrH.
On J.uuiary 12, 1873, their brick church,
si/.e, forty-cij;^ht by one hundred and twelve
feet, on the corner of Seventeenth and Tine
Streets, was dedicated. The lot cost !j!i,fioo,
and thechnrch $14,000. The buildinir seats
nine hundred persons. The old liuildint;-
was turned into a school-liouse, and siib-
I'.MI.'S ('•RUMAN I'A.VNCKl.lt \1. C'lllRCH,
Corner Suvuiilcuiith and Kosc Strcc'«
620
'iiii: ia-'iiii:ran ciirKciiRS.
and Jay Street. The society was nrijaiii/rd in Octdher, 1X71, of families in connection wit!
and incorpor.'itetl SeplenilKr S, 1S7J. ii alliliates uilli 'Irinity cliunii in 1.S50, icSoo, and iSjou
Cliuivh, Injni which its l"irst members came, l lie einireli was
consecrated .Septcnilier S. 1S73, 'I'iic lots cost S-.3<'>o, the chiircli
S(S,954, and tlie paisona.m' S-.oo<'. 1 lie averaxt: attendance in
1880 was 5(J(). I'lie pastoi-'s sal.ii'y was if'ioo. '{'he yearly
expenses were sj^.^oo, and the receipts from pews !J!i,6oo, The
churcli eleljl, in icSSi, was ij 1,100. 'I'he church st'at^ 700,
Durinij 1PS3 a towi r was added to the chnnli, and a chime
of threi- bells iirociiriil, at a total cost of about ijsj.ooo. Tliey
were consecrated 011 .Sepiember 9, 1883.
and ni 1880, 40. Tlu- pews are
I'hc total yearly c\|)eiises are
'I'he jiastor's salary in 1880 was
1 tli(
'•^ 33.
fret.
*33o.
Oii
.iiNAL Immancei, Evangelical Lutiieuan Ciu'hcii,
Rev. K. Danlcworth, the first pastor, was suc-
ceeded on I'eliruary 15, 1S7S, by Rev. C. H. Rohe;
on Anyust 17. 1882, he was followed l)y Rev. II. J.
Schuh. The church be,i;-.'ui with 17 members in
1 87 1, and in 18S0 had 500.
S/. JAc////(7i''.v I'.i'aiit:;!-!/'!!!! I.uthryait CJninh.
This s(jciety was oriL^anized and incorporated No-
vember 10, 1845. They held their first services in
tlie City Hall. Their brick church, on the south
side of Coni^'ress Street, near Rivard Street, was
dedicated on Auj,nist 2, 1846, and seats 200, with an
averai;e attendance of 130. The lot cost !J!20o. The
parsonaije, on the same lot, cost !f;40o.
On Aui,mst 8, 1850, the church united with tlie
Kvanijelical Lutheran Synod, of liiiffalo. Rev. J.
V . Winckler, their first pastor, remained vntil 1856,
and then went to lluffalo. New N'ork, to become
a professor in tlu' Lutheran Collcv^-e. The numl)er
I.MMANCEL F.VANCELICAL Ia'THEKAN ChL'HCU.
The value of the property was $10,000,
and there was a debt of !?8oo.
The pastors liave been: 1845-1S57,
J. F. Winckler; 1857- 1859, Sij^niund
Fritsclul ; 1859, William C.rabau; 1860-1864, Fred
I'liplinv;; 1864- 1871, Charles Scli.aciow ; 1871-1875,
Henry Meir; 1875, Charles Sehadow; 1876, none;
ZioN Evangelical Lutherak Church and School.
THE LUTllKKAX LlirRCllllS.
621
[ IIEKAS ChLUCII.
pcii-MS about !j!(/x). 'I'Ik- valui' nf the iiiii|irrty was
ifij.ooij; and tlurc was a cluinli diht ol' ifLjoo.
I'lic pastors liavi; been : A. lifikcy, Ni)\X'iiil)( r
20. iS4,S, to Jmi'- 20, rS,::; 1',. I'lurkcr, Aiij^iist 11,
1S52, to bcptciubcr 24, 1654; 1;. Spies, ULlobcr 1,
1S54, to Jaiuuirv 3, 1S56; II. Hoff, January u), to
February 1, 1S57; A. Slirooter, May 11, 1.S57, to
Ma'xh 6, 1S60; C. Cast, Ucluber 28, iSOo, lu I'eb-
rtiary 26, iHC/t; I'. (Iretling, Tebruary 26, 1S66, to
Aii'^U''t C'. 1^70; Ji'lin liaiiniijertner, Septenibt-r 19,
1870, Id May 12, 1873; John Nieliolf, May 12, 1.S73,
to Mareh 1, i{i76; William Hansen, from May 3,
1S76.
S/. /'r/ir's (hrinan l-liuiui^cliial LittJuiwi ClnniJt.
This conv^rei^ation was ;;atliere(l in tin' s|)rin'^ of
i<S7,S i)y Kev. I'.mii Dankworlh. 'I heir ciuirrh,
hjcated on llie northwest corner of I'ieree antl Chene
Streets, on lots eostini^f §1,450, was ron:;ecrati'(l in
June, liS/S. 'I'hc building beats 1,200, and cost
§7,000. In 18S0 there was a debt of !5:('i,ooo. In
18S0 there w.is ;in ;iwrage atteiid.inee (jf 450 at
mornini^ sersiee , niunber of conmuuiieants, 750.
The pastor's s.il.ary w;is S6S4, and the church ex-
penses about $1,084 yearh'.
St. Pail's 1'.\ AM.Ki.h \i. I.i iiii-.ii\;j Cm i;i h.
1877, John Orabau ; 1877-1880, Alexander
Lan^e ; 1880- , John Kindem.an.
/Joii i.i(riiiaii RrJ'oriihd C/nirch.
This coni^rcijation was ori;ani/,ed on
November 20, 1849, and incorporated May
22, 1850. Their hrst meetings were held
ill the City Hall. Un April 12, 1852, they
dedicated their brick church, on the north
side of Croghan, near Heaubien Street.
In February. 1857, they sokl it to the
Second Ikijitist Colored Church for 83.^00.
and on July 9 of the same year it was
resolved to buy the lots on the cast side
of Rus.sell, between Sherman and Catha-
rine Streets, on which the present church
is located. They cost §7 50. The church,
thirty by forty feet, was erected at a cost
of Si,6oo. In 1862 it was enlarged at a
cost of about §2,200. The parsonage was
erected in 1857 at a cost of about S'ooo,
including the lot. The church .seats 200,
and in 1880 had an average attendance
• t 75, In 1850 there were 65 comniuni-
lants; in i860, 107; in 1870, 120; and in
,ND School.
1S80, 135. The salary of the pastor in
1080 was $600, and the total annual ex-
St. .MATTIIliw'b EVA.VGELICAL LuTHEKAN ChCRCH.
622
TiiK lutiii;ka\ churches.
Sa/rm German /'.Ttvixt/An/ I.iii/ifnvi Cltiinh.
'I'his sociutN' owns and oi'cnijius the biiildinvr oii-
i(inally (.■ri'clitl in I1S57, on Catharine Start nrar
dratiot SliTi I, as a I'fiiii-li and (ii'iinan rrtshs U'liaii
Cluircli. ( )n Mai'cli 9, iiS(i2, a ('nrinan LutluTan
Clini'cli was (iri^anizrd in llic i)iiildini;', and contin-
iic<l lIuTr ahdiit two vfars, wilii KfV. H. Cnndcit
as pasiuf. The socict)- then di.sufyanizcd, and
tiu' |ii-()|)crty passed into tlic jiossession f)f tlie
present scieiety, wliieh was oi';<ani/.eil in June, 1S64.
On November 26, icS(')5, tlic iniildiny was dedicated,
ZioM Gek.mam Ri;i-c)Umi;i) Chlkch.
and on Janiwiry 20, 1866, tlie society was incorpo-
rated. The jM-operty was inirchased February 26,
1866, for 12,000. Tile lliree-story brick parsonage
cost .ti,5oo, and tlie entire iiroperty in 1S80 was
worth about %\ . Tiie number of sittings in
tlie church i' ->, an 1 the average attendance in
1880 was 173. . jer of members in 1864, 4;
in 1870,37; in r -», 230. Pastor's salary, I400.
Yearly expenses the church, $700. The first
pastor was Rev. J. .Schmidt. In October, 1877,
he was succeeded by Rev. J. Sturmer.
St. Luke's German FAianirelical Lutheran Church.
The small wooden building of this society is
located on the south side of Leland Street near St.
Sr. PliTKu's ('iliUMA.N KVANC.KI.U Al. I.IIIIKKAN ClllUtll.
Antoine Street. The church and lot cost $1,500,
The building was erected for a Swedish l.iitlu-ran
Church, designalt'd as St. John's. Rev. (). C.
.Vinble was the founder of the society. The
enterprise f.ailed of support, and services were
continued only about a year. 'I'lie church was
then unoccupied until 1881, when it was rented,
and opened on June 5, with services by Rev. John
J. Schmidt.
S.\LEM German Evangelical LuTiiiiUAN Ciicucii.
THE LUTIiKRAN CHURCHES.
62
iKAN CHLKCH.
t cost $1,500,
(lisli I.mluTan
<rv. O. C.
snt-icly. Ihn
services were
e church was
t was rented,
by Rev. John
iH-
St. Ia'Ke's CiliKMAN I'.VANCIU.K AI Ll IHliKAN CllUHCH.
St. Juiin's lM.i;ri;M)i:NT I.eiiiKKAN Ciiumii.
It lias tv.-o hundred sittinijs and an aver-'ii,^e Twenty-tliird ruid Ash .Streets, on March 25, 1880
attendance of sixty persons at services. In iiSSi
there were twelve members.
.S7. /o/ui's Independent Lutheran Chitreh.
This .society purchased the old St. Mark's lipisco-
]ial Church projierty, on the southwest corner of
The cliiH-ch and i)arsona^;e are v.'ilued at sji^.ooo. In
1S80 there were about one hundred communicants.
Tlie tot.al church expenses, inchidinc; the pastor's
salary, were Jjsjoo.
Rev. Emil Hardrat was pastor in 1883.
CHAPTl'LR LXIV.
THE CriRlSTIAN CHURCH. — TllK XKW JI'-RISAI-KM CHURCH. — THE UNITARIAN
CHURCH. — THE UNIVER.SALISr CHURCH. THE THIRD AX'ENUE MISSION
CHURCH. — JEWISH CUNC.Ki;c.AriONS. — GENERAL CHURCH
STATI.STICS.
^
THE CHRISTIAN CIIUKCH.
The l-iist CInisliiVi Cliurch.
A society known as Discipk's, Cami)l)flliti's, or
Christians liclil nK'(.tin,i;s in Detroit in a piivatc
lioLisc ;is early as I1S38. in 1.S46 meetings were
iieid in .a sciiool-rooni near the corner of Coni^ress
and i\aniloi|)li Streets, under tlie leadersliip of Re\'.
W. 1\. Nay. Tile s.inie year tlie use of llie State
Capitol was obtained, and st-r\ices were hekl each
Sal)l)ath, and about this time .Mr. Nay was suc-
ceedeil by Rev. Eli Rej^al. He was scrviny as
pastor in October,
1 85 1. After worship-
intr in the Capitol for
a few months, the
society moved to the
Odd Fellows' Hail, on
Woodward A\ enue :
then, on April y. i S48,
to Fowler's school
building, on the north
side of Jefferson A\-
enue near St. .\ntoine
Street ; from this
place they moved to
the old City Hall,
where they remained
until 1S63. Several
members of the soci-
ety then purchased
the old Connreya-
tional Church on Jefferson Avenue, and on January
3 of that year held their first .services there, witli
Rev. I.saac Errctt as pastor. I le remained until
January 1, 1865, and was at once succeeded by
Rev. W. T. .Moore. Umier .Mr. Moore's pastorate,
on October 15. 1865, the Howard Street conirreiLja-
tion (whose history is j^iven separately) united with
the Jefferson Avenue Church, but in January, 1868,
they left to re-establish their own societv.
Mr. Moore remained until February, 1866, and
was succeeded on .March 15 by Rev. A. J. Hobbs,
-^
W \SII1N(/11IN AVKNII; ClIKlSTIAN ClUKLII.
who cf)ntiniied until April i, 1S67. He was followed
on May i, 1867, by Rev. T. \'. Rerry, and in July
of tlie next year a iiorlion of the con,nre).;ation, with
Mr. llerry, the pastor, left the Jefferson .\\enue
coni;rt'j;ation, ruid conimenced services at St. .An-
drew's Hall. In 1869 and 1870 Rev. M. S. Clajjp
was pastor of the conj^renation at .St. .Andrew's
Hall. Meantime the Jefferson A\eiiue Church luul
as its pastors J5. A. Hinsdale in 1868, O.l'. Millar
in 1869, and II. 11. lU.ick in 1870.
In March, 1871, the two con,i;re.t^ations united,
and soon after, under the pastorate of Mr. Clapp,
they beyan worship-
. ^ iny in the Wash-
ington Avenue eili-
fice. This building
formerly belonged to
the Scotch I'resbyte-
rian Church, and was
purchased for and
presented to the soci-
ety by Colin Camp-
bell and Thomas
Linn, at a cost of
$2,600. The lot cost
•^7.500, and the prop-
erty in 1880 was
valued at $15,000.
Rev. C.ilbert J. Ellis
succeeded Mr. Clapp
on July I, 1 87 1, and
remained until No-
vember I, 1875. Rev. T. D. lUiller served from
September 1, 1876, to March, 1878, and Rev. (ieorgc
Clendciining from September 1, 1878, to Ajiril, 1880.
The ne.xt regular pastor was Rev. W. 15. Thompson,
whose term began in July, 1883.
The church seats 600, and the pews are free.
The pastor's salary in 1880 was $1,500, and tli<'
other church e.\pc:nses about $400 per year.
The average attendance in 1880 was 150. Num-
ber of members in i860, 75; in 1870, 175; in 1880,
230.
Lo.
THE CHRISTIAN CIIUKCII.
625
s'lTARIAN
SSION
was followud
, and ill July
rc'^alidn, wiili
rsoii Ani'iuk:
.•s at Si. An-
M. S. Clapp
St. Andivw's
c Cliunli had
S, (). 1'. Millar
;itions united,
(il Mr. Clapp,
ligan worship-
1 tlic Wash-
Avcnuc cdi-
rhis l)uiidini;'
ly boloiuivd to
)tcii rresbytc-
urch, and was
scd for and
(.'tl to the s(H'i-
Colin Canip-
md Thomas
at a cost of
The lot cost
and ilv-' prop-
11 1 880 was
at $15,000.
[ilbert J. Kllis
led Mr. Clapp
I, 1 87 1, and
■d until No-
served from
|l Rev. C.eoriLiv
April, 1880.
|r>. TJKinip.son,
:\vs are
free.
1 500, and the
year.
1 50. Num-
1175; in 1880,
Chii. ih of Christ.
This conajrepation, worshiping; on the corner of
Fcjurth and I'luin Streets, is a part of the ori,t,nnal
.society of Ui.sciples, After a portion of the
ci)iiiL(re,i.;ation had left to ()r}.janize a church on Jeffer-
son .\veniie, the remainder, for a few months, wor-
•'lifilrrtif"*
W^'^^f^^^i
iJiscii'i.ics <ii' Chkist CmucH.
shiped in the City Hall. Finally, the society pur-
chased of the Tabernacle S(jciety a little frame
church on Howard Street, for §2,000, and oti May
29, 1863, was incorporated as the Howard Street
Church of Christ, which is still its legal title. The
Howard Street Church seated 200. On October 1 5,
1865, the society united with that worshiping on Jef-
ferson Avenue, and \\\ April, 1866, the old church
on Howard Street was sold, and soon afterwards
turned into a dwelling. During the first week of
January, 1868, the two societies separated, and on
July 26, this society first used its building on the
nordiwest corner of Fourth and Plum Streets. The
lot cost Si, 800 and the building $3,000. The church
seats 300. All the pews are free. The average at-
tendance in 1880 was 200. Number of members in
1850,60; in 1S60, 100; in 1870, 120; in 1880, 220.
In 1880 the estimated value of the property was
S''>,ooo, and the yearly expenses about $500. During
1 883 the society established a mission on the corner
of Fourteenth Avenue and Ash Street. The lot
cost $1,250 and the building $1,350. It was first
used on May i. Tlit society has no clergyman, so
calli?d, the services being conducted by elders and
deacons.
New Jerusalem Church.
The first church of this name in Detroit was
organized with seven members on August 25, 1839,
at the house of Nathan Goodell, by Rev. H. Weeks.
Sir\ices were held until the summer of 1842, and
then discontinued until March 14, 1844, when Rev.
G, Field began teaching the doctrines of this church
in the second story of a building opposite the Michi-
gan I'".xcliangc. On July 14 following, Sunday
morning scr\ices, which had been held at the house
of S. Hall, were first held at this place.
On January 13, 1846, Mr. Field rented a store
underneath, and litted it up for meetings, and on
Sunday, May 3, an upper room in the Republican
Block was first used. The society on December 6
moved from there to the United States Court Room,
over the I'ost Oflice, on the corner of Jefferson Ave-
nue and Ciriswold Street, and there, on January 30,
1848, was fully organized. In September, meetings
were held in the County Court Room, on the corner
of Ciriswold and Congress Streets. In 1851 Rev.
Jabez Fox became pastor, and on July 18, 1852, the
Detroit society of the New Church was incorporated.
The society then moved to the old Congregational
Church on Jefferson Avenue, holding their first ser-
vices there on July 22, 1855, and the same year the
pastorate of Mr. Fox ceased. In 1856 Rev. O. Field
again became pastcjr, and as early as February,
1858, the society moved to a room over 154 Wood-
ward Avenue, near the Campus Martins, remaining
there nearly a year, and then moving back to the old
Congregational Church. A lot and building on
Macomb Avenue near Park Street was next bought
and fitted up at a cost of $4,000, and dedicated
August 26, i860. From this time until 1862 there
was no pastor. In the latter year Rev. G. Field re-
turned, and remained until 1866.
Mission Chapel— Disciples of Christ.
From December, 1867, to March, 1868, Rev. W.
G. Day was pastor. He was succeeded by Rev. E.
C. Mitchell, who remained from 1869 to 1872.
During his pastorate the church property was sold
for $6,000 and the proceeds used in the purchase of
a lot on the southwest corner of Cass and High
mm
626
StP-fts, wliic
§.S,ooo was t
3. iS?-:. It
ccT bi'iaiiR!
'I'liK Ni:\v ji:ki'.s.\i.i:m ciiiikiii.
li cost
un IT
si'ats
jiaslor
33"-
lu'kl il
111 1.S73 Kcv. L. 1'. Mrr-
i' riiiiaini'd until 1X77, and
,000. A new chnrcli I'nsliiiiir Detroit, and at his sin^iri'stion srrvici'S wrfi'
:(!. anci dedicated N()\'eml)e|- the Tniliil Stales (.'(unl Kdoni, eixiiei' of Jellerson
A\iiine and (Iriswold Stri'ct. ( )n his letni-n iiiu
liiini the West, another nieetinj; was held in the uM
seminary biiildinv; on (iriswoid Street, and
.as ,1 resnit of these ineetinj;s, in the sprin'^
of iSy), .1 room was rented in the old Odd
I'ellous' liall, an Ael of Incorporation (ih-
t.ained from the I .ei;islaliM-e, ,ind on Oclolm-
f), 1X50, the church was orj;ani/,ed .and 1k-
cime .a eorpor.ilc' body. I )nrinjL; the sinunK r
.and fall of i.S^o (xcasional meetini;s were
held by Knsh R. .Shiiipcn, 1 )r. I losnier, K( \.
C. ,M. T.n^n.irt, and l\e\'. 'I'. C". .Ad.im. In
April, I1S51, Ke\-. j. A. rennim.Mi, of S.iv.in-
nali, (leori^ia, ((HuliHted scrsices, and on
July 4 of this year Kev. '!'. J. Mimifoid b. -
canu' the first rei;nlar p.istoi'. He was in-
st.illcd on Anj^nsl .!4. I'nder his p.istor.iie
the two lots on tlk^ northwest coiiur nf
Lafayette Avenue .anil Shelby Stic .1 weu
secured .it ,1 cost of S3,ckjo, .and a cliiirc li
erecled, .and (Ktlie.iled 011 .September .S,
1X53. It cosl ||!i!2,(XJO, .and h.ad sittings lor
4.SS persons. In 1.S59 Mr. Mnmford went
I'!.ist on account of his lie.illli, .and this ye.ir
the pnlpil w.is snp|ilied by Kev. Kich.ird
Metcilf. He was followed, in the f.ill of
1.S60, by Kev. Mr. Silsbee, and on 1 leceiii-
•IMSAI.liM (.'ill HI II.
was siKTceded in the f.all of iS79l)y Kev.
J. 15. I'armelce, who rem.iined only .1 few
months. Kev. C.eorno l''ield then served the
church for three months, and the pulpit was
.afterw.ards supplied tempor.arilv by v.irions
persons inilil April 1, i.SiSi,when Kev. H.C.
\ctterliiii,r came. He remained biiL ,a fiw
weeks, .iiul w.as followed by Kev. j. U. Ilib-
bard, who, .as the pri'sidinn- minister of the
Michiiu;;m Association, carid for the chnrch
ill the absence of ;i jjaslor. On Se|nember
16, 1S83, a regular p.astor w.as si'cnred. Rev.
A. F. l'"rost beginninv;- his thities on th.il d.ite.
'I'lic number of members in 1.S40 w.as 7 ; in
1850,38; in i860, 1870, .and 1880, the number
w.as 70. 'I'he aver.ine .attend.ance in 1880 .at
nii)rninj> service was 80. The ji.astor's .s;il-
ary was $1 ,000, and the total yearly e.xpenscs,
$1,200. V.ilue of the property, $15,000.
The CoNGKKIi.VnONAl. UnIIAKIAN CllCkl II.
T//i- Coni^rivathmal Um /far/on Church, k--., .0/; \^ m ri- i
'^ -^ ber 31, i860, Mr. Mumfords p.asior.al
Tlie l)e)rinnini(s of tliis society date from the win- form.illy closed.
ter of 1 840- 1 8 50. Rev. F. W. Hollaiid, secretary of After Mr. Mumford's wilhdrawal
the American Unitarian Society, then paid a visit to was supplied temporarily until 1862.
term was
the pulp't
Kev. S. S.
■rill'. i'Ni\i:ks.\i.isi' tiUKcii.
627
■S Wt'll' lulll I
ii' (it Jilk'iX'i
lis rt'Uini til;!
lulll in till' iiM
lid Stli-rt, ,111 i
i, ill lllC h|lliL-.
in tlic (ilil ( )iM
iMixiratiiin ol'-
uul (Ml ( )('l(il)i r
aiii/.cil anil 1" -
in.iL; llu' snmnii i-
millings \\i ir
•. I Idsnur, Kr\.
t'. Adam. Ill
inian, of Savaii-
■r\ici'S, and mi
|. Mnmftird 1" -
ir. Mr. was iii-
i-r his pastdi'ali-
wi'sL •■(irniT I 'I
Iby Sin .1 \\i 1'
.), and a (imi' li
1 Si'|)lcinlKi' S,
had siltinys Inr
Miimfiiril went
ill, and this ycu'
y Krv. Kiill.inl
1, in tin: fall "f
and on Diciiii-
S*!;,
|U( II.
loral term was
jsal the pulpl
Kev. S. S.
iiinil) .\\iniir and I'arl-; Sli'cct. 'I'luir liisi Siiiiday
lAriiinU' siT\ii'i' was lirld theie on ()(l(iliir \(i, llu:
buildini^ was dedicated on Oeloher iS, and will seat
750. The lot (III wliieli the hiiildinv; stands is leased
fur foiirleiii yeais at a nmninal nnlal, the |iiiee of
the lot to be liMil al the end of the lease. The
lllinliliv; then lieeame the p.istor, be'.;innini; Jaiui-
.iiy I. i<'^''-. and reiiiaiiiinn' until March Ji. iMfi^.
I lining his tenii, Oil January n;, iSdj, the annual
cMiitereiice of the Weslern I ! iiil.iiiaii t'hiiiilies was
lulll in 1 )etr(iit. Ri\'. A. ( 1. 1 libbai'd becime pastor
(»i tuber 17, liS(i.|, and icmained nntil .March 25,
iSdfi. Rev. Jason I''. Walker then serviil for nearly ihiirch and fiirnishiiii^fs cost §5o,ix>). Mori! than
iwii years, ;iiid was fol-
liiwcd for a few months
|i\' i\c\'. t'. M.ic.inley.
Urv, W. K.C. .Mcllcll lleM
ciiurcd upon the [i.istoi'-
alc, was inslalled March
.|, iSfii;, and continued for
two yc.irs from tli.il date.
I •iiiiiii;' his term, in 1S71,
e.\lciisi\e impro\eiiienls
were iiiaik; to the front
( niraiice of the church .ind
til the b.iseiiunl, and the
iiilciior was litted with
iirw pews, ornan, etc., ;il .1
cost of §17,500. ( )ii M.iy
|(), 1.S72, Rev. Calvin .Steb-
hiiis became the jiastor,
rcmainini^ until January 5,
1X71;. Kc\'. T. li. I'lii-
liiisli became |),istor oil
M,iy 5, iSSo. The avera>;e
aticiid.uice on Sunday
iiiorniin;' in iMSo was 250.
The pastor's .salary was
Jj.^oo, the choir cost
ijiijtx), and the tot.il ;in-
iiii.il expenses reached
85,000. 'I'lie amount re-
alized from pew rents was
S^.ocx: per year. The
iiimiber of niembers in
if^io was 140; ill i.Sfio,
2(10; in 1S70, v'^'I in iMSo,
;iXo. The debt in i.SSi
w as §5,000 ;md the church
pru|icriy was valued at
§4'i,ooi).
Durinvi' '•'^^'^.i -'i l"t was
hiiimlit as a site for a new
cliiircli on the northwest corner of Woodward and
Si Men Avenues.
Cliitriii of Our I'atlirr { [')i/;Yrsii//sf).
riiis society was ornani/eil and incorporated in
Miy, 1S79, and in iiSiSo had one luiiidred and sex-
em y-live members, with Rev. !•',. L. Rexford, I). 1).,
as pastor. They held their lust .service in Wliii-
ii(\'s Ojiera House on Ai)ril 20, 1H79, remainiiiiL;
til' re until October, iSiSi, ;md then movinv; into
tli ir stone church on the northwest corner of .Ma-
Clll'Kl II nl- OCU I'aTIII'.K - l^MVK.liSAI.IST.
half the total cost WMs jMiid by S. J. Murphy. The
averajje attendance in 1880 ;it the Opera House was
300. The number of members, 180. The yearly
expenses were about §4,000, of which §3,000 was
for the pastor's s.nlary. In 1S83 a .Stale eouveiitioii
of I'niversalists held its sessions in this cluircli;
the opeiiinj^' session was on the 6lh of October.
'I'liiril .l-i'tinir Mission Church.
This society was orijauized June 7, 1882, with
62 8
THK MISSION CHURCH. H'.WISH C0N(;RKC.ATI()NS.
fifti't'ii members, with Rev. C. K. IIiiIIhiI as p.istor,
and iiu'orporated December 14, iSSj. It is evaii-
gflical ill I'liaraeter, but not comiecti'il with any
deiiuniinatioii. In 1882 it liad twenty members,
1 llllcl) .\\j:mk MlbMlIN .SUNUAV Sciloill. lii il.DlNl,.
and on December 14 of that year was .acorptjrated
under the title of Third Avenue Mission Church.
The services are held in a mission Sunday-school
building, which is con-
trolled by a society incor-
porated under the name
of the Third Street Mis-
sion, on March 17, and
orjranizedon May 1 1, 1867.
The buildini,^ forty-four
by sixty-six feet, cost
$4,000, and was dedicated
May ID, 1868. The prop-
erty is held by five trus-
tees, elected for terms of
three years each by the
Sunday-school teachers.
Beth }'.! Jnuish Society.
This society was orii^an-
in August, 1850, in-
i/(
corporated on April 21,
185 1, and reorganized in
1853. For the first two
years they met in a private
house, ;ind for the next three years ovci^ llic stortMjf
Silbcrman l\: llirsch, on Jefferson Avenue. Tin
r.ibbi, ;it this time, was Rev. S. Marcus. He was
succeeded, after his death in 1854, by Rev. I.. Adler,
who remained seven years. During nio.st
of his term the society met in a room over
Dr. Scherer's drug store, at No. 39 Michi-
gan (Irand Avenue. On March 5, i860, tin-
society was incorporated anew, and in 1861
bought the old French Methodist Church on
Rivard Street, between Croglianand Lafay-
ette Streets, and dedicated it on August 30.
Rev. A. Laser now served three years, and
was followed by Rev. Dr. J. Kallisch, who
remained the .same length of time. After
he left, the old place of worslii]) was .sold, and
the forms of service iiiodi'rni/.ed. The
temple on the corner of Washington Ave-
nue and Clifford Street was ])ur<-liased for
$17,000, and (k'dicated on August 30, 1867.
Rev. F. Fppstein was the tirst rabbi of the
new temple, remaining till 1870. His suc-
cessor, Kiv. Dr. K. Koliler, servi'd two years.
Rev. K. Cjereehter ser\ed for one year, Kiv.
L. Wudner for three years, aiul in Scjjtem-
ber, 1876, Rev. Dr. II. /irndorf took charge.
( )nlymen are admitted as members (A the
society: the number in 1850 was 12; in
1860,40; 1111870,60; in 1880, Kjo. 'Jill'
church se.its 600. The average; attendance
at service in 1880 was 500. 'I'he salary of
the r.'ibbi was $2,5cx). 'I'he .sexton was jKiid
The choir cost $1,000, and the total annual
expenses were $5,500. The projii'rty was worth
$25,000.
$300.
Biiiii El bv.NAGouuii.
GKNKRAL CHURCH STATISTICS.
62(
r ilii^ slorcof
.vciuic. Tin
us. He \va'
lev. I.. Adlir.
Duriiiv;- nmM
a room over
so. 39 Midii-
h 5, 1860, till
,•, ami ill iHfii
list CIuutIi oh
an and Lafay-
:)n Autjust 30.
-cc years, and
Kalliscli, will)
■ lime. After
) \v;is sold, and
■rni/.ed. The
sliiniLiton Ave-
l)urehased for
isrnst 30, 18^17.
a rabbi of the
^70. His siu-
rved two years,
one ye.ir, Kiv.
iiid in Se|)teiii-
irf took ehar^e.
nenibers of the
50 was 12; in
!8o, 100. The
a.i^o attendance
The salary of
,exton was paid
le total annual
■IV was worth
C'onneeted willi the eliiii( li is a Hebrew Relief
Suiiely, of wliieh the lirst president w.is I), (1.
Workiim, lie was sueeeeded by !■;. .S. I leineman.
I he eonjrrenrition is known as Kefornu'd llebrews,
and their ser\iet' diifers but little in method from
that observed in rrotestanl ehurehes.
S/ianiy /.Ciirc Jn^'isli Sori'rtv.
This society w.'is orir.anized .September 2"], i.S(')r,
with a membership of seventeen. It met o\i'rI)r.
S( herer's iXxw^ .store, on Nbchii;.ui (ir.uid Avenue
near H.ites Street.
In 1864 the society hou.nht the old St. Matthew's
C'olored I'lpiscopal Church, on the soiitlujist corner
of St. Antoinc and Con.^ress Streets, for §4,500,
,iiid i.^\\ September 23, 1864, it was dedicated for
their u.se. In the f.ill u[ 1876 the old church was
sold and torn down, and the erection of ;i new one,
to cost $15,000, bejkjun. '\\\c eonjfreij.ation, becom-
iiii.^ divided in .sciuimciH, vv is unable to p.iy for the
SVNAGOGIII! Ol' SlIAAie, ZeDEC.
new buiklinjj, and on April i, 1879, it was turned
over to the contractors. After the sale (jf the old
liiureh the eongreyation separ.ited into three por-
tii)!is, meeting in Kittelberirer's I fall on Randolph
.Street, in Funke's Hall on Macomb Street, and at
the corner of (Iratiot and Ha.stings Streets, Late
in 1881 a number of them united in renting the
huilding they had been forced to sell, and used it as
a synagogue. They are known as orthodox Israel-
ites, and observe many of the ancient forms and
ceremonies. The number of members in 1870 was
48; in 1880, 35. The officiating rabbis have been:
iXC)5--i86S, La.scr Kontrovitch; 1868, A. C.old-
schmidt; 1 871- 1874, B. Moscowitz; May, 1882-
, Joseph Rapperat.
(iKNh k.M, (■iii;u< 11 siA risiio.
The following tables, the lirst of the kind tli.it
have been comiiiled for Detroit, give ;i v.iriety of
interesting facts. .Ml clnirches of the s.ame general
faith or pr.Ktiee .are grouped together:
Nu.Mlll'.K (IF ClHHCII I'l'II.DINO.S.
Rnm.in f'.illinlic, .
.MilliiidisI
I'li-sliyhriMii ....
I'.pist npaliaii
r.a|plist
I.ullii'nin
N(!W Ji'i'iisalrm (Swc-
<li:nliiir;;iaiil
Clirisiiaii ( I lisciplol. .
(iinnnnaliiiiiat
t 'llilal'iall
lywi-li
UiulctKiiiiiiialidiiul . . .
Totals
|8<K>
I8I0
i8ao
1830
1840
1850
18(1(1
1870
I
1
1
• ■
3
2
I
I
2
1
4
4
■i
■i
1
5
>)
t
4
I
r
I
')
u
7
7
7
f.
I
s
3
I
2
I
1
1
2
.■>
9
• 8
:)t
5a
1880
'4
13
9
15
II
<)
80
Ne.MllKK OK Ml'.MIII'.liS.
Rfunan ratlinllr'
Mclh.,(lisl
J'lcsliyliri.iii
K|)is('u[>aiian
liaplisl
I.iillician-
Ni'w jiTiis.ilcni
Clirif-liaii
Coii^Tcv^.il ioiial
Unilaiiaii
Ji:wi>li
Tiilals
iH.io
i84.>
18511
18(0
l87(,
1880
78
■^8i
.SI'l
821
'.171
2,48^
86
44«
81.1
i,U7
l,'.i.I
2,./(.2
4"
2.JI
407
728
2, III')
,, ^m
10
1C.8
VI"
4,|o
',')l'l
1,701
7
.(8
. 7"
7"
70
f»i
'75
^•t".
450
,Ch
2S5
47"
795
..
If.
2(10
ioo
380
■•
..,5fu
40
108
7. tl'i
'.t5
214
I, '95
I2,2i/>
Perckni'aim'. (i|.- Cm ii( II Mrmmkus 10 I'l.i'i i.atki.n.
tSjo
J 840
i::s')
1 8(10
Rnnian Catholic *
Mellicidisl
•»15
.0)0
.o^'c;
.017
I'rcsliylcriaii
.0(8
.048
.o;8
.02 I
I''.pisinpalian
.018
.CI 11
1
.01 s
r.a|>lisl
.<; 14
.018
.018
.<«> (
New lirusalriii
.001
.001
Cliristian . ■
.OOJ
..x)4
Conyrt'^alidiial
....
.n,^
.005
Unilariaii
.(K)(i
.005
Jt.wisli
■rc.l.ils
.0.15
.127
.11(1
■"79
I.H70
.("116
.010
■"•■5
.000
.(IQI
.005
.0<li
.001
.085
1880
.02t
.025
.02t;
.014
.000
.OO)
.006
.003
.oot
>IUM11ER OF SiniNCS.
1820
Unman Catholic.
.\I<tl)(Klist
I'rcsljyltiian
Kpiscupaliaii
I'ia|ilist
I.iiUuraii
850
Cliristian
(dncrcKational..
I'nitarian
Jcsvish. . .!
Totals
850
1830
850
200
450
35"
aoo
1840
1,300
500
l,COO
700
f,5o
350
1850
3,300
'.7'
1,600
1,500
650
55"
l,fKH1
i860
1870
1880
4,484
7.384
12, 012
3,6o<i
4.3"5
6,013
3,800
4,550
6, 950
2 , 650
4,810
7. 4"5
'1275
«>445
3.545
1 6<»
2iS5o
6.350
200
330
1,300
(JOO
IjfXKI
1,240
2,090
488
50.,
S«>
900
1,050
8,897
3<-'.'84
47. '45
630
GENERAL CHURCH STATISTICS.
l"HKCltNIA<lK i)|f SlrriNlis 10 I'ni'l'I.AI ION.
KiMiiiiii Calhiilii'.
Mrlllci(ll>,l
I'rcsliyliriiiii . . .
l'',|lis(li|W.lMll . . .
I!a|)ti-'l
I.iillirnin,
New IniiNiilcni. .
C'lirisiiiiii
C.'i)iii;rin,iliip|i il.
Unilai'iaii
Jttwisli
TotillH ,
.SK.;
•5"';
.3Ka
.(>C|C)
. ilna
.IS7
.IH)0
■Ml
.US4
.loK
..71.
.1.7..
...ja
•4«7
.IS7
...H..
.07
.1.71
•".)"
.ojti
"47
,487
HiKl
.K7..
.H,8
."oa
..78
.<i^,4
:;:^
.<.S7 '
.<)(HI
(.^7
■".V
".I'i
•<'.)»
.i«ia
...16
iijt
.015
itIO
.(K.fl
.Oil
410
■.175
■ >' '.}
.11(13
."3'>
■"S4
.<«ia
•"•'7
..118
...14
.l.K)
' As llic Catlwilic cliiiiilii'H kcrp im ilil'milf nidicl (i( lliu num-
ber iif families rDniU'i-tid with their parishes, and no rceurd of
iiidiviiliial iianies, it is nut pussible t>i ciinipute their nninliers witli
acciiraey. The lulal iiiiinheruf raniillis repurled frniii the several
Catholie parishi's In iHRo was 7,ii>], and tlieir iiiillinrllics estinialt^
an average <if five persons to eaili family as adherents (if the
chnri'h.
" Tiic laitheran chiirehcs keep their nemils with greater
Knnian Pathnlic
Mrlhodisl
\\eia>ie Al-
(i'IkI.iiici* at
Miiiimin sir-
vice in 1K8.1.
';. Ci"
a, 71s
■ ,7K,>
.u<<y'
,s.>
g7S
a.S'i
3110
aS.fHui
lulal ChiiKh
l''..\pensrs ill
iHSu.
!|fl4.4'«'
4a..ias
iS,.'i7S
I«..t84
i,a(K>
i|(.i
II, ,'it)
4,,.«,
Vahir iif
Chun h I'riip
erty in iU8<>.
$774,....
.V'.lt'"..
.M'^'.7S.)
.^7.).87S
154, H«l
fi(H),(ir)ii^
ISi^NM)
I'ri',liyierlan
l''plsi opalian. . . .
Haplisl
I.iilheiaii
< 'mr^re^^aliiiiial .
I iiitarian
Jewish...
1 lll,llfNI
4fl,IKl.|
a.S,<>«'
liilals
$-j4,ai,,
la.STS/'as
aieiiraey, hut have no liniforin mothml, some keeping lists nf
families, ami others uf cnmMiiinieanls only ; their stali'.lies are,
llierefiire, niil as satisfai Imy as oiu' eoiild wish. A K^'onpiiix ol
the (Inures for some uf lliese eliiirehes, ;iml earefiil 1 slinuiti s from
others, nive . I lul.il uf (',1 1 1 euiiinuiiiieaiils uf Lutheran ehiirillcs
ill 1.S80.
» N'ut iiu ImlliiK the si houl prupirly uf llir 1 hnrehes.
nil
Viiliii' iif
ill
Cliiin li I'liip
crly ill iHH...
$774, <x«,
3,13, 1«K.
tl^'.?''."
.■i7').«7S
I54,,».,
9.«),.«».-
lS|i«»i
al.iiiai
1 |ll,IMXi
.,(.,.-■■.
25,(««.
f a> STS/'*"!
I! kicpin« lisls Ml
their Malislirs an-,
sh. A K''i"i|'"'!< "'
I'fiil I llnmli s lii'ii.
l.iitlii-ruu tluialio
liiiri'lii'S
ciiapt1':k j.x v.
IIIK KlKS'l' srXDAV SC'llool,. MISSION SUlool.S. Sl'NDAV SCIlool. SIA TIS IK'S.—
SUNDAY St;il(>()l, UNIONS, UONNIAI'loNS. ANI ) Cl'.l.l'.l'.K A IIONS.
TIIK KlUSr SUNDAY SCllDOL.
\Vk know Mill liiiw lluy l>ftamc ciiliilcd to tlio
11,11111; of " (liicclors," hut the Injjdwiii;; ctrd, prinU'd
ill ihc d.i/.ctU', fully idfiuiru's tlic foimdcis of iIk;
tiist I'rolcslaiil Siiiulay school in Micliigan, and
shows when llu; si'hool hf^aii :
SUNDAY SCIKM)!,.
Al a ini'i'tinK of llic I lini Ims nl the Sunday Schiiol AssiH'iaii<in
of Ihi^ city "f Diiiciii, Mr. l.iiuiiil Sliattiuk was uiiaiiiiiion^ly
ii|j|iciiiiU(l Siipi tIiiUikIi-iiI lliircuf, and il wa.s rcsolvud llial ilir
mIiiI'iI shall K" iniii (ipnatiiin on Siiiuliy, ihr 4tli inst., tii coni-
mriin- al hall past B d'chu k ■\. M.
Till' nlijt'i't elf till' AssiM'ialicm is li> iiistnict children and others
in ilii' art ol r'- idiiij{, free of cxpriiso, and to stiiniilalr tlniii In
rxi'iiion ill anpiirin^; thu riullinents of kiiiiwledK<-'- Kiwards will
111' (li-iiriliiili'd to ihu des'Tvinn.
Miiih lu'iK'lit has liccii received from Riniilar iiisliliitions in
most of the populous towns in the Uiiil il Slates. The citi/eiis
of Detroit have contributed Uherally for this estalilisliiniiit, and
it is hoped tliey will now exert themselves to Beiul every one,
male and feiiiali:, that needs iiislriietiiai,
II. }. lIl'NT, A. K. WlNli,
I.. SlI.Vl-fUCK,
III
111, 0,f. I, 1818.
M. Dii Knv,
Stkaii,
JJircifors,
It will he oh.scrved that the modern idea of iSibli;
instiiictioii was not a proniinciU feature. A iioiicc
and report eontaineil in the ("i.ix.elte of January 7
;tiii! 14, 1820, jjives details of some of the now obso-
Kic methods then in use, ;iiid reve.als a slate of
nior.ils that does not recommend the past as being-
better than the present. The notice reads :
SUNDAY Sc:il()()I,.
Al a meeting of ihe S. S. Assoeialioii of ihe city of Detroit,
held at the Academy on Saturday, the aslh insl., the president
and \ iei'-prisideiit l)ein< absent, the Kev. |. Monteith was called
to ilii' chair. The report of thi' school was presented by the
Siipirintendent. I'or nasons appearini;, the business of the
aiiiiii.il ineelin>; havinij bieii suspended since September last, the
A-^oi iation proci'i'deH to elect the followini; officers to serve
tlii.Hinli the ensiiiiii; year: Hon. William Woodbridne, president;
llriiiy I. Itiint, vice-president; Levi Thrown, tre.isiirer; John .1.
Di tiiin.n, s.'cretary ; directors, Rev. J. Monteith, Maj. J. Ander-
son, 1!. Siead, A. G. Whitney, and D. G. Jones.
A\:w/:;;/, ihat the riport of the superintendent be r,;ad in the
I'rrshyterian Church of Detroit, on Sunday, the 29th inst., and
th.ii he be requested to furnish such parts of it (or publication as
he may think proper, ^finiilis o/" Association.
J. J. Deming,
I'l luorr, Dec. 25th, 1819. Secretary.
The report reads:
The degraded state of the learninjj and luornls of u great por-
liou ot oiireili/.ens has loiiK been ,i subject which diservi-d the
commi.seration of the well-wislurs to the K"'"' of society ami the
prosperity of religion. Ileinn '"I recently deprived of thi' means
of the general dilfii.ioii of knowlidxi', and espeiially that of u
mural or rulitiious character, and e.\posed to all the demuiali/inx
infliienci' of war, without the sulhcieiil means to 1 heck the force
uf that inlluenci', our youth have liien usually lell to nmvi up ill
the practice of vice without restraint, and uuinlliienced liy the
motives a religions education inculcates. The Salib.illis have
been profaned by lompanies of noisy boys, and an im|>ropcr .mil
liulawfiil course of loiubict pursued by certain ilasses of people,
dls>;rai I'ful to the community which pirniits it, 'I'he people of
color have also attracted much attention.
lieini; excluded from llii' usual privilejjes of sociely, and espe-
cially ol our ordinary schools, the Lunditioii ul most ol them was
that of extreme ignorance nnd dei^rndation. That such evils
have existed in Uelruil is no reproach on the virtuous part ol the
community; but so lon^[ as we sulTer them to continue wilhout
eiiioiiou, or desire not their removal, they will stand a miuiuuiiut
ol our disyrace a.s men, citi<:eiis, or Christi.ms. While facts like
these were daily pri'sented to our vii'W, motives, powi'rful and
commaiuliii).;, uixed us to concenlrate luir inlluince in initivalinK
the evil by pioinotiuK a kuowledne of the doclrini'S and practice
of the (Uilies of the Christian rellKion. In accomplishing such
desirable ends, the yood effects of Sunday S( liools in various
parts of the United States hail been attested ; and under the
iiiipressioii that siiih an institution would be eipially beiielicial as
well in belteriuj,' the couditiou uf the poor ehildri'ii .is tho.se of
the weallhy, the Sunday School Association of the rity of Detroit
was formed in September, iSi8. The objei t of this association,
as expressed in its Constitution, is to establish schools for the in-
slriictiiii; chihlnn and others in a knowledge of the Holy Scrip-
tures, and in llii' art of i'e.ulln>; when necessiiry, ol aidiiij; and
stimiil.itiiii; them in a prolil.ible employment of the Lord's Day,
nnd of iuciilcalin>; the principles of reliijiou and morality.
Though our means would not allow that systematic ::nd extensive
exertion which is madi' in more populous and highly favored
towns, yet the pecuniary aid and persoi.al assistance necessary to
the commeiicejuenl of a school was proiuplly and liberally sup-
plied. The school was opened the lirst S.dih.ith in October, 1818,
and the services of some respectable and benevolent individuals
were tendi'red as teachers. Necessity has, however, compelled
us to carry on the labor of the .school with fewer teachers, and u
greater variety to each class, than would have been desirable, and
doubtless the projjress of the children has, in many instances,
been retarded by having teachers with whom they were iinac-
(piainted. * * ♦
Soiiii' books have bi'cn procured for the henellt of the school,
but it has been a subject of regret that we have been able to pro-
cure but few of such as we desired. The attendance of the
children has been so irri'giilar as materially to rel.ird their pro-
gress in the studies assigneil them, and at times to disiourage and
almost overthrow the design of the teachers. There have been
many, however, whose punctuality at school has shown how
valunble the instruction they receive is deemed, nnd how careful
I63O
632
SUNDAY SCHOOLS.
nil' III!' lUiri'lllH tllllt lllcy Kll >!<> •UMIHIlllllllly lit lliil lo lusr llmsi'
li'Miirit wliii li a |Miiii tii.il iilli'iiil.inri' sciiii'is In llii in.
Tlir liiiii! Ill linlilliiK llii' siliiHil liiiH Miriiil (loin I In' iniirnlii)( I'l
till- iirti'niixiM at Hi'Vrnil liiiwit, In rnllfoliii loilp |iiililii ii'll>;i>ins
rxtri iscs, lint then! has Ihtii iinifnrmly 'Oir si liunl cai h Salili.itli.
It hat Ih'i n llw nivaiialilr I'l-Kiilatiuii nf llu' hi hniil ihal it slmiijil
III' iiiiriii'il wilh 1 railing a jxirliun nf S> ii|iliiri' anil piayrr, I' Inn'
ha^'r Ihtii Iwn Krinial illvl'.iuns aiiioiiK lln: si;IiiiIiiih, kiii h as
Wrrr inllrcly illiliiatr, anil snrli as imilil nail. 'I'lillir foinnr
havr Ih I n laiiKht nailing, s|ii IIIiiki < I> . ' " llx' latin havr lni n
assi^;iiiil |i<iri{i>iiH Iff Si liplnri', hyiniis, rali'iliisin, ami nllnr sijri I
k'Hsiins, wliirli iiiiilain tin Irailiii^ tiiiihs iil nioi.ility anil llir
Cliristian irliKiiiii, 111 l"i 1 nininilliil In niTnimy. In siinii' liiivr
bi'i'll |iiii|>nsi'il i|iii .linns III' tasks, mi wliii h lliry wrrr In I'xrri isr
tlirir jnilKmriil ami nivr In llw nsiili In wriiliikj. 'I'lir lask nl
cnniiniiiiii aliiiK ii'lininiis liislnnlinn In lln- illili lalr is rxthinrly
liiiliinll.
As sunn as thr si liiilar,s win: capalilr nf n'lriviiiK it, lillnr liy
rciulini; nr iiiiivrrsalinii, it has Ik rii the usual |irartlri' lii){>v<' it.
Of thisrlass IlllVi' lli'i'll lllnst nf lllr priipli' nf nilnr, wlln havi:
bci'ii fnuiiil as I'linally ilistiluti' nf a kiinwIi-ilKT nf Ihr most
ohviniis irnths nf tlir llilili: iis liny win; nf thr (irsl rmllimnts nf
rrailiiiK. Dili lliT niialir pail nf lln; srininl li.is rmisisliil nf llir
fhililntii nf ri'spi:i talilr laiiiilirs wlin iiijny llir piisili>;is nf ordi-
nary SI llnnls. 'I'hi' SI linni has lirrii iliviili il inio tin ilassrs, to
rai h nf H'hii li, wlii'il wr rnillil lir siippliril, a liai lii'i was assl>^ni'il;
anil In stiiniil.ili' tin' pupils In rxi'tiinii anil iinprnvrnn'nt, priiiliil
tii.kuts have Iii'lii xivin to ihi' (lrsri\ iii^;. 'riiisr tii ki'ls have a
linininal valiir alliirlnil In Ihrin, ami havr liri'n nili'i'iniil in
bniiks, trai:tH, anil ii'liKiniis prrindiral wnrks, paitirnlaily The
(iiiaidian, or Vniilh's Krliyiniis Inslrnrlnr, svlili li is ir).;iilai'ly
rivi'lvrd fnini Nrw Mavi-n.
Kr^iilar niiiinli'H nf the alteiidaiii:!', brhavinr, and rccituliuiis u(
the schnlarH, as will as nf Ihr altiinlanrT nf ihr Irarhrr^ or vi>i-
tnrs, have lierii krpi hy lln' Siipirintindint, and it has liirii thr
usual prarlirr iil lln' rinse nf r.ii h srhnni In i'i'|inrl the iiliinher nf
versen ill Seriptiiii', hyiiiiis, ipiehtinns ill caleLhisni, ele., that
were rcrlleil during; the liine.
Sitiee the eninini'iii'i'inent nl the selinni, aliniit nne liiiinlri'd anil
fifty SI-'" irs have liiin admitted, nf wliniil Iwenly-lwn iiii!
|)eiiplc (.nlnr. The uveraj^e attendance each .Sabliatli Inity-
I'iKhl, of whnni ahniil thirty have been .ilile In reeite lessmis to
Ibeir teai'liers.
Some idea nf their iiiiprnvennnt 1 an lie fnniii'.l frniii tin- Inllnw-
in|{ statement ; 'I'hiise nf llie people nf enlnr who have liariied to
re.id sinee the eoinillein emeiit of llie silionl are iinw alile In reeili:
frniii twenty In lidy verses nf Seriplnie at each all< mlani e.
AmoiiK the oilier 1 lasses, a >iirl of seven years of a,L;e li.is reeiled
i.7')l verses in Siripliire, 570 verses in hyiniis, and 77C1 answers in
I'i.'leehism, in all, ;|,I3>>. Anolher of ten years, -•,».(>_( Verses in
Seripturc, 1,248 verses in hyiiuis, aiul i,n6i answers in tatechisni,
in all, .(,/«). Anolher, who alleinled tweiily-foiir S.diliallis only,
ri eited -^S--') verses in Si lipinie, 1 oinprelienilin^,' llie four ( lospils
and I'rovirbs, liesiiles other seleet portions of the llilile, i.in;,
verses in liynins, and 250 answers in raleehisin, in all, i;,i'^4.
These are a few out of many similar iiistaiues whieh iiii^lit be
selected from the record.s of the sehool to show thu industry and
emulation of the .scholars. Tlie;;iealest recitation in one day, by
thirty selinlars, w.ts 1,737 verses in Seriptnre, 735 in hymns, and
(O answers in eateeliism, — in all, 3,41)2. Ueeiled by llie whole
sebool since the eommeneemeiil, 3H,445 verses in Seriptine, 1,140
verses in hymns, 10,3-^1 answers in lateehism, 462 answers to
Ciiniminn's ipnstions, xiveii in writing, and 48 prayers. 'I'olal,
(k>,(iHi'i. This will make an average of 35 verses per day to each
scholar. * * ♦
It iH partieiilarly iiiiderslood that no leiiels peeiiliar lo any
religions denomination are taught in sehool. There appears to
be a visilile iinproviineiit in the morals and manners as well .'is
intellei liial knowlidife of the scholars; and instead of idle pro-
faiiers of the Sabballi, many of Iheni observe the day, anil become
diligent seekers of religions knowledKC. The difrcrencc between
llinsi! ihildren reKiilarly alli'iiilinx the Sunday Si liool anil those
who do iml, I veil while enjoyiiiK eiinal ailvanliiKis mi tilhir day.,
is very app.irenl ; and il is to be n-Krelted that every class of imr
youth laniini be iiidiiied In spend the Sabballi in so prnrnalilp a
in.iniier. It is hoped and lariieslly nipiesteil llial inore exertinii
be made by pan ills, ^'iiardiaiis, and iiiasteis, to have those iiiiiji 1
their I are atli ml re>;iilaily and piiiii iii.illy al the hours of si liiml,
and lo I o-operale with the teailnis in 1 nforrin>;, hy preiepi iiinl
example, llie iiislnnlion lliey rei eive from them. It js presiimeil
other similar si bonis iiiixhl be iidvanlaKiniisly eslablislnd 111
jielrnil nr \ iiinily. few 1 liildren innsider altendiiiK the srhnni
a I niirnienii'iit. * ♦ ♦
We lannni inniliide this repnrt wi'.limit ^ralc fully aiknnwledn-
in^ ihe peeiiiiiary aid that has 1 11 besinweit iiinl the patiniiai;i*
wliiih has been ([iveii to the s< liool by the riti/etiH, NoiiiImi
insliliilinii reenmnieiids itself fur its cheapness sn wi'll as ours,
and those small expenses which were iieiesHarily iiii iirreil will
dniibtless be defi.iyi'd by a liberal publie. Ibit In lliime who have
devoted their lime and laleiils In the labnriniis duties uf leaeliiii).;,
miii'h mnre is due. Vnii have ineriled llie iippiobalinii anil ^rali
Hull' of the whole (ominiinlly. If ollnr reward is iiei issary, wi-
niiisl refer yoii to that satislai linn whii h ynii iinw feel in your
own bn.islsina nview of tin >;nat xooil yon have done. Voiit
ilieils an: known and n'menibered !ii Ile.iveii.
Out of the nninber of those who have been en^UKed in lli<
iiistliiillon, one has been railed fnuii us to llie elernal world. Il
is bill just that a Iribiile of respei t should be paid lo llie memory
of the pious and benevolent IIiikIi M. Dickie, for sonic time one
of the directors and leachers ol mir si lionl. He eiilisleil bis feel-
ings ardently ill the work, lie had Ihe affections of liiM Kcholars
and was an able support of the institution. While we bow with
submission to ihe will of (!od, in all his righteous dispensations,
teailiers and scholars sliiiiild be impressed witli tin- ini|iorlaiiie of
beinj; prepared for death, Joyful indeed will be the lot of that
leai her who is the hoiniieil inslniiiniil of leading a child friiiii
llie ways of ignorance and vice to a knowledge nf the lelJKinii nf
Jesus ('III isl, and of saving bis iiiinioital sniil. Teachers! wlial
a motive In persevering diligence in the iliseharKc of duty,
liy order of llie Ituard of Directors,
L. SlIAlTPCK',
Sufierintenili'iit.
The whole expense of the school, iiii ludiii>; books, stalioiicry,
tickets, .iiid fuel, for the fifteen months of its existence, has been
only $|i.'»i.
Ahniii .1 yi'.'ii" aftiT tin- srhool l)ejfan, the folli)w-
in,(r .ulvcrlisiMni'iit a|)|H'an'(l in the (lazt'tte:
SUNDAY SlIIDill, I'OU I'I'.Ol'I.K OK COI.OU.
Mr. Uowe will liaili persons of color, of bolli sexes, fnim 3 lo
■i--, years of hkc, on Sundays, oralis. 'I'liose who wish to atleiiil
an: di'sind to c.iU on Mr. Kowe for a ticket previous to their
entram e into his sehool as pupils.
DiciKoir, yii/y j\i\\i\, iHiij.
It would ,i|)|)(','ir tliat litis separate scliool was iml
loiiir m.tiiit.iiiii'd, for the report shows that c.olorcil
ehilth'eii wcrt; in atlendaiiei; ;il the main scliool.
'rite sffond annual meeting was luJd Deeeiiihtr
6, 1820, and at this time the report showetl tliat 160
ililfcrcnt schol.irs, from three to ninettien years of
aire, h.td attended durinjj; the year, nineteen of tiiein
l)eiii.n' eolnreil. 'I'he smallest attendanee on any
Sund.iy w.is 35, and tin; l.iri^fst 83. 'I'he average
allendanei; w.is 57, and an averai.ft; of 30 h.'id lessons,
tile recitations averaginj; 543 verses of Scripture, 2.1
MISSION SCHOOLS.
633
S(l I unci III..
iKi'H ml iillii'i il.i> ,
cvrry riais cif i.m
I) ill sii iinifiliilil. <
lllltl lllnrr cxrlli.n
I liiivr lliiiw iiiiil. I
III' limirs iif si'Ihi.iI
"Ki I'y I'f'i'P' "ii'l
III. Il K inrsiiini ,1
isjy rsl.ilili^lii'd III
ti'llllillK till' srli...:|
I'fiilly ackiiiiwlcil.'.
Hint till' imlriiii.ii..'
liti/t'iis, Niiiillni
'ss mt well iiH Mill' ,
aiily iiHinrcil »ill
. Ill lIlllHI' will! Illlv.
iliilii's of tt-ailiiii. ,
iiiliatiiiti anil ^;i'.ii 1
inl is ni'irssary, h.
II iiiiw fci'l ill yi.ia
I liavr tliiiK*. \'iMii
I'll riiKiW'! ill III.
• I'liriial worlil. Il
laid til tlir llicinnry
', f(ir MiiiU! tliiir mil'
It- t'liljsti-tl his till'
ions nf bin Hrlii.hii'.
Wliili' wf Imhv witli
runs (lispciisaliuiis,
II till' illl|ll>llaill r .if
II 1)1- the lot iif lli.il
ailing a 1 liilil frniii
r i.f llic ii'llKiiMi iif
I. 'I'rai In IS ! wlial
irne of duty.
'iiiAriiit'K,
Su/icriniemlfiil.
bonks, staliiiiniy,
cxistpncc, has bi 111
rm, the follow-
i/.cttc :
l)|.' COLOK.
Ill si'M's, friiiii 3 I.I
iln> wish tu attriiil
previous to their
scliool \v;is nut
s tli.il. colorcil
in scliool.
1-1(1 Dc'ccmhci"
owi'd tii.it. I'»J
clccn years of
uli'c-n of tluiii
l.iiicc oil any
Tlic average
30 li;i(! lessons,
f Scriiituro, 24
iiyinns, 327 (|iicsli()iis in calciliisiii, ami 2 iir.iycis
lor ciili Siiiiday.
'rill! lioiiks used wcfe tiic ilihlc, llrown's C'.iic-
rliism, l''.m('rsoii's I'.vanKclifal I'limcr, l''.|)is(o|i,il
( .ttccliism. I olcm.iirs ( '.iii'i'liisni, ( 'iimmiiiv;'s < Jms-
lioiLs, and Walls's i'.saliiis and llyiiiiis. 'I'lic scliool
was licld from 1.30 lo 3 o'clock i'. M.
Al llic lifv;iiinint( of iS.!o, the scliool owed the
siipcriiilciidciil §17.00. During llie year the collec-
tions .inioiinled to if34.44 ; the expenses were $44.25,
lc.ivin).( .'i ncl b.tl.iiice of $26.81 due the stiperiii-
Iciulenl.
Aiiioni; the le.ichers were l''.piseopali.iiis, I'reshy-
tcii.ins, .iMil Me'iliodists, all iiniiiii).; in the work with
the ulinosl harnlony.
'I"he second report says, " l.ihr.iiies ;ire freiincntly
est.iblislied in Sunday Schools, ;ind did our fnnds
perniil, it woulil he of esseiili.il servii:e to connect
one with this school." On Sund.iy, nereniber 17,
iiS2(), the school .isseinliled ;it ihe iicideiny ;ind pio-
(ceded to the ( hiircli, where a serinon w.is pri'ached
hy the Rev. John .\Ioiiteith. Diiriiij,^ this .iiid llie
fiillowin).^ ye.'ir i.eniiiel Sh.ittiick continued tostiper-
inlend the school, which was eveiitii.illy tr.insferred
to the rrcsbyteri.ins.
MISSION SCHOOLS.
from time to time, .'is tlu' city has j^Town, mission
schools have been ost.'iblished in various localities,
sometimes under tin- fosteriiii; cire of a p.irticiil.ir
cluircli, but often snst.'iined by individti.il members
of different chiirches.
In the f.ill of 1H51 Rev. W. I'".. I'.o.ir(liii;iii, then
residing; in Detroit as.ai^eiit of the American .Sund.iy
School Union, arranj,'ed to establish a mission Sun-
day School in the Fourth Ward School House,
a sni.ill, one-story wooden Iniildinir on the south
side of Fort Street, l)etwcen Ilastinjjs and Kivard
Slri'cts. Hi; appealed to the Contjreyr.'ition.il (.'liurch
for teachers, received responses from a niimbi'r of
persons; and diwinij the eonlinu.ance of the school
iiuist of the te.ichers were members of that church.
After liftei'ii years of service the school w.ts discon-
tinued beeause of a rule adopted by the Hoard of
F.duc.'ition which forbade the use of school build-
injfs for Sunday Schools. No other convenient
pl.ice in tli.it vicinity could be found, and the school
ni'cess.irily ce.ased. When it was first est.iblislied,
that |>art of the city was sparsely .settled and there
were no ehurehes in the immediate vieinity. When
it closed, the neiu;hl)orliood w.as well supplied with
churches .and Sunday .schools. Fr.ancis Raymond
was superintendent of the school durinir most of the
lime th.it it was in existence. Il was held at nine
o'clock A. M. and had a;i ;i\'era^e attendance of 100.
The foliowinji persons, with others, were connected
with the school : Professor Moses Coit Tyler, IJ. F.
J.icobs, the well-known Sunday School .iiid V. M.
C A. worker, Mrs. F. M. Sliddnn, .luihorcss of
" History of Michiyi.in," J.iiiu'S II, .\liiii, Joseph , and
'I'hom.is llerry. Col. F. W. Swift, .md Miss C.
I'rossm.in.
Diiiiuv; the summer of 1X51, Mr. Ho.irdm.in al.so
established what was known as the I'.li/.abelh Street
.Sund.iy School, A nicctiuiLf, held mi the evciiiii),;
of June 15, was .attended by .Sylvester L.trned, John
Robinson, A. N, Reynolds, Miss N.anry Fisher,
Jon.iihau R. Axtell, David II. Reeve, Mrs. Nancy
Reeve, .\I.ar;,'.iret .md I'.li/.ibeth lie.attie, Aj;nes
Robinson, Mrs. Sheldon, .ind ni.iny others. After
consiilt.itioii it w.is decided to (ir,i;.iiii/e .a school,
.tiid .Mr. A.xtell W.IS .appointed superintendent. The
school W.IS held in .a sm.all cotta^.^e on the north side
of l''.li/,.ibetli Street between Woodward Avenue
.and I'.irk .Street, \\liicli w.is occupied diiriii>^ the
week by a d.ay-school. liiis btiildiiiij soon became
too small, .and Mr. !..irned volunteered to secure
better .acconimod.ations. Not rinding- a suitable
|)l.ice, ;ind beiii),{ eneour.ai^cd .md aided by the
friends of the school, he erected .1 biiildin|L{ on Cass
Avenue, .a little south of Fli/.ibeth .Street, it w.as
lirst occupied on September 21, 1.S51, with .a iSible
el.ass of 30, an iiif.ml class of 28, and ;i nnodly num-
btT of m.ale and fem.ale el.isses.
Mrs. I'',. M. Sheldon li.id charj^^e of the inf.mt
class for some time; she was .succeeded by Mrs.
John Winder, and about the .s.anie lime I'r.ancis
l.,mil)ie bec.mie interested in the school. 'I'lie
teachers were mostly connected with the Second
I'resbyteri.m Church, .and the school was consid-
iired .1 mission of that society. (lei>rj.je S. i''rost
suci ceded Mr. I.arned as .superintendent, and in
October, 1X55, Ilovey K. C!larke becime his succes-
sor. A short time after, as the nei),;hborhood w.as
cared for by other churches, the school w.as di.scon-
liiiued .and the buildiii;^ converted into .a dwellinij.
A school, held ill the Indiisiri.il School lUiildiii),;,
w.as or)j[ani/ed in November, 1864, hy Miss Flmore,
who w.as te.at liiiiij the d.ay-school, and .added
this to her other duties. The school j,(rew, .and
Messrs. A. F. F. White, R.msoiii Ciillis, Henry
W.astell, and Hr.idford Smith, Mi.;s L. K. V. I)ol-
sen, Miss Helen Hudson, .and others came in to .a.s-
sist. On December 17, i<S65, John Harvey was
elected superintendent, and has ociaiiiied tli.at posi-
tion ever since, The school is uiulenomin.ation.al.
In 1880 the enrolled list of members numbered 250,
with .an aver.atje attendance of 140. It is held .at
2.30 I'. M. 'i'he school li.is .accomplished an amount
of ijood second to no other effort of the kind.
Several schools established .as mission enterprises
have developed into ehurehes, .and are described in
connection with the church that now represents
them.
634
SUNDAY SCllooI. SIATISTICS.
SUNKAV S(^l|i)(M. Sr APIS IKS.
Tlu' apiH'iuk'd .Siiiul.iy Silmol .Sialistics, compiled
by tlu' writer in 1863 and 1870, and then puhlisiicd
in till' d.iiiy papers, contain many facts of intiTcst,
and are the only statistics of the kind ever gathered
in Detroit.
suND.w sciiixii, siA risiii s rou isft;?.
Si'NDAV Sciinoi, STMisru H — iimtiimeii.
neniiminntidii I.ncatidn —
SiiprrinU'iuli'iits.
IlAll 1ST.
Fort Stri'i't, ((iriur nf (IriswciUI, Rev. J.
H. ('■rilVith Siip'l '. .
Iltiward Strril, lu'.ir SichikI, Riilliii I'.
Smith, Sii|>'t
WasliiiiKtiiii Amiiui', ciiriHT of ClilTord.
Kc'v. |. hlnlis, Siip't
IIIkIi Si'iiri, near Kivaril, Aitluir Inail-
way. Siip't
Cri)j;li 111 Stn it, mar llcaiibicii (coliiri'il),
C. K. Silsliy, Sup't
( ONliKKIiATIONAl..
Kort Strcft, cnrni'r of Wayni', K. W.
King, Sup't
IHSCII'LKS.
JcrffiTsrin Aveiiiii', corner itiaiiliicii. Jos.
Hawliy. Sup't
I'duih il Kiiiini, City Hull, (ieorKc K.
Ih'dWLi, Sup't
EiiscorAi..
Conifri'^is Stroi't, corner of Slielhy, A. A.
R.ibiiuMU, Sup't
WoiKhvaril Avimimi', corner of 111^1'
Stn'ct, II. I*. Ilalihvin, Sup't
Jef(cr<i)n Avenue, near Il.i'-tlnKS Street,
C. 0. rrcuvhridkii', Sup't
Woiulvv.ud Avi'iiue, corner Woodhridne
Street, S. \V, juluKoii, Sup'l
Michigan Avenue, corner of Trninbull
Avenue, (!. .A. Karwell, Sup't
C'onijrem Street, mar St. Antoiue Street,
(Cijiircd) r. Lambert, Sup't
IIKIIKEW.
Rivard Stri'et, near Croi.;lian, Rev. A.
Laser, Sup't
METHODIST.
Woodward Avenue, corner State Street,
H. A. I Iraves, Sup't
C'om;ress Street, corner of Randolph, C.
l'eli,'rini, Sup't
Lafayette Avenue, corner of Fourth, R.
CoUloni,'h, Sup't
Walnut Street, corner of Seventh, '1'.
Rattenbury, Sup't
Heaubien Street, corner Croghan, A. T.
Harns, Sup't
Iteauhien Street, corner of Croj;lian, R.
Iturchele, Sup't
Lasiille Avi'nue, near l>alzelle, ('■, Slrai-
cher, Sup't
Lasalle Avenue, near I lalzelle, J. P.
Vanderrneulen, Su|)'t
Lafaveite Strict, near I'eaubien (colored)
R.'.NL Smith, Sup't
MISSION SCHOOLS.
Abbott Street, corner of Sixth, I'".. C
Walker, Sup't
Cass Avenue, near Klizabeth Street, 11
S. Frost, Sup't
Catharine Street, near St. Antoine, F.. P.
Fitch, Sup't
Lamed Street, near Dubois, F. M. Sum
ner, Sup't
Fast Fort Street, near Hastings, F. Ray
mond, Sup't
a
E
a.oo I'.'M,
a oo "
a.tio "
4.00 *'
9 . 00 * '
-e
I
u
it
'I
y.
a.oo
3.00 **
2.<x> *'
3.30 "
a. 30 "
1-45 "
2.00 **
9.00 A.M
1.30 1'. M
1.30 "
2.00 "
a.oo "
2.00 *'
g.ooA. M
3.00 I', M
9 . o* 1 A.M.
a.oo I'.M.
4-30 "
9.00 A.M
9.00 **
9.00 '*
9.00 *'
9.00 "
it
y,
i.»i
')"
I t lull \d(\
i
30 a55
33
.(.•>
4')
55'
.30
J30
170
45
20
'3 =
383
^tm 280
iCi
470' 160
68
70
38
40
761 253
191
III
147
118
56
77
107
'30
■5'
68
95
98
40
5'
7"
79
150
1 10
60
35
230
II 'J
75
58
90
60
lieiiominalli 11 Location —
Supirinlendents.
MISSION SI. 1I0OI.S,
1
\i
11
y,
10
1 1
4
4
7
31
•4
1 5
30
20
■'4
7
i>
9
ao
9 C
y.
.^o
IJO
30
50
30
3»5
86
:
5(»1
'R3
120
"50
42
160
4
a
J!;
u
H
U 0
> n
<
Woodward .\veiiue, corner F.irnsworth
Street, r. 1,. rarlrliUe, Sup'l
r.ishop Sclioul House, /. R. Ilrockwny,
Sup't
a.nu I'.M.
a. 30 "
3.00 "
a.c» •'
a.oo '*
a.oo "
a.oo "
a.i» "
a. 30 "
1.30 "
a.oo "
I 30 "
2.00 "
12.00 M.
38
150
30
3C
as
a.^
70
5c
Orphan Asylum, Jeffermin Avenue, K.
1 ). 'I'avlor, Sup't
Ilithel, WiiodbiiilKU Street, corner of
liates, Sup'l
NEW JUKI SAl.EM.
Macomb .\ venue, near I'ark St., CieorKi-
Field, Sup't .
I'KHsllV 1 KKIAN.
Fort Street, corner of Third, H. C.
I.afayeilr A\inue, corner of Wayne,
Wa-hiUKton Avenue, near State Street,
II. K. I'larke, Sup't
Ji ITerscui .Avenue, near Rivard Street,
II. Ilallock, Sup't
State Street, corner Farmer, .\. Sheley,
Sup't
'5!
Dates Street, corner of Farmer. James
Ure, Sup't
Russell Street, near Catharine, 1'. Vol-
Re
KEFOKMEl).
Monroe Aveu'ie, corner of larrar Street,
Rev. C. Haasii Sup't
Catharine Street, near St. -Vnloine, M.
130
36
64
CNITAKIAN.
Lafayette Avenue, corner of Shelby, Rev.
S. S. II iintiiik; Suo't
Mornin,;; Schools
Afternoon
Total number of schools
Total number of olTuers and teache
10
34
44
7S1
Total number of childnii on school registers 6,65?
Total average attiiulance 4,6a6
Probable number of children attending two or more schools, 650
According to the census of September i, 1862, the total
number of children in the city between the ages of 4
and 18 was i5,3''8
The number attending the public schools was 6,747
.\s an interesting fact, in this ccuincctiiui, it may be mentioned
that, as compared with the niuuber of families in the city, the
average was live chiklien to every thrie families.
SUNDAY SCHOOL STATISTICS FOR 1870.
METHODlsr SAIUIATII St Hool.S.
Name.
Central . .....
I'entral Mission
Simpson
JefTerson Avenue
I.afayette ,-\ venue
First ('■ermaii
First (lerm.in Mission
Second Cirman
Lafayette .Avenue Mission
Lafayette Avenue Mission
No. 2
superinleiulenl.
I. H. Fonda....
II. Hitchcock ..
(1. W. Hough ..
J. Oakes
A. T. Ilarns....
F. Ilechler
F. Schultz
C. Weimer
j. S. Thompson
Edwin Reeder . .
—.
_4
It
X
t-c
1;
'— lZ
c
*
-
5^
600
-■7
275
25
275
30
400
18
156
18
75
12
70
20
ISO
23
150
12
80
■J c
> V
410
200
165
180
I20
60
60
130
139
60
SUNDAY SCllOOI. STATISTICS.
635
__
9
t
By
il
5"
150
5"
.(I
'4
•5
3«
20
24
7
1 )
9
3».S
Uu
75
a 65
3tx»
I2i>
15"
42
^1
38
150
30
3C
aj
2'<i
7f
5C
aiic
'55
130
85
130
36
20 160 64
ic
34
44
7Si
f,,r-5?
4,636
schiuils, 650
thi- total
\V;fS of 4
'5,3')8
6.747
y lif nu'iitiiiiu'il
11 the city, tlie
R 1870.
__;
X
<
a
c
:i
r.
Z
<
—
fxx)
410
»75
200
275
1 6s
400
180
IS6
I?n
75
fo
70
60
150
•3°
150
139
80
60
SUNUAV StllOill. Sr.UlMKS lOHtlHUt'li,
MKIIIDDISI' SAlmAIH sniilOl.s,
Name.
Mriian
VIrican Nn. a
I .vanxelicul Awiuciation . .
TotaU, Schools.
Supcrlntcndfiit.
C. IVI^rim..
Cr. H. Smith.
Mr. Look-.-
vk-1
(I
6
371
i
X
2i«i
40
J. 57"
u a
17,1
4-!
30
1.755
Incroaik' since i86.t ; schools, 4 ; teachers, 8g ; scholars, 1,358.
Average attendance, 850.
I'KKsnVTKKIAN.
rir<t I A. Slu-l.'y
I ..rl Street liiiulforil Smith .
|. Ifc Koii .\vemie II. H.illoik
Hcsiiuiiisler (1. |liml;i|i
I .ilv.iiy Mission W.I'. KellnxK..
I'liiteil I. Cameron
Sioieh Rev. Mr. .Millitjan
Kort Street Mission .lohn ll.irvey
380
afm
260
75
i"5
118
tfx)
"5
i.V>5
Increase since i8(i); seliools, i ; teachers, 87; scholars, 8jo.
.Average attendance, 586.
Totals, Schools.
37
4.38
4"
J(K1
.*»
.15"
15
I JO
»')
•.•50
36
335
38
210
15
200
333
•'i"<)3
I'nion Mission
Iiuliislrial School
II.OMlr.iiMek Mission. .. .
Clinton .Avenue
Third Stri'et
Ninth .Vvenne
Wiiochvard Avenne
MISSION sriiooi.s,
/. R. I'.roekway
lolin Harvey. . .
1 -. l-awrenee . . .
I'. M. Snmner .
C. \V. Noble ...
I). M. Rchards'n
R. C. Smith
Totals, Schools 7
loS
I..!5"
15
"5"
'5
'50
25
.!5o
30
400
-'5
500
'4
200
242
5,000
933
75
100
200
310
270
163
I.'ISS
Decrease since i86j of schools, 2 ; increase of teachers, \^t \
scholars, 2,015. •'Average attendance, 1,343.
Rllscoi'AI..
I. 1'. Conover. . .
j. 1'. SterlioK....
l". C. TrowliridKe
A. .Matthew.....
Rev. I), l.nmsd'n
Is;iac l)e tlraff
St. lohn's
Si. Vaiil's
Christ ..^
M. |'<-icr's
St. Stephen's
St. John's .Mission
tlracc
Totals, Schools. ..
Increase since 1863; schools, i; teachers, 45; scholars, 93.
Avera.i,'e attendance, 318.
.S9
700
560
32
I iO
lao
3-'
.!-',S
2l6
2f.
200
150
'-■5
T36
no
32
250
T40
38
203
'75
234
1,94a
1,411
First
Lafayette Avenne
S< eond (colored)
lierinan
I'rench
•I'ark Street
Totals, Schools 6
nAPTIST.
A. H. V'ilkinsou
(). S. Cnlley ....
C. K.Silsbee ....
Rev. C. JniiK....
S. Kinney
Rev. t;. S. Ch.ise
M
180
30
'75
30
250
»4
'25
22
170
10
(10
"5
y'o
130
125
200
100
no
60
725
* Held temporarily in a private honse till church is ready.
Increase since 18(13: schools, 1 ; teachers, 29; scholars, 376.
Average attendance, iCk).
nisciei.ES OF christ.
Fourth Street
St. .Andrew's Hall.
Jefferson .Avenue. .
Walter Sanders'n 12
J.M.I,. Campbell 0
Rev. H. H.IMack 12
70
70
no
.50
rx>
70
1 30
250
180
Totals, Schools.... 3
Increase since 1863: schools, 1; teachers, 15; scholars, 173.
Average attendance, 113.
SiNKAV Si lloni Si Allsni S — ii>»l//»|/»i',/,
IDM.KKl.AriONAI..
Name.
Supirintendeni.
-! 1 -
u a
<; -
First
M. C, llostwiek..
F. 1). lay lor ...
\V. 11, llrunson. .
.14 ' 210
Ji) 330
8 («.
71 5'"
|8S
170
5"
4"5
Second......
Totals, Schools )
Increase since iSfij ; schools, a; teachers, 39; scholars, 390.
Aver.iKe attend.mce, 2.S5,
1.1 TIII'.M.VN,
St. lohn's Reformed i Rev. C. Haass. . .
♦Trinity Riv. |. A. Hiuxli
Salem ! Rev |.S.Sehmi<ll
♦linmanuel , Rev.'K. 1,. Moll.
3SO I a35
KXl 100
IlKl 70
fio 40
5"o I 435
Totals, Schools 4 I
* Not strictly a Sunday si liool sirvicc.
Inire.ise sime tS'M: schools, 2; teachers, 3; scholars, 318.
Average attendance, 209,
NKVV |kkisai.i:m.
H, liigelow \\ So 60
Increase since 1863: teachers, 1 ; scholars, so. Avera.ge attend-
ance, 35.
ItNITARIAN.
First A. W. Kicc .... 3^ 158 140
Increase since i86j : teachers, 3 ; scholars, 58. Average attend-
ance, 76.
IIEMUKW.
♦Hebrew Rev. Dr. K. Kohlcr 2 40 30
♦ Meets on Saturdays.
Decrease since 1863; te.ichers, 7 ; scholars, 30, Average attend-
ance, 10.
Total number of Sabbath schools, 54 ; increase
since 1863, 10. Niinil)iT of otiicers and tcaciicrs,
1,25! ; increase, 468. Nu'iil)er of cliiklrcn ciin)iie(i.
12.115; increase, 5,363. Averajje attendance, 8,691 ;
incroa.sc, 3,975. Forty-foin' of the schools were held
in the afternoon, and ten in the morning; the increase
was wholly of afternoon schools. The morning
schools met at 9 A. M. ; of the afternoon schools
three meet at 12 P. M., one at 1.30, twenty-one at 2,
thirteen at 2.30, four at 3, one at 3.30, and one at 4
p. M.
From careful observation and inquiry, it is believed
that the number of children attending two or more
schools in 1870 did not exceed 500. and the propor-
tion was much le.ss than in 1863. The proportion
of children attending Sabbath schools in 1863, as
compared with the enrollment made by the State
for school purposes, was about 40 per cent. The
number of children attending in 1879, as compared
with the .similar census for 1869, was 46 per cent.
The average attendance on the public schools for
1869 was 7.127. the average attendance on Sabbath
schools in 1870 was S,6oi.
636
SUNDAY SCHOOL STATISTICS.
SUNDAY SCHOOL STATISTICS FOR 1 880.
As there is no uniformity among the Lutheran
and Catholic churches as to the hnlcline; of Sunday
schools, and as both of these denominations make
a specialty of giving religious instruction in their
day schools, the tcnal number of children receiving
religious instruction can be determined only by
combining the number of week-day scholars, under
their auspices when such schools are held, with the
number of Sunday-school scholars connected with
the churches of the same denominations that have
no day schools.
That method was adopted in the following table :
Si'NDAY School Statistics fok 1880.
ROMAN CATHOLIC.
St. P.itriclc's
St. Anne's
St. Joseph's
St. I'eter's and St. Paul's .
St. Aliiysiiis
Our Lady of Help
Sacred Heart (Ourman), catechetical.
Sacred Heart (French), do
Trinity,
St. Albert's,
St. Vincent de Paul,
St. lionifacc's,
St. Mary's,
St. Anthony's, ,
do
do
do
do
do
Totals .
BAPTIST.
Cass Avenue
Clinton Avenue
Eighteenth Street
Twelfth Street
l^afayette Avenue
Second Baptist (colored) ...
First French
First German
Second Uerman
PRESnVTEKIAN.
First
Jefferson Avenue
Calvary
Union
Westminster
Fort Street
United
Clinton Avenue
Central
Trumbull Avenue
Hamtramck
Dutch Reformed, Catharine Street.
I'ROTESTANT
Christ
Mariners'
Emanuel
All Saints'
Grace
St. Mary's
St. John's
Church of Messiah
St. Paul's
E?. Peter's
St. James'
St. Stephen's
Total.
UT3 y
0"r-
Total 177
75
14
>4
25
12
5
3
I
>4
5
10
4
5
14
26
3'
20
24
22
10
25
5
Total 328
40
3=
25
55
30
35
28
21
20
20
8
14
Anglo-Catholic
Reformed Episcopal, Epiphany .
39
8
27
8
34
22
60
«5
31
22
23
8
•97
8
12
On Roll.
II
<<
600
200
55°
180
HOC
1000
450
390
150
140
27s
22s
350
300
80
70
750
700
450
42s
700
600
600
80
500
450
500
70
6,385
5.830
41S
303
337
240
360
265
•75
'45
133
125
125
70
100
go
120
105
35
30
1,803
1.373
400
2^1
260
i8g
225
190
700
330
350
5'o
263
280
224
159
'75
'50
140
116
250
100
.90
65
120
70
J. 255
2,432
450
287
50
30
200
'5°
81
46
238
182
250
190
700
450
no
85
3'o
260
230
161
180
'5'
50
40
2,849
2,032
100
60
80
70
SiNDAV School Statistics i'Or 1880 — con/inuei/.
LUTHERAN.
St. Paul's, corner Seventeenth and Rose
Streets
St. Paul's, corner Jay Street and Joseph
Canipau Avenue
Refornud Zion
St. Luki's (German Evangelical)
St. lohn's
St. Peter's, catechetical
St. Matthew's, do
Salem, do
Immanuel, do
Trinity, do
Total
METHODIST El'ISCOPAL.
Central
Fort Street
Tabernacle
Simpson
Jefferson Avenue
niorning Mission
Sixteenth Street
First (ierman
Second German
Junction
Lafayette Avenue African
Zion (colored)
Ebenczer (colored)
Bethel Evangelical Association
Total
Third Avenue Union Mission
IJethel
New Jerusalem
Church of ( )ur FiKther
Unitarian
Christian, Plum Street Church
Christian, Washington Avenue
congregational.
Fort Street
Woodward Avenue
Trumbull Avenue
Fort Wayne
Total
Grand total
i
.
2 ^
0
!£ ■= 1
a
0'"^
0
17
200
I
300
20
180
1
60
31
400
2
«5"
I
30
I
40
2
240
3
225
79
1,8.5
= f.fl
150
150
120
40
300
140
25
30
200
200
63
3'
25
38
32
32
19
'9
18
12
'9
5
8
25
342
22
7
9
15
'7
18
13
650
225
250
475
189
180
625
443
340
275
500
268
272
200
"5
90
137
no
120
128
50
85
31
20
40
35
140
130
3.569
2.554
240
198
120
97
100
70
120
100
208
119
151
112
135
'05
32
235
33
225
42
630
'5
194
122
1,284
1,640
22,114
nil
■75
335
119
8 20
7.257
SUNT)/ ' SCHOOL UNIONS, CONVENTIONS, AND
CELEBRATIONS.
A territorial Sunday School Union, au.xiliary to
the American Sunday School Union, was organized
on March 22, 1831, to encourage and aid those
engaged in Sunday school work, and to promote the
establishment of new schools. Jonathan Kearsley
was president, E. P. Hastings, secretary, and De
Garmo Jones, treasurer, with directors representing
the several counties then in existence. On March
6 of the following year, the society held an anni-
versary at the Presbyterian Church. Its second
annual report, presented in March, 1833, showed
that there were then in the Territory 68 schools,
422 teachers, and 2,672 scholars.
In some form or other, similar organizations have
existed ever since; and occasional meetings have
been held to promote the Sunday school 1 ause. On
June 24, 1857, a State convention was held in De-
SUNDAY SCHOOL UNIONS, CONVENTIONS, AND CELEBRATIONS,
(>0/
ontinueii.
i
CI
U
a
O
II
> s
7
I
o
I
I
2
I
I
2
3
9
I'OO
300
180
60
400
150
30
40
240
225
1,8..,
ISO
150
120
40
300
140
3^
200
200
1.355
650
225
250
475
189
180
625
443
340
275
500
268
272
200
"5
90
'37
no
120
128
50
8s
31
20
40
35
140
130
3.569
240
120
100
120
208
151
135
2.554
97
70
loo
llq
112
■05
troit at the P'irst Presbyterian Church, and General
Cass delivered an address. On (October 23, 1866, a
State convention was held in the same church. D.
L. Moody and Ralph Wells were present. On June
14, 1870, a State convention was held in the First
Congregational Church ; Rev. Thomas K. Beecher,
D. W. Whittle, and B. F. Jacobs were the chief
speakers. In connection with the convention, a
children's meeting was held at the Detroit Opera
House, at which addresses were made by Rev. T.
K. Beecher and Professor J. M. B. Sill.
The Sunday School celebrations of the olden time
were always held on the Fourth of July, and for
many years constituted one of the features of that
national anniversary. On July 4, 1838, the exer-
cises were held in the Presbyterian Church. The
celebration of July 4, 1842, was a very notable one.
About one thousand children marched in a proces-
sion which was nearly a mile long. The exercises
consisted of dialogues, etc., by the children. Ten
years later two thousand children took part, and the
exercises were held at the Presbyterian Church.
The next year, on September 15, 1853, the celebra-
tion took the form of an excursion on the steam-
boats Keystone State and May Queen. This is be-
lieved to have been the last Union Sunday School
celebration held in the city.
On Sunday, April 24, 1864, various Sunday
schools met in Young Men's Hall to hear addresses
from Chaplain C. C. McCabe, B. F, Jacobs, and J.
M, Strong, of the Christian Commission,
2
23s
3
2
225
630
5
194
2
1,284
1°
22,114
U)I
'75
335
iiy
820
17.257
riONS, AND
auxiliary to
as organized
aid those
promote the
an Kearsley
iry, and De
representing
On March
eld an anni-
Its second
33, showed
68 schools,
zations have
etings have
ause. On
leld in De-
CHAPTER L X V 1 .
UiNlON RELIGIOUS SOCIETIES.— UNION MEETINGS.— REVIVALS AND REVIVALISTS.
UNION RELIGIOUS SOCIETIES.
Yoiin^ Men's Christian .Issocintion,
The first society in Detroit bearinij' the name of
Younjf Men's Christian Association was ory^anized
on September 27, 1852, at Youny Men's Hail.
Rev. H. D. Kitchell, chairman of a committee ap-
pointed at a previous meetinj^, presented a constitu-
tion and by-laws, which were adopted, antl tiie
followins^ ofliccrs were elected : president, Edward
C. \Vaik-(T; vice-presidents, T. C. Miller of the
Episcopal Church. S. M. Holmes of the Congrega-
tional Church, R. C. Smith of the liaptist Church,
L. L. Karnsworth of the Methodist Church, H. C.
Knight of the Presbyterian Church; recording sec-
retary. B. Vernor; corresponding secretary. George
Mosely; treasurer. C. N. Ganson ; managers: First
Baptist Church, J. M. Ciregory. M. (ilover. Con-
gregational Church: Rev. II. D. Kitchell, E. D.
Fitch. Tabernacle Baptist: M. S. Frost, Seymour
Finney. First Presbyterian Church : George S.
Frost, Will. A. Raymond. Second Presbyterian
Church: Rev. R. R. Kellogg, B. F. Bush. First M.
E. Church : S. Phelps, James Fenton. Second M. E.
Church : Rev. C. C. Olds, \V. C. .Sabine. Lafayette
St. M. E. Church: D. F. Ouinby, J. Willetts.
St. Paul's P. E. Church: Jamcs~\'. Campbell, H. P.
Baldwin. Christ P. E. Church: Wm. N. Carpen-
ter, James E. Pittman. Mariners' P. E. Church :
E. Hewitt, Wm. Henderson. Wesleyan Methodist
Church: S. A. Baker, Amos Page. At this meeting
an address was delivered by Mr. Hoyt, of Boston,
who spoke in glowing terms of the work of the
Y. M. C. A. of that city.
Rot)ms were procured in the Phcenix Block, on
south side of Jefferson .\ venue lietween Woodward
Avenue and Griswold Street, and a very complete
reading room was established. On January 30,
1853, the president delivered a lecture on the de-
mand for the Association and its work, which was
so highly appreciated that it was published in pam-
phlet form by vote of the board. In May, 1853,
nearly r'i the original officers and members were
re-elected, and during this year several lectures
were given before the Association by the different
pastors of the city.
In February, 1854, old records show that "several
hundred dollars of debt" was troubling the organ-
ization.
At the annual meeting, held .May 22, 1854, D. B.
Dul'ficld was elected president, and in May, 1855,
he was succeeded by Hovey K. Clarke. On August
20 of this year Geo. S. Frost, E. C. Wilder, H. E.
Baker, and E. M. Clarke were elected delegates to
the International Convention held at Cincinnati.
This year terminated the existence of the Associa-
tion.
A second organization of the kind was called the
Young Men's Christian Union. Prior to its estab-
lishment, the Free Press of October 24 and Novem-
ber 7, 1858, contained articles nearly a column long,
urging the revival of the Y. M. C. A., and on De-
tember 4, 1858, in response to notices given in the
churches, a meeting was held in the basement of the
Baptist Church, ;i constitution was adopted for a
society as above named, and the following ofliccrs
were elected: president, G. S. Frost; .secretary,
L. S. Trowbridge; treasurer, Caleb Ives. The
Free Press of October 30, 1859, contains this record
of their work :
It is not quite .1 year since the Voting Men's Chiistian Union
(if this city was organized. It has ii tract department, through
which the entire city is visited monthly, and a tract pUiced in the
hands of every one who will receive it. Ilihies are also circulated
through this means, and all the work of culixirlage regidarly per-
formed. IJesides these methods of labor, direct missitinary work
has been done by visiting tlie jail and imparting religious instruc-
tion to the prisoners, and hoUling i)rayer meetings in various
localities where, from the isolation of the neighborhood, tir fr<jni
the peculiar c.mdition of the people, they are not within the
influence of any church. At the small chapel on Catherine
Street near Hastings, they also sustain a prayer meeting and two
Sabbath schools.
The tract organization was very complete. Eighty-
one visitors were enrolled, nearly 40,000 visits made,
and about the same number of tracts distributed, at
a cost of $175.
At the annual meeting, held on December 5,
1859, Mr. Frost was again chosen president. On
January 22, i860, an anniversary meeting was held
at the First Baptist Church, at which addresses were
made by Rev. Messrs. Hogarth, Blades, Neill.
Eldridge, and others. At the request of the Y. M.
C. A. of Richmond, Va., the following Friday, Jan-
uary 27, was obser\'ed by all the associations in the
16381
UNION RELIGIOUS SOCIKTIES.
639
IVALJSTS.
country as a clay of special prayer for the preserva-
tion of ilic Union.
Durinj; 1S60 the wort; of conducting Sunday
scliools and distribulinir tracts was (.•xtcnsivcly car-
ried fcjrward. At the second annual niecliiii;, held
November 26, the fcjllowinij; otlicers were electeil :
president, Robert W. Kinij; secretary, Charles 11.
ikirrett; treasurer, M. H. Croft; Sunday-.school
visitor, U. Hethune Duflield; superintendent of
tract distribution, C. H. Barrett; members of e.xecu-
tive committee, Oeors^e S. Frost, Francis Lambie,
R. O. Wheeler, Bradford Smith, A. T. Barns, 11. H.
Dundee, W. IS. Smith, J. H. Muir, Andrew Bates,
and Geori^e B. Dickinson.
The excitement of the war with the South, and
the assumption of work so clearly belon<,nnjj to the
churches as the establishing of Sunday schools,
caused the Association to decline in favor, and the
organization ceased in 1861.
The third Society tlates from August i, 1864.
At that time none of those most active in its or-
ganization were aware that any such society had
|ireviously existed in Detroit.
Its origin was as follows: While on a visit to
Chicago, the writer chanced to attend an Interna-
tional Convention of the Young Men's Christian As-
sociation, and was made the corresponding mem-
ber of the Executive Committee for Micliigan.
Returning to Detroit, correspondence was had
with Mr, Pond of Boston, chairman of the Execu-
tive Committee, as to what was expected of a cor-
responding member. The organization of a" asso-
ciation was then undertaken, and every l'rol..stant
pastor visited and an endeavor made to enlist them
in the work.
After obtaining from nearly all the ministers the
names of two persons, members of their churches,
to represent them in a meeting, the persons them-
selves were visited, and a preliminary meeting was
called lor July 28. At this meeting a committee
on constitution was appointed, and August i their .
report was iidopted, and soon after James W. Far-
rell was elected president; F. I). Taylor and .\.
Treadway, vice-presidents; Silas Farmer, corre-
sponding secretary; A. Howard, recording secre-
tary ; and T. D. Hawley, treasurer.
Funds were solicited, and the work of tittilig
up rooms in the third story of Merrill lilock was
begun. Over $1,000 were expended for this pur-
pi)se, the design being to command immediate re-
spect for the enterprise. The rooms were formally
dedicated on November 28, and public exercises
were held in Merrill Hall on the same floor. Ad-
dresses were delivered by Rev. Messrs. G. W.
i'rime, J. H. Griffith, B. H. Paddock, W. Hogarth,
md J. M. Buckley. The rooms were at once visited
by large numbers of persons, and became the head-
quarters for all sorts of benevolent and philanthropic
enterprise.
On Jtme 24, 1868, the thirteenth International
Convention of the .\ssociations began its sessions in
the Central .M. E. Church. This gathering is noted
as being the largest, and up to that time the mo.st
profitable ever held ; also for the sad fact that, while
delivering the address of welcome, the Rev. Dr.
UuHield fainted and fell. This fall was the precur-
sor of his death, which occurred a few days later.
In the fall of 1S71 the Association acted as
almoner for many associations, distributing over
$10,000 in money and hundreds of cases of goods
for the relief of sufferers by fire in northern Michi-
gan.
The growth of the work caused an increasing
need for larger and more eligible rooms. From
time to time various plans were jiroposed for .he
accomplishment of this end, but nothing definite
was reached until January 15, 1875, when, on the
strength of pledges of $250 each from ten persons
towards the first payment, a lot on Farmer
Street, between Monroe and Gratiot Avenues, was
purchased for $14,100, payable in five annual
instalments. The property fronted sixty feet on
Farmer Street, and ran back nearly one hundred"
and forty feet, with an alley all along one side,
across the end and h.i.'. vay up the other side.
The building on the lot had bee", erected in 1S51
as a hotel barn. Subsequently, and at the time of
the purchase, it was (occupied as a factory, and was
not thought to possess any jiermanent value. On
the strength of the purchase, several thousand dol-
lars were subscribed, but not enough to pay for the
lot or erect a building. Meanwhile, it was neces-
sary for the Association to move, and it was finally
determined to build a new front to the old building,
and fit it up for temporary occupancy. This was
done at an expense of about §4,000, and very com-
fortable quarters were secured. The house was
dedicated on February 14, 1876. The free-will
offerings then made were noticeably given with
hearty good-will and manifest appreciation of the
results secured with so small an outlay. The prop-
erty was held by the following special trustees,
elected on April 5, 1875: F. D. Taylor, Silas Far-
mer, Walter Buhl, Arthur Treadway, Leonard
Laurense, E. C. Hinsdale, and Horace Hitchcock.
The work grew, and two additional rooms were
fitted up for use. In January, 1877, an arrange-
ment was r : idc with the Woman's Christian Tem-
perance Union, by which they were given the use
of one half of the first story for two years on con-
dition that they finished off and floored the room,
which was then unfinished ; this was done at a
cost of $700, and after two years the Association
received $400 a year rent therefrom.
640
UNION RKLUUOUS SOCIETIES.
Soon after the openinjj of the builcliii,^; tlic ajJiiar-
atiis of a defunct j;yninasiuni was procured, a room
was tilted up for its reception, and tlie most con-
venient i;_ Tinasium in the city offered to the use of
those joining the Association. Not lony after the
library of tlie Mechanics' Society was placed in the
care of the Association for live years from August
I, 1877, and members of both bodies had equal use
of it until June i, 1882, when it was again trans-
ferred to the Mechanics'Society. The library, added
to other advantages, brought in hundreds of new
members, and before tlie close of 1877 the Associa-
tion numbered over twelve hundred J^aying members.
During its earlier years one of the most successful
plans for obtaining funds was the annual strawberry
festival, conducted by young ladies from the several
churches; the receipts for several years averaged
$500 per year, anil the festivals were acknowledged
to be the most attractive entertainments held in
Detroit. The Authors' Carnival, given in June,
1875, under the Joint auspices of the Home of the
Friendless and this organization, netted the Associa-
tion over $1,000. In its earlier years the Association
was specially indebted to its treasurer, Walter C.
Skiff, who not nly contributed liberally but often
preserved the credit of the Association by advanc-
mg money to pay its bills. On his decease in 1S70
he left a bequest of $5,000 to the Association, pjiy-
able after his mother's death, on the condition that
the Association possess, in addition, a property
worth $20,ooQ.
At the present time the Association is sustained
by membersliip fees and special donations. The
religious work has included a wide range of effort.
A Monday evening service has been continuously
maintained. Services at mission chapels, and at
suitable seasons, open-air meetings have also been
held. The jail is visited, and a Bible class at the
House of Correction is especially appreciated. The
noon meeting has been successful from the first.
One of the most important meetings was the Satur-
day evening IJible reading. When conducted by
Rev. A. T. Pierson, it had an average attendance of
over three hundred. Literary, social, and educa-
tional helps in the way of classes, lectures, and re-
ceptions have also been supplied. From 1876 to
1882 a statement of its meetings and its work was
published in a weekly or monthly bulletin.
On the 1 2th of October, 1880, a confere ice of
ladies and gentlemen was held at the residence of a
friend of the work, and it was determined to raise
the sum of $70,000 for the purpose of purchasing a
more suitable home for the Association in order to
enable it fully to carry out its plans of Christian
work. The work of canvassing began, and about
$40,000 was pledged, and then the project was
allowed to sleep. Meantime the trustees were unable
to furnish the Association with rooms free of rent,
and at the same time pay the interest due on the
purchase price of the property, and tinaily they were
directed to sell, and on March 24, 1SS2, sold the
properly for $15,000. The Association, in May,
1882, moved to 250 Woodward Avenue, occupying
the store on the ground lloor. From here, in April,
1883, they moved to the second, third, and fourth
stories of the Williams Block on Monroe Avenue,
facing Campus Martins, where they have thirty
rooms, which were formally opened on April 5.
The rooms were handsomely fitted up at a cost of
about $2,500.
One of the most hopeful features of the work is
the Boys' Branch, established on September 12,
1882, chiefly through the efforts of Mrs. J. E. Fos-
ter. They have an enrolled membership of over
one hundred, conduct various meetings, and publish
a monthly bulletin, called the Branch Record, which
is sprightly and healthful in character.
The Association was incorporated on January 12,
1874, and the annual meeting is held on the second
Tuesday of January. The society is managed by
twenty directors, all of whom must be members of
churches holding the d(jctrine of justification by
faith in Christ alone. The directors are elected by
the members, and the officers, except the secretaries
and treasurer, are selected from and elected by the
directors.
The presidents of the Association have been:
1864 and 1865, James W. Farrell; 1866 and 1867,
F. D. Taylor; 1868, Silas Farmer; 1869 and 1870,
David I'reston; 1871 and 1872, Bradford Smith;
1873 and 1874, E. C. Hinsdale; 1875-1879, F. D.
Taylor; 1879-1884, E. W. Wetmore; 1884-
S. M. Cutcheon. The paid secretaries have been :
1864-1866, D. D, Davis and James Westaway;
1866-1869, W. H. Gibbs; 1869 and 1870, John
Seage; 1871, C. C. Yemans; 1872- 1876, E. B.
Moody; 1876-1881, C. E. Dyer ; 1883- , L. F.
Newman.
The Railroad Branch had its origin in a meeting
held in the Hall of the Association on May 7, 1876,
at which addresses were delivered by Messrs. Lang,
Sheaf, and H. W. Stager, of Cleveland, who had
been invited for the occasion. Several prominent
railroad ofiicials were present, and the movement
proved a success from the outset. A committee
was appointed, a room on Woodbridge near Third
Street secured, and on June 21 it was formally
opened, with T. C. Boughton as superintendent.
The work grew rapidly, and on November 21 a
room was obtained at the Grand Trunk Junction,
and neatly fitted up for the use of the men there
employed. Religious exercises were held on the
Sabbath, and occasionally on week days, and reading
matter provided.
UNION RELIGIOUS SOCIETIES.
641
free of rent,
t due on the
illy they were
J82, sold the
on, in May,
le, occiipyinir
lere, in April,
d, and fourth
iroe Avenue,
have thirty
on April 5.
p at a cost of
f the work is
jptember 12,
rs. J. E. Fos-
rship of over
;, and publish
<ecord, which
n January 12,
on the second
nianajjed by
e members of
stitication by
re elected by
he secretaries
lected by the
have been :
566 and 1867,
59 and 1870,
dford Smith;
1879, F. D.
1884-
s have been :
s Westaway ;
1870, John
1876, E. B.
,L. F.
in a meetin.cf
May 7, 1876,
Icssrs. Lang,
id, who had
d prominent
ie movement
A committee
near Third
i-as formally
ierintendent.
vember 21 a
Ilk Junction,
le men there
held on the
and reading
In November, 1877, John H. Fry succeeded Mr.
Houghton, and liiree months later 11. \). W.irren
became the superintendent of the rooms. After a
k\v months Mr. C. E. Dyer took charge of both
the main Association and tiie Railroail Branch. In
N'ovember, 1878, l.(i. Jenkins became the secretary
of the Railroad liranch. In February, 1878, a room
more easy of access to the men seeming desirable,
quarters were fitted up under the oilice of the yard
niiister on the depot grounds, and the room on
Woodbridge Street was given up. On the 29th of
August following, .M new building at the Junction
was first occupied. It was erected at a cost of
§1,000. In August, 1883, the building was moved
to vacant grinind near the original location of tiic
iiHiMis, Tiu; secretary issues a little monthly pajier
called the Headlight, which contains much informa-
ticiu of value.
■fliis outgrowth of the Y. M. C. A. has resulted
ill tile establislinieiit of several reading rooms for
r;iilroad men at slatiniis along the lines of roads
centering in Detroit, and is constantly developing in
power and usefulness.
C'//y, County, and St'itr Bible Societies,
The first Bible Society in the .State wiis organized
at Detroit in November, 1816. Its first anniversary
was held November 4, 1817, andthe reports showed
that f 146 had been received in subscriptions. The
following persons were officers in 1817 : Lewis Cass,
president; William Woodbridge, first vice-presi-
dent ; C. Lamed, second vice-president ; I^ev. J.
Monteith, corresponding secretary; II. J. Hunt,
recording secretary ; Henry Brown, treasurer. The
organization was in existence in 1820, but ceased
soon after.
On November 3, 1830, a County Bible Society
wasorgrmized with the following officers; president,
Lewis Cass; vice-presidents, John ISiddle antl B. F.
H. Witherell ; recording .secretary, C. C.Trowbridge ;
corresponding setretary, Rev. N. M, Wells ; treas-
urer and depository, E. P. Hastings; executive com-
mittee, J. J. Deming, J. Owen, H. Whiting, W.
Ward, and E. Bingham. This society remained in
existence for several years, and distributed many
thousand Bibles and Testaments.
In October, 1838, a State Bible Society was again
formed, and in 1845 the local society received the
following notice :
WAYNE CO. Hini.K SOCIETY.
A meeting of the friends of the American liible Society was
111 Ul at the Presbyterian Session Room, October 7th, 1845,— J.
Kuarsley chairman, W. Phelps secretary. The chair stated the
"lijcct of the meetinjj to he to resuscitjite or reorganize the Wayne
County liible Society auxiliary to the American liible Society.
Messrs. .\. Shcley, A. McFarren, and J. V. Watson were on mo-
tiiiii appointed a nominating committee. 'I'hty reported for
president C. C. 'I'rowbridKe ; vice-pnsidiiit, C. ('>. ilaminoiul;
ticiisnrer, John Owen; secretary, Samuel Hastings, Report
adopud and the noniineus eUcted.
W. PiiKi.is, Secretary.
This thi-'d organization seems also to h.ave died
out, for on February 2, 1857, under the inlluence of
the revival sentiment of that year, a new society
was organized and a constitution adopted. Since
then, at irregular intervals, new officers have been
elected, and endeavors made to secure the general
circulation of the Bible by sale or donation.
, (irants of Bibles or Testaments are made by the
ollicers on satisfactory evitleiice that the recijiients
are un.able to jiay for them. The depi/siiory, from
time to time, was established at various bookstores,
but in April, 1877, it found an appropriate home in
the rooms of the Y. M. C. A., and was placed in
the care of Mrs. J. E. Foster. The .sales in 1883
amounted to S305.55. The society struggled with
debt for many years, but this has been entirely
])aid, and there is hope th;it a much larger work
may be done hereafter if the cause is properly aided
by the churches.
Union Bethel Society.
This enterprise was organized on September 20,
1830, under the auspices of the Western Seamen's
Friend Society. Fifteen years later an okl ware-
house on Woodbridge Street between Shelby and
Wayne .Streets was procured, the centre of the sec-
ond tloor cut out, and an audience room with a gal-
lery was thus obtained. The building was dedicated
April 2, 1846, with a .sermon by Rev. Dr. Duflield.
Rev. Dr. Harrison was put in charge, and large
numbers of sailors and others gathered at the .ser-
vices. The building was eventually sokl to the
Trinity Lutheran Church. On September 8, 1850,
a hall on the second floor of store No. 66 Jefferson
Avenue, on the southwest corner of Cass Street,
was dedicated for the use of the Bethel Church,
with a sermon by the Rev. Dr. Kitchell. At this
time Rev. A. M. Fitch was chaplain. From 1851
to 1 863 Rev. N. M. Wells was pastor. At the begin-
ning of his term, a room was titted up in the Hawley
Block, on the northwest corner of Bates and Wood-
bridge Streets, and there the society held services
until 1862; from that year until 1865, services were
held in rooms on Woodbridge Street, just west of
Wayne Street, with Rev. Mr. King in charge; from
1865 to 1868, a room in the Board of Trade Build-
ing was used, and the Rev. William Day was in
charge. After 1868 the services were discontinued.
City Tract Societic<!.
The first .society of the above character was organ-
ized on March 22, 1831, but no details of its work
have been found.
642
UNION MKI:TIN(;S.— RKVIVALS AND RI'.Vl VAI.ISTS.
In 1839 .'i society called ihe Mielii.nan 'I'laet So-
ciety was in existence, with 15. K. I.arnecl as presi-
dent and fliarles C'leland as correspondiii),' serri'taiy.
A society, c.alled the Delroit City InKl Association,
w.is inslituli'd on J.iniiaiy 12, i<S4(), willi the follow-
injr oHicers: Rev. Cicor^e Dnlliiid, president; 11.
L. il.unniond, viet'-|)residenl ; II. Ilallock, i;tiK'r;il
siiperiiUendent ; A. McKarrcn, treasurer, and !•'.
Raymond, secret.iry. W.ird Superintendents: I'irsl
W.ird, jolni lliilhert; Second W'.ird, Cli.irles M.
Howard; Third Ward, David l'"rench ; i'oiirth Ward,
Ross W'ilkins; i'ifili W.ird, Thoni.is Rowland ; Sixtii
Ward, J. I). H.ildwin.
'I'lie prin('i|),il object of the ori;,ani/.;ilion w.is to
eirciil.ile i^r.itnilously tiie tr.acts .and oilier piibii-
e.ilions of the Aini'ric.in 'I'r.ict Society. The city
W.IS divided into lifty-nine dislriels. Montliiy re-
ports were made hy e.ich visitor, .and ;i ^re.al .amomiL
of faithful l.ahor cxpi'nded. The socii'ty continued
its efforts up to S53, and was then discontimied.
Jh'trvit /■^'7'nii_i;t-//( 11/ Allitvuc.
The object of tiiis orn.uii/.ilion is to promote
Christi.in fi'llowship .amonn liie dilfi'renl ciuirch
sfnieties. it w.is orj^ani/.ed in Ditroil, June 30,
1S73, ;ind tii<' followinjj; otlieifs eieeti'd : i)rt'si(lent,
C. I. Walker; coiTi'S|)()ndin),( sceret.ary, Rev. (1. I),
n.nker; recordin^i; secret.iry, Sil.is l'",iriiior; treasurer,
J.acob .S. I'arnind.
The time for llu' annual meeting is in October,
but only two sets of ollicers h.ave bi'cn chosen.
Those in ohici' in 1883 witi' : J.icob .S. I'.irr.md, pri'si-
dcnt ; II. v.. Ikiker, secrel.ary ; W. II. Hrearley, cor-
responding; secret.iry; Rev. A. T. I'icrson, Rev. J.
M. Arnold, and I'". I). Taylor, executivi- committee.
On October 30, 1877, on liie invitation of tin;
society, tlu' Hienni.il Conference of the; I'lvjinj^elical
Alli.mce of tiie United St.iti's w;is held in Detroit,
at tiie First Presbyterian Church. There w.is ;i
larvje .attendance and iiiucii iiUi'resi in the exercises.
Dvtroit Ministerial Union.
This orjj.anization dates from 1850, .and is coni-
|)osed of the p.istors of tlu: sever.il so-called evan-
jrelieal cluirches of Detroit. They hold weekly
meetinifs on Monday morninij to discuss .any sub-
ject or <iuestion connected with the religious pros-
perity of the city or tiie country.
UNION MKKTIN(;.S.
Mornint^ Prayer Meetinv;s.
The Union morning prayer meetings were an out-
growth of the deep religious feeling that pervaded
the entire country immediately subsequent to the
p.anic of 1857. The first of these meetings in
Detroit was held at 8 A. M., March 4, in the base-
ment of the Il.ipiist Ciiiircli, corner of ( iris^v(iM .mkI
l''ort Streets. The .attendance of .idive business
men W.IS ,1 marked feature from the outset, .and tlu
meeting grew ,ii),ice. On .account of the i.irge ;it-
tend.iuce, the mei:tings, .aftir M.ireli J(>, iS5,S, were
held in the body of the eiiurch. Otiur morniii'^
meetings wc; iuld in the Congreg.ition.il Cluucli 011
J( rfersoii Avenue, .and .1 noon meeting in the Water-
ni.an Mlock, and in sever.il eliun lies. Tlie meei-
'■i.;: in the Congregation.a! Church continued till
im: Last of April. On May 4 tlu' meeting in the
li.aptist Ciiurch w.is discontinued for one week, and
.a committee .appointed to consider the subject of
its contiuuance. On M.iy 10 it w.is resumed, to
be held from 8 to 8.45 A. M. On July M, 1859,
.as the church w.is lo be torn down, the pl.ace of
meeting w.is eh.anged lo tiie b.isemeiil of tlu' Sec-
ond M. I',. Ciliircil, on the corner of K.in(iol|)li
.and Congress Streets. After tiie burning of tli.ii
church, on July 18, i,Sr)3, the meetings were iuld
in the b.isemcnl of lIu' l'"irst M. V.. Clmrch, cor-
ner of Woodw.ard Avenue and .St.ale Sirei't. Ileir
it W.IS continued till Maich 4, 1872, ulu'n, on iis
foiirteeiitli .iiiiiivers.iry, liie last of the morning
mei'liiigs W.IS held, the .iltentlance not .seeming to
warrant a further continuance.
Noon Meetini^s.
In. addition to the noon meeting of 1857, which w,is
held in the W.aterm.an hlock, .and kept up from
March to the middle of M.ay, .a noon meeting w.is
several times attempted in tlie Y. M. C. A. rooms,
on the corner of Jeiferson .and Woodward Aveiiiu's ;
but the .attend.ance was .always small and the meel-
iiigs were soon discontinued.
The only successful and continuous noon meet-
ing was opened Tuesday, February 15. 1876, in the
^'. M. C. A. I)uilding, on l''.arnier Street. It li.is
been continued d.aily ever since, with an aver.agc
attendance of from twenty to thirty persons. < )n
May 30, 1882, tlie first service w.as held .at the rooms
in the M.ather lilock, and on Ajiril 2, 1883, the lirsi
service was held in the rooms on Monroe Avenue.
It is heM from 12 to 12.30 M., and many evidences
of its value have been made manifest.
RFVIVAI.S AND KKVIVAI.I.STS.
The first effort of different denomin.ations to eo-
oper.ate in >a series of religious meetings w.as made
in 1865. Th(! meetings, under the direction of Rev.
K. 1\ Hammond, beg.an on .Sund.ay .afternoon, Feli-
riiary 26, 1865, ,at the Fort Street Congreg.ation.il
Church. The hou.se was filled with children .and
Sunday-school teachers, and the service was rem.ark-
able for its solemnity .and power. Tlu; morning
meetings in the Woodward Avenue M. E. Churcli
KIAIVAI.S AND KKVI VAIJSIS.
'M3
"iriswdld ;inil
ivc l)usiiiiss
ilsft, anil llu
llu; larni; al-
), i.S5(S, wrrc
liiT moniiiiv;
lal Cliiircli on
in llic Walci-
'I'Ih' nu'i't-
'onlinni'd lill
trliii); in vhv
nc wi'i'k, and
\\v. subji'it III
i rrsnmcd, In
nly 1 1, i'^5v.
tlic |)laci' (il
il (if till' Sic-
(if l\and(il|ili
rninjL;' of thai
v;s Wfi'c licid
Cininli, rni-
Slrcct. line
wlR'n, on ils
till' in(iinin;<
i)t seeming to
sv<Tc soon criiwdt'd, and at llu: cvcninvi; nuctinjtjs in
various cliiniiu'S, then: wore always more than
I oiilil be seated. The closing service was iuld on
March k;.
A scries of nnion meetings, conducted by Messrs.
Whitlle anil Uliss, was coninienci:d on the evenini.;
of October C>, 1S74, ;il ijie Second Coiii^reijational
(.'hnrcli, and closed on tin: n^tli of NoMinbcr.
These nieetinj;s were inau,t;uraled and conducted
by the Y. M. C. A., bnt were heartily sii|)|)orti(l
by niosl of the I'rolesl.uit clergymen and ,v;rew in
interest to liu' end. The servii'es, held cliii:lly in
ihe C'l'nlral Mctimdisl ;tnd I'nited I'rcsbytcrian
clmrches, are i^ratefully riincnibered by many per-
sons.
A memorial service, in memory of !'. I', i'.liss,
who perished in the Ashl.ibiila railroad disaster,
was Iuld on Smul.iy afternoon, Janu.iry 7, 11X77, at
Whitney's Opera House.
r>y invitation of the Clerical Union, the Kev.
(leorj^c I'. I'entecost canu' to Detroit, and led a
series of reli,nious services, commeiuinj^ on Jaiuiary
4, i.S.So, ;uul closiiu,^ the l.Sth of M;u-ch. Most of
the nu'ctin,i;s were held in the I'irst Conijri'j^a-
lional .uul I'orl Streti IVesbyterian Chunhes, .nnd
were hij,dily enjoyed by llu- nuiltitudcs who.itU'nded.
Durin.^r his sl.iy, nui'lini^s for business nu-n were
condu<'led a p.irl of the linu: in Merrill II, ill , -uul
;ilso in ;i vac.uit store on Jefferson Avciuic near
l''irsl Street.
In the sprinjr .and fall of 1883 Il.irry I'. .S.ayles,
known ;is the sinj^inji^ ev;inj;clisl, conducted a
series of rcviv.il nicelintjs in the luj^hieenlh Street
li.iptist, Second t'oni;rc)^.ition.il, 'i'hird Street Mis-
sion, l-'orl Street Methodist Mpiseop.al. and Twelfth
•Street 15;i|)lisl Churches, his successive cii^.ii^emenls
in lluse v.arious churches alfordiii); the best of evi-
dence of the public apprecialiua of his labors.
?57,whicli was
kcpl up from
meelin.n was
\. rooms,
ird Avenues ;
uul the meel-
, t
noon nicet-
. 1876, in ihr
reel. It has
1 ;ui ;iveiat;r
)ersons. < 'n
;il the rooms
S83, the lirsl
nroe Avenue.
ly evidences
t.
S'I'S.
lalions to co-
ij^s was m.ulc
eclion of Kcv.
ternoon, Feb-
on^Tcj^alional
children and
; was remark -
riu: morning
M. E. Church
■^
CHAPTER LXVII.
I'OVKRTY. AND ITS KKIJKK. — 'I'lII'. I'OOU COMMISSION. - CI TY I'l lYSICIANS. - 11 II'.
COUNTY I'OOK.
I'OVKRTY, AND ITS KKl.IK.K. ( )„ M.-inli 14, 1840, llir ((Hiiu ilappoiiilcd ;i lom-
Tll h'. lirsl scllici's Wfiv mostly pool", hut formally iDittcc to contract willi the siipcrinlciKlciii of the
yc'.'irs i)aiipcrism was imkiiowii. 'I'lic pluck that coinit)' poor foi- the siip|)orL of i ity paupers at
ius|)iri(l tile comiuy; to a wilderness, and the vii;!-
laucc wiiicli .1 residence in such wilds deniauded,
l)reeluded thai supineiiess of which poverty is horn.
True, tliiMe wi'fe linns of trial .ind se.isous of dis-
iress; crops failed, and nioic than once i^aiml
f;uuiiic hovered .ihoiil the palisades of I'ontcli.ir-
t'i.nhleen cents e.'ich per day. The Council I'ro-
ecrdiii^s for 1S47 ,ind 11X48 siiow th.il when occ.ision
demruided, it was eiistoiu.ary for the .ildermen to
vote such sums .IS ihey dei'ined lU'ciss.iry for liie
suiiporl of the poor. The oilice of city director nl
poor dates from Acts of April j ;, i.S^), .md .\I.ir( h
liaiii. Such times, however, wint only incidinl.il. 7, i.S 54, w hicii coiiierred ui)on the council the power
(i.ime . and nr.iin were usu.iliy pjcnliful, ,ind ihe few to do for the poor wh.it under the Slate l.i\\ the
families who dwell lure ;ile their own hre.id .and county directors were re(|uired to do. liji to I'Cl)-
nsked no .alms of str.in.ners. Nol until the N'.inkecs ruary 21, iiS4y, the oHiccr w.is .i|)poinled hy the
came did "iK^^xars come to town," .and then not couiuil ; .aflcr that d.ale he was elecled. Uiuli'r the
bcraiisi: the N'ankees sel the ex.imple of heiL^ijiiin', ordin.anrc of J.amiary 14, 1.S62, the director .adver-
biit because upon llieir .ad\inl the popul.ilion in- tist'd for propo.sals, .and hiils were received from
creased, and .as towns j^row, beni^.ars mulliply. v.arious person'-- for furnisliiiiir groceries, me.it,
The relievinjf of the poor enlisted the altention of
the (iovernor and Judj^es soon .after the Northwest
'i'erritury was orw[aiii/ecI. I5y .ait of November 6,
hour, .and wood. I'nder ordin.mce of December
14, iiSfic;, ilie i)oorm,ister ,n.ive orders for needed
articles upon stores in differeiil p.arls of the city.
■)olll
1790, the Conrt of Ouartcr Sessions .appointed one Orders amouiitinjr to $117,325 were i;iveu on ,il
or mon; overseers of the poor for e.ach township,
anil old records siiow the .appoinimciil in i.Sui, for
the township of Detroit, of Ja<(|ues ( iir.ardin ; J.inics
M.ay, Robert (aioin, ;iiii! Ci.ibriel (iodfroy were
.ai)poiiileil in 1S03; Joseph C.ampaii was ap|)i.iuted
in pl.iee of (luaiii in December, 1S03, .and re,i|)-
poinled in 1804.
In 1806 the sum of iwcnly-live doll.irs was .ip|)ro-
pri.ated by the riovornnr .and Jud;.^es for the support
of the poor in Detroit.
My Law of M.arch 30, 1827, e.acli towaishiji w.is
two hundred dilferenl stores in 1878; the wimii
bill for the s.ime ye.ar .amounted lo $3,760. The
.aiuoiml i;i\en .at any one lime lo the .s.ame per-
son, or the total amount j.riven to the s.une person
or f.amily in ;i j;iven length of time, w.is entirely
discretionary with the director of the poor; his
orders on the stores were |)aid monthly by the city
treasurer. That this discretion.ary ])ower w.as noi
.ilw.ays wisely e.xerciseil is evident from the rejiorl
of .1 committee of the Common Council m.ule in
April, 1870; it shows th.at of 1,236 f.amilies who
.lulhori/.ed lo elect two overseers of the poor. ( )n received provisions in I''ebru.ary of th.al year, 400
October 2y, 1829, e.ach township was .luthori/.ed to could not be found, .and 223 were unworthy; wood
elect live diri'ctors of the poor, .anil the olhce of w.is .also rei)orted to li.avc been dilivered lo 120
township over.seer was to lermin.ile after April, dillerenl f.imilics that could nut be found.
1830. Hy Act of Febni.ary 26, 1831, the plan of one Under the ordinance in force in 1879 it was the
director for each tow nship w.as revived, and in duly of the direcior, when .applied to for relief by
M.arch the folluwiny' was api)eni.leil to the notice of or for any person, to invi'sli^.atc the case, and if
such person wi're nol in .a lonilition to be reinoveil
to the county i)oorliouse, temporary relief mii^lit
be jriven. In case of the death of persons with-
out means, the direcior h.iil |)ower to j^ive tirders
on the city sexton for their buri.al; .and in 1877,
of the city, and from time to time small sums were 333 paupers were thus buried. In all cases of
placed in his hands for distribution. relief granted, whether from public funds, or
t''M4l
an eleclion:
liiiini'dialcly aflir ilcisiiin llu' |iiills, a ta.x will l)c vciUd for thu
inaiiiU'tiaiiL'u ami siippdil nf tlii^ pixjr of Ditiuit for llic <iisniii>{
yi ar.
At this time the city m.arshal ncivxl .as the .almoner
Till'. I'OOk COMMISSIDN.
645
lNs. -riiK
liiitid ;i loiii-
■tulclil of llic
• paiiiKis al
Council I'ni-
ilirii occasion
aldcniu'ii to
rssary for llu'
ly director of
5, and March
nil liic |)o\\cr
Stale law llic
Ul) to I'll)-
linlfd by the
I, Undi'rtlir
rector ad\'er-
■ecei\e(l from
iceries, meal,
of Deci'Miber
for ni'cdcil
h of the ciiy.
veil on alioiii
■i ; the wood
$;„7f'o. 'I'he
le same |)i'r-
same person
was entirely
poor; his
l)y the city
)wer was not
m the rejiorl
ncil made in
familii'S who
at year, 4«)
•orthy; wood
vered to i::o
ikI.
() it was the
fur relief by
CISC, and if
be removed
relief mii^lil
)ersons wilh-
^ivc orders
and in 1877,
all cases of
He funds, or
Ikjui fluids or articles furnished by induidu.ils, it
was the (Inly of the director of the poor to enter ni
,1 book the n.ime of the person recei\inv; .aid, the
n.ime and number ol street he lived on, ,ilso the
MMinbei' of Ills \vard, with the kiixl and amoimt of
relief fiirnislu'd, and n.imes of the persons on whom
ihe orders were drawn; .ill of which inform.ition
w.is opi'U to the inspection of the public, and n-
porled monthly to the coiim il. It w;is also the duty
<if llu- direclor. within Icii d.iys .after the monthly
i(|)orl was ni.ade, to furnish lists of tlic persons re-
lieved, ;uT;m,i(ed by w.ards, with llicir residences, Lu
ilie city clerk, .and the clerk was to c.'uise not over
one hundred copies to be printid, .aiid pl.accd al the
ilispos.il of the .'ildermen. In i<S77 j.txxj jiersons,
K |)riseiitin,n' 1,250 f.imilies, were relieved, .and the
iiil.al expenditure by tlii; city for Ihe siiiiport of the
poor in lli.il ye.ar w.as $37, .^S4. Add to this the
salaries <if the city pliysi<i.ins, S2,4»x), the cost of
ilie i;ciur.il v.iccin.ition of th.il ye.ir, S4,(xx), .and the
I ity's proportion of the cxpendiliires by the county
ill beh.alf of the |)oor, .and we li.ive .a loial of
marly §.S(), ()()() p.aid by Delroit in I.S77 for ilu' beii-
clil of the poor, in .addition to llie thousands of
doll.ars expended through priv.ate iharil.ible orn.ini-
z.ilions.
'Ihe s.al.ary of the director w.is $1,^100, .and his
term of ollicc two years. A dei)iity director w.is
.also apixiinled yearly, with .1 s.il.iry of !J;i,-!o<).
'Ihe oHice (a'.iscd on the creation of the I'oor (0111-
iiiission. I'lillowiny is .a list of superintendents .and
directors :
I'ity Superintendents of Poor: 11827, S. Con.anl,
l.c\i t'ook ; I1S2.S, Levi t'ook, 1). C. .McKinstry ;
t^i'), I). C. McKinstry, Cullen llrown.
Directors of I'oor: 1830, kobert Smart, J.ames
Abbott, Jerry De.in, S. Con.uit, J. J. Deniinj;;
1S31, J. J. ('..irrisoii, J.amcs T. I'enny; I1S32, S.
Con.int, A.S. I'orlir; i(S33, 1 1. i\l. Campbell; 1X35,
A. (.:. C.inilf, J. I':idred ; 1.S37, Roberl Stu.art; i<S3,S,
S. (.!on.int ; 1N31J, Roberl Stu.arl ; 1.840, J. J. (Harri-
son, (]. Paul; 1841, I). \V. i'iske; 1.S42 1843, II.
Newberry, l'"r.ancis Cicotie; 1844 1847, M.ason
I'.ilmcr; 1847, Willi.am Cook; 1848 1849, A. C.
I'owell, C. \V. Hooper; 1850 i,Sr,2, I.. II. Will.ard;
i.sr.j 1866, W. V. James; 1866 1870, 1.. IS. Wilkird ;
1870-1872, Stephen M.arlin; 1872-1878, L. IJ. Wil-
lard; 1878-1880, \V. V. Kies.
'I'tlK I'OOU COMMISSION.
The Poor Commission was crealed by Act of May
31, 1879, .and did away with the offices of director
of |)oor .and city si'xlon. Tlio bo.ard consists of
four persons nomin.ated by the m.ayor .and .a|)pointed
by the council, who serve without compens.ation.
Under Act of M.ay 20, 1881, llic bo.ard .appoints its
own ot'liccrs.
'I'he liisi commissinneis were .a|)poiiiie(l i>>i icrms
of one, two, llirei', .and four j'e.ars. .Since iSiSoonc
h.as been .appointed each year for a term of four
years. I'nder the Laws .nid ordin.ances ijoveriiiiijf
ihe Hoard, its memb(a"s .are .aiilhori/ed lo co-oper.atc
with ch.irii.abl<' sociities .and the county siipeiin-
teiidenis of till' poor. If ans' person needinv^ li(l|'
h.as resided less ih.an .a )('.ar in the cii)', the nlief
extended is |).aid for out of ihe county treasury. Ily
Al I ol April 10, 18.S3, the pipwer lo relieve .all such
couiiiy poor is lodged with the i'oor C'oinmi-.si()n of
I )eiroit. They h.ave power III purch.ase .and loinr.acl
for .all needful supplies for ihe poor, .also lo receix'c
.and dislribuh- volunl.ary don. at ions; they conlr.acl for
the <',are ol the sick pour, .ami h.i\c elLirvje of lh<'
biiri.il of I hos(' ih.al <lie; I hey in;i)' |iro(aire railroad
tickets for such p.iii|)ers as wish perm.uienlly to lea\'e
the (ily or county. .All sick or othi r poor reipiiriiiir
perm.inent siipporl .aii', if possible, iiio\,i(l to iIk'
county pooihoiise. The Commissioners arc re(|iiire(l
to keep .a dcl.i'led record, .ilph.abetieally .arr.aiivjed,
sliowini( n.ation.ality, .ai;<', sex, condition, pl.acc; .and
leni;ih of residence in city of each .applieanl for relief,
toi^ithcr with .1 sl.atemenl of cause of destitution,
usu.al .avoc.alioii, .and the kind .and .nuounl of relief
.afforded.
'I'he ex|)enditures during lIu' lirsl seventeen months
of ihe existeiKa' of the commission, t'lidini; June 30,
1881, were $32, 'kj8. The chief items were: orders
on j.rro( iries, $').<)<>(> ; provisions furnislu'd. §5,C)5o;
niilro.ad fares \y,M, $264; wood. §4,854; eaie of
sick poor, S5,8.So; buri.al of poor, $1,430; 1,648
families, includinj; 6,022 persons, were relieved.
The report for the lisc.al year endiiiv; June 30,
1884, showed ih.al .aid h.ad been vjiviai lo yjij f.imi-
lies, or 3,569 persons. Thi' v.aliie of the provisions
distributed w.is $12,133.25; of wood, 826'2' cords
were sup|)lied. 'I'he lol.al expenditures for the ye.ar
were $27,429.77.
In further.ince of their work, on Detember 13,
1880, the lommissioners opened ;i store in I'iremen's
1 ball, from which they supplied various .articles of food
to pi'rsoiis in lU'cd. 'I'he store w.as closed on M.ircli
26, i.S8i,.ind they ri'turncd lo ilie old |)lan of ,nivin).j
orders on grocers. These orders m.ay bo presented
.at .any jL;rocery ; but .a printed notice on the order
forbids the deliverinj; of liiitio'-s, or of .any firlicies
except Hour, p<it.atoes, sut;.ir, bread, tea. coffee, me.al,
rice, lard, so.ip, beans, lish, candles, oil, .and m.alches.
The amount .and price of each .article must be noted
on the order, .and (■(■rtifu'd to by the y;roc<'r.
The oflice of the commission w.as .at first located
in the City Hall, but in November, 1881, il was
moved to the New M.irket P.uildin.ij.
The commissioners li.avc bei'ii : 1880, Thomas
Berry, A. \V. Copland, Henry Heames, .ami Jo.seph
h. Moore.
646
CITY PHYSICIANS.
Oil January ^S, iS.Si, Mr. Copland was sncci'i'dcd
l)y lidward Kantcr; i" I'lbruaiy, iiSSz, W. K. Muir
was a|)|»)int((l in place of 'I'liomas lirrry, and in
i.S<S4 Mr. KanUT rusij^^ncd, and was Mice xcdcd by
Simon llcavcnrirh.
r. 11. Dwycr, secretary, and John K. Marlin,
snpcrinlcndent, original apixiinlees of llu; coniniis-
sion, wurc still .scrvini; in 1S84.
('.TV I'llVSKIANS.
The lirsi. intimation of tiic existence of tiiis ollice
is found in the Proceed in,i(s of the Coinieil for May
II, 1829; because of fear of small-po.\, the foilow-
injj resolution was passed :
Kenoh'iii, lliiit till' uratiiiliiiis sriviii'S uf tlir nii'(lii::il ;;(iulr-
Intn of the city he rcspiclfiilly soliiilrd in bihalf of cuir titi/ciis
wliosr |)(i:imiary cirtumstimcis riiultr them objcrls of tliiir
bciRVoliiicu.
In 1837 there was another "small-pox scare," and
Doctors Russel, Rice, Cowles, and lireckeiiridife
were ajipointed to vai'cinate the pcjor at the expense
of the city.
An Act of February 21, 1849, provided for the
election of one city physician each year. Hy the
charter of 1857 the council was jjjiven the power of
appointment, and in May of that year the number
of city physicians was increased from one to four.
Hy ordinance of January 31, i860, the city was
divided into three districts, and one physician ap-
l)ointed for each district at a salary of $300. An
ordinance of January 9, 1874, provided for increas-
inii,' the number of districts and physicians to six ;
.and on an order from the mayor, the director of the
poor, or an alderman, it was their duty to attend
the sick poor in their respective districts. An ordi-
nance of January 14, 1879, divided the districts as
follows: First District, Wards Ten and Thirteen;
Second District, Wards Six and Fleven; Third Dis-
trict, Wards P'our and Seven; l'"ourth District,
Wards One, Two, and Three; Fifth District, all of
Wards Kijrht, Nine, and Twelve lyini^ south of
Michiijan Avenue; Sixth District, Ward Five, and
all of Wards Eight, Nine, and Twelvj lying north
of Michigan Avenue.
The physicians were required to furnish all medi-
cines for the poor at their own expense, and when
requested by the Common Council were to examine
into and report all sources of danger to health in
their several districts; and under ordinance of
1863, it was their duty to vaccinate without charge
any person applying to them. On making affidavit
at the end of each cjuarter that all persons who
called for that purpose had been vaccinated, they
were entitled to $12.50 per (|uarter in addition to
their regular salary, which was determined yearly
by the council. In 1877, inidcr a general plan of
vaccination, the sI.k city physicians reported that
betsveen June 29 .and July 17 they luid v.iccin.ated
6,054 persons.
Uniler (jrdinance approved .May 31, 1SS2, the di.s-
trirt system w;is .abolished, and jirovision w.as made
for two physici.ins for the entire city, to be ap-
pointed by the Hoard of Aldermen on the second
Tuesday of June in each year. The charter of
1S83 provided th.it the city physici.ins should be
.appointed by the iio.ard of Councilmen on nomina-
tion of the Iio.ard of lle.ilth. The .appointees are
recjuired to h.ave ;i regul.ir di|)lom;i from .a res|)ect-
able medical collage, with live years' experience as
a |ihysici;in, .and to give their whole time to the city
patients. An oHice .assistant is also |)rovided, who,
in the year ending June 30, 1S84, tilled 8,070 pn -
s<riptions .and jirescribed for 2,148 cases. Tlu
out-door physicians m.ade 6,551 calls.
The city physici.ins liave been: 1S42 and 1843,
J. 11. li.igg; 1844, C. N. Fge; 1845 .and 1846, 11.
Lemcke; 1847, Z. Pitcher; 1 848-1 85 1, L. H. Col)l);
1851 1853, J. B. Scovill; 1853. P. Klein; 1854,
M. P. Chrisii.in; 1855 -1857, J. li. Scovill.
1857. Dis'rict i, W. Cowan; District 2, C. R.
Case; District j, S. M. Axford; District \. J. li. K.
Mignaiilt.
1858. District i, William Cow.m ; District 2,
C. R. Case; District 3, S. M. Axford; District 4,
Robert .Mull.mey.
1859. District 1, 1. M. Allen; District 2, I..
D.avenport ; District 3, F. L.auderd.ile ; District 4,
II. Kiefer.
i860. District i, Ir.a M. .Allen; District 2, Louis
D.avenport; District 3, Fdw.ard L.auderd.ile; Dis-
trict 4, Will. J. Cr.an.age.
1S61. District i, Ch.as. 11. liarrett ; District 2,
Casp.ar Schulte ; District 3, F. W. Sp.arling; Dis-
trict 4, 1) wight I). Stebbins.
1862. District i, 1. M. Allen .and J. M. Alden;
Disti f 2, Fdw.ard Schroeder ; District 3, C R.Cise;
DistricL 4, R. .Mull.aney.
1863. District i, L. II. Cobi); District 2, Nich-
ol.as Pfciffcr and P. Klein; District 3, C. R. Case;
District 4, R. Mull.aney.
1864. District i, L. H. Cobb; District 2, Edward
K.ane; Di.strict 3, J. M. Alden; District 4, Davis
Henderson.
1865. Di.strict i, L. H. Cobl) ; District 2, IC.
Schroeder; District 3, J. M. Alden; District 4,
R. MuUaney.
1866 and 1867. District i. Henry Newland ;
District 2, E. Schroeder; District 3, D.avis Hender-
son; District 4, R. Mull.aney.
1868. District i, Henry F. Ly.ster; District 2,
C. H. 15arrett; District 3. C. Schulte; District 4,
Wm. A. Ch.andler.
1869. District i, H. F. Lystcr; District 2, F. H.
TMK COUN'IV I'OOR.
647
Spraiiifcr ; District 3, C. Scluiltc ; District 4, W. A.
( li;m<lii:r.
1S70. District 1, John M. ilivjcjow ; Disf .i-t 2,
Andrew Morrowniaii ; District 3, I'rlcr I', ( liiniarliii ;
I )istrict 4. Illislia Leach.
1.S71. District 1, II. V. Lyster; District 2, John
IliiitcrniaM; District 3, Wni, II. Lathrop ; Dis-
trict 4, \V. \. Cliaudlcr,
1H72. District r, II. F. Lyster; District 2, J,
I linti-rnian ; District 3, II. L. .Sniitii ; District 4,
William G. Co.s.
1573. District I, Josepii C. l''cri(iison ; District 2,
.Alonzo Harlow ; District 3, I Icnry (). Walker ; Dis-
trict 4, R. A. Jamicsoii.
1574. District I, Harris A. Cionciwiii ; District 2,
\. Il.irlow; District 3, J. C. i'criruson ; District 4,
II. (). Walker; District 5, ll.iiniltoii L. Smith;
District 6, K. A, Janiicson.
1875. District i. II. A. (loodwin; District 2,
A. Harlow; District 3, J, C. l'"crv;usoii ; District 4,
II. L. .Smith; District 5, Tlico. F. Kerr; District C>,
Clias. Fwers.
1876. District I, II. A. (ioochvin; District 2,
J. I'. Corcoran; District 3, J. J. Mulheron ; District
4. ('.. A. I'"osrer; District 5, T. \'. Law; District 6,
Clias. Lwers.
1877. District i, Chas. F. Iler/.oi;; Ui.strict 2,
C. Schulte ; District 3, Aiijjjustus Kaiser; District 4,
(ui). H. Foster; District 5, Ceo. W. Montijomery ;
District 6, ICdward Liclity.
1878. District i, A. F. Hoke; District 2, John
('icori,^; District 3, A. Kaiser; District 4, Wm. A.
McDonald; District 5, Albert ('.. ISissell ; District 6,
i;. Lichty.
1871;. District i, J. W. Mona.i,dian ; District 2,
0. I'. Laton; District 3, O. Jacobs; District 4, H.
IL Smith ; District 5, A. Harlow; District 6, J.J.
Mulheron.
1880. District I, F. Kuhn; District 2, G. Jacobs;
District 3. (). 1'. Faton; District 4, T. V. L.iw;
District 5, II. F. Smith; District 6. R. A. Jamieson.
1881. District i, F. Kiihn; District 2. J. G.
jdlmson; District 3, A. 'riuiener; Di.strict 4, T. \'.
I.,i\v; District 5, W. Chancy; District 6, R. A.
Jamieson.
1882. E. J. Mcl'harlin, Ferdinand Kuhn; C. P.
I'raiik, assistant.
1883- . W. Chaney, G. D. Stewait; C. P.
I'rank, assistant.
In October, 1872, thirty-four acres of land in
(Jrossc I'ointe, on P. C. 641, were purchased for
SCi.ooo of C. S. Atterbury for a city hospital, but
the city made no u.se of the .v^rounds until 1881,
when a hospital twenty-six by seventy-si.x feet, one
story hiirh, was erected at a cost of $3,000. It was
ilesiijned especially to accommodate small-pox pa-
tients. A dwelling on the property was intended
as a residence for doctors and nurses. The dis-
tance of the hospital from the city ;ind the fibjec-
tion made by residents of the township to the use of
it for small-pox patients caused the abandonment
of the |)lan, .and the property was rented foi iiiili-
vidual occupancy.
TIIK (Dl'.NI'Y POOR.
Under Michiiifan Territory, by l.iw of October 8,
1805, on notice to three justices of the p(;ace that a
person was poor and incapable of self-support,
they, as eonstitutinj,' the Court of (<)^iarter .Ses-
sions, were authorizeil to direct the m.arshal to con-
tract for the sujiport of such iierson ;it a cost not
exceedin.if twenty-five cents a d.iy. I5y Act of
February 1, 1809, the judjjes of the di.strict courts
were authorized to appoint three overseers of the
|)oor for lach district. In 1817 the |)oor were aj.(;iin
placed in care of the Court of Ouarter Sessions,
with provisions simil;ir to those of the Act of 1805.
On February 17, 1824, an act was |)assetl Ki^''"K
the county conuiiissioners the care of the poor, and
under their direction the sheriff was to adverti.se
yearly for proposals for the care of paupers. liy
Act of June 23, 1828, the IJoard of Supervisors was
empowered to appoint three directors of the poor
for the county, and by Acts of July 22, 1830, and
.March 7, 1834, the Hoard of Supervisors was given
power to appoint one 01 more sui)erintendents of
the poor. Under the Revised St.itutes of 1838 the
county commissioners were authorized to appoint
three superintendents of the poor, to hold ollice one
year, atul to have the .k^eneral superintendence of
the county poor ;uul the poorhouse. The Act of
March 11, 1844, which created the lioard of Audi-
tors, authorizetl the appoint-Uient '>f three superin-
tendents of the poor yearly for terms of three years
each. They are chart;ed with the care of the county
asylum, the poorhnusc and farm ; with the control
of thosi: who .'ire sent there; and of the sick poor
sent to hospitals or St.ate asylums. They are e.x-
IK'cted to i^ay weekly visits to the poorhouse and
the asylum, and to constantly provide for and super-
vise tin- manai^ement of both institutions. From
time to lime they contract with various hospitals for
the care of the sick poor, the usual price beinj;
.about $3.50 per week. The total expense of caring
for the .sick poor, and insane in 1870 was $33,523;
and for the year ending September 30, 1883, $58,016,
of which $24,719 was ex]ien{lc(l for ]irovisions; there
were also used provisions raised on the farm valued
i't $5,057. The superintendents are paid $35 each
jKT month.
If a poor person has lived in the county less than
a year he is deemed a county pauper, and the whole
comity is chargeable for his support. If he has
lived longer than a year in any part of the county,
64.S
rili: COUNTY I'OdR.
lilt: iDWii'ili |i i»i- ( iiy will ii- lie ri'sidcs is iiiuic r ulili-
)>ati(ihs III i.ikr rare ul linn.
Till- iniiniy sM|>ri iiiliiiilinls t>( ilw piHir liavf
lu'i'ii ; icS^H iiS.}i, J.imi s I l.iiiiiur, Aiiiiiiiiii ISinwii,
W. H. Iliiiii, i.S.p i.S.j.l, \V. S. (.KKury, S. II
Aliiinli, jaiiiis llaiiiiicr; 1.S4) 1S45, Jaincs liaii-
mii. Mnirisiiii Swifl, W. (i. I'oilir, T. J. Ovvtii
(|)ail (if liiiii) ; ICS45, Tims Dull, I'llci I )(sii(iycis,
AmiMim llidwii; iH^fi, (.liaiKs I'lllnr, Amiiinii
hiowii, James lliii'kliii; 1847, (. . I'diiii. J. Ilinklin,
VV.irivii •I'littlr; 1.S4S. ('. IVllicr. \V. riiulf, i;ii|ali
llawlcy. Jr. ; i.S.|i;, W. Tulllc, Iim M. IIiiiiv;Ii, C.
I'ciliir; iSi;'), ('. I'clticr. Ii.i M. Ildiij^li, I'.. Il.iwlcy.
Jr.; i.Ssi, I). A. A. I'.nswniili, i;. llawlcy. Jr., J.
.Siicaivr; 1S52, C. I'cllicr, i:. Ilawlry, Jr., I. M.
llmiKli; i«5.5, IIiikIi (>'IS<iriir. I. M. Ilnii,v;li, K. I'.
Cl,iri<; 1.S54 1.S57, I'-. W. lliit-lKs, I. M. Iluiinh. K.
r. Cl.irk ; 1S57 i.Srio, J.imcs S.iljiird, M. T. I.,inf,
Tiliis l)(irt; i.Sfiu, J. SallnKl, M. T. I..111C, I ).
Sacki'll; 1.S61 i.Sri^, M. V. I.aiir, S. W. Walkii. T.
T. I.vdii; I.S6?, K. I). Hill, S. \V. W.ilkii, r. T.
Lynn; 1X64, T. T. Lynn, II. I Idd^kinsnn. ,\. .Sluli y;
1865 i«6ij, H. lliHlj^kinsdii, Willi, iin D.ily, .\. he.;
1.S61; 1.S71, i). I lodv^kinsiin, W'illi.im 1 )ysnn, Willi.im
n,ily ; 1.S71 i<S7^, \\'illi,iiii Dysmi, 1^ \'isi;ir, IS.
I l(idv;kins(in ; 1X75 1X75, J. A. I'.ilrick, \V. Dysmi,
K. Visyvr; 1.S75, j. A. I',ilri.k, A. Ivis, j. K. Ilosic;
1876, j. A. I'airiik, J. K. I lnsic, J. \V. Kcilli ; 1.S77,
M. Dunn, J. W. Kcilh, N. I'. I'li.iyir; i.S7,S i,S79,
N. I'. Tlwiyrr, M. Dunn, J.u(il) Ciith.ird ; iSSn, M.
Dunn, J. C.ulli.ird, J. I'. M(D(in,ild; iSSi i,S,Sj, .M.
Dunn, j. C. MrDim.ild, I). Sli.in.ilian ; iS.S}. J.J.
Vninni.in, M. Dniin, I). Sli.iii.ilian ; i<S<S4, J. J.
Vroom.iu, D. Sh.in.iliaii, (icorvjc .\1. Ik:iiry.
Ciiiinfv I\h» lioiisi'.
Till' lirsl rci-iird cnnrciiiini^ .1 pnnrlKiusi' in W.iyni;
County is Iniiiul in an Act ol June 25, 1.S28, ;uillii)r-
i/in,H llir people Id vile, (in llie lirsl Mniukiy of
July, on Ihe (|uesti(in of ereetinii; a buildiii;.;. The
vole \v;is ;i;;;iinsl iis ereclion : many persons, lunv-
c:ver, deemed such an insliiiilion ;i iieeessily, ;md by
Aels of July li, iSjo, and M.ireli ^, I.S31, tlic lio.ird
of .SupiTvisors was aiilliorized tu build.
On September ii, iS^o, ,1 meelini;- of citizens of
Detroit was held, ,ind .1 resolution p.isscd in favor
of llu; project. Messrs. 1 1. M. Campbell, .S. Coiiimt,
;md I). l'"reiieh were .'ippoinled a committee on site
aiul plan, and in October, 1831, the lio.ird of Super-
visors appointed a committee to contract for a build-
injj. This committee provint; ncj;lii;enl, on M,ireh
8, 1832, ;i new ri'solution w.is p.issed lo piir( hasi:
lam! for a poor-farm, the e.xpeudiiurc for l.uid and
buildinv;- not to exceed $1,200. In .-iccordancc with
this resolution, on Miirch 27, 1832, .-ibout seventeen
acres were purchased at a cost of $200. 'I'he land
W.IS on ihe c'lsl side of the l.cib I'.iiin, ,iiid limili i|
on ihe ( M'.iliol Ko.id.
( »n ( )( Idbci .\, 1832, .1 conir.iet w.is m.ide with
D. r reliell 111 creel .1 house for ijii'),"- 111'' (('Ullail
W.IS duly lullilled, he w,is p.ud on DimihIhi ;i.
183.!, .111(1 rem.ukable f.icl the eiilire cdsl (if l.iinl
.and biiildiny; was $S" I* "''' than ihe ainouiil .ippio
pii.ileil. The building w.is a wndileii striniiih,
I'lii.H .'ind Idw. Oil J.inu.iry 5, i83(, J. I'. ( ihiIia
W.IS .ippiiinled keeper.
While these picp.ir.ll ions wel'e K"il'.s ""• 'll'''
fe.irfnl scoiirj^c, the Asi.itic choler.i. was hoveriiiy;
(i\i I ihe ( ily. In llu- se.isdii nf 18 i; ii b(y;an ii'
\Miik, ,111(1 in 1834 cirrieil death .mil sdiidw in
m.iiiy hoiisehdlds ; ne.irly I'lfty ehildien were m.idi
orph.uis, in. my of w hdin were si nl In ihe pnni
hdiise. Mdved with pily for iheir (diidilion, on
M.ireh 8, 1S33, ihe Sislers nf Cli.irily, ihniuj^h llislmp
Ki^e. .ipplied Id the liii.ud (if Supil\ isiils, ,iskili'^
Id be pill in (li.irvje df ihe I dimly lidiise, .is must nl
ihe p.irenis (if the children h.id been of iheir f.iiih,
,\ idiiir.iel was ill once ( utered into with ihein, willi
the privilcifc of rcvokiiii; il ;il ;my lime. I nder ihis
coiitnicl, in July, 1834. Ucv. M.uiin Kimdii;, llir
( lerm.in Koni.in Cilholie priest, wlm h.id won ii^dldin
opinions fiiiiii ,ill seels by his ,'issidiiiius labors in
beh.ilf of Ihe victims of the clioler.i. was insl.illcil
.IS supeiiniendenl. In M.iiili, 185^1, he cdnlr.ieieil
to lake ( ,ire ol the pnnr Inr sixteen i cuts per d.iy
I'.'ich, but .IS i)rovisions were very hiiiih, ■•uid .'is In
W.IS (diniielled to t.ike his p.iy in couiily w.iif.inls.
he lost much money. In 1837 he .ii.;reed to cm
for the piHir .'It twenty-two cents e.ieh per (l,i\,
Diirin;^ the summer there wiic fnim (So lo khi
inmates in the poorhouse, with ;m .■iver;i,n'e of si.Mv
coiiliiuul to their beds. At the close of this ye.ir lie
W.IS WKi^Xm compelled to t.ike his p.iy in w.irr.inis, .is
the cdiinty h.id iidlhini; else to ^ive him, .ind on
these he lost froiii 40 In 60 per cent.
.Apprcei.iiiin; the, value (if his services Id the Sl.ite,
the l.eijsl.iliire of I 837 Vdled him $3,001), but this
did nnt in.ike up his Idsses. The next vc'ir he h.nl
eh;iiv;e di three hundred persims, ;iud u.is dbliy^ed
Id feed .111(1 cldtlie them wilhdiil the aid (if .a ddll.ir
of current money from the county- This so einb.ii-
r.issed him th.il his persdii.al |)r(iperty w.as seized
.111(1 sdld .It .iiiciidn.
On April It, 1831^, the iiim.iles of the poorhouse
were removed lo the f.irm now oeeiiiiied by the
county.
That Mr. Kundi.i,f did not lose his interest in tin-
poor is evident from the fdlldwini; cMr.iel fidiii tin-
records of llu: Common Council:
ritestiti\\ ytiniiary Vith^ iK^i.- A t <iininiii)i< aliuii was ii-criMil
fnuii Marlin Kiiniti^', pasliir nf 'I'lliiity Cliiiiili, iiii lusini.,' $s'>.
.'Hill tiiidrrini; llu- llianlcs <if liis riiM^i'i'v;.'ilii>M fur the t^initnrss
willi whirli lliiir piicir liavi- lici;ii trr.iliil. Arri'|ilr(t, .iml (Hi
iiKiliiiii III Aldciiiiaii I'uiiU,
lili: LOl N TV I'OOK.
!).((,
I, ami finiiic ( I
s iii.xli' ^Mlh
I lis ( iiiiirai I
)i( cml)!! ii,
I' CdSl of l.'lllll
iiiiiint ,i|i|iiij
Ini siiin lull ,
J. I'. I'lM.l.y
)inv; on, llial
was lio\tiiiiv,
il i)(v;aii il'
III .suirow 111
•n well' maili
111 llir {iiiiii
riillilltloll, nil
ir(illi;il llislidp
VIM IIS, ;iskiiii;
sc, as Mills! Ill
of tlicir faiili.
illl llu'lll, \\ llll
I'lidirlliis
Kimili.v;, llir
111 won iMijijiii
lulls labnrs III
was iiisl.iliril
lir cimliarlril
iiils per il.iy
;!), ;inil as lir
inly w.inaiils,
iLjITcd III r.llr
• IcI) per (la\.
II (So to 1 1 11 I
■iai;i' of si.vly
I his year lir
uarraiils, as
hill), and mi
s to the Stair,
,1X11), l)iit this
yi'.ir lie il.ld
w.is ol)lii;r(i
id of :i (ioll.ir
liis so cmhai-
y was .sii/.id
he l)0(illU)llSC
ii|iii'd by the
lUcrcst in till
i;icl from ihr
III «:is ll'CliMll
I, rill liisin.L( $ ,".
fur till' kiniliifs.,
(Mrptcil, lliut ull
A',.,./,v./. iii,.i III, (■ ill..- nil l'....r !.,• i.,|ii. ,i,,i I,, i,i„i,r ^■.^^■^. ,,f |||,, |,,,i i.nis, li,is .'i s.ilaiy of jtMoi), ,uid is
llll' tli.iiik't iif llir Ciiiii'iiiiii (I.MMii II III till' iKisliir ami I iiiit-ri K'l- , i i .1 . 1 . r .1
, , , , .. ,, ,, , ,1 )|iiillllrii liS' Ihr siini'iiiltfllilinls of the jioor.
null III Iniiily Lliiinli In lliiir iliiiialinii nl f ,<i, ,is will .it ill.- ' ' '
ni.i r In wliiili llihwi.iliiily wiisi..iiiiiiimi.iil..l. ''H'" '" ''"" '''■''•' "' •'"' ••sylum, illl III. ihir
|i,ll icills UiMC ki-|il ,ll till' 11 mill V house, or sent to
In liSv; lin' loiiiity 'oiiimissioiiirs wcit ;iiitlior- K.il.iini/.oo. At thf |>risiiii iiiiir iif t oiiniy .isy liiin
i/cd to sell the |iro|)riiy oil ihcCiialiot Ko.id, lull is Used for the lcm|)or.iry <li'i'niioii of iiis.ini' pir-
lin |)liri|l,is('r W.IS found lllllll I'lhllMiy, I.S.pi, uhrll sons, who air to lir sml in mir of the I'll, iir Ins.inc
il w.is sold lor §1,1 !(. The prisinl f.irm ol luo .'isyliiins, ,iiid also lor tlie s.ifc kif|)inv( of iiis.uir
hiindntl .iiid srvciiiy-scvni ,i(r(s, known ,ii liiiic of poor proiioiinri'd incur.ihic .mil scui l),ii k from ihe
piiri li.isc ,is the roilirri I'.irni, w.is Imuidii oil ItIi- Si, lir .isylimis.
iiMiy.!-', I iS v>, foi ;is 1 ,^< K ). It lies in Ihi' lownsiiip I'oor prisons, deinird ins;mc, ;irc smt to liw
(il N.mkin, alionl sixiiiii miles west of Detroit, on eoimls' or the Sl.ile .isyluni on .1 eerlitie.iie o| two
ilir line of liie M.C. K, K., ,iiid two miles east of physiei.iiis 111 the jiidv;'' of pioliate, w ho oureii'iv-
ilie \ ilLn,^' of W.ivnc. The properlv, wiih the linild- inv; siieh cerlilicite ijives .111 order |iir the paiieiil's
llli;s .mil .ip|)llltiliailees, is \,ili|( d .It .ihnllt $1 ()<),()ih). .iillllissioll.
The lll|il(lini,;s lil'sl (ililained were two kiri^e lov;-
lioiises that had lieeii iiseil ,'is ;i t,i\irn. In I.S45
llie lirst, hiiek liiiildin^ was erected, ,ii .1 eosi of In ;iddiiion lolhe eiiiiniy pliysiei,-m al liieasvliim.
about li)4,5"<J. In iM53.<ir 11154 .iii .iddilion.il brick Iwo oiIh rs are .ippiiinled ycirly by ihe I'm aid nl
( 'oKlllv /'/l\"i'( /illl.^.
tit^
.... __ 4^.^
X.I I.' I r»-() IWl !■ r.-T4it-ii^T,:-P*V'VW
CliUNIV Ins.\N1'. Asvi.um.
hiiil(iin',f was erected, ,-iiid in i.S,i) siill ;inoliier w.is
'III up for A hos|)ii,il, ,ii .1 cost of .iboiit $i,fiiK>.
The .•i\'er;i;;(' number of inm,iies in the eonnly
liniist! ill iiS.S^ w;is '/iD. Del roil sl.iiids eh,irj.;i'd
liireclly with .aimill three se\'euthsof liie cNpeilse of
llieir ni.iinleii.inci', in .iddilioii to nearly live si.Mhs
iif tin: b.'ilance i'h.iri;c.ible to the eoiinly .iL larnc
( 'cinity //is(i)ir . Isv/itiit.
This biiildiny, loe.iicd on the coimty f.irm, w.is
lust occupied in /\in;iist, iiSfii;, It cost $24,<x5().
Il is two hniiilred ;md lifly-lwo feet lomr and
frum lhirly-eiv;hl lo lifty-si\ feel wide. In I1S76
\viin;s wer(; built on the e.isl ,ind west sides, .'iiid
(liirinj^- iiS.S;} ;md |S,S4 two .idditioiis, cosiiiivr about
fi.(,5(K) e,ich, were creeled. In I .S.S^ there W.is .in
.iveraijc of lu'.'irly two hundred inni.'itcs.
Thf total cost to the eonnly is .about twenty cenls
|iir d.iy for i';ich inm.ile. 'I'he county physici.ui for
tlir county buildings is cb.irgod with the medical
ClHNU I'iMilclli.l sl(.
Auditors, .Il .a s.ii.irv of §J9) cnh. Tluir dnlies
,ire conrmed chielly lo the eitv. where thev .illenil
loiinly p.ilienis .11 the linspii.ils. It is .ilso their
duly to .lllend the cornller's ill(|Uesls,
The (iillowiii;,; persons li.ive served ,is coiinly
physici.uis: l■S.^}, Linus Moii ; 1X4^, /. Pitcher;
1.S4O, I'., lliinl, Linus .Moll; i.S.j;, Ch.irles I'erre/;
iK.pS 1.S51, I'eter Klein; 1.S51, |. I!. Scovill; I1S5J,
I'. Lower; i.S,^, ('. Il.isiini;s; t.Sj^^.uid 1.S55, L.
Klein; i.S^fi, ( ). L. ('liiil)l); 1X57, I.. D.ivenport ;
|S5,S 1.S51;, S. M. ANford; i,Sr,i), C. K. Case; i.SC.i,
J.M.AIdcn; i.sr.j t,sri5, f. 1 1, li.irreii ; i.Sr,5, L. il.
Cobb; i.sri6, J. .M. Allien; i.Sr.7 iSO,;, 1 1. .\, Smiih ;
|S6() .111(1 i,S7o, L. |. ('h.i\ey; 1.S71 .and I.S72, I'. !'.
C.ilmarlin; 187^ and 1.S74, f. f. N'emans; 1.S75,
.111(1 1.S76, l'".. Lichiy, C. .Scliulte; 1877 .and 1H7S.
.\. liorrowni.iii, D. L. D.ikin; iS79.iii(l i.SSo, ii. ().
W.ilker; T. I'". Kerr; i.SSi .iiid iSH.:, !•:. Lichiy, J.
W. .Moii.inh.ui; iSS^, C. Schiilic, !■', W. Owen;
1884, i'". W. Owen, Aloys 'i'luieiicr.
msm
CHAPTER LXVIII
CHARITAI5LE AND HENEVOLENT SOCIETIES AND INSTITUTIONS.
The year 1817 marks an era in the life of the
city. Tile first />iW(i fiUc newspaper, the first uni-
versity schools, the first public library, and the first
charital)le society were all establislied in that year.
Prior to tiiat date individuals had not associated
themselves into public societies of any sort; but in
this year the Yankee element began to assert itself,
and very soon institutions of almost every kind weri'
orijanized or projected for Detroit. Of these, one
of the earliest, the .Moral and Humane Society, was
founded December 29, 181 7. Its objects were to
suppress vice and to report any poor children desti-
tute of education. It lived three years, .and in i<S2o
expended $64.37 in carryinij forward its work, no
details of which are to be found.
The ne.vt on the list of e.\tinct societies, tiie \'ouny
Men's Benevolent Society, an offshoot of the ^'oun,^•
.Men's Society, was organized January 7, 1848, with
S. Harstow ,as president; Z. Ciiandler, treasurer;
and J. V^ Campbell, secretary. The city was divided
into seven districts, and each district assignet! to a
committee of three, wiiose duty it w.as to iiKiuire
into and report upon all cases of need presented to
their notice. In 1850 E. C. Walker was president;
in 1852, (f. T. Howe; in 1855, Heia iluijbard; in
1859, Morse Stewart. W. A. Raymond w.is secre-
tary in 1S52. Soon afterwards this position was
filled by R. R. Elliott, antl he served as secretary,
and A. II. Adams as treasurer, up to i860, when
the society disorganized, as its work seemed no
longer required. The expenditures of the society
for the first six years were : 1848, §480; 1849, $694;
1850, $648; 1851, $1,406; 1852, §1,407; 1853,
$1,165. Total, $5,803.
After a lapse of six years, on May 17, 1866, a
similar effort was inaugurated under tiie title of the
Detroit City Mission IJoard; the lirst officers were:
president, E. Taylor; secretary, J. C. Ray; treas-
urer, Caleb Van llusan. The society was managed
by an executive board chosen from the several co-
operating churches and charitable societies. The
services of \V, A. Bacon as city missionary were
secured, and under his leadership one of the most
complete plans ever devised for the moral uplifting
of the poor was brought before the societv. It was
almost Utopian in its completeness, embracing sys-
tematic inquiry and furnishing inform.ation upon
every jiossible subject connected with the health,
homes, and habits of persons needing help. The
.society entered upon its work with its heatUiuarters
at the rooms of the V. M. C. A., and for some two
years its members visited and systematically relieved
the poor. On January 2, 1868, a still more practical
work was undi'rlaken, by the opening of a lodging
house in a building on the northeast corner of
Atwater and St. .Vntoine .Streets. The house was
soon literally thronged with newsboys and tramps,
some of whom were lodged free, and others at very
low rates. The receipts, however, were not equal
to the expenses, and the lodging house was discon-
tinued in June, 1868. After this date the .society
had only a nominal existence, and on November 2,
1869, its pn liberty was donated to the Woman's
Hospital and Foundlings' Home.
St. Vincent's Fonalc Orphtxn Asylum.
This asylum may be called the successor of the
oldest charitable institutic-n in the city. ICaiiy in
1834 its progenitor, a society called the Catholic
Female Association, was organized *' for the relief
of the sick and poor of Detroit." At this time the
poorhouse on the (iratiot Road was almost unin-
habitable, and the inmates were greatly neglected.
Ascertaining these facts, the society, in the spring
of 1834, petitioned the board to remedy the evils.
Almost simultaneously with this request the chol-
era broke out in the city, and Father Kundig, who
was s|iecially active in the care of the sick, soon
found himself burdened with the guardianship of
.about thirty children, committed to his care by
those dying of th.it dread disease. He was forced
to find homes for them at various places, and boarded
them at his own expense. Some were sent to the
county hotise, and others were gathered in a buikl-
ing on Earned Street near Randolph, and the
Female Association undertook to care for them.
In order to obtain funds the members, on De-
ccniber 31, 1S35, held a Fair at which over $i,6cx)
were received in one evening ; such an amount,
even in these days, would be deemed extravagantly
large ; and in that day it was convincing proof of
the sympathy and appreciation of the public. A
similar Fair was held in November of the succeed-
ing year.
|r„ni
ciiAKiTAi'.i.i'. AM) r.i:Ni;\'()i.i:N'r sociki'iks and insii rirnoNS.
65,
s.
1 the health,
^ help. 'I'hc
licatlquarters
for sonu- two
it-ally relieved
iiore practieal
of a lodiiini;
ast eoriier of
'he house was
s and tramps,
others at very
•ere not equal
se was disi'oii-
itc the society
November 2,
the Woman's
Asylum.
iccessor of the
ity. l''.arly in
the Catholic
for the relief
this time the
almost unin-
[.-itly neirlectcd.
, in the spriii!^
(ly the evils,
■quest the chul-
jr Kun(li,^L,^ who
the sick, soon
uardianship of
lo his care by
lie was forced
s, and boarded
re sent to the
ired in a buikl-
ilph, anil the
are for them,
nbers, on De-
h over Si/'O*^
h an amount,
cxtravaj^antly
ncinij proof of
he public. A
f the succeed-
in ll;e spriii.if of 1836 twenty acres of I.iiid adjuin-
li,^ the coniUy farm on the (Iratiot Ko.ul were
le.ised, ;i btiildinv,' erected thereon by l'"ather Kun-
iliif. and the orphans rt'movt'd tliitlu'r. Tlu; house
h.id never less than twenty inmates, and one luin-
(Ired and forty different children were cired fur.
\ided by the .Association, a school, which was free
td .ill, was (ipeiied, .-uid maintained until 1S39.
■j'lie ollicersof the .Association for 1837 were Mrs.
I'.iuilv I.eib, jiresident ; Mrs. John Watson. Nice-
president ; Mrs. J. .\. \'an Dyke, treasurer; Miss
I'.llcn O'Kecfe. secret.iry ; Miss M.iry I'.'ihns, assist-
ant secret;iry.
i'.ither Kundi.i;, who w;is appoiiiti'd supc'-intend-
i-ni of the po.ir in 1S34, coiitiinied in onice until
i.S^i;. Such were the diHicullies of the jiosition,
resulting- in jiart frmn the panie of 1S37, th;it he
hec.ame b;inkrui)l, atid in the sprini;- of 1839 cert;iin
I if his creditors seized .and .sold the clothes be-
liiiiv;ini,f to the thirty orph.ans then in his ;isyluin.
After the purch.ise of other poorhouse property by
u^muUll^
St. Vincknt's Catholic Fi;m.\i,k OrniiAN Asyi.c.m.
the county in 1S39, the .asvlum was closed, and t;,'
oiph.ins distributed .amoni;' f.arniers and ac(juain
aiices until homes could be obtained.
The present institution had its first home in an
old buildinjL;- on the south side of I-arned Street,
just west of R;in(lolph. It was opened by the -Sis-
ters of Charity on Jutie 5, 1851. The next yt'ar
this buildin.n was ri'iiioved. and a bri(~k building',
with a frontage of si' 'nty-li\e feet atid a depth of
twenty-ti e feet, erected on the site. It was fir.st
used in October, 1852. At that time ti.ere were
forty orphans in the establishment and a '..wy^c d.ay-
si hool was maiiu.'iitied. The asylum wis subse-
quently moved to the brick buildinj,^ formerly known
.IS the bishop's residmce, on the west side of Kan-
il'ilph, between Coni^ress and i.arned Streets. Here
the asylum rcm.iined until 1S7O, havinjr an averayi'
of from one hundred to one imndred and fifty
children.
The Sisters lln.ally i)urch;iseil ;i lot two hundred
and fiftv-two by two hiuidred .and sixty feel on .Mc-
Doujl(;iII Aveiuie, between I.arned ,ind C'onnress
Streets, ,at ;i cost of $16,000, ;uid erected .a buildinii;
M ,1 cost of nearly S7c 000. The m.iin structure is
one hundred and thirty by sixty-eixht feet, with two
win^s, e.aeh sixty by thirty-two fed. The buildinv;
w.is dedicated July 19, 1876. l' 1882 Hie asylum
h;id no rej^iil.ar revenue, but v, -pendent on vol-
unt.ary donations, and the |iroceeds of ;m annu.il
K.iir, which w.as usually \i-ry successful. .Since
1882 it h.as been sup|).)rted by an .assessment tiiion
the se\er;d Catholic coni^-re.nalions in the city. Only
twirls , lie received. During' 1880 the institution cared
for one hundred .and sixty-five; two hundred ;inil
fifty c.m be .accommod.ated.
It w.is incorpor.ated in September, 1871,, mil the
.innu.il meetinir is on the last Mond.ay of J.anu.iry.
The n.imes of the .Su|)eriors who h.ave h.ad cliar;;e
,are Sistirs Lovola, l.ucreti.i, I'.dmonil, and Mary
StelLa.
T/ic Ladit's' Protestant Orphan ^Isyluni.
This institution was orir.anized M.ay 18, 1836, in-
corporated March 21, 1837, and newly iiicorpor.ited
June 9, 1859. On the date first named, a number of
ladies met in the Presbyterian Church on Woodward
Avenue to consider the projiriety and necessity of
establishing^ .an orjihan asylum. At this nuetinij
Mrs. J. 1'. Cleveland presided, and Mrs. K. I'. Hast-
int^s acted as secretary. After consider.able deliber-
ation it w.as decided lo com[)lete an ()rnanix,alion,,and
Mrs. Ch.irles .Stu.irt and .Mrs. John I''.armer were
appointed .1 coinniittee to draft a constitulion. At a
subsequent meeting; this committee reported a con-
stitution .and by-laws, which were ado|)teil, and the
followinjj^ ladies were • lectcil officers : Mrs. C. C.
Trowbridge, hrst din ; Mrs. Robert Stuart,
second directress; .Mr. ihomas I'.almcr. third
directress; Mrs. 1^. P. i I;is.'n.i;s, treasurer; Miss I'..
.S. Trowbrid<;e, secretary ; Mrs. Ch.uies .Stuart ;uul
Mrs. 11. J. I lunt, .auditors; Mrs. Ciod.ird .and Mrs.
John P.armer, Committee of I'in.ance; Mrs. M;icoml)
.and Mrs. Crockei-. Committee of M.iinti'nance ; Mrs.
C. Stuart and Mrs, .\mbrose. Committee of P.duc.a-
tion ; Rev. Robert 'I'urnbull, .M.ajor Ilcnj.amin 1''.
L.arncd, M.ajor Henry Whitinj^-, l-',urot,is P. Hast-
ings, Charles C. Trowbridi^e, .and Jerry Dean,
Counselling' Committee.
The Association ,at once comm.uided sympathy
and sui)port ; Cullen Rrown ,i;.a\e the use of a house
on lie.aubien, just south of Port Street, rent free,
for one year. On I'rid.iy. J.anu.ary 13, 1837, the
Ladies took possession, .and on l''el)ru,iry i follow-
'\\\\^ the asylum w.as opened under the superin-
tendence of Mrs, Charles Chambers, .assisted by
her husband. She was p.aid a salary of §200.
CHARITAIILE AND BENEVOLKNT SOCIETIKS AND IXSTI lUTlUNS.
nuriii^' llic t'irsL yi'ar t'lrvcii orphans were rrri'iM'il,
all of whom wcri' in tlic asyhiin at thi' rlose of
the )X'ar. A city lot was now donated lo tlu'
society l)y Idon I'"arnsworth, and ( Icorgc liiuu
,L;a\x' an acre of land on his farm, froMtin_i; on
Jefferson Avenue near the corner of Adair Street.
( )n }unc 8, 1S37, tlie following- olficers were elected ;
first directress, Mrs. C. C. 'rrowi)ridi;e ; seconil di-
rectress, Mrs. C. Stuart; thirtl direitress, Mrs. T.
I'almer; treasurer, Mrs. K. !'. IIastini;s; seci-etaiv,
Miss E. S, Ti-owbridj^e ; Committee of I'"inance, Mrs.
Lois Caiiiphell and Mrs. Mason I'almer; Com-
mittee of Maintenance, Mrs. John Ilulheri rmd .Mrs.
Crocker; Conmiittee of I'.chication, Mrs, Kirkland
and Mrs. John I'"armer; auditors, Mrs. Henry J.
Hunt and Mrs. Henry Whiting; counsellors, ]•'. P.
Pkotestant OuiiiAN Asylum.
Hastiness, C, C. Trowhridi^e, Major Henry Wliitinc;-,
Mr. Crocker, Major lienjaujin !•", I.arned, .iiu! John
Owen,
On November 14. it was decided to move the
asylmii to a house owned by Messrs, Hastinj^s,
Kercheval, and Newi)erry, and the society also di'-
termined to erect a buildini; of its own as soon as
fimds could be obtained. The citizens responded
liberally to the call for this purpose, IMrms were
prepared, and in the fall of 1837 Messrs, H, 1>,
Lothrop and H, H. LeRoy volunteered to supervise,
without charijo, the erection of the bm'ldini^. The
work bc,y;an; but lack of fluids, owint;' to the h.ird
times that soon came- on, caused the work to stop,
^nd the building remained unfinished until Julius
Iddred advanced the necessary means for com-
lileting a portion. In the latter iialf of January.
1840, eight girls and seven boys l)ecame its tirsi
inmates. The original building w.as forty-two feet
square, and cost $6,833, The wing on the west
side was added at a cost of S4.000, and was dedi-
catetl February 13, 1872,
Owing to the society's ]ilan of binding oiu the
children in its care, their number in 184, h,id dini-
ini:.'.icd to five, and in June, 1846, the society,
ln'ing in debt to the amount of $700, decided tn
close the institution tmtil such time as tliere should
be greater nei'd, and larger means for. carrying
it on, Tlic building was rented for gioo a year,
the few children left were boarded in a jirivalr
family, and for the ne.\t six years even tlu' .innu.il
meetings were unattended.
On June' 10, 1852, the society was rcorg.'mi/;eil,
and the following olficers elected: lirst directress.
Mrs, John Wintler ; second directress, Mrs. Rev.
M. Allen; third elirectress, TMrs. A. M. li.irtholc-
mew ; setretary, Mrs. Rev. R. R. Kellogg; treas-
urer, Mrs. (). C. Thompson. 'I'hirteen orph;ins that
had been placed in ;i house on R.indnlph Street were
tr.ansferretl to the care of the new organi/ation ;
but ;is the projierty on Je'l'ferson Avenue had been
rented to jiriv.ite parlies and also needed ri'pairs,
they remained where they were until May, 1853,
when the snciotv again took |")ossession of its prem-
ises. The lirst ye.irs afte'r their return we're ye.irs
of sm.ill re'sources .'ind great labor. Day after day,
as re'gularly as she cared for her own household,
the first directre'ss solicite'd or luirchase'd the elav's
supply of food for the little ones, and then carried
it to them, paying fai'e at the toll-gate, tlu'ii
locate'd this side of th<' asylum. From time to
time, as childre'u died, she took tlu' little' coffins into
her own carriage, and bore! tlu'in to the ceme'tery.
The annual meeting of the society is lu'ld on the
second 'I'htU'sday in J;uni;iry. It is conti'olk'd by ;i
Board of Managers, consisting of two pi'rsons from
eae-h of the Protestant churches of the city. The
bo.ard se'k'Cts direct<>rs and otiu'r ofliceTs. The
average number of inmates is thirty-live, anel si.vty
could he .accommodated. The yearly expenses .are
$2,000. The means of revenue' nvc .annu.il nuni-
bership fees of Si. 00, collections in churches, |)rii-
ceeds of lectures, rmd interest on re'serve fuiuN.
The property in 1880 was e'stimated to be woi-lh
$1 5,000.
The ]irincipal officers since 1852 h.avc been: first
directress, 1852-1860, Mrs. John Winder: 1860-
1S64, Mrs, C, I, W.alker; 1864 187S, Mrs. Lewis
Allen; 1878, Mrs. A. C.. Linds.iy ; 1879 , Mr^.
v.. C. Ihaish. Recording secre^taries : 1853 and
1S54, Mrs, A, L. Story; 1855-1S60, Mrs, ]•:. M.
Clark; i860- , Mrs, P. E. Curtis. Treasurers;
s.
ciiaui'i.\i;ij: and iuiniaolkni' S()C1i;tii:s and iNsrrrurioNS.
(^53
ms for I'liiu-
" of January.
:auiij its t'lrsi
[orty-Uvo fill
on the wisi
nd was (k'di-
lulin.t;' out tin-
J45 liad (lini-
, the society.
o, (lecided In
s there .sl)oulil
for, earryiiv^
$100 a year,
I in a private
fii liu' .annual
IS reorj;ani/,ed,
first directress,
ss, Mrs. Rev.
. M. liartlKiln-
<ello,n\n' ; ireas-
n orphans lliat
Iph Street were
,- ori^ani/atioii;
vnuv !iad been
needi'd repairs,
nil May, 1853,
on of its preiii-
uai weri' years
Day after day,
n houseliold,
sed the day's
then carried
ill-!,;ate, llun
roni time tn
lo colVuis iiitii
V cemetery.
held on the
luirolled l>y a
pt'rsons from
H' city. 'I'he
licers. The
hve, and sixty
y expenses .are
umual metu-
cluircties, prn-
reserve funds.
d to 1)0 worth
ivc been: tirst
/indcr : 1S60-
S, Mrs. Lewis
S79- . Mfs.
es: 1853 and
Mrs. K. M-
Treasurers ;
I
1S32-1S55, Mrs. (). C. Thompson : iS 5 5- 1876, Mrs.
.S, Davis; 1876-1S78, Mrs. A. ("■. I.inds.ay; 1878-
, Mrs. D. R. Shaw.
S/. Mary's Hospital.
This hospital, the first in the city, was
Lstablisheil by four Sisters of Charity, in an
old loi; buildin;,; on tln' southwest corner of
K.indoliih and Lamed .Streets, it was opened
for occupants on June 9, 1845, under the
ii.inie of St. X'incent's.
Thv first superior in chai\i.(e was Sister
Loyola, who, with Sister Rebecca, became
iikiitilled with its history and success; .and
Ixith saerifieeil their li\es in the exercise of
lUilies connected with the hospit.al. It is
proper lo mention here, to the lastin;.; credit
of their order, that their hosjiilal is the only
oni' to which persons with conta;,;ious diseases
were e\er .idinitted ; this f.act made their
name, " Sisters of Charity," not a barren
title, but .1 blessed and [iractical reality.
Such p.atieiits were, of course, isolated from
the citlurs.
.\ficr about five years of service in the
original location, the Sisters ercctetl a build-
iiii;' on Clinton Street ne.'ir St. Antoiiu- : .and
the name w.as then chaUiLjed to St. .Mary's. The
Int runnini;' ihrouii^h from Clinton to Mullet Street,
uitli <a front.a^e of eii^hly-seven feet, was tlonatcd
b\ Mrs. Antoine ISeaubien, 'I'he builtliny occupied
In this buil(linl,^ for twenty-nine years, the ininis-
ir.ations of the Sisters were freely j^iviii and thank-
fully received. On November 21, 1871;, their pres-
^:-^.---'?^.-
rr^ Jvifnt^D't
Sr. Mary's Hospital. (New Rtiilding.)
the entire width of the lot, was fifty-four feet deep,
ami cost $io,cxx). It was tirst occupii'd on Novem-
Iht fi, 1850. and had accommodations for one
luindred and fifty patients.
Si. .M.m;\'s Hospitm.. (OiiMinal niiilclini;.)
ent eleg;int structure, in the s.'uiie block, but facing;'
St. .Antoine Street, w.is formally oiH-ned. It was
erected ,'it ,a cost of $50,000. on Land worth Si 5,000,
and in uSiSu h.id .accommodations for one himdred
.and thirty inmates, A free dis|)ens;itory is
maint.ained in connection with the hospital.
Till' old building, which is iust b.ack of the
IH'W one, is ,isi-d for clinical inirposcs. The
p.atients .are m.iinly recei\ed on .an order from
the director of the iioor, but others .are fre-
C|uently accommod.ated ; applications for .id-
mission ,ire matle to Sisti'r M.irv I'"rancis, w ho
has ch.ar.ne of llu' hospital. Tin- jirice of
boanl ;md attendance is from $4.50 lo $10,00
per week.
.V. . \iu1r,-,cs SiHirtv.
A societN' by this n.ime was in e.\isti'in'e
ill 1835, with A. D, I'r.iser .as presieleiit. The
present societv, comjiosed of Scotchmen .and
their descendants, was oriLj.anizi'd November
30, 1 849, and incorpor.atcd July 3, 1877. Its
annu.il meeting- is on November },o. with
re,i;ul.ir meetin.v,^s on the first Monday of each
month. Its object is to relieve natives of
Scotland, their children, or grandchildren.
It has about one hundred members, e.ach of whom
pay 1 2. 00 annually as dues.
The chief ofTicers of the organization have been:
Presidents: 1850 and 1851, J. L. Lyell; 1852,1:.
>54
CllAKI TAIiLK AND lUA'llVOLKXT SOCIETIES AND INSTITUTIONS.
Anderson; 1S53, Duncan Stewart; I1S54, Robert
Linn; 1S55, William Adair; iH-^')' 'lui^ii Moffat;
1857, William Barclay; 1S5S, licoryc .McMillan;
1S59, James S. lilair; iSfc, Robert Linn; 1S61, V.
J. Scott; 1862, Janus iJlack; 1863, \'. J. Scott;
1S64, John Stewart; 1865, John l>. Wilson; i8''-6,
James Fonsyth; 1867- 1870, Nicol Mitchell; 1870,
Alexantler Mac Adam; 1871, James Anderson;
1872, Thomas McGregor; 1873, John 15. Wilson;
1 874- 1 878, William Adair; i?"" '880, John Mc-
Gregor; 1880-1882, John 15. v., .,on; 1S82- , J.
C. Cobb. Treasurers: 1 850-1 852, (ieorge Kennedy;
1852, R. McDonald; 1853-1868, E. Anderson;
1S68-1874, R. Hosie; 1874, Thomas Linn; 1875-
1877, John .McGregor; 1877- , William Lock-
hart. Secretaries: 1850-1851, James IJlacl:; 1852,
James Cameron; 1853, William Ikirclay; 1854,
John Wilson; 1855, (ieorge Hutton; 1856-1859,
Alexander Reekie; 1859-1861, Peter Young; 1861-
1863, A. .McLean; 1863-1865, Robert Hosie; 1865,
William Ikichan ; 1866, Alexander MacAdam;
1S67-1871, (ieorge T. Gray; 1S71, D. T. Corrie;
1872, William Gillis; 1873-1876, (ieorge T. (]ray;
1876, .Andrew Smith; 1877, R. Laidlaw; 1878-1880,
John I'ettie; 1880-1883, Thomas T. McMillan;
1883, Robert Lisk.
lV(>rA7'//i^'-/)!rH's Aid Society.
This society owns what is known as Arbeiter
Ilall, on the northwest corner of Russell and Cath-
arine Streets. It was organized September 24,
1851, ;md incorporated February 17, 1867. The
hall was dedicated on May 17, 1868. The lots an'i
building cost $32,000.
The annual meeting of the society is on the first
Tuesday in January. It numbers about live hun-
dred members, who pay an initiation fee of $'5 ^nd
dues of $5.00 per year. .\ny able-bodied man of
good character, between twenty-one and fifty years
of age, is eligible to membership. The society pays
its members §5. 00 per week during actual sickness,
and S425 to the family on the decease of a member,
$300 of which comes from a State organization. In
case the wife of a member dies, $100 is given him.
Lafaycltc Bciu"iioL.it and Mittunl Aid Sikiiiy.
The organization of thi:; society dates from Feb-
ruary 3, 1853. It was incorporated in September,
1S57, re-incorporated in June, 1863, and again, by
special Act, in January, i86S. Its annual meeting
is held on the thirti Thursday in June. The Hoard
of Directors, who have general management of the
society, meet on the first and second Thursdays of
each month. It has about one hundred members,
who pay yearly dues of S3.00 each. The mem-
bership is confined to persons of French descent
or affiliation, and others who speak the French
Language. Sick members are allowed $5.00 per
week for not more than six months, on the occasion
of any one illness; and S40 .are granted towards
funeral expenses in the event of deiease.
The society has a lot and a building on the north
side of Gratiot Avenue, bclwceii Hcaubit'ii and .St.
Antoine Streets. It is worth about $8,000, and was
purcha.sed October 4, 1865, for $3,500. The society
spent $2,300 in refitting it, and to(jk possession
December 1 1, 1865.
The presidents have been: 1853-1856, Daniel J.
Campau; 1856, Charles Doniine and Francis X.
Cicott ; 1857, Edward N. Lacroix and Israel 1.
Beniteau; 1858, Pierre Desnoyers; 1859, Thomas
Campau ;■ 1 8O0, Israel I. lieiiiteau; 1S61, ICdward
V. Cicott; 1862-1S65, Edward N. Lacroix; 1S65
1867, Francis .\. Demay; 1S67, Charles J. Dossin;
1868-1871, Jean H. R. Gravier; 1871, August
I'aulus; 1871 1873, Adolphe Gaudron; 'S73-1S75,
James poffinet ; 1S75 ^'^77' f'hilip J- ^^- Van Dyke;
1877-1879, Joseph Iielanger; 1879-1883, Jacques
L. Favre; 1883, C. M. Rousseau.
T/ir Fiidiistrial School.
In response to a notice read in the .several Pro-
testant churches, about sixty ladies gathered at the
First Congregational Church, on June 2, 1857, to
consider the establishment of an organization for
the special purpose of breaking up the begging
from house to house by children. At this meeting
it was resolved to form a society, and on June 16 it
was fully organized. Its present scope is somewhat
larger than was originally contemplated. Any girl
under fourteen or b(;y under ten needing clothes
and schooling is deemed a proper subject for its
benevolence.
Its first rooms were in the upper stories of 26
Monroe Avenue; they were opened October 5,
1857, with sixteen scholars. Mrs. M. Ci. Tyler
served as teacher and matron. Within a month,
during which time the school had increased to
seventy-nine scholars, the matron was compelled by
illness to resign. Mrs. E. M. Sheldon succeeded
her, and continued in charge until May i, 1858.
The school was then moved to its present site on
the northwest corner of Washington and Grand
River Avenues In order to obtain funds for carry-
ing out its work, cards, with the address and object
of the school printed thereon, were sold, to be given
to children who solicited alms. This plan was ilis-
continued about 1870. Funds are now obtained
from membership dues of $1.00 per year, and from
various entertainments. Those given under the
auspices of gentlemen prominent in the Hoard
of Trade were particularly successful. Among the
early supporters of the society, the name of John
Hull deserves special mention. For a long period
ciiARrrAiuj': and uenevolent suciliik.s and insiitutions.
^55
t;cl $5.00 per
1 tlic occasion
iiUcd towards
sc.
;• on ihi: nortli
iil)icn aiul St.
i.ooo, aiul was
The society
.)k possession
856. Daniel J.
d Francis X.
and Israel 1.
1859, Thomas
1861, Edward
acroix; 1865
■les J. Dossin;
1 87 1, August
a; 1873-1875,
D. Van Dyke;
-1883, Jacques
L
e several Pro-
^alliered at the
une 2, 1857, to
irganization for
P the begginvi;
t this nieetini;
on June 16 it
De is somewhat
ited. Any girl
leeding clothes
subject for its
• stories of 2C
id October 5,
M. G. Tyler
ithin a month,
increased to
compelled by
Ion succeeded
May I, 1B5S.
present site on
)n and Grand
unds for carry-
ess and object
ild, to be given
plan was dis-
now obtained
year, and from
en under the
n the Board
Among the
name of John
a long period
iif lime he gave all the meat needed for the d.iily
meals of the pupils, amounting to hundreds of
ixjunds. SinceJiis death, Thomas llarlmn has fol-
luwed in his footsteps and, year after year, gi\es
large (|uantilies of meat.
in 1866 the society purch.ised for SC),o(X3
ihc lot anil buikling they were occupying,
and in January, 1868, they became a I'or-
ponite body. On June 11, 1879, the old
building was put iiU(j the li;uuls of work-
men to be tleinolishcil, and the school was
kept at No. 13 Grand River Avenue until
I he present t.asteful structure was coni-
pletetl. It st.'inds on the old site, cost
si2,cxxD, and was ileilitated on December 9,
1.S79. C.l. Walker and Rev. Z. Eddy made
;ippropri;ite addresses on the occasion. In
i.SSo the i)uilding and lot were estimateil
to be worth $20,000. The building can
acconuiiodate two hundred children. The
aM-r.ige attendance is fifty in siuumer ami
iiiie hundred in winter.
'I'lie society is managed by representatives
selected from various I'rotestant churches.
Its annual meeting is on the second Monday
of January, and regular meetings are held on the
lirst .Monday of each month. A tc.aciier and a
matron are constantly eniployetl. The annual cash
ex|)enses of the institution are about §1,500. One
pr.ictical work ,is occasion ulfers. The i;irls are
t.iught to pre|)are vegetal )hs, to w.ish, scrub, and
clean, to set the table and serve as waiters, and
from 3 to 6 1'. M. evi'ry day they .are taught to .sew
by ladies who \isii the school for that ptirpose.
;?^w^^ j»i»«ji^^3^...^»r.T;..-,.>^.-': . ^
Oi.ii 1m)1 siKiAi, Seiioui. llrn.i)iN(..
Since November, 1866, a Sunday school has been
held in the building, which most of the children
attend.
The chief oCficers have been : first directress,
1857 1864, Mrs. 11. II. ISrown ; 1864-1868,
Mrs. \V. A. liutler. Presidents: 1868, Mrs.
~| W. A. Butler; 1869, Mrs. G. V. N. Lothrop ;
1870- 1872, Mrs. Cleaveland Hunt; 1872-
1874, Mrs. Colin Campbell ; 1874- 1877, Mrs.
\V. G. Henry; 1877- 18S4, Mrs. C. \'an Husan;
1884, Mrs. E. II. lUitler. Recording secretaries:
1857-1862, .Mrs. 1). B. Duflield; 1862-1866,
Mrs. Lewis Allen; 1866-1870, Mrs. Cleave-
kmd Hunt; i8;o, Mrs. M. II. Webster;
1871- , Mrs. John Harvey. Treasurers:
1857-1859, .Mrs. A. 11. Dey ; 1859-1866, .Mrs.
S. 1:. Noyes ; 1867-1870, Mrs. C. Campbell;
1870 '-. Mrs, (;. N. Fletcher.
S/. Joscfy/i'x Rclrci}! (foniwr/y Mickii^an
Retreat for the Insane).
The grounds occupied by this in.stitution
were originally usid by the Sisters of Charity
for farm purposes, ;uid convalescents from St.
Mary s Hospital were sent there to recuperate.
Sister Mary De Sales has always had charge,
and under her direction, on January 25, i860,
daily meal is furnished regular scholars, and good the Sisters opened the Insane Department in a large
li ■^'^ons and attendance will procure reward tickets, frame building on Michigan Avenue just beyond
p.ivable in clothing. In this way nearly two suits Twenty-fourth Street, outside the city linu'ts. In 1870
•1 year are provided for the children. Boys are a brick building was erected at a cost of about
t.night to split wood, sew on buttons, and do other $20,000. It will accommodate ninety patients, and
The New Industrial School.
656
CliARITABLl': AND HKNKVOl.KNT SdCIKTlliS AXP INSII rL;T10NS.
is usually luaiiy full. It ni civis its fuiuls from
fiiciHJs (if llii; patifius, who pay f.ir tlair cart-. 'I lie
v^rouiuis (.iiibracc Iwcnty-oiic aiivs, and llic entire
property, worth about $45,000, is owned by llie Sis-
ters in cliariLje. It was incorporated December 27,
KS70, and reincorporated on November 30, 18S3, by
tiic name of Si. Joseph's Retreat. '1 he property at the
Si. Jo.sei'h's Ketheat kuk iiih Insane.
same time was com'i'vcd to the followim^ trustees :
Sanih Tyler. M.iry Kvv^], l.ydia Miller, I'dizabeth
.Sweeney, and Mari^aret C. Mullen. New trustees
are elected yearly on the first Tuesday of March.
S/. Luke's I lo^pihil, Cliitrch Home and Orpliaiuii^^c.
This institution was ini'or|i<jratcd Marcii 16, i8r)i,
;ind ;i;^ain ou March 31, iiS66. 'I"he annual meetiiii^
is on the first Tuesday after I'iaster, and re^iil.ir
nu'ctinv;s of the I-'.xecutive Committee are held the
lirst Monday in e;ich month. The society had its
orii^^in in a l)e(|uest of §1,500 mrule by Mrs. Canilf,
which at tlu' death of her husband was to revert to
St. I'.iul's Church as the nucleus for a hospital to l)e
called .St. Luke's. The further sum of S900, tlu'
use of which she left to three nephews durini^ their
life, w;is evculu.ally to revert to the hospital. These
becjuests stimulated the orij.-uiization of the institu-
tion, but no funds were realized therefrom until
1878, when the sum of §2,100 was obtained.
The hospital was opened in a building on the
south siile of Lafayette Avenue, between Griswold
and Sliclby Streets, the use of which was donated
by Mrs. \\. R. Andrews, by lease dated April 2y,
1864. About $600 were spent in repairs, and on
July 18, 1864, the liospital was opened for patients.
In order to aid the enterprise, a number of ladies
from the several parishes jjave a dinner in Hub-
bard's Cirove, on July 4, 1865, which netted about
$600. The sale of the property on Lafayette Ave-
lun' necessitated a removal, and on April 3, 1866,
the society was reori^.inized, and the follow ini(
month took possession of one of the buiklinjfs of
the ll.irper Hospital on Woodward Avenue, and
remained there until their own buildinir was com-
pleted. It is located on the south side of Fort
Street West, Just beyond Clark Ave-
nue. The society, on Seinembcr 13,
1865, purchased a strip of land about
two hundred and fifty feet wide, e.\-
tendinjr to the river, a distance of oni;
tiiousand seven hundred feet, for
$8,400. 'I'hey sub.se(iuently exchanged
the river front for a strip adjoininv^r on
Fort Street, and in 1880 Robert 1'.
Toms yave them an additional piece
of land which cost him $1,500. They
now have live hundred and lifty feel
on Fort Street by about nine hundred
feet deep, or nearly nine acres. Their
building' was erectetl in 1868 at a cost
of $22,500; the corner-stone was laitl
on Au.i^ust 21 of thai ye.ir. With tin
grounds, the pro])erty is worth $50,000.
In 1880 they had other property,
worth an addili(jnal $50,000. Anion.i,^
the i^ifts that largely increased their
th.it of Henry L. Walker was one of
His will, which was probated Jaini-
arv 29, 1874, gave to the hospital $10,000 of
Second N.itional Rank stock, $7,000 in mortga-
ges, ami a house and lot worth $5,000 on Howard
Street. The be(iuest was subject to an annuity of
$300, to be |)aid to his invalid sister. She consenteil
to remove to the hospital, where she v.as hand-
possessions
the largest.
St. I.IKli'b IIosl'lTAl., ClIUKCll HUMK AND Ok 111 AN Al.li.
somely cared for during the three years she lived.
His housekeeper, by the terms of the will, has tlu
use of the Howard Street house and $300 per year.
In addition to the above, Frank Nevins made a be
quest of $1,500.
CHARITABLE AND BENEVOLKN'I' SOCIETIES AND INSTITUTIONS.
657
ifaycUc Avc-
vpril 3, 1866,
he fdllowiiiv;
buildiiiiis (it
AvciuR', ;inil
ins ^^'^^ loni-
sidc (if I'l'ii
(1 Clark Avc-
icptcnibcr 13,
of land aboui
feet wide, ex-
listancc of om
red feet, for
Uly excliani;e(l
p atljoininii 011
80 Robert 1'.
ddilional piece
§1,500. Tluy
I and tifty feel
t nine hundred
; acres. Their
i86iS at a eosi
-stone was laid
■ear. With the
.worth $50,000.
other properly,
j.ooo. Anion;^
increased their
ker was one of
)robated Janu-
al §10,000 (if
100 in niort,y:a-
00 on Howard
i) an annuity of
She consented
,he was hand-
lu ()l;l UANAOli.
[ears she lived.
le will, has tin
§300 per year.
lins made a be
in order to provide ijreater se( urity for the trust,
Uiose who held the property C(;nveyed it on Ajjril
2^, 18S1, to the foUowint,' nine trustees, who were
elected for life: 11. 1'. Haklwin, T. 11. Eaton, C. C.
Trowbridge, E. Lyon, R. T. Toms, T. l'erj.jus(in,
Robert McMillan, V. E. Priirirs, and S, D. Miller.
After tile death of Mr. Trowbriili^e .and Mr. 'Toms,
(leoriLje II. Minchener an(i H. C. I'arke were eletted
to the vacant trusteeships. .\t the time the properly
w.is conveyed to truste( s, the scope of the instiuilion
wasenlar^a-d to include the care of or|)lian children.
,\ltliout,di nianaijed e.\clusively by members of the
I'rotestant Episcopal Church, and intended prim-
arily as a home and lujspital for the aged, sick,
and jjoor of this deiiomin.ition, persons of ;ili
denominations may be admitted. Some are ad-
iiiiiled free, and the charge for other patients, in-
cluiling medical atteiulance, ranges up to §7.00 per
week, 'There is an average of thirty-tive inmates,
;ind from tifty to .seventy-five can be accomtiiodated.
The annu.il expenses are about §6,000 ; very many
ariicles, however, are donated. 'Tlie institution is
niaint.aiued by collections in the several parishes, by
membership fees of §2.00 a year, by voluntary dona-
tions and the .sums paid by inm.ites.
'Tlie chief otlicers have been as follows : presi-
dents: 1861 1866, liishop S. A. McCoskry ;
IJ66-1S73, Henry P. Baldwin; 1873, deorge S.
Swift; 1874-1877. William E. Warriner; 1877-1882,
F. E. Driggs; 1882, C. C. 'Trowljridge ; 1883-
T.ll. EaKjn. Recording secretaries : 1861-1864,11.
\ernor; 1864-1866, A. A. Rabine.iu ; 1866-1871,
Sidney I). Miller; 1871-1873, C. L. .\tler!)ury ; 1S73-
1882, Preston Brady; 1882- , (leorge II. Min-
chener. 'Treasurers: 1861-1S64, W. I'arker ; 1864-
1866, M.W. Field; 1S66-1873, A. \. R.-ibineau;
1873, S. U. Miller; 1874- , II. 1'. Baldwin, 2d.
7Vu' Detroit Lad/cs Socictv for t/ir Support of
Hcbrcxo Widow:; and (h-p/iaiis in the
State of Mic/iiiiait.
'This society was organi/.ed in July, 1863, and in-
C(jfporated March 21. 1865. 'The annual election is
held on the secontl Sund.iy in October. Its aim is
to help needy Israelite widows and orphans. It has
about eighty members, who pay quarterly dues of
81.00 each. The .society has no building, but pro-
vides for the care of its beneficiaries wherever it
deems best.
The chief officers have been: presidents: 1864,
■Mrs. E. S. Heineman : i865-i86(), Mrs. Fannie
Hirschman; i86(; 1872, Mrs. S. Schloss ; 1872-
1883, Mrs. E. S. Heineman : 1883- , Mrs. Hyman
Frank. .Secretaries: 1864-1866, Mrs. I. Frankel ;
1N66 1868, Mrs. S. L. Knoll; 1868, Mrs. S. Cohen;
i!^6(;, Mrs. E. Eppstein; 1870-1872, Mrs. Hugo
Hill; 1872-1874, Mrs. E.M.Oerichter; 1874-1879,
Mrs. I. F'rankel ; i87(;, Mrs. E. Kallman; 1880 and
1881, .Mrs. R. Karpeles ; 1882, .Mrs. L. Sloman;
1883- , Mrs. H. A, Krolik. Treasurers: 1864-
1866, Mrs. M. 'Trounstine ; i806-i86y, .Mrs. B. I'rell ;
i86(; 1872, Mrs. E. S. Ileinem.in; 1872 1876, Mrs.
S. Schloss; 1S76- , .Mrs. A. Landsberg.
Harper Hospital.
This institution rejjresents one of the largest
donations ever made to an\- object in Detroit ; and
it is not greatly to the credit of other and more
wealthy citizens that one who m.ide most of his
riches elsewhere should ha\e given most of the
means for the establishnK'iu of this magnificent
charity.
Walter I larper did not hold to his wealth as long
■ IS life lastetl, but became his own executor, and
lived to see his gift of a hospital in acti\e opera-
tion. He accumulated his property in Philadelphia;
came to Detroit about 1832, and lived here an al-
most unknown citi/.en for more than a (piarter of a
century [jreceding the execution of his deed of trust
of February 4, i85(^. 'This tleed conveyed nearly
one thousand acres cjf land, most of it within a few
miles of Detroit, .and also three dwellings in Phila-
deli)hi.i, to a Board of Trustees, for the puri)ose of
establishing the hospital which bears his name,
'The property was then estimated to be worth about
§30,000. 'The only condition that he made, as to
himself, was that he be paid during life an annuity
of §2,000, jiie half of which was to be devoted
yearly to tlie discharge (jf a mortgage of §8,500 on
the jiroperty until it was |)aid.
On March 2, 1864, he vokmtarily reduced the
amount of the annuity he was personally to receive
to §600 per year. 'The deed of trust jirovided for
the establishment, in the discretion of the trustees,
not only of a hospital, but of a scho(j|, to be organ-
ized and conducted according to the system of Flm-
anuel de Fellenberg, as exemi)litied by institutions
at Hofroyl, in Switzerland, and also in Prussia,
the s|)ecial (jbject being to afford poor but deserving
youths opportunities of learning the ordinary arts
and trades without a long antl unsatisfactory ap-
prenticeshi[).
At almost tlie first meeting of the tru.stees, on
March 15, 1S59, they received a further accession of
property in trust. Mrs. Ann Martin, more familiarly
known as Nancy Martin, deeded for the benefit of
the hospital a five-acre lot in Detroit and fifteen
.acres of land in the Ten Thousantl Acre 'Tract near
the city, the property thus given being then valued
at §1;, 000. By the terms of the gift the hospital
was to be located on the five-acre lot and was to
maintain ;i lying-in department ; Mrs. Martin was
to have a small house built for her use and to
receive an annuity of §600. On July i. 1864, she
65S
C llARllAliLK AND HENEVtJLIAl' SUCIETIKS AND INS TlTUTlUNS.
j^MVt; nil adilitional tliivc atTL'S, wliicli was only
partly paid for, to llu- hospital, siibjcrt to ,1 fi-\v lift'
privileges. In accurdaiicc with the leiins ol the
i^ifts, a house wliidi cost only S450 was Iniilt on the
fivc-acrc lul for llie (jcciipamy of Mr. llarptr and
Mr.s. Martin. Tln' house was siihs('f]iientlv moved to
Kremont Street, at a cost of !5_>i4, ;ind lure bolli
lived until the de.ilh of Mr. Harper, on .\ii,i;ust :;,S,
18C7, after which Mrs. Mariii-. n,ade tlu' hospit.il
her home.
Tile y^lh of Mr. Harper was a surpiisi' to ..\c pub-
lic, and a greater wonder still w;is that fi'cim Nancy
M;u'tin, whom the older ciii/i'us remembcM\'d as ;i
coarse, rou,!L;h-spokt-n woman, who for many years
had kepi ,1 vcgetable-s;.i!! in the old market, and
li\etl with .Mr. Harper as his housekeeper. About
two years after her first i^ift, she relinquished the
market business; and lu'r spirit .and manner becmie
Karrand, David Cooper, l''rederiek liuhl, lliickmin-
ster Wi-ht, A. C. McCr.iw, ,ind < '.. I!. Russel.
They orjijani/.ed on I'ebrn.u'y 7, 1X59, by ileciini;
Rev, Ci. Duriield, D. D., president ; D;ivi( I Cooper,
treasurer, ,ind D. I!. Dullieid, sccret.irv. On the
death of Dr. Dullieid on July;, i.SCi.S, lluckminsler
\\i,i;hl succeeded him as jiresideiit ; .-ind (ju his de-
cease, I', liuhl w.is chosen president. R. W. Kin;;
tiMik the pl.icc of Dr. Dullieid as ;i iruslee, ;md on
December 0, iSfiS, became secretary of the board;
D. .M. [■'erry took the i)l.ice of li. Wivjlit. On the
de.ith of l),i\-id Cooper, his son. 1). .M. Coopi'r, suc-
ceeded him as trustee, and on Janu.iry 12, iS(Su, sik -
ceeded Mr. Kini; as set'ret.iry.
Tlu' .innu.il meeting- is on the second Mond.iv of
January.
Diu-in^ the progress of the w;ir with die South,
on June 13, 1S64, ,ind Decemlnr 15, 1.S65, the trus-
II.\i;i'I:k IIdsiiiai.. (< Irij^inal l'iiil(liii.;>.)
much more mild and womanly than before. She
died on February 9, 1875. Her portr.iit and that
of Mr. Har|)er adorn the reception room of the hos-
liit.il as the honored founders oi one of the most
e.xtensive charities in the city.
Under Act of M.arch 20, lSf)T„ the hospital w;is
incor|)or;iled on May 4 followini;-. It is mana^i'd
by a board of seven trustees. 'i"he tlrst bo.ard
were named in the articles of incoriioration, and
unless ini'apacitated were to serve during jjfe, and
were authorized to receive a reasonable compensa-
tion for such care and attention as they g.iNe to the
trust. \',icancies in the board can be tilled only on
noniiimtiuns made by the lirst Protestant (Presby-
terian) Society, which submits, from time to time,
as a vacancy occurs, the names of three jiersons to
the board, and they decide which of them may serve
as trustee.
The first trustees were George Duflield, Jacob S.
tees ])urchast'd, for $10,587.50, five acres adjoining;
the lot they alre.idy possessed on Wof)dward Ave-
nue ; and the entire tract of ten acres was offered
to the Ciovernment, rent free, as a site for a military
hospital, proxidetl it would jMil up suit.ible build-
ings. The offer w;is ;iccepted, and eleven bmldings
Wire erected ami furnished at ;i cost of $60,000.
On October 12, 1864, the hospii.il was ready for
use, and hundreds of sick and wounded soldiers
were brought here to be nursed. At the close of
the war, on December 12, 1S65, the buildings were
turned over to the society on the condition that they
would reeei\e and care for discharged, invalid sol-
diers from Michigan. On December 28 following,
the Mi<'hig;m ISninch of the rniled States Sanitary
Commission agreed to pay the hospital S2,ixxj ami
such other .amounts as their funds would ailmil I'n
condition th.it the hospil.il reci'ive and care for tin
soldiers then in the Soldiers' Home in the old Ar-
v-ilAKlTAULK AND DENEVOLK.NT Si^ClL IILS AM; INS iri'L' llo.NS.
659
ilil, I'lUckmin-
;, r.. RusmI.
;, by I'lci'tiiiv;
)a\i(l t'lxipir.
aiy. On tin
, IliM-kiniiistiT
iiul (111 his (Ir-
U. W. Kiii'<
•ustcc, and on
of ihr Ixianl ;
i.v;lu. ( '11 llu'
. CoopiT, siic-
'12, 181S0, SU( -
md .Mi)iulay >>i
itli ihc South,
iH^ij, the irus-
ncres adjdinini,'
^'oodward Avt'-
rcs was offiTfil
c for a niilil.'iry
suitable build-
k-vin buildini;s
osl of $60,000.
was ready for
mndcd soldirrs
,\l the- (dose of
buildings were
dition that tliey
^cd, invalid soi-
T 28 folio wins;,
Slates Sanitary
)ital S2,(x>o and
would admit on
[id care for tin
in the old Ar-
senal r>iiildini( oil corner of Jefferson Aveniii' ;iiid
Wayne Street; anil on the following da) twi-nty
xildiers were renioveil from the home to tlu' hospi-
i.il. In i>S,S3 ai)ont a dozen MiehijLjan soldiers were
I ,ired for at the hospital, at the e.xpense of the State.
The hosjiital w;is ojxned for orilinary patients in
j.inuary, 1866, .and up to 18S3 had an averai^e of
,ihout lifly inni.ites with aeeoinmodations for one
iiiiiidred. The price of board, ineludin.i^r medical
attendance, rani(es from S3. 50 to i^J.uo per week.
The hospital admits for treatment those of .ill
n.itionalities and religions, .and the physicians tre.at
,ill dise.asi's not contagions. Any peison, chunii,
society, or .association contributing to the treasury
of the hospit.al one thous.and doll.irs or less is
cnlilied to have constantly one p.atieut free of charge
in c.are of the
hospital, .at the
r.ilc of one
nionth in e.ach
vc.ir for every
omduindred dol-
lars contributed ;
.ind conti"ibutoi>
of a SLun \v>-
tli.an one hun-
dred dollars are
entitled to pi'n-
portion.ate pri\i
leges. Annual
suliscribt-rs of
oneluiudi'ed ilol
l.ii's .are entitled
to have a p.itient
on the books,
and in the care
of the hospital, for eight months of the year for
which the subscrii)tiou is matle. Subscriptions of
siveiity-tlve doll.ars .a ye.ar secure a similar privilege
for six months, those of t'ifty doll.ai-s for foiu"
nionihs, .and those of twenty-live iloll.ars for two
luonilis. Annual subscribers of .any lesser sum .are
entitled to ha\'e a p.alient on the books for <a lime
e(|ual to double the amount of the subscriplion at
ihe established rates for pay jjalients. Any person,
church, or .assoei.ation i).aying by successive .aniui.il
subscriptions a lot.al sum of one thous.and doll.ars
m.iy claim the |)rivilege of the pro\ision .above,
nu nlioned.
(hi December 3. 1S67, .a dis|)ens,ary for the poor
Was opened, and on the jlh of J.anu.ar\' following
rules for its m.anagement were adopted. It was to
he open from 10. \. \l. to 12 M. On I'cbru.arv 1, 1S69,
it w.as tr.ansferred to the Medical College esi.abhshed
in one of the buildings.
An iinex|)ected and liber.al beciuest w.as ni.ade to
the hospital by the will of James 'Idionipson, of
'l'lll5 IIm;IKK llnsl'HM.. ( N I'W I lllilllillK- )
Ahnont, who dii d ni i.S.So. lie luid alone, and
being wilh(pul relatives, .asked .1 friend, some years
before his de.ilh. wh.it he would recommend h . to
do with his means; this friend .advised uith hun
and called the attention of K, W. Kim; to tin-
re(|uesi. Mr. King then wrote to Mr. llKimpson,
setting forth the objects .uiil opportunities of I l.upcr
Hospital, but received no reply to his letter, and the
m.atter h.id .almost p.assed from his mind. The
"bread cast 011 the waters" w.as, however, not
wasted, for in his will .Mr. Thompson m.iih' the trus-
tees of the hospit.al his residu.ary legatee, and llu-y
derived from his estate the smn (A Si i.jJj.
The .assets of the hospit.al in iSSi werr estim.ited
.at $i5o,(joo. In i.S.Sj .1 portion of the property
froniiiig on Woodw.ard Avenue was sold for the
sum of $j[,^(>(>.
Contracts were
then let for .anew
brick building,
in the rear of the
old grounds
fronting (.n John
R. Street. It w.as
enclosed in iSiSj.
.and tinished dur-
ing 18S4, the
total cost footing
vp .about $1 15.-
ouu. The p.a-
tien'.s were re-
moved from the
old l)uilding to
the new struc-
ture on .Xjiril 12,
and the hospit.al
foian.ally opened on June 19, i(S84. It will .accom-
modate two htmdi'cd .and t'ifty p.atients.
Ilnuir I'f t/ir /■>■/, //(//css.
The oi'igin of this institution d.ales from M.ay,
i860, when the I.,i(lies' Chrisiian I'liion was organ-
ized. 'I'heir tirst annual report w.as m.ade on July 8,
i8di. Soon .after the society was organized, Mrs.
II. R. .Andrews g.ive the use of ,a house on Lafayette
.\venue, bi'tweeii Ciriswold .and Shelby Streets, and
lii're. in the summer of i860, she superintended a
home for won'ieii who wished to reform.
In December of the s.ame yi.ar, largely through
the efforts of Mrs. S. I,. I'.apineau, the luaiie was fully
est.ablished. OiiTuesd.ay. l'"ebrnary 26, 1862, it was
moved to No. 72, on the e.ast side of Brush Street,
between Congress and l.arned Streets. Hire the
society continued until May 23, 1863. when they
remoN'ed to the north side of High Street, be-
tween Woodw.ard .\vetuie .and John R. .Street.
Their [)resent capacious and attractive home, on
66o
c iiAKi r.\i;i.i'. AM) nKNi;\'()Li;N r .S()Cii;rii:s and iNsi til tions.
the soiitli sick- of Warri'ii Avfiun.- near WooiKvanl
Avcinic, was dt'iliiatcd OcIoIkt 2\, I1S74. 'I'lir
grounds cover cij^lu lots, earh thirty l)y <iih' luiiuhxd
and fifty fci't, and were purchased in 1868 U)r
§3,600. I'he hnilthnif was erected at a cost of
$30,500.
lu 1 88 J there was a debt on liie property of
$3,500, which was secured l)y a mortgage given to
the Tiionipson Home for ( )ld Ladies, and that
organization also luld liircc of tiie lots origin;illy
piircii.ised i)y tile lionu- of tlie Frieiidiess ; diiriny'
1883 the niortg.ige was |)aid, tlie lots repnrciiased,
and tlie organization now controls all of the |)rop-
erty they originally purchased.
THK IIilMR OP TMR KkIFNDI.KSS.
In 1881 the Home of the Friendless received a
becpiest of $10,000 from Mrs. Fi'iny Davenport
Waterman, and in 18S3 the coriior.ition became the
residuary legatee of Mrs. Sarah Prentiss, of Romeo,
and received from her estate the sum of $8. 430.
Originally the society was somewhat broader in
its aim than now, imdertaking the care of any
woni.m who wished to return to a virtuous life.
Now the home is maintained rather as a preventive
of vice than as a reforma.tory institution, and there-
fore "common ilrunkards, jirostitutes, children of
depra\evi habits, persons bearing the taint of disease
or insanity, or who are subject to tits; ,-uid also pro-
fane or ho|)elessly idle persons, or those guilty of
any tlagrant vice, are not received." The change
in purpose and in name was ni.ule about the time
the institution was moved to High .Street.
In order to facilitate the work and to prevent the
application at the home of improper eases, .all jier-
sons seeking admission must apply to some one of
a reference committee of seven ladies, selected from
different parts of the city so as to be easy of access.
Such persons ;is they recommend are admitted as
transient boarders free of charge. Two members
of the committee are changed every two months.
In the year i8f)6 the society commenced taking ;is
boarders the children of widows and persons in ser-
vice. In 1875 the boarding at low rates of single
woiiuMi needing a tiinpor.iry home was also made
a jiart of their work.
'I'he presitlent's statement of the work of the
.society in 1881 is as follows :
'I'lic wurk <i( till' Ileum' iil iju- I'riLiKilos is to iiiri' fur friiinl-
Ifs.^ and .niinilr-s w.irru-n uiul i hildit-n. We Ji\ iriiKc |kt liay
llini sui li wuiiuci, ami Iwiiily ( liiKlmi, for wliuiii aiui from
wliiini we luvtr rciilvi; a |niiny (if cciMiptiiMitioii.
Si'(Mii(lly, we liiiard at a siiiii that i^ alllKist iiKiiiiiial, diildn n
who ha\e niif <ir inurt: pari-iils out at si-rvicr. Alsd tin; thiUlrin
of |iariiil> win re I'ltlnr lliu iiioihcr or fatjur arc roijl'iiad in jail~
ur the House of C'orrecticjii. .Mueli has Imii diiiie fur Midi ami
their unhuppy parents.
'I'liirilly, we board waif and stray old l.idies wlio are depench ni
upon relatives helter able lo pay for than to yive the (are liny
need.
Konrthly, we have a standini; eontrael with lla lady niana^ci^
of the 'I'lioinpson Home to finnisli their Home with lij^ht, Inal.
and water ; lo supply iheir table with food, and do their latindij
work, for a specified siiiii per (apiia ($-'.50 |icr w<( k).
The association was incorporated on Jamiarv d,
1S63. Its annual meeting is on the tlrst 'I'ue.sday
in May. The Hoard of Managers was origin.alK'
composed of twenty-five members, but in 1871; tin
number was increased to thirty, representing all
denominations except the Catholic. In former years
the society elected as vice-presidents twenty or
thirty ladies, resident in tlilTereiit p.irts of the State,
ami through them received many donations; but of
late the practice has fallen into disuse.
The home is now supported by subscri])tions of
$1.00 a year frtjiii all who wish to enroll themselve:-;
as members; by voluntary donations of money, food,
and clothing. ;ind by an ;iniui;il donation reci'ption.
Among its most generous contributors are many of
the |)roprietors of the meat and vegetable stalls at
the Central Market, who, since 1862, have tilled tin
"Home basket" every Wednesday antl Saturday
when brought by boys from the home. The annual
expense of maintaining the home is about $4,500
This .amount, howeser, does not inckule the value of
articles donated.
One of the most efficient means of making the
home known to the public. " 'Ihe Home Messenger."
was first issued on December i. 1868, as a monthly
paper. It was temporarily discontinued in Decem-
ber. 1879, but was revived as a quarterly in March,
1S83. The .society derived some $2,200 revenue
from the sale of two editions of the " Home Messen-
ger Cook Book," tir.st published in 1873. It was
compiled by Mrs. Rev. George DufTield and her
daughter. Mrs, Morse Stewart, and is regarded with
great favor by those who have used it.
The average number of inmates in the home is
sixty-five, and there are accommodations for eighty.
CMARITAMLK AND lU'.N'KVOLl'.XT SOCIETII'.S AND INS 11 IT'lIoNS.
66 I
u\ii miiiilli'',
ird lakin.v; ;>^
i.TS(ins in siT-
ilis (il ^in^li'
as also iiuuli-
work ()( till
u ciirf f(ir (rirml-
llvrrilK'' I'^'f ''•'>■
wlumi .111(1 fiiiiii
I.
ii'>iiiii>iil, (liiUlnii
Alsii llic iliililn II
!■ ((.nrincil in jaiU
loni' for Mitli iiii'l
,lln ail' llrpi mil 111
^\\v tin- liin- llii V
tin laily iiiaiui^ii-
i- willi liKl''> '"'"■
d (III thuir laiiiuli)
A'.ik).
on January (>.
• first 'l lU'sday
was (iriginally
)Ut in 1S79 llu'
■I'prcscnliny; al!
In fornuT yt;u>
nts twenty nr
ts of till' Stat(
Illations ; but nl
ubscriiitioiis dl
liroil thciiiSLivi;'
f money, food,
ition reception.
IS are many ot
elabie stalls at
1. liave tilled tlu-
and Saturday
[I.-. 'I'lie annual
about S4.500
[ide the value of
of makinii the
iiie Messen,i,a'r, "
Is, as a monthly
jueil in Deeeni-
[terly in Mareli,
lS2,20o revenue
lIonieMessen-
,873, 11 was
ifTield and hel-
ls regarded with
lin the home is
lions for eighty.
(icncral visitors ;ire .liw.iys wi'ieome, .ind rinir/.day
is es|)eeially set ;ip;irt for the frii nds of inm.ites,
Sinee itS75 a teacher for tiie childnii h.is been con-
stantly employed. The principal ollicers have been ;
presidents: 1.S60 1S62, Mrs. M. II. Webster; 1.S62-
1S65, Mrs, Seth Keed; 1865 1807, .Mrs. William A.
Howard; 1867 1870. Mrs. David I'rcston • 1870-
1S75, .Mrs. Morse Stewart; 1875, Mrs. \V. M. John-
son; 1S76- , Mrs, .Morse Stewart, 'rreastirers;
1860 1867, Mrs. W. A. liow.-ird; 1867- , Mrs.
D.ivid Carter. Recording Secretaries; 1860-1864.,
Mrs. K. M. C.ilm.in; 1864 1866. Mrs. Morse Stew-
art; 1866, .Mrs. John 11. (iritlith; 1867 1870, Mrs.
Willi.im Oakes; 1870-1S83, Mrs, D, W. lirooks;
18S3 , Mrs, \V, C. Duncan.
Mrs. D. Prcstnn and Mrs. Morse .Stewart were
elected special trustees in 1863, and eonlinue in
that office,
,.S7, .■liitliony':< Malr Orpluvi Asy/iiiii.
'I'his institution, a Roman Catholic asylum, for
hoys only, is located on the north side of theCiralioi
Road, just outside of the city limits, and aliout four
miles from the City Hall, on the so-called Cluirch
I'arm, The grounds embraie ninety-si.\ acres.
The building w.is opened on May 26, 1867, The
entire projierty is worth $50,000.
The land was needed by Bish()|i Lefevere to a
ho.'ird of twelve trustees, consisting of two each
from the following churches : Cathedr.il of St. I'eter
and St, Paul, St. Ann's, Holy Trinity, St. Patrick's,
St. X'ineent de Paul, and Our Lady of Help. The
trustees became a corporate body on January 23,
1867,
While managed by the corporation, the asylum
w.is conducted by four Sisters of the order of the
Imm.aeulate Heart of Mary, from Monroe. 15y
arr.mgement with the Lady Superior, tliey received
$100 .1 year each and board. L'nder the manage-
ment of the trustees, annual collections were taken
up in the si.\ churches represented in the board, and
they alone could send orphans to tlie asylum. Sub-
scriptions were also obtained from individuals, and
some moneys were received from the sale of farm
[jroduce. This arrangement did nol prove a success,
and on January 16, 1877, the corporation was dis-
solved and the property deeded to Hishop Horgess.
by whom the institution was placed in the care of
lay members of the Franciscan order, and collections
in the parishes then became voluntary. The average
number of orphans in the asylum is about eighty.
After the boys reach the age of thirteen they are
cither bound out or other homes are provided.
The officers of the corporation were : Presi-
dents: i868-i87i,M.B, Kean; 1871-1874, P. J. D.
^'an Dyke; 1874-1877, Jeremiah Calnon, Secre-
taries: 1867, I'.dwanl I'.r( iin.in ; 1868 i.S7(), 1'. J. I ).
\',iiil)yke; 1870 1875, W. li. Moraii ; 1875, (ieorgt:
ll.Sl.iter; 1876, P. J. I). \';in Dyke; 1867 1873.
Willi.im I'.ucli.inan; 1873, A. Cha|)oton ; 1874-1877,
H, !'. i'.rownson.
U'lHiiiii's Hospittil ijitil i'oituiiliiii^s' lloiu,\
it is \\ noteworthy fact th.it this institution, as
well as the Home of the I'riendlcss. grew out of
organizations called Ladies' Christi.m Lnions, one
of which was established in i860, ,iiid the other in
1868, These L'nions were origin.illy designed for
rather different work th.m tli.it .ificrwards pursued,
but both soon found their appropri.ite sphere in the
iiuble charities they now carry forw.ird.
The L.idies' Chrisii.in Inion, au.\ili;iry to the
City Mission I >o,ird, was organized at the Congreg.i-
ti(jnal Church on January jy, 1868. The society
held several meetings without a,greeing definitely on
a p.irliiul.ir line of work, but tin.ally. on October 19,
.a proposition was ni.ide to establish a WOmen's
llospit.il and Foundlings' Home. The jilan nut
with f.ivor, .and on Octobt'r 28 .1 society was organ-
ized.
The building .No. 40 Ciss Avenue w,as rented,
;in(l on November 1 1 Miss Lkaiior V.. Howe, M. D.,
W.IS placed in charge. The incorporation of the
society took place on June 5, 1869, and on No\em-
Inr 2 of the same year the City .Mis.sion JSoard
tnmsferred its property to this organization. This
was sold and the proceeds used in the ]nirchase of a
house and lot No. 499 iicaubien Street, costing
S2,ooo. A very successful fair, in the fall of 1870,
enabled them to complete the payment in full.
In .\pril, 1S72, they sold the property and pur-
ch.'ised \\\<^ lots on Putnam Avenue, removing tem-
porarily to one of the llarjjer Hospit.il l)uiltliiigs.
In July following they sold the Putnam /^ venue lots
;ind bought a property on the west side of Thir-
teenth between Linden and Mulberry Streets. The
lots cost 83,000. Here their home was erected at a
cost of $14,000, and formally opened on January 20,
1876.
The institution is designed to accommodate
foundlings and women about to become mothers.
.Most of the p.iticnts are unmarried, and more than
two thirds are from other States or from Canada,
All applications for admission are passed upon
by an advisory committee, but no foundlings are
sent away. The admission fee for p.itients is $20,
and is reckoned as payment for board at the rate of
from S3 00 to $10.00 per week, according to size
and location of room. While these are the terms,
residents of the State are never refused admission
for want of means, but received without regard to
creed, color, <ir nationality. The price of board for
infants is from $1.00 to $3.00 per week. The so-
66
Ml \ui I \i:i I AM) III \i \()i.i.\ I S' xii; iii:s AM) iNsri n rioNs.
I iciy Iiii|ii I'M'iiiii.illy III |iiii\iilr .1 liniiit' till' silk
|iiiiir, u liriln r wuinrn m i iiilijnii.
'I'llc llii<|iil;il I ,111 .11 I iilllllliiilatr liii'ly wiiiiu ii ,iiic|
fij,;hly iliililn'ii, ;inil .i ycirly a\ri,iv;i' <>l mu' hiiiiilnd
WDiiU'ii and ihk' iuiiulrttl and twi iity-lisi' ( liilduii
.'ire I arcd fni. Ii !•, siip|inii( i| li\ iniinlic'''lii|) dui's,
I.S.Si, Mis, Kii hard Mai aiiiiy ; i.S.Si , Mrs. |.
S. Liiiiidiii. Tifasiiivis ; iS'i.S, Mr-,, /,. K. Ilinik-
way: iSfx;, Mrs. jj. k Andrews; 1S70 1X7 •,, Mrs.
II. <ilu\rr; 1.S7?, ,Mi.,. \\ . II, I'.ii.iisuii ; lS'/.j i.S;^.
.Mrs. J, I'. «.ilininv. iSy(,. .Mrs. (). N. I'lrtdifr ;
1.S77 . Mrs. A. W. Ki.c.
'I'lir: WilMA-.'. II. I IIIM. \.li |iilSliJI\..', II.IM1.-.
Slli)si rilM inns, (liin.ilidlis, cnlrll.iilinicnls, ;mil |i rs.
Till' .1111111. il 1 Aiunsfs, .isidr limu till- .irliiirs con-
llililllril. .ilf .'llliilll SJ,!!"'. .'~iilli-r .\|)l"il. 1S77,
r(li!L;iiins srlAircs ll.i\c IhtII liclil cvrry S.ll)l),(lll iiy
Mrs. J. 1^. I'lisicr. Iilii.iiian nl tin- Ncumv; Men's
C'lirisli.in Assiiei.ii i. ill ; .-iiiil III r niinisiiMiidns, rni-
(leleil lliil iinly .Il lllr lldllle. lull ,lll r| w.irds, ll.ne
pi'nved .1 jilissiil;.; In 111, IMS' III lli Hi III 1. il e WcHlliil.
(Illeiif llie Illiisl i|llli|Ue Ir.lllllcs nf 1 Ilis eliaril V
ll.lS lieeli ils I'l.ihy l\eee|il il HIS. 'I lie InsL of lllese
w.is lu'jil June lo, i.S7,(, wlieii Iwi iiiy-si\ liiile ones,
(Iressid ill lllcir licsl .111(1 (jriiil.ileii willl riiilxins,
received their friends. /\ll.iihii| in ihe iire.'lsl III'
f;iell child wis ,l e.llii lie.irill;^ ils n.ime .iiiil .iv^e. Il
W.is a piell \' sii^iil , ,11 111 I me I h.il .ililie.iled sn striini^lv
til ciiinii.issiiinale he.irls. I li.il .il llie secDiid rei'i'])-
tiiili, ill the Inllnwim;- I >eeeinlier, iilliy one of tin:
tWeiity-si.\ reinailied,
'I'lie .'innn.'il ineeiinv; is on the llist 'riiesil;tv in
J.'lllli.irv. Ihe hii.ird is eoinposed of two l.idies
frnin e.icji (il the I'rnl csl.iiil churches. Tile |)rn|)-
I'rty is held hy eleven trustees. The chief onicers
liaxc hi'cn : Presidents: i.Sf.S, Mrs. R. Il.iwley;
1869 1.S71, .Mrs. 1.. 1,. I'A^v: i,S7i i,S7r). Mrs. K.
ilawley; i,S7r, 1X78. Mrs. |. f. joy; 1.S7.S iS.Si,
Mrs. [. J. i;.iv;iey; 1S.S1-' , Mrs. J. I'. Joy.
Kecordiiivr secret.iries : 1S68 1.S71, Mrs. d. .M.
Lane; 1S71, Mrs. .M. J. !■:. Mill.ir; 1X72 1.S74, Mrs.
F. U. 'IVrry; 1S74 i.S7,S, .Mrs. (i. M. Lane; 1.S7.S-
'I'liis inline fill ilcsiiiiiic .111(1 .ih.iiidoiK d children,
and lyiiiiL^-in hospit.il fi.r iinfortiiii.iie .nid dcstimii'
lei Dales, is coiidlicli (1 iiy (lie .Sisli 1 s n| ( h.llll \ . W itii
.sister .M.iry Siell.i in < li.ii\;c. It \\,is oii;,nii/ei| in
liSfii;, .111(1 nil 01 |iiii,iiei| III i.S7\ il cires for ( hil-
ilrcn niilil l';ey .ik si\ ye:iis of .ii^e, ,ilter wlinli
tunc llic\ ,iie i^i\(ii tor ,ii|o|iiion or traiisleiicil to
:in orpii.in ,tsylnin. It li.is m ns cue ,1 ye.uly ,i\er-
aye III one liniidi'cd .nid ten c hildrcii ,'iiii| se\eiit\
(Miniiii,
The lioiiK . ( jpciK il ill Aii',^iist, I .Sfii), w .IS orinin.illy
silll.iled on I'lilirteelllh .\\eiine, Ipclweell I l.il/cllc
;ind M.iiaiitelle .Slieels. ( >ii M.ik Ji .• |, i,S7f., it
W.IS iiio\ cd to the ( )lil r.cinliiiii lioiiicsi( .III, on th,
liorthuesl collier ol .St. ,\iitoll|e ,111(1 [■.li/„il)cth
.Sireels, 'I'lie house is in.llllt.lilled l)S simis p.iid
lor lin.ird .111(1 by \ (iliini.ii \ doii.ii miis, I hi cost n|
ni.iintcii.iiK ('. inchidiii'.; pioli.ililc v.iliie ot lonirilHi
tioiis of fond, is .ihoiii ;«)|,(X)o per year. '1 he prop-
erly is Worth §jo,(XK).
'/■//(■ l\,',uiy_i'lii i>l I.KlhiiiUi (>)p/h()i .!/(/ Sdi/t/y.
.\lllioiii;h iioi liK .lied in the ( ii\. tills iiislitntion
is pr.ictic.illy one of the ell. nil iis of Detroit. \\y\.
( 1. Speckh.ird W.IS ihe loiiiidci .iiid lirsi tcu her nl
llic sociel), v\hicli w.is oi\;,ini/ed M.irch 10, 1M7;;,
II'iCK OT- ri;ilVllll!NCI!.
•
,'ind incorpor.iicil on .\|)ril 1; follow iiii;. It w.is
ori).;in.illy located .il Koy.il ( );ik, wlu-re the sociely
procured twenty-three ;icres of I,illd. Snl)se(|lienllv
il. W.IS removed to Norris, where il ni.ikes use nl
tweiilv .leres of kind don.ited by Colonel Norris.
'I he Iniilding cnsl !3ii3.5cxj, and was dediejited ji:ly
CIIAKI I Al'.l.l AND 1;I.M;\u1,i... r !,i)UI.l li;s AND INSTII'UnONS.
6()3
. Ml--. J.
[, I'liiM k-
<7 V Mrs.
;; t 1X76.
11. idler;
cliililrfn,
(l.slillllc
llll\ . wiili
,;uii/i'il in
, fur I lill-
ii-r w liii li
sicrnil III
•arly .-ivii'-
ul sfvcniy
. Ill iv;in,ill\
II D.ll/.llr
(, iS/d, il
ad, on llu
i;ii/,ii)(iii
Minis |):ilil
riic cosi i>i
I ioIIII'iIhi
rill |)iii|i-
insliliiti<in
roil. l<<v.
Il Ml licr III
1 10, 11^71,
v;
til,' siii'ii'iv
il)sc(|U(iiilv
ikcs use "I
ml Norris.
icilcil Ji'iy
•!;. IS7S. 'I'ilr .lllMllal nici till'.; is lli'lijiili till MiiilKJ linn. Cllllliat ill'^ llic IlllilV lllmk ln)Mll(|ri| liv Sllill,
I liursilay in Man li. I lair. • M li alls, ,iiii| I )i'i jiiiiKlrc .Mrccts. u,is ili>nal''(|
,\iiy iiiriiilii I III I mills nr Si. I', nil's j.iitliir.iii liy r.isliii|i I'MirvMss. .iml m i.SSi u,is isijin.iicl m
I liiiri'liis iii.is lir ,1 iiii'Milii r III I Ills siK iciy. Iis|i,ii'- be wnrili iii5,ixii) llu Imiisr \\,is fiiiicd , 1 ,i ('nst
111 lll.ir (il>)ri I Is 111 1 dm ,ilr III |)li,ilis ,111(1 (|r,if lllllli s, n| $_'.!,ix)i), ,iml orillpliij nil I )r|(il)cr I, liS7fi. .\m
Tlir ai III. illy disiiiiiii ,iir ,ii|iiiiiiiil hii ; oi liiis p.iy aildil ii ni.il iMiildim^, insiim; jfi.vt.i >()•>, was inii-
iiiit iiKirc lli.iii §1 '11 1.11 II |i(i' yi.ir. .Si.xty 1 liildnn slimud, .iiid mu iiid nii Oiiolu'r S, |S8_'. IWn
r.iii lie .11 1 iiiiiiiiiid.iicd, and the avtTi'iji^c atliMdami' himdii'i! ,ind I'lflv' prrsuns cm now !)<■ .H'cummn-
is iliiny-lliiic, llif liiKil yiaiK i\|)riisfs ,iir ,il)iinl d,iltd. 'rile liiiiils Im llu'sc stnirliirfs were nh-
«^(,oi)o. Cuiiiribiiiiiiiis [nr iis siippnrt ,iic i.ikiii up l.iincii frniii tlic I'allinlif hislmp ,iml ilcrv;y .ind
in llic limn Ills. Uiv. J. .\. I lui>;li, lln' tiisi pn-- Inmi nilirr hcncvoli'iU iiidisidn.ils.
siilriil, siivrd iiniil .\l.in 11 1 |, 1.S7S, wluii litu.i 1 hi' lioiiic is iii.iiiilaiiR'il witiioiil .my i(A;iil,ir
siici (('did by Kiv. C. 11. Knlir, In iS.S; Kev. J. .\, nvrmii'. 'I'lic I.illlr Sisters j;n .ibniit^fnmi ikiy in
1,1 1 1 1 1 sr.i IK.' lliiMi
III'. Al.l'.li I'uilK.
i lll(i;li \\.is,m,iiii scr-
viii.i;, ('. 11. I'liyii, p
llii'lirsi sccrcl.iry.siill
i'( iii.iiiis ill oriicc.
Ilitliiin lUiir.uiliiil
Soi illy.
This snriil\' v\',is
()i\;,mi/cd April (o,
1S7 \, and iinnrpiir-
;ilrd jnly -M, 1K75,
Il linlds riv;iil;ir imcl-
illl.;s III!' SI rnml Muil-
il.i\' iif r.irh llinlllll.
I lie njiii (IS .il'i- I'lcr-
I 111 (|n;iri crl y. Il
luinilirrs ,il)nnl lliiii\'
iiiinibcrs, will) p.iy
\r.lliy (Inrs nf SCi.(H)
i.H 11. lis spcrial nb-
jnls ;irc In assist
inciiibiis ill ihr I'.isc
nf sickness, prii\iik;
fur funer.ils ill llie e\(>nt of deatli, ;iiid ;ilsn lo .issisl 'I'lie iiome is coiidiieled bv .1 Mother Superior
nieilibeis ill obl.lillini; elliploynielli. \iw\ ele\'eil Sisters, who do their own work, keepilli;
Ojlicns. rresideiils: 1X7;, I'. r,iliiiieri ; lS7.(- im serv.iiils. Sister Mieh.iel llie ,\nli,mi;el, the
1.S77, .\. Domleni; 1S77, \'. I'oriii; 1S7.S, I', i'.il- lirsl Superior ;iiid Siiperiiilemleiil, was siueceded
mil li ; 1.S71;, W. |)i riim,isn; i.S.So, I', j'nli; i,S,Si, by Sister M.irie C'l.iire. X'isitnrs .ire admitted from
r;. b,irtle_\ ; iiS.Sj, A. Dnmlem; 1 SS 5, bilni Andli. II A.M. In 5 I'. .M. on Week days, ami from 1 lo 5
SeiTei.aries : 1X7-',, .\. I'nissnlinn; 1S7.1, )'. j'.ilmieri; 1'. .\l. on .Sniidavs.
1.S75, (1. I'niiii; !.S7((, !'. r,ilniieii; 1.S77 - i.S7i>, 1'.
I'.ili; 1.S7,, i.SSi. P, j-ahiiieri; iSSi, J. Dmiden.; '''"' """"h"' Homr for OU /..u/i.s.
iiS.Sj, I'. |',uili; i.SS^, C. M,irtello. 'i're.isiirers: 'i'liis niv.mi/..iiioii. iij) tn the timtM)f the eoniple-
i-'>73 ^^77< \'. l'"oriii; 1.S77. A, Dondem; 1S7S- tion of ils own home, m.ide list- of jLirt of the
iiSHo, \'. iMirni; i.S.So and iSSi, ,\. Doiidcro; iSS^, liuildin- owned by the lloimr of v\v l''rieiiilless
1'. I'mli; 1.S.S3, ,\. Dnmlero. Assoei.-itiuii on Warren Avenue, 'i'he institnlion
owes ils existeiiee to the iieiictieeiiee of Mrs. D.ivid
/'//. /.////,• S/s/,-rs' lloiih' for Ihr .(vvV Poor. Tliompsoii, who i:i 1874 cuiilribuicd llic sum of
'I'lu- Sisters in eh.iri;i- of this home were invited §io,cxk) in cash .is ,1 fund for its ost.-iblishmeiit.
lieie by iiishoi) l)ori;i'ss in I1S72. Their lirst home, 'I'his momy w.is ir.iiisferred to the Home of the
llie old l'i(|iiette 1 loiiso, on the northwest eoriicr of l''rieiidless Im .1 inortv;;iv;e of §;„50() ,iiid three lots
lort Street and l'"oiirti"entii Aveiuie, w.is opened on W.irren Avenue; the lii.in w.is rep.iid .ind the
M;iy 20, 1.S74, with twenty inmates; the use of the lots rede(Miied in i.SH',. In Deeember, 18.S2, Mrs.
house was given by ils owiiefb. Their jiresenL luca- Tliompsoii inatle .1 further donation, piircliasing .1
d.iy solieiting the
nil. ins for its support.
The poor of both
se.xes, and nf .ins re-
lii;iiilis f.'iilh. il nlil
,iiid di stilnle, ,ire re-
eeived nil the leiniil-
iiii'iiil.iliiin III .in\' 111
the I'.lthnlie clergy
nf the St.ile. In iSKj
there were one huil-
dnd and tweiily iii-
m.iles, sixly-live men
.1111 1 lifly-tive w I linen.
Tlu' soeiely wasin-
corpor.ited I )ei ember
I .'. I.S7.|. The prop-
el I \ is \(sled In live
llllslees. members nf
the iiiilir, wliii are
elected ;it the annii.il
meelin.i; on the second
iMoiidaN in I.inii,irv.
664
CIIARITAnLE AND HENEVOLEXT SOCIETIES AXD INSTITUTIONS.
lot fur ihe huiuc on the iuulhuasL corner of Cass
and Hancock Avcnncs; the Int is one liundrcd and
t\vrnty-si\ fi'i't on Cass by one lumdrcd and fifty-
four on Hancock Avciuic, and cost $5,900, On this
property, diirinvj I1S.S4, she c(in)|>letcd the erection
of ;in tlej;ant and subsl;intial structure, sixty hy
ninety fet't, cont.'iinini;' forty nioins. 1 lu' i)uil(lim^
h.is ;i tower ei^ht)- feel hi^h .ind till' entire cost
reached fulK' Si-. 000. all jirdvided l)y the ^tncrous
donor.
A society for the mana.ijcmcnt of tlio homo was
incorixiniteil on A\i\i\ 10, 1875. The annual meet-
ing; is on the second Tuesday in January.
The object of the inst'tution is to provide a home
for aj(ed women.
In its oriiL^inal
location it had
accommoda-
tions for only
eleven persons,
and many api)li-
cations were nn-
heeded for want
of room. A
Committee on
Ap|)licatioii is
annuallyelecLed.
and no iierson is
received into the
home as an in-
mate without re-
c om mendation
from this com-
mittee, nor ex-
cept on their
order. No per-
s(jn is ridmitted
who has not n-
sided in Michi-
tjan during the
ten years pre-
eedinu; her application, unless by the unanimous
vote of not less than sixteen of the manasjcrs pres-
ent at a rejjjular mectinjjf. Persons under sixty vi'.'irs
of atje arc nut admitteti either as boarck'rs or pi'u-
sioners, unless by a \ote of two thirds of the whole
number of managers. All candidates for admission
must furnish satisfactory testimonials of the respec-
tability ei their character and the propriety of their
conduct. I'endinv^ admission, each ]icrson is re-
ceived on a ]in)i)atii)n of three months, after which
time the lio.ard of Managers .acts detlnitely on the
case, and if not conllrmed ;is a iierm.incnt inmate,
The TiKiMi'soN Home.
man.iged by a bo.ard of thirty-two tiustecs, who,
with the other olticers, must in all cases be ladies
belonging to or .atti'iiding the I'rotest.int cluirchi -
of the city. The trustees ilect the olficers from
their own number. The thirty-two trustees named
in the articles of incorpor.ition were divided into
four classes of eight jiersons each, and one of these
classes goi'S out of office every year.
The annual expenses are about $1,500, and the
home is supported by donations and interest on the
admission fees. The officers liave been :
Presidents: 1875-1877, Mrs. David Preston; 1877-
, Mrs. David Thompson. Secretaries; 1875-
1882, Miss E. P. Kirby; 1882, Mrs. J. S. New-
berry; 1883-
,Miss E.]'.
Kirby. Treas-
urers: 1875-
1880, Mrs. John
S. New berry ;
1880- ,Mrs.
K. (j. Evans.
'/Vic lVorl-/i!j^
U'o/>/ tilt's
Hoiiic.
The begin-
ning of this 01-
g;mi;:ation dates
from March 7,
1877, at which
time the first
meeting in re-
gard to it was
held in the hall
of the Young
.Men's Christian
Associ.uion. Its
constitution was
adopted April
2^, officers were
elected May 4, and the society was incorporated
on December 3. 1877.
The annual nucting is on the first Monday in
April. Twenty lady tr.istees, w ho must be mem-
bers of Protestant churches, elect the officers and
also the executive connnittee of five ladies, who
meet weekly. The home was opened on May 28,
1877, in a portion of the Haigh lilock on Jefferson
Avenue. It was afterwards moved to No. 41 Con-
gress Street West; then, on June 6, 1881, to No.
"8, north side of the same street, and on Ajiril 25,
t is designed to
il.ice
1883, to No. 120 Cass Street. I
the .idmission fee, which is not less than S300, after afford a .safe and respectable boarding pl.ice for
deductingbo.-irdat the rateof three doll.irs per week, girls and women who are temporarily out of em-
is returned. ployment, and has an average of twenty-one board-
Thc business of the corporation is controlled and crs jiaying at the rate of $.2.00 per week. Girls
trusU'fS, who,
asis he ladies
staiit chunlu .
: (lilu-crs from
rustees naiiu'd
J divided into
(1 one of lliese
11,500, and llie
interest on tin-
■en :
I'reston ; 1S77-
etarics: 1875-
•s. J. S. Xew-
erry; iiS<S3-
, Miss ]•:.]'.
lirby. Trcas-
rers: 1S75-
880, Mrs. Jolin
New berry ;
8S0- ,Mrs.
^. (j. Kvans.
I' he Workhii^
W'oiiuxii's
Home.
The bccjii''-
ling of tliis 01-
ani;;ation dates
roni March 7,
1S77, at which
inic the first
U'eiinjj; in re-
ird to it was
Id in tlie hail
the Vouni;-
en's Christian
ssoci.ition. Its
onstitiition was
opted April
6, officers were
incorporated
•A Monday in
lUst be nieni-
e ollicers and
ladies, who
:i on May 28,
on Jefferson
No. 41 Coii-
kSSi, to No.
on April 25,
designed to
ins;- jilace for
ont of eni-
ty-one board-
week. Girls
CHARITAr.Ll': AND i'.I'.NFA'OLfA"!' SOCIimi'.S AND INSTriTTlONS.
665
I iiijiloved in stores and shops, whose homes are far
from tlu'ir jtlaces of business, find heri' a pleas;uii
restini^ jilaee and a i^ood dinner for the sm.all sum
of tifii'cn cents. In connection with this work an
iiitrlli,^;ence office is maintained, which, from the
first, lias been wonderftiliy useful. Applicants for
Marsh; 1883, Mrs. J. li. I'.loss;
.\. Chan.ey.
I S84-
Mrs. H.
ZoAU Ok1'H.\.N AsVI.UM, Sl'KI.NGWELI.S.
help pay fifty cents; those seeking places pay fees of
twenty-five cents e.ach, and these sums do much
towards sustainiivj; the institution. No recommen-
dations are j,,dven or retjuired (^ther than such as
ordinary {.^ood jud,i;nu'nt would dictate. During;
the year 1SS3 ei.nht hundred and twenty-three
women were provided with steady employment, and
a l.irvje number with occasion.al work.
In addition to supplyini^ help in the city, hundreds
of j,nrls have been rescued from temptation by beinjj
sent to various jiarts of the State; when thus sent
out of the city, both their character .and tii.at of the
pl.icc to which they ,i;o are cirefully investiiii.'ited.
The annu;il expenses of the home .are .about
S:,ooo .and it is the aim of the society to m.ake it
self-sustaining.
The following officers have served: Presidents:
1877, Mrs. J. j. IS.agley; 1878, Mrs. I). .M. Rich-
ardson; 1879, Mrs. L. 1>. Austin; 1880, Mrs. J. H.
Mulliken; 1881-1884, Mrs. \V. F.I.inn; 1SS4-
Mrs. J. 15. Mulliken. Corresponding Secretaries:
1878, Mrs. M. J. I-:. Millar; 1879. Mrs. L. H. Austin;
1880. Mrs. W. F. Linn; 1S81, Mrs. J. \\. Mulliken;
1X82-1884, Mrs. M. H. M.arsh; 1884- . Mrs. H.
Cardner. Recording .Secretaries: 1877, Mrs. J.N.
Fuller; 1878. .Mrs. S. Nay; 1879-1882, Miss A. M.
Ilarrah; 1882, Mrs. FI. N. P. Hlodgett : 1883. Mrs.
11. A. Chaney; 1884- , Miss Ijiima Hayward.
Treasurers: 1877. J. B. H. IJr.atshaw; 187S and
1879, G. W. Hoffman; 1S80, Mrs. Ira D. liush;
18S1, Miss Gertrude Banks; 1SS2, Mrs. M. H.
Ziiar Orfthan Asylum of /.ion Grrman Ro formed
C It It yell.
This asylum wms incorjior.ated in 1880, and
established in 1881, b}- the church .above n.imed.
Its grounds consist of thirty lots in S|iringwells on
I I.arvey Street, between the River Road .and I'ort
Strict. 'I'hey cost $5,500; the building cost $2,336,
and was opened Ajiril i, 1882. In Januarv, 1883,
its inmates were fifteen orphans .and three widows.
'f^he Detroit Day Xiirsery (Did Kiiideri^'iirten
.Issiieidtioii.
This society was organi/.ed .antl incorporated No-
vember 21, 1881, chielly through the efforts of Mrs.
v.. C. Preston. The object is to provitle a pl.ace
where children from infants up to si.x yeais old can
be cared for and taught while their parents are at
work, on payment of five cents a <la\ for each child.
Further amounts necessary to sustain the institu-
tion arc obtained by membership fees of S2.00 per
year and voluntary donations from those favoring
this practical charity. Luther Beeeher gave the
society Lots 17 and 18 on the north side of Church
Street at head of Tenth, valued at about $2,500, and
in 1882 a brick building costing $5,000 w.as erected
thereon. It was formally opened on January 18,
1883.
Dktkoit Dav Nl'kserv .xsn Kini)er(;autkn I1uili)is(;.
The first trustees were Mrs. Newell Avery, Mrs.
Z. Kddv, Mrs. Jefferson Wiley. Mrs. I). M. Richard-
son. Mrs. D. V. Bell. Mrs. C. H. P.uhl. Mrs. W. N.
Haillm.an. Mrs. H. V.. Champion, Mrs. William
Ke.ivev, Mrs. M. H. Marsh, Mrs. E. C. Preston, and
Mr. Hoyt Post.
The first officers of the society were : President,
Mrs. E.C. Preston; Vice-President. Mrs. George H.
^
666
ciiAKiiAiii.i': AND i;i:Ni;\'nij:N T s()cii:iii;.s a\'I) iNsrrii'iioNS.
Hammond ; Scircliuy, Mrs. W. I'.. Anthony ; Trcas-
nicr, Mrs. II. II. Champion. All the al)o\i; wcic in
ollicc in 18S3.
Coii'i'tiit of the Good S/icphrrd,
This institution was inau,v(iiratt'(l on November
22, 1S.S3, i)y live Sisters of the Order of tlie ("lOod
.Slu'iiherd, who arrived here from ,Si. Louis on that
day. In anticipation of their arrival the property
known as tiie Ward ri'sidenee at N\). 792 Fort Street
West, near Nineleentii Street, u.is |>urehase(l at a
cost of S24,CKX). TIh' oi)jeet of the instilnlioii is to
Emm
^
n
;4
V ^ ' 'r ^
1
.J
" 1 •; >
*
IF^^ "iB^
— ■"
SS iSlEl
Sfc-r-v liJSir •■IB ■
T>nfni:Trvir* •ui 1
7~ I 'T^' ,* r^,ir.
111
»■','■
jr- 1 — — ^-
i^^
■ 1 —-"I
Catmiii.h Convent of this (Ihdek di- the GoOu Sheiiieud
reclaim fallen women and to rescue those in danger
of njoing astray.
Roman CathoJic Beneficial Societies.
There are si.\ of these on^ani/.ations, with about
one hundred members each, e.xcept the Hibernian,
wliich has nearly three hundred. The members
pay monthly dues uf from 25 to 5J cents. The
societies afford relief to their members in sickness,
and also, to some extent, relieve the widows and
orphans of deceased members.
St. i'atrick's .Society w as ori;.ini/.etl in 1836, reor-
,u;anized in 1857, again on March 7, 1S67, and for
the third time on March f), 1872.
.St. Joseph's was organi/A'd in 1847, .and incorpor-
ated June 6, 1864.
St. Jean Baptistc was organized in 1S68, and
incorporated Novembet* 20, 1871.
St. Vincent De I'aiil was organized November 3,
1868, and incorporated January i, 1869.
The Ililx lian Society was organized August 6,
1871, and incorporated November 9. 1873.
St. Boniface Soeiety was organized in Juno, 1872.
/)et><>it . I.ss(>i iiitio/i 11/ Cliarilies.
The list of charitable institutions may well be
roncluded with this sorit'ty, which co-operati's with
and seeks to m.ike more elft'ctive the work of all
the others. In 18X3 tifty-two different churches and
charities .availed themselves of its knowledge .and its
methods.
The speci.-il object of the association is to prevent
imposition, repress street begging, ami to belter
the condition of the honest and deserving poor. It
seeks to assist chantable societies and the public
generally to direct their benevolence into channels
where it will do good rather than harm. To this
end the a.s.sociation investigates the cases of .ill
.apiilicants for relief who may appeal to citizens,
church societies, charitable institutions, or city ofli-
cers. The city is divided into convenient districts
for investig.ation, with .an ollice and committee for
each district, and a central oflice at 10 Merrill Block.
The association imdert.'ikes to furnish suitable ein-
|)loyment to those in need of work, and gives orders
for meals and lodgings, which are good only
when endor.setl by the police ollicer in charge of
the central sl£ition. Professional begg;irs .ami
those unworthy of aid are thus detected, as .ill
a|)])lic.ants are brought imder the eye of this one
officer.
liy the efforts of the association, a law providing
for the punishment of those who ])urposely neglect
to proxide for their f.amilies, w.as |).isse(l. .and its
intlueiice has been s.alut.iry in m.iny cases. Tin
expenses for 18S3 were §2,067, obtained ehielly
from subscriptions.
'I'hrough the inlluence of the society, the owmrs
of the ste.amer Carrie Blood, .and the Detroit, Wind-
sor, and Belle Isle I'erry Com]i;iny during 18.S3
don.ated the use of their bo.ats to inmates of .ayslunis
and ch.aritable institutions for .several e.xcursions on
the river.
In 18.S3, 2.236 cases were brought lo the notice of
the association ; worK w.as obtained for 1,209 persons,
and the needs of all looked .after.
The society was first est.iblished in 1878, l.ugcly
through the efforts of .Mrs. Morse Stew.ut. It wa:-
reorganized on /\pril 22, 1S80. The presidents have
been; 187S 1 880, ( leorge C Bangdon ; 1880 1881,
B. I,. IS.ubour; 1882, C. C. Trowbridge; 1883-
(i. \'. N. Bothrop. The secretaries h.ave been:
1878-1880, W. IB Smith ; 1880-1883, John Stirling;
1883- , R. R. Klliott.
The total value of the property of the v.arinus
priv.ate eharit.iblo and phil.aiuhropie institutions
ri^aches fully $650,000, .and the lot.al yearly expenses
foot up about $35,000, nearly 1,000 persons being
cared for.
)NS.
n/'/it's.
s may uc-ll Ix-
•o-opcratrs witli
tlu' work of all
nt cliiirchcs and
owlfdijv and its
)n is to prevent
and to better
•rvin,i( \MMw. It
and the piil)lir
e into channels
harm. To this
he cases of all
eal to citizens.
>ns, or city ofli-
enient (hstricts
committee for
0 Merrill I'.ldck.
ish suitable em-
iid j.;i\cs orders
;ire j^^ood only
r in ciiarne of
bctjirars and
ietected, as all
3ye of tliis one
law providing;
rposely ni'i;li( t
)assed. and its
ly eases. The
Hained chielly
L'ty, tiie owners
Detroit, W'ind-
y diirin.i; itS,S3
;ites of ayslums
1 excursions on
10 the notice iif
■ l,2oy per.scjns,
11 tSjS, lari.;(ly
ewart. it wa-
^residents have
m ; iiSJSc) 1881,
,'e; 1S83-
■s have l)een :
, John Stirling ;
of the various
)ie institution'^
y-eariy expcnsi s
persons beini;
PART IX
LITERARY.
Cll ATTI'li J. XIX.
l..\Rl.\' Mi;'lII()l)S ol IM I'
(;r.wi:vakij.
iMiiN".. nil. MKsr Ni.\vsi'.\i'i:ks. 'I'lii: \iavsi'ai'i;k
i.i\i.\(. I'ai'i;ks AM) 1'i;ki(>i;icals. — cri'V
rklNlKKS.- NLWSliUVS.
i:\Ki.v Mi:iii(ii)S i>i- I'l r.i.iMiiNC.
I'lii: |)iil)lisliinj4 coiuciiiiiiics <if caily days wen;
f( \s indeed. Notices al lllsl wire left al the (inor
(il cMiy liniiM-, aiul in the time of the I'oiitiae War
were nailed tu tiieehiirih diitir. A tew ye.irs after,
ih<' town erier made iiis a|)|)earaiiee ; an old aeeonnl
l)(i(il< shows that tliat |)osiiion was lilted hy Thomas
Williams, who, on January 25, 17.S1, is credited eiyjhi
sjiillinj^s for " pnhlishini; to brinj.; in bUaw, " ami on
Aiit^nsl ij the estate of Jai(iiies St. Martin is
charged by A. iV \V. Macomb with fourteen shil-
liiij^s, paid to Thomas Williams for ■'diuni-beatiuv^
and ptiblisliin;.^." 'I'he drinn was evidently iiscil lu
aitrael attention lo the notices.
In slill later days other methods were in use; .-md
rheiiphihis Metle/, wiio was a publisher of reiii^ions
biHjks, became also the general piiblibiier u( news.
Il will be renieml)ere(l that about |S(J9 tlic in-
liabitanis wee ciiielly Freiieli, and could n(jt ha\e
r( ad an lln^lish paper, even liad one been issued,
llierefore some other n)ethod of malsinv; public
aunoimccments became nt(issary. .No occasion
called more pcoph- toi^cllui' oi" afforded i)etter
iipportmiiiies for noii<'es than the weekly servi<es at
St. /\nni''s. I'riend Melliv, the printer and book-
binder of that period, w,is e(|nal to the demand of
tile times; at the 1 lose of ser\icc in St. .Xnni's, Ik:
would ehan.i;<' his .icolyte dress for iiis regular habit,
station himself .it oiu' side of the eihtice, ami, from
Sunday to .Sunday, announce the enterl.iinnunls
of the coming week and other iveiits that were to
occur. In this way iliie notice was i;iven of the
races on ihe Ivom^c, the auction s.ales of merch.an-
(lisc, and of .ill the curri'iit e\enls of that i)iimitive
period, 'li-.-idiiion says that .an I'.piscop.ili.iu lay
leader, Willi;im McDowell Scott, w.is aicustomed,
at the liose of his si'r\i<'es, to .innounce the time
and place of ilu' ne.\t fox-hunt. The publication of
ime kind of notices by criers is within the nietnory
of ni.iny persons. Hefore the present police system
W.IS est.'ibiished, when a child w.is lost ;i erier went
iliroiijrh the city rin.i;in,i; .1 bell .and at inlerv.ils r.ais-
iii'< the cry. "Child lost! Chilil lost!" — a cry thai
always .startled anil alarmed.
■nil. I IKsr NKWsl' M'I'.K.S,
fn the p.aris of ( ■.ui.id.i ■^ovcrn-d by the I'reiicli
no priiilin^ of ,uiy kind was allowed lo be done.
'I'he laiv;lish sciilcmeiits were supplied with p.ipers
.il ,1 very e.irly d.ilc. Within three ve.irs .ificr il.ili-
f.ix w.is louudcil, n.niielv on \I.irch J 5, 175.;, the
lirst number of ,1 jKipcr c.illed The il.alif.ix Ca/.ette
W.IS issued. 'I'his W.IS the lirst newsp.ipcr publisln-d
in wh.it is now known .as Canada. It was .a four-
p.ii.;e sheet, of two columns lo a paije, and was
|)rinti-d by John lluslmcll.
The iie.xt p.iper issued in Canad.i w.is e.ailed 'Ihe
(Hiebec ( l.i/ette. \dllime I, Numl)er I, is d.ated
June 2[, 17(14. '' st.arted with .1 list of one hundred
.and lifly subscribers .uid w.is prinlcd in l)oih Ireiiih
.111(1 JMiidisli.
West of ilic .Mlenh.inies the earliest p.ipcr w.as
The (i.i/elle, issued .it l'ittsbiirj.;li by John Scull
and Joseph Hall. Tl ■ lirst number w.is il.aled
July i>), 17.SO. ;\ liitle more tli.iii .1 year .afterw.ards.
on .August II, 17.S7, John lir.ullord issued the lirst
number of The Kelltucke (l.a/.elte ;il I.e.\iliiL;loii. It
was published for m.iny ye.irs. It is said that .1
piijier w.as .also published .at Kno.wille in 1795. The
first p.iper which .ippe.ued north and we.st of ihe
Ohio w.as called The C'lntinel of Northwest I erri-
lory, .and w.is published by Willi.im M.ixwcll .at
C'incinn.ili. No. 1 w.is issued November 9, 179J.
It w.as .1 half sheet, (juarto form, it was i)ureh.iseil
in 1796 by I'M ward I'leemaii, who ehani.;ed its
n.aine to l^'reeiiLin's Joiirn.al. He is s.iid lo h.ave
printed it on |).iper m.ide .il or near Cincinnati. The
p.i|)er w.as lin.illy imblislied at Chillicothe.
The Si lota (lazetle w.as published .at C'hillieolhc
in icSoo by N'.ath.aniel Willis, the f.itlur of N. !'.
Willis, K.anny I'ern, .and Kicli.ird Storrs Willis. In
1799 then W.IS published ,1 p.iper called The West-
ern Spy .and Hamilton ( la/.etle. In 1823 its name
w.as ch.an^red to N.ilion.il Kepul)lic.tn .and Ohio
Political kenister, ,ind the s.anie year it w.is merited
with I'Veeni.in's Joiirn.il. On Deeeniber 9, ito4,
The I.ii)erty H.ill .and C'ineinnati Meniiry first
.appeared, it w.as published for eleven years, .and
then united witii The Cincinnati I ja/.etle, which was
V
670
THE NEWSl'Al'l.R (;RA\I:V.\K1).
eMt;il)iiNln.(l ill hSof). In iSo.S ,i paper was publislud
at \'iiiicmics, and The St. l.ouis RcpiibliLan ,nul
'I'liu Missouri (iazcllc arc said to have l)ccn piib-
lishril the same year at St. Louis. The I'ittsl)uri;h
Cninnionwealih ,i papei' wiiicii |)ai(l siieiia! attention
ti) news froiu Hetroil, was lirsi issued on July 24,
1S05, and was pubiisheil as late as May, i8oy,
■nil'. NKWSl'AI'KR t;K.\vi'.v.\ki>.
The newsiwpcr Iiistnry of Detroit abundantly
illustrates these lines of an old hymn : —
" DnnviTs sland thick thrniisli all Uii' grouml
Til push us to the luinli."
Since iSog the city has witnessed the rise and fall
of one hundred ami cij^hty-one different and dis-
tinct literary ventures in the way of papers and
nia;.,M/.ines. The lirst of th( se was
The M/t/u\^tin /'.sstiy or Impartial Ohscr^'cr.
It is said that "history rejieats itself." As to this
paper, that which is r.cither history nor fact has
been repealed o\er and over a,!.;ain, one person
after another h.iving copietl the niisstalenients of
some i)retlecessor. .\s a sample of a score of other
statements 1 tiuote the follow inv;: —
'I'liL' Kssai du Miiliij;an iir ( llisrrvaliiir Impaili.il * * *
was (irst issued by I atlicr Ciabrli 1 Uichaid, * * * J:inu s M.
Miller bi'iu)i the [Jiinti r. It w.is priiiUd lualiily in I'luiich, but
Iiad an ICiiglish dtparhutaU.
In collecting:; materials for the history of Detroit
I fouiul in Worcester, M.issachuselts, \'olume I,
Number 1, of this, the tirst pa[)er ever issued in
Michixaii ; I had photographs taken of its four pa^es,
and tin y show that this identical number has a
history of its own. It was sent to Isaiah 'I'homas
of Wop.cster, author of the tirst " History of i'rint-
invr" published in America. On the margin is the
following :
Ui'iCA, N. v., August j, iSio.
Itlr. Thomas :
Sir,— I srnd ynu this papir, publisluil by a friciul of uiino, to
insLTt in yiiur " History ol rrintiuii;." If hu sees your advurtisu-
mcut he will send you inori', perhaps, of later dale.
Your obedient servant,
C. S. McCllN.SKl.l..
The paper was undoubtedly iirinteil on a sm.ill
hand-press brought overland to Detroit from Haiti-
more by the Rev. (iabriel Richard, and one or more
books were printed before the paper was issued.
Father Kichard, however, was not the publisher,
and his name nowhen,' appears in the p.aper. It is
distinctly stated at the head that it is "printed and
published by James M, Miller." It is dated .\ugust
31, I1S09; was to be published every Thursday, ami
has four columns to a page, each page being 9,'+ by
16 inches. The title is not in French, and instead of
being |)rinU(l niainly in th.it langu;igc, but one and
a half columns otit of the sixteen are in French, —not
one tenth of the paper.
The make-up consists of articles from the London
Morning Chronicle, Liverpool Aurora, New \ork
Spectator. Pittsburgh Commonwealth, Tlnston Mir-
ror, and items I'reditcd to iSaltimori: .ind Dulcli
papers. I'here are also extracts from Young's
" Night Thoughts " and from O.ssian ; three short
poems on livening, llapi)iness, and Futurity; ,1
communication on Manufactures, and short prose
articles on Politeness, F.irly Rising, ami Husbandry.
The information from Lurope is from four to live
months okl, .and th.it from various parts of tin:
LInited St;ites was new from four to six weeks before
its publication in the Fss.iy. '["here are no loc.il items
of any sort whatever, and of course no telegraphic
or market news, .'ind l)ut one ailverlisement, thai
of St. Anne's School. In the only article at all of the
nature of an editori.il, "the public are respectfully in-
formed that the Fssay will be conducted with the
utmost imiJartiality ; that it will not espouse any
political [Jarty, but fairly and candidly communicate
whatever may be deemed worthy of information,
whether foreign, domestic, or loc.il ;" and " gentlemen
of talents are invited to contribute to our columns
wh,'ite\er they suppose will be acceptable and bcne-
llcial to the public, yet always remembering th.at
nothingof a controversial nature w'ill be admissible. "
Elsewhere in the paper the publisher announces
that he proposes to print several works, such as
"Nine Days' Devotion of tiie Sacred Heart of Jesus;
a Manual of Agriculture; cards of small pictures for
the study of history, geograj'jhy, etc. ; and a Cyclo-
pedia of .Anecdotes for children."
'I'lie price of the paper was "S5 a year to city
subscribers, I4.50 by mail to residents of Upper
Canada and Michigan, and $4 to more distant sub-
scribers." .\d\ertisements not exceeding a square
were to be 50 cxnts for the hrst, and 25 cents for
each subsequent insertion.
After the facts concerning this paper had been
brought to light three additional copies were found.
One of them w.is obtained by II. E. liaker, of The
I'ost and Tribune, from Thomas Lee, of Leeville, in
whose possession it had been for nearly tifty years;
the other was found by William Mitchell, of Detroit,
among a lot of old papers. ISoth of these copies
are duplicates of the one already described. A
fourth copy of the s;ime issue is known to have been
in the collection of the old Detroit Museum, and
still another copy of \'olume I, Number I, is known
to be in existence, it thus .appears that the only
copies that have ever been described, or that any
living person has seen, were of \'olume I, Number
I, and no authentic .statement has ever been made
that more than one number was issued, Hrown's
iiii: m;\\.si'ai'i:k (.ra\i;vaki).
671
L;f, l)ut (iiie ami
11 I'lviuli, — not
(im tin- I.oiuion
jra, New \'urk
li, lUiston Mir-
n'l; ami Dutcli
from ^'uLiiiij's
in ; throe slion
1(1 FuUirily ; ,[
11(1 short prost
iikI Ihisbaiuhv.
1)111 four to liM
IS parts of tin:
lix weeks before
re no local itein^
no teiei^rapiiii
tisciuenl, lliai
iele at all of the
: respectfully iii-
liicteil with the
i)t espouse any
ly coininunicate
of inforinatioii,
iiul " ireiUleineii
to uur euluiniis
table and bene-
leiiiberinif that
be admissible. "
sher announces
works, such as
I leart of Ji'sus;
lall i)ictures for
. ; and a Cyclo-
a year to city
leals of Upper
ire distant sub-
■edinv; a S(iiiare
id 25 cents for
iper had been
ies were found,
liaker, of I'lie
, of LeeN'ille. in
rly lifty years;
lell, of Detroit.
f these cop.ics
described. A
n to have been
Museum, and
)er 1, is known
that the only
d, or that any
me I, Number
rer been made
ued. Ihown's
" Cami)ai,i;iis of the Western Army" says, "Only
iliree numbers were issued;" but from the connection
in which this statement appears, it is evident that it
was made merely to indicate that the i)a|)er was
hliort-lived, and not to lix delinitely the number of
i^^ues. It is doubtful whether more than one nuin-
her was printed. Mr. Miller, the ixiblislur, came
here from I'tici, and died at Ithaca, .New ^'ork, in
the sprin;^' of i(S38.
'I'he second paper published 1,1 Michij^an was
TJir Drtroit Gazette,
;i weekly, issued by Sheldon iV Reed. Its jniblica-
tion was continued without intermission for nearly
thirteen years, and fortunately nearly every number
has been preserved.
It was a Democratic p.aper, ;ind established ;it the
su;<,ifestion and under the p.itrona^e of (io\ernor
Cass. The first number was issueil on July 25,
1.S17. The price was S4..00 .1 year to city subscrib-
ers ,111(1 S.vS^ when sent by mail. It was printed in
the old Seek House, near Wayne Street. Its situa-
lidii was then described as beini^j "on Atwater
Street, a few doors abo\-e the public wharf." In
October, 181S, it was inn\t(l to a small wooden
huildinjr on driswold Sti . just below Jelferson
.\venue. The print ineasmcd 9^-^ by 1612' inches,
made up in four columns. I'he type was boiirifeois
and lonj.( primer, evidently second-hand. The press
used was one of Ramaji^e's, and as the j^laten was
only half the si/.c of the sheet, it re(|uired two |)li!1s
to make a complete impression. On the last paii^e
a few of the more important articles were repro-
duced in l'"rench.
Occasionally the type-cases were overtaxed, and
the number for October 18, 1822, tjives the names
of signers to a call for a public meetinjij in so many
kinds and sizes of type that one mi,i,dit imagine that
the compositor had just returned from a w;ike.
That [Hiblishers had their tribulations then as
now is evidenced by a notice in The dazette for
September 11, 1818. After warning the people
ai^ainst a person who had defrauded thein, the pub-
lislK-rs say :
Citixuns will) have- been wruiigcci by scuuudicU li.ivu only to
SLiul a notice of their wrongs and tile name of the scoundrel to
iliis office in order !■> i>iit tlu' pnblie on i;nard. Such notices will
I".- imblished gratis.
In the last number of the paper, printed on .April
22, 1830, this notice appears:
Some liKht-rinKcred j^mtleinan entered onr office and took
from thence a dotd)le-cased silver watch with a steel chain and
Irto jjold seals and a ki'V the man who won Id steal from a
i'l'nter oniiht to be compelled to drive a snail thronyh the lllack
>wamp to Uustun in duy-days, and suck a dry spunjje fcr ntiurish-
■.lent.
.An editorial of July 14. i<S2o, shows th.at they had
other per|)lexities. It says :
We have in till' lily of Diiroitf).' siibscribiTs ; at Uiver Raisin,
17; in other parts of the Territory, |.^ ; total, 118 subscribers in
Michiijan Territory ; _■ subscribers in I'ppir C'.niada, and ; • in
differenl parts of the Union. Total subscribers, 152. Not one
of llie .ulvertisenicnts have been paid for, and only 'jo subscribers
h.ive paid for I he paper.
Possibly in order to get their pay more reailily,
the price was reduced the next year to $5.
The followin;; extract from the Carrier's Address
of January 1, 1822. is sugj^restive :
Detroit ihy liiil,- capital,
'Thy little viiri'.-es likewise.
In iiiiniatiire sh. !l mimic all
'That mankind see beneath the skies.
.'Vmbltiou still sh.'ill find the means
I'o show capacity of sconce ;
And Council House shall furnish scenes
T'or those ivho spout for fanu' or pence.
Still shall delicious whitolish run
\ •uillions through our noble strait ;
.And many a daughter, many a son,
lie born to bless our future State.
foolish t|iiarrrls, friendly greetings
Will be numerous as ever ;
-Viul weddings, dinners, births and meetings
Shall make, at times, all siirts feel clever.
In July, 1828, The ( '.a/.ette was leased to II. L.
\\{\\\ for nine years; John 1'. Sheldon became editor,
and January, iS2(^. witnessed tlu- beginnings of
what is doubtless the most remarkable e\ent in the
history of the press of Michigan. /\ man named
John Reeel had been comieted of larceny in the
circuit court of Wayne County. When the jury
w,ts being drawn for trial of the case he challenged
one of the jurors for cause, but his challenge was
overruled, and he had to make use of his statutory
right of perein[)tory challenge in order to have the
objectionable juror dismissed. It was not claimed
that any of the other jurors were objected to. The
objectionable juror did not sit. The prisoner had
no occasion to use his remaining right (jf peremp-
tory challenge, and the trial was conceded to have
been fairly conducted. Nevertheless the Supreme
Court, in January, granted Reed a new trial on the
ground that he had been illegally compelled to
e.xhaust one of his rights of peremptory challenge.
On January 8, 1829, after the adjournment of the
court, Mr. Sheldon published an article in his paper
headed, " Progress of the Perfection of Reason in
Michigan." The first paragraph said:
The Suprente Court of the territory terminated it.s December
session last week. .\s usual there was liut little business done,
and a portion of that little, we are led to b"lie\e, was but poorly
done.
Then followed nearly a column of what would, in
this dav, be deemed a mild criticism of the action
672
THE NEWSl'Al'KR (;RAV1:VAK1).
of llic court 111 i;r;iiuiiv^' a new trial tif the case
naiiictl. This article was folldwed in subsequent
issues by others of tlie same import.
For these articles, on March 5, Mr. Sheldon was
arrested fur coiiti'mpt of court, and Tincd §100. I',.
A. lirush and K. 1'. Hastings offered to pay the
tine, but Mr. Sheldon refusetl to accept their offer,
and w;is committed tn j.ail.
Un the evenin^v; o| the same d;iy a public meelin),^
to consider the subject was held at the Mansion
House, a noted old hotel on Jefferson Avenue near
Cass Street. Major Kearsley was called to the
chair, with H. \'. Disbrow as secretary. Resolu-
tions conilemniiu^ the action of the jnd.ijes were
passed and a committee was appointetl to take up
subscriptions to jiay the fme, in sums of not more
than 12>^ cents from each person.
Meantime arraniri'iiients were bi'inii made for a
public dinnei' to be i^iven in the jail in honor of Mr.
Sheldon, ;inil on M.iy 7, 1S29, for the first and only
time in Michigan, ;i i)risoner in jail was t;e,'Ued to a
complimentary dinner. Nearly three hundred persons
were present, John Garrison was chainnan, and
Judti^e John McDonnell and l.ouis Davenport were
vice-presitleiils. \\ lien it is renieuiiiered that the
entire population of Detroit, a ye.ir Liter than this
lime, numbered only two thousand two hundred
persons, it w ill be seen that nearly every adult male
in the city must have been present at this dinner,
and the jail, which then (jccupied the site of the
present jjublic library, was tilled to overtlowinv;.
The meetinjj^ was both serious and hilarious. Sor^s,
toasts, and speeches were the ortler of the day, and
the old jail raii.i;' and ran.^; av^ain with the cheers of
the gathered throtij;. The first toast, for John 1'.
Sheldon, was offered by Major Kearsley ; the sec-
ond, " The Press," by D. C. McKiiistry ; and the
third, " Liberty of speech and of the press i;iiaraii-
teed to every citi/.en by our laws and constitution —
a jury must ilecide on the abuse of either," was
offered by John l'"armer. 'I'liese toasts were suc-
ceeded by a dozen others of similar character.
Mr. .Slieklon remained in jail nine days, and tlur-
iny his imprisonment w rote se\eral articles for his
paper dated " Wayne County Jail." On March 14,
the fine havinj,; been raised, a committee, accom-
panied by a lar^e number of citizens, waiteil on him
at the jail with a carriaije, and went with him to the
Mansion House, whence, after a luncheon, he de-
parted for Oakland Comity, where his family re-
sided.
On April 23, Mr. Sheld<in retired from the edi-
torial chair and was succeeded by ICbcnezer Reeil.
For several weeks after, the paper was filled with no-
tices from eastern papers concernim;' the affair, with
comments on the action of the jud,v,a's. y\ll this
aiivertising, however, failed to make the jKiper pay,
and on October i.tliis lameiilatioii appc.iicd in its
columns :
Our suhMi'lplitJii lUt ill .Michigan Uais no |jrii|Hirii<iii lu tin
luiinbcr of subscribers wu have in i>Uur Stairs, riiniijn suliscri-
liirs pay in advance, wliilc: Ukisu in Mic liii;an pay ur nivir pay, a'-
il may I lianic In suit tliiir fancy. Si>nii tiinis wc ^t I a pig or m
Iciail iif pumpkins fruin lliciu, and nncc in a threat wliilc there is a
man of nultlc who payscasli for liis paper.
Till' 1,1st number of the p.iper w;is issued on .\pril
22, l<S30, the press and prinlin;;- iii.iteri.il beini^; en-
tirely destroyed by fire four d.iys Liter. 'l"he fire
was set by a printer n.imed I'lysses (i. Smith, who
was im|)risoiied for the offense.
On June 17 it w;is announced tli;it the paper
would be re-i'stablislied in .iboul twiiity da\s, but
they iiuist lia\e been d.iys of the Rip \'aii Winkle
order, for it ne\i'r reappeanil.
The names of subsi'i|ueiu iiewspapir ventures in
the ortler of their establishment are as f(jllows:
published by 11. Chipni;in and Joseph Seymour. It
jirofessed to be iieuir.al, but re.'iUy fa\'ored the
W'lii^s. It was a weekly at if 3 00 a year. 'I"he
first number was issued May 10, 1S25, antl the last,
April 30, 1829.
Tlic i'ia::cttc I'yaiK^ai'sc.
This, the first French p.iper publislud in the
'territory, w;is issued from the (iazette otfict' : I'..
Reeil, editor. It was in octavo form, issued the
first and tliiril week of each month, at $1.50 pel'
year. \'olume I, ?sumber 1. was d.ited October 31,
1825, and cont.iineil this su;s;gestive editorial:
rile editor lequests tile [latroiis of llie Ga/elle lo recollicl tliat
tliis is only a venture, and it depends a >;reat deal upon llieir
generosity if he will continue or not. 'I'liey must not borrow the
(lazelte from lluir neighbors. If they wisli tile editor lu con-
tinue to publi^li, thi y must all subscribe.
At least three numbers of the pajjcr were issued.
riiL Detroit I'ch-graph.
A p.'ijier with the above title was issued in Sep-
tember, 1829; it was probably short-lived.
I'lic Hnald of Litcratuic ixiut Science,
a small (juarto, was issuetl by the Detroit Debatiiiij
Society as a monthly, at si.\ shillings a year. \'oI-
ume 1, Number 1, was tlatetl May 14, 1831. Four
or more numbers were issuetl.
Tlie Mieliii^an State Rci^istcr,
a semi-monthly, tlot-umentary and historical in char-
acter, was lirst issued July 1, 1836, price $3.00.1
year. (\. L. Whitney, publisher, and (leorge Cor.se-
lius, editor. The fourth number was about to be
issued on August 31, and if issued was the last
number.
npiH-arcil in its
I |>n>|>iirilnii til ill'
liiii'i,i;ii MiliMii-
i;iy 111' iirvir pay, a'.
•s wv ml a |)i>j i>r a
L'Ut wliili; lluTt; is a
issiu'd on April
urial iK'in.^- rn-
attr. Tiic tin
; Ci. Sinitii, wlm
tiial tlic jxipn-
Atnly days, but
;ip \'an W'inkir
ipcr VL-nturc's in
as fiilluws :
W
ill Se-ymniir. It
ly favored tlu-
lu a year, 'liiu
:;, antl the last,
St'.
iibiislu'd in ihr
i/.ctlc dlli'i.' : 1'..
irni, issued ihe
1, at $1.50 per
?d (Vlober 31,
ditorial :
lie to ifiulli it ihat
it ikal iipiiii Ihiir
^.t not liiirriiw llic
tlic Ldiluf tl) LUU-
jr were issued.
//.
issued in Sep-
-lived.
'/ Science,
;truit Debating
a year. Vol-
4, 1831. Four
/^/cr,
■itorical in char-
jiriee $3. 00 a
(ieop^e Corse-
ts about to be
1 was the last
THE XKWSPAPEK GRAVKVAKD.
673
Detroit I'ri'ciiiiii^ Spectator antt J. itcrniv (.nr.ittc.
iiiis paper was i)ui)lisbe(i by I>. Kin.i,'sl)uiy and
(r. r. I'.urnhain (ixitli from ISoston) ;it Kepublie
Hall, 144 Jeffirsuii A\enue. It was a semi-weekly,
issued on Wednesdays ;ind Saturdays, at $4.00 a
year. It was printed l)y ('■. I.. Whitney, The fust
niiinber was issued October 20, 1S36, anil it was in
e.\istence as late as May 20, 1838.
/'//(■ S/>v in Micliii:;an
w;* a weekly devoted to the Whig cause. It was
edited by V.. .M. Midraw, published by Morgan
I'.ali's, anil |)rinti(l by llarsha & ISates. The first
luiniberwas issued Jinie \2, 1837, and it continued
,is late as November 13, 1838, when it ceased for a
lime. DiM'ing 1839 it was revived, and published
fur about a year.
The Detroit Mornin^.^ Post.
'I'his paper, the second establisheil by Kingsbury
vV Durnham, was $6.00 per ye.'ir. It would be ai)-
propriately described as a daily issued at irregular
intervals. The hrst number was issued in Jtily,
Our old fellow-citizen, ex-city marshal, and legis-
lator, Patrick Mcdinnis, went to work on the paper
as "devil" in 1837. One day Mr. Kingsbury, who
was always ready for a practical joke, sent him over
to the Free Press office with a tin measure to bor-
row •' a gill of editorial." As the verdani messen-
ger entered the composing room, he met .Mr. Hagg,
the editor, and made known his errand. Pagg im-
iiu'diately stepped to the wall, and taking down a
pu ture of a jackass, haniled it to McCdnnis, saying,
"lake that to Mr. Kingsbury." Instantly taking
in the situation, Pat blurted out, " Arrah, now, Mr.
liagg, give o\er will your tricks on a poor Irish boy.
Sine it's an editorial my master wants, and not the
editor."
In 1838 J. M. Perger was proprietor of the pajier
anil !). Kingsbury, Jr., editor. In this year a weekly
was issued at $2.50. In December, (.'<. K. (Iriswtild
hicime proprietor, and he anil Kingsbury were as-
siiriate editors, in January, 1839, the paper was
consolidated with
Tlie Craftsman of Michigan.
This paper was first issued in May, 1838, by E.
J. Roberts, as a weekly at $300 a year. After its
consolidation with the Post, a Democratic paper,
called
The Morning Post and Craftsman,
was issued by Kingsbury & Roberts, until June,
when it was changed to The Evening Post and
Craftsman. In the fall of 1839 it suspended for
.iliout l\\i> months, ,iiid w.is ,ifierw;iiils n \i\e(i,and
piiblisheil during the early part of 1840.
'The Michigan iihser';<er
w.is first issued on .S.iturday, June 17. 1837. Rev.
W.'irreii Isliam was editor. It was a weekly, de-
bited to religious and monil subjects, ;ind was dis-
continued after the issue of June 22, 1839.
The Wor/,/
w;is the title of a numtlily issued for ;i short time in
1837. E. Pordman was publisher, and W. Marsha,
printer.
The JejTersoniiUi Ihinoerol ,
acampaign i)aperof 1.S37, w,ts issui.-d in the interest of
John D. Ellis of .Monroe. .Mr. liutterson was editor.
/'//(• ]^ov lUiok,
a daily penny |)aper, was published by William
Ilarsha in 1838. Eight or ten nimibers were issued.
'J'he Michigan Agriculturist,
W. II. Snelling, editor, was first issueil in ( )ctol)er or
November, 1838, and continued till January 8, 1839.
The price was $2.00 a year.
Tlie h'.glantine
was in existence in J.inuary, 1839.
i'hc Mirror of the Lakes,
a literary and society ]iaper in quarto form, was
])ublishc(l l)y II. II. Snelling, at S3-0^ •' year. \()1-
UUK' I, Number 9, is dated March 2, 1839.
Tlie Journal if Julucation
was being published in January, 1839.
I'he Spirit of '76, or Theller's Daily Republican
^■lih'ocate,
was first issued on August 17, 1839. Daily and
weekly editions were printed. H. H. Snelling was
publisher, and Dr. E. .A. Theller, editor. It was in-
tendeil to aid the cause of the Patriots, anil the
editor was impri.soned for participating in the Patriot <
War. The paper was issued as late as October 17,
1840.
The Western Farmer,
a semi-monthly agricultural paper, at $1.00 a year,
was first issued by Josiah Snow on January 26,
1841. On October 15, 1841, 15. F. .Armstrong be-
came the publisher, Mr. Snow .serving as editor.
In 1842 Bela Hubbard served as editor, and with
Number 5 of this year William Ilarsha became pro-
l)rielor. On January 21, 1843. li^' ^^1^ ^h'^ paper to
674
Till': Ni:\vsi'Ari:R c.raxi'.vard.
1). I> r. Moore, wlio soon ii'inoxtd il lo Jackson,
(•l\an,m'(l il lo a nioiitlily, al lifly iiiils a year, and
issni'd it in .Xprii, 1^43, as
Till- Miili 1^,111 h'lViiii) If III/ ll'is/rni .lt;r/iif/-
liirisl.
In DfrcinixT, 1.S4.1, il was sold lo W. !•'. Storey
ami - Clu'iiey. In i<S45 it w.is sold to ,ind edited
by II. lliirlbiit. In April. i,S4C. II. C. Woodliull
Iweaiiu- a parlner. In Deeeniher. iiS47, Warren
Isliain hej^aii lo eondnet it, and with the new vulnnie
Vi was eli.miLjcd lo a .senii-nionthly and the piiee
raised to $1.00 jHr year. In 1S41J it was iiiiar^eil,
and piil)lislied Iioth ;it J.iekson ,ind Detroit. In
1850 Warren lsh,iiu was both editor ,ind |)nl)lislRr.
ill i>S35\\'. S. hniK'klee .niil K. I . Johnstone |iur-
eh.ised the p.iper of W.irnn Ish.ini, ,ind the next
yi'.ir Mr. Duiuklee sold out to .Mrs. I,. I'., .\dains.
bi the fall of 1X54 Mrs. .\daiiis purehased
The /uiniirr's Conifhiiiion iviil I lortinilliiyal
(ill :illi\
whieh h.id .is editors C. h'ox, j. C. Holmes. I. inns
Cone, and t'li.iiies Hells, t'. I'dx w.is publisher
It W.IS established .is ,1 monlhly on Heeeinber I,
1.S5.;. Mr. I'ox died, ,ind the l.ist number w.is
daU'd Se|neml)er, 1854, after which it w.is nieii;id
with tlu' Michii;.in l'',iniK'r, ;ind on J.mu.iry 1, iiSjV,
thai paper was eh.mncd to ,1 weeklv. In Septem-
ber, i.Sf)i, it w.'is sold to .Mr, Doty, who continued it
for .about ;i ye.ir. In the f.ill of 1862 W. S. bond
and ("icorife Snyder i)i'e.ime proprietors. In Sep-
tember, I1S64, they sold it to H. N. F. Lewis, who
chani;eil it into a paper called
Tilt- U'l.s/,/-// Riiiiil,
which, in the fall of 1869, w.is mo\ed to L'liit';i_i;().
Till lull o\iJii/i:
A pajier with this name w.is issued in September,
iSyj, by the ry|)oj>T.iphical Union.
Till' M/il/lt^ii/i CI/r/.s/liN! Ili-nild.
This p.iper w.is published in J.inu.iry, 1842, as a
monthly, by the IJaptist State Convention. The
price W.IS fifty cents a year. K. C. Smith was pub-
lishinjr ajreiit, and Rev. A. Ten Brook editor. At
.some time prior to 1845 the paper w.is chaiivjed to
a weekly, and S. N. Kendrick became associate
publisher. In 1844 Rev. J. ln,i,dis w.is eilitor. In
1845 Miles Sanford w.i.s a.ssociatod with Mr. Inj;lis,
in 1848 he was succeeded by Ri'v. Ci. \V. Harris.
The same year the [Xiper w.is transferred to Mr.
Allen, and in 1850 the names of M. Allen and O. S.
(iulley apjieared .is |)ul)lisliers. The price was $2.00
a year. In Janu.iry, 1863, the paper was .sold to
several members of the baptist Church, and re-
nio\nl to K,il.im.i/.oo, .111(1 in the f.ill of i.SMi Re\'.
J. .A. t'lark sold their interests in tin- paper to the
ll.iptist Standaril of Chicaj^o, and that paper siip-
plii'd the unexpired subscriptions,
/'//( Mlili/i;iUi l.itiriiiy lirni,
,1 montlily, .il Si.(X) ,1 ye.ir, w.is in e.xi.stcncc in
.M.ircli. 1842.
/'//(• 1\'iisIi/iil;Iii>i/iiii.
This p.iper, the or]L;.'in of llie St.ite Temper.ince
Society, W.IS |).iblished ori.i^in.illy at Jackson, lli»'ii
at Marsh.ill, and linally at Detroit. The tirst num-
ber issiictl here w;is d.ited .M.irch 12, 1842. Il wi'.s
a semi-nionthly ,it $1.00, and lived a year.
/■//.' Dilroit Piiily I'/iius,
;in lAcnini;. .inti-sl.ix-ery Jonrn;il, w.is published by
W.irren Ishani ai !j<8.ck) ,1 yiar. The lirsl nunibei'
.ippeaieil M.iy 14, 1842. It ce.i.seil in November.
■/'/■(• Constiliitional Dcinocrui
w.is lir.st issued on May 25, 1842. It was a .semi-
weekly, .at $3.50 ,1 year, issued by Currier, I'rijL^ijs, i\
Co., with !•:. D. llllis ;is idilor. .\fter Oclolur 1.
1842, it W.IS issued inil once .1 week, .il %i.iv.-> .1
ye.ir. In 1844 it was chaniLjed to a daily, and in
1845 it was niei\;ed with
Till- Aiihiiiiiii Cilt::iii,
.a Weekly pjijier, iK'Voted to llie free-soil |)arty,
which was in existence as kite as M;iy 14, 1847.
'/'//(■ W'lstiiii Ciitliolii A'r^/s/ii.
This paper, the first number d;ited July 23, 1842.
w'.as published by lui.nene T. Smith. It w.is issued
eviry Saturday, at §1.50 a year, and e.xisteil just ,1
ve.ir.
V'lir nrtroit IKi/ly (Inr.:,//,-.
\'olimie I, Number I, was issued December 10,
1842, by Sheklon McKni,i;hi, ,it |6.oo a yi'ar. .\
weekly w.is also |)ul)lished at $2.00. The paper was
continued for some three years.
I'/ic nclroit Miii;;ii::/iir
was tirst published in October, 1843 by S. N. Gantl.
It w.is short-lived.
l.'.linic' lie la Jcu/ussc i^Fricnd of Youth),
;i French paper, was first issued on May 23, 1843.
It was a weekly at $3.00 a year, published by James
A. Ciir.inlin, with K. N. Lacroix as editor. Nine
numbers were issued.
The American Vineyard,
a temperance and anti-Catholic sheet, was issued by
1'".. .McDonald as early as Se|)teml)er, 1843; it was
discontinued .ind then revived. The last number
was dated May 19, 1848.
IIli; Ni;WSl'.\l'l.R (.KA\ I.N ARI).
<'75
by S. N. Gantt.
uilli Ki'V. (ii-ori;i' Diillirlil ;is editor, and I), I'.. Duf-
lii Id as "liscal axfiil," was printi'd by (icij^ir \-
(liiisliaii. and was I'lrsl issned nn Monday, Novi'ni-
Ikt iS, 1S44, It was a wirkly, al $i.ixj a year, anil
was in existence as late as ()it()l)er 5, 1846.
Till' Drtroil Rri^istif,
a weekly, first issncd in Diicinlicr, 1.S44, was puh-
lislied for two inoiitlis l)y llaisha X: Willcox.
/'//,■ Ihtroit l),\ily .V'ti'.v
was first issued oil July 7. i>S45. Il was a handsomi'
slu'cl, lU'iiiral in i)oiiiics, tilled almost cxcliisivcly
with oii'^inal niaHii'. Il was puMislud by M. I'.
riiristiaii, C A. Ilrdv;is, I'",. M. ( uii;ir, J. (.'ampbcll,
and I). ll.Solis, all |)ra(li('al printers. I'rice, 1^4.00
a year, or ten rents a wick.
'I'lh' Wisli-ni hlxtiisior
was i.ssueil in the iiilinst of the lolored |)eople.
\'oliiine I, Xuinbrr I, was dalcd M.inli 29, I1S4S.
Tlic Mi'i /ii'i^iUi JiHinhil of lliiiiutofiailiy
was publisliid by I )rs. John I'.llis and V.. \\. '^i-ake.
I'lie first inoiillily iiumbir was issued in Xoveniber,
i,S48. .S. IJ. Th.-iyer sneeeeded I'.. II. Drake, and at
the close of the ye.ir it w.is discontinued.
The Wistrni l.itiiarv M isctlldiiy
was published by (leorjije ISrewster ,il $i.ix) ;i ye.ir.
\dlume 1, Number I, w.is issued in .\[)ril, 1849, and
was probably the only luimber printed.
IVi/iiitaii's l.ilirnry Mhiillauy
was the mo.st pretentious and popular magazine
r\er printed in Detroit. It was esl.iblislied by J. K.
Wellnian. The first number w;'s issued in July,
1841;, with D. r. Quinby as editor. Il w.is ,in oci.ivo
of forty-eiiLihl p.anes, ;it f2.oo a ye.ir; and as the
l'.,istern ma,vja/ines h.ul not .iitainid their later
poi)iilarity, it soon had si.\ thousanu subscribers.
The m;i,n;i/ini' numbered amon;.^ its contributors \.
I'. Willis, Rev. 11. I). Kitchell, Rev. .S. 1). Simo;v.!;;,
Rev. I). U. Whedon, Rev. K. 'riiompson, Jacob M.
Howard, Washington Irving, Horace .Mann, Rev.
D.ivid Injflis, Rev. 15. St. James Fry, Rev. H. V .
Telft, Moses Coit Tyler, T. D. Wilkins, ;uid Rev.
W. 11. Collins.
In February, 1851, the inaga/,ine was sold to
l.uther Heecher and L). F. Ouinby, .iiul its narne
c h.inged to Monthly Literary Miscellany. In July,
1852, .Mr. Heecher sold his interest to II. .S. Sparks
;ind — Russell, and the ne.xt month A. ('.. Wood
w.is admitted as a partner. In Janu.iry, 1853, the
name was chantjed to Western Literary Mi.seellany ;
iii the spring or suiuiner. Wood, Sjxirks, and Rus-
sell sold ilieir interest to'^uinby, .iiid on .August 20,
1855, he sold to Mrs. !•;. .M. Sheldon, .mil lor the
fourth time ;i new name w.is given to the mag.i/ine.
It w.is now liilled '{'he Western Liter.iry Cabinet.
Light p.iges were ,idded to the m.ig,t/ine. iiiiil Mrs.
Sheldon published in il a series of very interestinjf
transl.itioiis of documents concerning Detroit, ob-
tained by CiO\'crnor C.iss while I'nited St.ites Min-
ister to I'r.ince. These tr.iiisl.itioiis formed .almost
the whole of the \oluine she subseiiueiilly issued
under the title of " I'.arly History of Michig.m." The
l.ist number of the inag;i/ine w;is issued in August,
1854. li was disconiinued on .iceount of the death
of ,Mr. Sheldon.
'/'//(■ \'i<rl!ia'riiti-nt Aiit'ocali',
a Whig jLiper, W.IS published in ( )ctober, i84(j, by
Josiah Snow. Il lived but .1 short lime.
Til, nctroit Daily linald,
a penny jviiier, w.is first published November 26,
|S4(>; its 1,1st issue was December 6, 1850. Its
])roprietors vmic Joliii N. Ingersoll and W.T. N'oung.
Till- . liii, riiii/i (.iliiiiir,
liter.iry in ch.ir.icter, w.is iniblished by .\iinin &
\\<.vi.\, .It i^i.uo a year. Volume I, Number I, was
dated J.anuary 1, 1850. Only .1 few nuniber.s were
i-ssued.
/'//(■ Monllily IIcsfHrian iviif Oi/d Fi'lhm>s' Lifer'
ii/y .]/(ri^'ti:t/re,
published by John N. Ingersoll ;ind Henry ISarns, ;it
I2.00 a ye.ir. .ippe.irei. in January, 1850. In the
May number for 1852 the names of Moulton, Cr.iw,
i!v Conip.iuy are given ;is ])ublishers. The maga/ine
existed three full years ; the l.ist year the worils
"Odd I''ellows' " were dropped from the title, and
" American " substituted.
77ie Afeiiiiiin,
a .scni-moiuhly mag.azine, at $1.00 a year, was de-
voteil to the interests of the Swedenborgian or New
jiius.ileni Church. It appeared first .at Jackson on
December 25, 1848 ; was afterwards moved to Mar-
shall, and on January 15, 1850, to Detroit, It was
published by J.ibez I''ox. Soon .after its removal to
Detroit. L. W. Harber became associated with Mr.
l'"ox. .About 1853 the paper w.is moved to Cincin-
nati, and then to New York. Its name was changed
to New Jerusaletii Messenger on February i, 1863.
/.(■ Cit(yen
was a French literary paper, in quarto form, issued
on Saturdays, at $2.00 a year. L. J. I'aulin was
publisher, anil K. N. Lacroix editor. It w.is issued
for six months. Volimie \, Number L was dated
May II, 1850.
676
THli NEWSI'AI'KK (.K.W KVAkI).
The J\/i/ii.u(/io I'oioitiiin,
a tcmiH-TaiHi' jniiiii.il, was tiisi issiird Sal unlay.
May 17, 1851, with IliiiiyC Kiiiijlil, iHlilm. TIk:
biisiiR'ss iiiaiiav;i iiniii ua^ (oiilrnllcil by Morgan
Hales. 1 1 livdl U.ss iliaii a year.
'/■//<• .Xiirt/ru'tsfiiii Miisinil lliialil,
piiblislud by /\. Mcl'.irrm .iiid tdilcd l»y Charles
Ilcss, tii.ulc ils ,'i|)|)('.ir.iiii c ill M.iy, 1S51. 'I'lu:
piii (• w.is lifty cciiis .1 yc.ir. Tlu-rt; was little of
ritlicr money or iiuisie in it, anil it was soon iliscun-
liiuied.
/'///■ W'isli'iii l'.;>aiiy^ilhl,
a weekly, at $1.00 ;i yi'.ir, w.is lirsi jsmied Id the fall
of iS5(j by J.ibiv. I'dx. lie w.is succeeded l»y Ki-v.
S. A. Maker, wlm piibiislied llie [Kiper ;isliiLea.s 1652.
The Diiroil Coinmtitial llullctin,
edileil by Cieoryfe W. I'.ittison, w.is an old paper
revivi'd. It biv;.iii for the second time as .1 penny
daily, ;il)oul 1.S51. ll was burned mil in the Cooper
I'nildiiii^ in the lire of April 16, 185.!, and was itol
again i.ssued.
Thi- Ripitbliitin,
a Gerpian weekly, w.is i)iiblisheil .ibnul live months,
in 1852, by M. Kramer and .Moys Wiierth.
Thi- Sliiiiiiits Oll'i-riiiii,
published by scholars of the iMghth W.'ird .School,
was first issuetl in 1853, aiul continued through three
ur more vulumcb.
The Athiniis,
a derman literary monthly, edited by Christian
Esselcinc, was issued for several months in 1853.
The Detroit Catholie ViiuiL itor,
edited i)y Thom.is R. Klliott ;ind |)u!)lished by Dan-
iel U'llar.i, w.is .1 weekly (ju.irto, ;il $2.00 ;i year.
The lirsl number was dated April 30, ICS53. Dr.
Hasset succeeded Mr. O'llani as proprietor, and
eonlinued the paper, at 12. 50 a year, until January,
i860, when it was merged into
The Detroit Ciiiariiian.
Volume I, Number I, of this paper, .a Catholic
weekly at ^1.50 a year, was issued January 21, i860,
by T. C. Fitzgibbons, and continued for five months
or more.
The Detroit Daily Times {Xo. 2).
This was published by G. S. Conkiin and E. T.
Sherlock, with J. N. Ingersoll ;is editor, at $3.00 a
year. It appeared in May, 1853, was purchased by
Ingersoll & Tenny in November, 1854, sold De-
cember, l'S55, to ,111 .issori.iliiiil of join iieyiiuii
printers, and continued by iheni until tlie s|)ring ot
1850.
The Peiiinsii/itr Journal of Meiliciiu;
an nct.'ivo monthly, w.is origin. illy |)ub!ishi(l ,il Ann
Arbor. lis lirsl issii ■ w.is d.iied July, 1.S53. V..
Aiiditws, A. M., M. D., W.IS editor. In July, 1854,
Dr. A. ll. I'.iimer bec.mie associ.ilc ediiur. .ind in
July, 1855, the oIlKe of publication v\as removed to
Detroit. Dr. .Aiidci'ws now retired, and 1 )rs. '/..
I'itJier, A. 15. r.iliiier, Willi.im iirodie, .iiid i:. I'.
Chr. li.iii serveil .is editors. /Viler the number lor
March, 1858, it was united with
'/'//(■ Ml <//( HI Itii/i /ll iii/iiit.
The first niiiiihcr of ihis p.iper, (diud by Drs. II.
(lo.idby, v.. Kane, ;iii(l I., (i. kobiiison, was issued
Marcli 1, i.S^6. in M.in h, 1857. \bises(;imn .ind
I,. (1. K()l)iiisoii became editors, and the inaga/.ine
was ealleil
'J'lie I'eninsiiliir iviil I iiili/niitleiit.
In ,\|)ril, i.SjcS, it w.is edited by .\. ll. I'.'ilmer,
Moses ('iiiiin, .ind Iri'deriek .Ste.irns. 'I'he last
number w.is issued in .M.irch, i860.
The M/ih/i;an I Imiuvofiiithie Journal
w;is lii'sl issued in ()itol)er, 1853, by Drs. John I'lllis
and .S. W. Thayer, and was eonlinued lor a little
over a year.
The Aliehii^an Journal of Julucatiun and
Teaehers' Jlai;a::int'
was published by (]. E. I 'oineroy X: Company, at
34 Woodward Avenue. Number I of Volume 1
■ippeared in Janu.iry, 1854. It w.is edited by I'.. O.
Haven. D. 1)., who .iflerw.irds bec.ime successively
president of the .Micliig.in, Norilnvestern, .and Syr.i-
cuse I'liiversities, and a bishoj) of the Methotlist
episcopal Church. The .second volume w;is piib-
lijjied by II. H.irns, and edited by J. M. (Iregory,
aflerw.irds .Superintendent of I'ublic Instruction and
president of the Industrial College of Illinois. With
Volume \'l I'rofessor A. Wiiichell of the Michigan
University became ils editor. It was printed for .1
numi)er of ye.irs at Ami Arbor, but w;is lin.ally re-
moved again to Detroit, where it was discontinued
about i860.
IVayinarliS in the IViltlerness,
a monthly m.aga/.inc devoted to Script un; .studies,
was ]niniished by James Inglis X: Company. The
first iuiini)er w.is dated .\l;iy, 1854, Number 9 c;ini(
out in J.inu.iry, 1855, ;md soon after the magazine
was disconiiiuied at Detroit.
nil. Ni:\V>il'Ai'r.K i-UW I.VAKI).
677
d fi.r a lilllc
/'///■ l.illlr \i',i/,;nii,\
|)iii)lislu(l l)y Mrs. I-'.. .\l. Sluldun ,ii tliiity 1 1 iiis ixr
year, was lirst issued in ,May. 1.S54. Only lour
iiiimlHTs w'lTf piinicd.
/'///■ . Is/i/iir,
,1 innnllily, dcvnicd to \l,is(inir iiucrcsis, w.is pnl)-
lishcd hy Allyii Wcstdii. .il if.l^r^ ,1 yiar. The lirsi
niinil)er was issued in .Se|)U'uil)er, \^-)\, and it. was
COUtiuued fill' ,il Ic.isl ihice years.
'/7ii' I hilly l.riiiiiii;; AVr.'v (Xo. 2).
This second d.iily wiili the title of News was
first issued on M.ireh |i), itSjCi, by the Kr.inklin
I'rintinjf Assoei.iiion. eoni|)ose<l of Willi, im S It'iicl,
t'li.irles S. Stevenson, Charles .Miller. (». S. Unnlu k.
I'". I). Ross, ,ind I leiiry M<l/. The |).i|)er soon he-
e.une (juile popul.ir. i^.'iininv; a lireul.ilion of live
tlloUS.md copies. Troubles, however, .irose lie
iween the ai.in.ii^ers, ,ind .ilier about three nionihs
it vv.is diseonliiuied.
'/'///• /'//vv/.vfw'.f Journal,
a w<'ekly p.'iper at $i.7S a year, was lirst issued in
Sepieniber, 1S56. by ( ieorvje W. i'.ittison, anil was
in exislence .is i.ito as llic fall of 1861.
I'risl,»i\i I'liil,;! Sliiti-s luiiil: Xcli' lu/ii»l,r
made its tirst ;i|)pcaran('L' l)eeeuiber .(. 1X5^); 1).
rri'ston, |)roprieior. It w,is published twice a
month for ne.uly livi; years, ;uid then monlhlv until
December. i.S''5, wliiMi it was discontinued. Tlu:
price was $1.00 ,1 year.
Unni'/i'.'i Rrfiortrr,
published ,it hrsi by John lirown. and then by J. 11.
K.iple X: Co., was issued from I1S57 to 11X59.
I'lir M(i!^iiziiir of Tro'irl
u;is issued from Janu.iry. 1857. to iSjS. It w.as
I iindncted by W. X; W. !'. Ish.ini.
Till- ]'o/(//x Mill's Joiiniol oinl .lih'Oidlr of
riiii/iiiiiii, r
w.is published in Sepieniber, i.S^i). by Cireen \-
r.rown. It w.as .ilivc in 1.S61, but in the followinir
year j^ave jilaco to
'/'//(• 'I'mnsnifif
■■\ temperance p.aper, ptiblishcd ;it $1.00 a year by S.
I ). ( "irocn.
Tin- Ilfhoit llrrahl,
I weekly at $2.(x-) a year, w.is in existem-e in icSji;.
I . O'l'lyiin ;md Dr. /Mvord, editors. It w.is dis-
mntinued alxiut 1S61.
/'//,■ S()hit of flir l\;,i-
W.IS published for ;i short tinu' e.irlv in iSfiu.
/'//<• Miiliii^iiii Ihiiiotnil
was publislie<l by John S. U.ikx. i" '^''ki. as an ultra
Demoer.ilic p.iper. Il e\ist<(| only a few inontlis.
rih I rill hiiiuhrat
was issued from the ollice of (). W. I'atti.soii in the
f.lll of I.S^n ;is .1 (anip,iiv;ll p.iper.
Ihi luii/iiiili I >i iiioi rat,
a Cicrni.in i'residc'iiti.il e,imp;ii),;ii p.iper, w.is pub-
lished i)y i'". ,\, .Seliober iV Conip.iiis', and edited by
K. I )iepenbeck .ind K'.iil Schmi'm.imi. The price
W.IS $(.()<) .1 ye.ir. The lirsl niimbci w.is d.iled July
l.(, .llld the l.lst ( )elipbcr 10, ■■'^'i^.
J'lir Slira/iiiil,
.'I weekly I'.'inip.iii;!) |).ip( r published in iS^lj by S.
11. Mi'Cr.ickcn. w.is desiv^ued lo represeni the inor(
iilir.i or r.idic.il 1 )einocr.iiii' sentiment of the period.
Il W.IS (dinmeni'cd the List of July, and conlii'.ied
lhrou);h the caninai).;n.
I'rot/i,
an illustrated comic monthly, litliojijraphed, w;is i.s-
siied on Moiid.iy, December 12, I1SA4, by several
i^cnllemeii comiecled with the Detroit \ Milw.inkee
k.iilro.id, .After Number 10, it was jirintcd from
type. It W.IS discontinued ill November, i<Sf)5.
lyir Cliristiiui ( 'nioiiist,
published monthly by I'.. A. I.od.ije, ;it $1.50 a year,
lived .a few months only. The first number was
dated J.inuary, 1S65.
'/'//(• Piiroil lotirniil of Comiiwrcc,
a weekly .it %i.<.v.i .1 ye.ir, w.is established in 18^)5
by Thom.is K. Miller. It w.is Mibsccincntly, in
I .SCiiS, owned by H.irry \ Ciradwcll. On August 19,
1.S71, they sold it to I'.rowse T. I'lcntis, who tmn.s-
ferred it to a stock comp.iny. It w.is then nier.ncd
with
Till- Poilv Suit,
a iKijicr lin • issued on October 2, 1874, and con-
tinued until "^jG.
7'lir Piiiiiisiiliir Ifrixlil
w.'is first issued at Romeo, in June, 1S64. It was
sul)se(|uently removed to Detroit, where it made its
first .appearance on October 24, 1866. It was pub-
lished and edited by Rev. John Russell and C. I'.
Russell. ( )n December i, 1869, it was sold to a
joint stock company. January 12, 1871, it \v.-<s
transferred to V. N. Newman, and on February i,
1872, the name was changed to
67S
THE NEWSPAPER CRAVEVARn.
Tlic last issue was datod July 3, 1873.
T/ir Dvtroit KiT/'rw of Medicine and Pharmacy,
a ninntlily, at $3.00 a year, was (■stal)lislicil in Janu-
ary, 1866. It was (.'(iitcd at titst iiy Drs. (".. I'.
Andri'ws, !•:. W. Jcnks, I". A. McC.raw, and S. P.
Dutlic'id. 'I'iicy were; succeodt'd about wSyo by Drs.
W. \\. Lathrop, A. H. Lyons, .and I.cartus Connor.
From i(S7i to 1877 Dr. Connor was sole rditor. In
Janu.iry, 1877,11 was nicrijcd into The Detroit Medi-
cal Journal.
The I'eninsiifar Journal of Medicine,
the second maijazine of its name, w.is ;i montlily
octavo, edited by Drs. H. K. Lyster and J. J. Miii-
heron. It w.'is tir.st issued in July, 1873. In J.mu-
ary, 1875, Drs. T, K. Kerr and J. J. Mullieron were
editors, and in J.anuary, 1876, the l.ist named bee.ime
sole editor. With the number for December, 1876,
the Journal was mery^ed into
The Deircii Medico/ Journal,
which was edited by Drs. 1.. Connor ;ind J. J. Mul-
heron and published by E. I>. .Smith \ Comp.any ;it
$3.00 a year. It w.is published only in 1877.
The Western Medical .lilvance and /'roi^'-rcsx of
riiorniacY,
a quarterly, edited by W. II. L.-uhrop, M. I)., was
published from June, 1871, to June, 1873.
The Detroit J'rice Current,
a weekly sheet, was issued from 1S5 Jefferson Ave-
nue tluring 1866 and 1867.
The Detroit Monitor,
a d.'iily eveninij paper, published by Joseph W.arretl,
at twelve cents ;i week, was lirst issued on June 3,
1867, and discontinued .after four months.
The Mechanic and hwentor,
was first issued on September 23, 18^)7, at fifty
cents a year. It was the orvj.in of the Aleehanics
■and Inventors" Assoei;ition. In December, 1874,
it was mcrjfed with
The Scientific Manufacturer
a paper established by R. A. Spraijue in .September,
1873. After its union with the above j(jurnal, the
paper was called
The Scientific Manufacturer and Patent
Infellit^encer.
In the fall of 1874 it was merged with a paper
called
The Journal of Connncrce (\o. 2),
established in 1874. In April, 1876, this last named
paper was mcrgi'd with
/'//(• Sunday Times,
and in I'ebru.'iry, 1877, this w;is suspended.
The Odd relhn^'s Wreath,
ori^iiLilly piii)lislu'(l ;it .M.ason by D. J>. ll.irrin.;.;liin.
w.is llrst issued here on September i, i.S^.S, at $1.5"
■A yc.ir. Aficr Au.i;ust, 1869, it w.as mo\cd to Chi-
cago and called The Western Odd ]'"ellow.
The Western Catholic
was first issued on September 12, 1868, by David
Il.irry X: Co. Messrs. M. J. iV W. Dee ;ifter-
w.irds iH'-.ime editors .and jiroprietors. It w;is ;i
wiekly .'It S2.CX3 a year. In January, 1872, it was
moved to Chicago.
Baptist Tidini^s.
This paper, a monthly at $2.00 a year, was moved
from IM.'ison to Detroit by D. M. ll.irrington. ,ind
first issued here on October 17, 1868. .After July
29, 1869, it was consolitlatetl with the Standard, of
Chicago.
L' Impartial,
a iMcnch weekly, was issued by a French society
.and I'dited by iMederic L.anctot. Tlie first number
w;is issued November 20, 1869. It was to h;ive
been published every Wednesd.iy and S.ilurd.iy, .it
$4.00.1 ye.ir. Only ten numbers were issued, and
it was succeeiled by
The Ant i- Roman .-hh'ocate,
which w.as first issued by Mr. L.inctot in March,
1 870, and discontinued in y\ugust.
Z' Tltoile Canadienne,
was published by Josejih A. Oulette and J. A.
(}ir.ardin, and issued on Thursd.ays .at if 2. 50 a year.
A'olume I, Number I, w.as dated J.inuary 19, 1871 ;
it lived just ;i year.
The Som;- Journal,
a musical monthly, at sjii.oo a year, first published
January 1, 1871, by C, J. Whitney & Company, was
discontinued in April, 1877.
Our Mutual T'ricnd,
a rather ptctentious literary weekly, at $2.50 a year,
was established in April, 187 1, by W. C, Armstroiii.;
v\: Company, but live<l only a few months.
The Popular Appeal,
a five-column folio weekly, at I2.00 a year, was
commenced by S. B. McCracken in September,
TMK NKWSI'APER CIRAVEYARD.
679
was mcrijcd with Vhv Livinvj Church, published in
Chica.ifo.
T/ir Siiudiiy Giu'st,
a moiitlily Sunday School paper, at two shil]in,;rs
piT ycMr, was publislu-d by J. M. Arnold iV Com-
pany in January, 1.S74. It was afterwards pubiisiicd
by John Willyount;, and discontinued in April, 1882.
Thv Better At^^c,
was puiiiislu'd by J. Russell & Son as a temperance
sheet on January i, 1874. In October following: jt
moved to Chicaj^o, and soon after was discontinued.
Till- W'oh'erinc Mcsscns;cr,
1S71, and discontinued in November of the same
year.
I'lic Ihtioit Coniiiu-rcial lUillctin,
,1 weekly, at $2.00 a year, was in existence (Iiwin,;,'
III) months of 1871. It was pul)lished by Hopkins,
llethrin,i,non. i\: O'Neil.
The Leather Apron
was first issued in July, 1872; only ;i few numbers
were printed.
Our Yankee Land,
an .amateur monthly p.aper. was first issued by A.
W. ISai^v: i" Janu.iry, 1872, at fifty cents a year.
Duriui,' the year the price was raised to $1.00.
With the number for October, 1873, the paper was a monthly, the origan of the I'clouze Cadets, was
discontinued. issued durint,^ 1875.
The Detroit Pulpit, The Aui^lo-Catholi-,
a monthly .it Si.oo. edited by Rev. J. W Scott, con- a church nrijan, was issued scmi-moi.thly by Holy
t.iinin.^r sermons by v.irious Detroit |)aslors, w^s first 'ivinity Church, from April, 1S75, to August, 1S83,
issued in September, 1872, and was continued three under the supervision of the rectors. The price
y^''"'-'^' was fifty cents ;i year.
The Mystic Star,
,, . ,, " ,. , , „ ^'''' Detroit W'eelciv rriee Current,
a Masonic monthly, at §1.50 a year, edited by l<ev.
I. M. Arnold, was published in 1872 and part of "^ • ^'^- ^'i'l'ird, mana.tjer, was first issued December
i,S7^, by F. N. Newman, and was then moved to "• ■«75. at Si.oo .a year. It was discontimied in
Chicago. November. 1882.
The noy of the Period, '/"^"' ^'''''^'' /''•"//'•
an amateur venture of C. H. & O. M. Leonard, ^^'-'s published by Johnstone i\: C.ibbons. .it ^ii.cKi,
was first issued in November, 1872, .as a montiily.at f'"" •' y<-'ar from January i, 1875.
liftv cents a year. It ceased with the issue for ™ , ^ , „ , ,
, ' , o_^ Truth for the People,
Aiiijust. 1876. -^ '
a weekly, at $1,00 a year, w.as started J.inuary i,
77ie Afirhij^on Journol of l{oni,vof>othy. ^<^^^^ i/y y^^^ -^x j y Mi|l;ir. On Fei)riiary i.
,1 (luartcrly, ;it lifly cents ,1 ycir, inihiishcd by I >r. 1878, it was sold to I'", il. ISiirye.ss. On August i,
I.. 1\. ililis, be^-.-m ill July, 1S72, and was discon- 1879, its n.ame w;is changed to
tinned in April, 187^.
'Pile M/ihij^'dn Truth 'Peller,
riie Miehi-;ni Edition ,.'' Xorthio.st R.fwrt.r and Iniiii compels the s'ateiiient th.il il died in 18S0.
w IS the re[)resent;iti\e of
'The ( oftitol,
Su/>nn,r Court JWisions, published by sHi<leiUs of the lli;^h School, w;is
a i|ii;irlerly l.aw-jonrn.il, lirst issued ill October, 1S73, issued in i'v6 .and 1877.
With lloyt I'ost as editor. In October, 1875, the
namew.is ch.in-ed to The Michi.v^an L.iwyer. The '^'^"' ''■'■'■"'"K -"^l"''-
liiiee w.is ;. 50 ;i year. In October, 1S78, the n.ime This paper, the result of a strike; amoni,^ the
I'f the joiirn.il w.is ch.mjred to Michij;;;in Fdition of coniposiiors of The Fveiiinv; Ni'ws, was first issued
\nith\vest Reporter, and it w.as published by Rich- September 22, 187C), ;uid disc oniiiuied October 7
inoiid, IS.u'kus & Company, aiul issueil weekly at following;;.
S5.i>j a ye.ir u[) to 1S82.
'/V/i- I'r<r7'eler/ Illustrate,! Cjlieial Raihi'ay
Our Pioeeses, Reporter,
a I'rotesl.ant I'.piscopal ]),iper, was established by a very complete p.imphlet oct.avo. w.is first issued in
Kev. J. T.Webster .is .1 monthly in November. October, 1876, by the Western Railway Advertising
i>!73, ;it $1.25 per ye.ir. On February J 4, '880, ii Company. Two numbers only were published.
68o
THE NEWSPAPER GRAVEYARD.
Li' Courii)-,
a literary weekly, at $1.50, inil)lislu'(l l)y I'.oudin \-
Diimont, was issiiocl OcIoIkt 12, 1876. The title
was scon ehanged to
/./• [(Uinuil ifr Di'trptt,
It was eontinued tiuriiiiL:^ |)art of 1S77.
Thr /Mro/f HcrahL
a weekly, at $1.00 ,1 year, was published for a few
months in i<S76 by II. K. Wesson.
The Mii/i/\;aii l'('//cs Zt/'/iiiij^, oriijinally ealled
/"//(' Ditroit Soiitii:^ Zi/'/iiiii;.
a weekly at $2.00 a year, was first issued on
October 15, 1876, by C. .Marxhau.sen; on June i,
1880, it was sold to John IJeeker, and in July, 1881,
it was sold to Weisc Wienckc. On February 11.
1882. I.. Lochbihier & Conipruiy became proprie-
tors, and with the issue of March 3, 1882, the name
was chanijed to The Michiiran \'olks Zeitunj;. It
was discontinued May 16, 1884.
T/tr Marine Record.
A pa|)er with tiiis title was issued by Watson
Jones durinjj the sea.son of naviijation in 1877.
The Anieriean Workman and Trades Reporter,
a weekly, published by J. W. & (.',. C. Jenks, at
f 1.50 a vear, was issued from April 21 to July 14,
1877.
Rose's .Vose,
a weekly paper f)f little merit or morality, was pub-
lished by Lester .\. Rose for one year from Autjust
16, 1877.
7'he Red a /id White Ribbon,
a temperance weekly, w.as oriji^inrUly published by
Gertrsre M. Chester, and in 1S77 by Chester & Bar-
tram. It lived about eii^lit months.
The Western lira,
a theatrical illustrated monthly paper, at S2.00 a
year, was issued from September 3, 1877, to J.inuary
I, 1878, by E. A. Sa.xby.
The Detroit Xational,
the State orsr.an of the so-called Greenback party,
was issued for a year from February 28, 1878, by H.
A. GritTin. It was then merited with
The Miehii^an Weekly Sun,
published by H. N. Mather, which made its first
appearance on January 14, 1879. In October, 1879,
it was mo\ed to Jackson.
The Soeialist,
■a weekly .at S'oO, owned by the Detroit section of
the Soei.ilistic Labor party, was published from
October 13. 1877, until June 8, i87S,an<l then meriifed
with The Xational Socialist of Cincinnati. Jud.son
Grencll, editor.
The Miehii^aii Homestead.
a weekly, at Si. 50 ,1 year, was first published by J.
Saunders November 14, 1878, and in September,
18S0, was mery;e(l with The Atiricultural World of
Grand R;i|iids.
The Penny Times
was first issued December 8, 1878, and continued
only eight days.
The Popular F.ra,
a weekly, at $1.00, devoted to the interests of the
colored |ieople, was t'lrst issued by Albert Swain on
May 31, 1879, ,'uk1 was discontinued in November.
/"//(• I-\ii)iily Journal,
a monthly, at two shillings a year, was moved to
Detroit from Toronto, by H. A. -Storrs, and the first
number issued in July, 1879. It was soon discon-
tinued.
Moore's Masonie Messeni^er,
a monthly, published by Charles Moore, was first
issued in October, 1S79. Price. $1.00 a year. On
account of Mr. .Moore's death, it was discontinued in
March. 1881.
Public Spirit.
an illustrated weekly, at S4.00 a year, was issued by
L. A. Rose and I'.it Reilly, from July 12 to October
4, 1879, and then by W. J. H. Traynor as
The Detroit Graphic.
It was discontinued in February, 1881,
The SiDiday Herald
was first published on November 9, 1879, by J. F.
ISurnham. It was a weekly society paper, at |2.oo
a year. About June i. 18S1, the proprietor pur-
chased
The Detroit Times,
first issued by Grencll, Labadie, & Company, April
10, 1881. a Trades' I'nion paper, at S1.50 a year.
The Herald was discontinued November 20, 1881.
The l.ri'cr,
a temperance weekly, at 1 1.50 a year, was first pub-
lished at Grand Rapids, April 20, 1878. by \'an
Fleet & Noll, and first issued at Detroit in August.
1880. Its last number at Detroit was dated March
16, 1883, after which it was published in Chicago.
Ln'iNc. 1'.\1'i;ks and i'kriodicals.
68 1
troit sortioii dl
)ul)lislK'(i from
1(1 tlu'ii nK'rv;\il
iiiiiali. Jiidsoii
■,uL
published by J.
in Scptcniiicr,
Itiiral World of
and continued
interests of the
Ul)ert Swain mi
I in November.
was moved to
Ts, and the tirst
as soon discon-
loorc, was first
oo a year. ( )n
discontinued in
, was issued by
y 12 to October
lor as
i88i.
), .879, l)yj. F.
paper, at f 2.00
proprietor pur-
^ompany, April
t $1.50 a year.
eml)er 20, 1881.
r, was first pub-
1878, by \'an
troit in Au.tjusl,
as dated March
led in Chicago.
Ihtroit lllustrntiul,
1 monthly (]uarto, was hrst issued by Wesson X:
Wood in September, 1880, at $1.00 a year. It was
discontinued the last week in December, 1881.
Till- SiDidtiY Sun.
published by (i. Watson Williams, had but one
issue, November 20, 1881.
T/ir Daily Mail,
a penny paper, was first printed July 24, 1879, and
suspended with its thirty-fifth issue.
Coiiinicrcial I.a:j Xcii's,
a weekly, w.as lH'y;un September i^>, 1879, and ]nil)-
lislied about three months.
T/ir Piiyxiii'i'ant
was published by Talbot >.*v; Company, weekly, at
S3. 00, beijinniiiiLj with November 9, 1S79, and was
discontinued in a few weeks.
/'//(• X or tlnoc stern Rn'ii-^w,
a literary monthly, six columns, quarto, at %\.\o ,i
year, was first issued in J;uui;iry, 1880, by the
Northwestern rublishiiii;- Company, It susixndcd
in 1882,
Tlif I.al'or Rn'ii-^',
;i monthly, at seventy-five cents a year, published
by J. A. L.'ibadie. Judsoii ('•renell, and Henry Tool,
was iniblishcd from January to July. 1880. It was
then suspended until .\u.!,iust. 1S81, when it w;is re-
vived, and issued by Henry i'ool as a semi-monthly
until March, 1882, and then discontinued.
The Detroit Gazette,
a weekly, at $1,00 a year, was published from May
8, 1880, to July 18, 1881. It was chietly an adver-
tisiiiv,^ sheet.
Our Catholic ) outh,
an illustrated monthly, published by John C. Lap-
pan, bejian its career in Aui(ust, 1880, at $1.00 a
year, and suspended in February, 1882,
Our Churehes,
Two numbers of a paper with the above title
were issued in December, 18S0. by M. L, Wilson.
Miehii^an Traile fu-^'ieu\
Number I, \'olume I, of this paper, a weekly, at
$3.00 a year, was issued by Wilson. Stapleton, &
Hopper, April 16, 1881. It was short-lived.
The Detroit Unionist.
a semi-monthly at twent}--five cents a year, was
first issued on March 10, 1882. and ceased with the
numlier for March 28, 1883. It w.as oriu;inally
edited by W. Murtagh and then by Judson Grenell.
The /I'.'enin^' Tehxn-ani,
a one-cent daily, was |)ul)lislied by Rich iv Son.
The llrst number was issued .Xuifust 8, and the last
October 23, 1882. It was continued as
The Detroit Daily I'inies,
a one-cent d.iily, which was first issued October 24,
1882, and continued until January 31, 1883,
The Xatioiial I'eofile.
an oriLjan for colored people, published by W. A.
Sweeney, was lirsi issuetl in Ai)ril, ami was discon-
tinued in July, 1S83.
I.IVINi; I'AI'KRS AM) PKRIODICAL.S,
The Detroit Post ami Tribune.
The I'ost and Tribune numbers several papers in
its ancestral line, ..le first of which.
The Xorth:<'<stern Journal.
was published by ('ieori,a' L. Whitney. Number I
of X'olume I was dated November 20. 1829. It
w.'is a weekly jiaper, at S3-oo a year, edited by Wil-
liam Ward, and established by the political friends
of John (^uiiicy .Adams. .\t the close of the first
year it took the name of
The Detroit Journal and Miehi^^an Advertiser.
Numl>er I of the new paper bore date November
24, 1830. It was issued on Wednesday of each
week, at S^.oo a year. On March 16. 1831, the
closinij editorial of Mr. Ward appeared. He was
succeeded by H. W. Bellows, the subsequently
widely known and j^opular Unitarian minister.
With the number for June 21, 1832, Charles Cle-
land became editor, and on Aujjjust 29 of the same
year he was succeetled by Thomas Rowland. On
March i, 1833, the paper was called
The Detroit Journal,
and issucfl as a t'lve-column semi-weekly, at $4-00
a year. Mr. Rowland's connection with th'* paper
ceased on September 3, 1834, and he was probably
succeeded by CieorL,re Watson. On A-uijust 28,
1835, the paper was made a tri-weekly, and the
price raised to $5,00 a year. At this time (ieorge
Corselius was editor.
The first paper merged with The Journal was
The Detroit Courier.
This was established by Stephen Wells on FJe-
cember 23, 1830, as a literary and religious news-
paper. It was edited by George Brewster, and is-
sued weekly, on Thursdays, at $2,50 a year. It was
printed by T, M. Ladd.
At this time the anti-Masonic excitement grow-
ing out of the Morgan affair was but little abated,
and as the publisher would not allow the editor to
68;
t.IVIXf, I'Al'KKS AXn I'l'.RIODir.M.S.
wriU' ;ij;aiiist Masonry, Mr. lir(.A\sU'r ri'^i,i;iK(l.
William \\ ard then rloscd his cuniicction with The
louriial and AdvertisiT and lu'canic editor of 'I'lic
Courier. \\v rcsi^iu'd on Octoljcr 27, iiSji, and
was surcc'i'di'd on Noxcnibfr 3 by Franklin Sawyer,
Jr., a graduate of IIar\ard College.
On December I, 1 83 1, Weils & I. add lu-came
joint piil)lishers of the pajier. From January 1: to
June 21, 1832, Charles Cleland was .-issociated with
-Mr. Sawyer, and after the latter date he became
sole editor, bi this year, and jirior to Aiisjust 23.
Mr. Cleland became one of the projirietors, and the
firm name was T. M, I. add iS; Company. This
partnership was dissoive<l on J.mu.iry 9, 1833, ami
Messrs. Clel.inil it Sawyer became I'ditors and pro-
prietors. Tlu'V announced themselves as thoroui^hly
anti-Masonic. Their parlnersliip continuetl only
till July 31, when Mr. Cleland became sole owner,
and the name of I".. I', ('■.irihier appeared as printer.
The last number of tlie |)aper was issued on Janu-
ary 14, 1835, it beinv; thereafter consoMdatcd with
the Join-nal under the name of
T//r Ihtroit Journal and Courier.
This new paper was deemed the leijitimate suc-
cessor of The Northwestern Journal, antl the
volumes were all nimihered therefrom : the first
issue under the new headinvf ajipearinii;- as X'oiume
\'I. Number 9, January 21, 1835. ti. L. Whitney
was publisher, and the price was !J«2.oo a year.
In February a semi-weekly edition called
TJu- Journal and .lifvi'rf/Sir
was issued; on Auijust 28 a tri-weekly edition was
published on Tuesdays, Thursdays, and Saturdays,
at $5.00 a year. The price was increased the next
year to i^Ct.oo.
The growth of population and the di'sirability of
keepini^ jiace with opjiosinij papers, made the esl.ib-
lishment ofa daily edition a necessity, and on June
II, 1836, the first number of
T/if Drtroit Pa/'/y Aihu-rtiscr
was piven to the public. The ]irice was §8.00 a year.
Duriuij all these years the ollice of the pajier was
in the tliird story of a buildini; on the .southeast
corner of Jefferson and Woodward Avenues. In
1837 it was moved to the southwest corner. In
January. 1838, the papiT was sold to F. A. Hardiny;
and F. Sawyer; and after a time Auijustus .S.
I'orter became one of the proprietors.
In January, 1839, the paper was cnlarijed, and on
September 6 was sold to deorpe Dawson, late
editor of The Albany Eveninjj^ Journal. Morij;in
Hates was his partner. These .irentlemen discon-
tinued the tri-weekly Advertiser, and all editions of
the paper now apjieared under the title of " Adver-
liscr," the wiirds "Journ;!! and Courier" beinv;
omilti'd.
.\ tire on Janu.iry 1, 1842, destroyed the entire
bloc k in whii-h the ollice \\-.is located, but on J.anu-
• iry 4 the paper was issued .as usual. Mr. Dawson
now sold his interest to Mr. li.ates, and the jiapir
was moved to the Sheldon lllock. On Novemlxr
10. 1843, it was sold to Cieneral A. S. William.s, and
in M.'iy, 1844, it was moved to its oriijinal location
in the third story of Kinvj's Corner.
The third paper absorbed by The .\dvertiser w,is
called
The Daily IC.x/iross,
and w.is tlrst issued as an evenini^ p.aper on June 2,
1845, by Smith X: (Uilley, at twelve cents a week.
It was published for nearly six months, the last
issue bciny dated November 29, 1845. '^"''^' ^^^^'
scription list was transferred to The Advertiser.
.Mthouyh Mr. Williams was .ibsent in the Mexican
War, The .Vdvertiser was published in his name
until January i, 184S. He tlien sold the paper to
N, 1. Rawsou, 11. II. Duncklee. anil Cicorge W, Wis-
ner, who conducted it under the firm name of Raw-
son, Duncklee i!t Company. Mr. Wisner was chief
editor, and was assisted by William S. Wood. In
this year the ollice was moved to 226 Jelfer.son
Avenue, two doors west of Firemen's Hall.
Rufus llosmer, who became editor on May 17,
1849, was noted for his genial character and story-
telling ability, in 1850 Mr. Raw.son sold his interest
to F. /\. Wales, and the .same year the paper was
first printed by steam.
In the fall of 1852 Mr. Wales erected a building
at 212 Jefferson Avenue, between Hates and Ran-
dolph Streets, especially for the paper. lie took
possession on January 1, 1853, ;it which time a new
r.team cylinder press was introduced. In this ve.ir
Mr. Duncklee left the firm, and .Mr, Wales became
sole proprietor. During the year, James M. VA-
munds was a regular contributor.
In the spring of 1854 Allyn Weston was installed
as editor, and ditring the year the paper was in-
crease<l to eight columns. About this time Morti-
mer S. Thompson, better known as " Doesticks,"
was connected with the paper.
On June 30, 1855, four more papers were added
to the list represented in the present Host and 'i'rib-
une, Uf these
The Free Denwerat
was established in September or October. 1S52, as
a weekly " free soil " paper, by Rev. S. A. ISaker.
A daily edition was commenced on April 3, 1853, .it
$5.00 a year. The paper was then published by R.
F. Johnstone and S. M. Holmes, under the firm
name of R, F, Johnstone & Company. On January
I.I\'INC. I'AI'l'.RS AM) 1'I:R1()I)iCALS.
683
liner
liciiiv;
L'd tlu" entire
l)Ut on Janu-
Mr. 1 )a\vs()ii
m\ till' paper
)n Novi'nilxr
Williams, and
i^inal loeatinn
.lUcrliser was
■)cr on June 2,
■eiUs a week,
iths, tlic last
5. The stib-
10 Advertiser.
1 the Mexiean
in his name
I the paper to
;orgc W. Wis-
namc of Raw-
^ner was chief
S. Wood. In
226 Jefferson
Hall.
)r on May 17,
ter and story-
)ld iiis interest
ic paper was
d a building
tes and Kan-
er. 11 0 took
time a new
In this year
A'ales beeanie
imes M. lid-
was installed
aper was in-
is time Morti-
Doestiek.s,"
•s were added
'ost and Trib-
obcr, 1S52, as
S. A. iSaker.
pril 3, 1.S53. at
iblished by K.
nder the firm
On January
1 1, 1S54, James F. Conover became a partner, and
Rev. J.ibi'/ l''()N one of the editors.
.\bout this time The I'ree Democrat became the
npri'senlatixe of two other ]iapers, iiamely.
/'//(■ .)//( ■///>(?// (hxit/i i>J riinpiiiuur,
printed by Ci. W. I'attison. and published by II. S.
I )ecker i\: Compr.ny, a weekly, at Si.ix) a year. The
first number was issued abi'M May 12, 1S52, and
ill {"ebruary, 1S53, it w.is consolidated with
/'//(• M/i/i/\;iVi 7'(»i/yriitnti' . lifi'ocn/r,
published by F. Yates & Comixuiy, the first number
iif which had been issued in Decembir, I1S52.
On N'ovember 4, 1854, Mr. fonover dissolvid his
conection with The Free Democrat, selling out to
Mr. ISaker, .ind on February 5, i<S55, the paper was
consolidated with
T/ir Pa/h' I-.m/ii/iur.
This paper was established on January i<S, i<S54,
as an independent paper with \\'hij; proclivities.
Rufus Ilosmer was editor, Frederick Morley asso-
ciate editor, and up to the time of its consolidation
with The Democrat, it was published by Hosmer &
Williams. The new paper formed by the consoli-
dation was calkd
77ir Diinottdt aiiif I'.iu/ithi'r.
About four months after its first issue under this
name, on June 30, 1855, it was consolidated with
The Ailvertiser, which ib.en became a pronounced
Republican paper, edited as before by Rufus Ilos-
mer. The Democrat and Kncjuirer was issued as
an evenini>; paper until November 19, 1S55. A
weekly, called The Michigan Free Democrat, was
issued during the same ]>eriod.
On November 22, 1856, Silas M. Holmes became
sole proprietor, and was the real publisher until
August, 1858. Frederick Morley then became pub-
lisher and editor, with Joseph Warren as associate
editor. In 1859 A. M. ("■riswold, better known as
the " Fat Contributor," was one of the editorial
staff. In October, 1861, Mes.srs. J. E. Scripps and
M. Cieiger became |Kirtners with S. M. Holmes, and
on July 8, 1862, The Advertiser was consolidated
with
The Ditroit llaily Tribinw,
a Whig paper, established as a weekly October 23,
I1S49. at $1.00 a year. A daily morning edition was
begun on November 19, 1849. In June, 1851, it
l)i,came an evening paper, |)rice $5.00 a year. The
paper was projected by Josiah Snow and Henry
I'larns, both of whom acted as editors. It was pub-
1 shed by K. H. Way & Company. T. C. Miller fur-
nishing the capital. The Tribune soon obtained
the subscription list of
I'lic Piniuxiilnr I'rrrniini.
a "free soil" paper, which was first issued in the
fall of 1848. ;is ;i weekly, by Robert Mclir.itney and
J. I). I.iggitt. In December, 1851. the ownership
of The Tribune was veste ' in Henry I'.arns ami \\.
C" Stimson, uiuler the I'r m name of li. d. Slimson
i\: Company. On July 1, 1852, the paper p.tssed
into the h.'inds of Cicorge F. I'omeroy. I!. Wight,
II. Rams, and Joseph W;urcn, the latter serving as
editor. In llu: fall of 1854 Mr. Wight sold his
interest to T. C. .Miller, and in the spring of 1855
H. I5arns w;is the publislu'r.
On May 18, 1856, the ofiice, on the norllu'.ist
corner of Woodward Avenue and Wnodbridge
Street, was burned, .\fter the tire J. I-". (.dnover
succeeded Mr. Warren, .assisted during a jiortion of
the time by Charles S. May. On December 31,
1858, the office was again burned. The p.iper was
then iirintedat The Advertiser ol'fice until February,
when it was removed to the east side of Shelby
Street, just north of Jefferson Avenue, and here it
was managed by a firm consisting of H. Barns,
Joseph I'rench, ;ind I'". I!, W;iy. After its consoli-
d.ition with The .Advertiser on July 8, 1862, under
the name of
'riw . hh'n/t'srr and Trihitiw,
it was issued from the old Advertiser office on
Jefferson Avenue. The new proprietorshi|) took
the form of a corporation, with Henry Harns, of
The Tribune, as editor, and James F. .Scri|ips, of
The Advertiser, as business manager; its general
.affairs were regulated by a bo.ard of five directors,
elected annually. From the f.ill of 1863 until J.inu-
;iry i, 1867, W. S. tieorge was business man.iger.
By this time the proprietors were hungry for
another i).aper, and accordingly, on the i ith d;iy of
J.'uuiary, 1864, they purchaseil
The Pftyoit T'lic I 'iiimi.
This paper, a semi-monthly, at Si. 50 a year, was
started by F. 15. I'orter; the first number w.is issued
July 18, 1863. On October 15 ;i weekly edition w;is
begun. After a struggle of somi' two years, the p.aper,
like many of its predecessors, w.is discontinued.
When the consolid.ition with the .Advertiser .and
Tribune took place I". 15. Ward jiurchased the
interest of S. M. Holmes in The Advertiser and
Tribune.
In February, 1865, J. K. Scripps bought I-".. 15,
Ward's interest for §24,000. Of this, stock to the
amount of §10,000 was sold, half to Hiram W.alker
.and half to F. C. Walker. In 1868 Hiram Walker
purcha.sed ;m addition.il §5,000 worth of stock, and in
1S72 §5,000 more. On January 1. 1870, the paper was
iiKwed to a building erected in the rear of the pres-
ent elegant iron and stone building on Larncd Street
684
MNINd I'AI'KKS AM) I'KKK )DICALS.
West, trrctfd in 1S73. In July, I'i;::, ,1 Ildcfinii-
cylindcr typc-nsolviniL^ pass, the first in tiie Stiilc
w.'is sit up. Ill KS73 and 1S79, llirani W.ilkir
houj^iit still niori! of the stock of llic jiiipiT, ;m(l in
18.S0 ownrd most of tlie stock of tlu' (dr|ior.ition.
Mr, Conovtr, who liad been tclitor-in-chicf since
1863, was siiccci'dcd, on Apiil 29. ]^~i. liy Charles
K. ll.ickus. In 1870
Willi.mi M. Cuic-
ton was one of the
editors of the week-
ly. In l'"ehru;iry,
1873, J. K. Scripps
retired from the
ijeneral m;ina,y;e-
nient, and was suc-
ceeded by II. K.
Baker, and in 1877
the pajier was con-
solidated with
77/^- Ditroit Daily
Post.
This paper, whose
publication was be-
yun March 27, 1S66,
was tlie first eight-
paiLje daily issued in
Detroit. It contin-
ued in that form for
nearly four years.
Tri-weekly and
weekly editions
were begun with the
daily. The paper
was established as a
radical Republican
orcfan by a joint
stoik eomiirmy. /..
Chandler .md I'.. B.
Ward were l.irtje
shareholders. Carl
Schurz w.'is editor-
in-chief for a year;
and from March,
1867, to January i,
1876, the editorial
and business departments were under the control
of Frederick Morley.
During the first year of its existence Charles F.
Clark and H. H. Rowlson were in charge of its
business department; after January i, 1876. it was
managed by I.. F. Harter. From the time Mr.
Morley left until the consolidation of the paper
with The Advertiser and Tribune. Willi.im Stocking
was chief editor, and during its existence the fol-
Thb DAfiv Pont HriLuisd.
42 to 48 Laincd Street Wost. liiiilt in 1873.
lowing persons were connected with the t-diioria
dej)artment : L. J. Hates, V..('<. Ilolden, W. J. Cih
son, II. M. I'tley, R.iy Haddock, and Akxandei
Morrison.
On June \<\ 1866, ;i Snnd.iy edition took the place
of the Mo'M.iy issue. An e\'ening edition w.is sint oiii
on Au.^iist 22 and was continued until December i.
After its consol-
idation with The
Tribime, the first
numbir of the pa-
per, under the title
of
Till' Post iviif
Tyil'inic
was issued October
14, 1877. A paper
called
The ETrm'»s[
Telegraph,
at two cents per
copy, was issued by
the same corpor.i-
tion from October
15, 1877, until No-
vember I 5, 1878.
(^n May 1 1, 1879,
the office of the
Post and Tribune
was damaged by
fire, with a loss of
830,000. On March
1, 1 88 1, the paper
was sold to a new
company, and one
month later William
Stocking succeeded
Mr. Backus as man-
aging editor.
After the consol-
idation, L. F. Harter
managed lUc busi-
ness department
until February 18,
1878, when he was
succeeded by James
H. Stone, and he on June 17. 1882, by William H.
Thompson. On September 3, 1883, Frederick
Morley became sole luanager of both the editorial
and business departments of the paper. The price
of the daily was reduced from if 10.00 to #7.00 on
November i. 1883. The price of the semi-weekly
is $4.00. of the weekly, $1.00 per year.
On June 12. 18S!, the paper was first printed on ;!
Scott Rotary Press, and changed from a four-page
LlVlNCi PAPERS AND PERIODICALS.
685
to an cii^lu-pa^c daily. On ihc day of intmducinij
Uic new [iress a scvcn-cokiinn paper of lliirly-twcj
paj^es was issued, also a supplement i^iviiiv; a fac-
simile of the lirst number of the first paper pub-
lished in Michiijan.
The press prints. cMts, folds, and pastes from ten
ti) twelve thousand pa|)ers per hour.
On August I, 1884, die paper was transferred
to J. L. Stickney, who became chief etlitor and
inanai^er, and on the same date the paper first
ai)[)eared under the title of l'!)'.' Daily Post.
'/■/■,■ Detroit /'>•■•, Press.
The burning of The Gaiiette in April, 1830, left
Mr. McKiiit^ht. its proprietor, without sufficient
means to establish a new paper ; but the rush of
iiniiii,!L;ration to Michigan was bejjinnini;, and a
paper was essential to the interests of the Demo-
cratic party. In order to meet the deiuantl, Joseiih
(.'.iiiipan and John \^. Williams, under the firm
name t)f Joseph Campau <S: Company, ])urchased
The Oaklaiul County Clironicle (which had been
|)iiblislied by Thomas Simpson, at Pontiac, from
June 25, 1830), and .ijave Mr. Mcl\nii;ht the control
of the material, which was to be paid for as soon as
circumstances woulil admit.
The type and presses were removed to Detroit,
and as far as possible the subscribers of The Chroni-
cle were retained for
The Demoeratie Free Press and Mkhigan
Intelli^^eneer,
which was first issued on Thursday, May 5, i83r,
On June 2 John P. Sheldon assumed the editorship,
but resigneti on account of illness on August 25 of
the same year. The price of the pai)er was %2.iX) a
year: the ol'fice was on the corner of Bates and
\VoodbridjL;e Streets.
On October 27, 1831, C. \V. Whipple was ap-
pointeil lisca! ayeiit of the stockhoklers. With the
bei^inninjf of the second volume, on January 5, 1832,
the i)aper was enlarged, the words " Michigan In-
tclliirencer " omitted from the title, and the day (if
issue chanyetl from Thurstlay to Wednesday.
Charles Cleland was editor. In February Messrs.
S. McKniirht, T. C. Sheldon, and Andrew Mack
bciiii^ht out the orii^inal owners, and .Mr. McKnight
was made sole manatjer. On the 3d of the month, a
l'>ar dinner, given on the retirement of the judges,
t'luk place, and The Free Press of February 9 con-
t. lined an account of the speeches which were (|uite
l.uulatory of the judges. The people were so glad
t'l be relieved of obnoxious judges that the article
greatly displeased many persons, as it was thought
tliat the judges indulged in too much self-g''atu-
1 Uiou, and that the members of the 15ar were too
complimentary in their s|Heches. Such a clamor
was raised that on .May 3 Cleland was forceil from
the editorial chair, and John P. Sheldon .again placed
in charge. On .November 8, 1832, the office was
removed to a three-story brick building nearly np-
posite the Post-office, which was then on the south
side of Jeffer.son Avenue near Wayne Street. iCarly
in .April, 1833, John P. Sheldon was appointed
assistant superintendent of Ir.nl mines west of the
Mississip])i River, ami Sheklon .McKnight became
editor and publisher. The paper continued to be
issued as a weekly until June 19, 1835, when it be-
came a semi -weekly.
The constantly increasing number of educated
people that were streaming into the State encour-
ageil a further venture ; and on September 28, 1835,
McKnight issued the tirst lurmber of The Daily
Free Press. It was the tirst atteivt of the kind in
the Stale. The sheet was a f(jlio. w ith a page about
ten by seventeen inches. The price was S8.00 a
year. The office, at this time, was at 63 Jefferson
.\ venue, on the northeast corner of Shelby Street.
On February t, 1836, McKnight .sold out to L. L.
Morse, who had been editor of The Ontario (New
York) Messenger, and John S. Bagg, both of whom
acted as eilitors. On June 27, 1836, the paper
was enlarged from four to si.\ columns in width,
about a column in length, ami (Jtherwise improved
in appearance. On July 22 following John S. Bagg
became sole proprietor.
On January 4, 1837, at three o'clock r. M., a tire
broke out in the Sheldon Block, and burned the
office together with several other buildings. After
the tire, on February 1. 1837. J. S. Bagg. S. .\. ISagg.
and Henry Barns became publishers, under the firm
name of i5agg, Barns, i^ Comi^any. They located
o\er King's clothing store, on the corner of Jeffer-
son and Woodward .Avenues. On February 22
they issued their hrst paper. They began the semi-
weekly cilition on Febru.ary 28, and resumed the
d.'iily as X'olume 1, Number I, on June 5, 1837. On
February 16, 1838, J. S. and .S. .\. Bagg became
sole owners of the paper, and on April 10, 1840, A.
S. B.'igg became proprietor. On August 26, 1841,
the office was moved to the old Museum Building on
the soul' ast corner of Jefferson Avenue and Oris-
wold Street, and here, on January i, 1842, the ollice
was again burned. The fire destroyed the entire
block, and as both the Free Press and Advertiser
offices were bufned, neidier could aid the other.
On January 3, 1842, A. S. Bagg and J. H. Harmon
formed ;i new firm. In order to obtain type, they in-
duced The Macomb Republican and The Port Huron
Observer to suspend for the winter, and on January
II, on the corner of Shelby Street and Jefferson
Avenue, they issued a five column paper; the second
number was si.\ columns wide and a column longer ;
686
LIVINC. 1'A1'I:RS AM) I'l'.KlODICAI.S.
ami llii'ii si'\cimI luimlurs wrrc issiii'd nf alxml lialf
si/.i:. On January JS. 1.S4J, llic paiJrr rcMiiiiuil ils
old form, bul alili()iii,;li issued daily, liic wnni " daily"
was dropped from the licadinif. During April iliu
proprietors of 'I'hc ()l)scr\cr took away lluir press,
and consiKiucnlly the sheets printed from April 14
to iS were rciliiccd in si/e. On Mareh 3, iiS^.j, the
oriiie was moved h.alf w.iy towards (irisw(jld Street,
opposite the Cooper lilock, .and here. bejL^innin^r with
March 15, I1S44. it was publishetl solely as an even-
ing p.iper until J.mu.iry 7, i>S45, when it resumed its
morning issue. Soon .after. C. 15. l'"loo(.l betaiue
editor, and on .September 30 the paper w.as enlari^ed
one idlun»n in width.
IJetween May and December, 1845, the ollice
was moved U) W'oodw.irii Avenue, opposite old St.
i'aul's Church, and here, in 1S46. the lirst power
press in Michi^.an. anil the lirst west of liulT.alo.
was sit up. The first work jiriiUed was the
Revised Statutes of th.at year. In M.iy, 1.S47.
John S. 15a,n;v^ a^ain became editor, and the p.iper
was enlarijed one column in len,:,(th. Durinv;
these years but little attiiuion was paid to local
items, or else there was a remark.ablc dearth of
events worth notin.u;. On May 9. 11^49. .\. -S. l''a,v;x
sold out his interest to John S. ISai;!^; .and early in
1850 the paper w.is issued by Hai^i;, ll.irmon, i\:
Company. On June 22 the firm n.ime was chanijed
to Harmon. Brodhead, iS: Comi)any, with R. O.
ll.irmon. T. I'", lirodlicid. .and J.icob li.arns as pro-
prietors. T. I''. Drodhe.id servin.if as editor. On
September 23, iiS5o, the paper was moved to 50
Cjriswold Street, just north of Jefferson A\'enue.
Duriiij; this year it absorbed the subscription list
of
/'//(• nctroit Coiiiiiicriinl lUillclin,
a paper established on May 28, 1.848. by D.aniel
Mun.i;er .and ( ieort,re W. I'altison, with d.iily, tri-
weekly, and weekly editions. On .April 1, 1851,
The l'"ree Press ;ii;.iin changed owners, Jacob Harns,
S. M. Johnson, and T. I'". Brodhead becominiL; pub-
lishers under the lirm n.ame of ISarns, Urodhe.ad. iV
Conip.iny. .Messrs. ISrodheail anil Johnson served
as editors. This year the ollice was proviiled with
new type, ;ind on October 7 the paper w.is enlar^;eil
to seven columns, .and the woril •'tlaily" ajL^ain .i|)-
peared in the title. 'l"he paper was now for the
first time i)rinteil by steam. An effort had been
maile to use steam in 1847, but as the boiler and
enyine were defective, and the tkior not stronj^
enoui^h, the jiress was operated by m.an-power un-
til the fall of 1851. The occasion which led to the
use of steam was as follows : The work of printing;
in book form the report of the jjreat Michigan Cen-
tral Railroad conspiracy case had been under-
taken by H. A. Wales of The Advertiser. His press
facilities were inailei|uate, and the Free I'ress office
was ciiled upnii lo aid in the work. Uurini; the
print inir the m.in-power proved so unreli.ible th.u
sieam was substiiuted. /\ careful examination ol
the tiles of the p.iper fails to disclose the d.ite on
which the i).iper w.is first printed by steam. It
seems sin,milar indeed that so inii)orlant an eveiil,
an event markinij; .in era in the West, should h.ive
i(one unnoticeil, and it seems iloubly strange in view
of the f.ici that the papers of the present d.iy, ;ii
least, .ire not over-inodest in the recital of their
achievements. One of the proprietors of the paper
;it that time, in .1 letter on this subject, .says, "We
did not then publish our own enterprise as is now
so universal with the press."
On April 7. 1852, .another ch;in,v;e of proprietors
took pl.ice, the p.iper bein,;( issued by J.icob IS.ariis
.and S. M. Johnson under the lirm name of Jacob
liarns \: Company. .Mr. Johnson served as editor
until {•"ebru.iry 3. 1853, when \V. K. Storey becinu
both editor ;ind proprietor. The |);iper was enl.irneil
one column in width and one in len,;;th on the I7tli
of the s.ime month, and on October 2, 1853, a Sun-
day paper was issued for the first time. It took
the pl.ice of the Mond.iy issue.
In the f.ill of 1859. or early in i860, the office w.as
moved to the northwest corner of ("iriswold .iiul
\Voodbrid;.;e Streets. On June 5, 1S61. Henry N.
W.ilker became editor anil proprietor, and on Au-
i^iist 28, V . !,. Seitz became .a ii.artner. 'fhe firm
n.ime w.is Walker iS: Seit/.. On December 24 of
the same year the pajjcr w.as sold to a new tirm.
composed of H. N. Walker. C. 11. Taylor, .iiul
Jacob Harns. In 1861 William K. ()uinl)y beciinc
one of the eilitors. and two years i.iter purch.ised a
quarter interest in the est.iblishment.
On Janu.iry 2, 1865, the p.iper w.is reduced om-
column in width and one in length; on M.iy 29 it
was enlarired to eii;ht columns, and on August 7,
1866, it w.as issued in quarto form.
On August 18, 1866, ;i .stock company was or-
ganized under the n.ime of The Detroit Free I'ress
Comi)any. The (|uarto form of the p.aper w.as ilis-
continued on .April 3, 1867, ,aiid the folio form rein-
st.ated, with an enlargement, on August 22, 1869,
of one column. In 1872 W. \\. Ouinby became
h.alf owner of the paper, .and in January, 1875, he
purchased a large share of the remainder of the
stoi'k. The p.aper has .always r.inked .as the leading
Democratic paper of .Michigan, and during most of
the time since it was founded, it has been the only
Fnglish Democratic p.aper in the city. It has
achieved much popularity through the " Fime Kiln
Club" articles of C. M. Lewis, whose nont dc plunu-
is M. Oil. id.
The weekly supplement known as The House-
hold w.as lirst issued on January 12. 1878. It is
designed especially for the ladies. On .A|)ril 29,
LIVING I'AI'KKS AND I'KKIODICALS.
6S7
i.S7<S, the (iHicc was hiiiiird out, l)iil il was suoii ii'-
r>ial)lislic(l, and nii June z fdllowinii; the I'lic I'nss
(Huipauy, Inrtlu' lirsi tinii' in Micliii^an, uiadf usu
111' the |)ai>ici--uiarlu' sli'i\(il\|K' prm'iss, and willi a
nrw llulliK k pcrfiiiiui; pi'iss witli Sinll fuldrr was
al)li.' to prim, foltl, ,iiid p.istr twcKc tlinus.uid pajnis
ptT hour. 'I"1r' event was siynali/.cil by printing
a tliirly-t\\'o-i)agc
p.iprr will) a sLip-
plfUR'nt of four
pai;i's, .and ;it lliis
linir llir paper was
chaiivifd from folio
ini|n;irto form. ( )n
July i(>, i<S>Si, the
romp.my in;iu\;ii-
r.iled a new (ie|);ir-
luri.: l)y seiidin,!.;
die papier -m;i('lie
iiialriees of their
weekly |i;iptT to
London, .■uid print-
in;;' there .a reiujiilar
weekly edition, to
whieha few special
lolumns were ad-
ded. The first issue
(jf the pajier was
sixteen thousand;
the sei'ond, v\yt;h-
leeii thousand ; by
December 1 it had
re.aehed ;i hoiia fufi-
sale of thirty-five
thousand copies
w eekly ; and on
v'hristmas.i special
holiday eilitioii of
(Uie hundreil thou-
sand copies was
printed. It is sold
Inr a penny, anil
up to 1SS3 was the
Duly American pa-
per republished in
the Old World.
The fir.st number w.as made particularly attractive
lo Lomloners by the salutatory of our fellow-towns-
man llronsoii Howard. His loiiv;- t.irry in London
and the success of his plays had made him so well
known that bis "send off" was of great value, hi
June, 1884, the Detroit office was moved to the
northeast corner of L.irned and Shelby Streets. The
liist paper in the new location was issued on June
''"'ill, the event being signali/.ed by the issue of a
I'lirty-si.x-p.ige paper. The f.icilities afforded in its
new quarters are second to those of no otber paper.
I'luc I-'kI'I; I'lacs.s 1!ui[.din(;. - N. K. Cok. 1,.\ijm-;ii and Sin:i.iiV SiKiilvi's.
The present stockholders ,iie Will. I'.. (Uliliby, .\.
(i. Iioynloii, N. I'.iseiilord, Joseph (iruesi I, John .\.
r.ell, John t )'Conilols, and ( ieo. I', (lood.ile. The
editoii.il stiilT consists of W'm. v.. 'Hiiiibv, A. ().
I'.oyntoll, Joseph (.lillsel, I'.. Ci. Iloldell, John A.
Hell. ( ii'o. I', t loodale, C l>. Lewis, Robert U.ill,
John liarr, II. F. Wright, J. \\. Robison, Ceorge
F. Hellwig. C. L.
Dean, Cico, H.
Taylor, K. H. Hos-
ford, Theo. (Hiinby,
i'r.ink Heiinett,
Nb-s. M. L. Rayne,
and Miss Jennie ().
Sl.irkey. 'I'he d.iily
is S7-00.1 ye.ir. and
the weekly Sl.o).
issued on TlH'S-
ilavs.
TItc . ill^^riiiriiw
Xii'/iin.;,
a ( ierman Diiiio-
cratic wiekly, at
S2.00. w.is first is-
sued by Dr. .\n-
th(<ny Kamiusky
on Se|-)temlH'r 31,
i8_|4 ; with the
bev;imiini; of the
se<'ond vdlunie the
name was chaiii^ed
to St.i.'its /eituni;
of Micliii;;m. and
the [iriee retluced
to $1.50. In the
spring of 1848 M.
W. All.irdt Iiecanie
a partiKr with Ka-
miusky, remaining
one year. In 1850
K.'iminsky ilietl,
,111(1 Messrs. HutziK:
Schimmel bought
the paper and
changed the name
to Michigan Trilnine, or Cernuui Organ of the
Democracy, (^f this luw jiaper Casper lUitz was
editor, and as e.irly as July, 1850, he became pro-
prietor. The paper continued until 1854, when it
was merged with
77u- M/i/i/o<vi Douorral,
which was established the same year by a joint
stock company composed of Dr. \\ Klein, F. Ruehle,
J. 15. Schmittdid, C M. Rich, I?, and C. Fischer,
and others. The paper did not prove .1 success, and
688
Ll\'lNti 1'A1'1:K.S AM) I'LKIUDICALS.
on May i. if^j^), it was ^old to I'. Kkin. who iiaiis-
fiTiiil il, on j.iiniaiy lo, 1857, lo Doniidioii X:
Kramer, wlio, tlic same year, boiijLflil out
/•//,■ M/\/i/-iiJi I'oll^sblatt,
a scmi-wcL'kly, at $2.00 a year, wliicli was first issued
on May 1, 1853, by I". \ W. Siliiinnu 1, witli Ku-
(lolpli lJie[)enbeek as eilitm . 'I'lie paper was called
'I'he ^Ii(■Ilil,^•ln Democrat aiifl \'olksl)latt. In De-
cember, iSjcS, I'hilip Kramer boii^hl out the interest
of Doinedion, ;ind l)i'came ;i jiartner. I'wo years
latiM", in Nd\emi)er, i(S6o, a daily issue was i)enun,
and ;ii)out this time the n.ime was ciiani^ed to
.Michii^;an Xdlksblatt. I'nder this title, in May,
1S62, it piu'chased
ritr M/i///\;im S/iin/s /.lilitiii^,
a daily inurninjL; paper, lirst published in 1.S58 by
Charles D. Haas; Consl;mtine lieyerle was his p;irt-
iicr in 1859. i'lie price of tiie daily is §C.uo, and of
the weekly, $-'.50 a year.
r/if Miiliii^ii II Journal and Herald
dates its be.^innini; from 'i'he Micliiv,r;m Journ.'il, the
tirst ('icrman d.iily jiublished in Michiv;.in; il was
established un June 13, 1855, with daily and weekly
editions, by A. & C. Mar.xhausen. hi Jime, 1870,
it w;i old to V. Cornehl ;md I". Tope, who discon-
tin" daily after Nbirch, 1876, and at the .same
tir. t,eti the jxiper with The Herald of Mil-
wai...ee. The i)aper, imder tile title of Micliii^an
Journ.'il ;md Herald, has since ixen isstied weekly,
both from Niilwaukee and Detroit, by I'ope t\; Cole-
man, at $2.50 a year.
The Com Dur rial Advertiser and Michii^an
I Ionic Journal
was established in iSf'u l)y C"li,-u-Ies F. Clark, imder
the name of The Commercial Advertiser, a weekly
at S' 00 ,-i year, (^n January i, 1S63, it was sold to
William ii. i>urk, and in the fall of 1866 the name
" Niichii^an iionie JoiuMi.il" was added. ()rii;in;illy
established chictly ;is a tomniei'cial pajier, il has for
sever.il ywars circulated as a literary and family paper.
The price is §2. 50 a year.
Tlic Anurhan lloinwopathic Ohsemcr,
a montlily iiom(i(jpatliic joiu-ii.il, was established by
Dr. K. A. Lodge in January, 1864. The price is
$2.50 a year.
Tlic I' ant Hi en Blaetter,
a German l^ciiulilicin weekiy, was estai)!ished by
Aug. Mar.xliausen, July 1. 1866, at S2.50 a year. A
daily issue, called 'i'he Abend Post lias i)een pub-
lished since September i, 1868. I'riee, $7.00 per
year.
'/'//<■ . [i^rii ulliiral and t tiolii ullin iil Jiun not,
,1 semi-monlhly, was i'stal)lished by i'ope \ C ok-
man on J.uuiary i, i86(j. i'riee, Sl.25 a ye.ir.
■/'//(• Mi(/iii;iin I'arnier and Stale Journal of
.li;rieitlture
w.is commenced, as an cntirtly new weekly paper,
on .May 15, i80y, by Johnstone >.\: (libbons. i'riee,
S2.00 a year.
77ie I'riii^'-ress of the .\i^e,
a semi-weekly, |Mil)lished by i'ope iV' Colem.an, was
establislu-d in J.uuiary, 1872. I'riee, $ii .25 a ycii'.
'I'lie Western Home Jinirnal,
an eight-p.'ige C.atholic weekly, ;it §2.00 a ycir, was
established i)y the i ionie Journal Company, .Septem-
ber 28, 1872. On J;uiuary 15, 1878, William I'.
Sax'age became the |)i()prielor, and on J;uuiary 5,
1883, he was succeeiled by W. ii. Hughes, wiio
continued its publication under tiie name of Tlie
Micliigan Calliolie.
The /Ci'eniiii; AV:i'.v.
This, the tlrst successful ciie.ip daily in Niichigan,
was est.iblished on August 23, 1873, l)y J. !•,. Scripps.
i'"or tile first two months it was prinleil at 'l"iie i''ree
I'ress office; then, on October 23, it was moved to
^^^ejfci
The Evening News licrLDiNi;.— 65 Sni-a,iiv Stki-.ei-.
(Built ill 1877.)
.Shelby Street where four years later a commodious
brick building was erected for it. It was printed on
a four-cylinder Hoe pre.ss from 1873 to 1880, wiien
;i Scott wel) press, witii a capacity of 28,000 sheets
per hour was suiistituted and in 1883 the printing
facilities were further increased by a second press
LIVINC. I'APKKS AND I'KRIODICALS.
689
\l /iHII lilt/,
'opt' iV t'nli-
;i year.
Jounial I'/
^vrikly i)a|Kr.
ibuiis. I'ricc,
Coli'iiian, was
Si.::, a yrar.
iial,
3() a yt'ar, was
panv, SrpU'in-
^, William 1..
oil January 5,
1Iui;Iks. \\1i"
name of '1 1h
ly in Mit-liiiiaii.
ly J. 1',. Scriijps.
l;i1 at 'I'lic IVci-
was muvcd lo
'A
|i;i.iiY Stki-et.
a oonimodious
I was printed on
to i<S(So, wlu'n
28,o<x3 sheets
|83 tile printini;
a second press
I if like <-aparity. Knini the first the paper was ex-
reptioiially prosperous and it closed its tenlii year
vvitii a eireiilatidii of 4o,cxx) eo|)ies daily, i'or
Mveral years it boasted a larvjer daily i ireiilaiioii
tlian all other daily papers in Michigan eoniliined,
and is elaimed to be the most valuable newspaper
property in the stale. Amoni^' those who larvji'ly
.lided Mr. Scripps in the developmeiil of the paper
h.ive been M. J. Dee, R. li. Ross. C. R. Osmiin,
|(ilin M('\'ii'ar, Ciiarlts I'. May. and others in the
editorial department ; \V. II. ISrearley, A. II. Ilerron,
and (1. II. Scripps, in the business de|)arlmeiU ; and
K. W. Wyckolf, inthe ineeh.inical. The p;iper has
heeii the defend.mt in a .ijri'at number of prosecu-
tions for libel .md is perhaps tlu' only newsp.iper in
the country which has ever had to p.iy .1 judgment
(if $20,00;) .and costs, th.at amount bein^ paid in
1S.S4 in tlu: f.imous M.icle.in e.ise. Towards this
amount a consider.ible sum was contributed 'by
lliost' who believed the |);iper to h.ave been harshly
Heated. In July 27, 1S76, the paper absorbed the
subscription lists of
Tlic Ihtroit Daily Union,
which had been st.irted as a workinifinen's organ
(111 July 4, I.sri5, by ;i comp.my of striking; printers,
which Liter bec.ame ;i democr;ilic p.apcr, and ulti-
niati^ly fell into the hands of John Atkinson ,ind T.
I). Il.'iwley. W. II. 'i'hompson w.is its business
ni,in,ii(er, dnrintf the j,(reater |).irt of its history, and
was succeeded by M. II. (iodfrey. Thomas M.
Cook was its last editor. On October 15, 1S78, a
weekly edition of The ]l\'enin,^ News was estab-
lislit 1.1 under the name of The J'lcho.
/'//(• Miclii^^an Christian Herald,
the .Si.iteoiKan of the ISaptisl Church, was first pulj-
lished .It Kal;uiia/oo on I'ebruary 1, 1S70, by L. II.
Trowbridi;e as a bi-monthly, under the name of
The Torchlight. In January, 1871, it was changed
to a monthly, and on J.inuary 1, 1873, was issued
bi-weekly at %i.oo a year, imder the title of The
ller.ald .and Torchlighl. In October, 1873, it was
moved lo Detroit, and on J.inuary 1, 1874, it was
issued as a weekly, at S2.00 a year. On January i,
1875, it took its present title, The Michig.in Chris-
tian Herald, and on J.aniiary i, 1880, was enlarged
from four to eight pages.
Till- Public I.iailfr,
a paper devoted to the interests of wine, beer, and
li(|Lior dealers, was established May 19, 1874, by the
Leader Publishing Company. In 1874, the com-
p.iny bought the Tr.ules Journ.al of Ottaw.a, Illinois.
Tile Leader w.as sold on M,iy 1, 1875, to II. .S. I'ot-
ttT, .and sixteen d.iys later w.is trrmsferred to \V. J.
H. Traynor. The price is §2.00 a year.
lilt' Miiliiiian Clirisfian .lilvDnilr
is the successor of The Adrian District Methodist,
a monthly paper first issued October 1, 1873. I)y
Rev. 0. Whitmore, .It Atlriaii; it w;is published on
till' rei'ommend.itioii of the |)reachers of the .Adri.m
District, two of whom, Rev. I. N, Illwood and Rev.
A. !■'. Hourns, were especi.illy helpful in starting the
ilitiiK.AN Chki.stian Herald BniLDiNC. Built 1880.
690
LIVINC. I'AI'KRS AND I'KRIODICALS.
|)a|)i'r. ( )ii till' ii'( (PiiiMuiulalion of llu' district cotl-
fcniiits III' srviTal disiiicts, it was riilarvjcd oil
ni'criiil)cr I, and tlic iiaiiic iiiaii]i;id lo Mithixaii
Clirislian Ad\(nali\ In Scpli'nilicr, I1S74, tin- Di-
troil Coiifii'iiK r adiipii'd 11 as its Imal oiii^an, and
in Dull ml)!.'!' i!k' Mttiuidist ruhlisliinv; C(ini|iany
oi'j^ani/.fd, i)()ii)^ht llu: |)a|)ii', and i\inn\(jd it to
Detroit, wlicro on January 1, 1.S75. it was lirsi issutil
as a wi'okiy. Ki\. ( ). \\ hiiinoii' and Ki'V. L. K.
Kiski-, 1). I)., wiri' irn;a.v;i(l as iiiitors, and con-
tiiniid in ciiari;!' until Siptcnilur, wlii'ii l<i'\. J. M.
Aiiiold siicci'i'di'd to tile i'ditorslii|), and is still in
cliarj;i;, with Kvv. J. II. i'otls as assoiia'u iditoi'.
With the issue for N'ovenibcr u, iSiSi, the paper
was ihanvjed from folio lo (luariu funn. I'rice,
$i.gu a year,
A'lW I'rcptiralioits,
;i iiiedieal (|uarterly, was lirst issued in J,iniiary,
1S77, by (leorvje S. Davis, It was edited hy Dr.
(.'. 11. Leonard. In J.nuiary, 1S71;, it w.is ehanncd
to .1 monthly, .and Dr. W'illi.im Ilrodie hicaine tin
editor. In January, 1S80, the name was elian.iietl to
'rihlitf)illtic I'lilZCttt'.
This is a roy.il .ieia\o of four lunuhcd ami eij^hty
I I ;es yearly. The price is ijti.oo a year,
I'ltc Dtlroit Daily llnlil lufniftcr aiiil /ui/'/u'ity
lil(i(/i'.
w.is lirst issued Mareh 17, 1.S77, hy W, J. II.
'lYavnor,
T/it- .liitphi'oH,
a nuisical moiuhly, established by Whitteinore «.^
Stephens in Au.^ust, 1874, is publisheil by Roe
Stephens, at $1.10 per year.
Die Sliiniiii' •fir W'a/ir/ir/f,
.1 Cierman weekl\, .it $2.50 ;i year, w;is fonmu'in'ed
in i<S75, with J. I!. .Mueller and K, Antlries as
editors ant! proprietors.
y'//(' Wiiyfii- County Courier
was est.'iblished ;it W'y.indotte in M.iy, 1870, under
the title of The Wyandotte Enterprise by D. II.
Thomas, and sold in i<S7i to I i. A. Ciritlin. Soon
.after, ('irit'fm & B.'ites, .-md on J.muary 1, 1.S72,
(■iririiiu\; Nellis, were publishers, in uS79the paper
was sold to v.. O'lSrien. Its politics were Republi-
c.'Ui until its removal to Detroit in 1876, when it
bec.ime the hrst (hx-enbaek pa|)er in Miehij^an.
.After its sale to Mr. O'llrien, it aj^ain became a
Rejiublican p;ii)er. In 18.S1 it w;.:. ])ublished by
O'Brien ^: Robertson, and on October 27, 1881, it
was sold to \V. J. M, Traynor. The price is $1.25
a year.
The Medical Advance,
a quarterly, which was hrst published in January,
1877, l)y Dr. C. H. Leon.ard, ;it hfty cents a ye.ir, w.is
continued for three years, and then succeeded by
Leonard's Illustrated Medical Journal,
first issued in 1880, The price is 50 cents a year.
The Index,
an advertising octavo, was first issued November 1 5,
1877, by T. J. Crowe,
I'lie Mieliiiiitn luuhihid Guide,
,1 monthly, has been issued since M.iy, 1877, by I'!.
Schober. I'rice, Si.cxj .a year.
/'//,• luiiiiilv Circt
|)ublishcd by I'oi)c iS: L'olem.in, ;i weekly at $1.25 a
year, W.IS lirst issued in J.innary, 1878.
/'//(■ Detroit Lancet,
a monthly, eilited by Drs. I.. Connor and II. ,\.
Clel.ind, w;is lirst published in 1878 by \'.. 15. Smiili
i.\: Company, at S3.00 a ye.ir. In .May, 1S79.
Cicor^e S. Davis became the publisher, and 1..
Connor, iM, D,, sole editor.
/■//,■ Medical . /.cv,
.al.so iiublished by Oeorge S. Davis, is the sticcessor
of
The Miehii^an Medical ..\'<7i'.v,
;i semi-monthly, ediletl .and published by Dr, J. j.
.Miilheron, and hr.st isstied in January, 1878, at $1.00
a year, in January, 1883, it was purchased by
George S, Davis,
I'he Detroit Clinic,
a weekly, ;it $1.00 .a year, was established January
4. 1882, with II. ().' Walker. M. D.. and O. W,
Owen, M. D., .is editors, .and Drs. Theodore A,
McOraw, K. L, Shnrly, N. W. Webber, and T. N.
Reynolds as associate editors. It w,as owned by
Cicorjfe S. Davis, who, after the purchase of The
Michijjjan Medical News, combined the two perioili-
cals under the name of The Medical Ajje, It is a
semi-monthly, at $1.00 a year, Dr, John Mulheroii,
nian.a^iny; editor; Drs. Henry V. Lyster, T. A, Mc-
Graw, D.iniel La Ferte, and H. O. Walker, asso-
ciate editors.
LIVINC PAl'KKS AND I'KKIODICALS,
691
•il in Jaiuiaiy,
idiltil by Dr.
t was tliani;iil
lie lu'canu' tin
,vab cliaiii;t.».l Id
\\vi\ ami i-iKl>t\
year.
<■ ,1/11/ /uiiluuiy
l.y W. J. II.
■ lay, 1877. L>y 1-
reeklvat $1.25 a
1878.
<■/.
iiiiior and II. A.
78 by K. li. Smith
In May, 187U,
ublishcr, and 1-
is the successor
AVti'.v,
>1hi1 by Dr. J. J.
■y, 1878, at Si.oo
•as purchased by
iblished January
I)., and O. \V.
s. Theodore A.
ibber, and T. N.
I was owned by
purchase of '1 1h'
d the two perioili-
ical Arc. U is a
John Mulheroii,
I.yster, T. A. T^b-
6. Walker, asso-
)r
A A'(7i' /</<■(/,
i'liis nioiiliiiy paper, devoted lo pliarni.ueutieal
interests, is i>ubiisliiil by V . .Stearns \ Conijiany,
ind was established in J.uuiary, 1878. i'riie, lifty
cents a year.
Mhlu\uin .1. (A r. ;/■. //.n,/,/.
This orj^.iri of the American Order of United
Workmen w.is first ij*ued in M.iy. 1878. The |)rice
is lifty cents a year, and it is published niunlhiy.
Kvfty Siilitiday
may be called the successor of
J)i/n>/t Siu/i/y i\Ww,
edited l)y K. I J. Daniels, the first jiaper of the
kind in Detroit. It was a weekly, pubiisiied by the
.Miiiiij^an Ready Print Company, at $1.00 per year,
from December 14, 1878, to March, 1880, when it
was sold, and transformed into Kvery Saturday,
established by Moore iJv; Parker on March 6, 1880.
Ill February, 1884, it was sold to W. II. IJrearley,
• ind II. A. Ford then became editcjr, anil was suc-
ceeded in June by Miss Alice Cary. It is a literary
and society paper. Price, $1.50 a year.
a society paper, was first issued March 26, 1881, by
1). J. McDonald and Lloyd P.rezee. In July, 1881,
Mr. McDonald retired, and in July, 1883, the paper
was sold to Cleorge M. Chester. The price is $2.00
;i year.
7'/u' Detroit Marine Xcu's,
a weekly, at $2.00 a year, first issued A|)ril 29, 1881,
is edited and published by Watson JtJiies.
/'//(• /uuiii/v Hcralif,
a weekly story paper, at §2.00 a year, |)ublished by
\V. J. II. Traynor, was tirst issued on May 7, 1881.
The Hoiiu- J/issi'/tj^'i'r,
a monthly, was first issued by liie ISoard of Man-
av;ers of the Home of the Friendless on December
I, 1868, at seventy-five cents a year. It was discon-
tinued in December, 187c;, and resumed in March,
1SS2, as a quarterly at $1,00 a year, with Mrs. C. F.
Livermore as editor.
/'//(• Indicator,
a monthly paper, devoted to insurance and real
estate matters, was first issued in May, 1882. Price,
Si. 00 a year. It is published by W. H. Burr.
The Western Wnuspaper Union
is the successor of The Michijjan Ready Print,
established in 1877 by Joseph Saunders. The first
number of the Union was issued on Januan,- i,
i^>83. It is a weekly, at $1.00 a year. M. H. Rcd-
ficld, manager.
The Manujaeturer and Inventor,
a si.\teen-pa};e monthly, price $1,00 a year, was first
issued in .March, 1883, J. H. McDowd, editor.
The Western Land duidi',
a monthly, devoted to all matters concern iii.i; l.inds,
w.is first issueil in M.iy, 1883. The price is$i.o(j
a year. It is |)ubiislied by Willco.x tJl; Howell.
The Detroit PlaindeaUr
is a weekly devoted to the interestii of the colored
race. It was first issued on May 16, 1883. It is
published by J.icob Coleman, R. and 15. Peihani, K.
Redm.in, and W. Stone. Price, $1.50.
The Spectator,
the orj^an of several labor orj^anizations, was first
issued June if), 1883. It is a weekly, at $1.50 a
year.
The Michii^an Mi>ador and Good Templar.
The history of the two papers represented in the
above title is as follows : A paper called The Michi-
gan Ciood Templar, a monthly, at thirty-five cents
a year, with C. P. Russell and C. S. Pitkin as edi-
tors, was first issued in December, 1882, and after
one ye.'ir was .sold to W. W. Secord. He was then
publishing The Michigan Miraiior at Belleville,
Wayne County, having begun its publication in
April, 1881. After purchasing The ("lood Templar,
he continued both jiapers for a year. In May, 1883,
he removed to Detroit, and in December both
papers were consolidated under the above title. It
is a weekly prohibition paper, at Si. 00 a year.
The Detroit Coniinercial,
a weekly, at $1 .00 a year, published by R. C. Wilby,
was first issued on .August 17, 1883,
The Detroit Fvenina^ Journal.
This paper, i)ublislied by the F^vening Journal
Comjiany, was founded by Lloyd Breeze and first
issued September i, 1883, with Lloyd Brezce as
editor-in-chief and C. C. Packard as business mana-
ger. It is a two-cent daily, and commenced with
a capital of only S3. 200. Originally an individual
enterprise, on December 6, 1883, a stock company
with S37.500 cash capital was formed for its publi-
cation. The amount was increased on May 27,
1884, to !J!5o,ooo. On .September 18 a controlling
interest in the pap^'r nas sold to S. J. Tomlin.son,
who became its chief editor. It was at first located
at 50 Larned Street West. On May 24, 1884, it was
established in a building at No. 40 Congress Street
West, issuing then and since an eight-page paper
on Saturdays. In its new quarters it commenced
using one of the latest styles of the Scott press, the
press doing all that any other presses in the city will
692
CITY I'RINTERS.
perform, besides pasting, foMinjj and counting its
papers in [)aci<ages.
I'lic Ditroil Tiiitii.
Tiiis two-cent morning daily was first issued De-
cember 4, 1X83. The ollice is at 47 I-arneil Street
West. It is conducted i)y a sloci< company, with a
capital of $30,000; Charles Moore, Charles M.
I'arker, 1). J. McDonaki, and Frank ]■;. Robinson
being the chief managers. They print a paper every
day in the year, a four-jiage p.ijKr i)cing issued on
week d.iys a-d eigiit i)ages on Sundays. t>n the
morning of Aprii 1 1, 18S4, tlieir ollice was entirely
destroyed i)y fire, but tiirough the courtesy of other
papers their morning paper was promptly issued.
The Anuriran Mctcoroloi^ical Journal,
;i monthly, at $3.00 a year, w.is first issued in .May,
I1SS4. It is published by W. II. I!urr & Company,
and edited by I'rof. M. W. Harrington, of Ann Ar-
bor,
CiTV PKINTl'.KS.
Appointments to the office o[ city printer were
made as early as 1824, but the duties of the office
were not prescribed until 1842. After that year
proposals for printing wiTe invited, and yearly con-
tracts made, for printing the proceedings of the
council. I'roposals are iinited by the Com|)troller,
and the contr.ict is ;iwartled by the council at the
beginning of each fiscal year.
The contractor for the Tublic Printing prints in
some daily ])aper full proceedings of all meetings
of the council, and furnishes about tuinly-live
copies for the use of city ollicers and aldermen,
lie also prints annually the notices of tax sales, the
proceedings of the council and the reports of all the
ofliiers and of some of the boards. Since 1870 the
sever.il ollicial reports have been collected annually
and bound in one volume.
Uy .\ct of April 13, 1871, provision was made for
printing the proceedings of the council in a (ierman
newspaper. By Act of 1879, not more than §2,500
may be paid for printing oflici.il |irocee*"'ngs in all
languages ; and the |nil)lishing of the tax-list is
restricted to one official i)aper. 'l"he bills for city
printing for various decades have been : 1830, §63 ;
1840, $297; 1850,1685; i860, $2,393; 1870, S13,-
633; 1880, $13,908.
We give bi'low a list of the city printers who have
|)rintetl the oflicijil proc-eedings of the council :
1824, Sheldon .K: Wells; 1825, Sheldon iV Reed ;
1826-1829, Chipman iK; Seymour; 1829, H, S. Hall ;
1830, Sheldon & Wells; 1831, Sheklon McKnight;
1832, G. L. Whitney ; 1833-1S34, Cleland .."v: Saw-
yer; 1834-1837, (".. !,. Whitney; 1837, I5;igg, Barns,
iS: Company; 1838, d. L. Whitney; 1839, Daw-
son & Bates; 1840, J. S. Bagg; 1841, Dawson &
Bates; 1842, iiagg (1<: Ilarn.on; 1843, Sheid.Mi
McKnight ; 1844 1847, A. S. Williams ; 1847, l',;igg
& Harmon; 1848 1850, H. 11. Duncklee iV Com-
pany; 1850, F. B. Way iV Company ; 1851, Duncklee
l\; W.ilcs; 1852 1862, W. F. Storey; 1862-1864,
Advertiser and Tribune; 1864-1866, Walker, Barns,
i\: Co.; i^'66. Daily I'nion Company; 1S67, Free
i'ress Company ; 1S68, .Advertiser X: Tribune; 1869--
1871, Free I'ress Comp.my; 1 871-1874, Daily I'ost
Comi)aiiy; 1874, J. K. Scripjis ; 1875, Free I'ress;
1876, Daily I'o.st ; 1877, Kveiiing News; 1878, Free
I'ress Company; 1879, I'o.st .and Tribune; 1880,
Free Press; i88l- , I'ost and Tribune.
NKWsnoY.s.
These are one of the modern institutions, the out-
growth of war intluences ,ind of the l.irger popula-
tion of the city. Newsboys and bootblacks were
com|);ir;itively unknown prior to the summer of
1861 ; siiictt that lime there h.is been ;i constant in-
crease in their number. In .\pril, 1862, ;in attempt
was made to have them licensed, but the effort
A Nkwsiidv.
failed. Four years later they had become very
nume-ous, and Hiany of them, having no home,
slept in the streets. Mrs. Beulah Brinton made an
earnest "ffort to promote their welfare by providing
lodgings tor them in the Hawley Block; but after a
few months' trial, the attempt was abandoned. In
1874 and 1875 a similar and more i)ersistent effort
was made, chiefly supported by Luther Beechcr.
A .school for two evenings in a week was established,
and a .Sabbath school, and food and clothing were
provided, but after sever.al months' effort the difficul-
ties of the undertaking caused it to be discontinued.
An .amusing indication of the indeiiendent spirit
of the new.sboys was shown on July 20, 1877, when
they .attempted to prevent the sale of The Eveniiii.;
News, the price ch.arged them being in their ()i)inioii
too high. They would not sell the paptw and tried
to prevent others from doing so. Their generally
unruly character finally compelled the passage, on No-
vember 26 following, of an ordinance requiring eacli
1843. Slield.m
is; 1847. \'m'.^
K'klcc i\: Coin-
1S51, Diiiuklw
y ; 1 862 1 864,
Walkur, 15;inis,
ly ; iSC)?, ••'•■'Jc
rrihuni;; 1861/-
874. Daily I'osi
?5, Free I'rfss ;
\vs ; 1878, Free
rril)unc; 1880,
ibunc.
tiitions, tlic out-
; lar,ncr popula-
jootblacks \\\a\
the siinmuT nf
n a roiislant in-
862, an atlempl
, but llif (.'fforl
NEWSnOYS.
693
ii('\vslw)y to oldaiii a yearly license, and wrar a bail^jc (^(ood ((iiuluei, and were to be the eil\'s property,
|nr wliieli they are re(|iiired to |);iy ten eeiits. liy and to be returned to the city unless renewed at
amended ordinanee of T'ebruary 6, 1S7S, the b.idi^cs expiration of tlu- license. The number of boys tlitiS
were lobe issued only on satisfactory assurance of lieensetl in 18S1 was ji.>o; in 1883, 1,424.
•.-i
\ bccoiiK' very
ivinvi no home,
rinlon made an
ue by providin.u
lock; but after a
abandoned. In
])ersistent effort
l.uther Hceeher.
was established,
id clothinij were
ffort the ditlicul-
be discontinued,
ilependent spirit
y 20, 1877, when
of The F.venin:<
r in their opinion
paptw anil tried
Their RencralK
u passajje, on No-
:c requiring each
•^
ciiai'Ti:r lxx
KAKLV I'.ooK I'K1\IIN(,. I'.OOKS AND I'.oi )KSI:1.I.I:KS. ALMANACS.— CA/.i: IT KKKS.
DIKIIC' l'()Rli:s. MAI'S OF Mlt IllCAX.
r.ARl.V liOOK I'kIN I INC..
It is .iliiinst ccTtain lli.it tliiTc wris ,1 printinc^
]in'ss luTc ;is t;irly as 1777, for l.it'iiicn.'iiU-CiDVi rnor
llamilloii (listril)iiti(l loiln' " \\(\k\ Colonists" l.ir^o
mimbers of prorlani.itions d.iud from, .iiul in all
|)r()l),'il)ility ])rinlf(l at Ditroil. 'I'lii' carlicsl account
of a printin(.j press in tiiis rci^ion is containi'd in ;i
manuscript Icttcr-hook of Akx.indcr i\: William
M.yonih. A letter thiTt'in. \vri;ten in 1785 to one
of their correspondents .at London, refers to ;i
printinsf press they had reciived. ,ind tluir corres-
pondent is reminded lli.it no directions have been
sent for puttin).^ it in workinif order. No exidi'nce
)f th
(! use 0
f tlu
•ss h.is been fmmd. but there is
.abund.mt e\'iilence of the usi' of the press .and tyjie
l)roui;ht here from Boston or ll.iltimore in 1809 by
Rev. C/.abriel Rich.ird. .and immedi.itely rented or
sold to James M. Miller.
The first book printed on this press w.as prob.ibly
"The Child's .Spellini^ Hook, or Michi,iL^;an Instructor,
beinj^j compiled from the most apj^roved authors by
a teacher of Detroit." It is .a book of twelve ]iay;cs,
with the d.itc of Aii.i,nist 1, 1809. .and printed by
James M. Miller. In 1883 there w.as ,a copy in pos-
session of C. X. Fl.ittery. The Micliiv^in Kssay. a
newsp.ipiT issued in 1809, .also bt'ars Miller's imprint.
The s.inu' ye.ar he issue<l a jir.iyer book with the
title, " L' ame jienitente, ou I.i nouveau consider.a-
tion sur les verities etiTnelles, etc., etc. J.icciues
Miller. Imjirimeur, I)elroit. 1809. " i(')mo., p|). ^oo.
In 181 1 A. Coxsh.awe w.is in ]iossission of the
printinjir material, .as is jiroved by two books be.irin,;;-
liis imprint; "La journe du Chretien S.anctilir p.ir
1,1 jiriere et medit.ation. A. Coxshawc Imprinu'ur.
Detroit, 181 i." i i.imo. thick), .and " Les Ornenuns
de l.a Meinoire extr.aits des poets l"r.ini,-.iis pour
servir ,a 1' education de l.a Jtaniesse. A. Coxsh.awt'
Imprimeur, Detroit, 1812." (121110. ]ip. 130.)
In 181. > Theophilus Mctte/. h.ul ch.arne of the
prt'ss, ,111(1 in tli.at year hi' issued the following- works,
all of them printed in both I'reiich .and I'.n^lish :
" Kpitres et evanvjiles pour tout les dimanches et
fetes de I'ame. D" apres rediiion du MonseiiL;iuur
leviMiue de (hiebec." (121110. ]ip. 3'/i.) " I'etite
Catechisme llistoriciue, .abre,m' de I'histoire s.ainte
et de l.i doctrine chreticn. Par M. I'"leury. I'retrc."
(i2mo. pp. 3CX1.) "Journal (Us I'.nf.uis — ChiLlreii's
Journ.il. Mor.al ,and entcrt.iinin;.; stories in dialogue
from the I'lcncli of M. ISer(iuin."
Durini; the W.ar of 1812 the procl.am.itions of
Cicnerals Hull ,ind ISrock were printed from the
same type. Cojiies of the iirocl.ini.itioiis are pre-
ser\t(l by \;irious |iersons. .and the libraries of
j.inies A. Ciir.ardin .and K. R. I'.lliott contain sever.al
of the books.
In June, 1843, Hislio|) I.efcvere presented .iboul
seven hundred pounds of the old ty|)e to J.imes A.
Ciir.ardin .iiid L. \. L.acroix to be used in printing .1
ji.iper; soon .afterw.ard it w.as sold for old metal, and
sent to Lyman's Type I'oundry at iUiffalo.
HOOKS AM) l!()OKSi:i,I.KR.S.
The people of to-d.ay cannot realize the poverty
of the earlier inh.ibit.ants in the m.atter of books.
Now. there is scarcely .a home in tlii' city where
books m.iy not be found. In early d.ays, up to.abniii
18 1(1. there were h.irdly three hundred volumes in
the whole city. Book-stores were unknown, and
new books of .inv kind as compared with presciii
issues were as oiu to .1 thousand. New publications
were occasion.ally forw.arded to some oilicer of the
j;.irrison. or ini|)orte(l with p.ack.aijes of merchandi/c
.and <i new book by .a new author would set society
on tijitoe to sei', or hear, or read it. Occasion.ally a
leading nierch.ant would "briii;.; out" a few st.andard
volumes on an order, but these orders were r.arely
,t;iveii. 'I he books ih.at wi'i'e obt.ained reprt'S(.iite(l
the best (jf the Ln^nlish cl.assics, .and, if you found
.any, you would Ihid Sh.akespcare, 'i'lu' R.anibler,
The S|Hi'l.itor, ll.inn.ah Mores works, Roilin's .An-
cient History, the works of Josephus, Walter Scott's
no\els, I'Ox's Book of .M.artvrs, the poems of Milton.
.Moore, I'ope. and lUirns. N'oun,i;'s Ni,i;lil Thoughts.
LdiLjeworlh's T.iles, .and very likely the works nl
Sterne, Sniollet, and I'ieldinn.
When the C.azette appeared in 1817 the proprie-
tors sou.nht to eiicouraije literary t.aste and increase
their profits by sellini^ books ,as well as p.apers. .and
by their efforts the book Ir.ade w.as bcijun. The
business w.is continued b\' |ohn I'. Sheldon, and in
IfiQHl
BOOKS AM) i>>)oksi.i.i.i:ks.
\/.i:iTKF.US.
[•"toiiry, I'ri'lrc."
lis — CliiLlriM's
)riis ill (lii.loniu-
rdclamalioiis nl
•inted from tin
i.'itions arc pn-
:lu' lil)rarii's of
contain st'Vi'ral
ircscntcii alxitii
pc to Janu's A.
;c(i in print inii; a
ir old metal, ami
Uitfaio.
KRS.
izc the poverty
lattt'r of hooks,
the city where
vs, np to ahoiit
red \olumes in
unknown, and
d with present
ew |)iihlications
• oflicer of the
f merehandi/e.
iild set society
( )ccasioiially a
a few standard
t'rs were rarely
ed repri'sentcd
1, if yon found
'I'iu' Kamhier.
<s, Roilin's All-
Walter Scott '■-
lems of Milton,
iv;lit 'rhoii.nlits,
the works of
69 1
I17 the proprie-
le and increase
as papers, and
> heijnn. The
iheldon, and in
iS:6 Stephen Wells became a p.'irliur with him.
Ill 1S32 Mr. Wills was the sole owner of the store,
lie died in 1X34, and the stock was sold to I,. I,.
Morse, and he and S. W. Johnson hoiii^lit ont
ihe store of A. II. Stowell, established in 1S3J.
I he two stocks were c ombiiuil and larj;e additions
made. Morsi; X: Johnson were succeeded by ISer.^^cr
iv Stevens. The linn of Snow & Fiskc, established
111 I cS 34, had jirobably the most coni|ilete stock of
.uiylirm up to lh.it date. On the death of Mr. I'iske
Sidney L. Rootl became proprietor; he went out of
hiisiness in 1841. In 1.S36 John S. iv A. S. i>a.v;.i;.
(i| the l'"ree Press, were proprietors of a Ixiok-store.
J. S. l>a.i;,i; retired, and it was eo.iiiiuud until about
1.S52 by A. .S. Haj4X. The lirm w.is then eh.iiii^fd
to liaj,% I'allen, & McDonald; in 1855 the firm
name was McDonald tt I-'inley; after a year or two
1\. II. I'"inley bi'caine sole |)roprietor .and i;radu,illy
M)K1 out the stock. In 1837 1'. R. I.. I'ierce w.is
kee|iini; a book-store, as was ;ilso Ilonice (iaipin.
As early as 1S37 or 183S Messrs. Aymar \' Shaw
and Alexander Mcl'"arren be.^an. John I. lierrick
went into the. trade about 1840; he soon admitted
Cicori^e McKen/ie into ]\irtnersliip, and in 1S46
McKeiiicie was sole proprietor. In 1843 .M. M. \\ il-
li.ims was advertised <as a bookseller at the I'ost-
olfn-e. Abont this time Chaiincey Morse be.i^an
business. Mr. Selleck became his partner about
1S54, and the firm of Morse & Selleck continued
until 1856. Mr. Selleck then retired, and Mr. Morse
went to (irand Rajiids. Kerr, Doiii,dny. vv l.aiiham
hetran about 1852. The lirm afterwards changed
to Kerr& Doughty; in 1855 it was Kerr, Morley, &
Company, then J. A. Kerr vV Com|)any. and from
1S57 to i860 I)()U).,duy, Straw, iV Company. In
i.Sto or iSCii they sold out to Raymond & Lapham.
The be^inninvrs of this last establishment date from
1S53, when T. M. Cook was eng.aged in the tradi'.
In 1855 Francis Raymond was a.ssociated w ith him,
;ind the hrm of Raymond iv Cook suci'ccdeil to the
business of .Alexrmder Mcl'.irren. In 1S56, .ind up
to i860, the lirm name was Raymond X: Selleck;
tlun R.iymond i\: Lapham; in i860 or 1861 they
hoiiijht out Doughty, Straw, (!v Company, ami in
1S62 the firm name was R.iymond & Adams. In
1.S63 Mr. R.iyniond sold his interest to T. K. Adams,
and soon after the business was closed uji. (i. I'".
Rood commenced a stationery and blank book-store
;il)out 1844, and in 1851 sold out to Friend Palmer.
Ill 1853 Mr. Whipple became a partner, rem.iining
two years. The business w.is next conducted by
Friend P.ilmer, and in 1S59 by Palmer i<: F'isher.
Ill 1861 I'riend Palmer was .sole proprietor, continu-
ing until 1S63, when he was succeeded by F. Ray-
n'.ond, who went out of business in 1872.
J. A. Roys began in 1845, and in 1S84 is the
Nestor of the trade. In 1S47 Messrs. li.iles iv:
liuriis opeiK'd ,-in exlensi\e book-store. About 1848
J. ( i. Kriig commenced keeping .h siii;ill stm k of (Ger-
man C.itliolic books. The business is still continued.
John riikering was keciiing ;i book-store ase.arlyas
1852, as was also 1'. P. Markham & Brother. The
.same year the lattir lirm changed tf) Markh.am i.*<:
Flwood; in 1853 and 1855 the lirm name was S. I).
KIwood & Company, and in 1857 the linn was suc-
ceeded by W. H. I lout'. In 1869 he sold out to J.
II. Caiiie i\: Company, and they to .Mr. Clark of
Pittsburgh, who sold the stock at auction. After
selling out to Mr. Howe, .Mr. lllwood went into
the law-hook tr.ide on Ciriswold Street, and in iHTjS
fornu'd ;i p.arinersliip under the lirm n;ime of W. A.
Tliroo|) \: Comp.my. On the retirement of Mr.
Flwood, Cove Porter became a partner with Mr.
Thidiip. After a few years the lirm went out of
business.
In 1853 Mr. /Mien was ,'i wi'll-known book-dealer.
In i860 Putnam, Smith, X: Company had succeeded
to his business. In i860 F. P. Smith was sole pro-
prietor. l'"rom time to time other persons became
associate partners, and the firm name was changed
to !■",. P,. Smith & Company. In 1880 T. Xour.se be-
came .sole proprietor. In 18S2 the firm name was
changed to W. I.. IVrry \: Company, liarly in
1S83 (lorton, Blewett, dv Company succeeded to the
business, and on October 4 f)f the .same year the
firm name was changed to dorton. Berry, & Com-
pany. During 18S4 Mr. Nourse again became sole
owner, ;ind discontinued the business. ("■. X: M.
ISoehnleiii beg.in about 1857, .and still continue.' J.
M. .Arnold began in 1863. In 1864 the firm was
Arnold i^ Littlefield ; afterw.ard .Arnold Ov \'an
Aikin. In 1867 and 1868 tin? linn was composed
of J. M.Arnold .and Sil.is I'armer. .After 1868 C.
II. C.aston became a member of the firm, and was
succeeded by John Willyoung, who, in 1S80, became
sole owner. He diid in 1884, and the business w.as
sold to Pliillii)s iK: Hunt, as managers of the Metho-
dist ISook Concern.
W. F.. Tunis beg.in the book tnuie at Detroit in
1863. In 1872 the lirm w.is Tunis \: ParkiT. .After
the death of Mr. Tunis, in 1876, I). P. Work suc-
ceeded to the retail business, lioothroyd X: ^'ollng-
blood were in businiss in 1864. P.oothroyd «,\: (libbs
from 1S72 to 1876, .and lioothroyd. Woodward, iK:
Comp.iny from 1876 to 1884. In 1863, .and for a
few years .after. F\erett X- Comiiaiiy .and W. F. l"os-
ter ilv Company, were known .is booksellers. L. .S.
Freeman beg.in about the same time, and in 1872
was succeeded by Maciuley P>rothers. J. D. An-
drews beg.in in 1 873. As e.arly .as 1 869 I lerman Reiff
was eng.iged in the sale of Cierman Ixioks. Herman
Sucker beg.in in 1875. The Detroit News Com-
p.my, J. A. Marsh man.ager, w.is established in 1876.
In 1874, and for a year or two after, C. H. Borgman
696
ALMANACS. -STATK ( ;A/.i:i TI'.I'.KS.
w.is l<(i|)iii'^ .1 ( icrman l)ook-slorc. 1,. I'. Kilmy
l)cv;.iii in I1S7.S. Jolm W. M.icf.ii Luh' o|Knii| liis
store in icSiSi. Mcssis. I,a|)h.iiii \ lliiniii) (om-
nicincd ill July, i.SiS.j.
( )f the (l<aliis ill si( ond-liand Imoks, (1. W. I'al-
tisdii is ilic iiimircr, ami lias biiii in iIk' trade fur
nlxiiit Iwcntv var*^. /\nilrcw Wanliss and W. M.
Lomasiii'y arc also ciinavicd inilic same lini' of lra(l<'.
^V
I)|'.IUllir NliWb ClJ. .SlOKh 7 liiKI SlKhhi Wl'.SI. lUll.l IN 1B64.
ALMANACS.
Almanacs wiih titles as follows were iinhlislied in
tlie years named: "'I'lie W'eslern Alinanar and
Mieliiv;.in l\ei;isi( r for IiSji). Asironoinic al (aliu-
lalions i)y Hiram Wilmartii. I'rinted and puiilislied
liy J. W. Scyninnr." " I'armer's Calendar or Mieii-
ixaii Alman.ie for iiS^4. /Xslronomieal (.aleiilalions
by II. Wilinarih. I'ni)lislied i)y C. I.. Whitney."
" Detroit Almanac and Micliii^an Reviister for the
year 1H39. Astronomiea! Calenlations by William
W. Mcl.otilh. lYinted and sold by lieri^er \-
Stevens." " Miciiiijan Alman.ie i.'vjo. rnblishei!
by .S. I,. Rood." " Mit hi;;an Alinanae 1K4V I'nti-
lislied by W. jl.ii'.ha. C.ileill.ilioiis by A. I..
Il.ithon." " .\bi hi'.;an /Mmaii.ie for I'Sij. C.ileii-
l.ilions by A. I.. Ilallion, Diiroil. John I. jler-
riek, |inl)lisl|( r, v'^ Jelfelsoll Aviillle, iJelloit."
I'.clilioiis of ihe Clnisiian Alinan.ie. wiiji ;i fe\\
|)ai.',es of iienis <s|>eei,illy |ire|),irec| lor residents of
!Vli( liiv;,in, Wire issued in icSjr,, i83S,'i83f;, 1X40,
and |)rob.'ibly in odier ye.irs.
In \>'>(<i), :a\i\ yearly since then, iIh' imblisliers of
ihe I'osI .and 'I'libline ha\e is^i|e<! "The Mil hiv;.!!!
AIni.inae." it loniains ,1 v.iiieiy of j^eiieral and
st.ilistie.il information, and is sold ;it fifteen cents
|)er copy.
STAIK OAZKI'IKI'.KS.
'file lirst Ca/etleer of the Territory w;is entitled
"The lam\;rants' ( liiide. or I'm kit < i.i/eiteer of the
Surveyed I'.irt of Miehi^an," .iiid was |)iiblislied In
John l'';iriner ,it Alb.niy. New Nork, in 1X30. Ii
was ;i small p.iin|)hlet of thirty-two p.ij^es in fine
type. It y^-.ivi- a scry 1 oinpieliensi\'e view of the
I oiintry, ;inil for ih.it time was rel.itively as eom-
plele ,as those of latii' d,i\s. It u;is sold both
<e|i,ir,itely ,iiid in lonneiiion with ;i map of ih<
Territory, .md le.iehed ;i 1 in iil.ition of m.iiiy ihoiix
.ands. A sei ond ,and revised edition w.as issued in
iKy, In i<S/) Mr. I'.irmer issued ;i mw work,
intiiled "'file I'jni^nmts' ( iiiid •. or I'm kit Cazct-
lei r of the Surveyed I'.irt of \Iiehi'.;,in." It eon-
l.iined iiifonii,ition n.ilhered from every post-oiliie,
,ind w.as sold se|i,ir,ilely and in eonneetion with .1
m.lp of the St,lte.
In 1X^8 John T. lilois eompiled and (i. I,. Rood
|)riiitt(l the lirst bound < i.i/.etieer, ,a rem.irk.iblv tlior-
ou'^h .and v;ilu,ible work of 4i,S i);iv;es. /\fter I1S3.S
iioihinj^ worthy of the title of ( i.i/etteer w;is issued
niitil 1S63, when Ch.irles I'. Cl.irk issued a C;i/et-
teer of Miihiv;,in. It 1 ont.iined ^6.', p.aijcs, ;iiid w.;s
in everyway,! model. In i.S^nj.ind i(Sr)5 ( i,i/eiteers,
of 400 .and ^<x) p,iv;es respeeiivel)', were issued by
(.. W. Il.iwes.
In l.Sr,7 II. II. Ch.ipin published .1 ( l.izelteer of
540 p.'t,i;es, ;iiid in 1X71 M. T, I'l.atl one of 350
pavjes. In 1X73 Messrs. J. I''.. Scripps .and R. I..
I'olk issued .1 ( i.l/.elteer W hieh W.is the must eomplele
of .any issued; it contained 74'') paj,'cs. In 1875, ;ind
every other ye.ir siiiee, R. I,. I'olk vV C()mi)any have
issued complete Ci,'izetteers of the St.ate. The linn
also publish Ci.izetteers of all the territories and of
Illinois, low.i, Kans.is, Kentucky; Minnesota, D.i-
koi.a, .and Mont.an.i, in om; volume; Missouri, I'eiin-
sylv.inia, y\rk.ins;is, Indi.ina, .New Jersey, Texas,
Wisconsin, Delaware; M.iryl.ind, .and West V'ir).{ini,i.
in one volunu;; .and City Directories of Detroit,
(ir.ind R.apids, I'.ast Saijinaw, .S.ai^in.iw, H.iy (.'ity.
J,iekson, Indian.ipolis, I'ort W.ayne, Toledo, St, I'aiil,
London, <)nt., ,inil sever.il other titles.
inns l)y /\. I',.
r I'Sii. (';il(ii"
J..lm I. Iln-
, I )(iiiiil."
I.ir, wiili a fi\\
|i)|- icsidciiis III
■>3.S,'|839, \'<\\i>,
!<• |)lll)lisll<|-S ll\
" 'I'lic Mi( liii^.m
nf i^cricial ami
at. Hflccii ((III',
iry was cniillcd
( ia/riiccr (if ilii
lis piihlishcd ii\
k, in hSv'- •'
■1) pav^cs in liin
ivi; view (if till
lalivcly as ( mn-
was sdid I Kill I
a map ni llii
(if many llioiis-
111 was issued in
d a new W(irl:.
|- l'(i( kcl Oa/.cl-
lij^an." Il con-
very |)()st-()l(i( c,
iinccti'iii with a
and ( i. I .. Isdiid
ciiiaikalily liioi-
cs. y\ftcr 1.S3S
tccr was issued
issued a < la/el -
)ai;cs, and was
l.sr)5 ( ia/elteels,
were issued iiv
I < la/elteer (if
latl one of 330
|)|)s and l\. !..
V musl compli II-
In 1S75, and
; Company liavc
ilatc. 'I'lic linn
niiories and of
Minncsoia, Da-
Missouri, i'enn-
Jeiscy, Texas,
I West Virjfini;i.
ries of Detroit
in.iw, Hay I'ily.
lolcdo, .St. I'aiil,
es.
cirv Diuiu loNir.s. mai-s oi' .mkiik.ax.
697
(IIV hiui.i I'lkii.s.
,\ iJireclory with a m.tp w.is pro|)osed to he
I Mjed .IS early as iK;5J, biil none w.is juihlisliid
iiiilil .M.ircli. 1857, wild) Julius 1'. lioliv.ir Mi C'aite
broiinlil out liis ( oinplete .and useful Wdrk. in May,
ii'v(2, lie .111111. uiiccd .a Dire( lory to .appear in June;
li.ll not reeeivii^ silllli iclll elieonr.av^einent, lie W.IS
illi,il)le In pillillsli. 'I lie lojjowiliL; laiile v;ivi s (he
inoic imporl.iiil le.iliires of tlie se\(r,il Direeioriis
III ilie city. 'I'iie losses by cnlisiinenl for the war
widi the Soiilli .are clearly iiidi(.iled \>y ihe ndiHiij
iiuiiihcr of ii.imes in t'i-^d], iXO j, ,uid i.S^i^:
l'iilili>.licrs. jiaii-,
j. I'. 1;. M(C,ii)e i«57
l.lines 11. Weililll^'S 1M45
[.lines i I. Wellini^s i.S.(fi
D.iily /\(lverliser iKjo
|. Shove l«52
|. lines I ) Johnson 1853
James I ). Johnson i,S55
lames I ). Johnson 1.S56
(.lines D. Johnson 1M57
J.'iines I ). Johnson ••'"iiV
' I). \V. Ii'niherhine i.S6()
J. D. Johnson X- Co. iS^ii
( h.irles I'. Clark- iHdz
( h.iries K. Clark iXr,^
Ch.irles V. a-.ak 1X64
( li.irles !•'. Cl.irk i.Sr.j
Ch.irles !•'. ( l.irk i.%r,
(h.irles I'. ( l.irk 1.S67
Ch.irles !■■. Cl.irk i.Sr„S
(h.irles !•'. Cl.irk 1869
C. I', (l.irk i\. Co. 1X70
( . !•■. ( l.irk \ Co. 1871
liiireli iV I 'oik 1872
llilhliell \ Weeks 1S72
J. \V. Weeks \ Co. 1873
J. W. Weeks iV Co. 1874
j. W. Weeks \- Co. 1875
J. W. Weeks iV Co. 1876
J. W. Weeks i\: Co. 1877
J. W. Weeks X: Co. 1878
J. W. Weeks \ Co. i87(j
J. W. \V(!cks iV^ Co. 1880
J. W. Weeks it Co. 1881
J. W. Weeks X' Co. 1882
J. W. Weeks X: Co. 1883
J. W. WccLs ..V Co. 1884
i'.lK. ..
"5
_'H
2V'>
2 (8
^JO
V>\
.n-i
2'J2
156
U4
V)<>
312
o 22
331
352
3VX
4(/)
44S
488
484
34X
55"
628
650
(t<j2
740
790
850
886
I ,UI)<)
r.155
1,232
«.43«
N... ..I
N;mii. ,
1.5V'
J , 800
3.23«
7.7 \<<
8,o'/i
I I , I'MJ
I 1,282
I", 51 2
I, .,8 5
14,850
14,620
12.456
I "K 222
I4.-M'J
18,225
>V.''i43
22,640
23.75"
24.840
25.3^6
14,050
28,728
32,408
36,(//)
38,(^38
3'>5"'^
42,5(x)
43,212
44.240
45,8(X)
53.^'H8
5'''.54"
61,480
07,002
MAPS OK MICHinAN ISSUF.D AT DRTROIT.
A Map of the Territory was first siiiri^'csted in
ilie f.ail of 1823. I'hilo I'".. Jiidd then issued pro-
IKisais for a Map of .Mieliii.;;in, price $2.(X), to he
♦A r.usiiiiss l)irtcliiry iiiily.
twenly-lwo liy lweiil\-M\ ini Iks in si/e, on a scale
of iweiily iiK lies to oik mile, .md III ill .aceomp.a-
nied hy .1 ( i.a/etteer. Ihe title of this m.i|) w;is
(■(.pyri^hted on .\l,iy 5, 1824. .Mr. Jndd died .at
ll.it km k on Sepleinher \<), .and his manuscript
w.is l)ou)^ht by John I'. Sheldon, who in December,
182. |, ,11111011111 I'd the prob.iiile coiniileiion of the
work iii June, 1825.
This pl,in w;is not consiimm.alcd, for the t.ask of
prcp.iriiii; .an .aiciir.ite in.ip .and i^.i/.eiteer w,as found
to be more foriiiid.ible ih.iii ii.'id been ;intiiip;ited,
■and III the iiicuiliiiie other pnblii .alioiis enii red the
held. Dminv; September, 1824, ,and before the
de.ith of ,\lr. Jiidd. ( )ranv;e Kisdon published jiro-
pos.ils for .-i m.ip of .Mil hiv^.iii, lo Iik hide ,ill south
of S,i;..;iii,aw li.ay ;ind cisi of the prim ip.il meridi.an,
to be on ;t sc.'ile of four niiles in ;in jni h, the |)rice
to be three dolkirs, in book form. The ('iiv;r.a\c(i
I opus of this m.ap ( ont.iin no nienlion of the f.-ici,
bill the dr.'ifi w.is iii.ide by Joliii I'.ariner. The title
W.IS copyri^lilcd on J.iiiii.ary 2(^,"i825, but the m.ip,
which w.as ennr.ived ;it Alb.iiiy. New N'iirk,w;is not
issued until ;i year or more .ifterw.inls.
While this m.ip w.as bein^ enj^r.avcd, .Mr. I.ariiier
himself com hided lo become ;i m.ap publisher. He
w.as nndoiibtedly well i|ii.ililiei|, \ti\\\)r ,a lhoroiiv;lily
I'diK.iied surveyor .and reiii.irk.aijly skilful in jien-
lu.anship ,111(1 (lr,iu.i;litiii;(. In the year 1821, before
comiiij,' to Detroit, he h.id t.auj^hl m.ap dr.awiii).; in
tile best schools of Alb.aiiy. In 1822, .and duriiijj
the followin.;^ year, he m.idc by hand scores of
ni.ips of .Mil hi^.m from the surveyor's pl.ats, wliich
for some monllis foiind ready s.ale .at $5. (x< per copy,
lie siibse(|iiently t.auijht m.ap dr.awiu.i; in Ohio.
Ketnrnini.; to Delroil in the sprin).( of 1825, he
m.ade for the Treisurer of the L'nitefl St.ates .a
m.ap of the ro.ad from the Ohio St.ale line to
Detroit. These v.arious eiitcrpiises suj^ijested the
ide'i of pr(;|);irinj.; .and iiiiblisliini.j .a m.ap in his own
n.ame; .and ('.arly in June, 1825, his m,aiiuscri|)i m.ap
w.as |)ut into llie li.iiids of env^r.ivers ,at l-'li( .1, New
York. '\'\\v. title w.as ( (i|)yri.i;,dned on Aiivjiisl 2f),
.and the m.ap w.as (•()mi)leted .and |)ui)li^.lle(i in Sep-
tember, mon; lli.an si.\' months ix.'fore the kisdon
map .appeared. His maj) thus bec.ame the lirst
published ni.ap of Miclii'^.an. It w.is warmly com-
mended by Ciovernor '.'.ass, by the Secnt.ary of the
Territory, William Woodbrid.i^'e, .and by oilier terri-
tori.al olfici.als ; .and w.as so f.avor.ibly received that
the m.ap of Mr. kisdon, when issued, f(jund com-
paratively few purchasers.
The ro|iyri;,dit of Mr. I'".armcr's work was sold,
soon after its publication, to I'ldw.ard lirooks. In
1826 .Mr. Farmer laid out the vill.ai,'(' of Npsil.inti
.and several other embryo ( ities. In the s.ame year
he issued a second M.ip of Mi( liisf.an, the hnished
copy beinyf deposited .at W.asliinjrton on December I,
698
MAI'S OF MICIIir.AN.
1826 (ihc ccrtilicitc of deposit heirs tlu' siv;n;i-
tiirc of I Ic'iiry (.May as Si'crclary of Statt;) ; lie also
prepared for llic Li:,v;islative Coiiiuil a very lar^ie
inaiuiscript map of llic 'I'orritory. In \i^2ij lie
drafted a similar map for the same body, besides
layiii)^^ out and stirveyin.v; roads in various directions
for the territorial offieers. In that year he also
copyrijLjhtcd two dilferenl maps of .Miihii;an, and
one of " Micliiiran and Oiiiseonsin Territories."
Thcst: maps were placed on the market in 1S30 and
many thousands were sold in IJoston, I'rovidence,
Hartford, New York, Baltimore, Philadelphia. Wash-
intfion, Albany, Kochester, liuffalo. Cleveland, l!rie,
and other places as well as at Detroit. So v^n-eat
was the demand for these maps that, in that day, it
was almost impossible tosnjiply them. l'.mi\;ranlson
their arriv.il ,ii Detroit, before .t^'^iini; into the woods,
would often i^o from lioiisi- to house, seeking; to
purchase a second-hand copy, and many m.ips
chantfed owners at an advance of sever.al hundred
per ct'nt on their first cost. In I1S33, 1834. and 1S35
Mr. Farmer collected matc'rial from all parts of the
Territory, and planned ,1 much more el.ibor.ite map;
indeed, the dr.ift was so minuti- that the eastern
on),n-avers would eni^rave it only ,'it a jirice th.it
utterly ]irecludi'd .any idea of ]irotu from its publi-
cation. Mr. Farmer then (k'lermined to do his own
en.u^ravinij. and thou,v;h he had literally no knowledge
of the business beyond that obtained by observation,
he procured :i set of engiviver's tools and undertook
the work, which was .1 pronouived success in excel-
lence of e.xi'ciition. in det.iil, and in .amount of s.iles.
Single book-stort's in Detroit bought over one
thousanti copies at .1 time. The m.ip w.is sold sep-
arately and in connection with a pocket (iazetteer,
issued the s.ime year.
These m.ips .and gazetteers of 1S30 and 183^1 cir-
culated extensively at the Fast, and had a more
marked effect in stimulating the unprecedented
emigration of those d.iys than any and ;ill other
priv.ite enterprises. It will be remembered that
Michig.m has a large"- proportion of \'ork State and
New Fngland .settlers than any other western State.
No other Territory or .State, in its infancy, was so
accurately represented or so thoroughly advertised
by means of reliable maps ;is Michig.m. The m.ips
and gazetteers of Mr. F.armer contributed l.irgcly to
this work, and his publications, though issued by
priv.ale enterprise, were none the less a great public
advantage. To this d.iy there are scores of witnesses
to the fact that his mai)s were deemed as essential
for travelers as pocket-book or <'ompass, and with
their aid new-comers by hundreds, on horseback
and on foot, traversed the wilds of the Lower
Peninsula of Michigan and personally selected their
future homes. So .accurate were his maps that it
was a common thing to decide from the map alone
the number of .acres of m.arsh l.ind on a ir.ict of
I'ighly acres, or the number t)f rods that a stream
ran on .1 given tnict. The camping-grounds of
travi'llers, for days .ilie.id, were deternnned from the
m.ip .iloiu;. The m-ij) of 1S36 was sold to J. II.
L'olton \ ComiKiny. of New N'ork. .and w.is pub-
lished by ih.il lirm (or m.iny ye.ars.
In 1S37 Mr. Farmer was extensively employed in
linking maps of the innimierable "paper cities" of
th.it period, to some of which he g.i\c pl.aci: on his
maps. /\s tinu' provi'd them f.iiltires, tlu'y were
(■'■ iseil. Other pulilishers who niadi' use of his
I lors copied these new cities, .and m.iiiy of their
m.aps show, e\(ii to this d.ay, "paper cities" whose
sites li.ave been owned .and eultiv.iled .is f.arni l.inds
for .1 si-ori' of years. It is un(|uestion.ably true th.it
tlure is no ni.iii of Michig.m. I.irge or sni.ill. tli.it
does not contain v.ilu.ibk' inform.ation origin.ally
givi'U on the ni.i|is compiled by Mr. I'",armer and his
sticci'ssors. and .ippropri.itt'd therefrom. In 1X4.;
Mr. I''armer pcrson.illy eiigr.ived ;i ni.a|) of Michig.an
on ;i scale of twelvt' miles to .m inch. It cmbr.iced
such .an .amount of det.iil. was so cle.arly .and be.iu-
tifully exeiiited. .and w.is wiih.il so thoroughly
.aciur.ate. th.at it g.ave him a n.itional repul.ition.
No St.ite other than Miehig.an has h.id a ni.ap com-
p.ar.ible with it for compli'teiu'ss. .Millions of acres
of Land h.ive been located by reference to it, .and
for this purpose alone tlioiis.mds of copies li.ivc:
been sold. As .a to|iogr,a|)hic;il ni.ap it h.as never
been, .and prob.ably ne\er will be. superseded ;
although it first .appeared nearly forty years .ago,
it stili h.as .1 regul.ar s.ale to appreciative customers.
During 1847 Mr. Farmer issued his first Map of
Lake Superior and the Miner.il Regions. Revisions
of this m.ap nrv still accounted tlu' best m.i|)s of
that region. In 1848 he |)iiblishe(l a section.il M.ip
of Wisconsin, and in 1849 his combined .M.i|) of
Michigan and Wisconsin, m.ade up of the three
majis last noted. In 1853 he i.ssued his Large Wall-
map of Michigan, on a scale of seven and one half
miles to an inch. This map was extensively used
by the St. Mary's I'alls Ship Canal Com|).iiiy in
locating their lands. In 1855 he issued .a m.ip of
Wayne County, showing all tlic " j.nvate daim.s,"
with the names of the origi.;
His tlrst Townshi|i Map of J '^a^ . nd Wis-
consin appeared in 1857. Two yi'.ars later he issued
;i revision of his Large m.i|i of 1853. with the addi-
tion of two sheets, forming .a map lu'arly six feet
square. It included all of Michigan and Wisconsin.
On this map he located .all the swamp lands then
owned by the St.ite. This inform.ition .afforded
facilities which enabled land buyers to make hun-
dreds of thous,ands of dollars with but a lithe of the
expense they would otherwise li.ave had to imuir.
In i8C)() John F. (ieil published his very complete
(I on a trail of
i that a stream
in,i,'-^;rotiii(ls of
niiu'd from the
^ sold to J. 1 1,
and was piii)-
:ly cniploy<<i in
paper cilii's" of
\(' plact: (III his
ires, ihi'y wert"
dc use of his
many of tlicir
r cities " w hose
i as farm lands
iiiahly true that
or small, that
ition ori,;;inally
Karnier and his
roiii. In 1.S44
ap of Michii^aii
It embrarcd
arly and bean-
so thoron.nhly
nal reputation.
ad a maj) eom-
lillions of arres
ence to it, and
of cojiies have
p it has never
I, superseded ;
irty years .'ii(o,
tive customers,
lis first Map of
)ns. Revisions
best ma|)s of
. seetion.il Map
ibined Map of
of the three
his larije W;ill-
1 and one half
xteiisively used
il Comp.iny in
sued a map of
nvato claim.s,"
■ ,a, , nd Wis-
later he issued
w ith the addi-
nearly six feet
■ind Wisconsin,
nip lands then
ation alforded
to m.ike hun-
it .1 tithe of the
lad to incur,
vi'ry complete
MAI'S OF'" MICIIir.AN.
690
Map of Wayne County. This w.is sul)sei|uently
|inrehase(l by the firm of Silas Farmer \- Company,
who succeeded to the business of John I-'armer.
The la.st named hrm, from time to time, have pub-
lished revisions of the maps already named, and since
1S62 have sold .ibout forty tlious.md copies of the
Railroad and Township M.ip of Michii^an, ;ind m;uiy
iliousamls of ;i Township M.ip of Wisconsin, tirst
issued in 1S67. They issued .'i .M.ip of Wisconsin
in 1865, .about lifty by fifty inches in size, which sold
at S'/.co per copy, '{"he same ye;ir they issued a
M.ip of i'llmwood Cemetery. In 1S71 Messrs. Cal-
vert iV Comii.uiy published :i M.ip of Michi.i;;ui .and
Wisconsin, which had been compiled almost entirely
from the m.ips of Sil.is 1'. inner \ Company, and
ujion a showinij of this f.ici in court the ma|) w;is
tr.insferred to the l.iiler linn, who, in 1X73, revised
;ind republished the .Michi^.'Ui portion, in 1S74 they
published a .Sectional M.ip of Iow;i, which w.is
w.armly commended by the county officers in every
one of the ninety-nine counties of that St.ite.
Their sm.'ill but very comijletc m.ip of W.iync
County (price lifty cents) was lirst issued in
1S83.
'The various city tn.ips published by [ohn farmer
;ind his successors .are named elsewhere. 'I'he total
s.iles of their v.arious imblications h.ave .amounted to
fully one hundred ihous.iiid copies.
CM A I'l I-: K L X X I
( ril/I.N AM) \ISIII\(. AllllnKS.
Il is ;iii liiiiiiii tn il)c ( iiy iliil ii'- li'-l iif .iiiiliMr. of iIk ( i m r.il M. !•.. ( liiMi li. '.\.i'. .1 mm < rssliil i dim
l)<'V;ills U IIImIs cxlslcni !■. Tlie (iillllilcl iif llii SI II Ic • |(i)S(riif |( li'.;iriiri MPlli;'., .mil ni.invnl llis 1 lUlipir.i
iiicnl w.'is iiol niily a snldicr hiil a si linlar as uill. limis .m liitjlily |)ii/i (|.
anil lili- li)|i II i>l luiiiW lrilv;<' llial iir lirsl w.ivrd mi II, ( . Allill is lln .iiilhnl- nj "I III I Iniiiu ojialllM
tlic slimes III llic hilrmi has never Ixeii cxlin- I liria|Hiiiii s nj luii 1 iiiiili iit I'mi," |iiililisliri| |i\
HiiisJHij. If mil" liliiaiy liia\eiis du iiol slmw as ilic I )i;ikc I loiii'i opalliif I'liariiiaiy t i)iii|)aiiy in
many slais as aie visililr in nllur |i)r,ililics, mil :i 1X7';.
few (if till' liisl mder aie imliKlid, ami Im^iiliir Krv. Nallian liaii'^s, I). I)., aiiilmr of " liisldry nf
llicy fmiii a liiilliaiil am! Ixantilnl luiisiclLiiinn. MiiliiKJisin," ,iml Imimlir nl ilir Missinnaiy Sdiicly
C.'iilill.ii w lull' I m 11 mil's mi A( ailia dcsi riliinv; lln' "f iln M. I .. ( Iniii ii, was lnie ,is a Mitliodist pastni
<'(i,isl aii<l isl.inds finin N'ma Sinlia In New N'nik. in iI-
His inciii'iir mi Mii hiliinai kiiiai iiii liidcs dii.iilid I )i
(Ifscriplimis nf ilic ,(|p|ir,ir,im r, ii.idii imis. and iis.iijcs I )i| 1
I'll 1 1 .
'I. I .iiiii.iid ll.irmi. nf Nl \\ lla\eii, was limn in
mil in iMo.!, .ind liis aliilitiis lelln lid Immir ur
I iit-i III ii 1. J .
(Ifsci'iplimis ipf I lie ,(|i|ir,ir,im r, ii.idii inns, and iisaijcs I )il mil in 1 Mo.!, .ind liis .iliiliiiis lelln lid liminr nn
nf the savage liihcs nf lliat |)nsl and licynnd. Ilr In. Im I li|il,iri .
w.is ciiiLilly siiiri'ssfnl in disi libiiii; the inaiimis I )i. ( )r( sirs A. Hinwiismi, 1 diinr .md |iiililislii r nl
and riislnnis nf till- Indi.ins, in siii^vjcsii'ii^ iiiiaiis I'linu iismi's (liiarlcrly l\(\iru, .iniimr nf "l.ssa\s
fnr niiiwiitim; llir i'aii^lisli, and in cxiinsiiiv; ilic ,iiid Kr\ic\\s," ami nf tillicr wmks of .special inter
nialiec am! inlriv;iies nf ilmse wlm np|ins(d liiiii. est in Knin.in ( .iilmlie 1 iri les, was a resideni nl
His wriliii.;;s sparkle wilii /'/'// wc/i .ind eiiii.;r,iiiiiiiali<' hiimii Inr si \iial ye.iis, ,iiid died here mi April r/.
sciileiiecs, some nf iheiii reiiiai k.ilile fnr their inn- 1X7^. hi iHHj his son, lleiiry I'. ISrnwiismi, eniii-
eenir.iied ihmiv;lit. Mis reason iiiy; powers wire nf iiieiii id liie piiMji alioimf a proposeij eoniplete series
a liii^li nider, .mil his .irijiiiiieiits elear, jonieal, of the wnks nf his father, in seventeen volumes.
fnnilile, 1 lis npininns Were dellllili , .tlld expressed KeV. W'illi.llll I'.. I 'in.irdlll.ill. .lllllmr nf the " j jij^her
with lie.irness ami pn 1 isinn. lie h;id ni.irked ( in isii.m Life," .iml nf nilur wniks, lived herein
pnweis of .iii.ilysis, .111(1 deserihed with .1 ininnleiiess 1.S51 ,iml i.S:;.! .is .iv^eiii III ilie American S. .S.
of detail e(|ii.illy interest ii 11; .nid satisfa( Inry. His Hiiinii.
wriliiiijs .•ihniind in irnpes, .and provcrhs drnppcd M.iri;,iiei !■ . lim ii.in.in. .ilierw.irds Mrs. Alex.iiidi 1
e.isiiy Irnm his pen. His liler.iry siiccessnrs .are Siilliv.iii, w.is ediic.ilid in .md fnr in.iiiy years a
named in the fnilnwiiii.; list, which, if imi cnniplde. resideni nf Hiirnii. She li.is liieii .1 fiei|iii nl inn-
is iieviTtheless so nearly |)erfe( I lii.ii mil iii.my trilintnr tn v.irimis in.iv;,i/iiies, .md in i.SSi j. M.
names from p.isl rcenrds (.111 lie.i(ld(il, iln future, Slndd.ird i\ ('nmp.iiiy, nf I'liiLidi Iplii.i, published
it is hoped, will ,idd ni.my iiniewnrihy ii,iines. her " Irei.md nf In-ikiy."
John /Xiiiiinn, smi of Dr. ( i. t '. Aniiinn, (if ! )etr(iii. Ke\. !■ . r..ii.ii;.i, the Indi.aii mission.ary, after
was born in the old ('.iss Hmise in 17X4. He wrnic whmn .1 ((iiiiity in I'pper Mi( liivj.m is n.imed, w.as
.an " I'lss.iy nil the !->iiiily nf I..1W," .md iminemns the .aniiinr nf .1 " I )iilinn;iry nl ' Mchipwe," pnblislii d
other works. 'I'lie n.iines of iiis iiroilu 1. ( h.irics ,il ( im iiin.iti in i.Si;5, .and of oilier Imli.m diclimi-
Anllinii, .111(1 iiis nepiiew, (ii.irlcs !■., .Anthnii, ,ire .aries, i(i,iiiim,irs, ,iiid pr.iyer-bnnks, lie lived here
well-knnwn in liier.irv .and 1 dm .itmn.il 1 in les. in iMcj .and iiSc;.
well-knnwn in liler.iry .and 1 dm .itimi.il 1 in les. in iMi;4 .and 1M55.
Miss I.. I'l. Ad.ims in icS6j published ,a book Dr. J. II. ILav;,;; published in I.S45 .a vuliime of 310
ciilillcd "Sybelle .ind other I'nems." pa^'"^ "H " M.a.v;nelism ; nr, 'i'lie Dnclriiic nf l'.(|iii-
Kcv. W. ,\ikiiiaii. I). D., fnr se\ei;il years p.astnr libiiiim."
of Westmiiisler i'resbylcri.in < liiin h, is the .an,'!- ,■ \V. y\. I'.iirt .and liel.i Hnbb.ini's " i-teixirt on the
of bonks enlilled "'I'lie I'litlirc nf the < nlnred U.ice < leni;r;ipliy nf the .Smith Shnre of !..ake Sll|)erior."
in ,\imric.i," "{.ifc ,ii Honie, or. The i'.ainily .and I'/i p.ajLjes, w.as published in 1843. In 1S7.S John
its Members." " 'i'he Monil I'ower of the Se.a," .and i'liirl published .1 |).iiii|)lilel. " History of the Sol.ir
sever.i! oiher works. ((unp.iss. "
111 ,\mil ic.i, •■ 1 .lie ai I Ionic, or, I lie
its M(aiibcrs." "'I'he Monil I'ower of th
sevcr.i! oihcr works.
l\ev. J. I>. Atcliinsoii, .at one time .assisl.aiil p.istni
I
l?*-]
( 'ninp.iss.
I Iciiry I'libb. llic ex-'.l.a\e, u linsc " 11.11 r.ili\e,'
pub-
I
'^111 ccssdil I mil
ll Ills I I)|II|M1 I
I li>iiiirii|i,'il liM
|illlilislic(| Ir.
V ( iiMi|i,iiiy III
■ iif '• llisldty ol
,'.ii iii.iiy S(M Id \
I I'll KM list |l.'IS|lil
(11, W.IS Ixilll ill
Ici led IliilMil' nil
iihI |iiililislii r III
lior of " l''.ss;i\',
if S|K( i.il illll I
s a ri'siiliiii 111
ere on April 17,
'iiovviisiiii, I (iin-
ioni|il(lc sil'iis
(111 X'oliiiiics.
of llir " I liv;lin
.s, li\c(| li(|-c in
Xiiiciicaii S. S.
Mrs. AU'\aii(lcr
many years a
a fr((|iiiiil 1 (Ill-
ill iSSi J. M.
|iliia. |)iil)lisli('(l
issionary, after
is named, was
)\ve," pillilislied
ladi;iii diilion-
I le lived Ik re
I V(jltime of iio
trine of {■.(|tii-
l\( port on the
..ike Superior."
In 187X Joiiii
iry of I lie Sol.ir
i.irr.ilive," piih-
tiri/i.N .\\i) \ isiiiNc; .\riii()h-,H.
:oi
ii.lied ill I'Sjo, li.id ,'in e.Nleiisive .sale, lived lieie tor C". K. Il.u kiis is .ilso ,iuilior of .1 p,iiii|ilili'i on tin
I vera! years, "Conir.ii liun of tin- ( iirreiii v," and l^y several
Levi liisliop wrote " 'l'ei|( lisa firoiidie," .1 poem ycirs ( ompiled the •■ Mii hi^.m Alin.iii.n ."
' oiiimeiiior.itin^ one of the cirly Jndi.ni n.iines of ( iovernor Lewis Ciss u;is .1 fre(|iienl ( onii ihiiior
Detroil. it lias p.issed tliioiiydi se VI 1,1 1 rdiiioiis. to till- North /\ineri( ,111 Keview .111(1 wrote " Ir.iiMc ;
.\lr, llishop .ilso tr.inslated sever,il !• icik h pl.iys. its Kiiiv;, ( oiirt, .ind ( iovernmeiil," New York, liS.ji,
■Mrs, li. liiinton, who w.is lien; ,il)oiil i.Sfij, w.is and ,1 lift y-liv(-p,iv,'e work on the " Kij^hi of Sean li. '
ilie .iiiihor of ■' M,iii is l.o\c." Il.'illiiiioic, I.'-;, (J.
W. 11. lire.irley is the .iiiilior of " !<(■( (iliei tioii' (if John l.ov;.in ( liipman wrote .1 novd ( illid
,111 I'iasl Tellliessee ( ■,anip,liv;ll," (() p;ii;es, published "(,rorv>i- I'ellllierlon ; or Love .llld ll.ili," uiinii
ill 18O6. W.IS pillilislied hy !•. ( dr.iMiii, Hosloli, .iliolll l>-\jH.
Mrs. Jiili.i I'. It.ilkini, wife of .1 former p.istor of l'.lisli,i ('li,is(! w.is ,iiiilior of "I he Smcik e of
ilie I'irst ('oiiv;n'v;;itioii,il Chun h, is the .lutlior of ,1 I )( velopmeiii of tlie Human Lamily," puhlished in
iiilllieldlls list of liooks (■spe( i,illy desiy;ne(| lor Sun- l^ijo.
(I,iy schools. (ieiienl i'. Si. (ieorjjc Cooke, formerlv st.iliom.d
L.J li.iles, one of till; editors of '! In- I'o't ;iiid here, .iiid now .a resident, is the .nit hor of "(,i\;ilry
Ti iliiine, li;is piddnicd in.iiiy poiuis; ;i nuiiilierof 'i';i( li( s for ,\iniy "f I'.S.," pnliliJii d li) llie(,ov-
ihcni iia\-e lieen s( I to iniisie, iiiid olii.iineil ,1 l.ir^e ernment in i.SCii ; he , ilso wrote " S( ciiesjiiid A(l\( 11-
^..ile. lures in the I'. S. Army," .and "( ouiiuests of .New
(l.ir.i I )oty M.ates, one of the editors of 'j'he I )iiroii .Mexico and Cillorni.i," y>7 pay;es, 1S7X.
rrihiine from i.SO-/ to 1X70, is the author of " lll.n k Kev. ■ihom.is Cirter, for sever.il ye.irs p.istor of
|.ikey," "(lassiis of l'.,iliy Laud," " Solids for ( iold the Tn-iK h Methodisi l.pisi op.il Chun h, wrote ,1
Locks," "( liild Lore," " I ie.iri 's ( (intent," .llld se\-- history of the "(ircii Keforiii.ition in Lntd.ind,
cr.il other liooks. Some of her works were el.ibor- S( (itl.iiid, el( .," \ys I'aijes, besides sever.il sm.iller
;ilely illiistr.ited with orij^in.il dr.iwiiij^sby lii.T sisler, works.
Mrs. II. I'. !■ iiiley, ;i nsidcnt of Detmit. Kev. L. \.. C.ister wmn the " Life c 4 Allen," pi ib-
<).'!'. I'lCinl li.is wrillen inaiiy stories for the (l.iily lished in i.'-1^6. lie w.is formerly p.isior of the
p.ipers. One of them, " llrisiliii;; with 'i'liorns," has Jellerson /Xvnue .Methodist Ljiisi (i|),il ( hun h.
been issued in liook form, lie has also ijiiblishcd ,a Willi.nii M. C.irlelon, the f.nni poii .md b.ill.idist,
novel I'lilillcd " rr.ide .iik! 'jrouble." w.is employed on the slalf of Ilie 'I'ribune, .and ;i
A. C. i'.io(lj.;ell li.is .a work in prep.ir.ition entitled resident of I >elroil during 1X71 .and 1.S72.
"I he L.aw of the lire liisur.ince Contract." Jiidj^e J.ames \'. C.im])bell is ihc .nitlior of sever.il
Kev. \>r. Alfn'd lirimsoii, soldier of tin; W.ir of works, the most imporl.inl of wliiili is his "Outlines
I'Si .;, ,ind early Methodist p.istor in Detroit, w.is tin; of the l'olili(;il History of Mi( liii.;,iii," (xjo |).i,i{es.
.iiilhor of the " Western I'ioiicer," in two vohiiiKts, M.uiy of his .addresses have been published, also
.1 "Key to the Apoe.ilypse," and several other sever.il brochures entitled "Polity of the I'. !■„
works. Cliiiri ll of the Liiited Si.ites." " M.iterials lor Juris-
Kev. J.iines M. I'.iK kley. I >. D., formerly p.a-ior of iiriideiK c, ' 'I'ri.al by Jury," .md " r.ikinv; of I'riv.ite
the (■eiitr.il Methodist l^piscop.il Chun h. is author of lYojierty for l'ur|)oses of I'liblie Utility. '
wdrks entitled "An Appeal to i'ersons of Seiis(! .md 11. A. Cli.aney is the .iiithor of ;i "l)ii;est of
l\e||(;ciioii," "Supposed .Minnies," " I wo Weeks .it Miehij.,'aii Keports," a " .Not.iry's ( inide " and of
ttu: Yosomite," .111(1 " Chrisli.ins .and the Thcitn-." "(ir.aduates of L.aw Di^p.arlmeiu of .Micliij^aii. '
Dr. 11. J. i'.niwn, .at one time p.istor of St. Liter's
Church, wTote " i'ious Dead of the Medii .il l'n>fes-
sidii," 320 |)a).jcs, Sever.il other smaller works .also
bear liis name; one of the most recent is entitled
"New 'Ireatmcnt of Consumption."
kev. I). D. Illll k, I). !)., for a brief period in
i''-;^(j p.istor of the Ceiitr.il .Methodist iipiscop.il
W. II. Coyle li.id .an edition of I'oems just from
the press destroyed in the tire lli;it burned the liook-
.ston- of NLirkh.im >V I'^lwood on .M.iy .1. 1X57.
An edition of his l'o(!ms w.is .in.ain published in
I1SX3, .llld sever.il .'ire n'prodiiced in this work.
AuilJU.sI Codde is th( .author of .a small v(iluiiie
entitled "'I'lie Lxistence of Ci(i(| Attested," pllb-
( liiinli, was the .•lullior of sever.il nlij.;ious works ; lished at Detmil in 1XX3.
one, " 'I'hc Cliristi.iii \'irtiies l'<;rs<)nili(al," 3oo|)aj.(es,
was published by Miller, Orton.iK: Comp.any, Auburn,
I ■■! 56.
Adam Const- wroti; .1 volume entitled "'riic N( w
Philosophy," which w.is published in 1XX3.
Colonel An-nt .Scliiivler l)e Pevster, who w;is sta-
I'lie " Life of Z. Chandler," puf)lishe(l by the Post tioned hen- as commander of the jiost fnmi 1779
I 'I'ribune Comp.iny in iXXo, w.as compiled by C. to 17X4, w.as .a eultiv.iled v;cntleinan ; he ;ind liis
K. U.K kus, (). I . lie.inl, j.iiiies H. Slonc, Williaiii wife were rare .a( (|(iisitions to the society of that
Stocking, and G. W. Parlridgi;, period. During his stay lie wrote luiincrous poems
702
Clil/KN AM) \ISI I IN(. AiniloUS.
ami SDlllK'ls full i)f .illlisiuli^ lo Ifxal srtliis, .i|i|i(ill- |i,illl|p|ili I Infill. Ill lH.\H " I ill Idvilir <ll'.;,ili|i
aiui's .'iiul (Mills. Afiir hi', nliirn in SihiIukI I.,i\\ uhLhikiI lor ilic lliiiii.ni U.nr, m i ,i|iit,il
lii.iiiy <if tliisc vscic ,v;,iiliti((| idiMlhtr iimli i llir riiiir.liiiM iil loi \Iiiii|it uiiI.iiiiiiI ljy ( lod ,iihI mis
lillr III •' Misrill.iiiirs liy all < )|||i i i. \i)liiiiir 1. i.iiiiiil liy Kia'.iiii," :.S |ia.^is. In iiS.ji>. " I ||.
Diiiiiliiis, iXl.J." Niily Dili: viiiiiiiii!, a i|iiaili> of I'liinlDv.y nl I'mlissor I iiiiii y Kr\ icsvi <| ami I'lil li.
-7/ |ia)4cs. was |)iil)lislitil, .mil it is now very rare. llic 'lest; m, I In- Satml Snipiiins," u^ |'''>v,i-
Allloll^ iiIIhi |)iii mis il I iilltailis nlic nil " Kcil
i-tiviT, a Suiii; (Icsi liplivi: nf tin: DiviTsiull nf
Caiiniinvj <>'• S|rii;liillv; ll|lii|| llir In- iif llw I'nsl nf
|)rli'nil ill Nnilli /Ximiiia"; aiinllni' is niliilril
"'llli: (ilinst n| n|i| (mush (a I'iy^i, shni hy I In
(iiiaiil ill llir Kiiii;'s .\aval I'anlal Uclroil." I he
^I'lll nf llii: linnk Is llir Inllnwill^
l.ll.l'.', MvNl Ml Ml , r, I. Il, |lNI-, l/K|;
Ai M |>i , f.iir Anil, I ilu Ihsi i ■ li,
'I'llll ll IM|llillV. Kllli <• ■ llllM-<llllM |i< III II,
'I III- tiiii-sl hull I I iiili il hunt tliii r,
Willi. Il yuii inay .ili ly l,ik< lioiii iiiv.
Slioiilil I'li.il iiijiit tl 111 '.liiiri lln- (jivor,
I'.iit yiiii till piaili, KJvi liiiii llir llavur ;
Wliitli Mirrly In: laii'l tak< aliii^iH,
Winn 'l issii In i>:liliinil liy yuiir kiss.
The full liaiMc 111 ihr Lilly In vs'linin till- lines Ui'li:
sent was Mis. I'nnl I'.iivJ.iinl, ami In r liiisli.iud w.is
lln-ii .1 liiMiliii.iiit al |)ilinil. If (xtiisc wti<- midcd
fill wriLiii'^ pDcliy, < (/Iniicl he I'lysicr had an i xicp-
linnallv •.mod ivnisr m nlfrr. fill- hr W.IS .. |„.rsn„al '' ''•'''^ ■""' '^''^'''''l^^^" l>"l'l'sh.'.l in nSSi, .tml „
Iriiudnl Knh.,1 |;„nis, h, I'.ysln, .ili.r his " 'Inal I'r.a.lin: and Trial l..iwy.Ts." |.ul.lisli.d ii
III' was also a jniiii .iiiilim willi AIImiI ll.iiins nl
" I )isi mil SI , nil till' Sahhal h. '
I). Ili'iliiiiii l)iillii|i| is llir aiilhni' III iiiiini mil'
III I ,1 .jiiii.il |inriiis, si'Mial III wlinli, uilli llinsr nl
mini .lullinis, will" ii|)iil(lis|i(d in iKrioJn ,i vnliinn
cnllllid ■' I'nrls ,illi| I'lirliy nf llir Wrsl."
I'.duaid l)nl.iii winii- "Ihr Till nl l.ilitilv and
I'alladiiiin nl llir I'nss; Tlir Ailvni .ill- ,ind kipic-
srlil.ilivi nf ihr |'in|)li's Kivdils." Il ( niilailKil 5^
pa^rs, ,iml w.is piililislicd in i-^.l'/'
Morgan I,, nnwiiii.;.; issmd in \>iyi) "Sniillnrii
I'risnlis; nr, Jnsir, llir I lilninr nf I'lnlrini-." S"''
|);i^^is ; he .also piililislnd in i.S.Sj ,i Miliiinr i iililli d
" KiMsnii ;iiii| Inj.;i'lsnllislll."
I' . n, I J,ivili|)ni I urolc a scries nf skill lies I'll-
tilled " < )ii a .Man nf W.ir," wliii h wire published in
riie Tree Press ill I I-i/i;, ;ilii| si|l)se(|inill ly i'.'ilhired
lliln hnnk fnllll.
J. \V. hnnnv.in is the .iillhnr nf ".Mndiili jili^
reliiru to .Sinii.iml, .iiid diiiini; the time nf ihe
!''reiii h KiMiliiiinii, I niiiinamlid llie I' iisi Kivj-
imill nf Ulllllflies Vnluilleirs, nf wllii II imps lln-
.'lullinr nf Tani < )' Sh.inler w.is ,iii nrii.;iu.il imiu-
ber. The l.isl nl I'lUnis's |)neins, ih.il nn '•|,ife,"
wrillcii ill 171/', iil his siek-eh.iniber. jiisi bifnre
his de.iih, was .nldressed lo t.'niniiel he I'eysler,
.'ind be^an :
My liiiiiuiiil ('iili.in I, lln |i I III I
Vuiir inliii-^i III III)- |iiirl's wral.
All I liii«- Miia' liiail lia't- I hi s|ii:i:l
Tin siK |i i'aiiiassus
Siii'iiiiinili-il thus liy liiiliis |illl
Ami jMitiuii >;l.tss» s.
i.S.S}.
Rev. /..u li.iri.ili I.ddy. I), h., l.ite p.islnr nf lirsi
Ci)ll,i;rev;,ilinli,il ('liunll, Ulnle " lllllll.lliuel, nr lln
Life nf ( IllisI," 75b |).'l.v;es, published by \\'. J. Ilnl
kind vN, ( ninp.iny, .Sprinj^held. I le 1 miipiled " I lyiiins
of llie ('hiirili," published by rin.iid nf I'nblii .ilinii
nf l<i;(nrined hull II (diui<li, in icibi;. lie wa.s as.su-
ci.ated with K. Ilililnnik and I'. Sehalf in lln- inni-
pilal inn nf •' I lyiuiis and Snli^s nf I'r.iise," 61 x< pa^es,
published by A. h. I'. Kandnlph in l.S7,i.
hr. v.. k. I^llis issued his " I lninu:np,ithii: I'.uiiily
(iiiide," ill iSiSj.
John MIlis, .\I. h., fnriiierly nf hetrnil, is .lUllinr nf
" l''amily I lninn-ni).illiy," New York, 40.1 p.iv;e^, and
Thcisc f;ieis, h.'id they then been known, wonid " Sk(:|)lieisni .tml hi\iiie kevel.itinn," zdu pa.vjes.
Ii.ave .idded /.isl to our ((-lebr.itinn, mi J.iiiii.iry 25,
185V, nf the eiiilell.iry nl lllirns' birlhikiy.
New Ynrk, i.SHj.
i'rofessor J.ieqiies l^doii.ird li.is published :i seieii-
kev. ( ieorj.;e hullield was one nf llie niosl prnlilk lilie novel of sevi;r.tl hundred p.ij.;es, t-ntitle-d "John
of writers. His lirsl work, iiublishtd .at (.".irlisle, liuil. Uncle S.im, and Johnny Cr.ip.iud."
i'ennsylv.iiii.i, in I1S52, was ,1 l,ii\re oet;ivo of 615 I'rofessor Koiiis l'";is(|iielle, ;mllior of sever.il well
p.iv^cs, entitli!d "Spiritu.il Life or Ke.v(eiier.itimi." knnwii I'' rencli te.xl-books, w.is a resident of helroit
Il W.IS not considered by the .Synod of uhn li he was in 1857.
.1 nieinber sullii ieiiily CiKinislic In tniic, .and this C. k'o.x wrote ;i icxl-book on " A^fricultiirc," 360
y,:{vr. rise lo dillieuliics which resulted in his comin;.,' pa^es, which w.'is published in 1853 by Messrs. I'll-
lo helroit. In 1842 his " hissert.ilioiis on the I'ro- wood (.\: Comjiany.
pliceies " W.IS issmd in New York, .ind ihe s.inie Ch.ipl.iin C. W. I'ilcli published a work cntilleil
year " 'I'lie tMainis of I'.piscop.il liislio|)s," v^p.ii^es. "J.'inies, tin- Lord's Brother."
In 1845 •• Millcn.iri.iiiisin h(-femlc(l;.i kiply in I'ro- Osgood K. Fuller i.ssued in 1876 "The Year of
fessor Sli'w.iri." i.S; p.i.i.;cs, w.is issued. In 1845, Christ in Sonjr," 1 32 pa^es.
" Aii).;elii|ue," a pniiic siury of l.al-.e Superior, in i<ev, (ieorj.(e I'ield wn... vo (ircii Hooks
)ivilir <Mv;.illli
(■ ; or ( a|ill,il
' ( iod .'iikI mi
I I. ••!('>. •■ I li'
kVi<l .mil I'lil t<.
•'■." t ■•■<) |).iv',<'
lull li.llllC'i KJ
ir (if niiinriiiii'.
will) lIlMSC III
-t'lll ill ,1 VIllllllH
(St. "
of l.ilx'ity 'Hill
,llr ,ll|l| l<(|)IC-
II I ulll.lllKll ■■)<'
X/o '• SuiillnTN
!• InlclHi," V*'
\'iililiiir iiilillt i|
)f skrlt ins <tll-
•II- |iul)lisliiii ill
iiiil ly v.'il 111 i'liI
" Mmlilli jili}
II |.'-1.'-1 1, .IIKJ kI
,," |)lll)lisl|lll III
paslur of I ir I
lllllllliri, III' llli
by W, J. ill.!
i|)iliil " I lyiiiiis
iif l'iil)li( .ilii'ii
lie WilS ilSSD-
ilf in tin: roiii-
isc," 6lX> jMl^l''',
:ii|i;iiliii: i'.'iinily
oil, is .■iiiiiiiir iif
ill," i()u |).'igt:s.
ll)lisln-(l ;i srirll-
»iil.ill(:<l " John
lid."
of several well
(ieiil of iJclioit
jrrieiillure," yx>
by .Messrs. Ki-
ll work entitled
.■■■riic Year -.f
) (ire.it Hooks
CITIZKN AIJIIIOUS.
7'M
of Nature," and " Ki vi lalioii, or llir ( osino', .md luiiiiul Ki |hiiI-. in i niiin i inm wiili v;i olovMi .il Mib-
l.oKos," 5ixj pa^es, 1H71J; " Memoirs, Ineideiils, ami jeris, li.ivi In in |iiiiilii| by tlir Sl.iir lli, .iiinji
Koinaiiees of the Karly History of ilie New ( liiinii, on the "l„iily ( oloiii/,.iiiini of Deiioii. " \\,is pnb-
I n .," 570 |ia^; s, 1H79; ;ilso in 1K7';. " i lie Dildi- lisliid by ilie Male I'loinei Sm iiiy. I lis " ( liniaie
I III r bi'l ween Slieol, 1 1,'ides, and < ii'lieiiii.t, .Hid tin- nl I titroil " was issued in {i.ini|ilili'l fiinii by iIh-
.MiMiiinv; of liifernns or Infi riiiini." /\iniiii,in Mediral < >l)servii . V'.trioiis oihir .niii l< s
lliiiiy ,\. lord 1'. lb' .iiiilioi of ,1 "llisiory of with Ins siv;naiiire have a|)|)earei| in bisioiii al and
riiliiain .md .M.usli.ill I oiiniii s, Illinois," iXfMi. And seieiililii joiirn.ils.
lie and Ills wife, K.iie lire.iriey I'ord, are joint .niih- .Mrs. jiil.i Ijiibb.ird wrote .1 story intiilid "Tlie
ors of a "History of ( iiii inii.ili, .ind of ILiiiiilinn lliddi n Sin," wliii li w.is piibli.lied by llar|iir \-
Coiiiity, Ohio," ,iiiil .iImi of .1 "lli'.ioiv of l.oiii',- Itrolhers in \r\(,f,. It was sti|iiil.iied tli.ii tin .inihor-
villr." Diiriiiv', iM.Si III' iom|iili'd ,1 voliinu' eiilitjrd slii|i shoiiid not be known, and il w.is not niiiil .dii-r
•' roeiiis of I listory," .iiid iKo " ,\ l'o|iiil.ii hiitimi her dei ease. liie story was n punted in l.nvjand,
.117 of I'iiii- ,\ri." hiiiiiiv, i^"'"'| III' iiii|i.iiiii .1 limik in tlirir \oiiiiiir,. .md ii.nl .1 \i ry l.ir^e s.ile.
iiitiiled " I low to .M.ike Mom y, .iiid I low to Kei |i II . Alr\.iiidii I Iriii y, .iiiilioi of •■ I linrys N.nr.ilive,"
or, ( ,i|)it,il and l..ibor" ilw b.isis of (he uork luinv; e.iim- uiih Colonel I'.r.idstreei in 17^4, and reinaim;(l
.1 siinil.if volnini' by J.iinis A. H.iviis. It w.is |iiil)- sever.il years,
lislied by tlir ( ■|i.iiiiberl.iiii riibli'.iiin;.^ C oinp.iny. I >r. I )oii'^l.iss Honvditoii. wliosc ii.iini- .'iiid f.iine
Kev. 'I'. I». lorbiisli is .iiiihor of ,1 |i.'iiiiplili't on ari' 1 onini ti d with l..ike Siipiiior llironv;liilii < oimiy
" ■j'l.idiiiiiii.il .iiid l.e;;eiid.iry I .ife of Jr'.iis of N,i/.,i- of lloii^litoii, was a resideiii III heiroil, .iiid was
retli," |)iiblisliei| in 18K1, biirii d Inn- on .M.iy 15, lSj^, l|r was .iiiilmrof
II. W. I' .iiib.inks is .•uillior ol a book ol S( liooi mviimI I'liitid .Sl.iles ;ind St.itr ( iioloi^ie.il Reports.
Sollies piiblislnd in liSHj. (.nub I |iiii'.;liton, his biotln 1 , .iiid 1. W. Iliistol,
I linrv < iillin.in wrote " Mound liiiildirs of Miihi- wioti .1 " kiporl on ( leoi^r.iphy, 'I'opo^r.iphy, .iml
;.^,iii, ' pnblisliid in 1X77 by the Sinithsuni.ni lir.ti- < ii iiloi<y of l.;ike .Siip( rior," I(j<^ |)a^es, piiblishi:d in
lute. M.iliy of his .iilirlcs on si ielitilii siibjei is li.i\i I.SjO.
been printed in various jonrn.ils. In iHdi, .1 voliiine riionson How.'ird is tin- stieeessfiil .inilior of v.ari-
iif his poems w,is .iiionynioiisly pnblislnd by (.ill- oiis pl.iys wliiih .in' iioiiied in lonnei lion with
lull of .New N'oik, wilii the title, "I'or Life, ,iiid ( li.iptrr on " .\1 iisii ,iiii| ilii- |)r.im.i."
Ollnr I'oeiiis." I). I'.irrand I lenry is aiiliior ol " I- low of Water
A. A. < iiilhth, .intlior of •' Lessons in IJomtioii," in Kivirs .ind C.in.ils," Hd p.i.:.;is, pnblishi d in
livid ill Detroit .(boiii 1870. I''"!'/ 5.
Henry (ioadby, M. I)., wrote " V'lyjei.ibii; ;iiid
/\iiiiiial I'hysioloify," 310 payjes, published by I).
Appletoii iV (."onqKiny, 1.S5X.
J. <;. (dlihrist, .\1. I)., is .uitiioi of "Knlis for
liiKJinv; .md I yin;; i'riiuii)al Arteries," jminplilel,
I'. 'I'raey Howe eoinposed ,111 or.itorio, the " I'il-
v;riins of \()2(>," whi< h was set to niusie by Charles
I less.
I<i(h,ird ll.iwley wrote ,111 '• ISs.iy on Kree
Tradi," (>] p.i:.ii s, wlm h w.is published in 1X7X by
I] p.l.V^es, I.S^7; "Sltr).;ie;il I )ise;iscs," oel.ivo, .}il < ■• I'- I'lllnam's Sons.
p.-ii-es, i«7}; " l':iiiiloi;v of 'riimois," p.iinpiilet. John ( .. I l.iw liy is .iiithor of " Ainerii .ill Ciiniin.ij
|H pai^es, i«7''p; " Syil.ibns of Snri^ie.il I.eeiiires," Keporls." ■i'lin-e voliiines h.ive been issued.
(Mt.ivo, Xy |)|)., 1.S77. (iiiis W.IS published by the W. N. Ilailin.imi wioli- " Kin<ier,^arlen Culture in
il.iss ill llonidop/ithie .Medie.il Colli'jre, Tniversity the l.iniily " and •■jwilve l.eitiiies on the History
of Miehiy;an). " Siirijie.il 'rher.ipmities," oel.ivo, of l'eda).{oj(y."
5'J5 i»;i«''S iX«<J- 'I liis lias i)een translated .md .Mrs. .M. C. W. Il.iiiiliii, diirinv; i.S«o .md iKHi,
piiblisiied in Madrid, I'.iris, I.eipsie, ami \'ienii.t, wrote ,1 series of intirresiiii;^ .iriiiles for the Detroit
" Siiri^ie;il I'rimiples, ;md Minor SiiiX'Ty." 01 i;i\o,
■■''5 ji'iK''^' ''^^'1 ; " Snrv;ii .il I'.imrijenriis ;md .\i -
eidents," octavo, 700 p.iK'"". iX'^4. Ixsides in.iny
pamphlets ;in(l minor publii .■iiioiis rei.itiin; to ' )(id-
lellowship, musie, ■■md j^eiier.il literaliiii'.
I'ree Press, entitled "Legends of Detroit," wiliill
were sui)se(|U('nlly published in book form.
Cii.irles li. Ilowitll li.is piiblisiied .1 volume ellli-
iliil " Mieliii(;iii Nisi I'rius Deeisions."
II. A. Il.iiv;h h.is in prep.aralioii "A .M.mu.il of
James A. (lirardin has written seveivil artieles on l.;iw for tin- I'si- of I'.irmiis .md Mei haiiies."
Iiistorie sul)jeels, wliieh have been printed liy llie C.ipi.iin J. W. Il.ili is .mthor of ".Marine Disas-
I'ioneiT .Society. I<rs on Wi'stem Lakes," 1872, and "Record of
J. C. Holmes has edited tlie collections of lii-j Lake Marine," 1878.
St.ite I'ioneer Society and furnislied .sever.il special Uishop .S.imiie! S. Il.irris, D. D., is author <*f
.irtiiles. "The Rel.ilioii of Cliristi.mity to ( ivil ( iovernmcnt,"
liela Hubbard's published works, mostly in the issued in 1883.
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CITIZEN AUTHORS.
Warren Isliam, who tdilcd a pajKT Ikmc in 184:;,
wrote "'I'lu' Mini L'al)in ; or, Cliaracter and 'I'cncl-
eiK-yof llrilish Institutions," publislicd tjy I). Apple-
ton i\: Company in 1S53. A series of nia.ifaziiie
articles by Dr. I)uHieKl and Messrs. Isliani and
Hathaway were afterwards included in a volume
entitled "Travels in Two Hemispheres."
Rev. J. Iiinlis, ;i former well-known i)astor in De-
troit, was the author of " Spiritual Songs," published
in 1860.
A. 1'. Jacobs compiled "'I'he (".reek Letter .Socie-
ties," Detroit. 1879, a "Reference Digest, or lnde.\
of the Michigan {■leports." publisheil in 1881, and
the " I'si I'psilon iCpitome," 1833-1883.
Jiidije William Jennison and Jud.^e J. V. Camp-
bell appear ;is .authors of " Annotations of Michi.nan
Reports," and in 1882 a work (ju " Chancery Prac-
tice " was compiled by Mr. Jennison.
I'.lisha Jones, M. A., a resident of T')ctroit about
1868, is author of " Mxercises in Creek I'rose Com-
l)osition," "First Lessons in Latin," and "Exercises
in Latin I'rose Composition."
.Mrs. C. ^L Kirkland, who lived here from 1840 to
1S43, and taui^ht in the Female Seminary, was an
authoress of considerable note. Her "Western
Clearings," published in London in 1846, was
descriptive of this region. She afterwards wrote
the "Evening Hook," "Sketches of Western Life,"
"Carilen Walks with the Poets," " llolitlays
Abroad," "New Home, Who 'II F'ollow.'" "Patri-
otic Flloquence," "Memoirs of Washington," ^UKl
"Autunm Hours."
Isador Kalisch.a former rabbi of P.eth 1^1 Temple,
published in 1865 his "Tone des Morganlands."
He was also the author of other works.
S. J. Kelso issued his " Interest and Discount
Tables" in 1872.
Rev. II. I), Kitchell, D. D., for many years a
resident of Detroit, jiublished a " C.enealogical His-
tory of Robert Kitchell and his Descendants."
Dr. E. .\. Lodge is author of "New Remedies,"
an extensive work; also of a panijihlet on "Asiatic
Cholera," antl a st'rits of " Domestic Cuides for the
use of Honmopathic Remedies."
H. W. Lord wrote "Highway of the .Seas in
Time of War," 58 pages, published in London in
1862. He is also the author of Pamphlets on " Idle-
ness mere Demoralizing than Ignorance," and
"Hospitals and .Xsylums lor the Insane."
Dr. C. J. Lundy has published "Optic Neuritis
with Notes of Three Cases," " Diabiitic Cataract,
Iriti.s, etc.," and "Sympathetic Affections of the
Eye."
Frank Lambie has written many lyrics which
have api)eared in the daily i)apers. His "C.alilean
Ilynui" was printed in pamphlet form in 1869.
Ur. C. Henri Leonard is '>':''"<r of a " Reference
and Dose liook," a " Vest-ixx ket Anatomist,"
"Manual of liandaging," "The Il.iir; its Crowth,
Care, Diseases, antl Treatment," and of ".\liscu1-
tation, Percussion, and I'rmalysis."
Rev. R. J. Laiill.iw, former p.istor of Jefferson
Avenue Presbyterian Cluuxh, is author of " Religion
as it Was and Is."
Rev. John Levington, former pastor of Simpson
Methodist Episcopal Church, wrote "ScriiHure
ISaptism," " Power with Cod and with Man," " Wat-
son's Theological Institutes Defended," and other
works.
C. I>. Lewis is author of " Ouads Odds," 500
pages, issLietl in 1875.
.'\lexander .Mai'kenzii', . author of " Voyages from
Montreal through Continent of North America,"
was ;i clerk here in 1784.
Major-(JciK'ral .Mcx.inder Macomb was the .uithor
of "Concise .System of Instructions .and Regula-
tions for .Militia and X'olunteers," and also of a
work on "Court M.ulials." He was born in Detroit,
and w;is stationcti here for many years.
Captain Thomas Morris canie with Ceneral liratl-
street in 1764, and was here during p.irt of I7'')5.
lielween 1786 and 1796 he published in London
several vokmies of I-"ssays ami .Miscellanies.
Ira Mayhew published his " Means and luids of
L'niversal Education" in 1857. His "Manual of
Ikisiness Practice" and works on "Book-keeping"
are of later date.
Rev. S. A. McCoskry, D. D., issued his " L^pisco-
palian Bishops the Successors of the Apostles," in
1842.
Daniel Munger wrote " Political Landmarks, a
History of Parties." It was issued in 1851,
Rev. J. II. McCarty, former pastor of Central M.
E. Church, is author of the " Black Horse and Carry-
all," and " Inside the dates. "
Edward Mason wrote "The Potato Restored and
the Rot Remedied," a 16 page pamphlet, which was
issued in 1854.
S. B. .McCrackcn is author of pamphlets on "The
State School Sy.stem," and " Religion in the Uni-
versity." He also edited and published " iMichigan
and the Centennial " in 1876.
Rev. C. P. Maes wrote the " Life of Rev. Charles
Nerinckx, with a chapter on F2arly Catholic Mis-
sions of Kentucky, etc." It is a large octavo, and
w.as published by Robert Clarke & Company, ol
Cincinnati, in 1880.
Rev. L. P. Mercer, former pastor of the New
Jerusalem or .Swedenborgian Chiu'ch, published a
volume in 1883 entitletl "'l"he Bible, Its True Char-
acter and Sjiiritual Meaning."
Dr. W. R. Merwin is the author of " Merwin's
Universal Instructor."
John S. Newberry compiled " Reports of Admir-
t Anatomist,"
ir ; its (irowth,
1 of " Auscul-
>r of Jt'ffrrson
)!' of " l\(.liniuii
or of Siniijsoii
)lc "Scripture
I Man," " Wat-
ud," and ollu-r
ds Utids," 500
' Voyavjcs from
irlh America,"
was tlic aiitlior
i and Kc,i;ula-
and also of a
jorn in Detroit,
irs.
(ieneral iSratl-
part of 17(>S-
led in London
llanics.
IS anil I'".nds of
is " Maiuial of
L)Ooi<-i<eepini; "
.1 his " Kpisco-
Apostles," in
Landmarlcs, a
I1S51.
of Central IVI.
jrse and L'arry-
Kestorcd and
et, which was
ilets on " Tlie
n in tlic Uni-
letl " Miciiijran
f Rev. Charles
Catholic Mis-
re oi'tavo, and
Company, ol
r of the New
1. pul)lishcd a
lis Tnie Char-
f " Mervvin's
jrts of Admir-
CITIZEN AUTHORS.
705
ally Cases in Several District Courts of the Uniteil
Stales from 1S42 to 1S57." it was issued iit New
Nork in 1857.
Rev. James Nail was the author of " Practical
Ailieism Detected and Exposed," and of several
(iilicr reli.iLiious works.
C. J. Nail, M. U., .son of Rev. Jas. Nail, u former
resident of Detroit, has ])ul)lished "Jesus the Creat
l'hil()so|)her," and a brochure on " Diseases of the
Throat and Chest."
Noble & Crumb compiled and issued in 1877 a
" llisloiy ,ind Directory of the Churches."
I'. 1). Owen issued a i)ook of poems in 1874.
lames O'iirien has m preparation a work to l)e
issued in 1884, entitled " Dictionary of ISioi^niphy,
Irish Celts."
I'aul 11. I'erkins issued in 1871 a pamphlet en-
titled " The Homestead Instructor."
Rev. 1",. H. rilcher, D. D., wrote "Protestantism
ill Michi,nan, a Special History of tlie M. E. Church."
It was published in 1878.
Rev. J. H. i'otts, one of tlie editors of the Michi-
gan Christian Advocate, is the author of "Golden
Dawn, or I.i.i;ht on tlu' Great Future," and " I'astor
anil People, or Methodism in the Field."
Rev. W. H. Poole, D. I)., is the author of " Per-
nicious Effects of Tobacco," and of " An,i^lo-Israel,
or The Sa.xon Race the Lost Tribes of Israel," and
" History, the True Key to Prophecy."
lloyt Post compiled a " Notary's Public (juiile."
It was first published in 1876.
Rev. A. T. Pierson wrote se\eral hymns which
ai'e published in "Gospel Soni^s."
G. W. Paitison published in 1863 a "Key to the
Masonic Work as taught by Harney and approveil
by the Grand Lodi^e of Michigan."
I'lank Pea\ey issueil a " .Manual of Instruction in
(iconraphy " in 1882.
Rev. Gabriel i'vichard was the author of works
w liicli are named in cunneetion with the history uf
priiitini;'.
Robert !•"„ Roberts wrote " Sketches of the City
of Detroit," which were originally published in a
daily paper and afterward gathered into a pam-
phlet of 64 pages. In 1884 he published a small
volume entitled "Sketches of the City of the
.Strait.s."
John Robertson is author of " Flags of Michigan,"
1:0 pages, and "Michigan in the War," a large
4iiart().
Mrs. M. L, Rayne is the author of "Jenny and
her Mother," Chicago, 1867; "Fallen Among
Thieves," New York ; C. \V. Carlton & Company,
1876; "Against Fate," Chicago; Cook, Kean, «.\:
Ciimpany, 1876; "Gems of Deportment," Detroit,
I'^l'Si ; and " What can Woman do? " F. 13. Dicker-
son & Company, Detroit. 1884.
Eugene Robinson is author of "Tactics and
Tem|)lar M.inual."
Frank G. Russell issued a " Supervisor's Manual "
in 1876.
W. W. Ry.an, the weather prophet, published his
" Thyory of Wind and Weather," 24 p.iges, in 1859.
W. li. Rouse, -M. 1)., has edited a new edition of
Fothergill's " Treatise on Therapeutics," with nume-
rous notes and corrections.
Lemuel Shattuck, who taught in the old I'niver-
sity in 1S22, wrote a " History of the Town of Con-
c(jril, Massachusetts," ])ublished in 1835, and " \'ital
Statistics of lioston," issued in 1841.
II. R. Schoolcraft was a resident of Detroit in
1820, and from 1836101840. He was the author
of " .Vrchives of Aboriginal Knowledge," in six im-
mense volumes, and of nearly a dozen other works,
chietly on Indian tribes.
Mrs. E. M. Sheldon is best known by her " Early
History of Michigan." She also published "The
Clevelands," and " Albert Lovelanil : or. The Maine
Law is the Inebriate's Hope."
II. H. Snelling, a resident of Detroit in 1837,
wrote a " History of Photography " and " Directory
of tiie Photographic Art."
Rev. J. Hyatt Smith, who was a school-boy here
in 1838, is the author of "Gileail ; or. The Vision tjf
All Saints' Hospital," and " Ilaran the Hermit ; or,
The Wonderful Lamp."
Judge Abie! Silver, a former resident of Detroit,
wrote " Lectures on the Symbolic Character of the
.Scripture*;," and "The Holy Word in its own De-
fence."
Ezra C. Seaman is best known by his " Progress
of Nations," published at Detroit in 1846. He also
wrote " \'iews of Niiture," and "Commentaries on
the Constitution and Laws of the United States."
Rev. C. I). Stebbins, a fcjrmer jxistor of the L>ni-
tarian Church, wrote " Chapters from the i5ible of
the Ages," 400 pages, a |)amphlet on " Scientific
and Industrial I'ducation," and "The American
Protectionist's Manual."
James K. Scripi)s wrote a pamphlet " Outline His-
tory of Michigan," published in 1873. His series (jf
letters from abroad, w hich appeared in the Evening
News in iSSi,were collected and published in 1882
under the title of " I'ive Months Abroad; or, An
Editor's Observations and E.xperience in Europe."
J. Annie Scripps is author of " Our Daily Bread
and How to Prepare It," a common-sense book
published in 1879.
Rev. J. S. Smart wrote " The Funeral Sermon of the
Maine Law," published by Carlton & l^orter in 1858.
E. L. Shurley, M. 1)., and C. C. Yemans, M. D.,
wrote the introduction to "Diseases of the Na.sal
Cavity," a translation from the German of Dr. Carl
Michel, 112 pages, issued in 1877,
7o6
LI ri/.i.N Ai: iiioKS.
Mrs. I, ( i. I). Sicw.iil iiirpaiiil ■■ I he I1(jiiii'
Mcssciii^cr C link I'lDdk, "
MniM' Sicuail. Jr.. M. I'., wmic "A I'ik kd
'riuT.i|)cuurs ,111(1 l)iisc Hunk," .;'i.| |'.iy;i s.
I'niltsM)!- |. M. II. Sill 1. llu- aiilliiii- (if ".Syii-
Ilicsisdl the {■.iiv;lisli SiiilciH c," Ivisdii, I'iiiin-y, iV
(■(iin|).iiiy, iMj*). .111(1 "I'lailical Lcsmhis in (■im.jlisli
luaik: Uriel by ( )iiiisNi()ii ol .\uii-l'-h.s(.iilials." A.
S. I'liiihs >\ ( 'i ii)i|i.iii\', I SSo.
W. I'l. Sillnr, ill (iiic lime ((iiiiicdcd willi oui'
])iiMi( sclidoK, is .iiiilinr i>l ".\ii k.liiiiciil.iry < irain-
111.11 III till- l.aliu l.ani^iia;..;c," |iulilislu(| l)_\' .\. .S.
I lai Ills \ ( iMii|).iii\ , I S()i;.
I' . 11. .Si\ niiiiir |)iil)lislicil his " ( '.iiHic rri|) " ill r.SSo.
I'. .\. Slokcs is aulhiir (if " (.'(ilk\v;i: 'rrainiis,"
issiiiil ill I SSo.
I.'.iiian !■'.. .S|ii\M- |iiililishci| diiriin; i SS.) .i \n|-
limc rill il led "l)rills III llliiliyjlt; (ir. ri'dlilcllls 111
rroi^rcss."
Jdliii 'I'liiinliiill, .iiilhiir df " M(l''iii'.;;il," (■.iiiic In
hrlidii (III ihc siciinhd.ii .Sii|icridr dii ( )(tdl)(r 17,
i.S-'5, and died at the icsidriuit of his son-in-iau',
( idvcrnor \\'(i(idl)ii(l;.;c. h is i-s|)ccially vjiatifviii;^
Id I'diiiicit his ii.uiic uiih llir liicrary liisioiA' df
Dcii'dii, because in him, as ,1 |ii rsdii.il friend, Nnah
W'ehsier siibiniiled all ihe Mi.iiuiseripl (if his lirsi
(|ii,ind dill iiiii,ir\- jiir erii il ism .uid .iiipiiiNMl luldie
beiiii; |)Ul in [iriiil. hiidley II. W'dinlhridi^e, nl
drdssc I'dinle, h;is the eilitidii cf 1S2.S, in \\vn
\dliiiius, ^iveii to iiis i^r.uidlalhe:', Mr. 'I'liinilniil,
(■diit,iinin5^'' the preseitt.'itidii ,inid'.,''fapli nf tlie ,1111 lior.
Ilishd|) i'idward t hdiusdii, dl the .Meilualisi llpis-
cdp.il ('hiireli, .iiilhdi- df •' I'.dtie.'itidii.al i".ss,avs,"
" luidem cs d| I'hrisii.iniiy," " i.etlers from iuirope,"
" l!ioi;r.t|>lii(al .Sketches," " MdimI and keli\4ioiis
I'^ss.avs," ,111(1 "()rieiit,il Missions," u.is p.istur nf
the Kiisl .Melliodist i;|)isc(ip,il t'liun h nf hcirnu
in 1X56 i,S37.
Moses C'dil 'I'vler is ;i fiirmer resideiil df I )e-
troit. Iiis best known bmiks .nc " llr.iwiuille
i'.ipers," i.SCkj, .md "ilislors' of .American Liter.i-
liire," two \'dlnmcs, iS/H.
Rev. Kdbcii ■riirnbiill, llu: |)ast(ir of ihc first
l)a|)tisl Chilli h from 1.S35 to i(S37, wroie " ( Icnius
of Seoliaiid," " I'lilpit ( )ralors of I'r.ince .nid Swii-
/erlaiul," "('icniiis of Italy," " Tlicdpliaiiy, ' and
" Christ in llistdry."
Dr. \'.. A, Thellcr, of i'.ilrioi W'.ir imtoriety, de-
taileil his e.\peTiences in a work eiiliilcd " Can.id.i
in I1S37 and i.S'yS."
!'i"(jfcssdr Andrew 'I'eii llidnk, ,111 c.nK il.iptisi
pastor, wrote ".\iiK'ricaii State I iiiversiiies, their
Origin and i'rojrrcss."
C. C. 'rmwhridvfe was the ,'iiitlidr df ,1 valti.ible
pamphlet entitled " Detroit, I'.ist and rresenl."
Mortimer N. '["Iiompson, a former member of tli*^
Advertiser ami 'rribuiic staff, wrote " Docsticks,
W h.ii He S.iys," New Ndrk. 1.S5;;, .nid "I'', I'liiii
lliisi.i," published li\ I .i vein Idle iV Kiidd, New NOik.
ill i.S^fi.
!•', |. 'riidin.is is the .iiilhdr ol sevcr,il dper,ilii
cdincdies, n, lined in the ,iriiele on " .Music .md die
1 )r,iiii,i."
.\. \\. Teiry, M. D., uidte " Tr.iM-ls in the I'.i|iia-
tdri.il kc^idiis df Sol 11 1 1 .\meric, I," published in uS ^j.
T. S, riiiimp^,iiii is .iiilhiir dl "'riie Cd.isl rilni
fur ihc I ppci L.ikcs," i/t p.i'^es, piiblishcd in i.SCuj.
.Miilll'^dliiciv II. 'Illlddp widle "The I'lltlirc,"
and " .Si.iiiiic df I' r.iiids."
C. S. Tiiplcr. M. I)., .111(1 C. ('. 111.11 km.iii. .\1. I).,
were .lUllldis 111 ,1 " I l.llldbddl.. Ini llu M ilil.ilV .Slll-
j^coil." pilbll-^hcd at t iiK iiin.iii in {■'■'(ii.
I\c\. ( icdiv.c r.i\ldi'. diiec p.isior df C'dii'^ress
.Sliccl .iiid riiiiHs M. I-',. Churches, wrote " i'lle
klllll idler's IndiLMi.il inn .Meclill'^," ,1 s.iliricil ess;i\',
;ilsd" \,irr.iti\c nl l.ijc .nid lAperienccs df I'r.iiii^ni
repiii." aii(l".\ I'deiii on the Salaiiie .\i.;ency in
1 )riink,iid-iii;ikiiiy."
J. S. Tibbcls ((iinpilcd the " I'cc (aiidc."
(.'. .S. 'funic .ippc.irs ,as .milidr ol .1 " llislory of
Miclii;^,in," published ill I .S7 5.
Kcv.J. A. \'.iii I' Ice! wrote " ( )lil .and New .M.ick-
iii.iw."
.\. ( '. \',n'iic\ is (inc df I he aiii In us of •• ( )ur I Idiiics
.iiid llieir .Xddrniiii Ills," published in iS.Sj.
.\. II. W'dddward, the (.'rralic, c(iei]|iic, .mil eru-
dite iiidv;c, w.is the .iiiihor ol scm-imI works. Iiis
'• l'!painiiidn(l,is (III the ( i(i\'ermnenl nl ilie TerritdiA
df the Coliimbi.i," w.is published ,il .MeN.mdri.i in
j.Soj; ,1 wdik •■<)n the Siibsi,inee of the Sun," in
l.Soi; ; •■ f he Svslcni of I liiMis.il Science;," ,it I'liil.i-
delphl.i, in iSi'i; ,111(1 •' 'f he I'resideliey of tin
fiiiteil Sl,ites," ,il \cw N'dik. in 1.S25.
t'lilonel ileliry W'hitilli;, of the U. S. ,\., Wldli
" 'The ldni.v.;r.mt,",i piiein nf .:y p.ii^es, (leseripli\'c ni
Michi'^.m, published by Slidddii >V Keed in i.Sii;;
" S.iniLic," .mother poem, 1 5.1 p.iv;es, w.is piiblisluil
at lldstdii in I1S31. ,md "()niw,i, the .Son of the
l''orest." in i.Sii ; " l\e\'dluti.i!iary 1 )rilers df ( ieiier.il
W'.i.liiin^iiin in 177.S. 17.S0, 17.S1, ,md 17X2," was
published in i.Si.).
Jose|)h Whitini; Wldlc " I'riliciples of Idmlisli
( irainmar," published in 1S45.
( iciicr.il |, lilies \V,ilson Webb W.IS ,it oiut time st;i-
tidiiedhere. Iiis boi ik, " .MtiiW .an, nr incidents ol
fife .111(1 ()l)serv;itions in the Koeky M(:iint,ains," iwn
voliinies, w,is published by i 1. irper lirothers in i,'l4').
'['vn ye.irs later he published .t work entitleil " Sla-
very .•md its 'fendeiii ics."
I), f. II. W'iiherell eontribiiied many v.ilii.ible
.irti( les (111 m.itters comu'eli'd with the early liistor\
of Detroit to the d.ailv jLipers, some ol which .iic
published iii the eollei tions of the Wisconsin Stal';
Historical Society.
and •• I'. I'Imii
Luld. Niw N iiiL,
(•vera! <)|i(ialii
Music aixl I In
•Is ill till- I''(|ua-
ihlisiud ill iS ;.:.
■|ic Coasl I'ihh
hiislicd ill \^'<(i').
■• Tlic I'litiiic,"
ai kiiiaii. M. 1 )..
ic Miliiary Sui-
Jl" ( )f I lill'^lC',
■s, w niic " 1 111
I salirii al rssa\,
lies 1)1 I'laiK^DI-
anil- A,L;e-ncy in
I .mdr."
i| a " 1 lislory 1)1
and Nrw Maik-
1)1' " ( )iir I iulllrs
n iSSj,
niiiir. anil cru-
ral \Mllks. I lis
1)1 ilic TcirilDrv
il AKxaiidria in
of the Sun," ill
icucc," at i'liil 1-
■sidcncy III ilii
-5-
II. S. A., wroir
rs, ilrscrililivc III'
kri-d ill iSh;;
, was publislii il
ilir Son of tin:
lUrs of ( iciKTal
mil 17.SJ," was
iKs of iai.i^lisli
al one linu' sla-
,,{■ Inridfiils of
Ml niitains," iwn
'.niilurs in itl4').
k Liilillcd •• Sla-
inaiiy valiiahli'
ilir early liislory
u- ol wliic'ii an-
Wisconsin Slai':
visni.\(. Al iiious.
707
K. S. Willis, broilii r of \. I'. Willis ,iiid K.iiiny
Inn, IS aiillior (jf " < )ur ( linn li Music ,"" W.iifs of
Sdiil;," " C'liiiicli ( lior.ils," and oilirr musical works.
.\ voliinic of Ins |)ocins, cnliilcd "rcii .iiid Liiic,"
u.is i)ul)lislK:d in i.S.Sj,
C I. Walker's iiiosi widely known work is ,'i
|i,ini|)lilel liislory of "riie Noillu\'es| during; the
kiAolnl ion."
Willi. nil Ward published ,1 work ;ii Detroit in
loji^, elllitled "'I'lic Rise of llle West .illil the A^es
1)1 Micliivj.iii."
Rev. jaines V. Watson, pastor of llie I'irsi M. I'..
lIiiiicIi in 1X4.^, wrote " 'I'ales and 'rakiiiv;s" .and
" I lel|)s lo Revivals."
Colonel (). R. Willcox is the anihor of ,a slorv of
Ueti'oii kiiouii bolli by llii' iiaines of " W.ilier
March" and " .Shoi-p.ic" lie also wrote "loc.a,
.III Army .Memoir," and " liislruclions lor 1' uld .\r-
tillery."
Joshua W. W.aterm.in is author of ,1 " .Mii liiv;,ui
Jiislices' (luide. "
Willi.iin W,ai ner wrote ,a i),iiii|)lilei, entitled
■' Restoration, the Two .Methods." Ii was jjub-
lislied in 186b.
.Mv.in Wilkins cominled the '•Uiiiled Slali's Dic-
iiDiiary for Hankers .and I nderwriters," ;) 5.1 p.n^i's,
pnblislied al .New N'ork in 1856.
.Aiulrcw Wanless is aiilhor of " I'oenih ,ind
Si)iis.(s," \'j2 p.au'es, issued in 1.S75.
I). W. Wij;hl, M. I)., Ii,is ediled or tr.insl.iled the
lollowiiid; |)ublislied works:
Cousin's "(.'oiirse of Modern I'hilosophy " ,iiid
"Lectures on the 'rrue, the Re.iutiliil, .and the
duod," " The I'hilosophy of Sir Willi.im I l.imiltoii,"
the " Ronianci: of .Abelard and lltiloisc," the works
of Chaleaiibriand, l)e Slael, {■'eneloii, l..a loiiiaine,
.Moiitai.niie, I'aseal, .and \'oliairf, also li\es of
Ces.ar, \'iltori.i Coloiiii.a, Columbus, Joan of Arc,
Milton, .Moh.imiiuMl, i'ilt, Socr.ates, Tasso, ;uul
others. Also a ninnber of novels and .M.irlin's liis-
lory of l''r,ance.
I'. K. Winder published in 1.S71 ,1 work riiiitled
I he l''uii,v^i of (,!,in,id,i," .and is also .author of ;i
\\iirk on "The .\iiroia Rore.dis."
Re\. W. W. Washbiirn, 1). 1)., is .author of ,1
volume i.sbucd in i«<Sj, eiilitlcil "Import of Jewish
Sacriliecs,"
S. R. Wooley prepared .and published " Wooley's
I'ractieal M(K)kkcf|)iiijf."
\V. 'I'. Yoiinv; wrote ,a " Rife of Lewis Cass," 420
pa.iL^es, published by NLarkli.am iV I'dwood.
|ohn IL Voiin,t( compiled "Our Deportnuait," ,1
\\ork which h.is reached ,a sale of two hundred
tlioiisaiid co|)ies. it is published by !•'. 11. Dicker-
^"11 & Company.
John /.uihUI, who was here as ornvinisi of the
Central M. K. Church, is author of "The Cluir< h
l'"rieii(l," "Christi.in Ili'arl Soni(s," and "'i'lie New
Introit. '
/ '/\/////:; . liithi'l \.
'I'lie romantic history ,and dcli,i;htful siiti.ation ;ind
surroiindiii;.;s of helroit, ,aiid its loi.ation on the
n.itui.il liinhw.ay ol ir.ivcl. h.uc broin^hi ni.iny visit-
ors to enjoy its lios|)it,allt\', and not ;j lew persons of
noli; ill the literary uoiid ha\(' left on reeonl their
iinpressioiis of this, the most historic i ity of the
West.
We li.ive .aceoiinls of the visits of L.asalle .and
( i.alinee .as early ;is i')7o. ileiiiie|)in ,iiid L.as.ille
were here ill \('';^i. and ill Seplember, K)iS7, La
1 lontaii .and Toiily ( aiiie. In die next cenliiry we
li.a\e ;i full .account ol the \isii ol ( liarlcvoi.x in June,
i7Ji,,aiiil of I'',, t'respel, .another I'lem h priest, in
1721^ M.ajor Robert Rot;i-rs |)ublislieil .111 aeiount
of his arriv.al here in 1760. Joii.ith.ui Car\er c:ame
in June. i7fiiS, .and 1 leckeinvaelder .and /.cisl)eri.(er
were bloUv;lll here in November, 1781.
Lord laKv.ird 1' ii/.^er,ild visited Detroit in June,
1781;. ill coinp.iii\- with Joseph llr.ant. lie wrote to
his nioihir mi June .!c) tli.ai he li.ad been adopted by
the Rear Tnbe, and made .a i liief. C. V . V'oliiey, the
noted iiilidel author of " \'i)|iiey's Ruins," was here
in September, 171/1, .and Isa.ac WiM, ,an Iri.si' .autlKjr
uf note, was lii-re in ()iiober of the s.anie year.
Jacob !Uiriiil, aiilhor of "Notes on the Nofthwesl
'I'eiriioi y, " c.iiiii; lure lre(|ueiitly as ,an attorney from
179^ to iiSoj.
In the prcsiait century we li.ave bi'.eii still more
lliv;lll\' favored ; e\ery llec.lde h.as broUv;lll scholars
.uiioiiv; Us. ( leori^e lleriot, .author of a volume on
Can.idi.in Life, came .aboiii iSt/). I'roin July 1 to
Jl, i.SiiS, Idk.anah Watson, authoi" of several valu-
,ible works, was here on ,a \isii. ( )ii .Se|)tember 6,
iiSiS, 'riioin.is l)oiiv;lass, tiftli I'.irl of Selkirk, .and
author of sever.al works of note, while on a visit
lure w.is .arrested on acioiint of trouble in connec-
tion \viili his Red River settlement. Ill i.Siv W.
D.arby made a tour from New N'oik to Detroit.
Rev. J. .Morse, the noted i;i'oi.;ra|)lier, and author of
Morse's ( ieov;i-.apliies, with his son, Rev. R. S.
Morse, I'liited Stati-s Commissioner arrived on June
J, I1S20, to iii(|iiire into the (diiilitiini of the Indi.ans.
Duriii;^ the next vcar. Rev. J. 15. I'inley, a widely
known Methodist .author, was frei|ucntly in Detroit
.as a presiding elder of the Methodist I'^iiscopai
Church. ( )ii liiiie lb, 1826, 'j'hom.as L. McKiiiiiey,
.author o! " .\ Tour of the Lakes," arrived in
Detroit; he leh on luiie 23. C. Colton, author of
"Tour of .Xmcricaii L.ikes," was here for about two
weeks in July and /\iiv;iist, 1S30. Mrs. J. 11. Kiii-
xie, .lutlior of " Waubiin ; or, l'".arly Days in ihu
Northwest," w.is here in September, 1H30.
.\lexis de Toc(|ueville with M. M. lieaiimoiit, com-
missioned by Louis I'hilippe, King uf I'fftiicc, to
7o8
VISITINC. AUTHORS.
visit the i)risniis of AiiK-rica, made a tiircc days'
visit to Detroit from July 20 to 23, 1S31. Ciiarics
Fciino iloffinan spent a wee!': witii us in Noveml)er,
1S33. Harriet Martineau arrived on June 13, 1836,
and left the next day. Cajitain Frederiek Marryatt,
the prolilie novelist, spent neaily a month in Detroit,
in May and June, 1S37. o. 11. M.'irshali, of liuffalo,
autlior of several important monojjfraphs conuceted
with the early history of New York and tlie West,
arrived here May 27, 1S36, spendinii^ several days,
and in 1881 he was again here on a brief visit. In
July, 1S37, Daniel Webster came to visit his son,
Daniel F. Webster, who was tiien praetieiny law in
Detroit. Two days before he left, on July 8, Mrs.
Anna Jameson eame. She was detained ten days
by siekness. In Aui^'ust, 1S37, (leop^e 1', Marsh,
on his way to Lake Superior, made a brief t.arry at
Detroit.
General !<.. IS. Marey, author of " ISorder Remi-
niscences," was liere with his rei^iment in 1838. J.
Stanley (Irimes was here on July 16, 1839. The
l^reface of J.ames H. l.anman's " History (>f Michi-
gan" is tlated at Detroit, and he spent some
weeks here in 1839. J. S. Buckingham, author
of a valuable work on " Fastern and Western
States of America," arrived July 6, ant! left
July II, 1840. He .^aid many pleasant things of
Detroit. Hon. Henry ISarnard, the educational
writer, delivtired an .address liere on Monday even-
ing, December 5, 1842. Margaret Fuller was de-
tained here half a day on her trip to I.ake SuixTior
in -Seinember, 1843. In 1845 Francis I'arkman
spent two weeks in Detroit collecting materia! for
his "Conspiracy of I'ontiae." He was here again
in 1867. Dr. Lymaii lieecher and I'n^fessor C. K.
Stowe were here at a Church Convention in June,
1845. In July or August, 1847, the now well-known
Dr. ("leikie paid our city a brief visit. His father's
family then lived near Moreton, Ontario, opposite
what is now the Somerville School at St. Clair. J.
Fenimore Cooper visited us in June, 1S48, and in
his "Oak Openings" there are various references to
tlie city.
On March i, 1848, Horace Greeley was here, and
also at other times. I'rofessor Louis Agassiz, with
sixteen graduates and professors from Harvard C<ji-
lege, the Lawrence Scientilic and the Dane Law
scIkjoIs, among them our own townsman, Jefferson
Wiley, arrived June 21, 1848, on their way to Lake
Superior, and stayed about four hours. On their
return they reached Detroit August 20. Mr. Wiley
kejn a daily journal of the trip, and this was largely
used by Professor J. Flliott Cabot in the account of
the journey which accompanies Agassiz's descrip-
tion of Lake Superior. Caleb Atwater, author of
"History of Ohio" and .several educational works,
was here for some days in August, 1848.
(leorge Ikineroft was here on his way west on
October 6, 1849.
Frederika ISremer, in her " Homes in the New
World," speaks of the city, and of her arrival here
on the steamer Ocean from Buffalo on September
II, 1850.
William H. Seward w.as here for some time in
1S50, at the Great Railroad Conspiracy 'I'rial. Mrs.
I'^ F. Kllet, author of "Pioneer Women of the
West," came early in July, 1830, and left on the
2oth. Two years later she again visited the city.
Rev. D. P. Kidder, author of " Bra/.il and the
Brazilians" and various other works, was here
on November 6, 1850, and also in 1852 and 1853.
William Chambers, of the noted Edinbiu'gh pub-
lishing firm of W. (S: R. Chambers, himself an
author, was here in the fall of 1853. J. J. Ampere,
of the French Academy, was here October 12, 1854.
In 1S56 James R. Albach spent several days in our
city collecting information for his " Western An-
nals." In September, 1858, President Mark Hop-
kins, of Williams College, and Dr. Leonard Bacon
were here, and the lirst named was here again in
October, 1883.
Rev. J. II. \'inccnt, D. I)., author of the S. S. Les-
son Leaf system, and of scores of helpful works for
Bible students, and originator of the " Chautauqua
Liter.ary Circles," has been here a dozen times or
more since i860.
R. G. Pardee, anothernoted Sunday School author,
was here several times between i860 and 1870. Ben-
son J. I.ossing was with us October 7 and 8, i860,
gathering notes for his" History of the War of 1812."
A Methodist anniversary in October, i860, brought
together Rev. Dr. Daniel Wise (Francis Forrester),
Rev. Dr. T. M. Ilddy, Dr. J. H. Vincent, and Rev.
D. W. Clark, all of them widely known authors.
Anthony Trollope and his wife were here in the fall
of 1 86 1. Sir Samuel Morton Peto, the railroad
magnate and also an author, visited Detroit in 1865.
])isho|)s Gill)erl Haven and E.O. Haven, both well-
known littcratt'itrs, have been here several times.
General George A. Custer, whose " Life on the
Plains," entitles him to an author's place, visited
Detroit repeatedly.
Fdward I'"ggleston was in attendance on the In-
ternational Convention of the Y. M. C. A. in 1868,
as was also Rev. J. P. Newman. Rev. Dr. Luther
Lee, author of " Elements of Theology." "Universal-
ism I':.\amined and Refuted, ' anti " Immortality of
the Soul," has been an occasional visitor.
A. Bronson Alcott held several " Conversaziones "
in Detroit in January, February, and November,
1870. Fanny Fern and her husband. James Parton,
were here in 1870. Rev. William Taylor, the
missionary bisho]:), known all over the world, and
author of numerous works, has visited Detroit several
1
> way west uii
:s in the New
cr arrival Iktc
on September
some time in
:y Trial. Mrs.
Vomen of the
ikI left on the
isited the city.
5razil and the
rks, was here
i(S52 and 1^53,
.dinburgh pub-
s, himself an
J. J. Ampere,
itober 12, 1854.
jral days in our
•' Western An-
;nt Mark Hop-
Leonard liacon
s here again in
)f the S. S. l.es-
.■Ipful works for
e " Chautauqua
dozen times or
y School auliior.
and 1870. Heii-
• 7 and 8, i860.
eWarof 1812."
, i860, brought
.ncis Forrester),
icenl, antl Rev.
<nown authors,
; here in the fall
to, the railroad
Detroit in 1865.
:iven, both well-
several times.
" Life on the
place, visited
lance on the In-
C. y\. in 1868,
Kev. Dr. Luther
r\\" "Universal-
' Immortality of
sitor.
"onversaziones "
ind November,
1. James I'arton,
m Taylor, the
the world, and
d Detroit several
vi.srnxc. .M'TiioRS.
ro9
limes. J. DisturiK'll. author of v.arioiis works of
I'cfcrence, was lure in 1873, and aUo in other
years. On November 16, 1S73. Kev. Ncwm.m
Hail, of London, preached in several of our
liiurches.
In 1879WC had a lengthy visit from Rev. Richard
Newton, of Philadelphia, a noted writer of sermons
to children, and from Rev. Cieorge Mueller, author
(if •• Mueller's Life of Trust."
On September 25, 1879. tiu' city was honored
by a visit from Rev. W. M. Thompson, author of
"The I^and ruid the iSook." In November, 1879,
1). R. Locke, better known as Petroleum \'. Nasby,
made a lengthy visit.
On March 4, 1882. Professor A. D. White was
ill the city on his way east. Mary J. Holmes was
lure on February 23, 18S0, Dr. James McCosh on
■April 10 and 11, and the Abbe II. R. Casgrain. ,a
Cuiadian author, in the fall. On May 20, 1881, W.
II. Russell, the well-known corresj^ondent of llie
London Times, with the Duke of Sutherland, arrived
in Detroit, and stopped at the Russell House.
in May, 1882, at the semi-annual meeting of the
bishops of the Methodist I-jiiscojial Church, IJishops
Hurst, Simpson, Merrill, Peck, Fcj.ster, Warren, .and
Wiley were present, — all of them known as authors.
Benjamin Suite and Abbe Cyprian Tanguay, of
Ottawa, both widely known Canadian authors,
arrived on June 25, 1883, and spent several
d;iys. Lieut. D. H. Kelton, V. S. .\., author of the
".\nnals of Fort Mackinac," has been here several
times.
Henri Ferdinand Ouarre d' Aligny, ISishop .Samuel
Fallows, J. Russell Webb, Rev. j. Atkinson, and
Rev. S. W. Duflield, all of them authors, have vis-
iled Detroit at various times.
The University of .Michigan at Ann Arbor may
.almost be claimed as a part of Detroit, and many
of the faculty have frecjuently visited the city. Some
of them resided here.
.\m()ng the I'niversity authors are James I!.
.\iigcll, Charles K. Adams, Frances Hrunow. j.inus
R. I'.oise, T. M. Cooley, P.. F. Cocker, M. I..
D'Ooge, I'",dwar<l S, Dun.ster. S. H. Douglas, 1".. P.
I'.vans, F. C. Franklin, Corydon L. Ford, Henry S.
I'"riezc, Cieorgc J". Frothingliam, .\sa Gray. Mark
W. Ilerrington, O. C. Johnson, Don.ald .McLean,
Cieorgc S. .Morris, Fdward Oiney, Wiili.-un H.
Hayne, Alonzo I>. P.ilmer, A. H. Prescott, W. (i.
Peck, P. B. Rose, C. II. Siowell. H. P. Tapp.m, V.
C. \'aughn, Alexander Winclull, J. C. W.itson.
I). I). Whedon, A. D. White, and De \'olsen
Wood.
The list of literary visitors who have appeared on
the rostrum of the Young Men's .Society embraces
the names of m.any noted authors. The n.ames of
some of tlu' lecturers and the d.ites of their visits
are: Wendell Phillip.s, December 16, 1S56; B. P.
Shillaber ( Mrs, Partington), November 25, 1857; I.
1. Hayes, December 15 and 16, 1857; F. L. N'ou-
maiis, January 20 .ind 21, 185S; T. Starr King,
February 3, 1858; ('.. I). Prentice, February 1,
185S; M. I". M.iury, December 16, 1858; Bayard
T.iylor, February i. 1859; Pi-ofessor ,\. D. White,
Febru.iry 8, 1859; John p. Hale. Noveniber 9. 1859;
.Anson Piurlingame, November 10, 1859; Bishop
Simpson, Januai-y 6, i860; H. J. Raymond, January
26. i860; Ralph Waldo Fmerson, February 18,
i860; Ci. W. Curtis, November 22, i860: Dr. J. C.
Holland, Jruiu.ary 14, 1S61 ; Fdward Fverett, May
28, 1862; W. Ci. Brownlow, September 27, 1862;
C. F. Brown (.\rtenuis Ward), December 3, 1862;
J. S. C. .\bbott, November 26, 1864; Horace
Clreeley, December 22, 1866; Paul DuChaillu, De-
cember 1 1, 1867 ; Mark Twain, December 22, 1868;
Justin McCarthy, December 16, 1869; Kate Field,
Fel)ruary 10, 1870; Fred Dougla.ss, July 26, 1870;
Joseph Cook, May 27, 1878; Frances F. Willard,
1S79; Thomas John Capel, November 4, 1883;
Matthew Arnold, January 17. 1884.
In addition to the above, we have had lectures
from Park ]5enjamin, O. S. Fowler, Flihu Burritt,
H. W. Shaw (Josh Billings), J. (',. Sa.xe, Rev. J.
Milburn (the blind i)reacher), (ieorge W. Bungay,
Rev. William Morley Punshon. Dr. Thomas Ouard,
Henry Ward Beecher, .Anna F.. Dickinson, B.
Waterhouse Hawkins, Richard A. Proctor. Robert
Morris, Cicorge Francis Train, Rev. T. DeWitt Tal-
madge, Theodore Tilton, Oeorge V'andenhoff, Rob-
ert G. IngersoU, and John 15. Gough.
CHAP T E R L X X I I .
i.iri;RAKN', iiisroRicAi., and scii;n line S()Cii;rii;s.
Thf.RK is no ajiparcnt n;iiiiral coniicction hctwcH'ii
lotteries and literature, hut our of tin: earliest Acts
of the Ciovernor and Judj^cs |)ro\idrd for four lot-
teries for till' purjiost: of raisini;- $20,000 " fur the
promotion of literature and the improvement of De-
troit." The only literaturi'. ho\ve\-er, that rt-sultt'd
tlierefrom is a eo])v of the y\et itseit. 'The e.irliest
praetieal i:ndea\or for the foundiui;' of a public
library seeured the establishment of the
City I.ibrivy of Ihtioit.
The society was orn'.anized in March, and incor-
porated on August 2(\ 1S17. It is remark.ably cred-
it.able to the citizens of that time that, the next day
after the orn'.anization of the society, ninety shares
of the stock were sold at live dollars each. The
library was located in the old L'niversity buildiiiy;,
and the teachers of the University acted as librarians.
On July 15, i<S3i, the Detroit Atbcna'um, a club
reading; room, was ori;;mi/.ed with the following-
officers : Lewis Cass, president ; John liiddle, \ice-
president ; R. S. Rice, treasurer; aiul H, S. Cole,
secretary. The rooms were on C.riswold Street, in
the rear of Newberry & Kcrchex-al's store, where
the F'irst National Hank is now located. The effects
of the City Library were transferred to this new
organization. It is jirobable that Mrs. Jameson
refers to the rooms of this society in her " Winter
Tours and Summer Rambles," where, speaking; of
Detroit, she savs :
Tlirrp is .ilso a KrC'it niimlirr of linnksrllrrs' slinps, .and I rcid
in the papers hing lists of hooks, newly arrived and niipacked,
which the puhlic are invited to inspect. Wishing to horrow some
hooks to while away the long, solitary hoars in whirli I am
ohli^^ed to rest, I asked for a circtilatin.i^ library, and \vas dii'ccted
to the only one in the place. I had to .iscend a steep staircase,
so disgnstl!!i;ly dirty that it was necessary to draw my drapery
carefnlly around me to escape pollution. On entrrinfi; a larjjo
room, iinfnrnishcd e.vcept with book-shelves, I found several
men sitting, or rather sprawling, upon chairs .and reading the
newspapiTS. 'I'hc collection of hooks was small, but they were
not of a common or vidgar description. I found some of the
best modern publications in French and Kn;;lish. The man -
gentleman 1 should say, fur all are gentlemen here — who stood
behind the counter neither moved his hat from his head, nor bowed
on my entrance, nor showed any ofTicious anxiety to serve or
oblige ; l)ut with this want of what we Knglish consider due cour-
tesy, there was no deficiency of real civility,-- far from it. When
I enquired on what terms I might have some books to read, this
L^intlcm.'tn drsired I would take .any book I pK-ased, and not
think aliout payment (jr deposit. 1 remonstrated, and repre-
sculcd ih.il I w.as .-i stranger at .m inn- that ?ny stay was uncert.aiu;
.and the rcpl>' was ttial froui a l.idy aiul a ^Irauv''i' he could uui
think iif rcc living any n-muu(T,ilicin, and tiicu g.ivc hiuiself souu
troulilr 1.1 look out ihi' book I wislied for, whi<li I look .away
with uic, lie dill uoi ,v<n a«k the name of the hotel at which 1
was ^Laying : Jtud wiirn I rrtiunid the books persistetl in tleclin-
ing all payiui lit from '* a lady .uul a stranger."
the
Soon after her visit, this society was merged into
Drtroif VoiDio- Afrii's Sorirfy.
The historv of this ort^anization is as follows :
Near the close of 1832 a few youni,^ men met in the
stort' of Messrs. John CLark iK: Companv, on Jeffer-
son A\enue, i)etween Woodward and (Iriswold, to
de\ise means iux greater intellectual improvement.
A second meeting was held at the office of Charles
l.arned, on the cnrner of Woodw.ard A\'enue .and
Larned Street. These preliminary meetings resulted
in the holding of a more form.al meeting at the ses-
sion room of the i-'irst I'resbyteri.in Church, where,
on January nS, 1S33. ;i constitution .and by-laws
were adopted, and the Detroit \'oinig .Men's Society
organized by the election of the following officers :
president, I'ranklin S.awyer ; \ice-president, Douglas
Houghton; corresponding secret.iry, ("icorge 1'..
Hand; recording secretary, J. R. .Scott (soon suc-
ceeded by Jacob M. Howard) ; treasurer, S. S.Haw-
kins; .auditor, \V. A. Wells; m.an.agers, Ch.arles W.
I'enny, Jolin M. Hunter, Aaron 15. l^.awles, Silas
Titus, Sil.is !'. C.riswold, H. M. Roby, and Ira Van
Nortwich. After the organiz.ation, meetings for
liter.ary exercises and deb.ates were held every Fri-
d.ay evening during the winter months. Either .at
the session room or tlie council room. Dr. Dougl.as
Houghton delivered their first lecture, and from
time to time other citizens eng.aged in deb.ates .and
literary exercises ; in f.act, most of our older and
leading lawyers and politicians, living and de.ad,
made their first speeches before this .society. Anson
Ikirling.ame, afterwards United States minister to
China and Chinese ambass.ador extraordinary, then
a law student here, made his m.aiden speech in the
old session room. The libr.ary was kept at the store
of Mr. Halloek, and subsequently, until the erection
[710]
i.rrr.RAKV, iiistoricai., and scik.xtu'ic socii.rii.s.
1 1
pli'n<i'(l, ntid licit
tr;ili;il, and rcpic-
<;tay was iinrcrtaiii;
anyrr \w cimld imi
nave liiinsrif mhh'
liiili I took away
111' liiiiil at wliiili 1
|)irsist( d ill (Ic'cliii-
•as merged into
is as follows :
men met in the
pany, on Jeffer-
ul (iriswold, to
.1 improvement.
)fficc of Charles
rd Avenue ami
eetings restilted
ting at the scs-
Chureh, whert',
in and by-laws
g Men's Society
owing ollirers :
sident, Douglas
y, (icorge !'..
Seott (soon suc-
rer, S. S. Maw-
ers, Charles \V.
Rawles, Silas
IV, and Ira \'ap.
meetings for
leid every Fri-
iths. Hither at
m, Dr. Douglas
ture, and from
in debates and
our older and
ving and dead,
society. Anson
ites minister to
raordinary, then
n speech in the
kept at the stori;
mil the erection
:)f the Hall, at such pl.iccs ,'uid under the ch.ugc of
such persons as could be secured with little or no
expense. On March 26, i.S;/i, the society w;is in-
corporated by the l,egisl;iture, ,ind ;iuthori/,ed to
hold property to the amount of $25,000, and the
s.ime year the ( 'lovi'rnor ;ind Judges |ircsente<l the
society, for a nomin.il consideration, with Lot 56,
Section [, on Woodwai'd .\\'enue. In lS^cS it was
determined to erect ;i hall, and in iSjcj the lot on
Woodward Avenue was sold, and .mother j^rocured
on Jefferson Avenue, between H.ites .and Ran-
dol|ili Streets, On this lot ;i li.ill forty-live by
ninety-five feet was erected. It \s-;is comiileted
on N'ovembi'r 27, i<S5o, ;it ;i tot.il cost of .ibout
SS.jOO, The erection of the building brought the
society heavily in debt, but still, ;is they li.ad
tile rent.als of two stores under the h.all, the out-
look was hopeful. Seven years ji.asscd .away, and
then, in 1857, w.is begun the ivil pr.ictice of rush-
ing members into the society upon election day
without reg.ard to their moral or mental litne.ss.
The initiation fees were p.aid by candidates for ollice,
.and the n.imes of the new members soon disap-
peared from the roll. In 1S59 the Act of Incor-
por.ation was so amended th.at the society could hold
property to the .amount of §200,000, It was now
]iroposcd to erect a new hall, .and ;i contract was
entered into for a lot held by the I'niversity on the
corner of L.arned .and n.ites Streets. 'I'he city also
cLiimed the lot, but a suit which followed terminated
in f.avor of the University. On .account of business
depression, the society w.as un.ible to fLdlil its con-
tr.ict for the lot, and the plan was .ib.andoned. A
v.acant lot, eighty by one hundred .and lifty feet, in
the re.ar of the Riddle House and fronting on Wood-
bridge Street, togt;ther with a corridor sixteen feet
wide, running through the Riddle House to Jeffer-
son Avenue, w.as then leased for .a term of twenty-
live ye.ars, with the privilege of renewing for further
]K'riods of twenty-tive .and fifty ye.ars, tlu' owners of
tlu! land agreeing to t.ike the building .at .an iip-
pr.iis.al .at the expir.ation of the term. On this lot a
h.all w.is completed, and first openetl to the public
on November 21, i86r, with an .address by Hon,
J.acob M, How.ird .and a poem by D. I>. Dullield.
The total cost of the building was $24,106. The
old lot .and hall were turned over to Messrs. Shearer
& Chapoton in part payment, and they sold
property to Walter Ingersoll, in J.anuary. 1861, for
Sit, 000. The balance of the funds required to
erect and furnish the new hall was raised by selling
stock to the amount of about $17,000, in shares of
lifteen dollars each. The hall .seated about fifteen
hundred, and nearly two thousand were at times
.accommodated. It w.as .at first very popular and
was in great demand for v.arious purposes. Other
and newer halls and opera houses soon caused a
serious loss of re\enue from rent.ils, .and the society
w.as unable to meet its oblig.alions.
In 1.S75 the pro|)erty w.is sold to Luther ik'echer
for $if),ooo. I'he libiviry w.is moved to the second
story of the .Merrill lllock, .and new rooms opened
on .\ugust 2. .\t this time they had .about sixteen
thous.and volumes, fnc luindred .annual and one
hundreil .nd tifiy life members, 'i'he dues of two
doll.irs per year were iiay.ible semi-.annu.illy. The
amui.il meeting was held on the lirst Tuesday in
April. The society was governed by the officers and
.a bo.ardof eight directors, four of whom were elected
yearly for terms of two ve.trs each, .Si inn .after
moving to their new location it bec.une c\ident that
the societN cDukl not <'omi)etc with the I'liblic Lib-
r.ary. and .after a struggle of ;i few years it w.as
deciiled to sell the property, pay the debts, .and dis-
b.and, .Accortlingly, during the months of .August
and .September, 18S2, the books were sold singly to
whoever would purchase, and on September 30, the
org.aniz.ation ceased. M.any of thiir books, and
some other property, including ,a m.arble bust of
Cicner.al Cass and oil ]iortraits of sever.al of tin:
presidents of ihe society, were obt.ained by the
Public Library.
The following persons served as presidents : 1(833,
Fr.anklin Sawyer, Jr., Douglass Houghton; 1S34,
Jacob ^L 1 loward, Charles W. Penny ; 1 .S35, t icorgc
C. I'.cates, M.arsh.all J. Hacon ; 1S36, John L. T.albot,
Alex.ander W. Ruel; 1837. D. K. Harbaugh ; 1838,
Fr.anklin Sawyer, Jr, ; 1839, James A. \'.an Dyke;
1840, J. Ci. .\tterbury ; 1841 , S, ISarstow; 1842, J. S.
Abbott; 1843, S. T. Doui;i,is ; 1844, W. A. How-
ard; 1845, r.cl.t Ilubb.ird; 1841'), Witter J. Il.axter;
1847, T. W. Lockwood ; 1848, J. \'. Canijibell ;
1849, K. C. W.alker; 1850, D. P.. Diitfie
1851,
O. V.
il. IL I'-mmons ; 1852, L'. T. Howe; 18:
N. Lolhro]); 1854, C. I. W.alker ; 1855, Levi Rishop;
1856. II. P. P.aldwin; 1857. John R. Palmer; 1858,
J. I'",. Pittm.in ; 1859, S. Dow Fhvood ; i860, W, A.
Moore; 1861, Sidney D. Miller ; 1862, R. \V. King ;
1863. J. v.. Pittman ; 1864, John ('.. lu'win ; 1865, IC.
LeF.avour; 1866, O. B. Willeox, H. A. Newland ;
1867, Peter Voung; 1868, C, H. Wetmore ; 1869,
N. (i. Williams ; 1870, A, (]. Roynton ; 1871, L. T.
Oriffin; 1872, L, S. Trowbridge; 1873, R. R.
Klliott; 1874-1875, H. M. Duhield; 1876. I. H.
Wendell ; 1877-1878, T. P. Hall ; 1879. Henry Rus-
sel ; i8,So, C. J. Reilly, 1S81, J. R. Stoutenburgh ;
1882, Philo P.arsons.
Lyciniiii of the City of Detroit..
This society w.as organized on January 14, 1818,
with the following oflicers ; A. R. Woodward,
president; Willi.am Woodbridge, first vice-presi-
dent ; Charles Larned, second vice-president ;
George B. Larned, secretary; Dr, J. L. Whiting,
712
LITERARY, {IISTORICAL AND SCIKNTIFIC SOCIKTIKS.
treasiiriT. 'I"lu: toiisiitulum was adnptrd April 2[).
aiul primed in lliu l.)<.'trt)il < ia/.ctli.;, occLipyini; several
oiiiuinns. Like most of llie ducumeiUs of that
period, it was drawn up in ihe vcrbosi' and ma^riii-
ficently stilted sl\ie nf Jn(ly;e Woodward. I'he
followini; extracts from 'he ori^^'nal constitution
amply verify its aiithorsiii|) :
AuTKi.i! II I, .S'c( //('« 7. riii-i iii^iiliiiidii will .iiriliiilc with
any Dtliur .stiujilitU, lilir.iry, liciU'ViiUul, or pauiDtir assiici.iti'in,
ill relation tn which it sliall prove rcnlprocally aKreiahlr.
Serlioii S. — The incmluTs of asiocialions in aflTilialinn with this
shall be conMdi'rcd, when present, inenihers of this instil iilinn
without any ceremony, or expense of admission or initiation.
Sec/inn .'?. Tliis institution will intrrchani;'' from lime lo
time, with alTiliated institutions, lists of its :nemliers and e.vempli-
firiitions of its constitntion and rei,'nlati(ms, and will eo-oper.ite
in measures deemed scrviceahle to religion, lo pliil,imluo|iy, lo
science, and to literature.
■SWti'flit /(.— Non-resident or distant memhors may rcmsiiiute
similar ,issoel,itions, wliieh sliall he in afhli.itioii with ihis iiisiitu-
lion and with one another.
Scrtiiiii r,, .i I! asspi-iiiti'on affiUiit tl -vUh luu- in affili^ttiflii
with thi.i, slialt I'f in nffi/iiition re///; thi.t institution-
Section «. — AlTiliated associations in vicinity may (onstiliite
by repre:',entation f>ne more K'eueral.
Section 7.- .Associations by reiuesentation m.iy eonslitnte
others more general.
.\kt!CI.i-: v.— There shall be kept in this institution lists of all
the productions of .\mcrican literature about to emanate from the
.Vmerican press ; and subscriptions or orders for any nf ilie s.ime,
or for any other productions of American literature, or for .iny
productions of foreign literature, shall be received in the bosom
of the association, or at the residence of any of the officers.
Aktk i.K X, Section 1. — A library, a museum, a miuer.ilo.i;ic.il
cabinet, and .in Atbenrenm shall be established as soon as shall
be found convenient.
Section -'. .\ philosophical apparatus, an observatory, and
laboratory erected, a botanic and an agricultural garden instituted,
conducted and maintained ; and any other enter|)rise undertaken
which may Iv for the benefit of science, to learning, to humanity,
or to public interest, whenever the same shall be judged expedient.
The ori^ani/.ation lived only about three years,
"Died of constitutional disorder" would probably
be an appropriate epitaph.
T/ir Lyci'itm of Mii/ii]i^(ti!
was nrtjanized December fi, i.S^o, with the followiiiir
olTicers : 1,. 'Jass. |iresi(lent; II. R. Schoolcraft .•ind
H. Whitiny;, vice-presidents; William W.-ird, .secre-
tary; A. S. I'orter, treasurer; J. L. Wliitinu;, W. L.
Newberry, and L. Lyon, executive committee. Like
its predecessor, it was short-lived, ami nothing' was
heard of it after 1831.
T/ir Historical Soiirfy of Mic/iii^aii
was incorporated June 23, and fully oriLjani/.ed July
3, 1828, at the Man.sion House by the election of
the followin;j^otTicers : President, L.Cass; secretary,
H.S.Cole; first vice-president, John I^iddle; .second
vice-president, Thomas Rowland; correspondiuij
secretary, }L Whitiny;; trcasurtr, C. C. Trowbridyje ;
librarian, J. L. W'iiitin;,;. Tiiese same officers con-
tinued till 1S31), ;ind prnb.ihly till 1837. Any |)crsoii
voted ill, ;ind iiayinii; one doll.ar .1 year, could become
a member.
The first lecture before the soi iety was delis'ered
by ("lOViTiior Cass in SeiUember, i.Sj.S. Subse(|ueni
lectures wt re (leli\-ere(l by II. R. Schoolcr.ift, on
June 4. 1830, by M.ijor Henry Whiting, on June 5,
1831, and by .Major John liiddlc on September 15,
1832. These lectures were |)rinted separ;itely, ;m(l
then ^vtthered into one vokime, and |)iiblished riuKr
the title of "Historical .and Scientific Skelclies of
Michii^'.'in." In 1837 the officers were John Iliddle.
|iresidein ; Thoni.is Rnwl.ind, \ice-iiresi(k'nt ; II.
W'hiiins;', corresiiondiiii; st'cret.ary ; .\. L. I'orter.
recordini^ secri'tary ; C. C. Trowbridj^e, treasurer;
/.. I'itchei', librari.an.
In its e.irlier d.iys the socK'ty collected many
manuscripts .and .articles illustr.atini;' .and ex|il.ainini,'
the e.arly history of Mirhioan. .ind some \i'ry valu-
able i^.apers ;ind objects were entrusted ti> it for safe
keeping-. Tile niembirs, however, grew .ip.athetic,
.and for nearly twenty yi'.ars little or no effort
was ni.ade to m.iiiu.iin or re\i\-e the org.aniz.ation.
Kin.ally. on .August 4, 1857, ;t meeting w.as held,
and 15. I'. II. Wilherell was ekcted ])resident .aiitl
C. I. W.alker corri'sponding secret.ary. Renewed
interest w.as m.anifested for .a time, but no perma-
nent results were reached, and the collections of the
society were tr.ansferred from |)laee to pl.acc. I'".\en-
tually C. I. W.alker became the sole custodi.in. .and
the society sleejis on, .allowing other States .and
societies to g.arner the precious relics of our earlier
history.
Detroit Mrchaiiics Society.
On June 13, 1818. a number of mechanics
.and citizens met .at the hotel of Colonel Kich.ard
Smyth to consult on the ex|)ediency of forming .an
association for their mutual protection .and benefit.
Colonel .Smyth was called to the chair, .and Chaunecy
S. I'ayne chosen secretary. After consultation, .1
committee, consisting of Judge Woodward .and
.M.ajor Robert Irwin, w.as .a|)pointed to dr.aft .a con-
stitution. A subsequent meeting w.as held on June
19, .and a constitution read, re-committed to a new
eominittee of hve, and finally adopted on June 29.
The first regular election of officers took pl.ace on
July 20, 1818, when the following officers were
chosen : iiresident, Robert Irwin : vice-president,
Henjamin Stead ; secretary, John P. Sheldon ; treas-
urer. John S. Roby ; stewards, Ch.auncey S. Payne,
Paul Cl.app, Charles Howard, MI)ene7.er Reed, and
Jcremiali Moors,
On May 15, 1820. the society was incorporated
for a term of twenty years, and in 1S28 the city
donated to the society the property on the south-
west corner of (iriswold Street and Lafayette Ave-
mti:r.\ky. iiistoricai,, and scientific sociETins.
I ' .1
7. /\ny inrsoii
•, coulil Ixcnnic
\ was (Iclivcriil
.S. Siil)si<|iuiil
SclKKilcrall, nil
ins;, on June 3.
Sr|)tclll|n'r I 5.
st-paraicly, and
)ul)lislu(l rndir
tic Skitdu's (il
re John liiddlc,
-piH'sidont ; II.
A. I.. INirlci.
di;(j. trcasurci' ;
i-ollcrlc'd many
and cxiilainini;
onu' \iTy valu-
ed to it fur sale
Ljivw apatlic'tic.
L' or no illori
ic ornani/.ation.
.liiiji; was licld,
I pri'sidfiit and
ary. Kcncwid
l)ut no pcrma-
[)llcc'tions of the
o place. I'.ven-
custodiaii, and
ler Stales and
s of our earlier
cty,
of mechanics
nloiu'l Richard
f forming; an
on and l)enetit.
. and Chauncoy
consultation, ;i
'oodward and
to draft a con-
^ held on June
ittcd to a new
d on June 29.
took place on
ot fleers were
vice-president,
Sheldon ; treas-
ncey S, rayne,
zer Reed, and
IS incorporated
1S28 the city
)n the south-
I.afayette Ave-
luic, c()nsisiinv; of two lots, with .1 froiit;n;e of dne
hundre(l .and thirty feet on ( irisuold Street ami
seveiity-tive feet on Lafayette Asiiuie. 'I'lu' lots
were then worth $500. ( )n N'oNcmher 7, 1S33, ;i
committet; was appointed to siihmit a plan for .a
li.ill. On \o\'eml)i'r 15 a plan was adopted, and on
June 16, I1S34, the liiill, a two-stury wooden build-
iiiij, was first used. In iS^q the l.ei^nslature r<'-
iieweil the ch.irter. coinimiiny; it ill force until .M,iy
1 , 1 S60,
On I'ehni.ary 17, i''^57, the l.i'i,Msl;iture passed an
Act to incorporate Mechanics' Associ.iiions and
under this Act the society reol\^ani/ed in l'"eliruary,
■ 1860. It luimbered nearly all the okl citizens
.amoiitj its members, pursued a careful and cnnserv-
.itive course, ;in(l in 1.S70 h.ad .a membership of
nearly two hundri'd, with .•in ineomi' of about S'.ooo
,1 ye.ir from rents, of which it e.N|)en(le(l some S300
or $4^^ -i y*-'"''' f'"' books. The library iucliided
.ibout four thousand \olumes. It w.is kept open
from 2 to 4.30 I'. M.. and from 7 109 \\ M. on Wed-
nesdays and Saturdays, The property was free
from all inrtimhrance, and was estimated to be
worth §50,000, The aiuiual meetini^ w.as held on
the first Mond.ay in M.arch. l''eelin,ir confitlent of
its ability, on April 2.S, 1873, the society resolvt'd to
erect a block to cover their entire jiroperty, and |ire-
paratory to buildiiiii'. the libr.iry w.is removed to
vacant rooms o\er Ch;iuncey Ihiilbut's store on
Woodwartl Avenue. $60,000 were borrowetl on
the property, and the erection of the buildint; was
beifini. The contractors failed to ha\e it ready in
time to secure tenants, ,-uid beiiiir unable to meet
their eiiirajijements, on May 22, 1876, the president
and secret.iry made .an assit^iinient to Ilor.ace M.
De.ui, J, 11, \'.in Schoick, ;uid James llurns, for the
benefit of the creditors. The debts were $1 17,000,
,ind the assets were estimated at gi 73,000. The
depreciation in re;d estate caused the entire proj-)-
erty to be sold on November 2, i<S76, to Thom.is Mc-
(iraw, for $112,500, The libr.ary and furniture
were released by the creditors, a.nd ti'iiiporarily
stored in the fourth story of the Moff.at lUiililiiii;,
On Auv^iist I, 1S77, the Detroit Vounn' Men's Chris-
ti.in Association m;ide a ]iroposition to the trustees
to provide ;i room and libniri.'in and proper c;ire for
the books, and also to furnish the society with a
room for their meetinijs for the term of five ye.ars,
on condition th.it the luembers of their society be
allowed to use the books. The [)rupositioa was
accepted, the books removed, and the library form-
.illy opened for use in the rooms of the Y. M, C, A,
on September 19, 1877. In April, 1881, the Y. M.
C. A. sold its property to the Detroit Medical Col-
losje, and the library was returned to the Mechan-
ics' Society, Arr.'ingerv.ents were then made for its
care by the Collei^e, and it rem.aiiicd in the l)uil(linJ,^
The |)residenls .and seeret.iries of the societs.
up to 1S60, when the pro|)erty w.as pl.aced in the
h.inds of trustees, were; I'nsidents : 1.S18 1820,
Robert Irwin; 1820- 1827, John 1". Sheldon ; 1827
1S29, Ch.irles J.ickson ; 1829-1831, J. \.. Schw.irl/.;
1^3' '"'^35. .1"'"' ^'"'li'il; 1835, John I'arr.'ir; 1836
[840, I,e\i llrown; 1840 1844, J. Moors; 1844, A.
lowers; 1845, Jdhii Roberts; 1846 1851 , Solomon
D.-ivis; 1851 1853, Willi.im r>;ircl;iy ; 1853 185^),
11. 11. l.cRoy; 1856 1858, \V, W. Wilco.x: 1858
i860, John (iibson. Secrel.iries : 1818 1820. J. I'.
Sheldon; 1820, W. Ste.ad ; 1821, I.. ISrown ; 1822
1827, Olnd W'.iit ; 1827-1829, J. I'.. Schwartz,;
1829, J. MeKinney; 1830. L. li.iin; 1831 1835,
(l.irry Spencer; 1835, C llurlbut; 1836, W. \V;it-
kiiis; 1837 1841. A. C. .\i( I'ir.iw; 1841 1853, John
I'.irrar; 1853, William llarsha; 1854 18O0, John
R.irnir.
W'dYur Coiiiilv riiuhir Siuiiiv.
\ ]ireliminary meetinv^ in the interest of this so-
ciety, held on April 21, 1871, resulted in the adoption
of a constitution and the cnmpletif-n of an ory;ani/a-
tioii on .M.iy 4. It w;is .at first called the Pioneer
Society of Detroit, but on .March 23, 1874, the n.imc
w.as chaii).,a'd ,as above. The first ol'ficers were : Levi
l)isho|i, ])resident; Luther lieecher and Thoiu.is
Lewis, vice-|)resi(lents; S. (i, Wivjht, secret.iry; W.
A. Racon, treasurer. After Mr. li.icon's death, in
Ai)ril, 1873, Seymour Linney was I'lected trt'.isuriT.
The object of the socii'ty is to colleit and pre-
serve historical and bionr.iphicil d.it.i pertainiiiif to
the comity. The .'lunu.-il meetini;- is held on April
21, and ;i semi-.mnu.al meeting on October 21, with
other meetings at the call of the IvNccutive Com-
mittee, which is composed uf the president, secre-
t.iry, and trctsurer. The membership is limited to
persons of forty-five ye.ars of age .and upw.ard, who
h.ave lived in Detroit orvieinitycontinuouslyor.it
\-,arious |:)eriods for not less than thirty yejirs. An
initiation fee of two doll.irs, and .annual dues of f)ne
dollar thereafter, .are re(|iiired of lueiubers. Assess-
ments of not more' th.an live dollars ;i year ni.ay also
be made. The society has obtained a large number
of interesting biographical and historical sketches
fro:n its meiubers, and these, with other articles,
<are preserved at Lansing. In 1876 S. Zug was
elected secretary, .serving until 1882, when he was
succeeded by James A, Girardin, and in the s.ame
ye.ir J. C. Holmes was elected jiresident.
The State Pioneer Society, organized April 22,
1S74, .and many county societies, are outgrowths of
the Wayne County Association. The St.ate org.ani-
zation h.as issued four volumes, containing a series
of miscell.aneous pai)ers by various persons on m.it-
lers connected with the history of the State. Some
of them possess much interest.
714
[J ICRAKN'. IIISIORICAI,. AM) SCII;N IIKIC Socll/I'IKS.
/),■/>■(>// Siiiittilh .\^\iH iatioii.
< >ii March 27, I1S74, a luimIxT of v;(ntl<'m(ii met
in tlic miisciiin (if I'mlcssor J. M. li. Sill, mi tlu'
iiDrthcast cnrnrruf I'irsi and Wayne Sirci'ls, for tin"
|)urpns(.' i)f i)ri;ani/inv; llii'' socictv. Professor Sill was
called to the chair, and I'. Wooifenden elected secri'-
t.iry. Mr. I'l. C. Skinner si.ited th.il the object of tiie
nieetinvj w'.'is tlie ori,'ani/.;ition of a scicntilic ,issoci.i-
tion. wiih the pin'pose of eslablishin); a pi'mianent
nmsenni, and cnlti\;ilini;' a love for the suidy of
n.itnral history .nid i;cner;il science. .\ coniinittee,
consisting of J, C, lloinus, I!, L'. Skinner, Dr. (i. I'.
/\iidre\vs, and I'". Wooifenden, was appointed to
dr.'ift a constitution and hy-l.iws. nn .\pril 16 the
association was fully organized by the adoption of
a constitution .and the election of the followin'.^-
ollicers; I'resident, (1. I'. .Andrews; lii'st vice-presi-
dent, 1^. C, .Skinner; second \ ice-presidiiit, |. M. 1>,
Sill; treasuriT, C. C. Cidm.an ; recorder, !■". Wooi-
fenden; secretary and cabinet-keeper, ,\. 11. l.\ons;
libr.iri.an, I. (.'. Ilolnies; curalois, I). I'. Ilcnr\-. I'.
Ste.irns, ,unl 1 1. ( 'lillni.in.
( )n \\;\\ (\ 1N74, Room 0, on the third tloor of the
Nbilf.it lluildin^n', was le.asi'd for the use of ilie assi^-
eialion, and here tln' Museum be^.ui. The rooni
l)ein.if too small for a lei-tiu-e-rooni, the weeklv
nieetiuirs for business and lecttu-es wen held in i'ro-
fe:..-.or Sill's school l)uil(lini,r. In luly, 1S74, the
Mtisetnii was mm-ed to ;i l,irj;cr room on the sank'
floor, and in August of this ve.ir the associ.ation ob-
tained subscriptions for, and pnrch.ised of llenr\- .\.
Ward his colleire series of casts of fossils, at a cost of
$3,000. .\ l,ari;cr and more suitable room w.is now
;i ni'ct'ssity, and in .Septcmlier, 1S74, the upper storv
of the old ^){V\ r'ellows' Hall, '-n the west side of
Woodw.u'd .Avenue, w.is obtained. The Musetmi
was formally opened in its new quartt'rs bv ;i serii's
of receptions .ni\(.ii on. ( )ctober i(\ 27. 2.S, 21), anil
31 ; lir.st, to the subscribers to the fund for the piu--
pose of purehasini; the Ward fossils; st'cond. to the
Aiiduljon and the St. Clair T'lsliint; Clubs; third, to
the c'^y and county olTu'ers ; foui'th, to the clergy,
loi^al. .uid medical professions; and fifth, to the
teachers of the public schools. In December, 1.S76.
the officers of the a.s.sociation were iiotilicd that the
rooms occupied by the Museum must lie vacated by
tlio first of April, i<S77, ,is the old bm'ldinv; was to
i^ivc place to a new block. The association then
rented the building; in ilie rc.ir of the old Capiiol
whic h h.id been \.icalcd by the Public i.ibr.iry. .ind
in I'cbru.u'y, 1^77, the .Museiuu w.is moscd ihiilui-.
'I'lic llo.ird of I-'.ducation rei|uirini; the tise of the
room, the Mu'-eiun, in bme, 1.S71;, w,is a,ij;iin mo\cd,
lindin^f tempor.iry (|u,irtei's in tlu' .Mather lilock, on
the last side of Woodw.ird .\\entie, near tlu' (ir.and
Circus, lly .irr.iii'^ement with the N'. M. C. A., the
lectiu'i's foi- the season of I S71;- 1 SSo were i,;iven in
tln'ir h.ill ,ind imder the joint auspices of the two
,associ;itions.
In fune, iSSo, the Museum was moved to one of
the \;ic, lilt buildim;sof il.irpcr I lospit.il, .and in M.ay,
I.SS3, it \\as pl.iced in I he si'colld stor\' of ihe 1 )etroit
Medical 'lei^i' buildinv; on l-'arnur Street,
from beginning, the intention has been to
have the Museum open .and free on 'i'uesday, 'fhtirs-
day, .and S.atui'd.ay ewninv,''^. and S.iturd.iy ;ifter-
noons. Durim; the winter months of sever.al years
free lectures were s;i\'en on Wednesd.iv e\cniin,;s,
mostly by members of the associ.ition, and the lec-
tures, i^encnillv iiiion scicntilic subji'Cts, were .at-
tended by l.ir;^f .and .ippreci.itiNc .audiciKa's.
The Museum contains a lar^e collection of the
birds of Xorlh .\mcric.a .and .a f.air number of foreivfii
birds, with .1 few specimens of wild .anim.ils. .and .1
\ery full colli'ction of North American insects, nion'
p.irticularlv of coleopter.i. in the insect dep.artment
the exch.aui^c list is \erv l.ari;e, .and i'\ch.an,i;i's ,arc
m.idc with nearly ;ill the leading;' I'litomolo.nists in
the I'nited St.ites. In the concholoi^y (lc|i.arlmeni
there .arc m.any spt'cimens, with .a t;<io(I \ariely nl
t;eolot(icil .and bot.anical illustrations, 'fhere is .aN.i
.an .arch.elovjical department, .and contributions .arc
occasinii.ally received, 'flu' colKction is wiliicd ;it
S 1 0,000.
'file society w.as incorpor.ated on .April 27, i'S75.
Any pi'rson .accept.ible to the lio.ird of Directors
may become a member .at .any lime by the p.aynieiit
of five dollars, 'flic annu.al dues .are fi\'e dollars.
'I'lie tnt.al \e.irl\' e.Niicnses of the societv .arc troiii
Si. 500 to !52,ooo.
■file prcsidi'iits .and secret.aries have been : I'rci-
deiits: I.S74, Cicory^e l'..Andrews; 1S75 1877, J. M.
11. Sill; 1S77- , J. C. Holmes. Secretaries;
1.S74, C. !'). liubb.ard ; 1.S75- US77, !•', Wooifenden;
1877- , ISry.int Walker.
wwmmm
u' (lid (.'apilnl
■ l.il)rary. .nul
uovi'd tliiilur.
lie usi' (if i!u'
aiLjaiii iiKivi'd,
tlicr I>l<i(k, III)
car tlic (iraiid
M. e'. A., tile
were viivcii in
■(.■s of llic Iwo
lived tn one (if
al, and in May,
(if the Di'tmit
Slri'il.
II has l)ccii til
lu'sday, Tliurs-
iaturday after-
if several years
sdav eveiiiiivjs,
111, ;nul the lec-
jects, weri' .'it-
lii'iires.
ilieetion "f the
mher nf foreign
aiiim.'ds, and ;i
11 inserts, mure
;ect (lep.-irtnient
1 e\('hani,fes are
I'litiiniiiloi^ists in
ny deiiartnient
i;(ii)d \ariety nl
There is alsii
nirihutidns ;ire
111 is v.aliied at
April 27. i>S75'
(if Directors
)y the |),iynient
sv live dollars,
-ociety arc from
.vc been : I'ri : i-
875 1S77, j.M.
Secretaries :
■'. Woolfeiideii :
C H APTHR LXXl I !.
I'RIVATK SCIIOOI.S AND SI'.MIN.XklKS. - CIirKCil .SCI K )( )!„S.
rUIVAII. SCHOOLS.
EntrrATFON' \i. ,idv,iiii,i;,j;cs were slim indeed in
the earlier years of Detroit. I'nder I'Vench rule
iliililrcii were sometimes si'iit to Montreal ,iiid
(Uiebec to he educated, and after the English came,
to \-;irioiis scliools in the f,ir East. On one oce.-i-
siiiii .Mr. .McDougall sent two of his boys, in e.are of
some Dutch traders, from the Moliawl< down to
Schenectady, to be educated possibly by Icli.ibod
Crane of Sleepy Hollow. The trip in an open bo.it
iii-i'upied a lonyf time, and it was nearly a year
Infore he heard from them, and then he learned
that they h.id pLiyed truant lUTsisteiitly, and minvjied
so freely with the children of the Dutch settlers that
tlicy had almost lost the use of their mother t()n.i,nie.
I'ater McDouvj.all w.is iiidiv^n.un, and proposed to
vent his anger on the Dutch, vowing that thereafter
he would "kill every Dulehm.in on sight."
In 1775 HHMitioii is made of ;i school-house just
ciutside the furt on the west.
In an old ledger. Captain Andrew Park, of the
King's Regiment, is charged on "June 5, 1780,
twelve shillings sixpence cash p.iid for schooling
the children of the regiment." In the s.ame book,
oil ?»tay 15, 1 78 1, Tctcr (irant is charged unc pound
iweive shillings for "cash paid (iarrit for school-
ing his son."
.\bout 1790, and for several years after, schools
were taught by Messrs. Recours and Balpour. With
the coming of the Americans in 1796, and the ini-
ntigr.ition th.at immedi.ately followed, other teachers
came. In 1797, MissPaUison ajipears .as a teacher.
The s.ame year we fii^learn of John Hurrell. An
(lid school-bill of his against James May, rendered
ill I7(;7, shows th.at his price for tuition w.is three
piHiiids per (]u<irter, in addition to ;i charge of one
piHind four shillings for "your proportion of fire-
wood." He taught till 1803, or later. One of
his contemporary teachers was Matthew Donovan,
who taught from 1799 until liis school was broken
lip by the hrc of 1805. Old records show that on
June 4, 1804, the nolice complained of him " fornot
sweeping the street before his school-house." On
July 2 of the same year they made a similar charge
ag.'unst Monsieur Serrier. the French schoolmaster;
Ik; was .still teaching in 181 3. He had been a sol-
dier in the French Revolution, and had a sabre-cut
I
on his head, and ihis, or tlie liquor which he dr.ink,
caused iiiiii ;it limes to ,act like one ins.ine.
Re\-. I )a\id Ii.acon, w liile temporarily sojournim^ in
Detroit, oiieiied .1 .school on St. J.anies Street in the
rear of the later .Masonic ll.all, on .May 25, 1801,
and four weeks aftiT his wife opened ,a girls' .school.
At first their services were greatly appreciated, but
the f.ict that they were " N'ankeis " .soon excited
prejudice .against them, .and causi'd the discontinu-
ance of his school, .111(1 siekiU'ss compe. cd his wife
to close her school in October, 1801.
The next ped.igogue was John ( loff. ( )n ( )ctober
24, iSof), he petitioned the (iovernor and Judges for
a lot for ,1 jniblic school. His school w.is located
near the b.ank of the river, just west of the month of
the Savoy.ard. lie ■•ifterwards t.aui^lu on wli.at is
now Woodbridge Street, betweni IS.ilts .and R.aii-
dolph Streets. He was .aided by his wife. .111 excel-
lent lady and .1 good teacher. He was drunken and
ill-tempered, .and had much trouble with his schol-
ars, but a school w.as kept in his name uji to 1816.
In 1810 we first hear of D.anit'l Curtis, lie t.iught
school to May 6, 1812, or later. I'roni 1812 prob-
■ably to 181S, ,1 school w.as maint.iined by .a Mr.
I'.ayne. or I'eyn. This gentleman had an excellent
classical education, and his services were much
prized. In 1813 a .Mr. Rowe is mentioned as .1
teacher. His schofil w.as in an old wooden building
on C.riswold Street, near the corner of Jefferson
Avenue.
On June 10, 1816. Mr. Danforth ( ommenced what
was called ,i common school, .and mi July 1 he had
forty sciiol.irs. He h.ad a violent temper and was
brut.al in the extreme, throwing rulers .at the schol-
.ars .and on one occasion ,aii open knife His bnit.al-
itii!s fin.ally so .amused the members of one iamily
th.at he was compelled to seek a refuge .across the
river, .and this ended his s''liool. Soon after his
dcp.arture Levi Cook opened .a school in .1 building
owned by Mr. Campaii on the northwest corner of
Jefferson .Avenue and Griswold Street ; he cfintinucd
it only .about a year.
In 181 7 there w.as much discussion concerning the
.subject of education, and on August 8 the Detroit
Gazette contained the following editorial :
Frcnrliiiu-n nf tlio territory of >fk-liigan ! Vod miRlit to be(;!n
immediately to give .in education to your children. In a little
7i5l
7i6
I'RIVATK SCHOOLS AND SK.MINARIES.
tinii'lhrrc will hi: in lliis Uriilniy ;is in.iuy \ aiikci^ as Kiiiu h,
and if ymi do nut liavc yunr cliildnii cdncautl tlic situations will
all lir nivtn to the Yankees. No man is i:;'pahle of serving as a
Civil and Military olTicer nnliss liu can, at least, read and write.
'I'here are many yiuinn lieo|)li', of frnni eighteen to twenty years,
who have ni>t yet le.irned to read, hut they are not yet toocild to
ham. I have known those who have learned to read at the age
of forty years.
Ju!*t how mucli this editorial arcomplishcd is, of
course, uncertain, i)ut in a suhsc<iucnt issue of the
(iazette notice was i^iven that Mr. ISanv.ard's school
would open at the Cuuneil House on November 3,
1817. The same year William Tlrookflcld and wife
were conductini;' a school on the southeast corner ol
Woodward Avenue and Woodbridgs Street. They
were excellent people and g^ood instructors. Tn iRiS
Joiin J. Deminsj; tauj,dit for a few months in the old
Council House.
In May, 1S21. F.. W. Goodwin taught a private
school, and Mr. T. Vount;- tau,i;ht an I'Jij^lish school
"at Mr. J. H. Laduceur's lari;e house " near May's
Creek, in November of the same year, and for
several years after, Mr. ISrookt'ield and his wife
tauijht what was known as the Seminary in the same
place. In 1822 Kli/.,i S. TrowbridiL^e was euijjai^eii
in teaching; and for a few months in 1821 and
1822 Orestes .A. iVownson tau;^ht a school in Sprinsj-
wells. An attack of fever and ague caused him
to return to New York. From 1823 to 1825 a
large and at first a promising school was taught by
Mr. and Mrs. John M. Kinney, but the intemperate
habits of .Mr. Kinney broke up the .school. In
1826 Mrs Kinney was teaching in the rear of
Newberry'.s store, on the corner of (irisv.-old and
Lamed Streets.
On October 27, 1823, the L'niversity trustees
voted to allow Mr. Carpenter to occupy a room in
the University building for a .school. A year later a
Mr. Shepard was teaching a primary school in a
small building on the grounds of the L'niversity, and
in May, 1825, his wife had a " female school" in th.c
same place. On November 14, 1828, leave was
granted to P. W, Healy to keep a school in tiie L'ni-
versity building. In 1829 he was teaching else-
where, and Dehjs Kinnicutt was keeping school in
the University. During most of the period from
1828 to 1832, jtrivate schools were conducted by A.
E. Hathon and I-',. Jerome, each of them alternately
surveying town lots and the progress of their pupils.
In 1829 the want of a good common school was
severely felt, and a public meeting was called "to
secure the establishment of an English common
school." As a result of the meeting, a school wa--
established by Joel Tucker, and on May 12, 1830,
the Common Council gave him permission to occupy
a building on the military grounds adjoining the
Cass Farm.
Some of these earlier schools were called semi-
naries, but they had no corporate existence. On
March 18, 1830, a society was incorporated for the
promotion of female education. The first meeting
was held on March 24, and the following officers
were elected : [^resident, Lewis Cass ; treasurer, C.
C. Trowbridge ; secretary, John J. Dcming; direc-
tors, Jonath.an Kearsley, Henry M. Camjibell, De
Oarmo Jones, William Ward, I'.uroi.as I'. Hastings,
James .Abbott, Charles Larned, F.. .\. ISrush.
On March 29 the Ciovernor and Judges granted
the society nearly all of the site now occupied by
the City Hall, on condition th,-it by the year 1835 a
suitable building should he erected. Nearly four
years passed before the building was completed, and
then the following notice a|i|ieared :
IKMAI.K SK.MINAKV.
The stockholders of the Association for promotin;; female edu-
cation in the city of Detroit are reiiuested to meet at the huilding
recently erected for tht: Seminary, on 'i'hurstlay, I )cceniher 4tli
inst., at two o'clock e. m., for the purpose of considering the
constitution to be proposed for the government of the Associa-
tion, and for the transaction of other important htisiness to .ill
concerned in this object. The importance of the subject to !«■
sidjmitted induces the undersigned to hope for a very general
and pnnctii.d ;ittcndancc of those whose munificence has enabled
them to progress thus f.ar, and of all who may be willing to non-
tribute further aid to the under'' 7.
John [!iiini.i:, ' '.
Thomas I'.' ...
K. li • .oKs, W. L.
nRiHce.
Df.troit, Dect-ml'i-r •_', 1S34.
imiiniiriiiMrm- iiiiiii!i!iiiiiii
H iS ; 1N'(,S, I', r, H. WlTllFREII.,
I' ;. JdSFs, H. M. (' \Mi i!i;i I.,
.IFvKKV, J. l)i;.\N. V. V. 'i'uow-
HJEEI
Tm.
'" ' "^
F^^t.■\I.F. Seminarv rifii.Pixo, as it ai I'Kakf.d in 1863.
The building cost $7. 32 5 ; it was built of yellow
brick, with a frontage of fifty-six feet and a depth of
forty feet, each of its three stories contained eighteen
rooms and a large hallway. It was occupied as a
school in 1S36, and in 1837 had sixty pupils and a
valuable set of philosophical ajiparattis. Its first
princijial was William Kirkland. In November,
1836, he was succeeded by .Mr. George Wilson,
c'xisiuncc. On
'Ijor.ucd for llu;
lie first nicctiii;^'
ill()\vin,i,r olficers
s ; treasurer, C.
I)<niiiiv;-; direr-
, Caiiipht'll, De
tas 1'. I lastiiii^s,
V. I'.rush.
Jii(l;^c-s i;ranted
(i\v occupied by
the year 1S35 a
1. Nearly four
i coiniiletetl, and
iinotin? fcmalo Cfhi-
imit M tlic liiiildiiii;
sd.iy, Dcci'rnlxr 4th
iif coiisidcriiiK tlu'
cnt of tile Assiiiia-
■tanl Imsiiii'ss to all
>f tlu- snhj.-i t to I'.'
for a srry >;iMiiTal
lificL'mo has ruahlid
y he willing; to '^on-
, r. II. WiTIIFREI.I.,
;, H. M. (' \Mi'ia;i i.,
I)i:.\N,l\ f. 'I'lcow-
1
PRIVATE SCHOOLS AND SEMINARIES.
I
1
PEAREI' IN l86j.
built of yellow
t and a depth of
ntained eighteen
IS ()e(U[)ied as a
cty pupils and a
ratiis. Its first
In November.
George Wilson,
who remained till 1839. Mrs. Hester Scott and her
dau,v(hters, .Annie, Isabella, and Eleanor, who had
cdiiductetl a yoim.ir ladi(,s' school f(jr two years ])re-
viiHis, then took ehari^e, anil remained until 1842;
the school was then discontinued. The ladies last
named continued to teach in other locilities for sev-
eral years afterwards.
When the property ceased to be used as a school
it was transferred to the State in trust for the Uni-
\ersity, and was used as a. State Armory, for .sessions
of the Supreme Court, and for other State oliices.
After it came into possession of the city, the oflices
of the Mayor, the Hoard of Sewer Commissioners,
and the City Surveyor were located therein. It was
eventually demolished to make room for the present
City Hall.
Returning to the year 1S30, we find that on July
26 Miss Williams opened an infant school in one of
die old military buildings on Fort Street West, cuni-
mencing with thirty j)upils. At the same time the
.Misses Farrand were conducting a Young Ladies'
Seminary, and Mr. George Wilson was teaching an
English Classical ScIkwjI, I le was succeeded in a
year or two by Rev. 1). S. Coe. In May, 1S32, J. IS.
Howe was teaching a Classical Acatlemy. During
1S33 D. B. Crane was in charge of a Classical Schonl
in the old Council House, on the ctjrner nf Jefferson
Avenue and Randolpli Street. In the fall uf
1^33
Messrs. Tappan and Nichols were advertised as
teachers of the Detroit l-"eniale Seminary in the old
University building, and on Nuveiiiber 21 the fol-
lowing announcement appeared :
Ml(Jl!h;.\N llK.ll sc ikkjl.
ri'.ia iristitutiuii will be npLU un Munday, the jd of iJtccmber
nc.\t, ill llic soutli haseinciit mom of the uld Council House, (or
the reception of pupils.
.1. N. 1>ll:ous.
On March 12, 1S34, the lower part of the building
was rented to Mr. D. I>. Crane, and the upj)er part
to Mr. Ijellows. On or before .April 7, 1S34. Mr.
lleilows had removed his school to its new (|uarters,
and on October 24 he transferred his lease to Mr.
Crane, who continued imtil 1835 or later.
A rejjort contained in Niles' Register for. April 19.
1834, shows that there were four hundred and
forty-eight pupils then in attendance on various
schools in Detroit.
On June 16, 1834, the .Mechanics' Society resolved
t(j establish a school in their building on Ciriswold
Street, and the trustees were authorized to employ
a teacher and maintain a school. .As a result of
this action, in October following, Mr. O. Marsh
opened the Mechanics' .Academy, under their aus-
pices. In 1S35 Mr. Fay was teaching in their
luiilding, and John S. Abbott was wielding the
birch over a classical school in the Athenitum,
In 1836 Washington A. Bacon, a native of \'er-
mont, who had taught for three years at Sault Ste.
Marie, came to Detroit, and in July of that year
commenced teaching a select -.chocjl for boys, in a
cottage on the corner of Jefferson Avenue and .St.
Antoine Street. He subsecjuently removed to his
residence on the corner of Jefferson .Avenue and
Russell Street, and taught in a building on the rear
of the lot. For nearly forty years he taught four
terms a year, and though called "strict" by the
boys, the length, of time he continued in his profes-
sion, the reputation of his school, and the ac(|uire-
ments of liis pupils afford the best of evidences of
rare (jualifications as a teacher.
In 1836 Rev. R. Elms was at the head (jf the
Detroit Classical .Academy. In the same year three
different persons, L. J. Himcs, J. S. Weed, and Miss
Clan<-y, conducted sihools in Mechanics' Hall. and.
the ne.vt year, G. B. Eastman taught in the same
l^lace, This building, from the time of its erection,
.•iltorded fa\'orite teaching ground, and its walls anil
halls became almtjst classic through the f(jrensic
elociueiH e displayed on declamation days.
In 1836 John T. Blois and Mr. Mitchell had
sc'hooW, with al)(jut fcjrt}' pui^ils each. In 1839 and
1840 E. J. .Meany conducted a school for boys over
the Bank of St. Clair on Jefferson .Avenue. On May
25. 1841, Miss E. J. Vai! opened a school for yf)ung
l.idirs.on Wayne between Fort and Congress Streets.
In the fall and also in the spring (jf 1842, Rev. C.
W. l-'itch was teaching a girls' seminary.
On February 23, 1842, the following notice ap-
peared :
Sei.ki T Si iiiHii.. — Miss A. S. Hagg will commence the second
term of her school for the instruction of yoiinij ladies in the vari-
ous branches of education usually taught in I'cniale AcadcinieB.
In 1843 !'• C' Millc'tle, 1'. Iliggins, and Dennis
O'Brien taught in the old academy, and Miss San-
ford had a young ladies' school on Jefferson .Avenue
opposite the Exchange. In the spring of 1S44
Stephen Fowler, wlu) is favorably remembered by
many oki pupils, and a .Mr. C\)chrane, commenced
a classical school in the basement of the Baptist
Church on the corner of Fort and driswold .Streets.
In 1845 G. C. Curtis was as.sociated with him, and
the school was mo\ed to the northeast corner of
Michigan Avenue and ( Iriswold Street. About
1849 his school was located on the north side of
Jefferson Avenue near St. .Antoine Street, in a large
wooden building called the Detroit Institute. A
school had been taught in the same building the
two previous years by George Brewster.
.Mr. Fowler's school was probably discontinued in
1852. About this time Mrs. Clements taught a
select school which was largely patronized.
In 1S44 .Mrs. Elizabeth D. Bryant, a cousin of
7i8
I'KIWVTE SCIIUUI.S AXU SEMINARIES.
W'illiain Lullfii liry.mt, coiiiinciicfd a select school,
wliicli she coiiuiuiciJ in \arious locations for more
than a tliird of a century.
In 1.S43 ant! 1846 Meciianirs' Hall was occupied
by the school of I). T. (;rin(Jd. In 1846 and 1847
Messrs. William llrannii^an and N. West lauj^ht
boys' schools. In 1847 \\c line! alkisions to tiie
sciiools of MeKille \h)ir, .\bner liiird, aiul .Miss
HLirllnit. In 1847 and 1848 Fran/, Zini^er taught
a select (lernian scIkhjI on Cro,t;han Street between
Mastinijs and Rivard, and on July 22, 1849, Jose|)h
Kiihn beii^an a school on the corner of Hastings and
Cro^han Streets, lie continued it till 1852.
A successful ladies' seminary was opened by Miss
Sarah Hunt, on September 23, 1851, on l-'ort Street
West, in the Strong House; the school was re-
moved, the year following-, across the street between
Griswold and Shelby .Streets. In order to aid her in
establishing- her school, .Messrs. Jolm Owen, David
French, I'., li. Ward, J. J. (larrison, John Stephens,
C. \'an llus.in, James liurns, J. 1). Morton, II. I)e
(iral'f, W. K. Coyl. C.eori^e Kirby, .M. I'". Dickinson,
and otliers, advanceil three thousand tlollars, which
amount w;is repaid in tuition. Her school was
moved to Madison .\ venue in 1856, and was discon-
tinued in i860.
For most of the time between 1850 and 1S55
Joseph I'unke kept a schf)oI on the east side of
Macomb near St. .\iUoine Street, anil .\. Stutte on
the southwest corner of Croghan and St. -Antoine
Streets.
From 1S51 to 1854 W. 1). Cochrane maintained
an English and Classical .School on .Miami Avenue
near tirand Riser Street.
In the fall of 1S54 Miss C. E. Chaiiin oiieneil a
school in Room 10, Sheldon ISIock ; and the same
year S. I.. Cain[)bell was teaching a Classical and
High ScIiocjI in the old Seminary Building on (Iris-
wold Street. After 1856, and up to 18C0 or later,
this last school was conductetl by Dr. C. F". Solilan.
In April, 1856, Misses Hosmer and Emerson
openetl a school on the corner of State Street and
Woodward Avenue. The school of Miss Ellin wood
was in progress in 1S57, and the same year .Miss
Maria Rockwell, who for many years had taught
successfully in the old Capitol School, opened a
Young Eadies' Institute, which was continued two
or three years. In 1858 and 1859 Dr. and Mrs.
Reighley were conducting an instititute located on
the northeast corner of Jefferson Avenue and Rivard
Street. The Detroit Female .Seminary on the north-
east corner of Fort and Wayne Streets, was founded
in September, 1859. Originally a corporation, about
1874 I'rofessor J. M. 15. Sill became its sole jiropri-
etor. The tirst principal was I'rofessor J. \'. Bean.
He w.is succeeded in 1861 by I'rofeiisor J. F. I'earl,
followed by I'rofessor J. M. B. Sill, whose successor
was Mrs. S. Towle. In 1879, just twenty years after
it was founded, I'rofessor H. .M. .Martin became its
manager. In 1883, incluiling those giving special
lessons, it hail a cor])s of a dozen teachers.
I'. M. Patterson's boys' school was organi/i-d at
J09Ciriswold Street on September 1, i860. In 1873
it was moved to the corner of C.ratiot and I'armer
Streets and subsequently to the Chamber of Com-
merce PHiilding, where it was continued until .Mr.
Patterson's death in 18S2.
In 1861 Professor Eeo Romer was conducting a
school called the Michigan Female Seminary at 215
Woodward .Avenue; in 1862 it was moved to I'.uk
Place, corner of Cirand River Avenue, where it
continued several years.
TheCicrman American Seminary, althoitgh a jiri-
vate institution, was liberally I'udowed by the State.
Its history is as follows: During the couNxntion in
Chic'igo which nominated .\brah;im Lincoln for
PresiiKnt, a niunbir of the (ierman delegates came
together for consultation on the interests of their
nationality, and one of them proposed that a CJer-
man seminary be started for the training of teachers;
this was agreeil to, and it was also resolved to locate
it in whate\er State would make the largest dona-
tion. Some of the |irominent ( Ierman residents of
Detroit interested themselves in the project, and
induced the Legislature, on May 15, 1861, to i)ass a
law granting to them, under the name of the (Ger-
man American Seminary, twcnty-i'ive thousand acres
of swamp lanil, to be selected in parcels of not less
than three hundred and twenty acres, to aid them
in erecting buildings on lands granted or leased by
the city of Detroit; the lands to be selected within
one year. By a subsequent Act. on May 10 of the
same year, two years were allowed for selecting the
lands. If there was ever any expectation that the
city would lease or grant lands for a building, the
expectation was unfuUilled, and on March 6, 1863,
the Legislature amended the Act, and gave the
lands for a seminary to be erected on land provided
by the association. The trustees were recjuired to
give bonds in the sum of $25,000 that the net pro-
ceeds of the .sales of the Lands should be faithfully
and " forever " applied to the [uirpose named in the
Act.
Some of those connected with the proposed sem-
inary were interested also in a ( Ierman and Ijiglish
school established on December 23, 1856, in a small
frame building on Lafayette Street between Rivard
and Russell Streets, \vith F. Krecke as principal.
In 1858 a new building was erected. The union
of the two institutions was suggested and consum-
mated, and early in 1866 a large brick building
was erected, and has since been occupied by the sem-
inary. The original object was to establish a sort
of nornial school, but apparently this idea has been
i-nty years after
rtiii b'/camc its
i;iviiin' special
aciicrs.
as ort;aiii/.i(i at
iS6o. In 1S73
iol and l-'arimr
lainbcr of Cmii-
nucd until Mr.
is conductiii;.; a
icMiiinary at .21 5
niovtil to I'/irk
cnuc, where it
altiioii.^h a pri-
ed by the Stale.
ic convenliun in
im Lincoln for
delei;ates came
Uerests of their
iseil tliat a CJer-
lintj of teachers;
jsolved to locate
he larijest dona-
nan resiilents of
he i)roject, ant!
, 1 S6 1 , to pass a
mie of the Ger-
thousand acres
ri'els of not less
res, to aid them
ed or leased by
selectetl within
May 10 of the
or sclectini^ the
utaliun that the
a buildiiii;', the
March 6, 1863,
and gave the
n lanil provided
ere re([uired to
lat the net pro-
Id be faithfully
se named in the
proposed sem-
m anil Knylish
1856, in a small
between Kivartl
ke as principal.
L'd. The union
■d and consum-
brick buildiny;
Med by the sem-
establish a sort
s idea has been
l'Rl\-ATI': SCHOOL.S .\N1) SI:M IN AKIllS.
719
discarded, and for m.uiy years it has been simply a
( 'lernian schoolfor children of \arioiis ai^es and of
.iiith sexes.
In 1862, and for several years after, a Ladies' Day
School was conducti/d by Mrs. C Janus al
267 Jelferson Avenue, 'ind a Classical ar.d
llii^h School by L. l.eonai'd at 239 W'ood-
wartl .Avenue. In 18(13 I'rofessor II. ().
corner of Cass .\venue .and Stimson Place especially
for the school. The U" and building cost $4o,o<k).
The school was opened on January 7, 18S4. It can
accommodate two luuidretl and lifty scholars.
.■s began his l)oys' school
;8 ( Irand
Kiver ,\ venue ; remo\ing from there, in 18(^)8,
first to l'"armer Street ne.ar Monroe .\\-enue,
then to Lafayette, near llru-li Street, .and
(ill October I, 1883, to No. 457 Second
A\enne.
In addition to church ;ind public schools
there were in 1870 lifti'cn pi'i\ate schools
;ind semin.ii'ies, with ,1 tot.al atti'ntl.mce of
nearly sixteen hundred pupils; in l8Sothe
luiinber w.as nearly the s.une.
In 1876 N. Sch.ani/, established ;i ('■ernian
and fjiglish Ac.idiiny, uiili a Kindergarten,
o!i Farrar Street ne.ir Monroe Avenue, and
continued it in the sanu: location until 1882.
A Home ami 1 ),iy School w.is opened on Septem-
ber 18, 1878, at 62 Miami .Vvenue, corner of (Irand
Kiver by Rev. J. D. f.iggett. In 18S2 it had ten
ti'achers, ini hiding those teaching spcci.il bi'.iiiches.
In 1883 a building was erected on the southeast
Thb LnifaiTi Homk and Pav Scinicn.. r.eii.r in 1S83.
The (jiiKM \N-AMKiac.\N' Sejunaky.
In 1876 Rev. .\. 1). lirown opened a boys' school
on the northeast corner of Monroe .\\enue ,'ind
Lariiier Street, rem.iining there until 1882; he then
removed to l'"arrar Street near Ciraliot .XNeinie. and
there the school was discontinued. During 1882 a
bovs' school was estab-
lished in the basement of
St. I'aul's I'rotestant
Kpi^eopal Church. It
w.ns taught by Rev Paul
Ziegler and had .about
thirty scholars. The
school prospered and in
18S3 was moved into St.
Paul's lUiilding.
Holy Trinity Anglo-
Catholic Schofjl was
opened at 86 Fourteenth
Avenue on September
5, 1 88 1, with eighteen
scholars. It was con-
ducted by Rev. R. M.
Edwards, the pastor of
the church of same
name. In 18S3 it was
discontinued.
( iicKcil sc ii();)i,.s.
In (iinsidering nearly
every subject [)ertain-
ing to Detroit we are
reminded that this
was originally a Catholic
colony,
•20
CHURCH SCHOOLS.
Cadillac s|)iakini;' of tlu; several oalors of niis-
siuiKirius, aiui of his plans fur Detroit, on October
1 8, 1 700, said :
Tliusc arc ilie Liillivali)i?> uf Uic viiK yanl, wliu ouyht to Iju
rcciivi'il without (1istii\('tlon to work in tlic viiu'vanl of tlu^ l.oril,
with spec ial iliciclioiis to tcacli thu little SavaKis ihn Krfin h
laimiiaK''. 'li''' liiiiiK the only means of civili/inw and luiinarii/inv,'
thcrn anit iiifii^inv; into tlu-ir ininils rL'liv;ious anil rnonarthial
princiiilis. One tal^o wikl beasts at their birth, birds in their nests
to tame and free them.
On Aui^ust 31. 1703, almost as soon as the colony
was settled, he wrote to Count I'ontchartrain :
I'erniit me to iiisist npon the great neeessily there is for the
establishment of a Seminary at this place for the instrnelion of
the children of the sava>;es with those of the Krench, inslnietnig
them in piety and, at the same time, teaching them onr language.
Whether any school was established is unknown;
we find no indications of schools or teachers until
May 15, 1755. when, in connection with the niar-
riai^e of Jean n.iptiste Rocoux, it is stated in St.
.Anne's recortls that he was "Director of the Chris-
tian Schools."
Half .-i century later, in 1804, Father Richard
established a Ladies' .\cadeniy, with Miss Lli/.abeth
Lyons, Miss .Anirelitiue Cani|xui, Miss Monitiue
Labadie, and Miss Elizabeth Williams as teachers.
In the fall of the same year he started a school for
young men, teaching them Latin, History, Ceog-
raphy, Music, etc. It was broken up by the lire of
1S05.
The condition of the Catholic schools in 1808 is
fully set forth in the following memorial, jiresented
to the Cuvernor and Judges, through Judge Wood-
ward, on October 22. 180S:
llesides the [■'.Tiglish Schools In the Town of Detroit there are
fciiir primary schools for boys, and two for onr yomig ladies,
either in Town or at Spring Hill, at (Irand Marais, even at River
llnrons; lline of these schools are kept by the natives of the
country who had received their first education by the Reverend
Mr. hilhet. .'\t Spring Hill, under the direction of .Angeliipic
C'ampau and Klizabeth Lyons, as early as the i^lh of Septendier
la-l, the number of tin- sclud.irs lias oeen augmented by four
young Indians, headed by an old matron, their grandmother, of
the I'ottowatamie tribe. In Detroit, in the house lately the prop-
erty of Captain KUiott, |)urcliased by tlie subscriber for the very
purpose of establishing an Academy for young ladies under the
direction of Miss l''.lizabeth Williams, there are belter than thirty
young girls who are taught, as at Spring H ill, reading, writing,
arithmelii', knitting, sewing, spinning, etc. In these two schools
there arc ali<ady three do/en of spinning wheels and one loom,
on which four pieci'S of linen or woolen cloth have been made
this last spring or summer. To encourage the young students
by thu allowinent of pleasure and amusements the undersigned
have thesi' three moiuhs [last sent orders to New \ ork for a
spinning m.ichiiie of about one hundred spindles, an air pump,
an elei tri( al apparatus, etc. .As they could not be found he is to
receive them this fall, also an electrical mat bine, a number of
cards, anil few colors for dyeing the stulT already made, or to be
made, in his .Academy.
It would be very mci ssary to have in Detroit a public building
for a similar .\cadeuiv in which the high braiKlies of malhemat-
ics, most importaiii languages, geography, history, natural ami
moral pliiloso|iliy should be taught to young geiillemeii of our
country, and in wliii li should be kept the inachinek the most
necessary for the iiuprovement of useful arts, for making tin
most iii'cess.iry phj'siial i-xpi-riments, :uk1 framing a beginning of
a Public Library.
The undersigned, acting as iiilmiiiistrator for the said .Acade-
mies, further prays that one of the four Lotteries authori/.ed by
the Hon. Leg. on the .illi ilay of 7ber (Sept) lijoCi maybe left to
the inanagemeiit of the subscriber.
(;.\uuii;i. Ru iiAHi).
DiiTnon-, Sber (Oc-f.) iS. N. S, i8o3.
Father Richard placed the d.ale of the Lottery
Act one year totj late. It was p.assed on .September
9, 1805. Xone of the lotteries went into operation.
The plans l''ather R it hard liati inatiguratetl, and the
further pl;ms iiroposed, do great credit to his judg-
ment, and sliow that he was fully alive to the advan-
tages of an inilustri.tl education.
About 181 1 lu: procured a teacher from I'fance,
named Le Sallierc, who t.iught for two or three
years. In 18:0 .Miss I'.li/.abeth Williams was leach-
ing a school which she drsignated as the " Com-
mun.ttiti: de Ste. .Marie." .Mthough ftill records are
not founil, ,1 school was probably maintained in con-
nection with St. .\nne's during the entire period of
Father Richard's stay in Detroit.
In February, 1836, we find that it w.as taught by
William McDonnotigh. In 1838, under the same
teacher, it is spoken of as a High School, and in
November, 1841, ,1 report to the Common Council
showed that it embraced nearly all the Catholic
children in the city.
One of the most successful schools of this peritxl
was located in Hamtramck on what was calletl the
Church Farm. This farm w.as transferred April 5.
1808 (see Liber II, page 178, of Deeds) to Louis
Beaufait, Jo.seph Cerre tlit St. Jean, ISeiioit ChaptJ-
ton, and Charles and Francis Rivard, " Agents of
the inhabitants of the .s'orthwest Coast," on condi-
tion of their [)aying about two huiulred dollars yearly
as rent, and giving the sons of llyix)lite .St. Bernard
two huiulred and twenty-si.\ dollars each on their
attaining majority.
.Apparently the inhabitants subscribed or paid the
amounts named on ctjiidition that the farm be used
for both church and educational I'mrjioses. They
evidently had .some rights of the kind in the prop-
erty. The chapel erected on the farm is elsewhere
described. .A school was established in the old
farmhouse within a year after the grant was m;ide.
The building was subsequently enlarged and fitted
up as .St. Philip's College. It fronted on the river
and had a piazza one hundred and ten feet long.
The price of tuitit)n was three dollars per quarter.
The following cojiy of an advertisement gives fur-
ther particulars ;
IlL'S of IIKllllrni.il-
stury^ natural ami
jjriillcnuti of uiir
iiachiiu'ii till' most
ts, fur inakiiii; tin
iiig a bcgiiiiiinK' '•(
ir the s.iiil Aiadi -
rirs autliori/.iil liy
Sufi may be left to
'lAliKll;!. knilAKh.
(if tllf LdlltTV
1 on Si'plL-mhcr
iiUi) opcralioii.
iiraled, and the
tlit U> his jiiil.i;-
c to tlic advan-
• from I'" ranee,
r two or three
ains was teaeli-
as tlie " Coni-
fnll records are
intained in eon-
entire periotl of
was taiiijlit by
luler the same
Sciiool, and in
mnion Coiiiu'il
the Catholic
of this peiioii
was ealletl the
ferred April 5,
eds) to Lonis
ISeiioil Chapo-
1, " Agents of
ist," on coihH-
dollars yearly
ite St. Bernard
each on their
)ed or paid the
farm be useil
•poses. 'I'hey
(1 in the proji-
n is clscwliere
ed in the old
ant was mtide.
ri^ed and fitted
d on the river
ten feet lonR-
•s per quarter.
lent gives fur-
CHLKCll SCHOOLS.
•21
St. I'lillip's ColU'Xi: (Cut.' (Ill Ncirdistl, iii.ir H.trc.il, Mii liii;aii,
mull r lliu ailspicL-s of tin: UIkIiI Krvircml l)i. Ki'm , liisln'ii of
|i> iroit.
Riv. Mr. \'.iiuU'riiool, Siipi-rior of i1r' In^-tilutioii. kcvrrciid
Mr. lie liruyii, I'lxslikiit of stiiiliis, Scijli.-nilur i.|, i8jfi.
In 1838 Rev. Fatlier Ciilleii was one of the pro-
(rssors and \ivv. John l)e ISriiyn [iresident. On
.\pril 16, 1839, the college was incorporated by
special Act, and this year it had three profess(jrs
and thirty pupils. Among its graduates were Chris-
t()|iher Moross, Alexander M. Campau, Coluinlnis
(iodfroy, John imd Daniel McDonald, John and
Cicorge Sclnvart/,, Alexander M. 'I'homas, liarnabas
Campau, J. C. D. Williams, J. li. Cict)lte. .M. 11.
Keaii, (ieorge Cooper, and David Stuart. .V " gootl
dinner" on Sundays w;is one of the special "insti-
iiilioiis " of the institution. The usual pranks of
l)(ivs ;il school were not forgotten; on one occ;ision,
as one of the boys blew otit the light and jumi)eil
into bed, he landed on a sheet of ice th.at had been
carefully spre.td for him. He immediately n.iincd
a [)l;ice where ice is not supposed to exist, and the
next morning extra jirayers were offeretl. 'l"he
Iniikling biu'iied in October, 1846, and the school
was not resumed.
In ]\l;iy or June, 1S33, several Sisters of St. Caire,
iii-iginaiiy from liruges, under the leadcrshi|) of
Superioress Sister \"indevogel, came here from I'itts-
biirgh, and established a seminary for girls. In
1837 they were conducting a (iermaii and ICnglish
free school, with forty- live scholars. The same
year it was succeeded by a French I''emale Charity
School, which was sujiported by Mrs. Aiuoiiie lieau-
hien, and taught by Miss Fli/.abeih Williams. It
had an average attendance of forty children. Miss
Williams died in 1843, and was succeeded by Miss
Matilda Couchois, who taught about a year, and
was succeeded by the Sisters of Charity. Fou ' Sis-
ters arrived on May 30, 1844, and under their charge
a free school fur boys and girls was opened on June
10, 1S44, in an old yellow building on the south\.-est
turner of Randolph and Larned Streets, anil to aid
in its supptjrt they alstj opened a " pay school." On
May I, 1845, the boys were transferred to the base-
ment of St. Anne's Church, and the girls remained,
ihe school taking the name of St. Vincent's Semi-
nary. In 1846 it had one hundred pupils, only
twenty or thirty of whom paid for tuition. The
hiick school building on Larned Street was erected
in 1852; it was o|)ened in October with one hun-
dred and fifty schokirs. In 1853 the schoc'l had two
luimlred scholars, and in 1870 two teachers and one
luindred and twenty scholars, with an average at-
tendance of one luuulred. The Sisters ceased to
c induct it in 1871, but it was continued by lay
t>j.ichers for four years.
The boys' school, which had been transferred to
the basement of .St. Anne's, was cared for by the
Sisters until September, 18 51, when the .school, with
two hundred ami eighty pupils, was placed in the
care of live brothers of the Christian .Schools. The
brick addition in the rear of St. Aimc's was erected
in 1851 to ;iccomm()d;ttc the school, anil in 1853
there were four hundred scholars. In 1855 there
wcw three hundred .-md fifty .scholars, and in 1857,
four hundred. In July, 1864, the school was dis-
continued. In 1882 the scholars of this parish were
taught by the Ladies of the Sacred Heart.
Trill it)' St- /tools.
\ parish school w.as taught in the ba.semcnt of
Trinity Church by Daniel O'Connor, as early as
1850. In 1851 two separate schools for boys and
girls wi're maintained in the same location. In 1852
the Brothers of the Christian School beg;in to teach
the boys, .tnil this year they had two hundred and
fifty scholars. In 1853 a brick .school building was
erected just east of the priest's house at a cost of
§1,500. This property, in 1880, was valued at
S8,ooo. \ school for girls was continued in the
basement of the church until 18 58, when ;i large
brick school building w.is erected on I'orter Street,
between Sixth and Seventh Streets, at a cost of
.* 5,000. It was enlarged in 1844 at a cost of !ife3,50o,
and again enlarged in 1875. Including the lots, the
^^*Ki^^^^=
TkI.NITV C.AIHOLIC StHOOL.
property has cost fully $30,000. From 1859 until
1872, the girls' school was taught by the Sisters of
Charity, and since the latter d.'Ue by the Sisters of
the Immaculate Heart of Mary. In 1870 there were
four teachers at the boys' school at the corner of
I'orter and Fifth Streets, with an average attend-
ance of one hundred and seventy-live scholars ; at
722
CHURCH SCHOOLS.
the ^iiis' school iluTc wi'i'i' six U'acluTs, wiih an of iiiaiii'.ainiiiv; is al)oul $2/101). lii An;.;iisl, iiS77,
avL'ra,i;c attutulaiu'f of iwd luiiuliid ami twi'iUy-livc. thf boys' school was traiisfciicd to the care of
III iSSo there were fourteen teachers and seven seven members uf the Franciscan Order. .Must of
hundred and lifty scholars, with an avcraije attend- the scholars pav fees of one dollar or two dollars
ance of seven lumdrcl. The schools were suji-
]iorted at a cost of about S4.ot)o yearly, whii'h was
obtained from tiie funds of a sclujol society and
from collecions at tlic first two masses on each
Sunday.
Si. .Mauv 's Cai'iihiic Sc hooi,.
i'/. J/ti/j's UcriiiiV! Si/ioo/s.
A school for i,n'rls was established in this parish
in 1850; the first year it had ei;.ihty scholars, and
seven years later one iuindreil and
eiv,fhty. At tirst it was taus;ht by
lay teachers. In 186^1 it was placed
ill charv^e of the Sisters of Notre
Dame from Milwaukee. In 18S2
there were five of these teachers.
The Brothers of the Christian
Schools opened their sciiools for
boys on September 24, 1S52. ISe-
fore the year closed they had three
hundred scholars. In 1S57 they
had three hundred .and fifty. The
brick school-house, on the sonth-
west corner of Croghan anil St.
Antoine Streets, was completed in
Aii}rust, 1868, The size is hfty
by one hundred and twenty-five
feet, and it cost $40,000; the lot
cost S<i,ooo. In 1870 it hail nine
hundred jnipils of both sexes. In
1880 it had six hundred pupils, with
an average atteiiilaiiceof five hun-
dred, the pupils beint;- about equally
divided as to se.x. The yearly cost
l)er month; some are tau;4ht free of ch.iri^e. In
1S55 the church erected i.i Orphan Asylum for
,nirls, on the west side of St. .\ntoinc Stri'ct near
Lafayette, .'it a cost of 94,000. Sinci; 1866 it has
been occupieil by the Sisters, who teacli school.
The property in 1882 was worth about $10,000. In
1S73 a l.u'm' brick residence, on the south side of
Macomi) Street between St, .Antoine and IIasliii,v;s
Streets, costing' !?i 2,000, was erected for the lirothers.
The lot w;is donated by Judxe Monm. from 1877
the buililini^ has been occu|)ied by the Fnincis-
cans.
Si/lihi/sof SS. /',/,7- tUhf I'du/.
The first school in connection with this |i;irish was
established iii the re.ir of the cathedral in 185S,
under the eliarne of the lirothers of tiie Christian
Schools. It was continued by them for three years,
and w;is then tau;<ht by lay teachers. In 1870 it
h;id four hundred scholars, with an avera,i.;e attend-
ance of three luindred and fifty. On Sei)tenil)er 9,
1864, it was placed in charge of the Sisters of the
Immaculate Heart of iSTary. They left in Septem-
ber, 1 88 1, and the boys' school was put in charj^e
of one of the Jesuit Fathers, who was aided by lay
teachers. In 1880 the i)arish Ii.id two schools, one
for ijirls and one for boys, with a total of two hun-
dred and fifty-four scholars, and an averai^e attend-
ance of two hundred and twenty-eight. Si.x teach-
^^^i^^Mnu/im.
St. JosEin's Catholic School.
1 All;4list, 1S77.
t(i llu' Ct'irt' of
)i\lur. Mu.si III
or twf) dollars
of charier. In
an Asylum fm'
)iiu Suwl mar
K'l: i^()() it has
) lcai:'.i school,
nit $10,000. In
e south side of
ic and I iastin^s
for the ISrolhcrs.
m. I'roni 1877
IV the Kr.mcis-
/\iu/.
I this jiarish \v;is
hedral in 1S5S,
iif tile Christian
for three years,
ers. In 1870 it
averatje attend-
in September 9,
ic Sisters of the
left in Septeni-
is put in eii.iri^e
AMS aided by lay
two schools, oiu'
)tal of two hun-
averai^e atteiid-
ight. Six leach-
CIIUKCII SCllUULS.
723
ers were in charge, the j;irls beiiiy taught by Sisters
of the Sacred Heart.
S/. Ji<S({)fi'x Srhnol.
A school for this parish was in e.xisteiici' in i-Sjo,
with nearly oiu' liundiail si'liolai's. In 1856 a school
was established by the lii'oihcis of the Ciiristian
Schools, on the grounds now in part occupied by
the priest's residence. The school euiiliiuied there
until iS''i7, when the .school buildinia; on the north-
east comer of Urleans and Jay Streets was erected.
Its size is sixty-eight by seventy-two feet, it cost
about $iS,ooo, and it accnmniodatcs eight hundred
children. In 1870 the average attendance was st\iii
hundred. In 1874 the old church was moved from
I'lratiot Avenue tu Jay Street, and litted up fur a
.school. In 1S80 the two buildings accommodated
cleviii hundred scholars, with an average attendance
of one thousand. The cost of maintaining the
schools in 1882 was about $4,000. Scholars pay
from ten shillings to two dollars per (|uarter. The
hoys' school was in charge of the Christian Hrotb-
ers, the girls in charge of the Sisters of the Iinniac-
iil.ite Heart of Mar)^ from Monroe. A new residence
for the lirothers was erected in 1882 on Jay -Street,
between Urleans antl Dei|uindre, at iicust of $5,000.
St. Botu'facc ScJiool
is located on tlie wt'st side of Thirteenth Street just
north of Michigan Avenue. The pro|)erty, iniluding
the lot, cost $10,000,
'l"he buikling was erected and the school estab-
lished in 1869, and in 1870 there were two teachers
and one hundred scholars, with an average attend-
ance of about ninety. In 1S80 there were four teach-
ers and three huntlred and twenty-live schcjlars,
with an average attendance of three hundred.
The girls are taught by three Sisters, members
of the Order of the linniaeulate Heart uf Mary, and
there is a lay teacher for the boys. The yearly ex-
pense of maintaining the school is $2,000. Scholars
pay from forty to eighty cents per month. The
jiroperty in 1880 was valued at $12,000,
St. Vincent dr Paul School.
This school, on the east side of Fourteenth Avenue,
between Marantette and Dalzelle Streets, was estab-
lishetl in August, 1872. At tirst conducted by lay
teachers, in September, 1874, the female department
was placed in charge of the Sisters of the Immacu-
late Heart of Mary. The average attendance in
1880 was live hundred and twenty-tive, with seven
hundred on the roll. In 1881 it had ten teachers,
>ix of them Sisters of the Immaculate Heart of
-Mary, with two male and two female lay teachers.
The expenses were about $3,000 per year, and were
paiil by a school society connected with the cluirch.
The .school buikling and convent cost about $6,000.
Members of the school society, whose children
■alteiiil the school, pay one dollar per month during
the school year.
St. Vlnckni uii 1'all Cviiiui.u biiiuiii..
*
School of our Lady of Help,
This school, on the west side of Fhnwood Avenue,
between Congri'ss .and L.arned Streets, war, estab-
lished in 1872. The building and lot cost $6,tK)o.
In i8,So the school b,id two hundred and seventy-
live scholars, with an a\erage attendance of two
hundred and twenty-five. Originally lay teachers
were elll[)loyc(l.
In 1872 the school was placed in charge of four
Sisters of the Immaculate Heart (jf Marv. In 1881
SeiiiiiM. 1)1- <Jl'k I.auv oi" lliii.r.
one lay male teacher was also employed. Families
sending one child pay fifty cents per month, or any
number may be sent for one dollar per month. The
yearly cost of the school is $i,ooq.
724
cni'ktii sdiooi.s.
.S'A Alhn-rs School.
This school is silii.itcd on tlic soiilhwcst. corner of
St. /\iihin Avcniif and I'rnnoni Slicn. li was
established in iH7-,in a new hiiildin;^ wliiili (nsi
$2,500; the lot cost §1,500. Ill l.SXolhc scliool had
Si'. .'Vi.iiKur's C.\riiiii.i( Sc iiudl.
h>ur hundixil and lifly scholars, with an avcnij^c at-
tendanee of four lumdred and lwenlv-li\'e. iVior
to 1.S77 it was nian,i;,;ed hy lav teaeliei's; sinee then
it has hi-en eonduetid by ti\c I'olish r'r.nnise.in
Sisters. 'I'liecostof inainlainini^ tlic seliooi is about
§i,iKX), I'ainilies stMidinv;' children pav fori\-livi:
cents per month for one child, and half this i)riee
for .any others they may send. The pro|)erty in
l.S.Sj was \alned ;it §.|,5()(). A lai\;e brick inotlicr-
iiousc for llu: I'r.inciscan Sisters of the liiiled Stales
is ioiMted opposite the school; it cost $25,000, aiul
was dedicaletl October .|, i8Sj.
St. Joiicltiiii, Jonncrly Siurnl lliurt l-'mich
Si liool.
'I'his sclinol w.is (.st.ablished in Jiiiu', 1.S75, in a
bnildinv;' cri'cted for the purpose on the north side
of i'ort .Streit l^asl, between (.luiie Stieet .ind
b>scpli Campaii Avenue. It is conducttd by .1 lay
teacher under the supervision of I'alher l.aporlc,
and in 18S0 ii.ul eigiity sciiol.irs, who p.iid fifty cents
per niontli each. 'I'lu; cost of maintaining; the
.school in 1S80 was $325.
Sacred Heart Curiiuin School.
This school is located on the south side of (hMvt-
near Prospect Street. 'I'he l)uildin,!i;' w.is erected at a
cost of $3,500, ami tin- school established in April
1S75. In iSSo it was conducted by three Sisters of
Notre D.iiiie from .Milwaukee and two Franciscan
Brothers,
'I'lie j'caiiy e.\pcnsc ol in.iinl.uniiiv; the selujol is
ft'!,3oc). In iSSd it h.ad three Imndred and lifty
SI liolars, with an ;i\er,n;e ,itli-nil.ini e of lliice hiiii-
ilred. r.imilics sending; children pay '^i.vty cents per
liiiilllh lor llic hist I liild, lill\' cents lor the serond,
folly eeiiis lor the tliiid, thirty cents for the fourth ;
all over this nunibir iire instructeil free.
Ili'lv l\i<li-,iiirr Scliool.
This church dedie.iled iheir sehool bllildillv;, lle.ir
the corner of I )i\ Koad and < i rand | unci ion A\i;iuie,
on September 3, i.S(i2. It cost about §5,i)0(j.
.sy. ('(tss/iihi's S( //Oil/.
This I'oli^h school isldcalidon ihewcsi side of
TwellU-lhird Street .It the collier of .M\llle Street.
The hrsi lliior is iiscil fur i hiirch purposes, ,ind the
second stor_\' lor a si hnol. The bnildini^ cost ."jl.S.ooo.
.sy, . //////fV/r'.v .s; //I'll/.
This sihool is located 011 the north side of ( 'ir.itiol
Ro.id .iboiii oiie-h.ilf mile bc\ond Mi, I'',llioii .\\c-
llUe. It is ill ch,iri.;f of the Sislei', of llie lllim.icu-
late I lean of M.iry, , assisted by .1 l.iy le.icher. It
W.IS established .about I.S54, in .1 fr.nne buildinv;
built for I he purpose. In \>^(>.[ ,1 brick buildinv; w.ts
I'recled, In I M.So the school numbered se\eiil\-ei;;hi,
with .an avei",ii;t' .atU'iid.ince of seventy-four. 'I'he
cost of m.iiutainim;' in iSSo w.is $412.
I'l'i.i;'!! I'k.vnciscan t'oNVKNT AM) MiniiiiU' IIonsK.
ylciii/c///f of t/ic .'<ocrcd J/ciii t.
This I'Stablishment is under the m;m;i,ijement of
the [..idies of the .Sacred Ile.irt. Tlu; society was
incorpiMMlcd l'"ebru.iry 28, 1861, under the n.ime of
The .Sacred Ile.utof the St.itc of Miehin.m. The
.ic.ideniy l)ei^;iu in a frame dweliini; on the north
side of Jetferson Aveiuic, just east of the railro;ul
briilge. From there it was moved to its preseiii
Mr: m lldiM IS
red ;il\il lifly
(if lime llllll-
-i>iv ((Ills per
ir llir scfdiid,
(i|- the loiirlli ;
c.
luiilcliiijL;, mar
(til 111 .\vci\tic,
§5,000,
(■ wi'st side i)f
Ms rile Sircct.
KIMS, ,iiul the
iv; cost !J;.S,ooo.
sidi- (if ( iHitiot
I. I'.llidll Avc-
1 llir Imiiiarn-
IV irai lur. Il
Ir.inu- liuildin;;
k liiiildiii;< \sas
I sc\cnl\ -('i;^lii.
nty-fiHir. 'I'Ik:
una; lloi'SK.
'/r,nt.
ii.uiaj;fim'nt ul
!u' society was
rr tlic name of
,liclii.!<an. Tiic
r on llic north
f tiic railroad
to its prcsciii
CIIIKCII SCIlDol.S.
725
silc, occiipvin',4; Hie lirii'k hiiildinv,' on the soiiiiiwcst
ininci'dl lillcrson Avenue .ind Si. Anlnine Slicel.
A;,;ain nun in^, it w.is ioi.iled mi llie iiurih side ol
h'lTerson Avcntie near I'.hnwoiMl Avenne. While
ihci'c .1 free school fcir i^iiis u.is ,ilso ni.iiiiiained in
a frame Iniildiiii; nearly o|i|iosiU! ihe |ircsenl
ac.idemy.
"■'■"^rrT.^
ACAI>I,MV 111' '11 II'. SMiaCI) 111. .MO'.
The exiensive 'uroiinds of the schonl, (if .alioilt
three .icres, ;irc lociled on the soiilliwesl corner of
jelfcrson A\(niie .and Si. Antoine Sireei, .and
lii;.;ilhcr wilh olher lots ne.ir hv were doiriled in
11^51 liy Mr, .ind .Mrs. .\nloine lic.iiiliien. In icS.Si
ihe properly was esiim.iicd lo beworih Sioo.cxx).
Il \v,is one of the ciindilioiis nf llu- i^ih lh.it llic
Sisters should consLinlly c.irc for .iial educate
twelve orph.an children. This oMiv^.-itioii h.'is liceii
more ih.ill fllllillrd. The 111,1111 school lillildiim',
sixty by eighty-four feel, cost S.V'."""- It was tirst
oeciipird (111 September I, i.Sfi.!, ;ind is one of the
iiiiist iinpiisim;- strncliires in ihe ciiy. In i.Syoilicro
were twelve tciclicrs and ninety schoLirs, with .an
.iver.iv^c rilti'nd.ince of sc\'ent\'. In I .S.So iheri! were
iweiity-lwo ic.iclicrs .and one hundred ,iiid thirty
pupils, with .111 ,i\'er.ij;(' .allciul.ince if oiu: hundred
.111(1 twcntv.
In .addition to the ac.idemv, .a p.irish school not
connected with ;uiy rci^ular eluirch parish, w,is con-
ducted in i.S7(), with seven teachers .and si.\ hundred
.s( hol.us, wilh an .iver.i,i;c alteiidanec of four hun-
dred :\\u\ tifty.
Ill i.S.So the Sisters t;ui,i;ht ;i l''rcnch parish school
for St. Anne's Chuirli, which h.ad five teachers .and
"lie Inindred children with an averajrc attc^nd.anec of
ninety; .and .111 lui^lish p.arish school for SS. I'eier
and I'.aul's Church, with five teachers .and one hiiii-
dred and ci.i^hty scholars with an avcraj^c .ittend-
incc of one hundred and seventy. A boardin.i,^
school will soon be est.ablished in their elejjjant huild-
iii;;' on Lake St. Cl,air in the townshi|) of Cirosse
I'oiiue, .and their school in 1 )i'troit will thereafter be
' "iiducted ;is a d.ay school.
The mother foundress. Sister Trinc.ino, w.is siic-
cccdid bv Sister .Superiors \'erhuls|, I )ekeis.unl ,
I l.nnilioii, 1 )( siu,iri|iiel, Cormelis, rirciiii.ui, I )iilfv,
.and ( )'Koiirki .
I hi roil ( )>//,x,;
I his instiiuiion is loe.iicd on the south side of
Jelfcrson \veniie, jusi ,abo\c St, .Antoine Street, .and
is in ch.i;;;.' of the I'.atheis of the Society of lesus.
II W.IS established in Sepnaiilxr, I.S77. The lot
.111(1 biiildiiii; cost !iij4,(X)(), .and in .Sepicmbci, i.S.Si,
S '0,000 \\,is still due on the propciMv. The iininbcr
ol scliol.us in iSbo was one luiiidied .iiid tliirly,
with an .iver.an'c .iltend.incc of (inc Inindred .and
twculy-si\, under the ( .ire of civ^lii Icicheis. The
llci,;!' W.IS iiicorpor.iied .\piil 27, i.S.Si. The
use of study is divided irio four (|ep,ulmcnls,
( 'iillei;i.ile, .\c.ldemie, ( 1 .iiimerci.il, .Hid Scieillirie.
The ye. Illy I'ost ol in.iiiitiai.aiice is estimated at
S. 1,000.
S/,i//\//,\,'f ('iilhi'li, Si hooh 1','r iSSj iSS/.
Nuinlicr of scliodls 14
" teachers 87
" " scholars on rdll 5.0'->.^
Av(a'.av;(' .itteiid.iiice 5..'>-7
Ordin.irv e\penscs $2^,l<S4
revenues $i.S,o:;S
Cost |)er c.apit.i df .ax-cr.av^-c .attend.ints Sl-io
( ( 1
CI l|
DuiKorr t'lii.i.m.K.
St. lo/m's (irriihvi /■'7'(i/ii;r//!ii/ Sr//i)i>/.
This school w.as est.ablished .at the eluirch on Mon-
roe Avenue, eorni"r of I'.arr.ar Street, in \i^^;\; a
school-house w.is built in the rear, in 1S41;, and a
school W.IS m.iint.iined for a portion of c.aih year
most of the time for nearly twenty years. In 1862
Charles II. i5ori,nnan w.as in ch.arife of the school,
eommeiicinjL!;- with thirty jiupils ; in four years tlie
number ^rew to four hundred .and twenty. Mr.
riorgm.an t.iu.nht until the fall of 1.S66, .and was sue-
726
CIIUUCII SCHOOLS.
ceedfd l>yCi, IK'niKiii. In May, i8('/), tlio cluinli
|)iircliascil (jf W. W. \\ ilcox li's cariHiiIti" sliii|),
wilh till' lilt nil I'arrar Slrni lu ar Mnnrni? Avciuic,
for §5,200. 'I'lu- urcatiT part of iIk: buildiii.i^ was
torn down, .md ;i iwo-story scliool-lioiisc crcrtcd
contaiiiiii^ four Larj^e rooms, cacli lifty l)y twunty-
fivo feet. In I S72 tlu' i>ropcrty w.as sold for $10,000,
and in Novcnilji'r, i^j}, tlic scliool \\,is moved to
the new scliool huildiii)^ on Clicsliuit Street, in rear
of the ehureh. in i.ScSothe sehool ii.ad live te.ichers
and three hundred .and fifty-two scholars, witli .an
aver.aije .attendance of tiiree hundred .and thirty-live.
The yearly cost is $2,500, Scholars p.ay from $6.25
to $12.25 P*'"' yi-'''"'' ''1 '^^' ^'"^ schuul property
was valued at $15,000.
.SV. Mar/ys lirniitni /■':i'(rUi;r/trtt/ Sr/ioo/.
This scliool, nnder the care of a church of the
same name, was est.alilished on jann.iry 2, 1.S.S4, .uid
he^an with twenty-two scholars, it is located on
the conuM' of .Milit.ary Avenue and the l)ix Ko.ad.
Sf. J/ii////i'7t''s I.iitliiraii School.
Tliis school w.as org.uiizeil in 1846, on Congress
near Russell Street, and still remains in tlie s.aiiie
location. The school liiiildiui,^ w.as erected in 1850,
and cost $200. In 1870 the school h.ad .an .avena^e
.attendance of thirty scholars, .antl in lS8oan .a\'erai;e
of twenty-live. The schol.ars p.ay ten cents jier
week. The school is taui^iit by the p.astor, and the
cost of maintaining^ it is about %\ 20 per year.
Trinity Lcthehan School.
Trinity Eiiatti^fh'cal Lutheran School.
This .school was orifanized in 1850, in the old
wooden clu'rch on L.arncd Street between Rivard
and Russell Streets. In 1855 and 1856 an addition
w.as built,' which accommod.ated one hundred schol-
.ars. In i860 the school retjuired two teachers, .and
in 1864 ,1 lot w.as purchased on the nortli side of
IIi,i;h mow Shcrm.ini Street, for §600. .\ brick
school-house, forty by lifty feet, two stories hii;h,
.and costinv; $250, w.as llu'n eri'cted. An .addition
w.is built in iS^^, incre.asiniLj the seatinij cajvicity to
tivt' himdred. The tot.il cost of the buildini; w.as
Ill 1870 the school li.id three teachers .and three
hundred schol.ar.., with .an .aver.a,v;c .attend.ance of
two hundred and ten. In 1877 the .aver.aije .attend-
.ance w.as two hundred. The price fur tuition ran,t;es
from fifty to seventy cents per month. In 1S80 the
school h.ad three teachers, two hundred and twenty-
five schol.ars, .and .an .avera.ire .attendance of two
hundred. The yearly cost of maint.aininj;- the .school
was ij;2,225. The property in 1881 was v.alued .at
$5,000.
Zion Cicniian Rcfoniicd F.uthcran School.
'J'liis scliool, now located on Russi'll Street, near
C.ath.irine, was oriij^in.ally ori^.anized .about 1852, .and
up to 1857 met in wh.at is now the Second r>.aptist
Church on Cro.nli.an Street, near Heaubieii. After
1857 the school w.as disc<mtinued until 1861, when
a .school-house w.as built on Russell Street. It cost
$823. In its new location the school began on Jan-
u.ary 2, 1862. In 1S76 it h.ad .an average of seventy-
ti\'e scholars. After 1S76 it was conducted as .an
evening school, and in 1880 Ii.id thirty-five schol.ars,
with .an .a\a'r,age attend.ance of thirty. The scholars
]).ay one dollar per term of ten wi'cks. There is but
one teacher, the p.astor. The v.aliie of the school
property in i88r was $1,500, The tot.al yearly cost
of maintaining the sehool is $50.
Sale in Lutheran School,
This school is located on the south side of Cath-
erine Street, between St, Antoine .and I bastings
.Streets, in .a brick building, twenty by thirty feet, in
the rear of the church. It w.as org.ani/.ed in 1864.
The building cost $500, and with the lot w.as valuetl,
in 1 88 1, <at $2,000,
In 1870 the school had two teachers and one
hundred and five schol.ars, with an .average attend-
ance of one hundred. In 1880 it had forty scholars,
with .an aver.age attend.ance of thirty, and w.as
taught by the pastor at a yearly ct)st to the church
of I50. The charge for tuition was forty cents ]ier
qu.arter to members of the congregation, and fifty
cents to others.
Immanuel Eiiangclical Lutheran .School.
This school was organized in 1866, .and w.as
origin.ally located on Ninth Avenue near (Orchard
.Street. In 1870 it h.ad one hundred and fifty schol-
ars, with .an average .attendance of one hundred.
It met originally i' he church. In 1S72 the church
CHURCH SCHOOLS.
727
norili side of
joo. A bii<k
) stories liii^li,
All atldiiinn
111,' capacily u>
ImikliiiJL; was
lurs and three
atteiulaiiee of
scraiLje atteiid-
r tuiliuii raiis^es
. In 1880 tliu
'd and tweiity-
idaiicc of two
iiiiiir tllc scliool
was valued at
an Si /too/.
[-11 Street, near
.l)oiit 1852, and
Si'cniid r.a|itist
auhieii. After
nil i8f)i, wlien
Street. It cost
began on J an-
•ap^e of sevonty-
)nducted as an
y-five seliolars,
The seliolars
There is but
of the school
otal yearly cost
i
huildin.i^f was moved to ilu: corner of Seventeenth
,111(1 I'iiie Streets and altered and eiilaii^ed for
sihiiui |)ur|)oscs. In Noveinhcr, i8(Si, it was torn
down, and I'aily in 1882 ,1 brick scliool-buildin);- was
ircited which cost S3,(XK). In 1S80 tlu' school li.ad
i\vo linndred and forty scholars, with an .avenigc
attendance of two hundred, .and w.as niaiKivced by
two teachers. Schol.ars pay sixty cents per month.
The yearly expenses of the school are .'i«i,2oo.
yj'<}n /''.Tivi^i'/idi/ /jit/hiiU! Sr/iool.
This school was established in the f.-Jl of 187S, in
Spriiiv^wells, on Welch Avenue. The lot and build-
iiii,' cost Si.300. In '880 it h.ad one teacher, eighty
scliol.irs, and ;in avi^r.age .attend.ince of seventy, and
in 1S83 two teachers and two hundred and twenty-
live scholars, who paid a tuition fee of si.xty cents
per month.
.sy. /\iu/'s Liit/irran Sr/ioo/.
This si-liool is located on the corner of Jay .Street
and Josejih Canipau Avenue. The building, erected
in 1873, cost §3,700, and the school was opi'ned the
same year. In 1S81 the property w.as v.alueil .at
§5,500. In 1S80 the school had three teachers and
three iuindrcd schulars, with an average atteiulanec
of two lumdred and seventy-five. Parents who arc
members of th<' cdngreg.ation pay fifty cents ;i month
I'.acli for one or two children, ,ind ,1 third child is
t.aught free. Tlu' yearly cost of maint.iining tlu;
school is $2,000. A dwilliiig which cost §1,000 is
provided for the teacher.
S/. /'iiii/'t Si-ioiii/ (iiiiiinn /"Ivaiij^c/iiii/ S,/iih>/.
This .school, on the corner of Seventeenth .and
Rose Streets, w.is ot.iblishcd, .and its building
eri'cted, in 1873. Tin: building cost $7,(xx). The
t'stim.ited v.aliie of the property in 1881 w.is §9,000,
111 18.S0 the school h.id one te.icluT ,and se\eiitv
schol.ars, with .in .iver.igc .itteiid.incc of sixty. The
yearly cost of the school is §5(X), .and s(!hol.ars p.iy
from sixty to I'ighty cents |)cr month.
St. I'rin-'s (i mini It /\7'(r;i^r//io/ Sr//i>o/.
This school is located on I'icrce .Street near
Cheiie, .and w.is est.iblished in 1879. The building
cost §1,500. In 18.S0 there were two teachers and
one hundred and fifty schol.ars, with .111 .avt'r.ago
.ittcndanee of one hundred .and forty. Schol.ars
pay from fifty to sixty-five cents per moiuh for
tuition. The yearly cost of ni.aint.aiiiing tlu; school
is $1,000.
ol.
h side of C.atli-
.and Hastings
y thirty feet, in
mi/.cd in 1864.
lot w.as valued,
chcrs and one
iverage atteiid-
forty schol.ars,
irty, .and was
t to the church
forty cents per
■ation, and lifty
oil Si/ioo/.
[.SCif). and was
: near Orchard
and fifty scliol-
one hundred.
Hj2 the church
^'Wm
C II APT !■: R l.XX 1 V
TIIK UNIVi:KSrr\ ol MK IIIC.AN. -COMMKKCIAI, lOl.l.l'.dHS. — MKDICALCOl.LEr.KS.
UNIVKKSI'IV Ol' Ml( IIir.AN.
As the hirllipl.irc n( Michivf.-iii I'liivcrsity, Ticlroit
is entitled to mure ree(iv,niili(in in th<' liisiiii-y nf tiiat
iiisiiiuliiin tji.in has lieretofore been aeeni-ded, 'l"he
iu'esenl university at Ann Arlmr is the lei;itini;ite
stieet'ssnr of the iini\'i'rsitv seiioojs I'siahlislied in
tiiis city in 1.S17. Tiiis is abundantly i)roven l)y tiie
records of liie old and new institutions, and by a
decision of the Snpretne Court in January, \'^jC>,
The iHiiversitv i^erniinaled here, ,and its reinnwil
was an irrep.ir.able loss to i)elr(iit. ll has ;iehieved
a world-wide fame in its presi'iit location, , and hail
it rein.iined in 1 )etroit its inikicnci' and possessions
would h.ive conferred upon the city more honor
than all the other institulioiis it possesses, in its
present location, it has been clainieil as one of the
attractions of Chicai^o. No assumption could have
been more ihoroui^hly characteristic th.an that con-
tained in an article on Chicayjo in Seribner's .\h)nthly
for September, 1.S75. After speakiiijif of the schools
of that city, the writer of the article said, " There
are in addition many eolle,i;es in the neighborhood
of this ci'iy. incltidincf the University of Michi^fan at
Ann Arbor." This university is two hundred and
forty-six miles e.ast of Chica.tjo, in another State.
The Falls of Niajijara are only two hundred ,uul
twenty-nine miles east of Detroit, and minhi with
greater propriety be described as in the iieijLihbor-
hood of Detroit, and included in its attractions.
The university is but an hour's ride from our city,
and as it was founded here, and is the crowninii-
glory of the .schools of Michigan, we may rightfully
include it in our educational system and number it
among our advatitages.
August 26, 1817, is a memorable dale, for on
that day the " Catholepistemiad or University of
Michigania" was born. Under the creative Act
thirteen professorships were established, namely : of
Universal Science, the professor to be also the jiresi-
dent of the university; of Literature, embracing all
sciences relative to language ; of Matliematics,
Natural History, Natural i'hilosophy, Astronomy,
and Chemistry, and of the Medical, I'.conomical,
Ethical, Military, Historical, and Intell-nial Sci-
ences, the last to embrace all "sciences i itive to
the minds of animals, to the human mind, spiritual
existence, to the Deity, and to religion." The pro-
fcs.sor of these last-named sciences was to be vice-
president of the unix'ersity.
'{"he Act ccrt.iinly h.id the tncril of bre.idth, com-
prehending as it did the teaching of ;ill the sciences
the woi'ld h.iil he.ird of, besides some never heard
of bi'fort' or sinci'. It w.is drafted by Judge
Woodward, who |)robably coined more words lli.iu
any other .Xmericm of his time; in fact, lu' h.ad a
jLission for word-coining, and this ,\et, ,is well as
his private memorandum book in possession of the
Historical Society, .affords abund.mi, evidence of
iiidc'.avor to invent new and higli-sonnding words
■and titles. Professors wrn- pro\idid Inr on ••.anthro-
pogl;)ssic;i," " physio;.; no -iiic-i," and ' p ilemitica,"
and the lioard of I'rol'issors was gi\eii p()v>-er "to
establish Colleges, Academies, Sciiools. Libraries.
Museums, Athenantms, Iiotanic C.ardcns, Labora-
tories, .and other usi'ful liter.ary and Scientiiic insti-
tutions."
On September <S, 1817, all 'he professorships weri'
conferred upon two men, and tlie proceeding w.is
nuule still more strange by the fact that bodi ol
these men were clergymen, n.imcly, the Rev. John
Montcith, a graduate of Princeton College and ]ias-
tor of the Protestant Church, and the Rev. Cabriel
Kiehai'd. the Rom.an Catholic priest of St. .Xnne's.
'I'hc hrst named held the jircsidency and seven pro-
fessorshi[)s, and the other .served as vice-president
and held six jirofcssorships. As the president and
professors controlk'd the university, the management
was in the hands of these two men, who were amen-
able only to the governor, by whom they were ap-
pointed.
All of the business affairs of the university were
conducted in strict accordance with its grandiloquent
title. One of the published " Statutes " of the
university reads as follows :
STATUTES
OF
T!!E UNMVKRSITY OF MICHIGANIA.
STAreTE THE FIRST.
An Acl cniiccrninK tlic seal of the University of iMicliig.inia.
I'o it iMi.utcil ],Y till' IJnivursity of Michigania that on tlir si-.il
of the University there sliall be a device representing six pillar^
inpportin< a ilonie, witli the nioUo, " Kpisteinia," at their liase.
and the l(>;end, seal of the Univi'rsily of .Michigania, around thi
inaruin, and l\n\n shininjf on the dome fr mi above; and unlil
such seal he proviiled the President may use any tcillliorury seal
L72fi]
THK rNI\i:kSI IN' (>l MK IIICAN.
•29
i. coi,ij:(;i;s.
was to l)f virc-
f l)ri'a<ltli, coin-
all till' Scil'llCCS
mi' lu'vcr heard
fli'd by Jiitl.i^e
lore words tiian
I fatt. he had a
/Vet, as well as
ossi'ssioii of the
111 c'vidt'iii'c of
sounding' wonN
lor on "aiuhio-
.1 '• |i"l(;iiiitica."
fiven i)n>.-i'r "to
lool.v i.ihrarics,
aniens, l.ahnra-
Seienliiie iiisli-
fessorsiii|is were
proeeedini;' was
,ct ihal l)o:.ii of
■, the Kov. John
^'olieijc and ivis-
he Rev. C.aliriil
t of Si. .\nne's.
and seven pro-
is viee'-prcsidcni
c president and
lie nianav^cnienl
who were anicn-
1 ilicy were ap-
univorsity were
Is grandiloquent
atutes " of the
IC.ANIA.
ty of Micliig,iiii;i.
ii\ia that on tlic sc;il
n'siMitini; six pillars
■niia," at their hase.
liinaiiia, animul th(
m abovi: ; ami iinlil
any tcmiiorary seal
.iliirl) may lir < mivi iilirit. I'asvd at Ihc Clity of ji.lniii, ..ii Iri-
.l.iy, till' Iwi'Iftli (lay iif KcptiMiil'ur, mil! tliuimaiiil I iviiii hiirulnil
iiiil srvniiccn.
Jims Mn', II 1 1 ir,
/'/v,i;,/,'«/ I'/ till' I iiiri-ysily 0/ Mi\ /iit;iiHl,i,
Sialiite ihe Second pro\iiled that no snliseriher
III ilie institution should he rei|uire(| to |).i\ more
ihaii tifly dollars in any one year. Statute the 'ihird,
ih.it instruction in tlic primary .schools should loii-
sist of writini;, arithmetic, l'.n;,dish tjr.ammar, ,iiid
elocution. Slaliite the l''ourlli,ihal a primary s( houl
should be cs'ahlished. Statute the I'iftli, tiiat in-
struction in the d/issical acidemy should consist of
"French, Latin, Mid Creek AiUi(|uities. laiijlish
grammar, rnrnpn.-Mtion, mathcniatics, elocution,
ijioj^raphy, morals, and orn.amental accomplish-
ments." 'riii: followinir books were to be used:
Murray's C.r.immar and Spelliinj iiook, the i'.nj^lish
Reader and Ivsercises, also Walker's Elocution .ind
Dielion.iry. It was further provided that the
"Sacred Scriplures shall constitute part of tlunad-
iii,;( from the bej^^Muninyf to the end of the course. "
Statute the .Si.xtli established the cl.assical academy.
Statute the Seventh provided thai thirteen visitors
should be appointed (or each <lassic;il academy.
It should be noted that this instilutioii was eiitii i Iv
controlled by two men, —a I'rotestant and a Catholic;
and thai all this hinh-soundinij legislation was
enacted by these two persons. In case of a tie
\(ite, what trouble there mii^ht have been I
Statute the 'rhirteenth was entitled ".\n Act to
.•issumethe Responsibility of Certain i )on;itioiis from
Montreal anil .Michilimackin.ic," ■,\m\ read as follows:
Il7if>i;is, fur (111- rcliif i,| ilic siifdrcrs liy tin- c iinllanialinii uf
llu am iiiii iinvM iif Mrlrciil in llic year :.Sii5, ihiTc wrri' tiaiis-
iniiicil finin Mi.iiirr.il ami Miihiliniaikiiiai- rcriain sums ul
tiiomy wliiili arc iiciw ill llu- ( ily uf hilmit unpaid to smli siif-
ii nrs iiwiii); to tlir want (.f sniim prim iplis on wliirli |iayimiil
' III lie iiiaclr, SCI as to disiliarnc llm iioldirs tluifof, and whirc.is,
llic said siiffirrrs have .1,'cniTally niaiiifisli'd a disiir thai llic said
funds should now he .ippropriatcd in aid of ihr t 'iiin i^ily of
Miihijs'ania ; 'I'licri forr
111- it inai'li'd liy tin.; I'nivtMsily of .Mii hi.i.;,'inia that tlii' linUU rs
'if llir same funds payiiijt ovrr Ihr same to tlic Iruslccs of the
riiivcrsity, the said t'nivirsity shall lie responsililc for all future
I 1 liiiis on the same, on the part of the sufferers liy the 1 onlla^^ia-
lioii aforesaid.
I'.issed lit the City of 1 letroit, on Saltirday, the ?. . day of
Si ptenilier, 1S17.
J. MiiN riiri II,
rnsi'leut 0/ the th'crslty 0/ M ii higniiin.
In response to this demand the sum of S940 w
paid over, but one cannot help wonderin.t;- why the
amount was not di.sbm-sed at the time of the tire, or
bestowed upon the inhabitants after they hatl been
i'npoverishcd by the War of 1812. In this connec-
•lon the following copy of an original subscription
Hst is of interest :
SriLSCUIl'IKiN l.ls I .
Ill ,iid iif the fniversily of Michi^jan, No. i. We ihe Milisrri-
liers do ajjree til p.iy on deinand llu- siiins respi rlivi ly iiiin \ed to
oiir names, in aiil of lli>' I'liivirsily of ,Mii'liJi{aii,
1S17, Si pli Miller i.K. janii « .M.iy % aSi'"
live jlojjarH for Hee yi .irs
I ^i;. I ii toiler j'i. |. lines Aliliolt. p.iiil, . . , .TV.1*
Solomon Sililiy (ti'i.fq
I .11 kiioH led.;i in my hands %''tS'''l^ In im; a part of the dona-
lion money iloii.iiid at Mii liiliinai kiiiai to nllevc the siilfererH liy
lire of the l.iie I ii Iroil , w hirli I assume III p.iyoverlo the t'ni-
M-rsily of .Mil liik'aii at tin' c.\pir.ilion of siii mouths, mi Ik ini;
iiidiMiinilieil.
Sni,. Slut. I V.
Oilo/'fr 211, 1817,
The total amount of subscript ioi'.s to the rni\cr-
sity was ;iboiil ^5, 100, of w hit h S'.i'"' \vas p.iyable
on demand. Ai.oiH) the secoml yi'ar, $i;5; the ihird
ye/ir, S'^25 the fniirili year, S571 the fifth year, %Gt,\
the sixth year, and ^')i e.ich in the seventh, civjhth,
;ind iiiiilh years.
I )n .Xiigiist 2<'i. icSi7, the ( io\crniir .'md liiilges
appropri.iteil S3()()low,ar(ls the erection of a building
and !SiS() for the loi. On November 10 ;i further
appro|)riation of §200 w.as m.iile.
The Act which est.iblishcil the university pro-
vided th.al the iniblic ta.\es should be incrc.ised hf-
teeii percent for its si;pi)ort, ;tnil ;ilso .aiiilmri/eil the
faculty to |)rep,ire four successive lotteries, and to
deduct t'lfteeii i)er cent from the pri/.es for its beiietlt.
Neither of these |)rii\isions was cirrieil out ; |ios-
sibly a tie \-ote ])re\-enled. In the; e day ^ il would
cert.ainly be ileenied ,a ni,ar\-ei of legislation if the
president .iiid faculty of the university, iiuiuding the
resident clergy, were authorized to arrani^e for a
series of lotteries for the beiu lit of the instiuition.
The corner-stone of the iini\'ersity building was
laid on Se[)lember 24, nSi/. The building, twenty-
four by llfty feet, was located on llie west side of
li.ates near Congress Street. ( )wing to tin: deliii-
iiuencyof subscribers, its erection jiroceeded slowly.
Col. !■;. .S. Sibley s.ays that in 1S17 he went to a
school l.aught by .Mi". .Monteith in the old Meldrum
House on W'oodbridge Street, just east of what is
now Shelby Street. His statement is the only evi-
dence found th.it either Rev. Mr. .Monteith or I" Mlier
Richard acted as teacher, but an act of .August 26,
1817, appropriated $181.25 for their annual salary,
and on February 8, 1 821, $2 15 was appropri.ued for
the .salary of the president for 181S, iSi9,an(l 1820.
On February 2, 1818, II. M. Dickie, A. 15., was
commissioned by the university to open "a classical
Academy where Latin and Creek languages and
other branches of science were to be taught at the
cit.stoniary prices." Ju.st where he taught is un-
known, but on May 12, 1818, the university appro-
priated "thirty dollars for rent of rooms for the
Cla.ssical Academy up to the nth day of June."
730
TJIK UNIVKRSITY OF MICHIGAN.
H(' hi\v;aii .-i1v)iit Fcbniaiy 1 1, .iiul the sclioo! was in
(ipcratidn as !al(! as Nnvciiil)ci-, ami pmhaljly l()iiL;rr.
'riic iini\'i'rsity now commissiimrd iK'njamin
Stfad, JaiiU's Connor, and Olivrr Williams as direc-
tors of a Lancaslci'ian school, and on Aut;ust lo,
iiSiS, a school nndci" thai name was opened in the
University hiiiidini;'. It l)ev;an with eleven schol.irs,
but by April followinj^ this number had increased to
one hundred and thirty. It was tau>;ht by Lemuel
Shattui'k, of Concord, Mass.. who was i;i-eatly
esteemed bv both parents and pupils. A ski'tch
of his life, a( ■.'ompanied with a steel enj^^ravini^', is
j,dven in X'olume .\1\', \vv^c 96, of the New l'".n,i.;-
laiid Historical and ( icnealoijical Reijister, His first
report of the school, dated April 24, 1819, shows
that there were then one hundred and eij^Jity-three
pupils, and that the
average price per
q 11 a r t e r for e a c h
scholar was $2.60; he
further showed that
under the okl system
the instruction would
have cost Sj.i--' in-
stead of only $800.
Of the one hundred
and ei,iL,dity-three chil-
dren admitted, twen-
ty-three were to pay
Si. 00 per quarter,
two S-.oOi <>"- bi-'ii-
dred and three $:;.5o,
and tifty-five $3.50,
makinjr a total of
$738.50. ()nly*3>o--
46 was collected. The
report intimatetl that
most of the trustees
and directors paid
but little attention to
the school.
On May 5, 1820, "the Board of Trustees of the
Primary School and Classical Academy fixed the
jirice of tuition at $2. 50 jier cjuarter for ordinary
studies, or $3.50 if Cieograpb.y and Mathematics are
studied; non-residents to pay $1.00 more than
above rates."
On A|)ril 30, 182 1, the original University Act
was repealed, and under the title of the University
of Michitj.an all rights of the old cor|)oratioii were
committed to the j^ovenior and the f<jllowiiijj twenty
trustees: John Bitldle, N. Holvin, I). I.eRoy, C.
Clemens, W. II. PulhulT, John Anderson, John
Hunt, John Monteith, C. Larned, Q. Richard, John
R. Williams, Solomon Sibley. II. J. Hunt, J. L.
Leil), I'. J. Desnoyers, A. Vl. Winj^, W. Woodbrid^^e,
B. Stead, I'. Lecuyer, ami William I.rown. These
trustees were .anthorHzed to establish schools .and
collei;es at their discri'tion, bnl they de\(ili'd tlii'ir
attention solely to Detroit. In 1821, a LariL^'c lot
adjoiniui^ the one alre,i<ly in use w.is conveved to
them by the Ciovernor and Iud;^i's. ( )n J.iiuiary 7,
1S22, A. Mdwards and .\. W. Weltoii were ap-
]iointed as trustees in pl.ice of Messrs. MoiUi'ith
and .Siead, wiio declined to ser\'e, and by Act of
April
1S27, J. Kearsley and X. .M. Wells were
IJiKi'inu.^ •: oi' Miciiu.AN UNiviiKsiTV, uiisr siuk of IjAtk:
NlC.Ak Cu.SlilJliSS.
appointed trustees to liU vacancies, and provision
was made that sewn members of the Hoard of
Trustees should form a {[uorum.
Under the .\ct of 1821. .\brah.am Ildwards, who
had been |)reviously actmi^- ;is treasurer, w.is ai^.iiii
appointt'd, but on June \C\ 1821, he resii;iied, and
James Abbott was ajipointed. Lemuel Shattuck
was ;i'cri'lary up to
December 3, 1821,
wlun C. C. Trow-
bridge was appoint-
ed, and continued in
oilice until succeeded
by C. Mott Williams
on ['"ebru.iry 13, 1835.
Mr. Shattuck re-
signed as tiacher on
October 8, 1S21, and
was succeeded hv
I'^. Clapp, w hose I'lrst
term closed on De-
cembi'r 20, and on
April 1, 1822. he was
succeeded by Rev.
A. W. Welton; lie
began teaching April
y, the |irice of tuition
was §5 .00 i)er scholar.
He was followed in
October, 1824, by A.
SruiiKT,
S. Wells, a graduate
of Hamilton College ;
he taught until November 4, 1S26, when he was suc-
ceeded by Charles Scars , he was paid $500 per
Near and remained until October. 1827. The ISoard
of Trustees then resolved th.it as the funds were in-
sufficient fur the support of a classical school, the
teacher was thereafter to continue the school at his
own risk.
In 1821 and 1822 there was much discussion as
to the merits of the Lanc.asteri.in methods, and whole
columns of the (iazette were devoted to the subji'ct.
'I'he discussions seemed to favor the systt'iu, and on
Oi'tober 8, 1821, the trustees of the university
Kesi'/!'ei/, that Mr. Shattiuk lie mitlioiizicl to coniniiinicitc
witli Mr. William A. 'i'wiud Dale, of Albany, Nmv Yuri;, in
orilir to prinnre some snitahle person for a Itaclier of tile 1..'iti-
casleriaii seliool upon tlie presuinplivc allowance of five luimlred
dollars per iiiinum for liis services.
m^
mtm^^mtp
Till". rMX'KKSirV OF MICIIIC.AN.
/J
;1\ si'luiols ,'uul
• (lr\oli'il lln'ii-
I, a lar.ijx: 1(H
IS ((mvcvcd to
( )n January 7,
•lloii win: ap-
■ssrs. MoiUi'iih
111(1 by Act of
M. wVlls wiM-c
and ]ir()visinii
the ISoanl of
I'.dwanls, who
ii'cr, was a.i^aiii
' ri'sii;iii'd, and
■inucl Slialtuck
(.•crLlary up ti;
nbcr 3, 1821,
C. C. 'Prow-
:■ was appoint -
11(1 continut'd in
until succeeded
Alott Williams
ibruary 1 3. 1835.
. Sliattuck re-
el as teacher on
jcr <S, 1821, and
succeeded by
app, whose hrsl
closed on 1 )e-
vv 20. and on
1, 1.S22, he was
cded by Kev.
W Welton ; he
1 teachin;< April
]irice of tuition
5.00 per scholar,
vas followed in
)er, 1S24, by A.
ells, a ,!L;raduale
.milton Collev;"e ;
hen he was suc-
l)aid §500 per
27. The lioard
■ fluids were in-
ical school, the
lie school at his
•h discussion as
hods, and whole
1 to the subject,
svsteiii, and on
university
111 to C'oniiiiiinic.ili'
iiiy. New \"rk. in
l.a«lii.T of ill.' I,an-
iKc iif five liiiiidrcd
.•\s a result of this correspondence, Major I'kl wards
went to .Mb.any I'xpressly for the purpose, and
srcurcd the services of John I'arnier, who was then
in;<a,iL;c(l in teachin;jf in tli.at city. The followini;
ollicial notification ^ives details of his engat;enient :
\i ;i scssidu (pf tlu; linar.t "f 'I'nislrcs of tlio I'iii\-crsily of
Micliiijan, held iiiirsii.iiil to noliio at Drtroit on llir lliiiil day of
llccrndu-r, 1R21, were prc^irnl (lis l-'..\ri'llciu'y ( lovcrnor Ca-^"^,
llcniy J. Iliinl, jolin Iluni, Cliarlrs I.ariicd, William W I-
liridis'i', William llrowii, I'llcr J. I Irsiioyris, and John K. Wil-
liams, Ksciiiiiis.
lt7trri-itA\ Mr. John l*"armrr lias arri\fd her.' iind<T llu^ antlior-
lly given to Mr, William .\. Tweed Dale at the last meelinj; of
the 'I'nistees, by the rcsolutluii, a eopy of whieli was transniilted
10 Mr. Hall'.
A'l'.tixV'.ii', thai Mr. John farmer he authorized and refinesled
to take imnu'diate eliari^e of tlu' I.anca.sterian school until a
(inoriim ean he Ii.ad .'iiithori/cd to llx his eompensation ; :\nt\ ih.at
a ropy of this resolution he furnished to .Mr. l-'arnu-r, liy the see-
ntary.
I (eriify that the forejjoinv; resolution is truly eo|)ied from the
records of the t'liiversity of Miehii^an.
('liven iiiuler my hand at Detroit, on the ihir<l day of Deecml>er,
A. D. 1821.
Ily order. CiiARLics C I'kowiikiih.i;,
On January 7, 1822, the Board of Trustees ;ip-
Ijoinli'd ;i committee of three, coiisistini;' of John R.
Williams, William Woodbrid^^c, and Ch.arles Larned,
to superintend the classical ;ind l.;inc;isterian schools
and to prescribe and enforce rules for their i^overn-
nient.
On J.muary 14. 1822, on motion of Mr. John
Hunt, it was
AVWrr^/, that Mr. John Karmer he allowed the sum of live
hiindreil (lidlars per year for his services as teacher of the l.an-
casterian school, to ciunm^'uce with the loth day of I)ecenilur,
1S21,
and on the s.ame day he was authorized .and re-
(incsled to collect all sums due for tuition in the
school.
In 1S22 there were two hundred students. Lucius
Lyon .ictini;' as assistant teacher. As \):i\)vr was
scarce and dear at this time, the schol.ars were
taught to write by tr.aciiii^ the letters in ;i bo.x of
(lamp sand. Medals were aw.irded for jj^ood schol-
arship, .and this Last practice was continued as late
.IS 1825.
On J.anuary 26, 1824. Mr. Karmer resigned, in
order to env;age in other eniployiiKMit, and it was
AVWrW, that in c.inseipien..' of his resignation a eoininitl..'
Ill' appointed to take inlo consideration Ih.' situation of tlie
Academy .and lo report thereon ; and also wh.it steps iiiii;ht to lu'
taken in order to supply the vacancy.
M.ijor Rowland and Peter J. Desnoyers were
■ippointed a committee, and in October, 1824, Mr.
1'.. Shep.ard, ]iresum;ibly enjji'.med by them, w;is
ii'.uhinv; the prim.iry dep.irlment. He continued
until December, 1825, or later, and was probably
the last prim.ary teacher ;i|ipoiiitcd and p.aid by the
trustees,
Tlu' buildinir after 1827 was (.(ninted for school
use free of rent, or for a nomin.il sum to such per-
sons ;is were deemed competent teachers. At the
Last meetini,'- of the tru.stees, held on May 18, 1837,
they |-);issed ;i resolution askinii; the Kejj;ents of the
new university, located at Ann .\rbor, to est.ablish a
br.aiich .at Detroit, .and tendered the buildinv; for
that purpose.
The l)e;;innin^;s of the uni\'ersity ;it Ann Arbor,
aiul of the Detroit br.aneh, were ;is follows:
At the first session of ti.e .State Legislature, in
the summer of (836, Rew John I). I'ierce w.as .ap-
pointed Superintendent of Public Instruction, .and
.an Act w.as |iassed July 26, 1836, instructiiiv;- him
to prep.are ;i pl.in for a system of common schools,
and for .a univ(.'rsity with its branches. In tlie pre-
liminary work of ori;.aniz.itio:i Kev. S.amiiel New-
berry, of White Pi.t,^eon, father of Mrs. John J.
liaijjley, rendered v.alu.ible service, , and on .March 18,
1837, a i.aw w.as ,appro\ed ors^.ani/.in).,^ and est.ablish-
ini^- the St.ite I'liiwrsity. Its ,i;()vernnient w.as vested
in a ISo.ard of Re.i.;ents, to be apiiointed by tlu' \:;ov-
ernor .and sen.ate. It w.as made their duty to estab-
lish not only the uni\-ersity, but .also such br.anches
thereof in the different parts of the St.ate as the
LeiL^islature mii;iit authorize. A further Act, ap-
proval ALarcli 20, 1837, located the university .at
Ann Arbor, on a site of forty acres to be don.ated
to the State for this purpose.
At a meetiiiiir of the reijents on November 14,
1837, Dr. K. C. Ciibson, of Monroe, as agent of the
uni\i'rsity, reported in lav;)r of .a branch at Detroit,
.and on NovembtT r8 the jiroposition of the trustees
of the old university w.as recei\fd. On the s.ame
d.ay -Mr. Wilkins olfered the followiniLj resolution:
Kisc/Ti'if, that Chancellor t'arnsworth and Dr. I'itcher he, and
they .are hereby authorized to confer with and receive from the
I'resident /)■<> iew. of the Hoard of Trustees of the University
of Michii;an in lielialf of the Kei,'ents of the University of
Michixan the lease of the Academy lot in tlie city of Di-lroit,
and th.it the conimitlie on I'.ranelns immediately thereafter pro-
ceed tt) orK.'inize a branch of the University in the city of I )etroit.
At a subsequent meeting' of the regents $8,000
was .appropriated to the support of the br.inches,
and each br.aneh was to receive $500 towards the
support of a teacher ; also a proportionate amoimt
of the $8,000 according to the number of their
pujiils.
On J.anu.arjf 10, 1838, the following Board of Visi-
tors for Detroit branch w.as .aiiiiointed : J. Kearsley,
C. C. Trowbridge, B. V. 11. Witherell, Peter Morey,
.and Charles Mor.aii, with John Owen as treasurer.
The buikling for the Detroit liraneh reciuired many
reii.airs, .aiul was not re.idy for use until June 20,
1838. it was then opened for boys only, with one
■3-^
CoMMl-.kClAI. CoI.I.l'.C.KS.
lin'iicipal ami (Hif assistant. I'mir tmns a year iiiilUc of the ri'j^uiils prcsciUcd a I'cpori rccommcnd-
wrrc |)|-n\iiliil for. 'I'lir price nf iiiitinii was Si'^5'J in,^' tliat, on aceonnl of their inai)ility to pi'o\i(le the
a year, or iJjaxj a U'rni. means, no fiirliier appropriations shotihi i>e made
Till' first |nil)lic examination was iuld on 'I'lK'sday for hraneh schools. The re])ort w.as .-idopted, i>iii
and Wediiesd.'iy, Aiij,uist l.| and 15, i^^j^'^. as one of the teachers claimed to h;i\e heeii ;ip-
On Janii;iry 9, 1839, the C'oinmitiee on I'lranches |)ointed for an iiiKxpired term riinniniL; till < 'ctoljiT
was authorized to employ .an additional .assist.ini for 7, 1S42, the Detroit Ilraneh was maintained until
the prinii|),il at Detmit .it ,1 s.il.iry not exceedin'.^-
§600. Rev. C. W. I'itch w.is the tirsi priiici|).il,
eommenciiii^- in iSjS and eontiiniin^ luilii .\a,^iist,
1S41. lie received Si,5(X) a year, and the first assis-
tant $Soo. .Ml'. I'ilch \\,is succeeded bv Ke\'. M.
th.al time.
In 1.S44 the lio.'ird of I'.ducaiion hem'.in iisinq- the
huildiiii^ fiM' school piii'poscs, ;ind continued its us(
until the f.ill of i,S5,S.
In 1858 the ^'o^ln,l; Men's Society claimed llie lot,
GOLUS.MITII, IiKV.ANT, iV SlK.MKiN lUslNlCS'; UnIVI-KsITV, '.nl Til WliS P LOHNIiH OK
(iKisUdi.i) Siici-iicr AM' 1,A1A\ I- riK A\i;scK.
iMeii;s. The assist.ant te.iehers were : 1838, \V. A.
ISissell; 1839, Andrew I I.irvie ; 1840 and 1841, W.
A. Ilow.ird; 1842, K. C. Walker, W. Cray, W. J.
IJaxter. ,-111(1 1".. I.oiindsheiTy. In J.mu.ary, 1839,
there were forty ]nipils, and a report of the Com-
mittee on lir.inches, in.uli- December 18, 1839,
shows tli.it there wore two tearhers, and that the
attend.ince li.ad been, for the
First term, 59; second. 3^) ; third, 28,
In 1840 the attendance was : First term, 25 ; .sec-
ond, 21 ; third and fourth, 25 each.
On J.inii.iry 8, 1841, the rei;ents decided to pr.ant
only S500 ]ier year to Detroit ilr.inch in .addition to
the tuition fees. In Aimust of this ye.ir there were
only twenty-fom* pupils, and on Aui^ust 19 ;i com-
and on November 9 hel,^^n to tear down the biiild-
in,^,^ ;ind in its fortieth year the biiildini;- was
removed.
C.OMMI'.RCIAT, COI.l.KOES.
These institutions in Detroit date from 1848,
when Uriah dre^^ory opened his school in the old
Odd Fellows' Hall on Wdodw.ini Avenue. It con-
tinued for ten years.
In the fall of 1854 W. D. Cochrane opened .1
simil.ir institution in the W.aterman Fdoek, on llv
corner of Woodward Avenue and Larned .Street,
and it was lari^^cly patronized. Op November 2S,
1.^37, it w.as .sold to r.ry.int X: Str.itton, and meri;iil
with their school. J. II. C.oldsmith was manager,
MKDICAL C(M.i.i;(;i;.s.
claimed llir lot.
;ks.
]ato from 1S4S.
(IkioI in llic oM
\vi'iuic. It con-
aiul aflrr Marcli i, 1867, sdk: ]iroi)ri< toi'. In 1SS2
ihc srJKidl had fnur UmcIuts, and an as'crai^r of
from two to tlircc luindn-d sUidrnts. in uSAo ii
was movt'd from WaU'rnian Illock lo ihv fourtli
story of Mrrrill I'llcnk; in Jainiary, i'S''i> to the Sfit/,
lluildiniij on ("iriswoid Street, and from tluri. to
Mi.iiianii''s I'.loik, in May, 1X75. < 'n April i, 1S.S2,
W. !'". Jewell, who iiad been eonneeted with ihe
(i)lk'i,;e for o\'er i'iv;hti'en years, bt'eanie the piineipal.
The college is nmv known as the (loklsniith, liryant,
v.\; Siraiton Kusiness University.
In 1S60 Ira Mayliew established a conmienial
eollei;c at vMbion, and in Se|Heniber. I.S66, tr.ms-
ferreil it to Detroit, corner of Randolph and C'on-
i^ress Strei'ts. On the eonipletion nf the new Hoard
(if Trade linildini;' in janiiar)-, l.S7(), the eollei^e oe-
eupied I'ooms in the up|)er story. In the smnnier of
i8Sj he sold the eolleiiic to Messrs. S|)encer, i'ellon,
Loomis, i.\: Company, .and in De'cember of that year
they had seven teachers and uj scholars.
MKDICAr, Cc^I.I.KC.r.S.
Dtlfoit Medical Coll, i^c.
The. exceptional facilities possessed by the city for
clinical i;istruction by reason of the severrd hospii.ils
here loe.iled, ;iiul the nnniber (jf cases th.it a l.ii\!L;e
city n;itiirally allorils, snvjxcsted the desir.ibility of
Idc.'itinv;' ;i medie.al eti||e,v;e in Detroit.
Arcordini^ly. on M.iy 18, i,S6S, the Detroit Medi-
cal Colk'nu was or).;,inized. It w.is opened for the
reception of ^tlnk■nts on I'"el)rii;iry 2, iS'k;, in one of
the^ I I,ir|)i'r Hospital buildin.v;s, which h.id been
litted tip for the purpose. In 1882 the Irnstees pnr-
chased the |)roperty of the N'oini^' Men's Christian
Assciiiation, on I'arnier Street, between Monroe and
Cr.itiol .Avenues, and un September 12, i88j, the
(•ollei,fe w.'is ojiened in its new location.
A free dispens.ary is ni.iinlained, where from
twenty to one hundred pei^ons .are treated tiaily.
The nnmbi'r of students i^radu.ited for cicli ye.ir
since the opeiiiii;;' o*^ the colle);i is as follows : i86(;,
j,5; 1870,34: 1871, 2y; 1872,22; 1873, 14; 1874,
21; 1875,25; 1876, 29; 1877, 30; 1878,20; 1871^,
;u; 1880, ij \ 1881, 27; 1882, II ; 1883, 13.
The trusti'cs .and f.ieuliy in 1883 were as follows :
Trustees: II. I'. Daldw in, president ; A. C. MeCir.aw,
vice-i)resuient; I'hilo r.irsons, secret.iry ; Willi.im
A. lUitler, treasurer: .All.m Shekleii, C. li. liuhl,
t . \',in Ilns.in, John Owen, Ilirain Walker, Win. Ii.
Wesson. Theodore .\. .Mctiraw, Cicorxe S. Frost,
M. S. Smith, Win. A. Moore, I". I.. sJiurly, Alex,
t'liapoion, II. o. W.ilker, .ind I".. 'T. liarnum.
laeuliy: Theodore ,\. MeC.nwv, M. D., president.
I'rofessor of Trinciples .and Practice of Sniv;ery .and
t linic.il Stiri;ery; N. W. Webber, M. D.. I'rofessor
of Cynccology and Obstetrics; II. O. Walker, .M. U.,
I'rolessor of Orthopedic Su|•^ery, Cienito-Urin;iry
Diseases, , and Clinicil Surv;erv ; \'.. I.. ShurK'. M.I)..
I'rofessor of I,.iryn]L;()loi.;y .and Clinical Medicine;
J. Ii. Carstens, M. D.. I'rofessor tif ( )bstetrics and
Clinical ( iynecolo!.;y ; J. C. Johnson, M. 1)., I'ro-
fessoi' of Dise.ases of the .Mind and Xer\()U.s Svstein;
.\. v.. Cirrit'r, M. D., i'rofessor of .An.itomy and
l)crm;itoloi;y ; Miivjene Smith, M. D., Professor
of ( )phtli,ilino|oi;y .and < >toloi;v ; T!. .A. Ch.ipoton,
M. D.. Professor of Principles and j'r.ictiee of
Medicine; I ),i\ id Inch's. .M. I )., Professor of Prin-
ciples ,and Pr.ictice of Meilieine ; 'Thom.as N.
Revnolds. M. I )., Profi-ssor of M.ateria Medic.a .■':, '
'Ther.apeiiiics .and of Clinical Medicine; J. \\ .
Rol>ertson, M. 1)., Leeturir en L.irvimolo^y and
i'hysi'.al l)iai.;nosis; Ch.ailes C. Jennini;s, M. I).,
Lecturer on Chemistrv .and Disi'ases of Children;
U. \V. ( iweii. M. I)., Lecturer on PhysioloL^y and
Cur.atcjr of Miiseuni; V . W. Ilrown, M. 1).. I.ic-
ttirer on llistolov;y ,and .Mici'oscopy ; .\. V . Moke,
M. I)., Instructor in Obstetrics; John lloice. M. I ).,
Instructor of Minor Snidery; R. .\. Jamieson, M.I),,
Instructor of (.'linic.il Medicine; .\. .S. I'.irker, I'h.C,
Instructor in Pli.arin.acv ; .Albert C.iinp.iu, M. I ).,
Director of Clinical a' Si. .Marv's Ilospii.il Dis-
peiisarv ; M. K. Ross, M. D., Instructor in (. hcni-
isir\-; I., v.. Maire. ^L D., Instructor in M.ileri.a
.Medici.
Miiliii:;an L'lilln^r of Miulicine.
'This colle,i;i' was oii;ani/.ed in June, 1879, incor-
])orate(l October 24, .and first opeiu'd Novi'tnber 17
of the s.ame year. It is located on the southeast
corner of St. .Antoine Stri'ct and Cratiot Avenue.
Twenty-eiyht students gradu.iled in 1881, twenty in
1882, and twenty-eii^ht in 1883.
A work of re.il phil.nithropy was in.aiiijnr.ated by
this collei^e in the e(|tii|)ment of a \ery complete
.ambiil.ince, fn'c to the public for .all einer;.;encies,
which has bei'ii a boon to many a person sud-
denly wcjLiiided t)r taken sick. 'The ambulanie was
|)ut in commission on .\ni;nst 2';. 1881. 'There is
also a free disi)eiis.iry connected w uli the institution
at which ten tlious.and ]),aticnts were tre.atid durini;'
the ye.ir eiuliiii; M.iy I, 1882. ,A hospital dep.arl-
iiuiil conneclec! with the collei;e has accomnuxla-
tiuiLs fur thirty patients, and is generally full.
'Till' f.arulty of this collei;e, as well .-is of the De-
troit Medical College, serve without p.iy, ;ii;d it is
concedeil by those best (lualitied to judv;e tli.at in
their corps of instructors, course of study, and .ijtn-
eral management, these colleges have exceptional
.advrmtages.
'The trtistces .and faculty in'i8S3 were as follows:
Trustees: Sidney D. Miller, i)resideiit ; Wm. 15.
Moran. sei retary ; Luther S. 'i'rowl)ridi;e, treasurer;
Henry F. Lyster, Charles J. Lundy, Wm. C. May-
734
Mi:i)iLAL coi.ij-:c;es.
\n\vy. Will. C. (inslin, Win. C. Williams, 'riinmas
liiTry, William l''(iNi'n, ( 'ii'orni.' Ilciulrii', l)i,i;by \'.
IScll, JaiiK'.s J!iiri;c-ss liook, Richard II. l''yff, aiul
Janus M. Welch.
I'acully: Henry K. I.yslcr, .M. 1)., prcsidLiU, I'ro-
fcssor of I'riiiciplcs and I'raclicc of .Medicine, and
Clinical Diseases of the Chest; Wm. llroilie, .M. 1).,
Professor of Clinical Medicine; James lUir^css
r.ook, M. 1)., i'ldfessor of I'riiuiples and Practice
of Surj^cry and Cl'nical Surgery; Wm. C. Custin,
fessor of Di.seases of the Mye, I'lar, and 'I'hroat ;
Wm. C. .Ma\l)iiry, i\l. A., Professor of Medical
Jurisprudence; C. A. Devendorf, M. 1)., Pro-
fessor of Clinical Obstetrics and the Puer|HMal
Diseases; li.il C. Wyman, M. 1)., Profes.sor of
Physiology and I' >ioloi;y; Duncan Mcl.eod, .M. D,,
Professor of .M.iieria .Me(hia and 'I'lHraixutics ;
James D. Munson, .M. I)., Lecturtr on Diseases
of the Nervous .System; F. W. Owen. M. D„
and W. N. .Mereditii, M. D., Demon.strators of
MhHICW (.'()[. 1. hi, !■: (I|- .MuDlelNK, sue lllKASr (IIKNEU O!' Sr. A.NlillNi; amj
CATIIAUI.Nli SlEJIilirS.
M. D., lYofessor of Obstetrics, Clinical Midwifery,
and Clinical Diseases of Chikhvn ; Daniel Pa I'"erte,
M. D., secretary, Professor of /\natomy, Orthoi)edic
Surv^ery, and Clinical Surgery; C. Ili'iiri Peonard,
M. I)., Professor of Medical and .Surgical Diseases
of Women and Clinical Ciynecoloj^y ; Chark'S I)(ni,n-
ias, M. 1)., Professor of Diseases of Children ;uid
Clinical Medicine; J. V.. Clark, M. D., Professor of
Cii'iieral Chemistry and Physics; Charles C. N'emans,
M. D., Professor of C.enito-l'rinary Diseases and
Diseases of the Skin; Charles J. Lundy, M. D., Pro-
Anatomy; Thomas N. Reynolds, Inslructor of
Microsco|)y.
])ttroit Hoiiuropatliic CoZ/r^c.
An institution desij^nated by the above name was
opened in March, I1S72, with I'. .\. Sprantjer, M. D.,
as presitlent, .and I''.. R. I'lllis, M. 1)., as .secretary.
Its sessions were held in the Coyl liiiildinx, fai'in;;'
the Campus Martins. It was discontiiiuetl in I'"eb-
ru.iry, 1875. Durinj.^ its existence it graduated
eii^hty students.
.r, ami Throat ;
lor of Mi'(li( al
M. 1).. I'ro-
llic l'iRTi)i'ial
K, I'roft'ssor (li
McLcod, M.l)..
1 'I'lR'i'aiH'iilifs ;
el' oil Diseases
Owiii, M. 1).,
jinonstrators ol
\
Inslriiclor of
above name was
Spian.nor, M. D-.
I)., as secretary,
i'.iildin.i;, faein;4
)ntiiuietl ill Kei)-
je it gradualeii
CHAPTER LXXV.
THE FIRST COMMON SCHOOLS. - TI IlC liOAKI) oi' IlUUCATlON, ITS SCHOOLS AND
ITS MANA(;i;.\n:\i'.
FIRST COMMON SCHOOLS.
Tine precursor of all coninion schools in tliis
ivi;ion was a provision of tiie ordinance of 1787,
w iiicli declared tiiat " religion, nioraiity, and i<no\\i-
ediL^e beini^ necessary to i^ootl i^overnnient and the
hai)piiiess of mankind, scIkkjIs and the means of
education sliail be forever encouraj;eil."
In Mar<-h, 1S02. the inliabitants of tiie County of
Wayne souyht encouraj^enient from Conj^ress, aiul
ill petitioninvr that body asked anionij other tliiiiiLis
for one or more townships of laiul for the purpose
of erectinj,^ or endowintr an academy, and on
M.irch 26, 1804, the Covernment directed that Sec-
tion 16 of tiie pulilic lands in every township be
reserved for and appropriated to educational pur-
poses. This law laid tiie foundation for tlie iiriniary
school fund of the State, the fund at interest beiiit(
derived from tiie sales of land thus reserved.
I'osbibly with the belief that "the better the day,
the better the deed," on Sunday, February 26, 1809,
Judye Witherell presented, and the Ciovernor and
Judges, sitting as a Legislature, passed ".\n .\ct
concerning .Schools." It provided that the over-
seers of the poor should divide tlieir districts into
school districts and act as trustees of the same.
Judges of District Courts were to appropriate not
exceeding four dollars or less than two dollars for
e;icli child bctweeil four and eighteen, the amounts
to be collected the same as other taxes, and depos-
ited in the district treasury. Reports as to the
luiiiiber of children antl the number of weeks school
was kept were to be made yearly, and no m<mev
was to be paid e.xeept to districts that erected
.school-houses or maintained schools. There i., no
evidence that any schools were established under
this .\ct.
By Act of yVpril 12, 1827, each, township was
authorized to determine by a two-thirds \-ote whether
it would maintain township schools, and if so a
"grammar schoolmaster of good morals" was to
he obtainetl, and a township with fifty families was
to have a school for an amount of time ecjual to six
iiiontlis in a year ; in one of a hundred families,
tuition e(|ual to twelve months was retiuired. Town-
ships of one hundred and fifty families were to have
two teachers, and those of two hundred families
two teachers and two .schools ; the scliools in each
township to be in charge of not more than tlvecom-
uiissioners.
Under this Act a teacher wassc:ured for Detroit,
and on M;iy 28, 1827, the trusties of the old uni-
versity directed that " Mr, Cook, the te.iclier of the
common school " be put in ])osse.ssioii of a room in
the academy, Mr. Cook died soon after, ami on
July 26 the trustees " resolved th.at 'he School Com-
missioners be authorized to take immediati: inci-
sures for the procurement of a teacher of the coni-
nion school."
On November 5, 1829, the Legislative Council
made further prosision for common schools in the
Territory, but exj^ressly exempted Detroit from the
operations of the Act.
On .April 28, 1830, ".Mr. Coiiant, Chairman of a
committee appointed at a meeting of the citizens,
applied to the L'niversity Trustees for leave to
occupy a room in the At;ademy for a common
school." On April 4, 1831, Shubael Conant, Julius
ICldretl, Jeremiah Moors, Jerry Dean, and Shadrach
(iillett were elected Commissioners of Common
Schools, and at a meeting of the trustees of the
university, hekl on May 10, 1831, on motion of
Major IJiddle, it was
AVi.'/m/, llial the iisu of Uio Aciidcmy l)c grmULcl to tlic- Direc-
tors of Common Schook of Uic City of Detroit imlil tlic building
be required forotlier purposes by tlie Trustees of tlie University
of Micliig.iii, of wliieh one year's nntii-e sliall l)e given to the
said Directors, on condition that tlie said Direitors do repair said
building and at al! times during iheir occupancy sustain and
keep the s.inie in good lepaii at their expense.
In 1832 the. city was divided into two distrit ..s,
and a school taught by Charles Wells was opened
.May 21 in tlie academy. Charles Larned, S,
Conant, John Farrar, and 1'. Desnoyers were com-
missioners.
In this same year a mmiber of ladies formed a
Free School Society. The following notice, pub-
lisiied in December, 1S33, gives interesting p.trtieu-
lars concerning their schools. The notice .says :
It ca.jnot have escaped the observation of any citizen that in
our midst are many children who are growing: up not only in
poverty, but in ignorance. The object of our society is to take
these children and bring them under the culture and moral
restraint of a school. We have employed for the year past a
[7351
THE FIRST COMMON SCHOOLS.
i:i'Mi|it li III liistnii III S-, .111(1 li.i\c' I iilli'i licl tui^iilii r iiiiili I lirr
not liir fiDiii 11 daily iivrniKi' "I liHy sclinliiis I lien- li.ur lucn
iioIi'SsiIkiii iiiif IiiiimImiI anil lilly imiiirs ii|m>ii tlir mil i.l ihr
scltoi'I since il.s (oMiiiK-iii rinciit. In aiMilioii tit $j ;j vvliicli llic
Siiciiily liiivr paiil III lliuir Inslniitir-i'i, cxiiiiuliil fur wond aiul
iitliiT incidi nia! i viiinsi^, \vc liavi: t-rn lud a |iliiin lull subsUmlial
s(liiinl-liiiii-;r al a rusi nf $|7s, Inwards llii- discliaw iif wliii-li
ilcbl llicy Ikuc |iaid ^isu, Kaviiix a lialaiii'i- i4 $i.s.
I ANh; M. I'M.MIIC,
Mauv S. Wkniiki.i.,
/)/rr< fft-.sst-s.
The scliools wvrc kept for half a day. Tlic pupils,
children hcuvfeii four and ten yi-ars of anc, wcru
providi'd v.ith hoolxs and taii,:.;lit ;.;raUiilousl\'. On
Tuesdays and 'I'liursdavs tin- i^irls were tauv;lu
si'win,^'. The way in which funds were obtaiiu'd to
cai'iA' on the work is indicated in the following
ad\ertisenient ;
TDMAIO CATsri'
I'lL-liaicd liy lint Ladies I.l tin- lliUcil lice Se lli.ul Sin. iely, and
fur sale by iliiir apiininUiient by duzuii ur single bnllle al llic
btore it(
K. IllNliMAM.
S,-f'lcllll;-r :■/,, lSj2.
Another ad\ertisement was as follows:
A CAKli.
'I'lir l.adie-, (if llii- Dell-oil I'Vee SiIkihI Siiciety Would anniMinoc
to the inililii llial llicir annual sale or I'air will take plai c on
Wednesday evening of next week (17II1 iiisl.,) at Woodworlli's
I.on.i,' Room, Sleaniboal Hotel, bale lo Liiininence al six u'tlutk.
Dii 1 laiii', DcinlHy II, 1H34.
In 1836 the society maintaini'd two scliools, one
having in attendance one luiiulred and thirteen
children, two thirds of them boys. In [837 they
h.id three schools, with an attendance of two hun-
dred.
The ot'licers for 1837 were : Mrs. J. M. Howard,
president; Mrs. S. Ciillett, vice-iiresident ; Miss S.
K. Dwight, secretary, I',, !'. Hastings, treasurer.
Whik' these schools wert' in ojieration, on April i,
'^33' J- J- Hcming, J. Kearsley, ,\. S. I'orter, I'". 1'.
lirouning, and V.. !'. Hastings were electeil Com-
missioners of District Schools, but no evidence of
service has been found.
On /\i)ril 23, 1833, an Act was ajiprovcd which
niaile special |)rovision for common schools in De-
troit. The Act pro\-ided fnr the election, on a clay
in May to be appointed by the Common Council, of
si.\ commissioners, si.K ilirectors, and si.x ins|)ectors
of common .schools. They were to be <li\'ide(l into
three classes, the first class to be vacant on the first
Monilay in A|)ril, 1834, and two officers of each
kind were lo be chosin every year thereafter. The
commissioners were to (.lividc the city iiilo school
districts.
'i"he directors were to collect rates, call meetings
of Noiers, am! i)resent estimates ftjr schools. If the
majority consenteil, they were authorized lo piir-
cha.se sites, build houses, and raise taxes to pay for
the same. .\t the annual meeting in .\pril llie
'■oters were to decide on the amount lo be raised for
ihe sclinoling of iiu'' jeiil chikireii. Tin: directors
were to employ teat lu'is, who were to be p.iid so
much i>er month or (|iiarter lor each scholar, ,and
teachers were to keep a record (jf the number of
days each scholar attended, the statement lo be
verified by oath if rei|uircd. In the case of indi-
gent sclutlars, the teacher was to be |)aid only for
the actual time of tluir attendance, all ollu'rs were
to be ch.arged for one (juarter at least. Al the
I'.xpiralion of each <|uarUr the directors were to
make: an assessment roll of those who h.ad sent
scholars, llie luimber (jf days lo be paid for, and
the sum to be p.iid, .and wiM'e to determine which of
the scholars should be classed as indigent.
I'nder this Law the council set apart .May 31 as
the d.iy when the oflici'rs should be elected. No
record can be found of such an election, or of any
increase in educational facilities.
In December, 1S33, at a public meeting of ciii-
zens, .Mr. Kearsley stated that there was not a single
common school in which boys could acciuire the
ordinary branches of education.
I''our years later, in January, 1837, the Stati; was
admitted to the Union, and al the same time
1,067,397 acres of land were granted to the Slate
for public schools. On March 20 ,a Cicneral School
Law was i)assed, and in A|)ril, 1837, Chaiks Wells,
C. W. Whipple, and C. .MoU Willi.ims were: elected
school inspectors. During this year more activity
was manifested in educational matters. A meeting
of gentlemen interesti'd was held ,it the Mccli.inics'
Institute, on Ocloljcr 11, 1837. John 1). I'ierce was
chosen chairman, and Ceorge Wilson, secretary,
and the following was adopted :
Rcsoh'fii^ lliat ;i eonveiilion of pnifessional teachers, and of
individuals liiiiidly to llie iiuiresis uf primary .scliools in llie
Stale of .Miclni.;aii, should be held in Detroit on Wednesday,
January j, iSj3.
A committee, consisting of Mes.srs. W. Hale,
John Owen, and Rev. V.. 'J"hi)mi)son, w.is appointed
lo investigate the state of pi'imary cduc.iiioii in
Detroit, lo ascertain the number of chiklreii actually
attending st:hool, anil the luiniber, of suitable age.
not attending school, and to report to the conven-
tion.
The convention met at the City Hall. K. I'.
Hastings was made president and John D. I'ierce
delivered an address.
The i^roposed convention and the in(|uiries insti-
tuted called public attention lo the f.icts, and on
December 2, 1837, the Common Council rciiuested
the city attorney to report wh.il ste])s were necessary
to organize schools under the Act of 1837. On
; ill A|)ril llif
U) be raised for
'I'Ik: dircclors
i; lu i)c paid so
li sciiolar, and
liii: iuiiiil)rr of
laUiiKiil lo be
U' <asc of iiuli-
i- jiaid only for
all olluM's were
least. At the
■(■elors were lo
who had sent
ic paid lor, aiul
.Tniiiie whieh of
ilii^x'iit,
pari May 31 as
)e elected. No
clion, or of any
meetings' "f 'i^'-
was not a siiiv;le
iild a(<|iiire the
7, the State was
ihe same lime
led lo ihe Stale
(ieiH'ral School
I, Charles Wells,
ns wiM'e i:lecled
more: activity
, A meetini;
the Mechanics'
I), fierce was
son, secretary.
il It-acluis, ;iii(l I'l'
iii.ny M.lioiils ill ill'
.il iJii W'ciliicMlay,
essrs. \V. Hale,
, wis appointed
■y education in
hildreii actiialK
of suit.able ;i,!.;e.
lo ihe conven-
ly II, all. K. 1'.
John 1). I'ieiri'
e in<|iiiries insti-
le f.icls, and <iii
Hincil riiiuesled
s were necessary
■L of 1837. On
TIIK KlUSr COMMON SCIlooI.S.
7^7
December 9 llie city attorney re|)orle(l that these
steps had been taken.
In .\pril, I1S37. inspectors were elected, who, after
l)ein)4 iK'arly nine months in ollice, nsoUt-d upon
■ ictioii ; bnl the winter passed away and nolliin)^ was
accomplished.
Si.Mli I )istrict, all north of {..iriied Sireel, bciwet'ii
IJriish Street .tiid Mor.in I''.irm.
S(\'enili Uistriei, ail t-,isl of west line of Moraii
■■'.ii'in.
Ill June llu- illspci tors issued te.ichers' cel'lilicites
io Cli.irlollc .S. Kam;. for I)istri(l No. j; to M.iri.ui
In /\i)ril, iMjcS, John I'armer, James I'". Joy, ;ind Titus, for No. 3; to .Mice Kuiniuy. for No. 4: lo
Henry Chipm.in were elected school ins|)c'Clors, Mr. James Stew.irt, for No. ;; ; ,iiid in July to .Mel\ in.i
l',i!nier \\;is m.ide chairman of the llo.uil, .iiid the A. llurlbut. for No. 6. Certilicates were , also issued
pro\isioiis of iIk: Sl.Ue l.,iw were, for the lirst lime, to Miss \'an lii,i;tn, J.uiies S. I>;iker, J. I'.. Witeher,
put in operation. On May 12, I1S3S, tlu' followinj.; (li-ori^e l'"ii'ld, and I'.. !•'. l.ocke.
census of ehildreii under fifteen years uf a,v;e was 'I'li.-it the (|uestion of sectirin:^- uniformity in
ireseiited lu and tiled by the board ;
j^'
5 „■,
■n
•3
3
\V.\ui) I.
V
u \-
-^
T)
a
-~
-
0
'ree while males
57
X7
144
(j
fem.tles
■ 62
Si
143
:oi,ii
119
i6«
2S7
WaKIi 2.
rei
white in.iles
53
72
125
females
3^'
82
iiS
Toi.il
89 1 54
M3
school-books w,is, ,it tli,it time, ;i proper subjecl for
consideration is e\ideiiced by the f.ict th,il in Dis-
trict No. 4 iiliu-y's. I'.irley's, ,uid Smiih's Cicovjr.i-
phies wi're in use ; of .\rilhineiics there' w.is ,1 still
jLirealcr \;iriets-, .Ad.ims's, Smith's, (.'olburii's, I'ar-
ley's. ;iiid I'.merson's ;ill beinv; used in the same
school. ( )ilier books used were the Illemeiitary
6 Spellim; Hook, Child's Third Hook, Wilson's Class
Reader, Child's i-"irst ISook in History, and the New
Testament.
Ill 1838 schools wen- m.iinl.iiiud for three months
each in live of the districts, the leachi'rs rcceivini.f
from iwe'iity doll.irs to thirty dolLirs per month and
I bo.irdin^ themseKcs.
I^'ollowinir are ihe naines of ilirectors, with stalis-
■ lies for 1838 :
6
Wakh ^
■ree while males
119
i::4
::43
•4
females
100
'74
274
6
Ual
219 298 517 20
Wakii 4.
I'ree while m.ales
179
229
408
females
'5'
^3'-'
3X'
3
Total
330
459
789
3
Wakii 5.
lice white m;iles
270
3«5
^'5S
20
females
287
yi^
665
16
Hi-.!. |liri( liir.
1. A. Ilarlshorn,
2. James F.iirbaini,
3-
4. (;. I'. I'orler,
5. J. lle,iubiell,
6. I'. .\. Cicotle,
3 7. i;. V. II. Wilherell,
Total,
t'hilclrrn 111- Alti-Miliii«
Iwct-n 5 autl 17. scliiiol.
225
127
372
125
193
57
346
^'5
299
60
245
30
417
43
2,097
507
olal
557 l^'l 'v^-o 3''>
On May 12, 1838, the city was divitled into seven
■-I liool districts as follows:
I'irsl District, all south of Jefferson .Avenue, be-
tween lirush and Wavne Streets.
The locations of the schools weri' as follows ;
The school for District No. i w.as in ;in old two-
stor\ wooden buildiiiiK;, forty by eiv;lity leet, built on
piles, on the slioiX' of the river, on West Wood-
bridi^e .Street, just e.ist of the old Hoard of Tr.ide
Huiklintj. The lower part was used as .1 grocery,
the uppt.'r pari w.as lilted up for ihi' school, ;ind
reached by ;in outside stairw.iy. The buildinv; was
leased for lise ye.irs ;it one hundri'd dollars a year,
•and w.is occu|)ied until 1842. In 1838. the tlrst
Second District, ;ill south of L;if;iyelle Street, east ye.ar that the building- w.as oi cupied, \V. K. Coyl
i| Woodward .\veiuii'.
Third District, all north of Lafayette Slreet, west
il Woodward .Avenue.
I'ourih District, all north of Jefferson .\veniie,
!• tweeii I'lrush Street ,ind Woodward .Avenue.
I'ifth District, all south of l.ariied Street, between
I'lush Slreet and Muran Farm.
was assessor ;ind collector for the district.
'The school for District No. 4 was tau(L,dit by Rev.
C.eori;e Field in the basement of the I'irsl .Metho-
dist I'.piscop.al Church, on the northeast corner of
Woodward .Avenue and Conirress Street.
'The school fur Distriei N(j. 5 wastauKdit by James
Stewart.
7;vS
Till': riKsr common schools.;
'I'lu' tcailur fill- I)islri<-t No. G, Miss llurlhiit.
t;iin;lil. s( liddl ai Ikt rcsiik'iict (in llic iiorllirast cor-
lUT of Jcll'irsoi) Aviiuif ami r«i'aiil)ii'ii Sticil.
Ill l)islrirl No. 7, §5(H) was i.iiscd in iS^S, to
build a mIiooI-Ikhisc. 'I'lic lirst iiioncy rccciNcd liy
liic city from tiiL- I'limary S( iiool l'"uiul was ohlaiiicd
ill 1X39. Tlic aiiioiiiit rictivid was $1,342.08,
W'iiicii, on I'rlmiaiy Ji, i83<^, the iiis|)cclors appur-
lioiicd as follows:
Uist.
ScIlnl.US.
Aini'tinl.
Kist.
S.Ik. 1,11s.
Anitiiinl.
I.
225
$i44.ix)
5-
2i;v
$191.36
'^
V'-
238.08
6.
-45
1 5fi.8o
3-
";3
'-3-5-
7-
4'7
260.88
4-
346
221.44
'riu; avcivim' was
sixty-four cciiis for
oacii of the 2.097 ciiil-
(Ircn ri|)orU'd iiy tho
school ( ciisiis.
In l'"cl)ruarv, teach-
ers' ccrlilicaics wi'rc
issiii'd to J. T. lilois,
Charles Chambers,
and kowley Morris,
aiitl linriii)^ the yt'ar
to John Winchell,
I.orcn/o Wood, C. C.
l\o:id,.ind I larrict M,
\'aii Ini^cn. ( )n .April
1 5 John {■■armer, A.
W". Ihicl.and Thomas
Ciiristian were elect-
ed school ins|)eetors,
Mr. rarmcrai;ain he-
comiiiv;' chairman of
'die board.
In 1839 schools were taught for six inonlhs in all
of the districts exci'pt the fourth, ,ind there the
.school w.is maintained foreivjht monthsand ninedays.
l'"ollowiii!Lj are the ii.imcs of the directors ami
moderators, and the statistics for 1839:
Cliililnn Ik-
1'"ik:
I I'll II
W.
Il-ll.li IV ,\ I'
.I-; S iKr !■ I . \ I
The ye.ir 1839 iil,ir!;ed .1 ureat increase of interest,
.'is is e\i(lent fitiin the reports of the amoimis \dled
and r.iised in the si\-er,il districts. District .\o. 1
\'oted $820, and receised from the inspectors $</j.
Distiiil No. 2 w.is .ississed $750 for si hool pnr-
|)oscs, $5ixj of this amount to build a school-house,
and ri'ceivcd $175 from thi' inspectors. District No.
3 rai.sed $8(hj, and reciived $123.52 from the inspec-
tors. District No. 4 raised $744, 61;, .ijipiopriated
$500 of it for a school-house, and rccei\t(l from the
inspectors .ti';3- District No. 5 voted $250. and
rccci\cd from the inspectors $ii;i.3'i. No report
(Mil be found from No. Ci : it pi'ob.iblv h.id no school,
I )isirict No, 7 voted $600, of w liicli $5(10 w.is to build
a house, and rcci'ivcd $2(iO,88 from the ins|)ectiirs.
The reiiort of the
Su pc I' i nlendcnl of
I'liblic Insti'uctiiin for
1831; shows ;i tot.il
of $3.42(') r.iised in
tile cilv to bnild four
houses and suppuri
schools, ;iiid thai the
directors received
$1,039,7(1 as primary
school money from
the inspectors.
The ri'port of the
treasnriT of the in-
spectors for 1839.
made March I 2, 1840,
shows tliJil the entire
amount of $1 ,342.0'!.
J'rimary School 1' und,
ai)|)r(ipriated by the
board in l^'cbruary,
1839, to the sevi'ial
districts, had passed throiiRb his hands, ;md also
that $854 W.IS received from the same fund fi'i'
1840. This amount was apportioned by the inspec-
tors. l'\'bruary 22, 1840, as follows:
t- I'l I.I.H* Si Mi
Siii- i.ii\'.
I list, niiiiioi-.
Muil.nil.ir.
,\lti:iiliii>j
SlIllJlll.
1. A. Hartshorn, J. I'.ldred,
2. J. Owen, J. Palmer,
3. T. Christi.in, J. 11. Titus,
4. J. I'"arnier,
5. v.. Maiicrofl, A. De(iuin(lrc
6. I). Kreneh.
7. 11. 1 hillock, Robert Stuart
220
3^'3
185
412
234
214
35"
85
137
80
'55
«5
«5
60
Dist.
I.
2,
3-
4-
Total
St llnliltS,
185
412
AllH'tltll.
* 9^.3-'
'52.33
77.64
172.90
list.
Scliulais.
AiniiiiMi.
5-
234
$ 9«.'"
6.
214
8(;.Sl
7.
350
146.81S
8.
57
23.9 -'
2035
$854.00
In April, 1840, at the regular city election, John
]'"aniier, S. H.irstow, and T. Christian were elected
A total of 687 white children attended these as inspectors, Mr. Farmer was continuetl as chair-
schools, and the school census showeil 2,138 chil-
dren between the aj.;es of live and stveiitccn.
A colori'd school, known ;is District No. 8, was
ist.iblishcd in 1839, but received no appropri.ttion
until 1840.
man. and ,ilso acted this year as treasurer of tin
bo.irti, ilirector of a district, and teacher of one ol
the schools, receiving; as teacher ii salary of $40 pei
month. The school was loc;it''d in the ri'.ar of hi--
residence on Fanner Street, and aniuni;i: his piipih
ISC (if iiiti rrst.
luiiimts VdUil
Disiriit Nn. I
ns|)ci't<ii>^ $<;>••
r siliiml pur-
Sl l\(Mll-ll(lllSC.
,. district No.
iim ilir inspi'i--
appi'i'l'ii'i'*''
civtil li<im iIh'
itcil S250, ami
/.. No rtpori
liad no school.
DO was 10 biiilil
ilic inspectors.
rcpoft of til''
nulciHlcni ol
Insiniciinii l(ir
shows a tol.il
,426 raised in
y to linilil four
s anil sni>iioii
Is, and lh.it th'-
tors received
1^.7(1 as primary
il money from
lispeclors.
r. report of the
ircr of tlie in-
lors for i<S.i9'
March 12. 1S40,
s th;it the entire
mt of Si..U--<J'''
[iry School Fund,
1
ri
)riatcil by iIh'
in I'l'bruary,
to the several
lands, and also
same fnnd for
1 by the inspie-
Sclii>Uirs.
Aiimiinl.
234
$ 9«--"
214
Si^Si
350
14^'.!^''^
57
-3'V-"
2035 $«54""
y clcelion. John
ian were elected
ilinued as chau-
treasurer of tin
cachcr of one ol
■salary of $M> 1" '
11 the re.ir of hi'-
moil};- lii^ pi'P''"
•nil: MKsr com.mon sci[()()I..s.
7M)
w.is Aiisim rinrlini.;,nne, afterw.ir<ls I'nited .States
Minisler to t'hin.i.
On J.inii.iry ^1, 1X40, ,1 teacher's ciTtilic.ite w,is
issued to William I'lulps, ,ind dnrinj; the year ecr-
lilicites Were issued to 1'.. I)iity, J.imcs 11. W'elliniL;,
llli/a I'oser, and John M. Das is.
'riic lot.il number of scholars ailcndinv;' the dis-
■ lict schools this yiar w.is .S(>5, a .H'lin of 20^. The
leuiL^tli of tlu: school terms w.is determined in each
district by llu; amount of money in iis trcismy,
.uid as a consci|uenci> the se\i'ral distrii ts reported
sclloiil:. ,is kepi (ipen four, luc, six, se\en, se\'en
.Hid one h.ilf. ;md nine months ri'speclively.
In .iddiiion to the i'rimary School l'"und, the sum
(if SS25 w.is expended in the several ilislrit'ts, $425
(if which W.IS paid on ;i Ikiusc and lot for Disliid
No. 2; Sido for iinishin'.^ a buildin;^ fur .'i school in
|)istricl No. 7 ; the balance of !J;3(JO was ex|)ended
lur renl .ind rep.iirs.
The n. Miles of the district ollicers, and the slalis-
licsfor 1.S40, are as follows:
Mud. (.Ill
Cliildivii
ln-l\Vi 1 II
s and I 7.
Pisi. Iliiirtur.
1. 22U
2. J. ( )\ven. John I'.ilmcr. 331
3. 'I', (,'lirisiian. 2o<j
.[. J. I'.Lrmer. C J.icl<son. 406
5. J. W.ilson. 1'. 1 1. Sii.irns. kjS
6. I). l''rencli. J. Stcw.irl. 217
7. J.Winchell. j,\Vinchell. 455
•lot.il
21) ^6
.\lii iidiiu;
SlIl.M.I.
iJO
57
■^4
156
70
-35
X95
The .amount of nionev .■iccrnim;- from the .State
I'rimary .School l-'imd conlinucd to decre.ise. ( )nly
S473.(^3 was recei\-ed in 1X41, but little more than
li.ilf ,is much ;is w.is rcceivi'd llu; ye.ir i>ri vioiis, .ind
the schools sulTcred accortlini;ly. The amount w.is
apportioned as follows :
lli^t. Sillid.lis, ;\llliillllt.
I. 220 !j;4(;..S2
2- jii 74.V5
3- 20(; 47.33
4- 4^^^ 91-93
1 list.
Sclinlais,
Ainoiiiil.
5-
'9S
844 .'"i 3
(>.
217
49- ' 3
7-
455
103.03
S.
57
12.(^1
Tol.'d
2.093 $473-93
On March 21), 1.S41, John l'"armer, Samuel li.ir-
stow, and Charles W. Williams were. I'lected siliool
iiispeciors. Mr. Farmer, for the fourth time, w.is
(lioseii ch.iirni.in.
Teaclu'is' lerlilicates were j.;r.iiUed to William
Merrill anil William I Imitiiv^ton. This year, by
l.iw of April 6, [)i'o\isi(in w.is m.ide .lulhori/.iin; the
(lectors of ;i township to r.iise a school tax of one
dollar for each child betwei'ii five .and seventeen
\cars of age. Schools were ke[)t in all the districts.
except nnmbi'i-^ 1 .indo, from three to nine moiilhs.
The ciiiire number of scholars and the .•iveiaj.fi; at-
tend.ukc was as follows ;
lii^l. CInldHM. Silu.l.iis. Itisl. Cliildnn. Sdiul.irs
'- 5- 237 30
2. 320 \(j7 6.
3. i(/) 54 7. 417 131
4. 401 205 8. iiS 70
The school in District \o. 7 was t.iiiji^ht by Wil-
li.iiii 1 limliiK^toii, who b(A;.in tcichini; about No-
Miiibci- 1, on .1 s.il.iry of Sio" 'i (|u.irter. This dis-
trict was the only one lli.it owned .1 school-house;
ihe money r.iised in 1X5(^10 build four housi's had
not been used, .and most of it w.is in possession of
the district otlicers .as Lite ;is . April, 1S42. Mr. Ilun-
linv^ton t.un;lit .ibotit two months, iiis school num-
berini^ one hundre(l ,ind lifly-Jive schol.irs ; the
l.iri;cst number prescni ,it .iiiv one time w.is eii.;hty.
.Most of them were sm.all children, twenty beiii); in
the alphabet cl.iss. With the tcrniin.ilion of Mr,
I luntinijlon's scrxices, district schools ce.ised in De-
troit.
Duriiij; these ye.irs the est.iblishment of ;i more
lhorout;h sysliMii of educition w.is felt .as .an increas-
inv( necessity, and on September 14, I1S41, the Com-
mon Council, on motion of Alderm.m I'iske, aj)-
poiiUed .1 committee, consist iiijir of /. I'itchci', mayor,
and .Aldermen I'iske .and Mor.in, to l.ike the school
system under consi(k;ralion and report upon the
possibility of devisinvj .1 more perfect system. This
committee reported to the (diincil on November 18
lh.it there were i,.S5c) children who oii^lit to be in
school ai least half the ye.ir ; th.it there were in the
citv twenty-se\en schools of all kinds, with 714
pupils, who were educated at a cost of §12.600 piT
.anniini, ;in .iver.i'.;e of SiS each. The committt'e
recommended tli.it the Common Council iietition
llu; Lenisl.ituie for jiowcr to r.iise money for the
support (if the schools by direct t.ax.ition, and to
p|-o\ide for .1 I'loard of I'.duc.ilion. The re|)(irl w.is
ordered prii;te(l, ,iud on November 23, i<S4i,was
taken up .111(1 re-committed, llu- city altoriu'y bein,i;
ailded to the committee.
At ;i mei.'tiiiv; of the council on J.mu.iry 4, 1842,
the committee reported, ;uk1 the mayor was tlu'ii, on
motion of Alderm.m Chitiendcn, re(|uested lo call a
meetinif of ciii/.i-ns to consider the propriety of jjeli--
tioninu; for .authority to I'st.iblish free schools. The
meeting was held on J.inuary 12, 1.S42, and on
motion of .S. Ilarstow, it was resoKed to .seek
.authority to r.iisi- ;i tax, not exei'edinif one fourth of
one \ivv ((lit on the assessed valuation of property,
for t'l' ..upport of free schools; also for jiower lo
elect ) |)ersons from each ward as a school com-
niitiee, or Board of Education, with power to
740
THE HOARD OF EDUCATION.
appoint icactn-Ts and proviilc for the niana,v{i.'nu'nt
of srliools.
The ri.-soliitii)iis wi'iv disciisseil l)y J, R. Williams,
Z. I'itiiicr, v.. V. Ila.stin,v;s, John I'arnicr, ami A. T.
McKcyiiolds, and iIkii adoptid. On January i8,
1S42, the roiimil a|)p()int(.d a conimitu-c of three,
eonsistinir of Aiilernien l>a,ni(, (iooilinij, and Cicolte,
to present the subject to tiie l.e,i;islature.
The proposed taxation and liie new methods
recommeniled tlid not meet the appro\al of all the
citizens, and in order to remove tiieir objections and
to inllucneu tiie I.eviislature, a i)ublii' meetiiijj was
held at the City Hall on February 7, 1842. The
followinif notice waii posted about the city previous
to the meeting :
I'ici' I-; Kni'CATiDN.
liitilliK' ""■ f'lr llu' |><»ir I (|ii;illy wiUi llii' rii h. Tlu' liuiuKi'f
free uiliicatiuii and all otIin'N .irc iiivititl ti> iiutl al tliu lily Hall.
Let every tiiaci wliu is in lavur nf free rdiicalioii turii iivit I liiul-
li.iieiice ami Liberty iiuisl gu hand in liaiid.
M \NV (.'ni/i'Ns.
'I'his meetini^ was produciivL of i^ood, and many
doubtful ones were persuaded to favcjr the proposed
schools.
TIIK HO.VUI) Ol' KIU'C.A ri(i\. IIS SCHOOLS AND
IIS M ANAi.KMKN r.
This board was providcil fur by Act of l'"ei)ruary
l(S, I1S42. TwcKe insi)eciors were to be elected,
two from each ward, and were to have control of
the i>ul)lic schools of the city. They were duly
clecteil, and the bo;ird org;ini/,ed, and the followinj^
ailverti.semenl soon ap])eared :
Notice is hereby niveii that I'ree Selumls, under the Itiiard cif
Kdncatiiin, will bu opened nn Mcinday, ^Lly 16, i84.>, ii\ the I'irst
and Sixth Vv'ards. Miss Sarah M. Standisli in ehar>;c' .if SIniIi
Ward School, .Miss Diantha llmvland of Kirsi Ward. The
schools will be free to all children within the res|)ective w.ird-.
Apiilicutions for admission may be made to the nndersiHned.
Jrsris LscKksiirr.,
Wll.i.I \M 1' A rriiKsuN,
\V. K. SoiAK.Ns.
The followiiiir aildilional notice appeared sotjn
afterwards :
Notice is hereby jjiven that Primary Schools inider the Hoard
of Kducalion of the City of Detroit will be opened .Monday, May
2j, iS-tJ, in the Second, Third, and l-'uurth Wards. .\ school in
the I'ifth Ward will be opened as soon as a suitable room can be
obtained.
John S. .ViiiuiEi', .S'<v'_c
The members of the board were eneriretic, and
on November i middle schools were opened with
five hundred scholars, and jirovitled with male
teachers, who were paid $3" per month; the lady
teachers for primaries were paid .$i8 per month.
The results of the first year's efforts are indicated
in the followinir extract from an editorial in The
Detroit Clazette :
11(1 \M) III-- KdI'i \rioN AMI Dl:ll<o|l Si llool.s.
Thisboaid H.is estublislied by a l.iw ol i hi! last M'wtion of the
Le>{islatnre, and, as nstuil with most (e.iinriH of l,e>{i.'<lation |or
the pnbllc K'><>'li >net with opposition, 'llu- excellent i lioice made
by oiir citi/iiis, howevir, of Inspi c torn, iiiid the l)old and lU cisiM-
measures adopted by them, on their first orKani/ation, had the
elfict to m. ike till' opposition to ihi^ proposed system fidler and
hisitalein tin ir moviinents. The Primary schools wee open for
si. \ month sin till' si.n sever.d wards for the younger class of scholars,
and the immediate tonseipieilce was the cliariu),' of our avenues,
streets and lanes of ra>;K'e(l, tillhy chlldnii, eimaK'cil iti every
species of mischiel, and j;rowinj^ up the pupils of depravity and
crime. The second view prisented tliu same children cleanly
clad, inmates of school rooms, and the tliiril I'.xhibitcd tluniin
connection with children of what is termed the bitter classes of
society, contending for superiority, and liimlly the schools for the
summer closed with universal siilisfaction. I'he middle orwinter
schools are now in successful operation.
There are si.\ of these est.iblishmcnts one in I'ai h ward pro-
videil with excellent leaclu-rs, comfortable rooms, and every tlnn,<
a p.irent can desire, and all free.
On May 12, 18.^2, the board atlopicd the follow-
ini; list of books to be used in the primary schools :
Webster's S|)elliin^ Hook, Sander's Series of Reatl-
ers, Parley's l'"irst Hook of History, Davics' .\riili-
metic. and Smith's (ieov;raphy and (".r.immar.
in the miildlc schools the following were used :
Ha/en's Dcliner, Daboll's and .\dams' .\rilhmctics,
I'arley's Common School History, Colburn's .Alge-
bra, The 1-jiglish Reader, Olmste.id's I'hilosophy.
Hale's I'nited States History, and Iloskins' .\stron-
omy. Instruction was also gi\en in l'"rench and
Latin to those desiring to piu'sue these stcdies. In
1843 lirown's drammar was substitutetl forSmith's.
On May 6, 1844. the "text-book war" w.is inau-
gurated by Mr. Ilulbert, who offered a resoliuion
prosiding that either the Douay or I'rotestant liiblc.
without note or comment, might bi: introduced into
the schools, and I'lassed as ;i book authorized for
use in said schools, proviiled that no coercion should
be used on the part of teachers to seciu'e the stuily
or reading by scholars whose jiareiits objected. I'p
to this time the ISible h.id been excluded from the
schools, and the i)roposition of Mr. ilulbert excited
a storm of opposition from both parties, as neither
Catholics nor I'rolestants were willing to have the
two versions placetl on an eiiual footing.
On June 13, 1844, a numerously signed ])ctition,
asking for the introduction of the I-'.nglish version
into the schools, was referred to the Committee on
.School Hooks and 'I'eachers, which then consisteil of
Messrs. S. 15arstow. I'.lisha 'I'aylor, and John I'"armer.
On December 2, the committee submitted two very
lengthy reports, the majority report, signetl by
.Messrs. Barstow and Taylor, accompanied with the
following re.solutions :
/i!i-S(>/7'i(/, that it is not expedient to Krant the prayer of the
petitioners, by which tluy denumd the adoption of the Protes-
tant version of the liible only, to the exclusion of the Catholic,
to be used in the schools under the direction of this board.
Risotvedy that it is not expedient to introduce any alteration in
I MOi'l,-..
>l mnsiull of 111!'
f l.ini^lalinll I.. I
llinl iliiMii- iiiaili
linlll aiul llcl isivi'
li/atlmi, Um\ llii.'
yulciii (all! r aiul
luU wti; o|nii fur
rclaHitiif scliulurs,
; uf (iiir avcnm-!-,
•iiKa«iil ill '■^■•'■y
,,i cU|iraviiy ami
cliiUlriii lUaiily
xhiljiuil lli'i" ill
■ 111 llrr <la>srs c'l'
llu- M liiiiils fur llu;
c iiiiiUlU' iii-wiiili-i-
1 lai h ward |iii'-
is, ami ivc ly llnni;
Ull tlu' folUlW-
iniary schools :
cries of Keail-
Davics' Ariili-
'.rammar.
iniif were iiscil :
is' AritliiiK'tirs,
Jolbiirirs Algie-
rs rhiloso|iliy,
loskins' Asiroii-
iii I'lvnili ami
•sc sti'ilics. In
iti-d for Smith's.
war " was inaii-
■f(l a ri'soluiion
'roicslanl Hiblt-,
iiitroduccii into
autliorizcd for
idLTiioiishoukl
■cure llic stiuly
s objected. I'p
Liiled from tlic
llull)ert excited
rlics, as iieitlier
iiii; to have the
iiii^.
sii;iie<.l petition,
av^lish version
Conmiittee on
hen consisted of
ud John l"armer.
imitted two very
)rt, sii^ned by
ipanicd with the
t the prayur of the
Dliun of the Protes-
i,n of Ihi: Catholic,
of this board,
iicc any alteration in
THE nOARn OF IDIICATION.
741
iiursi liool sysliiu dnrinn ihr |)rcsiMit wlinol yrar.aiid that wliatrvcr
iiljiiii may he had should havr rcfcn m 0 to, and lakr rlfiit only
I'M till.' I'oniniriiccniriit of ,1 jicw m lincil yiar.
Tlie minority report of Mr. I''armer w.'is siipplc-
meiited with tiie foliowinij resolution:
Ui'st'/i'tif, ih.il llw nihil', without notr or coinmcnt, shall horc-
aflur fonstitiili' our of the hookt whii h may I"" iisi d in our puh-
lic srhoiils, as ociasinn rr(|itin-s, l»y rhildrrn whose parents miuirr
it, tvilhont cvplanalioii vrrhal or wrilirn, hiif shall not liiTiqiiiriil
to 111' 'isi'd hy ( liildri'ii of Riuli paren' ■ or >;'iardians lis ulijrct
lIuTi'to.
Hoth of the ri'iinrts were ordered |-)rinted, jiro-
vided it could be done without cost to tlu' bo.ard,
;iiid scvir.il ihoiis.and copies were sonn issued in
p.iniphlet form, ;ind v;Teatly increased the interest in
the <|uestion. Neither of the re|i()rts, however, w;is
ado|itcd. ^Te.-llUime se\-er;il te.iehers commenced
rcatHiii^ tlie liible at the opeiiiui;- and closini^df their
srhoiils, ,'ind a m.iidi'ity of tlu' board sanetioiied
their action. Matters rem.iined in this unsettled
Nt.ite until I'"el)ru,iry 3, 1.S45. when the boanl .adopted
the followino' resolutions, and ortlercd them |)ul)-
lished in the d.iily p.iiiers :
/u'.Wr'i'</, th.'it tlirri' is nothini; in the rnli's or liy-laws at .ill
lonllictinx willi 111!' riL;lit of any tiarhrr in the cmploymi'nt of
lliis I'.u.ird opening' his or her sihonl hy re.idini;, without note or
iiirnntent, from any version of the I'.ilile they may choose, either
(.'atliolic or I'rolestant,
A'r,wi/r','f/, tli.-it the teaeherwho shall in any way note, comment,
or retnark, in his or her sihool, tipon .'i passai.,'e of Seriptnre read
theri'ln,or othir pass.ij;e of Scripture, shall he ri'inoved from his
or Iter school itpon the pioof lieiiit,' m.-ide to the rommitte of his
or her school ; the decision of said Miinmiltee, howevi'r, liiini;
siihjeet to the action of the Hoard.
Tliesc resolutions have ijovcrned the action of the
teachers since that date, and at the discretion of the
teachers both readiiiij the .Scripture and prayer m.iy
form p.irt of the opening; exercises, l)ut in .a majority
of cases these exercises are omitted.
On May i, 1S45, Root's .Series of Writing;- IJooks
was adopted, and on July 1 5 Mitcliell's Outline Maps
were ordered for the .schools. On November 25 of
the same year iMcC.uffey's I'clectic Series of Readers
was introduced in place of .Sanders'. The Second
Series of Ray's Arithmetics were adopted on the
same date.
On M.arch 12, i(S46, it was voted to tyrant leave
'"to Mr. I'atcher, who is interested in the ]iublit ation
of school books, to present to the board such re-
marks as he should deem exiiedicnt touchini.:^ his
own publications." His adilress was presumably
convincing, for on March 30 the board voted to use
iSlois' Ancient Hi.story antl Town's Intellectual Al-
.L;cbra.
The ne.xt year another book agent must have ap-
peared, for on July 9, 1847, Town's Speller was
adopted in place of all others. On December 9 the
Child's P'irst Hook of Dr.iwing w.is jipproved .and
adopted, .and one week later the bo.ard resolved to
nwipenite with .my i iti/eiis who wished to intro-
duce music into the .school without cost. At
ll'.e s.ame meeting Winchester's liookkeeping was
adopted, , and it w.is resolved th.it Wilson's I'nited
St.ites History should suiierscde ll.ile's. On .\pril
7, 1.S4.S, it w.is voted to use 'I'hompson's .\rilhmetic
in pl.ice of .all others.
C'olburn's Ment.il .Arithmetic, D.avies' .\lgebra
and Cieometry. Porter's Rhetorical Ke.ider. Wiil.ird's
.School History. I'lobbins' Outlines of History. Mc-
Intyre's Astronomy, W.atts on the Mind, .and I'ar-
ker's Philosophy were ;ill in use in 1S50.
Wells' ("ir.imiu.ir w.is in use for ,1 short time prior
to I1S51, and in th.it ye.ir was su|)erseded by (ireen's
I'irst F.essons. ( )P>rien's Cieoiuelric.il .An.alysis w.as
.adojited on November S, 1X51. Mayhew's llook-
kt'cping w.is ;i(lo|)ted on J.inu.ary 9, 1.S52, .and on
Seinember 16 it w.as .agreed to supersede 'I'homp-
son's Arithmetic by Robinson's. Smith's (ieo-
gr.aphies were adopted in place of Mitchell's on
Janu.ary 24. 1854.
Welch's English Sentences w.as .adopted .\|iril 26,
1855. and on May 30. 1855, it w.as voted th.ii Shma-
lelf's (lovenunent.al Instriictor should be introduced
into the Union .School by tlu; |)iiniipal teachers.
Cornell's Cicogniphies .and W.arren's i'hysical
Cieogr.aiihy were introduced by vote of .September
18, 1856. Cutler's Physiology w.as in use this same
year. On December 31. 1859, Creenle.if's Arithme-
tic was substituted for Robinson's. In 1861 Loomis'
Algebr.a was substituted for Davies' Piourdon, and
Frie/e's X'irgil .and i'"asquelle's First i.e sons in
I'rcnch were introduced. On May 27. 1862, Robin-
son's Pr.actic.al .Arithmetic w.as reinstated in plate of
Cireenleaf's. .and Robinson's Algebr.a .also ititro-
du'-ed.
On .April 3, 1863, .Sanders' Speller was adtipted
to supersede Hazen's, and on April 9, 18^)5, Mc-
(iuffey's Readers took the pl.ace of the Progressive
Readers. ()uackenbos's History was adopted .at
the same time. On April 6, 1866, it was agreed to
use Ray's Algebra. On November 9. 1868, the
entire series of .Stodd.ard's Arithmetics were .adopted,
and on December 6, 1869, it w.as .agreed to intro-
duce the H.artholomew Drawing Cards, Webb's
Word Method, and Townsend's Civil (iovernment.
On September 2. 1S72, the I'rimary and .Second
and Third Music Readers were adopted in place of
the Song Oarden. Payson, Dtmton & Company's
Copy Books were adopted November 11, 1872, and
I.ossing's Primary United .St.ates History and the
first four books of the Independent Series of Read-
ers in place of McGuffey's on September i, 1873.
The Weaker Smith Drawing Cards were substituted
for the Bartholomew Scries on October 6, 1873.
^^m
7\^
I 111. liuAkl) 1)1 I. DURATION.
Suiiiiuirs Witnl I'rimiT .iiul l.;mnii.i;^i' l.cssdiis,
IJiKikir's llnnk iif \aiuii, ami < >iir Wmltl (imi;-
r;i|)hy wi'ic adiipii <l Aiiv;iisi j<i. 1.S75.
Ill Man li, 1X75, a lfiiy;iiiy ami |)( rsislcnt cllnrt
was iiiadr In scciiic ilic icac limi; nf ( icniiaii and
I'Vcmii ill ilic schiinls, Imi ihr cllnii was iiiisiic-
fcssfiil.
Alliens C'ili/.cn's Manual and I'lainrs's llcicf llis-
tory were intnidintd jiy vdtc nf ,\|iiil 1 (, iSjCi.
I'alliison's S|)(llir lonk the plaii' nf Sandiis' cm
M ', I „', 1S71;, Till' l''isli-|\n|)ins(iii Ariilnmiir was
adnpiid May it), iiScSo, ami ilic Harlli'iloimu' |)ia\\-
iiii; Sirii's rcinslalcd mi July J.!, iSSo, ( )ii Marcii
9, iSS.!, llic llailii(il(iiiic\\ Scili's was attain dis-
plai'i'd, and iln Waller Smith I'moks sniisiiiiiicd.
Sill's I'luii'ai I issiins in I'.iiyjlisli was ad'ipicd
A .y;iisl II, il';;i. Swiniiin's ('nm|)nsiii(>ii fnr liic
lli,i;li SiIkkiI, (i;i May j (, iSS.!. ( )n Ani;usl 11,
l.SiSj, Avi'i'y's Nainial riiiliisii|)liy was siii)siiiiiicd
for Niirtdn's, and al the same time I liilt liinsnn's
l'liysi()|()y;y was iniiddmcd in llif lli>;ii Sclionl
<'()iirsi', ( )n /Niii^nsi 10, iSS.;, Kcllni^ij's klulorii'
was siihslitnlcd fnr liaii's, .uid Andirsnii's llisinry
fnr Swinlnn's in liu- llii;li Sclmnl 1 niiisc, and nii
y\iij4Mst J4 'riiallifiincr's llislniy nf ilir Inilcd
Stall's and Macallistcr's /nnlnv;y were adnpicd for
lIlc lli^ll Scllnni cnnisc. ( )n Nnvcmhcr I). iSSj,
/\p|)li'lnn's St.andard and I li,i;iur ( lcni;rapiii(S were
adnpU'd in |)lac(' nf tlnriuH's. ( )ii January -'5, iSS],
McNah's linlaiiy was adnjilrd as a Icxl-bnnk fnr the
iiinh Sfhnnl. On June jS. I'SS^, I'.llswnrth's Wril-
iiii; i'xinks were adnplcd in plai r nf I'aysnn, Duiilnii,
\ Scribncr's, and im ;\u,i;usl J^ fnllnwin>; the lasl-
naiiu'd scrii's was ,iv;ain adnplcd. < )n this dale also
till' iisi" of OiirW'niid ( ii'ni;raphy was discnntiniicd.
'I'lu' i''irst and St'cnmi Kcadcrs nf li.irms' New
National Series were adnplcd in place of ihc I'irst
and Secniid Imicpcmlcnl Scries nil ()cinl)cr 25,
iHS^
The fnllnwint;' iinnks were adni)te<l fnr the lli>;h
SelinnI nil January 2.[. 1 .S1S4 ; I^'airhank's (.^ninincr-
I'ial Arithmclic, Clark's Coininereial Law, rnwii-
scnd's Civil ( 'invernmeiil, llnuslnn's Idcmenl.iry I'hi-
losnpiiy, and (laic's l''.k'mciils nf I'hysies. li.iincs'
'I'liird Ueadi'r was .idnplcd in ))lace of the Indc-
pfiuleiU Reader nil Man ii 13. i.S,S4.
In addition to tlu' al)n\-e bonks, various Siiellin.^
IJIanks, 'I'ablets, and nllier sclmnl rc(iuisiies ;ire
used, bill iheir use is saneliniicd bv eniistnt r.itiier
than by rule nf the bo.ird. On an order frniii ,111
iiisi)ectnr to the secretary, books are lo.ancd to poor
children who ,irc unable in pmcnrc them. The
l)ooks used in the Litter p.irt of 1.S83 were: In I'ri-
mary and C'.niminar .Schools, New Natioii.il Mrst
and Second Readers, Independent 'i'hird and l'"ourlh
Readers; I''ish's I'MisI Hook, .ind C'oniiilcte Arith-
metic; I'ayson, Uunlon, <!v Scribncr's Copy Hooks;
I'allerson's Common Sclmnl Speller; W'aliir Smiiirs
hrawinv; llnnks; Appletnii's ( lenj^r.iphics ; I looker's
Hook of Nature, llinc p.irls; Sill's I'l.nlic.il I .es-
sons in I'.iivjlish ; ll.iiiies' Hrief History; McOiilfey's
Sixth Reader; /Mdeii's C'ili/eiis' M.inii.il and liiler-
iiiediale Music Rc.idcr. In ihc lliv;li S( Imnl, fish's
Robinson's C'omplci,' ,\riihniciic ; Alden's ('iii/eiis'
•Manual; A\'eiy s N.iiur.il I'liilnsophv ; W'nnd's ob-
icet l.essniis in lini.inv; I inlt hiiisons riiysin|<H;y ;
Wayl.ind's Inlcll'. dual I'hilnsnphy; Sh.iw's llislnry
nf I'Jii^lish I.iler.iiiire; Kelloni^'s Rheloric ; .Smilh's
llislorv of ( irecce (sni.iller ediliniii; I .cij.;lilnn's
llislnrv nf Rome; /Xlidersnll's Selinnl llislnry of
lai^Lind; .Xvcry's ('hemistry ; Oincy's ('oni|)leie
.Sclmnl Alv;ebr.t; < )llicy's I'.leinenis nf ( ienmelry ;
Junes' l''irsi Lessons in Latin; Jniies' l.iiin I'rose
L'nmpnsiiinii ; il.iikiicss' L.itiii ( ir.unm.ir ; ll.irk-
ness' Ccs.ir; ll.irkiiess' t'lccin; j'rie/c's .laicid;
iinise's first I.essnns in ( Ireck ; Jnlies' ( Ircek
I'rnse C'nllipnsilinll ; I l,ldle\'s ( lleck ( ir.niim.ir ;
Hnisc's /\ii.il).isis ; .Aim's lleiin's ( icrin.in Scries;
Willi, nil Till; l.essiiiiui's .\liiiii;i\'nii ; ri.irnihelm
( W'liiliieyi ; Olio's Lremii < 'ir.amm.ir; 1 Mto's Lrcnch
Reader; ('h.irdcn.irs Lii luh Lxcrciscs, .md .Soii-
vestrc's " I'hilosophie sous les 'rniis."
.As ;il lirst esl.iblished, no Imv n\'er civjlit nr v;irl
n\'cr iwcKc w,is .idmitied In the I 'rimary Schools,
,iiid no bns' under eiv;lit nr y,'\r\ under twelve was
admil'ed In the Middle Schools. In hSy) the lin.ird
decided In .idmil eiilicr linvs nr t;irls between the
ai^CS nl ten .111(1 scsentcen In the Middle Selmols,
In the I'liiiLirv I >ep.irlnieiils children four ,nid live
ye.iis nld were .idiniitcd iinlil Seplcmber \. iSdd,
when the bn.ird decided lint In ;iiliiiit .any child
under six \e,irs<if ,ii;e. .A kiiideri;,irten dei)artiiieiit
for yoiini^cr children w.is opened in tlu' Lverett
.School in i'^7.i, but .after .a few iimnlhs it w.is dis-
eniltinued.
I)urinv; iSS:;, in, -1(1(1111011 to llie children of resi-
dents, ihcre were one hundred .ind lifiy-iwo nnii-
rcsideiit pii|>ils. These .are admilled on p.aynuait of
twelve doll.ars ,1 yc.ir in the ( "ir.amm.ir .Schools and
twenty-four in the lli.^h School.
C'cri.ain limits are lixed for each school district,
' 'itliin which ,ill scholars of th.it .school .are supposed
to reside. 'I'hc bound.arics of school districts ('h.aiii;e
.'IS new schools ;irc opened, or as the pn|)iil;itinn in
;iiiy Ine.ality iiicre.isi's.
Since 1X75 one or more evi'iiini;' schools li.ixe
been m.iinl.iined e.icli uiiiter for the .accommoda-
tion of children or youth who are iinaiile to .itti'iid
.school durinv;- the d.ay.
The statistics show that the percentage nf schol-
ars enrolled. ,iiid .also of llu' aver.ayt' .atleiidance .as
comp.ared with the tol.il number of children in the
city, w.as six per ( eni less in 1870, and iScSoth.an in
iiS5oor i860. A comparison for the same periods
I III r.< >\\<\ 1 Ml I !)!( \ I K )\.
743
A'.ilii I' Sniilli's
Ill's; linnkil's
riaili<;il l.i'S-
y ; Mr( llllfcy's
ii.il ,iml InliT-
Sillnnl, lish's
Men's ('ili/ciis'
; Wnnil's • (Il-
l's rlivsinliii;v ;
Sli.iw's llislDiy
c'i(iri<' ; Smith's
111; l.fi^htdn's
II ml Hist my i'(
U'V's I'limiilrti'
of ( iriillirtl y ;
cs' l.;itiii I'msf
iinmar; llark-
ric/c's .I'.iu-id;
|iill(s' ( ill rk
•I'k (iiammaf;
'.i|-maii Si lirs;
III ; rianiiliilm
; ( )lti>'s I'lriuh
iscs, anil Sdii-
^iT I'ijijlil or i;iil
'limaiy ScIkkiIs,
iilrr twiUi- was
1S51) the liiiafd
rls briwccn tlw
Miiiillr Sriinnls.
II fniir and livf
ilrmluT }. lSf)f).
iilniit any rliild
rliii dii)artMU'nl
ill ihc l''.vcri-tt
iiitlis il was dis-
lildfcn nf irsi-
I lifty-twn nmi-
1 1)11 paynu'iit ni
nar ScIkkiIs and
srhoni district,
in! arc suppiiscd
districts clian,i;c
he piipulation in
\\r schnnls have
U' accoinnioda-
nnablc to attend
cntaicc ()f sdiol-
;t' atti'n<lanc<' as
f children in tln'
ind iSSo than in
he same periods
as to the scaling capacity, in ■ oin|>arison wiili the
n>lal nnmlicr of childii n in ilic ciiy, shows .m ,i\ri-
;iV,'C dccic.ise nl civ;lll percent In niinilur of silliii'^^s
for each dccadt; of i.S;'<i.in(| iSMd, as coinp.iii d with
iS^D.ind l.Sfiii. 'I'lie ,11 iriidance of schnkus is ihcii -
fore propori innately helii r the kr-l two decides ili.m
in ihc two fonncr.
Ill iS^ii ihe ,ivcr,n;e ,iiiend.nicc sliiiwi d one hnn-
died and lllleen pupils to each ten her; ill I S^i 1
llieiewere hnl sixty to cn'li teacher; in i.S7i)llie
numlier averav;ed I'lfty-two, ,ind in i.SKn there were
linL foriy-si\ schn|,irs for e,ii h le.n her.
The growth in ycirls expense per c,i|)ii.i for en-
rolled schol.irs is .IS follows: in iSyi the cost was
Si.'"!''^ per schol.ir ; in iWiu, $^1.91 ; in 1.S71), $15,4::;
and in l-no, ^1 ^.<K),
The conifori and hcilih of the schol.irs is pm-
vided lor l'_\ havinijthe scats so ;irranv;cd ili.ii llie
li'dit f.ilis on the desks from the rear. In older to
|)ic\eiit the sjircid of conl.ivjions discises, pupils,
licfoic .admission, .are rei|niii(l to exhiliii a pli\si-
cian's certilic.ate of \;icciiialioii, ;ind .ill pupils from
houses infected hv sm.ill-pox ;ire exi hided until
thirlv d.t\'s .after rcniov.il lioin the limise, hy ihe
I'lO.-ird of llcallh, of the sm.ill-pox sli.;ii,il. I'lipils
coming; from houses where the scirlel fever exisis
.are exchidcd nnlil twenty days .after the reiiio\,i| nf
the pl.ic.iid, and for ten d.iys from houses where the
diphlheri.i exists; .and in the case of mumps,
wlioiipiiii^-c()n;;li, ,aiid cliii ken-iiox. schol.irs .are ex-
cluded nnlil the |),itieul h.is coinplclcly recovered;
in the c.isc of measles lllllil the reco\erv of llie
p.iiieiil, .and the pal iiiil nnlil I en d.ivs after rccn\-erv.
The .seliool census, or ellllllier.alion of scliiml-
childrcii in the city belwecii the av;es of ti\e .and
Iweiilv, .and .also tin ise not .iilcndinj^' .any schnnl, is
t.ikeii dnriiin' tlu; month of Sepli'iiihcr by pcisons
.ippoinled by the president of the bo.ard. ruder. a
law apiiroved M.ay ',1, l.S.S^, all children between
eii;lil and fourteen are rei|uiieil lo attend school at
Icisl four months in a year, and .all persons are for-
bidden to I'liipioy any child under fonrteeii jears of
aj^c, who li.as imt .atlcndcd school .at least four
months diirinvf tlu; yc.ir luxl iiieccdiniL; the month
of their proposed employmiiil. Tin; s.ame l.iw .also
provided th.al speci.il uni;r.a(led schools mii^hl be es-
t.ablislu'd for children whose h.ibils or mor.ils ni.ake
them undesir.able | in pi Is in the public sclmols. ruder
ihis Law .a school of this class w.as opened by tlu;
bo.ard in .1 buildiui; on State Stro(;t, lU'.ar W.ishiiiv;-
lon Aveiuic, cm Octobers, 1883, with M.J. Whitney
.as the teaelier.
At first there w.as but two j^rades of piiblio
schools, n.iinely, Trimary and Middle, -six of each.
On April 22, 1844, afier an elaborate report from a
speci.al committee of .vliich S.amuel li.irstow w.as
chainnan, it was dcciiled to have six J'rimaryand
only three Middle .Schools, On April ifi, 1845,11
w.is decided to incre.ise the number of j'l im.iries
toe|M|ii. Ill 1 848 ilicie were ihiriccu I'rim.iiA ,iiid
lolij- Middle Si hools. In 1 841; the I llloll .System,
or llie v;,iilicriiii; of both I'rim.arv and Middle
Si liuols lllliler one loiif, w.ls ,ido|)tcil. The ( .i|)llo|
School W.IS the liist of this kind, lint little uni-
forinii V 'xisii d ill the coiiise nf stndv nnlil ,\uv;n't
f \. l8y8; .1 system then piesenlcd by I ). riilliuile
i>ulliild provided for the rcv;nl.ir pro;;iession of
pupils nf like v;r.liles ill .ill the schools. 'I'lic plan
met with f,l\'or. .ilid .ill the pupils wile cl.asslticd
into prim.'i'y, sccoud.irv, junior, and senior nr.idcs.
After the (st.iblisliiiieiit of the lliv;h School, th.it
bei .Ulie the liflli i;r.lile. To complete tlu' coins 'f
study reiiuircd two years in e.ich of the lirst three
j.,u;idcs, ,ini| ihrie years each in tiie senior and lii^;h-
si hiiol i^r.ides.
In 1874 ;i system of cl.issillcation w.as established
di\iilill'.^ the schnnls ililn three de|i.irt nieiits, vi/.,
I'limaiA, ( iiMiiiiii ir, .nid I li'^h Schnnls. The stinlies
in en h nf these (|c|i.irl incuts extend n\(r fmir yens,
.and t w Ive ye.ars ,ire rei|uireil tn cnmplele the entire
cniirse, the studies for each year cniistitntinv; .a
.ur.idc.
in 1848 the schnnls npcned ,it 7:41) A. M. .\bnllt
|8i^i) the time nf npellill^r W.IS cli.aiiv;<'d tn 8 \. M.
In i8fii)tliey bev;.in .at 8:45, ''""' since 187-' at 8:50
A. iM., ( losiiii( at 12:15. Afternoon sessions bei;in
at 1:50. .and close .at .[ I'. M. .Schonl sessiniis were
fniiiii riy held nil S.itiird.iy ninrniii,t;s, the time beini;
dc\nied to exercises in dccl.im.alion and composition,
but since M.ay 5, 1852, this moinin.if session has been
left .at the option of tlu; icachers.
The schools lirst opened were in session !)ul si.x
months, divided into two terms of tlinc months
cull with one week of \;ie.itioii inlerveninv;. < )n
/\piil 22, 1844, (he bo.ird decided to continue the
schonls thrnimh the ycir, dividiiu; the year into four
leiitis nf iweKi: wccks e.a<'li. I'i\e years l.atir, on
M.iii h :m , 1841;, it w.as resnhi d In li.avc but two
terms .1 ycir, niie tn bei;iu the lirsi Moiid.iy in .May,
.lud to eniitiiiiie t weiit y-t liici; Weeks, with ;i vacation
nf three weeks, bcj^imiiiii,^ tlie lirst Monday in
Aiix;iist. After the second term of twenty-three
weeks there was a v.acation of ei.nliL d.ays, eommeiic-
iui^.at riiristmas. On September i.jof the same
yc.ir it w.as decided to li.ave iliiee terms, the lirst to
coiiimeiice the second Moiukay after the third S.atiir-
d.iy in April, and to elo.se the fourth S.aturd.ay in
July ; the second to bi\i;in on the fifth Mond.ay after
the fourth S.aturday in July, aiul close the Last Salur-
d.iy bi'fore Christmas ; and tlu; third to betjin on
the hrsl Mond.ay after tlu; first day of J.anuary, and
to close tlu; third S.aturday in April.
On March 27, 1862, tlu; lio.ard resolved that tin-
spring- term should begin April 14, and continue
""'^"^^^
744
Tin: r.().\ki> oi' i.DrtAiioN.
clcwn weeks. On Dt'cember 30, 1864. tlic terms
were arranged as follows: Winter term to beifin
January 9, and close March 31. Siiriiiy; term to
i)c,tjiii April 10, and close June 31). l''all term to
betjin August 2S and iiid December 1 5. In 1.S.S3
the terms bey;an the Inst weeks (.t l'"ebruary and
Se|)temi)er, each tc'iin continiiiiii^ for a period of
twenty weeks.
DiiriniLi' tiie tin' that tlic public sciiools have been
in operation a k"''''^ iuimi)cr of dilfcri'nt persons
have acted as ieai'her>. ami many of tiicm li\c in
the hearts and memorii's of their |)upils .as true
friends .and iu'l|)ers. The one longest in the employ
of the board, and, i)y re.isoii of iiis v;duai)Ie ser-
vices, tile most wortliy of lionor.ii)le mention, was
John F. Nichols. I'rom M.iy 1, 1848. to 1883, with
the exception of ,1 simple yi'.ir, he taut;ht continu-
ously in tile iHiblic schools of I)etr:)it. He died on
January 7, 1883. ills former impils honored his
memory by organiziiij,^ ,1 Nichols / lumni Associa-
tion.
The followiiitf re.solution, adopted by tiie bo.ird
on .\i)ril 26, 1849, will be 1 reminder to some of
his old pupils :
R'\<.nlTerf , lliat Mr. Nichols be empowered lo exercise siipervi-
sinii ,if l)i>tli tile midille and primary scliouls in llie l)iiildini,' nri
.Miami .Vvenue, in all in atii rs ol i lassilicalion and citerii.d dis-
cipline.
There can be no doubt tli.at the authority con-
ferred w.is made use ol. and not ,a few now liviu'^
have reason to remember the lon^^ Inii^^cr jiointinv,-- to
"that boy there." and the siibse(]ueiit interview in
the side room. "I'endcr" memories are conni'cted
with these interviews, but the tliscipline was usually
tempered with mercy.
On December 12, 1S39, the bo.ird provided th.it
the ti'.achers should meet in ;m upper room of the
C.ipitol ,it 2 I'. \I. on the lirst .S.iturd.iy of each
month for improvement and instruction. 'I'liese
meetings v>-ere tontinued until about 1868.
On .Auijjust 2o, i860, on motion of .Mr. Walker,
it was
Rcinhvi/. ihni u lie in fmnre a part of tlir poliey d this I'oard
that marriajje on llie p.irt of any fejnale te.ielier he ■ cpMv.tlent lo
her resi^;nation.
A more patriotic resolution was passed nn Xo-
Minber 13, 1862. It read as follows :
Resohni, ih.il l!ie Hoard of I'.dueal ion for the City of Detroit
will not employ any person .is leaeher, ollieer, or laborer who has
.isked ixemptioii from llie Draft on account of .any .illei;iane<' lo
.my fori'ii;ii powir, .irul nil siieli if any now in ihe employ of liiis
Hoard shall he dismissed from service, llie same to take effect
from the close of the pr'-^i lit tirm.
Principals of schools are paid from §850 to 1 1,500,
accordine^ to position , and ye.irs of service. I aider
te.achers are paid from ^^oo to $700, aceordin,;; to
the number of years they h.ave been employed in
city schools. A ir.iinin!^ .and |)ractiec cl.ass for te.ich-
I'rs wasest.ablisheil in 1882, and li.as bei'U jiroductive
of much bcnel'il. .\ te.achers' .association was also
i)rt;;mi/.ed in 1882.
'I'he lirst speci.il teacher employed w;is II. II.
I'hilbrick. I'or his service's ,as teacher of musie .-m
appropri.ition of lifteen doll.ars w.as m.uk: on .Sep-
tember 14, i84(;. ( )n December 28, iS5o,thesuni
of tweniy-lAe doll.irs w.as .approjjri.iled "to Charles
Hess, p.iy.able in June ncNt, in full for his services
as musie. il instruetor in Seventh W.ird I'nion ;ind
Ciiiilol Schools." In the followino' r'ebru.irv liflv
dollars w.is voted to be used for the s.ime jiurpose
;it the discretion of the eonunittee. I'"our yc.ars
Liter, on M.ireh hj. 1855, the bn,ir<l, more .appreei.a-
ti\'e or more jreneroiis, voted to " emplo\- ,a te.ieher
in music, provided th.at not mort: th.in three hundred
dollars be expended for any one yi.ir." rnderthis
resolution a Mr. Thompson si'rved for .a time, .and
w.as sueeeeiled by Professor T. M. Towiie, who
filled the olliee fi-om the sprin;.;- of 1839 to 1861.
On October 2, 1S71, the s.il.ary w.is r.iised from
§600 to §i.20i>, .and Professor S. .S. J.icksoii was.-iji-
poiiued te.ieher. (i'l .\uv;ust 9, 1875, the salary
was fixed ;it $1,000, .and Professor I-'-. C. (lorc was
appointed te.ieher, ,ind servi'd until hisde.ath in 1884.
.■\ special teacher of writing; w.is pro\ided in
1846. .and on .\uv,aist 10 Mr. Dixon was voted thirty
dollirs for his services in the Middk; .Schools. No
record li.as been found of other writimr teachers
until .\pril 4. 1870, when ,\. J. Newby w.as ap-
])oiiued te.ieher of penm.inship .at ,a s.ii.irv of §1,200
per ye.ir ; he continued until Dect:mber 1, 1877,
since which time no other h.is been .a|)pointed.
On November 25, 1879, Professor John N.atus
w.as .appointed teacher of dr.awinv^ ;it a s.alary of
Si.cxjo. His term ce.ascd in June, 1881, .and Miss
Minnie O'Connor succeeded him. On September 1,
18S2, she W.IS succeeded by Miss Myr.a .M. Jones.
A te.ieher of rcidinij w.is provided for, .and V.M.
W.irm.in .ippointed on June 24, 1880; he t.iu,^lit
until the summer of 1881, since which time no
special teacher of eloi ution h.is been emploved.
When the bo.ii-d commenced its work it was
compelled to use rented buildini^s, .and for ionij
pel lods of time the basements of churches and
other hired buildiiios served as school-rooms. In
1842 four buildings were rented .at .a cost of $ifio a
year; one of these w,is on the corner of Clinton
and ikiisli Streets, and .another on the northwest
corner of Jefferson .\venue and I-"irst Street. On
November 9. 1S42, the Council authorized the board
to fit up the old W.ashinirton Market, corner of L.arned
and W.iyne Streets, for school purposes. Seventy-
five dollirs were expended and a school was held in
the buikling until the middle of May, 1S47. From
rfj
Till'. HOARD ol' 1.1)1 CAl'loN.
•45
Ml fiiiploycil in
class for U'acli-
Kvu )in)(l active
ation was also
lmI was 11. II.
HT of music an
made: on Scp-
, 1S30, the sum
lC(1 "to (.'harlcs
for his stTvici's
anl rniiHi and
I'cbruary tifty
.■ sanu! purpose
I'our years
niort' apjirccia-
nploy a teaclier
1 three hundred
-." Under this
fur a time, and
. Towne, who
•159 to iS')i.
as raised from
[arkson wasaji-
>75, the salary
•". C. (lorc was
is death in iiS84.
IS pi'ovided in
k'as voted thirty
i Schools. Xo
ritinj^ teachers
ewhy was ap-
alary of §1,200
lemher 1, \Si~j,
ippointi'd.
r John X.atiis
at a salary of
iSSi, and Mi.ss
n Sep.tember i,
ra M. Jones.
1 for, and K.li.
So; he t;ui,y;ht
which lime no
t'mjiloyed.
s work it was
and for lony
churches and
ool-rooms. In
cost of $i6n a
ner of Clinton
the northwest
St Street. On
ri/.cd the hoard
)rn( rof !.;irne(l
|)ses. Seventy-
ool was held in
■. 1847. From
1844 to the fall of 1858 the old University buildini,'
ivas also used.
The only bnildiu'^ owned by the bo.nrd in 1S42
was located on l'"orl Street J';;ist,on the lot occuiiied
Ol.ll ShlCdSI) Wai;1i I'l l.l.ll ScMcini,.
ill 1883 by the Mverett School. The old buildiiv.^-
continued in use until 1869, wIumi it w.as so! 1 for
$39. The first sciiool-liouse built by the board was
erected in 1843, on West i'ark near ('.rand I\ivcr
Avenue, at a cost of 8540. It was removed in
.\u,i;;ust, 1855. U|i to 1847 the hoard owned but
three hoiisi's ; in that year tlu' old .St.ate Capitol w;is
vacated, and on M,iy lotlx' board appointi-d aeom-
iiiitteo to nii'iiiorialize thi' Common Council and
oht.'i'ii it for school |iurposes. Ac<()rdini;lv on July
9 Mr. iiishop prcsi'iited ;i memorial, which was
referred to ,1 committee. The committee could not
;i,i;ree th.at the city h.ad any ri,i;hts in the building;,
and it .seemed diKicuit to determine in whom the
title was vt:sted. On Xovember i, 1847, a com-
mittee of two was ap|)ointed by the board to (-oiifer
with the jjjoveriior, and if possible obt.ain jiossession.
V.irious consultations we're held, but no delinite
conclusion was reached, {''inally on J.uuiary 28,
1848, the board appointed a committee to obtain
possession of the biiildinvr, and on M.irch 1 5 follow-
ing^ 1). B. DuUield reported that the committee had
taken jiossessioii, and th.at he, as secretary of the
hoard, lii'ld the key. '{"here bein,n' some doubts as
10 whether the board h.id lej;;il possession, on .April
2^the president w;is directed to ,i.;et a le.ise from
the i^overnor. and to h.ivi'. the lease dniwn in such
ni.'umer as to avoid the recoi^nition by tiu! bo.ard of
any title in the State to s.iid buildini;.
.\fter duly consideriin,^ the subject it was decided
tiiat, inasmuch as the bo.ard w.as 'n ]ie;ice;ible pos-
'-cssion, a lease w.is unnecessary. On M.iy 1 the
'"'dcr to obt.iin ;i lease w.is rescinded, .and to this
'iiy the buildini; has remained in possession of the
hoard.
While the bo.ird were eiiy.i.^ed in this " Capitol
steal," they (granted the use of other buildini^s for
S.abb.ath-sehool jmriioses. The ciiv f;ithers con-
cludeil th.at the schools would m.ake ijood polliny^-
pl.aces for some of the wards, .and sonirht to jiro-
cure llu'in for the ]iurpose. 'i"he ho.ird, re.asoninv,''
th.at such use would coiillict with their use as
schools, .and connect them more intim.itcK' with
political m.ilters th.in w,is desir.ihle, on December
18, 1848, resolved •' not to .allow use of school-
houses or i^rounds for .iny other purposes th.in th.at
of Sabbath schools," and "the te.aehers of the bo.ard
were instructed to withhold the keys of their .si-ver.al
schools from the ollicers of the corpor.atioii desirini,'
to use the l)tiildini;s for ek'ctioii ]iurposes." Tin:
i,n%aiitinv;' of the Iniildini^s for Sund.ay-school use
ce.ased .about 1S65.
In 1857, by the addition of the Xinth .and 'i'l'iith
W.irds, till' ho.ird e.iine iiMo |)ossession of .a house
in the 'I'enth W'.ard, ,and of school-houses .and lots
on Trowhrid'.;!', Thompson, .and I.afont.iine Strei'ts.
The tirst Union S<-ho(il buildin;.; erected by the
bo.ard w.is the IJ.irstow ; it w.as ()|)eiH(i in M.iy,
1850, .and was the tirst buildiiii; supplied with p.Ueiit
se;its. w hi<h Were .idded ti\'e ye.ars .after the school
w;is o|iened. 'I'he ii;; ^tow w.as .also the lirst school
bnildin.y; desiijnated by the n.ime of an individu.al ;
it was n.amed in honor of .S.umui Harstow.in ac-
Thh IIarstow School.
cordance with a formal resolution offered Ijy Levi
])is!iop on ;\ii'j:ust 22, 1855.
'i"he Iloiiohton S( hool, ereeted at a cost of $7,500,
was the second Union School edifice built by the
^^
7K>
I 111. r.(» \isi» ()i i.Di ( ,\ rioN.
(■li.'innfd to 1 l(aiv;luiiii ill huiKir of l)(Mii;lass il()ii;;li
tDM, I he lirsi prcsiilcnl of llu: hoard
hoard, and was opciud in ihc fall nf i Ss ;, and it- sun; W'clisirr, afiir 1 lanic 1 \\'( hsUr ; Jnlm < )\\i'n,
!)iiilt in 1.S72. It was orii^inally c alKil ilic l.i-^lilh afirr Jdhii 1 >\\rii, r\ Male ri<-asiii( r ; Jolin Norvill,
Ward Srliiinl, hni on Man li v iSoo. the iiaiiu: was after Jnhii Norvdl, r\-l'niii(| Males seiiaior; l"w-
iiaiie, aflei" Michael I'iinane, ( \-i)n".ideiiL of liie
hoard ; Tiow-hiid-i-, aller ( harle-, ( . di 1 iw hrid-e, iL
hein;^ Ideated on a si reel fori neiiy 1 a lied hy his name ;
l-'arrand, afler I >. 1 >. I arraiid. a proiniiieiii physieian ;
Niellols, afli r |diin I'. NiehoU, ilie icacliir; Jnhn-
sioii, after lames johnsidii, fnrnirr sc hnolin peeinr;
Ua'^lev, after e\-( ■|i)vernor John J. Ha;.;! ■}■.
d'he hnildini^s are cared for hy janitors appointed
for iMih. I'drmeiiy the janiinr lived in the 1 1111 Id in;.;,
hnl nil .\uL;nsl 15, 1X77, the hoard decided ihat
thcie.ilt( I no j.initor shdiild he alldwed to li\c in ihe
ScIk dl i)mldlli;.;s. d'he p.iy imiums from $(<) to$loo
pi-r monlh, and the amoiini |)aid out foi' their sei-
vii'es is ahoiil $1 j.oih) jier year.
Till'. I lori.M ION Scilni)!..
Other schools lia\e hicn n.iincd as fnllows : the
l?ishoii, after i.evi l'iislio]i. one of the presidents of
the hoard; C.iss, .illcr Lewis t'.iss, who i^ave the
i;roiind ; I'i'.inkliii, ;ifter r.eiijaniin l''i .inkliii ; Hiif-
field, .liter I >. I'l. |)illlield, .ill e\-pre'.idelil ni the
hoard; Irviiiv;, afler \\',ishiiii;ion living; d'.ipp.ui.
after lleiirv I', lappan, e\-prcsideiit of the I'ni-
VtTsily; Ia'cicII, after lion. I'.dward I'vcrclt ; \\ il-
kitis, .iftcr Willi.iin I ). W'ilkiiis, c.\-|)resident ol the
hoard; \V.ishinv;ton, after the hero of the cherrv-
'riii': ) M Ksos S( llniil,.
In iXCi^, owiiiv;' to l.ick of school accomiiiodations,
it was resoKcd to trvtlie h,ilf-(l.i\- pl.in. It w.as iint
into siiccessfnl oiM'ralion in ci!L;lit I'rimarv Schools,
and on Scpteiiilier ^, \H(\('), the snperiiitcndeni w.is
autliori/ed to dr;.;,iiii/e c\er\' rrim.irv SchodI on ties
|il,in, which W.IS put into oper.itioii the sanu' ye.ir
in fourteen rrimaries, ,and some schools have hi'i'ii
condiicieil in this wa\' ncarlv cx-erv \ear.
I'"ollowini; is ,1 list of liiiildiiii;s owned by llie.
board :
Hars'.ow : I ..iriicd, bet ween Uiopclle .and Rnssi'il
tree; i'itclier. after Or. /ina Pitelier, an activi; Streets, three-story brick, with b.isement ; built
worker in the orv^.ini/.ition of the bo.ird ; Lincoln, 1S71.
.after .\brah.im Lincoln; leffersoii, .after d'hom.is Lisliop: M.iiidii, bclween I l,istiiiv;s .and rrosjiecl
JelTersoii; C'kiy. .ifier I leiiry flav : f.ampbell, ;ifler Streets, thtee-story brick, with basement; bnill.
Judge J. V. Cami)l)ell ; Jackson, afler .Andrew Jack- 1.S5.S-US81,
Tiric I'ai'I'an Scikxil.
mm
Tiir: i'.( )Aki) (iK i.Di (Ai i()\.
747
It r ; Jnlin ( )wi'H,
r; Jnliii NnrvtII,
fs siii.iinr ; I'ii'-
irc^iilciit of iiif
. 'in i\\ l)ri(l;^f, ii
lied li\- \\\^ ii.inir ;
niiiciil iiliysiii.iii ;
■ ir.nlui-; Jdlm-
mIk ml in [)i-i|iii';
r.;i:.;l'y.
inilciis ,i|ii>i>iiil(il
(1 ill ilic liinldin;.;.
lid (Icciiicii tli.il
^vcd til li\r in tin
fiiim !»;ici liiSioii
ml fur tiu-ir scr-
ficcominodalioiis,
\i\.[\\. Il was jMil
I'liinarv ScJidnlN.
pi'iinlcnilcnl was
ir\- Siliiiul on tlii'-
11 till' saiiK' yiai-
(111 II lis liavc Ik'Hi
yi'ar.
s (iwiH'd hy llu'
i|)cllr and Isiisscll
l>asciiu-iu ; biiili
iiv;s and I'rdspn i
last'MU'iil ; i)uili
Cass: (iiand Kixir /\ venue, hi'lweeii Seeniidand
ili;^ll Slreels, llilee-slniy liriik, willi baseineii! ;
liiiill I.SCi |,S,S.',
(lay: rilelirr, hrlwcen Cass and Second Sinels,
iwd-slory, frame ; Imill 1S7 ].
C'anipliill ; Si. .Aiiliin Avenue, n|i|)nsiie Wiihen 11,
i\\i)-slnry fr.ime ; Imili 1.S7 |.
Clinlim : Clininii, IhIwiiii KiissiII and Ui\aril
.Slreels, lW()-s|nry liriek, w il ll liaseinelil ; I'llill 1X7^,
Dllltield : ('lillldll A\enile. Ile.ir (luile, lliree-
slorv liriek, willl ll.isellleiil ; imill I.S'iCi.
I'A-erell : r'nrl, lu'lween ll.islini^s and Kiv.iid
Slreels, ihree-sliirv lirii k, wiili liaseineiil ; Imill
llMllklin: Se\cnlll, belween i.nensl ,-ind riiH"
Sirei-ls, l\\(i-slurv liiiek, \\illl liasemeiil ; Imill 1.SC15.
lim.ine: I'ml Slreel, lielweell Me|)imv;all ,111(1
I'.linwiiiid .\\-elllies, I w ii-sli)r\' Wiiiiil; hllill. iSS.!.
k'.irr.ind : ll.ii'per ,\\i'niii', nn suiiihwesi enrnerol
jiilin K. Siie( 1, i\\(i-si(iiy brick; Imill. iSS^ iiS.S.|.
'I'liK [mmn ( )\v1':n Sc ihHii..
ili';li: Cnrner St.-ile and ( irisw-nld Slreels, lu'w
ihri'e-sidry liciiise, willl b.iseiiiriii, Imill. 1S75, ( )|(i
i\\(i-sinry house, Imill iX.:,S.
iioiiijlilon : Ciirnerdf Sixlli .iiid .\liboll Slreels,
iliree-stors' briek, willi b.isenieiil under ball' ; Imill
lr\in:^: Willis .\\'eniie, bel w-eeii \V Iward ,ind
( ',iss, two-slory briek ; Imill icSSj.
Jellersoii : Corner M,iri,i ,iiid Cniwfoid Slreels.
iliree-slory briek, willi baseiiienl, buill 11X71.
Jackson: l.:irned, belween I)iil)ois ,ind Cliciu:
Slreels, two-story frame; used since 1X51;.
John ( )wen : Corner of 'I'hirieeiilh .and Mvrile
Slreels, two-s!or\- l>riek, willi basenieiil ; Imill 1N71).
Johnsbin: (lerinan Slreel, belween hiibois ,ind
' heiu; St reels, iwo-slory brick; l)uik 1X84.
I incoln : ( 'orner St. .\nloine ;iiid Kentiiekv Slreels,
Iwd-siorv Ir.ime : biiill 1M7.!.
.Mi.iini ,\\iiiiie: Mi.inii .\\eiiiie, leiwcen ( ir.ind
Kiscr and ( iralioi, oiie-slory brick ; bum 1X5'^.
Tiiic Ni( III II, s S( iii'i II,.
Norvell: t )n lierlin ,iiid .\riidi, ne.ir Mi 1 Jonv.il!
Avenue, two-story brick, with b.asemciil ; Imill 1X79.
Nichols; ( )n I'.lin, belween Se\enlh Slreel ;md
'rrumimll .\\i nil.', Iwo-si. nv Ir.inie ; Imill iJ-id.S i.SX^.
I'ilehir: ;iiilli\' Ml ,\\"n;!i, ir .,r \belii;^;in. lliiee-
slorv brick, with b,isenii-ni ; biiih 1S71,
'I'a|>|).iii : ( oriicr 'i'liirieenili .nid M,ir.iiilciie
Slreels. lh|-cc-s|oi\ liriek : hllill |,S^7.
'rrowiirid',;e : Se\-eniei'nlh .Slreel, near llow.ird,
lwo-st(ir\- biii k ; Imill 1 S57.
,.■.«■•.....■■ •:',!.,-/j- •'--.,:■,- ..•.-v«:..»-r' -tjrt^- ..■:.■.- — _jj;
'I'm! CAMi'iira.L S( iiiini,.
\\'.isIiin,;to!i : iic.uiliiiii ,Sircei, lietweeii Adams
A\enile ,111(1 JI.UMiet .Si reel . I hree-^loiv liri( k, willl
b.aseineiil ; biiih. i X7 1 .
Wilkins: I'orier, belween Second ;ind Third
.SirK'ls, three-story briik wiih b.isemenl; built lSCk/
748
Till". r.().\Ki> OF I'.nrcA I'lox.
W'c-hsliT : Twrius-lir'^t, hi iw rcn IlowMiil and
Mar(|iK'lU' Stri'ots, iwo-stnrv- l)ri('k, with hascnu'iit ;
l)iiill 1S74.
If?
mil
Mi a
'I"ni \\'ll.KI.\-; Si H.nil..
Bagli'v: Cnnii r l^'ourti'duh A\i-iiin> ami I'iiu-
Street, t\vi)-stnryl)!'ick; Iniilt 1XS4.
: (_'i)ni(r (if I'lHirtecnth ami 1 lanrock
Awiuies, oiu'-stcM-y frani"; built 18S4.
A siic f <r a building lias also hcvn purchasi'il on
the iiiirthwc -.t corner of Twelfth an;! I'righani
Streets.
IIic ouu.ido appearance is the same (if the ]-lver-
ett and Wilkin-; Sehodls, I'itelur and Jkirslow, Clay
Tim I.iNccji.:: S(.H(iol.
and Campbell, Washington and Jefferson. The
John Owen, John Xorvell, and Clinton-street schools
arc also alike.
After the romplction of the new Irving School
the old building was moved to the south side of E\m
Strt'it, lutwecn Seventh Strei't and ■j'rumbiill .\\(-
niie, .ind enl.irged from ;i four to .a six-room building.
Wluii iiurcli.ising the lot for tiie sclx ol the bo.ard
obtained ;i sm.ill tri.mgul.ir ]>iece of grotnid on the
opposite side of i'.lm Street, on which a work-sli,ip
and stori'-housc for their use has bci'ii erected.
'I'he llrst mention of a High School is foimd in
the |)roceedings of the Iio.ardof I'.dueaiion for April
22. I1S44, when .'i committee was a|ipointed to sub-
mit ;i plan for ;i liigh School, .and the i\egents ol
the riii\'ersilv pl.ieed the nld aeadenu' building, on
Hates Street, al the disposal of the board for ,'i
Classic.il School, tlu'y to h.iw the iiri\ilege of ap-
pointing the ti'.aclurs, .-uid the IxKiks ii-ed to he the
same as those used in the branch schools. The
board accepted the offer, and on .May 2, 1X44, ap-
'J'hF. FriVNKMN ScHdOI..
propriated :?I50 and fuel to the supjiort of a High
School to be kept in the second and third .stories of
the building. Not over twenty-five scholars were to
be admitted, and these were to be boys of eleven
years old and ujnvard who had attended public
school three months and passed an examination
before the Committee on Teachers. They were re-
quired to enter within the first two weeks of the
session.
Doubts being expressed as to the power of the
board to establish stich a .school, on May 13, 1844. a
committee rcjiorted that it had full power, and a
school was inaugurated. It continued only a short
time.
On January 20. 1855, an Act of the Legislature
gave inereascd facilities for maintaining a High
.School, but no action v>-as l.ikeii uncU'r the law until
February 20, 1856, when, on motion of Mr. Duffield,
I 'I'ruinbull .\\( -
ix-rodin building;,
st'luol llu' l)oaril
)f j^TOUlld oil tile
lich .1 work-sliop
rcn ertc-ti'd.
liool is found in
liH-.uion for April
|ilioiiUi'd to siih-
I till' i\t't;i'nts (if
cniv liiiildiii.u', on
tlu- l)iiard for ;i
]in\ilcii;i' of rip-
<s ii^cd to lie lllr
•ji srliools. 'I'll!
May 2, 1.S44, ap-
up]H)rt of a Hi]L;;li
1 third stories of
c srliolars were to
)e l)(iys of eleven
tttended puhlie
an exaniinatioii
Tlicy were re-
wo \vecl<s of till
the power of tlie
1 May 13, 1844, ,-1
power, and n
iiicd only a sliort
f the Le.i;isiatiiri
itaininij a Hi.uli
der tile l;iw until
1 of Mr. Dufliekl,
EIVMI
TilK HOARD ()!■' I'.DrCATIoX.
749
{■'(•hruary J5. 1N73. aCoinniiltee on Militai'\- Instruc-
tion was appointed, and for two years tin- Ixiys were
a coniniitlee was a])poinii'd to eonsidei- and I'cport
upon tlie e\pi'(liene\' of eslai)lisliini; snell a srlidul ;
III) deliniti: eonrlusions wei\' reached, and on A|)ril dail\' di-ilied. Ihery l)iiy in the siiiool was i'.\peetetl
.;, 1.S56, tile (|iiestioii was postponed for ;i )ear; in to belony; to llie eoiiipany, unless his parents ub-
1.S58 the i^oal was re;ielu'(!. .ind on Aumist.
;o tlie ilii;h School held its liisi session in
ihe upper sloi-y of the Mi.iini Avenue school
Iniiklin.i^'. it bej^an witli tweiily-three pupils,
.ill lioys.
in 1S59 a buildin.v: was erected for the
llii;h School on the ri'ar p.irt of the Miami
A\"eiuic lot, at a cost of S-.'-x'xJ. la.i;lity-ti\'e
jiiipils attended at the opeiiinj^ in the new
Iniildin;^- on January 16, iSdo, and ^irls for
the first time were then admiiteil.
in September, i<S'')3, the school was trans-
ferred to the second story of the Capitol
l)uildin,t;', aiul in l'"ebruary of this year the
I iti/.eiis contributed $1,000 for the purchase
(if philosophical and chemical apparatus.
In ic)66 French ;iiul (iermaii were inlro-
ducetl as studies. In 1.S75 a new buildim^
was crecli'd for the scIukiI in fi'out of the
(lid Capitol, and for the llist time the four
;^i'.'ides were aceomiiiod.aled under one
roof.
In June, 1.S71, the board a^reetl that a
(lipliim.i fivim the Ili.^h School should be
accepted as .1 certilicate of (lualirication to
t(.Mch, but four years Later tliis iinicticc was discon-
tinued. A L;re,itt'r honor w.is conferred upon the
school, on June 2j, iSjiJ, when the Keijents (jf the
Iniversity decided that students j^raduatiiiij from
the High School should be admitted to the I'niver-
sity on their tliploma, without examination.
I'm-: C.\^> b(.li(Hii-,
liM.Aia.iii).
I'lclieviin.;- that the military drill woukl be beiie-
\:c\:i\ to the boys, several i^c'ntlemen, in the f.all of
'■"^74, petitioned the Ciovernnu'nt, .and ,irms ;ind in-
structors were furnished from Fort W
On
Till; Ca.ss Seiiii(jL. (Original apiiiarance.)
jected, and nearly all in each i^rade became mem-
bers of the ili.^h School Cadets. The tlrst year all
were re<[uired to dress in a uniform which cost
eighteen dollars; but after tlie tir>t year this was
not insisted on. Two years later drills were had
daily for part of the time, ;ind then twice a week.
There w.as ;ilw;i\s consider.ibic: discussion .as
to the desirability of the jir.u tiie, and at the
close of the term in 187;') the urxani/cation was
tliscontinueil. In October, 18.S2, a (umpany
w.as est.ablished by the students themselves.
I'rofessor M, Chaiiey, the first principal of
the school, rem. lined until SeiHeniber, 1S71,
w hen he resiiLined to |L;ive his time to the Pub-
lic Library Ills successor, Professor 1. M.
WelliniL^ton, served until i.S.Si, and was fol-
lowed by I'rofessor I,. C. Hall. All the prin-
cipals h.ave been .aided by .1 Lariie corps of
.able assistants. Candidates for admission to
the Hi,iL',h School must be twelve ye.ars of aije
or over, and must pass .a s.atisfaclory examina-
tion in s[)elliivi;-, j^rammar, arithmetic, jreo-
^l•,al)hy, reading;-, Cnited States history and
i^meriiiiK'nt. Their .answers to exainiiiatioii
i|uestions are w ritten, e.i'ii student beinir desijfnated
bv a number attached to his answers. All .answers
are examined by .a uniform kev to the questions, and
each jiart of all i|uesli(ins submitted h.i^" it'^ definite
^^
750
Till". HOARD Ol" i:i)rC.\TI()X.
ti'rdil mark. VUc r.itc per ci'iil riiiilliiii; Id iJi'mno-
lidii lium (iiK' j;i;ul'' 1(1 aiinilur imiii^cs liom si\ty-livt'
to ^(.Aciily-liNL'. I he scluiiil lidLirs ail.: Iidiu <*^.jO
'Im; High Sciukil.
A. M. to 1.05 1'. M,, including an intcruiission of
trn uiiniili'S.
'I'lic nunihrr of pupils in the scvcial years since
iIk' Miiiiul iipfucil lias been:
lifly-se\en eolored t'jiijdren, i)ut no director was
api)ointed or funds appropriated foi' teachiui; the
cliildren, as tiie inspectors had no authority fcjr thus
()ri;ani/inv; a separate ilis-
trict. Thi' l,ev;islaliire.
on Marcii 27, 1.S41, re-
mcdii'd this iaci< of au-
tiionl}', and the same
year a siiiooj of seviiity
pupils was sustained for
four and a lialf niontlis.
On Marcii 23, i<S42.
tile Hoard of T'ducalioi;
opened a similar scliool
in the African M. 1'..
Church on {•"orL StiH'ct,
just west of Ileanhieii.
it I'oiuinued lu're ncarlv
ten years, and in i.S4''i
and 1.S47 was laiivjht hy
J. M. liidwii, who in iSSj
was a liislKip in the Af-
rican M. v.. t'hurch. In
leS5 I it was mo\ed tn the
Colored Episcopal
Church on tlie corner of
Coiii^ress and St. Antoine Streets, where fur se\-eral
years it was taught by Rev. W. C. Monroe.
In i860 a coloi-e(l scluiol, with a white teachci-,
was I'stablished on Fort Street just west of Si. An-
^■.,.r.
No. Pupils
\,:n.
No, Pupils.
1S58
^3
IS7I
281
1851;
^'3
1872
3^9
! 8C1O
M7
''V3
280
1861
114
1874
474
1862
1 1 1
1875
S^3
1 863
122
1876
932
1 804
1-5
1877
785
IS03
■33
1878
S64
1 866
144
1879
706
1867
172
1 880
So I
1 868
202
1881
773
1 869
^34
1882
759
1870
-93
IS83
743
An .\liniini Association was or-
j^^anized June 21, 1866, ami holds
.annual exert'ises on the eveniii;,^^ of
the d.iy that school closes for the
summer vacation. .\ll graduates
may become members. [Ik- an-
nual lines arc one dollar for t;einlc-
men, and I'lfty cents for ladies.
Coloftul Srhoolx.
The school inspectors of the city, in 1S30, ort,ran-
i/,ed School District No. 8, in which there were
Tin; UcFKiiiLu Slhuol.
toine ; mucli im|irovement was made in classifying;
the scholars here, and a lar!,.(er attendance was
secured.
Se|)aralc schools were maintained for the coloreil
Till". noAki) ()|- i;i)i;c.\'ii()\.
751
no (lirufUir wa;-
fi)i- tL-acliinn tilt
mlhdiiiy lor tliiis
inv; a si'paraU' ilis-
Thc- l.c'v;islaliiri\
ell 27, 1841, IV-
tliis lack of aii-
aiul IJK' saiiu-
sciiool of st-\i'ni\
\as suslaiiu-d for
i! a half moiillis.
March 23, 1.S42.
;ir1 of I'ducalioi!
a similar school
African M. !■:.
on l''ort Sircct.
.•St of liiMubicn,
nncii hen; ncarl\
irs, and in i.S4^
47 was tanijht l)y
rown, wiio in 1 ScSj
lisliop in the Al-
1. K. Chnrch. In
was nio\cd lo lllr
cil Episcopal
I on ihc coiner of
where for seveial
Monroe.
I a while teacher,
t west of St. An-
ade in classifyin.v;
attendance was
d for liic colored
1 hildren and tiiey were e.Ncluded from liie other
public schools nntil the passage of the Ceneral
.Schools Law in 1S67, i)niviilinn that all residents of
a school tlistrict were entitled to admission to the
school. The board claimed that this law did not
The l''i]i.N.\.M; Sciiooi .
apply to Detroit, but the colored i)eoi)le claimed
the rii.^ht of admission to the schools, and from time
to lime pelitioited for their riijhls, hut tlu' l)o;ird con-
liiiued lo refuse them. ( )n .\pi-il 15, 1.S67, City
Counsellor Willi. im Cir.ay decided ih.at the board
h.iil no rii^ht to refuse admission, nevertlu-less the
liii.ird persisted, and on Siplember 2, 1 cSC)7, .the col-
ored jieople ;i>;ain petitioned for their rights, and
c.illed .itteniion to ihe Act, and on December 16, a
cnnuniltee of the board I'eported in fasorol ri'sciiul-
in;.; thu resolution of exclusion. Their report was
Niiw Irving School.
referred hack to the committee, and this shuttle-
cock sort of proceedini; w.is continued for neariy
two years. The assist.mce of the courts was then
.sought to compel obedience to the law, and in iSCy
the .Supreme Court ilecided that, under the (Icneral
School Law of 1S67, the colori'd children hail a
riv;hi lo admission.
This settled the ([uesiion. The Hoard of Lduc.'i-
tion yiekleil to the pressure of circumstances, ;md
on October II, i.Sf)';, rescinded ihe resolution of
e.vclusion. Since th.il date <-o|ored children h.ave
bein admilted to ;ill the schools, but .it the re(|ucst
of m.iiu' colored citizens sep.irale sihools have bein
occasion.illy prosideil.
The following table !i;i\es a variety of \ali:able
facts relalis'e l(j the schools:
1842
1844
184 i
I«46
1847
1848
i84'y
ISS2
1X54
1S5S
1S57
1S38
IXW
186. 1
1S61
i8r.4
i8f.5
iSm'i
i8rv
1868
isr..,
1871)
1871
187.
187;
18-1
■ 875
1871-.
1S77
1878
187U
1880
.8S1
188.!
18S,
1,1. M
2, |.)i)
5, '.27
'■..*77
«.l. ;77
'7.'74
18,00.1
1.^,50.1
21,^)^0
2J,0(..
28,ai,8
*5.i,CX3<i
70,' KJ*.
80,34,,;
10.),2V'
1 32,7';..
i,il,8r«,i
I46,iij4
148,455
183,510
jj.S,f,.. ;
.■45,784
-80,477
;,•■ 1.7^3
4!'.)7-
5. .5,8 10
54^,410
57'i,4l'
735ii';-'
7 7 J, 04..
720,8.3
^M4.-75
747,fiiii
770.-S-1
77l.^'4i
.lil.i'i"
Q3".i|5ol
I
— "2
2,. 185
3,821
■t.<'3i)
(,822
5,846
r,,54,,
''.JO'.
I!i Iwcin
4 atui iS.
0,.,(.5
7^883
8,520
'h<fi)
9,01-2
10,502
12,688
1.1.138
13,208
14,1511
14,136
I 5..3')8
i<'N47.i
17. 3'" I
18, 7i...
21,742
22,810
liltHTCn
5 ami 2.1.
27.. .3.1
■..6,'.,i
28,77'.
;i..j.'6
.i3.77-
.!4.5')i
.^=•''7-'
■35.7 i')
.^^.9r>2
37/'84
3'l.4''V
+ i7.'i.'6
40,21.3
4 1,840
"=3
■ ..•4 5
1 , 1 1 -
1,1
2
4' 12
2
47"
2
,,,.,..
3
,821
4
,OUO
4,250
4,72.1
4,850
5,,»>.
5,OO.J
.S,5""
5.8«.
6,' KJ" 1
4,586
6,5.12
7.'-'4^
7,48'i
7..>vl
7,,,8(,
8,111
8.445
9.>i7
y.22i
J<7"i
1.1,717
1 1, s '
I i.Sliri
11,764
12,185
12,.j8'i
'J.7.W
14,1 Hi
13,2.,1
I3.-';'
>4.837
15,802
17,30)
'7.3'!-'
1.1,546
2
')V'
701
',159
81.1
«74
i,o6.>
».5JJ
1. 743
2,465
=.7.iy
^•.783
5,036
3.<'87'
3.3-8
3,82!
4,146
2,728
4.4'/'
4.^49 1
4.'-.(7 I
4.17.SI
4.'.'78 I
4.'i'.i"
6.157
6,1551
6,480
7.1^7
7..V'^
7...68 I
7.88 5
8,285
8,956
0.'!i,l4
.),fol
10,2. K(
I 1 ,46. 1
I 0,66 5
1 1 , • ■ 3
12,062 I
12,835
«3.3<r'
A
- I 3
X
4..385
4.971
5."4"
S.i?-!
5.1'"'
5.4-4
5.89"
6,059
6.954
,118
,5'i4
>517
,'71
.477
,l-J4
iCii
,')5t
.54'>
,1 1'l
.461
,2. .8
.'Mil
.2' '5
,502 I
$l,.).l ;
2,8.,..
4.3S6
4.4-.
4.1SI'
4.512
6,637
y.4'j
8,2.13
1 1 .983
12,129
14..W9
15.623
27.449
2i.i54
34.638
33.142
34.".5'i
48.72"
4<..M5
45,62..
.S3. 780
57."83
70.987
9'1.284
88,5.1-2
103,185
121.1.17
i'i3.5v'
177."""
l(.8,59l
1(5.537
154, .170
239,61,7
••i<,,ii7o (
213,214
1811,770
213.277!
•221.429
222,434
256,013
gOo,')l4 .
31
38
37
41
4-'
50
57
61
68
6.1
7-*
8..
83
8(1
116
3
12
■3
14
18
»9
85
•-•7
-'5
-9
29
37
4-'
44
4'>
5"
55
63
65
68
78
81
'H
127 ' 100
143' 112
170 i 131
177 1 i.i»
185
204
221
226
240
-47
249
26S
273
288
149
167
178
177
182
185
187
208
218
228
=34
* Till' laii;r iiuTia>L' ill valuation ovir tlio prtvious yiar w.is
chiully from a >;rLUtt;r valiii; put on the pnipfrty of Uic llo.;ril.
+ 'J'liis census or tlii; loriiicr ones must have been carelessly
taken.
The school census of 188-5 showed atol.il of 7,67 i
children .attendiiivr other than the public .schools,
10,051 at work, and 20,397 not in any school.
iV
/ ,"^-
Till: I'.OAKI) ol' I'.Dl (A ll(»\.
Si lll'ol ( >///', ,7V 1I//1/ Sil/iir/i'S.
I"liu (hill '..il.iiird (i||ii(|-i\ ihc .Sii|i('i ini( mlriii
of S(li(Hi|s. Tills (illii (I \\ ,is tiiM |)ii i\ iilcil |(ir hv
All tif J.iini.iiy ->>. iMi>5. and nii Apiil .\. |. I'.
Nil lidls was ilrrifd In the iMisillon willi .1 sal.irv nf
*v-.''-t7:— *.,.
Tim. Wi li-.riiK Sliiwi]
hllsillrss .iiM'nl fnllllr Im.ird. Tlic S.ll.llV WM'^ !{lf UK)
riiriilliirdi Sii|ni\ jsiir (if l\c|>,iii -I and riiiildiiiv;
silciii (led llial nl in(sscni;(r. ( ii'(ii\;i' Molllnir.
was a|>|iiiMiii (I III till |Misiiiiiii III April, iiS/^, wiili .1
s.ilary I'f !>>[ , j(H), and ( mil iiiiicd in oIIk c iinlil M.ij
111, i.S.Xi), wlirii he was siiiciTih (1
liy I .like C iiisslcv.
Uy .\il (if M,iii h :.)', I1S7 ;, ih,
liii,ii(l w .IS ,iiilliiiri/cd III a|i|i(iiiii ,1
s('( rrl,try .ind i^ciicral linsiiuss
;iil;i 111, ,ind mi i''cl)rii;iry I, 1X73,,!
sccrt'l.irv w,is .iiiiiniiilid w iili a ^.il
;ir\' I il >'.!,i II").
Till' |ii"i sidcnis I if I he 111 i.ii (I li.nc
Ikcii; |S.|.;, I )(i||;^I,iss 1 Imi^lllnll.
Mayiir; iS.(i, /iii.i I'lirlui , M.iynr,
1S44 i(S47, Jiiliii K. \\'illi,iiiis.
Mayiir ; iM.(7 i N^j, .S.iniiul |',.irs-
liiw ; 1 S3 J I 831;, 1 ,ivi 1 lislidp ;
iSv^ iSdi, I). 11. Diillicid ; i,S(,i.
\V. 1). Wilkins; iSh.- i.Sf,^, W. A.
Miimv ; iWiv C". I. W .ilkcr ; i.Sdf..
I'. 11. ll.uiwill; iN(i7. \\ . 1). \\ il-
kins ; l(S(i,S i,S7(), K. W. Kin-;
1X71) 1.S7J, ()li\(r I'lmiikc; i,S7'
1X74, C K. ILnkiis ; 1.S74, M.iik
lkiiiii;.ii); 1S75 1X77, C. W. I'l.il. Il ;
i'^77-'''^7'>' I'l'i'iiii.in Norxill ; 1077-
i.SSi, Micli.ul I'iin.inr; i.S.Si i.SS;.
( icmvu' K. Aii'^cll ; iSS ; , (' .
I. W.ilkcr. Sc'.iii.irics : 1.S4J
i(S44, Jdhn S. Abhdll; 1X44, Jnlin
§i;oo a year. lie .scrxcd Init mic ycir, ,ind ihc
iiriicc was thin iinrilKd until .\iii;iisi r, iiSfi^, when
I'liili ssiir j. M I'.. Sill was .iiiiidintrd. lie sirvcd
iwiisr.irs, |irii\iii^ ,il lilsl s^i ,(nK) and I hell SI ,X()iJ
|iir \r.ii'. In jiliic, I.Xd^. he w.is siiricidcd liy
I'n.iiu' Iiiii\. In I iSf.d I he s.ikiiA' was ni.idc ^i.^ul)();
in i.Sdij il W.IS r.iiscd In Sj.sdi), .iiid in 1S71, lo
if^.iXM). Mr. 1 )d! \' ( dill iiiiicd ill iillirrniiiil .\pril 1,
I1S75, whrn ridfissdr .Sill w.is ,iv,.iiii appninlcd, .iiid
ill I .S.X.j. is siill in iillii r ,ii .1 s.il.ir\' df S V lO".
Tlirir w;is ,ii one lime dmilils ,is Id llic .lUlhdl-ilV
of llu'bii.ird In lie. lie this nUicc, hiii mi I'l liru.u'v
24, iX'iy, the 1 .ci.jisl.ii lire silllcd till' (|iirslinil by
c'\pi\'ssly (■nnliri'inj; ;iniliiiiii\- tn ;ippiiiiii ,1 siipcrin-
li'iiiK'iil, and under .\rl nf M.irrli J7, 1X7^, 111' is
ili'ck'd fnr U nils df ilncc \ears.
Ill I.S71 Miss I'l. I\il(\- w;is ,ippdilllcd rlclk Intlu'
sii|)criiiti'iid(iil ,il a sal,ir\' nf Sji'i). .iflcrw'.irds in-
creased in;f;75(). In iXS^, she was still serxinit:;.
The ntliee nf niesseili^er existed ill I.S5(), but was
lint nllii i,ill\- ercited imiil I'ebni.arv '^1, iX'k). |dhii
I'l. (."misins lu'ld the pnsiiinn finiii iSdo niiiil ,\prii,
I.S7('). when the nlliee w,is .iboli^hed. lie w.is the
general SiiperiiileiuleiU of Repairs, ,uid aeied .is
Till'. 'rudWhKnii.K Si iiDOi..
■rill. Ill <.\\<\i ( M 1.1)1 t \ I K )\.
75.^
• s.il.irv was ijirKX)
laiis anil lliiililin"
( if(irj;r Muliiiiii
\|)iil, iSyfi, uilli .1
II ollii r iinlii M.i\
ic was SUlClHilril
IK li .r;, 1S7 ;, tin
i/id t(p a|i|iiiiiii .1
i;riuial br.siiuss
ihiuaiy I. i<"^7 3. 1
)()ilUc(l u illi a sal
, 111 llic Imanl lia\i
iiv^lass ll(iuv;l:liin,
la I'llrlui . Mayui ,
III K. W'illiaiii'-,
S3J, ^>amtlrl I'lai-
c;, I .( \ i riisiliip ;
;. DiiHuld ; iSOi.
iSiK- 1S63, W..\
. I. Walkrr; iSdi,.
I,S(.-;.W. 1). Wil-
(), K. W. Kiii'^ i
I r r.dinkr ; 1.S7,!
K kiis ; |X";4. Mark
iS77,(;.\V. I'.aMi;
nan NoiAill ; l<S7i(-
iianc; iM.Si i<S.^ ;.
1! ; iSS; , ( .
(■! rctarics : i«S4J
Uilmlt; 1S44, John
lliiilurt; i.S4t;-i,S4H, (■,c((rv;c Kul)!), 1.S4S 1.S52, I).
H. DiiHicId; i,S5J 1.S54, I'. W. Iliinlus; i(S54, Janus
Itiilon ; 1.S55 1S5C;, i:. C. Walkir; 1X51; i.Sru. \\ .
A. Moore; i.Sf)i. M. Hall ; i.Sfu, 1 1. C. Kni'^hi ; iW.j,
\V. I'. Wells; 1.S64, J. M. ii. Sill; iW-s 1.S75.
IHian.' Doly, 1.S75 1X7.;, S. I'., riilnian;
i.S7i> liSiSi, I'liiMian Noivell ; i.S.Si , i|.
M. I'lley.
l'/ihiiiii(il Risoiiiits I'/' ///(■ lUhtiil.
W'lieii llic (jisiricl siIkkiI s\slcin <-casc(|,
llicir was lniii((l oxer lo the hoard, l>\ |iilin
1- arnier, llie lieasLiiir of llic old lioanl, assets
III llie nominal \alne of %i,\^(\.-]')\ of tin's
aninniit, $i,ji;5.7i), oliiaiiied from persons
Miidinv; ejiildren to the old dislriel scliooLs,
llir hoard was re(|niri'd to return. The !;^l-lhi
reinainini; liad been reeei\ed hdin liie Slate,
and willi one hnildin;^ valued at S50(j aiul
siAciitv-lix'e doll.irs' worth of henehes, sto\-e
and pipe, constituted the assets of the hoaril.
;\,i;ainsl this there were liabilities amounlin,^
TIk; /\ei ereatiniL; the boaid anthoii/.ed the eonn-
(11 to le\'y a ta.\ of not o\'er one dollar a year for
earll child between li\e and seventeen. Much o|)-
posiiioii was made lo this law, and in.iny persons
tried lo |)ay the school la.x in corpor.ition sliin-
plastors, which were then ,i;reatly depreciated. In
ciiiisu(|iicncc of llicsc clforls. ;in Act was passed on
and on .March 1 .!. 1.S47, .-in .\ci w.as proctired .itithoi-
i/ini; tin- coiiiicil, wilh eoiiselil of the eili/.elis' MK'i-l-
iiiv;, III le\y ,1 spi'ci.il l.ix 111 lis 1 ,501) ,1 vc.ir, to be iis((l
ill providiiij; .iddilion.il sihool lois .md biiildiii^.s;
'I'lii'; llisiior Si.M.i.i
Mom , ,\s i-;m,\I(i.kii.
I'hriiary 13, 1S43, reciuirinir ihe scliool l.i.xes to he
k' jH separaU- from all others, ;md prohil)ii inv; tin:
P ivment of these t.i.xes in shin-pl.islers or other obli-
K 11 ions of ihe city.
I'he ainnnnt received from this ta.*; was too small
'" enable the board lo erect the necessary l)Liililiii)4S,
liii. Ili'.iiiir Sriiiiiii.. (( )iii;iii,il JMiildiii^;.)
the .\ct ,ilso anthori/((l the bo.nd to borrow Sj.uixj
for the s.inie pnrpiisc. I'rinr to this .\i t. ;ind e\cii
• IS kite ,is I1S55, members iil the bo.ird borrowed
money for its use on their individu.il credit.
Ily .\ci of M.nch 5. iSjo, ihc school census was
ordered to inclndc ,ill children between four and
ei,L;litt'i'n years of .ii;e, and by Ai t of J.inu.ary 20,
i'^;5, the city w.is direcu-d lo raisi' a la.\ of
two doll.irs, instead of mie dollar, for each
( iiild reported. .Act (if I'ebrti.ary 7, WS57,
furllu-r increased the opporlnnities of the
bo.nd by .niviiii; the council powc'r lo raise, in
addition to the per c.ipit.i l.t.x, the sum of
Sj(),()<k), lo be expended lor lots and buildings.
( >n M.irch 7, i<SOi,tlie school law was so
aminded th.it, at the option of the board, the
$_"i),o(K) of speci.il t.ixcs miv;lil be used for
HeiU'r.il school purposes insieid of only for
lots .and l)uildin,i;s. 'i'he const.anl growth of
the city dem.anded still kirner amounts of
money, .and on iM.irch 16, i(S65, ilu' council
w.is directed to k'vy a school tax of three
dolkus for e.i'h child, and ;iny additional sum
up to ^jj.cxxj th.il tlu' bo.ird should deem
ne<'css.irv; .and ;i Larger sum mij;ht bi' ji^ranted
wiili ( onscnl of the citizen's meeting;'. Ily Act
of I'ebrii.iry 24, iSfn;, the bo.ird w.is author-
ized to borrow S!5,o(K), to be used for school
purposi's. It W.IS also |)idvi(kid tli.it the school
census should include .all children between the ai.;es
of live .and twentv, .and tli.it .1 school l.ix of lour
dolkars for t'.ach child should be levied, .and .also that
,1 t.ix of ti\'e 11, ills on the dolkir niii^hl bi' le\aed, for
the iirucuring of school lots and buildings.
754
nii: liUARU UK i:i>LCAllUN.
On Marcli 27, i.S73,tlK' Lij^islaturr proviilid tliat
any scliool tax of hvit live ilollars piT cliilil sIkiuIiI
be siibjol to approval of tlic roiwuil, and implied
tiiat at kast live dollars per cliild niiv;lu he raised.
Ill .iddiiioii to the amounls appr(ii)riaied by tlu: city,
the board obtains, aiiordini; to the nimiber of chil-
dren in the eity, a porliini of the Slate I'riniary
Sihool Kiind, a fund ilerivetl from interest on
amounts received from sale of lantls set ajiarl for
the support of connnon schools.
I'"or the year endin;.;- June, 1 883, the amount re-
ceived reached the sum of 6>57,5oo. This lari;c
increase was ow-
in.v( to the fact
thai the State
debt was practi-
cally cancjled,
and under the
Conslilution the
moneys rei'ii\ed
bythe State from
speeilic taxes
were credited U)
the Primary
School Fund.
These primary
sehool revenues
do not pass
through the city
treasury, but are
p.iid direct to
the treasurer
of the board by
the county treas-
urer, on the or-
der of the presi-
dent and secre-
tary. The treas-
urer is elected
yearly, and pays
such percenta.L^e
on the monthly
balances remaining in his hands as may be agreed
upon.
One of the most noted events in connection with
the finances of the schools was a proposition made
in 1853 to divide the school funds in order t(3 give
the Catholics a portion for the support of their
schools. The question became the main issue in
the city election of .March 8, 1S53, when the people,
by a large nuijority, indicated that they were opposed
to any such division.
Members, Meetiiii^s and Mdnaj^enient.
Under the Act of 1842 the Hoard of Education
consisted of the mayor anil recorder and two in-
spectors from each ward, who were to serve without
'I'hk Jei-fkrson School.
pay. The mayor had a right to vole, and in his
absenci' the recorder had tile s.imc privilege, but
after 1846 the right ceased. The lirst inspectors
chosen in 1842 were to serve, half for one ye.ar, the
others for two years; after th.it dati', and U|) to
1881, one w.is elected annually in each w.ard. 'i'he
number of ins|)t'(:t{)rs in dirferenl years has been;
1842 1848, eight; 1848 1 84(;, fourteen ; 1841; 1K57,
sixteen; 1857 1873, twenty; 1873 r874. twenty-
two; 1873 1877, twenty-four; 1877-1881, twejity-
six.
I'nder the system of representation by wards, ,1
variety of evils
were imi gen-
dered. .\s the
city grew, the
people moved
tluir homes
from the lower
and central por-
tlvjn of the city,
but, though their
homes wi're rt>
moved, the rep-
resentation (if
the wards on the
board continued,
anti in 1881
wards with less
than two hun-
dred children
had .an ei|iial
voice in schoul
m.'itters with
those that had
six thousaiul
children.
In the interest
of good schools
and reform, ,111
Act of March
II, 1 88 1, pro-
vided that after July i the schools should be maii-
ageil by a ISo.ird of Inspectors, twelve in luimber,
elected from the city at Large, the tirst twelve to he
chosen at the spring election of 1881, six to h
oHice for two years, and six for four years eai
the terms of each to be decided by lot ; and aftir
the first election, six were to be elected biennially for
terms of four ye.irs each. I'nder the Act the old
Hoard of Inspectors continuetl to ser\e until Juh' 1,
1881, at which time the new board went into oflirc.
Originally, and up to 1859, the bo.ard held regular
meetings once in three months ; special meetin;<s
were, however, held whenever it was deemed ad-
visable. On April 11, 1859, the board resolved to
meet regularly on the first Monday of each month,
old
1 ;
'llli: KoAKI) OF KDUCATION.
755
oic, .■uid in liis
.• privikis'i'. but
tirst in><iHitiiis
)r OIK' yiar, llu'
iiti', ami up t(i
nil waiil. 'llu
I'ars lias \)vvi\ ;
en ; 1.S49 '^57.
,-1874. uvtiily-
'-iSiSi, twenty-
ion i)y wards, a
i-arii'ty nf evil^
^vcrf cnj^cn-
[Icred. As tlu
city KR'W, llie
people moved
their homes
from llie lower
and eenlral por-
tion of the eily,
but.tiiouKh their
homes were re-
moved, the rej)-
resentation of
the wards on the
board eoiuiiuied,
and in 1881
wards with less
than two hun-
dred children
had an etiual
voiee in seluHil
matters with
those that had
six thousar.d
children.
In the interest
of j;ood schools
and reform, an
Act of IManii
II, 1881, pni-
sliould be man-
A-elvc in nunibei'.
I'lrst twelve to be
1 881, six to hold
fuiir years each ;
by lot ; and alter
Lted biennially for
the Act the c!d
,(rve until July 1,
1 went into offiee.
joard held regular
special meetin-s
was deemed ad-
board resolved U>
ly of each month,
and monthly tneetin,i;s wcri' lu'ld until 18^11;, after
uliicli time rij;iilar meclinns were held twice a
month, on the sicond and foiirtlj Thursdays, Uniler
the Act of 184J (.■i^hl members weri' lU'cessary to a
i|Uornm ; by Law of April 28, 184*'), the luimber was
reduced to six, and at the same time the board was
atitliori/ed to eli'ct its own presidinv^ oriiccr. Act of
March 1, 1867, maile a (jiiormn to consist of eleven
members, anil since Act of February 24, 1869, a
majority of the members have been iieiessary to
form a (iiiorum.
Sessions of the board wci'e held in various private
ofliees, at the old City ll.ill, and just prior to the
biiildin_vj of the I lii^h School they met in Mechanics'
I l.ill, on the corner of driswold Street anil Lafayette
A\enne, A room in the llij;h School buildini^ was
then titled up, and has since been the rej^ular place
uf Ineetin.^^
Seal hi- riiii IIoakh di IOihcation.
The seal of the board was adopted on June 7,
1858, the design and its meaniniij; beinj,f thus re-
ported by I). 15. Dullield and i;d\vard Ikitwell : "A
female t"i,niire representing Education is pointing a
youth with a book in his hand the way of ascent
along the rugged hill of knowledge, over whose
summit beams a star, the motto being the words,
'Sic itur ad astra,' or, ' Thus man thuls his way to
the stars.' The corporate name of the board, with
the date of its incorporation, is traced around the
seal."
On the organization of the board the following
standing committees were appointed : On Accounts,
<)Lialitications of 'I'eachers, School-houses, I'rimary
and Middle Schools. As now organized, there are
^I'vun standing conunitiees, namely : On Teachers
and Schools, Text liooks and Course of Study,
Finance, Real FIstate and School lUiildings, Supplies
and Janitors, Health and A'entilation, and on Rules.
By Act of I S42 the board was required to pub-
lish in some city paper, in February or March of
c'lcli ye.a, a st.itemeiit of the number of schools,
lunnber of pupils, studies pursued, and expenditures
for the schools during the preceding year. These
reports were not only published in the |)apers, but
with the e.Kcepiion of 1862, ;i pamphlet ie|)ort has
been i.ssued each year. Since 1871 the proceedings
of each meeting have also been printed and pub-
lished yearly.
'I'he School Inspectors' have been:
1842, First Ward: S. Harstow, J. S. Abbott.
Second W.iril : Daniel J. Campau, l".lijah J. Roberts.
Third Ward: Justus Ingersoll, Charles i'eltier.
Fourth Ward : John Wiuclull, John Watson. Fifth
Ward: Kbenezer A. Uyram, Will.'.ril K. Stearns.
Si.xth Ward : Cieorge Robb, W:n. I'atterson.
1843, I'irst Ward: J. S. Abbott, S. liarstow.
Second Ward : J. I'"armer, E. J. Roberts. Third
Ward: K. Taylor, Charles I'eltier. Fomth W.iril:
S. T. Douglas, J.Watson. Fifth Ward : C. W. Wil-
ii.ims, J. FI. Hagg. Sixth Ward: George Robb,
William Patterson.
1844, I'irst Ward : John llulbert, S. Harstow.
Second Ward : .M. 1.. (".,ige, John l'"armer. 'Fhird
Ward: Wm. O'Callaghan, E, Taylor. Fourth
Ward : John Watson, S. 'l'. Douglas. Fifth Ward :
Cyrus C.irrett, J, Roberts, C. W. Williams. Sixth
Ward: S. W. lliggins, ("icorge RobI).
1845, First Ward : S. Harstow, J. Hulbert. Sec-
ond W.ird : W. Dimcan, M. L. Gage. Third
Ward: C. I'". Rood, I). French, Wm. O'Callaghan.
Fourth W.iril : A. T. McReynolds, J. IJ. Valle.
Fifth Ward : John Roberts, Thos. Hall. Sixth
Ward: (leorge Robb, S. W. lliggins, G. Gibson.
1846, First Ward: J. Hulbert, S. ISarstow. Sec-
ond Ward : T. Ga.llagher, Wm. Dtmcan. Third
Ward: li. V. Cicotte. (i. H. Throop. Fourth
Ward: II. Ledyard, A.T. McReynolds. Fifth Ward:
A. Goilard, A. A. Dwight. John Roberts. Sixth
Ward : Fevi Bishop, George Robb.
1847, First Ward : S. ISarstow, J. Hulbert. Sec-
ond Ward: D. Mullane; T. (Gallagher. Third
Ward : E. N. Willcox, !•:. V. Cicotte. Foiu-th Ward :
A. O. Madden, H. Eedyard. Fifth Ward: G.
Wood, T. Rcnvland, D. B. Dutrielil. Si.xth Ward:
L. Bishop, J. S. Farrand, George Robb.
1848, First Ward: Mason Palmer, S. Barstow.
Second Ward: J. C. Holmes, W. A. Howard.
Third Ward: D. E. Harbaugh, J. V. Campbell, E.
X. Willcox. Fourth Ward: J. B. Schick, A. O.
Madden. Fifth Ward : G. T. Sheldon. D. B. Duf-
field. Sixth Ward: J. S. Farrand, George Robb.
Seventh Ward: G. W. Wisner. J. Bour, Jr.
1849, First W^ard: L. B. Willard, S. Barstow.
' Where three or more names appear for the same year in any
ward, it is owing to the filling of vacancies caused by death or
resignation.
756
illL liUAKD Ul' LDULAllUN.
Second Ward: II. C.I.nrr, J. C Holmes. Third
Ward: (K-or,v;i: lirewsti-r, J. H. Kaliy. Fourth
Ward: J. L'ornlicid, J. li. Schick. I'iftli Ward: 1).
B, Duifii'ld, (;. T. Sheldon. Sixth Ward : !.. liisiio|).
J. S. F.irrand. Seventh Ward: J. (ireusil, l'..\\',
Taylor. Eighth Ward: S. N. Kendrick. 'I'hos.
Trahy.
1850. First Ward: S. Harstow, I.. 15. Willard.
Second Ward: J. A. Slayniaker, (l. K. Hand. 'I'liird
Ward: E. N. Willcox, (ieorijc Mrewster. Fourth
W.ird: J. Cornlicld, K. N. l.acroix. Fifth Ward:
D. H. Dullield. K. Siiepard. Sixth Ward : 1.. llisiio|),
J. S. F.-.'rrand. Seventh Ward: J. W. Moore. J.
Greusel. Eighth Ward: Thos. Trahy, Richard
Hart.
1851, First Ward: C<. Mutt Williams, S. Harstow.
Second Ward: (i. !■:. Hand. V. E. Ue Mill. Third
Ward: J. J. Fay. E. \. Willcox. Fourth Ward:
Thos, Sullivan, E. \. l.acroix. Fifth Ward; U. T.
Howe. D. H. Dullield. Sixth Ward: I., liishoi). J.
S. Farranil. .Seventh Ward : J. Reno, J. W. .Moore.
Eighth Ward: L. Mahon, R. Hart.
iiS52, First Ward: S. Harstow, G. M. Williruns.
Second Ward: C. 1. Walker, C. G. Hamniontl, (i.
E. Hand. Third Ward: F. W. Hughes, J. J. Fay.
Fourth Ward: I high Flinn, Thos. Sullivan. Fifth
Ward: W. W. Deheld, U. T. Howe. Sixth Ward:
E. I'rentis, L. Hishop. Seventh Ward: J. W.
Moore, J. Reno. Eighth Ward: S. Martin, L.
Mahon.
1853, First Ward: C. Hyram, S. Harstow. Sec-
ond Ward: J. P. C. Emmons, C. I. Walker. Third
Ward: L. Hishop, E. W. Hughes. Fourth Ward:
J. M. Davis, Hugh Flinn. Fifth Ward: 1'. M, Mc-
Noah, W. W. Delicld. Sixth Ward : James Fenton,
E. I'rentis. Seventh Ward: F. Ruehle, J. W.
Moore. Eighth Ward: J. Clanc S. Martin.
1854, First Ward : S. Harstow m. .Second
Ward: C. I. Walker, J. "' ,uns. Third
Ward : J. V. Campbell, '
Hugh Flinn, J. M. I)
Dullield, P. M. McNo
Farrand, James Fenton.
Fourth Ward :
ilth Ward: D. H.
Sixth Ward: J. S.
Seventh Ward: R. D.
Hill, F. Ruehle. Eighth Ward : Wm. Huchanan,
J. Clancy.
1855, First Ward: Charles Byram, E. C. Walker.
Second Ward: James A. Brown, C. I. Walker.
Third Ward : Levi Bishop, James V. Campbell.
Fourth Ward: John M. Davis, Hugh Flinn. Fifth
Ward: D. B. Duffield, Lewis Allen. Sixth Ward:
J. J. Hagley, J. S. Farrand. Seventh Ward : D. C.
Frazer, Rodney D. Hill. Eighth Ward: Chas.
Dupont, Wm. Buchanan.
1856, First Ward: E. C. Walker, C. Byram.
Second Ward: J. C. Warner, J. A. Tkown. Third
Ward : J, V. Campbell, L. Bishop. Fourth W^-lrd :
C. C. Jackson. J. M. Davis. Fifth Ward : D. B.
Dullield, E. Shepard. Sixth Ward: M. I'. Chris-
ti.m, J, J. Hagley. Seventh W.ird: W. I). Wilkiiis.
I). C. Fra/er. Eiglith Ward: Willi.un Ry.m. C.
Dupont.
1857, First Ward: Charles Hynim. F'.dw.ird C.
W.ilker. Second Ward : J.imes A. Hrowii, J.ired C.
Warnir. Third Ward: Levi Hishop, J.imes V.
Campbell. Fourth Ward: John M. D.ivis, C. C.
J.ickson, A. T. C.impau. Fifth W:ird : D. H. Duf-
lield, i;. Shepard. Sixth Ward : J. J. Hagley, M. I'.
Christian. Seventh Ward : 1 )avid C. I'razer, W.I).
Wilkins. I'lighih Ward: Ch.ulcs Dupont, William
Ky.in. Nintii Ward: Chris. Reeve. M. F. Dickin-
son. Tenth W.ird : Thos. McCook, Henry Zendcr.
1858, First Ward: I'.dw.ird liatweil, i:. C.Walker.
Second Ward: II. C. Kibbee, J.ired C. Warner.
Third W;ird : L. 15isho|), A. S. Williams. I'ourih
Ward ; John B. I'alnier, A. T. Canip.iu. Fifth
Ward; D. H. Dullield, ll. Shepard. Sixth Ward:
S.T.Douglas, M. 1'. Christian. .Seventh Ward:
L. H. Cobb. W. D. Wilkins. Eighth W;ird : J.
O'Connell, William Ryan. Ninth Ward: Levi E.
Dolsen, Thos. I.cadbeater. Tenth Ward: J. N.
Elbert, James Dubois.
1859, First W.ird : D. H. Dullield, E. Batwell.
Second W;ird : J. C. Warner, H.C. Kibbee. Thiril
Ward: Willi;ini A. Moon-, Willi.ini I'atoii. l'"ourih
Ward : E. Hall, J. B. Palmer. Fifth Ward: H. M.
Cheever, E, Shep;iril. Sixth Ward: H. 12. Baker,
S. T. Douglas. Seventh Ward : W. D. Wilkins,
L. H. Cobb. Eighth Ward : J.imes Leddy, J.
O'Connell. Ninth Ward : L.E. Dolsen, Thos. Lead-
beater. S. E. Case. Tenth W.ird: James Dubois,
J. N. Elbert.
i860. First Ward: D. B. Duflield, John Hosnier.
Second Ward : H. C. Kibbee, J. C. Warner. Third
W^nrd : W. A. Moore, William Warner. Fourth
W.ird: E. Hall, A. Wuerth. Fifth Ward: E.
Shepard, H. ^L Cheever. Sixth Ward: H. E.
Baker, W. W. Wilcox, William Bold. Seventh
Ward : W. I). Wilkins, Lucretius M. Cobb. Eighth
Waril : John O'Connell, James Leddy. Nintli
Ward : Levi I^. Dolsen, Sidney C. Case. Tenth
Ward : J. N. Elbert, Leverett B. Walker.
1861, First Ward : William A. Moore, John Hos-
mer. Second Ward : Watson B. Smith, Henry C'.
Kibbee. Third Ward : Francis Raymond, William
Warner. Fourth Ward : F. Pramstaller, Aloys
Wuerth. Fifth Ward : H. S. Roberts, A. P. Moor-
man, Edward Shepard. Sixth Ward : Edmund
Hall, William Bond. Seventh Ward : Willian) D.
Wilkins, L. H. Cobb. Eighth Ward : James Leddy,
John O'Connell. Ninth Ward : Herbert Adams,
Levi E. Dolsen. Tenth Ward : R. S. Dillon, L. B.
Walker.
1862, First Ward: W. A. Moore, John Hosmcr.
Second Ward : Watson B. Smith, N. B. Carpenter,
THE liUARD UF EDUCATION.
/5,
: M. 1'. Chris-
,V, 1). Wilkins.
liaii\ Ryan, C.
n, Edward C.
Sniwn. Jarcd C.
lop, JaniLS V.
1. Davis, C. C.
id; 1). U. Diif-
|. Ua),dty, M.l'.
;. Fia/cr.W.l).
)ii|)()iU, \\ iliiaiii
, M. F. Diikiii-
, liitiry Ziiidcr.
il, K. C.WaikiT.
ri'd C. Wanur.
illiams. Foiirlli
Canipau. Fiftli
. Sixth Ward :
Si'vciith Ward :
i);luli Ward: J.
Ward: Levi i:.
1 Ward: J. N.
leld, ]•:. IJalwcll.
KIIjIk'c. Third
I'alon. Fourlli
th Ward: H.M.
il : H. E. IkikLM-,
W. D. Wilkins,
ames Leddy, J.
lscn,TlKJS. Lcad-
: J;inics Dubois,
d, John HosnuT.
Warner. Third
arner. Fourtii
ifiii Ward: F.
Ward: H. F.
Uoid. Sevcntli
I. Cobb. EiKliili
Leddy. Ninth
C. Case. Tenth
Valker.
loore, John Hos-
Smith, Henry C.
ayniond, William
■anistaller, Aloys
u-rts, A. V. Moor-
Ward : Ednuiiul
ird : William D.
rd : James Leddy.
Herbert Adam .
<. S. Dillon, L. 11.
re. John Hosmer.
N. 15. Carpenter,
C, A. Wil.ox. Third Ward: W. Warner. Jnhr.
'I'. MeldruMi. l''ourth W.ud : John C. dorlon, Wil-
li.iin (h-.iy. Fifth Ward: .\. 1'. .Moorman. K. W.
KinK', 11. C. Knivjlu. Sixih W.ird : E. Hall. Wil-
li.im Mond. Scivciith W.ird : J. S. Newberry. T.
McCarthy, luvflith W'.inl: J.imes Leddy, J.imes
F. Foxcn. Niiuli W.ird: II. Ad.ims. D. Fox, Joim
Muiry. Tenth W.ird : R. S. Dillon, James A. iJailey.
1863, First Ward: W. A. Moore, John llosmer.
.Second W.ird : (ieoryje A. Wilcox. T. II. ll.irtwcll.
I'hirtl W.ird : John T. .Meldriim, John W.ird.
l"oiirth W.'ird : Joseph Kiihn. James 1). Weir. Fifth
Ward: Ibniry C, Kni,i,du, R. W. Kini;. Sixth
Ward : William Hond. E. W. Medd.iu.^h. Seventh
W.ird: T. McCarthy. Wm. 1'. Wells. I'j\;hth
W.ird: J;imes li. Foxen. Wni. IJuchan.m. .Ninth
Ward: Levi K. Dolsen, D. M. Richard.sc^n. Tenth
Ward: Jas. A. IJ.iiley. A. C. Woodcock.
1864, First W.ird: W. A. Moore, W. A. lUitler.
.Second Ward: T. H. H.irtwell, C. L W.ilker.
Third W.ird: John W.ird, Enos R. M.itthews.
Fourth W.ird: J. I). Weir. Sidney I). Miller. Fifth
Ward: R. W. Kin,l,^ I'lrvin l';ilmer. Sixth W.ird :
E. W. Med(l;iu.u;h. lirowse T. I'rentis. Scvenih
Ward: Willi.im I'. Wells, W. D. Wilkins. Eitjluh
Ward: James 15. l'"oxen, Wm. liuch.inan. .Ninth
Ward : D. M. Richardson, Thos. Sanf(.)rd. Tenth
W.-ird : J. A. I5;iiley, A. C. Woodcock.
1865, First Ward: W. A. liutler. T. D. ll.iwley.
Second Ward: T. IL Ilartweli. C. I. W.ilke'r.
Third W.ird : E. R. M.itthews, Herman Kiefer.
F"ourth Ward : S. D. Miller. Wm. N. Laduc. Fifth
Ward : R. W. Kin)s^ !•:. I'almer. Sixth W.ird ; ]5.
T. I'rentis, Charles 15. James. Seventh Ward : W.
I). Wilkins, John Casp.ary. Eiijhth W.ird : James
\\. Foxen, Wm. I5uchan;in. Ninth Ward ; ''\ San-
ford, James Gaynor. Tenth Ward : J. A. 15ailey.
lohn Kendall.
1866, First W.ird: T. D. H.twley, J. ^L 15. .Sill.
Second W.ird: T. H. H;irtwell, G. W. Osborn.
Third W.ird: IL Kiefer, G. M. Rich. Fourth
Ward : W. N. Ladue, A. Stutte. I'ifth Waril : R.
W. King, E. i'almer. Sixth Ward : C. 15. James,
1;. O. Robinson. Seventh Ward: J. C.isp;iry. W.
D. Wilkins. lu.ijhth Ward: W. lUichanan. r'. Mul-
laney. Ninth W;ird : J. Gaynor, J. N. Ahjore.
Tenth Ward : J. Kentl.ill, J. A. Bailey.
1867, First Ward: J. 'SI. 15. Sill, J.is. A. B-own.
Second Ward : S. B. MeCracken. I). O. Farrand.
Third Ward: G. M. Rich, Henry Lanijley. Fourth
Ward: A. Stutte, James A. \'enn. Fifth Ward :
R. W. Kinjr, Ervin I'almer. Sixth W;ird : G. O.
Kobinson, M.irk Flani.nan. Seventh Ward: W. I).
Wilkins, John Caspary. i:i,i;hth Ward: R. Mul-
laney, W. Buchanan. Ninth Ward: John Love,
!. N. Moore. Tenth Ward: J. A. Bailey, J. Ken-
dall.
iSr)S, First W.ir.l: J. .\. Brown, J.is. M. Welch.
.Second W.ird: D. (>. l;irr;ind, Ch.irles K. B.ickus.
Third Ward: II. Lan^;ley. Georyje M. Ri( h. I'oiirih
Ward: J. A. Venn, J. W. Romeyn. I'ifih W.inl:
R. W. Kinv;. D. W. Brooks. Sixth Ward : Mark
Fl;ini>,Mn, (), Bourke. Seventh W.ird: J. C.isp.iry.
W. D. Wilkins. i;iirluh W.ird : W. Buch.man.
Ch.irles E. .Schumm, F. W. Ilu,;;lies. Ninth W.ird :
John Love. James Dalv. Tenth Waril: J. Keiid.ill,
J. A. B.iiley.
1861;, First W.ird: J. M. Wei. h. J, A. Brown,
Seiond W.ird: D. < ). Farr.ind, C. K. B.ickus.
Third W.ird : G. M. Rich, W. V. Rumncv. Fourth
Ward : J. W. Romeyn. J. A. \'enn. Fifth Ward :
D. W. Brooks. R. W. Kinvr. Sixth W.ard : M.
Fl,ini.n.in, O. Bourke. Seventh W;ird : W. I). Wil-
kins, S. D. .Miller. Im^IuIi Ward: C. F. .Schumm.
J. Finne.i^an. Ninth W.ird: J. D.ily, J. W. Bart-
lett. Tenth W.ird : J. A. B.iiley. !•'. J. W.itson.
1870, First Ward: J. A. ISrown. J. .M. Welch.
.Second W.ird: D. (). Farrand, C. K. Backus. Thinl
W.ird: W. Y. Rumney, J. R. McCinith. Fourth
Ward : J. A. Vvnn, J. W. Romeyn. Fifth W.ird :
R. W. Kin.i(. D. W. Brooks. Sixth Ward : M.
Flaniij.in. O. Bourke. Seventh Ward: S. I). Miller.
W. I). Wilkins. Ei,u[hth Ward: J. Finneir.-m. J.
.Mon.'ighan. Ninth Ward: J. W. B.irtlett, A. Bauer.
Tenth Ward: F. J. W.itson. 1'. \'.in Damme.
1871, First W.ird : J. M. Welch, C. Hunt. Second
Ward : C. K. Backus, I). O. Farrand. Third Ward :
J. R. McGr.-iih. W. V. Rumney. Fourth W.ird:
J. W. Romeyn, C. J. Reilly. Fifth W.ird; D. W.
Brooks, R. W. Kiny. Sixth W.ird : O. Bourke. M.
Fl;ini.i,'.in, Seventh Ward : W. D. Wilkins, R. E.
Roberts. Eiirhth Ward: J. .Mona.ijhan. J. Finneijan.
Ninth W.ird: A. Bauer, W. C. Colburn. Tenth
Ward: I', \';in Damme. J. A. Berry.
1872, First Ward : C. Hunt, W. Jennison. Second
Ward: D. O. Farrand, C. K. Backus. Third Ward:
W. Y. Rumney, G. S. Good.ile. Fourth W.ard : C.
J. Reilly. G. B. H.-ill. Fifth Ward; R. W. KinK\
A. H. Wilkinson. Sixth Ward . M. Flanigan. J.
Flinterman. Seventh W.ird : R. E. Roberts, W. D.
Wilkins. Eighth Ward: J. Finnegan, T. McGrath.
Ninth Ward: W'. C. Colburn. J. Ford. Tenth
Ward : J. A. Berry. J. D. Weir.
1873, First Ward: W. Jennison, A. G. Lind.s.iy.
Second Ward : C. K. B.ickus, G. S. Davis. Third
Ward: G. S. Goodale, W. Y. Rumney. Fourth
Ward : C. 15. Hall, C. Raseman. Fifth Ward : A.
H. Wilkinson, J. W. McGrath. Sixth Ward : J.
Flinterman. M. Flanigan. Seventh Ward : W. D.
Wilkins, H. Z. Potter. Eighth Ward : T. McGrath.
J. Martin. Ninth Ward : J. Ford. W. C. Colburn.
Tenth Ward : J. D. Weir. J. A. Berry.
1874, - Ward: A. G. Linds-iy, W. M. Lilli-
bridge. Second Ward : G. S. Davis. G. W. Balch.
758
THE BOARD OF KDUCATION.
Third Ward: W. Y. Rumney, R. R. Lansing-.
Fuurtli Ward: C. Rascmaii, J. \V. Romcyii. i'lftli
Ward: J. W. McC.ralli, J. T. Li.UKclt.- -Sixth Ward:
M. Fiani^an, J. W. Siroiiy. Suvciilli Wan! : 11. Z.
Totter, W. I). Wili<ins. Ki.^rluh Ward; J. Martin,
T. McClrath. Ninth Ward: W. C. C<,il)i'irn, J. W.
r.atch'-ldcr. Tenth Ward: J. Coliiini. H. I'lass, Jr.
Twelfth Ware', A. K. Hamlin, F. i'eavcy.
1S75, First Ward : A. ('.. Lindsay, W. M. Liili-
bridge. Second Wanl : deor^v W. Halch, Tlios. L.
Grant. Tliird \\'ard : R. R. Lansiny, W. V. Rum-
ney. Fourth Ward : J. W. Romeyn, Clias. Funl<e.
Fifth Ward : J. T. Li^xelt, J. W. 'McCrath. Sixtli
Ward: J. W. Stronv;-, 1). J. W()ri<um. ventli
Ward: W. I). Wiil^ins, H. '/.. I'otter. Ki,i,diih
Ward: T. MeC.rath. J. J. Martin. Ninth Ward :
J. W. ISateiiclder Joiin I)iil<, Tentli Ward: H.
I'lass, Jr., R. Altenhrandt. Twelfth Ward: F.
Peavey, J. T. Maloney.
1876. First Ward : A. (',. Lindsay, .\lvin C. lUirt.
Second Ward: C. W. ISalch, T. I.. C.rant. Third
Ward: W. V. Rumney, J. 11. Carstens. Fourth
Ward: Joseph Funke, Flenry F. Lyster. I'ifth
Ward : J. T. Liirvrett, J. W. McCrath. Sixth Ward :
D.J. Workum, W. Hond. Seventh Ward: W. 1).
Wilkins, R. K. Roberts, 11. Z. I'otter. i:i;<luh
Ward: T. McCrath, J. J. M.irtin. Ninth Ward:
John Dick, J. Nicholson. Tenth Ward : IS, Alten-
brandt, F. S. dirardin. Twelfth Ward : F. I'eavcy,
S. Lamed, J. T. Maloney.
1877, First Ward : A. C. Burt, A. Chesebrou-h.
Second Ward : (L W. Balch, A. Horrowiiian. Tiiird
Ward : J. H. Carstens, W. Y. Rumney, P. J. 1).
\aa Dyke. Fourth Ward : 11. F. Lyster, J. Finike.
Fifth Ward : J. T. Liggett, A.J. Brow. Sixth Ward :
W. Bond, C. A. Kent.' Seventh Ward : K. F. Rob-
erts, Freeman Norveil. Kightii Ward : T. McCirath,
John Considine. Nintli Ward: J. Nicliolson, J.
Dick. Tcnlii Ward : F. S. Cirardin, W. N. Ladtie.
Eleventh Ward : .Adam Simpson, 1 1. Reif. Twelfth
Ward : Sylvester Larned, F. Folsom. Thirteenth
W.ird : A. X'alentine, C. K. Trombly.
187S, First Ward: .\. Chesebrough, A. C. Burt.
Second Ward: A. liorrowman, Richard DoRan.
Third Ward : Horatio C. Jones, P. J. 1). \'an Dyke.
Fourth Wartl : J. Funke, J. S, .Schmittdiel. Fifth
Ward: A. J. Brow, John J. Speed. Sixth Ward:
C. A. Kent, Adam F. Bloom. Seventh Ward : I".
Norveil, R. K. Roberts. Fighth Ward : J. Consi-
dine, Michael Firnane. Ninth Ward: J. Dick, J.
Nicholson. Tenth Ward : W. N. Ladue, James
O'Neil Kleveiuh W.ird : .\. Simpson, H. Reif.
Twelfth Ward : F. Folsom, S. Larned. Thirteenth
Ward : A, \'alcntine, C. K. Trombly.
1879, First Ward : A. C. Hurt, A. Chesebrough.
Second Ward: R. DoRan, Ceorge P.aradale. Third
Ward: P. J. D. Yan Dyke. 11. C. Jones. Fourth
Ward: J. S. Schmittdiel, J. Funke. I'iflli Ward:
J. J. Speed, .\. J. lirow. Sixth Ward : .\. i:. Bloom,
C. .\. Kent. Seventh Ward : R. 1'^. Roberts, John
B. Todenbier. Eighth Ward: \L Firnane, David
Corman. Ninth Ward: J. Nicholson, P. Mother-
sill. Tenth Ward : J. O'Neil, Josei:)h D. Sutton.
Eleventh Ward : H. Reif, A. Simpson. Twelfth
Ward : S. Larned, W. R. Montgomery. Thirteenth
Ward : C. K. Trombly, A. \'alentine.
1880, First Waid: A. Chesebrough, O. L.Kin-
ney. Second Ward : Ceorge Baradale, T. F. Kerr,
Third Ward : 11. C. Jones, J. IL Carstens. Fourth
Ward : J. S. Schmittdiel. J. Funke. Fifth Ward :
,V. J. P.n.w, C. R. Angell. Sixth Ward: C. A.
Kent, C. S. Jack. Seventh Ward : C. Schulte, W.
A. Owen, L. S. Trowbridge. Eighth Wanl : M.
Firnane, 1), (iorm.in. Ninth Ward: P. Mothersill,
T. J. Craft. Tenth Ward : J. D. Sutton, W. R.
Dunn. Eleventh Ward : H. Reif, A. Simpson.
Twelfth Ward : W. R. Montgomery, F. Folsom.
Thirteenth Ward : A. \'alentine, T. C. Metz.
/■Vrs/ Half of iSSi.
First Ward : < >. L. Kinney, H. .\. Harmon. Sec-
ond Ward : T. 1'. Kerr, .V. Ciant. Third Ward :
J. H. Carstens, 11. C. Jones. Fourth Ward: J. S.
-Schmittdiel, C. Rischert. Fifth Ward : C. R.
Angell. J. P. Cilmore. Sixth Ward: C.S.Jack,
C. A. Kent. Seventh Wai'd : L. S. Trowbridge,
C. Schulte, Eighth Ward: M. Firnane, D. Cor-
man. Ninth Ward: T. J. Craft, P. Mothersill.
Tenth Ward: W. R. Dunn, J. Johnston. Eleventh
Ward: 11. Reif, A. Simpson. Twelfth Ward: I'.
Folsom, A. J. lirow. Thirteenth Ward: T. C
Metz, C. R. Trombly.
At large, July, 1881, to July, 1883: C. R. Angell.
M.-ignus I'.utzei, T. J. Craft', N. Callagher, L. T.
Criliin, W. N. Hailmann, James Johnston, S. C.
Karrer, J. W. Romeyn, L. .S. Trowbridge, C. 1.
Walker, C. E. Warner.
Early in 1882 Mr. Johnston died and Mr. Hail-
mann resigned, and the council appointed as their
successors Augustus Rohns and (i. R. Thomas.
At the spring election in 1883 the following in-
spectors were chosen for terms of four years each :
Ceorge Cartner, J. A. Hickcy, H. W. Candler, C. 11.
Mills, H. A. Harmon, and A.Crosfield; and in July,
1883, the board was composed of the persons just
named and C. R. Angell, T. J. Craft, C. 1. Walker,
N. Callagher, S, C. Karrer, and C. R. Thomas, the
last named pcson having been appointed by the
council in the place of L. S. Trowbridge who re-
signed. . J
In August, 18S3, Mr. Karrer resigned, and was
succeeded bv C. 1'-. Warner.
CHAP T E I>l. L X X \' I .
THE PUBLIC LIliRARV.
isigned, and was
This valuable and increasingly popular institu-
tion was wlmlly supjinrted uji to iS8[ by the tint's
and penalties eolleeted in criminal cases in tlie sev-
eral courts. The clause in the State constitUL^nn of
iSj5 directing the ai)propriati()n of such moneys for
district libraries was introduced in the Constitu-
tional Convention by E. D. Eliis. No effort, how-
ever, was matle to obtain any of these fines for
libraries until January cS. 1S42, when, at the last
session of the old iSoard of .School Inspectors, on
motion of John Farmer, it was
moved for a committee of three to ascertain the
amount of funds belonging to the board, iieretofore
paid to the treasurer of the county; and on August
7, 1842, S'^'3'14 was received from the county treas-
urer as the city's proportion of the fines. The
whole subject of fines, including the (|uestion of
what was meant by clear prtjceeds froiii fines and
recognizances, was gone over by a committee in
August and September, 1842. How the city's shari'
of the fines should be ascertained and obtained was
evidently a knotty qtiestion; but the board perse-
I'm; I'l iii.h: l.ii:u m;n .
AVWtvrf, I'.uil an ordur be drawn <m the Comity Truasinxi lor
tin: proportion clue tlie township of Detroit cjf the monoy^ paid
into the County Treasury as equivalents for exemptiiMis from
Miilitary lines, and for the clear proceeds of all lines for hreaehes
"f the penal laws ; and in case the Treasurer refuses to pay, that
the City Attorney, or some other proper person, be requested to
apply to the present Supreme Court for a mandamus to compel
tile Treasurer to pay the same.
Oil June 16 following, at a meeting of the newly
constituted I'jard of lAlucatioii, John S. .Xblioii
vered, and on March 18, 1844, Messrs. Farmer,
Taylor, and Robb were appointed a "committee to
ascertain amount of fines antl forfeitures under the
penal laws accruing to this board." The committee
worked energetically, and from this time small
amounts were obtained quite regularly.
In 1859, under the pressure of the daily increasing
neessities of the public schools for books of refer-
ence, maps, etc., the attention of the Board of
bi'j]
760
Till". ITI'.I.IC I.IIIRARV.
Kchicatioii was csporially directed to the siibjcrt.
ami (111 A|)ril 21 a lesoliitidii was olTircd liy II. I^.
IJakiT " for a (•(Hiiiuilti'c of ilii'ie to iiKiuii'e into tlu'
facts relative to tlie iKiymciU into the CotiiUy Ifeas-
ury of lilies from tiu' (iilfertiit Jiistici's' Courts of
itu; countv; and whether liiis board receivi's its
]5roper siiare of stieii lines." Messrs. iiaker. llall.
and ClR'i'\er were api)ointed as such coiiiniittei'.
On July 9 Mr. li.iker presented .1 report sliowiiii;-
that a lai"i;e sum of money had been ili\erted from
its jiropir eiiannel. and recommending; that a com-
iiiittec bi- aiipointed to colleei it. Accordin>;ly
Kdmuiid llall and II. !■'. liaker were appointt'd to
take nii'ans to si-ciire the lines aceruiiii.; in the
Police Court.
A suit was instituted, and on July 2. i.Srio, Mr.
Hall reported tli.il tlu' .Supreme Court had deeidcd
that the amounts in (pii'stion collected during;' the
prtvious live ye.irs belon>^ed to the libr.iry fund of
tlu; county, and lli.at about three lift lis of tin; tot.il
amount of ;>;i7,(joo beloni^cd to the city, l' ■ 'er
the stimulus of the de<ision, on motion of Nir.
\\'ilkins, on No\rnibi'r 12, iSho. it was directed that
" Recitation Room No. 3 be fitted up with a Limp,
ct'iitre table, ch.iirs, and book shelves for the use of
the Iioard and Ti'-icIhts, as a libr.iry and coiiiinit-
teo room." This room w.is in the second .story of
the old Capitol.
The committee continued their invcslij^ation and
efforts, and on March 4, 1861, rejiorted that they
had made settk'iiient with the county by which the
library would receive about $7,000. On May 6 fol-
lowinij an atcount was ordered to be kept <if receipts
for the fund, and on M.iy 18, iSf);, it was ri'solved
to provide accommodations for .a "district libniry."
On November 5 the library committee presented a
tletailetl plan of the scope and purpose of the |iro-
posed library. I'repara.tions went forw.ird, and on
M.ircli 25, 1865, it was form.ally opened in the first
story of the old C.ipiiol, and .addre.s.scs delivered by
C. ]. Walker and \V. P. Wells. At this time thi:
library was used only for consultation, but on M.iy
2, 1865, it w.is opined forcinailatioii as well.
In 1867 an addition.al room in the second story
was fitted ii]\ and the same ye.ir the libr.iry com-
mittee concluded that the bo.iid w.is entitled to the
fines inllicted at the Ceninil St.ition Court. On
October 26, llieym;ide;i form.il demand for amounts
due, but w;is refused. .Suit was broiiijlit, .iiid the
Siii>reme Court, on October 20, r868. decided th.it
these lines .also belonv;ed to the countv libr.irs' fund.
Another larye .■uldition was thus in.ule to the re-
sources of the library.
In 1870 a brick addition for library juirposes w.as
erected in tlu; re.ir of the old C.ipiiol ; and on
M.arcli 20, 1871, it was o|)cned for use. It became
evident almost immediately that the new <|iiarters
rotild ;iccommo(l;ite the libniry for only a short
tiiiu', ,iiid on jiuie 9, 1871, the bo.ird peiitioiu'd the
Common Council to i;r;int them the old City llall
to be fitted up ,is ;i Public Library. ;<\u\ on July 18
the council ^r.iiiled the re(|uest.
Pl.ms for remodelling;- weri' prepared, but the c.\-
pi'iise, it was found, would be so t;reat that the erec-
tion of ;in entirely new buildiiii; w.is deemed a
bi'ttcr policy. Public opinion st'i'ined to f.i\or some
other sitt', ;ind finally, on .Marili 13, 1872, the coun-
cil n,i\e the bo.ird a llfty-ye.ir le.isi: of Ciaitri- P.irk.
The lease w.is confirmed by the council sittini; as a
Land Po.inl on M.iy 21, 1872, .md the Iioard of
l''.duc;ition then .i;a\'c n|) its ri,!i;ht to the old City
Il.ill. Doubts were eniert.ained ;is to llu' .aulhoritv
of the council to make the k'.isi', .and ,1 suit w.as
instituted to previ'iit the use of the ]),irk .is ;i site
for the libr.ary buildin.i,' ; but in .April, 1873, the
Supreme Court decided in favor of the council.
On M.irch 27, 1S73, the I.i\i;islalure authorized
the r.iisiiu; (if !j!i 50,000 to erect a building;' on ap-
jirov.il of the P.o.ird of I'.stimales. In April th.il
board w.as ,asked to include in its eslim.ates the sum
of §[25.(j(X"), in installments coverinj^ three years;
but deciined. In the followinv;' year a rei|iiest for
$125,000 to be r.iised, .as provided by the Act, w.is
acceded to. On AiiiL^iist 24, 1874, the plans of Brush
<!v; Smith for ;i buildiny^ were adojited. P>ids for
construction were invited, but the lowi'st bid \v;is
nearly $30,000 more th.in the .amount ajipropri.ated
for both biiildinij.and furniture. Thepl.in w.as there-
fore modified by omittin,^ a lari;e .md orn.inu'iital
tower, .and two rooms connected with it, also the
stone .steps, and lloors in the ujiper ,u;,illeries.
'{"he cop r-stone w.as laid on M.ay 2(), 1875.
.Addresses were delivered by J.inies W. Rome/n
.and Diianc Doty, and there w.as also a iirocession of
l\ni;^hls Templ.ars, Masons, Knights of Pythias.
Pelou/.e .and 1 lii^h School Cadets, and city officers.
On Janii.iry 22, 1877, the building; w.is form.ally
dedicated, .addresses beinvj delivered by J. 'I'. I.iv;-
_v;ett .and si'\'er.al others.
The toi.il cost of the structure was $124,000. Its
size is sixty-four by ei.ghly feel. In aiUlition to its
tloor room, e.ich of the foiu\i;;illeries is e.ili ul.ited to
eolil.iiii twenty .alcoves, with sp.ice for one hundred
and twenty thoiis.ind- volumes. ( )rii;in,illy but one
.;;.illery w.is completed ; of the others, one was fin-
ished in 1878, another in 1882, .and there is still
room for one more.
An addition to the buildin.n', fifty by sixty feet
and three stories hi,!i;li, will be completed diirini;
1885 ;it .a cost of .about $32,000. The rooms in the
first story will be lire .and d.imp proof .and will be
used for ,1 bindery, .and for the stor.a.ije of v.ilu.ibk
m.inuscripls and ilocumeiits; the second story will
be used for re.ulinj; and study rooms .and offices;
'IIIK ITI'.LIC LIBRARY,
761
r only a short
1 prliiioiii'ii ilu-
• old City Hall
,111(1 on July i.S
ircd, bill the ox-
at that till- tMvc-
was (Iccnu'd a
■d to fa\or sonic
1.S72, till' coun-
of Cintiv I'ark.
Linri! sitliii.v,^ as a
(1 llu' Hoard of
to the old City
to llu' authority
and a suit was
t; jiark as a site
Aliril, 1S73, till.'
the eouneil.
:iture authorized
buildini;- on ap-
;. In April that
miniates the sum
ini;' three years ;
ear a recjuest for
by the Ael, was
le plans of Brush
opted. liids for
iwest bid was
unt approjiriated
u-plaii was tlure-
,uid ornainenlal
with it, also the
galleries.
May 29, 1875.
les W. Ronie/a
M> a procession of
yhts of I'ytiiias,
mil eity orilcers.
11^ was formally
ed by J.T. I-ig-
as $124,000. Its
In addition to it->
•s is calculated l<i
for one liundi'cil
riiL;in,illy but one
ers, one was fin-
uid there is still
fly by sixty feci
onilileted during
The rooms in the
proof and will In
ir.iiL,^' of v.iluabic
second story w ill
oms and otlioes;
ilie third story will be devoted to .a museum or such
oiluT uses ;is si'cm desirable.
The receipts from lines for the several years li.ave
hct'ii :
\.Ar.
Amount.
Viar.
.\lllollllt.
V.ar.
A in >iinl.
1S42
S'':,
I 860
$15'
1872
S7.'>3'^
1S44
26
i8r.i
C)0\
■873
10. 1 51
1 .S4f)
')3
1 862
33 >
1874
8,508
|S4,S
178
1863
3."«7
1875
''>.434
iS;;o
261;
1864
4,210
1 876
8,813
1S5.
184
1865
4.5^>i
■ 877
6, If, 3
i'S3
206
1 8r.r.
5.3 '4
187.S
6.129
iS^5
3>4
1 8r.7
2.163
1 879
2,908
is,r,
8r.3
r 8r,S
2,r„5
1880
34'>5
,857
240
I ^(u)
1 2,962
1 8,X 1
6.370
1S5S
170
.870
1 2,220
|8,S2
5,826
1859
345
1871
5.''^39
i8,S3
5." 5
Under the Act of 1881. jirovidini;' for asjiecijil t.ix
for libiMry purjioses, there w.is rt-ceived the tirst
vc.ir the sum of $15,170, and ;is the t,iN is m.ide
(ihliv^.itory, ;i successful tin.ineial future is well
assure<l.
The libr.iry is primarily under the control of the
Bo.ard of I''.duc;ition. and was oriv;inally m,in.i',,fe(l by
.1 committee of the bo.ird, .and ;ill books were
selccti'd subject to their ;ippi"ov,il. By .\cl of Mai'ch
v. 1871, the bo.ard w.is ;uitliori/,cd to .appoinl ;i
Hoard of Commissioners, .and tr.msfiT the library to
ilicircare; the bo.ird to consist of six persons, the
tirst members to be chosen for one, two, three, four,
li\c, .and six ye.ars ; one member to be elected yearly
ilicre.after for the term of six ve.ars, the |ircsi<lent of
the Bo.ard of l'",diic;ition to be ,a member i\-oj[]iiio.
No .action w.as t.aken under this .\ct. .and mean-
time ten ye.ars p.assed .aw.av, .and the funds reci'i\i'd
frmn lines so diminished in .amount th.it the ni.an-
.a^eiiient of the libr.iry became .a burden to the
bo.ard. They then became willing;' to share their
responsibility, .and with their approval, on .M.arch 11,
i8,Si,,an ,\et emboihiny;- subst.anti.ally the s.i ,ie pro-
xi'-iiins .as that of 1871 w.as p.assed, with the .addi-
linn.al provision tli.at .a city t.ax of one fifth of one
mill on I'.ach hundred doll.ars should be ye.arly levied
fur the support of the libr.iry. I'lider this .Act, on
December 27, 1880, the I>o.ard of I'.ducation .iii-
pointed the followinij libr.iry commissioners: J. \'.
C.aini)l)tll, for six years; Ci. \'. N. Lothrop, for t'lvo
years; A. Chesebroui;h, for four years ; \V. I). Wil-
kins, for three years ; II. Kitfir, for two yi.ars ; .and
Alexander Lewis, for one year. Their duties be,i;.in
oil J.inu.iry 28, 1881. IMr. Wilkiiis diid the last of
M.irch. 1S81, and w.as succeeded by L. L. B.irbour.
\'r. Kiefer resii^ned in Auj^ust, 1883, ;ind was suc-
ceeded by M.iynus Biitzel.
The librarian is elected yearly; the s.al.ary in 1883
w,is $1,500. I'rufcssur Henry Chancy, while prin-
rip.al of the iliijh School, served .also .as libr.iriaii.
After March 20, 1871, he .v;.avi' his whole time to
the library, and continued to serve until April 9,
187S. lie iiossessed r.are qu.alit'icatinns for tlu' posi-
tion, and the institution will always ret.ain evulences
of his .ability and zeal. On .April 9, 1878, Rev. M.
Ilickey becanu- libr.ari.an, .and w.as succeeded .Ajiril
12, 1880, by Henry (iillm.an.
I>e.y;innin!ii- ^^i^'' ■' libi.aii.an .and one assistant, the
force li.as j;r.adii.illy increast'd, until in 1883 there
were cmiiloyed one in.ale assist.ant, L. B. Ciilmore,
at %f-yx> ,a year, .and six Lady .assistants, with s,al;iri(!S
r.ani^ini; from S400 to S450 each.
When first oiieiicd, no person under eighteen
mij^ht dr.aw books from the libr.ary. On September
4, 1871, tlu! rules wiae .amended to pirniit |)ersons
over fifteen to use the library. Under these rules
any resident of the eity, for whom some .ipi)roved
person becomes securitv, m.av dr.aw books upon .an
a,i;reemeul beiiij^ signed by both ]irincip.il .and
surety to .abide by llu; rules. Only one book m.ay
W: dr.iwn .at .a tinu-. Prior to M.arch 20. 1871, .a
Iedt;cr .account w.as ki'pt with each person (Ir.awini;
books; sinie tli.it d.ate persons wishintj to dr.aw
books fill out ,1 bl.ank sliji. furnished by the bo.ard.
with the n.anie of the book w.anted, their own n.ame
.and rcsideiita', .and from their libr.ary card tlu' |)av;e
,and line of the Ivi'cord Book where their n.ame will
be found. L.ach person dr.awiin;' books is furnislu'd
with .a card with double columns for d.ate of dr.aw-
w^ .and rt'luriiiiii^;-, on which, as ,a book is dr.awn or
returned, the (Lite of the tr.ans.action is st;im|)ed.
I'lUirteeii (Lavs is tlu; ordin.arv limit for which ;i book
is loaned, bill on j^ivini;- notice whiai it is dr.awn. or
.at .any time prior to the Lajise of the fourteen (Lays,
il m.ay be retained for four wci'ks. If no notice for
renciV.al is i^nvcn. ,a line of two cents per (Lay is col-
lected for each day tli.at a book is det.ained without
such renew.al.
Works of refcrenia', el.abor.ately illustr.ated books,
■and other volumes of specLiI \'.aliie cannot be t.aken
from the biiildiiii^'. If the libr.iry card is lost or
destroyed, ;i new one can be obt.ained by the p.ay-
meiit of five eer.ts.
On the eveniiiij; of June 3, 1877, the libr.ary w.as
entered by sonu' petty thief .and the Reiristry of
I'.atrons .and slips of books dr.awn were stolen. No
serious loss resulted, but .1 new Registry of i'.atrons
w.as rei|iiired.
The libr.iry ;it first w.as open only b(iwc(ai the
hours of 7 .and <; \\ w. on Wechicsd.ays .and -Satur-
days. On I"el)rii.ary 10. 1866, it w.as decided to
open it d.aily from 4 to 8 i'. M. After it w.as moved
to the rear of the Capitol, it w.as kept o|Kn from 10
A. M. to 8 I'. M., .and on S.atiird.ays till 9 !'. M. Since
November, 1883, it has been open from 9 A. .M. to y
i'. M.
■^^
7i)2
llll. riKI.IC I.IHKAKV.
Ill Ndvcnibcr, i.Sdfi, (■|(\(ii liuiidird and lilly-lmir
VnliiMiis lioiil llu' llhl.iiy (il (iciiii.il I'.iss wcic
donated III tills iiislltiilloii ; and In Oclolicr, iS/i,
the old !• ill! I )t'i)ailiiiiii! Socirly ,i;avi' out: limidii'd
and twenty-six voluiius, ilie reiniianl of llieir Jiliiaiy.
Alier ilif demise of liie N'oiiiii; Men's Soeicty in
i.S.S_', ilie piihlic liliiaiy i(eei\'e(l fruin that orijanl-
xation foiii' llioiisaiKl an<i lifly \dlnnies, also a niaible
hiisl of Lewis lass and six oil |)ainlinii;s of ex-
presidi'iis of I lie soeiely.
Diiiiiij^ the suninier of iS.Si tjic libiarv was
closi'd for siscial weeks, and llie books luiiiibeicd ;
tlley were also newly aiiani^ed, and an eiiliicly new
classitieation adopted ; and in Anv;nsl of llie same
year, a tree readini;-rooni, supplied with the leadinii;'
peiiodieals, was ojiened.
The books ;ire ,v;ronped under v;cneral heads,
embiaeinv^ almost eveiy department of biblioi^raphy,
iiulndinv; almost all hislorieal, theoloi;ieal, seicniille,
and philosopliie.il subjeels ;md i^cneral iileratiiK'.
'llie libi'.iry eont.iins many rare, enrioiis, ;md ele-
j^antly illustrated works, willi .i credilable eolleelion
of I' icneli ;md I 'lermaii .inthors.
The books under e.ieli elassitie.ilion are .'irr.iin;cd
on the shelves in alpliabelieal order aeiordini; to
n.ime of tlic author. M.mv of ihe books oiieir
belonv;ed to indi\idn.il liblMiies, .ind not .1 few of
tlii'in be.u" lilt' pii\ate m.irks of disiiniLjnished own
ers. The .•uitov;r.iphs of ilor.iee W'alpole, W'illi.im
W'ilberforee, .iiid Lord I'lroni^h.im ,ire eonl.iineil in
books whieli i'\i<lenil\- beloiii^ed lo llieir private
libr.iries.
.'\moiiv;' the r.ire \-oliimes is ,1 mantiseiipi of \(llnm
with eiiijhl fiill-p.iv;'e .ind lifleeii sm.ill ilhmiin.iled
niini.ilnri's. The library .also jiossi'sses the wriiiiii^s
of Si. Aii),jiistinc in the form of .1 verit.ible "1 h.niii il
book " of the foiirleenlli ( cnliiiy. with the iron i.isi
eniiivjs still .ilt.iehed; \;irioiis enibk'ins ,ire si.imped
on ihe bindiiiv;. I.onl Kiiij.;sboron.i;irs " Mexii;in
.Anli(Hiilies" is one of lis treasures. The work
b.inkrniiled its le.irned .md distiiij^iiished .■inilioi,
;iiid in nine immense volnines rejirodiK ( s in colors,
with wonderfnl miniitiiiess, ihe relies of .in .iiicii'iit
aiul almost lornotten r.iee.
Three e.ilaloj^tles h.ive been issued; those of 1X65
.111(1 i.Sd.S, with the suppleniiiii of 1S7 1 . .ire .irr.ui^cd
.ilpli.ibelie.illy by .tiithors' n.inie^. llial ot 1X77 by
snbjeets only.
The growth in number of Miliimes. and tlu^ use
made of them, is indi( ,iled in the follow in,,; tabic:
N .-.ir. Nil. Ill V'mIijiiks. No. (i( ['.iliuus. ilodlis I li:iwii,
1SC15 <S..S6.j 475 4,7<K)
1 Sf/)
\0.()^i)
i.ii.t
I 5,<K>0
1 Srr;
1 5.0„'()
1.650
30,000
ISOS
1 ^,().'.o
2.466
3 5, (XX)
I.S6()
l7.ySf.
.Vi^*"'
4(),<)<K)
1870
I.S.7I7
4,710
40,01 K)
I.S71
2l.lf)l
5.557
45,6(X)
1S72
22,1 1 5
^'.759
lj)S,(X)0
'«7.^
2 2,.S,S2
H.2\-
1 1 5,(KX)
1.S74
24.17'''
9..3S5
i.;5.o<M)
1.S75
24.<><1.^
10,423
I48,(xx)
1 1X76
3.?.'''"»
1 1 .4''>4
I4X,(X)()
1.S77
M.7'\S
4,2.S6
I 50,(X)0
i.S7,S
.?';."45
7.7';i
184,200
iS7')
4().VvS
';.';17
i«5.447
iS.So
.|o..^(/)
■I..1W
"3.5''^S
1 SS 1
»-:.4',^
'2.757
116,932
|S,S.!
50,605
i}^^y)
102,610
iS.S;,
5,5,621
' 5.'^74
1 14,960
ilal
)lr "
1 li.'iiiii'il
h 1
|i' il'lHI I.ISl-
lis
.■irc M.iinpcil
k1-
.s ••
tlc.xicaii
I'S.
•11
V \VI)ll
^iii'-
li('<|
.-iiilliiii,
(IlK
•( s i
1 rolols,
S 1
f .11
.iliciciil
; 1
111 I'-i
(if 186:;
/I.
III- ;
rr.-in,i.;c(l
Ii.it
ol
1877 by
cs.
.iiiil
lllf use
liiw ill;^
tal)kr:
lis.
li..(
Us 1 Ir^twii.
4.7""
1 5,cjoo
30,000
35,000
4o,(.xx)
40,0(K)
45,C)(X)
98, (XX)
1 1 5,<xx)
i45,o<x)
1 48,1 XX)
148,000
I 50,1 XX)
184, 2<X)
185,447
i'3.5«5
1 \(>,').]'
10J,')I0
1 14.>/)0
PART X.
COMMERCIAL.
•«
C II A FT I': R LX XVI I.
mi:k(I1anis and 'ikadinc;. cusioM-iiorsi': and coi.i.iicioks. - 'iiii'; i;«)AKn
()!•■ IKADi:.
MKUCMANTS AND TKADINC. ;^^^,\ f,.i,„i|y, vvilll no privilc^,; of Hade. Inily, ,i
I )i:i kill r was foiiiidcd as a cDinnicnial colony, l)i'j,'.i;arly piltaiirc for s(:rvi<(:s ilial lut liad rciidcicd
and lir|- iiiciiliaiils wdiild l)clii' all the fads and tra- and could slill pcrforni.
diiioiis of llu; past if they iKxIcclcd lo foster a com- It is doubtful, indeed, if the tradini^ company
menial spirit and slreieli out liieir hands for trade, designed to promote the settlement of Detroit ; on
Those who organized the colony in the wiklerness the coiilr.irv, there seems to li.ive been at least a
of the lakes, came not because of relij^ious persi'-
cution, nor in oider to live, imdcr .i vjovernmeut of
their choice; : money ;ind adventure; were; the objects
I hey soui^ht. When Cadillac founded the post, In;
expected to have full control of tlu; tr.ide ; but no
soon(;r had the post be(;n established tli.iii merchants
and tradin,i( companies bei^an their iiitriv;iies to
possess or destroy it. lleforc; iIk; sto<kade of I'Ort
I'ontcharlrain was f.iirly comi)letcd, Louis XIV. .and
his ministers broke faith with Cadillac by i^rantiii'^
to the C'ompany of the Colony of Canada the ex-
clusive rii^ht to trade at Detroit. That comi)any
had souv'.ht this ri;,4ht even before; tin; colonists were
s(;nt, and on October 31, 1701, under orders from
half-formed purpose to so mana.i^e ;is thai tin- settle-
ment should die tlirou;;h the; mismaiia.i(ement of its
trade.
The Montre.il merchants were jealous of the jiost,
.111(1 sotivjht in every way to destroy it ,and disperse;
the colony. They were aided in the;ir endeavejrs by
the; Je;suits. In addiliedi to these cmbarrassme;iits,
the re;se)iire(;s eif the; e:omp.iny \V(;re sej meai^re; aiiei
the'ir plans so ehimeriial, that the; infant e-ejietny was
marly stranvjle'd bv the; e)ne that should have been
its nurse; and prejte'iteir.
'I"he eliri-ctors e)f the; e-omp.aiiy se;nt out e-ejinmis-
sie)neTS, who chari.;e'd se) e'xorbitantly for the-ir i^<;oils,
and |)aiel sej little; for furs, that the; Ineli.ans W(;r(;
I'rance;, ;i eeintract was maele; with them .it ( hiebee fre;(jue;iuly e'str.mi^eel. At the s.inu; time; the eeim-
p;my w.is e|efrauele;el by the;se; .at(e-nts, who e)blain(;e.l
their .•ippointmeiit thre)iiv;h ne|)olism eif the; mejst
ni;mife-st kind. The; e-om|)auy m.ide; |)re)liis e)f from
four huiidre-d tej six hunelre-el |)er eeiit em .anununi-
tiejii, ;uiel twei hunelfeel per cent ejii be.ids, \ermilion,
which i;.ive; them the e-etiitreil the^y se)ut;ht.
C.aelillae- first lu;.irel eif this conir.iet on July 18,
1702. Thus, within .a year, he; was ele'|)ri\(el of the
chii;f .adv,inta,;(e ejf the; post he; had himself i)l,iiine;el
and e'stablishe-el. The; tr.ade; of the e-ejuntrv, and
e;spi'e'i,illy the furs eif this rei^iein, were undeuiliteelly .aiiel ollie'r j^emels, ,anel, h.avinvr exelusive rights, there
the chie'f eibjeets of his d<;sire; ; yet .atone bleiw he w.as nei reiom for eeimpctitioti or reelress.
w.is dispeisse-sse'd eif tlie;se; (;niolumeuts, ;is the terms C.adillae; refused to be a p.irty tei the fniuds, .and
of the ceimp.iny's e-h.arte'r |)re;ventcei his tr.aeling sought tei eibtain ag.tin the cemtrejl eif the; eeilony.
iipeiii his eiwii .aeeennil. The e-eimp.iny, howe-ve;r. In I7(J5 he; (ilieTe;el ten thenis.aiid livres ]ier yi-ar feir
were to eeimiilete the feirt .anel ke;ep it in re|iair, tei the e\i lusive; right eif tr.ade'. In .a k;tter d.alcd July
pay .aiinu.illy, em Oeteibe^r 1, six theius.anel livre;s 14, 1704, Count reinte-h.artr.ain .aiknowleelges the
teiw.ards the sup|)ort eif poor se-tllers, .and t<i be-ar rece-ipl eif Caelill,ae:'s letter of August 3ej .anel 31,
ilie chief ex|)enses eif the; tr.anspeiri.ation eif .artiil(;s i7<-'3. anel says that .at the; s.aiiie lime he .alsej re-
for use eif the garrison. In return for his ser\iies e:ei\e-d , a series eif eeimiilaints ag.iinst him ni.aele by
aiiei effeirts, C.adill.ae v>.istei be; maint.iine;el by the the elirei tors of the tniding company ; th.at he had
com|).iny, as was alsei one ottie;er; the rest ejf the
i^.irrisejii were to be p.aid liy the king.
Doubtless because of his preitests .and th(;e\ielent
iiijusti(;e of the arrang(;ment, .an .agreement w.as
presented Caelillae;'s prei|)ositiein to the king, .and
th.at it had been ae;eepted witheiul .any reeiuirement
as to the yearly payment; and th.at the king directed
him to write tei the directors tej delive;r up the post
seion m.ade by which he w.as to h.ave (Jtie third of tei C.aelill.ie: em his l)aying them fejr the geie.ds wliie;h
the commerce eif the post ; but this was alinewt im- they h.ad .at Detroit, and hIsd U>r the impreivements
mediately .su<;e-ectleel by an agreement. Lasting freim made by them, ronleih.artrain eliieeteel Caelillac lej
1702 101704, under which he w.as te> have two gei tei Uuebec to arrange for the transfer of the ])ejst
thousand francs a year and subsistence for himself and tej receive further instructions from Vaudreuil
L765]
'^^^msem
766
MKRCIIANTS AM) TRADING.
c'liul llraulianiois, tlir ;^owniiir anil inlnulant.
I'oiUi'li.iitraiii also saiil, "'I'lu; iiiiriiiinn of the kiiiv^
is tliat you sliouUl lia\c full coniniaml, aiul ronducl
tin.; c-oinuu'rcu for your own pnit'it as really as the
company tlitl for its protit, llir only restriction beiniLj
that not oxer liftccn or twenty thousand pounds of
beaver skins be shi[)ped yearly, and that no tra<lin)i;
canoes arc to be sent to Michiliniaekinac or else-
where on the Lakes."
All the business was to be conducted at Detroit,
and Cadillac was to have the privilej^e of attracting
as many sa\-ai;es as he could to the post, but was to
take care that the privileges of the comi)any outside
of Detroit were not interfered with. An inspector
of the company was to be allowed to remain at
Detroit to see that this last rev;ulation wasobser\'e(l.
Vaudreuil was directeil to j^ixe Cadillac as many
soldiers as he asked for, and to pay for their
transportation. In accordance with Pontchartrain's
directions, Cadillac went to (hu'bec, and on his
arrival there, early in the autumn of 1704, he was
arrested at the instance of the directors of the
company, who sought in this way to prevent the
carryini^ out of the kind's orders. His trial drat;;.i.;;ed
along, and it was nearly two years before he could
return to Detroit. The suit was decided in his favor
on June 15, 1705, but arrangements were not com-
pleted for giving him full control of the colony until
June, 1706, and late in August he returned.
It should be noted that the exclusive trading
privileges of the company pertained only to the
exchanging of imported goods for the furs of the
Indians. Whatever the settlers could make or raise
them.selves, they were at liberty to e.xchangfe if per-
mits were first obtained from the commandant. For
these permits Cailillac charged ten livres peranntmi,
and he also reciuircd the citizens to pay for the
privilege of carrying on their several avocations.
M. Parent complainetl that he was required to pay
si.K hundred francs, two hogsheads of ale, and agree
to shoe all of Cadillac's horses for the privilege of
engaging in the business of blacksmithing. After
Cadillac relinquished the post, commerce and the
culture of the soil decreased for several years. .M.
Tonty, his successor, refused to renew or to ac-
knowledge Cadillac's permits, ill-treated those who
had received concessions, and obliged them to pay
large additional taxes. He charged five hundred
livres in furs or three himdred in specie for a
trading permit to go to Montreal. He seemed to
care only to secure as much as possible for himself,
and his exactions almost ruined the settlement. In
consequence of his extortions and the increased
prices of the traders, many of the Indians sought
to exchange their furs with the English at Albany,
then called Orange. This displeased the traders,
and they had frtquent quarre's with Tonty. There
were then trailing here, Messrs. Chcsni', Campau,
De Marsac, Jian Hineau, I'ierre Keaume, I'icard,
Koubidon, Oliver La Devoute, and De ("laudefroy.
While De iSoishebert was commandant he refused
to engage in trade himself, but .sold permits or com-
missions allowing others to trade ; from this source
alone he obtained funds enough to meet the ex-
penses and keep the Indians good-naturcil by his
gifts.
As the years went on, the traders found that not
the commandant alone had to be paiil, but every
ollicial at the po.st, from chaplain to sergeant; and
in 1756 and 1757 the total amount was so exorbi-
tant as to almost preclude any protit. The com-
mand.ints were also in the habit of demanding extra
supplies of goods for the Indians, anti of ma;<ing
out false certificates for the amounts disbursed, and,
as a result, the c<jlony became greatly involved.
The last French commandant, Hellestre, was par-
ticularly distinguisheil for otficial mi.sconduct of the
kind indicated. A desire to regulate the trade, settle
the price of jirovisions, and put the colony on a
better footing, was one of the chief objects of the
visit of Sir William Johnson, who came in the fall
of 1 76 1. After his visit all traders were recjuired
to procure a license from him or his deputy. Colonel
Croghan. With all these precautions, frauds still
continued to be practiced, and in the spring of 1766
Colonel Johnson was compelled to appoint a resi-
dent Commissioner of Trade to supervi.se the deal-
ings of the merchants and redress grievances
between whites and Indians. In matters connected
with trade the commissioner possessed almost plen-
ary powers. He outranked even the commandant
in these matters, and had power to stop all trading,
and even to close the stores of traders, if he deemed
it nece.ssary. Jehu Hay, the first Commissioner of
Trade, continued in office for several years, and
finally became Lieutenant-Governor of Detroit. It
is not known that he had any successor as commis-
sioner. After the appointment of Mr. Hay, there
was much more uniformity in the pri^-es and quality
of goods offered in exchange for furs; but the
character of the traders was not much improved, as
is evidenced by the following extract from a letter
of Captain Stevenson to Sir William Johnson, dated
June 8, 1772, he says:
'I'wci-Uiirds (if the traders will iicknowledge that I have been
the nuist iiuUil<ent ccmimanding offieor they ever had. They are
a sad set, for they uiuild cut each others thruats for a raccoon
skin.
Soon after the English took possession, the town
became the great centre of Indian commerce, and
the Dutch merchants of the Mohawk frequently
came to Detroit for purposes of trade. With one or
two portages they reached the lake, and then, in
their large open boats, they coasted along the shores
MKKCMANTS AND I KADINC.
767
licsiH', Campaii,
vcaiiiiK'. I'iiard,
Do (iaiuk'froy.
idaiit 111' icfust.:(l
ptrinils or coiii-
froiii this source
to meet the ex-
1-iuiliired by his
•s found that not
paid, but every
;() sertjeaiu ; and
t was s(j exorbi-
rofit. 'I'lie eoni-
deniaiKhni.; e\tra
, ami of niaxinv;-
s disbursed, and,
tly involved.
uliestre, was par-
lisconduct of the
e tlie trade, settle
the colony on a
if objects of the
came in the fall
rs were reciuired
i deputy. Colonel
tions, frauds still
le spriiiij of 1766
) appoint a resi-
pervise the deai-
Iress ijricvances
itters connected
sed almost plen-
:he commandant
stop all tradinv^,
rs, if he deemeil
onimissioner of
eral years, and
of Detroit. It
ssor as com mis-
Mr. Hay, there
i^:es and quality
r furs; but the
Lich improved, as
act from a letter
Johnson, dated
ge that I have buun
ever liacl. They are
hroats for a raccoon
ession, the town
commerce, and
lawk frequently
e. With one or
e, and then, in
along the shores
of Ontario and I'.rie until they reached this, the
most famous tr.idin,^ post in the West. They
broui,du iL^oods of every kinil, wrapped in tarpaulins
and oiled skins. .So extensive was the trallic and so
sharp the competition that only the most wide-awake
of men h.id any chance of success. The Indians
were alternately pampered and cajoled, but in the
enil they were almost always worsted in their bar-
gains. The traders not only bought skins, but,
sometimes persons as well. Henry \'an .Schaack, a
Dutch merchant, of Albany, and a frequent visitor
at Detroit, both before and after the I'ontiac War,
w.is attractetl by a bright boy that the Indians had
taken captive. The Inilian owner was eciually at-
tracteil by a silver tankard that he possessed, and
the exchange of the tankard for the boy was duly
made. As the boy was without a name, he was
called Tankard, and his descendants are still known
by the curious name that his ransom originated.
During the Revolutionary War the traders from the
Mohawk could not send goods with safety or regu-
larity, and conseciuently many articles were some-
times scarce anti dear. With all these drawbacks,
tile ([uantity of goods in store in those days was
enormous. Several million dollars' worth was
often gathered here.
Within the store of a leading trader, the glitter
and bright colors were ecjual to any display matle in
our own day ; and for variety no country store of
the present time could eijual it. In one corner
niigiit be seen bales of mink, raccoon, bear, beaver,
muskrat, and deer skins, SLirfieient in value to con-
stitute a fortune at the prices of to-tlay, the lloor
was usually cumbered with goods of various kinds
ill tlieir original packages, the boxes and barrels
being lined with sheet-lead to keep <nit the water,
and heavily bound with iron. Strings of wampum,
dressed deerskins, antl immense snow-shoes were
suspended from the low ceiling ; and, in the season,
carcasses of venison and bear, with wild turkeys,
added a savory odor to the room. The shelves were
crammed with a larger variety of goods than any
junk-shop displays. Large brass locks with keys
that would weigh a pound, iron and brass candle-
sticks, pewter plates, tinder-boxes, inkstands and
basins, steelyards, Japan mugs, and Oueen's ware,
lay side by side. Ini|)lements of peace and war
jostled each other; tig-blue, ink-powder, wafers, and
quills were shelved with red -handled scalping
knives, tomahawks, horse-pistols and holsters; guns,
heavy with silver ornaments, hung overhead, and
powder, lead. Hints, and fire-steels lay beneath them.
The lower shelves were brilliant with gay calicoes,
crimson satins, straw-colored silks, , and scarlet
cloths ; while red night-caps, black silk breeches, and
silk and satin petticoats were in bewildering prox-
imity ; these were flanked by boxes of stiff stocks.
beaver and cocked hats, gold and silver sword-knots,
and green silk umbrell.is, while bales of blankets
and strouds (a coarse blue cloth), packages of ver-
milion, yellow ochre, hair powder, red and gold lace,
knee-buckles, burning glasses, wax-lights, lanterns,
bellows, decanters, shoe-p.aeks, moccasins, carrying
collars, large and small traps, cordage, oakum, irons,
and saddlebags helped to make up the assortment.
Nor was this all. Household implements were not
forgotten; Dutch ovens, Indian baskets, frying pans,
copper kettles, and caddies of bohea tea greeted the
eyes of thrifty housewives in days gone by. For
the children, there were mococks of maple sugar of
many si/.es, suited to the purse of man or boy, and
brilliant with the gayly stained (|uills with which
they had been decorated. The particular delights
of the Indians were by no means foriLjotten ; colored
beads of many sizes, silver and tin brooches and
buckles, ear-bobs, moons, crosses, gorgets for
medals and breast-plates and silver bands for tlu'
wrists, woolen belts and blankets, rolls of tobacco,
and numerous casks of the inevitable fire-water,
with luunlreds of other articles, were gathered in a
single store.
As early as 1 767 mention is made of the following
merchants at Detroit: Charles Cortoise, I'eter
r>aroii, Iienjamin James, Kdmund Pollard, Obediah
Robbuis, William lirucc, John Robinson, II. \'an
Schaack. Thomas Williams, William Mdgar, Richard
.McNeall, Samuel Lyons, D. IJaby, 15. Chapoton,
Isaac Todd, and James Cassity. In 1773 James
.Stirling, John I'orteous, ^Lacomb & Company, and
Abbott & Kdgar were the principal merchants; and
within five years after Meldrum & I'ark, a noted
firm, began. In 1783 C.raverat & X'isger were
largely engaged in the fur trade. In 1787, or pos-
sibly earlier, Joseph Campau began business. In
1799 Angus Mcintosh, Forsyth X: Company, and
Mack & Conant were prominent merchants, and in
1809 A. C. Truax.
For more than a century, under French, English,
and American rule, the fur trade was the most im-
l^ortant interest. Immense (juantilies of furs were
received and forwarded. Over one lumdred thou-
sand beaver-skins were shipi^ed in a single year.
When Captain Rogers came to take possession of
the ]5ost in 1760, he found $500,000 worth of furs
in store. In 1781 .\. & W. Macomb bought at one
time, of the Widow Ikrthelet, 12,132 deerskins.
9,483 raccoon, 413 bear, 682 cat and fox, 16 elk, and
three wolf skins. In August, 1784, after great
(luantities had been sent away, there were still one
thousand jiacks of furs at Detroit.
During all these years the business of buying and
shipping furs was the most important factor in the
trade of Detroit. .\ single shipment on August 6,
1 82 1, of four hundred and ten packs, was valued
^^^
768
mi;rciia\'I's and tkadinc.
at Sr)2,(xxj ; and (lining llif yiar (•\(T §vx),ixhj
wtirtli were stii|)|K'(l fnini ihv ciiy. In 1SJ9 furs to
tile aiiioiiiU of $5:15,000 were exported, and llie
sliipnu'iits of raw furs to I'-urnjie. even now, reaches
a value of half u luilhoti yearly.
e4
H
a
a
y.
=i "^ f n "^
^
S
6 >■
S y "« J V- .«
1^ s?
.Ss
2 «N<C:
^ I ^ ^ ^ ^
P ^5
^ V, ^ --^
^ >^ ^ -2 ^J * ^ ^"« . ■'5 ^
~«5
^ « S i- <» ^o vj-
^ ^
^ sS "^ •« >
3^
" * \. ^ >^ s? ^ "3
2 : .-^ ^l •"
w w •>§ ^ s:
.•«
<? ^ Nl :;.
2 ^
.■3 5S
<3
s 1- § v^ § s
The methods of trade were much the same
among ill! who tral'licked with the Indians, the slow-
ness of the returns in some measure counterhalane-
inir the otherwise lari^e profits. Cioods ordered in
the fall would not arrive till the following sununer.
hi the winter they would he exchani^ed for furs,
which generally did not reach I.ondon or Paris until
nearly a year later. In this way, three years, .ind
often forty-two months, were required to complete
r
^
o
the circuit of trade, indeed, the fur iiicrchruits were
,i{enerally poor and disheartened every three years,
owinv; to the enormous exjiensc of the tr.'iliic, and
^^^ the instability of prices in the
^^^■t London market, in .addition
^^^^P to other drawbacks, the ^oods
^^0F sold to the f.irmers were pay-
^ .able only in produce, and not
until the winter followinii their
purchase. M.inyof the farm-
ers were more fond of i^ayety
aiul dissipation than of indus-
try, ;uid ninerally evaded p;iy-
Iiiil;' for two or three years or
until forced by l.iw ; then,
however, instead of payin.n'
twenty shillings to the |)ntind,
they paid from ihiiiy to foiiy,
the costs of suit bein>; \ery
liis^li. This jiractice of non-
payment was so .!L;encral that
no one thought it a disv^race
to be sued for debt ; on the
contrary, it set'iiis to have
been considert'd ;in honor, as
it ijave them the air of men of
business.
Detroit w.as so noted ;i trad-
inji;' post that bands of Indians
were cominj;- and ,i;('i'\'^ ''I'
the time. Their canoes, by
the score, were frt'ciuently seen
cominiLj down the riser, or
were hauled up on the shore.
As late as 1825 they j;;ithercd
alonji;' the river road from the
ISrusli I''arni eastward tow.irds
Cirosse I'ointe ; their canoes,
turned bottom-side upon the
beach, with one ed^e slii;litly
ele\;ite(l. ;il forded shcki-r, and
on tin- north side of the i-o;i(l
their n'oods were exi)ose(l for
sale. ISundles of odorcjus furs,
bales of smoke-dressed deer-
skins, naked little Indians,
blanketed sciuaws, some with
niococks of sujfar and other
with papooses strapped upon their bticks, nimierous
dot^s, immense piles of Intlian baskets, bundles of
paddles, Indian brooms, axe-handles, mats, bows
and arrows, knot-bowls, and packs of moccasins,
straight black-haired and copper-colored braxes,
were all on exhibition, forming together a motley
spectacle,
L'nder French rule accounts were kept in French
currency, but soon after 1760 the English system of
MHRCIl.Wrs AM) -IkADING.
769
[iHTcli.'mts wire
ry llirci' years,
llic tratlic, and
(if |)riiH's in l!ir
.'t. Ill aiUlitiim
)acks. tlic ,i;(H)(ls
mcrs wi'iv jiay-
I'oduci', ami not
r fdllowini;' tliiir
my of tlu: farm-
' fond of 1,^'iyc'ty
I llian of imlus-
ally evaded pay-
r three yi'ars or
by law ; I lien,
ead of jiayint;
;s lo llie pnuilil,
II thirty to forty,
suit l)ein;s; very
)raetiee of non-
so ^ener.'il that
lit it a dis]L;raee
)r ilebt ; on the
seems lo iiavc
•ed an honor, as
the air of men of
^ so noted a irad-
|l);iiuls of inilians
and .noiii),;- all
leir eanoes, by
freciuenlly seen
1 the river, or
.i|) on the shore.
25 they ■^atheretl
r road from the
astward towards
e ; their eanoes,
11-side up on the
ne ed,i;e slii;htly
•detl shelter, and
side of the road
ere exposi'd Im'
, of odorous furs,
<e-dressed iKer-
little inilians,
laws, some with
u,v;ar and other
baclis, numerous
kcts, bundles of
es, mats, bows
s of moccasins,
colored i)ra\es,
ifetiier a motle\
Icept in French
ni^lish system of
pounds, sliiiiiniis, and pence dis|)l;iced fr.inc
ami iivre. Tlie Americ.in nun li.uits dis-
liked tiio iMiv^lisli mode of reckoning, and in
iSio, or earlier, accounts were ki'pt in \'ork
or New York currency, S2.50 l)ein,if eipiiva-
lent to the pound. 'I'he old ledvjers of the
Macoinbs, of 'i'iiomas Smith, .ami of Jose|)ii
Lamp.iu. would do no discredit to tlu; best
penman or ijookki'cper of tln' i)iisent d,iy.
The debtor ;uul iTedilor sides of .in ;ic( nunt
each occupii'd ;i p.ij^i'. and the two pii^es
were numbered alike, so th.at led,i;ers of three
hundred jia^es would hv numbered .is h.ivini;
only one lumdred .and fifty. I'nder Aimri-
can rule the jroN'ernor issued spicial lireiisis
to those wlio tnided witli the Indians. A
far-simile of one, half size, is here repio-
diiced.
Under law of Au.i;ust 29, I1S05, no per.son
was .allowed to rel.iil any nierch;mdise not
prnilnced in the United Sl.ites without payin;;-
.a license of twenty ilolLiis to the treasurer of
the Territory. The law does not seem to
have acted as a hindr.ance to Ir.ule, for in
1 80S, only three years .after the town liad been
Ciitirely destroyed, there wore three hundred
and thiriy-fix-e stores of v.arious kinds.
A territorial law of October 7, 1814, re-
quired each merchant c<- trader in Detroit to
WiioLl'.sAi.i'. Ciuoc KK'V S['i)i;i-:s (iK Hkmiv, !■ n /mmi in->, A t n.,
Nort Invent 1 oimr cif Wiiixlward Ave. and Wooilhridvjr Si.
Maki.nkk^' I'koiKSTANi- Knstoi'Ai. Ciiincii. I'liilt in 184.^.
Wiioi.RSAi.E Shoe Stores oi- H. 1". Hai.dwin, 2u, & Co.,
Southwest corner of Woodward Avenue and W(iodliri(ti;e Street. lUiilt in 1851.
p;iy a territorial license of
twenty doll.ars, and all in
the Territory outside of
the town ten dollars.
There is no apparent re.i-
son for this discriminatiiHi
other than tlie f.act tliat
the traders in Detroit did
so much more business
that they were able to pay
more.
A business list, compilixl
in June, 1819, showed that
there were then in De-
troit seven watchmakers,
twelve blacksmiths, ten
gunsmiths, sixty carpen-
ters and joiners, six coop-
ers, three cabinetmakers,
one coach and chaise mak-
er, five wheelwriiLjhts, three
tanners, five harness-mak-
ers, twelve shoemakers,
twenty-three mason.s,
eighteen tailors, six h.at-
ters, one tinner, three
painters, three printers.
770
MKIUIIANTS AND TKADINd.
(Mv;lil iiinkt(|>iis, iwiiity-foiir dry i^nods .itid ^iniccry
liK'i'ili.iiits, dill' vslinlcs.ilc ;;icMcr, sixlifii i;i<Mciy and
|)r()visinii sioics and .iK'-linnsis, and live l)akci'irs.
/Unnnv,' tin: inninincnt iiu i( lianis al lliis time wcio
llinry J. Ilunl, julni I.. Wliilinv^, Mack \ (.Onani,
J. iV A. W'cndil, I'lniis S. \\ ( ndi-l i\^ C(iin|)any, l)c
( iarmn Jones, llcnianiin I'.. Ken licval, and Alirali.im
lidwards.
As illiistratiM- nf lllc ways df \\u- limes, we nnle
tli.il (in \(i\(Hil)ei' _'J, iiS.V), llie l,isi-n,inied inei-
I ,-., ir^-j^. •«■ '' • .*■ .k\. -... ,-•;■■■'■■,
C.iMiui.n Kinr.s's l.iiAriiKu Slum;,
fii WiMiilu.inl Amuuc;. liiiill in 1845 77.
chant nnnonneed ili.a lu- had sold dui, ;uid iir!L;cd
all p.'irties indeliled lo liiin to " make inimcdialc
paymcnl in casli, beans, or Ihnir."
At lliis tiiiKj, and for at least ten ye.ars later, eur-
reney was .so searei: tli.it "dickerinj;' " was the rule,
and the tr.idiiii;- of one, arlielc for another was a
conmion occiirrcnee. 'I'iionias I'almer used to say
to ciistunicrs tliat he wonld "l;ikc anythin.v; for |)ay
except money." Levi Cook be^an business in i<S2o,
and, after a few ye.irs, was suceeeded by his brother
Olucy Couk. In 1838 James liurns became a p.irt-
ncr. In 1S21 the aih'eriiseinents of the foilowin',^
menh.uils appe.ired in the (i,i/.elie: A. (. Canill.
r. J. \ J, I'almer, J. ( i. <\: J. I!. Scliw.ul/, (). New-
berry, John II. lie, \\'illi,im llrewsier, and jolin U,
Williams.
The rush of emiv^r.-ilion in ii<](t caused sin h ,1
dem.uid for |noo<ls of all kindslli.it escry house tli.ii
(duld l)<' obl,iined on Jelferson Aveniie from Shelb\
lo K.indolpli .Sirei I. was lilted up for .1 store .iimI
'illed with ^oods ; some householders sold out their
le.ises .it an adv.mee of a hundred |)er cent. The
rej^iilar iiu'reh.inls j^rew jealous of the auclionieis,
will! ,v;;ilhcred crowds totluir sales by si'iidini; oiii
acrier with .1 l,irv;e 1)1 11 ; ,ind, undoubtedly .at lluii
rc(|Uest, ;in ordin.uice w.is |i,isse(| forbiddini; .lui
tioiieers t(» sell .■iiiyi hill'.;' I'seepl li(|uors in casks nl
thirty ]L;.illons or o\er, ship furniture .and t.ackle, cir-
riiijLji's, f,u'min'.^ utensils, furiiituic, .and .aiiim.als.
Ciooilsof .iny kiinl could nol he sold .at .auelioii un-
less of the bulk III one barrel or \\eiv;liint; one hun-
dred pounds or o\ir; ;iiid the oidiii.uiee |)ro\idei|
that " nil billm.ui. ei'iei-, or other i,ie.itis of .attr.ni-
ini; .attention of p,issenv;ers sh.ill be used or eni-
plo\(i| by ;uiv .auctioneer or olher person for tin-
pui'pose of eolleetini; bidders at the sale or .aue-
tion of .any properly." The l)usiness of .an .aue-
liojirer was orii;in,illy .a public one, .and .appoint-
meiils were m.ide by the j;overnor. A law of De-
cember 31, iSi I, pro\ided th.it ".auctions sh.ill iinl
be held e\eept between suiiiisinv;' .anil sunseltini;."
the eviilelll iutellL beill;^" to prevent .any deieplimi
lliiiiU'.;h s.ales made by cmdleli^hl. The followiu^
persons Were .appointed .auetioueers in the ye.irs
n.iuud : i.SiCi, ( ',eiir;;e Mel )ou,i;;ill, I leiiry Ihow 11 ;
I1S17, John Meld rum, John MeDounell ; i.SiS.J uues
Abbott, Abr.ih.iui I'.dw.irds, Jnlin K. Williams, anil
Dune.in keid ; iSii^, koberl < iarr.il ; icSjo, John S.
Koby; i,S.;i,l). 11. Cole ; i.Sjj, .Melviii Dorr, Kiifus
ll.iteh; 1X^6, I'.lijah foiiverse, fh.irles C. 1'. Hunt;
i8ji^, J. I'.. Sihw.ut/, ; 18 ;o, II. Ilulbrook, I. T.
lillm.an, I'.. Ilmoks; i8',i, S. .S. Il.iwkins, D. ('.
MiKin>try; 1853, lleiiry Dot)-; 18 ;/>, J.inus k"ilson.
As the eil\- i,;rew, the v;euer.ll Store, in whii'h W'l'le
v;,athered .arlieles of I'vei)' kind, j;a\(r plaia: to stores
ni.ikinn' .a specialty of some one kind or cl.ass of
jH'oiids ; but for .a loui^' time the oldest .and leading'
dry ^oods stores ki |it ,a supply of tea, coffee, su.i;.ir,
and olher .st.apii' ,i;roeeries, and sold large (lu.aiuities,
espcci.ally to their country (uislomcrs.
The .gencr.al storis of the olden time, where
lAcrylhin^r w,iskcpt, tind their best exponent to-d.iy
in the e.sl.iblishment ;)f C. R. M.abley i\: Company,
in which clothinjr, boots and shoes, hats and caps,
lailies' ,111(1 ,v(enllemen's furnishing; j^oods, milliiuiy
.and wookais of m.any kinds .ari' .all on .s.ale in gre it
(|uantilies. The tirst store for clolhiny was open"!
Kebru.ary 22. 1870. From time to lime others h.avu
,f till fdlliiwiiiv;
V : A. c:. Ciiiiitl,
hw.irl/.. (). Niw-
XV, and Joliii K.
') caused siH li .1
r\iry liniisi- tli.ii
■lliic finm Sllfll)\
for a stori' ami
CIS s(il<l mil lluii
1 i)cr ccMl. 'I'lu
llic auctidnccis.
'S by si'iulin.v; nui
(iiil)lc(lly at llicii
I f()il)i(l(liiii; am
ii|ii(irs in casks nl
(■ and tai kic, cai-
c, and animals,
iild at auiliiin un-
,civ;innvi oni- iuin
dinanic pnividid
1, leans iif allrai i-
Ih: used or cni-
•r |)cisi)n fur tii'
llic salt; or au'
^iiicss of an am -
)nc, and appoini-
ir. A law of l)r-
|auclions sliall mM
ind sunscitin;^,"
\l any drccpliim
'riu; f<illowin:^
rs in liic year-.
, I Iciuy I'lrown ;
11,11; iSiS.J-ums
K. Willianis, and
it ; i.Sjo, John S.
Iclvin Dorr, Knfu.
iii.-s e'. !'. llniii ;
lldllirook. 1. I'-
; law kins, 1 ). * •
,S'/), J;inus i''ils(in.
re, in which wm
ivc i)lacc to sloic s
,<ind or class nl
ildcsL and Icadin-
ua, coffee, suKiir,
(1 lari;e <iuanlilir ,
urs.
il.lcM time, will'''
sL (■xponenl to d >v
ibli'y iV Company .
)cs, hals and cap ,
i; n'oods, niillini v
all on sale in v;n i
loihiug was open' I
) lime others h.i ':
X
6
-Vi
772
MERCHANTS AND 1 RADINC..
•
I)i'i'M added, and now t'iftccn stores, of four and five been made at Detroit of almost all forei^ni com-
Stories eaeh, are oeeupied w illi the i^oods of tiiis tirm. modities, — easlile so.ip from Mai'seilles, se\eral Ions
One of the noticcabli- fealtires in tiie nuivantilo at a time; X'enetian red and anunonia from (ilas-
life of the eity, at tiie jiresent time, is tiie nmnber .^o\v ; hemp and mustard seed in (jiiantities from
of firms who represent stores established nearly Messina; ber.namot, orij^aniim, lemon, and other
or quite half a eciitury a^o, Amon^- these are the essential oils, with irums and drtii^s, from London
establishments of !•'. iiuhl 'S; Company, l^'arrand, ;md (inisse, thousands of j^allons at a time ; ehanu)is-
Williams 0!v: Company, tleor^e Kirby, 11.1'. liald- skins .arrive in lots of ten thousand ; Trieste sui)plies
K. II. I'm I ,\ I ...\
loi W Iu;inl Av
.11 ^ilnl.. .MoUli,
lliiilt in '.S75.
win 2(1, i\: Comp.iny. T. 11. Ilin' hm.ni X: ConijKinv,
1.. ,\. Smith iv Company, .\. C. MeClrawX: Com-
pany, and l'helpsi\: liraee.
From small be).,dnniin;s the dnnf business, repre-
sented by the wholesale ilrtii^-hoiises of f'.irr.md,
Williams, iK: Comp.iny, T. II. llinchm.m vv: Sons,
John J. Dodds tS: Company, and J.imes I". 1 )a\is i.*v:
Comiiany, has beeome one of the largest of mercan-
tile enterprises. Sinec i860 direct importations have
jMijagMiiBfJgiafr
•V^.:j^
l''ui;.NrnKii Wakkkooms iJi N. A; J. I'i.ai riiuv,
y8 Woiidwaril Aviiiiic. liiiilt In 1851.
i(tnii-;iral)ic and cntile-hsh bone; Dresden, senn.i-
leaves, anise-seed, and chemicals of various kind--,
and Liverpool, indi\(() and sal soda.
The increase in amount of direct importations of
various vfoods is shown by the followini^ statement
of the amount of iluties p.iid at Detroit: 1810,
$2,052; 1.S50, $11,433; 1860, §61,650; 1S70, $23),-
842; 1880, §284,464.
The total capital invested in jobbint;' and ret;iil
nam
.MI.RCllAN rs AM) TRADINC.
77^
all forcijjjn coin-
ilU's, several Ions
lonia fidin (lias-
(|uanliiics from
1111)11, and otlu'i"
^s, from London
a linn' ; cliainois-
; Trii'stc sujjplics
"iVVT^
; Drcsdin, senna-
; of various kiniN.
la.
•ct importations <'f
ollowinvr str.lcmciit
at D.'troii: if^i".
1/.50; 1S70. $211,-
jobhinj;- and ri't.nl
liniisc'S is about $30,000,-
000, and tlie sales for 1.S1S3
were estimated at $125,-
i5(X),000.
As the city has ii^rown,
oiu' locality after anoil.er
has heeoino specially de-
I sirablc for business pur-
poses. In 1812 Atwatcr
was the principal business
street; about i<S2o stores
l)ei;an to apjiear on Wood-
ward Avenue below Ji'f-
fersoii, and also on Jeffer-
son .Vveiiui'; from icS3()to
I ^yo J el'fersoii .Avenue was
the chief business strt'et of
the city. In i860 Wood-
w.ird Avenue above Jeffer-
son bet;-,in to be the better
retail 'treet. .Since 1870
the tide of business has
swept ]iast the Campus
M.irtiiis, and up W'ootl-
\vardaiidMoni"oey\\eiuies,
and Michigan, (Iraiiot,
and (1 rand River Avenues
iiave for years been lined
with stores and shops.
\Viici[.i;s.\i.i; |)i;ic, Sn > oi- l''\K'iv
II lo 17 l,.iriKil Slrctt K.i^l.
I'l.THoiT Tool Dbi'ot, Stovr, and Cikni:!; m. H akhuaki.; Siuiiiis of T. 15. R.\^ 1, & Co.,
Northeast tornor k,'. Woodward Avumic ;•, id Coiignss Street. lUiill in 1851-77.
AMI, Wn.i.iAM-i, A; Co,
lUiilt in 187J.
Some persons cni;;i<,^'d in
business have no local h.abita-
tion; they ;ire lure, iheri', and
everywhere, their own cries j.jiv-
ins;- notice of their presence.
I'lspeci.ally of Lite years the
street-cries of Detroit h.i\e be-
come noticeable anioni,' the many
sounds of its broad .■ind biisv
tliorouv;hfarcs. "Tin^ ;l lini;-
tin'.^'-tinn-tin.i;" sotnuls the bell
of the scissors-v;rinder, who pres-
ently appears with wheels and
treadle on his b.ick. Hardly
has the sound of his bell died
aw.'iy wlu'n the toot of tlu' raj;-
man's horn is he.ird, .and his
hand-cart comes in si^ht, drawn
sometimes by himself, sonutimes
byadoir; or possibly he has a
rheumatic liorse and a dilapi-
dateil uaijon. After him comes
one with box of broken ^dass
and a rule, and the cry of "dlass
put in I" is heard, or the words
" I'mbnlLis to mend — to mend
— to mend!" sound alon.i^ the
way. in the early mornim;- .and
:^
■•J
o
■J
01
t/3
rwwm
u
a
lA
a
:5
3
0
X
-I
^^^i
11^^
mi:rciiants and tradinc.
ill llicaftcriKion thnu-ws-
licjy's ('!•)• is iuard. (imiii-
pri'sciit, vinordus, and
clear; and ail llic livelong
day, in sprinj^; and sum-
nuT time, the streets are
made to rintj with the
cries of " Tatoes ! "
I'resh
nsii:
and
" Strawhcrrit's ! " Fruits
of every kind are thus
offered for sale.
In marked contrast
with tlu'se literally " one-
horse establishments," is
the Ijiisiness conducted
by the firm of I). M.
Ferry & Comiiany, one
of the most widely known
firms on the continent.
In connection with a few
facts as to their cst;il)-
lishment, a description
ol tile seed biisiiu'ss of
the olden time will be
suiL^iL^e stive. About the
year 1830, while James
Dry Goods Stores ok L. A. Smith <t Co. (Successors to Ja.mks Hurns & Co.),
107 and io<j Wiiiidward .Vvemii', corner of Congress Street. Hnilt in 1871.
CrROCKRV Stokes oe C.iV K. McMillan,
1 ;i WiiiKlwaril Avenue, rorner iif I'lirl Sireel, Built in \'A(\^,
Ab'iott was postmaster, he culti-
vated the main ]ic)i'tion of liie
block now bounded by W'oocKvanl
Avenue, Ciriswnld, W'nodbi id^e,
and Atwater Streets. In tliis gar-
den he raised seeds for sa' ■.
The wrapiiers enclnsino- ll,e fiw
letters that were then reee'ved at
Detroit, with the aid of a li;tle
jiaste, were transformed iido bai^s
for the seeds, and in the s|>iini;',
\vhen the first vessel wcit up the
lakes to S.airin.'iw, .Mackinaw, and
Cireen ISay, these seeds — only a
few dozen pajiers in rumber —
were sent up for sale to the post-
gardeners, :iik1 tt) scatteri'il tann-
ers who had settled in the \;ilder-
ness. .As comp.ired \iitli sueli
methods, the business opi rations
of I). M. Ferry iV Compmy afford
intorcstinjj evidences of provjre^s.
They occupy a foiir-st;)ry waic-
hnuse with basement, erected
.speci;illv for the jMirpose, Mid
coverin.tj half of a lari;c sciu.ire ;
and this buildini;, will a l.-'rye
portion of an adjoining block.
WBf^m
MIlRCilANTS AM) TRADING,
/ / /
;rns & Co.),
t in 1871.
tmastcM", lie culli-
1 pitriimi (if the
led by Wiind vvaiil
)1(1, \\'()(iill)ri(l;^c,
L't'ts. In lliisiL^ar-
scL'ds for sa' ■.
ncliisin;^- tliC fiw
then rccc'vi'd at
he aid of a lilK'
sfnnnrd ii.tii bai^s
nd ill llic sjinni;",
CSSOI WClt up till'
rt', Mackinaw, and
so seeds — only a
ers in riindier —
)!• sale t<i tin- post-
to scattered lanu-
tlod in tin- \,ilder-
ipal'ed \\h\i Slirli
isiness opi rations
.■v C'omp my afford
ences of pro,!L;ress.
four-stjry waic-
isenient, erected
he purpose, ."nd
f ;i !ar-c s(|nan ,
n'^-, will ;i h'y'A''
;idjoininjr block.
.
Iiardly siiU'ices for ibeir needs. In addition
to immense tniets of kind cultivated for
iliem, tliey have a seed-farm of their own,
loveriny nearly half a mile s<|iiare of j,qMund,
and on this farm they have .ifrown, in a
sinj;ic yt'ar, 35,000 poinids of onion and
c;3,ooo poinids of bttt seed.
At the w.'ireliouse. proper ihi'y employ
ahoiit four hundred pi'rsons, and the aj^^rirpc-
-ate miinbt-r of their workmen, ineludini^
those emjiloyi'd at the farm, reaches nearly
ci'^ht hundred. They deal directly, fi'om
\-cai' to year, with o\-er ei,i;iity thousand mer-
chants, located in almost every town and
iiainlct in the I'nited .States and Canada;
• iiid tlu'y h.ive ye irly corrcspondenci: besides
with as many more individu.al fai'mers and
j;ardeners. I'pw.irds of 50,000,000 pack-
;ii;i'S of seeds wire sent out in i^^}. They
issue over 32 5,(xx) c;it;iloi;iies \'early, .and
consume, in connection with their business,
nearly a ton and a half of paper ]H'r day,
and ship yearly live himdred c;ir-lo;uls of
seeds.
In the olden time wholesale merchants
waited for customers to come to thein,
lint within the last twenty years the practice
of sending out " tlrinnmers," nr travelling
I2T T» BLA^ICE
SroHK ANI> RbsIDFNCK 01 1'. lil.AKF, UnI)ERT.\KER,
25 and 27 I.afayi'ttf Avri\iu'. liiiilt in 1875.
I'Ai.NriNCAMi I' \i'i:k IIam.i.Ni. I-'.m a 111.1^.11. Mt.Miii- Uka.n, i;oi)iia'.v,\ d:
167 and i6g Griswold Street. Ijuilt in 187'j.
agents, has become increas-
inglv conmion, initil now
tlu're is hardly a wholesale
house in Detroit that does
not employ from one to fifty
of these s.alesmen. w ho, dur-
ing a gre.'it p.arl of the year.
tr.'ivel throughout tlu' coun-
try soliciting orders for goods
of every kind. There are
probably not less than four
hundred thus sent out from
Detroit.
Within the last twenty
years, and esiuci.illy since
1870, the practice of deliv-
ering goods to every part
of the city has become gen-
eral among ret.iil dealers,
{^ne firm employs nearly a
dozen wagons in this kind
of service.
Not much was attempted
in the w.'iy of displ.ay in
show-windows until .about
1850. Ceorge Doty's jew-
elry window and J. Ileed-
zler's exhibit of fruits and
^■v
77^
MI.RC'll.W IS AND rK.\l)|\(;.
f.iiicy ni'i "fries were amonv; llif cirlicsi spcci.illy ■^rncicics .ind iiicils iiMnw csiMljIisliincul was (iri'^i-
allractivc ili^iilavs. 'riiiscars lain- I- riiK h plali- iialc d in 1.S7 i iiyiln- Mi'^sis. Hull.
Vjlass wiiidiiws were iikm'c cnnniKiii, ainl since In lhe\\a\' dl siv;ns, (Hie (if llic must niilieeahie
then the sliiiw-windiiws on the principal business fnrly \ears ai^o was thai nf Self i\ Sole, shoemakers.
/\sk iV Seek w(re tailiiis. ( )\(r a (hcr's eslahlisli-
inent, nn h'hrisun .\\ennc near Hales Sireei.was
the lei^clid, " 1 d\e to li\c." A sii^n on Milllell
Street annniinced " Washiii'.; and Ironin;.; and j^oiny;'
out to day's works doiic lure." In icceni d.ivs the
McMriiiai, l-'(isriK, >1- Cd.'s t.|..\ 1 iiku Slum-:.
It. 1*. Mmnford. K. I). Knstor. Udijulas l';iync.
16 (Iratiot Avenue. linilt in iS^r..
several notices of " Itanknipt Stock " and "Sheriffs."
" C'losinn' out," ".Semi-annual," " Kcdiiciioii,"
"Remnant," .and " Keniov.il .S.alcs," ;ire f.imili.ir.
Attention is cl.ainied by represcnt.itions of .ilmosi
.streets ha\'e been iiicre.isiiii.,dy attr.irtive in ap|ie;<r- evi'rythin.ij tli.it is used or bon.i,dit or sold, and hiii^c
ance. "()|H'nini,^ d.iys," when sprinij; or fall i^oods keys, p.adlocks, pitchers, books, boots, .and w.iichcs
are first shown, wen; in,iuv;iir,ited by Newcotnb, line the w.ilks, or .ire displ.ayed on outer w.alls.
Kndicott, \- Coniivmy, in uS^y. 'l"hc sale of both laiibleins of culored K'lass. reiircscnlinj^ mortars,
Mantf.i. anii Tii.r Store ok P, A. Dii. lings,
176 Wooihvard Ave. Huill in 1868.
•>
liiiiciit was (H'l.'^i-
iniisl. niiliciahlf
Kile, .sliiiciiiaki rs.
(Iyer's (■slal)lisll-
'.atcs St feci, was
sil^li '111 Mllllelt
■(inin;^ ami i;"'i',K
I reeeiil <la\s the
B^*
iiim; Sicpu'i-.
I liiUKlas l';iyi\c.
in 187^1.
:" and "Sheriffs,"
" Keduetion,"
■s," are familiar,
rations of alinosl
or sold, and Iniiic
lots, and watelics
on onter walls,
'sentinjj mortars,
s
MilRCllANTS AND rKADIXC,
779
■|'ilnUNi)IKIi Nciei;s|.; .V Co., I'riu.lsirKK'., I'i;l,\ ri. KS, a.mi ii.ioi;-
l!l.M>i;i;s, <uinir l..iiiii<l and Slitlby Slncls.
IUiil(lln>,' rricird 1SH2.
|iacl<a;;(sof medicines, so,ip, and v.irioiisoilierarlieit.'^
are lell at cvvryilonv ,i, /,/,//, ///;// .indaiinosl ,i</ //i//fi/-
///-w, and li.its.-ind vesis, liy the score, li.ivc l)eeii dis-
trihuled to iiromisctioiis crowds. At sonu- opctiiinjs,
costly siip|)( IS are served to all who come. .M.iny
tirms Spend tlioiis.inds e\(ry year to .attract flic
piihlic eye. " llill-postcr Ixi.irds," fences, and many
v.ic.int w. ills .are covered w ith show-hills, pl.ic.ards,
,111(1 " dodders." I.,ist.l)iii not Icisi. the iiewsp.apers
should he n.imed. Some sin'.;le licwsp.ipcr ;i(l\-er-
lisiiij; lirms ( (iiilr.icl for .and control space in .a thoii-
s.iiid p.apcrs, secure orders from .all over the I'liiled
Stales for the insertion of advertisements, and ,ire in
const.int receipt of copies of .all jKipers .and periodi-
cals. One ,iv;eiicy receives live thons.aiid dilfereiit
papers every week, h.is h.id contracts with .i single
lirm for over S'i^.oik) worth of adxcrtisin.;;, .and li.is
pl.ii cd .a portion of the ad\-ertisemeiits of one house
which, nnder .i sin'.;le eontr.act, (xpeiided S5'k),o(X)
for .advertisini;.
Amonn' the modern .adjuncts of tr.ade the coin-
merci.al a,;.jencies are prominent. These .are desiijned
to .alford re.idy and reli.ihle inform.iiioii as to the
responsihility of persons seekin^r credit, 'i'he sys-
tem comprehends tlu' ohLiiiiinvf, hy nu-ans of resi-
dtnt correspondi'iits or tr.iveliiiv,'' emplovces, of
inform.ition of every kind which affects in ,tny w.iv
the reli.ahility of |)ersons doiiii; business in ,iny \i!l;i),fi.'
shirts, and Iiorso-shoos, add
hrilli.incy to the scene,
wooden Indi.ms and stuffed
skins of he.ir and deer
stand beside the |),ilh, .and
colored tiles with owners'
ii.ames .are inserted in the
w.alk. 'I'hese efforts .are
supplemented with adver-
lisemeiiis on car tickets,
:^as bills, hotel re,t;isters,
hloitiutr p;uls, .and pro-
:<iMmines. Cheap f.iiis,
rules,t.i|)e measures, ni.atcli
s.afes, p.aper-wei,i;hls. .and
plac(|ues with .advertise-
ments thereon, are i^iveii
aw.ay by thous.ands, .and
elc'^.iiU steel ent,n-;ived ;md
( olored cards, with myri.ads
"f devices, are distributed
' ' serve the donor's ends.
' liildren and ])ersons of
' "\; rv^rowth vie with each
oilier in the v.iriety .and
'"■iiity of iheir collections
' ■' ' hese free .ijifts. Sample
Wlini.F.RAl.F. Driic. Smiji.'; nr Jamps I",. ItAvis & Co.,
21), ^t, 31, .nnil 3=; I.nrnid Strcrl West, niiilt in 1887.
-0
7 So
M1;KC11AMS AM) TF<AI)ING.
or luinlihcirliood. I'liis infnnn.-itioii is inihlisluil
(|ii;irtciiy or si'mi-anmially. in various sized volumes,
and is furnisJK'd to sul)scriiicrs only. I'rom tiuu: to
time, lists of important changes in tlic business
Drug He ^e op John J. D^dhs & Co.,
(Successors tu Swift it l>HiUl|i)
51 and 53 Sliclljy Sirci-t. I'.iiilt in 187Q.
slandiny; of persons en^a.^ed in trade are supplieii.
Tiiese ai;encits also ftu'nish such of tluir jxitrons
as subsi-riho for the same, with information re-
garding any person intjuircd about; and at
regular intervals, circular notices of cii.-inges arc
sent out.
'I"he agency of R. ("i. Dun & Company \v;is
established in r)etr()it on Au.^L^u^t i, 1856. J. M.
Reilly, the llr.st man;igcr, rcmaintd until 1859. lie
w.is succeeded by James Moore, ;in(l he on .Augusi
I, 1863. by ("icorge II. Minchcmr.
WhuI.KS.M.K (il.AsS AM) I'Al.Sl SluKI-. ■■!■ UM. Kl-IH,
7! and 7, I.anicd Strcc t W.st. Iliiilt in i&Hj.
Rfl.iil Stores, ij and 14 (onurcss Street Kast.
The ISradstreet Agency was m.m.igcd from 1S3S
to i.sr„Si)yC. I'". Cl.-irk ; from i<S6S to i8;8 by N.
J. Ilubbell; from iSj.S to April, 1879, by 1'.. S.
Lowe; and since A|iril, i87(), 1)y C. 1". lieck.
An institution of similar character is the Mer-
ch.ints and M.inufactiircrs' {■".xihange. organi/cd
l'"cl)ru;u'y 2^, and incm-poralcd in .\pril. 1878. In
addition to its usual business, endc.i\ors ,arc m.idc
to regulate or prevent any practices injurious to
■vw
MKRCllANTS AND TKADINC.
7S1
, of chaiij^is nrc
v: Company was
. I, 1S36. J. M.
iiiilil 1859. Hi'
ml lie on Aii)j;iisl
f
m
s;^!^
-i^^i
1 111 \Vm. Ki;ii),
I'.iiiU in 18S.!.
ss StKlt KilSt.
iiia;<(il from iS;S
^S to 1.S7.S by N
1, 1S79. by K. ^■
c. r. r.rck.
•aclir is till' MiT-
lian'^c, ornaiiiziii
1 April, I'S?''^- '"
ulravors arc niadi'
liics injurious to
trade and commerce, and to promote the business tember zH, 1.S50, all of the district north of the
interests of the city. To this end it appoints not forty-fourth |)aralU,l was attached to tiie District of
only an executive conunittec. but also committees on Mackinaw.
transportation, arbitration, insurance, m.inuf.iclures,
and real estate, i'he ori;;mi/.;ilion is supported iiy
the fees of members, who pay S50 per year, its
rooms are at 101 (iriswold Street, corner of Coiiv,n-ess
Street. T. II. iiinchm.ui has been jjresidcnt and C.
1'.. Hull, treasurer, from the date of orvjani/atiou.
Joseph Coll served as .actu.iry until .April, 1S79, he
was succeeded by H. 1*. S.mner, who resi!.,nicd in
.March, iSSo, and was followed by S. .S. Seefred.
The District of Detroit now extends aloni; the
frontier from the mouth of the St. Clair River to the
southern boundary of the St.ite, .and covers llu'
counties of ( ieuessec, .Shiiiw.assci', l.ivini^'stou, ( ),ik-
l.md, M.icomb, \V.i\iie, W'ashtiii.iw, Lenawee, .Mon-
roe, ruid the eastern portion of Ingham .and J.ickson.
Detroit is the primip.il port of entry .and delivery,
with siibordin.ite pmls at: Tri'ntoii, Wyandotte,
Monroe, Newi)ort, ('libr.alier, I'.corce, Spi-in,^'Wt'lls,
\Vii(ii.i;s.\i,K Dkv (.'luniis Harsh; oi- Kdso.w, Moonii ii Co.,
i(H li, jnt JrfTrrs.iii Amiimc. Iliiilt iii'i.S.'^t.
CfSrOM HOl'SK AND lOM.KC li )KS.
lly .\ct of M.irch 2, 1799, Detroit was made .1
poi't of entrv. (."ustom-house rev;ulalions were then
provided for .1 district embniciui;- ;ill the w.aters.
shores, and inlets of L.akes Ij-ie. St. Clair, antl
Ihirou, west of the .Miami Kiver to M.iekin.aw.
The sal.iry of the collector was tixed at $250
yearly, with three per cent on the amotmt collected.
ISy l.aw of June }o, 1834, the coasts of Lake
Miihiv^'.an, for tift\' miles north of Cir.and River .and
Milwaukee, were iittaehed to the district. On Sep-
Rockwood, New ii.altimore, Mt. Cliuuns, and
Crosse Isle, at each of which one deputy collector
and inspector of customs is located.
When a vessel arrivt's from a forei,i;n country the
s^roods must be entered and the duties paid before
hv'uv^ lauded, unless they are to be i)laeed in a
bonded w.irchouse. The entry consists of a written
statement containin;.; the name of the vessel and
her master, the name of the port from which the
articles were ship|)etl. their particul.ar marks, luim-
bers, nualily, and (luantity, denominutiun, and prime
"•^•■^
7S2
CUSTOM IIUUSK AM) CULLKC TOKS.
cost, ami llic advaiuu rliaini'S 011 llu'iii. 'I'lu' im- L'aiiailiaii or oilier fi)rci,v;ii ports, lie issiu's yearly
porter must also priKliue tlio orij^ina! iiivoiie, or liiiiises to vessels eiiy;a,iL;ed in lake or riser trade ;
other diiiuiiieiiis in liiii tiii'reof, with llie liills of keeps ai't'ouiil ot all vessels Ixiilt within ilic disiriri,
ladiiii;. \'essels s.iiliii^ lioiii the Liiited States also of those arrivirivj and di|)artinv; from Detroit,
obtain from the collector wrilli'ii permits to leave, Kivin;< their liiaracicr and descri|)tion, and niioris
called "cloaraiu'fs," and sailors obtain ccrtilieales iif the same to the re|<ister of liu- treasnry; lie makes
their nationality, usually denomin.ili'd " |)roleilions." ritiirns df all imports ,ind e\ports,il this port; he is
which serve to bccurc them the privileges of Ameri- also the disbursini; a.^eiit uf the tiovermneiit lor the
f. ^Si
¥-^
Wnoi.n<!Ai.K Drv Gnniis Storrs of Am. \n Siif.lden & Co.,
162, 1^4, iffi, and ifiS Jefferson Avenue. I'.recteil in 1879.
cnti seamen. The collector certifies to the correct-
ness of the manifests or bills of ladinc^ of j^oods on
board of vessels sailing from this to any f(<reii^n
port; he also issues res^isters to ships, specif yinj^ the
description and nationality of such as are j,'<>'"!^ to
foreign countries, and collects a tonnage tax of
thirty cents per ton from all vessels trading with
Revenue M.irine service, and acts as custodian of
the marine liospit.il, custom-house, and posl-oriice,
including the court-rooms and ol'tices therein con-
tained, and is chargeil with the repair and presenta-
tion of the buildings and furniture.
All imported merchandise is examined and ap
praised, whether imported direct or through ;'.
cusroM iiousi: anu collkcturs.
;«3
I Ic issiirs yi'arly
;i; or ii\ir iradi' ,
illiiii the district,
iv^ from l)itr(iit.
tioii, and reports
:isury ; lu' makes
t lliis port ; he is
vcrimieiil lor llnj
s as custodian of
(.', and posl-ollice.
Iliccs therein con-
lair and presen-a-
xaniined and ap
:t or through a
bonded warehouse, uhieh is tmder Government are also inider thu' eontrol of the oHiecrs of the
siipersisioii. The appraiser is appointid l)y ihi' eiistoms.
Secretary "( ihi' 'I'ri'asiiry. and receixes $3,ocx) a To aid in the enforcement of the rev<'ntii: laws
vear. h". A. Illadi's, serving as appraiser in 1.S.S4, tlie ( lovernnn ni has a revenue steamer in tlie (hs-
was appointed on June 16, 1.S74. tijct, ilie I'essendcn, which iiatmls the river and
Moiuled warehouses arc for the henelit of im- lakes at a yearly cost nf abmit ^.'o.oo.. 'I'lu' steamer
ixirters who do not wish to pay the entire duties Miclli^,^ul, of the liiited States Navy, also makes
un any lot of jjoods at the time tlicy arc ini- occasional visits to this jxirt.
Tile collector's force in iSX;, included sixty-one
persons, whose salaries, ran;^'ini; froniijiioo tciJ.^ajO,
a.nxfe.ijati-d about §55,(kkj .anniiall}'. Sonu; of the
otlicers are jiaiil solely by their fees. All the sub-
ordinates are ;ippninie(l by the collector, who is
appoinlcil by the I'rcsidciit, with the consent of the
senate.
,^m^
I'UK ESTAIILISHMENT ANU HaT StOKE OK F. "'JUL & CO,,
146 iind 148 JctTirson Avciuie. lUiilt . .^32-82.
jiorted. In all such cases the ijoods are stored
in the warehouse, and the duties paid from time
til time as portions arc withdrawn. These ware-
houses were first used in l")etroit, in June. 1872.
In addition to the reyjular bonded warehouse,
bonded rooms ari' allowed in the stores of in-
ili\iduals for storage of merchandise imported,
owned by or consigned to them, and such rooms
Wholesale Cloi hinc Stores ok Heinemas, I'ctzel, & Co.,
142 and 144 JclTcrsjii Avomic. Hiiilt in 1852.
The receipts from all sources during; the year
ending December 31, 1.SCS3, were $373,906. The
importations made in the district the same year
were vakietl at over SS.000.000.
The principal imports in 18S3 were
V.-\lue.
Barley §211.565
Malt 7.178
^^
784
I'irewood
I'r.is .111(1 beans
Si-r.ip iron
Till plates
cusroM iiousi-: and coi.i.ix ioks.
Value.
$216,715 lUittd' .'iiul laid
iiS.i^^l 'I'liliarcd
16,807 I'ly ' ><"'ils
WllOLESAI.!! ClOTHINi; SrOKliS OKHli/WKNRlCH Uros.,
138 and 14U Jcflcrsun Avciiuc. built in i83o.
Tlic principal exports in 1.S83 wi-ru :
(Jiiaiitily,
Wluat, bushels 57i,n.S
C'nrii " 42 J, Soy
Oats " 41,853
\\ licat-llour, bbls 21,309
Value.
ISI2.584
93,648
33.159
V.iliic.
S6oi.78y
228,555
13,001
124,266
Spiriliiniis li(juors
IIi)rsc'S, catilf, sheep, and hogs
Hides and skins
Agricultural seeds
Potatoes and other vegetal)les
Fruits of all kinds
$3 1. 643
237,622
67,686
62,741
1 5,060
1 1 ,498
Wii ii.i:sALii Dkv (iouijs Shirks ui- Chas. Kout & Co.,
ij4 and ij6 JclTersun Avinuu. lUiilt in 1871.
Coal, tons 116,915 $407,437
Cotton, lbs. 3,010,080 331,101
Tobaceo " 294,009 80,500
Pork " 743.S11 64,151
Lard " 46,561 4,667
lieef " 5^'.'/'5 4,126
Ham " 109,071 12,997
Hardware 125.343
Household furniture 150,834
Agricultural implements 4.978
Agricultural seeds 42,096
Total value of domestic exports 3,21 1,673
nwwmm
TlIK IH)AKI) ol" TKAni:.
Value.
82.5.S4
93,648
23.' 59
■(J :
ity.
Value.
18
Sr,o 1,789
S09
J28,555
«53
13,001
3oy
1 24.266
'^■^i-^.
m
.V, V \ ■
A"^. Ul
)(1T it Co.,
iiilt 111
1871.
915
S4O7.437
,080
331. lOI
,009
80,500
,811
64,15'
.561
4,r/,7
•'/'S
4,1-'''
,071
12,997
125.343
1 50,834
4.978
42,o9r.
3,21 1, 67 J
The collirtors li.tvf htm ;i:i follows:
171/^ 1S05, .Maltlicw Kriicst ; during at IcaM |)iiil
of iSuJ.John DnckiiK'.'vd was post inspector; June
1S05, to June. 1806, Joseph Wilkinson ; 1806 i,Si>,S,
.Stanley Griswuld ; 1808-1814, Kcuhcn Atwatti ;
1814 1R2S. William Wondhridcfo ; iS:S. Tnim.nn
lliicliiT ; 1829 1831;. Andiiw M.ick ; 1839 1X41,
John McDoniK'll; 1841 1845. Kdward iirooks;
1845-1849, Cliarlci- :. llainiiiond; 1849-1853, Oliver
-»-i-- -'"JSi-^
H Q Q T & ^fixl'iqCTtj yym^'cT^
Wliol.KSALli lioDl AM) Slliilv SlOKi:> O !• A. C McCiKAW & Co.,
128, 130 am! I !J Jofli r^DTi \viiiiiu, I'uili in iS3'i-7o.
M.llydc; 1853 1S57, John II. Harmon; 1S37 1S60,
Mithael .Shoftnaker ; 1 860- 1 Sfi i , R. W". D.ivis;
i8r,i 1S66, X. C. Isbill; iSr,r.-i867, 11. A. Morrow;
i8('>7-i869, N. C. Ishrll ; 1869-1875, Cicori^^c Jerome;
1.S75-1884, Di.iLihy v. r.tll; 18S4 , William
Livinystune, Jr.
TlIK IKIAKI) (If TRADE.
'I'he first ort,^'ini/ation of this character w;is called
ilie " Merch.'ints' IlxchaniLie and Hoard of Tr.ide,"
and was the result of a meeting; held ( )elol)er 19,
secret.iry. At ,1 suhseinieiil inectiiij^. In Kl
20. ilie joliowin.; |Mrni.uient ollicers were
William ISrewstrr, |iresident; Charles How;
prcsiilent ; A. Diidm-nn, tre.isiiirr; John
.0.
t )i lolur
elected :
ird. \ii I-
Chester,
'MpLfmrmm'
in.iLa* ' ''jML ■'/_/"''
^-n'>^-Oilll
r P: llt\ I" ''
iii'li^^^JiiJfkv^iiiJI|L<lii)i'iiii<»t.. ii>u iiii *'^-\iw
■ , in> iiBiii; I
l7?Vlll]'Jfc,,'t""li|jim |i™« „„. "wiu.illi v^ I
iifeJii ^ liiiii - 'iik Ji- i»l
I! .villi !|"ll:
I jik '
■ LlikJlLJiik.;!
\Vn..Li.sALi-. Hm, C'ai' anu I'l k Sidkks ijy II. A. Ni-.ui.am) &
Cii., I..4 and i.'6 JitTirsdn .Avcnne. llnilt in 1879.
secretary; [ames Abbott, .\. S. Kelloirir, S. Lewis,
F. ^h).')re,' F. I'.uhl, 7.. Chandler, IF P. I'.ridvje,
1847, at the oflice of li. F. Webb, C. C. Trow- referees; J. Owen, li, L. Webb, C. llurlbut,
bridge acting as president and John Chester as directors.
^mmm
■■
7.S6
•llli; I'.oAkI) til' TKADi:.
Daily mci'linL;^ (if ilic biiard l)('v;;iii nil ( >(t<il)ir J7, in llic proixiscil l)iiil(liiin. 'I'lic funds. liowiAcr,
1S47, in a \a( anl ■^tdic. ou nnl li\ jdlin K. Williams, wiIiikjI iurilicnniini;, and I lie hoard continued in
loi'aU'il on llu' soiiiliwcsl roiiii r 111 \\ ooduard .\\ c- llir old ioralioii iinlil Srplcinhcr 17, lS_(v. llirii
nuc and Atualtr Strict. I lie luw iHi^.ini/.ition nut ino\cd to the H.iikiis lliiiidiin;. on 'I'liird Slrr(i lu ar
with fa\<)i", and very soon iH'cinu^lrsiroiis of o( cii- the t iiiir.il l)i|iot; and soon allcf tlic follouini;
pyini; .1 hnildini.;' of ilsouii. A roiniiiiitci u.is .ip- noii( c ;ip|)iai( il :
pointed to eonsiiU'i' tlu- inojeet. .nid on M.ireli Ji,
1.S41S, liu: followinv^ notice ai)pearcd :
A pillilic miitill;; iif Ihi: lili/clisiil II1II..1I »illlii llclil .iltlic
rooiii («c ii|)ii(l liy llir riuaiil cif Iriiilr cii liu- i .iriin ni \\i)c.ilw:ir(l
Avniiic and Alw.ilir Sircil, ciii 'lliiirsday liu- -.•iiil day ci( March,
^%
■^-^
/w„/.w.i^. /><•/:
WfI'M.i.m.i C.i.ik i-.u', ANii Sill 1; SriiMi 111- A. K. A' \V. I''. I.inn,
1 16 J( ffcrsdii Avium, llir. Slnlliy Slrccl. Hiiilt in 1S4.!.
ut llircc o'ljcM k 1: M., Id liiai tli'' n purl •>( ili. 1 oininillii' in nv
lalioii to till' tri'i tiiiii iif a .\i> ri liaiils' I'.xrliaii^r lliiililiMv; in lliis
city. As iliis is a snlijii 1 in wliii li all liavi an inli ri si, il is liupi il
tluTi' will Im a lull allrluLlIK >■,
'/.. t'llAM<iii(, S. lauc., ('.i-.ii;i,|.. I'',. II \Nii,
'I'. \V, l,cMKHiinl>, I'. 'I'liM \ Ijnu 1:, C'nw.
'I'lie siihjcci was discussed, the l.e^^isi.iture .ip-
Kiiiii'Tii/ : rill' n<Miil "I I I. nil will liuM iIkIi millings (ai
and alicr Wiilnisda> , ilci..l>.r 11, i:;|i, iiillu- iirw l';,\( lian,v.i',
I'arnii'i'sand Mnli.inii^' Hank llnildiiK;. Ijniii-., r iui/a. m.
r.y cinlir nl ih. I >ii. . i.n-,.
JiiiiN Ciii ■ 1 in. Sti'y.
Wu I II . I \M. ( >r Si.il r III A. C. 1; \. .IN iV C'li.,
8fi JilTiirsiin .Avrniir, rurnir Wayne Street,
r.iiill tn 1.S8.'.
( )nly ;i few nieetinvjs wcii" In Id in the h.ink Iniild-
illL^'. 'I'lie drin.iiuN of tr.ade did not c ill for its coll-
liiuiance. and the ri\-.Tlry of luisiiiess linns leniiin
ati'd the existence of the bo.ird. l'omp.ir.ai\i K'
litilc liiisiiicss w.'is .■.itiiallv tr.ins.icted ,11 iis d.aiK'
]icaie(l to, and on Mar<li 14. i.Sj.S. the l)elioit Mer- si'ssions. Dealers uishini,^ to liny produce j,;ciier-
fhaiits' l'..\ch,inj,;e ('oinp.iny w.is ini'orpor.ited. 'i'he ally went direct to the hnsiness linns wiio were stip-
Act .nitliori/.ed them ;o erect .1 hiiildim;. and jLjavu |)o:.ed to h.ive the desired .articles in store. l'"roin
to the N'i)iir.,i;.Men's ,111(1 l'"ire De|)a'iiiieiil Societies the liist the soi iety was chielly promoted by fo'-
powcr tu take slock to the .iniounl of $ Kj.ixx) each wirdini;' .iiid ( Dinniission merchants; eventually a
'I hi; i;<).\i<|) ok tu adc.
7>^7
imds, lioucscr.
'li rontiiHicd in
17, lS.|i;. IIk'II
liird Slicii IK ,ir
r llii- follow i^^^
llli il llh I lilies 1. 11
ill.- IM W I'M li:lll)-'.l'i
,111-,, 1 • M I.' A. M.
s.
(IN ('Ml ■ I IK, Sl(y.
ai^*.-*S
III llic bank liiiilil-
(il, (ill fur its cdii-
■ss tinns icniiin
I'lHiiparaiisrl'.
idcd al its (lail\
y |)ri).liitr uriur
IIS wlln wen: S(l|'-
iii store. From
l)roilV)lr(l l)y for-
ms : cvciiuially ■'
niiiiilK-r of persons in ordinary iiiereantilc Iratk;
jniiird iliu soeieiy, jjaid fees of §j.(x) per year, aiul
the siieiity lor a lime luinibered alunii one hun-
dred iiiimlxrs. I )iirin.v;' tiiis period, and from i.S',5
I0I.S35, (Ik liusiiuss of reeeiviiii^, forw.irdiiiv;, stor-
iii;,^', .111(1 selling ;,;rain ,'iiid pi'odnee w.is extensive
and protit.ii)le. At the lime' of the Crinie.iii W'.ir,
in i'S54, die lirms of liridv;!' «.\; Lewis .iiul J. I,.
I liird iK: riiinpany su|)phei| as iiianv .'is j.(>iM> l),ir-
rels per d.iy. I'drw .irdiiii^ ,iiid eoniniission houses
111;; II. r. IWidi^e .letcd .is <ii.iiriii,iii, ,iiid Jul
la'will .IS seeret.iry. A c oillllliUee, ( onsisliiii^- I
MeC'liesiiey .-md S.iinilel Lewis, W.IS .ippoiiil
dr.ifl .1 eoiisiiiiition .-uiij h) -l.iws, .md 011 |iilv 1
bo.ard w.is orj;,-iiii/.ed. 'rweiily-lis<- persons si
the eniistitlllioii, .inil the followini;- oIlKeis
ele.ied : president, 11. I', i'.ridm'; viee-presid
Dnni.iii .Siew.irt, Robert .MeChesiuy; dirn
Josrph Aspinall, W'illi.ini ll.Cr.ii;;. (len|--e W.
sell, John W. .Stroiii;, ,\. I'.. Kissell, J.iiius ]■:
in ( ).
if R.
i-d to
3 the
;;lle{|
were
(•Ills,
tors,
liis-
I'itt-
wcrc llieii esl.iblished in lari^e w.iiehuii.scs aloiiy man, W. 'I'ruesdale, John I!. I'.ilnier; Lre.isiirer, II.
— -■•«
pJ^-Xw-^.f*^-*-'
_L-- '^"~^<»*-'«W*- ^C^**
-^ifs*-
\\ iioLi; , M.I-; Dm I. .Si.iM. . .11 T. II. IIimii,ma;«A S.;N'.,
ukI Sci JctfrrsDii Avcmir. :,H anil i.«) Wuiiilbridxi; Street.
Iliiili ill 186S.
die river, lint the inere.ise in niimlier of railro.ids,
md the readiness wit'i wciieh siiipmeiUs maybe
'ii.ide direct, without lel.iy or e.Mr.i cii.arnc, have
I ir.nely done ;iway wilii the special business carried
'in by such lirms.
I he present iSo.ird of Trjide v;re\v out of .1 iiieel-
iii'.; held June 3, i.S^ri, ,ii ijie (itliir (if !•'..( ",. Merrick,
dii'ii located .at llir fool of W'.ivne Street, in w li.it
w.is known as W.ird's W.uehonse. /\t this meet-
Win hi'Saii.: Kkim SinuK or Ihvvi'.u A- Viiav,
(id JtlTirson AvcMiii-, rornurKf Cass .Struct.
I'.iiilt ill 1S78.
K. S,in,i;er; seeret.iry. Milo 1). Il.imilton. , .le
membership dues were tixed .at Sio.txi per year.
On Ati.naist 6, .at \o a. M.. d.iily sessiohs bej;;iii to
In- held in .1 store on Woodbrid^je Street under the
Miehiv,,ni l'".xeh.an,i,n'. On December 2 the d.iily
meetiiii;s were sus|H'nded until the first N.'ind.ay in
M.in h. Oil /Xii^iist 4, I.S 57. sessions be^,^ln to lie
held from (; to i<) A. M.; they .ire now lield from
10 A. M. to I 1'. M. si.iiid.ird time.
►.(JO
Tin; r.oARD oi ikadi:.
In iSCx) the lin.ird pul)lisli(<l in
])ain|)lil(l f(ii;n a slati-iiu iit dl llu'
biisiiuss (if ihc city f(ir liS^i;. Si\-
rral similar (■(impilatictis lia\i' since
W-v\\ issued, liiit not usually by (lii\-et
aiilhdrily cf llie ini^ani/alinn.
( »ii Man h 5, i.S'ii , it was xoled lo
(■(insi iliiLile the (illices (jf secretary
and treasurer, ;ind un M.ii' li 4 of
llic yi.'ir f(iil(i\\i 11.14, f'"' ^l"-' '"'^'■
time, a s.ilary of SJ5(j \v,is \(>ted to
the secretary, < Mi Janu.iry ::o, i.S'i v
J.ames .\s|)inall, I'.. K. M.ittliews,
and llernard ()'(ii-ady were ap-
pointed ;i comniittee to procui'e .1
new charter, and on M.in li iw.
iiS(')3, an Act of Incorporation, em-
bnieini,^ liberal pro\isions .ipplicible
to Hoards of 'I'r.idc and Ciiamlx rs
of Commerce, was passed by
the I.ei^isl.itin-f. ( )n June J, the
lio.ird adopieil a new consiitntioii.
On July I of this ye.ir the dues of
persons not in the ;^rain. produce,
or milling' business wire re(lii( cd to
$5.00 a \e,ir.
'I'lic eri'ctioii of an appropriate
111! I II ii I
Ul.h lIoAiU) ui- 'I'kAi.i-. Ill
WllOLBSAI.B (iUuCI-.KV So 'K-' dl' W, J, (iuClW Al C.
01 anil C,t Ji ffcrsiiii Avnun-, liiiill in 1S82
"buildin:; now bei^.m to be increas-
in.;;ly ;iv;:tate(l, ;ind on ()ct(ib(r 20
the lot on the souili>Mst corner ot
\\'o(idbridi;e anil SIk Ibv Streets w.is
purch.ised ;it .a cost of S-bS'"-', ' 'n
November J 3 follow ini^,,i joint slock
building; comp.inv w.is fornie(l .and
books Were opened for subscrip-
tions. On iJecember S the sto( k-
liolders met, .and elected the follow-
ill'.; directors; Josrph .\spin.ill. .\l-
e.\ander Lewis, Dunc.in Sicw.di.
( aiil^e W. r.issi II, !;. ( )"(,r.ld\. .\.
!■'.. Ilissell. J.uiles As|)in.lll. II. J.
I'lUi kley, .and I ieoi\;e I', |ia'.4lcy.
Joseph .X^pin.ill w.as elei iid presi-
dent of the ((inip.in\. .iiid J.iiiKs
.\spin.ill secretary .aiu' ti't .ssiin r.
The I (irner-stoiK i' the buildiii;,;
w.as laid on June .S, i.'i^.j, .and tin
stru( ture W.IS ((impleted ,it .a (d"-!
of .about !fi35,(MK>. It was de(ii(.iteil
■ 111 I'lbni.try J_' iS'13, The e\er-
I ises consisted of .Ml opening .id
dress b\' Jose|)h ,\spin.ill, .an o(le li\
I. I..inibi( . .and .111 .iddnss b\ ( i
\ . N, l.olhidp, followed l)y a dinii'
.at the I'liddle 1 loUse ,illd :t il.lii il
'I'lli: I'.nAKl) OF 'rKADK
;S<^
^ft
1 to !)(.• iinivas-
,,n ( )it(il)i r -"
!■ .IsL (onul' III
ll)y Streets \\.i>
if 84.5"'^- ""
iv;,;i jiiiiil stiH k
;is fdrtned .-lllil
fur suliserip-
)<r S tlie st<»k-
lUil tlie fiilliiw-
h Aspiiiall. Al-
iiiit all Stew. lit.
;. ( )'( ,nii!\. .\.
Aspin.iU. il. J-
-e V. I'.a'^Ky.
s rlirtol l>re-i-
ii\, aiul J.iine-
nil' tn iisiifei'.
I tlie luiililill'v
S, ['.\(<.\. ami till
lilted at a eii-i
ll was deilieate.'
ISdj. 'rlu- e\er
all cp|nninv; a'
^piliall. .Ill "de li'.
n .iddress 1)\ < .
wed l>y a diiiii' '
,,■ and' a liall ii
llie evciiiiv^-. The I'.nai'ddf 'I'rade I lall w.is i( nted
liV the ( iilpiilMl icili tn llii- sneiclv \<>V t \\ (lit \ -llille
\e.iis, at S51W) Inr the lir>t year, Syji* |ier \<:ir fur
I he next fiiiir \(
ml jii .(XX) jier yi :r hir the sm -
' icdint; \e.irs. ( )ii M,ir( h (> II. I". Ilnd'^c (i|lrr<i| .1
lisiiliitinii e.illili;; fur a ((ilUflll inn (if the lloirds nl
I'rade (if tile I'liiied Si.ites and l'.riti>h l'r(i\ imi'-.
The resiihllinll Ixire fniil in (ille of tlie l.irv^e^t .111(1
most ini|)(irt.iiit eommerci.ii eniucntinns cvn- hi Id.
ll ((nuciied Inly 11, lX''i5, and eoiiliniK d in sessimi
f.iiir d.ns, diiiiii;,' whieii the alilest hii-'iness men of
tin I'liiied Slates and llnti^h I'lovim ts iL;av(; their
W IIOI.Ks X! H JI AKDWVHK Stums (if I )|( i| \inii% Kl FT' ll.nj, iV C(J
r, loC, U'imhHimcIl:' Siriil W. ~i. Cmli ihi-»7.
lews fin the inipiirtaiil <|ii('sti(iiis nf reeiproeity,
■"■insit and tr.uisport.ilidii, iiiipnivement (if rivers
'■'.d harbors, cdiKmetei', fiii.inee, a'.;rii iilinre, ni.uiii-
' I lures, and subjects (if ((ivrii.iie inten '-t. AiiKHivj
ic not.iliies present Were IlaiHiii)al il.imlin, Jnlin
. F;ir\vell, and N. K. I'.iirlianks. 'I'hc fe( liii's^ (if
': nieetiriif w.is iinniisiak.ibly av;.iinst the n iiew.il
■' till! reeipr(H iiy tre.iiy witli t'.in.id.i, tml on the
' id.iy 11(111. J(is(|il( ildwe, (if N(i\,i S( (iii.i, spdke
f.ivdr of reiiewiii'^ the treaty. " In sunie r( s|)cets
vas liic most reiuarkalilc speech ever delivered in
Ni ii Ii. ,
I (. ihi 1;
\Vl|ill.l','~\l.i: CtKlX I'.kV, ('..I I IK .iM. .Sli h .Mli.l.T (ll-
1!. F. I'"arhis(.|(in & Co.,
-|ii"i' ^i". .!■ Il( rsdil .Vviiiiif, ,-111(1 IJ"- iirid Ij.. Wdiilll r:(Ii;r Sllfct.
Iliiill ill iK8j.
79
o
TIIK HOARD OF 'I'RADK.
the Uiiiud Sl.iU's, comljiiiiiii;' ;i wralili of illnsira-
lion, a profdiiiul kiuiwlnl;^!' nf the sul)ji'i't, aiul a
power of nioviiiij llic liiim.m luarl wliirh has lanly
been oqualli'd in thi' annals of oralory." At mw
lime, in lieseribinii;' tiu' return of iiis son from liiree
years' iionoraljle service in ihe I'nion army, the
])allu'tir elocjiienee of liie speai<er nuned many of
liie six hundreil {lelej;;Ues to tears. At the close of
his .speeeii a resolution was adopted rcquestinvj Con-
ijress to renew -the reciprocity treaty on eiinitable
terms, which was carried unanimously. As ,i result
WllomsAi.ii H\uinv\Ki. SiDiv-Ks 111 SrANi>\Fn Di, Mn;i<>,
t)j to i;6 Woodbricl),'f Simt West, llnilt in 1872.
of tills convention the National Hoard of Trade was
ori;ani/ed. It hekl its first meetinv; in I'hilailelphia
on JiMie 5, 1868. Detroit sent delevjates to these
nieetinifs up to Aujiinst 24, 1S77. when it witiidre^'
from menil)orship, under the i)elief that tlu' central
orjij.ini/.aiion was of no special benefit to traile and
commerce.
In 1865 tlic ihies for i^niin ('e.ilers wi're increased
to $15. In July, i^(<<<, daily ti ley;r,ipliic reports
from New ^'ork were first received, llie folliiivini;'
year the bo;ird look steps to ha\e Detroit m.u-kets
telei;ra[)hed to the associated press, 'riic readiiiv;
aloud of the tele^faphic reports of f )rii;.;n m.irkits
be-all on March 4, |S6(;, ;ui(l on Dei ember 4 a cc 11-
tract was maik; for daily lelei^raphic reports fr'Hii
I.iveriiool.
The daily rci'eipts and shipiiieiii ^ at Detroit of all
sorts of provisions, i;r;iin, li\e-stock, produce, I 1111-
ber. ;ind staples of various knuU, by r.iil ;ind 'ake,
are collected d.iiiy .uid posted ii the rooms.
In March, iS7o,the membc ship dues were laised
to ;i>::5 for those re,;;ularly faiisactiu;,; business at
till- bo.ird, ;uid $15 for otlic members.
( )n May <>. 1871, the olfices of secretary and tre.i-
stirer were a^.iin united. On Det'cmber 13. 1871, a
National Commercial Convention was held in the hall
to promote the buildinii; of ;iii Anieric.in canal abotn
Waiii.i.'- M K I'lKcuikV Sii)i;i>i ok I'm-ii*^ ,V l!i;.\ci",
81 and 8) Urfirs.m Avriun'. Utiilt in 1868.
the Falls of Niav;,ira, and Coni^ress was asked to
nndert.iki' the work. On July 22, 1874, the city was
visited by the Ch.unber of Commerce of I'eoria.
The ji^uests were met ,it tli! dejiot by ;i committee,
(.jiven a reception at the Council (.■|iamber in the
the evening, .ind the next inornini,' welcomed
and lunched at ;lie rooms of the board.
In 1S73 the board p.aid S5.OCX3 to the owners of
the li.ill to secure a c.incell.ition of tlu'ir lease, ;iiul
arr.ini;cd for the iiri'panilio 1 of a hall .and rooms in
a Hew buildin'..; on the sonllie.-ist coiner of Jefferson
Avenue aiul Ciiswold Street, ;it ;i rent of iJii.^Do p- r
iww&m
Tlir: HOARD Ol' TRADI':.
791
f')ri'i,i;ii markits
•I i'ml)ir 4 .1 1( 11-
hic reports Iroin
;it Detroit of all
k, produce, 1 1111-
l)y rail ami 'ake,
e rooms.
(lues were laisal
liiii; business at
)ers.
■erelary and trea-
■ntber 13, 1.S71. a
aslu'ld in llie liall
rieaii eanal aboiii
ii-i I ^ A l!i;Aei%
nilt in 1868.
:ss was asked '"
1874. tile eity was
iierei' of i'eoria.
t by a eoniniiltee,
Chamber in the
rninv,' weleomed
oard.
Ill the owners of
f their lease, and
hall and rooms in
oMier of Jeffersoi
rent of j^i/kk) p'
year. These were lirst
iieciipiid on I'ebruary
I'), 1M79. Ainoui;- the
pri\ile;;cs ]L;ranted by the
Alt iMulir whieh the
board is ineorpor.ited is
the ri;<lit to settle dis-
putes and differences of
,1 business clia-'aetiT bi'-
t ween nienibei s or others
by ;irbiir.ition. .\fler
the he.irin^^ and deur-
inininii^ of eases by ;ip-
prnpii.ile eoinniitli'i's,
the linal aw.ird is made
by l.iw to ha\i: the s.unc
ilfeet as a jud,!L;nient in
tlu; C'ireuil L'ourt. I'or
the carryinjf out of the
purpose (jf this i>ro\ision,
;ni Arbiiraiion Commit-
tee (jf ten peisi ins is ilic-
led yearly, half only of
ihein sorvini;^ at a linio.
The fi'es for arbiiratini^,
(leierniined by a rei^ular
scale, aeeordinv; to tlu'
.amount invoked, y,i> into
I)KTHnri' IIUANCII SlIUK SloUK HI R\rill"lM., S
1)7 lo 101 WoodliriilK'i' St. Wist. W. I'. K. \\i<<-^, Maii.ii;ir. I!nilr iS,-
\KI), >V I'll.,
■. Fomiilrif
at Alli.inv, NY.
WlliM.l'.SAl.H H.Mil)«.\kli SlilM-s ii|. Ill III , SilN<, A Co.,
loj to III W ii)ilbriil>;r SiriTt Wot. Hiiilt in 1S71.
the tre.isiu'y of the board.
A Committee on Appeals,
consistini,; of nine members,
is appointed ye.irly to review,
when called upon, the deei-
sions of the Arbitr.ition
Committee. If ri'ferri'd to
the Committee on Appeals,
the arbitr.ition fees .are re-
quired to l)e p.iid .ai^ain.
The lirst delinite rules for
the inspi'ction .and vjradinv;
of ,;;rain were .adopted 'Hi
September 8, iSC);,. The
i;i',idini.; has since been fre-
quently eh.in,i,feil. « )n ( >e-
tober 13. 18^13, Joseph ll.iti h
w.is elected inspector of
flour, antl soon after of i^r.iin
as well. At the same time
Benjamin Clark was elected
inspector of provisions.
Both inspectors were paid
by the fees collected, and
the board required ten per
cent of the tot.al .amount re-
iei\ed to be p.aid to the
treasurer. In March, 1870,
;.,j
I 111. I'.MAKI) <)!• i kAhi:.
|. ( '. Il.ilili w.i'. lii.nl"' .'issis|;ml ilis|i(i tor nl '.M'lill.
Ill \|il ll, I .'i/ ', I 111- ■,;l.llll III .|H ( I III w.c. Mi'ril .1 ■,.ii,ll y
III $.>,^iii>, ,'ilii| ,iii lies llicK .illrl \\i'li' In !ii' lillln i|
inln ilii' lic.isiiry iif llir Iim.imI. In Aiivmi. . iM,-,
N. ll. Kiiwliy u'.i'. .i|)|>iiiiiii i| yjiwi wiiv^liii . 'Ml
Mail ll .|, iiS/j, |ir.c|)h ll.iii ll riM'^iicd, anil hi', mih,
llic .issislani in .|>rrliir, w.r, ,i|i|ininl<(l In III'. |>l.i'i-.
• 'II Mail ll '<>. i.'i/y, I tiini .III I liiini|) .mi w.is .i|i
|ii)iiil('il I liirl in^|iiii>ii, .mil nil I'lliriiais i. \^'^\,
raysiiii I lull lull'. Iiii .iiiif .1 . i .i.iiii in .|hi ini . 1 1. ( .
Italcs u.i'. .'i|)|»uinliil iii'.|ii-i inr nl mi ij', .mil wrivJi
master al lli<- M. t '. K. K. i.n \l.m li 11. i.'-:,'".
'I'llc ini'iiiliri's nf till' liii.iiil |iMili I I I .!> ll iillii r liy
aifrri'ini^ ii|iiin .1 iiiiilnini m ,ili- nl h 1 ■- nr < nniniis-
'.inii'. Inr lin\in'.; nr M Hill'.', :',i III) aii'l |iiim!iiii-. In
llir ijiluil 111;; nl •.;IMm, llir ll.m.lil n| .i liiiipl
Irnlll nlir nf ijir i.illln.nl rji A .ll nl ,, ■,! ii i || \ in;' I ll.il
the vM.iin IS in simr .mil i^i\ invjllic niimlti ml Im .lii I,,
is ai ri'|)lii| .IS .III .hIii.iI i!ili\ir\'. r'lniii li In 11.11 \'
-5, >^'/<), .111 illili.llinii 111- nf S'-i" \\-i'' l'-i)llili-il
frnill .ill iirw nil mill I -,. ami nii M.inli |, i'.\'.l\ \\
WasMili-il In l.n.i- llli- fi I- lnS,i>i>.i. -nnll .1. nllr
liiiiiili<-il iiii-iiilii I s uiii- I ilii.iini ll.
'I'liiri- all- iinw .iliniii mil liimijiril ini-nilii-i-'>. I'l-r-
sons si-ckmv; ailniis'.inii .c. nii-niliri-. iiiirt !»- nf Ii-m.-iI
.iv;r, ii-siiliiils nf till- I il s' nr 1 1. 1 \ in;; .1 1 11 -1 11 1, mi III I nisi
llrss lllilrm. nl lir llli llllnl-. nl .1 siniil.ll i nlimiili III
nrv;,ini/.lllnll III sniili- nl llrr i il V- llli ir .l| i| )l|i .ll inn
lllllsl 111- illilnl'.ri! I)\- Iwn ini-niln|-. nl llir lin.inl,
.Hill .llli I Inr il.i\-s' iiiiiii I-, M-vi-ii .illinii.ilivi- Mill-'-
liy (lie dircrinis will I 111 I iJHiii In iiicnilii-is|ii|i.
I lie llllsiiiiss .Ills nf (-\i|\- mi-llllii I .III- si||p|ii| In
iii\i-.lii;.iiinn lis- (111- I'liMiil nl jiirrilni-.. ll i.illiilin
i|nrs|iii|l hy .lll\- nlllcr lllrinlirl .
I In- .iniiii.il iin-rliii'j i-. In li| mi iln- In-,! 'rin-sil.is
ill M.ii'i ll, .mil (in iiiiii nl nljn r lii-;'iii-, mi lli.-
'i'llr'.il.iy tnllnwiii'.;. I'.i-.nlr-. lln I a n i i ilimiil li-cs
.'ili'i-.iilv n.iini-il. .1 |iir-.ii|i III, III-. I .iinl siininl mi-c-
jH I-'. nil-Ill , .1111 1 ii'.'jil I III 11 I III ', ,11 1' 1 111 ii-il yen ly.u Ini
innllnl lln- .lll.lll'< nf llli' nt '.'.nil/. ll lull. .Ijlpnilll llic
••.11 11-1,11 A , I ii-.i-.nn-i , .mil in',|M'i im-., ,iinl Imlij ii'.mi
I.n ini-i'lllll^s III! lln- sn iiinl I'licsd.iy nl I.n ll inniilli.
Al I.n ll aiiiin.il iiiii'linv; tli''\ rijinii llir .miminl
In hr .i',',i ",si'(l li|)nn i .n ll iiniiiliii lln- '.in i i rij-
lliv; yi-.il llir li-Miiiii nl lln Ini.ilil I-. i|ill\-i-i|
|il Mil l|i.lll\ 1 1 lln- lli'.|iiil| ll ;;i.iiii, .il UMlily-
li\i I i-nr< |ii I 1 .11 III. nl. , mil limn ilin-'. n| inriiihi-rs,
<)ii l.nin.iiy \i . i>SKii, iln- Im.nil -.iili'i i ilinl !{;iii,niiii
ill .ml III ill'- Iinl In K.iilrn.nl, .nut nn |iiiii' I I, $ ;,i>ii<i
.'liidlllnll.ll. .mil 1*1 Hull i'. I.n riy iin|i'|)lri| III llir
rllnll-. n( Srrirl.iry I'.lwill fm lln i \li ll .inn nl llli',
ln.nl In llrlmil. Tin- '..il.iiv nl lln- 'irirl.ilA ll.r.
Iiri-n •,;i .iiln.iljy r.ii'.nl niiiil nn',\ ii i si ..",i « ' jm i \i.m.
'rin- Inline mv; ll.ivr SrlAi i| .r> nil II I I', nl lln I in. II 1 1 :
I'rr.iili III, ; i.Sc;r) i.Xv;. II. r I'anl.'.i . i.'^S'*. I 'iin-
i.m .S;iA\.iii, i.S^ii, W. II. <i.ii'.',; i.Sr.i , ( ,. W.
r.l-.'^rll ; I.Sf.!, Alr\.-ili(|rr l.i'vMs; \r.(,!„ .\.l.. I'.is-
■,i||, i.S^.j i.Sr,^. |n'.r|)|i As|iin.ill , i.Sr.r., (.. |-.l'.,|.;-
|ry ; i.Sdy, |, < .. I.i-aiii, i.".'.:;. II | I'.mklry; i.S^i^,
< ■. A, Sln-lilnii. i.S/i., K. \\. <,illiii, i.'-l/i !.';/(, ('.
M. ( ;.ii-ii-.nii , i.Syj, Allinl t 111 -.1 lprnn;;li ; i.Sy]
liS/'., I'lilln r.il'.nlis; lS'/'i. j.nnli Hn snii ; I.S'//,
.Mm;;. in |nliii-.mi; i.'-;,''\ W.llli l I'.nnrl-.r; iX'/i; iXiSl,
Jnliii II. Wrinlrll; I .S.S I , I-., K. \nrliiii; I.S.S', Win.
(.i\in;;sinii, |r. ; i.S,S{ , K. W. <;illrii I n-.i-
',niri-,; rS^d l.'-Uii), I I.K.S,ili'.;ri ; I .'I'm i. |\ . W. |v in^ ;
I l-lfii I ,Sfi,|, SCI III. liy .mil in. I'll in r mn nlln i ; I .S^.)
\:-U>-/, |nsr|)l| .\s|)ni.ill ; l.'-l'iy I.Syi. I'llrl Nnllli;;.
.Sri rri.irii-'. : n'-ls'' i'^'»>. .M- I '■ ll.imilinii, i.S^d
\H-/\, K.-iy II.KJilnrk; 1X75, |n'>i|p|i (nil, \\ . \ .
kniiim-v ; i^'/\ iS'/.S, W. S . Kiiinni y , i.'-i/.i i.S,S.:,
JnliiMi. I'.iwin, i.SiS^ . J. K. .M' Kill.
mm
( II A J' 1 I-: k LX X V I I I.
MAUKi;'IS. MAkk'l'.'IIN'C. AM) I'UICI.S.
'1111. y,\iiyy <>l iIh' ;iiic i( mi in.iil<(Ml.iv'. Ii.is <li' upper line of pir kd^." After lln' lin' of iKut; ilicn-
^>,irli(|. 'I he lil.ii k cyid, ()li\c 'J-.llilii (I lii.inli II',, III '.(I III Id Ii.i\i- Ik ill no lll.il k( I', iil m.llkri IcvMlL'i-
',lii)il priiM ii.'ii',, liiiiii Mil' ( .iii.nki '.lim I , ii<i liiir.M I iinii', mil il |iiiii' I ;.,, I Mi'i. I li<' ni mik, nl i Ik |',ii,iii|
lining " V,'"'!''" '"''"' '■ '""' K"' "''■ ''"■ li'ii'li 111 I III'. 111'. 'Jiuw lli.ii .1 I iiiiiiiiiiii r III iliicc u.i',
{Mhiii". .iiiilili' iHil lA'i'i' niir p;i\'('il '.1 1 1 I I'., . mil lillli' I Inn ;i|ipiiiiili i| " in i ".I iiimIc nn l.inil .mil i|ii.i|j| \ nf
liiinui lin'lii'i! I. III'. iiM |iiir,;< i lliimi'.', llir m.iil.i |- iimln r " Inr .i in. n l.i I -lii m.r. ( )n S<pii inln r 'i,
|,l.ii I'. In I III' lii.ivi: ikiy-i nl nlil, im i y nnr w ml in ii^i.-jint w.r. \iiiii| Inr ilir (iiriinii III .1 limldmi;,
mil III, .iml IIIDSl pi'l'^oll 'i li> the ( ily ll.iil M.iikrI. In lir in p.u I r.n.i illi\' .l pnllt.ixnl nili ilnll.il , .iliil
M.iikilinv, .mil M'iliii;; um: < iiiiihiin'il. In iIh- llir li.il.mi r liy ,i i.is mi ii.il.mil |ii i '.nn.il pinpiily.
Ill ili.rl llli' III II anil pnnr liK'l In^cllici . ll u.I'tIdiii- I Iii' liiiililiii'.j u.i'i <rii|ii| |i', I',. \\ i mhIw ni 1 li, .md
mull '.'.rnllllik .mil llir piiiil'i '.I wcri' Mill' <il a "y^niMJ i iillipliliil in l'"*!/; il U.r. Iin.iliilin llir i i lllli nl
mipiiiin;.' ' limn llir liili' i in Inwn. .Sl.ilrly iiiiii- W Dmlw.iH I Aviiiiir jii'.l 1)1 luA )i|lii nil ;\\iniii'.
I .III', .lllil linli'ij piiiilii l.iw . willl It.i'.ki'l'. nil .•irni, < )ll Apnl .''■ .l rnimililli r wis ;ippniiili'i| tn i nM'.iiicl-
nil M li.iiil'. ain! I.ilinrii'., .ill .ilikr i'\.iiiiini'il, (|iics- ;i bill nl I'xir.r,. Ilii- l)iiiliiiii'.;\s , is thirty by SfMiilv
llnlird .'tliil li.mlrlri! Miji' liy'iilr. Illlllly l.nili',, Inl, ,ini| nlir stniy lli'.dl, \\ il II .1 Ilip-lnnI Mippnilril
iii.ikiiiv; M'lri tinii''i w illi l.i'.l iilimi'i ' iirc, swiili'ij llii: liy Inni ii ill In n k pill.ir-.. fii I iS J7 il w.i'^ cin IhmiI
iliinir.^, and ynini' '
l.iijii's, in llici
■■T-SXr.
III'.; w .ilk'., Iirrc li)i i
/'I .ind prnliani'i: a
1 1' .IM.
( )i i'.;in,ilK' only
' I 'J I I a It 1 1", .'i a(l
III! .It', \\r\r lAJiihil -
' 'I Inr '.,'ilr . Ill kill I
ikiy. .ilinnsi ;iiiy-
lilllli; r\i I'pt .1 Ind'^-
iiii; nii'^llt III- li.ir-
'.Minrd Inr. L'nilfcc-
T.« '"fSfl
C ISjt
h'l.l.'MII W W.VKIl AVI'M l( MillKI'l.
Iiy pl.K illv; sl.il'. tiiri'c
III! Ill '. Uldi III I \M I'll
ll.r pill. II' . 'I III-
I nniH ll. nil >\ii'.;ii'.l
I I nl I li.il yi .'ir, nr-
dclril ,-1 liili nl •^(.y,
|.,ud I!. W. .MiMill
Inr dnill'..; llir wnlk.
'I III- yi .11 ly pi II r for
•.I.ill'-. U.I'. §1 V "'I':
li.ill I .r.li .'Hid niic
li.ill in .1 null' nil six
iiinntlis' linii'. Ill
llnlli'iy, fruits, •. lines, potlllry, StO<killl(S, vei/el.iiiles, iH yi .1 slnlie ll.ivrllU'll! U'.l'. kiiil .'ilinill till' limldill'^
I lies, in(%'ils, ;iinl lish ui'H! all set mil (nr i nstniiiers. .it .1 ( ost nl Si 7'^S- <'ii J'H"' .^ '^'I't- 'I"' l"iil'liii:>;
I'.'.i 11 iiDW, nil S.iimdiy iii'.diis ( " pi'i iillv, till' I rovvd- w.'is ordered sold, and sonii after il ;vas Inni dnwn.
iiiv;. instliiij.;, iiir y (mud Inrnis a iiiiii|iii' .'iiid iimlley
|)r. I.'ii'lt;. Not only v;nni!', lint l.ilinr i'. Inlr for
''.ik . ,'111(1 jiisl ;is ill I'.ilili; d.iy. "nil 11 .lie sl.inilini;
idl' ill llii: iii.irkei-pl.u ,' " l''nr the l;ist fnrtv ye.irs,
;i u'Diidsawyer, wlnu u.inied, mi'^hi he fnimd .11 tin!
vest end; ;ii tin: e.ist end, on ll.ites .Street, \\liit(!-
UMshcrs .111(1 (lay-laborers arc woiii to (;ollJf|•c^all:.
Tlir /:,rf /,./,■/ .M,u,\;l.
On .\iit;iisi ^, i.S!i, I'eii r iiertlielii vv.'is ;iiiili(ir-
i/ed III build .ind iii.iinl.'iin .a u li.iif. fur ninly-iiiiie
ye.irs, .it the fnni nf K.llldnlpll Si lei I , nil 1 niid it inn
ih.'il. he shniild '.'jve the ( ily ;i Inl lifly by ninety feel,
on wliiili In erei t ,1 iii.'irkei. The Im i^iveii in
aeenrd.inee willl this .'ii-r.-iiii;' nieni was on the north-
west ennnr nf .\t\v.iter ;md K.mdnlph Si reels. 'Jii
The Ine.iiinif nf .1 in.'irkei, ;md rei,^nl.itinns con- February 1 S. '^^v <■' fomniiitee wis .■ippoiiitcd by
" niiiiii il. eni;;iv;ed the .■illeiitioii of the triisiees in the I'oiini il to 1 .msiill with I'eter lierlhelei, jiiul
i'''>!. The ihird ordin.iiii e p.issed prnvideil lli.il rei 1 ive his propos;ils for biiildiif^ a niarketluiiise.
ll" ni.irkei should "bewiihoin the pi' keis .iinl next Nn .ivireeineiii w.is ni.'ule .il ihi'. liaic, but on AuRii.st
ll 'lie river, belweeii llie old b;ike-lioiisL- and tin; 27. i8::7, lln- eouiicil
\T)\\
•M
MAKKI.IS. MAkKI.IIX*;, AND I'kK i;S.
iiiMji (N.iiMi il , III! '..ml .M.iik'l lI'Mi-. I'. I i|>l<i<<l III \w
y< .)!•> Il'.lll llll-< il.llr.
A'.'i ./v.',/, ill.. I I'.hi l;. nil. 1. 1 ..I III, I. :;.il II |ii.M iii.iii.i .. Ii. (,11'^lily iIImiissciI ill llir I iiiiiii il ;iiii| liy llir jiii-.'. ii[
anllM.n/.il|..l,.iil,l,, M.uk.i II..II-. ii| ,, ,,l. ,.■ I 1 1|. ( Il y, ,il|i I II I \|.. V I 11-' ' nl II H ll ,|| .1 .1 MVr. 1 . ,| ., |,|,,||
I114II I ll 1I|M.I|. S.llll III Itlll |l I I.. I.. . Illlll. .1 Im |. I . I.. .ill II III ^ III ■' ,111 1
1 M 1 , II .11. .1 II 11 ,1 I "'I' I I'' iliilinii II ,1 1)111 I lll'J llV jHIV.lIc IMIIIiS.
s.iii) Mmi1.iI lliiiisr until -.mil Iiiih ,i . tl um il "li.ill lliiiik ^ : i i
|ii..|i. r I.. I.dr |Mis,..,si,,ii ,.| III. S.IIII. , M|, h. i,.i)i t.il-ii.li Till' plnjirl (|ii| liul 1111(1 llir ,i|)|i|(i\.ll (il .M.iynr
M1III1 .i-. il lii.iy III . '.lilii.il. .1 1'. li. Wiilli l.y ..IV |i. |....i|.,, Ilii. . .il .Motf.ll, .mil llis Mill l|r|l-.|lll| il. I \M l yi .US l.ilrf
»'"■"' ■■''■'" '"■ ''"■-'" ''>■ ■■'"' l'""l"l" ^""1 " ''V ■■■■I' ,1,,. ,.,,1111, il iK'iiiii.iK'il llic l.c^isLiliiiT, ;iiMi on Ajiril
i.!. 1.S75, .1 l.iw w,is |i.issr(| jiiiiliiiii/in;; lljc miiiii ij
tu hnrriiw $i()),')i)i) Id liiiiM .1 in.iikil.
riidir tills |iri>|)(»siiiiin .1 Imililiiiv;, simil.ir in ;i|>- 'I'lic ijiirsiinii nl issuing tlirsc bonds was siil)-
|ir.ir.tni !• In llir iilil \V.isliill;^|i)n M.ll kit, W.is lir^lin inilli'il In lllf llii.inl nf I'.slilil.llcs, ,'ilii|. as llir
in I.Sj.S. Sl.llls wnr Insl snjil ini )l|iir 5, I.Sjo, r.\|ir||i||lll|r \\ .is (|is.i|)|i|iiMii, tins si In mk .iNn j.hIi cj,
frnlll sl.ilis (i,V IjilD.iK) r.ii 11, .mil ollirrs for Si.S.Oi). ,\f|r|- llir |.i|isr of fiiill- yr.lls, oil /\|ilil J.!, \Hy(),
'I'llC hllililill'..; W.IS |lliri ll.isril l)\ lllrrily oil /\llv;l|sl llir i.ii|iii|| |ii|i|i,lr(| llir I'.o.inl of I si ini.ilrs In
31, iXH. .'ind il W.is lllrii disioMml ih.il Ihr lol imisidri- ihr i|l|isliiil| III .ilililnlili.ilill'.^ SS".""" lor
ll.ld mil Id! n drrdnl, ( )ll .Novrmhrr _'"S lollop illl,^, llir rni lion of .1 1 1 lllr.ll ni.ilkil bllildlll'.;. On |liiii
a roinillilirr of llir rolllM il l'r|lol'lrd in f.l\ol° of '/llllr llo.inl .'i{i|iroVrd of llir r \| ii lldil llir , .'Hid on
|).iyinv; !j5,i)i>i) for .1 di rd. I'liis u.is donr, in.ikiim July .'"i .1 1 oniiiiillrc w.is .ippoinl' d to olii.iin ])l.iiis
llir tol.il rosi of iIk;
ni.irkri $i.S, ^^1. llir
(ily now liri .lllir,
for llir srrond liinr,
llir OWIirr of ihr liil,
1)111 still no drrd w;is
|>iil on rruii'd, .md
in Jiinr, i.S.|i, llir rjiy
W.IS ol)lii>((l to ohi.'iin
.a nrw deed finni tin:
r\rrnlor of llir iiif-
tllilil rst.ilr, 'riir
hnildin;^' \\;r liiiniril
in llir lirr of M.iy <).
liS.}.S, and .ihoiii si %
years .afirr, ilir proj)-
rrly was siil)di\idri|
into lois and sold.
fTf4i>nrKr/n
I Ml. V|-..,lll .Mll.h .MAKMil.
for llir iillildlliL; .'iliil
liids for its rrnlioii
'llir roniniiltrr dr-
ridrd on ,a linildiii'.^
llinr liiindrrd fnt
loll'..; by fifty fni uidi ,
llir front lo be lliiir
storirs hi'^li .and tlir
rr.ir |)oition iwo sto-
rirs.
'I lir |il.illsof M.isoli
iV Kirr u.is ,ai criiliil.
but llir bids, ci|>('ii(il
on Srpirnilxr J'.,
\.Mir so l.ari^rly in
(Xrrss of till- pru-
p<is<'d (iiill.iy tli.il Oh
.Srplrlllbrr V' i' ^^''^
derided In e|e( I onl\
7'//r ('//]' I hill iiy (',/ih(il Miuhfl} ill,, front, or lliree-story pnrlion. The r(,iii,,„t wis
'i'lir llrsi \e^ii;il)lr 11 i.iikri -slird in tlir fcirof llir .awarded .al S)''i..S.S(), and on Aiivoist ■i.\, i.S.So, tin
biiildinif w.as linili In' jlii'^li Mnll.it. |i w.is little new lu.irket biiildiii'^ w.'is foriii.illy IiiiihiI o\i r in
more tli.'in ;i roof siippniird by posts, .'md was einn- tin. rity by the eontnietois. k was opened Im
pleiid on NiA'iniber _'i, i.S|',. In i.S(^ it w,is biisinessoii Sepleinber it . '! he seeoiid story w.is lii-
cneloSlMl with s!;its, wlliell were removed ill the f.lll led lipwilll olln IS for I he I 'lo; lid of I le.'ilth, the I'oi.r
of 1.S55. Ill the sjiriii)^ of i.S.p^ ;i one-story briek .'iiidlhe I'.irk ( oinmission in thef.illof i.S.Si,,'md tlir
biiildinj^ w.is (reeled between iIk' vevei.ible iii.irkel third storv. for the Siiprrior ( oiirl, ill .M.ireli. i.S.Sj.
and the ( ity I l.iil. I'mih it .md llie \e.,^ii,ililr m.ii kel The properly owners on MiehiM.'ui ( Ir.uid Avenue
were burned on June l ;, I.S76, i'he S( eolld briek ll.i\'e fre(|uenlly obji eled to the < (ililinued use of w lial
;iildilioi', f.'ieint^li.ites .Street, w.is built .'it .'i eusl of W.'IS oriv^in.illy ;i piiblie lii^hw.'iy, .ami, .'il dilfereiit
abolll $ ?,iJ<J<>, .'llld the Work w.is .-leeepted oil jiilv t illl's, li.'ive solli,^lll throUi^ll the eourls lo |il'e\'ellt tlir
12, I1S55. Tweni\-ri\'e ye.'irs l.iier, ill Aiij^jiist, i.SSo, eiceiion of new m.'irkel l)nil<lini;s, bnl their ellorts
il w.is torn down. The l.irv^cr \'ei;ci.'ible m.-irkei, li.ive .'ilw;iys been nn.'iv.'iilini,^ The i oimeil, on Aii-
exleildilii^r from ILlles to k.'indolpll Slr.'il, W.'lS eon- l,'USl 15, I.SpS, espeei,illy set .'ip/ilt .'l portion of ihr
Ir.'ieted for on June ^''i, i.S^io, .'uid eosi ^Ji,, 31 2. Its street for m.irkel buildin;^s; .'uid the Sn|)reme l onii.
sl.'inds were lirsi reiiii d on Ajiril 22, i.S^ii. In i.Syj on J.mii.try 23, i.SSo, decided ili.il the (ity li.'ul the
the i|uestion of .'I new m.iikei buildiin.r W.IS ilior- ri^lit to occupy the street.
_ Tlir W'lishiiiy 1(111 Miirlff.
This in.irkei w.is loe.iied on the norllicast corner
'I'lir .1 full ''isl.iry III tlu' .iilfiiuil IniililliiK', >"i' iirli.li- iiii ( tl.l
Clly I hill.
of l„'iriie(l ,111(1 Wayiii; Slreiils, on tlic line of tlw
Iiy llii- |)lc-.\ III
|iiv>'i| ol .1 |il;ili
|iliv.ilc- |MIIHS.
)rn\;il III Mayii
jwu yr;ils l;ili I
II , anil I'll A|iiil
/.ItVf!, liji' tDlllllli
(1.
Ixiiiils was Mill
cs, anil, as lii>
111 nil aK-i 1 laili i|
I ,\|iiil zi. l«7V.
Ill l.slimairs In
iiiiiH $5i>,iiiii' l"i
ijilin;^. Oil J
iiiiililnrr, anil nn
111 iililaiii |ilaii'
ilir liiiililiiii; ami
Inr ils iiiiiimi
rnmillillri' il'
ij III) a liiiililinv
I- liiiiiiln (1 fill
^liylilly f'l I will'
limii In III' llin <
iis liii;li ami till
• ijiiitimi two slD-
ln|iiaiis(if Masiiii
<irr was at ri-|ili il.
llir liiils, ii|ii'm'!
Scpirml" r -''•
V. so lap^i ly ill
SS iif till' I'l'"
I (iiillay llial iiii
ii'itilii r y> il \\'i
(Il i| In I'l'i'i I mil;,
riir (iillliai I wa*-
Ijsl 2^, I.SKi), lllr
y tnriirii iiM I' I"
was (i|irril'll In'
I nil! St my was til-
lliallll, thr I'nnl
II (if i.S.Si.anil till-
ill Manh, iS.S.V
111 ' liaml AvciiiH'
liniu'd use iif what
•■iiiil, al^ (lillrfiiil
iris til pii'M'iil ill'
, Inn llii'ir rllmi'
ic I niiniil, mi /\ii-
a pniiimi nf ill'
11' Siiiinnir t'mii'.
I In; lily liad tin
If/:,/.
iimtlii'asl riinur
n llic line (if ili'
I
\lAKKi:rS, MAKKI.riNd, AM> I'KK IS.
7V5
nlil lam- Il .iiliii^ tn rmi sill lliy. Its iiii timi was
nl'iliriil Ity \nli'nl till' rnllliill nil M.inh |i;, \'''i\^,
ami ilii' liuililiii;.^ was fully i iiMi|ili'lii| ill Jaiiiiary,
iKj^i, al a I nsl nf §i3,i>xj. < 111 I' rliiiiaiy m a i nin-
^k '^» '."
Oi.ii \Va iii..i,iiiN Mam; I', i , miIM iiI'.asI' lukm.k I.ai<:.mi /ira>
W'a^nh Si ijki. is.
Ulitlri* (■X.lllliliril till' liuililillj^ .'Ici'OIIIlt .'UkI "I'linrtcd
it I niiii I. Il was ni'ViT a |)ii|)iil.'ir iii.iil.it, ami w.is
In i|iii iiily I Insiil. '11 11- l)iiili|ii)j^ w;is iisnl f ir v.i In ml
|iiii|)iisi's liy I III- lin.'iril nf I'iiliii'.ilinii IrniM jiiiii.'iry,
i.S.n, ti) M.iy, I.S.J7, .iiiil ilii'ii .aj^.iiii hrr.niir a |iiililii'
liiaikil. Ill l.'-),^ il w.is Ic'isnl In |)i'i\ali' |i;illii'S fnr
iiiiiLi'l piirpiisis ;il S^ijo .'1 yi'.ii", .iihI in i.'SjCiwas
lillliiil nvi'l" tn llir I'iri; Drpall llli'lll fnr llliMlsr nf
llii' ll'ink ami I .aiMir ( niiipaiiy. In I'V'i il was
turn ilnwii in 'il.lkr rniiiii fur llir |il isclll nllicus tjf
111'- I in: Cniiiiiiissimi ami two (.-ip.^im'-limiscs.
7V/r r'iMv M,ul.l.
This liniMiii;.;, ;i mii'-stniy lnii k, tliiriy liy fnrly
(i I t, I n^tin^' l!;i2,(X)i), w'.is lilsl n|i('iii'(l ;is ;i lli.irkri
nil All;.;llsl 17, ItS^'i^. Il is nil llir Snlllll siili; nf
Ail.inis /\\'(iim- .'it its inlirsi Tiinii willitiiaml Kisir
\\rlllli-. 'rilc silr W;iS .^i\'i II In llir lily liy < irllrr.'il
• ass nil I III nlil inn llial tin; 1 ily irnl ami niaiiilaiii ii
niarki'l lllrlrnll.
M.okrl (7,)/.s.
'i'lli'sc orHrrrs wrir priiviilril fur ill llir Ai I nf
iSuj, .•iiid llir rnnrds sllnW lli.il ill 1^05 tlir Irustrrs
.■||ipiii)llril Jnliil (nlllinr to tlli; nUiir. I'rnill I.SoJ
tn I.SI5, diliiii;^ llii: ;idinillislr.'ilioil ol llir (ln\rrilnr
and Jiidv;rs, llirrt; arc no iii nrds i nm'rrniii'.r iiiar-
ki 's. In i,Si6 tin; oMiic nf niaikcL rink was
ri'vivcd, ;iiid li.is simc hcni coiuinmiiis. 'I'lu; oriL;i-
iial diiiii's of this mlirrr wirr to sir th.ii no tinsiniml
pinvisinns wrri; cxpnscil fnr s.ilr, and th.iL ilranli-
ii'ss and ,i(ooil ordrr wm; ohsrrvrd. I'l'mn 1.S32 to
i'-^^^ llio s.il.'iry was S'/j yr.irly; in i.Ss''i it was
*l"o; in 1.S83 tin; salary of llir Crnlral M.irkrt
' 'irk was !|;i,32i). L'lidir llir amended eh.irter of
I ' Itni.iry 21, 1S41;, the olliie w.is in;ide eleriive, ami
•' iniitiiiiird until the eliartn nf |<S57 took effect,
Siliee wllii !l tiim |||i 1 |( iks ll.ivr In 1 11 .ippoilltrd liy
t III- I nlllM ll. I'llnr In IcS.So lllry Wi'ir appnllll.d ill
J.iiiii.iiy nf rat 11 year. Simc aimndnirni in 1 li.nn r
of i.';7v ihry ;irr .'ippointrd yearly on tin Minml
'I III 'day of jiiiii', ll i', llir duly ol iln ilnk in
( (illei t fees (loiu U.t'«jolis l)rillv;illl( ariii k ■. tor s.iie,
and .ilso the 11 uis of ihr si.'ilK,
I hr ili'ik^ of \\ nod A aid /\vrniie Mai ki'l U'cre I
iMi'i, John Ml Idriiiii ; iMr/. Iiiiman lliid; iJii.'-i,
A-a l'.'irlriil'.^r ; i«|i;, S. I'.lai kiii.ir ; iHjr, .S;iMiiirl
Slnrwond; lH.!2 l<S,;|, Siniili Kn.ipp; 1824 1MJ7,
'I hmn.'is Kiioultoii; iM.;/, A. ('. ( .inilf, S. Slnr-
wood; iSjX, J. M. Wilsnii; i.Sjv, N, I',. C-ir-
pi'iiiir; iX^n, Jnhii Knbrri'., I.. 'I'. J.innry; 1K31,
•Stephrii U.iin, Adua Merrill; 1S3.;. Ourn Aldiiili;
183^, I., (.nndrll; \'/-\\\, lsr;ir| .\oblr.
'ihr link, of llrrihrlri M.'irkri w'irr: 1831,
I'ibrii iJeaih; i.SjJ, Ale.x.ander C;mi|)l)ell ; 1833 ;inil
1834, Isnii'l Noble; 1835 ;iiid 1836, I), li.iyw.iid ;
1837, W'illi.un Moon, Siephni ii.iiii, John Weesr ;
1838, ]■■. Ilonhardl, Stephen li.iiii, Willi.im .Moon;
i8v; ■'I'ld 1840, ilu;.4li OHi'iriie; 1841 1844, T.
Mriii/; i;-;44.'ind 1845, Jnhii Mrdiiin .
'Ihr. I in ks of ihe Washiii^lon .\I.irkrl wrre "
18/1, Isr.nl Nnhlr; 1837 .iiiil i8V\ Jnliii ( iirtis ;
iX^iyaiid 18 (u, I. .\nlilr ; 1 841^, I'. .\Ii I )niiald ; 1850,
naiiirl (.'ni^hlaii , 1831 and 1 852, Willi.iin llaitlirllo.
I III; C 1.; ,1. .\l,...i.i,i ill 11. 1-1:. 1..
The lierks of ilie City Hall or Cenlr.il Market
have been: i8|o, lluvjli ' )'iieirm' ; 1841.-11111 1842,
C. Paul; l8.^3 ;ui(l 1844, '1'. .Mette/. ; 1845, I );ivid
Weeks; 1846, II. C.UToll ; 1847. l.dwin Wilm.x;
1848-1852, Kramis MrDon.ild; 1852, Dniiiis I,;iiii-
i^'.-in; 1853 and 1854, J. (J. S.ibiiir; 1854, F. Mr-
Don.'tld ; 1855 .and iXj^"!, Jnlin Kobsnii ; 1857, I);iviil
Mi'I.ani;; 1858 .iml 1851;. 1). I,;iiii.L;.iii ; i860, K. C.
Wriylil; 1861, .S. i;. Webster ; 1862 and 1683,15.
/</>
MAKKI.IS, M.\l<Kl.ri\<;. AM) I'UK I.S.
Kv;v;c|-, 11.111 ; 1SO4 .iiid li^d-,, M. lil.iy; liS'i'' mmI
l,S^7, J. Kcminy ; iXftS. Uulicil ll(Mlv;kiii; |.SO(y.iiiil
1X70, IM<r Diiiiii; rX/r, < ). M. Il,iv;l<y ; 1X7.:. A.
I,i( lilriilH Tv; ; 1.S75 aiul 1X74. ( ). M. H.i^liy; 1875
and i.S7f>, I). W.diay, 1X77. N. Jclianiii's ; i.S7,S
and I.S71;, Udbcrl Ma-nii, iSSo iSX.^, k. \'i,n\c ,
I.S.S4 , I liiaiti jai kviii.
Milt ki t /uxii/d hulls.
'I'lic ihii'd Didinaii' I' passrd hy iIk trustees in 1X02
roneerned llie maikel and innvidrd that " nn sales
«»f meats, vevjetables, v,'iain, nr llonr lie made else-
where (in Tuesdays nr hridays. fniiii daybreak niilil
12 \l., iind<r |)eiially of iliree dullars."
At llial lime, and fur m.iiiv \c.irs .after, it w.as nor
a str.iii',;e III iiifre(|iieiii siv^jit on .Simd.iv tn see
I'VelleiiWdiileii willi \e',;et.lbles, iiiillllrv, .llld ei^'i^s,
and I'reheh e.irts with lisli .iiid Mesh fur sale.
liHJifd, the piMelire (if Siiiid.iy iii.irkets ,ind ni.irkef-
inv( so ;.^re\v in f.iviir th.it, in iX.!:;, the Rev. Alfred
lininsdii, (if the \1. I',. < liiin h. .md die Kev. |iisliii,i
Moore, (if the rrotesi.ini (■hiinh, f( It cilled upon to
protest aLf.iinsi it. They m.ade so clfi^ tii.il .in ,i|i|)e,il
tli.at on Noveniiier ?.<), 1X22, the (diineil ordi red the
m.irkets (josed on .Snnd.iy ; .and on I)e(cmber 1,
they were closed for the lirst time, and never .after
o|)ened oil ll;e S.ibb.ilh. .After the esi.aiilishmenl of
the City ll.iil M.irket, in 1X^1. there were |ieri(i(li( .il
([iLirrels in the Coaimoii Coimeil eoncerninv,^ the
o|)eniir.4 .ind ( losinic "'^ both the I'leitheiet .111(1
\V.isliini;i(in M.irkets, ;md .it an ejeclion held .M.ireli
7, 1X42, the (|iiesti(in of whether one m.irket, or all.
should be kept open, w.is \(ited on. So fre(|nenlly
were these in.irkels closed .iiid opened tll.it it would
re(|nire ;\ I'liil.idelplii.i Lawyer to compiiltr ihc periods
diirinvc whicli they were open or closed. 'I'lie fol-
lowing; item from .1 ciirreiil luimber of the I'ree
I'ress iiidic.ttes the feeling;- then existinij .inion^ .1
portion of the citi/eiis.
I'lii'.iMiit II. .1 I ,ill, liy III!' M;iyor, of llir fniiiiin nf tlnsiiiy,.i
l.irKc .iii'l irs|ii ri;ililc MK'i'tiii); assiiiil ■[•il .11 lln' ( ity II :i 1 1, June K,
1840. 'I'lic Maynr prc^idrit, Jarn<s I'l, Walsmi at led as sci ri'tar\',
Major Kciiisliy .iititi'ssril ilic imillm; in favnr nf ri-ii|iiiiiin; Ilic
in.'irl<i'l'<, and llic rnllnwiiii; rrsnliil itms wirr iiii.'iiiliMiiiisly < arri.-d.
A'<'.K'/.r</, lliat tlic M.iynr .llld Aldcriiirii .irr Inn liy irqinsii il
and insIriK IimI tiiri'|>i'at tlii'ir rrsnlnlinn < tnsinj; llii' licrlln l( I .ind
Wasliinyl'Mi M.irkits.
/V'.V(i/r'(v/, III. It (ruin Inini furward all lln' in.irkcls in tin- rily
nrr dirci lilt lo In ki |ii ..|irii i v> ry d.iy in lln- «ci k, Sniidays
(•xci|)trd, ,ind lli.il oiH srrvanis, llir Aldrnmn, n-din c lliis niir
will to an iiriiiii.'irii I' al llnirmxl miitiiii;.
Thcs(; resolutions, liowes'cr, h.id no elfeci on the
"servants," ,ind the I'.erihelet reiii.iined closed for
sonic months, and the W,ishinv;ton for m;my years.
!*<y ordii'.ancc of iX/i the m.irkit hours, from
October 1 to .April, were bet \\ceii " d.i\ lii^hl .and to
A. M.," and " from ^ f. M. till d.irk," .and on S.atnrd.iy
"all day." I'fom April i to October the hours were
from "d.iyli^hl to (^ ,\. m,, .uid on Saturdays Irom 4
f. \i., till sinisct, ' ,ind no person (onldsell men v\-
icpt ill the mai'kcl sl.ills.
liy ordinance of 1X41 the m.irket hours, for .ill
days e\( cpt S.itnrd.iys. vvcic the s.inie ,is in iXj^.
< )n S.itnrd.iys, Iniiii M.iii h 1 to November, the
lll.irkel W.IS to be opeiK d llolll 4 to ij \'. \\., -,\\\{\ be-
tween November 1 and .M.iri h 1, from •} to 7:^0
I'. \l.
I'he lirst ordin.ince in n^.trd lo foresl.illiiiii by
s.ilcs to Ihe iil.ilki l-llli 11 \S,is p.assed on December
'■\. 1X41. It prohibited .iliy person, by liiliis( If di
his .f^rcni, fr,)ni pun li.isiim to sell .iv^.iin ".any fnsh
lisli, poultry, ei;.i,'s, butler, fruit, or \(v;el.ibles," ;md
.also the selling; of s.iid ;irli -Ics by .any person for
the purpose of beiiiv; re-sold diirinj,' the m.irkei
hours "uitliin the limits of Cimiins M.artins or
Michivj.an < Ir.md /\\ciine, b(i\\(in ('.ini|ius M.artiiis
.and i'..il(s Street ; in K.iiidol|ili Slncl beiwcen
\V'oodbiidt;e S'lect .and Detroit Kiver; in /Uw.iler
Street between li.ltes .llld I'.rush Streets, .and the
pulilic grounds .and .alleys in the \icinily of the
i'lerllielet M.irket." This o|(iin.ince W.IS repealed
.and n-en.H ted .at sever.il dilfereiil limes and was
liiLilly repealed in 1X71. I^p to 1X54 ii(i|)ersoii w.as
■allowed to (lit up .and sell meat e\( cpt .at the
m.irket. I'riv.ile meat m.irkets were entirely un-
known.
\\\ ordin.ince of M.in h 2<), i-Sjj, lii cnses to sell
in .any p.irl of the city could be obl.iine(| for§5(),a
year. < )u J.anu.ary 21}, 1X^14, the |)ri( c of licenses for
meal ni.irkcts \\,is re(lu( cd to !j!v(x) per year. 'I'he
complrollcr .and the committee on ni.arkels tix the
minimnm rent of the st.ills .and st.ands of .all kinds
on or before .\pril 1 each year. In iXX^ the sl.ands
ill the \(i;el.lble m.irket rclllcd .11 froiii Sfi.oo to Si 5
per month, .and st.ills in the new ('eiilr.al .M.irket ,ii
from ^25 to S45 per month. The rents .are |).iy.ible
monthly in .aiK'.ance. No person m.iy rent more
ili.in two of the meat-st.ills, .and since 1X64 no per-
son whose stock in tr.ade exceeds in wallle three
hundred doll.ars is allowed to sell in the m.irket dry
y^oods, clothing-, v;lass, eartlieiiw.ire. books, or sta-
tionery. I 'nder ordiii.aiKa! d.atini; from J.ami.ary. 2.
1X62, .all |)ersons brin.i;inv( calves, shee|). or l.tnibs in
w.aj^ons for s.ale .are rci|uired to p.ay tlu; clerk of the
m.arket ten cents for each calf, .and live rttnts foi'
eai h shce|) or l.amb ; .and siiKa-ordin.ance of April 2,
1X72, .all persons offeriiii; produce for s.ale from
w.ai(ons .are ie(|uire(l to p.ay ten c<'nts d.aily. .Since
1X7X tile fees from lh(' m.arket-waijons li.avi' been
coriecled ill the followim; m.iiiner. 'I'lu; m.irket clerk
supplied by the city comptroller with white tickils
siiit.ably inscribed, collects the fees from the w.aj^cDis
■and ifives the owner ;i wliiti' ticket. 'I'he clerk is
followed by .a |)olic( ni.an, who taka:s up the white
tickets and );i\cs yellow tickets in return. 'J'li';
MAKKI/I'S. MAKKi:riN(i, AM) I'KlLlvS.
V)l
>llll(l.iy'< llniii .\
Id sell nil ;tl (X-
•I linlirs, ((i|- .ill
iiir ;is in |S ^'i
NfivcnilxT, tin-
'; r. M., .ind 1m-
fnmi \ l<» 7:V'
fnrrst.illiin; l>y
I nil nniniliri
1, liy liinisrif 111
,v;;iin "any (ir'>li
vii;ilal)lis," ami
,■ any |irrsiiii fm'
ini; llir inaikil
i|)iis Marlins m
^'ainims Martins
Sllril iiilwi'l'll
viT ; in ;\l\\alrr
Slfi'ils, anil till-
• \iiinily of tin-
IT was iTjiialril
L linns anil was
5 5 no piTsnn was
I cMcpt at till-
.■iTc iiiliri'ly nn-
\, lii rllSCS to Sill
l>lainril fiirSlii) a
ill' of lirrnscs for
) piT yrai". 'Till'
niai'krts lix liir
mis of all kimls
iSS^ till' slaiiils
mill S^).!!!) til $1 5
(iitial Maikrt at
nils air jiayalilr
may ifnt nu'it
me i(SCi5 no |Kr-
s in valiif tliriT
1 the marl'irt dry
r, hunks, nl' Sta-
finin January 2.
hi I p, or lambs in
y thi^ clerk fif lln'
uid I'lVi: ('('Ills fnr
inaiiiTof April 2,
r fnr sail' frnni
nts daily. .Simr
,i;^^nns have been
riii: ni.irkeleierk
^iih wiiite tiiki i ■
frnm the wai,'":! ■
;et. 'I'lii: ilerk i^
kes np the white
in return. 'I'll';
clerk and pnln 111.111 Imlh lr|inrt il.iily in iIh' rninp-
tntller, who iniiipan-- tluir slatenn nts uiih iIk
lii kits issmd. i'lic Inla! niiipis liniii stalls ,ind
henihes (ni- the lisral yi .ir I iiiliny; June 50, iiS.S.(.
were $fi,5i/i.i/J, .ind (inlll W.ivjnlis ijii },u7iS.
In nrder to preveiil the sale nf iiiisniiml im;ii. iJir
pnliee 1 nllllllissiiiners, by Ait nf .April |i;, liS'/v,
une .■|lltl|iiri/.iil tn ,'ippnilil ,111 illspii Inr In \ isit
.|.inv;liier-lii)iis(s, and inspii 1 1 ;ireasses, Irniis, ,iimI
.iv;el.ibles expDsed fnr fniiil. I'lidir this .\i I ,1
|iiiliieiii;in has been dei,iilid ;is inspi rtnr, .iiid the
l,i\\ li.is prmcd advantageous by |ire\eiilin,i^ the s,ile
fur fund III unsound ami niilie.illhy .irlii les.
I\iytiliiliiiii'< ii\ III /hi III/.
'I'lie b.lker was .111 illipni l.nil |)ersnn,li;e ill the
i;irly llislory nf the Inuii. Iiw penple in.idrllnir
own bre.'id, .and >is the b.iki r li.id .1 inniinpniy nl (hi-
business, he w.is nil ess,uily under sur\'eillam c The
set ond ordin.iiii e p.issed by the irusiees iimli r tlir
inenrporation of i<Soi presi ribed the weiv;hi ;ind msi
nf .1 iii.lf .IS •' three pnllllds jjn^lisll weivjht, fnr six-
pi III I New Nork eiirreiH y." On .hi onnl of tin
sianity of Hour tin oidinanie was ripealed on
.VllV^USl 2.S, l(S(;2.
On .\pril 5, lSi''!, the trnsiiis ni.idc iln- fnllouini^
nijiil.ations : Winn llmir w.is >i7.i)(> prr ino punnds,
llie lo.af w;is to wi-iv;li 5 pounds ij oiim is, ,ind lo
be sold for 25 cents.
Al S^.oo |ier loo pounds, ,1 |o,d of 4 ponn Is .\
mini IS w.is to be sold for 25 leiils.
At §5.00 per loo pounds, ;i lo,d of 5 pounds 4
oum IS w;is to br sold lor j^ 1 mis.
\l S4.1K) per ii>o pounds, ,1 lo.if of i pnllllds w.is
In III sniil for I 2 'j cinls.
Al S5.IJ0 pil" loo pnllllds, ,1 In.if nf \ |iniinils lij
nmn es w.is tn be sold for 12 '2 eeiils.
\\. S;}.o<» per loo pounds, ,1 lo.if of 1 poiiml 1 ;
nlimcs U.IS to i)i; sold fnr (t'^ iillls.
The in.irket price nf llniir u.is lixed by the iriis-
ii IS nil the ' Mond.iy of e.u h nionlh, .ind oliemr
il niress;ii _ .M;iy 24, i.Sji, tiny lixeil ihe price
nf .1 live-|)oiiiiil lo.if of brc.id .it I2,'2 cents, .'ind of .1
in.if weiv;hin^ 2 pounds 8 ounces .at ()^i cents, by
nKlni.inee of I.S24, tile \\eiv;llt of bre.iil w.is to br iil
ii rni-d,iiiee with the |)iiri- of Hour. A b.iriel of
llnur W.IS itstini.itcd to produce 3,1^20 ounces of bie.id ;
iIm- b.'iker u.is to be ;illo\\ii| twenty sliillinv;s per
i'liicl for b.ikini^; this, .-iddid to the cost of the Hour
• ind divided by the niiniber of oumis, w;is to dcler-
iniiie the \\ei;.^lit of ;i shillini; lo.if. The council,
Iioin time to time, established the .assi/.e or re^ni-
■iiinn aniiHiiil th.at ;t lo.if must weii^li. All "lo.if
I'lcjid" was ri;i|iiired to bit in.arkcd with tin- initi.il
1 Iters or the christi.in .and surn.une of the b.ikcr;
lail if not so marked wasli.able lo forfeiture ; .and one
cr more inspectors were appointed to .see that tiie
rcj^nl.iiions were observed. On |.inii;iry 15, 1X42,
the ordin.ince prescribing; tin pi n 1 n| ,1 In.il nf bre.id
w.is displ.n III by .111 nidiii.ino itrescribiiiv; llic
Weiyjilt nilly nl In.ives, With this nrdin.imc III! List
relic of the .Iln icni ri't;iiiii- |i.issed aw.iy, and no
fiiilln r .ilteinpl li.is bem in idi by the loiiin 11 lo
ill iiiiiiiiic tin- pin r of bir.id or of .my other arliile.
I iidci oidin.iin I- ol 1X7 1 , b.ikers .are rei|nireil to
obl.iin .1 pii iiiil, .iinl ,111- ,illowed lo in.ike only lo.ives
of OIII-, two, or Innr poiimls wcit^ht.
Siii/ir iij \\'iiy/i/\ iiiii/ .\/iiisitris.
I'liis oHiec W.IS irc,ii(d in i.S ji;, but no delinitc
provision W.IS made for ii in the < li.irler iiiiiil iiSv/-
On April i.S, i.Sfii, ))roMsioii u,is in.nlr lor city
iiispiM lion and ^.lU'^inv; of oils .iiid lii|iiiils, .mil N.
11. Uowley, who W.IS then city scaler, w.is .ippoiniid
inspirior .ind v;.iU'.4cr, but iniin- wric .iflcrw.iids .ip-
poininl. In 1X67 the inspii lion of wciv;hts ,iiid
incisures u.is tr.iiisfirrrd to the polii e, .md since
then llie Work has bei n perlornnd by .1 pnln ein.iu.
hilling 1.S.S5 he ipproved 2.544 wine incisures,
and condemned 40C1 ; he ;ilso appro\eil z.z'i'it) dry
im .isiires .md londeiiiiied ^170; durim^ the s.mie
ye.ir he tested 2,517 sciles .'ilid i ondeiiilicd 4'i.-!.
The followilil^' persons served .IS scalers of wciv;hls
.md nic.iMires: bSjv 1N42. John Kunnr; 1X42
1.S44, A. II. i)oi|;^'e ; 1844 ['■-;.[(>, A. .\. Wilder;
184^), J. N. .Mc|-',irl,mc, Russell Kohin.on ; 1847,
Is.i.n- W.irn n; 1848 1850, Altij.ih Joy; 1851, John
Koclilir; 185J, D.ivid IaiIiII. Jr.; 1855 1857, City
ricrk i\-ii[/ii iii\ 1857, Willi.mi .S.iles ; 1858, II.
.McDon.iM; 185V, J. M. Ilnlbrnnk ; i8^o i8f,_'. \.
1). Rowley; 1802 1,8^4, Willi.nn .\. Ibnry; 1864
1866. A. iloldereid; i86r,, .M. .\I. l.,m.v;liliii.
Wiiiii/ .\/iu/:,/s.
The lirsi ordiii.iii' 1: loiiccrninv; the iiispeiiion of
wood w,is p.is'i d on J.mu.iry 11, iXjO. I inlerihis
ordin.ince, .and ;i subsei|iieiit one of July 2, 1854,
one or more inspectors were .appointed by tin- coiiu-
cil cull year. 'Ihcy mcisured .all wood broiiLdit to
the city for s.ile, .aiiil were p.iid six ;iml one lonrlh
cents for each lertiliiate of me.asnremeiit. .Alter
the ,\ci of lebni.iry 21, 1841;, iln: inspectors were
elecled by the people, bill in 1857 the loiiin il was
,ii;.iin i^iveii the power of .appoiiilment. liy ordi-
n.ince of March 4, 1858, .and .uneinlcd ordin.ames
of .M.ircli 7, 1851^, .and November 21^. i86v, the 1 ity
w.as divided into four districts, .and four ins|)ectors
were ,a|)poiuteil, whose fees were ; for mcasuriiii.; ;i
one-horse lo.iil, fue cents; a two-horse lo.id, leu
cents; for wood .arriviii'^ in bo.its, leii cords or less,
tell cents ,a cord ; .and for .all over ten cords, live
cents ;i cord.
An .amended ordin.im e of lebruary 23, 1872,
jirovided that only two inspectors should l)e ap-
IMAGE EVALUATION
TEST TARGET (MT-3)
V
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A
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I/a
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1.0 :f«
I.I
1.25
2.8
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UUi.
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7
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Ji
798
MARKETS, MARKKTlXc;, AM) I'KICKS.
pointi'd. IJy an ordinnncL' of 1S36 all watjons with
wood for sale were to stand on the Campus .Martins;
but since 1 849 the wood and hay markets have been
imited, and located elsewhere ; the wood for the
poor is stored at the niarket-ijrounds, and formerly
the wood inspectors were paid S40 a year for tilling'
or(K:rs j^iven on them, reportins;' weekly in detail all
orders thus tilled. They rei'eived all the fees, but
were required to report on oath, (|uarti'rly, on the
first of January, April, July, and October, the
amount of fees received the previous ({uarter. In
18S1 the salary was fi.xed at $5 28 a year, and since
then ail fees have been paid into the city treasury.
These fees for the tiscal year endinir June 30, 1883,
amounted to only $631.70, ISy nnlinance of Feb-
ruary 20, 1884, this ollice and its duties were merged
with those of the poundmaster's, and .all appoint-
ments of wood inspectors as sucii ceased with
1 883.
The followiiij4' persons serwd as inspectors:
1S34-1836, James If. Cook; 1836, J. II. Cook,
Israel N'oble ; 1837, K. Chamberlain, \'ersal Rice,
John lirunson; 1838, J. W. liinchman, !■'. iSorchardl;
1839, J. II. Cook, F. Horch.ardt ; 1840 and 1841,
J. J. Cicotte, F. Horchardt; 1842, N. ( 'ireusd, Jr.,
F. L'Fsperance ; 1843, X. Creusel, Jr., .\. II.
Dodije, M. ("ioodin)4' ; 1844, X. (Ireusel, Jr., Henry
Carrol ; 1845, J. .\. .Stephens, 1 1. C.irrol, X. (Ireusel,
Jr., S. C. Webster; 1846, S. C. Webster, J. A.
Stephens; 1847, N. (Ireusel, Jr., J. A. Stephens, J.
P. Hopkins; 1848-1S50, T. S. Spraj^ue, DavitI
Weeks; 1850, John Phillips, F. L'Fsperance, ( ).
-McDermott; 1851, J. W. Daly, J. Phillips, F.
L'Fsper.ance, IC. S. .Morse ; 1S52, F. L'llsperance,
O. Donnell, M. .Schrick ; 1853, F. L'llsperance, M.
Schrick, J. Xorthrup ; 1854, V. L'Fsperance, I).
Lanii;an, Charles Lappen ; 1855, F. L'Fsperance,
II. I)eeker, A. Wini^ ; 1858, F. L'Esperance, Wil-
liam Harry; 1859, James Henry, C, A. Minard,
C. F. Kull.
Ivvsr Disi'RicT, ON Dock.- 1860-1862, J. H.
Smith; 1862-1863, Charles Jepkins ; 1864, Robert
Reaunie ; 1S65-1866, John Pratt; 1867-1868, Louis
Lebot ; 1869-1870, J. Casjiary ; 1871, Louis Lebot.
FAsr District, o.n M.vrkki.— i860, W. Pen-
field, G, Holio ; 1861, Charles Kamminski ; 1862-
1863, Michael Schrick; 1864-1865, N. Christa ;
1866-1867, Caspar Cieist ; 1868, John Huber; 1869,
Chas. H, Damin ; 1870, Andrew Huber ; 1871, Oeo.
O. Walker.
Wkst District, on Dock.— i860, J. Henry-;
1861, F. Fiinke; 186,2, Geo. Weber; 1863-1864,
Jas. Shields; 1865-1866, Thos. Halloran; 1867, M.
Lent/,; 1868, J. Xeuschafcr; 1869, Michael Hays;
1870, D, Donovan; 1871, Luke Crossly.
Wi'.sr DisiRicr, on Markkt.— i860, C. Min-
ard; 1 86 1, Wm. iJall; 1862, Matliias Lentz; 1863
1866, John O'Connell ; 1867, Charles Doutjherty ;
1868, Alexander Paton ; 1S69-1870, Michael Xolan ;
1871, !•". C. Xii'iMith.
ICAsr District. — 1872, (leo. (). Walker; 1873,
F. A'ermeulen ; 1874-1875, Harris J.iccjbs ; 1876,
F". \'ermeulen ; 1877, J. Lemkie ; 1878, J, Muer;
1879, C. Halie ; 1880, ]•',. F'iertz ; 1881, J. FJ'pper ;
1882 1883, H. Strubel.
Wkst DisTRK -I'. — 1872, F. C. Niepoth ; 1873-
1875, Robert Hamilton ; 1876, J. Zimmerm.tn ; 1877-
1878, Peter Zens ; 1879-1883, J. Zimmerman.
//(If Markets.
The odice of weiijhmaster dates from April i,
1818. The first scales were located on the north
side of Jefferson Avenue near the corner of Ran-
dolph Street. The old blockhouse, with second
story projectinij^ over the first, afforded a shelter for
the scales, which consisted of an immense pair of
steelyards, the wai^on and hay beiui; lifted bodily
by means of an iron chain passed around them.
Three shillini^s a load were allowed for weit;hin.i;-.
The .scales remained at the old blockhouse until
April, 1827, when they were moved to the northeast
corner of Larned and Wayne Streets, in front of the
lot afterwards oicupied by the Washini^ton Ahirket.
In 1833 they were sold, and in November of the
same year scales were located on the corner of Bates
and Larned Streets. In November, 1835, their use
was discontinued, and the council contracted with
William Grist to erect hay-scales on the corner of
Jefferson Avenue and Ranilolph Street, and at the
corner of Jefferson Avenue and Wayne Street.
.Mr. Grist erected the scales, and owned them until
.March 27, 1849, when they were bought by the
council. The upper ones were then rented for S140,
and the lower, on the corner Wayne Street, for $60 ,'i
year. In April, 1850, the hay-.scales were removed
from the corner of Jefferson Avenue and Randolph
Street to Michiiran (jrand .Vvenue, at its junction
with Randolph Street. In June, 1855, they were
removed from the corner of Jeffenson Avenue and
Wayne Street, and located on the north side of
Grand River Avenue on the Cass Farm. The .same
year the scales were moved from Michiij^an AveiUR'
to Hastin.ijs Street, south of and near the Gratiot
Road. In May, i860, the Western District scales
were removed from the Grand River Roatl to the
north side of Michij^an Avenue between Third and
Fourth Streets; and in November, 1868, the city
rented about three hundretl feet scjuare of Mr.
Beecher, on the south side of Michigan Avenue,
between Tenth and Twelfth Streets, for a hay and
wood market. In 1875 the.se markets were mo\c'l
to their present location, on the northwest corner of
Michigan and Trumbull Avenues, the city paying
an annual rent of $500 for use of the grounds.
MARKKIS. M/VRKETING, AND PRICES.
799
rlcs DuuiLjlicrly ;
, Michael Nolan ;
'. Walker; 1873,
■; Jacobs; 1876,
1878, J. Muer;
1881, J. Kipper;
Niepoth; 1873
nmerniaii; 1877-
immernian.
;s from April i,
ited on the north
; corner of Ran-
ise, with second
rded a shelter for
immense pair of
■inij lifteil bodily
,ed around them,
ed for weii^hini;.
blockhouse until
d to the northeast
ets, in front of the
ishington Market.
November of the
the corner of 15ates
ler, 1835, their ust:
;il contracted with
i on the corner of
Street, and at the
id Wayne Street,
owned them until
re bouijht by the
:n rented for S'40'
ne Street, for $60 a
es were removed
luie and Randolph
le, at its junction
,., 1855, they were
"erson Avenue and
the north side of
Farm. The same
Michii^an Avenue
near the (".ratiot
ern District scales
River Road to the
)etween Third and
ber, 1868, the city
;et square of Mr.
Michi^ran Avenue,
•eets, for a hay and
irkeis were moved
northwest corner of
es, the city paying
if the grounds.
In the sprinjr of 1870 the Eastern District hay
and wood market was moved from Hastings Street
to its present location on Russell Street, near the
I louse of Correction, where it occupies part of the
old City Cemetery.
During a portion of the years prior to 1850, while
the scales were owned by the weighmaster, he was
continued in office either by an implied agreement
(ir a definite contract. By the charter of 1849,
weighmasters were elected directly by the people.
In 1857 the power of api^ointment was again lodged
with the council. In 1881 the fees were one and a
half cents a hundred for weighing hay, straw, ruid
coal ; ten cents per head for cattle, and live cents
for sheep.
Prior to 1879 the weighmasters paid a rental of
from $75 to Si 50 a year for the scales, and were
eiuilled to all the fees collectetl. Since the year
named, the weighmasters have been paid a salary.
All the fees now go to the city, and foi- the tiscal
year ending June 30, 1884, they amounted to
$4,991.20.
The weighmasters have been: 1818, D. C. Mc-
Kinstry; i8iy, S. lUackmar; 1S20, Asa I'arlritlge;
1821, Robert (jarrett ; 1829-1835, Francis Rugard ;
1835, James II. llawley; 1836-1842, C. M. liull ;
1842 1849, William Crist.
Ui'i'KR. — 1849, A. W. Sprague; 1850, Louis Du-
pont; 1851-1852, C. II. Damm ; 1853, A. A. ISur-
hans; 1854, L. Dupont ; 1855 1857, 1'.. Lebot.
LoWKR. — 1849, C. Cj. Jjlindbury ; 1850, 1'. Mc-
Ciinnis ; 1851, J. Northrup ; O. 1). Wilmarlh ; 1852,
D. P.. Wilmarth ; 1854-1855, C. II. Damm; 1856-
John Lane.
Easi' District. — 1858, Peter Campau ; 1859-
1860, E. Henoit ; 1861, J. McCratli ; 1862-1864, C.
Dubois; 1864-1865, John Andre; 1866-1867, J.
Dederichs; 1S68, C. H. Damm; 1869, N.Schwartz;
1870, A. Kremer; 1871-1872, D. Sheehan ; 1873-
1874, t;. O. Walker; 1875, A. O'Keefe ; 1876, P.
A. Rowland ; 1877, J. Erhard ; 1878-1879, P. Dunn ;
1880, J. Clemens; 1881, J. Clements; 1882-18S4,
j. Clements; 1884- , Henry Lemmer.
Wkst District. — 1858, John Lane; 1839, R,
Ciibbings; i860, T. Maybury ; 1861, Russell Cage;
1862-1864, ^- Donovan ; 1865-1869, J. L. Matthews;
1867-1868, John Walsh; 1869-1870. P. Shanahan :
i87i,J. Love; 1872-1873, I). Dick.son ; 1873-1875,
Ceorge Baker ; 1876, }\. Smith ; 1877, D. Shanahan ;
1878, T. Mahoney ; 1879, D. E. Noonan ; 1880,
Robert Knox; 1881, C. Lynch; 1882-1884, Robert
Knox; 1884- , Peter Ohlert,
J'r/cfs of Different Articles at I'arioiis Times,
The prices of articles at different times al'fonl a
fair index of the growth of population and produc-
tion, and of the increase in facilities for transporta-
tion. Under the practically inercanlile rule (jf the
first colony of 1701, the price of almost cMiyihing
was determined by the few traders licensed by the
comjiany, and the measure of the ability of the
people to pay was the principal factor in the tixing
of jirices. The prici's of products of thusoil sveri',
of course, determined solely by the amount raised
and needed for home consumption. In 1726 wlu'al
was from ten shillings to twelve shillings per bushel ;
Indian corn, seven shillings to nine shillings per
bushel ; eggs, twenty to lwenty-ti\e cents per dozen ;
onions, one tlollar a luuulred ; cows, $18 to!f20, and
cahes SS'Oo to .$6.00. There was but little varia-
tion in these i)rit'es up to the time of the coming of
the English in 1760. Sailing vessels were then
introduci'd, and there was more com[)etition among
the merchants. The accoimt-book of Thomas
Smith, of 177S, shcjws that coffee was thirty-eight
cents antl tea two dollars jier poimd ; calico, six
shillings a yard; Hour, £\o, .and pork ^,"15 per
barrel ; ap|iles, sixty shillings per bushel, and tobacccj
sixteen shillings per pound. Slaves were worth
from /180 to /'260 New \uYk ciuMXMicy. In an old
Macomb ledger of 1780 to 1783, charges are made
at the following rates : brown sheeting and bed-
ticking, each live shillings a yard ; molasses, twenty
shillings to thirty-two shillings; vinegar, sixteen
shillings, and rum forty shillings per gallon ; salt, £,\
to £\o per bari'el ; almonds, six shillings; cheese,
whiting, soap, and butter, four shillings per pound
each; starch, six shillings; shot, two shillings;
coffee, twelve shillings ; nails, two shillings antl six-
pence ; candles, \w^i shillings; pig-tail tobacco, six-
teen shillings ; and sugar, three shillings perpouiul ;
cinnamon, four shillings an ounce ; eggs, four shil-
lings, and nutmegs, six shillings per dozen ; Hour,
£^ per hundredweight; corn, twenty shillings to
twenty-four shillings, and oats sixteen shillings per
bushel ; smoothing irons were six shillings each ;
slate-pencils one shilling each, and slates twelve
shillings; bread was three shillings a loaf. In 1784
the winter was so severe that bakers charged a
Spanish dollar per poinid for bread. Board was
charged at £t, per month.
Mr. Weld, wlio traveled through this region in
1796, said :
The sloiLS ami shops of the town are well fiiriilshecl, and you
may liny Hue ilcith, linen, (\:c., and every arUcle of wearing ap-
parel, as ,i;u()d iif their l<ii\d, and (in nearly as reasonable terms, as
you ean pnrehase in New Vurk or I'liiladelpliia.
At this time salt was very scarce, and the inhabi-
tants were freciuently distressed for want of it.
Coffee w.as \'wc shillings ;ind starch four .shillings
per pound, and cotton cloth six shillings a yard.
Two years later, in 1798, alum, chalk, putty, and
loaf-sugar were each four shillings a pound ; bricks,
rv
8oo
MAKKKIS, MARKKTlNc;, ANli I'KICKS.
six dollars a ihoiisaiul, anil woixl six shillinj^s a cord.
Ill I1S03 and 1X05 prices were as follows : rmc-looth
combs, li\i' sliillini^scacli ; calico, six shilliiij;sa yard ;
shot and lead, two slii.linj^s a pound ; powder, I'i^lit
shilliniLjs, colfi'c six shillings, white stii^ar livi' shil-
lings, cheese two shillini;s and sixpence, pepper six
shillings, and soap four shilling's to eiv;ht shillini,;s
per i)oiind ; candles were one shilliiii,; iMch ; corn,
ei(;;;Iit siiillin^s, and s.ilt four dollars to six dollars a
liiishei; labor, two shillinj^s a day. In iSu7 n.iils
were two sliillinj^fs a poinid, and iron jiols wi'ri' sold
at ciiclUeen .and three fourths ci'iils per pound.
<)rdinary laborei's wen- i)aid three shillini^s per
clay for twelve iiours work ; the tiMi-hour system
l)e(i^an in iiS33. in 1808 the followiniif prices ob-
taiiK'd : tallow candles were four shillings ruid butter
and cheese each two shillings a |)(>und ; whiskey,
ei^lit shillinv;s a (gallon ; oats, four shillings, aiul
corn six shillings per i)uslR'l ; i)i'arskiiis sold at
iweiitv-foiir shillings, mink ;it three sliillinv;s, otter
at twenty shi.llinys, .and r.iccoon and nuiskr.il at two
shillinj^s and sixpence each. In iSoy llour was §5.50
and in iiSio, $1 i jier b.irixl.
'l"he W'.ar of 1H12 m.ade all articles scarce and
dear. Nails were thirty-one and one fouith cents a
pound; corn, §1. 00 and $2.00, ,and potatoes §2.00 a
bushel; hay, §1. 00a luindredweii^ht ; llour, Si.i.00
a barrel ; l)utti'r, seventy-ti\'e (xmUs, I'lu'i'se sixty
cents, and i)i-ef twentv-four cents a pound; e^v^s,
lour sliillin,;.;s pi-r dozen ; whiskey, §4.00 peri;.illon ;
turkeys were S3-oo apiece ; |)ork, S.ij-'J'^ -^ barri'l ;
wood, on account of the scarcil\' of l.iboi", 65.50 a
cord. In 1X14. llour was $iS.(x>, and in i(Si6 and
I1S17, Si4-uu per barrel. In the years last named,
potatoes were §2.00 a bushel, or two shillinj^s a
ilo/.en ; beef and pork, §iiS.oo per barril ; and corn,
$1.62 per bushel. In J.inuary, iSk^, l)iitter was
fortv-four cents per |)ound; Inson tea, $3.00 per
pound; milk, twelve t'l'iUs ,i (|u,ut ; e,v;,t;s, fifty ci'iits
a dozen ; wood, S4.CXJ per cord. I'Or unv turkey,
two pii^s, or two bushels of pot.itoes, ;in acre ol Land
cor.id be bouj^hl. .Mutton at this time was one
shillini^, aiul beef ei,i;lit cents to ti'ii cents a iioiind ;
pork, $20.00 to $25.00 pi'r i),arrel. In 1S20 lloiii"
was down to $5.00; l)ei:f and pork, to $7.00 per
l)arrel. In 1821 wood was §2.50 a cord, and wool
tliree sliillin).js per poinid. In kCbruary, 1823, beef
and |)ork were each $4.00 per hundred; venison,
two cents a pound ; tinkeys, six shillings, i;eese four
sliillinji^s, ducks three shillini^rs, and chickens nine-
teen cents a i)air ; apples live shil!inj,rs, wheat four
shillings and sixpence, corn three shillinifs, oats two
shillinifs, beans $1.00, and potatoes three .shillin.ns
per bushel ; mapk'-sn^ar live cents, cheese ten cents,
,111(1 beeswax twenty-six cents per pound; wiiiskey,
two shillini^s a j-allon ; pine boards, $3.00 to $12.00,
shingles $1.75, and laths$io.oo per thousand ; lime,
seventv-live cents a b.irrel ; and <-otton stockiin;s
li'ii shillinv;s \h:\- pair. In 1825 llour sold as low as
$3.00 per barrel; (|nails for one shilliiii^, .and ev;ns
for six cents a dozen. In 1830 llour was $4.5(J per
barrt'l, .and pure cider $2.00. 1837 w.is the ye.ar ot
hivjh i)rices. I'loiir was from $11.00 to $16,00 per
barri'l, pot.atoes |2.(XJ, .and cornme.al twelve shilliiii^s
per buslul, but thi'se prices were not of loiu' coii-
tinu.mce. The |),inic .and sc.arcilv of money soon
c.iused .1 reduction, .and in 183S llour w.as ([>)wn In
S8,(X) per barrel, and siiyar w.is fourlci-ii cents per
pound. In 1839 corn w.as so scarce tli.it it coiii-
m.anded $4.00 per bushel, but in 1840 it sold foi-
eii;hty-l'ivc: cents. In 1842 llour w.as \ery low, tlu
best selling;' for $2.25 pel" b.iri'el. In 1844 (|uol.i-
tions were .as follows: wheat se\enty cents, corn
ihirtv-one ceiils, o.ils two shillini^s, and pot.itoes
twenty cents ])er bushel; llour, $3.82; mess pork,
$10.00, .and s.alt $138 |)cr b.irrcl ; hickory wood,
$1.75 ;i cord; h.ay, $5.00 per ton ; fresh butter, two
shillini^s. Lard .and cIrcsc six cents, and (.allow se\'eii
cents .a pound; dressed chickens, two shillint;s ;i
]),iir; urt'en hides, three .and one half cents, .and dr\'
sevi-n cents .a pound; beef .and pork, $2.51) to $3.00
per hundred ; n.ails, $5.00 a kc'vj ; buckwheat llour,
$1.00 a hundred.
/\ Detroit d.aily of -August 5, 1847, thus conipl.iins :
IJM.II M .\ li l< I'. [■ I'Kiei;-.. Wliy is il llial Ihi; i il i/ills ..I tiiis i;lty
shiiiilil lie ta.M-il S.I lii.uli fiM- I'M-ry (lilic\ii y .)(' Ilir season, when il
is snninuulcil,as il is, l)y Manly and inilnslrimis larnii'i's .' 'I'll ink
of it, yo men willi f.unilics lo sii|>i>orl, yr llolrl and 'ra\i-iii
kiM'iH-is ail, one (loll.ir a Imslicl for polalors ! .AntI in llu- rily
of New S cirl- lliey ale sellill,i; for sevillly-(i\'e lellls! Tell In
I wel\-e ccnls a ilo/en for >;reen corn; three shiilini^s a do/en tot
tonwitoe.>); fourteen cents a iiounds for hiiller ; IweK'e cents and
a halt |ier doziii for enKS ; (•i,i;hlceii and llirce fourths to twenly-
tivcM'eiits a pair for yonn.;,' s|)rlii,i; chickens; seyeii cents a pound
for heef; live ti-nts for \eal anti inntlon, and tliirty-oiie and .1
fonilh or thiity-seveii and a li.ilf cents for a (pi.irler of a lanili.
In 1854 r.iilrojul i onnections were m.adc with the
M.ast, .and prices h;t\'e been mort:e(|ii.il since th.at lime.
The prices, in 1854, were: butter, tweaity-foiir
cents, brown sui;.tr six cents, coffee sui;'ar nine cents,
t.allow candles sixteen cents, Rio coffee eii;hleen
cents, ,111(1 Lu'd twelve cents per i)ound; oats were
forty cents, onions lifly (X'lits, pot.itoes sevent\'-li\c
cents, .and .appk'S seven shilling's [icr bushel ; breail
was nine cents ,a lo.if, .and Hour $(j.oo .i bari'el.
In i8f)i, on ■account of the war, l)row!i siiirar .id-
v.ancnl from six and seven cents to eleven cents .uiil
twelve cents, .and .all kinds of spices from fifty lo
oiu; hundred jier cent. In \'/venil)er, 1862, prices
were : beech .and ni.aple wood, !i|!3.25 per cord ; Hour
two .and .1 h.alf cents to three cents, cornmeal one
and .1 h.alf cents, mess pork six to seven cents, biitu r
twelve to fourteen cents, C(jffee twenty-live cents,
and brown siiij.ar ten cents per pound ; potatoes,
live sliillini.is per busliel.
MARKins, MAKKI'.lINd, AND I'KICKS.
801
cotton slockini^s
111" sold as low as
shilling, ami ri;i;s
)Ui- was $4.50 pir
7 w.as tlu: year ol
,00 to SiCi.oo p( r
al twelve sliilHiiKs
not of loiH',- I'oii-
V of lUolU'V Siliill
lour was (!,)Wii to
'oiirti'iMi cents jHi
arce that it coni-
1 1S40 it sold for
was very low, the
. In 1.S44 (iiiola-
;venty cents, corn
nv-s, and pot;itoes
5i^.82 ; mess pni'k,
el; hickoi'v wood,
; fresh hniler, two
s, and lallow seven
IS, two shillin^^s a
half cents, .and dry
lork, A.;. 30 l<i $3-""
; bnekwheat llour.
liclvvcen March ,ind DeeenilHr, 1.S64, the same
(jnaiity of !)rown suj,,'ar ,id\;nirrd from sixteen to
twenty-six cents per pouml.
With the close of the war. prices he.ijaii to decline,
in most eases reaching ante -war priies about
1.S76.
47, tliuscoinpl.iins:
1 llu: rili/rns (.1 lliis I'lly
y 111' till' scasnii, wllc'll it
^Iriniis f;iriiifis ? 'I'liiuk
y,- llniil :iiiil 'I'iiMni
lalipis ! And in llif i ily
Illy-live trnts ! Till I'l
in- sliillinv;s :i ilo/^ni Imi
lulln- ; luche icllls ami
llin-c liMiillis 1(1 lucnly-
iis ; si'Vi'n ci'iUs a iininul
,11, anil thirty-oiii- ami a
or a (luailri- nl a laiiili.
were m.ide with df
.•(in.alsinee th.at time.
bnlter, twenty-four
ffee snijar nuie cents.
Kio coffee i'ii;hleen
.r pound; oats were
)otatoes seventy-live
;s per bushel ; bread
§(;.oo ;i b.arrid.
var, brown sui^ar ad-
,s to eleven cents an'd
spices from iUty to
,venil)er, 1.S62, iiriees
cents, cormneal one
to seven cents, l)Utter
ee twenty-five eeiils,
per pound ; potatoes,
C II AFTER 1. XX I \.
MANUFACTUKINC. .\1)\'A.\ TAC.l'.S AK TlC'l.l'.S I'UODUCKD-
liSTAULlSllMKNTS.
LMADlXc;
'I'm; advanta.iLjc.s of Detroit as a nianufacluriiii;'
Ccnlci- have never received liie attention tiiat tiieir
nmni)er and importance demand. Xo city in
America is more fa\oi'ahly siiiiated, and ivw cities
|D()ssess so many necessary and desirai)le conditions
for siiccessfiii nianufacturiniL;'. In c-onsiderin;^' its
resources and facilities, there is no occasion for far-
fetclied reasoning- or exa.nv^erated representation :
Alaniifacliu-iii',;' sites can be piircliascd at lower
rates tlian near other cities of tiic same size. At
.any time durini^- tin; live yi'ars precedin.i;' I'SiSj, in
titlier lar^e or si-iall ([uantities, ami liotli inside and
outside of tile city, lands could be l)ou;4lit for from
Sj^oo to S^'oo per acre, with cvcvy facility in the way
of side li'.icks or ])roximity to railri),id lines.
'I'hccitv fronts on a river with which few streams
the mere ri'cit.al of the facts will amply prove the in the world compare either in \iihniie or rapidity,
claim of superior adx'antat^cs. it is well known ni)i.\ it is espt'ci;illv noteworthy that the; ri\'er never
that iron, I'opper, lead, and wood c-nter lari;c'ly into dries up, or injures by owrllow the property on its
the composition of all articles manufacturi'd, and the mai;i^in. i'.ithci- by direct in(li\idu;il iHjmiection or
location of Detroit in the midst of the chief sources tlirou,^h iIk' iuuuense pumping- works of the city, it
of supply of these materials ,i;i\es' it une(iualled affords .it low cost a supply of water in unlimited
manuf.acturini^- facilities. I„ake Supt'rior iron, ;i pro- (|u;unity th.it is alw.iys |)ure and the supi)ly certain,
duct of our own .State, is pro\-ed by actu;il lest to Michi^:m t'oal is mined almost at olh" doors, and
be c(pial to anv. The State produces more inju ore the coal regions of the liuckeye antl Keystone
than any other, ,■. id of jiii^-iron our furnaces treble .States are within easy reach.
the product of any other State, 'i'he l.ari;est iron Cord-wood is obt.iined in any i|uantity at reason-
mine in the world is in Michii^an ; and (lurinir 1883 able r.ites from Northern Michigan ;uul Canada.
the .several fiUMiaces of Detroit ttu'ned out 29,454
tons of pitj-iron. Our copper yii'ld is famed for its
purity, and supplies almost the entii^e world.
The larv,a'st copper smelting;- works in the United
States are located at Detroit and Hancock. The
lead miiu's of the adjacent Stales are celebrated.
The aver.tv^e prices of various ;irlicles durinvr the
live years from 1S75 to iiS.So wirt' : llat-bar, round,
and S(iu,ire iron, ''^2.2:, pcv one hundi'ed pounds;
copper, 20 I'enls per (xiuul ; le.-id, 6 cents; plaster,
per barrel, $1.75 ; lime, 75 ct'iits |)ci- b.irrel ; stone,
.'j;i3.oo per toise ; brick, conuimn, S5.00, and stock,
and tlu'ir products .are t'asily obt.iined. The s^-rind- 6>'').5o per thousand; ^n'ood common lumber, $15.00
stone (]uarries, just ;tbove Detroit, are f.amous the
world over, and within forty miles of the city
sujierior s.and for (^i.ass is found .and successfully
employed.
Michigan produces more lumber than .any other
State. I'ine, walnut, oak, maple, hickory, butter-
nut, and ash nw rt'lati\-ely cheap and .abundant, and
other kinds of wood ;ire so plentiful th;it charcoal is
cheaply made, lioxes and b.irrels for ]);ickinj4' pur-
jioses can be m.ade at a price that admits of no
competition. Tl
pi'r thous.uid ; lum|)-co;il foi- station.ary eni^ines,
$3.''i5 ; nut-coal, $2.65 ; h.ird coiHl-wood, S5.00, soft,
$3.50 i)er corti ; ch.arcoal, .S ci'iits per bushel of
twenty pounds ; hard-wood lund)er: black walnut,
!5;6o; cherry, S35 ; white-ash, §22 ; oak. ijiuS ; maple,
$16, and bmternut, S50. These figures ;^ive a fair
indication of later and present prices.
Located on the l.ikes, and yet far e.ast on the line
of water eomnumicatiou, Detroit has a more f.axored
position than .any other western city ; it is below the
:e soli and
limate are especially line of the excessive cold of M;ick
favorable for the growth of willows, ;ind the linesi
qu.alities, toui^her th.an those of Kin"ope, are ^rown
in this vicinity.
Plaster for m;inufacturini,r use is obtained in <|u;m-
tities from nali\'e beds in Michii;;in, and .a Liri,^'
supply of the best brick-clay is found near Detroit. denced by the f.iet that large quantities of goods are
Immense supplies of limest(jne and sand exist in the exported to every country on the globe,
county, and these, with home-made lumber, give The State debt is practically extinguished and
unusual building facilities. the sinking fund of the city is greater than its
[Soa]
inaw and Lake
Superior, therefore vessels can and do run to and
from this |)ort sever.al weeks e;irlier and l;itiT than
from points farther west. The niilro.ad connections
and facilities are abundant .and growing. That we
l^ossess favor.able opportunities for shipping is evi-
inn
i:\(
liascd ni lower
same size. Al
•edini;- 1S83, in
boUi insidt' ami
)()u;.;iu I'lir from
■iliiy ill llie way
111 lines.
jell few streams
.ime or rapitiily,
t the river never
properly on its
il eonneetion or
ks of tlie eity, it
Iter in unlimited
e supi)ly eertain.
It our iloors, and
J and Keyst(jne
lantity at reason-
an and Canada.
lieU-s durin,^' the
: tlat-bar, round,
lundred pounds ;
<> cents ; plaster,
ler barrel ; stone,
§5.00, and stoi'k,
nn lumber, $1 5.00
ationary eiiii;ines,
-wood, 85. 00, soft,
Its ixr bushel of
cr: blaek walnut,
; oak, SiH; maple,
tii;i.n"es i^ive a fair
ees.
ar cast on the line
las a more fa\(ired
ty ; it is below the
lekinaw ami Lake
nd do run to and
lier and later than
lilroad connections
;rowin,u". 'Iliat we
for shipiiini;- is evi-
ntities of goods are
ulobc.
extini^uished and
s greater than its
m
If' lit . !• ,:
'i'liL;,,!" "
h
1
in
'>■-,
m
"■*■
' hi
>;;'"■ ill "fl
lilllilllili;.liaillWllil!/i.llllim,,
c J.
8o4
MAN UlACTU KING ESTAIJLISIIMKNTS.
di'ht. Tlie city taxation avcra^^cs but little omt (iiu-
per ccnl, and state and county taxation conihineil
is only ai)out one tliird as nnicii. 'riicsc rates are
far below those of other cities as lari^e and well
improved.
The advantatjes afforded to employees are scarce
equalled. Not l"i\'e cities in the country have so
larife a proportion of homes owned by their occu-
pants. This is because lots and building;- material afe
so moderate in price. All kinds of food are abun-
dant and reasonably chea|). Wheat, corn, c.iltlc,
sheep, hoiL^s, poultry, and vet^vtables are Icailin:.;
articles of ])roduction in Michii.;;ui, and we have the
larq-est fresh- water fisheries in the United States.
The climate is jrenerally iciuable and mild, and in
the city the de;ith-r;ite averaj^es only abotit twenty
in a thousand per year.
The amount of capital invested in manufacturing'
enterjirises in iSSo was estimated at $20,000,000,
and the .annual product at $35. ''00,000.
The following' is an alphabetical summary of the
principal articles actually manufactured in Detroit:
Awninji^s, ale, alcohol, artificial limbs, boilers, brooms,
baskets, bolts ami nuts, blank-books, blinds,
brackets, beds, beddint.';, bridges, Ijluinj;', bricks,
barrels, bread, bunt^s, boats, beltinv;-, boxes, boots,
ba.i(s, billiartl tables, bakinjf powder, castings, cans,
car wheels and spriniLjs, candles, cij^ars, carbon, oof-
tins, combs, chemicals, confectionery, cornices, cut-
lery, caps, corsets, clothin,^, copperware, crocks,
casks, capsules, clothes-pins, crackers, carriajres,
children's cabs, chairs, carpets, chewinu^ s'-"'"' doors,
door-knobs, electrotypes, env^ines, emery wheels,
extracts, edge tools, earthenware, electrical instru-
ments, furniture, furs, frames. Hour, files, faucets,
fences, fertilizers, fanning mills, gold pens, guns,
glue, gloves, glass, horse collars, hats, h.arness, hoop
skirts, iron, iron p\\ic. 'nk, jewelry, journ;d metal .and
boxes, knit goods, lead I'ipe, lime, lounges, linseed
oil, lasts, leather, lumber, maps, machinery, monu-
ments, mittens, matches, mattresses, malleable iron-
ware, inaiilel-pieces, medicint's, mouldings, organs,
pails, photographs, picture-fr.imes, plaster figures,
perfumery, pulleys, paint, putty, pianos, pipes, pins,
pills, paper, rope, roofing, stoves, shoes, s(jap, sash,
spectacles, saw-gummers, sleds, show-cases, statu-
ary, safes, saws, sawing machines, sleighs, steel,
stoneware, ship-blocks, sewer-pipe, stained glass,
signs, .sails, shafting, st.amped ware, screws,
shirts, stencil-plates, te,a-caddies, tinware, twine,
tobacco, tiles, trunks, tubs, tombstones, umbrell.is,
vinegar, varnish, wagons, wine, wood-cuts, wood-
working machinery, window shatles and screens,
watches, whips, windmills, white Iciid, washboards,
wigs, wire goods, wooden and willow ware, yeast.
Illustrations are given of several of the more im-
portant and enterprising manufacturing establish-
ments, with ;i few items as to the ch.aracter and ex-
tent of their business. Some of them li;i\e been in
operation only ;i short lime, and for this reason the
amount of their products is relatively small.
VV/i- Mii///i^a)! C(ir Company (Vid the Detroit Car
W'lhil Company.
Both of the abo\e corporations are umler one
management, and together form the largest estab-
lishment of the kind in the United States.
The ollicers are ;is follows: James McMillan,
president; Hugh McMillan, vice-president and gen-
eral manager; J.imes .McGregor, general superin-
tendent; W. K. .Amkrson, treasurer; Joseph Taylor,
secretary; Hugh W. I )yar, assist.mt manager; J.
Hill Whiting, superintendent of foundries. In
these est.iblishmenls and accessory works, such as
furn.ices ;ind steam-forges, all managed by these
corjiorations, a capital of one .and a ([uarter million
dolKirs is represented. 'I'hey make box, stock, pl.it-
form, coal, ore, and refrigerator cars. The works
were established i8(')5, and moved to their present
location at the Grand Trunk Junction in 1873.
They occupy thirty acres, and when fully employed
recjuire 2,500 men, and can turn out tliirtyc-ars,three
hundred and fifty car-wheels, one hundred axles,
and sixty tons of iron per day. During 1883 there
were used at these works 47,000 tons of iron, and
probably 30,000,000 feet of lumber, and a total of
4,500 cars and 46,000 wheels were made. .Since the
works began, they ha\e made 48,731 cars. Placed
close together in one long train, they would reach
two hundred and eighty-four miles, or across the
State of .Michigan and beyond Chictigo. As many
as two thous.and cars have been made for one com-
pany, and so many different com|)anies have patron-
ized the works that it is literally true that cars built
in Detroit run constantly in every State aiul Teni-
tory, and in all the Canadian Provinces.
The Detroit Steel and Sprini^ Works.
This company is (jflicered with .Alexander De
I.ano as president, C. 1'. Clioate as \ice-president
and general nirmager, aiul II. R. Newberry as .sec-
retary and treasurer. The company was incor-
porated in May, 1879, and began operations the
same year. The works are located at Detroit
Junction. Their chief s[)ecialty is spring-steel, loco-
motive .■uid car-springs. They also make Large
((uantities of steel for use in the maiuifacture of
agricultural instruments and for the trade. During
1883 the works jiroduced 6,200 tons of steel and
made 5,000 tons of steel c;ir-s|)rings. Their ship-
ments reach not only all parts of our own land, but
also .South America and Australia.
IJesides the car- works named, there are also
located at Detroit
MANUFACTURING KSIAI!I.ISIIMi;\TS.
805
laractcr and ex-
•111 liavr lu'i'ii in
this reason liic
ly sniail.
the Detroit Car
arc uiuUm" one
ic laru'L'sl eslab-
Stalcs.
iiurs McMillan,
_'sitlcnl and ncn-
4cncral snpcrin-
; Joseph 'I'aylor,
nt nianav^cr; J.
fonndrics. In
(' works, such as
inai^cd by these
a (juarlcr niillimi
; box, stock, plat-
ars. 'l"he works
to their present
unction in 1873.
n fully employed
t thirty cars.lhree
z hundred axles,
urini:; iSiS3 there
:ons of iron, and
er, and a total of
iiade. Since the
'31 cars. Placed
hey would reach
es, or across the
icago. As many
ide for one coin-
uiies have pairon-
ue that cars built
Stale and Terri-
inces.
nit^- Works.
\\ Alexaniler W
as vice-president
Newberry as sec-
pany was incor-
m operations the
•ated at Detroit
sprini^-steel, loco-
also make lar^c
e manufacture of
le trade. 1 )urini^
tons of steel anil
ii>;s. Their ship-
our own land, but
, there arc also
The Pfitinsii/ar Car Worlds.
The officers of tliis cori)oration are I'rank J.
Hecker, president, mana.\;er, and treasunr, and
C. L. Freer, vice-president and secretary. The
worksestablishedin
1880 were located
on the river, be-
tween Walker and
Adair Streets ; dur-
inij 18S4 they were
moved to a large
tract of land near
the Detroit iS: Mil-
waukee Railroad
Junction. During
1883 they built
4,136 cars. In con-
nection with their
works the comiiany
operate the Detroit
steam -forge, and
control large car-
works at Adrian.
With the addition
of their product, tlie city ranks as the most extensive
car manufacturing center in the world.
The Russel Wheel and Foundry Company.
This establishment is located at the foot of Walker
Street. The oHicers are (ieorge II. Russel, presi-
dent; Walter S. Russel, vice-president and super-
car wheels, and during 1883 2.600 tons of castings
were produced. Logging, lumber, and mill-yard
cars are ;i siicrialty in tins establishment, and their
cars are in use in all the southern and western
Ofpick \\n VdUKS op Russel Wheel and Foundry Co.,
TiKit of Walker Street. Uuilt in iS8o.
intendent; and John R. Russel, secretary and
treasurer. The works were established in 1S76 and
the comi)any incorporated in January, 18S3, Up to
the beginning of 18S4 the company had made 36,000
Dl'.TK'Ml .STLLL A.MJ SiKINL. WiiKk-..
Near R. R, Junction in Springwtlls. Uuilt in 1879-82.
States. The company make all kinds of car-sheaves
and architectural iron-work, and do general Jobbing
and machine work, melting as high as twelve tons
of iron per day.
The Detroit Uridine and Iron II 'or is.
This company is officered with W. S. I 'ope as
president and engineer;
W. (.'. Colburn. secretary
and treasurer; and W.
L. Raker, superintendent.
They have built some of
the longest bridges in the
land. Their works, occu-
pying six acres on Foun-
dry Street, a few blocks
south of Michigan A\'e-
nue, were establislied in
1863. In 1883 they used
a capital of $300,000.
They build steel, iron,
and combination bridges,
viaducts, railroad turn
and transfer tables, and
other strtictural iron
work. During 1882 seven
thousand tons of iron
were used, and bridges
erected in all parts of the
country. Some of the more notable britlges they
have erected, and their cost, are as follows:
Over the Mississip[ii River at lUirlington, 2,250
feet long; cost, §1,200,000. Over the Mississippi
8o6
.MANLiAcrruixc. KsrAi;i.isiiMi;N rs.
UiviT at (Juincy, 3,700 fiit Imv^; cost, !{< 1,700,000.
< )\ir llic Mississippi i-livcrat 1 laiiiiiivil, i/)oo fti't
lonvf; cost, §750,000. ( )\Tr the Missnuri Kivcr ;it
r>isiii;irrl<, 1,440 feet loii,^;; eost, §470,000. Over
tile Missouri Kiver at St. Josejili. 1,350 feet i"ii'^ :
cost, $1,000,000.
Dktroit Bkiuge AiNi) Iki'.s- Works, i;iirui;t;.N louNuuv SiniiEr and Al. C. K. K,
l)eai'inv;s, Cl.imer'.s Aj.ax joiirn.'il inet.il, ;iii(l tlir
Fiilldii hronze joiirn.'il boxes are wnrliiy of speiial
notice. ( )f tlie I [opkins joiii'ials, five hundred tons
are made yearly. 'I'lic Cliauipinu tire iiciidcr ;iiid
Stoddard's Ii'.;litninj4' tire upsetter ;ire made at tluse
works. (Iniers for tliese various products come
from ;ill p.arts of
the country.
77/ (• It II hi Iron
JIWI's
was incoi'poi--
ated J 11 lie 5,
l.S.So, .and is the
successor of the
Detroit Loco-
motive Works,
estal)lislie(l in
1S54. The ori-
i^inal coinp.anv.
between 1.S55
and 1859, built
forty-two loeo-
niotives and re-
paired a lar;.;i'
numl)er. 'Ihe
ol'lieers of tlie
company are C.
T/ic Fulton Iron and En-
_;'■////• ]]'0fks
were eslablislied in 1S51
by Johnston, Wayne, &
Coniji.any. 'I'he works
are now conducted by a
corpor.ation, with Janu'S
McMillan as president,
Huvrh McMillan as secre-
tary, and J, 15, Wayne as
manager ;ind treasurer.
Nearly one hundred and
tlfty steam entwines, of from
cijrht to twoluindred horse-
power, arc here inanufac-
lured every year, incliKlinj.;'
bl.ast, threshinsr, rollinif,
milliner, and mill eiv^^ines
also boilers of all kinds ;
iron work for saw-mills,
architectural iron- work,
mininjr and blast-furnace
and elevator ni.achinery,
and iron and brass cast-
inj^s of all kinds. Among
their specialties, Hopkins's
patent lead-lined journal
l''i'i/ic)N Ikon and Knc.ink Works,
Southeast corner of Wciodlirkli;!' ami lirush Streets. lUiilt in 1856-69,
I
iiclal, .•md tlir
irtliy <if spci-ial
hunilnd Ions
I'l: liciiiUr and
niailc at these
lirnducts come
mi all parts of
U'coiiiUry.
rjir /lii/i/ Iron
U'orLs
;as iiu'orpiu"-
tcd June 5,
<SiSo, and is the
ucci'ssor of tlic
)etroil Loco-
lotivc Works,
!Stal)lislu'd ill
.S54. 'I'lu' ori-
;inal company,
jctwccn 1S55
ind 1859, built
orly-two locii-
iiotives and re-
laired a lap^c
lumber. 'I'iie
jfliccrs of the
company are C.
1 1856-69,
MANUFACTURIN'C, K.STAnLlSHMKNTS.
807
II, ISiilil, |)resideiU; I).
R. I'eirce, secretary and
treasurer; and J. W.
iiartlett, nieehanical su-
perintendent. The works
are on the northwest cor-
ner of I.ariied and Third
Streets, reacliin.i,^ liirouijh
to C'oni^ress .Stret't, They
nianiifaeture enyines and
boilers of all kinds and
sizes also iron and brass
castini,fs of e\ery sort,
and particular attention
is .tjiven to rejjair work.
Of their lar;,,a'st entwines,
one was a compound
beani-eui^nne built in 1S76
for the Detroit Water
Works, and another, a
double compound revers-
injT en,i;ine with two liii^h
and two low pressure
cylinders, each of forty-
two ineh stroke. With
this last engine a steel
rail one hnndrcd and
thirty feet long can be
Uriii. Ikon Wcikus,
Corner of Third and Larnid Streets.
Eagle Iron anu Knginb Wouks,
aS4 to 964 Woodbridge Street, northwest corner of Fiftli Street.
Built in 1853-82.
liullt ill 1854.
made in one niinnte and
a half, and h.ilf of this
time is consumed in stop-
ping' and rcversint;- tlie
en,c;ine. With the engine
was furnished the entire
steel plant of the North
Chicai^m Rolling Mill, and
over seventy cars were
eni]iloyed in its trans-
portation. Another piece
of work was the manu-
facture for the Detroit
Water Works of four
miles of iron pipe, forty-
two inches in diameter.
It is a fact rellecting
great credit on this cor-
poration and its predeces-
sor, that from 1S54, when
the works began, the
wages of employees have
been paid in cash on
every pay-day, and in
every instance' during the
long period of nearly
thirty years, by the pres-
ent secretary and treas-
urer of the company.
8o8
MAMTACrrRINr. KSlAliLiSllMLNTS.
/'//(■ /:'<ix/'' />('/! l\'i»/,s.
'I'liis isimc cif llu' iiiw-
t'st of our iiiilu.sirii>. li
\v;is fStablisliL'd in 1SS2
ill till! I)uiliiiii;4s on I'iftli
SliTi'l, txU'iuliiiy from
\Vo(Hll)riil;^L' to Coivjfcss
SircLi uIk' pi'ciiii;-L's for-
iiUTly ncciipiccl l)y J.h k-
son ilv: Wilryi. I'iu' oUi-
cers of llic coiiipany arc :
(i. S. Woniiir, |iii'siilriit
and );ciicral niaiiai;cr;
11. C. Alhi'i", sicrrtaiy
and assistant manav;cr;
and C C. W iniui.r, Nice-
president, and treasurer.
Ail Ivinds of engines and
boilers, pulleys, shaftini;,
lianyers, arc made and
s(ild ; about one tliousaiid
tonsof iron are consumed
yearly. They carry an
exceptionally Ian;c as-
sortment of patterns and
attend to all kinds of
general repair work.
i-r^^^
^Ja
■'rPpVSir'--"'
lypiyiBMTOin
Oil KU AND W'liuks di' Mii:nii..\N Mai.i.eaiii.k Ikhn Cc,
Woodbridge Start, iieiir Twentieth Street. i'.iiilt in iSSa,
Wooil-WOUKING M.\riIINI-KY EsTAIll.ISIIMKNT OK J. MnllKLS,
Northeast corner of I'Urt and IScauhicn Streets. liuilt in 1872.
T/tr J//r///i^'-tr;!. JAr/A-ii/'/,
Iron i '()/// /'I i/iv.
This coinp.any nielti'd
their first iron on March i.
1882. The oflictrs are :
Allan Iloiirn, prtsidcnt ;
T. 1). ]>iilil, vice-president ;
J. M. I'ancrson, sccrctai'y
and treasurer; and T. 11.
Simpson, sniierintendcnt.
The ollice and works art;
on \\'oodl)ri(li;i; Street,
near Twentieth. They use
the air-furnace pro'css,
the hot blast nicltin;^ iron
of various kinds in one
flux, thus securinij a union
of the desirable qualities
of several sorts. All kinds
of malleable and fine gray
iron castings arc made to
order, Agricultural and
railroad work is a specialty.
Orders have been filled
from points as far east
as 15ridgeport, Conn., and
as far west as Eureka,
Cal.
Rival
382.
C'(i////>ii/n'.
iinipany melli'd
irmi oil Marcli i.
\(' oHlci rs ai'i' :
luni, iircsidi'iu ;
1, vii'i'-prcsidriit ;
uTSDii, sfiTftary
iiRT ; and '1'. 11.
suiH'riiUiiid(;nt.
.and wniks an"
(ll)ridv;o Strcrt.
ntiitli. 'riuyusc
urnace pi'()"css,
)],ast nu'Ilin;, iron
IS kinds in one
stTiirinj;- a imion
c'siniblc qu;ilitii.'s
.sorts. All kinds
)lc antl fine gray
ni;s .arc m.adc to
\HTicuitural and
■ork is a specialty,
lavc been filled
nts as far east
:p()rt, Conn., and
'est as pAireka,
M.wiiwcrrkixc i.siaum.shmknts.
/. ,I//(7/(7v' H'li/iJ- n'iir/,'/>/i^-- Mill lii'iiirY
i'.sliti'li'slniiiiit
is |oc;iic(| on tin; norihc.ist corner of I'ort
;ind rK';iiii)icn Strccls. .-iiid w.is csiahlislK d in
i.S6i;, 'I'lu' list of .'irtirlcs ni.inuf.ii (iircd in-
cludes pl.uiini;', l)llrinJ^^ moulding;, paiiilin;^s
jiiinlini;'. sa\\in'.,^ nialchin.;;-, sli.ipin;.;-. tcnon-
in,;,^ fric/in,;^ .ind sliapin^^ ni.icliinrs, wiili ilic
.accessories necessary to put tlieni in opcni-
lion, Tliese ni.ichines tiiid ;i ni.uiat ;ill over
llu: West .and the South, .uid have been ship-
ped to jap.an.
/'//<• WtliiDhil ll'/r,- (Did /nm Company,
'i'his company was ineor|)or;ited M.ay 3,
I1SS3, with ;i c.i|)il;ii of ^joo.ooo.
The oHiccrs of tiie coin|).iny .are W, I'. Sum-
ner, preside 111 ; I". K. Mimkler, si'crct.iry ; .and
W. ll.dordon, superintendent.
'I'hcir l)iiildin;;s, Incaied on the corner of
fourth .and t'oiii^ri'ss .Streets, were erected es-
pecially for the conip;my,.and ;irt: su|)|)lic(| w iih
.all |)ossil)le conveniences for [)r.actic;il work.
The tirst lloor of the establishment is de-
\i)te(l to the in.muf.Kture of wire r.iiliiii;'. iron
fences, iron st.airs, lire escapes, I'lc.; the sec-
ond story to the manuf.acture of tlie patent na-
Dbtroit Safe Company's Works,
Fort Street East, lutwccn ncanliiin .timI St. Antoinc Streets.
I^iiilt in 1874-80-8?.
N \ lioN.M. WiKK AMI luo>4 Company's WoKKs,
CuriKTof Koiirili and Congress Streets. Iluilt in i88i.
tion.al cliccse-s.afcs.window
and door screens, riddles,
s.and ,111(1 cii.al screens, .and
othertjoods inthe wooden-
w.are Hue ; the third lloor
is set .apart t(j the ni.inu-
f.acture of wire cloth,
sieves, r.it-traps.and t^oods
of siinil.ar n.atiire ; and the
fourtJi ortoji lloor to paint-
inj^'.'uid finishiin;. .Vwiiii;'
of one hundred feet on
Cono'rcss Street .accoinmo-
d.atestlu.'W.arehouse. stock-
rooms, and i,''ener.il oHices
of the eonip.any. They
manufacture bniss and
iron wire clotli of every
description, includiiiiL,'- spe-
cial kinds for threshing-
machines, boltinjj cloths,
and fannint; mills.
Much of the wire used
is as fine as ordinary sew-
\x\\:, silk, and durini^ i^^^S.
4,000,000 pounds of wire
were used. The product
for 1884 will be lari^'cly in
excess of these figures.
8i(
MAXIM AC riuiNC. i;srAi;i,isiiMi:\ Ts.
'I'licy rilso ni.iki' win: and iron fi'iiciiiv;. wire l.iih- ami forty-twi) safis wore niaiiiifactiiird ; in iSS^,
\ny;, u in(l(i\v-i;iiar(ls, wiir sii;iis. coiintrr-railiiii^s, 3, iixi. The prices of safes r.in^c from §00 to
sl.il)le liNlures, eoimlri'-Mipiiorts, roof-crest inv;s, l5>4o,o(x:). Tlu' rei;iilar makes weiijli from 935 to
lower oni.imeiits, \\eallur-\aiics, am! a iari^e variety 21,850 |ioiimls, and \ary in si/e from one fool fom-
of specialties. ( )f clieese-safes alone, lliey manii- inches liiv^li by one fool six inches wide, to six feel
factiire aiiont 20,ixx) yearlv. six inches hii^ii by four feel eleven inches wide.
'riiey h,i\e ;i larvjc ;imi incriMsim.;- tr.ule, extcrul- N'e.irly one hnndred re.^nilar varieties ;ire made, and
inii;' from Maine lo California, ;ind from Alaska to any size or kind is made to older, bcsidi's v.iull .iml
Mexico. ir<in sluitters, ;ind iron work. I'ire or burglar proof
rKllKISKll OlIUK ASP WoKkS l<\' llll'; DeOKIHT )'hi>N/IC Co.Ml'ANV.
I'oit SlriH'l, ln'tw^'rii NiiK'tt'i'iitli .iiul 'rwciiliclh Streets.
T//r Drtroif Siifr Co:i;f>iiiiv.
This enormous f.-iclory w;is established' in 1865.
and is located al Xos. 67 to 85 Fort Strt'ct I'ast.
Amont;; the oris.;inal oiricers were J. J. r>,n;!ey,
Z. R. ISrockw.iy, and 1). O. I'ai.u^e. Tlic officers
are: W. IS. Wesson, president ; A. S. Wiley, viee-
presidenl ; I). O. raiijc, treasurer and ijcnera. iian-
aner; A. W. i5;ixler, secretary; ;ind Ceoriic 1'"..
Morton, .superintendent. The first year two hundred
or ciiiiibined fire ;ir.u hur^^lar proof safes, for both
home and oflice use. .are made with either simple or
double scpLare or round doors. y\Il the safes h;ive
round corners and ]5;irticularly close-fitlin.v^ doors ;
all are hij^hly finished, and some of the interior
decoration is really artistic. Durinij 18,85 they used
about one hundred tons of steel and iron piT month.
For door frames and j.uiibs they use a lii^jhly car-
bonized, and a soft, homogeneous steel fused
UMMMwm
:liiiT(l ; ill iS.S:;,
(• from $fi() 1(1
i;li fiiim 935 to
)m OIK' fool foiii"
wiilc. to six fi'ci
I'll iiu'iu's witlf.
■s ;u"i' made, and
x'sidi's vault and
or l)uri;lar proof
'it
&^
5^..
>■
Dof safes, for both
itii citiuT single or
y\ll tin- safrs havi'
■|osi--httii).n- doors;
k; of tin" interior
Atyr 1.SS3 they used
nd iron per month.
use a hi.v;liiy car-
tjous steel fused
MAMIAC IlKINC. I'.SIAIU.ISIIMI.N TS.
Si I
iii'^ctiier in ingots in sueli a manner, that when
idllcd inio plalcs. the softer steel, of );re;it tensile
sireiii;lh, is eovereil on both sides willi the hii^hly
cirhoni/ed steel, whii'h is so tenijiered thai it is
dijll proof. II. is |-olled into sh.ipes for some parts
(if 1 he work under palenis exelnsively eonirolled hy
this eoinpau)'. .\v;i'neies are est.iblish'd .and storks
of s.ifes e.ii'ried .at ISoston, Ni'W \n[k, il.iltimore.
Au:.;nsl,i, ( 'r,!.. Lyons, N. N'., l.ouis\ille, Ky., l'hie;i;^o,
St. r.iul, I )i'nver, ;uid .S.in i'r.ineisen, .and their s.ifes
.III' sold to cMslomers .all over the I'nited .St.ales .and
ill ('ireeee, (.'hina, |,i|);ui, l''r,anee, Soulh .Anieiie.i,
.Ausir.ilia, New /e.il.and, .ind the West Indies.
'/'//<■ Ihirnil /hinrr (.'inii/xniy.
This eomp.any w.is ineorpor.aled on [■ehru.ai-y 5,
iSSi, Largely lhrou,L;li tlie efforts of j. II. M.ikins.
The olliei'rs .ire: I'eler !•;. I )e Mill, president;
( leor,i;e W. Mooi^e, \iee-i)residenL ; .and J.ames.Stew-
.'irl. seeret.iry .and ti-e.isurer. The m.iteri.il used
|)V them, known as while hion/c, is ;i |Mire zine,
relined expri'ssly for their wurk. I'Iua' ni.iki' only
1(1 oi'der, .and dui'in;^- I.S.S-; lurned out o\-cr §100, ooo
woriii of woi'k in the shape of monuments, sl.ilues.
nied.allions, etc. Their i^aiods ;ire sold .and used
.i!l ovt'r the United States, C.an.ada, .and South
.Xmerie.a.
T/ir A'. T. Barniiin Wire and Irou H'orh.
This extensi\-e m,iiuif.aetoi-y l)ei;an in iS^i^ ,,nd
w.is ineoi'poi'.iled I'ehrii.ary 1, i.S.Sj. The oHleers
,ire: !■".. v. H.-inuim, ])iX'sidenl and .m'lier.il m,in.ii;er;
I'hilo I'.irsons, viee-prcsidenl ; I'". II. lA\avenwoi-tli,
seeret.iry; C. V. I'lirdie. supeiantendeiit. The liiLii'd
of Directors consists of 1). .M. l'\'rry, D. Whitney,
Jr., I'hilo i'.arsons, 11. K. Wliite, 1'.. T. r..irniim,
I'h.as. r.ewiek,;ind I". II. I.e.iveinvorth. T;,.: ijeneral
onices and works .are located .at the corner of Ilow-
;ird Street .and W.ah.ish Avenue, beiny; the kar^^est
of the kind in liie world. The m.iiii biiildin.i;- is 250
by 4U1 fei't, with two winv;s, one of 300 .and the
other of 4(K) fec't in lenjL;ili, with a r.ailro.ad track
betwi'en them. The tr.ack connects with ihc M. C.
I\. R. .and yives shippini^' facilities lli.at arc unri-
v.illed.
In .addition to this t;'ener.il c:st,iblishmenl the eom-
p.any h.ivi; ;i hr.aneh .at no I..ikc Strt:et, Chic.at^'-o,
111. The Detroit works employ about 600 skilled
workmen, and there are over 100 at the br.aneh
concern. Their cal;ilo,i;iie embraces nearly 1,500
articles of their own production, and ihey are
extensive niaiiufaeturers of wrout^ht-iron fencing
for public and private huildinv,rs, iron Ixileony and
steps, fire escapes, roof erestini^, h.ank counter
and office railiuij, j.ail work, builders' iron-work,
wire eloth of .all kinds .and for all purposes, wire
goods of every v.ariety, wire feiieiiiiLj, screens
sieves, llori.sts' ijoods, brushes, traps, niiiz/les, b.is-
kets, e.av^'es, eli.airs, show sl.ands, cheese s.ifes, .md
wire sii^ns, br.iss woi'k ol c\cr)' descripiion, iron ,ind
br.ass bcdstt'.ids, roller sk.ites, wciibcr \,ines, foiin-
l.ains, v.ascs, l.iwn furniture, etc., etc. Some idc.a of
the extent of thcii' business will be i^.iiiicd from the
f.ict th.il they m.ide i i.otnj.ooo s(|U.ire fcclofwii'c
elolh in i<S.S3 .and used in the m.inuf.actiire of \.irious
■articles 375 tons of wire .and 22-, Ions of iron.
They ship i^dods from rorll.ind to S;m I'r.in-
cisco .and from Minncipolis to ( '■.ahcston. covcrini;
;ill the Sl.ites .and 'IVrrilories, 'I'liey .also h.a\c ,a
l.ar^c export ir.ade .and sell .and shiji to |)oinls in
Auslr.ali.a, Africa, l'",n,i;kind, Mexico, Canada, .and
lira/il.
UEiHorr Stovk Comp.vnv's Oiikk and Sai.icskoom,
32 and 34 Woodward Avtiuic. Iluilt in 1879.
7V/r Drtroit Slo-w Company,
or!^-,ani/ed in \'^(-'\, oc(ai|)y about ten acres of irroiind
in llanUramek. The ofrKe and s.alesrooms are at
flii|llliilP'"iiiiii|i!!ii';iT'ii|ifiiiii'!!i!
''Il'llllllll'' 1'. Ill'j!i r, ■ 'il :'" '
' 'll'ii!
H
BBIiVMi
;li!
i) 5
H
s
H
il
wm
8j4
MANUlACTURLNt; ESTADLISIIMLNTS.
32 and 34 Woiulwaiil
Avenue. W . 11. I'lIlL is
liiwsidi'iu. anil E. .S. ]iar-
1)1)111', sut'rc'iary. 'I'lic com-
pany employ 1,300 men,
and p;iy for labor alone
()\er $500,000 per year.
'l"hey m;ike .si'\-en hundretl
ilifferent \;u-ielies of slows,
and in 1S76 inlroilueed
the use of niekel-jilaled
stoves. In i.S7othey m.ide
abont 16,500; in uSSo,
30,000; ;nul in 1X83,
49,000; nsin;4" in this Last
year 12,500 tons of iron.
Uet;i:l;ir ;i;^eneies are es-
tablislieil at Storkholm,
Kr.ankfort, and London,
and luindreds of ear-U)ads
are yearly sent to these
cities to be distribiiled to
various other parts of
Europe. The company
li:i\e br.iiuh houses at
l.uffalo.antl Ciiici^^o, frt)m
whence shi[)ments are
ni.ide all owr the I'nited
St;aes and to New llruns-
\\':el'; anil .Vustralia.
-~::^u .- '-..Wu £NC.lU-rt¥-"
I'KNiNsii.AH Stove Cumpans's Oi'i-ici-: .and Wukks,
Siiiithucst imniTdf l^'mt :ini1 l-'.i,i;luli Strwt>i. liuilt in i8Si.
Im KKKA Ikon and Sii-.ki. Wouks, VVvanuotm;. Iluili in 1S5J-57.
Detroit OiTicf, NV>. Ji Newberry and McMill.in llniltlini;.
BIBvn
i8Si.
^45t;!(.,H«„^)nC3Ki4U»'
0
Si6
MANllACI IKINC, IISIAI'.I.ISI IM1:N1\S.
< lint pa I IV
(•iiniiiK'iuTil ti) inanufac-
turcon Sc'i)tfnil)fr 12, 187J.
'I'luir works arc on Jeffer-
son Avenue just east of
Adair Street. Tlie oflieers
are; I'raiuis I'alnis, ])resi-
dent ; deorii^e II. liaibour,
seeretiry; M. 15. .Mills,
treasurer; Jereniiaii Dwyer.
inana,!L;tr ; and C. A. l)u-
eiiarine, inireliasinv,^ a,s;ent.
l)urin,vj 1873 8,825 ■'^to\es
were nianufaetured ; and
in 1883 52,338, usini;- 17,-
434, ()00 |)ouiuls of iron.
The company employ i.ocjo
men, and under the jL^enei'.i!
name of Carland make
nearly two hundri'd vai'ie-
lies of stoves. There aie
braneh houses in C'hicat^o,
Huffiiio, lioston, and S.ai-r.i-
niento, from which ship-
ments are made to various
countries in Europe and to
every State and Territory.
N.\Tii)N'Ai. Pin Cu.\U'.\nv's Kaltuky,
Grand River Avenue, bttwcua Si.xtccntli ami Seventeenth Streets. built in 1875.
Riiwic iV Havks, Uktkoii' Imi.k Wokks,
Nurtlieast corner of Sullivan Avenue aiul Magnolia Street.
The l\i:insular Sttrnc
Company
was incorporated March
23, 1 88 1 , and commenced
manufacturing at 1 )etroii
in February, 18S2. Their
works are on tlic corner
of Fort and Eighth
Streets. The officers are :
W. B. Moran, president;
\V. X. Carpenter, vice-
president ; James Dwyer,
manager ; James A
Venn, assistant manager;
Robert McD. Campau,
secretary ; and Clarence
Carpenter, treasurer.
They make two hundretl
and seventy varieties, anil
in 1883 produced 20,000
stoves. They havebrancl;
houses in Cliicago, and
at Troy, New York, and
their trade has largely in-
creased every year. The
first ye.ir of their estab-
,(.,^ .^./tt:.iif
liuilt in 1S73.
''i/!//lS!t/iir S/tTc'c-
Company
icorpor;iti.'cl Manii
li.ancU'omniciiced
acturiiij,^ at Dctroii
riiary, 1SS2. Their
arc on tlic corner
L)rt and Eighth
5. The officers are :
Moran, president;
. Carpenter, vice-
ent; James Dwyer,
jer ; James A
assistant manager;
t McD. Campau,
ary ; and Clarenee
nter, treasurer,
make two liundred
:venty varieties, and
I3 prodticed 20,000
;. Theyhavebrancl:
s in Chicago, and
:)y, New York, and
.rade has largely in-
;d every year. The
■ear of their estab-
3
o
Si8
MANUFACTURING KSTAIU-ISHMENTS.
lislimciit sliipnients wcio
made to sixteen different
States, to varimis Canadian
Provinces, and to Latai<ia
in Asia.
J-lurika Iron and Steel
Works.
The works of tliis cor-
poration are located at
Wyandotte, twelve miles
from the city. They \vcre
built in 1854, and in that
year the first Lake Sujjc-
rior iron was there smelted.
The present corporation
was formed on December
19,1883. The offices are
at Detroit. The olficers
are: W. K. ]\Iiiir, presi-
dent and general manager; S. D. Miller, vice-presi-
dent; ^\'. S. Armitage, secretary and treasurer; and
J. S. \'an Alstyne, agent. Dtiring 1883 the comi)any
produced 23,000 tons of manufactured iron. They
make charcoal i)ig ircjn, from Lake Superior ores, for
foundry, car-wheel, and malleable use, also boiler-
plate, tank-iron, and the usual variety of common
and rellned bar- iron. They sell as far cast as lios-
Tllli M|1)I>1,|;11K1JUK it I'clST .Ma.nl lALTl KIM. Cu.M IAN v'.s WoUKS,
Iu8 to lUi Luriiud StrcLt, corner of Cass Street.
FaCTOUY and Ol'l-lLli OF DETH<iri' SlAMl'ING WuKKS,
Southeast coriar Lufaycttc and I'nisli Streets. built in 1881
ton, Mass., and Nashua, N. H., in the West at
L)enver, .Salt Lake, and San Francisco, and gener.illy
through the F^astern, .Mitklic, and Western States.
TIic Detroit and Lake Superior Copper
Company
was established in 1850. The smelting works at
Detroit are located on the ri\er road, about a mile
from the city. F^xtt'nsive
woi'ks are also e;u'ried 011
by the same ciir|)orali(iii
,-it 1 laneock, I.;ike .Supe-
riiir. The oliicers ai'e :
C. ! I. Caiur, |)i-esidenl;
I". I. Kiiigsl)iir\', sei're-
taiy; Jlor.aiio I'igelow,
treasm'i'r; J. K. Cooper,
agent; and r.dwin Keed-
cr, superintendent. The
com|x-iny's product of
copper at ] )etroit in I o6u
was 2,940 tons, in 1870
4,892 tons, and in 1880
7,097 tons, ami more than
twice as mueh war, pro-
duced ;it Il.'Uieock. Ship-
ments are made ;is in-
structed l.)\- the mining
com[)anies, usually to
New York, I'hiladclphia,
.•i!id Iloston, but from
lliese ])oints ciuantities ol
copper smelted at 1 )etroit
have been sent to Cer-
many, I'"rance, England,
Russia, and China.
Souks,
in the West at
SCO, and iLiciuTally
Western States.
'icrior Copper
nicltin;^- works at
oad, about a mile
le city. Extensive
ire also carried on
same coi-poi-alion
irock, Lake Supe-
Tlie ollici'rs ai'e :
C'arter, jjresidenl ;
Kini^shury, seere-
lloratio ]'>i;^elow,
vr; J. 1\. C'linpcr.
and I'.dwin i-iced-
irintt-ndenl. 'i'lic
ny's ])rodu('i of
at Detroit in loCiu
940 tons, in 1H70
tons, and in 1S80
ons, and more dian
as nuH'h war, ])ro-
at Hancock. Ship
are made as in-
■d by tlio mini nin-
nies, usually to
Vork, I'hiladclphia,
iosion, but from
points cpiantities ol
• smelted at Detroit
been sent to der-
Franee, l".n,iL;!and,
I, and China.
820
MANUIACTUKINC. i:s lAl'.l.lsl IMI:NIS.
over Aincrii'a, I)iil also to loiisianiiimiilc .hkI
l.islioii.
rh,- Drhoit /■'//,■ U',»/:s.
Tlic Miilillil'roi'k C-- r<>st MtiiiiifiU till illy-
L'tnil/iiDty.
'I'liis cstatjlislimciil, w ill) lliraiii Middli liroi il, .mil
I'ldwanl C'. I'ost as v;tiu r.il parliu r-, and l.dward I'.,
Middk'l)ic)ok and IMwaid I'disur as s|)c(ial part- Tiic l)uildin'.^ nl this coipoiaiinn is lijcilcil on llic
ncis, l)(i.;,in liiisincss in i.S/y, and is iociicd al Nos. iioiilicasi (drnci- of Sullivan /\\rniic ai.d Ma,i;noli,i
loS and I ID l.arnid Slitcl W'tsl. Anionj.; its trad- Sliccl. Tlic works wcic csl/ililishcd in liS7(j and
inx spi'cialtirs ari: dirtil. compound and i lian.niahlc llic conipanv iudirporali'd in March, iS.S.}. Soloninn
jiowcr, liydraulii', steam and li.iud-powir elevators, llayis is prc^i<!eni, and Jonas Kowj', vice-presid( hi.
sh.ifliiii;, pulleys, liauv;ers, emery niiiideis, rod- 'I'hey make tiles of .ill si/.es ;iiid styles, nsiiin over
lurninv: maeliines. livjit and heavy castinvjs, and one linndreil Ions of steel per .annum ;ind prodnciiiv;
sheaves of all sizes. It also linilds elex.iiois of over two hunilre(l do/en liles per d.iy. 'I'liey use
Irom i.iMio lo ;,o(io pnunils cap.u'ity, to he opei.iicd the ItesI ijr.ides of steel, and llieir i;oods lind ready
with ihe ()|io .Silent ( ias i''.ii.;;ine. Its shipments .s.ile .ill over tln^ I'nited Sl.iles, and shipments have
extend lo Mmnesoi.i, .Xikans.ts, New Ndrk, Ohio, been made lo I'airopi!.
Omi.inai I.,miouaiiii;v oi' I'auni'., il\\C'',iV Co., M \m i \i im.im. (hinum'
SdUthiMsi (c)iiiii' of I'mss Avriuu; awX lliiiry Slicrl. Isiirlid 111 x'AuG.
indi.in.i, Kentucky, 'fexas, Cilifoiiii.i, Miehi.v;.'in,
Manitoba, Ont.irio, Illinois, and l.ouisi.ui.i.
7'//(' Witioiidl Pin ('(iiii/iii/iv.
'i'his is one of the l.-irncst esi.ihlishments in the
couiUry, it \v;is orij;;ini/,ed Deeeinher jS, 1X75,
and is olliccrod with 1). M. l''eiry ;is ]iresidenl
ami ire.'isnror, .and A. W'.irin,^- ;is sicret.iry. They
make :i larj^e variety of br.ass .and .idam.intine pins
e(iu;il to the best I''.ni.;lisli t;oods, .and .ire sok: m;mu-
factnrers of the luirek.i Toilil I'in Rolls. Durinv;-
1883 they ni.ide ninety Ions of |)ins, or .about
2,4cx5,ooo per day. They ship j^oods, nut only all
'/'///■ Pt/r(>i/ h'.iiiny Wluil Coiufiaiiv
w.as t'st.ihlished by (iilbeit ll.irl in 1875. The
works .are located on Lincoln ne.ir Jelj'ersou y\ venue
in il.amtr.imik. The < omp.any in.ikt' both emery
wheels .and iiiachinciy for iisiiiv;- them, they m.iiui-
f,ictm"e wlieels from one foiiiih of .an inch in
(li.imeter .and oiu: (|u.arter of an inch thick, up to
thirty-si.x inches in di.imeler .and si.x inches thick,
these l.ist wei^hini; nearly 800 pounds. 'I'lie wheels
.are sold and in use in nearly .all m.anuf.acturin,^
towns in the I'nited St.ates, the extent of their
use beiiiv; indicated by the f.act th.it in l88j this
establishment u.sed 300 tons of emery.
sl,lllliMii|il'' .'lll'l
is locilcil "111 llir
nil ill 1^70 ■lll'l
I, I.SS4. Sdllilllnll
c, vitt'-|ii<Ni<linl-
Mylfs, iisiiiK over
i\\ anil |)i<iiliiiiiiK
(lay. 'riiiy IIM'
i^DDils I'lnil iraily
1 sliipiiHiils liavi:
r
lit ill \^7S- '""'
■ IcHrrsnii Avriiuc
niakf liiilli iiiuiy
lluiu, llu-y inaiui-
ili of an inih in
iiuh thifk. tip '•'
1 six ini-lus lliiik,
uiuls. 'I'lir wiufl:'
all manufarturini;
ic I'.NlcnL of lluii'
L thai ill 1883 this
luory.
.-'^' :-'.H i^i^
III
c,-,^*
M/-''''
m.
lSiffl!fivi,!i Iwliii
a
U
■J
■J
iiw
822
MANUFACTrRING ESTAUMSIIMKNTS.
-r=M^--.
i-T'lSiW
,rfK«i
:'3
Lauohatokv ok !•'. SiKARNS A: CoMi'ANV, coriipr i>f Twuiily-riist aiul .Manimttr Streets. liiiilt in i83i.
T/w Utiioit Door Kitoh i'oinf^oiiy
manufav'tiire door-kiidljs in mineral, ji't, porcelain,
metal, and silcctcd Wdod in a j^rcat \arifty of style's
and their knobs are conceded to possess superior ad-
Cai'sii.r Fa "^"V of F. A. IIinRi.,
Comer of Fourth and .. jott Streets. IJuilt in 1881.
vantaijjes in metiiod of adjustment and dinai)ility.
Tlie oKieers of tlie comiiany, incorporated on March
I, 1882, are: I'.. M. Fowler, president; J.J. Ru.st.
vice-president ; E. M. Lyon, secretary and treasurer;
and (J. M. Hidden, sup-
erintendent. The fac-
tory is on the corner of
lirush and Lafayette
Streets.
The Detroit Staiiipiiii:;
Coiiipoiy.
This rom]iany was
estal)lished in Ajiril,
1880, and their factory
is locati'd on the south-
east corner of Lafayt'tte
and Brush .Streets. The
ot'licers are: J. ('■. Stan-
dart, president ; L. M.
Miller, sicretary and
treasurer ; and Charles
I'uddefoot, superinten-
dent. They manufacture
hininiierable varieties of
tinware, including ja-
p.'uined ,t;oods, pieced
and stamped ware, drui,'-
gists' goods, street lan-
terns, etc., also bronze,
brass, and electro pl.'ited
goods to order. During
1883 they used about
■'.■,^<
MANllACl'lJUINd KSTAIIMSIIMKNTS.
823
u and (lural)ility.
^oraud on Marcli
idciil ; J. J. Rust,
iry and tivasiircr;
, M. I liddcn, siip-
idfiit. 'I'lie fai-
011 tllC CoriHT (if
ami Lafayette
Adroit Stain pill}:;
Coin p a. I y.
s romix-my was
islicd in April,
and tiu'ir factory
itcd on the soiilli-
orner of Lafayette
rush Streets. The
■s are; J. C. Stan-
president ; L. M.
sieretary and
irer ; and Charles
•foot, superinten-
'I'hcy manufacture
lerable varieties of
re, includini^ ja-
■d yoods, pieced
.'uiiped \v-are, drui;-
iroods, street lan-
etc, also bronze,
and electro plated
to order. Durinu:
they used about
WHITE LEAD & COLOR WORKS.
11 fl If f
iBiiiai^
CiLLOUS
flU
novDKf.r, imos
White I, bad and Color Wokks ok ncivuELL Bros.
3c;, 41, and 43 Kort Slrtct Kast. Hiiilt in i83o.
20,000 pounds of iron, 280.000 pounds of tin, and
40,000 ])()un(ls of brass, and sell jjjoods ;ill over the
United States and in Ilonvj Kong, China.
Parke, Davis, &^ Company, Manufacturiny^
C/iiiiiisLf.
This corpor.'ition, in their widely known establish-
ment, manufactures four hundrt'd .and fifty varieties
of lluid exinicts and one hundred of solid e.xtracts,
about si.K luuidred varieties of su^^ar and inrl;itine
coated pills, and a large variety of pharm.-iceutieal
jireparations known as concentrations, elixirs, wines,
syrups, cerates, etc. The crude material for these
products, in the form of b.irks, leaves, llowers,
roots, etc., from medicinal plants, is obtained from
all ([uarters of the globe to the exten*- 'f thousands
of tons annu.illy. After passing through their ex-
tensive milling de];)artm"nt, the drugs are issued in
various forms, and ma keted throughout America
and in foreign countrii , Among the many new
remedies they have introduced to the know'" 'ge of
the medical profession, and which, pre s to
1877, were unknown scientit'ieally, are : Eucalyptus
Cilobulus, (Irindelia Robusta, Cascara Sagrada,
Verba Santa, Coca, Guarana, Jamaica Dogwood,
Man;ic;i, J,ibor.indi. liojdo, ,ind Cheken. I'heir
oper.itions in a single drug in one year, si.N years
after its iniroduction, reacheil ^o.txw pounds.
The comp.iny"s business is conducted upon a
strictly scientilic and I'thicil codi', .and their pro-
(hicts are jircparcd with a view of supplying drug-
gists with goods to be dispensed only upon the
prescrijitions of physiei.ins.
Tluir l.abonitory occupies a i.u'ge S(|u;ire, on the
riviT .-It the foot of MeDoug.iil .\ venue. The river
front is two hundred and sixty-two feet long, and
the entire frontage six luindied ,and foriy-four feet.
They employ upw.irds of two limulred and fifty per-
sons, and have a c.-ipital of .ibout S5oo.(X)(). The
business is conducted by a corpor.ition, under the
supervision of 11. C. I'.irke, presidenl, .and ( leorge
S. D.ivis, st'cret.iry ,-ind tre.isiirer. In .addition to
the m.iin est.iblishnunt .at Iietrnii, .a distributing
branch, with .a l.irge stock .and .ample force of clerks,
is maint.iincd ,at 60 .M.iicK 11 Lane .and 21 Liberty
Street, .New Ndrk.
T/if I'riuh-rick- Stearns Pharinaciutiial Manu-
facturiny; C oinpany.
This eomp.any r.anks .as ;i jiioneer in the manu-
facture of m.iny speej.ilties. The senior member
and president of the eomp.any h.is been in the busi-
ness over thirty ye.irs. The works of the company
,are on the corner of Twenty-hr.st and Marciuette
Streets. Their products embrace all cl,is.ses of offici-
nal prep.ir.ations of the I'nited St.ates, the Hritish,
the French, and the (lerm.an I'harm.acopcjLia, as W( II
as all novelties in pharmacy and medicine described
in recent books and jieriodicals. They, are imi^orters
of r.are and new drugs, and exporters of medicil
products. Their trade extends into every State .and
Territory and they c.irry credits to over 15,000 of the
ret.ail druggists of the I'nitcd States. The distinct
cl.isses of ph.arniaceutie.il goods nimiber over one
hundred, and .as the v.arieties in e.ach often go up into
the hundreds, the details of their m.anufacture are
almost endless. This firm have on their list 1,307 sorts
of pills, nearly six hundred kinds of lluid extracts, and
over eight hundred kinds of powdered drugs.
A special feature of this house is the furnishing the
retail druggists of the United States with popular,
non-secret medicines, the idea being to displ.ace
(|uaek and secret nostrums, and sujiply good pre-
scriptions, handsomely put up and reason.able in
price, to meet the dem.and for simple remedies for
slight ailments. Li this speci.al line, introduced in
1876, the establishment h.as met with deserved suc-
cess and filled a gre.at public want.
/•'. . /. Huht-rs Capsule Laboratory
is worthy of particular mention, as its products arc
824
MANUFACTURING I:STABL1S11MENTS.
entirely unique and ilio
uieihod of ihcir manu-
facture peculiar to De-
troit.
]''aeli eapsuic consists
of two siieils f)f cylin-
drical form rounded at
one end and o|Hn at
the otJK'r, one of tiu'm
bcinjj^ shorter and forni-
injf the cover over the
mouth of the other.
They are transpari'iit
and readily soluble and
serve a most admirable
purpose, beinij used to
inclose medicines of
disajjreeable taste and
siuell. They are made
of various sizes, of ;i
capacity <>f from one
grain to one ounce. The
laryer sizes are used for
horses and other ani-
;nals.
.Mr. Ilubel bei^an to
make them by hand in
1S74, and in that year
Petkoit Whitk I.I'.ai) \V(iu
loi to 109 Jones Strict. I'liiilt in 187S. OHIcc,
Dl-.TUon I.IS-.I.I-.1J Oil. Ci)MI'AN\'s WclKKS,
Corner ut Lcib and Wi^flit Streets, UuilC in 1880.
97 Ji(T< isoii Avenue.
with the aid of one person
produced 150,000. The
next year he invented lua-
chinery and improx'ed liis
method of manipul.ilidn.
and in 1882 turned (uil
forty-live millions, and in
I1S1S3 I'lfly-live niillidns.
He cnipliiys a lai'v;e luiiu-
ber of pi'rsons, mmI sells
only to I'arki', Davis, i!v;
Company, with \vh(im he is
undi'r conti'act antl who
supply the trade.
7V/I- A//t///i^'-(r// W'liiti'
Li'iu/ itiid Color lJ'or/:s.
This manufactory,
owned by lioydell liroth-
i:rs, is located at Nos. 39 tn
43 Fort Street ICast, with
olTice and warerooms at
i.S ConiTress Street East.
■j'hey m.mufacture all the
usual varieties of paints
and Sdiue speci.al brands,
desiu^nated as Hoydell
Brothers Strictly Fure,
Crown Jewel, (larland,
MAXUFACTURINrr ESTAULISHMKNTS.
S25
>r^^'*WiS
««^>y
^a-'-i^tj'^a^i
lid of one person
1 50,000. The
lie iiivi'iited ma-
nd improved his
)f niaiiipulalion,
SS2 tuiau'd oul
millions, and in
ty-five millions.
)ys a larvae num-
■rsons, and sells
Parke, Davis, &
.with whom he is
iitraet antl who
e trade.
f<///>(r)/ White
d Color 1 1 'orks.
man 11 f.ictory,
^ Ijoydell ISrolh-
[xtcd at Xos. 39 1( )
itreet I'ast, with
d warerooms at
'CSS Street East,
nuf.irture all the
rieties of paints
e .spceial brands,
(1 as r.oydell
Strictly Pure,
Jewel, Ciarland,
Wayne Connty,and (Hieen
City white leads, with par-
lor, yreeii seal, red st'al,
and T.ehisrh zincs. 'I'hey
also |)ro(hiee from 500,000
to 8oo,oou pounds of put-
ty, about 600 tons of white
lead and many thousands
of gallons of mixed paints
c.ieh year.
'f/u: Ihtroit White Lead
Works,
located at loi to 109 Jones
Street, with office at 97
Jefferson Avenue, was in-
corporated on December
22, loSo. The oflicers of
the company are : I'ord D.
C. Ilinchman, prt'sident ;
H M. I^ean, \ice-|)resi-
dent; I'ord II. Rosters,
treasurer and manasi^er;
and C. 1>. Shotwell, secre-
tary. The works produce
an unusual number of va-
riilies of paint:;, including
strictly pure and graded
Ofi ICI-;
Varnish Manufacturers.
AND I'ACKiKV (11' llllliKV IIku I II i:i;s,
Corner of Leib and Wight Streets. Uuilt in iS6i.
SOAI' ANU CANDl.li MANL'l-AeTOKV Ol' ScilUl.TK UkOS.
S. W. Corner of Rivard and Franl^lin Streets. liuilt in 1858-70.
white lead and zinc paints
both dryandgroiuul in oil ;
also twenty-four shades
of liiiuid paints, distemper
colors, graining groimds,
wood fillers, walnut stains,
coach paints, pulty, etc.
They are also lai'L;c man-
ufacturers of \;irious
grades of v.irnish. The
extent of their business is
indicated in the fact that
in I1S.S3 they piu'chased a
million potmds of dry
white lead.
Tlie Detroit Linseed
Oil Coiiif>iiiiy
was established in iSiSo.
The oflicers of the com-
pany are: J. II. Perry,
president; Jami's McMil-
lan, vice-president; Hugh
McMillan, secretary; and
S. I".. Pittman, manager
and treasurer. In 1S83
the com])any produced
6,000 barrels of raw and
boiled oil, and tlic linseed
I -u^iiilUli.UMi
S_'6
MANUFACrrRINM^. KSTAI'.I.ISI IMI'.NTS.
meal or nil cnkc rcsiilfiiij^' from their inaiiiifacliirc
ami)iiiit<'<l to J, 400 tons. This last prodiul is inar-
kclcil lo soiiK' extent in the United Slates, l)ul is
chieliv siiipped lo Juii^iand, Seotlaiid, I'" ranee, and
lU'li;ium.
7'//i' /irrry /Ini/Ziirs' I'tini/s/i Miunifdc/oy
vv.'is tsiahlislied l)y josepli 11. and Tiioinas ISeny in
1851S, and orii^in.illy prodiieed only ahoiil two hun-
dred harri'ls jier yi'ar. 'I'hi'ir works now have a
eapaeitv of over v),(kx) barrels yearly. 'I'lu-y make
jjrades of \arnish to suit the w.anls of i'\'ery trade,
ineliidini;' ear, e,irri;n;c, waj;on, cihinel, and imple-
ment m.ikers; from one lo twenty valvules heini; m.ide
for e;ieh el.ass of business. They .also m.akt' l,ie(|uers
for tin, iron, and other nuMals. I'".iii;iil br.ineh houses
are loe.ited ;it New N'ork, iJoston, I'hiladelphia,
llaltimore, Rorhester, Si. I.ouis, Cineinnati, ;ind
(bicaijo, .and shipments are made all over the
I'nited St.ites, lo I'.uropi', Afrie.a, the .S.mdwieh
Islands, ,ind to various p.irls of South America.
'I'/ir Scliiilti' Ihollitrs Soap l'<utory,
now carried on by Joseph .Schulte, is one of the
oldest bnsint'ss est.ii)lishmeuts in Detroit. X'.irielics
Till! l'"iusT T(iiiA((o I'ackikv in DF.TUorr. '
HkI Ml l''.\l |U1;V AMiSlol.l fil
I..M INKU,
Successor to I.ailiicr liros., iici U;iii-
clol|ili Sired. I'.iiill ill iH;.).
known as (ierman
,ind ('lerin.ui I.;iun-
dry, Indi.aii Chief,
'■ee-hive, I' a m i 1 y,
and 1 li.usi'hold soaps
.ire produced, ;md
ste.irine .ind t.illow
candles ;ire m,anuf;ic-
tiired. Dnrini; 18.S3
they m.aile 4(),<)<k,' to
50, (XX) pounds of
so.ip .and 2,000
|)onn(lsof candles per
week. The ollice and
works .are loc.ait'd on
the corner of I'f.ank-
in .and Riv.ard
Streols.
TJir l.ixitiicr /hush
luulory.
'{■hisest.ablisiuiicnt,
oi'.iti'd at 220 R.an-
dol|)h Street, is con-
ducted by Aloys L.ait-
ne r, successor to
I-.iilnt'r IJrolhcrs, .and
is the oldest .and the
l.iri^est brush f.icloi/
in the city. ( )vcr
three hundrtil kinds
of brushes .arc m.ulo
in this concern, .and
'I'he tr.ide is mostly
* 'I'lic lieKiiininis's of tlic tolmcco business in Detroit gave no
Indicilions of its present extent. 'I'lie lirsl nianiif.'irtiiriT, Ceorne
Miller, lii'nan alioiit iH.)o. Hi: sold out to his fatlur, Isaiie S.
Millir, as early as 1K4S. and in 1841) lie sold to his son, '1'. C.
Miller. His store was located on the east side of Woodward
Aveniie, just lielow letTi'rson Avenue, and the toliacru was (lit in
the cellar. The |iower was supplied liy an old lilind horse, who
was lowered into the cell.ir, and remained there until he was dead.
otiui' v'.irielies ke|)t in stock
in the West .and e.vtcnds to C.alifoini.i .and Mexico.
'/'//(' .Inirn'tivi /■'.d^/r '/'o/uitfo Coiii/xtiiy.
This com]i.iny, in i.SiS^, siiccei'ded the linn of 1\.
C. li.irker (S: Comp.any, est.ablished in i.S4<S, .and on
Ajiril I, 1883. the new buildin,^, Nos. 45 to 53
Woodbridj^c; Street West, was first ociaipied. It
h.is .1 fiontane of on(! huiidri'd .ami six feel, .and
a depth of two hundred fi:et. The oHicers of
the comp.any .are: M. S. Smith, president; J.inus
Cl.ark, vice-president; C. H. Hull, treasurer .and
mana.v^er; and ('■. IS. 1 1 utchins, secretary. Sonu:
of the best known iir.andsof their fine-cut .are desiij-
n.ated by the n.ames of American M.a.nle, Hij.ah's Joy,
Clijiper, and Crown of T)eli>^ht. in .smokini; tobacco
the Universal Favorite, M.ackinaw, and Caiiad.a Mix-
ture are well-known grades. During 1883 they
The tohacco, fifteen or twenty pounds at a time, was dried in the
loft of the building.
Morechewinv; tobacco is made here than in any other American
city, with possibly two exceptions. About f',<»x),ui«i pounds of
ch.vvlin; ami smoking' toh.icco, and not far from .(0,00.1, .kki cigars
are made in ilii' city yearly, and the manufacturers pay an aver-
nge of $1,1). «.,ii<xj a year as Kovernnient taxes.
MANUFACTURINC. KSTAl',I.ISiIMi:N TS.
827
■n as (HTinan
Cicnnaii I.aiin-
Indian C'liiif,
liivc, I'amily,
l(.ust'lii)l(l soaps
pioduccil, ami
iiic ami lallnw
lis arc iiiaiuifac-
i. Diiiiiii^ 1S.S5
niailc 4(>,(>(X; tn
)0 pounds of
) and 2,000
ids of caiidli'spcr
c. The olticf and
<s arc located on
[■orncr of l'"rank-
and Rivard
L;ts.
J.nitiii-r /hush
I'dctory.
Ills establishment,
led ;it ^^o Kan-
)h Sti-eet, is eon-
Led by Aloys L;iil-
, siieecssnr to
iier Unit hers, and
iic oldest .and the
est brush facto;/
the city. ( )vcr
•e hnndred kinds
jfushes .are ni.ade
ihis eonci-rn, and
le tr.ade is mostly
Drni.i .and Mexico.
■CO Coiii/iiJiiy.
led the tlrm of K.
d in 1S4.S, .and on
;, Nos. 45 to 53
lirst ociaipied. It
and .six feet, .and
The ofricers of
president ; J.ames
all, ire.'isiirer .and
, secretary. .Some
fme-eul are desi.v(-
Kajjle, Hijah's Joy,
n smokinii tobacco
', and Canada Mix-
Uuring 1883 I'^^V
a time, was drieit in the
1 ill any ullicr Anicrican
lilt fsi»x>,ijt«> ponndK of
ir fniiii .(o,ooi> i«»i < iKiifs
iiif.-ictiircrs pay .-in avci-
manufai'tured \,^(>^,t):.(i puumls. Tiicy ship
lo nearly c\ery city .and town in llie I'nilcd
.St.ites .and li.ave shipped to China ami lir.axil.
'J'/if Jiiiiniir ToIhicco I'actory,
incorporated in June, 1.S7.S, is the stiecessor
of tile linn of Ni:\in iV. Mills, composed of
I'Y.ank Nt^vin .and Merrill I. Mills, est.iblMied
in i.'-;5i. The present odicers of the com-
pany .are: W. II. Tefft, president; M. 1'..
Mills, vice-president; and I>. !■". Il.iMnn,
secret.ary, treasurer, .and tjciicral m.an.aj^cr.
The factory w.as located for many ye.ars ,at
Nos. 193 .and 195 Jell'erson A\eiuie, coiiui-
of ll.atcs .Strei:t, .and in 18.S4 mo\cd into
their new establishment .at Nos. 53, 55, 57.
■and 59 L.arned .Strei't, corner of R.andolph.
Their best known br.ands .are H.anner, Oiiole,
I'.irmer, I'r.airie Rose, .and Antt:lope, chew-
irn^-, .and ('hie, Roy.al, .Snowllake, llelle, De-
troit, .and I'ncle lien, smokin.tj tob.acco. In
i.s;-i3, they maimf.ictured QfJo.ooo pounds,
Their s.alcs (Wiend .all o\er the rnilcd St.alcs
.and Territories.
TJic ///(i-a><i//i(i Tobacco I'actory of Ihtiih I
S(<i//cii J'--' Coiii/iaiiy,
established in 1856, under tlu' n.ame of Scot-
llANNliU IcIDACCll CoMI'.A N \ 's WnUkS,
51, 55i 57. .iii'l 5') l.anii'd Slritt, luinri nl K.iiiilolpli. liiiilt in i88.(.
A.Mi.Mi \s t \i,i !■ I'm; \( I i; JAi iui.\ (-.m i issi.r,, i,, K. C. Hark. -r .t Co.),
45. 47) I'Ji 5' "'I'l 53 Atwaler Strcit. liuilt in 1883.
Wells. The firm is composed
of Daniel and Onn Scotten.
They m.anuf.acture pluv;-, chewini;,
and smokini; tob.acco. 'i'heir Ic.id-
injf br.ind of pint;- and fine cut
tob.acco is 1 li.aw.ath.a: other br.inds
of tinc-<ait are I harmony. Pro-
press, Tulip, I'cder.al, .and Iler.ild.
Amon^- their bi.ands of sniokin.i^
tob.acco are C.iliunet, M.iud S.,
Telephone, I'aioch yXrdcn, \.C'^-
hiirn, Nalion.al I'ride, .Silk I'liish,
.and Honey Dew. In i.S,S3 the lirm
m.inuf.actured 2,oii,2(So pounds.
Shipnicnls .are made to London,
l',n;.;l,iiul. to Honolulu, .and to
points ,as f.ar east .as IJoston,
as f.ar west as Portkand, and
south to Richmond, V'a., and
Winston, N. C.
77ic Cilolu- To/iacco I'actory,
incorporated !n iSRo, is the suc-
cessor of .a business established in
1.S70, by W.alker, McCir.aw.iV Com-
len, Gr.an,^er, «!<: I.ovett, is now located on the jKiny. The ofTicers are: Thom.is McCiraw, presi-
eorner of Tort and Campau Streets, in Spring- dent; W. K. I'archer, vice-president; and A. A.
828
MANUFACTURING ESTABLISHMENTS.
Unuti'll, secretary and treasurer. The factory is
located at T,i to
J3
Atwater Street East. In
iS<S3 tliey iiiaiuifactured lo.cxxj.ooo ciijarettes
and over 1,300,000 pounds of siiiokini^.-ind cliew-
\n^ tobacco. Tlie dlohc is tiieir leading brand of
chcwintf tobacco ; Nerve and Fearless are their
best sniokinvj brands. They also make the Ciold
Make Cut I'lu.ij, and several br.inds of loim-cut
smoking tobacco. They ship to all parts of the
Ignited States and the Dominion of Canada, also
to points in England, Scotland, llelgium, Fr.ance,
Spain, South Alrica, New Zealand, Chili, Brazil,
and the Argenliiu Republic.
)'//;•/■, A'/c//, >1'--- Coiiifiaiiw
a ligar nianuf.uturing lirm, composed of Edward
r>urk, Charles A. Rich. ;uid J. O. \',in Anden,
occupy a leading jiosition. They are located at
Nos. 4(S to 54 Congress Street East, and manu-
facture 3,0(X),ooo cigars yearly, using 75,000
pounds of leaf. Tluy ship goods ,'is far west as
New Mexico, Utah, and Wyoming Territories, and
have a large trade at points nearer home.
'I'Jic Jfiir^ri-ii7'(S Aftvni/difi/r/ni;' Coiiipatty.
'i'his company was incorporated on January
I, 1.S72. The officers are: W. 15. Wesson, presi-
dent; Lyman H. r>ald win, .secretary and treas-
Thf. ('iI.ohk ToiiAceo I'.M rum',
31 1035 Atuntcr Strict h'.ast. IJiiili in iS6j.
iliAUAUiA luiiAci-o Iaciohv OK Uanikl bl-U 1 1 u.n d^ Cu.,
Soiithcnst comer of Fort ami I'amp.ui Slrocts. Springwills. I'.iiilt in 187s.
urcr, and Frank F. Wright,
m.'Uiager. They emiiloy 250
hands and make hundreds
of varieties of fra.iies and
mouldings for pictures, mir-
rors, and cornices, of va-
rious woods and imitations,
with gilt mouldings of all
classes. It is the largest
establishment of the kind
in the United States, and
probably the largest in the
world, and finds .sale for
its products all over this
country and in Brazil, Cer-
many, and the Sandwich
Islands.
The Richanlson Match
Factory,
established by D. M. Rich-
ardson in 1856, was trans-
ferred to the Diamond
Match Company on Jan-
uary I, 18S1. The works
have a frontage of 250 feet
on Eightli, l)etween Wood-
bridge and Fort Streets,
MANUFACTURING ESTAHLISIIMICXTS.
829
^rank F. Wright,
They employ 250
make hundreds
s of f Hi. lies and
for pictures, niir-
cornieos, of va-
Is and imitations,
niouichngs of all
It is the largest
lent of the kind
iiited States, and
the largest in the
d tinds sale for
:ts all over this
1(1 in Brazil, C.cr-
id the Sandwich
:/iarclson Match
Factory,
d by D. M. Rich-
1856, was trans-
3 the Diamond
onipany on Jan-
8<Si. The works
)ntage of 250 feet
1, lietweeii \\'ood-
nd Fort Streets.
HaUGKI'AV1;S M.\NfF.\CTlklNc; CoMrANv's OlFKl-; AMI WOKKS,
Howard. fr<iiu Si-vuntcciuli tu KiglituciUh Street. liiiilt in 1S63, 1870, and 1873,
They employ three hundred persons, and
in 1.SS3 1,920,000 feet of lumber were used
in the works. When working at their full
capacity, double that amount of lumber is
used. Five hundred persons are employed,
and 500,000 gross of bo.xes of matches
ni.ide yearly, or 50,000,000 single matches
each da)-. Up to July i, 1883, the factory
1 aid the ( /"lovernnient for .stamps used
on their matches the enormous sum of
§4,691,081. Both parlor and suljihur
matches are manuf.aetured, and goods are
marketed as far east as I'ittsburgh, as far
west as Salt Lake, and south to New
t)rleans.
'J7ii' Cloui^h &^ M'arrcn Origan Company.
The beginning of this establishment
dates from 1850. The firm is now com-
posed of James K. Clough, Cieorge P. War-
ren, and Jos. A. Warren. Their factory on
Congress Street e.xtentls from Fifth to Si.xth
Street and has a capacity of 7,000 organs
per year. Fifty different v;irieties are made,
ranging in price fron\ $18 to $1,500. In
1S59 ( )ueen\'ictoria purchased one of their
organs to be sent as a present to her sub-
jects, the celebrated Pitcairn Islanders ;
their organs are sold in numbers in all
parts of the ISritish Dominions and in
China, Japan, South America, the V>'est
Indies, Australia, Russia, Italy, France,
Germany, Portugal, and Austria.
CiG.\K Factohy ok Bcrk, Rich, i: Co.,
4S to 54 Cyugress Street East. lUiilt in 187a.
■J.
v=ae*iriL,
■•WWW^if,
3
o
S3-^
MANUl-'ACTUKINCi K.SIAI'.I.ISI IMIiN TS.
M. J. Miophy &^ Ci'.'s S/»in:^- lud and
Chair l-'actory.
'I'liis I'xti'iisivo cstal)Ii>lmK-iU is located on
the conuT nf iMiiirili and rortcr Siivcls, ami
diinn)4 iiS.S3 inanufacliircil 150,000 chairs and
rockiTs, 22,000 wovcn-wiri' iiiailri'sst's, and
iS.ooo s|)rin,ij-l)f(ls, workinv; up 250,000 feet of
Uinihor, ni.iny tons of wire, .and la;^i' (juantitics
of olIuT in.itcrial. 'riicirj^oodsarc sold tlu'oui^ii-
oiit the Tnitcd States and tln' Canadian Dn-
niinion, find a ready market, and are shipped
from W'innipc;^: to New Orleans and I'd I'aso,
cast to i'liiiadelphi.a, and west to S.ilt Lake City.
Gray vl^ l'>\[Ty> Maitiifacturi)!^;- I'ftliolstrrcrs.
This firm, composed of Alfred A. Ciray aiiil
Kus;ene ilai'fy, located at Xos. 98, 100, and 102
Congress Street West, near Cass Street, are
extensive manufacturers of upholstered furniture
and of frames for upholsiered wares. They als(
m.ike cabinets, m;intels, and all kinds of odd
pieces for odd places. Ilesitles ;i lari^e Michi-
i;.in tr.ide their y,oods ruui sale in Ohio, Indiana,
'I'ennsylwmia, New ^'ork, Marylam!, and Dela-
u.ire. The;,- use about 300,000 feel of lumber
yearly, besides several luinilred tons of hair,
tow, and other kinds of liiling used in uphols-
tered work.
Sl'RINC. liEI) ANU ClIAIK rACTOKV Ol- M. J. McRTHV Jl Co.,
Corner of Fourth and Porter Stncts, lUiilt in 1865-83.
TJif Sii/fi'i! Mainifac-
iiiri'iii; ( 'oiiipany.
This cninpany is the
successor of J. W. Sutton,
founder of one of the
oldest pail factories in
tlie coimtry. Their works
are located at Nos. 47S
to 4.S4 Fort Stri't't West.
The ol't'icers are : J. S.
Hopper, president ; 1>. F.
Sutton, superintendent ;
and U.S. Hopper, man-
ager. 'I'hey make to-
bacco, candy, lard, spice,
and jelly pails, also the
universal ]iine water-
pails. They use nearly a
thousand cords of wood
yearly, and in 1X83 pro-
duced 1 20,000 pails.
Mi/iiifortf, Fosft'r, e-^
Co.'s J. as/ I\iitory.
This factory was estab-
lished in .April, 1864.
Their store is at No. 16
t'^v.
m
fc-i
uill ill iSSj.
'if//i>/i Maiiufitc-
/'/{i; ( \<iiipdity.
cninpany is tlu'
,(n-(if J. \V. Suttnii.
r of oiH' of iIk'
prii! factoi'ifs in
nlrw 'I'iu'ir works
alcii at Nos. 47.S
Fort Stri'i-t West,
fficcrs ai\' : J. S.
r, picsidiiit ; 1). F.
, suiK'riiUi'iulcnt ;
. S. Hopper, niaii-
'riuy make to-
caiidy, lard, spice,
•lly pails, also the
sal Jiiiie water-
Tluy use nearly a
lul eorils of wood
, and ill i>S83 pro-
120,000 pails.
•forii, lu'stt-r, <S-^
V J.dsf l-'actory.
i factory was estab-
in .Xpril, 1864.
store is at No. 16
MANUFACTURINC. liST.MlI.ISIIMFXr.S.
^2>l
Cir.itiot .\veniH', ilicir fac-
tory at 401 Atwaler Street,
between Riopelle .ind Or-
leans .Streets. They use
about three luindred cords
of maple bolts per year,
make fifty varieties of lasts,
and pnxluce nearly 100,000
p.iirs yearly. They ship all
o\'er the I'nited Slates
and to the West bidies.
Tin- J)rtr,>il \\'illo7i<-\Vayc
I'iUtory.
This factory, owned l)y
A. Doiukro, is locatid at
57 and 59 ^b)nroe Avenue.
( )\er two hundred v.irieties
of b.askcts arc manufac-
tured in this esl.ablishment,
besides willow'cabs, cradles,
sofas, chairs, stands, etc.
.\ large variety of foreij,ni
basket wares arc also kept
in stock, and shipments
made throu;,:^hout the coun-
try.
mum'^Vi
iiii
478 to 4S4 1'
l> I' Ml. 1' M I ' f.i
iMl Slri-it West.
, .\M) Rl.^IPI.\> 1 CI
Hoiisu Iiiiilt ill iS.)>;
\Vi|.1.u\V-W.M;K r.MlUUY AM) StoIJK I'F .\. IIONDERO,
j7 ami 5.1 Moiiriii; .\vi-mii.'. lUiilt in iSji-yq.
1 III: i.Ai 1; J. W. Si 1 iiiN,
I'ac liiry ill 1855.
/V//i,'7'(V c'^ Slllt//l's S/liW
I'iuti'yy.
This is the lari^c^.t fac-
tory of the kind west of
New N'ork, and there are
but very few as l.irt^c in
the United Stales, 'I'he
business was est.iblishcd
in December, iiSf/i, by II.
S. I'injrree and Chas. 11.
Smith. On May i, 1X83,
Mr. Smith retiri tl, and the
business was transferred
to 11. S. I'ini^rec, F. C.
I'inji^ree, C. d. M, liond,
and J. !>, Ilowarih, who
continue the business un-
der the old firm name.
The e.xtenl of tluir trade
is indicated by the fact
that in I0.S2, besides usint^
great (juantities of other
materials, they cut up
3 1, 489 sides of sole leather,
56,340 kid-skins, 30,504
goat-skins, 35,436 sheep-
skins (for linings) and
40,356 calf and kip skins.
■ 4^.1 j:t'iil'is ill
^1 !?f!1
3
o
o
•c
T3
O
S
3
o
^0
•c
■X3
0
MANUKACrUKINd IISPAIIUSIIMKNTS.
^V>5
(Iiiiai^iiic. il ynii I an, the
fiioriiioiis (Iri)Vis of ani-
mals llial tlu'sc lii^uiiis
rfprcsriil.) 'I'lic prodml
was Kol>l in llic rorni of
490,877 p.iirs (if boots,
slioes, and slippers of
various styles for mk 11,
woini'M, and rliiliircn,
'I'lu: lirni iinploy from
six to st'Vcii liiindnd
iiaiitls. 'I'lic sales, w liieli
\,(.rc only $J5,(x>o in
|S(')7, in 18.S2 re.ielied
;is f.ir south as Cliaita-
noojLja, Tenn., ;is far west
as S.in I'nineiseo, as f.ir
M( iri h as St. I 'atil, and east-
ward in Massachiisells
and New I lanipsiiire.
/ '<i// e-» Crdiw's Ci iiikcr
i'actory.
Tiiis extensive eonc irn
is located at Nos. 48 to
56 Woodbrid.iL^c Street
JIast. 'I'he huildini^' has
a frontajje of ninety-tivc
Cl.AI lU U AMI I'.ls 11 M'.MIACI. 1 ■, (H \ .11 A lliAM;,
48 III 5(i Wuoclliriil.iji' Street Knst. Iluilt In 1881.
Heciii Johnson's Cahhia(;k Kactohy and Stokks,
102 to 106 I-ariiLd Slrtel West. liuill ill 1871.
and a drpih of ei'^hty
feet. It W.is erected hy
the firm especially for a
cr.'ieki r ni.anufaclory, and
is all tilili/.ed for tin: needs
of the business. In the
kneadini,^ department
masses of doiii;h, Iart(e
as feather-b 'ds, _s;ive in-
dicnlions of ".he extent
of ihcir manufaetures.
During 1H85 they baked
16,441 barrels of ilour
,ukI used 997 tiiTces of
lard. The b.akery is the
lartjest in the Stale, and
has a cajiiicity of one
hundred barrels of Hour
every ten hours. About
;i dozen varieties of erac:k-
ers, biscuits, and snaps
are made, .and shipped to
INjrlland, lioston, New
'S'ork, Washiut^ton, Da-
kot.a Territory, Jackson-
ville, Fla., and interveninjr
points.
836
MANUFACTURING ESTAliLIiillMENTS.
J/iti;/i Johnson s Carrit\i:;v Establishntcnt.
This factory is loiatrd at 102 l.ariu-d Strn-t West,
and is one of tlic laij^x'st ii\ llu; city. In addition to
a larjfe line of rarriaijcs of his own make, new
styles of otluT inakirs arc obtained every s|)rin,v,'
and fall. I'artieiilar attention is paid to repair work.
The Johnston ( >^//iti/ Company
occupy a Icidinif position in the nianufacturo of
S|)ectaclcs, cspei'ially ^old-mounted ;^oo(ls. They
sell over two hundred styles, and hi'sides supplyiniLj
nlaces near home, tliey ship to WinnipejL;, Montre.il,
I'lova Scotia, New Brunswick, the Santlwich Islands,
C.iiifornia, and the Southern States. They are
inventors and maiuifacturers of a patent dioptric
eye-meter, which is pron(nuiced by the le;idinij pro-
fessors of oplnhaimoloiry to blithe best instrument
.' the kind yet produced.
It is not cl.iinied th.it the fore^ioinj; list of factories
ini liides all of thr l;irv;i'r est.ihlisluuents, hut it is in-
tendeil to he, and is, ;i representative list. Amonj^'
the larjfe factories not already named is the Clark
ll.'irdw.ire Coni|),any, who m.ike builders' h.irdw.are
ami other specialties ; the Detroit City and the Leon-
ard (i lass Works; the dale Sulky Harrow M.anufac-
turiiiv; (.'ompaiiy; the Michi,;4.an C.'irbon Works,
ni.uuif.icturers of I'erlili/ers and oilur products; the
I'uihn.ui Car Works ; iia,^dey's Mayflower Tobacco
{•'actory; the Detroit i'.lectric.'il Works; Krost's
Wooden Wa.e Works ; the Detroit iirush Company ;
tlie Dry Dock ICnijine Works; the Kulton Iron
Works; the Miciu'.i^;m Holt and Nut Comp.any ; the
Detroit l.e.ul Pipe and Sheet Lead Works ; the Dia-
mond l''annin,i,f Mill Company ; the (irithn Car Wheel
Company ; and the Detroit Copper and Brass Roll-
ing MiU.
list of fiKtorii's
iits, but it is iii-
c list. Anions
f(l is tlu' dark
kliTs' harduari;
y and the I.t-on-
;irn)\v Maiiiifac-
Jarboti Works,
T products ; the
llowiT 'I'ohacTO
^Vorks; Frost's
irusli Company;
le Fulton Iron
; Conii)any ; tiio
Vorks ; tlu' Dia-
rillinCar Wiu'tl
antl lirass Roll-
CHAPTER L X X X.
THE LIQUOR TRAFFIC AND TFMl'FRANCi: FFKOKTS.
Tmf, sale and use of brandy at Detroit date from
the scttU'int'iit of tlic city, aiul nearly all thi' (iilli-
ciilties between Jesuits, comniand.ints, and traders
hail their oriijin in efforts to ri'slrict or monopolize
the trallie in this beveraj^c. So serious were these
(juarrels that the settlement was almost torn to
pieces by tile i)!ols and e(junter-plots of the dispu-
tants to foster or put an end to the business of
li(iuor-sellin),;-. in 1705, durinj,^ Cadillac's trial before
Count I'ontchartrain, at (JtK^hec, for intcrferinjjf with
and injurin,v( the trade of the colony of Canada, he
said, " Mr. \'incennes is now actually at Detroit,
with four hundred quarts of brandy, and is keeping
a public house. '-^ * •'' In curruptinj;- the s;iva.i;es,
braiuly has not been spared." In the course of his
defense he also sh(nved that brandy was a common
article of tral'fic. Indeed, at the older settlement of
Mackinaw, brandy h.ad always been sold to the In-
dians, and M. Vaudreuil himself " sent an Ottawa
Indian, formerly an olliccr under his command, to
Michilimackinac, with his canoes loaded with seven
or eight thousand francs' worth of goods and
brandy."
Among the complaints made against Cadillac, it
was also set forth that, for a permission to work at
his trade, he recpu'red "a bl.'icksmith to give him the
sum of si.x hundred francs, and two hogsheads of
ale."
lu 1708 M. d'Aigremont reported that it was
certain that if M. la Motliu Cadillac had not intniductd tlu: trade
in brandy at Detroit, but very few of the traders would remain,
and no more would ^o there. Urandy and ammunition are the
only profitable articles of commerce to the Kreneh, the Knulish
furnishing all others. * * * In order to proven', the distur-
bances which would arise from the excessive use of brandy, M. la
Mothe causes it all to be put into the storehouse, and to be sold
to c.ich in his turn at the rate of twenty francs per quart. Those
who will have it, Krencli as well as Indians, are obli.ijed to j,'o to
the storehouse to drink, and each can obtain, at one time, only
the twenty-fourth part of a pot. It is certain that the sava,i;es
cannot become into.\icated on that qiuintity. The price is hi>,'h,
and as they can only get the brandy each in his turn, it ime-
times happens that the savages are obliged to return home\ith-
out a taste of this beverage, and they seem ready to kill ihem-
selves in their disappointment. M. la Mothe has bought of four
individuals, one hundred and four pots, at four francs a pot, and
sold it at twenty francs, thus making a profit of four fifths.
M. Aigremont recommended that "the govern-
ment at Montreal should prevent the savages from
carrying away such large quantities of brandy, as it
is the c'uise of most of the troubles arising ;imong
them," and added that "they s(|uaiider the greater
part of their beaver in presents .md in brandy, —
h.ive not enough reni.iining to ]v.irch;is • half the
artic! s that are indispensable to thiir comfort."
The Jesuits seconded every effort to prevent the
sale of brandy to the s.iv.iges. They proli ed and
prayed against it, but all in vain. Tlu! tr.iders en-
couraged the tratlic, because they not ouly matle
large jirolils from the sale of the beverage, but
while the liulians were under its iutluenee their furs
could be obtained for less than their real worth; it
was true that the genuine French br.indy then sup-
]ilied renderetl the Indians quarrelsome and often
dangerous, but this was deemed of small account in
compa;ison with the profits made. Fven the com-
niandants of the posts engaged in the business of
li(|Uor-selling; one of Cadillac's earliest acts was
the establishment of a brewery, and while Tonty
was in command he not only monopolized the busi-
ness of selling bnmdy, but would allow no one to
keep li([uor in the house even for private use. He
claimed the sole right to furnish "eau de vie ' to both
settlers and savages.
Under the F.nglish, the disturbances occasioned
by Indians made quarrelsome by the use of liquors
so greatly increased that on April 14, 1774, the mer-
chants of Detroit were compelled to put their liquor
into a " gener^il Rum store," and to agree that no
Indian should have more than one glass at a time.
The following firms signed the agreement : Wundert
Visger, McWilliams S: Co., Collin Andrews, Jos.
Thomp.son. Ceo. McBeath, Jos. Cochran, Norman
McLeod, D. Van Aim, John Porteous, Gregor Mc-
Gregor, Jas. .Sterling, Simon McTavish, A. Macomb,
Abbott & Finchley, Robinson & Martin, Wm. Edgar,
James Rankin, Garret Graverat, and J. Visger.
In June, '775, James Abbott, James Sterling,
Alexander Macomb, and John I'orteous, merchants,
were constituted a committee to prevent the sale of
rum to Indians under a penalty of $300 York cur-
rency. No attempt was made to enforce any such
rule in the case of officers or white citizens, and a
ledger of 1 780-1 781 shows that a great variety of
liquors were kept and sold. Hundreds of entries of
" Port," " Red Wine," " Sperrits," " Muscatelle and
r.837]
838
THE LIQUOR TRAFFIC AND TEMPERWCE EFFORTS.
Madeira Wines," "Siirul)," " liiiters," "Jamaica
Ruin," and " Mardi dras Uecr," are suspiciously
s;r()uped witii diarizes for loaf siinar, nutniet^s, lime-
juice, \vine-i,dasses, "rummers," .-md decanters.
The same customs in reijard to li(|uor drinkini^
prevailed under American rule. Uy law of .August
'5> '795- Courts of (UiartiT Sessions were ruithor-
ized to license tlie sale of wine and l)eer, the price
of a license bcinj^ fixed at four dollars. It was
stated by a traveller that in 1796 mrmy of the lead-
ing merchai j were in the habit of drinkiny
heavily.
The Indians also always found t'.iosc who were
willinjj; to exchani^e fire-water for furs, and scores
of drunken Indians were frequently seen in and
near the town.
In 1805 the price of a territorial license for the sale
of licjuors was fixed at not less than $10 or more
than S-5. fhe amount to be determined by the
justice of the district. Under this law, during the
War of 181 2, bars existed in every possible location.
On October 7, 1 814, the price of a license for dealers
in the district of Detroit was fixed at Sio, while
out of Detroit district ii was only $5. Certainly
this discrimination would not be plea.-.ing to De-
troit dealers now. The same law pnnided that
no one should be licensed to sell licjuor in less qu;ui-
tities than one quart, except on the recommenda-
tion of twelve respectable freeholders. Under law
of February i, 181 5, dealers were not to sell to any
soldier without consent of his olVuer, or to any
Indian without permission of the Superintendent of
Indian Affairs, or to any person on .Sunday except
travellers and lodgers, under penalty of $10.
A city ordinance, passed October 8, 1S24, pro-
vided that " No person shall retail, .'^ell. or deliver,
for money or any other article of value, any spiritu-
ous liquors by less quantity than one quart, or any
cider, beer, or ale by less ([uantity than one gallon,"
unless licensed; and it was also unlawful to sell or
give liquor to any servant, rpprentice, or minor,
knowing him to be such, "without the consent of
the master, parent, guardirm, or mistress." The
price of a license was fixed at $25. Proof of "good
moral character" was required, and bonds were to
be given that good order would be maintained. The
good order, at least .so far as the Indians were con-
cerned, was imaginary in the extrenie. The records
of the Common Council for August 9, 1825, contain
the following :
On .iccoiint of ni.iny disorders, riots, .ind indecencies, com-
mitted in tlic streets of tile city by Indi.iiis from different parts
of the country, when visiting the city, the Su|)erinlendent of
Indian Affairs was requested to aid the corporation by inslnietinK
the interpreter to explain the laws of the city from time to time
tn the Indians, .inil Uie consequences of the'r roiKhict ; also to
direct the .-iKent to ascertain from whom the Indians buy liquor,
and report such breach of law.
Tavern licenses, at this time, were issued by the
city, the price varying from $10 to $18 each. On
May 9, 1826, the price of a city license was raised
to ?'5o, the ordinance to lake ei'fect June 10. On
April 12, 1827, the Legislative Council ])assed an
Act warning tavern-keepers against giving or selling
licjuors to habitual drunkards, and prescribing pun-
ishment if they should disobey. It also provided
that no spirituous liquors, wine, cider, or beer should
be .sold within one and one half miles of the place
of g;ithering of any religious society. Under the
same law, licenses were issued by the County Court,
and tavern-keepers who were licensed were retiuired
to have, at least two beds. Debts for litiuor were
made uncollectable, and notes given in p;iyment for
it were declared void.
On April 5, 1829, the price of a city license was
fixed at S5.00, but no liquor was to be drunk on the
premises of the jierson licensed.
On February 19. 1830, the first Temperance
Society in Detroit was organized under the name of
The Detroit .Association for the Sui^iiression of
Intemperance, with ("ieiier;il Chas. Larned as presi-
dent and F. I', r.rowning as secretary. Its second
anniversary was held February 25, 1832, at St.
Paul's Church, and its name was then changed to
The Detroit Temperance Society. At the same
meeting addresses were delivered by Jerry Dean,
Horace Hallock, and C. C. Trowbridge. On March
6, 1833 the society was merged into a .State organi-
zation, called the Michigan Temperance Society.
About this time the subject of temperance began
to assume increasing jM-ominence, and in 1834 the
Committee on Ways and Means of the Conmion
Council w;is instructed to report on the necessity
and the most inmiedi.ate and effectual mode of
reducing the number of groceries. (The word
"grocery," at th.it time, was nearly synonymous
with the present word "saloon.") On April 15,
1834, the committee, consisting of Messrs. Stevens
T. Mason, and Henry How.ird. presented an elab-
orate report to the council, showing that there were
forty-six bars then in the city, and that much evil
resulted therefrom, and urging ;i reduction in the
number of groceries. The tigures as presented by
this committee showed that the bars licensed by the
council during the previous year averaged one bar
for every thirteen f.imilies. Such was the effect
produced by this report that the council decided to
refuse to license the sale of ardent spirits by gro-
cers. An ordinance was also unanimously ;i(lopted
prohibiting the sale of liciuors in quantities of less
than one gallon by any person unless licensetl, and
fixing the price of a license at S50; also re<iuiring
two sureties in the sum of $25 each.
The action of the council was soon nullified by
the dealers, and in November, 1834, with a popiila-
THE LIQUOR TRAFFIC AND TEMPERANCE EFFORTS.
839
■c issued by the
§18 each. On
:nse was raised
t June 10. On
uncil jiassed an
jrivin.i;- nr sellinjj;
-jfescriljiiiv^ jiun-
it also provided
r, or In-er should
iles of the plaee
_'ty. Under the
le County Court,
ed were re(]uired
for licjuor were
n in payment for
I eity lieeiise was
be drunk on the
rst Teniperanee
nder the name of
Suiii)ression of
Earned as presi-
tary. Its second
25.' 1832, at St.
then chan^etl to
At the same
by Jerry Dean,
■idi^e. On Mareh
ito a State ori^ani-
jranee Society,
teniperanee bej^an
■, and in 1834 the
; of the Common
t on the necessity
iffectual mode of
;ries. (The word
early synonymous
,") On April 15,
)f Messrs. Stevens
[^resented an elab-
n\^ that there were
md that nnich evil
1 reduction in the
-■s as presented by
)ars licensed by the
■ averav^ed one bar
ich was the effect
council decided to
deni spirits by jL;ro-
lanimously adojited
n quantities of less
inlcss liccnseil, and
$50; also reciuirinj;
.-ich.
is soon nullified by
834, with a popula-
tion of only 4,973, fully one hundred persons were
scllinj^f licjuor. On February 28, 1835, a new Tem-
perance Society, called the Detroit Young Men's
Temperance Society, was organized, with Dr. Doug-
lass Houghton as president. At its annual meeting,
on January 11, 1836, the following oiTicers were
elected: F. Dwight, president; A. S. Kellogg, first
vice-president; M. J. Bacon, seconil vici'-president;
R. E. Roberts, third vice-president; and J. S. Far-
rand, sccretar)'. At this meeting it was
Ju-so/7r,/, tli.it Julm Owen, H. McC'lurf, J. S. rarniiul, R. K.
Ri)lH!rls, K. KniL-rsdii, 1'. 1'. IIutcliiiiMin, 11. \. Walker, James
I'ilsoii, H. IJwiglit Wnii.uns, ami C. W. I'cmiy lie a ciininiittcu to
distribute a Temperance Almanac to every family in the city.
In 1837 the Detroit Young Men's Temperance
Society was merged into the Young Men's State
Temperance Society, with its officers and e.\eculi\e
committee in Detroit and a vice-president in e;ich
.senatorial district. The followir.g were olVicers : M.
J. liacon, president ; John ( )\\en, treasurer; Rev. R.
Turnbull, corresponding secretary, and II. ("r. Hub-
bard, recording secretary, with Sii:vens T. Mason,
(i. I',. Il.'uid, John Chester, A, S. Kellogg, and J. S.
Farrand as an executive committee. In 1838-1S39
the same president and corresponding secretary
were in ofiice, and the Society continued in existence
until 1S46.
Prior to 1836 such organizations aimed to promote
temperance rai'ier by the tempcrali: use of liquors
than by total abstinence therefrom ; but in 1836, at
a State Temperance ConNeiuion held at Ann
Arbor, Rev. Chas. Reighly, tlu'ii of Mmiroe, made
a stirring appeal in fa\(ir of total abstinence. This
was deemed at the time a very radical idea, and the
convention voted against using a pledge t)f the kind
indicated.
After the convention, those in favor of total
abstinence organized a new society called The
Michigan Total '.bstinence Society. On February
I, 1837, H. R. Schoolcraft delivered an address
under its auspices at the First Presbyterian Church.
Its olficers in 1839 were: A. E. Wing, presiileiit ;
J. P. Cleveland, secretary; T. Romeyn, chairman of
e.xecutive committee ; and R. Stuart, treasurer. The
Detroit City Temperance Society, on the basis of
total ab.stinence, was organizetl in July, 1840. In
1845 II. Hallock was presitlent, and J. S. i'arrand
secretary, and in 1846 \V. .V. Howard was elected
president and !•'.. C. Walker secretary.
In 1836 retail liquor dealers paid a city license
of S50. Wholesale dealers paid S70' 'i"*-' tavern-
keepers from Si'^ to §75- ''^ '^3'*^ '''*-' P'"''^'-"
was reduced to $-5. and in 1841 to §20. By
Act of March 28, 1836, a State license system was
provided for, and in audition to any city license,
dealers were reijuired to procure a State license at a
cost of froin $15 to §20. This law was super-
seded, on March 19, 1845, by a law providing that
it should be determined by the qualified voters at
each charter election whether or not the Conmion
Council should grant lieen.ses for retailing intoxicat-
ing liquors, anil if upon canvassing the votes it
shoukl be found that a majority were inscribed " No
License," the city authoritiis during the next year
were prohibited from granting licenses for the sale
of intoxicating litiuors of ,nny kind. On June 18,
1845, a temperruice meeting was held, at which
addresses were delivered by Dr. Lyman Beecher
and Professor C. E. Stowe.
In anticipation of the city election of March, 1846,
when the Local Option Law of 1845 was to be put
to the test, a ]niblie meeting of those opposed to
the granting of licenses was held at the City Hall
on February 27, 1846. to discuss the subject. An
immense number gathered, and at the close of the
meeting a committee of twelve was appointed to
print and circulate " No License " tickets at the polls.
The election was held on March 2, with the follow-
ing result : In favor of licensing saloons, 230. Op-
posed to licensing s;iloons, 1,070. Notwithstanding
this vote, the City Council, unwilling to carry out
the provisions of the law, apjiealed to the city
attorney for a decision .is to its constitutionality, and
on March 24 he reported that the law was binding.
On April 7 , -e license committee of the council
leported the facts as to the vote, and recommended
the adoption of the f(jllowing resolution :
/ww/rrr/, that no license will lie granted by this council to any
person for the purpose of selling intoxicating liquors of any kind.
The resolution was accepted and laid on the table.
The citizens apparently thought it was time for
them to take part in the discussion, and on Monday
evening, .April 27, 1846, a mass meeting was held at
the City Hall, and the following resolutions adopted :
Ri-sohed, that as citizens mindful of the laws and rejiardful of
public murals, we hereby respectfully express the hope Uiat our
public authorities will ri>;idly enforce the no-license law, and we
pledge them our united efforts to aid them in its enforcement.
Kcsolvi'd, that a committee of seventy-five citizens be ap-
pointed to carry into eiTect the foregoing resolutions.
The committee were duly named, and the influ-
ence of this meeting was immediately apparent.
The council resolved not to grant licenses. The
dealers then resolved to sell, and they did sell,
without a license, ii.id ui the spring and summer of
1 846 suits were instituted by the city against a large
number of persons ftir this violation of law. The
practical results, however, were not such as to en-
courage those opposed to licensing saloons, and in
1847 the vote of the city was in favor of the license
system. At the charter election in March, 1850, the
vote on the question of licensing the sale of liquor
840
THE LI(2U0R TRAFFIC AND TEMPERANCE EFFORTS.
was: For license, 1,482; a.ijainst, 1,035. Tlie ad-
vocates of temperance next (iirected tlieir efforts to-
wards securing tlie jiroliibition of licenses by tin;
State, and as a result of the agitation, Section 47 of
Article IV. of the Constitution of 1850 containt'd a
positive ]iroliibition of licenses for the sale of liijuor.
On June 19, 1850, while the constitutional con-
vention was in session, John 15. ( lough tlelivered his
first lecture in Detroit, in the Presbyterian Church.
At the first meeting, and for the nine following
meetings, the house was crowded with eager listen-
ers to his thrilling temjierance appeals. In the
same year divisions of the " Sons " and the " Cadets "
of Temperance were organized in Detroit, and a
society known as the Temperance League came
into existence. As a result of these varied organi-
zations, and on the petition of Z. Chandler and two
hundred and sixty-tivc others, the city marshal, on
February 4, 1851, was directed to enforce an ordi-
nance, dating back as far as 1836, which required
saloons to close on Sundays and after 10 l'. M, on
other days. Like many similar efforts, this one was
abortive, and finally the c(Hmcil, on December 23,
1 85 1, in detiance of the Constitution,
AVic/r'tv/, that elfalcrs selling one quart and upwards at a tinu-
might be licensed for $io, groceries for §25, and coffee houses and
taverns for $30 each.
The legality of their action was contested, and in
1852 the Supreme Court decided that the city had
no right to grant licenses for the sale of litjuors.
The result was that the traffic in liquors was open
to any one who cared to engage in it, without the
payment of a license or tax of any kind.
On July 7, 1852, delegates from all the secret
temperance societies in the State met at Detroit in
a mass convention. An immense procession formed
part of the programme. It marched to Woodbridge
Grove, where the meeting was held. Addresses
were delivered by Neal Dow, Jacob M. Howard,
Father Taylor, the sailor-preacher of Boston, and
Professor Gardner, the New England soap-man.
Seats were provided for the entire company.
We now reach the history of the first " Alaine
Law" of Michigan. The petitions in favor of this
law were gathered together, pasted on cotton cloth,
arranged on rollers, and then presented to the
Legislature by Rev. J. A. Baughman and Rev.
George Taylor. The document was 1,300 feet long,
and when unrolled, it was unanimously agreed to
be the longest jirayer ever made in Michigan. The
law was approved February 12, 1853.
It provided that the Council or Township Bo.,rd,
on the first Monday of October, might authorize
some one person to sell liquor for mechanical and
medicinal pur])oses upon his giving bonds to sell
for tho.se purposes only. The dealers were required
to keep a list of persons buying liquor, tin kind
bought, and a statement of the purjiose for which
it was to be used. This law was submitted to the
pco]-)le for approval or rejection on the third Monday
of June, 1S53, and the votes were canvassed on the
first Tuesday of August, with the following results;
In the city 2,042 votes for the law, and 1,755 against
it. Majority in favor, 287. In the county 3,831 for
the law, and 2,980 against it. Majority in favor,
851, In the State 40,449 for the law, and 23,054
against it. Majority in favor, 17,395.
A majority being in favor of the law, it went into
operation on December i, 1853. At first it had a
marked effect in Detroit, as well as in the State at
large, and during December many dealers abaniloned
the business.
In order to secure the enforcement of the law a
new temperance society, called the Carson League
for Wayne County, was organi;;ed on November
22, 1853. The following resoluticju gives details of
its plans ;
Resohvii^ that we organize a Mutual Protective Association,
which shall he entitled the Carson League of the County of
Wayne, whose mode of operation shall be as follows: Its first
object will be the establishment of a fund of two millions of dol-
lars or upwards, which sliall consist of equal shares of one hun-
dred dollars each. To raise this sum every person becoming a
member shall give his or her note for one share or more without
interest. 'I'he sum thus raised shall be subject to equal taxation,
sufficient to defray eNjJcnses for the suppression iif tile sale of in-
toxicating lic[uors as a beverage.
The following were appointed officers for the first
year; A. Sheley, president; II. K. Clarke, vice-pres-
ident; Hiram Benedict, secretary; C. N. Ganson,
treasurer; H.C. Knight, general agent; H. K.Clarke,
A. Sheley. i>. Wight, executive committee.
The League made its power felt, and on Decem-
ber 3, 1853, this notice appeared in a city papt;r ;
The proprietors of the I'iddle House, National I'".xchange,
Andrews' Railroad Hotel, and we believe nearly all the hotels of
any respectability, have closed their bars in compliance with the
existing law. We notice, also, that most of the grocers of any
standing, who kept an open bar for retail, have closed them.
Prosecutions went on, and were almost uniformly
successful. Finally, on December 9, 1853, B. Rush
Bagg, police justice, rendered a decision against
those who were enforcing the law on the ground
that the law itself was unconstitutional, and the
complaints, therefore, void. This decision greatly
encourageil the liquor sellers, and on Friday, Decem-
ber 16, following, they held a meeting at the City
Hall, at which it was
Resolved, that we, the citizens of Detroit, assembled at this
meeting to provide means to test the constitutionality of the
liquor law, profess to be law-abiding citizens, and have no other
end in \'iew than the support of equal laws : and whereas, by the
Constitution of the State, we have public officers whose duty it is
to administer our laws, therefore we deem any number of persons
THE LIOUOR TRAFFIC AND TKMl'ERAXCE EFFok IS.
841
litjuor, tlu. kind
iiposc for wliicli
sul)mittc(l to the
ic lliird Monday
;invassc(I on the
)llo\viiij4- results :
md 1,755 ■'•K^iiiist
county 3,'S3i for
ajority in favor,
law, and 23,054
law, it went into
\t tlrst it had a
in the State at
ders .abandoned
nt of the law a
V. Carson Leajruc
■d on November
1 gives details of
rotcctivc Association,
lie of the County of
e as follows: Its fnst
f two millions of dol-
ual sliares of one liun-
ry person beconiinijj a
sliari' or more without
)jeet to equal taxation,
ssion of the sale of in-
)rfK'ers for the first
. Clarke, viee-jires-
y ; C. N. Canson,
;ent; H. K.Clarke,
miniittee.
It, and on Derein-
in a city paper :
, National K.xehange,
nearly all the hotels of
n eoniplianee with the
of the .uroeers of any
have closed them.
5 almost uniformly
r 9, 1853, H. Rush
L decision against
liw on the ground
itutional, and the
is decision greatly
m Friday, Decem-
eeting at the City
roit, assembled nt this
:onstitutionality of the
ens, and have no other
s : and whereas, by the
officers whose duty it is
any number of persons
associated for that purpose to lie an illegal society, or league
uukuown in law, and dangerous lo the peace and harmony of the
community ; and that we will take legal measures to prosecute all
such associations.
The operations of the Carson League were soon
after suspended, and again those who sold litiuor
were successful in their plans. The temperance
(luestion, however, remained an issue. The agita-
tion continued, and on February 3, 1855, the Legis-
lature passed what was known as the Ironclad Maine
or Prohibitory Law. This law made the trallic in
li(|Uor entirely illegal ; no one was permitted to sell
except druggists, whose sole or princijial business
was the si;lling of drugs, and they might sell only
for medicine, or as a chemical agent, or for scien-
tific, mechanical, or manufacturing purposes, or
sacramental uses, and were required to give bonds
to keep the law.
All payments for li(juor were declared illegal, and
made recoverable at law. liills for licjuors were
made non-collectable, penalties were provided for
disobeying the law, and litjuors seized might be
destroyed. The law went into operation on May
15, 1855, and all or nearly all the leading saloons in
Detroit were closed. On May 25 Mayor I.eilyard
issued a proclamation appealing to the citizens to
stand by and conform to the law, but by June 27
nearly all the bars were again opened. Many per-
sons were arrested for selling, but most of the cases
against them were appealed and then dismissed.
The number of bars was not perceptibly diminished,
and the law soon became a dead letter in Detroit.
About this time "beer halles" began to displace the
old "saloons," and in the three years from 1855 to
1858 their number increased with amazing rapiiliiy.
On July 13, 1858, a petition, signed by six hun-
dred and sixty-eight ladies, was presented to the
council, reciting the evil effects of these places, and
praying the council to enforce the prohibitory law.
This petition was referred to a special coiumittee of
three, and on July 27, 185S, they reported, recom-
mending that an ordinance be passed requiring all
saloons to close at 1 1 i'. M.. prohibiting the sale of
liquors to minors, and proposing other means to
remedy the evils of the traffic; but no action was
taken.
On February 15. 1859, a furtiier effort was made
to remedy some of the evils of the traffic by the
passage of a State law providing for the appoint-
ment by the jirobate judge o( a chemist in each
county as an inspector of liquors. These inspectors
were to examine and test all spirituous and alcoholic
licjutjrs offered for sale, and severe penalties were
provided for those who manufactured or sold adul-
terated liquors. The law practically accomplished
nothing, but it rem.-iined in force until May 3, 1875.
On February. 7, i860, the Michigan State Tem-
perance Society held a mass meeting at the First
Congregational Church, and the Michigan Slate
Temperance Alliance was organized to aid in secur-
ing the enforcement of the law of 1855. Meantime
the manufacture and sale of beer coniinued to
increase, and, beginning with i860, the war inllu-
ences greatly stinuilated its use. In deference to
this fact, on March 15, 1S63, the Legislature en.icted
that the law of 1855 should not be construed as
prohibiting the manuf.acture of wine from fruit
grown by the manufacturer; or of beer made in
Michigan, if not sold in less (]uantities than five
gallons; or of wine or cider, if not sold in less
amounts than one gallon.
In 1860-1861 the Detroit City Temperance Society
was an active organiz.ition, with Rev. (ieorge Duf-
l"iekl. I). D., as president, and J. I>. ISloss, as secre-
tary. Under its auspices, Sunday afternoon meetings
were held at the Detroit i!v: Milwaukee Depot, .and,
largely as the result of these efforts, on .September
20, 1861, an ordinance was passed retiuiring saloons
to close entirely on the Sabbath.
No systematic and jiersistent effort was, however,
made to enforce it, and this law, like its predecessors,
was soon a dead letter. I'inallya new agency ap-
peared. In the summer of 1865 the Metropolitan
Police Act went into operation, antl on an appeal
to the commissioners, the old cLy ordinance was
enforced, and Sunday, August 27, 1865, was marked
as red-letter day by the church-goers and temper-
ance people of Detnjit. One of the tlaily papers on
the following Monday contained this notice.
A (JiiiiT SL'Ni)AV.~ror the first time in years the great city of
Hetroit yesterday observed, outwardly at least, the first day of
the week with becoming solemnity. All the saloons, bars, and
beer-gartleiis were closed.
The persistence and success of the efforts made to
secure the observance of the Sabbath alarmed ;ind
angered the saloon-keepers, and on September 4
they held a large meeting on the Campus Martins to
take measures for the repeal of the Sunday law, and
on the next day a petition, signed by 8,265 residents
of Detroit, was presented t(J the Common Council,
asking for the repeal of the Sunday ordinance. At
the same time a remonstrance against the repeal
was presented, signed by 2,500 persons. Both com-
municiitions were referred to a special committee,
and on September 19, three reports were presented
to the council from the committee. The majority
report favored a change in the ordinance which
would allow the saloons to keep open Sunday after-
noons till ten o'clock in the evening; two tliffer-
ent minority reports, presented by Aldermen A.
Sheley and H. C. Knight, opposed any change in the
ordinance. The majority report w.as adopted. It
did not receive the approval of the mayor, and the
m
842
THE LIQUOR TRAFFIC AND TEMTFRANCK IJIm^RTS.
subject was before the council for several nioutlis.
On October 2 a public nieetini; was luld at the
Yoini.u; Men's Ilall to jirotes't against the repeal of
tlu' ordinance. Meantime a suit involving the
validity of the old ordinance was tried, and on a
decision by the reconler in its favor on January 28,
1(^66, the police again atteiuptetl to enforce the
ordinance, and thirty complaints were made for
violation of the same. The o|>ponents of the ordi-
nance were not willing to submit, and on Jaiuiary
29, and I'ebruary i, 1S66, large anti-Sunday-law
meetings were held.
Finally, on February 8, by a vote of eleven to six,
a new Sunday ordinance was passed allowing news-
depots to be kept oj^en on Sunday from 12 M. to 2
V. M. ; barber-shojis till 10. \, M.; groceries, bakt-ries,
and meat-markets till 8 A. M., and livery stables
during the whole day. It also provided that plea-
sure gardens, bec'-h.-ills, saloons, and other pleasure
resorts might be ,)t open from 2 l'. M. to 10 P. M..
if no music or games were allowed. This ordin.mce
was approved by the m.iyor on Febru.iry 13, but it
displeased many citizens ; and on March 20 Capt.iin
I'a.xton, on behalf of the Detroit Temper.ance So-
ciety and other ii.irties, presenteil a petition from
nearly two thousantl citizens asking that it be re-
pe.ileil. The r|iiestion of the validity of the orili-
nance was referred by the coimcil to the city coun-
sellor and attorney, ruid on March 27 they rei)orted
that it was legal. The s-nloon-keejiers were victori-
ous, and this fur ;i time ended the struggle.
In 1866 the Young Men's F.ather Matthew (Cath-
olic) Temperance Society was organized. The t'lrst
meeting was held on .August 9 ;it the house of
Michael Iirennau. Five persons were then enrolled
as members. The school-house in coiuiection with
Trinity Church w.as secured as a place of meeting,
and in twenty days they had obtaineil ninety sign.a-
tures to their pledge. Continued ])ros]ierity decided
the members of the society to secure a h;ill of their
own. A lot on the southeast corner of Fourth .and
.' fter Streets w.as purch,;ised, a frame building
twenty-four by sixtv-tive feet, costing $1,150, w.is
erected, and dedicated on Noveiuber i, 1867. After
a time interest in the society ll.igged, and in 1881
its properly was sold inider a mortgage.
On May 28, 1867, the Orand Lodge of Oood
Temi)lars for North .Americ.i conuuenced its ses-
sions in Detroit. Its proceedings had no speci.il
relation to the city. In 1S67 the State Constitu-
tional Convention provided for submitting to the
people, on the finst Monday of April, 1868, a clause
in the Constitution prohibiting the sale of li<iuors.
The .amendment was voted on, with the following
result: In the city of Detroit, for prohibitory clause,
1,474; against it. 6,567. In the county, 3.040 for
prohibition, and 10,245 against. In the State the
vote stood: 72,462 for prohibition, rmd 86,143
ag.ii.ist.
All this time the city ci'dinrmce permitting
saloons to opiii p.art of the d.iy \\,is tnmsgressed
by ni.my dealers who ki'jU o|)en all d.iy. A
complaint w.is m.ide .ig.iiust Cieorge Hartenbach for
so doing. On tri.il of the case. Recorder Swift, on
A|iril 19. 1S69, declared the ordin.anee invalid, on
the ground th.it the city had not power to pass an
ordin.ance in reg.ird to S.ibbaih observ.'ince.
The State I'rohibiiory L.aw was, howcvi'r. (Uemed
,'i st.aiuling men.ice to the licjuor dealers, and its pro-
visions were often enforced .ag.iinst them. Some of
them at last resolved on active ojiposition, and on
.August I, 1 87 1, a coinentinn of (iermans opposed
to ])rohibiti(>n w.is held, and a le.igue org.anized
pledged to ilefenil its members in any suits brought
ag.iinst them for viol.'ition of the l.iw.
Three ve;irs Liter, in the winter of 1874, the
\\'omen's Crusade beg.an. Its inllueiice spread so
nipidly th.at li(|uor-sellers ;ill over the country were
seriously .alarmed, ;iiul several saloon-keepers in
Di'troit went out of the business. On Mari-h 13,
1874, .1 meeting of ladies was held in St. Andrews'
Hall to consider what should be clone by the women
of Detroit, and a committee of l'i\e ajipointeil to
report a pl.in of action; a second meeting was held
at the chapel of the Ceiur.il Methodist Episcopal
Church on March 23, and on M.irch 26, 1874, the
Women's Chrisii.an Temperance Alliance was or-
ganized. Co-.umittees v'cre appointed, and in a
([uiet ;ind systematic w.ay ;i number of s.aloons were
visited, .and the kee[KTS urged to consitler the eflects
of their business. The ladies .also inaugin'.ated a
si'tics of Smiday afternoon temper.ance meetings at
Young .Men's Il.all, the use of which w.as given by
Luther Beecher. The tirst meeting was held on
April 19, 1874. Weekly meetings were also held
in v.arioiis cluu'ches.
In .M.irch, 1876, both the Sunday .and week-day
meetings began to be held in the \'. M. C, A.
buikling. In May following the n.ame of the organi-
zation w.as changed to the Women's Christian Tem-
perance I'nion. At this time there w.as h.ardly a
rest.aurant in the city which did not h.ave ;i b.ar for
the s.ale of liejuor. Realizing this fact, on January
19 the women of the L'nion opened a restainant in
the Y. M. C. A. building. It soon obtained a large
niunber of customers, and its success caused the
establishment of several other temperance restau-
rants; having thus accomplished their object, the
ladies sold out their interest in the restaurant.
The presidents of the L'nion have been as fol-
k)ws: To April, 1874, Mrs. A. J. Murray; 1874-
1875, Mrs. I. C. I). Stewart; 1875-1S81, Mrs. B. B.
Hudson; 1881. Mrs. J. H. Bayliss; 1882, Mrs. LG.
D. Stewart; 1883- , Mrs. A. M. Fancher. •
1, and •'•■')■ 1 43
;iiicc pt-rniittincf
\;is trrins;;rcssi'd
II all (lay. A
Ilartinhach for
fcdrdcr Suift. oil
lanci.' iinalid, on
lowiT to pass an
i-rvanct'.
hnwcviT, dri'nird
ikrs, and its i)ro-
tlu'ni. Sonic of
iposilion, and on
'itTinaiis opposed
ca^iic ort^anizcd
ny suits brought
\v.
tiT of 1.S74, the
Ur'Iicc s])n'ad so
tlu; country were
aloon-ki'cpcrs in
. On March 13,
1 in St. ^\ndrc\\s'
inc by the women
five appointetl to
nicetinij was held
thodist Episcopal
u'ch 26, 1S74, the
Alliance was or-
)intcd, and in a
•r of saloons were
(insider the effects
Iso inautjurateil a
ranee meetings at
liich was given by
ting was held on
;s were also held
:lay and week-day
the Y. M. C, A.
ime of the organi-
I's Christian Tein-
lere was liardly a
lot have a bar for
I fact, on January
ed a restaurant in
:i obtained a large
iccess caused the
niperance restau-
1 their object, the
: reslaurant.
have been as fol-
J. Murray; 1874-
5-1881, Mrs. B. B.
;; 1SS2, Mrs. I.G.
\I. Fancher. •
THE LIQUOR TRAFFIC AND TEMPERANCE EFFORTS.
84:
In 1S74 the Order of Sons of Temperance was
again inaugurated in the city, ;uid Detroit Division
No. 1 was organized on September 7.
On Janu.ary, 25, 1875, the Cinuid Division was
organized. Ten day.s Liter a State meeting of the
Women's Christian Tempcr.ance I'nion convened
in Detroit.
During all the years since 1855, the Prohibitory
Law, tiioiigh legally binding, had not been enforced
in Detroit. The crus.-ide of 1874 caused the dealers
to fear that it might be appealed to. In order to
anticijiate .any movement in that direction, and
secure, if possible, a law affording them a measure
of protection, a .State meeting of li(]uor dealers was
called at the Detroit Opera House on August 12.
The formation of a .State liquor league was advo-
cated, and methods were discussed for securing a
State license law, which, it was thought, would give
stability and character to their business, and, by
doing away with the Prohibitory Law, give it a legal
standing. An address in opposition to prohibition
and in favor of license was delivered by Levi
Bishop. The meeting received the plan with favor,
and a State Central Committee was appointed to
endeavor to secure a State Legislature in favor of a
license system.
Many who were in favor of a diminution of the
traffic, believing that a poor law executed was better
than a good one unenforced, aided the committee
in their efforts, and the ta.xing of the saloons was
approved of by many temper.mce people. As the
result, on May 3, 1875, the Li(pior Tax Law was
passed and the Prohibitory Law repealed. The new
law was much more stringent than its original pro-
moters intended. It provitled that ret.iil dealers of
spirituous li(}uors should pay a t.ax of $150, retail
dealers of beer !f40, and wholesale dealers in
spirituous li(|uors $300 per year. Brewers were to
pay from S50 to $300 per year, according to the
amount of beer they manufacture. The law also
provided that saloons should close on the Sabbath.
It was to go into operation on August 2, 1875.
Anticipating that as soon ;is it took effect, they
would be compelled to close their saloons on Sun-
day, many saloon-keepers in Detroit petitioned the
Common Council for permission to open on the Sab-
bath. On May 25 a resolution that it should be
lawful for saloons to keep open on Sunday was
offered, and was referred to a special committee,
and on May 28 a remonstrance against the resolu-
tion was presented. On June 4 the committee
reported that the council could not give authority to
s.iloons to sell liquor on Sunday. The attempt to
nullify the operations of the new law was strenuously
opposed by almost all the religious denominations,
and on June 7 a mass meeting was held at the Ojiera
■ House in the interest of Sabbath observance, and to
protest against the opening of the saloons by per-
mission of the Common Council.
Petitions from the saloon-keepers, however, were
brought before the council frequently and pcrsist-
I'litly, and in many ways the aldermen sought to
give the petitioners permission to keep open for at
least part of the day.
On .August 6 they passed an ordinance allowing
them to open from 1 to 10 o'clock V. M., but on
.August 10 it was vetoed by Mayor Moffat.
On .August 17 the city attorney gave it as his
opinion that in this question the mayor had no
power to nullify by his veto the action of the council,
because the law left it to the council to determine
whether saloons should be kejit open. On the same
day the city counselor gave it as his opinion that a
resolution passed over the mayor's veto would not
hold, as the Legislature could not confer on the
council the power to repeal by rt'solution 'i statute
of the State.
On the evening of the day these diverse opinions
were rendered the council again jiassed the per-
missive ordinance, and on August 20 it was ag.ain
disapproved of and vetoed by Mayor Moffat. Sun-
day, .August 22, 1875, was a notable day. For the
first time in ten years, nearly all, if not all, of the
saloons were closed, and since then many have
remained closed on the Sabbath. Others have
learned to violate the law with impunity, for, though
arrested for so doing, they are usually cleared by
police court jurors.
The Tax Law, as a State law, is enforced by the
Metropolitan Police, over whom, as the commission-
ers are apiiointed by the governor and senate, the
Common Council iiave no authority. It w;..s thought,
however, that if both the council and the maxor
favored the opening of saloons on the .Sabbath, the
police would not inti'rfere.
Those who favored the observance of the Sab-
bath, known as the Law and Order Party, on Octo-
ber 4, 1875, held an immense meeting in the Opera
House, and from the speeches made aiul the resolu-
tions passed at this meeting the imjiression became
general in Detroit that a large majority of the older
citizens and the prominent men of both jiolitical
parties would vote for the cr.ndidate for mayor who
would veto, any ordinance proposing to allow the
saloons to open on the Sabbath.
Meanwhile, on October 12, on a test (\ase, the
Supreme Court decided the law to be constitutional.
On the evening of November i, the day before the
election, a great gathering of the Law and Order
Party was held at the Opera House, and on the
following day Alexander Lewis, the candidate they
supported, was electeil by a vote of 7,367 against
5,691.
In the trial of cases ivr keeping saloons open on
844
THE LIQUOR TRAFFIC AND TEMPERANCE EFFORTS.
Siiiiday. Police Jiislicc D. E. Harhaiiv(ii jirovcd liiiii-
Sflf an cITu'iL'iU ally of the law, and liis (|uarii'i-ly
ri'turns of persons arrested and tried in liis court
indicated a j^reat diminution of crime and dis-
order.
In the case of J. A. Kurtz for keepinjj; his saloon
open, appeal was made to the .Supreme Court of the
State, and on January 18, 1876, the court alfirmcil
the legality of the clause requiring saloons to close
on Sunday.
(^n March 3, 1876, the Common Council made a
furthi'r effort in behalf of the s.iloon-keepers, pass-
ing an ordinance providing that saloons might be
kept open from i to 1 1 r. l\i. on Sunday; but (jn
March 7 Mayor Lewis justified the expectations of
those who elected him by sending a message to the
council, vetoing the ordinance. He .said, "The Su-
preme Court in its decision in the Kurtz case has
indicated, in language s(j p.lain that it cannot be mis-
understood, that the part of the T.-ix Law giving
municipalities the power of i)ermitting dealers in
li(luors to sell and keep their jilaces of business
open on .Sunday is unconstitutional."
Meanwhile Section 47 of Article IV'. of the Con-
stitution was still in force, and read as follows :
The Legislature shall not pass any Act aiithi)rizin^' the ^raiit
of licenses for the sale of ardent spirits or other intoxicaliiij;
liquors.
The question of striking this article out of the
Constitution was submitted to the people, and in
November, 1876, the vote was as follows: In the
city, in fa\'()r of striking out, 6,585; against, 949.
In the county, 9,170 for striking out, and 1,773
against. In the State, 60,639 for striking out, and
52,561 against. A majority being in favor of so
doing. Section 47 of Article IV. was stricken from
the Constitution.
A noteworthy event of this period was the visit
of Dr. H. A. Reynolds, the Red Ribbon Reformer.
His first lecture was delivered on February 9, 1877,
in St. Andrew's Hall. On the ne.\t evening he
addressed an immense meeting at the Detroit Opera
House, and soon there was a popular furore in
behalf of the temperance cause, as advocated by
him. His mottoes of " Dare to do right" and "Be
good to yourself," with a red ribbon in the button-
hole as evidence of having signed the pledge, were
adopted by thousands, and for a time no hall could
be found large enough to accommodate the crowds
that came to hear him.
Under his leadership, the Detroit Reform Club
was organized on February 11, 1877, with I). B.
Duffield as president and J. C. McCaul as secretary.
At the afternoon and evening meetings on the day
o? organization 802 persons signed the pledge, and
within a month the membership increased to 2,310.
The Club undertook various kinds of benevolent
work in behalf of its members, and its meetings
were largely attendcil.
On July 8, 1877, Fr.tncis Murphy, the great Blue
Ribbon .Apostle of Temperance, ilelivered an address
at N'oung Men's Hall under the auspices of the
Club. On November 2, 1877, the Society was in-
corporated, and on November 13 J. W. Smith was
elected |iresi(K'nt. He was succeeded on July 30,
1879, by Rev. C. T. Allen, and he, in turn, in 1880,
by William W.ule; T. W. Martin at the s.ame time
became secretary On Febru.iry 9, 1879, the Society
celebrated its second anniversary at the Detroit
Opera House. Dr. H. A. Reynolds was ])reseiit
and delivered ;in address.
The meetings of llu; Club were soon transferred
from the Opera House to Merrill Hal!, and from
thereto Young Men's Hall, the use of which was
given by Luther Beecher; finally the upper part of
the Barns' ISlock, on the northwest corner of Wood-
ward and C.r.ind River Avenues, was fitted up, and
on January 10, 1879, it was dediciited. Within two
years after, owing to dissensions among themselves,
aiul the advocacy of impracticable measures, the
Club was disbanded and its property disposed of.
On Febru.'iry 22, 1877, a Young Men's Red Rib-
bon Club was organized, and soon after a Boys'
Club was established. IJoth of these organizations
were short-lived. On June 26, 1878, two State
Temperance Conventions were in session in Detroit,
one representing the old prohibition party and the
other the Red Ribbon Clubs of the State. In this
year a Young Women's Christian Temperance
L'nion was organized, and, for a time, was quite
cnergtlic. On May 27 the Right Worthy Cirand
Lodge of <iood Tem[)lars of the World began a
four days' meeting at Detroit.
Turning again to the Common Council, we find
that on May 8, 1877, they again took up the cause
of the saloon-kee|5ers, voting to allow them to keep
open their saloons on Sunday from 2 to 10 p. u.
On May 1 1 Mayor Lewis for "the second time
interposed his veto, giving substantially the same
reasons he had given previously.
The State law of May 22, 1877, which went
into effect on November 6, 1877, dealt another
blow to the liquor interest by providing that saloons
should be closed on electif)n days, and Section 9 of
the law made it the duty of the mayor, within live
days of an election, to issue a proclamation warn-
ing the people of the law, and requiring the police
to see that it was enforced. On May 31, 1879,
by amendment to the law of 1875, saloons were
required to close on all legal holidays, violations
of the law were to be punished by imprisonment,
instead of by fine, and the taxes were largely
increased. For retail dealers of alcoholic liquors
the tax was fixed at $200 ; for retail dealers in beer
anil its nicclinys
ly, tlic j^Tcal lUiie
liviTcdaiiadilrcss
auspitx'S of the
c Sot'ifty was in-
J. W. Smilli was
>cclcd on July 30,
, in turn, in 1880,
at the same time
, 1879, the Society
at the Detroit
lokls w.'is present
soon transferred
11 Hall, and from
use of wliich was
the upper jiart of
;t corner of Wood-
was fitted up, and
;ated. Within two
uiiong themselves,
•ble measures, the
erty disjiosed of.
Lf Men's Red Rib-
Don after a Boys'
liese organizations
, 1S78, two State
session in Detroit,
ition party and the
ihe State. In this
stian Temperance
a time, was quite
,;ht Worthy ('.rand
lie World began a
in Council, we llnd
took up the cause
allow them to keep
im 2 to 10 I'. iM.
ir'thc second time
itantiaily the same
1877, which went
l"]"], dealt another
)viding that saloons
s, and Section 9 of
; mayor, within five
proclamation warn-
equiring the police
On May 31, 1879,
1875, saloons were
holidays, violations
i by imprisonment,
taxes were largely
if alcoholic liquors
stall dealers in beer
THE LIQUOR TRAFFIC AND TEMPERANCE EIFOR PS.
845
at $65 ; wholesale and retail dealers in alcoholic
liquors were to pay $400 ; dealers in beer $150, antl
brewers from $65 to Si 00.
This law " heaped Ossa upon I'elion," and the
liiiuor dealers assembleii in conclave at Lansing, (jn
July 29, 1880, organized the Michigan Liquor Deal-
ers' Protective Association, and by assessments on
its members raised a large amount of money to be
expended in efforts to sectu'e the election of mem-
bers of the Legislatiu-e who would repeal or modify
the law ; they also interviewed the candidates for
governor and lieutenant-g>)vernor, ;md on Septem-
ber 26, 1880, issued a circular reeonmiending that
the li(|uor-(lealers cast their votes for the Democratic
candid;ites, as they had pledged themselves to
further their interests. These efforts did not prove
effective, for Holloway, the I^emocnitic candidate,
received but 137,641 votes in the State, against 178,-
944 for Jerome. The vote in Wayne County was
17,242 for Holloway, and 13,943 for Jerome. In the
city the vote stood 12,122 for Holloway, and 9,903
for Jerome.
The keepers of saloons became increasingly
urgent in their demands, and on April 27,1880, their
friends in the Conuiion Council secured the passage
of a resolution declaring the law of 1879 to be
arbitrary, excessive, and illegal, and directing the
city counselor to lile a bill in the Circuit Court to
restrain the county and city treasurer from receiving
or collecting the taxes under said law. Three days
later the council directed the county treasurer and
sheriff not to collect the licjuor taxes, and instructed
the city counselor to apply for an injunction to re-
strain the collection ; but on May 3 Judge Chambers
denied the bill, on the ground that he had no juris-
diction in the case. On May i, 1882, an amend-
ment to the State law went into effect which increased
the yearly tax to be paid by beer sellers to %2qq.
The same Act also provided for a yearly ta\ of S300,
to be paid by those who sold distilled li(iuors separ-
ately, or with beer.
Since 1874, the operation of the Tax Law and
the tendency of public sentiment have caused a
yearly tlecrease in the number of dealers in spir-
ituous .Hud mall liijuors in Detroit as compared with
the population. The number of dealers in i860
was 625; in 1865, 523; in 1870, 669; in 1875, 765;
in 1876, 719; in 1877, 685; in 1883, 678.
The number of wholesale and retail dealers in
Wayne Comity and the anioimt of the tax collec-
tions for the various years is as follows: 1875, deal-
ers, 995; taxes, §93,545- «876, dealers, 1,137;
taxes, §97,159. 1877, dealers, 707; taxes, $76,250.
1878, dealers, 1,117; taxes, §69,046. 1879, de:ilers,
1,281; taxes, $73,411. 1880, dealers, 955: taxes,
$98,553. 1881, dealers, 985; taxes, $101,819. 1882,
dealers, 787; taxes, !?i95,3ii. 1883, dealers, 817;
ta.xes, $177,715.
The amount of re\enue obtained by the city from
the tax is shown in connection with tlie artiile on
Finances.
On May 16, 1883, the National Convention of
Brewers began its sessi(jns at llarmonie Hall, and
on the evening of the 1 7th they had a banijuet at
the same place.
The National Convention of the Women's Chris-
tian Temi^erance L' nion met at the Central Metho-
dist Episcopal Church on October 31, 1883.
The temperance organization known as the(Jrder
of the White Cross was founded in Detroit on Feb-
ruary 18, 1884, at the Asbury Methodist Episcopal
Chapel. The otTicers of the first club were : H. O.
Wills, president; R. N. Lewis, secretary; G. B.
Whitney, treasurer; andW. H. Suits, chaplain. In
June, 1S84, the organization had 1,800 members and
was increasing at the rate of 200 per week.
C 1 1 A P r E R L X X X 1 .
liANKS AND CURRENCY.— INSURANCE AND INSURANCl'l C().MI'ANIi:S.
Till", farlii'st niDiicy riirulali'd in Ni'W Fraiuv,
aiul lo soiiu' (.'xli'iiL ciirrt'iii in iliis rcnioii, Isiiownas
"Card Money, " was first issued in 16S5, lo pay liic
soldiers; it ronsistcd of oi'dinary jilayini;- cards cut
into four i)icccs, cacli piece beini,^ stampetl witii a
lleur dc lis and a crown, and siv^nied I)y tiie ,i;o\-
crnor, intend.int. and clirk of tiie treasury. Tiiis
money w.is in use in Detroit in 1717, and w.is worth
only llftv cents on the dollar in siUer. it continued
in use until 1729 or later. Sl)ecime'l^ are i)reserved
at ( hiebec.
In I7''i3 I'onti.'ic is said to li.ive issued pieces of
birch-hark as money, with the lii^iire of an otter, iiis
totem or seal, rudely diviwn thereon, and tr.idition
says tli.it he f.iithfully riileemeil them. The wam-
pum used by the indi.ans was sold by tr;idi'i-s for
the i)ur|)ose. it w.is l.arv^ely manufactured by the
Dutch at Alb.any from both the purple and the
white p.art of cl.im ;mtl oyster shells, antl the Ilol-
tinder Act of September 2, ijyd. The notes were
of the denomin.ition of lifty cents, and one, two,
threi', ti\e, and ten doll.ars. Soon after, notes for
one ninth, one sixli'i'iith, one third, and one fotuth
of .'I doll.ir wiM'e issued. Ii w.is usual to reckon
these notes at 82.50 lo the pound. I l.ilif.ix cur-
rency W.IS estim.iled at S4.00 to the pound. .Spanish
doll.ars were the most valu.ible.
On September 1 J, 17S1, A. &. W. M.icomb sold
Andrews, (iraveral, & \'is)j;er eiij'it hundred .and
seventy-five Sp.inish doll.irs ;it ten shillings each.
Skins, ;is currency, were suppl.-inied in 1779 by
bills issued by nu'rch.ints under .authority of the
governor. E.ich inerch.nit w.is .allowrd to issue
p.iper money, or due bills, to the v.alue of the prop-
erty he bad on b.ind. .-ind on a \(\\t.n d.av they
exch;niL;(.'d with each other the bills thev h.id received.
This w;is the be'.;inninj4- of the cle.'wini.'^-housi' system.
In the old Macomb ledy;ers of i7cSo and 17S1
landers of the Moh.iwk yrew rich from tiie product there arc frequent entries of "cash destroyed," the
of their primitive mint, 'I"he pieces of wampum amounts evidently rLferrinir to the destruction of
were about half an inch lony with a hole in them, liie bills of the firm after they had betn redeemed,
and were carried on strinys. The same sort of currency was continued under the
The usti.i! currency of this and other tr.adinj; earlier years of American rule, and was adopted as
posts was the peltries of v.arious animals; tliey were a means of ilri\inir out of circulation the "cut
the chief productions, and were readily exchanged at
Montreal and Otiebec for goods of e\ery kind. In
earlier d.iy lere was little v.ariation in the price of
skins, .and ,is the demand usually kept pace with tiie
money," - silver |)ii'ces th.it b.id been cut into many
p.irts, ami otherwise so mutil.ited tli.it they were no
longer desirable as a circul.iting meilinm.
In the old records of the Court of (ieneral
supply, there was but little dejireciation in the cur- (Quarter Sessions of the Peace for Wayne County for
reiicy. Aceoiints were (jften kept in beaver-skins,
and other furs were itckoned accortling to their
value in such skins. Otter skins were reckoned at
si.x shillings each, and ni.irtins at one shilling and
sixpence. A stroud-bl.inket cost ten beaver-skins,
a white blanket eight, ;i pound of powder two, a
pound of shot or ball one, a gun twenty, a one-
pouiKJ a.xe two, and a knife one beaver-skin.
Buck and doe skins succeeded the beaver cur-
rency as a medium of exchange. \IntiI the i-)resent
century a good deerskin was eciuivalent to about a
dollar.
During revolutionary days accounts were usually
kept in York currency, so called because issued by
the lYovincial Congress of New York, which, even
at th.at d;iy, was a controlling f.ictor in the commerce
May 10, 1798, there is the following notice :
U'/ierfiis tile (iiaiul Jury of tlu- C'lmnty of Wayne i)rfscntc(l,
ill tile last Ki'iicral quartiT sessions of llie peace, the cut money
tlien in circulation as a nuisance, as teEulitiK to proniote fraud,
and whereas the Court puhlicly ri'coinnund that the circulation
of ihc aforesiiid money should be stopped, as dangerous to the
coMununity. \ow, the Court ordain that after the fmuth day of
June next (1708) all cut money - not beinjj a \c^a\ tender in the
country — may and ouKlit lo he refused as payment of any debts
whatsoever.
.And that the Court inform the inhabitants of the County of
Wayne that at their ne.\t general cuiarlcr sessions of the peace,
they will and shall adopt the necessary means to establish upon
a solid basis a currency of small bills of credit from four to twelve
pence each, which bills shall bi- redeemed with cash on |)r(rsenta-
tion, asthe signer or siitners of said bills shall give unqui-stioii-
ablc security before issuinjs' them.
During the years immediately prior to and suc-
of the country. The first York currency was issued ceeding 1S12, the money in circulation was chietly
[846!
1
BANKS AND CURRKNCY.
847
ANii:s.
riic notes were
Is, aiul Diie, twi),
;il'u-r, notes for
and one fmirili
usnal to reckon
1(1. Il.'ilifax enr-
pouncl. Spanish
W. Macoinl) solil
y^'\[ luiiulred and
shillin.ns each.
Miicd in \77') l)y
auliioriiy of liie
allowed to issni:
^■alue of the prop-
i i;i\( n (lay they
they had received.
•ine'-honse system.
f 17S0 and 1 78 1
ih destroyed," the
the destruction of
ad been redeiined.
intiiuied nnder the
id was adoptetl as
enlation the "ent
)een ent into many
that they were no
ncdiuin.
Court ;)f deneral
Wayne County for
ng notice :
Y of Wayne prcscntcil,
peace, tlu* cut inoiuy
.liiiK to promote fraud,
ml that the eirciilatioii
d, as (ianj-^eroiis to th^
after the fomlli day of
ijj a legal tender in the
. payment of any deljts
itants of the County of
r sessions of the peace,
neans to establish upon
L'dit from four to twelve
with cash on presenta-
shall give un(|U(rstion-
prior to and suc-
jlation was cliictly
Spanish silver pieces, and ;i few Kreiich .iiid j'drtu-
V;ucse ijold coins. 'I'he coin wrts kt pt in ke\.;s ;iiul
ho.xes, which oftentimes stood open under the coiin-
lers of the merch.inls. .After iheciptnre of Detroit
ihe currency w.is inllated by the " li.ii m(iuey"of
( l(.'ner;il I'roctor. His procl.im.iiion of .M,ir( h 25,
iNi;„ ordered that .irniy and comniiss.iri.it bills be
receut-d .md accei)te(! ;is",i ki^al tendei- and of the
same value .as gold or sih'er, imder ;i pen;iltv of two
liundred dollars, on the o;ith of oni; credibk: witni'ss
.aside from the informer."
Durinir this war .and i\\i to i<Sr7, much Ohio cur-
rency was in circul.ition, .iiul w.is subject to a
discoiuit of tv.'enly-ri\-e per cent in New ^'ork.
Notwithst.indin.^f this fact, the (lovernment m.ade
use of tlie money, and as the vjoods of Detroit
merchants were chielly procin\(l at New N'ork, .ill
who received < )hio bills in p.aynienl were obliged to
ch.ir^c .a lars^e extr.i perccnt.a^i'. Diniiiv;' this s.aine
|)erio(l m.iny pri\ate I'irins and uidividuals issiieil
tluir diU'-bills as money.
In deprecation of this pr.ictice, a commuiii( .iiidii
in The Detroit Ci.azi'tte for .Sejitember 5, 1.S17,
sioiied "Common Sense," says:
The issuing of small hills has of late grown so fashionahle ih.il
iven strangers are willing to li lul us iheir assistance and furnish
lands for luir necessities the inoruciil thi'V arrive auicuig as. Their
names may he said to he hrst learned from seeing them on the
margin of their hills.
The article w.as i)reface(l with a few eomnieiits
from the editor, decl.irini; that
Thi east i|uaulity in lircuLiiiou tends to cmhairass Ir.ich'.
* * * Some have said that if every merchant, imcliauie, inn-
keepir, and hmkslir in the city would issiu- these facilities it
would glut the market and have ihe elfc c I of prodiuiirg an
arraugeiueni that would he salisfaclor\- on all parts. As printers
merely, we sh"uld reconimend such an e\periinetil , hul .isciii/i us
of Detroit, solicitous fiM- its good nauM- .Old llu- pro-perily of its
inhabitants, we hope no(lti/en will think of throwing any more
eud)arrassnu-nls in the way of trade.
These articles did not correct the e\il, and in
jaiKi.iry, i.Sm;, ihci-e w.is ;m unusu.illy l.tr^i' (|ii,in-
tity of "shinplasters" or "smiill bills" in ciinaiLation,
siune of them, issued by Judi^f Woodward, beint;'
for one .111(1 two cents each. At ;i mei'tiiiiL;()f citi-
zens it W.IS resolved "that the issuing- of small
ch.aiixc bv individuals, wlio do not redeem them at
si^ht, is an evil" which should be corrected. It
was .also resoKcd that there.ifter persons inleiidinti^
til issue small bills shoukl t'irst i^ive security for their
I'edeniption.
Durini; this ye.ir Rev. Ciabriel Richard beijan the
erection of St. .Anne's Church, .and vtTy naturally he
did what many others were doiiit;. - issued his own
money, p.iyin.i,^ out lari^e (luantitiesto the workmen.
The types with which the shinplasters were printed
wenj stolen from the Cazette olliee by a printer
ii.imed looper. who issued ,1 (|u,intity, with tht-
counterfeit sii^natuic of |',iilier Kich.ird. I he worthy
f.ither redeemed them .as far .is he was .able, ;ind his
refus.il to receive sever.il hundred doll.irs of wh;it
W.IS s.iid to be coiiiiterfeit .scrip is st.ited to h.ive
m.ide.a lasting; bre.ieh between him and cert.iin per-
sons of his p,irish. The 111,111 Ccioper subseiinenlly
enlisted ill the liiiud St.ltes .\rtillery, .and the
stoK 11 types were loiind mider ilu> lloor of one of
the biiildiin^s of the cantonnient on Aiiv;ust 7, iSiij.
In order In inll.iie the (iirreney .and .aid the con-
ir.nidis who weri' then biiildiiiv;- the Court House
or t'.ipiiiil, the ( '.ovi'rii'ir ,iiid jiidv^cs .also bevj.an to
issue strip; the lir t issue w.is dateil iNk;, the l.ist
iiSjfi, ;iiid they i -sued a toi.il of $22,500, in sums of
from !j;2,oo to §20.00.
y.j*T' v'j.ti'-"*'"
fcV^
''littiliaRtii!^.i,||
:■-■;.'.■<'
'^^^:m
I'm -si MILK iji oM-: i,i- |',\ I iii.i; KiciiAiai's SiiiM'i.Asri:i;s.
I'rom time to time the bills of I'lastern and
Southern St.iies were circul.itcd to some extent in
the Territory, .and on M.ay 21;. iiSn^, the Secretary
of the Treasury iiotilieii the reci'iver of the Laud
Olliee not to receive the bills of the li.ank of il.alti-
niore, nor those of the I'r.anklin li.uik of .Mex.indri.i,
\'.a., .as they h.ad refused to ri'deem their notes in
specie.
On October 22, uSnj, the money in cirtailation
was chielly bills of Ohio banks, .and of these 'Ihe
(i.a/.ette classified seven as "^ood;" twel\e others
were n.amed, .and classified respectively ;ts "deci-nt,"
"niiddliui;'," .and '\iL;()od-for-notliin,i;." On Decem-
ber 4 a committee of five citizens, consistinv; of
James Abbott, John I'. Sheldon, I'eter J. Desnoyers,
Thomas I'.almer, and Thomas Rowl.and, was .ap-
pointed "to obtain and diffuse intelligence ix-l.ttinij
to the value of bills of the various banks circulating
in the 'I'erritory." At this time there was .a dearth
(jf money .and much distress .among almost .all
classes. I^'roni i<S20 to 1 1S30 there was , a gre.it kick
of fimds for nearly .all enterprises.
During all these years the eirt iil.ation of cut coins
continued, and their use w as so inconvenient that on
August 17, 182 1, ;it .a meeting of citizens at Wood-
84S
HANKS AM) ClKKllNCY.
wortli's Hotel, si'vinty of tlii' principal biisinoss men
pit'(l.;\(i tlicnisiKcs not to rfci'lvt: or pass cm coins
c-xccpi by wcivjiii. Currency continued to hi; so
scarce that in(li\ iiluals, and corporations larj^c an<l
sniali, issued ilicir promises to pay, in sums of from
six and ;i (|uarter cents to live dollars, hut on Au)j[iisl
31, 1S22, a citizens' mectin'< resoKcd to discoun-
tenance tlio further circul.ii ion of hills of k'ss tlirui
one dollar made hy individuals ; and gradually the
practice ceased.
Me.'inlime ten years ]-).issi'd away, and I'lnancial
difficulties of larv^'er pro])ortions l)ev;,in to Irouhle .all
the land. 'I"he hv!^iniiin'.;s of thesi' ditriculticsdati'd
from the Act which incorpor.iled the I'nited St.ites
Hank, l''el)rii,iry 8, 1791. The ch.irter expireil on
March 4, icSii.an unsuccessful effort Iiavinvj been
made in 1S08 to obtain a renewal. The second
bank of the United .States was chartered on \\m[
3, 1816, for twenty years, and wi'iit into oper.ation
on January 7, 1817. In 1S29 it w.is doinij; a pros-
perous business with a capital $35,000,000, one fifth
of which u.is owned by the Ciovernment, It lia.d
branches in all the States and its notes were at par
throuifhoiit the Union, — were even used to buy teas
in China, -;uid the b.ink w.is rei^arded as inipre.i.,m,i-
ble. hi 1820 "resident Jackson, in his first messajje,
expressed stronjj; doubts as to the constitutionality of
the charter, and repeated the doubt in his mess.iycs
of 1S30 and 1831. Notwithstandinij; this, Contjress,
in 1832, passed a law renewin).r the charter, but the
President vetoed the bill and recommended the
removal of the public deposits from the bank, and
the next year urijed Mr. Duane, the Secretary of
the Treasury, to remove them. That officer declined
to act and refused to resi.i,m. On September 23,
1833, the President removed him, and appointed the
late Chief-Justice Ro,i,a'r H. Taney in his stead, and
in December, on a positive order from the President,
the deposits were withdrawn.
This action so alarmed private banks throuifhout
the country that, not knowini; what miiL^ht h.ippeii
next, they refused all discounts. A public meelintf
was held in the old Capitol in Detroit on April 4,
1834, to condemn the removal of the deposits, arid
all was anxiety and unrest.
The President next undertook to prove that the
functions of the United States Bank coukl be per-
formed by the private or State banks. To this end
the Secretary of the Treasury entered into corre-
spondence with several banks, offering- to constitute
them the fiscal ay^ents of the C.overnmenl, and to
authorize them to perform such service as had been
performed hy the old United States Rank. The
State banks eagerly embraced the opportunity, and
in each of the principal cities of the Union one or
more of them was ajipointed depository of the
public revenue and disburser of the public funds.
Mr. T.aney Issued a circular, in which he said. " The
deposits of the public money will enable you to
alforil increased facilities to commerce and to ex-
teiul your acconimod.itions to individii.ils ; " and
President J.icksun. in a messai^^e to Convjress, said.
" It is considered av;ainsl tin: ,t;enius of our free
institutions to lock up in vaults the treasure of the
nation." I'.viilenily neither tlu' President nor his
Secretary saw the f.it.il snare into which they were
runnini;. I'liey forgot that the revenue could not
he used "to extend ac-commodalions to indi\idu,ils"
and at the same time be jjarnered in vaults awaiting
the (U'lnands of the nation. Mr. Woodbury, who
succei'ded Mr. Taney as SeiTelary of the Tri;isury,
issui'd a circular in which he ixpri'ssly recommended
the li'iidini;' of the public; moneys to the people, in
order to tlemonstr.ite that a l>;ink of the United
States was not a necess.iry fiscal agent.
Meanwhile, in order to n'gulale the deposit banks,
Congress p.issi'd a law with coudilions so onerous
that we look back with astonishment upon the
blindness of that day. The (K'posit banks were
re(iuired to ]iay interest at tln! r.iti; of two per cent
per annum upou daily b.ilances, to bit responsible
for all bank-notes received by them on government
account and to treat them as gold; also to hold
themselves in readiness to pay at sight the whole sum
due to the United .States, or to tr.ansmit it to any
part of the Union at their own risk and expense.
In Michigan, the I'armers and Mechanics' Hank
and the P.ank of Michigan were m;i(le deposit banks,
and the public officers in the Territory made deposits
in each on alternate weeks. From this source the
F.irmers rmd Michanics' ISank received large
amounts, often as nuich as §1,500,000. These sums,
with its capital, it used to afford l.irge discounts in
conformity with the request that had been made.
The country was bewildered with jirosperity.
The entire war debt of 1815, amounting to twenty-
four millions of dollars, had been paid out of the
government revenues, and there remained a suqilus
of more than forty millions in the treasury. Appar-
ently the (iovernment had no use for the money, and
in June, 1836, Congress resolved to divide it among
the States according to population, and twenty-eight
millions, in <iuarterly instalments, were actually so
disbursed. As a natural consequence of this al)un-
dant supply of money, the price of everything was
abnormally increased. Emigration from Mast to
West was encour.'iged. Import.ation was greatly
increased; manufacture was siimulaleil; the rage
for fine buildings, tine equipage, fine furniture, tine
dress, and luxurious li\-ing spread throughout tlie
country. This unhealthful activity began to show
itself in 1834, and grew "rapidly in 1835 and 1836.
Ill this last year the charter of the United States
liank expired, but practically the same bank was
HANKS AN'I) CUKUENCY.
S49
li lie s:ii(l, "'riu'
I'li.ihli' you III
me aiul to c\-
lividiials ; " ami
Con,i{rcss, said,
lius uf our free
J treasure of the
resident nor his
wlneli tlicy were
vcuuc could not.
is to individuals"
n vaults awaitinij
\V(iii(lt)ury, who
of the Treasury,
sly reconiineiided
to the i)coi)le, in
ik of the United
'^I'lit.
he tli'posit banks,
itioiis so (inerous
ihinent upon the
)i)sit banks were
; of two Jier cent
to be responsible
ni on i;-overnnu'nt.
lid; also to hold
-ht the whole sum
transmit it to any
risk and expense.
Meehanies' I'.ank
ade di'posit banks,
.ory made deposits
)m this source the
< received larj^e
i.ooo. 'These sums,
lar^e discounts in
had been made.
I with i^rosperity.
ountinvf to twenty-
m paid out of the
remaineil a surplus
e treasury. Appar-
f or the money, and
to divide it amoni;;
11, and twenty-ei.n'it
;, were actually so
Lience of this abun-
of cverythinjj; was
tion from l'"ast to
tation was t;really
imulated; the rage
, fine furniture, tine
L'ad throui^hout the
ivity began to show
' in 1835 and 1836.
■ the United States
:he same bank was
rcch.irtered by the State of I'lnnsylvania, imder the
name of the United St.itcs Hank of J'cnnsyKani.i.
This new institution look the securiti's and
assumed the ri'siionsibilities of the <lefimct bank.
Tile old JKink liad returned the ten millinns of
government deposits, and the new oiii' was ic(|iiirc(l
to refund the seven millions of c.ipit.il owned by
the I'nited States. Notwitiistanding this trcnun-
dous draft, it undertook to compete with the St.itct
(k'posit banks for the trade of the country, and
esi)ecially for the control of the cotton crop. At
lirst all went smoothly, but it w;is soon discovered
th.it the prestige of the new bank w;is gone, 'i'he
diminution of its power by the withdr.awal <if the
scvcntet'ii millions of governnu'iit money, the return
from ;i wide licld of its own notes, the hostility of
the p;irty in power, the reckless loans made to
s|)eciil;itors in produce, and wild land schemes, all
fostered tin- panic which was drawing near.
Up to tlu' time of the issuing of Pri'sideiit Jack-
son's Specie Circular of July 1 1, 1836, which directed
that all public oHicers should recciw -.[tu] jiiiy out
coin only, the b.anks gi'iK-r;illy wi'ri' jirosin'rous, their
notes were used without (|Ucstion, and were promptly
redeemed, on pri'sentation, in such funds as were
(ailed for. The Specie Circular put everything on a
coin basis, and the b.anks were compelled to ;irr;inge
their business accordingly. As a result, all business
came to a standstill. ( )n October 15, 183^), ;iiul for
several months before, the b.mks of Detroit would
not discount the best p;iper offered. To convert
uncurrent money into available funds a premium of
from one to five per cent had to be paid.
In January, 1837, tlisasters came thii'ker and
taster. I'.ven the best paper went to protest.
•• Paper cities," by the score, collapsed, wild l.inds
were returned for unpaid taxes, banks curtailed
their loans ; circulating notes were returned for coin ;
.'iiul the large sums due the Ihiited States for the
proceeds of public lamls sold or duties collected
were required to be transferred to the East. The
State deiKi'-itories, which were trembling under the
pressure, and needed strengthening, were thus left,
to their own resources. The government account,
that at first had promised so much, in the end
proved one of the most unfortunate and disastrous
of accounts. The banks were obliged to pay the
( "lovernment, but could not collect the loans they
had made. Manufacturers suspended, and whole-
sale and retail merchants toppled over like rows of
bricks.
In February the contraction became more serious,
and failures still more freciuent. hi March the pos-
sibility of a suspension of specie payments became
a subject of discussion. In April that event had
come to be regarded as probable. On May 10 the
blow fell; the banks of New York City refused
to redeem. Tlu'rc w;is then no tclegr.ipli, ami few
railroads, but the lu'ws w.is sprc.id rapidly by
couriers.
l-'or weeks till' b;inks all over the country had
bicn struggling .'ig;iiiist suspension, but .at List llu'
blow had fallen. The news ii'.ichcd Detroit on
May iC). Sidney Kctcluim, who .arrived from New
^'ork on the morning of th.at d.iy, brought news of
the suspension. I handbills soon annoimced .1 meet-
ing at the City II.ill, and there Mr. Kctcluim told
the story, ;ind showed printed copies of the pro-
cctdings in some of the cistern towns. The citizens
p.'issed the stereotype resolution, calling on the
b.inks to suspend to save their s])ccie, .and the next
d.iy the following .advertisement appeared:
ro IIIK I'l T.I.IC.
I1.\M< NiiTliF''.. — .At :i iiU't'tiii>; iif llic r.iuiid •■f 1 lin clurs of all
tlic hiiiiks in the cily lliis aftrriUKin, il was
lu-snhrif^ tliat in iMiiiscqiU'nic uf iiitclliKiin'i' "f a viiicral sus-
p(■ll^il)ll of specie [i.TyuH^nts In lln' l.astirn Slates, it lias been
lUeineil a course of proper preeantimi on the part of the hanks (if
lletroit and their hranehes to adopt a like nieasmc until fnrlher
imliee ; and in the nieanllnie the Imsincss of llie hanks will in
oilier respeels he eondncud us nsnal
111' I Mill , May 17, i8,i7.
On M.iy zo the following notice .appe.ired :
At a ineetinj; of the Directors of the lletroit ( ily hanks on
I'riday, the 19th May, 1837, llonorahle Levi t'ook in llu- (hair,
and John Norton, Jr., secretary,
lu-soh'Cif , that this meeting has heard wilh surprise that a
report had nhiained eiirreni y in the cily of the intention of the
hanks to take advanlaye of ihe present crisis in sellini; their coin
at a hi^h premium. ♦ * *
/i'i',f(i/7'iv/, each Hoard for its own institution, that the alleged
conneclioii hclwein tile hanks of this city and the brokers therein
is wholly without foundation and utterly untrue.
yS'rtv/r'iv/, that from and after the lirst day of June next the
hanks in this city will open at nine o'clock a. m. and close at two
o'clock 1'. M. for the day.
/w'Wr'Cii', that tlie ahuve he piiMl^lied in llie several news-
papers of this cily.
John XouiiiN, Ji;., Sfcritary. I.kvi C.ok, Chairiiian.
After the susjicnsion a sense of relief pervaded
the comnumiiy, but only for .a little while, for sus-
pension of specie p.ayments was soon found to be
suspension of all payment.
In June 1837, Mr. Wan Buren called an extra
session of Congress. Time for payment was ex-
tended to the deposit banks, but the President pro-
posed to withdniw the jniblic moneys from the Sta'e
l)anks, to establish the sub-treasury, and to make
a penal offence on the ]).irt of disbursing officers t^.
receive or pay out the bills of any State bank. The
subject, of course, became a political one, and on
July II, while Daniel Webster was in Detroit,
visiting his son, Daniel F. Webster, a lawyer then
residing here, he tielivered an address in opposition
to the policy of the Ciovernment.
Up to this time the business activity of 1834 to
850
i'.ANKS AM) CI UI<1;NLY.
l8?7 IkuI liri'ii iTij.irdcil .1'^ a lir.iitliy (li\flii|iiiu ni
of Ami'iir.iii iiumy. I lu' riaclicii u.is fiMil'iil.
C'ontitlciirc was liisi, values wrvr misitlliil. (inal
ilistrcs-, ( nsinil. anil ilir sii'ci'ls wrrc crnwdcil wiili
iinfiTtiiiiaii' ,mil al)li'-lii>ilit(l men wlm wai'i- imabli'
to |)iM(iiri' wmk, .mil a man woiiKI no moi'i- hnv a
pii-i'i'l of iin|Mcnlniii\i' I'lal t'sialc, sniiirct to tasi'S,
tiiaii lu- wiiiiM t'oihlli' a laltlcsnaki'. 'riiosc who
wiTi' ill ilcht.anil lluy fonsiituliil a niaioriiyof tin-
po|iulalion, wcri' in tlrs|)aii'. To till lluin that lluir
iTi'ilitors hail idntidfuct' in tluir inti.i^i'ily. and would
wait, was to hold lu lore tluii' lyis a puluii' of un-
(.MuliuiL; loi'iuri'. rndcf surh I'iiTiunsianccs the
lii'blor I'lass wi'fc ready to approM' and adopt any
nnasui'i' of relief, witiiout rej;.ifd to its lei;alily or
I'oninierei.il soundn ss. The l.ei;islatiire ol Miihi-
v;,ui was ap|ie,i!ed to, ,inil passi'd .i l.iw pio\idin;^'
lh.it whrnl.mds were le\ied upon under e\eeiition,
the sherilf should h.i\e tlieni appr.iised. ;inil the
creditors take them in p.iymenl at two thirds of the
■appr.iis.il. I'lider the operations of this l.iw the
priees of l.iiuls which had been i)ou;.;lit in the he. it
of the spi'i-ul.itinu mani.i were kejH up by debtors
who had purehased them. ( >thers who were in di bt,
with the, lid ot friends or from ri.'ser\ed me.ins. olten
both^ht up tracts of wild l.iiul at iiioveniment jMaeis,
and tuiiieil them over to the sheriff to be appr.iised
at ten timestheir eost, and tr.in.sferreil to iTi'ditois .at
six times their v.ilue. Deeejnion and dishonesty
si'enu'd to be at ;i i>ri'mium. While these methods
were bein^- pursued, most of the iMstern banks re-
sumed, and on M.iy i(), iSv'^.the Hank of .\Iirlii;^,in
and the Farmers ,ind Meeh.mies' liank a^.iin p.iid
specie.
.Ml this tiiianoierii'v;' mid all the remedial and .stay
laws f.iiled to brin^;- relief. The mount. lin of debt,
iiiere.iseil by interest and t.ixes. v;rew lars;er. Many
LTedilors ileelinetl to accept payment in the way
provided by l.iw, the debtor i' -^s therefore rcm.iined
in trouble. ,ind no .ibsolut ame until 1S41,
when the H.mkrupt .^ -eil. Meanwhile,
in order to relieve c' .,.'ss and est.ihlish a
value for lands, the aw. iiy .Vet of March 1 5,
and amendeii .Vet 01 .'ecember 30, 1S37, provided
for an unlimited number of so-called li.inks. Of
the nominal capital of these " wildcats," only ten per
cent in specie was reiiuired to be paitl when sub-
scriptions to the stock were m.ade, and twenty per
cent additional in sjiecie when the bank couuncnced
business. For the further security of the notes the
stockholders were to ijis-e tlrst mortvjai^es upon real
esta.te, to be estimatetl at its cash value by at least
three county otticers. and these niortsases were to be
tiled with the auditor-ijeneral as collateral security
for the notes to be issued. First one and then three
commissioners were appointed to superintend the
ori^anization of these banks and attest the legality
of their proceedinvjs, ,anil iipnn the eertilic,ite of
tilllerof them, the .llldilnl-y^ilU r.ll W,is to eoimtlT-
siv;u ,ind dili\er to the b,ink circtiLitinv; notes to the
e\leut of two ,'iiid ,1 half limes the ;imounl of cipi-
t,il eeriilied to h,ne bi i n p.iid in. Inder the .Nets,
at lirst twelvi', ,ind then anv number of |)ersons,
upon si\;niu^ ,in .('..ireemenl to ili.it elfeci, bec.uue a
b.inkin;.;' corpor,;t ion, .md .almost .my one mii;hl be
;i dirciMor. This monstrous b.inkiuv; system was
welcomed .alike by IIiom' who NMle hiipelessly JKlllk-
riipi and by those who s.iw a ch.ince for unlimited
kn.iverv ; and in .1 few months where\ir two roads
ci'ossed. ,a b.ink w. is established. M.iny of the so-
calleii banks li.id neither books nor oHice, ;ind stock
w.is transferred to, .and represented .is owned iiy
|>ersons who knew not that tluv were stockholders
in these I'uterprisin;;' eoi-poiMiioiis. In most e.isi's
there was no coin to eshibil to the b.ink I'ommis-
sioner. '• Specie certilicates, X'eritied byo.ith. weiH-
everywhere siibslitulcd, the idenlic.il cirtilic.ites
haxiii;^ bei n c.incellcd .is soon as created jiy ;i draft
lor the s.ime .imoiint." In some cases certilicates
or specie wiHild be borrowed to show to the commis-
sioner, if specie, as soon as it h.id iiecn examined
in one bank. ;i f.ist team would taki' it to the woods
where some other bank was located, and llu're it
would again be counted .is b.ink capital. The loan
of spi'cie l)y est.ablishcd coipor.ations to thesi' sh.am
institutions bi'came i)arl of the regiiKir banking
business of the iieriod, and banks put in oper.ation
by these fr.auilulent transactions were themsi-l\cs in
turn ii.arcnts of similar offspring. In the l.ingu.ige
of an ollicial report, "'I'lure is no spcciis of fr.iud
and I'vasion of l.iw which the ingenuity of dishonest
coqiorations has ever devised that has not been
pr.acticed tiiuler this Act," .So utterly reckless did
some of the operators become th.it they exhibited to
the commissioner coin boxes tilled with n.iils .and
wini!ow-v;lass, in lieu of spi'cie. 'I'hey hurried to
Xew" N'ork in scori's to urge the engrax'crs to deliver
without delay their tirculating notes, which were
issued to them by the auditor ;is r.ipidiy as their so-
called securities were perfecteil.
The first bank established under the Act was the
Farmers' ii.ink at Homer, Calhoun County. The
.articles were tUeil on August 19, 1S37. In a little
over four months nineteen more banks were cre.ateel ;
in 1S3S they were more ]"ilentiful th.an mushrooms
ami grew as napidly. Forty-nine b.anks orgar.i/.ed
ami nearly forty went into oper.ation in one year,
with a professed capital of $1,745,000 ; thirty per
cent w.as claimed to be paid in. In a few nioiuhs
two millions of tloll.ars were distributed about the
State, of which probably not one dollar was secured
by /'i»!ii fide capit.al. paiil in for legitim.ate b.anking
purposes. In order to make good their credit, these
new banks demanded that the old territorial banks
nr
HANIsS AM) CLkKLNCV,
w (iililii'atr of
\\,i>> 111 (iiiinliT-
llillv; llntl'^ to iIk'
.lIUcilllll cif liipi-
I lulcr ilic Alts,
iilur (if pirsoiis,
itlnt, lnT.mu' ;i
ly iiin' inii;lil l)c
;inv; system was
hniulcssly baiik-
iirc for iniliiniti'il
ri'vcr t\\<i niads
Many nf tlif sd-
lilllii', and stuck
nl as (i\\ lu'd liy
iTi' stiitklmldiTs
111 most lasfs
111' bank > umniis-
i liy (lalli, wiR'
iiiical ciTliticatrs
rcaicd l>y a diafl
• casts ccrtilicatcs
iiw to tlic cimiinis-
iil liccii cNainiiicd
kc il to the woods
atcd, and tluTo il
■apital. 'I'lic liiaii
oils to tlicsc sham
rc),4ik-ir bankiiiv;-
; inil ill opii'aiion
^\■\\^ iliciuscKcs ill
In tlic lan,i;ua,!Lj(.'
11) species of fraud
eiiuily of dishonest
lat has not lieeii
iteiiy reckless (hd
It tlicy exliiliitcd to
ctl with nails and
They hurried to
.■n^ravers to deliver
notes, which were
rapidly as tlicir so-
ler the Act was the
oun County. The
9, 1837. In a little
lanks were createti ;
il than mushrooms
le banks organized
ration in one year,
745,000 ; thirty per
. bi a few months
stributed a'.jout the
.' dollar was secured
• lejijitimate banking
)d their credit, these
old territorial banks
85'
.should receive their notes on deposit, ;iiid cin urn- receiver. The b.iiik cortimissioncrs were app d
staiice.H fompellcd Ihcni to do so. fo|- two ye.ir.s. I'ollowiiig is ;i list nf their n.iiius
'I'hree of iheso b.mks were located in Wayne and the d.ile of their .ippoitiliiieiif. Kobert McClel-
Couiity. The li.mk of C.ibr.iliar, .at dibr.ilt.ir, was land, M.irch 2.S, iS/i; i'.dward M. Uridges. .March
ill existence as e.irly ;is Septeinbi r 2>j,
i.Sj7. The din-ctors i hoseii 011 J.ui-
iiary 1, iS vS, were : Jo>hii.i llow.ird,
I'.iioi li Joiies, r.enj.iniin I'ortc r, .\l.in-
soii Sliil /y. Tin odorc Komeyn, II. 15.
I.aihiop, \. '1'. I.udileii, lildridgc
Moi --c, .nul ( iriiiilh II. [ones, joshu.a
llow.ird w;is president and J. I', king-
iioli cashier, 'i'lie iiomin.il ( apital was
!»ii(K),(X)i), An .\ct of I'ebni.iry !<>,
iS 3.S, ;iuihori/.e(l ilie bank to open ;in
oHice ill Detroit for sixty days for the
tr.ins.ictiou of business.
'i'lie following ,iiK( rti^emeiii ( 011-
t.iins p.iriiciilars concerning the I )( iroii,
Cit)' ll.mk, the only bank w liicli claimed
I )eiioit ,is its home :
'I'lii I >i '. I'oil C'ity Ii.ink w lit i i>ri)n)''iii '- lu ip|)('i'"
.iiioiis (111 I'lU'silay, :.'(>ili iii^i. ( I iciiinliir, ■•■^.j?!.
hixniiiit cl.iys oil 'I'lH'Ml.iys aiiil I'rUliiy-.. All
|i.i|irr iiiiiiiili (1 tor lUMHiiint must \i\: |.ir-,iiiii i|
liy liii <i'< I'ii k \. M. nil (lisriiiint (lily*, llmir-, ..f
tuisiijf^s tr •ill iiiii*- I'i lux Uc o't-i'M k A. M. ainl
iMiiii i.j'i I'l 1 r. M.
l;y..ia.i-..fll,r l;u.,nl.
!•■. II. II ,11-1-.
('.!.. './,■>■,
The directors, in February, icS^.S,
were: II, M. Cuiipbell, iiresident ;
Ch.aiies r.issell. II. J lallock, John
Trii.ax, Culleii iJrown, Julius I'.ldred,
A. T. McReyiioIds, and !•-. Ilrooks.
The nominal i.ipital was S2(X),ooo, and
notes to the amount of S-oo,ooo were
pi-iiiteil; only $29,675, apparently, w.is
ever ill circulation. The b.ink sus-
peiiiled on February 23, i^yj, only
!«;i 5,423 of its notes being then out.
II. Ilalkuk, J. ];idred, and Cullen
llrown were appointed receivers.
'I'lie Wayne County Hank, located at
I'lymouth, issued $45,000, with no
money p.aid in. A specie ecrtifieate
was the basis of their operations. A
two-doll;ir bill of this bank, dated
December 3, 1S37, is preserved at
Lansing. J. 1). D.avis was president
and H. F. Mall cashier. The directors
were: Cullen l>rown, C. L. IJristol, C.
Ten ]".yek, T. Lyon, IL A. Xoyes, C.
Harrington, A. Y. ^hlrray, E, Wood-
ruff, and J. 1). Davis. In winding up
its affairs A. W. Duel was appointed
852
BANKS AND CURRENCY.
17, 1837; Thomas Fitziiorakl, January 22, 183.S;
Alplu'us Fflcli, February 2, 1S38; Kiiuzini,'
Pritclictte, February 7, 1S38; Digby \'. Bell, April
22, 1839.
In one of their ol'iicial reports the followin;^- state-
ments appear:
The singular spectacle was presented of the officers of the State
seeking for banks in situations the most inaccessible and remote
from trade, and finding at e\ery step an increase of labor by the
discovery of new and unknown organizations, liefore they could
be arrested til ■ mischief was done. Large issues were in circula-
tion, and there was no adequate remedy for the evil. ( iold and
silver flew about the country with the ceUiity of magic; its
sound was heard in the depths of the forest, yet like the wind
one knew not whence it came or wither it was going. Quantities
of paper were drawn out by individuals who had not a cent in
bank, with no security beyond the verbal understanding that
notes of other banks should be returned at some fu' e time.
Trade was immediately stimulated by the pleni-
tude of the so-called money; the merehants took
the notes eag rly, but sold them day by day, or
deposited them with the older banks. When the
latter sought to have them redeemed, various pre-
tences were used to postpone a settlement; some-
times time drafts on the F'.ast were given, which
were dishonored at maturity. In order to make
some use of the bills, the old b;inks were compilk-d
to loan, and did loan, the bills of the new banks
to persons whose credit could not command real
money. At length the Supreme Court decidetl that
the Hanking Act was unconstitutional. Of course
all obligations under it were therefore void, and, like
the gourd of Jonah, the whole system withered in a
night, and there was wailing and distress all over
the land.
To check these evil results the Legislature pro-
V'ided for the organization of new banks, and the
suspension of specie payments was legalized for a
year. This legislation was repeated from time to
time until 1841, but the millions of "wildcat notes"
were dead beyond the hope of redemption, and
were gathered and ased as linings to packing cases;
the children had them by the peck to play with ; in
some houses, room after room was papered with
sheets of bills that had never been cut apart or
signed. So sudden was the collapse that Mr. Hatch,
a New York engraver, who came to Michigan to
collect his money, lost $20,000 in uncollected bills.
On October 9, 1839, the I'nited States Bank sus-
pended payment. It resumed on January 15, 1840,
and in less than a month, on I"ebruary 4, it again
suspended.
The condition of business during all these ups
and downs is faintly indicated in the following
newspaper item of I-^ebruary, 1841 :
Our local currency Is in a terrible plight at present. Indeed,
' we have no currency at M. One or two merchants refuse to take
the bills of either The Hank of Mieliigan or the I'arniers ami Me-
chanics' liank, wblcli constitute abcjut nine tenths of our entire
circulation, and the result is, business is tlireati nc d willi a ilcad
halt.
So pressing was the need for currency that the
.State followed in the wake of city anil county, and
comjileted the chain of government money by issu-
ing State .scrip. An act of .April 13, 1841, author-
ized the auditor-gencnil to provide treasury notes
or State scrip in deiiominaUons of !J!i.oo, $2.00,
$5.00, and !{!io, to the amount of S335'9'o. These
notes were paid out in anticipation of tiie half-
million loan which was then being negotiated. By
November 30, 1841, §208,702 of this .State scrip
had been issued, and some of the notes continued
in circulation for more than fifteen years.
The following paragrai)h appeared in May, 1841,
in a Detroit daily :
Oin CuuKENcv.— Xo change for the better. P.ank of Michigan
sells at fifty cents on the dollar for specie, and is received by
many of om' merchants at from five to six shillings on the dollar.
Karmers and Mechanics' and .Michigan Insurance notes are in
great demand, but viry little is circulated. State scrip will prob-
al)Iy be issuetl next wei'k.
Such were the exigencies of the time that it was
difficult to obtain moni'y that would be accepted for
ta.xes, and the corporation otlucrs were so often
tempted to retain for their own use the best funds
they collected that by ordinance of January 15,
1842, they were recjuired to pay to the treasurer of
the c'cy the same money collected by them, except-
ing such amount thereof as was tlue them for
salary.
On F\'bruary 8, 1842, the council
Resoh'i'ii, that the superintendent of Hydraulic Works be .and
is hereby instructed not to receive the notes of any of the banks
in the .States of Ohio, Indiana, or Illinois, in i<ayment of water
tax.
The city was finally compelled to receive for
taxes funds that could not be used in other Statca,
and on May 17, 1842, the council
Ktsolvfii, that the Committee on Ways and Means inquire and
report to this Hoard how eight hundred and si.xty dollars in good
funds can be procured to pay for one thousand feet of hose now
contracted for.
This resolution was alternately before the council
and t!ie Committee on Ways and .Means for nearly
six months before the city of Detroit was able to
obtain the sum of $860 in actual money to purchase
apparatus almost essential to its existence. Tliat
the practical financial lesson of the day was not
lost upon the councilmen of that period is evident
from the discrimination matle between funds and
money in the following extract from the proceedings
of June 28:
A'('j('/r'(v/, that the DIrecler t>f tlu^ Poor be authorized to dispose
of such funds as he may ha\*e on hand fur money, and ap|)ropriate
the same for the po<;r.
BANKS AND CURRENCY.
853
cutL-ned with u dead
iiTcncy that the
uicl c-dunty, and
nioncy by issu-
3, 1841, author-
e treasury notes
if !?i.oo, $2.00,
335,910. These
in of the half-
ncyotiatcd. By
tliis State scrip
notes continued
years.
;d in May, 1S41,
. r.ank of Michigan
, and is n;ccisi-d by
illliiv's on tlic dollar,
iiiiauce notes arc in
State scrip will prob-
tinie that it was
! be accepted for
s \\(.'re so often
se the best funds
of January 1 5,
) the treasurer of
by them, except-
is due them for
il
.-draiilic Works be and
s of any of the banks
in iiaynu-nt of water
d to receive for
d in other States,
;ind Means inquire and
,d sixty dollars in good
>,and feet of hose now
before the council
Means for nearly
letroit was able to
noney to purchase
existence. That
the day was not
peri(jd is evident
etween funds and
ini the proceedings
le authorized to dispose
noney, ami appropriate
During 1843 and 1844 the " wildcats " entirely dis-
appeared, the older banks resumed specie payment,
and the notes of various banks in tiic Western
States began to circulate in Detroit; but there was
a constant scarcity of currency, and on Fel^ruary 16,
1857, the Legislature passed a general Hanking
Law. Under this law a few banks of issue were
organized outside of Detroit. None of them, how-
ever, proved either dural)le or c'l^sirable.
We now reach the jianic of 1857. The i)eginning
may be traced to tiie failure, on August 24, of the
Ohio Life and Trust Company, followed on October
14 bv the suspension of the New N'ork banks. Sim-
ultaneously with the failure of the Trust Comjiany
the New York banks refused to discount, and began
to call in loans, and as a result thousands of busi-
ness men all over the land were ruined. The New
York banks resumed within two months, but the evil
of their susjiension was past remedy. Uy the spring of
1858 money was comparatively easy, but the demand
for it was greatly checked, and before business was
fairly re-established, a new trouble had ai-iseii. In
uSfjo tiie political and national crisis foreshadowed for
many years w;is clearly n^ ;tr at hand. At tlu' s.ame
time there was manifested v'-ry general distrust of
Illinois and Wisconsin banks, many of which were
known to be but little better than the banks of 1 837.
During the summer and fall of i860 this distrust
increased, and finally the discount on western money
reached an average of from forty to sixty per cent.
Meetings of business men were hekl from time to
time to decide whether " stump-tail " currency, as it
was called shoukl be received, but no dehnite rate
of discount could be agreed iii'ion, and tlie trouble
increased apace. ICven the dowrnment could not
command bills to meet its obliga.tioiis, rtnd on
December 17, 1S60, the hrst issue of $10,000,000 in
treasurv notes v."as authorized, in bills of tifty dollars
each. l''ifty million more wen; authori/.ed to he
issued by Act of July 17, iHCii.
After the attack on I'\)rt Sumter on April 4, 1S61,
forty-two Wisconsin banks suspended. By this time
it had become evident that a long and serious war
was before us. The coin of the country, which
had a certain and absolute value, began to be gath-
ered and hoarded. Ere long the silver dis.ippeared,
and the noise of dropping coin was no longer heard
on the counter or in the contribution-box. Single
pieces were soon exhibited as a curiosity. In De-
cember, 1861, all the banks suspended, and before
the close of the year thousands of dollars worth of
postage stamps had been bought, and were circu-
lating as change. Sometimes they were enclosed
in a round brass case with mica covering, and pack-
ages in small envelopes, with the value marked,
passed uncounted ami unexamined. So great was
the demand for these sticky substitutes that enough
could not be procured. In the fall of 1862 many
business firms revived the custom of fifty years
before, issuing little pasteboard cards and bills of
various denominations, from live to fifty cents.
Some of these were handsomely engraved. One
citi/en issued !5i24,ooo in scrip or checks. Silver
half-dollars, when they were in circulation at all,
passed for sixty cents, quarters for thirty cents, anti
ten-cent pieces for twelve cents. It looked at one
time as though the old plan of corporation shin-
plasters would ha\e to be revived, and on October
22, 1862, F. Buhl & Company and thirty-eight others
petitioned the Common Council to take immediate
action to relieve the inconvenience resulting from
the scarcity of small change.
Meanwhile the (iovernmcnt was preparing the
" postal currency." It was so called because issued
to take the place of postage stamps as change, and
contained fac-similcs of postal stamps of various
kinds. On October 30 the first instalment was
received at Detroit. At the hoLir designated for
the distribution the office of the depository was
literally besieged. The office, h.ill, doorway, and
even the walk in front, were densely packed with
business men, merchants and clerks, each man
wildly brandishing tlfteen dollars in treasury notes,
that being the largest amount that one person was
allowed to obtain. It was almost at the risk of life
that the happy spot where change was dis]iensed
was reached. The doors were closed, and guarded
by police. Other amounts were received soon after,
and there was no further excuse for tite issues of
private firms. i)n January 6, 1863, the ISoard of
Trade resolved not to receive or pay out such issues,
and after February 1 the (iovernment made pro-
vision for the redemption of soiled postage stamjis,
and thousands of dollars worth were redeemed
at the post-ofliee. The trouble, however, was not
over. No postal currency less than i'we cents in
amount had yet been provided, and the lowest
issue was never less than three cents. The copper
cents had disappeared as thoroughly as the silver
coins, antl thousands of business men all over the
country, iaeluding scores of Detroit firms, s(3(m
issued in copper, brass, and vulcanized rubber,
" liusiness Cards" or "Tokens." They were about
the size and thickness of the newer copper coins,
and circulated freely as change from April, 1863,
for fully a year, and were then, in most instances,
honestly redeemed.
The necessity of a currency to take the place of
the bills of the broken and worthless western banks,
the money needed by the (iovernment to defray the
large expense which the war with the South involved,
and the pressing necessity of a medium of exchange
of some sort, led Congress, by the several Acts of
1861, 1862, and 1863, to provide for the issuing of
854
BANKS AND CURRENXY.
over a thousand million dollars ot k'^al -tender notes,
rcceivalilo for all debts due the (.jovernnient except
custom dues. Those notes were called i^reenbaciss,
because the backs were jirinted in j^reen ink. As
the war ])r<jgresse<l anil prices advanced, tlie actual
purchasinjr power of these notes declined ; the un-
certainly of the result caused ,i,rold and silver to be
more and more sou.tjht after, and coin was hoarded,
and boiiirht and sold on speculation, till at len,i;t!i,
on June ii, 1864, ^old reached the enormous
premium of 2S5 per cent, and its purchasin.^r power
was more than three times that of a .i^overnment
note. Indeed, it was a common occurrence for
a person with $1,000 in irold to obtain, in Can.'ida, a
$3,000 L'nited States bond, drawing;- interest at six
per cent.
Next in order came the Act of I'"ebruary 25,
1863, which provided for the ornaniz.iiion of na-
tional banks, the capital stock of each to be not
less than $100,000 in cities of over 100,000 ]i{rsons,
thirty per ct:nt of the capital to be paid on com-
niencinjr business, and United .States bonds to the
amount of $100,000 to be deposited with the l'nited
States as security for $90,000 in notes prep.,_ d by
the Government and issued to the bank, the banks
to be subject to taxation upon their circulation an<l
deposits. The security these banks have al'fortled
and the savinjj; on the former system of irrespon-
sible banks almost, if not entirely, eciuals the money
cost of the war which brought the system into
being.
The successful termination of the war reduced
the premium on coin and brought i,a)kl and silver
into circulation, and at the same time doubled the
value of the government notes, anil these, with the
issues of the national banks, provided such an
abundance of actual and representative money that
prices of every kind were kept higher than was
warranted by the demand. The large prolits made
by railroads, even idler their original slock luul been
several times watered, and the abundance of cur-
rency at the command of capitalists, causeel excess-
ive expenditures for new railroads, and in the
enthusiasm of the times both city and country voted
large bonuses to aid in building new roads. The
firm of Jay Cooke & Company, widely known
through their success as agents for the large gov-
ernment loans, ciiught the railroad fever and began
the Northern Pacific Road. Meantime there spnnig
up all over the country an organization called the
"Cirangers," composed almost entirely of farmers.
The local societies met from time to time to discuss
matters of interest to them as the jiroducers of the
country. Naturally, they discussed the r;ites of
transportation on their grain as affecting the prices
they received, and when they began to pay the taxes
on bonds voted in aid of the niilroads, there arose
a sjiirit of opposition to the roads. These discus-
sions were magnitled b\' the press, antl the papers
.'ill over the land seemed to vie with e.'ich other in
the sensational chanicter of their "head-lines" con-
cerning the grangers and the r.iilroads. All this
awakened fear as to the value of railroad securities,
and this fear bred a panic. The bonds of the
N(jrthern Pacific did not sell fast enough to meet
the current expenses of construction .and operation.
Jay Cooke tS: Company were compelled to suspend;
the storm-cloud burst, and the panic of 1 873 came.
There was no suspension of specie payments, for
none of the banks had been receiving or paying
specie, and the money in circulation was almost
universally good. It was not loss of money, but
loss of confidence, that begat and fostered the dis-
asters that followed.
To relieve really unfortunate debtors. Congress
passed a Hankrupt Law, which was taken advan-
tage of, not only by the class it was intended to
relieve, but by thousands of dishonest persons who
evaded the payment of just debts that they were
able to \x\y. During the panic the (Greenback Party
was born. It was partially based on the theory that
the national banks had caused the existing trouble
because they charged too much for the use of their
notes, and were obtaining too much interest on the
bonds deposited as security for their bills. The
aim of the party seemed to be to compel the
{government to do away with the national banks
£ind pro\ide a currency f(jr the n.ition by issuing its
own notes. However, under the stimulus of large
crops at home, heavy demands for export, the de-
crease of imports, the development of American
manufactures, and increasing faith in the ability and
willingness of the Government to meet its obliga-
tions, i' s p.inic gradually passed away, and on
Decem.^er 17, 187S, for the first time in many yeans,
gold, greenbacks, and national bank-notes were of
equal purchasing power.
T/if Detroit Bank,
This bank, the first in Detroit, was established in
1S06. On March 27 of that year a petition was
presented to the (iovernor and Judges, signed by
Russell Stiirgis and five other Boston capitalists,
praying for the passage of an Act to permit them
to establish a bank with a capital of §400,000. On
May 27, exactly two months afterward, a bond in
the sum of $15,000 was given by William Flanagan,
also from Boston, for the proper performance by him
of the duties of cashier of the bank, " if the bank
is organizeil." A bill for the incorporation of the
bank was introduced by, and referred to, C Governor
Hull, and on September 19 an Act was passed
incorporating the bank. The charter was to con-
tinue for one hundred and one years, and the capital,
BANKS AND CURRENCY.
^^5;
These (liscus-
aiul llic papers
th racli otluT in
head-lines" con-
Iroads. All this
lilroad sfcuritii's,
le honds of the
enouirh to meet
n and operation,
lelled to suspend;
lie of 1 873 eanie.
ie |-)aynients, for
eivinir or payini^
tion was almost
s of money, but
fostered the dis-
lebtors, Congress
vas taken advan-
was intended to
nest persons who
:s that tliey were
: (ireenbaek I'arty
[)n the theory that
•2 existinij trouble
K the use of their
eh interest on tiie
their bills. The
e to compel the
he national banks
ition by issuinsj; its
stimulus of larsa^e
or export, the de-
lent of Amcriean
1 in the ability and
;o meet its oblisjja-
ed away, and on
me in many years,
ank-notes were of
was established in
.'ar a petition was
Judi^es, signed by
Hoston capitalists,
\ct to permit them
of §400,000. On
terward, a bond in
William Flanagan,
)erformance by him
bank, " if the bank
icorporation of the
erred to, (lovernor
1 Act was passed
larter was to con-
ars, and the capital,
which was not to exceed sf 1,000,000, was divided into
ten thousand shares. The governor was authorized
to subscribe to the stock, but, in the original Act,
no limit was placed to the amount that he might
subscribe. The stock was to be offered to sub-
scribers on Saturday, .September 20, the !iext day after
the bank was incorporated, and subscriptions were
to close in four days, "that is to say, at sunset on
Wednesday, the twenty-f',>urth day of .September."
On (~)ctobcr 2 a lot w.'is bought of the Oovernor
and Judges on the; northwest corner of Jefferson
Avenue and Randolph Street, for §250, payable in
thirty instalments, anti by exchange an adjoining
lot was obt.iined for ^225. On these lots a b.ink
building w;is erecteil by IJenjamin Woodworth. In
size and strength the building must have been a
marvel to the hahitaiis. It was of brick, one story
high and about thiity feet square. In one corner
was a s.ifety vault, with walls of stone, lining of oak,
and do(jr of iron. The door, composed of wiile.
Hat iron bars, held together by cross-pieces tirmly
bolted, was as rude as a country blacksmith could
make it. The lock corresponded with the door in
appearance ; it was sixteen inches long and three
inches thick, with a key a foot long, and weighing a
pound. There was also a large inside bolt moved
by a secret spring.
The following history f)f the bank w.is written at
the time by John Gentle :
In 1S1J5, .1 few days after Ciovcrnor Hull .inil Jiid^'e W'nndw.nrd
arrivi'd, llic writer accidentally stepped into the Legislative Hoard
while the honorahle members were deliberatinj; on the situation
and circumstances of thu Territory, and the measures neeessiiry
fur its futLire elevation. Ju<l),'e Woodward said, " For my part, 1
liavc always considered these territorial fstablishmenls, at be^t,
a most wretched system of government. And the measures
hitherto pursued by former territorial governmints have a!l
proved exeeetlingly defective. We will tlierefore adopt a system
for the government of this new territory that shall bo entirely
novel." (iovern<)r Hull and Jud.L,'c Iiates ga\'fi llu'ir assi-nt by .1
5,'rntlc decline of the bead, and the audience stood amazed at t!ie
» i^dom of their words and l!i.: majesty of their demeanor. C;o\-
ernor Hull then observed, " Ilifnre I left Toston I had but .1 v ly
imperfect idea of this country; but since I arrived Inmiiuito
delightid with it. Gentlemen, tliis is the finest, tlie richest
country in the world. Hut from its remoteniss, it is subject to
many inconveniences wbi<:h it behooves us to emove ns speedily
as possible. And the first oliject which merits the sjiecial atten-
tion of this honorable Hoard is tlio establishmi'nt iif a haul;. Ves,
gentlemen, a bank of discount and deposit will be a fine thing lor
this new territory. Fiefore I left lloston I sjiokc to several of my
friends on tliis subject, and tlu-y were cpiite taken with it, and
even made me promise to allow them to bi: connected with it."
A bank I said I to myself, — a bank of discount and deposit in
Detroit 1 To discount what? Cabb.iges and turnips? To de-
posit what? Pumpkins and potatoes? 'J'liiuks I to niysi If,
'J'liese folks must cTther bi: viry wise men, very great fools, or
very great rogues. .V bank ill Petrolt, whiro the tr.ide is all
traffic and the bills all payable in produce! A Iiaiik in the
bosom of the deserts of Michigan! That will be a novelty
indeed.
Tlie f,>ll,iwing fall Coveruor irnll and Jud^-e Won,1ward
wr'Ml down to f'ongre-is, ami during the winter and spring
they settled the necessary pn liminaries with their I'.osinn frii-nds
for the establishment of the Detroit b.ink. Karly in the summer
of 1S06 (iovernor Hull returned, and about six weeks afterwards
.Mrs. Hull and the rest of the family arrived, escorted by Mr.
rianagan, cashier of the proposed Detroit b.ink. He broiight
along some strong iron doors, and several tons of bar iron to
strengthen the vaults.
.Materials were soon coUeAed, the ( Iovernor sto|)ped bis works,
and all his workmen were employed to e.vpcditi' ihc erection of
the bank.
Nothing was done that summer, ami nothing thought of, but
the bank. Karly in September Judge Woodw.iid and Messrs.
Parker and llroadstreet, both proprietors in the propl^sed bank,
arrived, with $i9,«o in liright guineas of HriLiin's Isle to pay the
first installment of I'oston shares in the Detroit bank ; and tliey
also brought an immense cargo of bank bills, not filled up. The
real capital of the Detroit bank is $j.>,r,oo, §3,o.>.>ol winch has been
expended in building the bank, and in other cimtingent expenses.
The nominal capital is §i,qcki,o<to, divided into ten thousand
shares of %vio each, eight thousand of which were already en-
grossed by the people of Hostim. Towards the last of Septemlier,
while the princi|)al inhabitants of the territory were in town at-
tending the Supreme Court, a subscription of the rem.iining two •
thousand shares was o|)ened for a fi'W bonis only at Smyth's
Hotel, by Parker .ind llroadstreet, who informed ns that u was
not yet decided what the amount of the first installment wnuld
be; but at the same time assured us that it would not be U>s than
twenty-five doll.ars nor more than I'lfty dollars per share. Ileing
uninformed of its object, only ten or twelve sliares weri' lakiii up
at this time. We s;iw no more of the subscription until about
three weeks afterward. In the interim the I,e,v;islature met and
framed .1 charter for the bank ; also a law making it lawful for
Michigan Territory to hold shares in the bank ; and empftwering
(iovernor Hull to ])iirchase ten shares for the Territory of Michi-
gan with money from the territorial treasury, and also making
the Detroit b.ink notes a lawful tender in all p.iynieiits wherein
the Territory was concerned.
The bank being nearly completed, the subscription wasav;aiu
offered, not publicly, as before, but only to a few gentleun n if
spirit and tnterprisi! ; but the first installment whicli, oul\' llin e
weeks before, was not less than twenty-five dollars nor more tluni
fifty dollars, was now reduced to two dollars piT .share ; and
instead of giving every person an opportunity of subscribing,
Messrs. Parker and llroadstred, at one dash, swei>t off for tliein-
selvi'S and friends in I'l ston the fifteen hundred shares whii h
remained aftir satisfying their newconvi-rts in Detroit. When
Parker and llroadstreet opened the subscriiition at Smyth's Hotel
tliey asserted that they did not know what the amount of the
first installment would be, but assured ns that it would not be less
than twenty-live dollars nor more than fifty dollars. They knew
then that they asserted a falsehood ; for they brought just money
enough with them to pay for the I'oston installments at the rale
of two dollars per share. At the same time they were diceiving
the public with fifty-dollar installments to prevent a general con-
necticm. Meanwhile they were busily engaged in sounding the
moral characters of certain individuals whose opposition they
dreaded, whose support w.is indispensably necessary, and whose
virtue, alas ! was too flexible to resist the golden allurements of
the Detroit mint.
Having brought matters to a favorable issue, a meeting of the
founders and their new converts assembled, and appoinli'd Judge
Woodwanl president, and William lianagan, of Iloston, cashier.
Parker and llroadstreet then cnibarkid for Iloston wilh a small
venture of $icj,o.» of Detroit bank notes. The apiie.irance of
the notes excited the riiriosity of the Poslonians, but on inquiring
tlicy were given to understand that they were very.sjife notes, and
that the rich Territory of Michigan was concerned in them.
Agents were also stationed throughout the Northern States, who
disposed of immense quantities of them to the unwary, at from
ten to twenty-five per cent discount. Not long after tb- intro-
duction of the notes In New I'.ngland, the following remark ap-
8^6
BANKS AND CURRENCY.
prarnl ill tlu* iiiistiin Sfiitiiir!, dcvi-Iupiiii; llu' inntiws »if tlu'
Detroit l);iiik, supposed to be the prodiu lion of Mr. l';irker :
" 'I'lic enterprise tlie Detroit llatikliiK C'oinpuiiy have in eoiileni-
()hitioii, of which lliis hank is but a part, involves in it as niu( li
pubhc advuiitajjc as any enterprise tliat ever was undertaken,
viz., the diversion of the vahiahle trade of Canada to the ports of
llustuu and New York," Ves, and peddlinj; Detroit bank nute.s
through the New Kngland States is the very plan to effect that
object. I'',very lover oi sport must admire this i hoice diversion
divertini; the cash from the .Atlantic States into the Detroit
bank. The ne.\t time our bank gentry jjel into a frolicsome
niotid, I will not be the least surprised to see them undertake to
di\*ert the channel of the .yri-at ri\'er St. Lawrence into the
Hudson and Connecticut rivur.s, or to cut the United Slates iu
two by the .MIeiihany Mountains.
I h.ive asserted " that the Detroit Hank is pari of a deep plan
ajjainst the rights and properties of the people of this country."
'I'his remark eNci'ediin;ly enra,;;ed some of tin; stockholders in
tills muck bank, iiarticularly Dr. William Drown, who is a pro-
prietor of fifty shares, worth one hundred dollars. He said thai
the remark was " an arrant falsehood ; that the intention of the
bank is honest ; the prospect of the profits is immense ; that the
Oovernment have no connection with the bank, nor the b.ank
with the scheiiu-s of (.loveriiment." If the pecuniary prospi'cls
of the bankini.; company are so llatteringly immense, it is morally
impossible that their intentions can be so purely lionesl unless
they have discovered in some of the invisible regions an unknown
resort of couimercial intercourse willi invisibles, for all the profits
that can possibly result from their bankinij trade in this country
will not defray one half of the cashier's gambling expenses
unless he is very ei'onomical iiuleed.
The .imount of their paper currency circulating here never,
until very lately, exceeded $j,(oo, and how e\"en th.'it much got
alloat is a mystery, for no person ever deposited money in the
bank, and no person ever borrowed from them, neither do I know
that any notes of hand, bills, or bonds were ever discounted ;
still this docs not altogether invalidate the honest Dr.'s premises.
In the month of March or .April, news came to Detroit that
I'arker and llroadstnet had sold their interest in the Detroit
Hank to a Mr. Dexter, at or near lioston, and it appeared by the
length of their faces that our Detroit pro|>rietors were somewhat
suspicious that their late associates had swindled tluni. Hefore
our mock bankers were entirely recoverid of this shock, a Mr.
I.alimer, of I'resque Isle, arrived and brought on one of the New
Kngland live-dollar Detroit Hank ni>tes, whiili lu- presented at
the bank, but it was refused admitlanee. The week following,
Mr. Conrad Ten Kyck returned from .Albany with .i small cargo
of five hundred dollars' worth of Detroit Bank notes, which he
purchased from one of the agents at or near .Albany at twenty-five
per cent discount, lie made a tender of them at tlu' bank, but
to his great surprise the directors refused to discount them.
The appearance of Ten Kyck with so much of Detroit paper at
first determined the directors to shut the bank. On that occasion
Governor Hull delivered the following very learned oration : " It
is reported there are now in circulation in New Kngland from
$40o,(xxD to $600,000 of Detroit paper money, and I believe it. It
is very strange that I was not informed of it before. I assure
you, gentlemen, I never knew that a single bill of this bank went
down the country. This bank business, I find, is one of the
d.imnodest swindles that was ever heard of ; but (laying his hand
on his breast), thank (lod, I have no band in it 1" Mon Dieu !
What an example of piety and virtue !
For about three weeks the bank gentry assembled daily, no
doubt to deliberate on the propriety or improprii'ty of shutting
up the bank. If they shut the bank on the bills from below, the
report would very soon re.ach Hoston, and put .1 final stop to the
circulation of bills in that (piarter ; on the contrary, if they satis-
fied Ten Kyck, and maintaini'd the credit of the bank a few
months longer, they could easily dispose of five or six hundred
dollars' worth more of their paper, which would amply compen-
sate for Ten Kyck's five hundred dollars. Accordingly, r.fler a
series of consiiUatii>i>s, it a|)pi'ars that the latler proposition pre-
vailed. The cashiir was <Iispatchcd with tidings for '\\:i\ Kyck to
repair to the bank and receive the cash for his notes. 'I'here
were in circulation at that time, in Detroit and its vicinity, $i,7'>o
of the Detroit paper eurrenc y, and the report having gone abroad
that the bank refused to discount its own bills, the peojile
crowded in from all ipiarti-rs with their bills, and without any
difficulty received cash for them, which was more than they
cxiieeted.
Just at this time the following coiiversiilion aceidenlally look
place on the subject of the bank. Mr. S., who was one of the
largest shareholders, said ihat " I'arker and Hroadstreet had acted
a very treacherous pari, and for that reason the directors were
determined not to pay the bills that are in circulation below ;"
but he pledged his woril and honor " that no person in this
country would Ik- suffered to lose a single cent by the bills which
had been circulated here." It was answered, " How will you
evade ]i;iymenl of your own notes ? A'ou can surely be compelli'd
by law to pay llieiii." Mr. S. replied, " \\\: never will p.i\ llnni.
nejther can we be compelled by l.iw to pay them, unless wi-
please." -Mr....S.'s observations are perfectly correct, fur the Ter-
ritory of Michigan holds an interest of ten shares in the bank,
and Congress, not having the fear of Cod before their eyes nor
the interest of the Detroit banking company, at the last session
willfully and maliciously destroyed the charter of the bank ; and
every stockholder is now bound for the hank debts to the full
amount of his foruine (and that is not much). To prove this
let the following copy of one of the new bills be submitted :
" The I'resideiit and Directors of the Detroit Hank promise to
pay out of the capital stock and funds thereof, to or
bearer, on demand, five dollars, and the stockholders jointly and
severally guarantee the payment at their ollice of discuunt and
deposit at Detroit, July the loth, 1S07.
(Signed)
.A. H. \yoonWARii, rrcsicicni.
Wll.I.lAM I'l.AN.XCAN, Cits/l lir."
The Territor)' being a stockholder in\<'K'es:i general interest in
the bank, and the property of every person therein is bound by
these promises for the payment of the Detroit Ilank notes, and
no person, agreeably to the laws of the Umd, being eligible to
serve as judge, or jury, or evidence, in processes wherein his in-
terest is concerned, consecpiently no suits c.ui be instituled in
this Territory for debts due by the Detroit Hank.
The people, through their grand juries, have three diffirent
times remonstrated to the government of this Territory against
the illicit connection with the bank, but their respectful solicita-
tion has been disregarded.
Shortly after the events just narrated, Mr. Di xter, the luw
Hoston proprietor, arrived, and brought another cargo of bank
notes not filled up ; the same, in effect, as the former, but dilTer-
ciilly worded. The bank was again started, on a niw plan, as
they said, but I never could discover any dilTerence, only that
James Henry was appointed president in room of Judge Wood-
ward. Mr. Dexter then embarked with another venture of De-
troit Hank notes, to try his luck in the New Kngland market.
The Detroit bank, since its re-establishment, has done no busi-
ness in this country, in any line, of any kind, that mortal eye
can perceive, yet there are alloat in this town and vicinity not
less than ten or twelve thousand dollars of its notes. The mys-
tery docs not end here. The notes from other banks which arc
sent on here for public purposes are instantly transfigured into
Detroit Hank notes. Thi' Detroit notes which are alloat in this
country have been circulated at full value^ and it is probable
they may be redeemed at full value : if the Directors please.
There are now alloat on the shores of the .Atlantic not less than
fifteen or sixteen hundred thousand dollars in Detroit Hank notes,
which have been circulated at from ten to twenty-fiv.' per <eiil dis-
count. How they will be redeemed is a query for the learni d to
solve. The report of Mr. I.eitch, who lately returned from visit-
ing his friends in New Kngland, partly resolved the foregoing
: latltr iiriipiisition pro-
lidiiigs fur 'I'cii ICyck to
for his riDtrs. 'I'luTc
and its vicinity, ^ij.hi
ort liiivin>j j;(inc abruail
own bills, the juiiiili-
liiUs, anil witlioiit any
I was mure than tluy
ation acciiliMitally took
i., who was iini' of the
il liroailslreit had acted
ison the directors were
in circulation below :"
hat no person in this
cent by the bills which
ivered, " How will yon
ran surely bi' ronipelled
'e never will pay Iheni,
pay them, unless we
:ly correct, for the I er-
en shares in the bank,
1 before their eyes [lor
iny, at the last session
after of the bank ; and
bank debts to the full
much). To prove this
ills be submitted :
Jetroit Hank promise to
reof, to or
;tockholders jointly and
■ oflke of discount and
\yooDWARP, rrcsiihnt.
vesu general interest in
n therein is bound by
elroii Hank notes, and
land, being eligible to
ncesses wherein his in-
s can be insliluleil in
I Sank.
have lliree different
f this 'I'erritory against
heir respectful solicila-
Mr. Pixter, the new
another cargo of bank
the former, but differ-
ted, on a new plan, as
y difference, only that
room of Judgi: Wood-
mother venture of I)c-
w Fngland market,
ment, has done no busi-
• kind, that mortal eye
town and vicinity not
f its notes. The niys-
other banks which are
mliy Iransligureil into
which ari' alloat in this
iluu. and il is probable
o Directors please,
e Atlantic not less than
•s in Detroit Hank notes,
wenty-five per cent dis-
uery for the learned to
ely relumed from visit-
resolved the foregoing
BANKS AND CURRENCY.
857
quiry. He says it was rumored there that the agents of this bank
urre beginning to buy up the lletroit Hank notes at three dollars
for a live dcjllar note. Hut I cpieslion the correctnos of that
rumor. If they intend to redeem their notes at any umler value,
they could, with as much f.icility, depreciate them to one dollar
for a I'lve, or even a. ten dollar note ; thm their profits on the
enterprise would be immense indeed.
I.ale this fall, Mr. R. H. Jones, a mercliaul of lieiroil,
went down to Hoston for a supply of goods; and on his
return brought from Mr. Ucxter, addressed to the Hetrivit
Hank, a package containing one hundred and thirty po\inds
weight of bank notes, not filled up ; and the jirrsident of
the bank has ever since been constantly employed in sign-
ing and lining them up.
'I'hi* New l-'.ngland folks m.ay look out for ;t sleigh-loatl or
so of them this winter. Mr. buns also states that on his
way through the .N'lnv I'.ugland Slates lo and from I'.oston,
not less than live hundred different persons pnpposed to
sell him Detroit Hiank notes. I'rom this it a]ipears there
are a plentiful stock of them =a that quarter. Well, the
net profits arising from the sale of fifteen hundred thousiind
dollars worth of Detroit Hank notes at, say ten per cent
discoinit, on an a\"erage, will amount to — let me see — pre-
cisely $1,350,000 according to my raliulation, and T guess
the New Kngl.ind purses can bear testimony to the correct-
ness of this statement.
Terrifying threats of ruin and destruction are copio'isly
poured forth against the writiT of these |)ublications by
the gentlemen stockholders in this pellucid -'. 'ow, this
niiracidous [ihenomenon in our western world, - ' e Detroit
Hank. Twenty thousand dollars, t'le present deposit, is
luiquestionably no more tlu^n he shadow of a million, the
imaginary capital.
The Directors say that the intentii ns of the banking
company are honest, their views extensive, and their pros-
pects of pecimiary remuneration incalculable, that the
Michigan governmi-nt has no concern in the bank, nor the
bank with the schemes of goveruinent. A few more words
in their ears. If one is really to be hung, it makes no man-
ner of difference whether it be for stealing a grown sheep
or a young lamb.
I'irst,— Ciovernor Hull and Judge Woodward, in the
spring of last year, while they sojourned in the .States, spent
a great deal of time and a great deal of n\(mey, negotiating
with the good people of Hoston and New York, for the
I stablishment of tin: Detroit Hank. Still, the government
have no concern in the bank.
Second,- The C.overnor and Judge Hates accommodated
the bank with two of the most valuable lots in the new-
town, in total disregard of the .\ct of Congress and the in-
terests of the iieople. Still, the government have no concern
in the bank.
Third, - .Mthough Governor Hull was himself living in
an old storehouse, hi- stopped tile building of his own man-
sion, aud sent all his workmen to expedite the erection of
the bank! Still, the government have no concern in the
bank.
Fourth,— Last September Judge Woodward, in his charge
to the Crand Jury, recommendid this infant bank to their
particular i)rotection. Siill, the government have no con-
cern in the bank.
.Seveiuh,~-Tlu' ( lovernor aud Juilges riniove<l oil. ol the streets
forty to lllty feet manr the bank, to maki- it loiiii the corner of
two streets, to the great damage of the principal range of houses
in the new town. Still, the government have no concern in ihe
bank.
I'.ighth,— the (lovcrnor .iiid Judges are proprietors of a few
shares, publicly, and an immeusr number, clandestinely, in tlic
Fifth,— The ('■overnor and Judg
ide a I;
iw incorporat-
ing the Detroit Hank, in utter contempt of a law of t'c
M
o
gress, m
favor of the United States Hank, which says in
pkiin terms " that no other bank shall be established by any future
law of the United States, during the continuation of the corpora-
ted, for which the faith of the United States is
n the
lion
erehy crea
hereby pledged." Still, the g>ivernment have
no concern 1
Detroit Hank. Still, the government have no concern in the
bank.
Ninth,— The (■■overnor and Judges passed a law, making it
lawful for this Territory to become proprietors in the bank.
Still, the government have
Sixth, — Judge Woodwai
government h;i\'e no concern in
I'resideiit of the bank. Still, the
the bank. t,
nncerii in tile liank
Tenth, — The Governor and Judges made a law,
iilhi
)nzing
Governor Hull lo purchase ti,ii share?
the bank, for the Ter-
858
BANKS AND CrURENCY
ritiiry of MicliiKan. Still, tin' j;"^'''''"""'"' liavi' ni' i-niuirii in
the bank.
Eleventh, — CiDvernor Hull did piiriliasc ten shares in tin lii-
troit Hank, fur the 'J'errilory of Michi^;an, « itiiont thi' aiK ii e or
consent of the inhabitants thereof. Stiil, llie >;overnnunt have
no concern in the bank.
Twelfth,- The jieople have often solicited the (lovernor and
Jndtjes, thron>;b the (Irand Jnries, and otherwise, to I'Xonerati'
the Terrilory front its danv'eroiis connection with the bank, but
their respeclfid solicitations are to this day totally disre,uard<cl.
StilJ, the government havi- no concern in the bank.
Thirteenth,- The dovernor and Indies passed a lawniakini;
the Detroit liank notes a lawfnl tender. Still, the ^;overnnient
have no concern in the bank.
Fourteenth, — In the winter of last year, Ciovernor TInll inadi'
a tonr thron>;li the \ew Knjjland States, sounding the praises, as
he went, and jini;lin.i; the tinacconntable riches of Michigan, iji
the listening ears of the astonishid \'anki'es. " Come all to
Michigan ! It is the richest conntry, and the llnist l.ind for rais-
ing pinnpkins in the world," Immediately on his retnrn to De-
troit, he i'.islitnted the bank, and shipped with all possible speed
to New Mni,;land an immense carijo consisting of $163,000 in
Detroit Hank notes, peddling them thnnigh the conntry ever
since, and passing them away on the credit of the imniense
riches of Michigan. And yet the government have no concern
in the bank.
The nows of tlic organization of tiie baiilc finally
reached Washin.tjton, and on Doccnibcr 8 James
Madison, then Secretary of State, wrot' to (lov-
ernor Hull for a copy of the law aiithori/:ing its
orijanization. A.ll of the laws of the Territory were
subject to the ajipnnal of Cont^ress; and on March
3, 1807, they disa|i|in)ved of this Act. The bank,
however, continued to issue its bills, and one dated
February 4, 1 80S. is in the possession of the State
Historical .Society.
In May, 1808, John l\andol|ih said in Con.y;ress
that he understond th.it the troops of the I'nited
States were paid in bills of the r>ank of Detroit,
On September 10, 1808, the (lOvernor aiul Judges
pa.ssed an .Vet on "Crimes and Misdemeanors,"
which made it a penal offence to transact banking
business without authority.
On October 28, 1808, the tJovernor and Judges
Kesoh'edy that the Governor be and he is hereby authorized to
sell and transfer the ten shares in the late Bank of Detroit, which
belongid to the Territory, provided he receives the prncipal and
interest from the time the money was paid.
On December 12 a petition was presented to
them, signed by James Henry, president, William
Flanagan, cashier, and William lirown, director,
praying that the bank be relieved from the opera-
tion of the Act of September 10, and allowed to
continue its business. The petition was referred to
Judge WHtherell. He was too true a patriot to
countenance the bank, and the officers were com-
pelled to close the concern.
The following copy of a letter from Ciovernor
Hull to President Madison, on tile at Washington,
confirms manv of the statements of Mr. ("iciitle:
Dktkoit, 26th May, 1807,
7. MiK/isoH :
Siu,
Heretofore I have uniformly stated to the Government, as my
opinion, that the design of establishing a bank here was laudable
and ealenlateil to promote the public interest. Until \'ery lately
I believed the views of the applicants were pure, ;iiul the inan-
agiinent of the institution would have been such as to have pro-
moted the public interest. Within a few days .1 gentlem,in h.is
arriveil from the State of New York, with five or six thousanil
dollars of tlie liills. They have been presented, and payinent
has been refused.
It is now evident that imtnediately after tht^ charier was granted
by the territorial govi'rnment, bills to the ain<uint of eighty or
one hiuidri'd thousand dollars were issued aiul delivered to Messrs.
I'arker and r.ro.idstre<t, the agints frotn Hoston ; none of these
bills prob;d>ly have returned excepting those brotight by the
gentleman fnnn New \' nV. .Ml the specie paid into the bank
does not c.xcee<l twenty thousand dollars, the principal part of
which was diposited by the agents from Iloston,
Whethir the whole of that was lift I am unable to say. In
addition to the bills sent to Iloston, the bank w.is in the habit of
discounting, until tin- law was disapproved by Congress. Trom
what has taken place I am now induced to believe that the agents
had iinprop('r views in the first instance, and I ermsider the man-
agement of those whi> have had the direction of it as highly
reprehensible. Payment, after these bills were issued, might
have been imtnediately demanded, which could not have been
complied with, I hav<' conversed with some of the Directors on
the sidijcct, and expressed my astonishment at their conduct.
They do not deny the fact of having issued the bills to the agents,
and they make no other answer than this, — that if Congress had
not disajiproved of the law, money would have been sent on, and
the bills would havi' been paid when presented,
.Mthough I am now of the opinion that a small bank, conducted
tin f.iir and proper principles, would be promotive of the public
interest, yet, imder thi' circumstances this has been conducted, I
rejoice Congress has disapproved of the law.
What security was given for the large sum sent to P.oston, I
have not been able to learn. I sincerely hope it will appear to be
sufficient to indemnify the holders of the bills, and that the present
stockhidders will have sufficient integrity faithfully to ap|ily all
their funds to that purpose.
If, Sir, I have committed any error, it was in signing the Act,
which I did not approve in all its parts. It seemed to be the
only one in which we could all agree,
I repeat, Sir, th.it I never have had any other connection with
it, since the establishment, either directly or indirectly, excepting
my subscription for five shares, for which I have paid ten dollars,
Mr. Mcl.ellan of Portland, who married one of my daughters,
wrote me, and requestt'd me to take a large number of those
shares for him ; I balanced for some time, when the subscription
w.as opened, and finally concluded, as I was one of those who
passed the .Vet, that I would have no agency in it, and I have no
knowledge that he or any of my connections have any interest in
it, I have made this statement because it has been suggested
that those who pa.ssed the law were infiuenced by other motives
than those of public interest.
I am, respectfully, your most ob't serv't,
William Hull.
Bank of Mi-higan.
As the little community in Michigan emerged
from the embarrassments entailed by the War of
1812, the neces.sity of a bank of deposit and issue
became apparent. Large expenditures were in pro-
gress in the military department, treaties with the
Indians required the disbursement of moneys in
BANKS AND CURRENCY.
^59
IT, 26th May, 1807.
!• ('■oviTnmrnt, ns my
ink licri' was laiidaljli-
■St. Until vi-ry lati'ly
0 pure, and tlie man-
1 such as til liavc pni-
lays a Ki'ntlfman lias
1 fivi' <ir six thdusand
I'srntid, and payment
lu^ charter was Krantfd
! amdiint i<( eighty nr
nd delivered tii Messrs.
i'.cistiin ; none cif these
those bnniKht liy the
ie paid iiitd the bank
the principal part of
iston.
1111 unable to say. In
Link was in the habit of
d by Consress. From
believe that the agents
nd I consider th(! man-
rection of it as highly
lis were issued, nii.«:ht
1 could not have been
line of tlie Directors on
iient at their conduct,
d the bills to the agents,
— that if Congress had
have been sent on, and
■nted.
a small bank, conducted
promotive of the public
i has been conducted, I
iw.
1 sum sent to Pioston, I
hope it will appear to be
lills, and that the present
y faithfully to apiily all
was in signing the Act,
:s. It seemed to be the
ly other connection with
,• or indirectly, excepting
1 I have paid ten dollars,
led one of my daughters,
I large number of those
e, when the subscription
I was one of those who
ency in it, and I have no
tions have any interest in
se it has been suggested
luenced by other motives
ob't serv't,
William Hull.
'gan.
iSIichigan emerged
ailed by the War of
of deposit and issue
nditures were in pro-
;nt, treaties with the
ment of moneys in
I
Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, and .Michigan, and everv-
thing indicated the necessity of a i)ank. Capitalists
l)L'c,inH' interested, and on Deceniber 19, 1S17, tlie
I Sank of .Michigan was chartcreil, the capital stock
lo i)e $100,000.
On May 12, 1818, the following notice appeared
in the Gai^ctte :
P..\NK. OF MICIIIG.W.
I'looks will be opened for subscription to the Capital Slock of
tlie Uank of Michigan on the first luesday of June next, at
twelve o'clock, noon, at the brick store of .Messrs. Lecuyer A:
Watson, in the cily of ])etroit, and will continue open until two,
for six days, and until the whole stock shall be subscribed, Sun-
day's excepted. Shares $i(xi each, ten dollars on each share to be
paid in .specie at the time subscribed.
Uy order of the Directors.
Sdl.o.MON SlIU.KV.
In response to this notice the following jicrsons
became shareholders: John R. Williams, (k-ncral
Alexander Macomb, Augustus I!. Woothvard, Otis
Fisher, Andrew G. Whitney, James Abbott, William
Woodbridge, Stephen Mack, James .May, Solomon
Sibley, Peter J. Desnoyers, Pienj.imin .Stead, ICben-
ezer S. Sibley, Charles James Lanman, John Ander-
son, De Garmo Jones, John II. I'iatt, Henry J.
Hunt, Harnabas Campau, Joseph Campau, John J.
Deming, Henry B. ISrevoort, William lirown, Cath-
erine Navarre, Sanih Macomb, and Mary Deveau.x.
The sum of !|20,ooo was p.-iid in upon the subscrip-
tions, and seemed cjuite eepial to the needs of the
community.
On June 2, 1S18, the bank organized by the elec-
tion of John R. Williams, Solomon Sibley, William
Brown, Abraham ICdwards, I'hiliji Lecuyer, Stephen
Mack, and Henry J. Hunt as directors. John R.
Williams was chosen president, and James McClos-
key cashier.
The cashier was sent to Ohio and New York to
take lessons in banking, and on January 2, 1S19,
$10,000 capital was deposited, and the bank opened
its doors for business in the same building that had
been occupied by the old Detroit liank. Over $j.oo
was deposited by the public the first day. Inuring
the remainder of the month the deposits varied
from thirty-eight dollars up, e.xcept for five days,
when the cashier was away with sleighing parties
and the doors were locked. He entrusted the key,
however, to his old black servant-woman, and if any
person wanted money and could not wait, she
called upon David Cooper to unlock the door and
get the funds.
The same week that the bank opened, it issued
its first bills. Early in 1S24 Edmimd Dwight, of
lioston, George Bancroft (the historian). Jonathan
Dwight, William Dwight, and Benjamin Day, of
Springfield, M;iss., John and William Ward, of New
Vork, and Henry Dwight, of Genev.a, New York,
established banks at Buffalo, Cleveland, Massilon,
,-ind Monroe, and also purchased the i'.,ink of
.Michigan, whose p.-iid-ii]) capital was reine.sented as
^20,000. They increased it to !j6o,ooo, and the
bank w.is often called the "Hank of the Dwights,"
beeau.se the gentlemen of that name were the chief
stockholders. They invested several millinu dollars
of /'("/a Jhfi' c;ipit;d in their banks, and never bor-
rowed from them. \ Mr. Day came from S|)ring-
field to man.age the Bank of Michigan, but not
being pleased with his position, he returned, and
his pl.ice w.is supplii ' by luirotas 1". Hastings, who
had been teller of llank of Geneva. He had
not l)t:en long in Detroit when he discovered evidence
of something wrong in the cashier's department,
and early in May the old directors were astounded
to find tluit their cashier, from the very beginning of
his career, had been accustomed to help himself to
temporary loans; regular ilividends had been made
every year, and the deficiency made up on examina-
tion days by his borrowing from the special deposits
of the Receiver of the Laml Office. The amouin
.so withdrawn w.as about three fourths of the orig-
inal capital stock, or $1 5,000. Fortunately, the bank
was in the hands of men able to bear this loss.
In February, 1825, V.. I'. Hastings was made
president, and Charles C. Trowbridge cashier, .Mr.
Trowbridge continued in office till .May, 1836, He
resigned in 1835, but remained till the arrival of his
successor, Henry K. Sanger, who came from the
I'tica Branch Bank of Canandaigua. In I'ebruary,
1839, Mr. Trowbridge succeeded .Mr. Hastings as
president, and continued to serve until the bank
suspended on October 28 of the same year.
In the meantime, on Febru.ary 25, 1831, the
charter of the bank was extended for twenty-five
years, and the same year the bank built the stone
building on the south sitle of Jefferson Avenue,
near Woodward, afterwards occupied by the State
Bank and Bank of St. Clair. Five years later, dur-
ing the Hush times of 1836, the bank built its second
buikling, on the southwest corner of Jefferson Ave-
nue .and Griswold Street, now occupied by the First
National Bank. It is built of shell limestone, and
the stones show many beautiful petrifactions; in
olden times the building was oiled yearly, and they
were very noticeable. When the Bank of Michigan
failed, the building, on December 12, 1842, was sold
at auction to the I'nited States, for $32,000, and
was used as a court-house and post-office.
An Act of March 7, 1834, authorized the Bank
of -Michigan to establish a branch at Bronson, and
increased the capital stock to $350,000. The branch
was to be managed by seven directors, who were
to live west of the i)rincipal meridian. It went into
operation, and continued until 1837. From 1825
and onward, owing to the tide of immigration from
the Eastern States, commerce was invigorated ;
86o
liANKS AM) CfRUENCY.
I'lrije sums of iiioiu'y wi^re broiii^lit into llu; Terri-
tory, aiul used in tiie purchase and cicarinij of
lands. Tills banlc partoolc of tlie benefits of the
new era, and its capita! was steadily increased
until it readied half a million of dollars.
Its operations were .so successful that in the
autumn of 1.S35 an investi^atinsj^ committee
of sh.'ireliolders j)ronounce(l it able to pay all
its del)ts and return its capital stock within
three months. I'p to that time, except by
the one cashier, it had suffered no losses.
Its shares stood at forty per cent premium.
Its notes circulated as far as New Orleans
and were redeemed at aijencies in Cincinnati,
Buffalo, ( leneva, and \ew York. The direc-
tors diirin.c;' this periotl were I".. I', llastinirs,
Peter J. Desnoyers, James Abbott, Darius
I.amson, Dedarmo Jones, )>. F. Larned, and
Robert Stewart.
Finally the crisis of I1S37 and 1S38 came
on, and in order to sustain the bank, the
eastern shareholdirs added to their $300,000
already invested §400,000 more, which sum,
with the §ioo,oo<j belon,v;ini; to Michigan
sh.archoldiTs, and §175,000 of surjilus profit,
was sup|)osed to be sul'licient to mci't all con-
tinv;en<'it's. All was im;i\'ailinif, .and a nieet-
ini.,'- of the directors to consider the situation
was held on Monday, Janu.ary 10, 1S42, at
II A.M. There were present C. C. Trow-
bridye, 1'. J. Desnoyers, De ('■. Jones, James
Abbott, and Darius I.amson, and the fol-
lowing preamble and rescjlutions were read
and adopted :
Whereas, llicn; is riascm to suppose tliat tlic allcrn.a-
tivc is aI)out to l)i' prt'scnti-d to tliis l)aiik of allo\vin.ij
its affairs to ;.;<i Into llio hands of a irccivcr (a nu'asnre
wliii'h in tile o])lnion of tliis lioaril would he ruinous alike
to the interttsts of ereditors ,'uul stoekholders), or of as-
si>,'"injs' the iissels, or a part thereof, to 'I'rtislees who
ni.iy, with the aiil of the IJo.ird, eollcet ;ind dispose of
the same for the henelit of all conciTned ; therefore, be it
A'esoh'ei/, that (,'harles C. Trowhrid.vje, Robert Stuart,
and John Owen be nominated as 't'rnstees.
Mr. Trowbridge became the acting trustee,
and tlie business was finally closed up, in
1844, by Shul.>acl Conan", receiver, the as-
signment having been judicially set aside on
account of its mandatory provisions.
T//t' I'armcrs and Afrc/iniins' Bank.
This bank was chartered November 5,
18,19, with a capital "^ ^loo.ooo. Its direc-
ors were Levi Cook, John R. Willi.am.s, Orville
Cook, Henry \'. Disbrow, John Hale, Elliott (">ray,
Ttmis .S.Wendell, Daniel Thur.ston, and Henry .San-
derson. The subscriptions to its stock were com-
pleted on March 1, r^30. On June 7 the follow-
ing directors were elected: J. Hiddle, E. Johnson,
H. \'. Disbrow, M. F. Johnson, O. Cook, W. Smith,
T. S. Knapp, R. Hilliard, and H. H. Sizer. Its bills
were in circulation as early as June 23,
On March 7, 1834, the bank was authorized to
luiu' 7 the follow-
5iil(lle, E. Jolmson,
J. Cook, \V. Smith,
Jk::
m
p.l>.».
'Jyv
w^
H. TI. Sizer. Its bills
i June 23,
Ilk was authorized to
BANKS AX I) CI KKKNCV.
8(') I
increase its cnpital several hundred thou-
sand dollars and to establish a branch at
lierrien, to be governed i)y seven tiirectors,
who were reciuired to live in the western
half of the State. Under this Act a bnincii
was established at St. Joseph, with 'I'honias
Filzyeraid as cashier. An a.tfency at Niles
was providi'd for by Act of March .S, 1X43,
and continued till the summer of 1S52.
after which time all the interests of the
bank were concentrated at Detroit. 'I'lie
bank did not lon!.,^ remain under the man-
.-r^iinent of the ori.ninal dirccl( rs, l)ut
passi'd into the care of several i^cnllemm
from the Stale of New York, who had
been attracted to Michigan by the active
and promisin;^ business of the 'J'erritory.
I'rom the commencement of business
under its new owners until 1836 its oper-
ations were larne .and very renuiner;iti\e,
and ill connection with the ISank of Micii-
ii.,^an it wiekled a powerful inlluence.
These were the only banks of importance
from lUilTali) to the Mississippi. '1 hey
furnished the ,i^reater part of the ciu'rency
for the businc'ss of the entire West, and
served .also as tiie .almoners of the public
bounty in tlie s.ame Territory. The busi-
ness of the two banks was enormous, and
up to 1837 tlieir protils WLTe very lar.i^e.
The tlivick'iid of tile Farmers .and Me-
chanics' r.ank alone for the ye.ar 1836 w;is
thirty per cent on ;i c.apit.al of $400,000.
Its stock ;it liiat time was so lii^h ih.at
one of its e.astern stockholders sold his
shares in the Ctic.a iK; .Scheiieci.ady Canal
lioat Company, which one year paid liim
a dividiMul of si'venty per cent, and in-
vested tiie proceeds in the stock of this
i)ank; imforiim.ately it proved to be a per-
manent investment, as the l.ist dividend
nf the b.ank w.as the l;u;i;e one of 1836.
I'our of the eastern siocklioklers invested
ilieir share of that larye dividend in tiie
purchase of real estate on Jefferson Ave-
nue, from Cass to Wayne Streets. It re-
mained on their hands for fifteen ye.ars,
;iiid did not by any means prove a for-
tunate venture. The panic of 1S37 came,
and all the Detroit banks were compelled
to suspend, and on October 28, 1S39, the
I'armers and Mechanics' Bank again sus-
pended.
In July, 1S45, the bank was revived. A
'•all was made for $■ 50,000 on the capital
stock, the value of the bills beg.an to rise,
and, on July 18, they were received at
862
HANKS AND Ll KKI.NCV.
par by llic Midii^jan liisiiraiicc Hank. 'I'lir li.mk
was not, li()\\'c\cr, alilr to redeem its nniis in
(•din, ,111(1 (111 ;\u,:<ii'-t 5, 1<S45, L'ii.'ineellnr M.m-
iiiiiv;, .il tlie instigation of friends of the l)ank,
j'ranted ;i luTiinptory injunction n.v^aiiisl it, on the
.vjroiind tiiat tiurc was (kniijiT of an cxcessivi; issue
of its notes. This relieved tiie hank from payin,i(
coin for its notes i)y pi'eventin.v; it from doin,i^ any
kind of business. 'I'iie injimelion was dissolved in
NovemhiT foliowinvf, and meantime its jirineipal
odiccrs liad l)een eli.inisjed .ind it uas.ai^ain in a con-
dition to nsume, which it did on Novemix r 15. In
thosi' (l;iys the. directoi's rarely nut; all the p.aper
w;is discounted by the easiiier, with the occasion.il
assistance of one director, 'riii: cashier had to col-
k'ct notes ;uid discoin:! p;i])er, t;ikin'< real (.•state, or
bonds ;m(l mortL;;iv;(s, when noiliim;- t'Ise could l)cr
ol)t;iiiied. I \v h;id also to sell the re;il estate, collect
the jjonds and morti;aj.;es, secure ;ill lh(^ deposits lie
could, m;ike .-is m.uiy friends fo|- the l);ink as jjos-
sible, conciliate the brokers, .and be re.ady for any
mid ;ill enur:;cncies. Durin;.;- the winter of 1.S47-41S
the b;iiiks did more discountiii,;j afttu' closins;' tli;ui
duriii;; the whole day. .\t that time there were
neither boats nor r;iili'o,i(ls in the winter. 'I'he
Hour-buyers li.id ro(tnis, called the Corn M.\cliani.;c,
in the Sheldon ISIock. The m;iil lhrou,;;h Cui.-ida
was two and a half d;iys in comimc, ■'^"'1 'I'*' ""'-
arrive until 6 r. .M. l-lvery steamer that, came in
from kairoiie niised the price of flour ; these a(K-;inces
were at once made known to the buyers, who, as
agents for l;iri;e New N'ork houses, were cav;er to
overre.'ich e.ich other in i^cttini;' money into the
country to make purchases. They would llock to
the banks for discounts of from $5,000 to $2o,(XX)
at a time, .i;i\^in.v,^ dr.ifts on their houses in New \'ork,
at ten, llfteeii, and twenty days' si^ht. In this w;iy
the bank would discount from §5,000 to §50,000 in
an evening;-. Millions of dollars were thus dis-
coinited, all of which w;(S created capital, and nearly
all redeemed by New York e.\clianv;e. Compara-
ti\ely little coin w.'is used.
I>y Act of M.arch 24, i.S4(;,tlie ch.M-ter of the bank
was extended for twenty years on cert.iin conditions,
which were acceded to by the stockholders on Sep-
tember 2(j of tli(j .same year. In July, 1S65, the
bank bewail to ri'tire ,ind destroy its notes |ire]iara-
tory to j^oiniLr out of business, and in i>S6<j, after pay-
ini( .all its delns and redeemint;- all bills presented,
its aff.iirs were closed. It commenced business in
Lamson"s Ikliklin,l,^ and in the fall of 1832 tirst oc-
cupied its own building, built of Erie stone, on the
south side of Jerfers(;n Avenue, l)etween (Iriswold
and Shelby Streets. In 1854 this buildinir was sold
to one of its stockholders f(jr $8,000, to reimburse
him for advances, and the bank removed to the next
store below. In February, 1857, the store on the
southwest corner of Jefferson .uid \\'(JO(lw;ir(l A\c-
niies w;is litted up for the use of the b.ink. l''rom
here the otlice'; Were lUoved to the lipi)er story of
Merrill lilock, and then to the oHice of the .\meri-
c;m National U.uik, where its aff.iirs were s( ttled.
The followin;^' persons served as |)rcsi(leuts .'uul
cashiers diu'in^r the years named: I'residt'iits: |82(^-
1838, John I'.iddle; i8;,S-i845, Levi Cook; 1845,
C!h;irles Seymour; 1846-1851, Ch.u'les Ilow.ard;
1851, S. I'larstow; 1852, !•;. C l-itchlield; 1853-
|85,S, ( iiiy I'oote; 1858-18^13, L, M. M;ison, Cash-
iers: i82i> to ( >ctol)er, 1831, 11. II, Si/er; 1831, II.
K. .\\(ry; 183', 1845, John .\. Wells; 1845-1851,
I'.. ('. I.itelitield; 1851. P. I,. C.recn; 1852-1857, J.
(-'.W.Seymour; 1857-1862, C. -M. Davison; 1862,
W. I). Morton.
Mir/iii^iin Jitsiiraiiti' Conif^anv and iWilimuil
/nsiirivirr lltuik.
This corpor.ition w;is chartered on .M.irch 7,
1834, ;is the Mi(hi;^;m Insurance Company, but with
powci's which were deemed suHic^ient to enable il
to carry on a bankinv,^ business. In fact, it never
trans;icti'd any insuranci^ business, and was not
or;.;;nii/ed for business of .any kind until J.niuary
15, 1838. Stock h;i\in,v( been then subscrib(.^d, the
l);mk o|iene(l for business on J;iiiu;iry 24. Some
doubts Were I'.xpresscd ;is to whether b.ankinij busi-
ness could be lei;ally can'ied on under its chartei',
and the ([Uestion w.-is submitlt^d to C.overnor W'ood-
bridii^i', who t^axc .'i f,'i\'or,il)le opinion. In 1848 it was
a.!;;iiii intimated lli.it the rii^iit of the comp;iny to
tnins;ict bankiii:^' biisint^ss would be contested. The
lioard of Directors therefore .applied to the l.i'j^is-
lature to so amend the charter as to confer full
baiikin;^ pri\-ile,i^'es, and in i84(^ ;i new ch;irter, with
full b.iiikin!.;' powers, w.is nf.'inted. When tlrsl
orv;ani/.ed, §25,000 were p.iid in, and James iXblxjtl
was elected president, and II. II. r>rown cashiei-.
In 1844 Doiii^lass Ilou!L;liton w;is president and 11.
II. Ilrowii e.ishier. In 1845 Mr. Houghton died,
and John Owen was ilected president, ;ind con-
tinued to serve until the corpor;ition ceased. In
1848 Mr. ISrown was succeeded, as cashier, by II.
I.. l.ansiniL(; on June i, 1850, he w,is followed by
1 1. K. Sanm'r, and he in tiu'ii, after .September, 1863,
by W.alter Iiii^crsoll, who continuetl till the b.iiik
ceasetl.
At the lime of the first ori4;ini/.ation the com|);iny
occupied ;in oriice in a little buildinif ne.ar the
okl Sheldon Ijlock, at the northeast corner of Jeffer-
son Avenue and Shelby Street. It next moved to
the southeast corner of Criswold Street and Jefferson
Avenue, and from there, about 1855, to the bank
buildinv^ on the southwest corner of Jefferson Ave-
nue and (iriswold Street.
Durini,' the panic of 1857 it aided the Peninsular
\\'ci(mIw,ii(1 Avc-
llii' bank. I'lom
tlic iipiHT sUiry <il
lici: (if tlu' Aiiicri-
irs wrri' sctllid.
as i)rc>i(lciils riiul
I'rcsidciits; 1.SJ9-
l.i\i L'licik ; 1S45,
Cliaiirs Howard;
l.itrhliild; 1.S53
M. Masnu. Casli-
11. Si/iM-; 1831, 11.
Wells; 1.S45-1.S51,
•cii; 1.S32-1857, J.
\1. 1 )a\is()n; iSfJ2,
1' lUu! Xdtiinuil
k.
ri;(l on March 7,
Company, but w iili
Ik'ii'iit to cnabk' il
111 fact, it never
less, and \\as not
kind nniil January
hen sul)scril)c-(l, the
[aniiary 24. Sonic
i-lluT b.Mikim;' bnsi-
n uiiiler its charter,
to ( 'lovernor W'ood-
iiioii. In i<S4S it \\;is
of the company to
1 be <diili'Ste(l. 'I'lu'
)plied to the l.eiL;is-
•r as to coiUer full
;i iH-\v ch.arter, with
uited. When tirst
, and J.aiiK'S .Abbott
1 1. llrown cashier,
s presitlent and 11.
,Ir. Houv;hton died,
jjresidi'iU, and con-
oration ceased. In
(1, as cashier, by 1 1.
lie was foljowi'd by
:er September, 1863,
inucd till the bank
ization the company
buildinir near the
jast c(jriier of Jeffer-
It next movi'd to
1 Street and Jelfi'tsoii
t 1855, to the bank
er of Jefferson Ave-
lided the Peninsular
IJANKS \\\) LTKRKNCY.
863
and llie Farmers and Mecli.-mics' li.mks, but could
not s.ive them from suspension. |;y indncinj^' its
own customers to accept dr.ilis iiisie.id
of ,v;o!(l, by the aid of di'positors, ;iiid on
account of the urctt personal conlidence
that .-ill had in John Owen, the b.-ink
was eii.ibled to coiitiiHH' business all
throiixh the panic, without suspension,
;iiid vi'ry soon depositors canie in with
j;i)l(l in such (|ii.intities that it was
shipped to ,'uid sold in New ^'ork. When
the ch.irltr i-.\pire(l in i8C)u, ;ircori;;ini/;i-
tion w.is i:ffi(ted under the ( ieiieral
li.uikin;^' l.;iw of Michigan, and the capi-
tal inercised to $200,000.
On June 25, 18C15, li;ivinir been ori^an-
i/ed as a nation.il bank, it idininenced
business uiulir ilie ii.uiie (jf X.ational In-
sur.ince Hank; four years lali'r it was
discontinued, some of tlii' old directors
taking- .stock in the new First National
Hank,
Ah'c/i/i^an Sfa/r J<\nik.
This bank was incorporated on March
26, 1835, with a capital of Sioo.cwo, and
jiower to increase the ■•uiioiint. 'I'he
directors named in the Act were John R.
Willi.iins, John Hale, Robert McMillan,
lulward t". Matthews, llllis Doty, liar-
nabas (. .impau, Abram S. Schoolcraft,
Culleii lln.wn, a 1 Jolin Truax. The
bap.k or.^Miii/.cd with a capital of $500,000,
;ind commenced bLisiness on the north
side of Jefferson Awiuie, between Wood-
ward .\\-i'nue and ) Sates Sii-et't, with F.
11. .Stevens as presiduit, and John Nor-
ton, Jr., as cashier. One day in the
week, Weilnesday, was designated as
discount d.ay.
In 1837 the bank bou,i,dit the building
on the south side of Jefferson Avenue,
which had been occupied by the Dank
uf Micliii,;;in.
On February 25, 1839, the bank sas-
jjeiuled. ('ieori,fe F. Porter was made
the assii^neo.
On April 2, 1839, the Legislature
autiiorized the organization of a bank to
be called The State P>;mk of Michigan,
with a capital of two millions of dollars,
.and the right to increase it to five mil-
uons, one half to be owned by the Slate.
The Act was the result of m.my confer-
ences with the eastern shareholders of
the Hank of Michigan and the Farmers
Mechanics' liank, and it contemplated their ab-
sorption ,-ind the infusion of fresh capit.il. Seven
branches were to be cslablislicd, each to be reprc-
I
•A
H
O
v.
and
sented by one director, and the State was to have
seven directors iidditional. Fvery contingency was
804
HANKS AM) CUKRKNCV.
imriiilid to Ik! provided for by tin- i'i.!>;lity-srvi'ii scc-
lioMS of tin: Ai't. 'I'lic siiri:iNS of tlic Slato lliiiik
of liuli.ina Miimilatt'd tlic proiuolioii of tlic srlu'iuc,
but tlic tiiiU! was uiifavorahli.'. The sliriiika,i,'i: in
valiK's and ail coiisecinent evils Icept iiureasiiii^ up
to and l)eyoiid tin; year 1840, and as the Act of
Aj)nl. 1839, eoiilaiiied a provision that if the bank
was not orirani/ed l)efore Fel)ruary, 1.S40, its eharter
siioukl be null and voiii, those interesteil were com-
pelled to abandon the effort to obtain the necessary
capital, and the plan failed. Durinv,^ all this time
the affairs of the original Michii^an State Hank
were beinj,' cared for by the assij,;nee, anil on April
2, 1841, the bank took the pul)lic by surprise, and
saved its charter by '.'ayiniL- i^old and silver for all
bills presented. By 1S44 the bank IkuI |).iid all its
Dkiuuit Samm.s Dank l!i iijum.
Nurtliiast corner of Griswold and Lurncd Streets.
debts, and had twenty per cent left of its original
capital.
In 1845 II. P. Baldwin, Zachariah Chandler,
I'"ranklin Moore, Henry Ledyartl, C. II. Buhl, F.
lUihl, C. C. Trowbridge, James F. Joy, and George
F. I'orter, of Detroit, and John L. Schoolcraft, of
Albany, New York, formed a coiporation, bought
up the stock, and started the bank anew. The
capital was f i 50,000. C. C. Trowbridge was electt'd
president, and A. II. Adams cashier. So well was
the bank managed that it returned dividends of ten
per cent per annum, antl when its charter expired.
in 1855, the capit.il stock with a surplus of thirteen
per cent was di\ idcd .unong its shareholders.
lUntL- of SI. Clair.
This bank w.as chartered on M;irch 2S, 1836, with
a c.ipital of Sjjo.ixx), .and was located in the village
of I'almi'r, St. Clair Comity, with John Cl.irk as
president, and W. 'I'ruesdail as cashier. In 1842
Jesse Smith became president, and the i.egisl.iture
authorized the bank to remove to Detroit. The I'lrst
meeting of the directors here w,is held on July 7.
The bank occupied the buildmg on JilTrrson Ave-
nue, between Woodward Avenue and Bates Street,
which had been iisctl by the Miiingan State B.uik.
A. S. Williams succeeded Jesse Smith in 1S4.2, .ind
in 1845 Levi Cook was president and W. Truesdail
cishiri-, ,ind in this ycir
the bank faili-d.
Ditroit Sa-i'iii;^s JUuih.
This institution was
incorporalitl by the Leg-
islature on March 5, 1849,
and hrst opened for busi-
ness in May of that year,
imder the n.inie of the
Detroit Savings I''iuul
Institute. The oflicers
were: President, I'.lon
I'arnsworth ; vice-presi-
dent, 11. N. Walker ; tru.s-
tees, I'^ Farnsworth, 7..
Pitcher, S. Conant, J.
Palmer, IF. N. Walker,
D. Smart, J. A. Hicks, .S.
Lewis, L. Cook, C. M.
Rich, B. B. Kercheval.
Its tlrst place of business
was on the northeast cor-
ner of Woodbridge .and
Criswold Streets. It
then moved to the west
side of Woodward Ave-
nue, next to Cieorge Kir-
bv's leather store, then to
liuill in 187J,
Griswold Street in the Waterman Block, opposite
the post-office, and on January i, 1879, it first occu-
pied its |)resent quarters on the northeast corner of
Griswold and Larned Streets. It began without
any capital, but in July, 1871, when its name was
changed to Detroit Savings P>ank, $200,000 of capi-
tal was investeil, and the stockholders are personally
holden for $200,000 additional. At first the bank
was kept open only on Mondays, Wednesd.iys, and
Fridays, but now it is open .all wcek-d.ays. Deposits
as low as one dollar .are t.'iken, but interest is not
allowed on amounts of less than five dollars. A
HANKS AM) LL RRKNCV.
I'pliis of tliirtcen
lahoUkis.
n !i 2S, i.S3f), with
lUil ill tin; villagv
li Jnlin Clark as
■;isliiii-. in l<S42
1(1 ihc iA'i;islaliiri;
)clr()it. Tlu' first
s lu'ld nil July 7.
Ill Jillirsoii Avi;-
aiul Hates Sirrct,
iii;<aii Stale liaiik.
.mitli ill iiS42, and
and \V. 'rnirsdail
•, and in this year
Ilk failed.
7 S,n'//ij^s Juiiik.
\ institution was
oratid i)ytlK' I.ei;-
iMiiiManhs, 1849,
•St opcnetl for biisi-
1 May of tliatycar,
the name of tiie
it Savini^s Fund
lie. 'I'lie oflieers
President, I'llmi
worth ; viee-presi-
I. N.Walker ;triis-
B. Farnsworih, '/..
:r. S. Coiiant, J.
r, 11. X. Walker,
lart, J. A. Ilieks, S.
f, L. Cook, C. M.
15. li. Kereheval.
St ijlat-eof business
nllie northeast cor-
f Woodbridvje and
(lid Streets. It
moved to the west
if Woodward Ave-
lext to (ieorije Kir-
ealher store, then to
lan Block, opposite
, I >S7(), it first occu-
norlheast corner of
It be,i;an without
vlien its name was
k, $200,000 of capi-
Iders arc personally
At first the bank
,, Wednesdays, and
cck-days. Deposits
but interest is not
in five dollars. A
!
noteworthy and remarkable feature of
the care with which liie biisiiicss has been
coiidiictcd, is the fact that in 1881 all of
the deposit books i.ssiied by the bank,
from No. I to No. 31,000, were in its
po.s.session, and c.irefully i^reserved as a
record of the p.'ist. The total luimberof
books issued by the bank up to .May,
1SS3, was 45,287.
There was no rcjT^iilar rnshier up to
J.iniiary, 1855, at whi( h time A. II. Ad-
ams was apjiointed ; after 1879 and up to
1882 he .served as president .'ind cashier.
Ill 1882 K. C. I'.ownian became cashier.
The directors in 1884 are: C. Ilendrie,
Cicortfc Jerome, P. I'cixuson, I'. 15. Sib-
Icy. James .McMillan. W. K. Muir, Alex-
ander Chapoton, James K. ritlman, and
S. n. Miller.
Peninsular Hank.
This bank was chartered on March
28, i84(;, with a capital of .ij! 100,000.
'I'he followinj^ <-orporators were named
in the Act: Ch.arles Howard. William
lirewster, (kirdoii Willi.ams, lienjamin
15. Kereheval, Henry !'. I5ridj;e, 1).
Bethune l)ul field, J.uncs A. Armstroni,',
and Henry II. lirown.
The corporators first met on April 5,
1849, The first meeting of stockhold-
ers was held on October 19, 1849. Charles
Howard was elected president, and II.
II lir(}wn cashier, and on October 22
the bank was opened in a buildinij just
west of the Farmers and Mechanics'
bank, on Jefferson Avenue. The bank
(lid a very profitable business for several
years, paying semi-annual dividends of
live per.ceiit, and on August I, 1853, an
extra dividend of twenty per cent. The
(lirictors then voteil to increase the cap-
ital stock $100,000. In July, 1854, they
moved into the Farmers and Mechanics'
Iiank ISuilding, which they bought for
Si 2.000. On April 28, 1 8 56, the capital
stock was increased to §350,000, and in
.\iigust an extra dividend of twenty-five
per cent from sur[)lus profits was divided
among the stockholders. After this the
tide set in the other direction, and losses
iiuiltiplied. The panic of 1S57 came,
and on October i the president notified
the directors of the suspension of the
bank, by reason of an injunction from the attorney-
;<eneral because tlu: si'curities were imt deemed
sufficient to protect the bill-holders.
■1
111
a.
The business of the bank was then placed in tlie
luiiids of an Executive Committee consisting of four
of the directors, and on October 21, 1S57, H, O.
866
BANKS Ax\D CURRENCY.
Moss was ulLTtcil prcsidciU, and S. M?d-
i)ury cashier. On DfceinlKT ly llic storlc-
liolilers were invited by circular to loan tiie
bank twenty-t'ivc per cent of tlic value of
tlieir slock, anil with the anioiuit thus ob-
taineil the bank resiuiied on l"ei)ruary 15,
1S58. On Jinie 8, 1859, (]eori,'-e K. Johnson
was elected president, ami on June 10 II.
H. lirown ayain became cashier, but re-
mained only a short time. C. M. iXavison
W.as elected cashier on October 21, 1859,
but declined to serve. On February 2, i860,
Daniel Hall w.is elected president, and E.
Wendell cashier; ;.i)d on August 9, i860,
H. P. I'ullin;^ became president. The cap-
ital of the bank havinij been larj^ely lost by
bad debts, on .M.irch 7, 1S61, the i.ciL^islature
at the re(iucst of the stockholders, author-
ized the reduction of the .stock to §106,600.
On June 15 followin.^-, Mr. Wendell resigned
as cashier, and on July 11 M. E. Dow was
made his siu'cessor.
After the p.issai^e of the National Hank-
in,^- Law no bankiny business of any amount
was done, and the affairs of the bank were
closed up in 1870, four years before the
charter exi)ireil.
The bills were redeemed in full, and the
stockholders received about twenty per cent
for their stock.
S/ti/r liaitlc of Michli^an.
This li.ink was organized on l-ebrnary
I, 1857, with a capital of $50,000. it was
locateil on the southeast corner of Jefferson
.\vcnue and Clriswold Street. L, E. Clark,
the first president, was succeeded, in the
fall of 1S60, by S. Medbury ; on May i,
1 86 1, he resigned, and was succeeded by
S. P. ]?rady. The tirst cashier was T. P.
Hall. lie resigned .August i, 1861, and
was followed by Emory Wendell. In De-
cember, 1864, the ollicers jiurchased the
charter of the First National P>ank, and the
State liank was then discontinued, its own-
ers merging their interests in the First
National Hank.
hirst National /uvd\
This bank was originally org.ini/.ed ;il-
most entirely through the elTcrts of Philo
Parsons. The preliminary meeting for the
organization was held on June 21, 1863.
The first meeting of stockholders was on August
5, 1863, and articles of association, by-laws, etc.,
were then adopted. On September 2, the follow-
ing directors were chosen: Philo Parsons, W. M.
c
y.
I
?.
c
Johnson, John Hutchins, M. I. Mill-,, John James,
r.. G. Merrick, M. H. Kean, J. N. Ford, and John
Ilosmer. On Mond.iy, November 16, 1863, the
bank opened for business, succeeding the bank-
HANKS AND CURKKN'CY.
867
%
m
Rv!^^^ "'•":■'■:•;■;.
^
'Mi.
. Mills, John James.
N. Ford, and John
nihcr \(\ 1863. the
.iccceding the bank-
in,i;- linn of Parsons i.\: JMshir, in tluir old office in
the soiilii coriu'r of liic Koiiinda lluiidinv;- on (Iris-
wold SuvlI. In DccrinlKr ihf charter was ])ur-
chasfd i)y thu officers of the State Hank uf .Michii;an.
On January 1, 1865, the bank was reorganized and
moved to the southeast corner of Jefferson Avenue
and (Iriswold Strecl. On March 1, iSdy, it was
moved to the op[)osite side of (iriswold Street, in
the (jld liank of Michigan hiiiklinv;. In i.SSi the
capital was §500,000.
'I"he ollicers have been : i'residi'nts, I'hilo I'ar-
soiis. til! December 27, 1.S64.; S. I'. i;ratly, from
Dei-einber 27, 1864, to J.imiary 14, 18O8; after this
last date, Jacob S. I'ar-
ranil. Cashiers, I'hilo
['arsons, till Sc|)tembcr
16, 1 863; 11. C. Kibbee,
from Sejiti'mber 16, 1863,
till September 30, 1864;
S. K. I'ittman, imlil De-
cember 29, 1864; and then
Kmory Wendell.
Owin;^^ to the fact that
the charter was soon tcj
expire, aiul in onUr to
I'iosc lip the business of the
original corporation prepa-
ratory to organizing anew.
the bank bnilding was
offered for sale at pnblic
auction on April 24, 1882,
and was bonglit for the
stockholders of a iiewcor-
poratitjn at $76,000. On
June 19, 1882, the bank
began business under its
new charter, with ;i c,i|)-
ital of $500,000, and the
following directors : J. S.
Farrand, W. ]>. \\'e;. )n,
James McMillan, A. She-
ley, O. \'. X. I.othrop, M.
1. '.Mills, F. K. Clark, 1). M. Ferry, and E. Wendell.
The last named director was clectetl president, and
I.. F. Clark cashier. The directors in 1884 are the
same, except that William 11. Tefft took the place
of .\F 1. Mills, who died in 1S82.
Siioiid Xiitioiial luvik.
tion on the .southwest corner of ('.ri--\\old .and
Congress Streets. In 1881 it had .1 capii.il of
%\, 000,000. Tlu' charter of the b.iiik
February 24, 1883, and a new bank
expired on
called
The Ihtro/t .Witioiial llaiik
became its successor, on Moiukay, February 26 with
a cajjital of §1,000,000. all of it owned in Detroit.
The directors are II. 1'. Haldwin, C. II. Fuhl, C.
Ilurlbut, All.in .Sheldeii, F. I'.iihl, J. F.Joy, K. A.
Alger, J. S. Newberry, and W. C. Colburn, with
II. P. Baldwin as president and C. M. Davison,
cashier. .
I'lKST N ATIONAI. HaNK Hll 1.1 lINd,
Southwest corner uf Jefferson Avenue and Griswokl Street.
I^uilt in iti;6,
Tlie Aineruan Xatioiial Bank
was organized in 1865 with a capital of §250,000.
The capital is now $400,000, with power to increase
to $500,000. The first Foard of Directors was
electetl on July 26, 1865, and consisted of Franklin
Moore, F. M. 'Mason, A. II. Dey, Eber Ward, J. J.
F.agley, Charles Root, M. S. Smith, Edward Kanter,
The .Sicoiul National IJ.ink was opeiieil for busi- aiul Jacob S. I'arrand.
uess on November 4, 18O3. It beg.m with ;i cai)ital
of $50(.j,o(jo, anil tlu. . . .owing ollicers: President,
11. P. lialdwin; vice-president, C. IF lUilil; cashier,
C. M. Davison; directors, II. P. li.ildwin, C. H.
lUihl, ]•:. 15. Ward. Duncan Stev,;irt, N. W. P.rooks.
Cli.iiincy Ilurlbut, James F. Joy, John Stephens,
The bank succeeded to the banking business of
A. II. Dey. and w.is located at 89 C.riswold Street
until Sei)teml)er (•>, 1880, when it was moved to the
Newberry and McMillan Building. A. II. Dey has
been president from its organiz.ition, W. D. Morton
served as cashier for three months, and was suc-
.iiid .Mian Shelden. It still remains in its first loca- ceeded by George B. Sartvvell. The directors in
808
HANKS AMJ CURKKNCY.
1884 an; llic pii'sidciil and casliici', idi^cthci- wiili
S. J. Miirpliy, M. S. Sinilli, Cliailcs Kdui, Alex.
Cliai)i)i()n. S. I Icavciiricli, Tliomas W. I'aliucr, and
W. A. Moore.
/'//(' Mcrchunts and Manufac liirrrs' WtlioiU'l
Hank
was orvrani/.rd May 13, rXfn;, inidcrllu; Stati; Hank-
in.iL;' Law, with tlu- follnwini;- dire rinrs : T. 1 1. I lim li-
nian, . lc()r;;i' l^'ouir, T. Md Iraw, |nlni r,rlkiia|>, S.
(;. \Vi,;;hl, N. C. Williams, I.. \V. 'I'inkcr, \V. C.
Colbniii, .iiiil t'. Kclloi^i;'. 'I'Ik: b.ank bci^.an l)usi-
lU'ss jiinr I with a (■.•ipilal of ^^loo.ooo. (iiijiily
'3- l'^?/' it- was iTori;.ini/.cd .as ,a nalion.il hank,
willi a capil.al of Sjoo.ocjo, .and ihr folinwin^' direc-
tors: '!'. il. Ilinchni.in, J. I ). I l.iu-,. j. I'.clki.ap, I).
W'liilncy, Jr., N. ( i. Willi.inis. l..\\ . liiikci-, ll.Wrnor,
\V. C. C(>ll)iirn, .and V. \V. Il.iycs. T. II. Ilimh-
in.an was tiir lirst in'csidcnl, .and ihi- l).ank h.is li.ad
no other. (.'. C. I'.adni.in served .as cashier from the
ori^.ani/.ilion of the b.ank till l''ei)rn,ary 1, i<S7('), .and
w.as siic((H(lcd l)y I''. W. I bayes. !•'. M.ar\in
l)ec;inie cashier J.aiui.ary 1, i.S.S|.. 'I'lic l),ank w.as
located .at 95 (iriswokl .Street iinlil Abay 5, iiS.So,
wlieii it w.is nio\-cd to the Ncwhciry .and .^h•^Iili.lll
I'luildim;. (>n Jiil\- 1, iXSj, the capit.al w.is increased
to S5(xj,oixj. I'jie directors in i.S.S^ .ai^c T. 11.
Ilinciinian, I ). Whitney, Jr., N. (i. W'ilii.inis, Jolni
lielkn.ap. Hen. Wrnoi-, \\. K. While, Willi.am 11.
IJrace, 11. C. I'.arke, and Jeronu! Cronl.
/■//(■ Mil /iani( s Itunk.
capital SiO(),o(X), is the siHcessor of W. A. lUitler
& C():,i,)cii'.y, It.ankers, ,and is located in the W.ater-
maii Block iinniedi.atcly opposite the post-oriice. It
w.as orij.ani/.cd under the .St.ite I. .aw in Se|)teml)er,
1870, with W. .\. I'liitler .as ])residenl, .and V.. II.
liiitler .as cashier. Mr. Hnller bcj^.ni the b.ankin;;'
biisini'ss in 1847, w.is located .at dilfcrent times in
three sevi'r.il stores on the north side of Jefferson
Avenue between W<i<idw.ird .\\iniie .and < iriswokl
Street, .and lainoved to his |)resent lo( .ition in 1860.
'I'hr J'ifi/i/r's Siii'tnt^s ISiiiih
was or|L;;.ani/,cd J.innary 1, 1871, with .a ca|)it;il of
$30,000. [''rjuicis I '.alms w.as elected president, .and
M. W. ()'l>rien, cislaer, .and the follow ini;- tiaistees
were chosen; t'h.artes Diich.arme, I'.ilric k lil/.-
sininiis, I'r.aneis I'.alms, John Ileffron, lalw.ard
Reidy, Willi.im I'oxcn, .and .\nlon I'ullc
It w.as reori^.ini/.cd on J.anii.irv 1, 1872, wjih the
s.anie president .and cashier, with .a cipit.il of '^(m,i.v.m,
and the followin;,^^ trustees: l'. i)uch.irme, W. I'oxen,
]•■. I'alins, A.iion Is'.irrcr, John Shnlie, A. I'lille, I'.
Fitzsiinoiis, J. Ileffron, I". .Morrell, John M.ark, and
J. Dwyer.
On July I, 1874, the (.ii)it.il .stock w.as incre.ised
to §i25,o(X), .and on J.iiurary 1, 1878, to $250, (.xio.
On J.arai.ary 1, 1884, the c-.apit.il w.as increased to
•'?5(j<>,oo() .and there was then a resi'rve ftnid of
§5(),<)()o. The tiaistees in 1884 .are: Willi.am \.
Carpenter, I-'. I'.alms, .\. K.arrei-, J. Sluilte, A. I'lilte,
r. lii/.simons, M. W. ( )'r-rieu, J. M.iik. J. Dwyer,
l". 1". I'.alms, and W. \\. Mor.an. 'I'he b.ank w.is
orii^in.ally located at 37 Jelferson .Aviaiuc, bill mo\ed
to the southeast corner of tdni;ress and ( iriswdid
.Sireels on .April zi, 1872. It receives anil allow.s
inleresL on .sums as low as one dulkir.
I'lion I'.'s Savincs Hank,
too Griswiilcl SiMit, I iiiiicr <if Congress Street.
liuilt ill 1B72.
'I'Jii- dirniiin Anirricivi Hank
was ori(ani/.ed under the St. ate Law in .Autjusl, 1S71,
with .a cipil.il of $i()i>,<)o(). It siiiceeded to tlu;
iKiiikinj; business of Ldw.ird K.inii r, who bejLjan
in Aiij^ust, 1868. It w.as orininally located at 30
HANK'S AM) (TRRKNCY.
S6o
■{78, U) ^2^0.000.
vas iiuicasid to
rcscrsc liiiul of
ire : W illiani N.
SluilU', A. I'ullc.
Mark. J. Dwycr,
'I'lu: l)aiik was
,i'inu-, but lUDVcil
L'ss and C.riswold
uivcs aiul alluvvs
lur.
CiiiiKitss Street.
(lit I lank
.aw ill .\u,!.;usl, 1.S71,
t siKi'ii-ilrd to tin-
K.iiitn-, \v!io iK'i^an
inally loi:al«Jil al 30
l.arncd Sind West, hiil in M,iy ' S,S ^. mused to
ihS (iriswdid .Slicci in llic Mollal iSniJilini;. 'Ilic
oiliccrs in iMcS;, wtrc \'.. K.inlcr, |i|-fsid(nl, .iiid 11. I,.
Kantur, casliiur.
W'ltyiir ( 'diiiily Sirr'//n;-.s- l!,inl\
This i);uik was ori;,ini/cd ( )(io|)cr 2, 1S71, under
tlic ( Irncr.il St.ilc l„iw. 'I'lic oriL;in;iI c;i|)it;il w.is
§;,o.(K)o; in .S(|it(nil)rr, 1.S75, it was inm-.-iscd to
$ I 5< ),( )i K ). Its lirsl ollircrs W(ic; \\ . 11. Wfsson,
president; 11. Kiifer, \ ic-e-|ii-esidcni ; S. 1). i;i\viiod,
sein-l.iry and tri-.isnrer; W. A. Muore. .■iilorney,
■and ti>e following Inislees: \.]. r.,i'.;ley. J. C'roiil.
J. !'.. .Siitlierl.ind, |. Wiley. M. .S. Sniilli. \V. A.
Moore. .S. (',. Wi-hi. I). M. Icrry, r.inl ( .ies, {,. 1'.
Kniv;iil. W. II. Wess<in, ■Jnin-Mti S( iiniidt, I). .\1.
Isieliardson. W. C. I )i;ne,in. T. W. I'.iinier, II.
Kiefer, !•'. .Ad.inis, K. C. I'.arker, C !■'. i;;i;.;ley, J. S.
I'.irr.ind, 1). Knapp, ;ind .S. I ). I'.lwdod.
'I'lie trustees in i.S.S.|. .iri-: W. I!. Wesson, J.
Croul. W. .\. Moore. I ). M. Terry. I.. I'. Kni-lil. !■;.
1;. Wi'<lit. I). C. Whilv.o,,,!, r'. .Selnuidt, T. W.
r.iinier. 1'. Ad.inis. j. S. I'.irr.ind, S. I). Illwuod,
John ( ohins, llirni.in Kid'ei-. |olui Sii.iw, N. 1'.
< )lis, .and (ii.irles K. ( )tis.
.Sums ;is low ;is one dnli.ir .are received .and inti'r-
i:sl .allowed thereon. I lie h.iiik w.as oi-i'^in.illy
loe.aU'd on the noithwesl eoriur ol ( a'iswold ,ind
C!onv(ress .Streets, bill on Deeember 5, iiS/f), it w.as
remo\'ed to Conj^i-ess .Slreel, immedi.alely in the
re.ar of the old location, to ;i l)uil<lin,if iircetcd by
the bank, at a cost for buildinj;- and lot of ^i 10,000.
It is a very ele'.;,ant sinieinre. ,in<l is prob.ibK- more
iie.iily lire .111(1 biiri^lar jiroof ih.in ,iny building in
the lity.
U'avni'. Cm \ 1 V Smp.i.-. Hank.
(Ivvlirior \'iiw.)
Wavni! Cihmv I.wim.. IIvm;. (Iiiiiiinr \'ii'«.)
$70
15ANKS AND CURRENCY.
Sd/r D(/)os/f Company.
Tliis company is connected witli tlic Wayne
County Savings Hank and lias its olUccs and vaults
in tlie same buildinu^. It was ornani/.eil in 1S72,
with a capital of '«; 30,000, and its oHicers are prac-
tically the same as those of the bank. It may
accept and execute any trust created by an instru-
ment in \vritin.;( which ajipoints it as trustee, ;ind
receives from any individual or corporation, on
deposit, for safe keepinvr and storage, gold and silver
plate, jewelry, money, stock securities, and other val-
uable papers or personal jiropcrty. The corporation
may also become security for administrators, guar-
dians, trustees or persons, in cases where, by law or
The City Bank.
This bank succeeded to the business of Kanady
& 'I'aylor, and was organized early in 1.S72 with a
capital of $50,000. .S. C. Kanady was jircsident,
and N. T. Taylor cashier. It was located in the
southwest corner of the Moffat lUiikling. It ceased
business in the fall of 1873.
The M/i/i/i;a>i Sai'/nos lujuk
was organized February 9, 1.S77, with a cajiital of
$60,000. It was opened for business on .April 2,
1S77, with the following ollicers: 1 'resident, Thnmas
McCiraw; secretarv and tre.isurcr, S. R. Mumford ;
\\V.\\ 111 lElK \'.\tLIS OJ S.Ml; DkIOSII CuMl'ANV.
otherwise, one or more sureties arc required, at
such rate of compensation and upon such terms and
conditions as shall bt' established by the directors.
The interiors of its vaults are provided with safes
of various sizes for rental, the charge ranging from
S5.ooto$75 per year; the lessor only has the key,
with access at any time during business hours.
Those who do not desire or need the accommoda-
tions afforded by separate safes may place .any
valuable personal property in direct charge of the
company on very favorable terms. When desired
the comp.my will collect ru\d remit the interest on
bonds and securities left in its care.
trustees, (',. W. ISalch, II. M. Dean, Joseph Kuhn,
\.(\. Lindsay, T. McClraw, Nicol Mitchell, .S. K.
Mumford, S. J. Murphy, William IVrkins, Jr., and
Julius .Stoll. in i.S.Si Ceorge I'eck became presi-
dent. 'I'he trustees in 1S84 are : George W. Halch,
II. M. Dean, J. II. K.iplc. deo. M. Hammond, (',.
W. Latimer, A. C. Lindsay, Nicol Mitchell, .S.J.
Murphy, William Perkins, Jr., and the president
and secretary.
It receives amounts as low as five cents and
allows interest tlureon. The b.ink is located in the
.Mechanic's Iilock, on the .southwest corner of La-
fayette Avenue and Ciriswold .Street,
HANKS AM) CURKKNCV.
871
;incss of Kanady
ly in 1S72 wilh a
ly was ]irisi(lt'iU,
•as located in the
lildiii);. It ceased
with a capital of
;iness on April 2,
'resident, Tlionia.s
, S. R. Mil 111 ford :
I'an, Joseph Kuhn.
col Miichell, S. R.
11 IVrkins, Jr., and
'eek becaine presi-
Georjje W. I'.alch,
, H. Hammond, (i.
icol Mitchell, S.J.
and the president
as five cents and
ink is located in the
west corner of La-
reet.
/■//,• M,irL;t Jiank.
'I'his hank is the successor of the firms of Se.xton
i\: Hall and J. A. Se.xton iV Company. The first-
n.imed firm be.s^an business on the corner of W'ood-
brid.ije and Third Streets in April, I1S77, and w.is
succeeded in October, 1878, by tlu' firm of J. ,\.
Sexton i.\: Company, who removed the b.uik to the
corner of Monroe Avenue ;uid 'R.andolph Street.
On A[)ril 13, 1880, they orv^anized under the State
I,;iw as the Market ISank, with a capital of $50,000,
increased on October 1 5,
1 88 1, to Sioo.oop, with
Juiijene Robinson as presi-
dent, and W. II. Trainor
cashier. On June 10, 1882,
the b;ink moved to 151
(iriswold Street, in the
Mech.aiiics' Block.
The Cdiiiiiirtria/ A'a/i'o//-
,1/ Bank
heyan business on Decem-
ber 27, 1881, in the Rank
ISlock, in th.e rooms pre-
viously occupied by the
Merch;uUs and M.inufac-
turers' liank. It bei^an
with a capital of $250,000,
with Hui,di McMill.ui as
president, Morris L. Wil-
li;ims as cashier, and the
following dirt'ciors ; Hugh
McMillan, Joseph H.
ISerry, Isaac L. Ryon,
George H. Hammond,
William C. Williams, ( ".eo.
Hendrie, William (\.
Thomp.son, Ashley I'ond,
and James K. Hurnh.im,
In 1884 the direciors were
the same, except that II.
R. Redyard aiul V.. M.
Fowler were elected in
place of Ashley Rond ;uul
W. G. Thompson. In
May, 1883, the bank w;is
moved to the new Cami>;iii Ruilding, on the south-
west corner of Griswold and Rarncd Streets,
The Stair Sai'in}:;s Bank
was incorporated October 24, 1883, and began
busines.s tlie same day, with a paid-up cajiital of
$150,000, and the following stockholders .ind trus-
tees: David Hamilton, president; T.S.Anderson,
vice-president; R. S. Mason, cashier; and W. V.
Hamilton, W. K. Anderson, and R. R. Courtney.
The bank commenced business at 88 Griswold
Slrcci, but in M.iy, i8,S4, reiuowd to the new Riihl
Ruilding, next north of the post-olfu'e.
Till' JlilHC .S'(fT7//;'.V Julllk.
The above bank was organized in 1884 and
began business on M;iy i in the new brick building
on Griswold .Street, between Michig.in and R.ifay-
ette A\'tMiues. The capital stcjck is $60,000. De-
posits of from five cents and upward are received
and interest allowed on even dollars. The officers
Miciiir.AN Saving'; Hank,
Southwest cornir uf CriswaUl Stroit ;iml Lafayette Avctme.
for 1884 are: S. M. Cutcheon, president; J. E.
Scrip[)s, vice-president; and Frederi<k Woolfenden,
cashier. The dirt'ctors consist of the above-named,
with J. F. Roehm, Win. Rivingstone, William Hull,
J. R. Hudson, R. W. Voigt, Charles A, Warren,
and A. M. Henry.
The only 'other banks in the county are la-ated
in Rlvmoutli ;md Wy.uidotte. The Rlymouth Na-
tional R.ank w;is organized J.anu.iry 16, 1884, w'th
a capital stock of $50,000. The first directors were :
872
15ANKS AND CUKKF.NCY.
'V.C. Slicrwodd, S;imii('I l.yndim, I''.. I'". Si. Jolin, I.
N. Slarkucallicr, I,. D. Sliciicr, I''.. C l.caili, Ceo.
\aii Sickle, Win. Ccrr, O. k. I',illiii,v;ill, I.. II.
Iicniicll, I,. C. il()ii.i;h, S. J. Spriiiv^cr, ami I ). 11.
Wilcox. 'I'lic diiccldi" lirsl ii.imcd is the picsidcnl.
Tlic I'iiNt Nalicmal j'laiik nl I'lvmiuilli h.is .1 capi-
tal (if if^o.oDo. K. J. rciiiiimaii is prcsidciil, and
( ). .\. I' r.iscf cashier.
'I'lii-; Si a IK S \v im.s I'i.wk,
Nils. ()i iiiiil yt (iriswcilil Slid I. Itiiilt in iS8.|.
7'//r \\'vii)ii/i>/tr Siiv/'/ii^s lUuilc.
'I'his bank was <)ri;ani/i'd November 20, hSji,
with a capital of ^jo.oix), and is located in the city
of Wyandotti'. Tlu' original and presi-nl ollicers
arc John S. \'an Alslyne, president, and W. Van
Miller, cashier.
J'rnnt/r Ilini/:rrs.
'I'licrc were no private b.mkinvj oliiccs |)rior to
about 1S43. James F,. I. yell and J. (). (Iraves were
then located on llic north side of Jc'Terson Avenue
between Woodward Avetittc and M;Urs Street.
Soon afterwards Israel Coe and Sanuiel I'oit, tinder
the linn name of Coc \ C'oit. bc4;aii business. In
icS.|5 Mr. Coil retired, and A. II. I)ey becune a
partner with Mr. (!oe, and the s.ime ye.ar siiiceedcd
Im iIic ciiiiic business, ,ind continned it until his
inlciists were melted with the American N.ilion.il
Hank
In i''^.17 S. II. Ives 1.V (dm|iany bci;.in business.
'I'hcy were sueceedeil by (.'.. \ A. Ives, the |)rede-
ecssors of the prcseiil hiin of A. Ives i\; Sons.
(i. I'. Lewis w,is in business. as e.irly as 1^47;
and Messrs. John Hrown, Warner \' I.ee, and W.
r. (.'.iinpliell, in I.S50. These List named firms ceased
business lu.iiiy years a.no.
I ).i\id I'reston, of the present llrm of I). I'reslon
\ t'oiup.iny, bevj.in in May, 11^52. ( )n M.irelii,
1.S67, John I.. Il.iipcr beeauK' associ.tted with him,
rem.iiniiii; nnlil July 27, iSSj. In M.iy. 1.S.S5, tin;
lirm of I). I'reslon \ Company remoxcd from the
southeast corner of Woodward Avenue .and i.arned
Street to the southwest corner of ( iriswold .iiid
I.arned Streets, occtipyinv,' part, of the new Campaii
lUiildin^.
'riie first mention foimd of (). C. 'I'hompson,
I loward. Smith, iv C<jmpany, and M. I'. I'".nsi.i;n, as
bankers, is in 1X53. The names of A. S. Johnson, C.
\V. 'rultle, H. 15. Morri.s, ( ). V. Cari;ill \' Comp.iny,
and Wrii;ht, Andrews, iV Company aiijiear in 1H55.
'I'lu: last linn was sue(;ccded, in 1H57, by Andrews
iV Waterman, and after that year they ce.ised to do
business. V. J. Scott l)e).;an in May, 1S5C). I'hilo
I'.irsons opened a bank in the southeast corner of
the K<itun(l.i lUiildiuj^ on driswold Street, in I1S57.
The lirm of Parsons \- I'lslu'r sueei'eded him as
early as 1862. (n 1859 IC. II. Ila/leton iV C'ompany
and J. 11. Kapic were doinir a b.inkinir and broker-
a.;;e business. In 1862 I.. W. Wallace i\: Company
wi'ic located on the norlheasl eoriu'r of Jefferson
Avenue and (Iriswold Street, and the same year
I'. I.. Seit/. \- Company and Kelloj^ir X; Sabin are
named. The latter lirm was succei:ded l)y(irany;er
i\; Sabin in 1863. In 1863 K. X: S. \Vo(/llcywcre
named as b.uikers. Dnnc.an, Kibbee, \- '.■oin|)any
were doiiii^ business in 1865,. -ind II. M. Cobh in 1866.
I'islur, l>oiii!i,\ Company bei^.ui in M.iich, 1S66.
In Septiinbir, 1879, ijicy wi're succeeded by I'isher
\; I'ri'sion, and on June 1, 1884, by tlu' I.m han^e
ISank of W. I'.. Mitchell. In 1867 Kobcrl Ilosieis
named with the bankers, and also N. T. Taylor.
W. I). Morton's b.i.ikinv;- oHicc was opened in 1870,
and closeil in 1876. T. S. I)arlinj.j hvy,M\ in 1871,
and closed his business in 1879. I^. K. Roberts &
Company be^an in December, 1872, and /\nstin &
Comp.iny in February, 1875. The two linns were
consolidated in February, 1877. In 1874 Messrs.
Cromwell Cv Ralston were in business. McLeilan
TNRUKANCI'; AND IN'SUU ANCK C( )MiANIi:S.
•^73
1(1 li.ilcs Sincl.
imiicl Coil, Milder
^an liiisincss. In
. Dcy liicanw a
ic year siircccdcd
iiiiK'd il iiiilil liis
kiiurican National
' l)(v;aii hiisiiicss.
. Ives, tin- incdc-
vi'S iV Sons.
IS early as 1.S47 ;
r \ I.ee, aiul W.
allied tirms ceased
nil of I). I'reslon
52. ( )ii Mareli I,
M'ialed with liini,
In May. iHS^, the
(•moved from llie
veiine .111(1 l.;iriie(l
of (iriswold .111(1
the new Camp.'iii
(). C. 'Ihompson,
1 H. 1". I'jisinn, .'IS
)f A.S. Jolmson, C.
'.irijill (.V Coiii|),iny,
ny ;ii)|)e;ir in I1S55.
1.S57, by Andr(;vvs
r tliey ee.ised to do
M.iy, 1856. I'hilo
ioiitlie.isl corner of
1)1(1 Slrt;(!l, in 1.S57.
succeeded him .is
azletoiii^: Company
inkinif .and hroker-
'.illace iV Coni|);iny
■orner of Jefferson
nd the s.ime year
-'l'",W ''*^' •'i'lt'i" ''I''
:ccc(led by CniiiKcr
cV S. Woolleywere
ihhec, (.V C.'oiiipany
!•:. M. Colli) in 1866.
;.in ill Mai( h, 1866.
icceeded by I'isher
., by the i'..\( liaiii;!!
'17 Kobcil liosie is
ilso N. T. 'I'.'iylor.
..IS ojiened in 1870,
in,i,r be.nan in 1871,
K. K. Roberts ..\:
1872, aiul Austin &
riic two I'irms were
In [874 Messrs.
usincss. McLcllan
iV Aiidcrson be,i;.in business April 23, 1877, Messrs.
Ilr.ilsli.iw, lllack, (V Coinp.iny bc^^.iii in 187^, ;iii(|
discontiiiiicd llieir b.iiik in M.iy, 1880,
On November 1, |8,S.), .1 brain h of liie Uriii of
(;cori;e I-'. .Sist.ire's .Sons, of New Ndik. w.is esl.ib-
lislied ill Detroit ;it (/) ( iriswold Street. They re-
moved to lli(t C.imp.iu Huildini; in 188^. |o!m I,.
Ii,!r|)er, formerly of tin- linn of I). I'lcstoii iV C(in-
p.iiiy, i-st.ibiislied ,1 new b.iiik .at lu (■lisudlij
Street, under the llrm n.iiiie of John I.. Harper iV
Coinp.iny. on /Xiiv^iist .;8. i88„>.
I'p to ,M.iy I. 1871;, b.iiiks ;iiid b.inkers kept open
from I) to I 2 A. .M.,,uid from 2 I04 i-. m. 'riie b.mks
ihilie.ime to ,111 .li;iceniellt to keep open coiilinii-
(lusly from lo A. M. to 3 I-. M. The followiiiv, d.iys
.are le.;;.il h ilid.iys, ;iiid liic b.iiiks ;ire then closed:
New N'e.ir's I ),iy, {■'ei)ni.iry 2.:, or W.ishiny^ion's
liiithd.iy, M.iy 30, .Mciiiori.il I ).iy, the kourtli of July,
'l'li.iiiksv;ivini^ .and (.Mirislni.is D.iys.
In 1850 ;iii(l 1860 the .imoiint of b.aiik c.i|)it;il w;is
but !iii5(x),o()<). .and this w.is !;irj.;cly owned .at the
l',.isi. In 1871) it li.id reached $ 1 , 5(x>,<jo(j, In 18,84
I he tot.il .amount u.is fully §5,(J<x),(j()f). I'drnicrly .ill
(he city b.inks .and b.inkers ni.Kkr collections from
each other, ,ind l.ii\re sums of money were need-
lessly h.aiidled .and d.aui^a'roiisly exposed. Ily nititu.il
.irr.in^^cmcnt, d.itiiiir from I'ebrii.iry 1, i88j, a mes-
senger .and clerk from e.icli b.ankinj; institution meet
,il twcK'e o'clock (Ml h d.ay ;it the Merch.ints .and
Maiuif.ictun.'rs' liank, .and under the supervision of
I'. W. Il.iycs, .all collei tions .are .irr.in^jed, and the
b.il.inees due from e.ich bank .agreed upon .and
settled.
Nearly ninety defunct b.anks .and other corpor.i-
tions, including; the "i^ood, b.id, .and indilfereiit,"
h.ive issued notes in Micliis^.an, and V. II. Rollers, of
Detroit, h.as n.athered .about four hundred different
bills of their issue, f iv^hty-seveii cori.'onition;; arc
rcprescnti'd in his collection.
INStJKANCK AND I NSi; KANCK COMI'ANIKS.
The earliest record found concernin;;- insurance
.i.v;ainst hre is coni.iined in the followinjj from the
Detroit ( iazette :
INSIIRANCK AGAINST FIRK.
I'lir siil)scrib(rr will nltciiil li> apjilicailons for insurance, frnm 3
In ■; d'cIik k I'. M. (in Saturdays. Pcrsims who (iitsiri; llnir luiiltl-
iii>;s, (irolhrr pnipcrty, sccnrirl from (tainaxc by •''''' "ill liml il
advaiilayi-DUS to apply to tin; ofTite for whitli the uiidi-.rsiKiii:'l is
.iK'cnt, as the terms are favnrahle, and losses wilt In [iroinptly
repaired.
K. Kkc;|),
Surveyor for the Utica Insurance Cotiif>any.
Di'.rrfoiT, Octo/ier 20, 1818.
TIm
lierr- 1^ ri.,i now in this cil y any an>nl (or an insriLim r i cni-
l'''i'y. Ii"ri/,(l In insure axairisi lire-. 'I lii. nnly one in llie
.Many
l< iiiioiy, ivc III III ir, is Cliarlis N..li|.., I.,i|,,i,( ,\l.,nror
of Ihe polii lis have ixpirrd, or nie alioiit \n i vpio .
So(Mi .ificr this, on (iiiobcr 22. 1851, Aslier 15.
r..ites .idvcrtised himself .as ,i;;cnt of the I'rotection
Insur.iiiK! Com|).iiiy, of ll.irtford.
Ol I l( 1; 1,1' Dl'.TKnlT I'"lKK AMI Maki.m'. I NSI'R.\NC I'. Co.,
go Uriswold Street. liuilt in 1874.
On March 7, 1834, the Mirhitjan Insurance Com-
p.any was ch.artered, but it never transacted any
insurance business, and t.ie charter was used to
ori^,ani/.e ,a bank.
In June, 1836, the foHowinir companies did busi-
ness in Detroit : Kal.amazoo Mutu.al Life Insurance
TIk; business was evidently of slow .u^rowth, for Company, J. M. Howard, atjent ; /f'-tna Insurance
in ;i p.iper of September 15. 1831. the followiny; Company, Henry S. Cole, a.;(ent ; Protection Insur-
ileiii .appears : ance Comjiany, Ashcr 15. Hates, ajjent ; Albany
S74
INSUUANCT. AND INSUK ANCK COMI'ANIKS.
Insiii;mi<' ('()m|);my, I'iicmcn's Insuiaiiic t'diiipaiiy,
and American l.ifi; liisiiiam c and I i nst C'()ni|iany,
(1. Moll Williams, a,L;ciit ; NcsvN'oik Life liisiiianci;
and I'riisl Company, Dr. A. S. roller, aj^jenl.
II. N. Walker succeeded Aslier II. ii.iles ,is a>;enl
of tin: I'roleetioii lii.siiraiiec (.'(unpaiiy, and in I1S37
John Palmer succeeded II. S. Cole ;is .-i^cnt <if llie
/Mliia Insurance C()m|)any. and (onliniicd io ,icl .is
ix^vnl until liis death, on June jX, 1871.
In iSy Ci. Moll Willi.ims adverlised marine
insur.aiice, .md the
names of Marsli.iil _-5r-3^T
J. Macon md II. II. ' ' --
Hrown appear as in-
surance a,i(enls. On
June 10, i<S44, nolice
w.is ;;i\'en lliil hooks
would he opened for
siihscripiions lo llie
slock of llie I'ciiinsu-
l.tr I'irc .111(1 M.iiinc
Insiir.ince t'oinp.iny.
rile pro|)osals did
not ineel wiili f.ivor,
;ind the comp.iny was
noi ori^.ini/ed.
On I'lhriMiy 1,
i(Sfir). I Ik Del roil Mre
.111(1 M.llille llisur-
■■iiice Comp.iny w.is
oi\;aiii/.e(l.u illi .1 c.ip-
il.ll of $5i):),()()i), of
which $1 SO.OIK) W.IS
p.iid in. The lirst
policy W.IS issued
M.ircli 14. The first
presideni, C.ileh \'.in
I liis.in, W.IS slill ser\-
iii.; in 1.SS4. S. W.ir-
ner White, tlu' lir.sl
secretary, served un-
til March, i.S6,S, when
h(! was succeeded hy
James J. Clark.
I)uiin]ij thejrrc,-it llres
in Miciiii^rm .ind Ciii-
ca,n(), in 1S71, the
company lost nearly $272,o<to, hut llie directors
came lo tlu; rescue .iiid siiiiplied more e.i|>ilal,
fully mainl.iininjL,^ liie hii^li sl;<ii(!.'ird of the com-
pany.
The Michi.i,rrin Mutual Life Insunince C'omp.iny
of Detroit was incorporaled July 10, 1S67, and
issued its I'l t poli(;y on the 12th of Novemher of
the same year. It was ori;ani/.e(I under the old
insurance law of the Stale, with a snhscrihed capi-
tal of $1150,000, ten per cent of whicii was p.iitl in.
Mkiik.an MiTiAi. I.iiK Insii(\N(R Co.'s Dpi'ick,
SiJiilliWfsl roiiicr iif JilTiisim Avcmic iiixl (itIswoUl Strrrl,
In iX7(j, .ifier the p.issa^^i of a new iiisiir.ince law,
!j;ioo,<xx) was paid in, and in ( (unpli.iiK c with the
Law, securities to th.it .iinounl weic deposited with
llie .St.ite Tre.isiirer. In 1K7A the e.ipil.il slock w.is
iiK re.ised lo SiJ5o,(xx), .ill of wliii h w.is p.'iid in. y\l
the close of iSX^ the ciipil.il slock .and surplus
re.iclied I he sum of $5^,1 10.26; .and the lot.il .as.scts
.imountcd to $i,23i,X7H.6]. The linst inisidint,
John J. H.i^;ley, .served from 1X67 to 1S72, .-md was
.succeeded hy J.icol) .S. K.irr.ind, John T. I .ij^).|;ett,
the lirst seeret.iry,
served until Septem-
ber, I MS}, ;ind w.is
tlien suceeeded liy (».
K. Looker. The husi-
ness of the comp;iny
is enlirely eonlined lo
the Sl.iles of Miehi-
^.111, Ohio, Western
\'ir,^ini.i, Illinois, .ind
Indi.m.a. Up to iS<S.(
it h.id p.'iid dc.'ilh
losses to Ihe ;imounl
of i|;(/)8,7«o. The lo-
t.il .'imoiinls p.'iid |ioli-
ey holders up lo i<S.S4
amounted to $i..S6(;,-
«.|«.Sr). The eom-
|).'iny h;is ne\'er li.id
;i l.'iwsuit or .'i con-
tested cl.'iim, except
on non-i).'iymenl of
premiums, s.'ivc in one
inst.ince, when the
heneliei.'iry murdered
the insured ; this w.is
proven in court, .'md
the c.'ise w;is properly
decided in f.ivor ol
the comp.iny.
Till' Wc:slern I'nioii
Mutu.'il Life and Ac-
cident Society of ihe
United Sl.ilcs, with
its princip.'il olliee ;it
Detroit.w.'i'^ incorpor-
aled Fehru.'iry 17,
1880, with James L. Kd.son as presideni .and Lyman
M. Th.'iyer as seeret.iry.
The Commerci.'il Miilu.il As.soci.ilion w.is incor-
por.'ited April 1, 18.S0, .'is a life insurance company,
on the .'isse.ssment |)l;in, with I'. K. De Mill .'is
pn sideiit. Win. A. lierry ;is secretary, and J. H. II.
I'.r.ilshavv as Ire.'isurer. In 1882 John M. (lunn
bee.'ime secretary, and S. K. WooUey was aiipointed
aclu.'iry. In 18S3 Albert Ives succeeded Mr. Bnit-
sh.'iw as Ire.'isurer.
INSURANCr: AM) INSl'KANCK CoMI'AMKS.
«^75
■\v insiiraiKc l.iw,
niiliaiifc will) llic
■ic (IciKisitcd with
• caiiilal stock was
li was i)ai(l in. At
sldik and surplus
ind llictiilal assets
ic liisl |)iTsidi'iU,
' to 1872, and was
Jdlin T. l.iKK^'l^'
• lirst. sccri'lary,
•vi'd initil Scptcin-
r, icS8<. and was
•n siicccfdid l)y < >■
l,()()kcr. 'I'licl)iisi-
ss of liic company
entirely cont'med to
I' Slates of Miclii-
II, Oliio. Western
irj,dnia. Illinois, .and
di.iiia. Uj) to I'SS.l
li.id p.iid de.illi
sses to llie .amount
ifc/xS.ySo. 'i'lieto-
I .amounts paid poli-
t linUicrs lip to liS.S^
iioiinted to Si.X''";.-
j<S.<S6. 'I'lie com-
my li.as iX'ver li.id
lawsiiil or ;i con-
sled cl.aim, except
\ non-p.iymenl of
remiums, s;ivein one
isl.anee, when the
fiK'tici.ary murdered
ic insnri'd ; this w.is
rovcn in courl, .and
k; cascw.'is properly
ecided in f.avor of
In; comp.any.
'I"he Weslernl'nion
,Uilu,al I.ifc: .and Ac-
idenl Society of tlu'
Inited St.ates, with
;s principal oi'iice ;ii
)clr{)il,\v;is ineoriior-
led Febni.iry 17.
iresicU'nl .and l.ym.m
ioci.ition was incor-
insur.ance company,
1 P. K. I)e Mill ;is
eretary, .and J. 15. H-
8S2 John M. (uinn
Hilley w.as appointed
succeeded Mr. Urat-
'rhe Mereh.inis' Mutual I 'ire Insur.inee t.'ouip.iny .ire: I). M. {■'erry, i)residenl; K. \V.( iilleit, vir, -prcsi-
w.'is incorponited .September 25, iH,S(), .md (..m- dent; M. W. ( )"l;rien, treasurer ; .and J. i'. r.iilon,
meiiced business ( )etolier I, with 'riiom.is llerry .as set relary.
presi(l<'iit, .and A. T. Wood .as m,in,i.v;cr ; it w.as in In .addition to thcsi; distindivdy home comp.inies.
e.\istene(! only .about . a ye.ir. there .uc s( ores of other life .and lire comp.anies,
'riic Miihii;.!!! j'ire .and M.arine Insnr.ance Com- represcnicd by various .a^cnls, ,ind doin.^ .an eiior-
pany, with its priixip.al oHice .al Detroit, w.as ineor- mous business, .and .all of them .an- sni)irvis<(l by .a
|ioraled I'ebrn.iry S, i.S.Si.wilh .1 e.ipii.il of §.!<«),- Sl.ate ('ommission<>r of liisur.iiiee, lirsi pro\i(ieil
(XX). 'i'he lirst oriiicrs were: I'lvuieis {'.alms, for in i.S7(j. In i.Srij ,1 city ordin.inee w.is |>.issed
president; 'i'lios. MeC.r.aw, vice-presideni ; I). providiiiv,^ for .a l.a.x on the premiums eolleeied by
Whitney, jr., treasurer; i:. (.'. I'reslon, secnt.ary. insnr.anee e<imp.anies, .and in 1870, $,S,()5_' revenue
All of them .are siill servin.v,^ in |8,S.|. w.as obi.iiued from this source. The ordiii.aiici' w.as
The St.Mid.ird Life .and /\<('id( ill Insur.auce Com- repe.alial in 1872.
p.iny w.as ineor|)or.ate(l M.ay 29, 18.S4. 'I'he olliceis
PART XI.
COMMUNICATION
CHAl^TER LXXXIl.
THE I'OST-OFFICE AND MAILS.- TICLKGUAI'IIS AND TKLKIMIONKS.
I'OST-Ol'riCK AND MAILS.
TirK cliaii.v^cs ;• 1 the proj^n-ss of Detroit can be
iiiditated iit no )re interestiiivj manner than by
nolin.n; the development of mail facilities and the
increase of postal matter. In the early days of the
settlement few letters were written save by the com-
mandant am! the ai^ents of the tradinij comi)any,
and these were forwarded by special messeni^ers. In
Colonel Johnson's diary of events at Detroit, nnder
date of Saturday, .Aiivfiist 12, 1761. he s.iys, " .\i nine
o'clock at nii,'ht a York ol'licer arriveil at my ipiar-
ters, express from N'iai^ara in sixteen days, with
letters from (leneral Amherst."
On November 21, 1782, Colonel De Peyster wrote
to Mr. .McLean ;
You desire to be iiifuniied i)f my iilciis on tlie iiiclliud of calab-
lisliinn ii CDrrcspondence diirinif the winter season. I have to
iiiforiii yuu ihul during my cummuud at tlie upper posts, I have
frequently found it necessary to send e.iprcists, which can be
done with ease and with the >;reatest safety, by employing 'wo
Indians, and sometimes adilinv; an interpreter. We generally
eipiii> tile Indians for tile jmuiiey and promise them a present of
silverworks at the post they are sent to, provided they travel with
dispatch, and on their reliirn ihey receive their payment, which
they choose to have mostly in rum.
No postal system worthy of note was in operation
until the very last years of Enjrljsh rule. Messen-
jjers were then sent, with somethintr of reijularity,
to and from (Quebec, but letters written at Detroit
early in January, 1791, did not reach Quebec until
the last of March. Much the same methods were
in use after the surrender. The following letter
gives a good idea of the facilities of those days :
Di-:rucnT, i6th Sept., 1796.
Sir, —
I send over by 0>;den two horses, which are to remain at Kort
Miamis to servi' as a relief for expresses ; when expresses are
cominj; to this place, they are to leave the horses they brini;, with
you, and come on with fresh horses. You will take the greatest
care of the horses and have them well fed and attended to,
J. Wir.KiNs, Jn.,
Q. M. GeturaJ.
Ma/. John Wilson, A. Q. M., Fori Miamis.
The first post road in Michigan was established
on March 3, 1801, It formed part of a line from
Cincinnati to Detroit. As early as October i, 1802,
a regular mail, but probably only quarterly, was in
operation, between Washington and Detroit. No
post-office was established here until January i , 1 803.
In 1804 the Cincinii.iti route w.is discontinuetl,
and one from C'levcLmd to Detroit established. In
iSi I it look forty d.iys to i)riiig a Icitcr from W.ish-
ingtou,;iiul tiie m.iil wiis r.tri ied p.irlly on horseback
and in i)art by nun 011 foot. During the War of
1S12 (icneral Cass h.id occasion to pass over the
route running through the black swamp, in the
vicinity of the present city of Toledo. I lere he met
llie mail-c.irricr. and, wishing to get his (lis|),it(hcs, he
cut open the mail-ba^, look out his letters, and went
his w.iy. During tiie s.ime war the expedition of
Oeneral Mc.'\rtliur t!) lUirlington Heights, Canada,
was pl'iined, .iiid so h.irren were the results th.it
I 'ostma.ster Abbott w.is .tccused of h.tving given in-
form.ition which defeated the plans. P'or this reason
an attempt was made to remove him, but it was
clearly proven that some of McArthur's own men
carelessly g.ave w.iniing to the enemy.
The genenil condition of the service during these
years is indicated in several letters written by Gov-
ernor C.iss to the postmaster-general. On Decem-
ber 8, 1815, he wrote :
.\t all limes since our .irrival .il this place in 181 j, the mail has
been carried with sinjiular irregularity, — an irreijularily for
which the slate of lli^- road-< will furnish no excuse. I passed the
mail carrier last summer between the mouth of the l<ai>in and
.Mansfield. He was on foot, and 1 should say not lit to be trusted
with si.xpence.
On December 30, 181 5, he wrote:
Tile pust-rider has just arrived without a letter or paper. Our
last N'alional lntellik;encer is N'ovember 7. The last mail brought
me a letter from the War Department, of (Jctober jo. * * *
'I'lie misconduct i-i with the postmaster at Cleveland. Mr. .Abbott
informs me that this postmaster, if tln' mail 'from Pittsburgh
arrives five minutes after lie has closed the mail for this place,
will not forward, but retains it till the next week. ♦ ♦ * I
trust you will excuse the solicitude 1 feel and llie trouble I give
you upon this subject. Cutoff as we are from the world and from
other means of information than the mail, we look with eagerness
for its arrival, and nine times out of ten we find ourselves disap-
pointed. A detailed statement of the arrival of the mail for the
last three months and of its contents would be a document, I am
certain, which would surprise you.
In a letter of May 23, 1817, he says :
I found on my arrival from Washington that for six weeks not
a mail had been received. This was unquestionably owing to
culpable negligence in some of the postmasters or mail carriers
between Pittsburgh and Kort .Meigs. There is no neglect be-
tween here and fort Meigs. * * * The mail is carried as
[879]
wtmm
8 So
THE I'OST-UI'FICK ANIJ MAILS.
ri'Kulaily as bi'twcMii NfW York and IMiilaililphla. • • ♦ I
wnilc a li'tli^r t<i I Miicral Macoinli and aimllKr ii> Mi't, Cass at
Wasliiiinliiii ml llir tcrilli day uf .\lari:li lasl. 'I'lusu letters
rial lied tills |>la<:i! yi'sterday.
TIk; r('|)rcsi-iU;ilions from Cicncral C.'iss pro-
fluced siiiMc iiiipnivciiKMil, and soon aflt;r tlu; mail
from Wasliini^lon arrived, witii to!crai)l(: rt-ifiilarity,
oiiic in three weei<s. Another improvement was
made jiy liie introduetion at Detroit of tiie traditional
posil)oy's horn, its use was first sin.;ir(;ste(l in a
letter wliieh appeared in Tiie Detroit (ia/.ctte of
Octoljcr 24, 1 81 7. This comniunicalioii was as fol-
lows :
Me.i!trs. Shtldcm a ml Kcid, —
Tile sysleni and liidiislry exlilliiled in the I'<islrilTi<'e Deparl-
nieiil In tills city rellei t nn at ireilii n|ion llie iiiti'llii;enl (iriii er
at its head ; l}nt the m-eessity of fiirnishiti;; the post-rider with
the iiieans of a|ipri/in;; the 1 ill/ens of his arriv.il has eseapeil
him. Almost evi rj post-hoy in the l/'niled Stales is fnriiisheil with
a horn of some (lesi ription for that purpose. Thi: wiiti-rctf this
is salislleil, from his personal ai ipiaiiitiiine with JiidKe Ahhott,
that '.his hint will induce him proniplly to supply this want,
A Ctnzi'.N.
'I'lu; siiifijcstion was heeded, and llu-reafter, from
llie time ill' entered tile city, by way of tiie river
road, till he rea<hed the post-olliee, the sound of tlu;
post-hoy's horn notitied the whole town of the
arrival of the iii.iil. The mail was carried in ordi-
nary li'ather saddle-haves ; the carrier was a diminii-
ti\'e l'''enrhniaii, and his "swifl-tlyinir steed," as
symbolizeil by the se.il of the I'ost-olliee Depart-
ment, was a Canadian pony, not i,neally lar>rer than
iiis rider.
The .second posl-road in the 'i'erritory was ('stab-
lished May 3, 1.S20. U ran between Detroit and
Mount Clemens t'/iZ I'onliai:. Routes wrrr, estab-
lished to .Sa^dnaw on March 3, 11^23, and to /\nn
Arbor and I'oit (Iratiot on May 24, iSj.S. In r.Sj7
sta^^es bcL;;iii to run between Detroit and points in
Ohio, and thei', for the first time, mails werc^ con-
veyed from Detroit on wliei:ls. I.ate in 1.S50 pro-
vision was made for a daily mail at Detroit from the
S.,uth and Ma.-.t md I'itlsburj^ ; and on Monday,
J.muary 9. iiS3i,tlic eastern mail arrivid, and there-
after mails arrived daily.
i)n January 1 1, 1832, the following a<lvertisemeiit
appearctl :
MAILS.
AKrecahly ti) the new contract with llie Department, ti^e K""t
casliTn and smilheni .nails are hereafter lo arrive at ihisoflici'.
daily at -• o'lloi k r. M., ami close daily at d e. M. Tlii; Mount
(!h:meiis mail arrives ivery Sunday at 7 e. M., and closes the s.iine
llour, the same day. 'I'lie Ann Arbor mail arrives every I' . iday
at 6 r. M., and closes every Wediiesd.iy al 8 r. M. The ' .il^land
ind l'"ort ( Iratiot mail arrivi-s every Tnesd-ay at d v, M., and closes
every l-'tid.iy at 8 i'. M. The Teciimsi-li and St, Joseph in.iil
arrives iliiriii){ tin: winter, on Monday moriiiii'.;, ami closes every
'I'iiursc y at H r. M.
During tliu winter licasun this ulficc upenaut seven u'cluck A, M,
and rinses nt 8 p. M., except on Sunday. On that day It is open
from ei^;lll lo nine o'clock in the mornin>{.
John Nokvi'.i.i., 1". M.
Tile provision for a daily mail did not v,'reatly
shorten the lime of carryinv,^ from the I'.ast, .and as
late as J.mu.iry, 1836, it took fourteen d.iys and
nights to send a letter to New \'orl< City. Upon
one occasion 11. N. Walker, who had vC'ie to New
N'ork, wrote back to Detroit, and it was twenly-
ei.i(ht days bttforc; he rei'eived a reply, whicli w.is
sent as soon as his letter was received. I'his delay
was not c.Kception.il.
In 1837 the m.iil arraniifcments were as follows:
To and from Ann Arbor and Chicaijo, every
olherday. Toand from ihc liast, every day dnrinij
season of navii^.ation. To and from Cr.and Rapids,
once a wi'(;k. To and from .Mt. Clemens, three
times a week. To and from l'oniia<', twice a w.-ek.
To and from Lapeer, once a week.
In December of this year si.xteen ba.tjs of mail-
matter were .sent from Sandusky overland to Detroit
and were twenty-two d.ays on the road.
In 1843 it took letters nine days to come from
New York. Prior to November, 1843, mails for the
northwest were received at D(,-lr lit only duriiiv,^ the
season of navii^ation. Aftt;r that date Detroit bi;-
came a dislributinif office for the northwiist durinjr
all the year. On the completion of the (i. W. R. R.
in 1854 another import.int clian).;e w.is made. Up
to that time all the eastern mails arrivini^ in winter
came .around the south shore of L.ake Lrie. When
the new route w.as o|)ein-d, the di'sire w.as ijeneral
that the m.ails be carriitd ovitr it, and as it w.as
unlawful to carry tlu; m.ails tlirou'^h a foicii^n coun-
try, a meetinij of citizens w.as held on Kebru.iry 4,
1854, to |H!tition for i^overnmeiit.al lei^isl.ation th.at
would .allow the p.ass.av^e of tin; mails ovt:r the new
ro.ad. The |x;tition was j^jr.anted, .and irre.at ijain
w.as m.adi; in the time of .arriv.il of tlut m.iils.
The postaufe r.ites on letters weiiLjhini^ one h.alf
ount^e or less ' ave been .as follows: Under Law of
LebriKiry 20, i;2, letters were carried tiiirly miles
or less for si.K cents; from thirty to si.xty miles for
eiifht cents; from sixty to oiut hundred miles for
ten cents; from one hundred to oik; hundred .and
lifty miles for twelve .and .a h.alf cents; from oii<;
iiundred and fifty to two hundreil miles for tifleeii
cents; from two hundred to two humlred .and fifty
miles for seventeen cents; from two hundred .and
fifty miles to thret; hundred .and fifty for twenty
cents; from lliret; hundred .and lifiy to four hundred
.ami fifty miles for twenty-two cents; .and four litiii-
dred .ind fift^ miles and upwards for twenty-live
cents.
I5y Law of M.ar h 2, 1799, they were carried forty
miles or less for tMi^lit cents; froiTi forty to ninety
miles fur tea cents; (rum ninety lu une tiuau;ed and
Till', I'OSI'OI'KICK AM) .VAII.S.
88 1
111 tliJit (lay it is open
DUN NoHvi'.i.i., 1'. M.
(lid not ijreatly
Uk; I'".ast, and as
iirtcc'ti days and
■ork City. Upon
lad jffiiii; l<» Ni;w
1 it was iwcnty-
npiy, whi<'h was
ivcd. I'liis delay
WW. as follows:
1 Cliicai^'o, every
, every ilay dnriiiv;
ini (Iraiid i<a|)ids,
, Clemens, three
iac, twice a w.-ck.
een haijs of inail-
.verland to Detroit
roail.
lays to eoMie from
1843, mails for tin;
lit only diirinv,' the
I dale Detroit i)e-
• northwest diirinj^f
of theC. W.K.U.
re was made. Up
arrivinii; in winter
„ik(' Krie. When
(■sire was i;iner.il
it, .and as it w.is
'^ll ,1 forei;»;ll loun-
lil on I'ei)ru.iry .),
Lai lei^isl.ition lli.il
mails o\cr the lu-w
1, and i^real ijain
f the m.iils.
wei.;;liin:< o'lf h.ilf
)ws : Under l.iw of
arried iiiirty miles
to sixty miles for
hundred miles for
) one handred ,ind
If cents; from one
•ed miles for lifteen
I) himilred and lifly
two hundred and
id fifty for twenty
ifiy to four himdred
ipts; and four liuii-
rds for twenty-live
Y wen. carried forty
from forty to ninety
to one huau;cd and
lifly miles for twelve .and ;i half cciils; from (Jiic
liiiiKlred and lifly I" three humlnd miles for se\iii-
leen eeiils; from three huiKlrrd to live hundred
miles for twiMily-live ( cnts.
liy Law (<f April •), 1X16, they w<re c.irrieil thiriy
miles for six eitnts; from thirty to eii^hiy miles for
ten I'eiits; from eighty to one hundred ,ind lifly
miles for twelvi! .and .a hall i<iits; froui oue Imndred
and lifly to f.xir luin(lre<l miles for eiv;lileeu .ami .a
li.ilf cents; .and four hundi\-d miles ami iipwarils
for tv eiily-tive ceiils.
It will be iioti<cd lli.il there is no m.aieri.il diffei--
eiiie ill the .ahove r.aUs of posi,i'.^c, .and iii these days
we < .an hai'dly iin;i,;(iiu; how it w.is possihie for sen-
sible lei(isl;ilors to devisi: siicli ( liiinsy ;iiid (liKiciill
Laws. App.iiciiily they expei ted escry postm.isier
111 be ,a ^eoj^r.apher and inatlieiii.i,ii iaii .as well, with
a better knowledge of dist.inics th.iii one person in
tell ihous.ind, e\'en now, possesses. Maic Idlers
weit;lu'd more th.aii h.ilf .an ounce, ,aiid thus llu;
(lilliculty v..as increased. The post.a;^c 011 .1 sin'.^le.
lelter fre(|ueiilly re.n lied from si\t • to se\iiii)-li\(:
cents. |jivelo|)ts in those d.tys weie, uiikiiowii ,aiid
llinisitd. l'eo|)li: coiilil iiol, .alford to p.iy posli'.;e on
tile mere coverimj lo .1 Idler; .and to fold .a
letter projurly, and so .arian^^e il thai iIk; w.afcr
seal and the direction would come in the proper
pl.aee w.as almost a lest of scholarship .and j^enlilily.
The hii^h r.ates of posl,a;<i; m.ide it iiect'ss.ary for
those who li.ad iniieh to say to use all possibk' space
oil ilie one sheet, and therefore m.any old Idlers
had writiiiij excn nndcrneath the .seal, the lovini^
remembi'.ancei from Siis.ati.and .M.ar^.aret, llezeki.ah
.and Jon.as, bi'invj crowded in .at the very wind-up (jf
the epistle. Miivctlopes wi'fe first used in i^yj. "u
M.arch 3, 1S45, .an A<L w.as p.assed under which lel-
Irrs j(oiui^ .a dislaiu 1; of less ih.aii three hiindreil
miles wir(; c,irrie(l for li\e (cnis; for o\er three
liuiiilrc:<l miles, tell ceiiis W.IS ch.iri^cd. The Ai [. of
M.arcli 3, 1.S51, was a slill j^realer boon; .and from
tli.al d.ate the r.ali: w.is three cents for .any disl.ance
iiiider tlu'ee thous.aiid miles. .\l,iwof M.irch ).l''""'^3,
I iiiv;- dfecl from (' lobi-r 1, fd need the |iosl.iv;e
oil ordin.iry le' rs from tiiree to two ' eiiis.
'I'lie use of sl.amps is of more modeiai d.ile tli.iii
is often re.ali/.cd. rro\ision was first m.aile for them
by Law of M.inli ], iy>.\7. Thi; d.ate of their first
use in Detroit is iiidic.ali il in .1 loc.il iicm in the
free I'ress of Aiii^ust id, iiS47. Its.iys:
I'lisl lill'lCi^ stumps liavr liicll llriivid.iL llli: iillii r 111 tlir.: lily
li'iMi llu; Dtrparnnnil, fur iIm |iic|iayiiiiiil "I jmslaj;!'. 'I i ly ari'
• f IW'i <lrii<iiuiiiati<iiis, fr.'.' ami liiici'iils, ami will I ! ii k"-1'1 '" -
Miiiiimxlatiuii to ti >; piililii'. All III. It II.'-. I'l If iliiiii: is tii prefix
nil. i,f tin: lilt).! appiMi :..ic's, ami tin' li lli r nms ilini i.
Durinj^f the scarcity of silvir in 1861, thous.ands
of dullars worth of these sticky .siibsliliiiis for money
were sold at the Detroit ofliee, .and used as ch.anjre.
I'ost.il < .ards were first sold in Detroit on M.ay 15,
I1S73, .iiid there w.is .an immense rush to obt.iii\
llieiii. Diirin;^ ''"i'"".?. -.'S43,ikxj were sold. The
tot.il leceipis for |)osi.av;e .ami sl.amps .at Detroit in
1850 were §18,1/10; ill 1 86{j, §30,487 ; in 1870,
^\'>j,7dij\ in 1880, §227,864; in |,S83, §311,856.
The net income from this ollict- in 1883 w.as !f233,-
647.
The rev^dstry system went into operation under
Law of .M.arch 3, '855. 'i'he pl.an iiK hides the
jrivinyr of .1 receipt for .any |).ick.i,n;e sint by m.ail.
'i'he fee for reijisterini^ is ten cents, ,and ihe |);ick-
.ai^cs .are.sep.ar.aled from .all others, .and s|)eeial c.are
l.akeii tli.at they re.K h the |>roper )crson. Durinj^
1883 o\'er twenly-thrce ihoiis.and letters .and forty-
four thousand p.ack.a.m'S were receipted for at De-
troit.
Money orders weri! first issued hereon November
I. 1864. 'I'he first Swiss onler w.as issued Septem-
ber I, 1861;; the first llrilish order, Oitober i,
1871 ; the first ( .crm.aii order, October 3, 1872; the
first C.an.iili.an order, Au.i,aist I, 1875 ; ,and the first
It.ili.iu order July i, 1877. 'I'he i h.U'^i; for money
orders prior to the passai;e (jf the Law of .M.irch 3,
1883, was ,as follows: Dn orders not I'xccedinir fif-
teen doll.irs, leu (cuts; oM-r fifteen dolLars .and not
exceediii'^r thirty doll.irs, fifteen ceiils ; over thirty
dollars .111(1 not exccedmir forty (LdLars, Iweiity
cents; o\i r forty doll.ars and not exicediiiij fifty
doll.'.rs, twenty-five <(nis. The Law of 1883 pro-
vidi'd that within six months tlu- postm.astcr-i(en-
er.il shouM pro\ide an eni^r.aved form for .a jiost.al
note, to be li!l( il out by postm.asters with .any sum
under li\-e ddll.irs, ,a uniform ch,ir;,^(! of three ciaits
bein;^ in.ide for cadi nole, whi( h is then sent in the
s.inie w.iy .as .a post.al order. I'lidcr this Law the
first ])osi.al notes were issiurd .at Detroit on Septem-
ber 3, 1883. 'i'lu! s.ame Law |)rovided tli.al .amounts
.as hi^h ,as oiKdiuiidred doll.ars mi^ht l)e sent in .a
postal order, .and the followinij r.ates were est.ab-
lishcd. I'or onlers not ex( eedinL,'' ten doll.irs, eiv;lit
cents; from Idi to lificen doll.ars, ten (cMs; from
fifteen to thiriy doll.ars, fifteen ccnls ; from thirty
to forty doll.ars, twenty cents; from forty to in'ty
doll.irs, twenty-five iiiils; from lifly to sixty doll.ars,
thiriy ci'iils ; from sixty to seventy (! ^ '■■, thirl y-
\]\t: i cuts ; from seventy to eii^lily doll.ars, forty
'ciUs ; from ei;.^hly to one hundred (hjll.ars, forty-
ll\a' cents.
Diiriujr the year 1883 there went issued \(),i^jH
orders on United Sl.ates ollices, (/j'> on posi-olfices
in C.an.ad.a, 1,430 ii.ay.ibL in ( ircit llrii.iin ,574 in
(iermany, ^j in I'rancc, 164 in Swit/.erl.ind, 163
in it.aly, 2 in Jam.aica, 2 in New South Wales, 27 in
l5eljL(ium, .md f in .New /cal.and. A lol.al of
" arly iji^2,(x)o w.as sent to Ivirope from Ddroii,
|i 2,yo5 to Canada, and $288,721 to arious parts of
882
llll'. rosr-oll ILI. y\.\l) MAILS.
thu Uiiilcd States. In llic sain<; year then; were
received al Detroit ()'/,:^W) orijers (rum ollii cs in ilu!
Uiiiiid Stales, 2,1 59 from Cinada, V'7 fioiii ( Ire.it
liiiiain, 5.S5 from (iermany, 13 from I'r.aiice, 24
from Swiizeri.iiKl, 7 from It.aly, 11 from Niw /.ea-
l.iiid, 2 from \e\s' South Wales, 5 from India, i
from \i(l<iria, ;md 20 from liel^ium. 'i'lie total
amount rc( cived from Jairopct w.as 826,178; from
Cana<la, $51,479; .ind from oHin in liie I'niied
Slates .about one .and one fourth million dollars.
'l'h(' free delivery system w.is proh.ihl) the great-
est (■on\'enienee ih.it h.is been inlnidneed. Prior to
its esi.iblishment the posi-oMiee .at mail lime w.as .a
yrener.il nieeiin^-|)l.ii c, ,and if the m.ail w.as l.ite or
unusu.ally l.irv;c, an hour w.as often eonsumed in
w.iiiiu;;, and by the lime the windows were o|)ened
tile < rowd were .ilwavs re.idy to pusii and striii^ijle,
and annoy.inee .ami del.ay resulleil.
'I he (]eli\ery by c .irriers l)ev;,in in October, 1X64.
At the same time .a l.tri^^e number of iron leiur-
b<jxes, i)laced an l.im|)-|)osls .and in t;ro( cry .and
<lru;^ si(jres, were first used. In 1X79 they were re-
moved from the stores. Letters de|)osiied in tiie
street-boxes ale rolleeled, .and letters .and p.apers
(|( li\'ered from one to live times a d.ay in e.ach dis-
iriet. There are now 392 Ijoxes in use. .Since 1870
the carriers on s( rvice in the larger .and thinly
settled districts have been |)rovided with horses,
'{'here .are now live, and they are allowed S-S*-* Iht
yi-.ar extra for the keipini; of their horses. The
s.al.ary of the carriers ranges from S40'J to §1,000 ,a
year. They .aia- ;i|)pointed by the postm.aster-
i^fuer.il on iiomin.aiion of the postm.ister, and are
iiniforme<l in xr.iy.
••'roni lS64to iX'19 there were eighteen carriers;
from iX(i') to 1871 then; were twenty ; from 1871 lo
1873 th<re w<re Iweniy-live. In 1879 there were
thirty-one employed ; in 1880, thirty-three; in 1881
thirty-six; in 1882, thirty-ei^ht ; ,and in 1884 forty-
seven, twi) of them actin,i( .as collectors. Dinini.;
1883 they colle( ted 3,048,091 letters, ;iik1 8,188,360
letters were delivered. Of post.al cards 986,852
were collected, and 2,295,457 delivered. A total of
10,60,289 letters .and post.als were sent from De-
troit. The s.il.aries of the clerks r.an.^e from ^y>o tf)
$1,500. The deputy posim.asier h.as a s.al.ary of
§2,000, .and the postm.ister S3,7(xj. The whole
fon'e connected with the oITk e numbers 116, .and
the sum of the yearly s.al.aries is about '^Hj.ooo.
Rot.ation h.as beiii the rule in rt'^.ird to the loi .1-
tion of the posi-oHice. Where it w.as kejjL under
th<2 lirst two |)ostm.isii-r.s is not known. Uniler Mr.
Abbott it was located on the southeast cornir of
Woodw.ard Avenue aii;l Woodbridge Street in an
old loj^ I)iiildin.i4. Next to the post-ollice w.as A!)-
bott's store; tlu:n canu .a storehouse for furs, .and
the block was completed by a small U)g house uccii-
pied by a w.asherwoman. On M.ay 10. 1831, the
oHice w.as moved to .a small brick buildin.;; on the
south side of Jelfeison /Xvcniie, jusl below W.ayne
Street. /\fter .a few months, on September 7, 1831,
it w.as moved to the norlhca-i corner of Ji llerso'i
/Xvciiue and Shelby Street; on .M.iy 17, 1854,10,1
littli; wooden binldini;, .No. 22, in the s.mie blo< k,
.and nearer Cass .Street. In April, 1836, it w.as
moved t 157 Jelferson Avenue, ne.ir K.andolph
.SirecL. ( )n December 3, 1836, it w.as .about
bein;..,^ mf)ved to ',•',) Jefferson Avenue, on the north-
east corner of Shelby Sir(;ei. Soon .afh r, in 1837,
the ollifc w.as .iti.ain moved, this time to an old
fr.ime buildin;^, 105 Jelferson A\tnne, where Ivt^s'
IJ.ink is now loc.iied. In .Mav, 1841^, it w.as
moveil to a brick building f.irlliei- west, .about the
middle of the s.ame blo<k. .\boiH. M.ay 1, 1843,
tlu- oITk e w.as transferreil to the basement of the
Tin: I'li'iT-oMicii.
Stone building on the southwest corner of Jefferson
Avenue .and (Iriswold Street, now occupied by the
First N.aiion.al ll.ink. On November 28, 1849, ii
w.as moved to ilu- lirst floor of the New M.ariners'
Church, on the northwest corner of Woodw.ard
Avinui' and Woodbridge Street, thus relnrning.
.after I he Lapse of h.alf .a < i-ntury, vi'ry near its origi-
n.al situ.ation. It rem.iined in the. M.ariners' Chm-<'h
un'il th<' <'om|)letion of the United St.ales Cuslom
ihiUM'.uid l'ost-()Uice on the northwest cornel" of
'Iriswold .and L.trned Slrix'ts. \n .appro|)ri,ilioii of
!j;88,o(.xj tow.ards the iTeetion of this building w.as
made August 4, 1854. 'i'he lorner-stone was Laid
with inleresiing ceremonies on M.ay 18, 1858. The
building is one hundred .and ten feel on Oriswold
Street .and sixty feet on l.arned. The b.asemcnl is
ten f(-et high, the fii-st story sixteen feet, the second
.seventeen and a half feet, and the third twenty
■
May lo, 1831, llic
ii k btiildini; 011 llic
just l)cl<)W Wayne
Sc|)l<'inl)(r 7, iKy,
iiinur III JclliTsu'i
May 17, 1.S54, lo a
II ilii- same liliick,
\l)iil, i<S;/), it was
ic, mar l<aiiili)l|)li
})(), il was al)i)iil.
ciiiic, on llu- noiili-
Sooii afi( r, ill 1X37,
Ills lime lo an olii
Vvcmie, wiuTc Ives'
lav, 1X40, il was
lief wesi, ai)Mlll tilt;
boiil May 1, 1H43,
c ijaseiiKiiL of llie
;l comer of Jefferson
now occupied by the
oveiiilier 28, 1849, it
f ihc New Mariners'
riicr of Woodward
eel, thus n-tuniiiiK.
y, very near its orii^i-
lie Mariners' Cliunli
iiited Slates Cuslom
norihwest corner <if
\ii appropriation of
of ;!iis buiidiii;.^ was
oriK r-stone was iaiii
May l.S, 1858. 'I'iie
1. 11 feel on (iriswold
1. The l)asenienl is
sleell feet, tilC sei-oIld
TKI,K(;i<AI'iiS AND •|i;i.l,l'l lONKS.
8S3
lid
llic lliiril twenty
feet; llic total liei^lit of the buiidiii;,^ .ibove the
street is sixty feet, it was coinpleied ami lorui.iljy
opened on J.iiiu.iry 30, i80o. i'lie total cost was
$i62,8<xj. 'Ilie b.'iseiiu^iit and lirsi story arc occu-
pied exclusively for |)osl-oHice pur|)os(.s. 'I'lic cus-
toin-housc olliccs and the ollices (jf the United
States marshal, district attorney, and clerks of the
(ourts ;irc in the second story, and tin: United
St.ites court -room and ollicc <jf the steamboat
ins|)eclor in liic upper part of the buildin;^. I.arijer
(jiiarters li,i\inn ijecoiuc necess.iry, IJonnress, (jii
May 25, 1882, .'ippropriated $6<j(j,(>oo for ;i new site
and l)uildin^, wiiii a ])roviso that if the old siic were
rel.iined .i\v\ addilioii.il ground adjoiiiin;^ piiii hased,
only ^5<;<j,<j'j<j should be ex])ende<i. A v^ovi iiiiniiit
( Dinniission, appointeil to consider ilic subject 0/
!oc,ilioii, met in the rily on Ail^^iisl 15, 1882, ;iiid
,-;oon after reported in f.ivor <)\ \\\r old loi,iiion.
Durinjr 1882 the I'liileil Sl.iles pun h.ised a lot lifly
feel front on l.arned Strict, lyini^ next to the ;^ov-
ernineiit pr<(|)erty, for $6o,uoo, ;iiid ,111 .idjoiuinv; loi
of s.anie si/e for S-'^'. "<>'■'• I'poii these lots .incj tli'-
old one ;i new buililiii;^ is to be i rected. An A< t o|
August 7, 1882, .ippropii.ileil S25o,o<joto < oiniiieme
the work.
The n.anies of postm.ist( rs ,ind d.iii s it\ .iijpoini
lueiit .are .as follows: l-'n dirii k li.iies, .ippoinii-d
J.inii.iry 1, 180^; ( ieort^e I lolfni.in, J inu.iiy 1, 180O;
James Alibott, October I, 1806; Jol:ii Norvell, April
II, 1831; Sheldon McKiii^hl, Jiitu 18. 18V);
Tlioiiias Kowl.ind, M.inh 17, 1X42; John S. I'>.ii;i^,
April 3, 1845; .Mplieiis S. Willi.inis, .\pril 5, 184'^;
Thornidii \- . IJrodln-.id, April 4, iX^:;; Cornelius
Ollyiin, March 27, 1857; Henry \. W.ilkirr, April
2X, 1X59; Alex.imier W. Iluel, September 2X, l80o;
Willi.iin A. ilow.ird, March 18, 1861 ; Henry
r.,iriis, Au.i^nisl 20, 1866; I'"rederick W. Swift,
M.ircli 18, iXC)7; John II. Kapie, March 3. 1875;
(ieori^e C. C'odd, M.iri li 4, 1X71;.
It li.is loni^ been told, ;is the joke of tli.at period,
that when John Nor\ell, who c.uiie here from I'eiiii-
sylv.ania with his commission as postmaster in his
jiockel, called on I'ostm.ister Abbott, lie ;innouiice<l
his n.ime, .and .asked Mr. Abbott if he knew lli.il lie
w.as his successor. The incumbent of many years
looked ;ii him, .and then said, " Yes, ( li.ivc heard of
you, and I wish you were on the (jrumpiaii Hills
feeding your fatlier'.s Hock."
'IKLKORAPMS AND TELEPHONES.
The use of the electrical current for telei^rapli
purpohes w.as lirst illustrated in Detroit in 1X45.
This item then appeared in the Advertiser for Sep-
tember 23:
Ki.iuiKic TKi.KijHArii.— Dr. Hoyiitoii rommiiind a c mrse of
lucturcs on this sulijccl lasl cvcniiit; at the rrL-sljyliri.in st;>sii)ii-
r<i>iiii. Wo li.'ivc no iliiiiht <iiir 1 ill/>'ii-< will ti<- rii lil> i< vaiilnl fi,i
III, ir .lilt rifl.ini <-. I'lir siiliji i t is lint only Liiriiiii>, liiit ,'ii'(iiiiiiii>;
of K"'"' I'll' 111. il lull II •■I. yViliiiisaiijii, Ivvt'iily-livt: CI III .
In the followim; ye.ir .iiid Lite in the fall .Mr. li/ra
Cornell, h,ivini; loiiipleted for I'rofessor .Morse a
line ol t( li;^i.ipli from Ij.ilijmoie to W'.isliin^ton,
with his towiism.in, J, J. Speed, Jr., ni.ide .a c onir.act
with the owners of the .Morse p.iient lo build a line
from I'luffalo lo .Milw.iukei;, conncctinj; .all the prin-
cipal towns on .and .idj.iK m to the l.ikes.
The contr.K t w.is signed by .Messrs. ('ornell and
Speed, .IS contnictors, .111(1 |,y Messrs. Smith and
V.iil ,is owners of the p,it(iii. The l.ast-n.imed
jrenilem.an .appointed J.icob .\I. Ilow.ard, M.irtin M.
Wood, .and Levi llubbi 1 .is trustees to see ih.at the
line w.is built and put in ojienition .according to the
spei ilie.aions, The conlra< tors c.iiiie lo .Mic|,i;.^,iii
in the winter of 1846-1847 to proi tire subscriptions
in the v.iriotis towns on the route. ,ind selei ted
Helroit .as lie,id(|ii.ariers.
It is possible th.it the exhibition in Representative
Hall, .It the old C.ipitol, from July 2 lo 7, 1X47, of
the iiK thods of lelej.;r.i|)hy, w.as, at le.asl in part,
under their auspices. The following iioiiee ap-
peared .soon .after :
'rui.l'.i.KAiii .SiiiiiK. A niirliiiK iif tli<- liti/tns will In- held
this iviiiiiiK, Suturihiy, July ji, 18(7, - at llic lin iii< nS. Hall,
lur ill'' piiriiDv iif <|i riiliiii.; wliilln 1 a siilTii iilit Hiiiuiiiil uf inciiiry
will III- sulisi rilii il fi,r till- rapilal of ihr I'li.- .iml .Midiixaii 'Irli,-.
i;ra|ili liiii, . .itiiK rliiiK linlfalo anit D- Iroil, lo justify its iiiinii di-
al. . ..nsinn ii,,ri. Ivvplanalioiis will In- iiiaili- of llu- advaiitaKis
ol III.- litir, :iiiil ill nl.iiioii lo till- aiiioiinl of sloik lll•<■^■^^ary lo t«:
siihsi rill, il ill ihii Illy. Our < ili/iiis ant rr-|i<i tfiilly iiiviird to
attriid.
In the siiiiiiiier of 1847 the Iriislees of this, the
Speed Line, .as it w.is called, selected the follo\\iii;r
genilemeii lo t.iki' charge of the work .and iirm aire
ni.iteii.il for building the line : Lzni Cornell, for
.Seclion I, from lliill.ilo to Cleveland; J, J. S])eii|,
for Section 2, from (leseland to Detroit ; .M. I>.
Wood, for .Section 3, from Detroit to Chicago; .and
.Mr. I illott.son, for .Section 4, from Cliicigo to .Mil-
waukee.
The first wire on tlie Speed Line was put up by
l\Ir. Wood; it r.ui from Detroit to ^psil.uiti, .and
W.IS tiist used on .November 7<), 1X47, |)ro\iiig true
to its ii.ime b) biriiig the lirst line on which .1 tele-
graphic disp.ileh w.as sent fiiiiu Detroit.
The ollicc w.as in the r<-.ir of the second story of
a building owned by .Mr. Newberry, on the northeast
corner of Jefferson A\enii(; .and Cass Street, .after-
w.irds the ( iarrison 1 louse. There w.as no man.ager,
as such, but there were ])lenty of instruments .and
b.attcries, and .1 number of young o|)erators from
the L.tsi, who li.id obi.iined a knowle(lv;e of te-
legraphy on tlie Alb.aiiy and Hull.ilo Line, or
its br.anchcs, were congregated at Detroit in ex-
884
1 I.I.I.CkAl'llS AM J ■n.l.l.l'IKJ.M.S.
pcil.iiioii itf nhi.iiiiiii;.; .ill olliic wIhii iIic line was
fully i)|)(iiii|.
'I'li>-<c I. I'll, ill Mr. Wood's .ihsciiii-, li.id lliiiiA(s
piclly Mill' li ili<ii" own w.iy, ami scciiii-i! lo use all
their iin;i!iiiily ill li. ill liiii;.' hum lii'f. /Xmoiii; llii-jr
ini|)l('iiiinis llicic w.is ,111 (III iiiral m.ii liinr willi
two br.iss li.ills, one to hi; liclil in f.u ii li.iinl, .mil so
arraiivji'd ilii' when the < mreni w.is luiiiiil on, ii
was iiil|)ossil)|r lo lei ^'o ol lln- h.ills. < )ne inoriiin;;
a hiirly Irislini.in e.une in, .imi s,iiil he w.inled lo
look .11 (he "leh-qdlf " ,ind see her"wiirl<." 'I'lie
hoys were (|i|i(|.; in see I lieir 1 1| )| M ill llllil V. 'I'lieyplll
the hniss h.ills iniu his ImihI., luiinil on a li)^lil
I'lirrenl, ;iiid .isked if he lould see il. "Vis," he
replied, "she's Wlllkill." A lillle more elerlinily
w;is then .ipiilied, when llie iii.iii i lii-d mil "llolili-
lier, hoys, holdlher! She's wuikin h.ird. Oi h !
Iioldiher, I s.iy. lie j.iher.I she's j;oi ine h.ird." A
stiff voliiine w.is iheii .iiiplieil, .iiid ihe in.tii het^.in
to jump .iiid yell, "Why doii'l ye holdlher? oh!
hy liie Holy V;ir^iii ! ye 'II kill ine ded." Jiisi .ii
this inoineni Mr. Wood ;ip|)iirei| ,ii ihedoor. The
boys droppeil ihe loiiiieiiin^ wins .nid r.iii for lln-
h.-itleiy-room, .iiid (he de|ey'_.ile from (he "oiild si id "
iiiiiiied duwn stairs, inulleiinv, lo himself ih.ii he
il.lij "seen ellOllvh of tile dollleil le|e^|■olf."
111 the winter .iiid sprill;; of |.'-1|.S the line w.is
pushed r.tpidly lur.v.ird, .iiid on fe.ii him; ( 'hii .e.'ii
the eonip.lliy oiv',.ini/.ed hy eleelini; J. J. .S|<iei|, Jr.,
president; !■',.( ,'ornell, Anthony l)nil",eon, li(Mii,iinin
f'lilleli. D.ivid S. W.ilhrid'.'.i-, .iiid |. 15. Sinitii,
direelors; ;inii {.imes I l.ivil.ind, sei ici.iry. No
Ire.isnrer w.is neeiled. Inr the money reeeived .it the
olliees W.e; p.lid out .is f.isl .is reeei\ed, and lepdlted
lo the i.iiln r of Mr. Speed, who served as hook
keeper. Mr. I l.tvil.iiid W.IS he.id oper.ilor ;il Detroit,
with Mr. Wood .IS siiperinli-iidenl ul i nusiriielion
and rep.iirs on the line. The olliee w.is ■ 'I'ln nioveil
to .1 huiidill',^ on jelfersdil .X venue, next Inthi- nM
l-.iiinii . .iiid Mei ii.iiiies' II. ink liuildinv;, opposite
M.isunie ll.ill. As e.irly ,is i.'-!^2 it w.is moved a
little ne.irer ( iriswolil Street Id .a iwn-slory wooden
hllildill'j,, on the site liow oei upi' (I hy ( li.ii |e\ Kdot
iV L'omp.iny's stnrc In tlnir wrw olliee the eom-
p;iny W.IS desi',pi.ited ,is the I'.rie .md .Miiliiv(.iii Line.
C. E. Wendell W.IS in.in;ivMr Iniui iHi;i to LSi^O.
The ( )'lseilly Line, so ll.lllled .after its proieetor,
I liiirv I >l<ri||y, w,isi()mpli;t(;d hel ween llilll.ilo .mil
Detroit on M.in 11 i, i.S.jH, .and on th.it d.iy the lirsl
disp.itrh Ironi Nitw York w.is rcecivid. The olliee
of this eomp.iny was oriivjin.illy in tin seroncl story
of the then new (lodfrey iluildin'.; on |e|ferson
Avenue, just hejow the .Mii hivjaii Iai li.in^e. i;. I).
Heneiliej was m.in iv;er.
Ihe third line, kiinvsn as the S\\i>\\ Line, w.r.
(dlistrin ted hv Messrs. Josi.iji alid Willi, nil D.
Snow; il i.iii 111 < liii .at.;o, hy w.iv nj .Moniue.
Ill iH^^ there W.IS in op'-r.ilion .i Inn- i.illid the
Noithein .Mil iiivsin, with O. L. Lee .e, in.in.i;;er.
Diiriiii', the ye.ais th.ii the hues ret.iined the n.iines
ol tlii'ir in<lividn.il proprietors the p.ipeis .alA'.iys
headed their tt |e;.>r,iph eolnnin, " relej,;ra|)li hy
O'Reilly, Speed, or Snow Line," as the case ini^lit
he. In 1H5J <;. W. li.ihh w.is v.'IK'l-.ll Western
111.111. ilM'l' of the ()'Keilly Lille. This s.illie year
the n.ime w.is < li,in;;ed to the Atl.iiitie. L.ike, ,'iiid
Mississippi Tele;>r,aph Line, ,and I'".. D. lienedii i
hei .line in.in.ij^er of the Detroit olliee. In i.'S^ij
the Morse, I louse, O'Reilly, and W.lde Lines were
coiisolid.aled under Ihe n.iiiie of the New York .iiid
Mississip|)i V'.alley I'liiitiiii; Tele).;r.i|ili ( ■omp.aiiy. The
Detloll olln e W,is loi.lted on Jelfer.son A\enil(; next
to the old I'.irmeis .and .Mei h.anies' li.aiik Itiiildin.;;,
where II. A. .Ne^vl.iiid iV ( oiniLany's store is now
loi .ileil. r^.iily in the spring; of 185.1 .Mr. I.peeil
sold his inhresl iu lli'- Ijie .ind .Miehij.',;in Line lo
one III the ( omp.inie', .aliii\e ii.imed, for $5o.""o.
This i.aUMil ,111 (lllile I |j.ui;.;e in the lll.lll.iv;enienl.
'I he pun h.isers supposed till il pun li.ase would '^ivc.
Ihein eontrol ol the propiity, hut they found tli.it
,Me . ,rs. ( III 111 II .iiid Wood owned u [-.ayr ;iiiiount
ol sloi k, ,'iiiil eonld eoulnil the .'ippoinlmi'iil ol ihe
I'.o.ard ol Diieiiiiis. This w.is ,1 sore dis.i|ipoini -
nil nt, hut the Roihester owners li.ad lo .'leiinii'si e.
,Mr. Cornell u.is eli 1 led pn sideiit .and siiperiiiteiid-
ciit, with .Mr. Wood .is treasurer .ind j;ener.il hn.inii.al
aveiil. I'loin this time theeonip.iiiy p.aid its stoek-
holders live per < elll dividends, hill .aslhere W.IS .1
lively I oinpi liiion lor hir.iiiess hy the other lines, the
r.apil.il of ihe I'.rie .and Mii hii'.in Lines deere.ased
§.S,')00 |)er ye.ar. This sl.ale ol tllin;.;s indll' id the
Roihester owners to come to Detroit, and make ,aii
cilort to unite the coinp.lllies. At .1 meeliil'.; held
here, the R oi 1 lest IM" ( 'oi lip. 1 11 y W.IS lepresellled hy I.
R. I.lwood, II. .Sihiey, and S.iiniiel L. Si Ideii ; .ind
the Llie .md .Mil liivsin ('oinpmv hy I'., (ornell, .M.
1 1. Wood, .and |. M. I low.ii d. I he meetini; iimiIIi d
in I lining; ilowii till- < .ipit.il sim k of the Roihester
( omp.iny from sj; 1 9 j.ooo to S j!;o,'h>o, ,iiid r.ii.iir.;
Ihe laie .and ,Miehii,i.m sioek Iniiii ■'fir/.oo) lo
$1511,001), in.ikiny; ,1 tot.il e.ipii.il of Jjou.ooo, .md
I'onsolid.itiii).; .ill the liiie.s .-ind p.irts of lines \\e-,t oi
Riilhilo in whieli the Rochester (oinp.myhad ,my
interest. The ori.;,ini/,ltion W,isi,llle(| the Western
I Iiiion I'eleiir.aph t.'omp.iny, and was fully oij.;.uii/.i;d
on .\pril -i, iJ^S''!.
The olliee W.IS HOW removed to 52 ( iriswold Sheet.
Ahoiii 1.S61 it w.is moved lo 66 ( Iriswold, ,md in
1.S72 W.IS a^.iiii removed to the soulhe.isi 1 ornei ol
(iriswold ,iiid {.'on^ress Streets. Mr. I'>.ili h .u ted
.is i;iuei,il iu.iii;i!ner iiiilil 1S65, win 11 he w.is sm -
cecili d hv Colin I'ox, .ami he by C. Corhr-i In 1X70.
On |illv l''), I.S57, lln Inst 1. le;^r,lpll rahle W.IS
l.iid .11 loss Detroit River. Il w.is .a piii e of the
■ri;i.l.<.kAI'IIS AM) I I.I.I.I'IIONI'IS.
^^5
II ;i lillf ' .ill' 'I tlic
l.ci- ,1'. iii.iii;iv,i'i'.
(tlaiiicil ilii niiiiics
llic |);i|iiis always
111, " TclfK'i'.il)!! i>y
as Uii- < .I'."- ini;.',lil
,S J.',cliriai Wcslcin
This saiiw yiar
/\llaiilir, l.aki-, and
1(1 l'',. I). I'.iiicilicl
(lit (.lli((t. Ill i«55
I Wadi- l.iiiis well'
till- Ni-w Ynik anil
;ia|)ii( iiiniiaiiy. 'I'Ik:
||ii':iiii Aviiiiic ni-xl
mil s' liaiil-: lliiil<liii:<,
paiiy's Sinn- is now
.,f iHs.i Mr. ;.|>r.(l
1 Miciiii'.aii l.iiii' I"
li;illliil, for Sv'."""-
Ill ilic iiiaii.iiMininl.
pun liasc. wniild y,\vi.-
hill llii-y found lli.il
lied a larv',c- aiiionni
(■ .ililtoillllllilll ol llir
', a ^.orc disa|i|ioilil-
r, li.id lo a< qiiicsci;.
liiii and siipi-rinli-nd-
and jM'iM-r.il Iiii.iih iai
inp.iiiy p.iid ils slmk-
-,, 1)111 as iIhic was a
by ilif oilier iini-s, till-
• an l.iiii's drcicascd
ol ihilP^s iiidll' id llli:
Dcirnil, and iiial<r an
Al a nil riinv li'ld
was npri'sciilid by 1.
iiiiirl !,. Seidell ; and
my by !•'.. t'oinell, .\1.
I he ilieelini; resulled
Ol l< of the Koeliesler
§5!;o,o(>o, and laisiii'^
|< lioiii if I ly.'x) ) lo
pilai of SV"-"'"""' •""'
p.uls of lines west oi
er Coiiipaiiy hid any
,e,c .lili-d the Weslerii
nil was fully i)i>{aiii/,i:d
1 to 5» ( IriswoldStreei.
) (/) ( Iriswold, and in
111- solllheasl eorner ol
Is. Mr. lialeh aeu d
fii;, when he was sm -
bv (' <'oil>el ill 1K70.
1. I.'^r.iph 1 able was
I was a |>i( < u of ill"'
cable ollijill, illy inleiided lo be ir.ed .il Newluuiid
I. Hid, .Hid W.r. llie Inst lealli. Slieeessllll Mlblll.illlie
lele^i.iph i.ibli I, lid ill any waters.
Ill iS.'-ii) the Western I'liloll ll.id olji I able eross-
illi.; ihe liver willl se\'eii lohduiloi .. .Hid I A'o I .ibli';
\\llll ihlie eoildllelors e.nh. I lie All.llllie aiul
r.li llie ( olllp.iliy Ii.kI one r.ible, and the ;\inerieail
lillion (olllp.iliv two e.ibli's .il Ihr, poiiil. 1)11
AllV'.llsl t;, I.Sy'-l, Ihe news ih.ll the ,-\ll,illl|( I .ible
li.id been Miei cssliilly l.iiil eall'd (oil h iniproinpl 11
;tiid noisy di nioii-.i 1 .ii ion,. Ihe n |(...| ,,ph oUh ••
w.is illiiniiiialed, and the ',iiiri', \\( n- biilli.inl
willl boh .es. This III'. I npoil A.e, liiilnie,
bill on .\iivir.l Ki (ollow in;.;, .ii i^. jd r. \i ,
ilie arriv.il of a /"'//(///,//■ di.p.iiili from the Miieen
i\.is duly .iniioiini ed, and i n-di.ilejy ihe b. j].;
r.lll;.;, I he pi opie isil hen i|, ;hii| bolilins Wire billll.
')ii the iii\i d.iy prep.ir.'ilions were iii.ide lur .1 dr.-
pl.iy ill llii cseiiiny^. /\i I iiiclinvls', al .'-; l-. \l.,;;lllis
wen- hied, ,iiii| fill .'III lioni .ill ihi' bi lis w'l'i rim;;,
iii.'iiiy biiildiiiv,'> will' illiimiii.ili d, ,1 ion hli'.dil pi'o-
I I '.sioli p.il .ideil, ;mi| iiiiiiimii ,ib|i' bolllll'e'^ luld iif
the J.;e||e| ,il jiiy. Illdiiij, il \\',is jov lllll 'Alld, '.l.lld
old eiii/iii', .11 led like M hniil-boys, and .ill I !i! oilvdi
ihe I ily, ?,lioi|l , .iiHJ '.iii'.iin'.; hllid llli' .ill'. I'lwb.ibly
III) oilier oei ,i',|()ll \\,i'> mule hll.il |i ii I'.ly i i libl Ml e(|
ill I )( I roil.
Ill i.X'i'i (he I'iiiiid Si.ih "> 'ri'levr.ioli < om|).'iny
blllll il'i line in Mil 111',;. HI. Il e\li'l|(|ri| .ilmi.,; ihe !'■.
\ I'. .\1. I\. K. to Sav^in.iw, .Hid i.m .il o in I'ml.
I llll'iill .'llld Toledo. Il was eoli'.olld.lled Willi llie
\V'e',|erii I niiin in 1 'rUid.
The /Xll.mlie ,'iii(| I'aeilie l.iiK- w.is built Irom
i'oledo to |)elroil ill lIS^.S, .Hid opened ill NoMIII-
lii'l'. The ollli e W.IS e'.lablrJiecj .'il )i^ W'l ii id'A .lid
Avenue. Ill I .S7.> the ollic e was 1 1 II nil! lo (1 \ < a is-
wold Strei'l. /\fter iH/b il W.IS loi.it III .It o| ( iris-
woldSlieei. I he niaii;i;;eis li,'i\'e been : iH(ii) iX'/o,
<ieolt;e I' .'irilSWort II ; I.S71, 1'.. 15. lieeejier; lH'/J, (.'.
J. ky.'iii ; I1S7} iKKi, k . \V. C.iriis. y.
'Ihe ollli e of the .Ainilii.ill I'llioll I. Hie w.'IS
est.iblislu'd .It Deiroil on Jaiiiiaiy 15, iXKo, in the
b.r,iineiil of the lirsl .National H.iiik,(;. W. I.loyil
.IS iii.'iii.'i^er. In I'ebrii.iry, iKSi,.'ill of the n |i';^i.ipli
eoilip.'inies then lepn J nil d ill |)i't|iiil wi re ( olisoli-
d.ileil, ,'Hld on ;\piil I, the olln 1- III the ;\tlailt|e
and I'.ieihe Line w.is disc oiitiniii d. iJiiriiiv;' the
Mimiiier of 1881 the Miiiii.il I iiioii < Minpaiiy l)ev;.'in
In build ils line in Miehiij.ni, .iiid it', Detroit olliee
w.is opened on k'ebrii.'uy b, i.S.'-i.!, with (ieiirv;(;
l''.irnsworlli as iiiaiia;;(r. In 1885 il w.is sold to
the Western I'llioll, .ii'-d on July I the olli' e ;it
Detroit w;is <-|osed. Ihe l!.iiikers .iiid Merehaiits'
'I'ele^ir.aph Line o|ielled its Delloil olliee ill .M.iy,
l88.b with < ieo. I''. Siny;letoll ,is lll,in.'iv;er.
In the w'ay of lclev;rapliie f.ieilities ,111 im|)ort,inl
and e.\ecetliiigly useful adi'aiicc was iii.ide by the
i",l,'iblr.liiiiiiii o( the drJiiit le|ev;r;i|)h s\'.|iiii. 'I'lii;
fomp.iiiy W.IS ori;,iiii/.ed, in Detroit, on .November
8, 18/5, Weill into oper.it il Ml Nmember .17, .iiid by
the lii'sl ol J.mii.'iry, i8'/f), w.is hilly esl.iblished.
Ihe i.ipit.il '.III' k of the (oui|),'iiiy w.is li.ied .il
^'^ii,i>ix>, ,'ind II w.e, ollli end .'is follows: (>. W.
I'l.ili II, pie.iiliiii , ),Hiii", .MeMill.in, vii I'-jin ',ideiil ;
!i. D. klwniid, In .I'.lllei ; J. W. ,\l,ii keii/|i . sllpiT-
iiiii inli'iil. b: J.'iiiii.iry, 1878, W. .\. J.n k'.oii bei .hik;
'.llpelilllelldellt.
Ihe ,'ipp,ir.il ir; supplied bs the 1 omp.iiiy lo siib-
'.1 rilurs t oiisist'i ol .1 ' in.ill box .ibmit Iniii by
six ill! lies ill si/e, I iiiiiii 1 11 d by .1 Wire willl \\h:
ollli e 1)1 ihe < oiii|),iii\ , ,iiiii' ',1) .Hl.Hi'.;id tli.il by
'.imply liirniii'^ ;i erank ,1 ^jm n number ol times (or
eai II one of (our si'.;l;als, ,1 sii;li,il is eonveyeil to
the ollli e 1)1 the loiiip.iiiy, .'iiiil .'1 iiiesseiij'er-boy
in.l.iliMy '.illilliinlied lo y^n lo .iny |);irt of the < iiy; ;i
polii eiii.ili I .ilji d, il there .'ire biir^l.'irs or silspieinllS
I li.'ii'.ii lets .'iioiind; or, :aibsi libers haviii;.; previ-
ously Inrill'ihed the o(||i e willl the n.Hlie III their
pliv'.ii i.in, he (.'111 be siimmoned Iidih the ollii'tr.
'I III' luilltli ',l;.;li.'il is II' id ill 1 ,ise ol lire. The
I iiiiip.iny eiiipinys .1 \ni'y,i- iiiiiiibi r of boys .iiid men,
.'Hid llleie ,'lle .'llw.'iys Slime ol llnill on duty. I he
i;lowtliof llie servile i', indie. iti'd bythel.Kt lli.il on
J.'illil.iiy I, 187b, si'Mii inessiiiv;ers were employed ;
Jaiiii.iiy I, 1877, Iwiiily, J.iiiii.iry 1, 1878, Inrly;
j.iiiii.iiy I, 187V, hity, in 188 ; sixty were employed.
Ihe ili.in.;i"i lor the servii is ol the messelivjer.S
.'He; I'oi mil hour, {oienls; V' minnies, .;5eenis;
■ Jo minilles, .<() eelil',, ju mililltes, I 5 1 I'lllS ; 211
liiilillles or li ',',, ID I lilts.
'I he nil' ',1 ii;.;e| ', m.'iy be eniployed to (lislriblltc
ein iil.'irs .'Hid nntiii", ol eMiy kind. When d<sired
by siibsi libers employinj.^ .1 iiiy^hl w.ili hiii.iii. the
eoiii|).'iiiy .'irr.'iiiv.e ;i sivn.il .ind wire, so th.il, .is
olteii .'IS m.'iy be i'ii|iiiriil, the w.itehin.in e.tn send ;i
si^ii.il to the olhei', thus insiiiinj^ his (.lillifiiliiess
.and .iiti'iitioii. A seali d report of the signals rc-
eei\id IS ill liveri'd lo I he I'l I Ipk i\ e|' e\'ery iiioriiinK.
The rent of the .ipii.ir.'itii'., not im liidinj.( tin- < h.ir^c
lor nil inv.ei's, r. Si. 50 per nioiilh. The |io|iiil.'irily
ol the .ipp.'ir.'itii'. is indie. ited by tin l.ni tli,it in
187b one hundred boxes v\cre in use; ill 1877, two
hiiiidnd ; in 1878 ,1111! 187^, ilin-e liundred .and
Iweiily-live. On the hrsi of J.iiiiiary, 1880. llii;
niiinber hail deelined to three hundred bei ,ius(; of
the inere.-iseij Use of the telephone, alld iiow there
;ire only two liundred .■uid iweiily-livc.
The discovery of the leirpiioiii- bewail to allrai :t
.■illeiition e.irly in 1877. The inslriiiiifiit wa.s first
exhibiieii III Detroit on .M.ireli (> of th.at year, .at
the Delroil Club Kooiii.s, iiiider the (lirfetioii of M.
t'. Kello;.j^r. {'oiiiniiiiiie.ition w.is 1 1; id with (tiiea^jo,
■ llld ;i iiiiisii al pei'forin.inee there was distiiiilly
lieard in iJclroil. Uii Aunusl 15, 1878, the Telo
886
TELEGRAl'IIS AND TKLKPHONES.
phone and Telegraph Construction Coniprmy l)c);an
to supply tc'U'plioncs, actin;^ in cnnni'iUon witii the;
District 'I'ciciLjraph Company. I'lu' annual tharvjc
for telephones for business purp(jses is S^"^; f'>''
ordinary professional and residence use. I50. in
1879 the company had in operatioi: tiiree hundred
telephones and twenty-two private ii; cs. In 1883
the number had grown to oxer lifteen hundred,
and there were bi'sides forty private lines. The
number has largely increased sinci' that date. In
February, 1881, the company established public
telci>hone st.itions in various parts of the city,
antl at these stations ten cents is charged for
telephonic communication. This same ye.ar, on
January 22, the State telcpliMie system went into
operation; .and now .about two hundred citiis .and
vill.agis of Michig.an .are connecttd by telephone.
The olllce of the cnnip.any w.is originally located at
135 Clriswokl Street; in October. 1877, it was
moved to I 5 Congi'i'ss .Stri'et West ; .and on Sep-
tember I, 1880, to the Newberry and McMillan
lluilding.
parts of tin- city,
ts is ciiari,H'(l fur
lis same year, on
system went into
Inmdred cities and
■tid by tclcplionc.
jrijL-inally iociled at
Dcr. 1877, it was
,\'esl ; and on Sep-
jrry and McMillan
CHAPTER LXXXIII.
JOURNEYING. — TRANSPORTATION FACILITIES.— KXI'RKSS COMPANIES.
It has Iv-en said that the first iiorses at Detroit
were broui,du from Fort Dneiiiesne, now Pittsi)iirv;li,
after the defeat of (ieneral iJraddock in 1755.
There were imdonhtediy some iierc at a much
•j.'iriier jn'riod, for horses were brou(i,du to Quebec in
1665. and in Cadillac's irr.mt of land to Jose()h
Parent, in 1708, one of the conditions w;is that he
was to siioe C.uliilac's horses. There were but very
few horses, however, for .vjeneral use, and until about
1840 tlieir place was lariL^ely supplied by the little
French ponies wiiicii roamed .it l.ir.ne both inside
and outside of the town. These were br.mded on the
shoulder with their owner's initials, and when w.inted
were c.'iui^lit and broken. They received little
care, and lived by foragins^, yet they were tjenenilly
in ijood condition. If a barrel of salt was left out-
side of a store over niifiit. it was no unconnnon liiiiii;
to tind that it had been .i^nawed ilirou'.,rii or broken,
and oftentinvs the citizens were awakeneil from
sleej) by th- utter of the ponies' hoofs .is they ]l,m1-
ioped I ' ^ strvjets. They were very hardy,
and under ,< ae. ..J have been known to travel
sixty miles a day for ten successive d.iys.
Supplies for the army, from about 1760, were
oec.ision.illy brouj^ht p.irt way by l.ind from Ni;ii(ar,a
with ox-teams, accom[);inied by ;in overseer on horse-
back.
Early in the century a common mode of traveling,
when there was but one horse for two or more jier-
sons, was known ,is the " ride and tie " nulhod.
One piison would take tile horse and ride on a few
miles, then tie the liorsc and proceed on foot, 'ilic
next one of the p.irly cominjj up would t.ake the
horse, ride ;i few miles ahead of the first person,
and .'iijain tie the horse to a tree. Journeys of sev-
eral hundred miles were performed in this m.iniier.
Duriny this period Indian trails and bridle-p;itlis
constituted almost the only semblance of roads,
hence horseback ridinij was, for the most part, the
only possible method of land travel, and witii
swamps to wade ami streams to ford the method
was slow indeed.
t)n October 16, !7</), John Wilkins, (luarterm.aster-
Seneral of the western .army, wrote from Pittsburnii
to James McHenry, Secretary of War, that he had
arrived there on the I4tli, having left Detroit on the
4th, The Detroit Cazettc for December 13, 1825,
s.iys : "( iovernor C.iss left this city yesterday morn-
ing on his way to W'.isliingtou. He 'was escorted
out of town l)y ;i Large company of citi/ciis on
horseii.'ick." On June 20, 1826, the following item
.ipiie.ired : " Major Forsyth, who returned from the
city of W.ishiugton List week, performed the
journey to that city ,ind b.ick in eighteen d.iys. We
believe tile journey has never before been jierformed
ill so short a time." On September 25. 1828, it was
staled as a noteworthy fact th.it John P.almer h;id
just made a trip to New York in four d.iys ;ind
fifteen hours ; the ordinary time w.is six d.iys .and
nine hours. When Major Joliii IHddle went to
Wasiiington as the territorial deleg.ite, in tiic f.ill
of 1829, he wrote back on December 7 s.iying : "1
arrived here l.ist night .after .a long and fatiguing
journey of upwards one thousand miles, nine hun-
dretl of which I performed on horseb.ick." Tr.ivel
in the interior of the St.ite w.is not possible until
the military roads to Chicago ,-iiul I'ort (ira'.iot were
opened.
For short dist.mces, from the d.iys of Cadillac
until 1830, the low, two-wheeled French c.irts were
almost the only i.md cirri.iges used by ;iny one.
They were cushioned with h.iy or robes, ;icc(inliiig
to the abilit\ of their owners, .ami l.idies of the
higlu'st social st.i.nding made their calls or went to
church sitting on the bottom of these primitive
vehicles. A row of them in front of the churches
or the council-house w.as no uncommon sight.
In 181 5, (iovernor Cass brought his f.imily from
^)hio to Detroit in a carriage, but as the country was
very poor, .and the wealthiest in only moder.itc cir-
cumsi.inces. any attempt at displ.iy was seldom
m.ule. The cirri.age, therefore, w.as used only on
r.are occasions, .and was finally sold to .Mr. McKin-
stry for use as a hack.
About 1834 M.ijor Earned procured a two-
seated carriage, and the same year C. C. Trow-
bridge procured of Joseph Clapp, of Pittsford,
Mass.. a single carriage. It was so much admired
by Mrs. Antoine l?eaubicn that she ordered a dupli-
cate. E. A. IJrush ,ind A. T. McReynolds .also
ordered carriages about the same time. At present
hundreds of carriages and landaus are kept by pri-
f887l
888
JOUKNKVINC.
vatc persons for their nuii use and pleasure. In
\H22 the only foin'-wlieeled wa.^jon in llie ( ily uas
owned l)y Judj^e Sibley, and it was in ((inslanl
re(|Misiii()n anioni; liis less fortunate neij^jliliors ; evn
( lovernor Cass fre(|nenlly solicited the loan of it,
sayinj^ to his old freiK h servant, " I'ieire, v;o up lo
Jiidiji; Sihiey, and tell hiui if iie is not usini^ his
wa^on to-d;iy I shouM like to liorrow it ; ' and as
i'ierri' slarteil off he wuiild sotnelinies ( ;ill ;ifler him
and s;iy, "Come b.iek, i'ierre! Tell Judv;e Sii)ley
that I am j^oinij to t;et a waijon m.ade, and .after
Ih.it I will iieilher borrow imr lend."
'I'he lirst jinhlie sl;i;;c from Detroit left for Ml.
Clemens on the arriwd of the ste.inilm.it in June,
1822. In 1M27 staj^'s ((inimenecd to run hetucen
this city .and Ohio. On lehru.ary i<'>, iS^(j, ;i st.i^<:
w.as .advertised to 1(0 from Sandwieh to Ni.m.ir.t,
three times ;i \\(<-k. the journey to lie made in four
(Lays for li\'e <cnls .a nu'le. In this year .a line of
post-eo.aehes r.in from lure to ^'psil.lnti, Ann /Nrhor,
and 'reeumseh. The followim; .Staj.je \;;ul.ilions
were advertised in 1832:
Tin; SaM(lusl<y I.inr, piissiny,' tlir<iii){li '.i mroo and Matinnc,
liavcs till: llnlil cviry cvriiiiii; al six ci'< Ini k. Tin; St. (usipli
l.iiKt, |iassiii){ lliiiiii^li \|isil;iMli, SaliiH-, Cliiilnii, Jem svilK-,
W'liitr I'Ikidii, MNUvillc,an<l Nilrs, li avis tlw lli^li 1 i:vi ly niHiii-
itiK at scvrii <i'i lock <luiiii>; llic siiininri' season, iind tlirii: tliins .'(
weik (IiiriiiK the winirr sc.i^on. A lir.iiii li of this liiir Ir.ivi s
^'I)silanti iiiiriHfliatily aflf-r its .'trrival, ftir Aim Arbor, Jarks,,ii-
liiir^, .'mil Callioiin. 'I'lir Ann Arlior Line, pas^ini; Ihroiiuli I'l kin,
I'lyiiionlli, .'iimI I'.iiiaiiia, liavis lln: llolil ihrir llniisa wiik.
'I liu I'ontiac Line Iravcs (l.iily ; and a liraiii li, llirce tinirs .t
w« nk, passes thron|.;h Ko( lirster, Stony ('rwk, and Koinco. And
also a IIih; to Mount (Irniins thnr liiiicsa wri'k. A daily rxira
will also liavi' (In: llcirl f.,r Vpsilanti at twi K 'i loi k. As
almost idl of 111!' al)ovr routes arr ii'.;nlar mail roiili s, tlii'liavil-
iiiK pnlilic may drpcnd upon a sad- ami spii-dy i onviyam c.
I'.xlra (arriajjis will be fiiniislii d at allliims for any part of tlie
country.
11. Wonliwokl II.
On M.iy 30, 1S34, this item .appeared in .a Detroit
daily :
A ntw line is about to be fst.'iblislied bi tween I his ( ity .-lu'l I be
month of the St. Jo^ipb Kivir, and Ibe lirst 1 o.irb I, fi lo-d ly.
This Une will run Ibioiinh I be rouuly seals of Wasliienaw, Jai k-
son, Calhoun, and kalanm/oo. Sleamboats ;ire uliu-it to i nui-
nience rniinim; belween Ibe inoulb of llw St. Joseph anil ( bii a>,'o,
mi that the enlire dislam e from hetroit to Chieagii may be Jier-
fornied In less lliari fuc days.
In 1X37 st.aj^es r.in from Detroit , as f, a r west as
Chie.ai;'), east to I'.ulf.ilo, ;ind norih to !• lint. The
time to Chir.a^^o wa'. four .and ,a half d.ays.
'I'lie iiiere.asini^ extension of r.ailroad lines con-
stantly lessened the nmnbcr of st.ti;e rouli s, ;uid
sir.cc 1.S73 no re.;;iil.ar st.ayes li.avc been run from
the city.
The hrst piiblie e.arri.a.i(cs wt'ro the two-wheiiled
cabs, in i.'i45 two of these were i)roeurcd by a
b.arber n.tmed Robert li.anks, Henry J.ackson,
James I ball, and Mrs. Wtjods beint^ associated with
him in flieir ownership, li.anks h.ad .a b.arbt r-.sliop
ou the northe.isl eoiiirr of Jcllerson Avinne.and
(iiiswold .Sircii. rre\ious to the ,iiii\al of the
1 ,abs ,1 sp.aee iie.ar the ( 'iiiicr h.id bii n p.ivcd with
hex.a.^on.il blocks of wood, .and he .aiKi itised tli.at
his h;i( ks wdiild be fniiiid tin re. A city liiense of
if^.ixj .1 ye.ir is p.aiil by the owners of e.nh h.ick,
.iiid dri\crs ji.iy .a liicnse of §i.(xj. The (oilow int;
changes .are .allowed by l.aw : fifty cents for one
person .anywhere in city limits; i hildren iindtT ten,
not more tli.in two ,al .a time, twenty-live cents;
e.aeh trunk or bundle wei^hini.^ less th.an llfty |)oim(ls
is ( .iriied free ; for those wcivjhinv; <i\<r lifty pounds,
the lc,t;,al eh.arnc is lifteeii cents. Harks by the
hour .are .allowed §1.50 for lirst hour, Si. 00 .ifter
for one |)erson, .and lwenty-ri\e cents .an hour for
e.ieh .tddilion.il person ; belwi en the hoursof 1 1 i' m,
.and 5 \. \l., one h.ilf mon m.iy be ih, triced. A sinjrje
person has ,a rii,;ht to dein.and convey.am c, .at these
r.iles, to .any p.art nf the city.
One of the e.iijiest ehoils to est.ablish .a rei(ular
line of streel-onmibiises w.as m.ade in M;i\', 1X47.
'i'he followin^r iu;ws|),aper item ,i;ives det.ails of the
enterprise :
fiMMiu .. Mr. Jon.is 'I'ilns has sl.irled his onuilhiis ajjain
upon Ibe route ;do n; Jelfi ison Avenue from the Mic hinan Kx-
• li.'iu;;e to ll.'iuiii.iini k. The 'bus li.'is been decoraled in Tinu
style, .'ind lununj.; al re;;idar hours will Kteally aeeonimodate tin;
l.asi l-.ud .-Mid our* liii/eus iluriii>( the hot months. I'rompt en-
< oiUiiKemei.t should bej-isiu (by the pui< base of tickets) to an
enterprise so lamlable and useful.
This line w.as not well |iatroni/,ed, and soon
re.ised. Thrt'i; years Later the p.apers jr.avc this
notice of a new effort of the s.ame ch.araeler:
Ji-.l ll'KsoN AvKSi !•: I isi; (Pi- Omniiu 'I'.s.- Messrs. lialilwin A
I irake, proprietors of several line e.abs .-Mid » .irriayjes, havr
rn>;a^ed some splendid omnibuses lo form an omnibus line from
the* Ilepot lo ihe he.'id of Jefferson Aveuu'- during summer. An
otnnibns will pass e;ieli w.'iy onee in thiily minutes, takin>^ on
passengers at ( viry point in the I'roadway style. ' he fare will
be fixed iit a low rail-, prob.ably .at six eenis pe*- rio. .
The line v\(nt into operation on Jefferson Avenue
on April 30, hSjO. .and soon .after on W'oodw.ird
y\ venue, but like its predecessor w.as shnrt- li\ cd.
Another intcrv.al of three ye,ii-s p.issed, .and in 1.S53
.an omnibus line w.as established by Willi.un .Stevens,
from Cle\'el,ind. 'I his line w.as composid of the
S'ehicles which h.ad |)reviously run to .and from I he
hotels. It w.as sold .after two years lo A. J. I'.armcr;
•after three or four years, to Mr. Morris, .and tin.tlly
to Thom.as Cox. Mr. Cox w.as succeeded by the
])resent onmibus coni|).any, eom|)osed of Messrs. ]•',.
l''eri,''nson .and ( ieori;!' Ilendrie. Their olliee .and
sl.ables .are on l,.irned Street near first. They run
twenty omnibuses .and l)aj(j.(a,i;e wa.tfons .and two
I lerdie eo.tches, ,uid eh.ari(e two shillings for p.as-
scni^ers, .and the s.ame for ordin.ary b.a.i.(.i;.a;L(e. The
olliee is open (Lay .and niyht, and their tr,iin-,ay;ents
TR.WSI'OK lA'llnN lACI Ifl'IKS.
SSc)
. ll.iil .1 l).il Ik l-sli()|)
Icrsnii A V( line ,111(1
1 1 II ;iiiiv;il of tin;
1(1 l)((ii |);iv(il will)
hv advertised thai
•. A lily license of
tiers of e;n li Ii.k k,
(X). 'Ihe (ollowiii;^
lifly celils for one
( liildreii under ten,
l\\cnty-ri\c cents;
ss tli.in tifty pounds
i^;over lifly |)oiinds,
ts. li.'K ks by the
t hour, Si.oo ;ifter
((Ills ;i!i hour for
the hours of I I !■ M.
i: ( har,i(ed. A sini^lc
mvcyaiice, al these
establish a rc.v;iil,ir
lade ill M.ty, i"S47.
iL;i\es details of llic
rlid bis nmnil)tiH n^'iiin
(iiiiii tin; Mil liiv;.ii\ I'.x-
t)f-cii (Ircnriitrd in fine:
<ri-.'illy ill I <iiiiiii'"l.ili' the
I iiKiiillis. I'ninipl rii-
iircliusv (jf ticl((:ts> III uii
tronized, and soon
;; |)a|)irs tj;ive this
lie character:
SKS,- Messrs. lialilwiii /i
ilis iinil c.irriiiKis, liavo
inn nil oinnilins line from
mil' (l:iriiiv; siiiiiinir. An
liitly ininiili'S, taking; on
way styii'. ' he fiiru will
Ills III'"- ri'i, .
Ill Jelferson Aveinie
after on Woodward
ior w.'is short- li\((l.
jiassed, ;in(l in 1X53
by W'illi.iin .Ste\cns,
IS conipost'd of the
iiiii to and from the
,iis to A. J. I'jirnier;
•. Morris, and finally
IS succeeded by the
posed of Messrs. I'..
■. Their ()Hi( (■ ;in(l
■;ir !■ irst. They run
,je wajL^ons and two
;o shillings for p;is-
i.iry b,iv(^;i,ire. 'ihe
id their train-agents
meet every p.issein^cr tr,iin (online; to heiroit, ,ii the
jiim lions. ,iiid ■irr;ui',;e for the coiiveyiiii( of |);isseii-
jrers or ba),;.i;a,v;(: to any pari of the city. Tin-
syslein is a vjrcal iniprovcnicni on the old plan,
under \\lii( h c.k Ii IioIi 1 susl.iiiicd its own 'bus ,'in(l
l)ai().(;i,;;e-\\;iv;oii, the drivers, ,1 motley crew, litcr.illy
sei/inv; upon the trjisclers who ( ,iinc within tlw ir
re,i< h, while their cries ni.idc a biill.im of the depots
•and stc.imbo.it l,iii(liiit;s.
The Omnibiis (■(iiiip,iny ;ilso iwn ;ind run iIk!
coup('s formerly m.iii;iv;e(l by the hiiroit Cirriaije
,111(1 I'.xpres-, ( dmp.iny. These ( (iiipi's were intro-
duced on /Xjiril 17, I1S7.S, ,111(1 the property w.is soli!
to the ;ibove-ii,ime(l ( omp.any in July, 1H83.
IK.WM'OIM A riON I'M I Mills.
'Ihe {■.iiv,disli m.ade iiiim h mure of heiroii th.iii
tlieir jiredecessors li,i(l done. Under the l''rencli it
w;is cliielly ;i milit,try post for the rci^ioii immedi-
ately . around it; ,iiid .IS there were other !• reiK h
est;iblisliments north ,iiid west, the i^oods for the
Indian tnuh; .and the .army were divided ,amoin(
tlu'iii. Tr,ins|)ort,ition from .Montre.il to I)(!iroil,in
t7o2, was at the r.ate of S50" f'"" '"i": himdred-
wei.^jht. Under l''.ii.;,disli rule Detroit w,is the extreme
western post, became th(; ct'iiter of .all oper.ilioiis in
the West, and enormous (ni.inlities of goods were
g,athered here. This resnited in supplementing
the birdi-biirk e.inoes with numerous vessels, ,all
(jf which were owned by Ilis M.ajesty. liven the
goods of priv.ati; tr.adcrs wire tr;insported in the
king's ships, .and in 17X0 tlic^ r.ate from Ni,ig,'ir.a to
Detroit w,is £1 per b.irrd. The s.ame vessels were
used until 179'^). when some of them were tr,ins-
ferred to priv.ate p.arties, .and with other er.aft they
eoiitinued to !i;ive ;ilmost .1 monopoly of the busi-
ness of tr,insporting goods from the I'lasl, In 1S15
the |)rii (r of freight from I'.iilf.ilo to Detroit w,as
Sj.cx) per b,iiiel. ihe only compelilors of the
s.iiling vi'ssels were the p.ack-liorses, whi( h were
much used, especially in conveying government
stores. 'Ihe I hlroit ( i.a/elte for Dec(-mbcr 26, 1.S17,
s,ays: "'I'liis week ,a number of p.ick-horses, l.aden
with shoes for the troops .at (Ireeii !i,ay, st.iried on
,an ( xpeditioii through the wilderness for th.il post."
In I1S18 ste.imbo.its m.ade tln-ir .appc.ar.iiice, .and on
l-ebru.iry 27 Ch,irlcs Smith, of Alb.any, New N'ork,
g.ave notice in the ( i,i/,ette. th.it he li.id complided
.arr,ingements for tlit; tr.anspori,ilion of nierch.iiidise
from the IC.ast to the iijipcr Lakes, .and gu.ar.anleed
th.it the cost of tr.ansporting p.ack.ages of ordinary
si/.e from New N'ork to Detroit should in no case
e.xceed S4.50 per hundredweight.
The (-ompletion of tlu; Krie Can.il to I'.uff.alo in
1H25 w,as ,a not,ible event in the jirogress of trans-
port.ation facilities, .iiid freights were greatly reduced
as soon as it v/as opined. 'I'lie Detroit (l.a/.ette for
Decemlx r 5 s.iys: " \\( > in now go from Detroit
to .New \'ork in live .md ,1 ji.ilf d.iys. Ilefore the
w.ar it look .at least two months or mori\" The
opening of the Wcll.iiid ( ',in.il in tin? f.ill of 1S31
w.is ,ilsi) of great .adv.int.age.
During this period the scmityof ro.ads of any
kind in Mi( hig.an, .and the condition of those tli.it did
exist, made .all tr.insport.itioii to or from the interior
c.x( cedingly diliiciilt .and expensive, inrirderin p.irt
to obvi.iie tin: dillieiilty, in August, 1X3^, ,a sub-
scription w.as raised in VpsiLanii, ,ind .1 ll,it-bottomcd
boat, the rAperimeiit, w.as built to ii.nigaic the
Huron River. The following, from the Detroit
Journ.il .and Advertiser of .M,iy m, iX ;(, tells of the
progress of this experiment, ,in(l of iIk' hop( s it
r.aised ;
NAViiiAii'iN I Ko\i i>i.ri;(iir i«i si'sii.wii.
I.asiwiik a liiial arriviit in lliis pl.ii ,- Irniii \ |i'.il.inli « illi a
luail i,( (liiiir I i.iisisliiix iif mil' linndri it .mil I vunly-IlM- liaiirU,
Ilii- iiilirr (lislanrr lii-inj; |iirfiiriiii(l in tliirly-six Imiirs. I his is
.'III I <(|ii riiiH'iit wliii li iiii'rils iinliii' anil i'iiriiiiiai;riiii'nl . 'Ilii'
lli.nr \va, liruiikjlit InTr ill .in i'x|iinsi' nf alMiiil lliirly-i i>;lit ( iiits
|irr liarirl, tlii; usual prii i' liy laiiil liiiii),' fiuin sixly-llini' In
si'M'iily-fivi' (irnls. Aflir llw slinlit iiiiiicdinniils In llii' iia\ i^a-
li'iii are nmiivi'd, tin- traiis|iiirlaliiiii will lie ciiatly riilin id, ami
it is ,'is< crtaini'd liy <i>iii|h tint and will jii(l).:iiik( iiidi\ idiials llnit
liy !'x|iriidint; a trifling Hiiin nf tnnni y, llm llnriin Kivrr may In-
ri mil n d n ivi;;alili: as f.ir as \'|isilanli m NiiiiArlinr fur sliaiii-
l.'.il-. i.f friiiii thirty In fnrty-fivi: tons, 'j'lii' nsiill nf this .'iiImii-
Inri' jiistifirs thr i'.\|n riatinn lliat liinaflrr tlii' |iriidciii' and
iiiipnrtaliniiM nf a rniisidrrahltr pnrtinii nf Waslilrnaw will lir
I i.ttisjinrli'd liy watrr, at a iiiiii h Irss rxju'iisr than thr iisiial
li dinns iiiid tardy iiindr nf 1,'iiid cniivryfini r.
These expecl.t'ions were not fllllilled, as there
w,is not enough business to m,ake the projci t rciiiii-
ner.itisc ; .after three tiips the bo.il w,is sold, .ami
lm,illy, with .all the bright ,anti( i|),ttions tli.it once
clustered .about it, was str.aiidi'd on tln' b.inks near
Dearborn.
The next Ncnture W.IS m.adc by the St.ite, .and
w;ts mill h more I osily and extensive The erouils
of emi'.^nints th,it ( ,ime by e\-ery steamer, the new
set tiemeiiis they built 111 ), all over the St, ate, the |)r( ss-
ing need thus caused for more e-isy .and r.ipid ir.insit
through the interior, .and iIk; rejoicing of .'ill parties
over the admission of the St.ate to the I nioii, etiised
the I.egisl.tture to ;ii I liki; one who, youthful .and
inexperienced, h.as smidenly become heir to .an im-
mense est.ite. In the inon'Ji of M.ar^li, 1X37, w.as
p.assed, not only the notorious W'ildctt Il.inking i,.aw,
but .also .a l.iw providing for borrov.'ing 'ii the bonds
of the Sl.ate the enormous .amounl of S5,<}(X),(xx),
to be expeii'led ill intern.il im|)rovements under the
direction of seven commissioni rs. 'I'lie estim.ated
cost of th(; iniprovements undertaken rea( lied the
Slim of nearly S^.ooo.ooo; these included four r.ail-
ro.ads, three c;in,als, and the improvement of the
Cir.and, K.il,am,a/oo, ,and St. Joseph Ri\ers, ;md a|)-
propri.ations were actually m.ade for the roads and
«90
TRANSF'ORTATION FACIIJTIKS.
caiiiiK, and for two of tlic rivers. All of llir rail-
roads and canals \\\vr m be i)iiilt ami (i|)cratr<l
noli'ly by the Stati;. Tlii; roails wrrc named llu;
" Soutiui'n," from Monroe to N>\v Miilfalo, the
" Northern," from I'orl Huron to (irand Ka|)ids, the
"Cx'iitral," from Detroit to St. Joseph, and the
"Havre Uraneh," from Havre, in .Monroe County,
to the < )hio .St.ate line. ( )f the canals, the; " Clinton
and Kalama/.oo " \v;is to extend from Ml, Clemens
to the mouth <if the Kalama/oo on l..iki: Mi(iiij;.in,
the " S.iikjinaw or Nortiicrn," from tlie forks of liad
River to Maple River, and the "Si. M.iry's" was
dcsiifned to avoid tlur r,i|)ids in the St. M.iry's Ri\ir.
In addition to these, ;i legion of |iriv,ile r.iilro.id
and canal companies were incorporated, apparently
with tile intention of supplyini^ eviry four corners
witii both a railroad and a canal. Amon.i; the
other railroad projects that sprani,^ up in the Hush
times of i<S34to 1837 w;is the Shelby and Detroit
K.iilro.u! Coini).iny, designed to rim between Detroit
and Ktica. It was incorijonitcd on M.arch 7, \<ij-\,
with a c.ipital of !?;ux3,cxx), ;md in September, 1S39,
it was in oper.ition from I'lica to witliin live miles of
the Gratiot Ro.ad. The c.irs were dr.iwn by horses,
and connecting;- stai^es .it the I'ud of the r.iils carried
passen.;,'ers to Detroit. In I1S44 the comi)any ceased
to operate the road, and on M.irch iS, i.S4<S, the
Le).;islatinH; ch;mi;;ed the n.ime to Detroit, Kouieo,
& i'ort Huron Railroad ; but the new name did not
give it new life, and it is either dead or sleejiinij.
The inr)st of these projects were actu.illy needed
about as much as the b.mks which kept them com-
pany. 'I'he railroads built by the Stale are else-
where described. Upon the canals and river im-
provements over $3,000,000 Acre expended, but no
one of these public works was brought to completion.
The embankments of sever.al of these works look
like Indian moimds, and remain to this day as relics
of the dead past and departed ijlory.
Other r.iilroads, both State and private, were
,i(ra(lually |)ushed to completion, and conununication
with the West established. The completion of the
New York Central Railroad from Albany to lUilf.ilo,
in 1842, and of the New York and luie from New
York City direct to Uulfalo, in 1.S51, very nearly
solved the (|uestion of r.ipid transit to ,ind from the
Ea.st; ant! the comiilelion of the Great Western
from Niai^.ira 1' ills to Detroit, in 1854, fully met
the needs of the p.iblie.
In the sprinjr of i-'->55 trade with the Lake Superior
rej^ion was greatly facilitated by the openinj.; of the
St. Mary's Falls .Ship Canal.
At the present time fast freiv^ht arrives from l);illi-
more in from one and one half to two days. The
j^ain in time since 1836 is shown by the fact that on
February 1 5 of that year, (i. R. I.illibridije advertised
in the Detroit papers, as a remarkable event, that he
had for .sale oysters which h.id just arrived, " only
twenty d;iys from IJ.illimore."
Nearly all of the freight from the Fast is now
consiijned by some one of the frei.;;ht lines whiiii
opir.ite on the v.irious roads. These companies
own and le.ise m.any ihoiis.mds of fninht-c.irs, ;ind
by contnici with tin: r.iilro.id comp.inies h.ivc their
cars or fri'i,v;ht tr.ansportcd .it speci.il nites on fast
tniins. .Some one line usu.illy h.is ;i monopoly of
the main trahic of c.k h ro.id, and the comp.anies, by
.agreement .amonj.; themselves ,ind with the r.iil-
roads, from time to lime .arrani^e the r.ites .uid
classifications of freights.
The crossing' of the river at Detroit h.is ;iKv,ays
been a serious inconvenience to the r.iilro.ad (om-
panies, .and jirior to 1867 the dcl.iy involved in the
handlin.^ and tr.insft'rrinvj of frei,v,dil to .and from the
bo.'its j^reatly increased the expense of its carri.ii;e;
railro.id ferries were built to crush the it e in winter,
Kaii.uoai) I'"km(V Dock.
but the handlinv^of packajjes was tedious and expen-
sive work. On Janu.ary i, 1867, the Great Western
Railro.ad in.auiju rated the i)lan of earr\ini( the cars
themselves across the river on boats built for the
purpo.se. The (ireat Western was the tirst of these
boats. She was built in I".ni;l.ind, at a cost of
$190,000 in i^old, was sent over in parts, and put
tojLjether at Windsor. She carries fourteen frei,i(ht
cars. Of the five other boats since added, the
Transit carries ten, the Michivjan sixteen, the Trans-
fer eij.(hteen, the Transport twenty-one, and the
Trenton eii,dit.
On the docks on both sides of the river are tracks
which can be raised or Icjwered to admit of the
cars i^assinij directly frf)m the boats to the railroad.
The boats transfer about 1 5,000 passenj^er-cars and
400,000 freiifht-cars yearly. ICven these facilities are
isi .11 rivi;(l, " only
the I'.ast is now
rci'^lil lines wiiicii
rii( sc ciiinpaiiii'S
firii;lit-( ais. and
l)aiiii's iia\c tlK'ir
■lial rates on fast
as a in(iiii)|)<iiy nf
tin: <()in|)anics, i)y
1(1 with llu; rail-
j^c the rales and
)elripil lias always
the railrnad eoni-
ly invoKiil in the
U to and fniMi llic
se i)f its earriav;c ;
I the iei; in winter,
tedious and cxpen-
the Circat Western
if carryinir the ears
boats hnilt for the
as the lirst of these
land, at a eost of
• in parts, and put
es fourteen freij^ht
sinee added, the
sixteen, the 'i'niiis-
»'enty-one, and the
the river are tracks
d to admit of the
i.its to the railroad,
passenjjer-ears and
1 these faeilities are
TkAN.SI'OUrATION lACII.IilK.S.
8gi
not fully s,'itisfae.tory, ;ind e.irly in iiS;! the (|uesiion
of timnelinjf the river lie^an to he puhlicly avjitated,
and on May ii, 1X71, James K. Joy .applied to the
Common Council for the use of portions of ccrt.iin
streets for ;ii)pro.iclus to .a proposed tunnel. .Some
of the lili/.ens protested, hut on .\uv;iist r .an ordi-
n.iiice w.is p.issed which f.ivored the project. On
.Sept(rml)er 14 .irr.tns^emenls were made to break
y;round for the in.ain sh.ifi of the tunnel in the y.ird
of the 1). iv M. K. K., opposite .St. Antoine Street,
near the present K.iilro.id Kerry Slip. On J.mnary
31, i<S72,tlie sh.ift w.ts lluished for .idistancc; of one
himdr('d .and eij,dit feet below the surf.ice of the
river. 'I'he depth of the m.asonry was one hundred
.and fourteen feet, the U|)per |)ortion of eij.;hty-nine
feet w.is tifteen feet in di.imeler, with si.xteen-inch
w.ills. 'I'lu' lower twenty-l'ive feet was nine feet in
di.imeter, with twelve-inch w.ills, 'I'he work of e.xc.a-
v.itin^' the dr;iiii.a,!^fe drift or tunnel under the bed of
the river w.is then beijun, but in 1X73, after di),'.vii"}i
one lumdred .and thirty-live feet, the work w.as dis-
eonlinued. Then' w.is s.aid to be too much sulphur
and (juieksand to venture further. 'I'licr (|uesii(>n of
bridi;in^i( the river w.as next a,i,nlated. The vc'ssel
owners strenuously opposed this measure, and
!)oth p.'irties bev;.an to m.irshal their forces. ()n
April 7, if^74, a nieetiii.i( of residt'iits of v.arious
parts of the State w.as held in Detroit to consider
the subject, and resolutions in f.ivor of .1 bridj^e
were adopted. One week later, on April 15, the
vessel owners rallied at N'oun,;^ Mi'ii's il.all and
p.assed resolutions favoring; ;i tiniiiel. After the.se
two met:lin,tjs interest in the subject seemed to
flay.
In the Latter p.art of M.an h, 1X71;, it w.as an-
nounced th.at a tunnel was to be built at (Irossc
Isle, where the C.in.ada .Southern crossed the river,
and work was bt'ijun on April 21. This aw.akened
the busiiu'ss and r.ailroad men of I)t;troitand their
eastern friends, ,ind a jiroject w.is in.iuifur.atc^d to
secure Helle Isle for the city, as a suil.ible i)l.ace for
the crossinj^ of a bridi^e .and also for a p.irk. A bill
was passed on M.iy 31, i<S79, providinvf for its jnir-
ch.ase .and for |)ermittin^; the city to unite with the
Can;'- ithorities or any Canatiian eorjioralion
in builtnnv^ a tininel on e(|u,al terms, and the Council
w.as vjiven power, with consent of the lio.ard of
Estimates, to issue bonds for 45500,000, for the jiur-
pose of l)uildini,r ,1 bridvje or tunnel. At the s;inie
session of the l,i\i^isl.iture pro\ision w.as m.ide for
sllbmillin!L,^ .at the State election in November, 18.S0,
an amendment to the constitution j^ivini^' the l.e,!L;is-
l.ature power to ,authori/,e such action on tlie p.art of
the city. The amendinent was lost by a vote in the
.Slatt; of 37,340 for .and 5cS,o40 .at^ainst the amend-
ment; the work of tunnelinj; from Crosse Isle was
soon after suspended, .and the .annoutu ement made
th.at the stone throu>;li wIik h the tunnel w.is to be
made was unfavorable for the work.
On October 14, iHyij. a committic, appointed
tmder the direction of Con,i(ress, held sessions in
Detroit to hear the v.arious arj^'iniieiits for .anrl
.ay.ainsl .1 bridije or tunnel ; .arid on December .S they
reported ill f,a\i)r of .1 brid^je. No public .action
li.as since been li.ul 011 tlii' i|ueslion.
An elev.itor (or whe.at-house, ,as it was lirst
called), for the purpose of storiii',,' i;r,iin, w.is not
much needed until I1S51, .and in th.at yi-.ir the first
one w.is erected by the M. C. U. U, In iS6r I!,
M, CI. irk built ,an elev.itor at the I). X: .\I. De|)ot.
In the winter of 1879 1K80 it w.is enlarged to
ilouble its former c.ap.aiity, .and will now hold
35(),o(X) bushels. In i.sr,| the .M. C. K. K. built ;i
second elc\,alor, .and on ( ii tober 2<;, l8C/>, the lirst
one w.as burned. In 1.X79 ,a new one w.as built.. and
on September 2() it received its first lot of ^r,i\n.
The c.ip.acity of e.acli of these elevators is 550, ooo
bushels, '{'he elev.alor built in 1.S.S2 by the Inioii
Depot Comp.iny will hold 1 ,3(xj,(xxj bushels.
Two-wheeled dr.iys were introduced about 1830,
and up to 1858 ih'- dr.ayinen did .all the te.aminvf for
the btisinc'ss men of the city. In the Latter yi'.ar the
Detniii >S Milw.iiikee, .and (ireat Western K.ail-
ro.ids, tl roiiv^h the .avjemy of .Messrs. Ilendrie i\:
Com|)an/, commenced tf) collect frei.i(ht for and
deliver from the sever.il roads. This innov.ation
,1,'re.atly incensed the dr.ayinen, .and on July 28, 1858,
tlu'y held an in(liv,'ii.ition ineetinij to protest .aij.ainst
the |ir.actice. Their meetin.;( w.as of no av.ail, but
till' feelinvf ,a;(.ainst the ro.ads contiiiued. ( )n I'eb-
ru.iry 10, i860, J. (i. Mrwin i\; Comp.any wished to
ship ,a hundred dressed hoi(s by the C W. K. K.
l''orty of tlie draymen volunti'crcd to tak(' them,
.and wint in procession to the de|)ot, e.acli dr.iy
Laden with a sinv;le Iki;;. /\s a demonslr.ation it
w.as ,a ,;;re.al success, but I he r.ailro.ad trui'ks still
continueil to run, bi-canie iiK reasinj^ly popul.ar, .and
.are now used to (leli\'er most of the freitjht to or
from the r.ailro.ads.
Messrs. Ilendrie i\: Comp.iny, I'.. Ferifuson, the
Cr.and Trunk K.ailro.ul, J. X; 'T. Hurley, .and the De-
troit 'Truck Comp.any h.ave .a c.apit.al of prob.ibly
S75,oo(j invested 111 .about lifiy trui ks .and horses.
'There are .about four hundred .and fifty trucks, dr.ays,
and e.xpress w.ajLjons owned by other p.arties. 'The
two-horse trucks or dr.ays |).ay .a city license of S'S.ofj,
express w.ii(oiis and dr.ays, S-.o'> each. 'The old
two-wheeled dr.ays, once so f.aniili.ir, h.ave almost
entirely .^ivi-n ])Lace to four-wheeled w.ai.jons, less
th.an half .a dozen of the former beini^ now in use.
A I'ack.aye .and I>.i.W'''Kti I'.x|)ress Comjjany w.as
est.ablished on June 6, 1881, and carried small
p.ack.a.iL(es to .any p.art of the city for from live to ten
cents e.acli, .and also delivered i,ari;e p.ackages at
', 1
1
IMAGE EVALUATION
TEST TARGET (MT-3)
1.0
I.I
1.25
|50 '""=^
I—
2.0
1.8
1-4 IIIIII.6
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aJ^^^Vv^
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'O- .A ^_Z^
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i
JJILJJl^lJMI
89:
EXPRESS COMPANIES.
reasonable rates. In 1881 tlie coniiiany employed
five men, with one-horse teams, and from fifteen to
twenty boys, who delivered hundreds of paikavjes
daily. The business was not sulluiently renninera-
tive, and the orijanization ceased in 1882.
KXPRKSS COMl'ANMES.
Amonuf the most important mercantile facilities
which have been devi'loped by the business of the
country are the several express companies. The
first to en.i^atje in the express busini'ss in Detroit
was Charles II. Miller. The followini^ notice from
a paper of Febru.iry, 1844, shows that he soon
found a competitor :
Mii.i.kk's Kxphkss.— We rijjrut ti) learn that Pomeroy & Com-
pany have extended their Express Line to this city. Not that we
entertain any hoslile feeling to tliejn, 1)ut because we believe in-
justice is (lone to Mr. Chas. H. Miller.
The I'omeroy Express was first established at
Albany, New York, by CieoriL;;e E. Pomeroy in 1S41,
and in 1844 an office w.is opened in Detroit in C.
Alorse's bookstore on the north side of Jefferson
Avenue, just west of Hates Street About 1845
the name was chanj^ed to Wells Company's Express,
and soon after the Detroit office was moved to the
basement of the F. & M. Bank on Jefferson Ave-
nue. In 1850 the company was reorijanized imder
the name of the American Express Company, and
that year the oflice was located at 106 Jefferson
Avenue, three doors below the Michijjan E.xchans^e.
On May 20, 1862, the office was moved to the
Waverly Hlock, opposite the Michitjan Exchansre,
From here, on May i, 1865, it was moved to the old
Rotunda on Oriswold Street, and on August i,
1879, to the Moffat Building.
The success of the several express comp.anies
caused the organization of a rival company, the
Merchants' Union. It numbered several Detroit
merchants among its stockholders, and its oflice
here was first opened on October 4, 1866, at 221
Jefferson Avenue. C. J. Petty was agent. On
December i, 1868, the company was consolidated
with the American Express Company under the
title of the American Merchants' ICxpress Cunijiany.
On February i, 1S73, the word "Merchants'" was
dropped. In 1880 the .American Express Companv
had abotit fifty employees in Detroit, the monthly
pay-roll footed up $2,500, and the company em-
ployed twenty-two horses, using four double and
ten single wagons.
On March 14, 1882, the express companies' sy.s-
tem of money orders was introduced in Detroit.
The plan is simil.ir to that of the jiost-oflice orders.
.Sums of from one dollar to live dollars can be
obtained for a fee of Wvc cents, and orders for
amounts between i'wc dollars and ten dollars for
eight cents.
The following agents have had charge of the
Detroit office : 1842 1844, Daniel Dunning; 1845,
John C. Noble; 184C), \V. (;. I'"argo; 1846- 1855, John
C. Fargo; 1855-18^)7, C'harles I'\-irgo; 1867-1868,
A. Antisdel; 1869, C. J. Petty; 1870, W. A. (".ray;
1871, Merritt Secly ; 1872-1876, T. B. Fargo; 1876
to December. 1881, Merritt Seely; from December,
1881, C. F. Reed. Division Superintendents: 1855-
1867, Charles Fargo; 1867, A. II. Walcott ; 1868,
J. L. Turnbull; 1869-1871, J. H. Arnett; from 1871,
J. S. Hubbard.
The United States P'.xpress Company was estab-
lished at Detroit in 1857. Its first office was at 112
Jefferson .\venue, next to the Michigan E.xchange.
From here it was moved to the Rotunda on May i,
1865, and on September i, 1879, '" the Colburn
Block on Congress Street West, between Wood-
ward Avenue and I5ates Street. In 1880 it employed
twelve persons, and the pay-roll was S621.50 per
month. Six horses and four wagons were used.
The agents have been: 1S57, W. H. Ashley; 1858-
1866, C. J. Petty; from August iS, 1866, F. H.
Cone.
In October, 1872, a distemper prevailed among
the horses at Detroit, as well as all over the North,
and the last week in October both express compa-
nies delivered and collected goods in ordinary hand-
carts.
tiiij-i.'iny under ihr
ICxpress Coiiipanv.
" Merchants' " was
Express Company
•etroit, the niontlily
the company em-
g four double and
?ss companies' sys-
•cuhired in Detroit.
J post-olfice orders,
ive dollars can be
Its, and orders for
uid ten dollars for
lad charij^e of the
iel Dunninji;; 1845,
;(>; 1846-1855, John
Fari,'o; 1867-1868,
1S70, W. A. (".ray;
, T. H. Fari(o; 1876
ly; from December,
K-rintcndents: 1855-
II. Walcolf, 1868,
. Arnett; frt)m 1871,
Zompany was estab-
irst olfice was at 1 12
Michigan Exchange.
Rotunda on May i,
579, to the Colburn
St, between Wood-
In 1880 it employed
was S^>2i.5o per
,ai;ons were used.
H. Ashley; 1858-
ist 18, 1866, F. H.
er prevailed among
ill over the North,
)()lh express eompa-
s in ordinary hand-
chaptJ':r lxxxi v.
KAM.RO.VDS.
The JMroil, Grand Haven, and Mihoaiikee
Raiki'ay Conipiiny.
A premonition of the buildiinj of this and other
roads is contained in the follDwini,'- article from
The Detroit C.a/.ctte of December 17, 1S29, and
e.xcept that it allowed too little time for their com-
pletion, was really prophetic :
'I'rn yi':irs liciuc, or Iji-fiin', tlu' cilizcns of Dciroit will he ahlr
to reacli thu Alliintic in turiuy-four lioiirs. In twenty yiMis
* * * the navigation of our hn.ail anil biautiful lakes will hoof
no manner of use to us, hecanse land transportation will he so
much cheaper. It will be acomfortable tliinij to get into — not a
coach or steamboat — but a snug house built over a steam engine,
and, after jmuneying smoothly and safely at the rate of thirty or
forty miles an hour, find yourself at breakfast next uujrning iu
New York or H'ashington.
The year after this article was written, on July
31, 1830, the I'ontiac & Detroit Railroad was char-
tered, and became the first incorporated railroad
within the limits of the old Northwest Terri-
tory. The States of Oiiio, Indiana, and Illinois
had been created long before. Michigan was still
a Territory, but she outstripped them all in her
plans for utilizing the iron horse. Not only was the
first western railroad chartered here, but the first
rails and the first locomcjtive in the West were the
property of a road within the border of Mich-
igan. Five years were allowed to complete the
Detroit & I'ontiac Line, which was to have been
built on tile route of the I'ontiac Road. The cor-
porators failed to carry out their plans, and on March
7, 1834, the Detroit & I'ontiac Railroad Company,
an entirely new corporation, was chartered. In fact,
the line has been organized and reorganized so many
times that the original corporators could hardly
trace their property except in the soil of the
road-bed. On March 26, 1835, tho» corporation
was authorized to establish the liank of I'ontiac,
with a capital of §100,000, the stock of the company
to be liable for the debts. On April 25, 1836, con-
tracts were let for grubbing the first fifteen miles of
the road, but a swamp this side of Royal Oak
greatly hindered the work. At other points, in after
years, certain "sink-holes" swallowed up whole
forests, together with acres of soil, before a solid foun-
dation could be obtained. At first the road consisted
merely of wooden rails, and the cars were operated
by horse pf)wer. On March -!2. 1837, while the
fever of internal im|in)vement was at its height, the
State was authorized to purchase the line. Nojjur-
chase, however, was then made, but by Act of March
5, 1838, the State loaned tlu: company $100,000,
secured by mortgage, to aid in completing the road.
In these days it seems that the road should have
been easily built, with the aid of such a loan and
the banking powers which the company possessed.
On May ly, 1838, the road was in operation for
twelve miles, and the receipts were $80 per day. On
July 21 it was opened to Royal (Jak, and on .August
16, 1839, to liirmingham. A Kjcomotive obtainetl
from Philadelphia, the Sherman Stevens, w;is first
used at this time. In 1858 the same engine was
doing duty under the name of I'ontiac, and at a still
later date was in use on the Port Huron & Owosso
Railroad.
The first passenger-coaches were divided into
three rooms, benches for seats were arranged length-
wise, and the passengers entered through doors on
the sides instead of at the ends. The covered
freight-cars had but four wheels, with white-ash
springs; these were made in the company's shops,
and acLually used for full ten years.
After the road was completed to Birmingham, still
slower progress was made towards I'ontiac, and it
was not until July 4, 1843, th.it the road was opened
to that point. At this time trains stopped anywhere
and everywhere to take on or let off passengers, and
the lime that trains would reach any particular ])Iaee
was very uncertain. The trains were so exceedingly
slow that one of the stories of that day told of a
middle-aged man who died of extreme old age
while on the road to I'ontiac; and "Co to I'ontiac!"
was considered a fearful imprecation.
The rails were of strap or tlat-bar iron, spiked to
the cross ties. They frequently broke, turned up,
and entered the cars, occasionally causing serious
accidents. In allusion to this fact, an advertisement
in the Directory of 1845 says: "The company have
now a new and elegant car on the road, well
warmed, and sheathed with iron to guard against
danger from loose bars."
The corporation of 1834 intended to run into
the city over the Gratiot Road to Woodward Ave-
nue, and on March 31, 1838, the council gave the
[893]
894
RAILROADS.
necessary permission. 'I'he eoiniiany, iiowever, did
not a\ail itself of tiie privile.i,^', hut laid the track
on Deciiiindre Street from the liratiot Road to Jef-
ferson Avenue, and the passenger depot was located
on the avenue. In 1S42 tiic line was exlentled
down the Ciratiot Road to Farmer Street. The
property owners alon^j (iratiot Street did not ap-
prove of this proceeding', especially as the careless
manner in which the road was construi;ted rendered
the street almost impass.able after a rain. The evil
vva.s apparent to everybody, and on July 11, 1S43,
the council ilecreed the track a public nuisance, and
the marshal was ordered to ren;ove the same unless
the road was improved. Some tritlini; repairs were
made, but the road was still objectionable, and on
September 7, 1847, the council was petitioned to
remove the track, but no action was taken. The
J)K]K(iiT & Milwaukee Deiot Bcilding. Bck.neu in 1866.
people continued to urjTe their objections, and year
after year temporary improvements and promises in
abundance were made by the officers of the road,
the people, in the meantime, sjrowin)^ more and
more impatient. Finally, on September 5, 184S, the
company was ordered by the council to tear up the
track insitle of the city on all public scjuares or
streets within si.K months, and if not then removed,
the city marshal was instructed to tear it up.
Fven after this action a year and more went by,
and the track remained as before. At length the
people themselves imdertook its removal, and on given by the road as further security were sold to
the evening of December 12, 1849, after the train Messrs. White & Davis of Syracuse. N. Y. They
had left for Pontiac, a posse of men went to work leased the road to Alfred Williams for $10,000 a
near the head of Beaubien Street, and with crow- year. Me operated it until 1S49, and in that year
bars, sledges, handspikes, and other instruments,
tore up se\eral rods of the track. When tlu' next
train arriveti, as there was no i)lace to turn the
engine, it had to be backed to Royal Oak. Twelve
men were arrested for tearing up the track, but the
community had too nuu'h sympathy for them to
allow them to be punished, and besides the law
officers of the roads acknowledged that if the track
was a nuisance they had an undoubted right to
remove it.
For sever.'d weeks, the cars came in only as far as
Detiuindre Street. Finally the track was relaid, and
on .Saturday, February 9, 1850, the cars again
came in to their old depot on the corner of I'"armer
and (iratiot .Streets. Two days after, on Monday
afternoon, February 11, after the cars had left, a
party of men collected, and beginning at Randolph
Street, the track was
again torn up for a con-
siderable distance, and
again the cars were com-
pelled to stop at De-
quindre Street. The
company, however, per-
severed, and in July,
1850, asked permission
to replace their track,
and on July 30, the coun-
cil, by resolution, gave
the company permis.sion
to make use of any (jf
the streets they had for-
merly occupied for a
period not longer than
one year.
The road was now
extended through to the
Campus Martins, and
the cars stopped on the
site of the present I )etroit
Opera I louse. The de-
pot buildings were in
the rear, fac-ing Farmer and (iratiot Streets, and
occupying fully one quarter of the block.
On May 27, 1851, the company was granted per-
mission to extend the track across Jet'fer.son Avenue
to the dock jjroperty which they had bought at the
foot of Brush Street, and early in 1S52 cars began
to run in and out from the Brush Street Depot and for
the first time on the T rails. While this extension
was building, the cars stopped at Gratiot Street.
About 1 84 1 the mortgage which had been given
to the State to secure the $100,000, and the bonds
I
RAILROADS.
895
other instriiiiients,
•k. Wlit-'ii tlu; ni'Xt
l)lacc to turn the
voyal Oak. Twehc
p t!ie track. l)ut tlu-
ip.ithy for them to
1(1 besides the law
jed that if the track
undoubted right to
nie in only as far as
rack was rel.aid, and
;o, the cars again
le corner of Farmer
s after, on Monday
he cars had left, a
inning at Randolph
et, the track was
n torn up for a con-
rable distance, and
n the cars were com-
■d to stop at I)e-
idre Street. The
|)any, however, per-
•red, and in July,
D, askeil jiermission
•eplace their track,
on July 30, thecoun-
by resolution, gave
com[)any permission
lake use of any of
streets they had for-
ly occupied for a
od not longer than
year.
he road was now
nded through to the
HIS Martius, and
ars stopped on the
oi the present Detroit
a House. The de-
buildings were in
ratiot Streets, and
e block.
y was granted per-
;s Jefferson Avenue
lad bought at the
\ 1S52 cars began
treet Depot and for
hile this extension
Oratiot Street,
lich had been given
Doo, and the bonds
urity were sold to
icuse, N. Y. They
iams for §10,000 a
I, and in that year
the mortgage given to the State for the $100,000
loan was b')Ught for $85,000 State scrij) and
$15,000 cash. Other claims were also cancelled,
and at a total cost of about $80,000 cash Messrs.
II. N. Walker. Dean Richmond, Alfred Williams,
Horace Thurber, and others, became proj^rietors
of the road.
Meanwhile, on April 3, 1848. the Oakland &
Ottawa Railroad had been chartered to build a line
from i'cjntiac to Lake Michigan, and by Act of
February 13, 1855, that company and the Detroit
& Pontiac Railroad were authorised to consolidate,
under the name of the Detroit & Milwaukee
Railroad. The consolidation was effected, and on
April 19, 1855, a meeting of the stockholders was
held, and directors chosen for the new road. The
line was now pushed rai)idly toward (irand Haven,
and the road was opened to Fentonville on October
2, 1855; to Owosso on July i, 1S56; to St. John's
on January 14, 1857; to Ionia on August 12, 1857 ;
to Grand Rapids on July 4, 1858; and to (]rand
Haven on August 30, 1S58. The first through train
with passengers from Milwaukee arrived at Detroit
on September i, 1858.
On April 26, 1866, a fire occurred which burned
the ot'lices, freight and passenger depots, and the
ferry Windsor, causing the loss of eighteen lives.
At the time the two roads consolidated, a mort-
gage, under which $207,000 worth of bonds had
been issued, was outstanding against the Oakland
and Ottawa Companies, and three mortgages,
aggregating $500,000, had been given by the
Detroit & Pontiac Railroad. The consolidated
company, in order to obtain funds to build the line,
gave a further mortgage of $2,500,000, and then
one for $1,000,000. Subse(|uently another mortgage
for the sum of $750,000 was given for money
obtained from the Great Western Railroad, and
the intUience of that company then became para-
mount in the management of the corporation. After
a time a second mortgage, for $500,000, was given
to the same company. The Detroit & Grand
Haven Railway Company failetl to pay the interest
on these last two mortgages, and on October 24,
i860, the Great Western Railroad foreclosed their
mortgages and bought the road, subject of course
to the other mortgages, and the company was
reorganized under the same name, except that it
was called a Railroad Company instead of a Rail-
way Company.
After several years proceedings were taken to
foreclose the mortgages given for two and one half
million and one million dollars respectively. On
April II, 1S75, the road was put into the hands of
C. C. Trowbridge, as receiver, and under a decree
of the court, on September 4, 1878. the Great West-
ern Railroad became the purchaser of the road for
the nominal sum of $1,850,000, with the under-
standing that the holders of all mortgages were to
have new bonds or i)ayment in money. The real
effect of this sale was to cancel the previous mort-
gages and include other indebtedness in one mort-
.^•age.
The receivership of C. C. Trowbridge terminated
on October 19, and on November 9. 1878, the com-
pany was reorgani/.etl under the name of the Detroit,
Grand Haven, i^ Milwaukee Railway Comixmy.
.Soon after the road reached (Irand Haven two
large steamships, the Detroit and the Milwaukee,
were built to convey passengers across Lake Miclii-
gan. They were first used in August. 1859. antl
communication across the lake has been main-
tained since that time.
The average number of men employed at De-
troit in 1 88 1 was four hundred and sixteen; adding
train men, the company had the hundred aiul
twenty-one employees at Detroit, and the pay-roll
averaged $7,500 per month.
The chief officers have been : Presidents: 1845-
1850. G. O. Williams; 1S52-1855, N. P. Stewart;
1855- 1858, H. N. Walker; 1858- 1863. C. J.
Prydges; 1863-1875, C. C. Trowbridge (also re-
ceiver from 1875 to 1879); 1879- 1880, Samuel
Barker; 18S0-1882, Francis 13. Gray; 18S2- ,
Joseph Hickson.
Superintendents: 1850 and 1851. (/. O. Williams;
1852, H. P. Thurber; 1853-1857. A. II. Rood;
1857-1866, W. K. Muir; 1866-1872, Thomas Hell;
1872-1875, Andrew Watson; 1875, W. K. Muir;
1876- 1S79, S. R. Callaway; 1S79- , W. J.
Morgan.
Secretaries; 1854, J. V. Campbell; 1855-1S62,
C. C. Trowbridge; 1862-1865, W. C. Stei)hens;
1865, Thomas Bell; 1866-
James H. Muir.
Freight Agents: 1855 and 1856, A. X. Rood;
1857-1864, James A. Armstrong; 1864- 1867, John
Crampton; 1867- 1880, Alfred White; 1880- ,
Thomas Tandy.
T/w Michigan Central Railroad,
The line of the Central Road was projected in
1830, but the ccjrporation, which at first was known
as the Deti^oit ^: St. Joseph Railroad, was not char-
tered until June 29, 1832. In 1834 the War Depart-
inent was petiti(jned to survey the jiroposed route,
on the ground that the road would be a public
benefit. The petition met with fav(jr, and Colonel
John M. Berrien was detailed for the service, and
provided with assistants and instruments, the rail-
road company paying their expenses only. Colonel
Berrien completed the work, and estimated the cost
of a single-strap rail to Ypsilanti at f 3,200 per mile.
The work of soliciting subscriptions in aid of the
road began in 1835. Shares were fixed at $2.00
896
RAILROADS.
each, and were rapidly taken. .\l N'psilanti hLtwirii
$8,000 and !j<y,ooo wire subscribed in a simple da)',
and five per cent was i)aid in. At this time the
ofticers were John Biddle, president; D. (1. Jones,
O. Newberry, !•:. A. Brush, 15. Ji. Kercheval, K. 1'.
Hastinjrs, J. Hurdick, .Mark Norris, iJavid Page, and
S. W. De.xter, directors. An Act of Aui^ust 25,
1835, authori/.ctl tlie stocklioiders to establisli a bruik
at Vpsilanti, with a capital of $100,000. Between
October 13 and December 18, 1835, §55,000 were
subscril)ed for the road in Detroit. On tlie day
last-named a meetini,^ was held to discuss means for
procurin,i( further substriplions, and a committee
of two was appointed to solicit. On December 20
the followini,^ notice appeared:
kAii.Kd.M) Mketini;. — I would invite ;iiul siilicit the attciul-
ancc of evt'ry K***Jtl citi/t'ii at an early Iioiir, that the new and
splendid City Hall may once be Tilled to oveithnvinj;.
Levi Cuuk, Mayor.
By Novemijcr, 183^1, tlie road had been grubbed
as far as N'psilanti, and ten miles i^raded. .Mean-
time the projects of raisiiij; a loan of $5,000,000, and
creatin,i( a Board of liuernal Improvements were
under discussion. The duties of the boanl were to
include the coiistruclin),^ and operatini,^ of all the
railroads in the State, and to this eiul the purchase
of the St. Joseph Road was authorized by Act of
March 20, 1837, and in May, after the company had
expended $1 17,000, the purchase was made, and the
name of the road chani(ed to Michii^an Central.
The buildini^ of the road went on, and as early as
January, 1838, the road was in operation to Dear-
born. A fac-siniile of the tickets then in use is here
given. It will be noticed that it was originally in-
tended for a stage ticket. 'I"he .singular economy
practiced by the State in the use of such tickets and
the idea of inserting the name of each passenger in
his ticket, as was then done, would now be thought
^^'■^^:J'
Fac-simile oe' Michigan Central Railuoad Ticket ok 1838.
A subsequent meeting was held on January 2,
1836, and nearly .^25,000 subscribed, which, with
previous amounts, made over $100,000 invested by
citizens of Detroit. At this meeting the Common
Council was reciuested to subscribe $10,000 on
behalf of the city. Contracts for grubbing and
clearing the first forty miles were soon let, the work
to be completed l)y May 20, and seven hundred and
twenty tons of strap-iron, to cost about $60,000,
were ordered. On ^\ugust 5, 1836, the council
authorized the mayor, on behalf of the city, to sub-
scribe $10,000 towards the stock of the railroad, and
the same tlay a warrant for $2,000, to apply on the
amount, was drawn on the city treasurer, and on
August 9 a meeting of citizens requested the coun-
cil to subscribe $40,000 additional on behalf of the
city. On August 1 1 the council so ordered, and on
August 14 the subscription was made by the mayor,
and a warrant for $8,000 of the amount drawn on
the city treasurer.
preposterous. On February 3, 1838, the cars made
their hrst trip to Ypsilanti. A new car, the Cover-
nor Mason, seating sixty-six persons, l)uilt by John
Ci. Hays, of Detroit, was i)rovided, and an excur-
sion partv, consisting of the .State and city officers,
the Bratly (iuards, and other citizens, went over the
road. .V public dinner was served at Ypsilanti, and
an address delivered by General Van l'"ossen.
Arriving at Dearborn on the return trip, the engine
would not work, and horses were j^rocured to draw
engine and cars back to Detroit.
During this winter the track was frec|uently so
obstructed by ice that triiins were obliged to stop
at Dearborn. The fare to Vpsilanti was $1.50, the
time of the trip usually an hour and three quarters.
The following item from the Journal and Courier of
May 19, 1838, gives details of interest:
Ckntkai. Raii.K'Oad. — The cars on this road now make two
trips a day between Detroit and Vpsilanti. They leave the
Depot on Campus Martins every morning at six o'clock and every
RAILROADS.
H9;
li;id been j^ruhlied
L'S ijraded. Meaii-
lof $5,(X)0,ooo, and
miiroveiiunts were
the board were to
peratini,^ of all the
is end the purrhase
thori/.ed by Act of
•r the company had
; was made, and the
Michii^an Central.
on, and as early as
operation to Hear-
ts then in use is here
it was ori;<ipally in-
e sin;<ular economy
; of such tickets and
if each passen!L;'cr in
luld now be thout;ht
1838, the cars made
Inew car, the Ciover-
-sons, built by John
lided, and an excur-
|ate and city officers,
:i/xns, went over the
k'd at Ypsilanti, and
Ineral Van Fossen.
turn trip, the engine
pe procured to draw
was frequently so
hvere oblij,'ed to stop
lanti was $1.50, the
and three quarters.
Lirnal and Courier of
luerest:
Ithis road now make two
Isilanti. They leave the
Ig at six o'clock and every
ifturriooii at half past oiii
flock ;
lilaiiti
every morninjj
at to Chicago liy stcaiiilHiat, sixly-iiine miles in six hours, .Making'
ten o'clock and every afternoon at hall past four o'clock.
It is ijratifyinK' to know that the fp
Jit
1(1 tr
el
thi
Stall' road are inereasinj; rapidly, liu- aM iai;i' nci'ipts for sev-
er.il tlays past have heen npw.irds cjf three huiulred dollars |ier
day. On .Moiulay they were $3-0, on Tuesday .$.(!!, on Wednes-
day .fiio, and oi\ 'I'luusday Sj7-'.
There seems to h.ave been no lack of cars, for on
October 31 of this ye.ar, while iliram .Allien was
.■Lctini;' commissioner, it w;is resolved to permit in-
tli\-i(luals to place cars on the Central R.iilroad for
the tnmsport.'ilion of merch.-mdise, a^ricultur.al pro-
duels, ,111(1 other property, ;md the commissioner
\\;is .authorized to sell jicrsons such cars as were not
needed. The receipts continued to incre.'ise, .and the
followino st.atement w.'is published on July 18, 1838:
'I'he receipts upon tlie road for the week eiulini; Jidy 17, 1S3S,
were as fidlows: l-'roin Detroit to ^'psilanti and way, for the
transportation of five hundred passenj;ers, 242, djS ponnds of nur-
( handisc, one barrel of llonr, 5,000 feet of tiinl)er, and (^'/i tlion-
^.iiid shin,s.;les, $1,12*^.1^3. l'"roin N'psilanti to Detroit and way, for
transportati(]n of 4-'; passenvjers, i>>,83i3 poiiinU of nu 11 handise,
and 3.'5 barrels of Hour, $i,S-'7.59.
Amos T. II.M.r,
Coihctor 0/ Tolls, Dvtroit.
( )ii < )ci()l)cr I 7, i83(;, the ro;id was opeiU'd to .Ann
Arbtir, ;iik1 the City Council, ISnidy (iuarils, aiul
■about ei;.;lu lumilretl citi/.ens went on an excursion
to th.al city, 'i'licy left Detroit at 9 A. M., were
received with ;i salute, entert.ainetl with <a dinner, and
returned ,it 3 i'. M. Din-in^' 1839 fifty-four persons
were employed by the St.ate in openitint;- the ro.ad.
On .\ui;usi i, 1840, one train was taken off. (,)n
June 30 the road was o[)ened ttj De.xter. .At this
lime, A. II. .Atlams, who had served ;is collector of
lolls, w as weii;hmaster .at Detroit, .and T. (i. Cole
was superintendent of the road.
On October 21, 1842, two new locomotives were
landed by scliooner for the road, and <i new i)ass(.n-
jj-er-ear called the Kalamazoo was placed on the
line. The road was opened to J.ackson on Decem-
ber 29, 1841, and The Detroit C.a/.ette for May 22,
1843, cont.ained the following:
tor the purpose of meeting the wishes of travelers and inereas-
inj; the revenue of the road, the Michigan Central Kailroad lias
reduced the fare to $-■.=.) lietweeii Petroil and Jackson, and for
way passengers in jiroportion. 'I'he road is in excellent order, the
engines and cars (jf the best description, and they are run with
great regularity. Regular lines of stages leave Jackson for Chi-
cago on the arrival of the cars. Travelers taking this route reach
Chicago in two days less time than by the route around the lakes.
On June 25, 1844, the road reached Albion. Mar-
shall became .t station on .August 10, 1S45. and on
April 25, 1846, the following notice appeared:
Centk.m, K.mi.ho.M),— I'he passenger train will, after the 1st
of June next, leave Detroit for the west at 8 o'clock .\. M., arrive
at Marshall at 3.30 v. .M. They leave Marshall at precisely (j.^o
o'clock .\. M., arriving at Detroit at 5 v. M. There is at the west-
ern terminus a line of coaches always ready to carry passengers to
St. Joseph,— ninety miles in twenty-two hours. I'rom St. Joseph
thirty-si.\ hours fr(Jin Deliuil to Chicago
tntt-rncil linf^toiiiiient i\l/ic
(). C. CdMsrocK, Ji;.,
J'les. 0/ lioarti /. ■/'.
On November 25, 1845, the St;tte completed the
road to Rattle Creek, and on l''cbm,iry 2, 1846, to
K.ilama/.oo. The fare to Cliic;igo .'it this time w;is
S6.50, inclutiing lifty-fivc miles of st.aging to N(.'W
Ruffalo .■iiul sixty miles of sle.ambo.ating from there
to the Ci.irden City. .About this time public opinion
became decitledly opposed to the i)articipalion by the
Slate in enterprises of this kind, especially as there
w.as a const.ant struggle for the i)olitical palron.-ige
and intlueiice wiiich the p.irly in |)ower wiekled
through its eontnjl of this and other roads. .An oiieii
letter from Marsh.ill, d.ated October 6, 1845, s.aid :
There is a great defect in the arrangements of the Central Kail-
ro.id in this State. It is disgraceful that so imp(irt,int a work
should be so slovenly managed. In the lirst pi. ice it was shab-
bily built at an enormous expense, and it is conducted in all its
departments by mere partisans. They were appointed because
they were noisy |)oliticians.
In November. 1845, this st.atement w.as made:
Tour \'ears a.go the road was ((Miipletcd to Jat ksoii. .-Vftcr
three years more it was completed to Marshall, where it now
stojis. It is in a miserable condition, unlit for heavy transporta-
tion, and re(piires to be relaid and repaired. High char.ges for
freight and fare are fast driving business into other channels.
In adtlilion to these compl.iinis the expenditures
of the Stale for various im|)roven'ients hatl reduceil
its credit to the lowest point. St.ate bomls to the
.amount of $50,000 were sold .'it .'luction in New York
for eighteen cents on the dollar; so slniitened were
the tinances of the Stale th.-it at a general meeting of
the St.'ite ofticers it was determined to .■sell the r.'iil-
ro.ads, .and Henry N. Walker, then attorney-general.
w;is .appointed to go to New N'ork, org.ani/.e a com-
p.anv, and negoti.ate a s.alc. Mr. Walker went;
interviewed Erastus Corning, of .Alb.'iny, who then
held ;i large amount of State bonds, purch;ised for
.about thirty cents on the doll.-ir. J. W. I'.rooks, then
superintendent of a niilro.'id between Rochester ;iiul
Svr.acuse, w.'ts sumrnoncd.and ;i conference w.as held
in the City Hotel .at Albany, in reg.ard to the proposed
railroad comp.'iny. A rough dr.aft for a ch;irter was
.agreed upon,- and Mr. Rrooks w;is to come to Detroit
in J;mu.'irv, 1846, and with Mr.\\'alker endeavor to
secure its passage. The terms of the jiroposed pur-
ch.ase were ten per cent above the original co.st of
the ncttl in cash, the balance in bonds or oblig.'ilions
of the State. Mr. Rrooks came, and on March
28, 1846, largely through the efforts of C.eorge E.
Hand, then a member of the Legisl;iture, an Act
was passed providing for the incorporation of the
Michig.-in Central Railro.id Company, and for
the s.ale by the State of its interest in the road
for the sum of $2,000,000. Several persons who
898
RAILROADS.
had ori.ninally aijrccd to Ijitomh' cnriKiraUirs faik'd to
fult'il their a.ijTc'L'mcnts, and Mt'ssrs. H. N. Walker
and Cicori^c 1". I'Drtcr, at the reiiuest of (iovernor
ISarry and tlie leatlint; men of Detroit, went to New-
York and liostonand ori^anizetl a new coinpain-, aiul
on Sei)tenil)er 23, 1S46. the sale was consummated.
On Septeniber 17, 1846, a new locomotive, called
Rattle Creek, arrived at Detroit for the road and up
to the date of the transfer, the .State hail I'xpended
$1,954,308.28. Of p;issen).,rer depots there were
then only four on the line, and neither of these at
Detroit. The ciiarter of tlie conii)any relieved it of
of all taxation exce|it the paynn'iit to the .State of
one half of one |ier cent on its ea|)ital stock up
to July I, 1851, after which it was to be increased to
three (|iiarters of one per I'ent. It was also pro-
viilcd that no railroad thereafter built west of Wayne
County should approach within five miles of the
road without consent
of the company, and
that no other railroatl
sliould apprctach
within twenty miles
of Detroit, or run to
Lake .Anchii^an,or the
southern boundary of
tlie State, the line of
which on an averaj^c,
was within twenty
miles of tlie Central.
The charter also pro-
vided that the State
mi,!L,dit buy the road at
any time after Janu-
ary I, 1867.
There seems to have
been no sound reason
for the sale of tlie
property by the State.
The reports of the
officers showed a profit, in 1838, of $37,283; in
1S39, of §16,703; in 1S40, of §20,637; in 1841, of
$25,655; in 1842, of $63,075: in 1843, of $75,026;
and in 1844, of $121,750. After its .sale, the road
was pushed westward, and on May i, 1847, the
following item appeared in a daily paper :
Micmcw Ckn TkAi, RAii.KfiAn. — Tliis important work is tiring
rapidly prosecuted. It is now witliin lifty miles of its western
termination, if St. Josepli is fixed upon, and witliin seventy miles
if it is to run to N'ew iiuffalo. Its en.i;ineers are lucatini; the
route west of Kalamazoo, and in a week or two its western ter-
minus will be settled.
Up to this time the road had come into Detroit on
Michigan Avenue, and its depot buildings occupied
the site of the present City Hall. The council had
granted the use of the Campus Martins and also of
the Chicago Road on August 31,1 836. What would
Miciiu.AN CicNTKAL Fniviciir Depot and Si;minai;v IScildi.ng,
Southeast corner of Michigan Avenue and Griswold Street.
now be deemed a most remarkable concession was
gr.tnted on February 5, 1838. The Stale was then
authorized to make a cut on Woodward Avenue
fourteen feet wide and as tleep as neces.sary, com-
mencing near the crossing of Congress Street anil
terminating near Atwater Street, for the purjxjse of
laying a railroad track, the cut to be walled up with
stone or timber, anil covereil over, as far as practi-
cable, with a rail on each side where not covered,
with lamps at convenient distances, to be kept lit
during the night. On March 24, 1838, the Com-
missioners of Internal Im]irovenients reported that it
Would be impracticable to light the cut, and the
tr.ick was therefore laid on the grotuiil. It extended
down Woodwaril Avenue to Atwater Street, and a
thousand feet each way from Woodward Ax'enueon
Atwater. On April 28, 1838, the council gave the
State permission to erect a car-house on Michigan
Avenue in the rear of
the old City Hall, but
Messrs. Cooper and
Jackson opposed and
prevented the erec-
tion of the building.
On May 21, 1839, the
council granted per-
mission to owners of
warehouses east of
\\'oodward Avenue
" to lay side tracks
from their jjreniises
to the railroad now
being laid in Atwater
Street between
Woodward Avenue
and Brush Street."
The railroad track
continued to occupy
Woodward Avenue
and Atwater Street
until ^L^rch, 1844, when, on account of the dirtlculty
and expense of dragging the cars uj) hill, the rails
were removed. Grounds for a depot west of Third
Street were purchased in 1847, but passenger cars
continued to come in on Michigan Avenue until
May 30, 1848, on which date they arrived for the
first time at the Third Street Depot. The shops
were finished in June, 1848. Some of the old
buildings were left on the Campus Martins, and on
April 17, 1849, the company was ordered by the
council to remove them forthwith.
In 1 85 1 the company purchased additional river
frontage to the amount of twenty-two hundred feet,
with an average width of three hundred and ninety-
one feet, and built a large freight-house on the river.
In 1864, 1865, and 1866, and at other times, addi-
tional purchases have been made, and in 1880 the
RAILROADS.
899
:al)le concfssion was
Tlic State was then
Woodward Avenue
) as necessary, com-
Coni^ress Street and
It, for the purpose of
to bo walled up with
iver, as far as practi-
; where not covered,
ances, to be kept lit
24, 1838, the Com-
ments reported that it
;ht tile cut, and the
vrround. it extended
itwater Street, and a
Voodward Avenue on
the council jjave the
r-house on Michigan
Avenue in the rear of
the old City I fall, but
Messrs. Cooper and
Jackson opposed ruid
prevented the erec-
tion of the building.
On May 21, 1839, the
council granted per-
mission to owners of
warehouses east of
Woodward Avenue
to lay side tracks
rom their premises
to the railroad now
jcing laid in Atwater
Street between
Woodward Avenue
and r>rush Street."
The railroad track
continued to occupy
Woodward Avenue
and Atwater Street
count of the difliculty
cars up hill, the rails
depot west of Third
7, but passenger cars
higan Avenue until
they arrived for the
Depot. The shops
Some of the old
npus Martius, and on
was ordered by the
th.
lased additional river
ity-two hundred feet,
hundred and ninety-
it-house on the river,
at other times, addi-
ade, and in 1880 the
company had nearly forty acres on the river, ten
acres for stockyards at Twentieth Street, and one
hundred aiul thirty-four acres at the Junction.
On June 28, 184.S, the road was completed to I'aw
I Paw ; on October 1, to Niles ; and on April 23. 1849,
it was in oi)cration to New Hufl'alo, and steamers
ran in connection with the road to Chicago and
Milwaukee. Hy this lime the strap-rail had been
nearly all rejilaced with the T rail. In June, 1849, -he
road began to run two through trains daily. From
November 2910 April 26, 1S50, only one train left
each terminus daily, and then two daily trains were
again put on.
The charter did not allow the route to be I'xtcndcd
beyond Lake Micliig.-m. I'pon rcacliiii'; this limit
at New Buffalo, the company advanced money to
build a portion of the New Albany & Salem Road
through Indiana, and then leased that line, and
of all over (ifty-eight per cent of the freight busi-
ness of the Michigan Central Railroad and over
forty-two per cent of the freight business of the
Michigan Southern X: .Northern Indiana Railroatl.
From the time the road became a jirivate corjio-
ration, passenger traffic from the east was sjiecialiy
sought for, and in (jrder to obtain it, the comjiany,
in 1S47, beg.iii building a boat to run between De-
troit .and lUiffalo. Their lirst boat, the Mayllower,
built at Detroit, was completed on May 28, 1849,
an<l from that date formed, with the .Vtlantic,
a nguLar Michig.an Central Railroad line between
r.ulfalo, Clevelaiul, .and Detroit. The M.aytlower
w.as the liiust boat that h.ad thus far .appeared on
the Lakes. She h.ad eighty-live state-rooms and
could carry three lunulred cabin .and from tliree to
live hundred steer.age passengers. In the seascjii of
1850 and 1851, the line to liuffalo consisted of the
Old Depot Hi ildings ni- xiii; Micmiuan CiiSTKAi, Railroad on Third StrEht.
also a right of way on the Illinois Central. Thus
Michigan City w.as reached on October 29, 1850,
and eventually Chicago. This was accomplished
only after bitter strife and the most persistent strat-
egy. The Southern Railroad Company issued in-
junctions, removed the track, and in other ways
sought to prevent their rival from reaching the goal,
but all in vain. On May 21, 1852, one d.ay in .ad-
vance of the Southern, the Central was completed
to Chicago, and the smoke and whistle of their
locomotive announced the end of t'-"' battle.
Between June, 1852, and 1853,11-. local train
to Kalamazoo was put on. In 1854 diree through
trains were run. The next ye.ar four were running,
and in 1855 the Jackson accommodation train was
provided. On November 1, 1857, an agreement
was made for one year with the Michigan Southern
& Northern Indiana Railroad Company to make an
equal division of all through passenger business, and
Mayflower, the Atlantic, and the Ocean ; and in the
same years the steambo.ats Southerner .and B.altimore
ran to Clevel.and.
The Mayllower stranded on December 16. 1851,
near I-",rie, but no lives were lost. She was recov-
ered in the spring of 1852, .and ag.ain took her place
in the line. In the same year the Forest City and
the M.ay Oueen were running to Clevel.and.
On August 20, 1852, the propeller Ogdensburgh
collided with the Atlantic on Lake F2rie, off Long
Point, and one hundred and thirty-one lives were
lost. The Buckeye State took the place of the .'Vt-
lantic, and in 1853 ran in connection with the Ocean
and the Mayflower. In 1854 and 1855 the Michigan
Central Railroad line was made up of the Buckeye
State, the Plymouth Rock, and the Western World ;
the two boats last named went into service on July
7 and 10, 1854, and were much the largest and
finest ever placed on the Lakes. They were nearly
900
RAILROADS.
alike ill size, i)uil(l, ami t'mi^^Ii. 'I'lu' I'lyiinnith l\ii<k
was three Iniiuiivd aiul sixty-three feet icn,^-. Tlie
Mississippi, ;in i'i|iially tine ixiat, was julded in iiSj;,
and witli the I'lyininith Knek fiiniu'd the line f(ir
tiiat year. .After tiie eoinpktidii of the (Ireat West-
ern Railroad tliroiixii Canada, their oeeupation was
ne.ariy i;one. They were laid up in tlie fall of 1.S57,
and year after year remained at the Ciniral Wharf,
affortlin,i;a very praeti< al illustration of the prophecy
of The Cia/ette in 1829.
In 1S63 the Western World and the Plymouth
Rock were sold for $200,000 each to C'.iplJiin (ieop^e
S.aiuls of llulfalo, 'I'heir eni^ines were taken out
and placed in bo.ats to i)e used on the co.ist <if Chin.a.
Their hulls and also that of the .Mississippi after-
ward.s served as dry
docks at Il.ay City,
I'ort Huron, and
Cleveland or lluf-
falo.
About 1S50, sc-
riotis troubles over-
took the road.
Many cattle had
been killeil along
the line, and it was
claimed that the
company did not ex-
ercise suflliHent care
and did not pay in
full for the losses.
The persons a.tj-
grieved became in-
creasingly angry,
and tuially, on No-
vember 19, 1850, the
freight dejiot at De-
troit was burned,
causing a loss of
about Si 50,000.
The fire was evidently set by an incendiary, and so
alarmed the corporation that active measures were
taken to discover and arrest the instigators. 'I'hese
efforts were successful, and on April 19, 1851, thirty-
three persons, arrested as railroad conspirators,
arrived at Detroit. Their trial began on May 28,
and lasted almost continuously for four months.
Hon. W. H. Seward was present as coiuisel for the
prisoners, some of whom were wealthy farmers.
On September 25 a verdict of guilty was rendered
figainst twelve of them, and on the following day
they received sentences of from live to ten years
each. During the trial one of the prisf)ners died in
jail. The jury was comjiosed of R. C. Smith, I^evi
Cook, Amos Chaffee, John Roberts, Ikickminster
Wight, Horace Hallock, A. C. McCiraw, Alexander
McFarlane, Ichabod Goodrich, Stephen Fowler,
R.alpli I'helps, .and Silas ,\. liagg. The ending of the
ti'i.il did not put ;in end to the troubles of ihr road.
On January 23, 1852. thecar manuf.icturing sliops at
Detroit were burned, and two years l.itir to ;i d.iy, on
J.anu.iry 22, 1 854, the p.assenger olViccs wcredcstroyi'd
by lire. On .\pril 2, 1862, the engine-house ;ind
nine locomotives were burned. ( )n October 18,
1803, tin- freight depot w,is burned, in\'ol\ing ;i lo-;';
of about oni: and ;i li.alf million doll.irs, and .a year
Later, on ( )ctobcr 29, the old wheat ele\ator was
destroyed by lire, with ;i loss of §50,000. The Last
1,11'ge lire on the comp.anv's i)ro|)erty ,at Detroit was
on Nowinber 15, 1872, when the wood-working
(Kpartmi-nt was burneil, with .a loss of about
S 1 00,000.
S lei' ping cars
were introduced in
August, 1858, the
comjiany supplying
its own cars. On
June 20, 1866, the
Pullman sleepers
began to run, and
in November, 1875,
they were displaced
by the cars of the
Wagner Company.
From about the
time the road was
completed to its
western terminus,
trains were run by
Chicago time, but
on June 11, 1883,
this ])r.actice was
changi'd, and trains
began numing by
Deti'oit time, chang-
ing to the new stan-
d.ard time in 1884.
The policy of helping to build branch ro.ads to
serve as feeders was inaugurated in 1868, .and was
productive of great benefit to the State. The fol-
lowing iigures gi\-e interesting jiartieulars as to the
growth of the business of the road : Number of pas-
sengers carried in 1850, 152,172; i860, 324,422;
1870, 865,582; 1880, 1,699,810. Net earnings in
1850,8566,264; i860, §1,141,941 ; 1870, $1,693,373;
1880, $1,595,404.
In 1880 the company furnished employment to
1,294 persons at Detroit and the Junction, and the
monthly pay-roll amounteil to S^^o.595' 1 'le total
disbursements at Detroit the same year amounted
to about $700,000.
The following railroads now use the depot of this
road : Detroit & Bay City; Detroit, Pausing & Lake
Michigan; Canada Southern; and Flint & Pere
New lIlLllU.AN Cli.NIKAl. DlilMlT.
RAILROADS.
901
'Vhv (.'luliii;^' of llic
()ul)lfs of llir mad.
iifr.cUirinv;' slinns al
irs laliTto a day, (in
Thi's wiTi'dcslniycd
(■ii;^iin"-liiiiisc and
( )n Ocldhir 18,
icd, iiiviilvini.;- a lo^^^
dollars, and a yi'ar
vhcal ulcvalur was
§50,000. Till' Last
uTly :il Di'troil was
ilic wood-woikiniii
a loss of about
S If r p i n i;- rars
wen- introduced in
Au.^usl, 185.S, the
conipany supplyin!.j
its own cars. On
June 20. \^()f->. the
I'ulliu.an sleepers
be.nan to run, and
ill November, 1875,
they were displaced
by the cars of the
Wai^ner Company.
From about the
time the road was
completed to its
western terminus,
rains were run by
Chicas^o time, but
m June II, 1883,
this practice was
h.-uiired, and trains
)e,i;an runninij; by
Detroit tinie,cliang-
\v^ to the new stan-
ard time iu 1884.
1 branch roads to
1 in 1 868, ruid was
le Sl;ite, The fol-
|),irticulars as to the
: X umber of pas-
72 ; 1860, 324,422;
Net earnin!L,rs in
; 1870, $1,693,373;
led eniiiloynicnt to
e Juncti(jn, and the
560,595. The total
me year amounted
se the depot of this
)it, L.insins & T^ake
and Flint & Pere
M.iniuettc. The cunstructiuii of the new passenger
depot was bccfun in 1S83. It cost $250,000. It ha--
a frontage of one hundred eighty-two and a hall
feet on Third Street, by two hundred and eighty-
two (ju Wuodbrid;,^ Street. 'i"he lower is one
hundred and fifty-sevon feet hijjh.
The chief oflieers of the eomp.iny h.ive been:
Presidents, 1847-1856, J. M. Forbes; 1856-1867,
J. \V. Brooks; 1S67 1877, J.-unes F.Joy; 1877, .S.
Sloan; 1878-1S83, \V. 11. Wmdcrhilt ; '1S83-
H. B. Ledyard. SupcrinlendeiUs, i,S47 to June,
''^53- J- ^\'- Brooks; June, 1853, to i,S54, Fdwin
Noyes. 1S54 10 June. 1 868, R.N. Rice; 1868-1875.
II. I",. S;irgcant ; 1875, \V. B. Stroni;; 1876 to July,
1S77, II. B. Ledyard; 1877-1883. vac.int ; 1883-
, F. C. J>rown. Treasurers, 1S42-1854, (',. 11.
Upton; 1S54-1876, Is.-iac Livermore ; 1876-1877,
C. F. Livermore; 1877. 15. Dunninv,^ 1878-1883,
C. Vanderbilt ; 1883- , 1 Iciiry I'nilt. AudiiniN.
1855, II. Teel.soii; 1856, i;. Wiil.ird Smith ; 1857-
1859, Horace Turner; 1859-1S75, John Newell;
1875- , D. A. W.iii'rman. Treasurers and
cashiers. 1854 to December, 1875, (ieorge W. Gil-
bert; 1875 to August, 1877. C, F. LiveniKire; 1877
. John F. (irilliihs. I'Yoni Jiuie 1, 1875, Allan
Bourn h;is been ])urcliasing ;i;.;eiU. I'rinr to that
date no such olliee e.'dsted.
Chicago i?-~» C(iii(u/n Soiillhrn Riu'lrrnxd.
This, the fourth railro.id opened to the ICast, w.'is
completed between Detroit and Toledo on Novem-
ber 13. 1S73. and runs on almost an air line to
Buffalo.
During the (Treat nailroad strike of July. 1877, it
happened to be the only road ne.ar Detroit whose
trains were interfered with. Fears were enlert;iiiii:d
that the .strike would prev.ail at Detroit, but the
trouble soon ceased.
One of the fastest trijis ever made in the country
was that m.ade o\-er this line by the speci.il tniin
which brought Bishop Borgess to Detroit on his
return from Europe, September 13, 1877; the
distance from St. Thomas to Detroit, one hundred
and eleven miles, was made in one hundred anti nine
minutes ; even this was surpassed by the time made
on May 3, 1880, when W. II. Vanderbilt, the presi-
dent of the road, and others, made a trip of two
hundred and twelve miles in two hundred and two
minutes.
Origin.'illy using but one ferry, such was the
increase of its business that in February, 1880, the
road began to use two ferries to transfer its cars at
Orosse Isle. On the completion of the ICsscx cut-
off in December, 1882, they were discontinued at
that pl.ace, and Detroit became the place of trans-
fer. In 18S2 about one hundred of the company's
employees wi'rc p.iid at Detroit, and the average
monthly iiay-roll .amoimicd to §5,000.
The chief ollicers ,ii Detroit have been: freight
.agents, T. II. Malone, Novrmber, 1873,10 Janii-
;iry, 1874; I). F. B.irry, Sepien,,)cr, 1874, to Sep-
tcmber, 1875; A. I). Smith, September. 1875, to
September, 1881 ; 1', Hill, September. 188;, to [•'eb-
niaryi, 1882; I). F. B.u-ry, l^'ebnuiry 1, 1882,10
January i, 1883; \V. L. Benham, J.inuary 1, 1883,
t" • <-"ity ticket agents, A. .Vllee, February,
1875, to October. 1S75 ; !■". S. T.iylor. November,
1875, to October, 1877; M. C. Ro.ich, November,
1877, to July, 1878; C. A. Warren, August, 1878.
to . Mr. W.arren is in fact also ticket .-igeiit of
the ,Micliig;in Central K.iilroad and the Lake Shore
(S: Michigan .Southern Railroad.
In the fall of 18S2 the road was leased to the
Michigan Central R.iilroad, and in J.anuary, 1883,
its oHices were removed from St. Thomas to
Detroit,
Detroit C-^ Bay City Railroad,
This road extends from Detroit to Bay City. It
was oiiened to O.xford on .October 31, to Lapeer
November 30, and to Otter Lake December 31, 1872.
On March 31, 1873, it was completed to V'.assar,
and on July 31, 1S73, it reached Bay City.
At Detroit it uses the depot of the Michigan
Central Railro.ad, and since 1876 it has been for
most of the time man.iged as a branch of the Michi-
g.in Centr.il Railroael. In 1880 si.xty of the em-
ployees were paid here ; the yearly pay-roll averaged
$13,500. On February 12, 1881. it was sold to the
holders of a mortgage for $3,625,750.
T/ir T.aki' SJiorr <^-^ }rirlii<^(iii Southrrii Railroad.
The L.ake Shore iK: Michigan Southern Railroad
and its bivmches, so far as Micliig.in is concerned,
li.id its origin in the F-rie & Kalamazoo Railroad,
which w;is chartered on April 22, 1833. It was
designed to build th.it road from Port Lawrence, now
Toledo, to the headwaters of the Kalamazoo River.
The line as far as Adrian, ;i distance of thirty-three
miles, was completi'd and went into operation on
October I, 1836, and w.is the first line opened in
Michigan. The cars were dr.awn by horses up to
J.inuary 20, 1837, on which d.ate the first locomo-
tive that ran over a Michigan road arrived at
Toledo. The accompanying picture of the second
passenger or " pleasure car " is vouched for by C.
P. Leland .and others. It held twenty-four per-
sons, eight in each compartment. On August 9,
1849, a perpetu.'il lease of the road was made to
the Michig.-m Southern Railroad ; this company
h.ad its origin in an Act of March 20, 1837,
which made provision for the survey by the Com-
goi
RAILROADS.
missioiuTs of IiUiTiial Iiiiprovi'iiU'iits of ,i railroad
tliroiij^rli tlii; soutlicru rotiulics of tlio State, from
Mohhk: to Xcw lUiffalo. A siil)si'<HKMit Aft of
Marcli 22, 1.S5S, aiitliori/.cd a clianm; in tlic route,
makinij tlic ro.iil jiass throin^h Nilcs. 'I'liu survey
\v;is made by Joseph .S. Duitoii, ;iud llie first j^rounil
w.is broken at Monroe on May 14, 1838. I'p to
November 30, 1847, tliere liad l)een paid out by the
State on account of the road the sum of S(;4S,234,
Tlie road was opened from Monroe to I'elersbur;;!!
in 1839; to Ach'ian on Novenil)er 23, 1840; ;uul
to Hillsdale on September 25, 1843, The same
causes that led to the s.ile of tiie Central Railroad
brought about the Act of May 9, 1846, which pro-
vided for the s;ile of this road and the incorpora-
tion of the railroad comp.iny. On December 23,
1846, it was delivered to the persons who had or
yanized for its
purchase ; they
paid §500,000.
The rollinij;
stock and plant,
other th.'in
the road-bed,
was estimated
;it $41,359.28.
The western
terminus of the
road was to be
at a pcjint on
Lake Michijj^an.
Almost as
soon as the sale
of the Central
a n d Southern
roads was con-
s u m m a ted, a
bitter and lou^;-
continued ri\alry bcyan between the two cor-
porati(3ns, each striving; in various ways to hinder
and defeat the other. The company ownini^ the
Central Railroad were fortunate in beins^ able to
push their road faster ihrui their competitors of the
Southern Road. In order to prevent the Central
Railroad from first reachinjr the i^oal, the Southern
Railroad, in March, 1850, applied to the Lej,dslature
for permission to chanji^e the route of their road as
defined in the charter, for one throut;h some of the
northern counties of Indiana, the design being to
prevent the Central and other roads from passing
around the head of Lake Michigan to Chicago, and
connecting with the roads leading west. This plan
did not meet the approval of the citizens of Detroit,
and, on \Larch 21, 1850, a monster meeting, pro-
moted by the Michigan Central Railroad, was held
at the City Hall to protest against the proposed
change, and the plan was defeated. Meantime both
KlUST l.dCUMiillV
Original style of
roads were pushing westward, run! in Scptiniber,
1S50, the Soiillurn Road reached Jonesville, in De-
cember following Coldwater, in March, 1851, Stur-
gis, and in July, White I'igeon ; on (Jctober 4, 1851,
it w;is completed to South I>end, ;ind on Jaiiu.'iry 9,
1852, to Lal'orte; it reached Ainsw(jrth, or South
Chicago, in February. 1852, over the line of the
Northern Indiana Railroad. On May 22, 1852, it
was completed from Toledo to Chicago, just one day
after the Centr.il R.iilroad h;i<l reached that city.
On Febru.ary 13, 1855, it was .-uiihorized to con-
solidate with the Norihern Indiana K.ailroad, imder
the title of Michig.ui Southern t^: Northern Indi.ana
Railroad.
The link which connects Detroit with Toledo was
built almost as soon as iirojecled. .\ nu't'ting was
held at the Michigan Exchange on February 23,
1855, to con-
sider the pro-
priety of organ-
izing a com-
pany to build
the road. H.
F. 11. Withci-ell
w;is ehairm;in,
and Will. A.
lUitliT, secre-
tary. A cor|)o-
r.'ition was
formeil under
the Cieneral
Railroad Law,
and ten months
from th.it time,
on Christmas
Day, the road
was in opcra-
ticju to Monroe,
and in July following it was completed to Toledo.
J. S. Dickinson was conductor of the first p.assenger
train which arrived at Detroit.
On July I, 1856, a perpetual lease of the line was
made to the Michigan Southern & Nor' l.ern Indiana
Railroad, on condition that they pay inierest on the
bonds and eight per cent on the stock.
The road between Toledo, Cleveland, and liuffalo
w;is completed on April 24, 1855, and was the sec-
ond railroad r<jute opened to the Fast.
(Jn April 26, 1866, the depot, with that of the
Detroit & Milwaukee Railroad, was destroyed by
fire. The two companies have always useil the
same depot. In 1880 the pay-roll of the com[)any
at Detroit included the names of eighty employees,
and their salaries amounted to S3.700 per month.
The local agents at Detioit have been: 185/-
1S57, John Wilkinson and R. K. Ricker; 1857-1859,
J. S. Dickinson ; 1859-1864, L. 1'. Knight; 1864, J.
]•; IN riiK Wi-sT.
I'obscnger Cars.
RAII.1^).\I)S.
903
riiiil in Sfptcm1)er,
I'd Jdiicsvilic, in i)o-
I M.inii, 1.S51, Stur-
011 OcIoIkt 4, 1S51,
:1, and on January 9,
Ainswortii, or South
ver the line of the
)n May 22. 1852, it
'iiicaijo, just one day
1 rcacluMJ tiiat city.
; authorized to con-
iana Kaiiroad, under
& Nortiiern Indiana
roil with 'i'olcdo was
I'd, A nu't'tinij^ was
j^e on l'"i:l)ruary 23,
1855, to con-
sider tlie pro-
priety of orijan-
i/.inn' a com-
pany to l)uild
the road. 15.
F. H.Witiierell
was ciiairnian,
and \Vm. A.
Ikitler, secre-
tary. A corpo-
ration was
formed under
tile ('. eneral
Railroad Law,
and ten months
from that time,
on Ciiristmas
Dav, the road
was in opera-
tion to ^h)nroe,
ompleted to Toledo,
f the first passenjjer
ease of the line was
& Nor'l.ern Indiana
pay iiuerest on the
e stock.
leveland, and lUiffalo
55, and was the sec-
le ICast.
with that of the
1, was destroyed by
■e always used the
•roll of the c(3nipany
f eiisdity employees,
) $3,700 per month,
have been: 185^-
. Kicker; 1 857-1 859,
P. Knight; 1864, J.
C. Morse; 1865, R. ii. Hill; ii\(,G, A. II. Karll.
Heginning with 1867, the business was divided be-
tween the passcn,v;er and the frcivjht agents. The
following persons ha\t: I'llled tluse oltici's : I'Yiight
agents, 1867-1870, I'. 1. Wright; 1870-1873, 1).
Mdw.irds ; 1873-1874, John ("laincs; 1875- , S.
S. ll.md. I'a.ssenger agents, i8C)7~i872, James M.
Urown; 1872-1875, II. T. Miller; i875-i87r^, W.
W. Langdon; 1877- 1878, J.nnes Khines; 1S79
C. A. Warren. The oliicc of division superintend-
ent at Detroit has existed since 1875. The follow-
ing persons have served : 1S75-18S1, I'. S. Hloilgett ;
1881- , T. J. Charlesworth.
Detroit, Ililhdtilr, c- Soitlhuuatcni RailroiiiL
Early in 1869 a new era of railroad building w;is
inaugurated in Michigan, and one of the first pro-
jects in which it was sinight to interest Detroit was
the Detroit, Hillsdale, X: Indiana Railroad. On
January 29, 1869, a [nihlie meeting of citi/.ens voted
to raise $100,000 to aid in building the road. .Soon
after, other projected railro.nds began to seek for aid,
and on May 10, a citizens' meeting recommended that
the city aid the Detroit, Howell. & Lansing, Detroit
& Bay City, and Detroit, Adrian, & St. Louis Kail-
roads to the extent of $250,000 each, and the De-
troit, Ann Arbor, & Jonesville Railroad to the
amount of $200,000. The question was l.Tought
before the council, and this body provided for a
vote to be taken on July 12, 1869, as to the issuing
of $200,000 bonds to the Detroit, Hillsdale, & Indi-
ana Railroad, and $300,000 each to the Xorllurn
Michigan, Detroit, &; Howell, and Detroit, Adrian,
& St. Louis Railroads.
Those interested in the several projects pooled
their interests and efforts in favor of the plan, but
the aid asked for was refused by a large majority
vote. The Detroit, Hillsdale, & Indiana Road,
under the auspices of the Michigan Central Kaiiroad,
was then pushed forward to comiiletion, and was
operated by that company until September 20, 1881,
when it passed under the control of the Lake Shore
& Michigan Southern Railroad. It extends from
Ypsilanti to Banker's Station on the ]''ort Wayne,
Jackson, «S: Saginaw Railroad, using the track of
the Michigan Central Railroad from Detroit to Ypsi-
lanti. The road was opened from ^'psilanli to Saline
in July, 1871, and to Indianapolis on July 25, 1872,
on which date the Pjoard of Trade and the City
Council of Detroit paid a visit to that city.
The Great Westerv Railroad.
The Great Western Railroad, the first opened to
the East, is located in Canada, and the Detroit River
intervenes between it and the city, but ferry com-
munication has always been maintained by the rail-
road boats.
This road was ch.irtered in 1S34, with a capital of
$5cx),ixxD, to build ;i road from Ilamiitnn to tlu' Di--
troit River. In 1837 the charter was .amcndrd in
sever.il p.irtiiulars. but the comp.any f;iilcd to build
the ro.'id, and the charti'r 'xpircd in 1831;. On
-March 29, 1845, the ch.irter v,-;is revived, with power
to extend the roa<l from Hamilton to Ni.igara.
While these efforts were being madi, ;ui opposition
road, named the Detroit & Niagara Rivers R.-iilroad,
which had been ch.'irtered about 1836, beg.in to
show signs of life, and a survey was made which
showed that on an air line of one hundred and thirty-
six miles, between Detroit and N'iagani. no cut or
embankment would re(|uire to be over tm feet in
depth. The following notice of a meeting luld in
Detroit on September 29, 1845, concerns these rival
[irojects :
I'lic iiui'liii).; cif mil' citi/i'iis cm llu; subject of tlir Canada Kail-
roail was will atlciulril. llim. ;\. S. I'drlrr vvai cli.ilrnian, and
jaiiii's F. Jijy si'critary. W. Ilainiltiin Mcrritt I'Nplaiiucl fully
till' dilfiTciit railrnail routes /irnjcilcd tlirou^ii the t'pper I'ro-
viuce, I'lnd cxpnssid liiinself si orii;ly in favor of tlie diriM t route
from Windsor to llerlliic, as providid in the cliartcr "f tlie De-
troit and Niagara Ui\irs Kaiiroad Company, (icni'ral Cass
ol'fciL'd a ri-'s<ilution, wliicli was unanimously ailopii-d, fur the
appointment of a committet' of two, to proceed !o Hamillon to
confer with the Directors of the (Ireat Western Road, .-uid if
possildo tocflert a union of the two routes.
K. A. Brush interested himself in the Detroit &
Niagara Rivers Railroad, as its route was the most
direct, and it could be built with the least expense;
but that company could not secure the right to ex-
tend their line to Buffalo, consequently the Oreat
Western won the race, and in 1846 began to build
their line.
The same year H. N. Walker, at the request of
J. W. Brooks of the Michigan Central Railroad,
wrote a series of articles for Detroit papers favoring
the Great Western Railroad ; but at this time the
Buffalo capitalists could not be interested. Mean-
while the charter of the Detroit & Niagara Rivers
Railroad was about to expire, and an effort was
made to have it renewed, but it was lost by one vote.
In the interest of the Great Western Railrf)ad,
Messrs. E. Farnsworth, J. F. Joy, and II. N. Walker
visited Toronto and Niagara, and on an examination
of the charter of the road it was found that it made
no provision for crossing the Desj.ardins Canal ; an
amendment was then procured which provided for
filling up the old channel of the canal and making a
new cut. In order to plan for and further the building
of the road, a meeting of representatives of the
Michigan Central Railroad, the New York Central
Railroad, and the friends of the two roads in Canada
and the West, was held at Niagara Falls, and as
one of the results a meeting was held at Detroit on
June 23, 1 85 1, and a committee appointed to solicit
subscriptions to the stock. H. N. Walker obtained
np'.ps9s»s
saaBBwarHKM
904
RAILROADS.
subsiTiptions to tlu; amount of Si.So.ooo. 'I'hc
Michiiiiaii CciUnil Railroail llian advaiuH'd Si2o,ouj
to make up llic S30o.o<JO rccjuircd to comijlcii' tlic
road, ami it wcut forward. Instead of tlic ordi-
nary American i;'auj(e of four feet ei}j;iu inches, it
was built with ;i S'^^.K^ "f ''^'^ ^^^^ ^^^ inciies, an
Order in Council requiriniL^ all Canada roads to have
that };auj.,a;, with the desi.v;n of preventing;- the use of
the road and cars in case of war. The road was
completed from the Falls to I lamilton on November
10, 1853, and to London on December 31, iiS53.
On January 17, 1S5.1., the lonj^-exjiected dayarrivi'd;
the roatl was completed to Windsor, and for the
first time railroad communication wa:; opcneil with
New York and the Mast. It was madi' the occasion
of one of the v;i'cali'st dcmonstralions that ewr
occurred in Detroit. In the afternoon the stores
and business places of every kind were closed, and
the river front was lined with i)i'ople who slathered
to .see the incomimj train and to welcome the \'isi--
tors from the nei'.;hboring province when the fciry
should briiiv; lliem over. At the foot of Woodward
Avenue the ihroniij was beyond all precedent. The
train was to arrive at two o'clock, but it was nearly
live o'clock before the whistle and the smoke of the
locomotive iu;;ive notice of its api)roach. On reach-
ing Windsor a saliUe w.is lired, the ferry soon
brou]L;ht the company to Detroit, .and a ])rocession
moved from the Campus Martins to tlu; depot in the
followiniL;' order: Chief Mai'sli.il .and .\ids, Milil.iry
Escort com[i()sed of the Nalion.il Dr.ii^oon ( ai.irds
and the Scott Ouards ; Fire Department, Citizens,
Corporation Oflicers, Invitetl Ouests, Directors,
Eni;ineers and .Supcrinti'udent of Oreat Western
Railroad, Clerv^y of Detroit, I'residciU, \ n'c-l'resi-
dent, .and Chief Directors of the (ireat Western
Railroad with the ALayor of Detroit. Dinner w.is
provided in the lonj;' frcii^ht-house at the de|iot for
1,700 persons. 'I'hose who lonvf for the old timi;s
ami think th.it in late years there is occasional
muni( ii).il extr,iv.n;;mce will do wi'll to rcnu'inber
that for the reception and dinner on this occasion
the city p.aid $4,329.90, the bills beinj,^ .audited on
Febru.iry 21, 1854. The event w.as undoubtedly .an
important one, but probably on no occasion would
aklermen and city otlicers now think of siJcndiny;
anything like the amoimt then so needlessly S(|iian-
dered.
On the completion of the r.ailroad, ,a new ferry-
boat, the Tr.ansit, owned by the comp.any, com-
menced to carry freight and ]).assengers. 1 ler
tri.al trip was m.ade T'ebruary 27, 1854. On August
7. 1857, the r.ailro.ad ferry-boat known .as the Union
ni.ade her tlrst trip, and soon after commenced to
run regularly.
On J.anu.ary i, iHCty. the laying of a third r.aii
gave the r.ailroad a gauge uniform wuh th.at of the
Michigan Centr.al i>l.iilro.ad, .and a new ferry, built
for the i)urpose, beg.aii to tr,ins])ort freight-cars; on
Jime I of the same year i),issenger-cars weic .also
tr.ansporietl, and now p.assengers t.ake scats in ,1
co.ach .at the liriish .Street Depot .and need not
ch.mge tmtil New Wn'k is reached.
The most serious .accidi'ut th.at ever happened on
this ro.ul ociairred on ALarch i} 1857, when ,a Ir.ain
broke through the bridge over the Dcsj.ardins
C.an.il. near Il.amilton. Over eighty lives were lost,
and tr.avcl ovi'r the ro.ad w.as stispended for two
weeks.
Most of the business of the comp.any is ni'cessa-
rily tr.ins.acted in Windsor, but in i8Soihe comi>.any
emjiloved .about thirty men .and paid nearly S;,o,o(x)
vi'.arlv for s.il.aries .at Deti-oit. In 18S2 the road w.is
consolid.atcd with the ("inind Trunk R.ailro.ad ; on
Aitgust 12 the oftices .at Detroit were pul under one
m.an.agemeiU. .and sinci' th.il date the mad has been
known .as the ( '.re.at Western ilivision of the Cr.and
Trunk K;iilr<iad.
'/'//(• C'///i;ri;(>. /hfro/7. '^--- Caiiadd ihiuu^ TyiDtk
fiiiiifion Railroad.
This road, running between Detroit ,and Port
Huron, forms . a part of the (Ir, and Tinnk K.ailw.ay
of C.an.ada, extending to rortl.aiul, Me.; it w,is
opene(l from D"'rnit to I'ort Iliimn ciii Nnvem-
bt'r 21, 18: , ail previously beeit built throiii^h
Can.ad.a •'■e New Fngland St.ates, .and w.as
the third ro,i pened between Detroit and the
F.asl. The e ),iny m.ade use of the de|)ot of the
Mit'hig.an Cc .1 R.ailro.ad until I'"ebru.iry i, 18S2,
when, for tin .ceommod.atiun cif p.issengers, they
commeiKa'd using the depot .at the Wuodw.ard
Avenue Crossing. On October 9 their freight busi-
lU'ss was remo\Td fi-oin the Miehig.an Cenir.al
R.ailroad l)e|)ol to the Detroit, ("■nind ll.aven, X:
Milw.iiikt'c Depot. The number of men employed
.at Detroit .and the Junction in 18.S0 w.is one hundred
.and twenty-four, .and the .aver.age monthly [i.ay-roll
w.as §'^',''138.
The .agents .at Detroit li.ive been : Ciener.al .agents:
1860 ;ind 18^)1, J. 1). Hayes; I.S62 .and 1863, R.
Tubm.an; \f>(^\ .and 1865, J. W.ilsh. i'.assenger
•agents: 1 866 18S0, Fdw.ard Reidy ; 1880 and |8,S|,
[. A. Moore; J.anuary to July, 18S2, W. S. M.irlin;
July, i8,S2, to , John M.ain. I''reight .agents:
iSr/, .11,(1 I. Sr,7, W. Thorpe; i.Sr.S -1.S73, S. V.. Mar-
tin; 1873 1S77, W. C. C;uniil)ell; 1877-1882, T.
Alcoek; 1882 . R. \. Reynolds. F. J. Tierce
h.is served .as ticket .agent from June, 1865.
'I'lir I'lint i!'-^ Prrr .]fa>'(/iiiifr h'ai'/roai/.
'I'he i)rineip,al oHices of the I'lint iK: I'ere M.ar-
quette Ro.ad .are .at S.igin.aw, but Detroit h.as h.ad a
spi'ci.il interest in thi^ road since November 1, 1864.
a new frrry, l)iiilt
ort frci;^lil-i'ars; (in
iii;tT-c;irs were also
•rs take srats in a
k'pot antl ni'cd not
rd.
It (.'ver liappcnrd on
. I.S57, wlirn a train
•IT tlu' Dcsjanlins
\;lity lives were lost,
suspcndi'd for two
company is nccfssa-
n iSiSo tlu- company
jiaid nearly $;,o,o(X)
n 1SS2 llic road was
frunk Railroad; on
were put undci- one
Ic the I'oad has been
vision of the Cirand
uutd (irivii/ 7'riiii/:
■ocul.
1 Detroit and Port
•and Trnnk Railway
ilaiid, Me.; it was
Huron on Ndveni-
/ Wvw built ihriiu;^])
1(1 Stales, and was
n Detroit and the
f the depot of the
ehruary I, iSSi,
|)assen:^ers, tlicy
It the Woodward
(; their frei;;hl busi-
Miehitjan Central
("■rand Haven, ..K:
of men emplo\('d
i<So was one lunidrt'd
;e monthly pay-roll
n : deneral ai^^ents:
iSd: and 1X63, R.
Walsh, rasscni^'cr
; iSSoand l.SSi,
.SS2, W. S, Martin;
I'r t'i!i;ht agents :
1.S-1S7V S. v.. M.u--
; 1.S77-1S.S2, T,
lids. \'.. J. I'icrce
une, iS,''i5.
lie Railrcad.
[•lint (.V- I'cre Mar-
i lelroil has had a
November 1, iS()4.
■■'»
I
I
R.\II.R().\D.S.
905
The line was then complcied between l''lint and
Holly, the track of the Detroit iV Milwaukee Rail-
road bein.u; nsi-d between Holly and Detmit. Regular
trains arrived and departed from the Detroit .\: Mil-
waukee I)e|)nt. ( )n May 30, 1871, the road was
rom|ileted from Wayne to Norths-ilk', and on
November 6, 1S71, from Northvillc to Holly, li
then connected with the Michigan Central R.iilro.id,
and after Jime jS, 1S75, its tr.iiiis used the track of
the Miehii^an Ccntr.il Railroad to Detroit, arri\in^'
and ilepartini; from tlu: Central Depot.
Ihiroil , /.iiiis/iii;, il--' .\'i'r///,rit Railroiiii.
This ro.id is composed of the roads ori'^inallv
incorporated under the names of Detroit, Howell,
State treasiiriT, but in thi' meantime the Supreme
Court decided that the Railroad Aid Law, under
the provisions of which the vole had been taken,
was unconstitutional ; conse([iiently the bonds were
rclurncd to the city, and in M.iy, 1S77, they were
cincelled. Meanwhile the road had been tinished.
It w.is completed from Detroit to l-insinv;' in
.\ii'..;ii-t, 1.S71, ;ui(l on September 12 was formalK'
open^il to Cireeiiville bv an e\cin"sion from Detroit.
< )u Deci inber 14, 1876, it was sold for $'io,(.xjo to
jiartics who held inorl;;a,i;e bonds ^-iveii ,it the time
it was beiu^ built.
■Jhe lilNt superintendent w.as A. 11. Reese; he
served until 1S75, and was snccecded by |. 11.
Mulliki'U. 'i'he numln'r of employees jiaid .at I )etroit
:^^^',y *---"*i
;«T^4^>;:-'-;«r''^:'-*-<-i^>^'i'::,;-;.;,.-Nnr-:;-'---''-^''^-^ iJj .. :*;""; ;>-T-n i^^i'Siiu '.;;'--...---
ip
«^T
Dociii.K K.\ii.K(i,\ii llmiK}!'.,
Corner of li.iliur and I'illucmli Streets.
iV f.ansiiiL^ Railroad and [.ansiuL;' i"v Lake Michi'.4,iu
R.ailroad. Those inli'restcd in the roads soU!L;ht aid
from the city, and under ,a Stale Law. on July 12,
1S69, the (luestioii of .aidiu'.;- it and other roads was
jiasscd upon, but the citi/.ens voted a!.;ainst any aid
from the city. .\ subse(iuent effort and vote in
rcirard to this ro.id .alone w;is mor(; successful, .and
on January i". ■■''7o, by a vote of 4,i(;i a;.;-.iinst
i.ScSj, !|!3oo,oo() w.Ls \-oied in .aid of the road, on
condition that the shops be |)ermanently Incited in
Detroit. The bonds were to be delivered as the
work protjressed, .and the ro.id w.as to ,i;ive a second
inortiL^ai^rt! to pay the bonds .as they matured. 1 tn
Lcbiai.arv S the council ordered the bonds delivered
as soon as the ro.id complied with the conditions.
The bunds were made out and deposited with the
in .SSj was ci;^hty-one, an(.l the |)ay-roII avcr.i;;cd
$4,714 per mouth.
was or'.;;ini/.c(l on .\u!i;ust 20, i.S7(j. ( )n December
i<), iSSt.lhc ro.id w,is inspected by the i,Mivernor,
.and oil J.iimary 1, i''"'82, tin: lirst revjul.ar throuv;h
ti-.ain r.in from NLackin.iw to M.ar(|iietle. The dis-
t.ince from I't. .St. I'^n.ace, opposite M.u kinaw, to
NLir(|Uettc is one hun(lre(i .and tifty-two miles.
The n.imcs of ilie i^cner.il olticc'rs of the com-
]i,any and their loc.ilion are as follows: James
>h'\lill,ni, president, Detroit ; ilui^^h McMillan, sec-
retai'V and tre.isuicr, Detroit; 1), McC'ool, treneral
superintendent and chief eni;ineer, ^Larc|U(•tte ;
Lr.ank Milli',;.in, {.^encr.al frcii^iil .and p.assenger
9o6
RAILROADS.
agent, Marquette; E. W. Allen, auditor and receiv-
ing cashier, Marquette.
Detroit, Butler, &^ St. Louis Railroad,
This road extends from Detroit to lUitler, Indi-
ana, a distance of one hundred and thirteen miles,
and forms part of the Wabash Railroad system.
Jefferson Avenue Railroad Bridge.
A bonus of $200,000 was given by citizens of
Detroit to aid in its construction : of this amount
the Board of Trade gave .$13,000, and many firms
and individuals subscribed hundreds and thousands
of dollars. The entire amount was pledged prior
to June 17, 1880. The survey was commenced on
April 12, 1880, the contract let on June 21, and in
less than a year, on June 10, 1881, Jay (lould, one of
the principal owners of the Wabasii, arrived in
Detroit, coming over the Butler Line. On July 6
an excursion of subscribers to the borais took place ;
and on August 14, 1881, the first through train from
St. Louis rolled into Detroit.
When the road wont into operation the trains
came in over the line of the Detroit, drand Haven,
(ft Milwaukee liailroad, but since March 1 8, i S83, they
have made use of the grounds and depot of the
Union Depot Company.
The officers of the road at Detroit are : F. J. Hill,
freight agent ; Frank L. Snow, general agent.
In 1881 the company employed thirty-five men
at Detroit, and the pay-njU amounted to about
$8,500 yearly.
Cincinnati, Hamilton, &^ Dayton Railroad.
Tills road operates eight different lines of rail-
roads, leading to Cincinnati, Indianapolis, Dayton,
Toledo, and other points West and South. From
Detroit to Toledo it uses the lines of both the Mich-
igan Central and the Lake Shore Railroads. D. B.
Tracy is the general passenger agent, and Joseph
Keavy, general 'ticket agent.
Detroit Union Railroad Station &-> Depot Com-
pany.
This corporation was organized early in 1S81.
They purchased a tract of about forty acres on the
river, with a frontage of 2,540 feet, extending from
Twelfth Street through to the west line of the
Stanton Farm near I-^ighteenth Street.
The company have spent large sums of money
in filling in, docking, and laying out their grounds,
and in erecting buildings. Tiiey rent space for or
build depots, elevators, and other conveniences for
railroads wishing to make use of their facilities.
The elevator built in 1882 cost $300,000, and will
hold 1,300,000 bushels of grain.
Railroad RridL^es and Gates.
For the protection of teams and travelers on
streets crossed by the railroads at the west side of
the city, gates are provided at all the crossings be-
tween Woodbridge Street and the Junction ; most
of them were erected in 1S83. Bridges are erected
across Fort, Lafayette, Twelfth, Howard, Fourteenth,
Baker, and Fifteenth Streets. The last named
bridge, on account of its peculiar location, is curi-
ously constructed, and is, in fact, two bridges in one.
The bridges are erected jointly by the city and the
railroad companies. On the east side of the city
there are gates or bridges at nearly every crossing.
March 1 8, 1883, they
and depot of the
troit are: F.J. Hill,
jeneral a,«;ent.
ycd thirty-five men
mounted to about
CHAPTER LXXXV.
)avfon Railroad.
ferent lines of rail-
idianapolis, Dayton,
and South. From
;s of both the Mich-
e Railroads. D. B.
agent, and Joseph
ion &> Depot Coiii-
lized early in 1S81.
It forty acres on the
feet, extending from
le west line of the
Street.
rge sums of mf)ney
g out their grounds,
ey rent space for or
ler conveniences for
of their facilities.
$300,000, and will
lid Gates.
s and travelers on
at the west side of
;dl the crossings ba-
the Junction ; most
]>ridges are erected
loward. Fourteenth,
The last named
iar location, is curi-
, two bridges in one.
by the city and the
ist side of the city
■arly every crossing.
NAXMCATloX OX RI\-I:rs AND LAKES.
The earliest colonists, gathered in the fort near
the river, or in snug farmho'.ises close to the shore,
had but little need of roads or rockawavs. 'I'lie
ever-present canoe was ready for use and almost
at their door. 'I'he gondolas of \'enice are not
handier or more constantly in motion than were the
picturesque canoes of the Detroit. As harvest
moons waxed and waned, and seascjns came and
changed, tralTic and travel moorei' Mier boats along
the beach. Most pletising of them all was the birch-
bark canoe, buoyant and beautiful, and frtciuently
decorated with brilliant Indian symbols; often six
feet wide and thirty-lixe feet long, their carrying
capacity was enormous. Sixty packs of furs, lach
pack weighing nearly one hundred pounds, half
a ton of provisions for the crew of eight men, and
bark and gum for possible repairs, were not uncom-
mon loads from Lake Superior, and to (Quebec and
Albany as well. In calm weathe. they could be
paddled four miles an hour, and at a jiortage four
men could lift an unloaded canoe. They were easily
broken, and if heavily laden did not venture to
approach a rough beach, but baggage and passen-
gers were carried ashore on the shoulders of the
"''oyai^eiirs. It was by means of such canoes that
the expedition of 1820 reached the ui)per lakes,
The party consistetl of (iovernor Cass, M. R. School-
craft, Alexander Wolcott, -M. D., Captain D. li.
Douglass, Lieutenant E. Mackay, J. D. Doty,
Major R. A. Forsyth, C. C. 'I'rowbridge, A. R.
Chace, ten Canadian 7'oyai^eiirs, seven L'nited States
soldiers, ten Indians, an interjireter, and a guide.
They left on May 24, 1820, in four birchbark canoes
obtained from the Chippewas. On July 4, 1821, in
a canoe of the same kind, (iovernor Cass and 11. R.
Schoolcraft started for Chicago, going by way of
the Detroit, Maumee, Wabash, Mississippi, and Illi-
nois Rivers. A favorite trading craft was the Mack-
inaw boat or bateau. They were built of red or
white oak or pine boards, had flat bottoms, were
shaped exactly the same at each end, and were (jiiite
high at the sides.
The pirogue was a long, cajiacious canoe, often
made of a single large red cedar-tree ; it was high
in front and rear, rmd had high sides. It was used
chictly for passengers, and commonly carried four,
with ;i crew of tlu' same nmnber.
The ordinary canoes, approiiriately c;illed "dug-
outs," were made by burning and chopping out the
trunk of a good-sized tree.
As to vessels, the driffon must be first named.
Her toimage is variously stated at from forty-five to
sixty tons. She carried five cannon, and was built by
La.Salle at the n,outh of the Cayuga Creek near .Nia-
gara in the spring of 1679, and launched in the
month of May. After several short trial-trips, on
August 7. with Chevalier LaSalle, Father Louis Hen-
nepin, (labricl de la Ribourde, Zenobe Membre, and
others, thirty-two in all, she started on her first re.il
voyage, arriving at the mouth of the Detroit River
on .August 10. Two days after, on the Festival of
St. I.iire, she entered the little lake, which was
christened Lake St. Claire in honor of the founder
of the Franciscan Nuns. Two centuries later, a
gathering at Grosse I'ointe rechristened the lake,
with various exercises, including jioems by D. IS.
Duflield and Judge J. \' . Campbell, and an address
from liela Hubbard. On her return trip, the (irif-
fon left Washington Isl;uid in Lake Michigan on
September 18. Two days after, a storm arose, and
the vessel was seen no more; but portions of the
wreck were found among the i.slands at the northern
end of the lake.
After the voyage of the driffon, no sailing vessels
are known to have ])assed Detroit for nearly a cen-
tury. The first that we hear of, were those engaged
in conveying troops, provisions, and furs between
Detroit and Niagani. In 1763 and 1764, the schoon-
ers Ik-aver, (ilatlwin, and Charlotte went to and fro
almost constantly, the time of the trip varying from
six to nine days.
The lirst vessel known to have been built at De-
troit was called the Enterprise. She was launched
in 1769. In 1771 Mr. F.llice, of Schenectady, and
Messrs. Sterling & Price, of Detroit, built a vessel of
forty-five tons called the Angelica. Richard \\ right
was captain at a salary of ^120 per year. In 1778
the r.ritish brig-of-war, (ieneral Cage, arrived,
making the trip from lUiffalo in four days. On
account of the Revolutionary War, none but gov-
9o8
NAVic.ATiox OX ri\'i:rs and lakes.
ernment vessels were then allowed upon the
lakes.
In 1780 the captains and crews of nine vessels
were under pay at Detroit, and a larire dock-y.ird
was maintained. The names of the vessels were
the Oaife, Diinmore, Faith. An.ijelica. Hope. Wel-
come, Adventure, Felicity, and Wyandotte.
On Aui^aist i. 1782, the following;' armed vessels,
all in .i^ood order and all built in Detroit, were on
duty in Lakes Frie. Huron, and Michi!L,^ni :
Namrs.
CM =
V O ' "
5=3
= Carrying
-= C.ipacily.
^ When
C3 Mill. Hl'ls. Iluilt.
27 14 154 160 200 1772
14 106 100 200 1772
II 81 (So 70 1 77 1
7 66 60 200 1 77 1
Hriij Ga.ije
Sell. Dunmorc
Sch. i lope
Sloo|i Ani^elica
Sloop I'^elicity 6 55 40 50 1774
Sch. Faith 48 10 61 60 100 1774
Sloop Wyandotte 7 47 30 30 1779
Sloop Adventure S
Gun Boat 1 1
u 30 30 1776
In the sprine; of 1793 four cfovernment vessels
were lyinv; in front of the town. Of these the Chip-
pewa and the Ottawa were new brigs, of about two
hundred tons each and carrying eight guns ; .another
was the Dunmorc, an old brig of the same size, with
six guns; the fourth was the sloop Felicity, armed
with two swivels. All of these were under com-
mand of Commodore (irant. '{"here were dso sev-
eral sloo|os tuid schooners owned by tnuling lirms.
Tiiree years later, in 1 796, twelve merchant ves-
sels were owned in Detroit; also several brigs,
sloops, .and schooners, of from fifty to one hundred
tons each. .After the surrender to the United
States, the schooner Swan, then owned by James
May, was hired to convey the tirst troops to Detroit,
and was the first vessel on the lakes to bear the Tnitcd
States (lag. Tiie second to carry the tlag w;is
probaloly the Detroit ; she was purchased by the
Ciovernment of the Northwest Fur Company.
In 1 797 the United States scliooner Wilkinson, of
eighty tons, was built at Detroit under direction of
L^ajitain Curry. In iSioshewas sold, overhauled,
atid her name changed to Amelia. In 181 2 she w.is
purchased by the (lovernment, and formed part of
Perry's squ.adron.
In 1 801 the brig .\d,ims and the schooner Tracey
were tiuilt here for tlu' Covernment, and used for
the transportation of troops and government stores.
In 1803, when a company of soldiers under Colonel
J. S. Swearingen went from Detroit to Chicago, for
the purpose of erecting and garrisoiu'tig Fort Dear-
i)orn, a number of officers went oti tiie Tracey.
The troops were tlic first Americans that lived
at that place. Chicago was therefore colonized
from Detroit, and this city can claim the honor
having founded that justly famous metropolis.
In 1812 Commodore ISrevoort was in coiumai
of the brig Adams and Gray and the sloop Delro
then stationed here. They were refitted and pr
pared for .service at the shipyard on the Rouge, no
in jiart occupied by Woodmere Cemetery.
After the war the number of vessels increase
but freight and passage were high. In 1815 at
1S17 a trip from Buffalo to Detroit cost fifteen di
lars and occupied thirteen days.
The year 1818 marks an important era in the hi
tor) of rhe entire Lake Region. The fir.st steambo
that sailed Lake Erie arri\'ed that year. She w
named the Walk-in-theAVater, after the chief of t!
Wyandotte Indians, and was operated by a powt
ful engine, built on Fulton's plan. Leaving Buffji
on the 23d of August, she reached Detroit onThut
day, August 27. 1818. In going from Black Rf)
past the ra|)i(ls she was |)ropelled by what wascalli
a"horni'd bree/.e." consistingof sixteen yoke of oxe
.She .arrived ;it Wing's Wh.arf at foot of Bates .Strc
between ten and eleven o'clock A, M.. and fired
gun. Himdreds of citizens, embracing almost t'
entire |)opulation, collected on the wharves to s
her. Concerning the d;ite of her arrival, sever
mistakes have been made. The f.ac-simile of tl
entry matle at the time by William Woodbiidgi', tl
collector of customs at Detroit, effectually setti
the question.
The Delroii Ga,.ctie of .\ugnst 28, 1818, co
tained this notice :
SlKAMIiOAf ARKlVKt) !
Vesturday, Ijctween llic liuurs cif ten and eleven A. M., the e
gant ste,inil)(>at Walk-in-tlic- Water, Captain J. I'isli. arrived,
site passed the public wliarf and tliat owned by Mr. J. S. Ivol
slie was clieered l)y liiindreds of tile inhabitants who had eolleet
to witness this (in ll;ese waters) trnly novel and grand speetac
She came to at Wing's Wharf. She left Ilnffalo at half past o
o'eloek on the 2,id and arrived at Dnnkirk at thirty-live niinm
past si.v the same day. On the following morning she arrived
Krie, Captain Fish having reduced her steam during the night,
order not to pass that place, where she took in a supply of w<ii
At half past seven i'. M. she left Krie, and came to at I'levela
at eleven o'clock on Tuesday ; at twenty minutes past six v.
sailed, and arrived off Sandusky I'ay at one o'clock on Wedm
day ; lay at ani:hor during the night, and then proceeded
Venice for wood ; left Venice at three v. M., and arrived .-it 1
mouth of the Detroit River, where she anchored during t
night, -the whole time employed in s;dling, in this first voy.n
from I'uffalo to this port, being about forty-four hi>urs antl t
minutes ; the wind ahead during nearly the whole passage. >
the slightest accident h;ippened during 'he voyage, and all 1
machinery worked admirably.
Xothing could exceed the surprise of the sons of the forest
seeing the Walk-in-thi'-Water moving majestically and rapic
against a strong current, without the assistance of sails or oa
'Ilxy lined the banks above Maiden, and expressed their ast(
ishment by repeated shouts of " Ta i yah, nichee ! " ' A rep
had been circulated among tliem that a " big canoe" would sr
• An exclamatirvn of surprise.
na\1(;atiu.\ on i<i\i;rs and lakks.
an claim the honor of
mious nictrnpdlis.
oort was in cdmniand
: and llic slnop Dttrcjii,
were relitied and pre-
I'ard on thi' l-Nniv^e, now
jre Cenutiry.
)er of \-essils increased,
.■re hi}4h. In icSi 5 and
Detroit cost fifteen dni-
lys.
mportant era in llie his-
)n. The first steamboat
ed that year. She was
er, after the chief of the
s operated by a power-
plan. I.eavinji; Ikiffalo
ached Detroit on'Fhur.s-
^oini;- from ISlack Kock
elled by what was called
^of .si.xteen yoke of oxen,
f at foot of Hates Street
lock A. M., and fired a
, embracing; almost the
on the wharves to .see
of her arrival, several
The fac-simile of the
^'illiam Woodbridi^re, the
troit, effectually settles
.Vnniist 28, 181 8, con-
^RKIVICD !
Ill iind eleven A. M., the cle-
Cnptain J. l''i.sli, iirriveil. As
lal nwned by Mr. J. S. kuby,
iiluihitaiits wliii had (i)llecled
novel ,ind ki"'1'I spectacle.
left liiiffalo at half past one
inkirk at thirty-live minutes
wini; nuirninK slu' arrived at
r steam dnrin^; the nijjlu, in
he took in a supply of wood.
and came to at t'le\iland
wiiity minntes past six e. m.
at one o'cloik on W'ednes-
lil, and then proceeded to
ree 1'. M,, and arrived at the
die anchored durinj; the
1 sailin.i;, in this first voyaKe
111 forty-four hours and ten
irly the whole passav'e. Not
inij 'he voyage, and all her
01 the sons of the forest on
nir majestically and rapidly
he assistance of sails or oars,
and expressed their aston-
i yah, nichee ! " ' A report
It a " hii; canoe " would soon
if surprise.
909
come from the " noisy waters," which,
hy order of the^reat father of the " Ihe-
mo-ke-inoiis," ' would lie drawn through
the lakes and rivers hy slnrneoii 1 Of
the truth of the report they are now per-
fectly satisfied.
'I'he cabins of this boat are fitted up in
a neat, conviiiiciil, and eli-;;ant style ;
and the manner in which she is found
does honor lo her proprietors and to her
commander. A passaRe between this
place anil liuffalo is now, not merely
toli'ialilc, but truly pleasant.
'I'o-day she will make a trip to Lake St.
Clair with a larjje party of ladies and ijen-
tleuien. She will leave this pl.ice for
lliilfalo to-morrow, and may be expected
to visit lis ai^'ain next week.
She made the round trip from
lUilfalo to Detroit once in two
weeks, sometimes brin.i;ini^r a
hundred passengers. The fare
for cabin passas^e was ci,^hteen
dollars. In 1819 she went from
Detroit to Mackinaw and Green
l!ay and back in thirteen days.
On October 31, 1821, she left
lUiffalo imdcr command of Cap-
tain Rosters, but met with a
storm, and was wrecked near
that port on the ist of Xovember.
The second steamer on Lake
f'.rie was named tlu' Superior.
She took the place of the Walk-
in-the-W'ater, ami arrived from
Buffalo for the first time on May
25, 1822; she brought ninety-
four passengers.
In 1825 there was still but onr
steamer on the lake, but the
demand for transiJortation in-
creased so rapidly, and the busi-
ness was so profitable witha',
that the very next year six steam-
boats, viz., the Superior, William
Penn, Xiaoara, William Peacock,
Enterprise, and I lenry Clay, were
running regularly between liuf-
falo and Detroit, and in May,
1831, steamboats were making-
daily trips.
Boat -builders now became
more numerous ; some were am-
bitious for larger vessels, and
aeeordingly, on .April 27, 1833,
the .steamboat Michigan was
launciied. She was built by
Oliver Newberry, and, except the
§%
.Xrgo, was the
' l.ong-knives, or Yankees.
first Steamer built at Detroit,
and was the largest on the
lakes. Her deck was one lum-
dred and fifty-six feet long;
breadth of beam, twenty-nine
feet ; extreme width, fifty-three
feet ; and depth of hold, eleven
feet. The gentlemen's dining-
room contained thirty berths
abaft the engines, and six state-
rooms fiirward with three berths
each. 'I'he intermedi.-ite space
between the engines formed a
part of the dining- cabin, and
was richly paneled and gilded.
The ladies' cabin on deck con-
tained sixteen berths and was
elegantly furnished. The ftjr-
ward cabin contained forty-four
berths. She was propelled by
two low-pressure, walking-beam
engines, with cylinders of .seven
feet three inches stroke, and forty
inches in diameter. They were
made in Detroit, by the Detroit
Iron Company, under the super-
intemleiice of Cyrus Battell. She
sailed on her first trip October
11,1 833, under command of Cap-
tain Blake.
In 1836 the passenger traffic
was very brisk. Ninety steam-
boats arrived in May, every one
loatled with passengers for .Mich-
igan and the West. The steamer
United States, which arrived on
May 23, hroughl over seven hun-
dred jK-ople. As tlu' result of so
much travel, the steamboat own-
ers matle enormous profits, reach-
ing for the year seventy to eighty
per cent.
In 1837 thirty-seven steamers
were plying on the lakes, seven-
teen of which were owned in
Detroit. Three stt-amboats ar-
rived daily, and the papers were
literally burdened with the com-
plimentary resolutions adopted
by passengers in praise of the
several boats and captains.
On May 17, 1839, the (Ireat
Western arrived on her first trip
to Detroit, and on September i
she was burned at her wharf.
In 1846 the price of cabin passage from Buffalo
to Detroit was si.K dollars. In this period racing
^
I
mmmm
910
NAVIGATION UN KIVllKS AND l.AKKS.
bctwcLMi tlu! ho.its was of frccjiR-nt orciirri'iii'c ; and
sucli was tlio rivalry l)t'twi'i'ii t.lic captains and own-
ers tlial ill their clioi'ls to ol)tain passcni^crs tlic
fares were freciuenliy nominal. Notwitiislandini;-
these drawba('i<s, steamboats coniinned to be built,
and to see a i)oat lamu-hed was one of the standard
amusements of the time. Hundreds of ]ieople
would leather to see the vessel .tjlide into the water.
The Mayllower, built for the Miehii^Mu Central
Railroad, was launehed on November 16, 1841S, and
maile her tlrst. trip, to test the eni^Mne, on Ajiril 10,
1S49. She \\;is d;ima,v(eil by lloalin^' iee, and sunk
while on her way from ISuffalo to Detroit o!i Decem-
ber 1 1, 1S51.'
Sometimes hi,i;h prices for transporiation temptttl
the owners of bo.ats to start them on their trips
earlier than prudence juslilii'd. ( )n one occasion in
the sprinj;- of iSjUasthe ice h.ul ^one out of the
Detroit Rivji', ,uid the upper end of Lake I'.rie was
reported ck'ar, the owner of a steamboat i;a\e notice
that she would sail the ne.xt day. As the lower part
of the lake was I'oxered with lloatiii;.;' ici'. there was
much discussion with regard to the safely of the
proceediiii,^ ; and the boat started out from a dock
which was throiiL^ctl with s|5ectators who cxpri'ssi'd
nuu'h anxict}' conci'rniui;' her safety. The next day.
tt)wartls e\'enini;', the well-known Joseph Campau
met A. 1>. \\'ood,the mana;..;erof the Tele^i'aph Com-
pany, near the Campau resilience, ;uul said, " Does
ye hear anything' from de boat, — de boat went out
j-esterday mor'n ? " " ( )h, yes ; she li.as just reached
Erie. She i^ot into the iee and tloimdered about,
tearing- her patldle-wheels to pieces, but she is in
Erie harbor all safe." " Well," saitl .Mr. Campau,
" 1 t'ot so. Now, when ile Ins'lishmon he want to
go anywhere, he set down and t'ink how he get dar.
and de l'"renclimon he want to go. and he stop and
t'ink how he get dar ; but de Anurican, de N'ankee,
he want to go, and, be-gar, he go. He go lleax'en,
he go Hell, he go anyhow! "
The most terrible accident that ever happened on
the lakes occurred on Augu.st 20, 1852. On that
day the Atlantic, one of the railroad line of stermi-
ers running between lUiffalo anil Detroit, collided
with the propeller Ogdensburgh, and sank in Lake
Erie, with a loss of one hundred anil thirty-one lives.
Since the completion of the Great Western Rail-
road, in 1S54, the travel by lake has been compara-
tively small, but diu-ing di - season, steamboats rim
almost daily from Detroit .0 all ports between Buf-
falo and Chicago, and ab > t" ports on the north and
south shores of Lake Superior, and to various places
on Lakes St. Clair and Huron.
The oldest and most largely patronized line of
• For information resarding tlie lines of boats operated by rail-
road companies, see article on Railroads.
lake Steamers is operated by the Detroit X: Cleve-
land .Steam N,i\ ig.atiim Comp.iny. The line w;is
established in i.'i^o, and has been managed chictl\-
by the present owners since 1852. The coinp.iny
w.as incorporated on \|)ril 18, t868, with a capital
of §joo,ouo, which, in 1883, w.as increased to
$450,000. The genci-al otiii'i'rs of the eori)oration
are: l)a\id Carter, general manager; J. l. Hender-
son, general freight agent; and C. D. Whitcomb,
general passen .;er and freight agent.
Originally their l)oats ran only between Detroit and
Cleveland. Since 1882 they luue m;iintained a line
between Clevelanil aiul Mackinaw. They own four
boats, namely, the "Northwest." "City of Detroit,"
"City of Cleveland," .■iiul "City of Maikin.aw,"
which cost an average of $200,000, ;uul will carry
fi'om 1.200 to 1,500 pci'soiis each Each boat car-
ries 50 persons as ollicers and ci'c >v, and in the sea-
son of na\ig.ation a boat leaves for Cle\elanil every
Wednesday and I''riilay at 10 P.M., and for Mack-
in.aw every Monday and .Saturday at the same hour.
The com|)any seek in every way to make thexessels
atiracti\e and the trips agreeable, ;iud the line is
constantly ini'reasing in pojiularity.
An interesting e\ent in the history of sailing ves-
sels was the direci shi|)ment, on July 22, 1S57, of a
cargo of lumber and staves to Liverjjool 1)\' the
bark C. J. Ki'rsh.iw. She arrived September 5, ;uul
w.as the second vessi'l to (le|)art for Europe from
this region, the Dean Richmond, from Chicago and
Milwaukee, being the tii'st. ( )n her return the Ker-
shaw brought iron and crockery, but reached Mon-
treal so late in the season that she did not come to
Detroit until the spi'ing of 1858.
The Madeir.a I'et, loaded with hides at Chicago,
and staves at Detroit, also sailed in 1857. In 1858
eleven vessels, lo.ided with lumber, staves, and
.\ heat, sailed for Li\erpool and London from this
port, and in 1859 sixteen other vessels carried simi-
lar cargoes to iairopean ports. Other vessels have
since made the trip, but no regular line has been
establisheti.
In late years the chief home business of sailing
vessels has consisted in carrying grain, lumber, iron,
ore, and coal. About lifty tugs are employed in
aiding them when the winds are feeble or contrary.
In number, power, ami beauty, the tugs of Detroit
are particularly noticeable. They cost from $3,000
to $60,000 each, and $2,000,000 or more are invested
in them. They h.ave crews of eleven men each,
and ply between Lakes I'>ie and Huron.
Equally as necessary are the dry docks for the
building or repair of vessels. The floating dock of
O. !\L Hyde was launched on December 10, 1852;
and about the same time the docks of the present
Detroit Dry Dock Company were established at the
foot of Orleans Street. The business was eon-
0 Dctroil X; L'k'vc-
ny. 'I'll',' liiu' was
■n manai^rd cliirlly
5J. 'I'lu- cciinpany
Sfj.S, with a rapilal
was incn.'asril to
of llu' t'orpoi'alioii
lyjor; J. I'. Ikiulir-
1 C. I). W'lutcoml),
;ciit.
)L'twca'n Dctroil aiu!
■(.■ maintaiiKHl a line
w. 'I'liry own ftnir
' " Ciiv of Detroit,"
!ity of Maikiiiaw,"
,000, ami will carry
•li Dai'h l)oat car-
rr.v, ami in the sra-
for Cleveland every
. M., anil for Maek-
ly at the same iioiir.
to make the \essels
hie, and the line is
ity.
storv of sailini;' ves-
1 Jnly 22, 1857, of a
0 Liverpool by the
.■d September 5, and
rt for l''.iiropc from
1, from Chiea;;() and
ler return the Ker-
)Ul reached Mon-
;ie did not I'ome to
hiiles at Chieaj,'o,
in 1857. In 1858
liber, staves, and
■ontloii from this
cssels t'.arried simi-
( )lher vessels have
alar line has been
1 1
business of sailing
^rain, lumber, iron,
are employed in
feeble or contrary.
the tuys of Detroit
;y eost from $3,000
jr more are invested
eleven men each,
Huron.
(h-y docks for the
"he tloatinj;- dock of
)ecember 10, 1852;
icks of the present
establishe(l at the
jusiness was con-
i
XAVIC-.ATIO.N ON RI\ KRS AND LAKi:S.
911
ducted from 1857 to 1861 by C"i. Campbell & Co.,
from 1 86 1 to 18O7 by Campbell & Owen, from 1867
to 1869 by Campbell, Owen,^; Co. In May, 1870, on
account of the impaired health of Mr. Campbell, he
was succeeded by S. R. Kirby, and on July i, 1872,
forty feet IoujlJ, thirty-eiijht feet wide, and has nine
feet draft of water. A dock built in 1865 is three
hundred and si.\ feet l<iny, forty-live feet witle, ukI
h;is thirteen feet draft. The dock-yards have a
frontage of seven hundred feet on Atwatcr Street,
GEiNEKAL OfI-ICES OK THE JJEIUOIT iV CLEVELAND StEAM NAVIGATION Co.MI'ANY,
Foot of Wayne Street.
the present comjiany was incorporated with a capital
stock of §300,000. The ol'licers in 1884 are: John
Owen, i)resident; Frank K. Kirby, consulting and
constructing engineer; A. McX'ittie. secretary and
treasurer; F. .\. Kirby, superintendent at Wyan-
dotte; John I'arker, .supc-intendent at Detroit.
Their original dock at Detroit is two hundred and
and extend through to the river, with every facility
for the repair or construction of vessels of any
class, either of wood or iron.
Since 1879 the company have owned the extensive
yards at Wyandotte established by E. B. W:ird in
1S72. These yards occu[n' about seven acres, and
have a river frontage of seven hundred feet and a slip
o
u
a
o
■ll
k
i'i
914
NAVIGATION ON RIVERS AND LAKES.
six luiiulri'<l feet loiijf in adfiitioii. Upwards (if six
iuindri'd men are employed in tiiese estai)lisliments,
and tlie yards are ecjiial in tiieir ef|iiipment to any
private yards in tlie United States, tnd exeei any on
tile lakes. The company i)iiild vessels of either wood,
iron, or steel, and the growtii of their business is
indicated by the fact that from 1867 to 1879 they
built but thirty-four vessels, while from 1879 to 1884
they built thirty-six, the avcratfe value of which was
double that of the vessels first built. Amonj,'
the vessels constructed were six steamers, twenty-
ei.i^ht screw steamers, three l)ari,a's, two barks,
eleven schooners, six tu.i^s, ten steam ferries, two
steam and two car baru^es. Their cost ranj^^ed from
$2,500 to $275,000. The company have orii^iiiated
several features for lake vessels that are now gener-
ally .idopted. The Gordon Crmipbell, wliich they
l)uilt in 1871, w.is the first double-decked vessel on
the lakes. Square jiilot-houses for lake vessels and
iron moorinvj-bits are of tiieir introduction.
The followinij is a list of steam vessels built at tliis
port ; all those built since 1867 and marked willi a
star were built by the Detroit Dry Dock Company:
Name. T
onnaK'.'
nuilt.
Name. Tonnage, liiiilt.
Argo
—
,827
Marquette
862
1859
MichiK.in
472
i8j3
Little Eastern
32
■859
Cfn. Brady
66
1833
Clara
77
1S60
r.rie (I.ittlc)
M9
1816
Star
23
i860
tlnit.a
37
1836
Mariner
104
i860
Illinois
755
•837
I'hilo Parsons
221
1861
C. C .Trowbridge
30
i8j8
John P. Ward
160
i86r
Nile
650
•843
Ceo. II. Parker
188
1S61
St. Clair
250
1843
Sum'l Lewis
102
186 1
Prop. Detroit
2.)0
1845
Morning Stir
>.o75
1862
New Orleans
610
1845
Mohawk (rebuilt)
213
1862
John Owen
2JO
1843
Empire
704
1862
Romeo
180
1845
W. K. Muir
125.80
1863
lioston
775
1846
S .1 Ward
365
1863
Albany
669
1846
Heather liell
149
1863
Miehigan
600
1847
Zouave
118
1863
Dispatch
225
1848
II. Morton
227
1863
.Mayrtower
1.354
1849
City of Toronto
Dolphin
42
.849
(rebuilt)
4.6
1863
Ar^o
III
1849
Stranger
89
1863
J. W. lirooks
312
.85.
Sentinel
297
1863
Swan
209
185 1
E. A. lirush
35
1864
Odd Fellow
99
.852
Mayflower
127
1864
Dart
297
■853
Sunny Side
138
1864
Fintry
590
1853
Loon
21
1864
Hercules (rebuilt)
255
1853
Skylark
134
1864
Falcon
663
•853
Wm. A. Moore
»53
1865
Ottawa
316
1853
Geo. N. Brady
131
i86s
Illinois
926
1853
Mackinaw
14I-75
1866
Albion
132
1854
* R. N. Rice
1,096.94
1867
Lion
457
■855
J. P. Clark
80.7s
1867
Old Concord
457
1855
13. W. Jenness
356.94
1867
A. k. Swift
15
1855
Phil. Sheridan
710.90
1867
Union Express
205
1856
Jay Cooke
414.62
1868
B. L. Webb
843
1856
♦Vulcan
249-43
1868
Windsor
223
1856
* Champion
263.36
1868
Olive
•71
1853
*Annie Young
1,006.52
1869
Kilbola
396
1858
0. Wilcox
158.73
1869
Experiment
123
1858
Favorite
51.06
1869
Olive Hranch
71
1858
*J. L. Kurd
759-88
1869
Canada
•43
1858
R. J. Hackett
748.66
1869
Name,
•Hope
Siotia
Alpha
J. Carlicr
Pitronille
Wyoming
Mystic
* S. C. Iloldwin
I'r.ink Ford
•Monitor
*G. Campbell
* Jennie Bri.seoe
•Niagara
Red Wing
Riverside
Resolute
♦Victoria
♦ Inter Ocean
*.\rgonaut
W. II. Barnnm
♦ M. F. Merick
N.ihant
Caz-lle
♦ in Owen
J. .'ridgeon, Jr.
* I'orluni-
I'rarl
♦ I'.xcclsior
Alaska
•City of Detroit
♦Cr.ice McMillan
Fislurman
♦City of Cleve-
land
Walter Scott
♦ Iron .A.ge
* Iron State
Augk-r
* Transport
('■arland
♦ Lehigh
W. La Chapelle
* Boston
♦W. Il.Oratwick
Tonnage.
140.79
64.18
72-71
65.11
70.15
154-65
121.54
356.J6
'55-75
105.40
996.14
82.59
276.87
13.26
153.82
22.83
192.17
1,068.76
1,063.30
937-15
205. 6j
9")-9J
182.52
3=8.34
1,211.88
199-77
55'.f-6
229.39
510-03
811. 1)4
234-71
18.70
917.29
9-33
859.46
852-95
18.70
797-47
249.26
1,704-57
6.18
1,829.52
174.86
♦ Thos.W. Palmer 836.56
Built.
1870
1S70
1870
1870
1870
1870
1870
1871
1871
1S71
1871
1871
1872
1872
1872
1872
'873
'873
1873
■873
1873
1873
■873
1874
1875
1875
1875
1876
1878
1878
1S79
1880
1S80
1880
1880
1880
1880
1880
1880
1880
i83o
i88n
1880
NaiiK-.
Sea Wing
•City of .Milwau-
kee
♦ Clarion
♦ Iron Chii-f
Martin Swain
S. J. Maey
•S. F. Hodge
Uarda
♦ Iron Duke
Middlesex
Ariel
J. \{. Farwell
♦ Uninswick
I )ai.sy
♦.Mgomali
♦ .Mii'hig.in
Osceola
♦ Merrimae
♦Wisconsin
♦ Massachusetts
Handy Hoy
Maui-tiipir
M.iyflowiT
♦ K. K. Roberts
Alice E. Wilds
W. L. Davis
♦F. A P. No. I
(ri-hiiill)
♦ F. A: P. No. 2
I). C. Whitney
R(-mora
( !eo. E. Fisher
♦ Sappho
♦ W. L. Frost
Pauline
♦C:ity of Macki-
na.v 807
♦Micliig.in Ci-ntral
♦ Lanstlowne
♦Wm. A. Haskell 1,440
*Wm. J. Averill 1,425
Minnie M 295
Schoolcraft 595
Florence I-'.. Dixon 2
roiinagi-. Iliiilt.
22.45 '881
1,148
1,7"
'.•51-
285.
548
585,
89.
1,152.
5''7-
201.
1,200.
1,120.
16.
486.
>,>33.
93,,
1,20.!
i,i3i
i,4'5
■ 3fi-
437-
'7-
1S9,
2,i5
16,
769.
636
7t 1881
97 1881
08 1881
!9 1881
4.! 1881
62 1881
(6 1881
.rj 1881
58 1881
91 1881
96 1881
II 1881
!3 I
8 I
881
70 1882
26 1882
66 I 83a
43 1882
27 1882
65 1882
o, ,883
75 '883
74 1883
53 1883
96 1883
57 1883
1,013.22 1883
86.1
223.
1,322
14
93 1883
87 1883
61 1883
,16 1883
,10 1883
,89 1883
— 1884
— 1884
.78 1884
,43 1884
,67 1884
.77 1884
,22 1884
The following table gives the date of first arrival
or departure of vessels at Detroit durinij tlie various
years, and is also of interest as containing the
names of many steamboats whose names do not
now appear in the Marine List :
1821, May 18, Walk-in-the-Water, from Buffalo.
1822, May 25, Superior (first trip), from Hul'falo.
1823, Jan. 13, sail vessel, from Sandusky.
1826, ^L'ly 8, steamer Henry Clay, from Buffalo.
1839, March 12, steamer Erie, for Toledo.
1840, March 8, steamer Star, from Cleveland.
1 841, April 18, steamer General Wayne, from Buf-
falo.
1842, March 3, steamer General Scott, for Buffalo.
1843, April 18, steamer Fairport, for Cleveland.
1844, March 1 1, steamer Red Jacket, for Fort Gra-
tiot.
1845, January 4, steamer United States, from Buffalo.
1S46, March 14, steamer John Owen, from Cleveland.
NAVIGATION ON KIVEKS AND I.AKK.S.
915
ii(., TiinnuKc?. Iluilt.
K
a».45
1881
Milwaii-
1
14H.71
■ 881
1 1
,7"-')7
l8Hi
hi.'f 1
,i5t."a
i83i
Swain
aSs..!')
1881
icy
54S.4..
1881
lo(|m;
,s85.63
1881
8y.,t6
1881
I)iikc t
,t53.-J
1881
I'X
567.58
1881
201.91
1881
arwcll I
,900,96
1881
wick I
,130.11
1881
ifi.jfi
i88t
>..li
486.28
i83i
ij.iii 1
,183.18
188a
980.70
i88a
nai'
,20-..2'i
1882
iisiii
,i8i.f.r.
1 833
irliMSftts
■.4'5-43
1 88a
lluy
136.27
1882
i(im'
437.65
i88a
WIT
17.01
1883
, Rnborts
189.7s
1883
-,. WiUls
2.15.7+
1883
Davis
16.51
18,83
P. No. I
lilt)
76.;.9fi
1883
P. No. a
636.57
1883
Whitney
1,013.22
1883
■a
86.93
1883
".. Fishur
20.87
1883
ho
223.61
18S3
.. Frost
1,322.16
1883
e
14.10
1883
of Macki-
807.89
1S83
1884
>;a[i Ci'iili.ii
,
1884
tiownc
A.Haskell
■1,440.78
1884
J. AviTill
1.425.43
1884
: M
295.67
1884
craft
595.77
1884
CO I'.. Dixon 2.2-
1884
dale of first arrival
It (lurin;4 tlie various
as containing the
liose names elo not
Iter, from Buffalo,
lip), from Buffalo,
jandusky.
lay, from Buffalo,
lor Toledo.
|)m Cleveland.
Wayne, from Buf-
Scott, for Buffalo.
, for Cleveland,
jacket, for Fort Gra-
Istates, from Buffalo,
^•en, from Cleveland.
1847, March 30, steamer United States, from Cleve-
land.
1848, March 22, propeller Manhattan, for Buffalo.
1849, March 21, steamer John Owen, for Clevel.uid.
1850, March 25, steamer Southerner, from lUilfalo.
1851, March U), ste.imcr liollisicr, from Toledo.
1852, March 22, .steamer Arrow, for Toledo.
1853, March 14, steamer Bay City, fron) .Sandusky.
1854, March 21, steamer M.iy (hieen, from Cleveland.
1855, April 2, .steamer Arrow, for Toledo.
1856, .April 15, steamer .May Oueen. for Cleveland.
1857, March 24, steamer Ocean, for Cleveland.
1858, March 17, steamer Dart, for Toledo.
1859, Marc!) 10, steamer Island (Hieen, from San-
dusky.
i860, March 6, schooner Spy, from S.indusky.
1861, March 11, steamer Ruby, for Port Huron.
1862, Marcli 29, steamer May (Hieen, for Cleveland.
1863, M.arch 29, steamer Duhucjue, from Cleveland.
1864, Marc!) 13, steamer Younv;' America, from Port
Huron.
1865, March 26, steamer Philo Parsons,for .Sandusky.
1866, April 4, steamer City of Cleveland, iov Cleve-
land.
1867, April 8, steamer City of Cleveland, for Cleve-
land.
1868, .March 24, steamer R. N. Rice, for Cleveland.
1869, April 5, propeller Kdith, from Port Huron.
1870, April 7, steamer G. W. Reynolds, for Maiden.
1 87 1, March 8, steamer Dove, for Maiden.
1872, April 3, steamer Northwest, for Cleveland.
1873, April 7, steamer Jay Cooke, {or Sandusky.
1874, March 24, steamer R. N. Rice, for Cleveland.
1875, Marcli 29, propeller Rob. Hackett, for .Maiden.
1876, March 20, steamer K. N. Rice, for Cleveland.
1877, April 10, steamer Northwest, for Cleveland.
1878, April 3, .steamer Northwest, for Clevelrmd.
1879, April I, steamer Northwest, for Cleveland.
1880, March2,schooner John O'Neil, from Cleveland.
1881, April 19, steamer Northwest, for Cleveland.
18S2, Jtlarch 7, wrecking tug Winslow, for Lake
Michigan.
1883, March 26, steamer City of Dresden, for Mai-
den.
1884, April 3, steamer City of Detroit, for Cleveland.
The following table gives the number
that have entered at anu jleared from
various years, with their tonnage and the
their crew :
Entered.
of vessels
Detroit in
number of
N'ear.
Vessels.
Tons.
Men.
1850
2.341
671.545
31.784
1855
2,191
997.724
28,644
i860
3.351
73'.4i9
30. '47
1865
4.597
966,047
58.326
1870
5,401
1,003,152
52.793
Vcar.
1875
1880
\'car.
1850
1855
i860
1865
I 870
1875
1880
/l-HllcU.
Tons.
5.'58
851,241
5.57'
1,178,518
dturcii.
Vessels.
Tons.
3.347
723.634
2.180
991.117
3.217
713,811
4.558
1,037,568
5.453
1,020,913
4.97 «
866,984
5. 82 5
1,240.564
Men.
24.300
21,782
Men.
32.3^>4
28,896
32.054
42.233
55.896
.•8,503
22,320
'flic immigration ihat followed the surrender of
1796 made communication between the two banks
of the Detroit more frequent. Many of the new-
comers did not own canoes, preferring to be ferried
over by one of the skilful oarsmen then so numer-
ous. Very soon the business of ferrying became a
profitable employment, and in order to regulate and
control it the Court of General Ouarter .Sessions
issued licenses to those wishing to establish ferries.
On Friday, Marcli 5, 1802, a license was granted to
Gabriel Goilfroy for a ferry " from his house across
the river Detroit," and on Tuesday, December 7,
1802, a ferry license was granted to Mr. Askin.
On 'fhursday. December 9, 1802, the court pre-
s(Tibed the following
RKGULATIONS FOR I'KKRIKS.
River Detroit in winter, from ist of November to ist of April,
man, i.r. ii,A ; horse, .(,f. In siiinmer, ist of April to ist of Xo-
veniher, man, \s.\ horse, t,s.
On December 21, 1803, a license was granted to
James .May, and on July 19, 1804, a licen.se was
granted to Jacob \'isger to keep a ferry " from his
kind near to the town of Detroit across the Detroit
river to opposite shore."
In 1S06 the ferry-house was about fifty feet west
of \V(jodward Avenue, and between At water and
Woodbridge Streets ; the river at that point then
came fully half way up to Woodbridge Street. In
1820 the following rules and rates were established :
F.-ich ferry shall be provided with two suflicient and safe canoes
or ferry-boats, and one like sufficient and safe scow or flat. From
the fust day of April until the first day of November in each
year, each ferry shall he attended by two ;^'ood and faithful men,
and from the first day of November to the first of April by three
like good and faithful hands. The ferry sha'l be kept open from
the rising of the sun until ten o'clock at night, and at all times,
when practicable, shall transport the mail or other public express.
The rates of ferryage shall be as follow3:
From ist of April to 20th of November, for each person, 12JC.;
for each horse. 50c.; for a single carriage and one person, $1.1.0;
for each additional person, lajc; for each additional horse, 25c.;
for each head of horned cattle, n\^.\ for each sheep or hog, 6Jc.
From 2oth of November to .\pril ist, for each person, i8c.; for
each horse, 75c.; for each single horse, carriage, and one person,
$1.50; for each additional person, iSJc; for each additional
horse, 37ic.; for each head of horned cattle, 56ic.; for each
sheep or hog, gc.
9i6
NAVRiAllON UN UIVKKS AM) LAKES.
Oil Jaiuiary r i, iSjo, J. H. Si, Armour took (uit a
licciisi; for a ferry at the fool of Woodward Aviiuic,
and on Aunusl iS, 1H20, lien. W'oodworlli was
jfraiiti'd a license for a ferry al fool of Kaiulolpli
Strei'l. On l'el)rLiary 10, 1N21, licenses were issued
lo James /Miholt and Jv.ia iialdwin to luainlain fer-
ries at fool of Woodward Avenue, and on January
15, 1.S24, Owen Aldricli was autliori/ed to keep a
ferry at Koby's Wharf, 'i'he ferries, al liial timi',
were in jiarl eom|)osed of sailing; \esstls, whioli siji;-
nalied their approaeli lo eitlier shore l)y llie l)!owin,i(
of a iiorn.
1825 ihi're were still .i^ri'aler improve-
ments, wiiici\ .ire indicated in the followinj^ adver-
tisemenL from I'he (la/.elte of September 22 :
IIOkSK-llOAl' l-KKRV.
'I'liu sulisi rilxTS have ri'Ci'Mlly hiiilt a laixu and CdniMiiulious
llorsr Itdiil fur tin: piirpusr <if transpdrtitiK ncroHs tlic Dctrdil
KiviT, passtiiKiiH, waKcMis, lairsrs, talllc, Ac., iVr, 'I'lir I'mat is
sii ciiiistnii'U'il thai waK<>ns and cania)..'! s ran he (hivcn un il wilh
laHc anil safily. It will leave .MeKinstry's Wharf (ailjuiiiinK thai
<if Dorr iV Junes), fur the Canada slmre, and will land passenn'rs,
iVe., at the wharf latily hnilt un that shore by .McKinstry & Uiir-
lis. 'I'hc I'crry wharves urc exactly oi)pusile,
I). C .McKiNSTuv.
J. IhuTis.
DnTHoiT, Sef'lcinfur a.', i3 /s.
.■1L'%»"J
' -' ' n ' n -r T Yti'Mii II — - •*'
KkUHV r.OAT AliliO.
This horse-boat was built at Cleveland, and arrived
in Detroit on A uijust 12, 1S25. It was thirty-two
feet wide and fifty feet lonij, and was operated by
French ponies. Two years later the ferries con-
sisted of lUirtis' Horse Uoat from MeKinstry's
Wharf; St. Armour's Sail lioats from John R.
Williams' Wharf, and Labadie's Canoe from Ciillett's
Wharf. In the year 1827, John Burtis built the
Arijo, the first steamer belont^int,^ to Detroit. The
hull consisted of two whitewood logs each side of a
centre-piece on which was a li^dit deck with canvas
sides. It had a four-horsi;-power engine, and made
regular trips to ports on the river and Lake St. Clair.
In 1830 the steamboat, General Gratiot, took her
place as a river-boat, and the Argo was leased to
Louis D.'ivcnport, and became the first steam ferry.
The horse-boat ferry was in use in 1831, controlled
by Peter St. Armour, and made tri))s from the foot
of Bates Street every half L
In 1H34 there w;is .a ferry named the L.idy of the
L.ike. Louis DaM'iipori's feiiy, the Iniled, made
her lirsl regular trip on July 15, 1836.
In 1837 .1 (•ommillee of the Common Council
rt'porled in f;i\or of allowing Louis D.ivenporl,
Ch.irles 11. Matthews, ;ind M.iUhew Moon to main-
lain ferries ;il the foot of (iriswold Street, for $150,
at foot of W.iyiu: Slreil, for $iuo, antl from foot of
Therese Alley, for S50 annually.
Mrs. Jameson, in her "Winter Tours and Summer
Rambles," gives the following pleasant description
of ferry-boats and trips in June, 1837:
A pretty lillli: steanii'r, gayly painted, wilh hln.uners flyinw, anil
shaded liy an a>vainK. i'* euniiniially passin); and repassing fruni
sliure III sliure. 1 haM: sunietinii-s sal in this ferry-liual fur a
couple of hunrs lu){uilii'r, pleased to remain still, and enjuy, wilh-
(uil exertiiin, the euul air, the sparkliii>;, rednndanl waters, and
green islands ;--aninsed ine.intinic l>y the variety and euaversa-
tiun uf ihu passenijers. Knijlisli enii>{ranls and I'reni h I'ana-
dians, brisk Aiaerieaas, dark, sad-loukin>,' Indians, folded In their
bhmkets, fanners, storekeepers, speenlalurs in wheat, artisans, trim
girls with blaek eyes and short pettieuats, speaking a Nurmaii
/a/oi's, and bringing baskets uf frnit tu thu Detroit market, and
over-dressed, lung-waisleil damsels of the city, attended by their
beaux, going lo make merry un the opposite shore.
C]eorge W. ( )sl)orn has expressed his opinion in
the following lines :
RIDINC. ()\ llll. 1 l.KKV.
When llw merenry diiiutes
Sultry sumnier heat,
'I'lun llie spaiinus ferry-huats
Alfurd a eoul retreat.
On a shady upper ileek,
Joined by friends su merry,
liless me I ain't it pleasant,
Riding on the ferry ?
Hack and forth frum shore to luire.
On the rippling river,
Wateliing spray beads rise and lall.
Where the snnbeaais quiver;
Kc\eling in the cooling breeze,
Every one is cheery ;
liless me ! ain't it pleasant,
Riding on the ferry?
Now yon 're sitting vis-a-vis
Willi a charming creature.
Happiness is in her eye,
Joy in e\'ery feature.
" Is n't this superb ? " she asks,
" Ves," you answer, "very."
IJless me I ain'l il pU-asant,
Riding o;i tile ferry ?
Thus the healed hours are passed, —
Laughing, joking, singing;
Joyous shouts from happy groups
On the cool bree/e ringing.
Now ynu see your charmer home,
Feeling blithe and merry,
'Cause engaged tu go tu-murrow
liiding on the ferry.
The ferry Alliance began running in 1842; her
name was afterwards changed to Undine. In 1848
NAVIGATION ON RIVKKS AN!) I.AKIiS.
917
imal llu- l..i(ly of lln'
•ry, ihc United, made
Ik; COmmDii Coiimil
ly; l.nuis Davciipiirt,
illlu'W Moon to maiii-
wold Stircl. for §1511,
jiiuu, and from fool of
iiy.
IT Tours and Summer
\\r pleasant description
lie. 1.S37:
■il, with hiri-.iiiic IS flyiiiK, iiiiil
passing ami niiassiiiK from
sat ill lliis fi-iry-lMiiit fur a
iiiiaiii still, ami fiijuy, willi-
liiiK, niliimlaiil wains, and
ly tint variiiy and nmvrrsa-
iiinrants and I'niirli C'aiia-
lUiiiK Indians, fiildi d in tliiir
latiirs il) wlirat, artisans, trim
;liii]ats, si)c;akiiiK a Nurman
to the Dutroil mark' t, and
jf the city, atniidid liy their
jpiiositi; .shurc,
:pressed his opinion in
•, ri.uuv.
>tlH
-Ixials
t.
incrry,
nt,
to bure,
and iail,
i|nivcr ;
DICCiC,
nt,
-vis
atnic,
• asks,
" viry."
lie passctl,-
iiixinn ;
liy Kiiiiips
■inv;inK-
iir homt',
iiiM-ry,
-inurrow
running in 1842; her
■d to Undine. In 1848
Ari^o No. 2 In-Rnn plyinij as ;i ferry. In 1852 (l.
M. Riissel hiiilt tlie Ottaw.i, .ind in 1856 the Wind-
sor. This l.ist ho.it \v;is snl)sc(|iicnily cliartcred l)y
the Detroit i.\: MiKv.iiil<ee K.iilroad, .ind was burned
at its dot k, U ).,'i'tlier with tiie depot, on April 26,
iHr/).
In 1.S55 the Mohawi< .and Arj^^o constituted the
line of ferries. TIk! CiciTi was added in 1856. and
the Essex iti 1859. In tiiis List ye.ir tiie Olive
Hr.ineli was used for .a few nioiitlis. The Detroit
w;is built in 1864, .-md r.in till 1875. The Hope
was built for Cicoriji; N'. lir.idy in 1870.
In 1883 there were six fenies, vi/., the I'",xcelsif)r,
Fortune, Hope, Essex, ,ind \'iitori,i, of the re]L,nilar
1;. ", ;ind the Ariel of W.ilker iv: Sons. liesides
these there weri' six niilro.ad ferry boats. The For-
tmie is one of the best representatives of the river
ferries. \h\- tonnape is 200, , and she cost $34,000.
She is one hundred .and twenty feet in leiivith and
forty-two in breadth over deeks. Her ordinary
e.ap.aeity is 1,000, l)ut she li;is r.arried 1,350 |)ersons.
.She w.as built to t.ike the pl.iee of the Detroit.
The ordin.ary nite of ferria.ije is live cents in
summer .and ten cents in winter. Durini,^ the warm
sununer days and evenin.i^s the bo.iis are thronjijed
with people, who ride b.ack and forth to enjoy the
deliifhtful breeze and ever-clianv,dn.ij scenery. For
the nominal sum of one dime, one m.iy thus spend
an entire day, and the ride offers a rare combination
of comfort, health, .and safety. The bo.als are in
frequent dem.ind for short excursions up .and down
the river. The ferries p.ay city licenses of $250 each
|)er year.
The h.arbor formed by the Detroit River contains
more room th.in the h.arbors of IJiirf.ilo. Krie, Clevc-
l.ind, Milw.iukcr, ,ind Cliic,ii.jo .ill combined. ;ind
the w.iter is deep enough to Mo.it the Largest ships
of w.ir. and in any kind of weatluT vessels find
s.ifety hcri'. No d,inv;cr lurks .about when makinij
or le.ivin,!.; the |)ort of Detroit. After , ill ordin.ary
winters, navij.c;ition opens from four to six week.)
earlier here ih.m it does at C'lcvel.and. liuff.alo. Clii-
ca^fo. or Milw.iukee, and, with scarce an exception,
vessels from Detroit can )jo east two weeks earlier
than those from Chic;i;^o or Milw.iukee. as vessels
from those ports h.ave to wait until the Straits of
Mackinaw .are clear of ice.
Since 1863 the city has employed a h.irbor
master, whose duties consist in |)reventin),r interfer-
ences between vessels, determinin).(, when necessary,
pl.aces of ;inchorai,'e. kccpinj^ the h.arbor clear of .all
obstructions, seeinij th.at the public docks .are not
unduly obstructed, and keepinij the w.iy cle.ir for
the ferries. He h.as ch.arvce of twcity-six life-
preservers owned by the city, which, by .-ote of the
council on .\ii,i,nist 25, i87[, were ordered pl.aced
aloni,' the docks. Four others are provided at Helle
Isle.
The h.irbor master w.as formerly appointed solely
by the council, but since I'"ebru;iry 28, 1872. the
otiice h.as bet'n filled by ;i policem.an detailed for
the purpose .and confirmed by the council. The
n.ames of the h.irbor m.isters h.ave been as follows:
1862-1866. C. W. Newh.ill; 1866-1868, Jacob 15.
M.aker; 1868-1872, Arthur Gore; 1872- .John
W. .Moore.
ClI A PT i: k L XX X V I.
UNITED STATES LAKE SURVEY.— EICHTIIOUSIIS AND IIII'.IR CONSTRUc: TION.—
LIFI'". SAVINC. SERVICK. -lIARIloK IMI'ROVIIMIIN IS. I \S1'I"a;I'()R OK
STEAMBOA'I'S. -SK^NAL SERVICE. — MARLNl'! IIOSITIAL.
UNITK.I) STA'I'KS I.AKK SURVRY,
ALMOSTassoonas tlio first cxjilorers came, they
bciraii to take soundiiii^s and make n)u,i^li (charts of
till! river and lakes. The takiniL^ of soundiii.L^s and
inakinvj of a survey by the United States was first
sui^i^ested at a meeting held in Detroit on October
28, 1831, and Conijress was then pt;titioned to pro-
vide for a survey of the lakes and for a ship-canal
at Sault Ste. Marie.
Ten years later, on March 3, 1841,8)15,000 was
apjiropriated to conimenct; a survey (jf the lakes and
of the lart(t; rivers connecliii,;,^ with tiie Atlantic
This and subsc(|uent appro|)riations, ranj^inir up to
$200,000 in a siiii^ie year, have conferred immense
benefits upon tiie merchant m.irine of western
rivers and lakes. Jud.i,nn).j from tiie oflicial records
of disasters, which have (jccuired, notwithstanding
these efforts to prevent them, it is probable that
thousands of lives and hundreds of thousands of
dollars worth of jiroperly would be lost annually
except for the information afforded throutjh the
operations of the Lake Survey. In fact, the naviga-
tion of the lakes would of necessity almost entirely
cease but for the information thus supplied.
The offices of the Sur\'ey were established at
Detroit in 1841, and for many years prior to 1865
were located at the ('orner of Wayne and C'ongress
Streets. After 1865, and up to the di.seontinuance
of the office on Jul 1, 1882, they were located at the
junction of (irand River Avenue with Park Place.
Many instruments of extraordinary cost and accu-
racy were provided ; one, for measuring base lines,
was valued at upwards of $20,000.
Several persons connected with the office were
under pay the entire year, their salaries ranging from
three to six dollars per day. In recent years and up
to 1878, fifteen persons were usually em[)l()yed in
the office, six draughtsmen, four computers, and five
clerks. Parties of surveyors went out about May
I, and returned the middle or last of October. To
each party special duties were assigned; as, for
instance, in 1875 there were detailed five shore-parties,
of about twenty-five men each, to take the .sound-
ings, ascertain thr depth of the rivers and lakes for
tin; distance of aliout thirty-six feet from tiie shore ;
and to note all reefs, shoals, and obstructions of any
sort. Two ste.'uners, with a force of thirty men
each, took the soundings of the lakes from the
limit assigned the shore parlies, to a point ten miles
out. Six tri.ingiilation [larties, of three men each,
were specially charged with the triaiigulatioii or
accurate loc;ition of diHicult objects ;md pl.ices. A
total of nearly two hundred men wcTt- fre()uei y
(Migaged during the summer st'ason in the work of
the survey. On the return of these parlies, the
result of their work was arranged, systematized,
compuled, and transcribed for publie.iiion. When
the survey of any river or laki:, or ])ortion of thesaine,
was com|)ieled, an elaboraU; draft was m kIi-, and
forwarded to Washington, and tlu'n I'ligraved, or
lihololilhograpluul in the best possible m.anner.
These charts are issued willioul charge: to the
masters of the lake or river vessels who have a
register or certificate from the collector of customs;
and are ;ilso on sale at fifty cents each. During
the year ending July i, 1883, 6,406 charts were
issued.
After the office was closed at Detroit, the duty of
issuing these ch.-irts were trrmsferred to the United
Slates olfiie of River and Harbor Improvements.
The Survey w.as in charge of regular United States
y\rmy officers.
Their names and dates of service are as follows:
1841-1846, Captain Willi.-'m (1. Williams; 1848 and
1849, Lieutenant-Colonel James Kearney; 1850-
1856, C;i|)lain John N. Macomb; 1856, Lieutenaii,t-
Colonel James Kearney; 1857 1861, C.ipt.'iin ( leorge
(i. Meade; 1861-1 864, Colonel James I). (Iraham ;
1864 1870, Lieutenant-Colonel William F. Ray-
nolds; 1870-1877, Oeneral C. P>. Comstock ; 1877
to June, 1878, Captain II. M. Adams; June, 1878,
to July, 1882, General C. B. Comstock.
LIGHTUOUSK.S AND THKIR CONSTRUCTION.
The constnii'tion and repair of all lighthouses
is in charge of ofiiccrs of the Corps of Engineers of
the United States Army, who are a.ssigned to duty
[918]
INSTRUCTION —
CroK OK
feet from liic sliorc ;
(1 ()l)slru('li<iiis of any
force .)f lliiriy men
tlie lakes from llie
s, lo apoinl ten miles
i, of three men each,
the iriaiiijjiilalioii or
hjeels and placc:s. A
men were fretiuei y
cason in the work of
(,f these parties, the
■raiv^a:(l, systematized,
ir publication. When
or i)orti()n of the same,
draft was m ide, and
11(1 then en.y;raved, or
rst possible manner.
ilhoiit chari^e. lo the
i- vessels who have a
; collector of customs;
■ cents each. During
3, 6,406 charts were
at netroit, the duty of
isferred to the United
l.irbor Improvements,
regular United Stales
service are as follows;
. Williams; i.S4.Sand
ics Kearney; 1S50
nb; 1H56. Lietitcnan.t-
1861, Captain Oeorije
cl James I). Oraham ;
icl William F. Kay-
15. Comstoek; 1S77
Adams; June, 1878.
Comstoek.
IR CONSTRUCTION.
air of all lii;hth(Uises
Corps of Knyfineers of
) arc a.ssigned to duty
T.ir.ii'riiousi:s. and their constru'ctiom.
919
in the various lii^hthousc districts of ii:c coiuilry.
Ollicers of this corps arc .-ilso assii;nc(| to ilu- iliar^^'
of various i)ul)lic works, such as the improvement of
riv('n-. and harbors, the cousiruction of can.ils, or
the survey of rivers and lakes, and often the s.une
ollicer has ehari,re of a linhlliousc district an<l vari-
ous river and harbor works.
Sini-e the year I .S6u and up lo i.SS ^, liierc has
been appropriated to this district by Congress, f(]r
the erection of liv^dithouses, the eslablisliuient of
fo.if-si.gn.als, .and the rejjair ;ind j)resei \aliiiu of lij^lii-
houscs ;ind buildinv,^s comiecteil iherewilh, tht; sum
of $3,246,387, .and of this .amDunt S3,<)4o,.S4o h.is
been e.N|)ended. A l.iri^e sum of money w.is .also
e.\pi:nded prior to 1X60.
'I'Ih; m.iin portion of the work of eonstruetion is
di'iie by conlr.act, .'ind the yearly dis!)ursements
re.ich ;m averai^c of §75o,(x;(j.
'i'he olliie of lighthouse engineer vv.as established
,at Detroit in 1.S52. 'riu; following orric('rs lia\e
been in ch.ii'ge: l.ieuien.ant I^oren/.o .Sitgntaves,
Ueeember 21, 1X52,10 December ir, 1S56; l.i<ii-
tenant Willi.un !■'. Smith, December 11, 1.S56, lo
November 3, 1X59; (,'aptain A. W. Whipi)lc,
Ncjvember 3, iX^i), to August 30, 1861 ; Capt.iin
George CJ. Me.ule, a short linn; in 1S61 ; Lieu-
tenrmt-Colonel J.unes D. Onih.im, August 30,
1861, to April 20, 1H64; IJeutcnant-Colonel
William F. Raynolds, A|)ril 20, 1IS64, to Ajjril
14, 1870; Major J. 15. Wheeler, M.iy 15, 1869,10
March, 1870; Major O. M. I'oe, y\pril 14, 1870, to
M.ay I, 1873; M.ijor O. Weit/.el, M.iy i, 1873, to
May I, 1878; Capt.iin A. Mackenzie, .M.ay i, 1878,
to October 1, 1878 ; from l'"ebruary 18, 1874, to M.ay
4, 1875, the work on l.,ike Michigan was in eom-
m;md of M.ajor II. M. Robert; M.ajor (1. Weitzel,
October 1, 1878, to August i, 1882; Captain C. E.
L. 15. Davis, August r, 1882, to
In 1880 there were fifteen lighthouse districts in
the United St.ates. Detroit w.is included in the
eleventh district, which embniccd ;ill aids to navi-
g.ation on the northern and northwestern lakes above
Or.issy Island Lighthouse, Detroit River ; including
Lakes St. Clair, Huron, .Michig.m, and Superior. It
is the largest district in the country in the extent of
its shore line, and the st;cond l.irgest in its number
of lighthouses. In 1883 there were one hundred
and thirty-nine lighthouses and nineteen steam fog-
sign.als in operation within its limits. The district
was one of the first tvi'lve established under Act
of August 31, 1852, by the Lighthouse ISoard. In
May, 1869, it was divided by including L.ike Michi-
gan and dreen Bay in ;i separate district, designated
as the " I'.leventh Lighthouse District (Lake Michi-
gan)." The remainder v>,as known ;is the " Lleventh
Lighthouse District (except Lake Michigan)." In
March, 1870, the tvvo parts were reunited. In 1874
it W.IS di\ide(| in the s.inie manner .as before, .and in.
1875 the districts were .agru'ii consolid.Ued.
Under e.irly Laws, the lighthouses were subject to
supervision by the collector of customs, with an
occ.isional inspeition by a n.avai officer det.ailed for
th.it purpose. The otiice of lighthouse iuspi^ctor
w.as created by .\et of y\ugust 31, 1852, and since
ih.it d.ite olliicrs of the United St.ates N.avy li.ave
been assigned to the duty of inspeclion. It is their
duty to see th.at lighthouses are kept in order .and
(li.it keejjers discli.argi; their duli<'S jiroperlv, ;uid to
■attend to the furnishing of the supplies for the vari-
ous st.ations. The ins[)ector h,is charge of tlu: |)l,icing
of (he lu.iily (wo hundred buoys on the slio;il r)r
d.uigeroiis pl.ices in the district. All of the l.irgcr
.and secon(l-<l,iss buoys .are brought to the su|)ply
depot .it 1 )e(roit, .at tlu; close of cvttry season, .ai>d
replaced ;is soon ,as the ice will permit. The
inspector is provided with .a vessel of from three
IiiuhIiciI to four hundred tons, n.amcd the Dahli.a,
with ,1 irew of seven ofliccrs and fifteen workmen
,uid sailors; ,aiid during (he se.'ison goes from place
to pl.ace, distributing supplies for the lighthouses and
ste.am fog-sign;ils. The m.iin portion of thesupi)lies
are obtained from the depot of siipplii-s ,at Sciten
Isl.and, N. Y., where articles of a uniform ruid un-
v.arying st.and.ard ,are kept. Sui'h articles as oil,
co.al, so.ip, brooms, ;ind other ncct.'ssities for which
there is no regul.itioii st.uidard, arc bought ;it De-
troit. A Large supply ruul stor.ige depot, owned by
the Ciovernmcnt, is located in the re.arof the M.arine
Hospital. The otfiee is located on the northeast
I'orner of Oriswold and Larned .Streets, and the
(jflice forc(;, in nddidon (o (he ins|)ec(or .and assistant
inspector, consisted of one clerk, two eojiyists,
.and one mc!ssenger.
The first lighthouse built in the district was
erected at Fort (Ir.itiot in 1825. In 1883 there were
five lighthouses and sign.al lights for the river, four
of thi'in jirovided i)y the L'nited .St.ates, and one
on Hois Ll.anc Isl.and by the Can.adi.an Ciovernmcnt.
The first lighthouse at the mouth of the river was
provided for by Act of Congress of .March 31, 1819.
The lights on the line of the river are loc.atitd and
described as follows: Windmill Point Lighthouse is
.at tin; foot of L.ake St. Cl.air. It is ;i fixed white light,
v.aried witli red Hashes, with an interval of one min-
ute and thirty seconds between tlashes. It is visible
thirteen miles. The tower is fifty-one feet high
from base to light, and w.as built in 1838 and rebuilt
in 1875. lioth it and the dwelling of the keeper are
of brick, whitewashed. The light marks the entr.anee
to the Detroit River, and is in the Lleventh Light-
house District.
On October 18, 1880, the City C!ouncil voted to
give .'i small piece of land on the southeast corner
of Hellc Isle to the Covernment, and during 1881
^20
LIFE SAVING SERVICE.
and 1882 ,'i brick lii^luhoiisc was crccteil upon the
site donated, al a cnsi of $16, 000. It shows a lii^ht
of iht; foiirlli order, witli fixed red litjlit; the l.-iiilt-rn
is forly-tw'o feet ;ii)()V(' tiie ie\el of the river, and
was first li^lited on May 15, 1.S82. It is visible
twelve and tliree (juarter niiii's.
'I'he rest of the American ii^dils on llie river arc
in tiie Tenlii Liijlithoiise District, ;ind the next in
order is the dnissy Island lii^dil. It is ;i ste.idy
wiiite li,i,dit, and is visible eleven and one h.ajf miles.
The tower is twenty-nine fi'et hi.i^di, and is pl.ieiul on
top of the frame dwellinij of tin: keeper, which i;,
built on |)iles and whitew;ished. It w;is erected in
1849, rebuilt in 1S57, rmd refitted in 1867.
The next lii^hthonse is named M.am.i Juda, nm\ is
on the shoals or
island of the
same n ;i m e .
The building is
simil.ir to that
on CiHissy Is-
land, and the
tower is thirty-
four feet high.
It was built in
1 849 and rebuilt
in 1866.
The Cana-
dian light on
Hois lil.inc Is-
l.and is .a fixed
while light, on
a round stone
lighthouse, on
the south point
of the island,
.and is fifty-six
feet al)o\e high
water. It was
first lighted in
•837. '
In 18S3 there
were six buoys
marking shoals or obstructions in the river above
the I'ity. 'i'hey were located between tlie wreck of
the Nile, off the soulhwi'st I'ud of lielle Isle, ami the
lighthouse on Windmill I'oint.
In the •laine year tlurt; were one hiuidrcd and
thirteen principal and forty-four assist.int livjhihouse
keepers in the Eleventh District, the principal keep-
ers having from $500 to $8fK) per ye.ir, and the
assistants from $390 to $500. Original appoint-
ments are made by the Secret.iry of the Treasury on
nomination of the colk'cior of customs. It is the
COVEBNMENT SlOKIillol'sl;, LuiHTllOUSK UlU'AKrMKNT.
in their locality, or whenever :i light is needed or
would be of probable service.
I'p to Janu.iry 1, i8cSi, the sal.iries of llu; keejiers
were |)aid by the collector of customs; since that
(Kite they h.ive been p;iid by the lighthouse inspec-
tor. They amount to .about $8o,cx)o yearly. The
other ex|)enses .amount to .about $40,000.
In order to give notice of d.angerous ])l;ices in
foggy we.ither there are three syren fog-triunpets
.and elevi'ii ten-inch locomotive ste.am-ivhistles in
the district; these .are supervised by the keepi'fs of
lighthouses near by. A lighthouse with two ten-
inch steam fog-sign.als is now in process of con-
struction .at the mouth of the Detroit River. It is
located on llu; forty-second ilegree of l.ititude, is
built in twenty-
two feet of w.a-
ter, and is 35,-
600 feet dist.ant
fromthet iibr.al-
tar lighthouse.
It is estim.ited
to cost ^CjO.OOO,
and will be
known .as the
Detroit River
Light. The
tower will l)e
fifty- two feet
high, vvith a
light of the
fourth order.
The inspec-
tors h.avt; been :
1854 1861,
Comm.mder (l.
Fl. .Scott ; 1861,
Commander J.
!>. M.arch.and ;
t 863 I 8 66.
Commodore VV.
II. ( ■ a r d n e r ;
I 8 6 6 - I 869,
Captain T. II. Stevens; 1869, Commodore J. P.
McKinstry; 1870-1S73, Commodore A. Miirr.ay;
1873-1876, C.ipt.ain \V. I'. McC.ann ; 1876, Comm.m-
der Fred Rodgers; 1876 to October, 1881, Com-
m.ander I. N. Miller; October, 1881, to October,
1S83, Comm.inder J. C. Watson; October, 1883-
, Comrnander Francis A, Cook,
I.II F, .SAVINd .SKRVICE.
The hc.adqu.arters of the Ninth Life Saving Dis-
trict, which embraces the roasts of Lakes Huron
duty of the lighthouse keepers to keep their lights ;ind Superior, w.as est. iblished .at Detroit on Jranuai7
burning from sunset to sunrise during the season 12, 1876, .and removed to S.and He.ach on July 1,
of navigation, .and, indeed, so long as vessels move 1882. The special object of the service is to rescue
lijrht is needed or
iries of llie kcepors
usloms ; since llial
lil^luliiiuse inspec-
io.ooo yearly. 'I'lie
$40,(^00.
Ianij;en)iis jilaees in
syren fou-truiupets
! sleani-nliislies in
d l)y tile l<eepers of
oiise witli two ten-
ill process of eon-
)etr(iil Kiver. it is
ijjree of latitnde, is
Iniiit in twenty-
two feet of wa-
ter, and is 35,-
600 feet distant
fronilheCihral-
tar lii;lnhoiise.
It is estimated
to rost $6o,cxx),
and will be
known as the
Detroit River
|,ii;lit. The
tower will l)e
I'lfty-iwo feet
hi.i^li, with a
li^ht of the
fonrth order.
l"he inspec-
tors have bei'.n :
I 8 5 4 - 1861,
Commander (i.
n. Scott; 1X61,
Connnander J.
r>. Marchand ;
1862 1866,
Commodore \V.
11. Ciardner;
1 8 C) C) - I 8 6 9 ,
), C'onunodore j. 1'.
nodore A. Murray;
mn ; 1876, Connnan-
)clol)er, 1881, Clom-
•, 1881, to October,
,)u; Oetobcr, 1883-
Cook.
'.KVICK.
nth Life SavinR Dis-
ists of Lakes Huron
u Detroit on J;muai7
id Heach on July 1,
le service is to rescue
IIARHOR IMPROVKMENTS.
921
persons in daiii^i'r on the watci- ilinmi^li c.ilamities
of any kiml. 'I'Iutc ai'c twelve stalions in llic dis-
trict. i'i,i;lil on Lake Huron and foiiron Lake .Supe-
rior.
'I'he buildinif .ind appli.uices of each slation cost
about $6,000. The app.iralus consists of life-boats,
ropes, rockets to use as signals, and mortars for
throwing; lines to cndanj^t red vessels. Lxjilicii
directions conecrniiivjf the most ;ii)pro\cd methods
for ri'slorinvj persons ;ii)p;u"ently di'owned are also
supplied. I'iacli station lias a keeper, ;it a salary of
$7(K0, with house-rent free. In rXS^ three of the
stations, those of S.md Leach, 'I'liunder Hay, and
Middle Isl.and. wen: manned with eii^ht men, and the
others with seven, ,ill under pay for about einhl
months of each ye.ir.
The keepers are seli'cted_ by the superiiiieiidcnt,
but all connected with the servii'c are jippoinled by
the .Secri:tary of the Tre.isury. The service in this
di.striet costs the United States about $4o,(X3(^ ye.irly.
Joseph S.awyer was the first superintendent of the
district. He lost his life in the service, and on De-
cember 3, 1880, his place was filled by J. G. Kiah.
II.\KI1(IR IMl'UOVI'.MKN I'S.
The lirst appropri.ilion for h.irlxir improvements
in Mieliiv;;in w.is m.ide by Act of July j, 18^6; the
sum of §1 5,c:x)o was then j^rantcd for the impi-ove-
mcnt of tin; h.arbor .it the mouth of the Riser
Raisin. All amounts for improvements .-ue ex-
pended under the direction of milil.iry ollicers de-
i.sik'd from time to time for this purpose.
In 1 879 there were' two officers ;it Detroit whose
(hit ies were connected with the e.xpi'ndilure of money
appropriated for rivers and harbors; one in chaiji^e
of M.-ijor I'". Ilarwood, the other of Major S. .M.
Mansfield. The district of .M.ajor M;inslield, est.ib-
lished in June, 1872, embraced the east shore of
Lake Michijran. the liarbors of Ch.irlevoix, Kr.ink-
fort, Manistee, Ludinijton, I'entw.ater, White River,
Muskejfon, (irand Haven, lUack L.ike. S.iui^atiick,
South Haven, and St. Josiph, ;iiid .1 survey of I'ort-
;i)j;e Lake. The harbors named arc c.ircd for by
local inspectors appointed by tlu; olliccr in com-
mand. Major H.arwood's district originally eni-
br.iced the St. Cl.iir l'"l,its' Canal, .'iiid he was ch.irii;ed
witli till' care of keeping' it in oi'der and m.ikiiiii; any
re.ijulations necess;iry in revjard to its use. The
lireserv.'ition of the emb.inkments and piles in tlu;
S.nrinaw River .and ;it CheboyiLi.ui, and the e.ire of
the h.irbors of An S.ibic, St. Clair River .at the
uuKith of Hl.ick River, .and Thunder H.iy also formed
part of his duties.
The aver.aije annual expenditure for the two offices
vv.as .about $t5o,ocx). In the autumn of 1879 the
olTiee in charire of Major Manslleld w,is removed
to Grand Rapids. Subsecjuently, on the death of
M.ijor Ilarwood, Colonel F. N. F,in|uli,ir w.as ap-
pointed ,is his successor, .and had ch.irv^e ,ilso of the
reinn.anl of the business of the l„ikc .Sur\ey, iiiclud-
inv^lhe distribution of the ch.irts. lie died in 1883,
and in July Colonel (). AL i'oe w.as .appointed in
eharvje of the ollice.
INSl'KC I'OK OK .Sli;.\M|!(»,\ IS.
The inspection of stc.imbo.ils w.as first provided
for by Act of Conv^it'ss of July 7, 1838. 'I'liis Act
m.ide it till' duly of the district juil.v;e. on .applica-
tion of the ni.astcr or owners of .a vessel, to aiipoint
two ins]-)ectors, one for the hull .and the other for the
m.ichinery of \essels. Under Laws ]);isse(l Aiii^ust
30, 1852, .and l''ebru;iry 1, 1871,. a thorough systi'in
of inspection w.as provided for, .ano the .aiipoinlmeiit
of inspectors by the President .and Sen.ate was
authori/.ed. ]?y the provisions of these laws, the
Livjhth bis|)eetion District cmbr.iced ".all the
w.iters of the Lakes north and west of L.ake I-'.rie
with their tribut.iries, and the upper portion of the
Illinois River, down to .and ineludiii).,' I'eori.a, Illi-
nois." The he.iil(|u.irt(rs of the sni)(r\isini; in-
spector .arc; .at Detroit. Two loc.il inspectors, ap-
pointed by the super\isinn' inspector, with the
.approv.al of the jud,i;e of I'nitcd ,Si;ites histrict
Court .and tin; collector of customs, .are on duty .at
e.ich of the followinij places : Di'troit, I'ort Huron,
Chicav^o, M.in|ut;tte, Cir.and H.aven, .and Milw.aukee.
'I'he boilers of .all st(;.imb('als .are re(|uire(l to be
inspected ye.irly; .and all ste.am vessels .arc ix.amined
as to their compli.ance with the Law reciuirinj; a cer-
t.ain number of life-preservers. ;ind as to their yjen-
c'f.il fitness for |ireservin,^ life .and property committed
to them. The inspi'ctors also ex.amine into tlu;
h.ibitsof life .and i-.ip.abilitiesof ste.ambo.at tai^ineers
and pilots, and issue licenses, for which pilots and
c;n!.4inecrs of the first cLiss p.ay §10.00, and those of
the second el.a.ss sfj.oo pix year.
W'ssels .are re(|uircil to pay for certificates of
inspection .as follows : for the first one hundred
tons, $25 ; for e.ich .adiiitional hundred tons, $5.00;
and in the same proportion for .amounts less
tli.ui one hundred tons. \o certific.ate, however,
is issued for less tli.aii $25 for any ste.am vessel.
■Ml the fees .are ]).iid over to the collector of (aisloms,
.and remitted by him to the L'nited .St.ates Treasury.
The yearly cxiietises for the entire district arc about
$28,000 .amiu.ally .and the receipts nearly the same.
The s.al.ary of the supervisinv; inspector is $2,000, the
local ins|)ectors .ate p.aid from $Soo to $2,000.
The office is located .at the Custom House and Lost
OiVnc.
The supervising; inspectors have been: I'eter J.
R.alph. April 4, 1870, to Sejitember 26, 1877;
JosephCook. September 26, 1877,10 . The local
inspectors of hulls have been: William C/ooding,
922
THE SIGNAL SERVICE.
January i, 1853, tn June 7, 1853 ; (leorj^e \V. Strnin,',
June 7, 1853, to June 11, 1861 ; A. D. Perkins, June
II, 1861, to Mareli 3, 1863 ; Peter J. Ralph, .March
3, 1863, to March 16, 1868; Joseph Cook, March
16, 1868, to September 26, :877; Hugh Coyne,
November 19, 1877, to . The local inspectors
of boilers have been: Charles Kellogg, January i,
1853, to June 7, 1853; William F. Chittenden, June
7, 1S53, to November 2, i860; P. E. Saunders,
December 6, i860, to August, 1881; H. W. Gran-
ger, August 22, 1 88 1, to
THE SIGNAL Sf:RVICE.
The id a of using the telegraph to convey
mete .-'"logical information was first suggested by
Pro essor Henry of the Smithsonian Institute in his
report for 1847. The thought did not at once pro-
duce permanent results, but gradually and surely
it attracted attention and support, and t'mally, on
February 9, 1870, Congress authorized the employ-
ment and organization of a Signal Service Corps,
under the direction of the Secretary of War, for the
purpose of taking and recording observations and
displaying signals.
Regular reports were first received at Washing-
ton at 7.35 A. M., November i, 1S70, from twenty-
four stations then established. The reports were
tabulated and sent to various cities at 9 .v. M., and
thus the work began. The object of the service is
to obtain such information from all parts of the
country as will enable the observers to forecast the
condition of the weather several hours in advance.
The rise and fall of rivers and the tides are noted,
atmospheric and weather changes of every kind
observed, and the character and location of clouds
examined. All these observations are carefully
grouped and studied, and the synopsis and prob-
abilities made up therefrom.
In addition to reports from the principal cities
lying along the chief rivers, lakes and sea-boards,
and from posts of observation occupying every pos-
sible altitude, iniluding Mt. Washington in the east
and Pike's Peak in the west, reports are also obtained
at Washington from the Canadian Provinces, and
from the British, Russian, and Turkish governments.
The entire corps, as a detach;.^ent of the United
States Army, is under command ( f the chief signal
officer of the army, whose headquarters are at Fort
Myer, V'a., at which place there is a school of
instruction. The observers, to a certain extent, are
under military rule, but are enlisted solely for this
service, and must be fitted by education and char-
acter for the important position they occupy. The
central office is with the War Department at Wash-
ington.
The office of observation at Detroit was located
in the Bank Block, corner of Congress and Griswold
Streets, imtil February 8, 1S81, when it was moved
to tile Board of Trade lUiilding, corner of Jefferson
Avenue and Griswold Street. It was established by
Sergeant Allen Buel, and reports commenced No-
vember I, 1871, just one year after the service was
inaugurated. The ot'licial number of the observa-
tory is thirty-si.K," it is in charge of one sergeant
with tv>) assistants. Five observations of the
weathi are taken daily; two for record and com-
parison, at 10.36 A. M. and 6.36 p. m., and three for
telegraphic transmission to the central office at
Washington, at 6.36 A. M., 2.36 and 10.36 r. M.
Experience has shown that the mean or average
condition of the weather is best obtained at these
hours.
Telegraphic obser\'ations are taken at all stations
throughout the country at the same moment of
actual time. The standard hours are 7.35 A. M.,
3 and 1 1 r.M., Washington time, due allowance being
made at each station for difference of longitude.
An observation of the surface and bottom tempera-
ture of the river is also taken daily at 1.36 P. M.
The taking of an observation consists in reading
the barometer, the thermometer, hygrometer, ane-
mometer, antl anemoscope, and measuring the water
in the rain-gauge after rainfall ; the direction, kind,
and rate of motion of the upper and lower strata of
clouds are also recorded. All barometrical observa-
tions are corrected for temperature, elevation above
sea-level, and instrumental error. The elevation
for which the barometer is corrected at Detroit is
661.43 ^cet, it being located S6.15 feet above the
city base or bench mark designated on the water-
table of the old W'ater Works Eng.ne-house at the
foot of Orleans Street, which is computed as 575.28
feet above sea-level.
From the barometer is obtained the weight or
pressure of the atmosphere. From the reading of
the hygrometer, which, being but a wet-antl-dry-
bulb thermometer, may be better defined as a psy-
chrometer, is deduced the amount of moisture in
the atmosphere. The ratio which the amount of
moisture actually present in the air bears to the
amount which the air would contain if saturated, is
th-; relative humidity of the atmosphere.
The anemometer, or wind-gauge, measures the
velocity and indirectly the force of the wind. This,
by means of a self-registering attachment, worked
conjunctively by clock-work and a galvanic battery,
gives the velocity in miles per hour for each consec-
utive hour of the day.
The anemoscope, in common parlance a weather-
vane, is attached to the ceiling of the room, and is
controlled by apparatus on the roof of the building.
The direction of the wind at any time can be told
by a mere glance at the ceiling of the room.
About one hundred and fifty telegraphic reports
len it was moved
;orner of Jefferson
A-as establishi-d liv
, commenced N'o-
er the service was
er of the observa-
e of one seri;eant
iservations of the
r record and com-
p. M., and three for
central office at
6 and 10.36 P- ^'•
; mean or average
t obtained at these
taken at all stations
; same moment of
urs are 7.35 '^- ^'•'
due allowance being
rence of longitude,
nd bottom tempera-
daily at 1.36 1'. M.
, consists in reading
;r, hygrometer, ane-
measuring the water
; the direction, kind,
• and lower strata of
)arometrical observa-
ture, elevation above
ror. The elevation
rrected at Detroit is
,6.15 feet above the
nated on the water-
ing.ne-house at the
computed as S7S-~^
ained the weight or
From the reading of
but a wet-and-dry-
ler dehned as a psy-
lount of moisture in
•hich the amount of
he air bears to the
jntain if saturated, is
nosphere.
gauge, measures the
e of the wind. This,
attachment, worked
id a galvanic battery,
hour for each consec-
. parlance a weather-
of the room, and is
roof of the building.
any time can be told
• of the room.
ty telegraphic reports
MARINE HOSPITAL.
923
I
are received at this office from other stations, an equal
number morning, afternoon, and midnight. They
are received in cipher, tnmslated into ordinary lan-
guage, and distributed at prominent points in the
city, and furnished gratuitously to local papers for
publication. The " Probabilities" are received from
the central office at midnight. From iheni the
"Farmers' Bulletins" are compiled. Nearly four
hundred of the bulletins are printed ; a lew are re-
served for local distribution, and the rest dispatclu;(l
by early mail to the postmasters of the various
towns lying on or adjacent to the railroad lines
leading from the city. Reports were lirst sent from
Detroit to the post-offices on July 21, 1S73. It is
designed to so distribute the bulletins as to insure
their receipt by each postmaster before twehe
o'clock at noon.
The issuing of these " Synopses and Probabilities "
was commenced
February 19,
1S71 ; they give
the p ro b able
weather condi-
tions for the
eight hours suc-
ceeding their is-
sue. The report
of the service
for the year
ending June 30,
1SS3, shows that
eighty-eight ]iei-
cent of its proba-
bilities for ihv
year were veri-
fied. Fourteen
weather-bul-
letins, giving the
state of the weather, direction of wind, height of
barometer, temperature, and velocity of wind in
miles per hour at all stations from which reports are
received, are made out daily at 9 A. M., and posted
in various parts of the city with the probabilities.
A large weather-map, hung in the rooms of the
Board of Trade, and changerl each morning, gives
the same information as the smaller bulletins, with
the addition of the relative humidity. A daily
journal is kept in which are noted all unusual atmos-
pheric ap]5earances and disturbances, phenomena
of storms, the occurrence of meteoric and auroral
displays, etc.
Cautionary signals are displayed when ordered
from Washington. They consist of a red tl;ig with
black square in the center by day, and a red light
by night, hoisted from the roof of the building in
which the office is located. luther of these signals
indicate that a storm is probable, and that mariners
and others interested in out-door work should make
preparations accordingly. The tirst storm warning
given was for the lakes, and was ordered on No-
vember 8, 1870. These signals have been in regular
use since October 23, 1871. Each signal holds good
for about eight hours from the time it is first dis-
played. What is known as the northwest (wind)
signal consists of a white flag with black square in
the center, hoisted over the cautionary signal ; it
indicates that winds may be expected from the n.jrth
or west. The cold wave signal consists of a white
flag with blai'k square center, and it indicates that
a c(jld wave is advancing from the west ; this signal
was established August 6, 1884. When important
storms are moving, extra telegrams are sent, and by
means of the vari<His maps, bulletins, and signals,
many lives have been saved and much property
preserved from destruction.
The observers
in charge have
been: Allen
Buel, from Oc-
tober 12, 1870.
to October 20.
1 87 1 ; F. Mann,
October 20,
1 87 1, to April 8,
1873 ; W. Finn,
.April 8, 1873, to
July 16, 1875;
Ileiiry Fenlon,
July 16, 1875, to
August 22, 1875;
Theodore W
\'an II use n,
August 22, 1875,
to February 24,
1879; C. F. R.
Wappenhans. February 24, 1879, to March, 1883;
1:. Russell Brace, March, 1883, to January, 1884;
Norman B. Conger, January, 1 884, to
MARIXF, HOSPITAI,.
It is an interesting fact that as early as October
29, 1829, the Legisl.'Uive CmuK-il of Michigan Ter-
ritory petitioned Congress for a township of land,
the proceeds of the sale of the land to be devoted
to a hospital for seamen. Nearly a (|uartcr of a cen-
tury after, by law of August 4. '■'^54. Congress pro-
vided for the establishment of a Marine Hospital at
Detroit. The grounds, consisting of eight acres on
the southwest corner of Jefferson and Mt. Elliott
Avenues, with a frontage of two hundred and sev-
enty-four feet on Jefferson Avenue, cost $23,000; the
building cost §80,000, and was opened on November
30,1857. Nearly twenty patients were then trans-
ferred from St. Mari''s Hospital to this institution.
■NIakink Hosmtal.
924
MARINE HOSPITAL.
The buikliiijj^ is (Icciiicd perfectly tlreiirnof. Heavy
iron j;irders siipjjort brick arclies, wliicli are leveled
over with concrete, and v.pon this foundation iiard
pine tloors are laid. All the brick walls are hollow,
allowinj^ space for the air to circulate, and all vlam|i-
ness is thus avoided. The most ornamental, and
decidedly the most agreeable features of the build-
inj:^, are the roomy veramlas for each story, in front
and rear; they have iron frames, with decorative
scroll work, and i^ive a ijraceful appearance to the
exterior.
']'he hospital is supported in part !)y a monthly
tax of forty cents per month for each person em-
ployed on board any rei,dstered vessel, which sum is
collected by the captains of the vessels before the
license is taken out or renewed. The ca|)tain of
each vessel is authorized to deduct this amount
from the wages of all employed on the vessel. A
record of all sailors thus reported is kept at the
custom house, and also at the hospital ; and on an
order from the captain of a vessel to the collector of
customs, any sailor needing medical treatment, who
has been .sailing during the three months preceding
his application for admission, is entitled to the care
of the hospital and his board, without charge. The
number of patients is from fifteen to twenty-live, and
seventy can be accommodated. None but sailors
are admitted as patients. \'isitors are admitted
from lo A. M. to 12 M., and from 2 to 4 v. M.
A dispensary is also maintained at the oillce of
the .surgeon in the Campau lUiilding, where .seamen,
wlio do n- . wish to enter the hospital, can obtain
medicines. Surgical operations are also performed
at the oilicc if desired. During the year ending
June 30, iSiS4. three hundred and eighty-three per-
sons were treated at the hospital and eleven hun-
dred and twelve at the office. The disbursements
for the year ending June 30, 1SS4, were §14,602.85.
The hospital is in charge of a surgeon and an assist-
ant surgeon, who are ap])ointetl by the Secretary of
the Treasury. Se\en other persons, paid by the
Ciovcrnment, are connected with the institution.
The surgeons in charge have been: 1857-1861,
Zina Pitcher; 1S61-1867, Louis Davenport; 1867-
1869, E. Lauderdale; 1869-1873, J. .M. Pigelow;
1873-1S79, J. A. Hrown; 1879. F. D. Porter; 1880
to November 10, 1882, W. 11. II. Mutton; 1882,
November 10 to , \V. II. Long. The follow-
ing persons have served as stewards: 1857-1862,
J. \V. Kelsey; 1862-1S79, T. Hurst; 1879-1881,
H. C.Jones; 1881, II. Ilartz; 1882- , T. R.
Maxlield.
None but sailors
rs are admitted
! to 4 I'. M.
:1 at the otiice of
ir, where seamen,
spital, can obtain
•e also performed
the year ending
ei.nhly-three per-
and eleven hiin-
he disbursements
. were $14,602.85.
con and an assist-
.y the Secretary of
sons, paid by the
die institution.
)een: 1 857-1 861,
Davenport; 1867-
3, J. M. Biyelow;
". D. Porter; 1880
H. Hutton ; 1882,
.onj,^ The follow-
^■ards: 1857-1862,
Hunst; 1879-1 881,
1882- , T. K.
C H A P T !•: R L X X X \' I I .
MILIT.\RY AND PLANK ROADS. — .STKKKTS AX!) .STUKKT PAVINC,. — SIDi: A.\D
CROSS WALKS. — STREET RAILROAD.S. — STREICT AND RO.\D OFFICERS.—
150ARD nV PUPLIC WORKS.
MILITARY AND PLANK KDADS.
For more than a hundred years after the first
settlement of Detroit, roads leadin;< thither were
unneeded and unknown. The trallic and travel
were exclusively by water. No road, worthy of the
name, existed in the Territory until 1812; the first
was a sort of bridle-path which ran along the west
bank of the Detroit and through the swamps in the
vicinity of Toledo to Cleveland. It was somewhat
improved by the troops who c;une from Ohio in
181 2. Aside from this, only trails existed in the
interior. The first surveyed road was the so-called
Pontiae Road, which was established by proclama-
tion of Go\'ernor Cass on December 15, 1815, and
laid out by commissioners whose report is dated
December 13, 1819. Other commissioners were at
work upon it as late as 1824. Within the city, the
road is now known as Woodward Avenue.
In 181 7 from one hundred and fifty to two hun-
dred troops then stationed at Detroit were employed
in opening a road to Fort Meigs, now called the
River Road. They completed about thirty miles.
On .March 3, 1825, Congress made an appropria-
tion to locate a military road from Detroit to Chicago,
and on May 24, 1825, in laying it out, the commis-
sioners began at the Campus .Martins in Detroit,
and the part within the city is called Michigan
Avenue. A law of March 2, 1827, appropriated
$20,000 for completing the road. Congress also
provided for opening roads to Saginaw, Fort Gra-
tiot, and Sandusky. On October 29, 1829, the
Legislative Council of the Territory sought to aid
these efforts by authorizing a lottery, the ]iroceeds
of which were to be used to build a road between
Detroit and Miami. On July 4, 1S32, Congress
passetl a law providing for the building of what is
now known as the Grand River Road.
These various roads were of great service, but
the low lands in the vicinity of Detroit made con-
stant attention necessary to keep theiii in passable
condition. The following e.xtract from an article in
one of the city papers in December, 1836, shows
the great need then existing for good roads :
Wiiiit ;i slraiijjf fact that in a city smroiiiulcil |]y fdrols, tlic
jiriii: i)f wuiul slimiKl liu livi-, six, ami si'Vtii ilullais a >(iril ! \Vc
liave paiil §j,i«x) extra tliu last two iiiimtlH fi r fuel alum-, in c.iit-
scquiMUu of tlic stall: (if tin: roads ariaiml tin- city.
Soon afun- this notice appeared, .several meetings
were held in order to devise means for improving
the roads, and in January, 1837, the desire was
general that the Legislature be petitioned to take
the Vpsilaiui, Pontiae, and Grand River Roads uiuler
its control and management, to put them in a state
of repair, and to collect tolls to pay the interest of
moneys invested and cover the expense of keeping
the roatls in (jrder. All of these meetings were
barren of result, and the roads grew continually
worse. The Central and Pontiae Railroads were
in operation, but were useful only to certain regitjns.
In 1845 the Grand River Road was the great
thoroughfare, and jilthough in very bad condititJii,
from August 13 up to No\ember an average of one
hundred anil twenty-four wagons came over it daily.
At certain seasons of the year, up to 1849, the roads
to Vpsilanti, Pontiae, and Mt. Clemens were little
travelled, and when used, extra teams, kept for the
purpose, were employed to help the wagons through
the sloughs. Two days to ^'psilanti ami two days
to Pontiae were considered only a fair allowance of
time.
Traffic with the interior was consequently light
and unremunerative, and as a natural result, a gen-
era! dullness pervaded the city. Few wagons came
in, not many stayed over night, and hotels built for
the accommodation of farmers were unoccupied.
Finally some of the business men took the subject
into consideration, and it was resolved that the only
remedy was to build plank-roads across the low
lands.
An application was made to the Legislature, and
in 1 848 a General Plank-Road Act was passed, under
which charters, to run si.xty years, were granted to
all applicants. Many roads were at once incorpor-
ated that never went into operation, and numerous
others were built that for want of traffic were
allowed to decay. Those leading from Detroit to
L9»5]
926
MII.irAkV AND ri.ANK ROADS.
Saliiu! by way of Npsilanli, In Ildwcll liy way of
I'aiiniii'^lon, to l.aiisiii^ fiom I lowcll, to Ml. I'lcmcns
ami to roiiliaf, were kept up, ami iiolw iiiistamlinv;
till' lailioaijs, liny ;n\- as essential as e\-er lo the
coiivellielici; of tile iit\' ami eouiiliy.
Under tlie Aei of 1.S4.S (iemial Cass, \)i.- (laiiiio
Jones, Z. Ciiandler, Henry I.edyard, C. II. Iliilil, C.
C. 'I'rowhridLje, I'rederic k ISuiil, and others asso-
ciated tlienisekes to.t;etlier and built a pl.ink-road
lo I lowell. They afterw.irds bon^lil and eoiuiileted
the ro.id to Ml. C'lenieiis and I'tic.i, and took a lari^e
part of the stock in the l.aiisini;' and 1 lowcll Koad.
Other p.irlies built the Detroit and .Saline, ami
the Detroit and I'onti.ic Ko.uls. None of the stoek-
lioklers li.id .any cNperience in pl.ink-ro.id ni.ikim.;',
but it w.is conceded lli.it where o.ik pl.ink (onid bo
h.id, none other w.is to be iisi'il ; how the pl.iiiks
were to In- l.iid, and how best si'cnrcd to their pl.ices,
was .mother (|nestioii. The Detroit .and 1 lowcll
C.'onip.iiiy w.is the pioneer in expirin.cnts. An I'X-
eavalion fonr inches deep and ei^lit iiiclus wiile w.is
made; in the ro.idw.ay, four strini^ers of 4 .x 4 jiiiic
were laid len;^thwisc, and across these thrcc-ini'h
pl.ink wei-e pl.u'ed. The e\il consi'(|iicnces were
ni.iiiifold. The sp.ice underm'.itii was at once filied
with ninddy w.atcr, which splashed up on horses,
vehicles, and p.isseiiviiis ; and the sleepers soon
decayed. As the ro.id w,is extended, other methods
were tried, and three bo.irds were siibstitnted for
the 4x4 stringers; but after v.arious ex]Hrinients
the planks wert: l.iid directly in the soil. Ditches
were opened, numerous culverts ni.ade, aiul the i"o;id-
beil raised so as to i^ive free dr.ainaj^e. It w;is soon
discovered tli.it the pl.inks decayed r.apidly, and th.it
the ro.ids could not bc' kept up by the tolls received.
.\l)oiit this time expirinicuts were m.ade in Can.ada
with ro.ids constructed of lime-co.ated j^ravel taki'ii
out of hillsides. ,\n I'xpcrt w.is sent lo ex.amine
these i^ravel ro.ids, and upon his ri'port tlu' Detroit
.ind llowcll, I-msimj and llowi'll, Ditroit and .S.il-
ine, Detroit ;ind I'onti.ic, and Detroit ;ind I'ain roads
l)eiL;;in the use of i;ia\cl. It w.is found th.it wliere-
eviT r.ii)id dr.iin.aiLje could be obl.iined, ;i ro.id-bed
of sixteen inches of ).;-r.i\iI could be relied upon, and
this form of ro.id is now held in the highest favor
and is in use on .all the ro.ids. 'I'lie tol.il cost of the
ro.uls le.uliiiv;' from Detroit li.as been fully $300,000.
They h,i\e lU'Ver bi'in prolit.ible. and could prob-
;ibly be bouj^ht ;it one cinarter of llu'ir cost. Some
of them pay small (li\idends, others none at all, and
all of them, at times, h.ive sus])ended divideiuls, but
the ori,v;in,il pro|)rietors of the iirincip.il roatis h.ave
ret.iini'd tluir sh.ires, and manai;eil the ro.ails as
carefully as if they had been iiroi'it.ible. The result
lias been to keej) ojieii eommunicatioii with the
country, to promote intercourse and trade, and to
cheapen all commodities coming from the adjacent
districts. 'I'lie ro.ids h,i\c prob.ibly s.ived to I lie citi-
zens of Detroit .1 sum e(|u.il to their lost (Alls \e.ir
in the I'ednccd prices of fuel, bi'i'f, mutton, jionltry,
vev^it.ables, etc.
The r.ites of toll per mile, as est.iblished by law
of 1X48, .ire: P'or all vehicles dr.iwn by two ;ini-
m.als, two cents, .and if dr.awn by more th.in two
anim.ils, three foiirllis of ,1 cent for e.ich .iddition.il
aiiini.il ; for .ill sinj^li' horses, led, ridden, or driven,
one cent ; for e\ery twenty sheep one h.ilf cent, ;ind
for every score of c.iltle one cent.
The Detroit and i'onti.ic plaiik-ro.ad w.is o|)ened
in November, 1S49, is eiijhticn miles loiiii;, .and h;is
three y;. at es. 'i"he Detroit .and .S.iline, re.iclieil by
w.iy of Miclii,ir;in Avenni', w.is opened Au^mist 2(1,
I1S50, is forty miles \im\^. .and li.is ei.niit ,i^;;ites. The
Detroit .and l",riii, to IJtic.a by w;iy of the Cr.iliot
Koad, w.is completed in i<S5o and i(S52, is thirty
miles lonjr, .and h.as six ij.ati's. The Detroit .and
llowcll, by way of the ("ir.ind River Ro.id, is fifty
miles loiiif, h.is ten ).^;ites, and w.is opened in Octo-
ber, 1 85 1, 'i'lie Detroit .and drossi; I'ointe Road
was o|)ened in October, 1851, is nine miles long, and
has two gates.
SfKia IS AM) .Sj-KKKf I'.WINC.
The streets, in the olden d.iys, afforded many .a
str.inge .and pictiiics<iiie sight, 'froops of s(|ii,iws,
bending bene.ath their lo.ads of b.askets and skins,
moved along the w.iy; rough conrciirs t/r /u'/s, with
b.iles of be.aver, mink, .and fox, were p.assing to .iiid
fi'om the tr.ading stores, and, leaning upon h.ilf-open
doors, l.iu,i;liing demoiselles .alternately I'hal'fed .and
cheered their favorites; licri' a group of Indi.aas
were drying scalps on hoops over a fire; others,
with scalps h.inging at their elbows, were d.ancing
the W'.ar dance; Indian dandies, with belted toma-
li.iwks, .and deerskin leggings fringed with beads of
ni.any colors, niovi'd noiselessly along, with l)laiik(;ts
of si'arlet cloth, guns lie.i\ y with sihcr ornaments
.and h.alf-moons, .and gorgets of the s.anic m.ateri.il
.adorning their [lersons ; st.aid old justices with pow-
dered cues exchanged s.ilutes with the oflicia's of
the garrison, who were brilliant with scarlet uni-
forms, gold l.ice, .and sword-knots; elegant l.idies
with crimson silk pellicoats, immense beehive bon-
nets, high-heeled slippers, .and bl.ick siik stockings,
tripped along the w.iy; .and ever .and anon the
shouts of sokliers in the gii.ardhouse, made wild
with "shrub" .and Old Jam.aici Uum, were heard
on the morning .air, .and at limes troops of Indian
ponies went scurrying through the tow n.
The streets of 1778 were little better tli.an Lines,
.and up to 1805 but one street w.as twenty feet wide,
.and the widest of the six others was only fifteen
feet in width. Just inside the stockade the chctnin
s;i\'('il lo ilic riti-
ir cdst cvii'v y<';ii'
imittiiii, iHiiiliry,
stal)lislu(l by l.iw
;i\vii by two ani-
y nioiT lliaii two
)V each addilioiial
liddin, or diivi'ii,
jiic lialf rciil, ami
-road was opciu'd
ilcs loiiK, and lias
aliiK', rcaclud by
M'Dcd Aii.nii^l -(^•
I'inlit ,nali'S. 'riic
ay of llu' Ciiatiot.
1(1 1852, is tliiily
Tiic Di-lroil and
ivcr Road, is lifly
i ()|HIK'd ill Oclo-
)ssi; i'oiiilL' Road
iiic miles long, and
I'AVINC.
, afforded many a
ri-oo|)s of s(|uaws,
baskets and skins,
■(■///■s (If bois, with
re passinir to and
111; upon half-opi'n
lately ehalfed and
v;r()up of Indians
cT a t'lre; others,
iws, wert' daneiiij;
ill belled loma-
Hed will) beads of
mv;, with blankets
silver oriiameiils
the same material
usliecs with pow-
lii tlu' oClieers of
with scarlet imi-
■; ; ek'j^aiit ladies
use; beehive bnii-
uk silk sloekins^s,
ex and anon the
louse, made wild
Rum, were heard
troops of Indian
town,
better than lanes,
twenty feet wide,
i was only fifteen
ckade the chcmin
iVI
STKKKTS AND STRKKT I'AVINd.
927
dti rotii/i' extended around the town. Its orijjinal
width was twelvi; feet, but by the extension of the
stockade, and elwuiges connected with milit.iry oper-
ations, it iiad l)e'n considerably widened in some
places. An ordinance of the ilo.ird of Trustees, in
1802, "to promote health, pe.ice, ,ind safety," opened
with this pre.imble: " Wliere.is, the streets of that
p.irt of Detroit within the stockade are so narrow
that fool passentjers have (lilliculty at limes to ket'p
clear of horsemen and carria',^cs unless they yo
slow. Therefore," .and then (he ordinance went on
to iiroliibit f.ast drivinij, Jind the records show ihal
the ordin.UKx; was enforced even .inainsl the trustees
themselves.
That blessinij in dis^mise, iIk; fire of 1805, wiped
out the old streets, .and opened the w.av for llie
facilities \vc now possess. Only six d.iys after the
lire, on June 17, a mcelini,Mvas held ,-it judi^e M.av's
to discuss the siibj(!ct of wider streets for the pro-
|)osed new town. 'I'he plan of broader streets did
not meet the .ipprov.'il of tlie Krench finhilans.
Judi(e Woodward, in a letter to a friend, said:
'I'lu; idia iif slri'rts .i liiiiuliid f.ct wMc- was .-i niivilly wliii:li
excited iinl only surprise l)iil liitlcr IruliK'niilicin. It was with
Krcal (liUleiilty, llierefnrr, that any arraiiKemirils whatin-er coiilil
lie made with the iiilialiilaiUs. 'I'liey have si'en what tli-ir conn-
try has heen for the' hundred years |)ast, nnd l>y this alone they
judge of what it is likely to he for a Inindred years to come.
The Woodward |ilan linally succeeded, but no
del.-iils of the plan and iis streets were forw.irded to
Coni,Tess until 1831. I'endini,' this action, a memo-
rial, dated November 13, 1830, was sent by some of
the citizens, st.atinir that .so many clian,i,'es had
been made in the ])l.ins that it was impossible, on
account of the eonllict of authority, to open streets
or alleys, and that certain streets were in some jilaces
forty, in others lifly, in others sixty feet wide, 'i'he
plan of 1 83 1, made by John Farmer for, and accepted
by the Governor and Jud,i,H's, .afforded the first sub-
sl.anlial basis for the layinj; out of streets. The
usual width of streets, by the pl.an of 1806 and later
additions, is fifty feet, thoutfh many arc sixty feet in
width. By ordinance of February 2, 1880, all streets
are required to be at least fifty feet wide.
The main avenues — Woodw.ari! Jefferson, Mon-
roe, Grand River, Miami, and Michigan — are one
hundred and twenty feet wide. Washington, Madi-
son, and Michigan Gr.ind Avenues are two hundred
feet in width. No other ciiy in the Union, save
Washington, has so many avenues of such unusual
width.
Although the Military Reserve was embraced
within the plan of the Governor and Judges, the
plan was inoperative over the Reserve, as that be-
longed to the Govtirnnient. When the Reserve was
granted to the city, the council decided to lay it out
in regular squares as far as possible. The harir'iny
and pro|)(irti()ii of the pLm of 1806 was thereby
destroyed, .iiid .is a result, m.iiiy of the streets in the
center of the city ;ire crooked and irregiil.ir, and l.tck
the be.iiiiy they were designed to possess. The
.iveiiues also were encroached ujion, and citizens
were ■illoweil lo fence in large port ions on either side
.and use them ;is their own. It w.is not until the
spring of 1881 that Washington Grand Avenue was
aciu.tlly opened to its full width ; ;md there was a
long leg.il contest before the city obtained its rights.
The custom of .allowing owners of real estate to
subdivide their property and l;iy out streets ,as their
interest or f.tncy (lict.ited h.is .also been iiroductive
of much confusion in street lines. .Some portions
of the city have m.tny streets only one or two
blocks long, and there ;ire numerous jogs in streets
that might h.ave been straight and of uniform
width.
An Act of February 5, 1857, provided for three
commissioners, to whom plans of subdivisions should
be submitted. ISy Act of 1873 the super\isioii of the
laying out of new streets w.is lodgeil with the Hoard
of Public Works. Tlii^y were also empowered to
control the location and course of all streets and
roads laid out within two miles of the city so th.at
they may conform to streets in the city whenever
included within the city limits.
In 1832 Griswold Street was opened from L.trned
Street to Jefferson Avenue, and in I'ebruary of the
following ye.tr it w.as widened to fifty feet, under a
decision from the Supreme Court.
In 1878 the ro.ulway of Woodward Avenue was
widened five feet on each side from Willis y\ venue
to the city limits, and in 1882 it w.as widened iK.-tween
Columbia .Street and Willis Avenue, and a uniform
width of fifty feet obt.iined.
During the year 1 869over §70,000 was ij.aid for the
o])eiiing of some thirteen miles of streets. The
f.ict that the city p.iid for the opening of streets,
which were a necessity to those wishing to divide
their jiroperty into Iots,was a fruitful source of knav-
ery; and in 1875 the Legislature provided for the
assessment of not to exceed three-fourths of the
damages upon the neighborhood supposed to be
benefited. Under this pro\-ision only one h.alf was
jissessed upon the neighboring property, and the
enormous amounts required to be paid by the city
led to the repeal of the law in 1882, and provision
was made th.at the projicrty immediately advantaged
should pay for all damages. In 1883 the Legisl.ature
authorized a return to the former method, and only
half the damages are now assessed upon the adja-
cent property, and the balance is paid by the city.
Under provisions of the city charter the council
from time to time vacates or closes streets or alleys,
or portions of them, when the owners of adjoining
property so desire, if public necessity does not re-
928
STKKK'IS AND STREET PAVING.
quire that they be kept open. Tlic dosiiijj by iiuli-
vidiials of the liijijlnvays known as C(,:nutc'ry I.aiic
ami IJolivar Alley was |)ani(ularly noticiablc lu'cause
of the litijjatiou whith j;rcw oiii of tluir enclosure.
Ill both cases the ((Hirts decided thai llie pul)li(' had
no riijhts therein. The occupalion of l)e(iuindre
Street by the Detroit, Cirand Haven, & Milwaukee
Railroad has .also been the occasion of nuicli liti,i;a-
tion, and ni.my ownin.^r property aloni; the line of
this street have tried ;it various times and in many
ways to have the street opened and declared a pub-
lie hijflnvay. The case fin.illy reached the Supreme
Court, and in 1871 a decision was rendered coiilinn-
inj( the rijrht of the r.iilroad to forty feet in width of
the .street from the center of their tr.ack on the east-
ern side; consecjuently, ;ilthou.v,di a narrow roadway
lies alongside part of the track, that p.irt north of
Woodbriilj^e .Street can no longer be properly called
a street.
The nationality and characteristics of the i)eople
conj^rejialed in certain ]).arts of the city have ijiven
rise to I iriicular desii^nations for such localities.
Thus the larv;er portion of the territory on Fifth
and Sixth Streets, for several blocks each side of
Michigan Avenue, is called Corktown, because
chieHy occupied by people from the Emerald Isle.
The eastern part of the city, for several blocks on
each side of tlratiot Avenue beyond Brush Street,
for similar reasons is often spoken of as Dutchtown,
or the (German ([u.irter. That part of the city lying
a few blocks north of High Street and between
Brush and Hastings, is known ;is Kentucky, from
the number of colored people living there. A walk
of a few blocks east and north of this locality termi-
nates in the heart of Polacktown, where many Boles
reside. That pt)rtion of the city just west of Wood-
ward Avenue and north of ("irand River Avenue,
forming part of the old Fifth Ward, is sometimes
designated as Piety Hill; for the reason that it is
largely occupied by well-to-do citizens, who are
supposed to largely represent the moral and religious
portion of the community.
Peddlers' Point is a name frequently applied to a
part of (Irand River Avenue near Twelfth Street.
The intersection of several streets at that place
forms a pointed block, which locality is a favorite
place for itinerant hucksters to intercept and pur-
chase supplies from the farmers coming in on the
(irand River Road.
Swill Point is the not very euphonious appellation
sometimes given to a portion of Larned Street near
Second, because of a distillery formerly located
near by. Atwater and Franklin Streets, for several
blocks east of Brush Street, are frequently desig-
nated as the Potomac. This locality is near the
river, and in memory of a familiar saying of the last
war, the phrase "all quiet on the Potomac" indi-
cates that otherwise disturbances might be looked
for in the region iiidicati-d.
Tin: Heights is a name applied to a region near
the westerly end of I'ort Street East, occupied
in |)art by former deni/.ens of the Potomac (|u.utcr.
This last region being on lower ground, a removal
to Fort Street was spoken of as a removal to
the "Heights," possibly the fact that "high old
times " have been freciuent in this locality has
also had something to do with the particular tlesig-
nation. These last localities have numbered among
their inhabit.ants the worst classes of both sexes.
Michigan Avenue may well be called the longest
street in the city, for the Chicago Road, which is a
continuation of the avenue, reaches across the Stale,
and Michigan Avenue in Chicago forms its western
terminus.
I-af.iyette Avenue, in the winter lime especially, is
brilliiint with costly turnouts, tilled with gayly
dresseii |)eople, ;ind thousands gather there to wit-
ness the ever-changing ])anorama.
Woodward Avenue, with one end at the river's
edge, and the other reaching indetinitely into the
country, has no superior on the continent. The
elegant stores, residences, and churches lh;it mark
its route, the beautiful parks and private grounds
that lie on either side, win universal admiration.
Ciriswold Street, running from the river to the
High School, is the financial artery of the city. On
it courts, lawyers, and banks aboimd. No better
description of the street could be given than this
verse, written for a street in a.iother city more than
tifty years ago :
At Uic top uf the street the attorneys alHniiid,
And down at the bottom llie haryes are found,
l'"ly, Iloiiesty, fly, lo some s.'ifer retreat,
I'ur there's craft in ihe river and craft in the street.
The condition of all the streets up to 1835, and of
most of them to about 1850, was such as to preclude
all unnecessary use. Especially in the spring anil
fall, the tine black soil, saturated with water, and
in places mixed with clay, made the roads almost
impassable. Children living not two blocks away
were carried to school on horseback, and horses
were kept hitched in front of stores or oflices to
enable their owners to cross the streets, the animals
literally wading from side lo side.
In 1851 the writer counted fourteen teams, loaded
with wood and other products, stuck fast in the
mud on Monroe Avenue, the avenue being only
three blocks long. The Advertiser of April 21, 1852,
s.?id, " We noticed yesterday a carman stuck fast
with his load, consisting of a single hogshead of
sugar, his horse ' all down in a heap ' in that vast
mudhole directly in front of the National Hotel."
Efforts were made with something of regularity to
:s mi^lit be looked
;d to a rc>;ion lu'iir
L'ct Kast, oitiipii-il
ic I'otoniac (iiiartcr.
r yround, a removal
f as a removal to
f;ut tliat "liiKh old
ill this loiality has
the particular desi,t(-
ive numbered among
ses of both sexes,
be called the loiiKesl
ijro Koad, which is a
ches across the State,
igo forms its western
Iter time especially, is
1, filled with is'ayly
leather there to wit-
iia.
le end at the river's
indefuiilely into the
the continent. The
churches that mark
and private grounds
iversal admiration.
•om the river to the
rtery of the city. On
abound. No better
.1 be given than this
.lother city more than
Ituinrys al)miiul,
hargis arc fnuiul.
•r iilrrat,
liul craft in Uic street.
etsup to 1835, and of
las such as to preclude
Illy in the spring and
[aled with water, and
ade the roads almost
not two blocks away
[orseback, and horses
A stores or oilices to
jlie streets, the animals
|ide.
fourteen teams, loaded
:ts, stuck fast in the
le avenue being only
[tiserof April 21. 1852.
a carman stuck fast
la single hogshead of
1 a heap ' in that vast
the National Hotel."
[thing of regularity to
STRKKT.S AND STRKKT I'AN'INC.
92()
improve the condition of the streets, and ;is early as
1821 overseers of highways were appointed, and
they, and the various street commissioners, with
their ;irmy of slow-moving employees, m.ide the
roads passable. A law of 1832 gave the council
po^ver to compel convicts to work on the streets,
wearing a b.'ill and eh.iiii. In 1836 sever.'il |)risoners
escaped wliili; at work, ami the plan w.is discon-
tinued; but in 1843 prisoners were again so em-
ployed.
in 1838 Captain Marryatt, tlie author, was here
for sever.'d days, and in his aeeoimt of Detroit he
says, "There is n^t a pa\ed street in il, or even a
footpath." In June, 1840, the Conunittee on .Streets
reported f.tvorabiy upon .and the council accepted ;i
proposition made by Tiiomas iliil to furnish oxen
to work on the roads at $2.75 per day.
The first p;i\ing w.is dune in 1S25; contracts
were sold on .September 1 of this year for paving
in front of the property of Mlliott dray, D. Cooper,
T. J. Owen, .and others, tlu: prices nmging from $1.00
to S''-5 PcT foot. All the work was to be l)ai(l
for in corporation due-bills. l''or nearly ten years
•after, ;ind up to 1835. paving and gnuling contr.acts
were Sold at .auction, ;uul for those times an innnense
amoimt of moniy and labor was expended.
The paving, done mostly with small, roiuid stones,
was confined chietly to sitlewalks ami the s[)ace
immediately in front of certain stores or residences,
and no one of the contracts for paving included
;in entire block.
On March 12, 1827, a committee of the Common
Council reported in favor of [laving the streets,
stilting that the annual t£ix for repairs would more
than pay the interest on the sum necessary for
paving.
On September 8, 1829. a plan was adopted for
p.aving Jefferson Avenue; but no paving was done
except in front of cert.iin lots as before.
In 1830, under the superintendence of Mr. Des-
noyers, the space in front of the old market on
Woodward Aveiuie, and between it and Jefferson
Avenue, was paved at an expense of $527.85.
The first systematic paving of a large portion of
any street with stone was done in 1835. Atwater
Street, between Woodward Avenue and Randolph
Streets, was paved in that year. The special reason
for the paving w.is that the earth from the ex-
cavation for the basement of the I'rcsbyterian
Church, then building on the northeast corner
of Woodward Avenue and I.arned Street, was
used to fill in Atwater Street, and it became
almost impassable. Kobert E. Roberts, then occu-
pying a store on the street, obtained the consent
of a majority of the property holders, and the
council ordered the .street paved. The material
used was cobble-stone, and the cost was seventy-
two cents |)er y.ird; the entire cost of the work was
Sr.2(')i.
It w.as now proposed to p;ue Jefferson Avenue,
;ind in December, 1835, the following notice, signed
by the city ilerk, (Jeorge Myrd, was published:
l'rii|iiisals will lie rtoclveil at the nllice of tllr City t'lirk, iiiilil
the lirst of January luxl, for paviiiij the roacKvay i>f Jellirsim
Avenue, from llrush Sinit lo the Cass line ; ist, with round
stones not list than four nor niori' than ei),'ht inelies in di.uneter,
laiil in six inches of sanil. ad, with Mon>;uai,'on or t'anad.i stone,
nut less than six inches lont; set edi^ewise and l.iid in four inches
of sand. )d, wilh hloeks of wood, of cedar, lieinloek, white onk,
or Norway pine, free from sap, sawed in ii liexajjunal form, and
set in two inclu^s of sand, llids will be received for the whole
work, or in sections.
The bids were probably unsatisfactory, for no
paving was iloiie.
Two years later, on Febru.ary 1, 1837, the coimcil
voted to p.ive : H.ites Street from Jifferson Avenue
to the river, and .\tw.iter Street from Hates .Street
to \\';)odw,ird Avenue ; R.uidolpli Street from Jef-
ferson .Avenue to the river, ;ind .Atwater Street from
R.amlolph to linish Street; Woodbridge Street from
Wayne to Criswold Street, .and Shelby Street from
Woodbridge Street to Jefferson .As'eiuie ; (Iriswoid
Street from Jelfersoii .\veiiue to the river, .iiul .At-
water from ( 'iriswoid Street to Woodw.'ird .Avenue.
About this time many citizens interested them-
selves in learning the cost of wood p.i\ements, .and
their imiuiries ;iiid the p.inic of 1837 delayed .all
action until 1845, when a si).iee in front of the
Eldred Block, on the north side of Jefferson Avenue
between W^oodward Avenue .and (iriswoid Street,
was p.aved with hex.agon.al blocks of wood. Begin-
ning wilii 1849, p.aving with cobble-stones became
(juite general.
In 1864 a portion fif Third Street, in front of the
M. C. R. R. Depot, and between Woodbridge Street
and the river, was paved with wood. The noiseless-
ness and seeming dur.ibility of this wooden p.ave-
mcnt led to its further use, and the following year
Fort Street West, from (Iriswoid to Fifth Street,
was leaved with what was known as the Nicholson
p.aveiiient, .and since then more or less of wood pav-
ing has been done nearly every year. In 1870
there w.as almost a m.ania for wood pavements; and
in this and the following ye.ir p.atents .and specifica-
tions for Jilmost every conceiv.able shape and kind
of wooden blocks were ad\ertised.
On October 6, 1 871, contractors began tearing up
the cobblestone pavement on Woodward Avenue
preparatory to re]ilacing it with wood. This caused
great dissatisf.action, and a public meeting of citizens
protested against wh.it was deemed folly or corrup-
tion, but the work went on. In 1879 ^^he avenue
was again paved with wood.
In 1872 the time of the council was largely taken
up with innumerable plans and specifications for
930
hlDi; AM) LR(XSS WALKS.
paviii)^ scores of streets, and M.iynr Mnlfat was kepi
busy ill vetoinj^ the proiinsiiimis. I'rior in iSdi
tile city fDulil iiol ordiT a siicct pavi'd wlu'ii a ma-
jority iif tlic property ouivrs on liu' sti'ict rc;-
nl(ln^.tratc(l a^'ainst it. By cliarUT .inicndniciu of
Marci) 12, i.S6r, liii.' council w.is ^iww power In
ordi;r SjO.cwo wortli of p,iviii.vj yciriy svitiioiit the
consent of ;i majority of the |)ropi ity owners, and
more could be ordered if tliey consented.
Uy Act of April 13, 1.S71, opportimity was afforded
to seciiri' still i,iri;er contr.ic's for p.ivinv^ eacli year,
as tlie city w;is pi'rmitted to issue l)onds to tiie con-
tnictors for three (iti.'irlers of the amount due for
pavin.vj ;tny street, tin- bonds drawing' seven |ier cent
interest. Property liokicrs were .allowed to jxiy the
amounts due for pavint^' in four i'(|ual annual instal-
ments, interest on the List three payments to be paid
in .iilv.'mce at the time the tirst jiayment w.is made.
Tile law w.'is repealed by Act of June 6, 1881, and
since tiieii the whole .amount due for jiavinv;; ■'">' '"•
is recjuircd to be paitl when the work is completed.
The Act also provided that $75,000 worth of p.avinif
could be ordered, without consent of propi-rty
owners; the charter of 1S83 increased the amount
that mi.^ht be so ordered to $100,000.
The rep;iirim;iif pavid .streets, and their rep.iviny;,
was originally p.iid for by the city, .and in 1S71 there
was p;iid for repairs on paved streets $106,416.
About $20,000 of this amount was for the so-called
.asphalt put on the cobble-stones of Jefferson Ave-
nue. It Lasted but a few months.
Since Act of April 30, 1873, the rep.avinif of streets
has been made a chari^e .aiijTtinst the adjacent prop-
erty.
The cleaning of the streets is jiaid for by genenil
ta.\ ; tile amount .apportioned to e.ach ward is agreed
upon by consultation between the Aldermen and
the Hoard of I'ublic Works. The amount expended
in the several w.ards is dependent upon the amount
of iiighw.ay la.xes collected in each ward. Under
Act of April 13, 1841, no road ta.K could be assessed
on i)roperty fronting on .a p.aved street, but by the
charter of 1883 all jiroperly is eciually liable for
highway taxes.
In 1882 two street-.sweeping m.achines were pur-
cli.ased in I'aigl.and at .a cost of $312.50 e.ach. They
were first used on October 24, 1S82, in cleaning ptjr-
tions of Woodw.ard .anil Jefferson Ave. ucs. A
ste.am road-roller was i)r()eured the same vear at a
cost of about $5,400. In 1883 an additional
sweeper was ordered.
The amount spent for cleaning the paved streets
in 1883 w.as $32,589; for grading and working un-
paved streets. $28,313 was expended.
The tol.il length of alleys paved from 1849 to
1884 is nearly twelve miles; the cost w.as $190,557.
The total length of paved streets, up to 1884, is
I 19.79 miles; of this numlur .about lhree-(|uarters
.are |);ivet! with wood. I'lie tot.il cost is $3,687,967.
SIDK .\\|) t UOSS WALKS.
.Sidew.ilks were ,a convenience not eiijoyt'd by ihe
e.irly settlers. .\ii okl record of 179^ st.itcs th.it in
some cases a few logs were laid together linvjtiiwise,
but thesi' stt'|)ping pl.ices were few and f.ar be
twecn. Under the town corpor.itioii of 1802 the
inh.ibitants were ordered "to ni.ake footp.iths of logs
or thick pl.inks .around the lots they occupy," but
tr.adition rel.ites that then, as now, ordinances were
not niiplicitly obeyed.
In 1812 some improvement w.as noticid, .and oc-
c.asion.illy s(|uare timbers, a foot or more thick, were
placed in front of many of the stores .and dwellings.
An .\ct of the Ciovernor and Judges of April 29,
1.806, provided for jiaving or gravelling fnot-w.alks
in sections i, 2, 3, and 4 on each side of the .ave-
nues, .and for the planting of trees, but the Act w.as
not enforced. On .November 26, 1827, the council
p.assed its first ordinance re.garding sidew.alks. On
streets one hundred and twenty feet wide, twenty
feet on each side were set ap.art for w.alks, I'xcipt
tli.at on Woodward Avenue below Jeffer.son the
spaces were to be only ten feet; the .actu.il w.alks
were to be six feet wide, of Hat stones or brick. < )n
sixty-feet streets, eight feet were set ap.art, .and
w.alks four feet wide were ordered ; the rest of the
sp.ace was to be p.aved with round stones. On fifty-
feet streets, seven feet were reserved, and walks
three feet wide were to be m.ade of Hat stone or
brick.
By ordinance of July 7, 1828, the w.alks on
Woodwaril Avenue, were to be .ill of one width,
.and to be Laid next to the houses. About this time
there began to be more .attention ji.aid to the wants
of foot-travelers, and where the .ability of owaiers
permitted, or the interest of shop-keepers seemed to
demand it, a few planks were laid dow n ; but the
jir.actice was by no means general, and within the
memory of persons now living, calling and churcli-
goingwere sonurtimes impr.icticable to Ladies because
of the lack of walks ; yet in 1828 the city paid $259.98
for leaving footpaths across streets, and for side-
walks $456.17, and in 1829 and in 1830 .sever.al hun-
dred dollars additional were paid for side and cross
walks. Between 1830 and 1840, the " ways of the
inhabitants " received special attenti(jn, and in several
pLices walks formed of large octagonal blocks, of
wood a foot or more in diameter, were laid, (-)ne
of these walks, in front of the Methodist Church,
on the northeast corner of Woodward Avenue and
Congress Street, is well remembered. Brick w.alks
were next in order, and tbough once common in
m.any parts of old Detroit, they h.ive almost entirely
dis.appeared.
il)iiul tliiii-iiuailiTS
il (i>st is $3,fiH7''/'7-
w \l.kS.
(• mil riijoyi'tl by ilif
f 171/1 slates tlial ill
liii^vtlu'i- linijiliuisi.',
re frw ami far be
|i()ralii)ii of iSi)2 the
iiaisc f(i()ti)allis of ioj^rs
IS tlu'y o(tii|)y," l>iit
low, ordiiiainis wtiT,
was iioticrd, and oc-
ot or iiiofc tliick, wire
stores and dwilliiiKS.
I Judges of April 2().
irravrlliiiK fool-walks
;at:h sidi' of tlic avt-
;rcos. but the Ad was
- 26, I.S27, till' c'oumi!
irdiiiij sidewalks. On
nty k'ct \vi(k'. twenty
part for walks, except
below Jefferson the
jet ; the aelnal walks
It stones or brick. <>n
were set aixirt, and
dered ; the rest of the
und stones. On hfty-
; reserved, and walks
made of Hat stone or
1S2S, the walks on
he ;ill of one width,
ises. About this time
1(111 paid to the wants
the ability of owners
hop-keepers seemed to
-e kiid down ; but the
general, and within the
ir, callinvi: and chnrch-
icable to ladies because
8 the city paid S2 59.98
streets, and for side-
id in 1830 several hun-
laid for side and cross
840. the " ways of the
attention, anil in sevenil
octagonal blocks, of
neter, were laid. One
_he Methodist Church,
oodward Avenue and
■mbered. Brick walks
ouiL^h once common in
ey have almost entirely
STKi:i:i' KAII.KUADS.
Ily ordinanc e of January 21 1S42, pl.mk .sidewalks
were provided for. 'I'luy were re(|uired to be six
feet wide on Jeffer.son and Woodward .\veniies, and
three feet widi; on all other streets. Of late ye.irs,
on m.my of the limr busint'ss and residence streets,
smooth stone sl.ib-i have almost entirely superseded
the pl;ink w.ilks. The first ordinance re),;ardiii>f
these stone walks was passed in 1859, and made
provision for their use on portions of Ji'fferson and
Wootlward .Vveiuies ;ind (Iriswold Street. The
j,'reater cost of the stone w.ilks caused citizens to
desire to avoid as much of the expense as possible.
They therefore .souijlit to li.'ive the city pay for the
walks ;it street corners outside of a jioint intersected
by the front ;ind side lines of ;i lot. The (|uestion
was si)eci;illy .Imitated in 1870, and on July 2(1 the city
counselor, in a comnuinic'ition to the coimcil, said
that the city ch;irter, in .Section 103, ;uilliori/ed the
p.iynient by the city for p.ivements laiil at intersec-
tions; but no tlethiite provision for the pavinijf for
intersection walks by the city was made until the
Act of .March 17, 1875.
Crosswalks are of later d.ite th.-in tho.se directly
in front of stores and resiliences, and as recently as
1847, on Woodward Avenue ne.ir the present Kps-
sell Hou.se, a few bricks and boards laid in the mud
afforded all the walk there w;is to cross upon. In
that s;mie ye.ir, by ordin.inee of April 20, systematic
provision was m.ide for crosswalks, which were to
be built by the city, and p.iiil for by assessments
upon the adjacent property.
in late years the great increase in the number of
paved streets ni.akes the crossings less muildV: and
as the city now kee[)S them reasonably clean, the
crossing-sweepers of the olden time h;i\e entirely
di.sappeared. Only a few years ago each crossing
on Woodward A\enue between l'"ort Street and
Jefferson A\eniie was occupied by diminutive swee[)-
ers, geiienilly of the gentler sex, and with dirty
broom and outstreiilu'd l);md they ever gave out
the cry, " Mister, please give me a penny for sweep-
ing the walk."
The following lines, written by ^\'. 1 1. Coyle about '
1850, are descriptive of those d.iys :
I lore, then;, everyuluie, a
Host of }'oiiiij^ street-sweepers lluiirisliiii^^ liiv;
rinioiiis, (Jiie iiiintitu sweepiii); off tlu- imul, tlieii
On aS'iiii the next, li jklliii; out tlieir
liittle iiaruls, liarefin^led aact ia tatters,
Askiiiij alms. A pale-faeed lady clad in
Muiiriiiiiij stops, and, pnshinij Iiaelc tin: glo. ■
Curls aruiiiid a buKgar girl's sweet lirciw, sn
I.iku her lost one sleeping now in Khnwood,
Presses in her palm a silver coin, and
With an aehing heart glides on, while a lean,
Miserable miser quickens his pare
At C'harity's meek, timid call, like a
Gaunt hyena hastening to a grave.
Next u bevy of gay girls with templing
Cherry lips and long-lashed eyes of liquid
93 >
reiideriie>.s lilt by,— -pririg biiiiirlliei. In
All the beauty of the l.iiest, hot
Mode lie I'arit. Alter ihein a swarthy
Hand o| Indl.m girls, with long blai k pl.iiled
Hair, soft ey, s of jet, aiul liny bit in
Headed moee.isins, with p.i, ks of willow
lluskels on their b n ks luid blankils round tin ir
Slinbroiued, laperjn»( llmbi, step noiseless Ihrongll
The eily wheri' their aneestors onet" rounied
Its lords, atiil i h.ised the red deer 'mid its shades.
Hut ha ! hi're tiimes a funny erowd of fat,
Hroad-snoulden il, scpuibhy, honest, fnll-moon-facc
MynhuiTS, fresh l.inded from th» faderl.ind,
In velvet jaekets with bell-lMiltuns and
Hhie blouses, stuck in wooden shoes, while eloudn
Of smoke curl up ini-essant from the bowls
Of their long ineereh.iums, as if, like the slow
Propeller they 've just left, they waddled on
Hy stcuin. * » ♦ * ♦
Dashing with speed iiupetuous, ami'
A cloud of dust, gay-colored rabs and hack!*.
The burly omnibus and rattling dray,
Whirl o'er the stone-paved, sonorous streets, lis
Hound the river's curving shore a black, t.'dl
Column of advaneing smoki' her.ilds a
Steamer from the broail blue lake. Slow i ri'aking.
Hid beneath a ponderous pyramid
Of hay, a country wagon creeps along,
While whistling on its apex happy sits
In homespun and straw hat the farmer boy ;
A French cart next goes bouncing by, les J'lllct
All seated <"i la Tiirque upon the soft
Warm buffaloes, and bobbing up and down
With each jerk of that rilic of \.\w old
K'eglinc, while rolling swift on llashim; wheels,
Hehiiul two snorting, shining bays, a coach
Silk-cushioned, glitters proudly by, a pet
With white-kid hand upon the panel seen, —
Index of envied aristocracy.
Citizens are reiiuired by ordinance to remove
snow and ice from their walks within twenty-four
hours after it has f.illen or formed, and walks are
leiiuired to be kept in repair. It wmild h.ive been
well if the city had passed and enforced stringent
laws with reg.'ird to the reixair and care of sidewalks
many years sooner th;in it did. Since 1857 the
sums paid by the city on claims for accidents
resulting from defective walks amount, with inter-
est, to over §50,000. In July, 1870, the Supreme
Court rendered a decision that seemed to preclude
the recovery of further drun.ages against the city for
defective walks ; but a decision has since been ren-
dered, under which the city has been held liable
for damages occasioned by walks being out of
repair.
STRF.KT RAILROAD.S.
These modern conveniences date from August 3,
1863; the first line completed, the Jefferson Avenue,
was opened on that day, and the public were invited to
ride free. The routes of the several lines are as
follows : Jefferson Avenue — from Third Street up
Jefferson Avenue, to Mt. Elliott Avenue. The first
)32
STRKKT RAII.RO.ADS.
car on all loiitfs kavis racli end of llic route alioiit
C) A. \i., and cars run from live to ten minutes tliere-
afler through the day until lo p. m. ; extra cars run
i)et\veen the hours of ten and eleven. The llam-
tramck route, although built by other parties, 's
leally a continualion of the Jefferson Avenue Line.
It extends from Mt. i^lliott Avenue to the race-
course in Hamtranick, and since November 2, 1881,
has been operated in connection witii tiie Jeffer.son
Avenue Line.
The Woodward A'-enue Line extends from Hrush
Stree on Atwater to Woodward Avenue and up
this acenue to the railroad crossint^. The line of
this road was extended from Jefferson Avenue to
Brush Street in May, 1880. At the same time the
Coni^ress and Uaker Street Line was extended
down Randolph to .Atwater. The cars ran over the
new portion of these roads for the first time on June
I, 1880.
The Cass Avenue and Third Street Line ex-
tends from Jefferson Avenue up Tiiiril Street to
Larned, on Larned Street to Griswokl, up (Iriswcjld
to -State Street, arouiu! State to Cass Avenue,
up Cass to Ledyard, on Lcdyard to 'I'hird, and
up Third to tlie Molden Road. This IJne orivji-
nally bej^an at (iriswold Street. There was much
op|Dosition to its extension down Larnetl .Street,
and in oriler to avoid the service of an injunction,
the track on that part of the roail was laid on Sun-
day, October 29, 1876. The unusual scene of
several hundred men at work on Sunday caused
much excitement and brought together large num-
bers of sp^' lators.
The Fort Street Line extends from Fort Wayne,
on the River Road to Clark Avenue, up Clark Ave-
nue to Fort, on i-'orl to Woodward .Avenue, across
Woodward ;ind through Michigan (irand Avenue
to Randolph, up Randolph to Croghan, and through
Croghan Street to [•".Imwood .Vvenue.
The Aliihigan .Avenue Line is operated from Jef-
ferson .Avenue up Woodward Avenue to .Michigan
Avenue, and on .Michii.;an Avenue to the Cirand
Trunk J miction.
The Cratiot .Avenue Line extends from Jefferson
Avenue up Woodward Avenue to Monroe Avenue,
on Monroe Avenue to Randf)lph Street, on Randolph
Street to Gratiot .Avenue, and up C.raliot Avenue to
McDougall .Avenue. It originally ran only to
Uequindre Street, and was first operated to Chene
Street on December 17, 1879, and to IVIcDougall
Avenue on June 30, 1883.
The Crand River Avenue Line runs from Jeffer-
son Avenue, up Woodward Avenue to (}rand River
Avenue, and on (irand River Avenue, to Sixteenth
Street and the railroad crossing.
The Congress and Baker Street Line runs from
Woodbridge up Randolph to Congress, on Congress
to Seventh, up Seventh to ISaki'r, and on Baker to
Twenty-foiuth Streit.
The Russell Street and Junction Railroad was
opened on December 19, 1874. The route was from
(iratiot Avenue up Russell to Ferry Street, on Ferry
Street to St. Aubin Avenue, and up St. Aubin Ave-
nue to the D., G. H. & M. Ry. Junction, it did not
prove a paying road, and the cars stopped nuining
in 1874, and in 1876 the track was removed.
The Detroit City Railroad Company own and
operate the Jefferson, Woodward, (iratiot, and
Michigan Avenue Lines. They also lease and con-
trol the Cass Avenue, and the Congress and Baker
Street Lines.
The following table gives interesting information
concerning the different lines :
i'
i
£
Namk of Link.
Wins
0|'i:n];i).
•ft
u
- i
0
^"2 1
"
3
6 0
c
.3 ^ ■"
<■
y.
X.I
X
r- Z".
JlffciSCll .AVUIIIK! . . .
Aug. 3, 1863
^ys
16
1 10
M
60
\\'o()[lwaicl Avenue.
AuK. ), 1S63
3Vi
JO
110
36
75
(Ir.iliut Avenue
Sept. 12. iS6j
1%
.S
33
7
so
Michigan .V venue . . .
Nov.—, 1863
i'A
IJ
uo
j2
7-!
I'ort Wayne & Klm-
/
wdiid (from Wood-
- Sept. 6, 1865 1
ward Av. to River)
\
■ 5%
.65
80
Fort Wayne .!i: K.lm-
20
132
wikhI (from Wo(jd.
•Sept. 19,1866
Av. to Cemetery).
\
(iranii l\i\'er
Oct. 23, 186S
Auk. 7> i86y
Oct. 15, 1875
2K
I
10
100
-•9
60
lianUramck
Cass Ave. A: Third St.
3^
"4
7i
17
72
Congress A; Baker. . . .
Dec. 6, 1873
-'J'8
27
7
68
')
70
104
78.
233
The rates of fare for all distances is five cents on
all the roads, exce|)t that on the Fort Wayne ami
Elmwood Road three cents extra is charged for the
portion of the road outside of the city limits. On tiiis
last named road, twenty-two city tickets are given
for one dollar. On all other roads, tickets are sold
at the rate of twelve for fifty cents.
Some of the cars have conductors and drivers,
and the conductors collect the fares ; on others
boxes are placed on the side of the door at the front
end of the car in which the tickets or fares are de-
posited. If passengers have not the right change,
on handing the driver .any amount up to two dollars,
he will return the full amount in change iii a sealed
envelope, out of which the fare can be taken. In
some instances the envelope contains a rtmnd check
or a ticket which rejiresents five cents and is receiv-
able for a fare. If persons wish to go to or from
either depot by way of tiie Woodward, Gratiot, or
Michigan Avenue Line, it is their privilege to be
transferred from one line to the other without charge.
Under the Act of February 13, 1855, providing
for the organization of train railway-?, the pro|)erty
of the street-railroad companies was exempted from
local taxation. Under original city ordinances, the
companies paid from $12.50 to $25 per car annually
■r, and on liakiT m
•lion Railroad was
The route was from
MTV Street, on Ferry
I up St. Aubin Ave-
uni'tion. U did not
irs slopped runnini^
:as removed.
Company own and
yard, (Iratiot, and
J also leai.e and con-
Con,!.;ress and liaker
ereslinv; information
5^8
2K!
■/:
c
^-
a
R_
U
■
0 *^ u
-ol
0
u-^l
0
C 3
0
H £i5
/.
XI
/.
.6
I lo
:n
6o
20
I HI
s6
i 75
.S
:<3
7
I i^O
12
\zo
ja
7-'
if'5
I i
v^i
14
75
2%i
7
68
-•9
«7
132
60
72
70
7 I 104 I 78i_l 233_
anees is five eents on
the l'"ort Wayne and
ra is charifed for tiie
le city limiti-.. On this
■ity tickets are given
)ads, tickets are sold
Mils,
uctors and drivers,
le fares; on others
the door at the front
kcts or fares are de-
not the rij,dit chani^^e.
Hint up to two dollars,
in chan.^e in a scaled
u-e can be taken. In
Diitains a round check
•e cents and is receiv-
ish to i;o to or from
oodward, Gratiot, or
their privilege to be
other without charge.
13, 1855, providing
•aihvays, the projierty
;s was exempted from
il city ordinances, the
§25 per car annually
STREET AND ROAD OFFICERS.
933
as a license, and some lines paid a percentage on
their gross earnings in addition. Ordinances of No-
vember 14, 1879, and June 25, 1880, which applied
to all the roads except the Grand River, relieved the
companies of the licenses on cars and provided in-
stead that the companies should pay a tax of one per
cent on their gross receipts; the companies were also
to pave and keep in order the roadway between their
tracks. The Grand River Line, under the original
ordinance, continues to pay a license of $15 jxr car.
The fall of 1872 is notable in street-car history,
from the fact that on October 25, on account of the
epizootic, or horse disease, all the cars were com-
pelled to stop running.
The Detroit Transit Railroad is operated without
either locomotives or cars of its own. It is a private
side-track built for the piu'pose of accommodating
the factories and foundries along the river in the
eastern part of the city by the transfer of cars to or
from the regular railroad tracks. It extends from
Riopelle Street to the Detroit Stove Works. I>y the
terms of a city ordinance it can be used only for cars
drawn by horses between 6 a. m. and Ti v. m.
Those using the track pay from $1.50 lo §2. 00 per
car for each trip over tlK' line. The ordinance per-
mitting the use of the streets by the company was
passed March 28, and the road was tirst used on No-
vember 19, 1873. The capital slock of the com-
pany is $50,000. The cost of constructing the line
was $19,000.
Under an ordinance of September 10. 1S75, D. M.
Richardson built aside track or transit railway just
west of Eighth Street, It cost $3,200, and was tirst
used in 1876.
STREin" AND ROAD OFFICERS.
The duties of a supervisor are comparatively sim-
ple, yet there is probably no office about which
cluster so many confusing statements. This may
be account' d for by the fact that different kinds of
supervisors have served in or for the city at the same
time.
The office of township supervisor dates back to
the government of the Northwest Territory ; and
supervisors for Detroit Township were appointed
by the Court of (.hi.arter Sessions as early as 1801.
Under Michigan Territory, by law of 1805. one
supervisor for each district was appointetl by the
governor.
In 1814. the military districts of the Slate were
also the boundaries of the supervisors' districts. An
old Executi\ e Journal of Governor Cass, under date
of April I, 1816, s,ays, "Joseph King is appointed
Supervisor of Highways from the east gate of De-
troit to the eastern boundary of Grant's farm."
The township su,jervisors had the care of all the
roads in the township, and even after its incorpora-
tion, Detroit was still recognized as a township, and
supervisors were elected. After 1827 the super-
\isor was the only tounsliip offuer that existed in
Detroit, — a law of that year expressly rt'Iieving the
city from electing any other township officer. Elec-
tions for supervisor were held on the first Monday
of \\)r'\\ of each year.
After the Act of April 17, 1833, which provided
for the election, by the city, of one supervisor to sit
on the Board of Suj.'ervisors, there were no duties
connected witli the olFice except to assess taxes for
the care of the rc<ads. Supervisors were elected from
year to year for th;it purpose until, by Act of April 1 3,
1841, the assessors of each ward became also super-
visors, for the purpose of meeting with the iio.ird of
Supervisors. At the same lime there were in the city
supervisors of roads, but they were not authorized
to meet with the Hoard of Supervisors.
By law taking effect in April, i85i,the aldermen
of the city were invested with the powers of su|icr-
visors for the purpose of enabling them to meet with
the Board of Supervisors, and at that lime, ruid u|;
to 1873, there were also supervisors for each w.ard.
but lIu'V had no voice in the Bo.ard of Su|)ervisors.
The supervisors of the township of Detroit
were : 1801, Joseph Harrison ; 1803, E. Brush and
Charles Moran ; 1816 1818, Stephen Mack; 1818,
I). C. McKinsiry; 1819. J. S. Roby; 1820. Melvin
Dorr a..-l B. Rowley; '821, James M;iy and D. C.
McKinstry ; 1822, D. C. McKinstry .md .\rtemas
Hosmer; 1823, Gabriel Godfroy and B. Woodworlh;
1824, T. M.ixwell; 1824-182S, D. French; 1828, S.
Sherwood and I). C McKiiisiry ; 1829, 1). C. Mc-
Kinstry and James Williains; 1830, II. .M. Camp-
bell and M. Dorr; 1831, Charles Monm ; 1832-
1834, E. A. Brush; 1834, Levi Cook ; 1835-1837,
S. Conant ; 1837, J. R. Williams; 1838 1840, S.
Conanl ; 1840, I'cler Desnoyers.
On .April 5. 1832, the city was divided by ordi-
n.'uicc into two road districts, one e;ich side of
Woodward .Avenue, and two supervisors were to
be appointed. They were to make lists of .all free
m.ale persons over twenty-one years of ;ige, and
a.ssess each for a certain number of days Labor,
according to the amount of liis property, or sixty-two
and a half cents a day w;is accepted to hire <a laborer
instead. The supervisor was paid S'-jO per day
for time actually employed. By ordin.ince of Janu-
ary 3 1, i842. eight hours' labor was fixed as a day's
work for those who worked "lil. their road-t.ax.
The following persons served as supervisors of
road districts ;
District i. 1832, John Garrison; 1833, P. Des-
noyers; 1834. Newell French; ! 835 -1S37. N.French;
1837, L. Pratt; 1838, J. M. Davis, J. McMillan.
A.W. Burdick; i839-!842, O. Bellair; 1842-1844,
Geo. Smith; 1844, D. French; 1845, Hiram Joy;
934
STREET AND ROAD OFFICERS.
1846, E. Bond; 1847, S. V. Hopkins; 1848, A.
Stewart.
District 2, 1832, S. Con.int; 1833, J. Scott; 1S34.
Abniin Noycs, J.J. Dcmiiin-; 1835 1837, I,. Pratt;
1837, I'. Ik-aiibien; 1838, Daniel Sexton; 1839-1841,
A. Snioli<; 1841, II. E. I'erry; 1842, Jas. Ilanmer;
1843, Jas. Hannier, J. W. Sutton; 1844, Tiios.
Palmer; 1845, A. Smolk; 1846, \Vm. Cook; 1847,
J. A. Stepiiens; 1848, E. Asliley, J. A. Stepiiens.
An Art of February 20, 1849, provided for the
election of a supervisor from eacii ward, wlioseduty
it was to kei,']) the stri't'ts .-uul roads in repair. Tiie
ward supervisors of roads were :
1850, First Ward, John Lontr; Second Ward, J.
McMillan; Third Ward, Jas. Killen; Fourth Ward,
Conrad (lies; Fifth Ward, J. Reynolds; Sixth
Ward, Sanuiel Howlett, John Robinson; Seventh
Ward, Enos Lebot ; I'jj^hth Ward, J. B. Haass.
1 85 1, First Ward, Luke Nolan; Second Ward,
D.Welch; Third Ward, Jas. Killen; Fourth Ward,
N.Sturm; Fifth Ward. J. Reynolds; Sixth Ward,
M. Henderson; Seventh Ward, E. Lebot; Llighth
Ward, T. Cou,i,dilin.
1852, First Ward, T. Hurst; Second Ward, J.
Clark; Third Ward, P.itrick Oaks; Fourth Ward,
Wm. Amrhein; Fifth Ward, Thomas Daly; Sixth
Ward, M. Henderson; Seventh Ward, (jregory
Nolin; Eii^hth Ward, Jas. Driscol.
1853, First Ward, T. Hurst; Second Ward, H.
Zender; Third Ward. L. Heaubien; P'ourth W.ird,
VV^m. Amrhein; Fifth Ward, D. McLean; Sixth
Ward, M. Henderson; Seventh Ward, C. H. Damm;
Eiijhth Ward, D. Duj;i;an.
1S54, First Ward, T. Hurst; Second Ward,
John Clark; Thinl Ward, Wm. McHutcheon;
Fourth Ward, J. J. Diedrich; Fifth Ward, Thomas
Hanks; Sixth Ward, F. Funke; Seventh Ward,
Peter Clessen ; Eii^hth Ward, Dennis Du.ijji^an.
1855, First Ward, T. Hurst; Second Ward, Amos
Chaffee, John Clark; Third Ward, Peter Dixon;
Fourth Ward, J. J. Diedrich; Fifth Ward, Thomas
Hanks; Sixth Ward, Wm. Schweim; Seventh
Ward, Peter Clessen : Eighth Ward, James Caplis.
1856, First W.ird, T. Hurst ; Second Ward, John
Clark, Seth Case ; Third Ward, A. Wilkie ; Fourth
Ward, T. Hilsendeyen ; Fifth Ward, Thomas Hanks;
Si.xth Ward, J. (i. Walker; Seventh Ward, Wm.
Monoghan ; I-'.ighth Ward, A. Shuell.
The title of Supervisor of Highways was ch.anged
by charter of 1857 to overseer, and under this name
the office existed until it was abolished in 1873 by
the creation of the F.oard of Public Works. The
following is ;i list of the overseers of highways :
1857, First Ward, T. Hur.st; Second Ward, Seth
Case; Third Ward, Daniel Carroll ; Fourth Ward,
T. Hilsendegen; Fifth W.ird, Thomas Hanks; Sixth
Ward. Jno. G. Walker ; Seventh Ward, Wm. Mono-
gh.an ; Eighth W.ard, Anthony Shuell • Ninth Ward,
Wm. Cavanagh ; Tenth Ward, Max Todt.
1858, First W.ard, Daniel Daly; Second Ward,
Dan'l Costigan ; Third Ward, D. Carroll; Fourth
W.'ird. J. J. Diedrich ; Fifth W.ard. Daniel Freyer;
Sixth Ward, l'"redcrick Funke ; Seventh Ward,
Joseph l)Our; L'-ighth Ward, Patrick Dwyer ; Ninth
Ward, Win. Cavanagh; Tenth W.ard, Max Todt.
1859, First Ward, 1). Daly; Second Ward, D.
Costig.an ; Third Ward, I). Carroll ; Fourth Ward,
J. J. i)iedrich ; Fifth Ward, D. Freyer; Sixth Ward,
Theo. Funke; Seventh Ward, J. liour ; I'.ighth
Ward, P. Dwyer; Ninth Ward, Henry Smith ; Tenth
Ward. O. Sihweitzer.
i860. First W.ard, T. Hurst; Second Ward, L.
McHugh; Third Ward, Andrew Wilkie; Fourth
Ward.' Anton Schulte; Fifth Ward, Wm. H.
Knowles ; Sixth Ward, Theo. Funke; .Seventh
Ward, J. Bour ; Eighth Ward, Dan'l Falvey ; Ninth
Ward, Henry Smith; Tenth Ward, (i. Schweitzer.
1861, First Ward, John I>. Long; Second W.ird. Jas.
Cosgrove, Patrick Cosgrove ; Third Ward, Andrew
Wilkie ; Fourth Ward,' Carl Weichsler ; Fifth Ward,
Wm. H. Knowles; Sixth Ward, N. Wuerges ;
Seventh Ward, Wm. M.artin ; jjghlh Ward, C.
Dan.'ihey ; Ninth Ward, John Fey ; Tenth Ward,
Anthony Deimel.
1S62, First Ward, J. 15. Long; Second Ward, L.
McHugh; Third W.ird, Thos. .Scham.aden, Ceo.
Bates; Fourth W.ard, Connid Gies ; Fifth Ward, F.
McDonald; Sixth Ward, N. Wuerges; Seventh
Ward, (jeorge Moebs; Eighth Ward, C. Danahey;
Ninth Ward, John Fey; Tenth W.ard, A. Deimel.
1863, First W.ard, (^.eo. B.ales ; Second Ward, L.
McHugh ; Third Ward, T. Schamaden ; Fourth
Ward, H. Mondery; Fifth W;ird, F. McDon.ald ;
Sixth Ward, George Pipp; Seventh Wartl, G.
Moebs; Eighth Ward, P. Shan.ahan ; Niiuh Ward,
Ernest Dorman ; Tenth Ward, Peter Dunn.
1864, First Ward, G. Bates; .Second W.ird. L. Mc-
Hugh ; Third Ward, T. Schamaden ; fourth W.ard,
H. Mondery; Fifth Ward, Geo. M. Knowles ; Sixth
Ward, Geo, Pipp; Seventh Ward, G. Moebs;
Eighth Ward. P. Shanah.m ; Ninth Ward, E. Dor-
man ; Tenth W.ard, Peter Dunn.
1S65, First Ward, G. P.ates ; Second Ward, L.
McHugh; Third Ward, John Noonan; Fourth
Ward, Anthony Kremer ; Fifth Ward, ( i. W.
Knowles ; Sixth W.ard, Ju.stus Zinn ; Seventh Ward,
Adam liieber; I'"ighth W.ard, D.aniel Guiney ; Ninth
Ward, John Mason ; Tenth W.ard, P. Dunn.
1866, First Ward, Henry Smith ; Second Ward,
L. McHugh; Third Ward, J. Noonan; Fourth
W.ard, A. Kremer; Fifth Ward, F. McDonakl;
Sixth W.ird, Henry Kuemmel ; Seventh W.ird.
Ad.im Bieber; I'.ighth W.ard, D. Guiney; Ninth
Ward, John Mason ; Tenth Ward, P. Dunn.
hiK'll • Ninth Ward,
Max Todt.
:ily; Second Ward,
D. Carroll; Fourth
rd, Daniel Freycr;
;e ; Seventh Ward,
itrick Dwyer; Ninth
A'ard, M.ix Todt.
Second Ward. D.
•roll ; Fourth Ward,
•"reyer; Sixth Ward,
1, j. r.our ; Ki,i,dith
Henry Smith ; Tenth
; Second Ward, L.
e\v Wilkic ; Fourth
I Ward, Wm. H.
I. Funke ; Seventh
)an'l Falvey; Ninth
,'ard, (i. Schweitzer.
st; Second Ward. Jas.
"hird Ward. Andrew
;ichsler; Fifth Ward,
'ard, N. Wuerijes ;
; i'.ijrhth Ward, C.
Fey; Tenth Ward,
\r- Second Ward, L.
Sch.aniaden, Cico.
,ies; Fifth Ward, F.
Wuern'cs; Seventh
W.ird, C. Danahey ;
Ward, A, Deimel.
; Second Ward, L.
liamaden ; Fourth
ird, F. McDonakl;
Seventh Ward, (i,
ahan ; Nir.th Ward,
Peter Dunn,
econd Ward, L. Mc-
ulen ; I'ourth W.ard,
M. Knowles ; Sixth
Ward, (".. Moebs;
inth Ward, K. Dor-
Second Ward, F.
in Noon.an; I'ourth
ifth Ward, C. W.
'inn ; Seventh Ward,
)aniel C.uiney; Ninth
ird, I'. Dunn.
Mill ; Second Ward,
Noonan ; Fourth
;ird, F. McDonald;
■1 ; Seventh Ward,
U. (".uiney ; Ninth
ird, P. Dunn.
STREET AND ROAD OFFICERS.
935
1867, First Ward, II. Smith ; Second Ward, L.
Melluyh ; Third Ward, J. Noonan; F(jurtli Ward,
Rudolph Orih; 1-ifth Ward. F. McDonald; Si.xth
Ward, 11. Kuemmel; Seventh Ward, A. Bieber ;
lughth Ward, P. Madigan ; Ninth Ward. Patrick
Evans; Tenth Ward. P. Dunn.
1868, First Ward, II. Smith; Second Ward. John
Norris; Third W.ird, J. Noonan ; Fourth W.ird, R.
Orth; Fifth Ward, F. McDonald; Sixth Ward, H.
Kuemmel ; Seventh W.ird. J. P.lankenheim ; Fi.i,dith
Ward. P. Madi.traii; Ninth Ward, P. i:vans; Tenth
Ward. Lucien Zink.
1869, First Ward, H. Smith; Second Ward, II.
Stehfest; Third W.ird, I" red. X'ermulen ; Fourth
Ward. R. Orth ; Fifth W.ird, I". McDonald ; Sixth
Ward, Casper (ieist ; Seventh Ward, J. IJlanken-
heim; Eighth Ward, J no. Downey; Ninth Ward,
Thomas McCiowan; Tenth Ward. Lucien Zink.
1870, First Ward, H.Smith; Second Ward, II.
Stehfest; Third Ward, P. Ilerlihy; Fourth W.ard,
Henry Luttieke ; Fifth Ward, Henry Pannel ; Sixth
Ward, .\lbert Peine; JSeventh Ward. Peter Bieber;
Eighth Ward. J. Downey; Ninth Ward. T. Me-
Gowan ; Tenth Ward, L. Zink.
1 87 1, First Ward, H. Smith; Second Ward.
Chas. H. Buelow; Third Ward, P. Ilerlihy; Fourth
Ward. II. Luttieke; Fifth W.ird, II. Pannel; Sixth
Ward, A. Peine; Seventh Ward, P. Bieber; Eighth
Ward, M. Kenealy; Ninth Ward, E. .Malt/,; Tenth
Ward, John Ilappe.
1872, First Ward, H. Smith; Second Ward,C. II.
Buelow; Third Ward, P. Ilerlihy; I'ourth Ward, II,
Luttieke; Fifth Ward, II. Pannel; Sixth Ward, C.
Weissenstein ; Seventh Ward, P. Bicher; lughth
Ward, .M. Kenealy; Ninth Ward. E. Maltz ; Tenth
Ward, J. Ilappe.
1873, First Ward. H. Smith; Second Ward,
C. H. Buelow; Third Ward. John Smith; Fourth
Ward, Nicholas Rummer; Fifth Ward, II. Paniul ;
Sixth Ward, C. Weissenstein; Seventh W.ird, C.oit-
lieb Scerl; I-'ighth Ward, Patrick Barrett; Ninth
Ward, John Brown ; Tenth \\'ard, J. Il.ippe.
The ollice of street commissioner w.is created in
1827. the exigencies connected with the grading
down of okl Fort Shelby, and the laying out of new
Streets in the old Military Reserve callingitinto being.
No ordinance was p.assed concerning the office until
May 1 1, 1829. when provision was made for four dis-
tricts and four street conunissioners. The oHlce
ceased in 1S32. was revi\ed by ordinance of .(\pril i,
1837, but after two years went unl'iUed. A new or-
dinance concerning the olTice was pa.sscd on April 7,
1S46, and this \v;is repealed on April 25, 1.S4S,
and revived on June 28, 1853. On April 23, 1S57,
an ordinance was jjassed providing for two street
commissioners ; and this rem.iined in force until the
Act creating the l>oard of Public Works abolished
the oflice. It was the duty of the street commis-
sioner to supervise the work done by overseers or
supervisors in his district, and to see that streets and
sidewalks were kejH in proper order. The following
persons served as street conunissioners :
1827, D. French; 1828, John .Mullett, I'.llis Doty;
1829, First Ward, John Roberts; .Second Ward, S.
Conant; Third Ward, J. Farnir; Fourth Ward,
Melvin Dorr; 1S37, S. W. iliggins, L. Coodell ;
1838, E. S. Lathrop; 1839, John I'armer; 1846, G.
F. Porter; 1853 to 1857, John King.
Eastern D/s/ricf.~~\^7, Jas. Beaubien ; Jas.
Collins: 1858 and 1859, luios Lebot ; i860, William
Long; 1861, J,-is. Huff; 1862, T. L. Canipau ; 1863.
I). Kend.ill; [864, F.C.St. Aubin ; 1865-67. Wm.
Rrajip; 1S67--1871, Robert Reaume ; 1871-1873,
T. Funke; 1873, W. Boenningh.iusen.
ITrs/i-r/i Distr/cf. -1857- 1S60, T. Jovce ; 1860-
1S62. F. W. Noble; 1862, Jas. Collins ;' 1863-1866
Thomas <"iorman ; 1866-1S68, T. Mahoney; 1868,
John Stewart; 1S69, John Ilogan ; 1870, P;itrick
Hayes; 1871, J.Stew.irt ; 1872-1874, Htnrj'Knowles.
The ot'lice of city surveyor became a lU'cessity
because of the extensive improvements inaugurated
in 1827, but no ordinance concerning the office was
passed until January 15, 1842. Under the ordinanc :
persons seiking the position of surveyor were
obliged to tender bids for doitig the work required.
The duties consisted chielly in establishing and des-
ignating the gr.ades of the streets, alleys, and sewers.
By Act of February 21, 1849, the office w.is made
elective. In 1S74 it ceased to exist as .a distinctive
olTice, being merged into the department controlled
by the iioard of Public Works.
The city surveyors have been : 1827, John Mul-
lett; 1S28. J. Mullett, Sylvester Sibley ; 1830-1832.
J. Mullett ; 1832, John Farmer ; 1836, A. E. llathon ;
1837, S. W. Iliggins: 1838. A. E. llathon ; 1839-
1S41, John F.arnier; iC4r-i843, A.E. Il.ithon ; 1843,
II. G. Goodell ; 1844-1850, A. E. Hathon ; 1850,
John Almy; 1S51. Henry B. Brevoort ; 1852 1858.
Theodore J. C.impau ; 1859, N. Thel.m ; 1860-1862,
T. J. Campau; 1862- 1873, Eugene Robinson.
A Pioard of Commissioners on Plan of City was
pnwided for by the ch.irter of February 5, 1857. and
consisted of three persons, nomin.ited by the mayor,
appointed by the council, and serving without pay.
The design of the law w.as to secure uniformity in
the location, width, ■ind direction of the streets;
and by the jirovisions of the charter no laud in the
city could be subdivided or streets 1,-iid out without
the approv.il of the eommis.sioners. They could
not. howc\er, compel owners of property to submit
to pecuniary loss in order to secure uniformity in
street lines, ,-iikI consequently comparatively little
good resulted. In 1874 the bo.ard ceased to exist,
the Board of Public Works succeeding to the duties,
936
BOARD OF PL'IiLIC WORKS.
The following persons served as commissioners :
1857-1S69, E. A. Brush, H. 1'. Baldwin, l".i()rt;c
Jerome; 1 869-1 87 1, ticorge S. Frost, M, F. Dick-
inson, [. N. Ford; 187 1 -1873, Emory Wendell,
j. \. Ford, T. J. Campau ; 1873, William Foxen,
J. N, Ford, T. J. Campau.
The olHce of commissioner of grades was created
by the council on February 21, 1854. Five persons
were appointed on nomination of the mayor to serve
without compensation, with power to establish
grades for street paving or sidewalks in all streets,
alleys, and public places. By ordinance of July 12,
1869, the number of commissioners was reduced to
three, and in 1874, on the establishment of the
15oard of Public Works, the ofhce was abolished.
The names and terms of the commissioners were
as follows: 1854, A. Canfield, E. A. Brush, H. H.
l.cKoy, J. Houghton, S. French; 1855-1859, E. .\.
lirush', \V. Barclay, H. H. LeRoy, W. W. Wilcox, J.
lloughio, 1859-1861, E. A. Brush, J. Owen, H. H.
LeRoy, \v. W. Wilcox, J. Houghton ; 1861, C. Jack-
son, W. W. Wilcox, J. Owen, j. C.odfroy. J. Hough-
ton; iSf)2-i869, W. W. Wilcox, J. Owen, J. God-
froy, William Stead; 1869, W. Stead, J. Owen, J.
Anderson, S. Folsom, James Dubois; 1870, James
Anderson, S. Folsom, J.imcs Dubois; 1871-1S73,
J. Anderson, J. Dubois. .S. I-'olsom, T. J. Campau;
1873, J. Anderson, J. Dubois, S. Folsom.
BOARD OF PUnLIC WORKS.
.An attempt was made to create a Board of Pub-
lic Works by Act of .April 17, 1871, but as the .Act
sought to (.lo away with the Board of Water Com-
missioners, as well as other offices, it was strenu-
ously opposed by many, and decided to be illcg.il by
the Su|)reme Court.
The present board was established by Act of
April 29, 1873. ;uul amended .Act of .April 10, 1875.
It is tile successor and inheritor of the duties of the
Board of Sewer Commissioners, Board of (irade
Commissioners, Commissioners on Plrm of City, City
Surveyor, Street Commissioners, Superintendent of
Park, and Overseers of Highways. It is vested
with the control and supervision of paving, rejiav-
ing, cleaning, repairing, grading, working and im-
proving of all streets, alleys, avenues, and public
grounds ; the construction, altering, and repairing of
public wharves, docks, bridges, culverts, receiving
basins, sewers, and water-courses, the laying down
of all side and cross walks ; the erection of all lamp-
posts, drinking or ornamental fountains, and also
of all public buildings and works of the corporation,
or of any board thereof, without the power, how-
ever, of changing the plans or specifications of such
work.
The officers began their duties on the third Tues-
day of January, 1874. The first members elected
by the council decided by lot their respective terms
of two, three, and four years. Subsequent members
have been elected by the council for terms of four
years each.
The city engineer, who is one of the chief executive
officers of the board and takes the place of the former
city surveyor, is appointed by the Board of Council-
men on the nomination of the board. His salary in
1883 was !?2.5oo. Four assistants are ajipointed by
the board on his r.omination. E. Willard Smith
was the first surveyor under the board. He re-
signed in February, 1875, and H. I). Ludden
was apiK)intcd his successor. He was succeeded
in 187S by John McLaughlin, who, in July, 1882,
was succeeded by Mr. Ludden. John Camjibell
has been the secretary of the board from its organi-
zation. Ills .salary is .^1,500. In 1883 four others
were associjited cith him in the office work. The
boanl employs ;in overseer for each ward, and about
three hundred laborers during nearly half of the
year. The salaries of the members of the board
were originally $3,000 each. In 1883 they were
$2,500.
The commissioners have been : 1874, H. King,
A. Chapotoii, \. Mitchell; 1875, S. (".. Wight, A.
Chapoton, N. Mitchell ; 1S76. W. Purcell, A. Chapo-
toii. N. Mitchell; 1S77. W. Purcell, .A. Chapoton, F.
Ruehle ; 1878, W. Purcell, .A. Chapoton, F. Ruehle ;
1879 18S2, W. H. Langley, B. Briscoe, F. Ruehle;
1882 1884, W. II. Langley, B, Briscoe, J. B. Stout-
enburgh ; 1884, W. H. Langley, J. B. Stoutenburgh,
Alexander Chapoton.
ijj, workini; and ini-
avenucs, and public
ring, and repairing of
s, culverts, receiving
ses. the laying down
e erection of all lamp-
fountains, and also
ks of the corporation,
out the power, how-
specifications of such
ies on the third Tues-
irst members elected
:heir respective terms
Subsequent members
icil for terms of four
i of the chief executive
the place of the former
the Hoard of Council-
board. His salary in
:ants are appointed by
1. E. Willard Smith
• the board. He re-
and H. D. Ludden
. He was succeeded
n, who, in July, 1882,
den. John Campbell
board from its organi-
In 1883 four others
tlie office work. The
ach ward, and about
nearly half of the
ambers of the bo.ird
In 1883 they were
|)ccn : 1874, H. King,
75, S. (".. Wight, A.
\V. I'urcell, A. Chapo-
rcell, A. Chapoton, F.
Chapoton, F. Kuehle ;
Hriscoe. F. Ruehle ;
IJriscoe, J. B. Stout-
, J. B. Stoutenburgh,
CHAPTER LXXXVIIl
STREE'^ NAMES, AND THEIR OHK^-IN.'— CHANGES IN NAMES.
STREET NAMES, AXD THEIR ORICIN.
I\ the origin of their names, the streets of Detroit
afford ;i curious mingling of local and general facts
and suggestions. They prc::erve the memory of
many old settlers ard citizens, and recall the names
of battles, Indian tribes, presidents, governors, may-
ors, French, English, and American generals, trav-
elers, poets, historians, scholars, and statesmen ; the
seasons, forest and fruit trees, and the precious
metals have also suggested names ; all of the nu-
merals are represented, and many foreign cities and
countries; states and lakes appe.ir in the list ; ii.'itri-
otic and army names are numerous, ;ind the Chris-
tian names of women anil men are fre(]uent. Some
of the streets are called after well-known streets in
other cities, other names grew out of humorous or
historic associations, and still others preserve the
memory of clergymen and saints. Owing to the
efforts of Mr. McCabe at the time he was prei)aring
the first directory of the city, the council, on Sep-
tember 6, 1836, ordered the names of the streets
put up at the corners. At intervals since that time,
efforts have been made to secure the i)osting of all
names, but up to the present time no complete and
universal plan is in operation. The following list
contains the names of all streets in the city and sub-
urbs, and the year when the names first appear in
recortls or maps, together with facts and suggestions
as to the origin of names. Streets no longer in
existence are marked with a *.
A, 1869.
Adair, 1863, William Adair, nurseryman and lantl-
owner.
*Apple I'ie, 1 860, so called because it was so short,
being, as was said, " not bigger than a piece of apple
pie."
Abbott, 1835, James Abbott, old citizen, third
postma.ster of Detroit, etc.
Atwater, 1828, Reuben Atwater, Secretary t)f
Miciiiv^.m Territory. The street is literally <?/ -a'atcr,
as it lies next to the river.
*Alexander (Chene Farm), 1 857, Alexander Fraser,
land-owner.
Alexander (Stanton Farm), 1852, Christian name
of son of Cieiieral Henry Stanton.
Alexandrine Avenue, 1863, Alexandrine M. Wil-
lis, wife of B, Cam|5au, land-<jwner
Antietam, 1867, from battle of Antietam in war
with the South.
Alfred, 1869, Alfred E. Brus' , .son of E. A.
Brush.
Alfred (Springwells), 1883, second son of Moses
W. Field; he died in May, 1882.
Adelaide, 1853, Adelaide, wife of Elijah Brush.
*Adams, 1875, T. K. Adams, land-ov.tier.
Adams .Avenue, 1807, John Adams, second Presi-
dent of the United States.
''.Arch, 1852, Arch McLean, friend of Albert
Crane.
Ann, 1853, Ann, wife of F. J. B. Crane, land-
owner.
Ash, 1856, a tree indigenous to Michigan.
Audrain. 1873, Peter Audrain, Secretary of Cov-
ernor and Judges sitting as a Territorial Legisla-
ture, also Clerk of Courts.
.Albert (Springwells), 1871, Albert Bushey, son
of Joseph Bushey, land-owner.
Albert (Springwells), 1884, Albert M. Barthol-
omew, land-owner.
Aurelia, 1857, Aurelia Cutler of Warren, Massa-
chusetts, friend of W. B. Wesson.
Amsterdam, 1870, after old city of Holland.
Antoinette Axenue, 1870, Antoinette Mandle-
baum, wife of S. Mandlebaum.
.Army .Avenue, 1874, .Artillery Avenue, 1869, in
honor of the soldiers at For, Wayne.
Arndt, 1881, Henry .Arndt. land-owner.
Archer iVveiuie, 1883, maiden name of friend of
Mrs. John C, Williams,
Atkinson Avenue, 1883, W. F. Atkinson of De-
troit.
Arthur Avenue, 1884, after President Chester A.
Arthur.
B, 1869.
Beaubien, 1835, Lambert Beaubicn, land-owner,
.soldier in War of 1812; he had great influence
among the Indians,
1 Copyright, 1884, by Silas Karmet.
[937]
9:.8
S'rKi:i:i' \,\mi:s, and tiii'.ir ouicix.
lirij^adr, 1^75, tiuTc is a bii^ailc nl sin-cls wiih
military nanus luai" I'oii Wayne.
Iioston, 1 870, after lioslon, Massaeluisetts.
liiilieuiian Avenue, i.S7(), after ISolieniia in ( iur-
maiiy, hiriliplaeii <if S. Mandlebauni.
lliuler Avenue, 1^73, Milton 11. iUitler, laiu!-
owner.
r.iilil .\\<'iine, i(S(.7, C. II, liiilil, okl eili/.en ,nul
laml-owner.
llrevoort I'lare, i.Sfx;, M.ijor II. IS, lirevoort, with
I'erry at \iet()ry on Lal<e Ijie.
r>risti)l I'lai-e, iiSfjy, Charles I,. I'.ristnl, sim-iii-iaw
of Coininodoi'c Hrevoort.
liaker, i.S;;5, Colonel Daniel iiaker, l'. S, A., at
lUitterniU, iH^fi. a tree in(li;.;enons to this re;.;ion. one time sl.itioned at Detroit.
lieeeh, iS;/", ,1 fori'st tree of .Miehii,Mn. » Heaeon, 1^41), iianu'd by Albert Crane from a
lieeeh (.S|)i-ini;\vi'lls), 1S84. A eari'less repetition street in Uoslon wherein; attended eollet;c.
of the name of a city street.
Ileeeiier, 1S57, Henry Ward lieceher.
Heeeher I'laee, iSCx;, Henry Ward iiet'eher.
ISry.int. 1.S57. Mrs. liryant of Tetersham, Mass.,
aunt of W. 15. Wesson.
ISeiilah. 1857, L.'ind of ISeulah in '• I'ilj^rim's I'ro-
uress."
Ihiehanan, i<S56, James iiuehanan, elected Presi-
dent that vi'ar.
lU'.ird .\ venue, iiS'')7, ( ;eorv;e i'>e,i)'d, land-owner.
Iiates, 1S31, ['"redcriek liates, one of t'lrst teri'i-
torial judi;'es.
I Sen lu'lel .\ lley, I 83 5, 1 ienry I lerl helet, land-( iwner.
lleaufait, 1.S72, l.ouis lie.uif.iit, old resident.
liralshaw, 1.SS2, J. !'.. 11. lir.usliaw, land owniir.
liellevue- Avenue, i.S^S, fi-om the view it affords
of Helie Isle.
llelle Isle Avt'uue, from the isl.and lyini;' opposite
lireekenridi^e, 1.S56, JohnC. r>reekenridi.;e, elected the street.
\'ice-l'i-esidcnt that ye.ar. liarcLiy I'l.iee, 187^', Willi.am llarel.ay, old ciii/en,
Huslii'y. i.S^8, Joseph liushev, land-owner. land-owner.
15riji(ham, 1852. middle name of W. V>. Wesson. Hrandon Avenue, 1882, .-ifur Calvin C. I'.i-.indon.
ISeck, 1876, Charles (i. Heck, lanil-owut'r. ISoone, 1884, n.imed after the noted Kentucky
iiuena \'ist;i, 1857, American victory at lUu'na pioneer.
\'ista, Mexico, 1847. C, i8(')9.
lirainard. i8C)C), M.artha I'lrainard Spencer, wife of Crawford, 1S52, I''rruicis Cr.iwford, old citi/en ruid
(i.'ueial Josejjh Spencer and }.;randmotlK'r of Mrs.
(governor Cass.
+ nianche, 1871, P.lanche, dauj,dUer of R. S. Willis.
Hrady, 1857, Cieneri' Ilu.i^h Brady, United Slates
.Army, for manv years stationed at Detroit.
Ihush. 1828, II. \. lirush of lirush Farm.
ISrush Ax'enue (Sprin;^wells), 1S73, E. A. Hrush of
lirush I'arm.
Benton, 1854, Thomas 11. Benton, statesm.ui of
Missouii.
Brewster, 1850, Mr. Brewster of Boston, friend of
Albert Crane.
Biilwell, 1854, Bid well Mdwards, friend of 1'.
T recent.
Bellair, 1854, Oliver Bellair, land-owni'r.
Berlin, 1869, Berlin, CiiTmany.
real estati; dealer.
Campaii (Sprinii^wells), 18^13, J. B. C;uni);ui, land-
owner.
C;uni)au Kn.ul, 1874, I'.mily Cimp.'ui, land-owner.
Con.ant Ro.id, 1840, Shubael C'on.mt, old ciii/.en.
Chase, 1860, Thomas Chase, l.uul-owner.
'•'Chase, 1871, believet! to ha\e been intended as
Crane Street, and ri'corded by mistake as Chase.
Concord .\venue, 1877, conimemonites the revo-
lutionary battle.
Conj^'ress, 1827, in honor of the Coi^^ress of 1826,
which ).{;ave llu' Military Resi-rve throui^h which the
street is laid.
Cl.nrk Avenue, 1867, John 1'. CLirk, l.uid-owner.
Cross, 1835, a short cross-street.
Clinton, 1835, De Witt Clinton, Covernor of New
Berlin .\vemie (Sprinnwells), 1873, Fretleriek Ber- \'ork,
lin, land-owner. Cro^han, 1S35, Colonel deor^e Crov;h.in, ;it one
Barkiune, 1873, l"li B.irkinne, land-owner. time in eomm.and of Detroit.
Ba.n'i;', 1854, A. S. ISa^'n', l.ind-owner. Catharini', 1835, C.ith.arine Mullett, dau,i;hier <if
ik'thune, 1881, maiilen name of Mrs. ("icorj^c John Mullett.
Dutlield, D. D. Crane Avenue, \'c,()6, Alliert Crane, land-owner.
Baldwin I'laee, \SjC), in honor of H. I'. ISaldwin, Cliurch, 1858, Ciovernor Woodbridv;'c ,i;'ave the lot
ex-(iovernor of Michigan. for St. I'eter's Fpiseop.il Cliurch situated on this
Baldwin .\venue ( Ilrmitranick), 1855, l.yman street, ;ind it was therefore called Chiu'ch Street.
Baldvin, father-in-law of W. B. Wesson. Clifford, 1835, named by John Farmer on his tlrst
Baldwin Avenue (Sprinj^wellsi, 1881, Com. r>ald- published map of 1835. Thomas Cliff h;itl kept a
win of New York, friend of Demini;' J.irves. tavern for m.iny years on west siile of Wcjodw.ard
Bronson, 1850, m.iideii name of mother of F.J. Avenue, just above what is now Clilford Street, and
1')., Walter, and Albert Cnme, his house was the only one in that vicinity. A
iuhl, 1)1(1 (ili/A'ii and
II. r.. liivvdort, witli
1,. Ilristnl, sDii-in-Iaw
1 r.akcr. r. S. A., at
UlxTt Craiir from a
i(li'(l colk'i;!'.
.; Urard, lancl-iiwnur.
js, one of first ttrii-
r.rnlulrt.laiiil-owiKT.
lit, old resident.
Iralshaw, land owner,
in the view it affords
: island lyinv,^ opposite
n i.art'lay, <ild cili/en,
■r Calvin C. llrandon.
the noted Keiitneky
iwford, old citizen and
]. J. 11. fanipau, land-
Campan, land-owner,
el C"onant. old eili/.eii.
•, land-owner,
lave been intended as
mistake as Chase.
meinorates the i\'vo-
the. Coiv..;ress of 1S26,
■ve throii.L;h which the
C'lark. land-owner,
iret't.
Ion, ( loxernor of New
op^e Cro;<han, at one
Mnllett, (luM^hler of
t Crane, land-owner,
todhridi^e ,'.;-avc the lot
inreh situated on this
led Church Street,
nn l'"arnu'r on his first
mias Cliff had kept a
St side of Woodward
)W Clifford Street, and
in that vicinity. A
STRF.F.r XAMF.S, AND THEIR ORIGIN.
939
I
branch of May's Creek tlien crossed Woodward
Avenue just south of this tavern, and in the sprini;
of the year the water was (jiiite deep, hence Cliff's
ford, or Clifford.
Ced.ar, iS(>2. fmin Ced.ar Street, New ^'ork.
Ced.-ir (Sprin;;wellsi. 1SH4, has no speci.al si'.;-nili-
cance.
Chestnut, if^j''), a fa\drite tree, but not numerous
in Michin-.-m.
Cheri'y, iS;/); Cirosse rointe, near Detroit, is cele-
br.iti'd for the (in.ilily and i|uantity of <'herries there
thrown.
Clit/., I'Sj/, M.'iry IV, sister of Cleneral Henry 11.
Clit/., r. S. .\.
Celia, 1.S57, Clirisii.m name of Mrs. W. 11. Wes-
son's sister.
*Circns, i«S44, from its p.issiny; .irouiid thedr.md
C'irciis i'.ark.
H'hii'.i^o Roa<I, 1SJ7, This road was laid out
by ( io\crnment fiom Detnjit to Chicai^^o.
""Ci'inetery (Sixth W.irdi, 1.S64, o|)ened through
a part of the old Cenu-tery,
Cadillac .\vcnue (ilamtramck), 1876, C;ulill.ic
(Sprin,i.;wellsi, iS.So, Antoine de la Molhe Cadillac.
Carter Avenue, 1.S75, D.aniel Carter, l.uid-owner. foiiiuKr of Detroit,
Coe, 1876, .S. S. Coe, land-owner. Cav.ilry Avi'iuie, Cadet Avenue, i<S73, in honor
Ciilumbi.a. 1.S35, named by J(ihii R. Willi;inis, fmni of soldiers at l''ort W.ayne.
a strei-l in .Mb.any, New ^'ork, on whiih he had lived. Crystal Street, iSS:;, because of a j.dass factory
Columbus, i''^73, Christopher Columbus. located near it.
Clay, 1S53, Henry CLiy, the Ki'iitiicky st.itesm.ui. Cr.i\en .Avenue, 1S.S3, maiden name of Mrs.
Centr.al Avenue, 1S73, runs ihrou'^h the centre of John C. Willi.ams.
a c-ert.iin tnict. Custer, iScS^, in Iioudi- of ( im. ( '.. .\. Custer.
Center, 1S35, from its Idc.atidii between twn main Charles J., 1S83, after Charles !■:. Jenkins, of
avenues.
Calhoun, 1S54, John C, Calhoun, the South Caro-
Iin;i nullilier .and st.alcsman.
Ch.arlotte, 1854, Charlotte Hart Saxton, afterwards
Mrs. Colonel K. S. Sibley.
'•= Ch.arlotte (Tenth Wardl, 1S67, (.'h.irlotte I'almcr,
ni<'ce of Thomas i'.almcr.
C.antield Strei't, i87(j, Canlicld .\\-enue, 18^7,
Coloiu'l C.antii'ld, son-in-law ol ( 'iiner.il Cass.
Charles, 1853, Charles, brother of !•'. J. 11. Crane,
l.md-owner.
Ch.arles Avenue, 1882, .after Charles .\. C.ampau,
son of .M, A. C.ampau.
Chene, 1S57, Ci.abriel Cheiie, l.and-owner.
Collins, i860, William Collins, biilcher .and l.and-
owner.
C'ommonwt'aith .Avenue. i87''i, in honor of the
city as ,a bodv politic, .and sm;v;esiive of the !'eii;n
of Oliver Cromwell.
Cutler, 1852, niiddk: n.ame of W. 11. Wesson's
oldest brother.
Cicotte .Avenue. 1873. !•'. V. Cicotte. l.and-owner.
Ch.andler, 1S81. Z. Chandler, United St.ates Sen.i-
tor from Miehi^.an.
Caroline, 1857, Caroline Cutler, of il.ardwick,
M.ass., friend of W. 11. Wesson.
Clippert Avenue, 1873, Conr.ad Clippert, l.and-
owner.
* Campbell, 1868. Colin Campbell, l.and-owner.
Detroit.
D. .873.
Dr,ai;(>on, 1876, milit.ary n.ame.
Detroit, 1852, from the French, sii^nifyin;; the
sir.ait on which the city is located.
Dred, 1857, n.amed from the I )red Scott Case, in
which .a decision w.as rendered th.at year by Jndv;e
'I'.aney.
Deverau.x, iSjCt, John C Desenuix, of I'tica, N.
v., connected with the Willi.ams f.amily.
Dennis, 1873, Dennis J. Camp.au, l.and-owner.
Dubois, 1857, James Dubois, l,and-o\\ nei\
Dix Ro.ad. 1842, John Dix, one of the e,irli<st
.settlers in the county.
D.aveiiport, 1869, Couis D,aven|)ori. l.and-owner.
D.alzell, 1855, Capt.ain Henry D.al/.ell or Dalyell.
killed .at li.atile of llloody Rim in r7''i3.
Dullield, 1853, Rev. C.eorije Dutlicid, l.and-ow in r.
Division. 1850, on line between lands of Cr.ane \:
Wesson and \'an Dyke.
Drii,'sj;s, 1881, F, !■'.. Drii^^j^s, land-owner.
Davis .Avenue, 1875, '•"•' D.avis, l.and-owiur.
Dry Dock, 1875, from the old Dry Dock near
by.
De.arborn Ro.ad. 1828, leads to vill.av^e of Dear-
born, n.amed after Cicner.al 1 lenry Dearborn, l'. S. A.
Dec|uindre, 1850, Major .\ntoine Deciuindre,
Land-owner and i)rominent in W.ar of 181 2.
Dickinson, 1857, Moses F. Dickin.son, I.and-
Cami)bell Avenue (Sprinnwells), 1880, Judt^e owner.
J.ames V. Campbell, of Suiireme Coitrt of State *Dudley, 1858, Dudley R, Woodbrid.i^e, land-
Connor riace, 1881, Maurice Connor, l.and-owner. owner.
Cass, 1827, (Governor Lewis Ca.ss. second C.ov- *D,avidson, 1S57. Ale.x.ander D.avid.son. old ciii-
emor of Miehiir.an Territorv. '^i'"'
Christi.ancy. 1881. 1. 1'.' Christi.incy, Jud.^e of Dey Avenue. 1881, A. II. Dey. banker and land-
Supreme Court of Michigan. owner.
940
STREKT NAMKS. AND THHIR OK I C, IN.
Doyle, 1882, Michael Doyle, l;iiul-()\\ IK r. I'laiik, 1S57, Frank Mann, son of owmr of pari
Dane, 1884, in honor of Nathan Dane, the usually of tlu' laud,
accredited author of the Ordinance of 1787. I'edcral, 1872, an old parly name, also ,-ipplic(l to
K, 1873. Iaji;hth, 1856. l-'.levi'iith, 1867. Kigh- the I'niled Stales (Jovernmenl.
teeiith, 1867. Kiyhteeinh-and-a-half, 1867. Tullon, 1853, from Fulton Street, New Ndrk.
FLIisaheth, 1835, I'lisahelh Willi.iins, afterwards I'"ather, 1872, this certainly is a family nanie.
Mrs. Colonel John Winder. Ferdinand, 1874, Ferdinand Williams, son of
Klisaheth (Sprin.ifwells), 1868, Fllisabelh, wife of John R.Williams.
Josepii liushey. I'"ield, 1S80. Moses W. F'ield, jironiinent citizen.
I'^. L. Camp.iu, 1872, Fleanor L. Canipau, land- F.ihbri, 1857, after Mr. Fal)I)ri of .New Yovk,
owner. friend of C. E. Bresslcr, land-owner.
F'.llery, 1876, Fillery 1. Ci.artkld, then city comp- {■"arnuT, 1S35, John I'".armer, ;iuihor of llrst pub-
troller. lished maps of Terrilory, St.'ite, and City, and of tirsl
F'.lliot, 1 87 1, Fllliot H. r>rush, son of K. \. lirush. (la/.etteer.
F'.rskine. 1867, John Aski.i, ori^in.ally spelled Frs- Farrar, 1835, John Farrar, oUi citizen.
kine, father-i'i-law of Colonel ]•'.. ilrush.
F^dmund I'lace, 1867, Edmund, son of K. A.
Brush.
F:!lmwo(id Avenue, 1862, from the cemetery
which it i)asses.
Fllwood, 1873, S. D. F'.lwood. old citizen.
I'.lm, iSfSo, " Tall, i;raceful, and alone, the spread-
inj^ ehn tree stands."
Fldw.Lid. 1873. Fklward V. Cicotte. l.ind-owner.
F'ront, 1836, it is at the front, or next to the river.
F'rankl'u, 1S26, ISenjamin Franklin.
Frontenac, 1872, Count Frontenac. Oovcrnor-
Gener.il of New !•" ranee.
Foundry. 1857, leads to ihe foundry of the De-
troit liridi^e and Iron Works.
'"Eraser ((iuoin Farm), 1857, A. D. Fr.iser, land-
owner.
Florence, 1882, after Florence Patterson, daughter
Edwards, 1854, JJitlwell F^Kvards, friend of I'. Tre- of George A. Patterson.
F'ield, 1883, Mo.ses W. Field, land-owner.
(Irani, 1873, Oeneral U.S. Cirant, for two years
stationed in Detroit.
tiroul, 1 88 1, J. R. (irout, old citizen and land-
owner.
(luoin, 1835, Charles Cuoin, of (Uioin F'arm.
(iriswold, 1828, named by (iovernor Woodbridge
in honor of ( lOvernor Roger (^iriswold, of Connecticut.
dratiot Avenue, 1835, the road leads to Fort Cra-
tiot, near Port FUiron, and was named after Colonel
gent.
Flndicott Avenue, 1874, Charles llndicott, of New-
comb, Flndieott, iS: Company.
*EarI (Sixth Ward), 1838, A. i:.-irl Ilalhon, old
surveyor.
Flxcelsior Avenue, 1883. This was deemed an ex-
cellent name.
F. 1873.
Fort W, 1827, from Fort Shelby, which was de-
molished at the time this street was first opened.
Fort E, 1835, because in line with l'\)rt Street W. Chailes (iratiot of General Harrison's army.
Flora, 1877, Christian name of niece of John R. German, 1848, p.asses through the (ierman quar-
Willi ims. ter of the city.
F'irst, 1835. F'onrth, 1841. Fourth Avenue, 1873. Grand, 1855, from Grand Street, New York.
Fifth, 1835. F'ifth Avenue, 1876. Fourteenth Ave- Gregory Avenue, ii'8i, f.uiiily name of Mrs. Deni-
nue, 1S67. Fifteenth, 1867. Fifteenth-and-a-half, ing Jarves.
1867. Grand River, 1S35, the road as originally laid out
Frederick, 1857, Frederick F". Farnsworth, son of led to Grand Rapids on Grand River.
L. L. Farnsworth. (brandy Avenue, 1874, Levi Grandy, land-owner.
Farnsworth. 1857. I,. L. F'arnsworth, land-owner. Grand Junction, 1874, near the Grand Trunk K.
FYemont, 1857. John C. Fremont, candidate f(;r R. Junction.
Presidency in 1856. Grove, 1855, there was a gro\e near by when this
Forest, 1869, "This is the forest primeval." street was laid out.
Ferry, 1874, De.xter M. F'erry, seed-merchant. Granville Place, 1873, from Grand River Street,
*I'"rancis (Tenth W^'ird), 1857, Francis Trask,
friend of Mrs. Thomas Palmer.
Frances, 1S61, Christian name of sister of Mrs.
W. 15. Wesson.
Francis (Stanton Farm), 1852, jofiven name of son
of General Henry Stanton.
Fox, 1857, red fo.xes were quite plentiful in this
region.
to which it extends.
Gilbert Avenue, 1873, George W. Gilbert, old
citizen.
Gold, 1855, from Gold Street, New ^■ork.
*George, 1850, after George V. N. Lothrop and
George Dulfield, who united in opening this street.
George, 18S4, George Zender, son of Mrs. Flenry
Zender, land-owner.
son of owner of part
name, also ajiplitd lo
trcct, New \ink.
is a family name.
u\ Williams, son of
I, prominent citizen.
abhri of New York,
)wner.
-, auihor of first piib-
. and City, and of I'irst
old citizen.
it, or next lo tin; river.
ranklin.
•"rontcnac, (iovirnor-
ic foundry of the De-
7, A. 1>. Fraser, I.md-
ce Patterson, daughter
d, land-owner,
("•rant, for two ye.ars
old citizen and land-
of (luoin Farm,
'lovernor Wocxlbridge
swokl, of Connecticut,
oad leads to Fort C.ra-
s named after Colonel
prison's army,
gh the (ierman quar-
1
itreet, New York.
y name of Mrs. Deni-
as origin.'illy laid out
[1 River.
i Cirandy, land-owner.
the Cirand Trunk K.
ove near by when this
,1 Crand Kivi'r Street,
orge W. C.ilbert, old
cet, New "S'ork.
\' V. N. Lothrop and
111 opening this street.
t r, son of Mrs. Henry
STKFKT NAMKS, AND TIIFIR 0R1(]1N,
941
!
Georj,na, 1857, from the State of (jeorpia.
('.rillitli Avenue, 1874, T. H. (IriKith, land-
owner.
(ireenliekl .Vveiuie, 1873, from its location in the
town of Cireenlield.
C.reen Avenue, 1873, Andrew C, Green bought
the first lot at corner of this avenue and Iloklen
Road.
Gilman, 1861, Mary Gilman, maiden name of
mother of General Cass.
(loldner Avenue, 1877, Charles Goldner, land-
owner.
*Godfrey Avenue, 1864, Peter (Godfrey, land-
owner.
(jarfield, 1882, our second martyr President.
Grilfin, 18S4, the name of the first sail vessel on
the Fakes.
Hudson Avenue, 1881, Mrs. Sarah F. Hudson,
land-owner.
Holbro(;k Road, 1SG7, ]). C. Holbrook, land-
owner.
Hesse, 1875, maiden name of ^b•s. F. R. Pohle,
land-owner.
Holden Avenue, 1828, led to farm of Theodore
G. Holden, .'in old settler.
Harper Avenue, 1874, Walter Harper, founder of
Harper Hospital.
Herbert, 1874, Herbert Grain, son of Horatio
Grain.
Horatio, 1874, Horatio Crain. land-holder.
Havens, 1S57, Mr. R. Havens of New York, friend
of W. B. Wesson.
Hendrie, 1874, George Hendrie, land-owner.
Hancock, 1869, John Hancock, President of Con-
tinental Congress.
*Helen, 1872, Helen, wife of P. Tregent, land-
owner.
Hubbard Boulevard, 1876, Bela Hubbard, land-
owner.
Hazel, 1857, a nut-bearing shrub abundant in
Wayne County.
Hastings, 1S26, F. P. Hastings, old citizen.
Humboldt Avenue, 1866, Haron Humboldt, the
great German scholar and scientist.
Hale, 1854, John P. Hale, abolition candidate for
Presidency the year this street was laid out.
Heidelberg, 1869, city on the Neckar, Ger-
many.
Hammond Avenue, 1873, George H. Hammond,
land-owner.
Flarvey, 1880, John Harvey, one of the original
owners of the land.
Huron, 1836, from Huron tribe of Indians.
Harrison Avenue, 1868, William Henry Harrison,
President of United States, and our governor under
Indiana Territory.
High, 1852, in going up Woodward Avenue there
is a perceptible rise in the ground at this point ; it is
literally High Street.
Henry, 1853, General Henry H. Sibley, son of .Sol-
omon Sibley, land-owner.
*llenry (Ninth Ward), 1852, Henry .Stanton, son
of General Henry Stanton.
Howell, 1871, so named from its nearness to De-
troit, Howell, X: Fansing R. R.
Harriett, 1835, Harriett Houghton, wife of Dr.
Houghton.
Howard, 1835, Colonel Joshua Howard, F. S. A.
Hennepin. 1855, Father Louis Hennci)in, an eariy
French traveler in this region.
Hussar Avenue. 1876, an army name bec.iuse .so
near Fort Wayne.
Hudson .Vvenue, 1882, F. W. I (iidson, land-owner.
Hibbard Avenue, 1883, Hibbard Baker. I.uid-
owner.
Ilolcomb Avenue, 1883, Henry W. Holconib,
land-owner.
Harbaugh, 18S4, I), i;. Harixuigh, old citizen.
Horton, 1883, after Joseph I). Horton, land-owner.
Infantry Avenue, 1874, army name, near Fort
Wayne.
Indian Avenue, 1856. This street crossed a ridge
which abounded in Indian graves.
Ives Avenue, 1857. Albert Ives, land-owner.
low.'i, 1855, Iowa tribe of Indians.
Illinois, 1857, Illinois tribe of Indians.
Irving, 1853, Washington Irving, the noted author.
Indiana, 1S57, from Indiana, whose jurisdiction
Detroit was under for a time.
Ingersoll, 1873, Walter Ingersoll, old citizen.
Julia, 1873, Christian name of wife of Walter
Ingersoll.
Jane, 1857, Christian name of friend of W. B.
Wesson.
Johnston Avenue, 1857, John W. Johnston, land-
owner.
Joy, 1866, James F. Joy, old citizen.
John Fdgar, 1880, one of the original owners of
the Crane or Reeder Farm.
John R., 1835, John R. Williams, kirge land-owner
and prominent citizen.
John C, 1 87 1, John C. Williams, land-owner.
Jay, 1840, John Jay, once Chief Justice of the
United States.
Jones, 1852, De (jarmo Jones, once mayor of
Detroit, owner of Jones Farm.
Jefferson Avenue, 1807, Thomas Jefferson, third
President of the United States.
Joseph Campau Avenue, 1869, Joseph Campau,
old settler and prominent citizen.
Joe, 1875, Joe, youngest son of Joseph Bushey,
land-owner.
Jerome Avenue, 1882, Franklin H. Jerome, land-
owner.
942
STREET iNAMES, AND THEIR ORIGIN.
JcroiiKi (Spriiigwi'lls), 1881, C'li'dij^c Jcnuiu', old
citi/un.
*JiilicUc, 1851, Julia, ilaii,v;lU(,T of Tlioiiias I'alnH'r.
* James. 1851, James Walsoii, nepliew of 'I'liiimas
Palmer.
*Jii|Mter, 18G2, so named as an exclamation of
surprise and ilisapproval beeause the parties who
had a,iL(ret'd to ^ive the; west half of the street were
not eonsulted as to the name, "Chene." which was
given to it by the owner of the land on the east
side.
Kanady, 1874, S. C. Kanady, laiul-owner.
Kentucky, 1857, in lionnr of the State which so
grc'itly aided Michi)j;an in the War of 181J.
Kinsman, 1875, Thomas Kinsman Adams, land-
owner.
Kearsley Avenue, 1S73, Major Jonathan Kears-
Icy, ollicer in War of 1812, mayor of Detroit, etc.
Kirby, 1876, CiL'orjre Kirby, okl citizen.
Kanter, 1884, Edward Kanter, banker.
Koch Avenue, 1884, Christian Koch, land-owner.
Leland, 1857, Dr. A. L. Lekuul, fricnil of LYane
iV Wesson.
i.ansiniLi', '^74. I-ansinvr, tlic capil.il of Michigan.
Lincoln Avenue, 1871, l.intoln A\cnue (llam-
tramek), 1875, Abraham Lincoln, I'resident of the
United States.
Lysander, 1852, name of younger brother of W.
B. Wesson.
Lovett Avenue, 1S75, \V. E. Lovell, formerly of
Scotten iS: Lovett.
Louisa, 1865, Christian name of friend of W. B.
Wesson.
Lauderdale, 1881, Dr. E. Lauderdale, friend of
Walter Crane.
Livernois, 1872, Frant'is Livernois, old citizen.
Lola, 1873, Lola, daughter of Lyman Baldwin,
old citizen.
Linden Court, 1857, from its connection with Lin-
den Street.
Linden, 1856, one of our forest trees.
Laurel, 1857, a shrub.
Locust, 1836, formerly a favorite shade tree in
Detroit.
Lcavitt, 1873, A. E. Leavitt, land-owner.
Ledyard, i860. Colonel Henry Ledyard, .son-in-
law of Governor Cass, and mayor of Detroit.
Leonard Avenue, 1S75, Rev. R. H. Leonard,
father of Mrs. David Carter.
Lambie Place, 1869, Frank Lambie, old citizen.
Lady's Lane, 1880, this street lies near Swain's
Avenue. " Every swain is supj)osed to have a lady-
love, and if he lived on Swain's Avenue, and if she
happened to live on this street, what name could be
more appropriate ?"
"r wu' evL-r thus the sighinj; sw.iiii
Would seek his love in Lady's Lane.
Lovers' L;ine, 1857, ;i f.ivoritc nuiting-pl.ice,
ye.irs ;igo, for lovcis old .and young.
Lcvcrett. 1838, Willi.im Leverett Wo<i(ll)ri(lge,
land-owner.
Lewis, 1854, Lewis Cass, governor ;ind senator.
Lexington Avenue, 1876, in honor of tlu: l)atllc of
Lt'xingtnn.
I-;if.iyetle Avenue, 1831, L;if;iyctte .Street, 1835,
i\L'iri|uis de Lafayette, who rendered oiu' country
such good service in revolulion.iry d.iys.
Larned, 1826, Genenil Charles Lamed, came with
army of C.cnenil Harrison in W.ir of 1812 ;in(l set-
tled ;il Detroit.
Leib, 1863, Judge John I.. I.eib, l.ind-owner.
Lorman Avenue, 1875, C. A. Lornian, l.-md-
owner.
Labrosse, 1835, Uominic L.ibrosse, of Labrosse
f.irm.
Ludden, 1870, N. T. Ludden, old citizen.
"•"Liberty, 1855, from Liberty Street New York,
where \b's. Cramp's broilur w;is in business.
*Linil)urg, 1863, Is.ibcll.i Roest \'on Limburg,
tlaughterof Governor C.i; s.
*Lafferty, 1855, Clement L.iffcrty, l.iud-owner.
" Lafontainc Avenue, 1855, l^'nuKjois L.ifontaine,
of Lafontaine Farm.
•''La Salic Avenue. 1855. f.a Salle Avenue (Spring-
wells), 1880, .'iflcr the I''rench explori'r, Robert
Cavelier La S.illc, who built the tirst s.iiling vessel
on the l.ikes in i(>7').
'"Lyell .\veiuie, 1857, James L. Lyell, banker and
land-owner.
Langley Street, 1882, W. H. Langley, member of
BoardOf'Public Works.
Lewerenz, 1883, F. C. Lewerciiz, land-owner.
Louis Avenue, 1883, after son of J. L. Miner, l.ind-
owner.
Lothrop Avenue, 1883, after C. \'. X. Lolhrop.
AL'idison Avenue, 1807. J.imes Matlison, fourth
President of the United States.
Monroe Avenue. 1807, James Monroe, fifth Presi-
dent of the United States.
Meldrum, 1857, George Meldrum, of Meldrum
Farm.
Military Avenue, 1869, from nearnes;- to Fort
Wayne.
Ab'ami Avenue, 1807, Miami tribe of Indians.
Mechanic, 1852, because laid out with design of
supplying chea]) lots to laborers.
Minnie, 1875, name of wife of C. F. Campau.
Macomb, 1835, in honor of the Macomb family,
who were among the e.arliest ICngiish settlers.
\Lacomb Avenue, 1807, General Alexander Aba-
comb, for many years stationed at Detroit and after-
wards commander-in-chief of the U. S. Army.
Mullett, 1835, John Mullett, old surveyor and
land-owner.
I, rite mi'i'tin«;-pl''""'''
n'crctl Wnddljiiil.^L',
iviTuiir ;mil suiiaKir.
liouor of ilu' batllc nf
afayi'tti' Strci-t, 1835,
L'luk'riil our loiintry
ary days.
|i.'S l.ariK'tl.fanu: will)
War of 1812 and sct-
.(.■il), laiid-DWiur.
J. A. l.iiniiaii, laiid-
Lal)r()ssc, of Labrosse
■n, oldi-itizcn.
rty Siri-'ci Ni'W York,
■;is in l)usincss.
K(i(.st Von l.iiulnirj,'.
.afferty, laiul-owiHr.
FraiK'ois Lafontainc,
aSalK' Avi'iuuMSpriiix-
L'luli uxplorrr, KdhcTt
; the first sailing vessel
;s
L. Lycll, banker and
1. Lanijley, member of
erenz, land-owner,
sonof J.l- Miner, land-
er (".. V.N. Lolhrop.
James Madison, fourth
es.
IK'S Monroe, tiflh I'resi-
Meldrum, of Meklriim
[rom nearness, to Fort
[mi tribe of Indians.
[laid ont with desiijn of
lorers.
(fe of C. F. Campau.
lof the Macomb family.
1st Knslish settlers,
heneral Alexander Ma-
iled at Detroit antl after-
of the U. S. Army.
STKF.KI" NAMKS. AND TIIF.IR OKKilN.
9^^
lUett, old surveyor
and
Martiuelle, I1S55, i'.iliur J.u (iius M,ir(|iKlUMarly Maple, 1840, a shade tree for wliii li Iklrmt is
Jisuit missionary .and explon r, noted.
M.ininleiie, iSf»S, m.iidt n ii.inie of Mrs. I'eler .Mulberry, 1857, a reminder of the excitement of
(i<idfroy. many years a.i;o over the prospccti\e loriunes to be
Middle, 1835, lies in the middle of two avenues. made by ,^'rowin,i( the irecs and raisinj.; cocoons; the
Mother, 1 87 J. This street \ery |>ropeily lies side mulberry was once plentiful in this region,
by sidi' with l'",itlier .Street. Myrtle, 1856, ,in everjureeii lloweriny: shrub.
Miner .\veniie, 1875, J, I.. \lin( r, Lind-owmr. .Mor.m, 1855, Charles Moran, land-owner.
Marion, 1850, M.irioii I'orsyili, liimd of .Mbi rl '.Maria, 1852, n.inie of sister of W. I >. Wesson.
Cr.ine. Miller, 1854, J. F. .Miller, land-owner.
M.ick, 1855, John M. M.uk, old settler and Lmd- .Markey, 1873, Christian Markey, land-owner,
owner. M.irk, 1857, Mark Howard, of I l.-uilmd, friend
Montc.ilm, 1835, the, I'rench i^eneral. Mar(|iiis de of \V. li. Wesson.
.Montc.ilin. who w.is killed .11 the battle of (Hiebcc iMedbury, 1878, S. Medbury, l.iiid-owner.
in 1759.
,Michii(;in .\\i'iiiie. 1831, Mieliii^an ( n-aiul .\vemie,
1807. (iert.ainly ;ui ,ippro|)ri,iie ii.iiik' in the nieirop-
olis of the Si.ite.
Morse, 1836, S. li. .Mcjrse, okl ciii/.eii and l.iiul-
owiier.
Moore y\veniie, 1881, Joseph !>. Moori', land-
owner.
Merrick, 1857, Rev. J. M. Merrick, of I l.irdwick,
M.iss., the n.itive town of W. li. Wesson.
Mary Mott, 1877, .Mary .Mott, niece of Mrs. J.
R. Willi.anis.
Mott .Avenue, 1876, John T. .Mott, land-owner.
Messmore Road, 1832, Mr. Messmore w.is an old
settler.
Morton, 1880, Mrs. Maria Wesson Morton, wife
*.Micliipicoten, 1861;, .ifter .Miehipiinteii liay on of J. D. Morton, of lio.ston, Mass., friend of W. li.
Lake .Superior, wlu-re J. W. Johnston had a l.ir^e Wesson.
landed interest.
Marcy, 1852, Mru'y M;iri y of drcH'tiwieh, M;i.ss,,
friend of W. 1!. Wesson.
.Mt. Hope Avenue. 1857, l.iid out in the year of
the panic with the hope <jf better times.
Mt. Flliott Avenue, 1861, from the cenielery
whii'h it passes.
Mitchell Avenue. 1875, Mrs. V.. \. Mitchell, grand-
daughter of 1). Camp.iu.
M.'iybury .\\eiuie, 1866, Thomas Mas bury, l.uid-
owner.
Martin .Avenue,'- 1878, Stephen M.irtin, old citi-
zen.
* .Mont,!.foinery .Avenue, 1855, Cieiienil Rich.ird
Monti(omery, killed in the attack on Quebec, I )e( em-
ber 31, 177;.
Milwaukee Avenue, 1882. leads toward Milwaukee
Junction.
Marston Court, 1884, Isaac Marslon, former
Jutli,'e of Su[)reme Court.
•= Ninth .Avenue, 1876. Nineteenth, 1867.
.N;ill .Avenue, 1874, Charles J. N.all, l.ind-owner.
Noble, 1870, Charles W. Noble, land-owner.
*Noyes, 1852, William R. Noyes, old citizen.
Street named by W. li. Wesson.
Newberry, 1880, John S. Newberry, of Michigan
Margaret, 1857, Christian name of Mrs. Charles Car Works. Street named by Walter Crane.
L. Ilurd.
Maiden Lane, 1836, from Maiden Lane. .New
York City, in 1836 a leading wholesale street.
Mcdraw .Avenue, i88u, Thomas .McCiraw, land-
owner.
^''McCune .Avenue, 1878, J.imes N. M. .McCuiie,
land-owner.
McClellan Avenue, 1876, Cenend (ieorge 11. Mc-
Clell.-ui, U. S. A.
McDougall Avenue, 1868, (ieorge McDougall,
early settler and sheriff.
.McMill.-in, 1880, James McMillan, of Michigan
Car Works. Street named by NValter Crane.
McCiinnis, 1878, Patrick McC.innis, land-owner.
National .Avenue, i8C)8, suggests its own origin.
Napoleon, 1857 a truly approi)riate name in a city
founded by the Frencli.
Norton, 1873, Norton I'. Otis, of Vonkers, friend
of W, li. Wesson.
* North, 1S40, from its location just north of
dratiot Road.
Orleans, 1854, decidedly French, and recalls the
Maid of Orleans.
Ottawa, 1855, after the Ottawa tribe. ( w;i is
the Algon(|uin word for trader.
Ohio, 1855, our neighboring State, and first one
fi)rmed from the Northwest Territory.
Otis, 1873, Norton P. Otis, friend of W. 15.
McKinstrv, 1875, Major O. P. McKinstry, of U. Wesson.
S. Army. ' Orchard, 1836. "Methinks there is the smell of
McLean, 1862, Arch AIcLean, friend of Albert apple-blossoms."
Crane. *Orange, 1855. "Oranges and orange-blossoms,
Magnolia, 1862, a favorite southern tree. fragrant and fair."
044
srRi;i:r namks. and iiii:ik okic.in.
♦Oak, \X\(i, .1 iiiMiiuUr of tin- "u.ik ii|uiiiiijL;s" I'arkir Aviiiiic, iiS;'), TIkiim.i^ A. I'.irkd, l.iiul-
for wliiili llio Slatr was nolnl. owner.
t )aklcv, 1S57, lli'iiiy A. Oakli'v. nf New Ndrk, I'imiI, iK^^ finm I\miI Stri'd, New York.
Iiifiul <if W. II. \\i>s(tii. I'ltMsaiil, iSSi), SI) ii.imiil fidin tlic vu w it \nv-
OiUario. 1S57. Lake Ontario. .scniid. Wliilf luini; laid out cviTyboiiy sai<l,
Otto .\vcnin'. iS;;, Olio Wilu'r, son of lliiiry " What .1 jiiias.int stmt."
Wihir, i.uul-owiU'r.
*Ooi'ola, if^55, llii' cilclir.itril Sfiniiiolc cJiii'l' nl'
l''loii(l,i. .\li)iTt C'r.mc owind
Mii'llii,;,lll,
.mil iicir ()ccii|,i,
r.ilon, 1.S75, William I'.iton, l.irid-ow ncr.
I'liili;), 1M71;, riiilij) l'aMi|)aM. .son of l". 1''. C'ani-
jLUi, lainl-owncr.
I'oili'r, I'S.^i, .\nj;nsius S. I'lHtcr, senator fioni
Oaki.mil .\\-eiuie. 1.SS4, le.nls low.inls the i-oiinty iS.jc) lo iS.jj. Moses I'oiter, liisl .\ineri( .in e.ipi.iin
in Oetidit, took possession of post in 171/1.
M'orter Road. |S3_', ( leor.^e 1!. I'orter, one of the
territorial jLjoveriKirs,
MVter, 1.SC14, I'eter Ciodfioy, l.ind-owner.
M'rivale, \6(nj, orii;in,iily for jirivati- eonven-
of »)aklaiul.
I'reniiss .\\eniie, 1S7S, deor^^e I'reiitiss, l.ind-
owner.
Piquette .Avenue, 1876, .\nneli(|ue l'ii|uette,
ilau,i;iiter of l>. L'amp.iu.
• I'lyinouth .Avenue, 1875. part of road iiadiny; to ienee.
village of I'ivitioulh.
relou/.e, iSSo, Major L. 11. I'elou/e, fiiend of W.
I'.. Wesson, .\ssist,uit-.\iljutant (ieneral of l'. S.
.\rniy, st.itioned in Detroit for ni.uiy years.
I'reseott. 1805, W. II. I'reseott, liistorian.
*l'alnK'r. i8;,5, I'hoinas I'aliner. old eiti ';il
I'alnur .\\eiuie, 1874, 'riioinas W. Palmer, sen-
ator,
I'ii'rpont, 1853, n.uued by 1". J. 1>. fr.ine. after .1
street in .\ll),iny, New York.
I'litnani .\ venue, i8(>g. Israel I'utn.im. hero of
rcvolutioii.u\v f.ime, ami of the wolf st(ii-y, lure with
Hradstreot ui 1 7^4.
I'ontehartrain. 1868, |)erpetuates the first P'reneh
nanie of Detroit, so-ealled after Count I'ontehartrain.
I'kmi, 1836, wild plums were native to this region.
I'opl.ir, 1856, a shade tree whieh is no longer
popular.
I'ine, 1S36, a forest tri'e, an<l an abinid.uil souree
of wealth in Miehiv^an.
I'iteher, 1866, Dr. Zin.i I'iteher, an old eiti/.en and
e.\-n)ayt)r.
i'arsons, 1867, I'iii' ■ mis, land-owner.
reteri)oro, 1859,
town in N. H
I'ien e, 1S54, Franklin I'ieree, eleeied I'resideiil
tlu' ye,ir this stri'el was l,iid out.
I'eter Cooper, 18S3, the New N'urk phil.uuhro-
pist.
K.idemaeher, 1875, Joseph K.uk'in.trher, land-
owner.
Kivei" Ko;id, l8ij, runs .aloni;' m,ii\;in nf ri\<r.
Keeder, 1880, I'.dwin Reeder, laud-ow nr|-.
Roehm, 187J, Roehm family who l.iid out the
property.
Riopelie, 1850, Dominic Riopelle, nf Ki()[iel!e
I'arm.
Ronu'vn, 1S80, Theodore Komeyn, old eiti/.en.
Ranspaeh, 1876, John R.mspjich, I,ind-owner.
Rollin, 1873, Charles Rollin Otis of New Xnvk.
frienil of W. H. Wesson.
Rose, 1868, Rose Porter, youngest (l;uii;hler nf
Cio\ernor ( ieorije H. Porter.
Rej;iil;ir Avenue, 1875, from the Rei^ulars, ([uar-
tered at Fort Wayne.
Rowena, 1878, Rowena 1 Iiuit, wife of Alfred 1'..
Brush.
Randall, 1857. Mr. Rand.ill of New York, friend
/ James .Seoit, from the of C. 1'".. ISressler, land-owner,
s father. John, was born. Rowl.ind. 1835. Major 'rhom.is Rowlanil of th.'.
l^reston, i .u Preston, banker and land- War of 181 2. He held various public otlices.
t)W'ner. R;indoli)h, 1S28, John Randol[)h of Roanoke,
Perkins, 1880, Miss Mary P>aldwin Perkins, of \'irv;inia.
Warren. Ohio, relative of Mrs. W. B. Wesson. Rivard, 1833, Antoine Rivard, of Kivard Farm.
Plumer, 1873. S. A, Plumer, land-owner. Russell. 1835. William Russell, brother-in-law of
Prospect, 1847, named by S. 15. Morse. It was lien. Wood worth,
so far away from the city in 1847 that only pros- *Railroad, 1852, one end termin.ited ;il; the I). i.\:
pectively couki it l)e called a street. M. R. R.
Pallister Ro;id.i86o, Thomas Pallister. land-owner. Railway Avenue, 1880, riuis alongside the Cir.ind
Park Place. 1867. bounds West Park.
Trunk R. R.
♦Park (Ninth Ward). 1861. near Macomb Park. Rich Street, 1882, Charles A. Ric'.i, land-owner.
Park, 1835, from its starting place at Grand Reed Place. 1882, C.eorge W. Reed, land-owner.
Circus Park. Ross Avenue, 18S3, Walter Ross, Justice of the
Park Avenue. 1880, so-called from several small Peace,
parks laid out in center of the street. Rayiie, 1883, Mrs. M. L. Rayne, authoress.
as A. I'-ukiT, 1. 111(1-
;, Nrw \n\k.
111! ilu: vu V,- it pri'-
uii i'viTyl)n(ly said.
laiul-owiur.
soil (if C. l'". Caiii-
I'mtif, sciiatnr fi'Din
irst AMU'ii<aii captaiM
)i)sl in i7</i.
11, I'lilUT, dlU' iif tlu'
iaiiii-iiwiuT.
fdi- iiiivat<' ciinvcii-
(•(•, ilciicd I'rrsiili-nt
111.
lew N'dik pliilaiilhrn-
1 Kaiicinailu r, laiul-
iv;- niar>;in "i livcr,
'|-, laiui-<A\iu r.
lily wiiii laiil out tin;
J^iopi'iU', "f Kii'pi-l'a'
(inKAii, "Id citi/i'ii.
pac'li, land-iiwiiiT.
Ill Otis III' Ni'W N'lii'k,
yolllim'sl dail,i;l\trr "f
m the Ri'v;ulars, tiiiar-
liiit, wife of Aifrt'd 1'..
(if Ni'W York, fiii'iid
lonias Rowkmd of tli
loiis public otViccs.
|:ind()ipli of Roanoke,
l-ard, of Rivard Farm,
ksell, brother-in-law of
■nninated al the I). ^:
|s alon.^side the C.rand
A. Uie'.i, land-owner.
|\V. Reed, land-owner.
Ir Ross, Justice of the
STRKKT NA.Mi;s. AM) llli:iK OKK.IN.
i
Lyne, authoress.
';45
Slate, I.S35, named ihe ye.ir the Stair w.is nti^aii- of his sons, whose patnm saint was St. Joseph,
■''■'■''• I Ills street name and St. .Antoine e.xisled as e.irly
Siieiid.m ,\\enue. r.S75. Cnuial I'hil. Sheridan, .as I7«.', ,ind ;ire tht> only names of the old town
U. S. .\nny. preserved.
Sherman, [Hdy, (ieneral W . l'. Shirman. U. S, St. Claii I'l.iee, 1S70. Arthur St. Ci.iir, lirst (iov-
Arniy. crnor. of Northwest 'I'erriti ry.
Sleiiton, iSSo. ('.olf SteiUon, old riii/in, friend of Scoville Avenue, i!i74, D.J. Seoville, l.md-owner,
Mr. frawford, land-owner. Slioeiiuiker Kojid. 1850, W. Slioein.iker. I.ind-
.Speiieer, \^()\, I'.li/.abetii Spent cr, m.iidin ii.inie owiui.
of Mrs, ( iovernor e'.iss. Superior, 1X36, 1.. ike Superior, laiv^est lake in ilie
.SpeiieiM', iS.Si, no re.ison known, simply a careless world,
repetition of .111 old name. Stowe, i,S57, li.irriet lleedier Stowi', .uitlioress.
Silver, il'ijJ, .111 appropii.ile eompanioii for « iold St.uiley, i>S57, J. M. St.inli'y, .artist.
Street. S|)riiij;v>ells Avenue, 1S75, from the township in
Spruee. iKyi, these trees are plentiful in Mielii- whieh it is located,
.nan, ''Sew.ard, l.S6u, Willi.uii II. Sew.ird, the noted
Spruce (Sprini^Avills), 181S4, has no special sii^nili- st.alesin.an.
<"ance. *Stei)lien, I.S52, Stei)heii K. Sl.iiilon. son ol ( ien-
Slulby, I<SJ7, (lovi'riior !s.a;i<' Shelby of Kenlmky, cr.al II. Si.anton.
who rendered our State nu-mor.ible service in War *St.aiUoii, 1.S52. ( leiur.il Henry Stanton, l'. S.
of 1812. /\rmy.
.Second, wSjj. Second Avenue. 1871. Si.xtli. 1835. St.irk .\ venue, 1881, 1". \. St.irk. I.and-'iwiur.
Seventh. 1835. Sixtiiuth, 18O7. Sivcnteeiuh. 1867. Se.irs Avenue. 1883, .Mrs. (). .\. Se.ars. of ll.ast
Seventeenth-;md-.i-li.ilf, 18^7. Sa.^in.aw. land-owner.
Sibley. 1852. Jiid,L;e Solomon Sibley, first dele.ij.ite S.ari;enl. 1884, the lirst secret.iryof the Northwest
from W.ayne County to .Northwest Assembly. Territory.
Siiro.U. 1854, l''.bt'ne/er Spro.at, f.atlier-in-l.aw of Sylvester. 18S.] Syhestcr Rich, son-in-l.iw of
Jud(.;i' Sibley, and an ollieir of the Revdiulion.iry Mrs. lli'iiry Zender. I.and-owiier.
Army. Third, 18^,5. Third Avenue. 1873. Tenth. 1868.
Steelier, 1877, Martin Sieclur, land-owner. Twelfth. 1867. Thirteenth. 1867. *Thirteenth-.and-
Sw.iiii .Avenue. i88u, is.iac N. Sw.iiii, old eiti/.eii a-h.ilf, nSCiS. Twentieth. 1870. Twenty-lirst. 1870.
and l.ind-owner. Twenty-second, 1867. Twenty-third. 1868. Tweii-
Scotteii .Avenue, 18C17. Daniel Scotteii, kind- ly-fourlh. 1867. Twenly-lifth. 1872. Twenty-si.xtli.
owner. 1872. Twenty-sevcnili, 1876.
Scott. 1836, CeiiiTil Winlleld Scott, r. S. Armv. Thirtieth, 'i'hirty - lirst, 1874. 'i'hirty- second.
South. 1857, from iis dirtMtion.
Southern .Avenue, 1873. fnun its loealiou ,il the
southern end of a tr.ict of l.iiid.
Siimson I'lace, 18G8, iJyron (). Stimson, land-
owner.
Shady Lane, 1880, opened throuijh the woods.
Sullivan Avenue, 1866, Roji,'er .Sullivan, who
'i'hirty-third, 1873.
Tr.inic. 1881. so n.amed from present .and jjro-
spective trjillic and tr.avel.
Tuscola. 1855, a n.ame of Indi.ui dirivation.
coined by II. R. Schoolcraft, and applied by 1'. J.
15. Crane, who owned Land near Tuscola. .Mich.
'lorrey Avenue. 1868, Joseph \V. Torrey, former
bou.iijlit the first lot on the street at northwest cor- prob.ate jud.is^e of Wayne County.
ner of Michi.vj.an and Sullivan Avenues.
Sycamore, 1857, .1 forest tree of Michi^^an.
Tillman .Avenue, 1868, J. \V. Tillman, old citizen.
Toledo A\enue, 1873, commemorates the Toledo
Selden Avenue, 1866, Mrs. Deborah Selden Spen- War.
cer, wife of Dr. Joseph Spencer and mother of Mrs.
General L. Cass.
Summer, 1857, a seasonable name.
Si)rinir, 1857, a seasonable n.a.ne.
Trumbull .Avenue, 1S58, Judtje John Tiaiinbull,
father of .Mrs. Governor Woodbridjje and author of
" McP'ingal."
T. J. Canipau, 1869, Theodore J. Campau, land-
St. Aubin Ave, 1847, Francis St. Aubin, of St. owner.
Aubin Farm. Theodore, 1876, Tlieodore Williams, land-owner.
*St. Lawrence, 1851, St. Lawrence R'ver, to Theodore Avenue (Springwells), 1872, Theodore
which the waters of the Detroit (low. G. Williams, land-owner.
St. Antoine, 1826, named by Antoine Beaubien; Townsend, 1875, K. D. Townsend, adjutant-
St. Antoine being his p.itron saint. general of U. S. Army.
St. Jo;:cph, 1854, named by Oliver Bellair for on-- Thierry Avenue, 1874, James Thierry, land-owner.
946
CIIANC.F.S IN NAMKS.
♦Tliompson, 185J, David Thomiisoii, laiid-owiuT.
♦Trowlji-idni', iiS6i,C.C. ri(i\vl)ridm', old ciiiziii
and I'x-mayoi'.
*'rhn>ml)lry, i<S4y. Chailrs J. ■riir(Miil)k'y, laiiil-
owiur.
'riiomas, 1875, ■riuiinas Kiiisniaii .Adams, laiiil-
owiicr.
L'liion, iiS52, a patriotic name.
\'ulmiti'cr Avciuu', 1S74. a military nanu' in
rcMiU'iiibraiKX' of tho volimlfors of i860 and 1861.
Wtmop. 1880, lU'iijaniin X'cnior, iiroiniiKMitciti/cn.
V'icmia, 1870. the capital of Austria.
X'isuvr, 1873, Janus A. \'isi;ir, l.iiul-owiu'r.
\'iilcan Avoiuie. 1872, the (liicl< (lod of I'"iri'.
\'inr, 1852, wild v;rapc-vincs, iudii^cnoiis to
Michii^.m.
\'inc\\(>o(l .\\cnik', 1856. \ ..11 this street w,is
l;iid out lari;c niinthcrs of trees ;ilou,i;- its route wx'i'e
overnfown with n.itive !L;i'.i|)e-\ines, hence from the
\vt)rd.'- " vine " ant! " wood" the name orii^inatid.
* Wine, 1857. 'I'his n.ime is popularly ;issoci,Ui'd
with the two precedinv;' n.imes.
W.iyiu', 1828, Major-Cicnerai Anthony Wayne,
r. S. Army.
Wii^ht, 1857, r)uckminster Wi^ht, land-owner.
Walker, 1863, I k'ury N. W.iiker. land-owner.
Woo(ll)rid,!L;e, 1826, Willi.im Wootlbridi^e, si-cre-
lary and .governor of 'I'erritory of MichiiL;an and
ilelcijatt' to (.'on).;i"ess.
Wesley. 1858. John Wesley. .\ lot one-half the
leni;th of tliis street was ;.;iven to the M. 1'.. C'lnn-ch
l)y (loN'ernor Woodhridi^e.
West I'ark I'lace, 1870, hounds West I'ark.
W.ishinnton, 1869, (leorv^e Washington Johnston,
son of J. W. Johnston.
Washinj^ton C.r.ind Avenue, 1807, (leor^e Wash-
ington, lirst {'resident of the United .Stales.
•*= Willi;, 1855, .Austin !•;. Wiiii;. Delegate to Con-
stress from 'I'erritory of Michigan.
Winj; I'l.ice, 1870, Nelson II. Wini;-, laiui-owner.
Woodward .\veiuie, 1807, Jtid.!L;e .A'iv;iistus IJ.
Woodw.u'd, one of the first judi;x's of the Territory
of Michi^^an, ami author of the I'lan of 1806.
Winder, 1852, Colonel John Winder, land-owner.
Webster, 1852, Daniel Webster, statesm.in.
Welch Avenue, 1873, C. M. Welch, land-owner.
Wilkins, 1854, Hon. Ross Wilkins, for ni.uiy
years jtid.ne of the I'. S. Di.striet Court at Detroit.
Watson, 1854, Joseph Watson, secretary of the
L.and Hoard of CioviTiior and Jik1)l;x's of I)etroit.
Williams, 1835, Cieneral John R. Williams, old
citizen anil ailjiitant-_i;ener;il of Territory of .Mieh-
ij^an.
Williams Avenue, 1868, General A. .S. Williams,
representative in Coni^ress.
Williams .Avenue (C.rcenfield), 1883, Joint C.
Williams, land-owner.
* Walnut, 1 850 ; w.ilnut trees .are picnt iful in M icli-
i,H;in,
Wesson .\\enue. 1873, Willi.un 11. Wesson, l.ind-
owner.
Whipple, 1857, William I.. Whipple, l.ind-owner.
Winter, 1837, the " winter of our tliscontent."
Witherell, 1868, I Ion. James Witlu'ivll, one of the
territorial judi;-es.
W.irrcn .Aviuue, !8()(;, 'AV.irrin. 1838, Cicnenil
Josi'ph W.iircn, of revolutionary f.imc.
" W.aterloo, 1840, ;m Mn^lish remiiuk'r.
W esierloo, 1855, so n.imed by (■". J. ii. Crane,
after the street in .Alb,iny, \. V., wliere his wife
was born.
Willis Avenue, 1803, Mrs. .A. M. Willis, l.ind-
owner.
W'.iller, 1871, W.illir l"i-,uu', old cili/.i'ii .and land-
owner.
West I'!nd .\\-enue, 1875, from its loc.iiidu ;il west
end of Sprin.u'wells.
Watcrm.in .\venue. 1861, D.miel C. Waterni.in.
fallicr-in-l;iw of .Albert Cr.ine.
'Whiting;. 1850, Dr. J. L. WhitiiT.^'. old citi/.en.
* Whitney, 1855, .Mr. Whitney, of Hoston, friend
of .\lbert Crane.
Whitwood, 1880. D. C. Whilwood, oUl cili/eii.ind
ex-comptroller.
W.ib.ish, 1882; the depot of tlie W.ib.ish Kail-
road is at tlu' foot of this street.
Wheelock Aveinu', 1883, after Rebecca Wheel-
ock, m.iiden name of mother of M. W. Field.
William 1'.., 1883, after W. E. I'l.irker, l.and-owner.
\duiHt;, 1883, a cari'lesslv ,v;i\en n.ime, intended
as a reminder of N'oiUL^e Street, Toronto.
Zender. 1874, Henry Zeiuler, land-owner.
ClIANCKS IN N AMI'S.
If one of the ri'siilents of the olden lime weri' to
rise from his )L;ra\'e, lu' would be trouble 1 lo find
even the names of streets familiar in byj^due days.
'l"he strei'ts of thi' town a.s ihey were ]irior to 1805
h.ave entii\-lv disappeared ; those named St. l.oiiis,
St. .Ann, .St. James, aiul St. Ilonore, all passed away
in till' tire.
The (iovt'rnor and Judges <)ri,i;inally intended lo
locale the Court Hou.se in the center of the Ciivind
Circus ; and Woodward Avenue, on their lirst pl.in,
w.is tlesi).;nated Court House Avenue. In tlu' lin.il
pl.iii ' ( 1806 it was called by its present name. ( »n
I)ec(.,nber 17, 1818, an Act of the (iovernor and
Jud)L;es(«hanijc(l the name between Campus Martins
and .Adams Avenue lo Con,i;re.ss Avenue, but, not-
VNithst.indiiii;' this action, common iisai;e sanctioned
the name Wooilward .Avenue for the entire len.nth
up to Adams Avenue. From this street north. It
was .at first laid out only one half of its present
width. , The west side was first opened, and vvas
ire plentiful in Mi'ti-
Ln\ l'>. Wi'ssiin, laiui-
V'liippk', laml-owiuT.
(iiir iliscunU'Ul.'
Wilhcivll. oiK' (if i1h'
www. \^])^' (iv.'iK'i;il
rv f:iiiu'.
I rcniiiulcr.
i)y f". .1. ''>■ (-"r.uir,
v., wlKTf his wiff
A. M. Willis, iaiul-
, dill cilizrii ar.d latul-
,111 lis loraliiin al west,
Daniel C. Walernian,
.Vhilini^-. old cili/Aii.
ney, of lloslon, fneiul
iiwood, old cili/cn and
of ihe Wabash Kail-
ct.
ftcr KilHTca Whcel-
f M. W. I'ield.
!•:. Haikcr, land-owner,
iveii name, intended
(iriinlo.
. land-owner.
i^i^
N \M1,S.
the olden time were to
1 he trouble 1 to tiutl
liliar in l)y};onc days.
liev were prior to 1805
)se named St. I.ouis,
more, all jxissed away
oriiiinally intended to
le eeiiler of the C.nmd
line, on their lirst pl.in.
Avenue. In the hn.il
its present name. < >n
(if the Covernor and
ween Campus Martins
ress .\ venue, but, not-
nion us.a.uv s.anetioiied
for the entire leiij^th
11 tliis street north, it
le half of its present
first opened, and \vas
CIIAXCICS IN NAMES.
947
e.'illed Wilherell Street. It w.is .also known bv tlie
names I'ontiae Ro.id.md S.ii^in.iw Turnpike. Tr.-i-
ditions.iys th.at this portion w.is laid out .lud n.inied
during- the .ibseiux' of Judiije Woodw.ird. When
he returned, ;ind found wli.at h;i(i been done, he
s.aid the street was "rightly n;mied Witheri'll, for it
withered all his pl.ii's." He w.is told tli.at he ou;..;ht
not to rind f.ault, for Iv had n.inied WOodw.u-d .\ve-
nue .ifler himself, lie re|)lied th.it he h,id n.imed it
Woodw.ird, not bee.uisi: th.il w.is his ii.inie, but he-
cause tiie street ;ietu;illy nm wood-w.ird, tow.irds the
woods. lie .also elaimed th,it Woodbridi^c Street
w.is not n.imed .after the, i^overnoi-, but from the wood-
bridi^e over the Savoy.ard on the line of the street.
On ;i city m.ip published in 1.S37, a number of
streets .ippe.ired wliieh li.id no existence, ;is the prop-
erty tlirout;h which they r;in li.ail not been siib-di-
viileil. The names were \^\\in .is possible names, .and
were as follows : (ieorne Sticit, now I Iiv;li, w.iscillcd
Earl, Henry W.IS e.aHeil W'.trren, Spro.it w.is called
AllelL,^■m, Haj^i;; w;is called St. Josejih, Ch.irlolte w.is
called Louis, I'elerboro w.is called .Morse, Prospect
W.IS called l.e(ir,ind, I'cirl w.is called ("i.iines, ( 'ir.i-
tiot from K.indolph to Antoine was called St. M.iry,
and ;is Kite .is J.S47 it was sometimes so desinii.ited.
It w.is .also called the Fort ( Ir.itiot Ro.id, .and ;i por-
tion of the west end w;is called \'iri;ini,i .Street.
Another street by this Last name once e.xisted
ne.ir Raiuloliih, between Coiij;ress and L.irned
Streets. I'"ranklin .Street between Randolph and
Brush Streets is recorded as Herthelet Alley. Mr.
McC.abe, in his Directory of 1837, j^ave names to
various alleys, but the names were not retained.
His list of .alleys embraced the n.ames of Holivar,
Casar, Centre, Commercial, lanily, l'"urnaee, Julius,
.MeCabe, I'oline, R.iilroad, .and Therese. The alley
in the rear of the present First N.ational Hank he
called .School Lane. It will be noticed that his own
name, Julius I'. iSoliv.ir McCabe, was to be i)er-
petu.ited in the n.ames of ;it le.a.st three of the alleys.
The more recent eh.inj^es in n.imes of streets, as
made l)y various ordin.inces, arc as follows :
Alexander to Wight, July 9, 1867.
Arch to l).a,n■)L,^ April 29, 1882
Jirevoort to Twenty-second, July 9, i.S67.
IJlanehc to Rowena, July 6, 1S78.
15ratsh.i,v to I'.ilmer Avenue, Deceiiiber 31, 1881.
Canlield to Iki.nv^, July y, 1867.
Chestnut to Canlield, July 9, 1867.
Ch.arlotte to Wilherell, July 9, 1867.
Chicago Road to .Michigan Avenue, July 9, 1867.
Cemetery to High, July 9, 1867.
Cherry to Uronson, July 9, 1S67.
Camp.'ui to McDoug.ill Avenue, June 17, 1870.
Chase to IJnitshaw, April 29, 18S2.
Circus East to Williams, July 9, 1 867.
Cinais West to I'.irk, Julv y, 1867.
Campbell to Seidell .Avenue, .\|)ril 22, rS82.
Dudley to Tenth, July 9, 1867.
D.avidson to /Vntiet.am, July <>, 1S67,
I''.lm to M.arion, July 9, 1867,
l'".,irl to High, October 1, uSdri.
Kdmimd Street to Edmund I'l.ice, December 20,
1881.
I''r.incis to l'"eder.al. July 1;, 1 867.
I'*r,i/er to Chestnut, July 1;, 1867.
F.arr.ar ip.arl of) to IS.irel.iv Place, September 7,
1876.
l''ourlli Street to T'oiirth .\venue, M.iy 24, 1882.
T'oiirteenth Street to T'ourteeiilh .Avenue. .August
C>, 1874.
Fremont Street to Cintleld Ave, .August 23. 1882.
Ceorge to High, November 21, 1874.
Cir.ind Kiver Street to Grand River .Avenue. .May
13, 1 87 1.
(iodfioy .Avenue to I'otirteenth. July 9, 1867.
Ciiviiid Street to .Me.N.mdriiu', June 14, 1869.
Ileiiry to llow.ard, July 9, 1867.
I lolden Ro.ul to H olden Ave., I )eccniber 31, !8,Si.
Helen to ('i.irfield .\venue, July 3, 1882.
i ligli to Sherman, July 9, 1867.
Ilolbrook to Twenty-tirst, July 9, i8C)7.
Ilou.ird to L.af.iyelte Avenue, August 6, 1874.
Juliette to Wilkias, March 21, 1870.
J.imesto .Alfred, .M.ireh 21, 1870.
Jupiter to Chene, July 9, 1867.
Liberty to Fulton, June 14, 1869.
L.iiirel to l'"ulton, June 14, 1869.
Liinburg to Ch.arlotte Ave., SejHember 27, 1869.
L.ifferty to Thirteenth, July 9, 1867.
Lafontaine Avenue to l'"ifteenth, July 9, 1867.
L.aSalle .Avenue to Si.xieenth, July 9, 1867.
L.if.ayette Street We.st to Lafayette .Ave., .\ugu.st
25, i.sr.k
Lyell Avenue to Twenty-thiril, April 25. 1868.
McCune Ave. to Milw.iukee Ave., July 3, 1882.
Montgomery Ave. to Mt. Klliott Ave., July 9, 18C17.
Michipicoten to Arn<lt, September 8, 1881.
Mari.i to Seklen Avenue, .April 22, 1882.
North to Division, ALirch 21, 1870.
Ninth 7\ve. to Trumbull .Ave., April 25, 1876.
Napoleon to Ikiklwin i'lace, J.anuary 28, 1876.
Noyes to Ch.arlotte Avenue, .September 22. 1883.
Oceola to Hrigh.am, June 14, 1869.
Oak to High, November 21. 1874.
Park to P.ark Place, July 9, 1867.
P.ilmerto West Park Place, M.irch 21, 1870.
Porter Road to Twenty-third, July 9, 1867.
Peter to Thirteenth-and-a-half, April 25, 1868.
P.ark to Rose, July 9. 1867.
Pine to (luoin, July 9, 1867.
Poplar to Crant, July 9, 1867.
Private to Chase, J.anii.iry 8, 1S70
948
CHANGES LN NAMES.
Railroad to W.'itsoii. Juiu- 14, 1869.
Scwaril to Lcland, March 21, 1S70.
State to (iratiot, July 9, 1867.
Sti'pheii to Baker. J Lily 9, 1867.
St. Clair to 'rwcnticth, July 9, 1867.
SraiitoM to Scvfutoeiith-aiid-a-half, July 9, 1S67.
Seidell to Selden .\veiuie, April 24, 1882.
St. Lawrence to Montcalm, July 9, 1867.
Second to Second Avenue, June 9, 1S71.
Stinison to Stinison Place, Marcli 25, 1S73.
Thompson to Twelfth, July 9, 1867.
Tliirteenth-and-a-half to Wabash Avenue, July 3,
18S2.
Trowbridi^e to Seventeenth, July 9, 1867,
Tromhley to il.irriet, March 21, 1870.
Third to Third Avenue, September 26, 1873.
TweiUy-tiiirel to Twenty-fourth, April 25, 1868,
Whitiuij to I'ii^hteenth, July 9, 1867.
Wine to Kitihteenth-and-a-half, July 9, 1867.
Willi,;; to Nineteenth, July 9, 1867,
Wiiiu; Place to Labrosse, April 24, 1877.
Warren to Na])oleon, October i, 1866.
Whitney to Alfred, February 14, o.
Waterloo to Antietani, July 9, 1867,
Witherell to Woodward Avenue, July 9, 1867.
West Park Place to Park Place, November 2,
1878.
Walnut to P)a,!,;g, April 29, 1S82.
In this connei'tion the followiiis,'' extract, from a
report made in 1882 by the writer to the Common
Council, contains facts that are pertinent and sug-
gestive :
'I'lic frequent clian^ini,' nf stii-it ii.'inu's, in viirioiis parts iif tlie
I'ity, anil at irr<'j;iil,ir intervals, is a serimis annoyance, and if all
ehan^es kni>\vn to be clesiral)le at any one time were made liy tlie
>'ame ordinance, the public convenience would be j;reatly ])ro-
moted. A list of all changes could then lu' preserved until the
new names had jjained a place in speech anil memory.
'I"!ie >;i'neral plan of the lity is wi-ll establislu-d, and all chan>;es
nnv>' desirable can be easily determined, and both citizens and
strangers would be benefited by a Eystematic and thorough
revision of the street names.
Comparatively few alterations are necessary. There is no oc-
casion for delay, and every year increases the dilTiculties arisin;}
from duplicate names, or nanus of similar sound ; anil obstacles
in the way of making changes will constantly increase. » » ♦
The suburban duplication of the street names of Detroit is also
a growinj; evil for which there is no excuse or necessity, 'i'he
city cannot control the naniinj; of streets in the adjoininj,' town-
ships, but such legislation should be secured as would prevent
any sninirhan street, not in line with a city street, from biinj;
calleil by the same name. Sooner or later, large portions of Ham-
tramek and Springwells will be attached to the city, and the
number of duplicate street names will be greatly increased, unless
the evil is remedied.
The n.irning of streets ought not to be left to the caprice of
individuals. Street nai les are for the public convenience, and
more .'ittentiou should b( paid to sense and sound. The further
introduction of nam'-., nearly allied in spelling and pronunciation
to names already in use, should be prohibited. Vexatiors delays,
confusion, and loss are of daily occurrence through the similarity
of names, or because of mispronunciation. Street names should
be of such a character that their pronunciation would be easily
apparent.
Kar less thought has been bestowed upon this subject than its
importance demands. Some of our streets have such foolish and
ill-sounding names that, should unforeseen improvements make
their locality desirable, one of the first suggestions would be a
new street name.
With a genealogy dating from the dawning of the sixteenth
century, we would do well to give special heed to oin" historic
past, anil strive to preserve its memories in our s'reet names as
well as in our story. Street names approach immoiiality. (lov-
ernuients change, political parties die, olBcials and constituents
pass into oblivion, buildings are burned, pavements uprooted, but
well chosen street names usually live as long as the city stands.
A street name is a more valuable and a more perpetual memorial
than a monument of bronze or granite. They may be destroyed
or defaced, but street names live though a city is burned. K. very-
thing tenils to perpi'tnate and preser\e them — lanil titles, business
notices, social facts, city records, and in fact almost all the details
of municipal government unite to fasten them in the memory and
hand ihem down to the future. There are no other names in
connection with the life of a city that are so fretpiently used as the
n.iines of its streets; and no other names are so fnipienlly
I lUght of and talked of by both residents and strangers. We
are compelled to know and memorize them, and everything com-
bines to repeat and reiterate them. As an instrumentality for pre-
serving the remembrance of individuals and facts, they have no
ei|ual.
systematic and thorough
ecessary. There is no oc-
ises the cUfiiculties arising
nilar sound ; and obstacluii
stantly increase. ♦ * *
et names of Detroit is also
excuse or necessity. Tlie
L'ets in the adjoinini; town-
secured as would prevent
1 a city street, from being
Iter, large portions ttf Hain-
clied to the city, and the
be greatly increased, unless
;o be left to the caprice of
ie public convenience, and
le and soimd. The further
spelling and pronunciation
ihibited. Vcxatiors delays,
renee thro\igh the similarity
ition. Street names should
nimciation would be easily
1 upnn this subject than its
Ireets have such fcjolish and
jreseeu improvements make
irst suggestions would be a
e dawning of the si.Nteenth
ipeeial heed to our historic
iiries in our s' reet names as
liproach imnuMlality. (lov-
ie, officials and constituents
L'd, pa\emenls uprooted, but
e as long as the city stands.
a more perpetual nu luorial
Ite. They nuiy be destroyed
igha city is burned. Every-
■e them— land titles, business
in fact almost all the details
iten them in the memory and
here are no other names in
. are so frequently used as the
::r names are so freepiently
esidents and strangers. We
; them, and everything com-
isan instrumentality for pre-
uals and facts, they have no
PART XII.
SUPPLEMENTAL.
CHAPTER LXXXIX
THE ANNALS ov ni-.rRorr.i
In order tosliow the relation of various events to 1710. May 5. First recorded niarriai,^; between
each otlier, and for the sake of givintr a historic white people at Dttroit.
summary of the more important events that have 1712. ^^■ly 13. M. tU- X'incennes, from tlie
affected tiie interests of I )ctroit, the foiiowinj,^ Chro- Miami eoimtry, witli seven other I'renclimen, arrives,
noio^-ieal 'I\aiJie has i)een iireiiared. With its aiu Tiie Indians attack iMirt I'onteliartrain antl are
the events tliat ijive eliaracter to each ejiocli may defeateil by l)u ISuisson. Church of St. Anne
be easily traced, and the chapter as a whole consti- luirned.
tutes a complete epitome of the history of the city. 1717. July 3. M. Tonty, commander of the
In adtlilion to the more important d.-ites j^iven in post, returns from a visit to Montreal. In this year
appropriate chapters, the table contains ;i lari;e the I'o.k Indians m.ule an attack on the fort, but
number of interesting^ items on various subjects f((r did little harm.
which no suitable place v.,' omul in the body of 1718. Fort I'ontehartrain rcliuilt.
the work: 1721. June 6. Father Charlevoix arrived. He
1603. The F'etroit River is described by Indians left June iS.
to Champl-u'n, 1723. Third Catholic Church erected.
1658. .March 5. Antoiiie I.aumet de la Mothe 1746. The fort attacked by the Indirms. Pontiac
Cadillac bom. and his tribe aided in defentlini; it.
1670. Sprim^. Fathers C.alinee and Uullier visit 1747. September 22. A larije nmnber of boats
the region of Detroit. with 150 soldiers arrived from Montreal.
1679. August 10. The C.riffon, with La Salle, 1749- First larv;e emi,i;fation to Detroit, nece.ssi-
l)asses throuyh the ])etroit. The hrst .sail-vessel on tatint;- enlart^emenl of the fort,
the lakes. I7S5. Fort a^ain enlart(ed because of arriv.il ./f
1687. ^hay 19. M. de Tonty visits the site of new settlers. Fourth Church of St. .\nne erected.
Detroit. March 16. Ilishop Henri Dubreuil de Pontbriand
September 6. liaron de La 1 lontan visits this visits Detroit,
locality. 1760. November 29. Fort Pontchartrain sur-
1694. September i('i. Cadillac appointed com- rendered by the French to the I-'.iu,dish.
mandant at ^lackinaw. 1761. September 3. Sir W'm. Johnson, Siiperin-
1701. July 24. Cadillac and his coinpany .arrive tendent of Indian tribes, and his ]i,arty arrive,
to establish a permanent fort .and settlement at 1763. Ajiril 27. Ponti.ie completes plans for
Detroit.
July 26. F'oundations for first chapel laid.
1703. June 28. Thirty Huron Indians arrive
from ^Lackin.lW to settle .at Detroit.
In this year, durin;.;' .an Indian att.ack. the church
was burned.
1704. Febru.ary 2. P)aplism of tli-si white child,
a daui^hter of Cadillac.
1706. June 6. The Ottaw.as .atl.ick the I'rench
and Mi.amis. Cadillac j^iveii entire control of Detroit.
1707. March 10. First known ijranl of land by
Cadillac.
his cnnspir.acy.
M;iy 6. Pontiai 's conspir.acy re\e.aled to ( 'il.adwin.
M.ay 7. (il.adwin exposes Ponli.ac's treachery.
M,iy 10. Ponli.ac bei^ins his .att.ack.
M;iyi2. The IiKli.ins suri-ound the fort, firing
from morninii^ till eveninij.
M.iy 21. Schooner Cil.adwin dispatched to h.asten
supplies from Ni.iijara.
JiMie 3. ]\eceipt of news of the treaty of peace
between !•' nance ami I•".ngl.anc^ and of the cession of
Detroit.
June 30. Schooner Cdadwin returned with C>o
August 6 to 10. Cire.it council of chiefs .at I'ort troops.and a supply of ammunition and jirovisions.
Pontchartrain. July 3. Inhabit.uits collected to he.ir the .Articles
1709. Second Chiu-ch of St. Anne built. of Pe.aee between Fr.ance and England.
• Copyright. 1884, liy Silas Farmer.
Wsil
95^
THE ANNALS OF DETROIT.
July iS. Many of tlu" prin<-ipal iiilial)ilants brinjj
their Jl(()()(1s inside of the fort for safe kccpinj^.
July lo. The Indians soi'.tjlit to set lire to the
vessels in the river by means of a raft filled with
faijots, birehbark, and tar. No damaye was done.
July 29. Several sloops and sehooners arrived
with 300 soldiers eoniin.uided by Captain Dalyell.
July 31. Battle of Hloody Run or Hloody lirid^'e.
Defeat and death of Captain Dalyell.
AujL^List 6. Schooner arrived with <So barrels of
provisions, a lari;c cjuantity of naval stores, and
some merchandise,
Aui^ust 13, Schooners Heaver and Gladwin left
for provisions,
AujLjust 28, The Heaver with u^uns and carifo
lost at Cat Fish Creek,
September 3. The Indians burned a windmill
about 300 yards from the fort.
September 5. .Schooner ( iladwin arrived with 47
barrels of Hour and 160 barrels of ]^ork.
October 3, A schooner arrived with I1S5 barrels
of provisions,
October 19, Throuijh councils held with some
tribes of friendly Indians, wheat and Hour were ob-
tained.
1764. March II, An attempt was made by some
traitor to tu'e the magazine, but the brand fortunately
went out.
June 4, The birthday of His Majesty Kini;
(ieorirc III. was celebrated by three volleys from
the troops and three discharv;es of cannon, and by
the drinking- his Majesty's health on parade, by the
officers and several Frenchmen who were invited
jii'tiests. At night almost tlie entire town was ilhnni-
nated.
August 26. Colonel Bradstreet with 1,200 troops
arrived,
August 30, All inhabitants over 1 5 years of age
appeared, by order, to renew their oath of allegiance.
August 31. Oladwin relieved of command of
Detroit by Colonel Bradstreet.
October 20. The slooj) Charlotte sailed for l-'ort
Erie with 121 packs of peltries, the last of 1,4^)4
packs sent since April.
1765, August 17, Colonel Oeorgc Croghan ar-
rived ; he was sent by the ICnglish ( iovernment to
conciliate the Indian nation who had acted with the
French,
September 26. Colonel Croghan left for Niagara.
1770. August 13. . Chaplain Turring solemnized
a marriage. He was the first I'rotestant minister
known to have been in Detroit.
1774- Jii'ie 22. Quebec Act passed. Thirst civil
government provided by English for territory includ-
ing Detroit.
^775- Jti'it 9. Martial law proclaimed by Sir
Guy Carlton.
August 6. A boy named George I'"(irsyth was
lost in the woods, his two companions running off
and leaving him, and on October 2, 1776, the re-
mains were fouiul by an Indian near the upper end
of the Wootlbridge Farm.
November 9. Fieutenant-Ciovernor Hamilton ar-
rived in Detroit.
1776. May. Captain Foster and his party leave
Detroit for the Cedars.
August 10. All vessels on the lakes were rec|uireil
to be enrolled at Detroit and placed under control of
the Crown.
1777. March 26. John Coutincinau and Ann
Wyley hanged for larceny.
July 27. Governor Hamilton reported that he
had already sent out fifteen scalping parties.
1778. September 17. Governor Hamilton in-
dicted for allowing the execution of Coutincinau.
October 7. (iovernor Hamilton and his forces
leave for \'incennes.
In the fall of the year, the erection of Fort Fer-
iioult was begun.
1779. .March 5. Colonel George Rogers Clark
captures Governor Hamilton and his furces at \'in-
ceiines.
1780. April 12. Captain Bird's force left for .1
foray on Kentucky.
August 4. Captain liird and party return with
several hundred prisoners.
1781. July 16. Father Pothicr killed by a fall.
November 3. Arrival of the Moravian brethren
arrested at Sandusky by order of Colonel A. S. Dc
Feyster on charge of aiding the Americans. They
were tried and acquitted November 9, and left De-
troit November 14.
1782. March 8, Colonel Williamson and his
forces massacre the Moravian Indians on the Mus-
kingLim.
April 20. The Moravians are again brought to
Detnjjt.
July 20. The Moravians leave for a new .settle-
ment in what is now Macomb County.
November 5. The .Moravians consecrate their
church on the Clinton River.
November 30. I'reliminary treaty between I'-ng-
land and America concluded.
1783. August II. General Haldimand informs
Baron Steuben that he had received no order to de-
liver up the jiosts on the lakes.
September 3. Second treaty between Englaiu
and the United States.
1786. April 28. The Moravians are compellet
to leave their settlement on the Clinton River.
1787. July 13. Ordinance for government
Northwest Territory passed.
1788. July 24. Judicial Di.strict of Hesse in
eluding Detroit, created by Canadian authority.
THK ANNALS OF DKTRori'.
953
:,eorKe Forsytli was
npiinions running off
)ber 2, 177^'. the re-
1 near the upper end
.ovcrnor Hamilton ar-
cr and his party leave
he lakes were recinired
,laccd under coiurol of
:outincinau and Ann
ton reported that he
calpini; parlies.
-.ovcrnor Hamilton ni-
ili„n of Coutineinau.
uuilton and his forces
; erection of Fort l.er-
1 C.eori;!- Ko^ers Clark
n and his forces at \ ni-
in r.ird's force left for a
1 and party return with
I'othier killed by a fall.
the Moravian brethren
frder of Colonel A. S. De
L- the Americans. They
.n-ember 9. and left De-
[icl Williamson and his
•ian Indians on the Mus-
kns arc again brought to
is leave for a new setlle-
limb County.
„ravians consecrate then-
N-er.
nary treaty between I'.ng-
Jded.
|oncr:il Haldimand mforms
]ul received no order to de-
lakes. ,
treaty between F.ngland
Moravians are compelled
[n the Clinton River,
[nance for government ol
ked.
Icia
1 District of Hesse
by Canadian authority.
m-
August 10. Visit of IJrant, liie noted chief of
the Six Nations.
1790. (Jctober 19-22. C.eneral llarnier de-
feated by liie Fnglish and Indians.
1791. November 4. (lovernor St. Clair and his
army defeated by the Englisii and Indians.
December 9. Tin; Montreal merchants protest
agc'iinst the delivering up of the western posts.
December 26. Detroit and Michigan become
part of Upper Canada.
1792. July 16. County of Kent created. It in-
cluded ail of Michigan, besitles other territory.
August. Election at Detroit (jf two members to
first legislature of Upper Canada.
September 17. First Canadian legislature con-
venes at Newark.
October 16. Name of District of llessc changed
to Western District.
1794. April. Ciovernor Simcoe selects site for
British fort on the .Miami.
August 30. Oeneral Wayne defeats the English
and Indians.
November 19. The Jay Treaty between England
and United States concluiled.
1796. January 29. English Court of ( leneral
Quarter Sessions held its last session in Detroit.
July II. Detroit first occupied by American
troops.
August 15. Wayne County first established.
August 25. Rev. David Jones, Baptist minister,
chaplain of (ieneral Wayne's army arrives.
1797. August 24. Thomas I'owers arrives at
Detroit in order to interest Ceneral Wilkinson in
the French and Spanish intrigue for the possession
of Detroit and the West.
1798. March 13. First notice of a tire engine
at Detroit. >.
May 10. The grand jury presents cut money as
a nuisance.
May 22. Governor St. Clair and two judges of
the Supreme Court arrived at 9 A. M.
June. Rev. (labriel Richard arrives.
Tuly 27. A large number of armed men came in
the night time to the Orand Marais, and under pre-
text of searching for British deserters, forced open
and searched the houses of several inhabitants.
The Court of (ieneral Quarter Sessions, on August
4, 1798, recommended the inhabitants to collect and
seize any such offenders in future, if possible, and
bring them to justice.
October 29. Election ordered for members of
General Assembly of Northwest Territory.
December 17. P'irst election in Detroit of dele-
gates to General Assembly of Northwest Terri-
tory.
1799. January 14-15. Election of members of
Northwest Assembly at Detroit.
February 4. First session of General Assembly
of Northwest 'i'erritory began at Cincinnati.
March 2. Detroit constituted a |)ort of entry.
September 16. Second session of General Assem-
bly of the Territory of the United States Northwest
of the Ohio River held at Cincinnati.
1800. May 7. Northwest Territory divided.
Indiana Territ :: , created.
June 4. ludges, court ollicers, lawyers, and lead-
ing eitize ;o to Sandwich to celebrate birthday of
King George III.
September 11. Rev. Da\id ISacon, missionary to
the Indians, arrives on his first visit.
November 3. General Assembly of Northwest
Territory convenes at Chillicothe.
December 9. Cin-uit Court for W.iyne County
created.
1801. March 3. First post-road in Michigan
established. In June of this year Bishop Teler
Den.'iut visited Detroit.
1802. January i.S. 'Townof Detroit incorporatt'd.
February 9. First session of Board of Trustees,
James Henry made chairman.
February 1 5. A public meeting of freeholders
and housekeepers (a notice of which, written in
English and French, had i)reviously been posted (Jii
the engine house, aiul served by reading on every
housekeeper), was held at Court House to make
known the Act of Incorporation. The Act was
read in English and then in TYench.
February 23. First regulations made for pii'vcn-
tion of llres.
April 17. First town-tax voted. This same
month the trustees prescribed the size and price of
loaves of bread.
May 3. First town election. Freedom of cor-
poration voted to Solomon Sibley for getting the
Act of Incorporation passed and for other eminent
services rendered.
1803. January i. Post-office established at
Detroit.
March 3. Present State of Michigan became
part of Indiana Territory. In this year troops went
from here to build first fort at what is now Chicago,
going overland under command of Lieutenant J. S.
Swearingen. Captain John W lustier, his wife, and
their son, (L W. Whistler, the subseciueiit distin-
guished Russian engineer, went by water on the
schooner Tracey.
April II. Colonel John Frederick Hamtramck,
colonel of First United States Regiment and first
American commander of Detroit, died, aged forty-
five years.
May 2. Second election of corporation of De-
troit. Freedom of corporation voted to Jonathan
Scheit'riin, one of the representatives in Northwest
Legislature.
954
TIIK ANNALS UK DLlTROir.
May lo. Ciovcriior Harrison visits Detroit.
ScptL-mbcr 19. First fire company ori;ani/.cii.
1804. March 26. First United Slates land
olTice estabiisiicd at Detroit and provisit)!! made for
settlement of land claims in Michigan.
Auisaist. Rev. Nathan Hanys, tirst missionary to
the white people of this rcjjion. arrived.
October 13. A town meetini^ of citi/ens at Court
House considered a memorial to he forwarded to
Conijjress, askini,' for a separate territorial ijovern-
ment.
1805. J.inuary 11. MichiiLjan Territory created.
Detroit, by Act of Congress, ileclared the seat of
the tcrriioiial ijovernment.
June II. Detroit burned. Only one building
saved.
June 29. Saturday. Town meetinij ; j^reat num-
ber of citizens present. Ordinance of April 20,
1802, respectin,v( puiilic i-ommons, repealed.
July 2. Tuesday. Oath of oll'ice administered to
the Ciovernor and Judj^es and the territorial gov-
ernment commenced.
July 4. First .session of the ("lovernor and
Judges as a l.egisl.iture.
July 9. First law passeil by liovernor and Judges.
Julv 29. Supreme Court of Michigan Territory
organized.
August 19. First session of District Court of
Territory held under a green bower on the grand
square.
1806. April 21. C.overnor and Juilges author-
ized to lay out new town of Detroit.
June 16. Total eclipse of the sun. The follow-
ing extract of a letter from .S. Criswold, Fs(|., of
Detroit, to I'rancis Ciardiier, Fsi]., contained in
The Washington Chronicle lor September 10, 1S06,
gives an account of the total eclipse, as it ajipeared
at Detroit, ami its effect on the Indians:
I'or suvfral mdiillis this aiitkipatcd plunnnunDii was :i siili-
ject i)f eiKliiiry with llie Indians, as iiuiiiy slurius hail lui'ii liikl
them, partly by ijiiiorant and partly by dcsigniiij; persons, (if ter-
riblf tilings which woiiltl accompany that event. The troubled
aspect of our national alTairs with foreign powers facilitated the
propanation of visionary and awful predictions. Hundreds came
to me to consult on the subject of the eclijise and its threatened
accompaniments and couseipiences ; some large parties came in
from a distance on purpose to enquire on this subject, 'riicy
knew that white people could foretell eclipses, and supposid we
must be able to predict the atlendajit circumstances of wind and
weather and every effect upon the earth. Most (]f them believe
this faculty is given to white people by the (Jreat Spirit.
It has long (perhaiis always) been a general sentiment of
Indians, that .in eclipse, particularly of the sun, is an expression
or rather token, of the anger of the (Ireat Spirit, the degree of
his anger being indicated by the magnitude of the eclipse. 'Ihe
expectation of a total eclipse, therefore, was sufficient to prepare
them for thr reception of every extravagant taU-. Among other
ideas, that of war, bloody war, naturally ociiirrcd, and was easily
fomented, in conjunction with the then existing circumstances.
It was not dilVuult for a designing person of influence among
lliem to point out to their sittisfaction, how and where this calam-
ity was to ti.k'.' place, and whose blood was to be shell. It is s .il
the Iniliaus ileleated fleiieral llarmer on the d.iy of an iclipsi .
aiul have since enlerlained a pi rsuasion that such a Dheiioiiienou
is peculiarly unfortunate fir .Vmericans, and siilVicient to engine
success to ludlaus if ihey strike i>n that day.
It was generally reported, a short time previous to the lale
eclipse, tliat an attack inider its auspices was agreed to be made
upon this and other American posts in this quarter.
I'esides that of war, the minds of the Indians were filled with
other terrific anticipations. Some whole villages appeared im-
pressed that the darkness would be equal to that of Ihe ihuki-l
night, and would continui! for months, and many imagim d it
would be a dark year. They expected the sun would be put out
for that sp.ice of time ; that vegetables and animals would peiish,
together with most Indians who lived on the casual products of
the chase. The more general expectation was, that it wotdil be
only a dark day, or as they expressed it, a night day. Aiul they
supposed Ihe day would be productive of the most dreadful
storms of wind, hail, and other eliunntary concussions beyond
the power of man to describe. 1 found but one Indian out of
some hundreds that came in from the wilderne.s i-ho a|ipeared to
possess any jiisl i ceptioii of Ihe expected plu-u unenon. It was
the son of an intelligent chief now dead, who declared that he
h.iil no fears, for he believed he had seen such a thing when a
boy, and his father taught him it was caused by Ihe uii.' t-sun
(iliiir term for the moon) getting over the day-suu, and thus
stopping its light for a short time.
Seeing the general attention of Ihe Indians thus excited, and
wishing to allay their painful apprehensions, as well as prevent
any possible consequences of a serious nature, 1 thought it my
duty to iustnict them as far iis they were capable of iiiiilerstanil-
ing, into the cause and ualure of an eclipse, told them the day,
and precise time of day, it would happen, — its duration, .appear-
ance, etc.; and as to the dreadfid accompaniments of storm and
wind, I discountenanced such an expectation, though something
of the kind might take place, as on other days, but assured them
that they would survive it, and expressed my hope of seeing a
clear sky on that day, that I might behold the phenomenon in all
its grandeur, and the stars in their glory surrounding it. They
were thankful for these assurances, and some took encourage-
ment, while others remained fearful and perplexed.
The eclipse made its appearance under every favorable cir-
cumstance that could be wislicd, and agreeable to all 1 had told
the Indians. The day was remarkably line, without a cloud or a
gust of wind. It commenced liere about an hour earlier than the
calculations at New York and Albany. The disc of the sun was
completely covered for the space of three minutes, the stars ap-
peared very brilliant within the compass of the eclii)se"s shadow
on every side of the sun's plane. The greatest obscuration was
equal to that of the clearest starlight evening. The brutes and
the fowls gave signs that they thought it night, and were retiring
to repose when they were recalled by the bursting forth of the
light. Its effects upon the Indians were great. Those whom I
saw during the greatest darkness, appeared Ihoughlfnl, but held
their cour.-ige. dthers, I w.is told, ran up and down with agita-
tion. Some fell on their knees and prayed, while a few wrapped
themselves in their blankets and lay down to die. After it was
seen to pass off without harm, and the day proceeded as nsual. all
took courage .'mil became very social.
I'y the evening many were ready to be drunk. A general
muster of militia had been ordered on that day, which was well
attended and had a good effect. Governor Hull had arri\ ed in
season to lake the field.
September 13. City of Detroit incorporated.
Seiitcnibi . 19. Detroit l?ank incoriior.ited.
September 29. First election for members of
I'jjper House of Common Council of City of Detroit.
November 27. A convention of citizens of Mich-
igan held to petition C.ovcrnment to take such action
vns U) In; ^lu•ll. ll i^ s:.i'.l
11 the il.iy I'l ail iclniM'.
that siirli a iihciioinciioti
., ami siilVicicnt tn iiisiin;
.lay.
iiic prLviims to the late
s was a>;ri'ecl to be iiiaili;
liis (luarlcr.
L' Iiulians were filliil with
lie villatjfs npiiuartd ini-
al to that of the ilatkrst
, and many ImaKiniil it
he sun would Ik- iml out
md animals would |"ii?^h,
on the casual indclints of
ion was, that it would be
, a night day. And they
vv of the most dieadfnl
itary eonenssioiis biyond
id but one Indi.in out of
iUUrne.s ^■. ho appeared to
ted plun inienoii. It was
Eld, who deelared that he
cen such a thini; when a
1 caused by the ni«' t-sun
r the day-sini, and thus
Indians thus I'xcittd, and
nsions, as well as prevent
4 nature, I thought it my
re capable of uiiderstand-
lipse,— told them the day,
en,— its duration, a|>pear-
nipaninunts of storm and
rtation, thouKh soMuthinj;
er days, but assured them
;sed my hope of seeinjj a
the phenomenon in all
surrounding it. They
some took cncourage-
.rplexed.
ider every favorable cir-
■rabli' to all 1 had told
ne, without a cloud or a
an hour earlier than the
The disc of the sun was
minutes, the stars ap-
of the eclipse's sbado?/
Kreatest obscuration was
eninR. 'I'he brutes and
ii,v;ht, and were retiring
■ bnrstinK forth of the
jireat. Those whom I
iri'd thoughtful, but held
p and down with aKita-
ed, while a few wrapped
iwn to die. After it was
ay proceeded as usnal. all
be drunk. A ,i;eneral
hat day, which was well
or Hull h.id arrived in
it incciriiorated.
inror|i(ii".itt.'(l.
for niciiil)tTS of
I of City of Detroit.
if citizens of Mirh-
to take such action
as would settle tiie i.iiid tilKs. Tiie eonvention
l.'Lsteil until Deceinher i.
1807. M;inh 3. Conirress disapproved of the
eharterin,!,; of the Detroit li.tnk.
March 28. 'I'iie {'.ovenior and Judyjcs order wells
dui;- on the eonininns. now the Cani|)iis Martins.
The lirsL brick house was erected this year.
Ati.i(ust 9. 'I'he erection of a new stockade was
beifun.
November 17. A council was held with the
Ottaw.is, Chippcwas, Wyandottes, and I'otowata-
niies, and they ^'^•^\v^\ a lari,re tract of kind in the
eastern part of the State.
1808. M.irch 17. St. I'.itrick's Day lirst cele-
bnitcd in Detroit.
September 10. Tiie (iovcrnor and Jiidoes pass a
law directed .atjainst the Detroit Hank.
December 14. The I'ark Lots were ordered siir-
veyetl.
1809. February 24. The Act incorporalino- the
City of Detroit w.as repealed.
.March 6. I""orty-one of the i'ark Lots were s<il(l
at auction.
^L•ly 10. The church on the Melcher l'"arm w.is
consecrated.
August 31. The Michivj.an I-'.ssay or bnpartial
Observer was first issued. It was the lirst p.ipcr
printed in Detroit.
1810. The finst Protestant cluin h, .1 Methodist
i '.|)iscopal society, was orijanized.
1811. Octobers. Five selectmen or councillors
for district of Detroit were elected.
November 7. Oeneral Harrison defeated the
Indians at Tijipecanoe.
December 37. An Indi.m war beini; imminent, a
memorial was sent by citizens to Congress, prayini;
for aid. *"
1812. January 22 -23-24. Sever.il earthquake
shocks were felt in this city, — the severest of which
was on the 24th, at .about seven o'clock in the even-
ing.
T'ebruary 7. Another earthqu.'ikc' shock startled
the citizens of Detroit.
May 14. Parade of militia in the evening.
June 1 8. War declared against Oreat lirit-ain.
Julys, tieneral Hull with army from Ohio ar-
rived.
July 12. General Hull crossed to Sandwich and
issued a proclamation to the iieople inviting them tu
join his stand.ard.
July 29. Lieutenant Hanks and oflicers jiaroled
from Fort Mackinaw arrived,
.August 7. Oeneral Hull returned to Detroit.
.August 16. tleneral Hull surrenders to the Lng-
lish.
1813. February I. Colonel Proctor orders prom-
inent Americans to leave Detroit.
.September 10. Perry defeats the iluglish 011
Lake Krie.
September 2S. Fort Detroit evacuated by the
Fnglish.
Septem!)er 29. C.encr.il Duncm McArthur takes
possession of Detroit ; Perry's tleet .irri\-es ; (ieneral
Harrison issui's procl.iination restoring citizens anil
milit.ary ollicers to the civil and military status they
possessed before Hull's surrender.
October 2. ( Ieneral Harrison, with 3.501) men.
leaves in jiursiiit of Proctor.
October 5. P.attle of the Th.ames ; Proctor de-
feated ; Tecumseh killed.
OctobiT 6. Ceneral H.irrison arrives .after b.iitle
of the Thames.
( )ctol)er 7. Commodore ( ). II. Perry returns to
Detroit.
In the fall of this ye.ir there was great distress
among the citizens of Detroit and vicinity from want
of provisions. During the following winter 700 of
Ceneral ll.irrison's soldiers died of disease.
1814. OclobiT 9. Cenenil McArthur and 700
mounted rillcmen arri\e for the defense of Detroit.
1815. C.o\-ern(jr Cass brings the lirst c.arri.ige to
Detroit.
M.irch 30. P.icilicttion iiall ;it W'oodworth's
Hotel in honor of peace betweenC.rc.it P.ritain and
Cnited .States.
August 9. Major Wm. H. Putluiff. of Second
L'nited States Rille Regiment, in command at Di'-
troit, retires from tiie army, and is presenttd by
citizens with a complimentary address.
Sei)teml>er i. M.ajor-Cenerals Brown and Smith
left in the brig .Niagara for Jiuffalo.
September 8. (ieneral Harrison concluded a
treaty with Imlians.
October 24. New city charter granted. City
limits extended to include the Ca.ss Farm.
1816. April. Part of Michigan Territory given
to State of Indiana.
April 18. Indi.in Council of 1 10 Indi.ins ,it Coun-
cil House. "The Prophet," a brother of Tet umseh,
among them. They conclude a treaty of peace.
June 30. Rev. John Monteith. missionary of the
American Board, preached his first sermon in De-
troit.
July 4. Celebr.ition. I )inner at Whipple's Tavern.
November. Territorial Bible Society organized.
1817. July 25. The Detroit (iazette, a weekly,
first issued.
August 13. President Monroe arrives.
August 14. City authorities present President
Monroe with an address.
August 15. Ball at Woodworth's Hotel in honor
of the President.
.August 18. President Monroe leaves the city.
August 26. City Library incorporated.
95^^
THE AN.NAI.S oF DlilUolT,
Sf|)ti'ml)rr 15. I'irsl l'\;int;(lislif Sm iciy nf
Dtlroit ori^ani/cil.
Sfplrnil)i'r 24. t'luiur-stoiic ^f riiivtisiiy lliiild-
ini^ laid.
( )ctiil)ir 25. Anix.il nf mail iiulicalcil by liu:
l)ln\\ iiiH- (if a lioni.
I )i'('i'Hil)iT 2<). Moral anil llinnain' Sncicl y n|--
Vjaiii/.cd.
1818. Jamiaiy 14. i.yccninof iluiciiyof hclrnit
(ii"t;ani/cd.
.Manli 31. I'li'sl chiirrh for white inliabitaiils iu
.Micliiu;an rnilrd 011 tlif k(>uv;i'.
JuiK' I. liishop iii'iifdiil Joseph I'Ma.^cl visits
Detroit.
June, 2. r>aiil< of Miehii;aii (irv;ani/.e(l.
June 9. Corner-stono of St. Amie's Cliiireh laid.
Jtiiie 22. .Meetinij of eitizciis at Council I louse to
take nieasiiri'S toeolleet reniaiiisof Anu-riean oHieers
ami .soldiers niassaered at the battli; of the Raisin.
Committee <'ip|)ointed to remove ihiiii to Detroit.
June 26. 'l"he Detroit (iazette says: "The follow-
inij very odd eireiilar tliri'ctiil ''I'o the Town of ] )e-
troit, as ;i body eorpor.ite,' arrix'ed by the last m.iil:"
i.iiwi r (iivi.s i.iciir id i.iciir lust'ovt.k
Ah IMIMII \i.
Sl, I. oris, Missiil l;l 'I'l I.KI Inl.S , \li|;lll .\mKU!1 \,
April iM, A. I>. iSiS.
To All the UWl.l!
I (1t-(-iai'iMlit; carlii is Imliuw, and iialiilabii- wiliiiii, < oiitaininvc
.'I niimltcr <if sulid I'onccnlrii' spliiTcs, iiiu- witliiii tin; otlicr, aiul
tliat it is open at tiic pules 12 nr iT) (lc>;rt»'S ! I plrd'^ti my lift* in
siippnrt of tiiis trnlli, and am I'cady to cxplnn' tlitr linllow, it" itii-
wurld will siip])ort and aid inr in the nndcrlakin^^
}\". V\ \ \ IS S\ MM|.;s,
( y" ( '///.', late ( './///;/« r/ lii/antry.
N. 11. 1 liavi' ready ftir the pri-ss, .'i Treatise on the principles
of matter, wlien-in 1 show proofs of ihu aI)o\'t: i)i>sititins, aceonnt
for various phenomena, iinil disclose DcKtor Darwin's lloldeii
Secret. My t<'rms are the patronaj;<: of this and the new worlds.
I dedicate to my wife and her ten children. I select Dr. .S. I..
Mitchell, Sir II. Davy, and liaron Ale.v. de Unmlioldt, as niy
protectors. I ask one hundred brave companions, well eipiippid,
to start from Siberia in the fall season, with reindeer and slays,
on the ice of the frozen sea; I engajje we t'ind warm and rich
land, stocked with thrifty ve,i;etables and animals, if not men, on
reachinji ornr deviree northward of latitnde 8j" ; we will return in
the succeeding sprini;.
July 4. The day was celebrated in a field in the
rear of the residence of Ciovernor Cass by a lar^^e
collection of .gentlemen and odicers of the army.
July 6. First auction sale of public lands in
Michii;an.
July 20. Detroit Mechanics' Society ori^anized.
July 27. A law was passed pro\idini,r for the
whipping or hiring out of disorderly persons, drunk-
ards, and others.
August 8. Interment in Protestant burying
ground of remains of soldiers massacred at River
Raisin, Procession from the Council House. Ora-
tion by Samuel T. Davenport.
.\iigiist 10. I'irst school in rnivci'siiy liiiildlng
opent'd.
August 27. Steamboat Walk-in-the-\\ater ar-
rived at Detroit — tirst lii|).
.September C), Smid.iy. ( Mi ihis day a bo.it
arrived with Lord .Selkirk as a jiassenger. A suit
had previously been instituted against him, growing
out of iroubli's at liis settlement on the Kid River,
and on arrival of the boat he was arrested. As the
arrest was made on Sunday, its legality was (|ues-
tioned. 'l"he ease came on for trial on September
10, at Sandwich. 'I'lie Cirand Jury di.scussed the
case, but canu; to no conclusion, and after four
days' time had been spent Chief Justice Powell
would wait no longer, and the attorney-general took
the liill of Indictnuiit from the table and dismissed
the jury.
( )ctob(r 4. I'irst session of a l'rotest;mt .Sunday
school in the city.
1819. January 2. I'.ank of Michigan began
business.
.March 13. The citi/eiis vote ,i;,;aiiist llie tax for
a fire euijine.
.March. Woodworth's new hotel opened.
July 16. Michigan Territorv w.is aiitliori/ed to
elect a delegate to Congress.
September 2. ['"irst election in Detroit for dele-
gate t(j Congress.
November 17. I'.dward Tanner found his
brother, John 'i'aniier, near Detroit. He had been
a captive 28 years. John sul)se(|uently married a
chamberm.titl at Pen. Woodworth's Hotel, but
treated her so unkindly that she left him and the
legislature gave her a divorce.
November 25. I'.lephant e.\hil)ited for first lime
in Detroit.
December 13. The Commissioners report the
I'ontiac Road as laid out.
1820. February 27. Pir.st Protestant church
within limits of city dedicated.
March 30. City limits narrowed and Cass I'arm
k'ft outside. The first brick store was erected this
year.
.April 19. The tlag-stai'f on \\hich Hull displayed
his llag of surrciuk'r fell in a storm; no (lag had
waved on it since 18 12.
May 24. The Cass-Schoolcraft excursion k'ft for
the upper lakes.
July 3. A tax of live hundred days' labor was
voted to be ex[)eiKle(l on the river front.
July 28. Rev. Klea/.ar Williams (the reputed
Dauphin) arrived at Detroit with a number of
Oneida Indians.
July 31. Major-Oeneral Scott, with eight mili-
tary gentlemen, arrived to hold a court-martial.
1821. April 9. Citizens voti: a tax of $400 for a
fire engine.
TIIK ANNAI.S OK DlilKol I'.
957
luivfrsiiy l'.iiililm.<
;ilk-in-llu'-\V;iUr :ir-
n lliis (lay a boat
;i passiiiiiiir. A suit
av;aiiist liim, Jirowinjs'
■111 on tlic Kc'tl Kivcr.
kvas aiTtslcil. As llic
its lti<ality was (jucs-
,1- trial (in Srpli'nibcr
il Jury (lisciissi'd llic
iisiDii, and afuf four
Clik'f Jusliir I'nwi'll
attiinuy-.ut'iHTal took
10 tabic ami disiuissid
,f ;i I'rnti'stant Sunday
,,f Michigan bi'i;an
Die a-ainsl the ta\ for
A- hoti'l oiHiU'd.
Lory was autliovi/i'vl to
i(in in Detroit for deU'-
1 Taniu-r found his
)iiroit. lie had been
bseciuenlly niarrietl a
,,dworih's Hotel, but
she left him and the
■xnibiled for tlrst lime
niissioners report the
,1-st Troleslant eluireh
d.
n.wed and Cass Kami
store was erected this
,11 whieh Hull displayed
;i storm; no lla.i;- had
oleraft exein-sion li'ft for
liiidred days' labor was
river front.
Williams (the reputed
oit with a number of
Scott, with eight mill-
old a court-martial,
vote a tax of $400 for a
April I -\ I'irst I'rotcstant Society of Detroit
incorporated.
June 4. rrcscntation of silvir i)late to Major-
Gencral Macomb bv citizens on liis leavini,^ the
Territory.
December 21. Detroit l.odj^e of Kree Masons
instituted.
December 27. Two Indians, Kew.iiibis and
Ketaukah, haviii).f been tried for muriler, were
han,i(ed.
1822. March 11. Meeiiu!.,' at Detroit petitions
Con.vjress to separate the judicial from the le.ijisla-
tive power.
March 21. Kirst Methodist Kpiscojial Society of
Detroit incorporated.
May 23. John Roberts, Jr., notit'ied persons
liable to military tluty to .appear ;it Milil.iry Sipiarc
on June 3, armed and e(|uipi)ed as the law directs.
May 25. The steambo.at Superior, the second on
the lakes, arrived from Hul'falo on her trial tri() witli
ninety-four ii,issen;(iTs.
June. I'ublic stai;cs lirst began running from
Detroit.
August 31. A meeting of i iti/.eiis resohes to
discourage the further circulation of individu.il bills
of less than one doll.ar.
October 26. Committee .iiipointed to diaw u|) a
petition to Congress, asking for a better form of
government.
1823. March 3, Congress limited term of Ter-
ritorial Jr 'ges then in ollice to four years from I'eb-
ruary i, 1824.
March. Early this month Colonel Kdwartls found
a m.innscriin volume of 300 or 400 pages under one
of his buildings, written in ;i ch.ar.icter that no one
in the city could luulerstand. A leaf of the manu-
script was sent to Dr. MitchelL.of New York, who
could give no information reg;irding it ; but an Irish
professor in the Ceorgetown College pronounced it
a religious work written in Irish.
March 27. Great rejoicing by citizens over p;is-
sage "by Congress of a bill making provisions for
Legislative Council for the Territory; salute fired,
houses illuminated, supper served at the Sagin.i
Hotel.
August I. ThoCovernor ;uid Judges completed
a contract for the erection of a court-house and
capitol.
September 4. Kirst members of Legislative
Coimcil elected.
September 22. Corner-stone of capitol laid.
October 10, Kriday. Rev. Cutler Dallas arrived
with Major Long, Professors Say and Keating, and
Messrs. Calhoun and Seymour, of the Northwest
Exploring Expedition; they left on the 14th.
18':.^. June 7. Kirst Legislative Council of
Michigan con\ened in Detroit.
August 5. New city ch.'irter; Common Council
crcati'd ; city boundary cxti'iided ; ollice of aldermen
;ind mayor's court jirovidcd for.
November 22. St. I'.iul's I'. !■:. Church organized.
No\'cmber 25. Under procl.im.ition from (lov-
ernor Cass, Thank.sgiving Day was observed for the
first time.
1825. J.uiu.iry 23. Kirst Protest.ant Society re-
organized .and becomes a Presbyterian Church.
Kebru.iry 5. I.cgisl.itivo Council increased from
nine to thirti'cn members.
Kebru.iry 21. Kirst ordinance establishing hy-
ilnuilic company p.isscd.
M.iy 10. The Michig.in Henild was first issued,
M.ay 24. Commissioners commenced loc.iting
Chicago Ro.ad. Erie Canal completed to I!utf;ilo
this year; .also first street paving contracKMl for.
June 4. Minute lire ortlinance p.a.ssed.
June 12. City marshal arrests several soldiers
lor fishing on Sunday.
July 12. Public dinner given to (ieneral .Sol. \';in
Renssel.aer at Woodworth's Hotel.
August 12. Horse-bo.it ferry first openited.
September 21. Kire lingine No. i purchased.
.Se|)tembcr 2.S. Hook and Ladder Comp.any pro-
vided for.
1826. Janu.ary 11. I''irst |)r()\ision for the in-
spection of tire-wood.
M.ay 20. The Milit.iry Reserve given to the city
by Congress.
May 27. Two comp.anies of iiif.antry depart for
Cireeii IS.ay ; city for the first time left without troo|is.
July 17. Special session of Common Council to
take action on the deaths of John Adams and
Tliom.as Jefferson; it was "Recommended th.at the
citizens of Detroit wear crape on the Icit arm for
thirty days." The brick building of the Kirst
Methodist Episcopal Society was first used this
year.
November 2. Kirst session of Secoiul Legislative
Council.
1827. January 29. Inh.ibitants of Territory
authorized to elect members of the Legisl.ativc
Council.
March 22. City Cemetery on Ue.iubieii Kami
])urcliased.
March 31. Kire Company No. 2 organized.
.April 4. Legislative Council exempts firemen
from military and jury duty. Council authorized
to change plan of city.
.April 10. The council order shinplasters printed.
May 3. Mansion House first opened after en-
largement. In this month Kort Shelby was demol-
ished.
May 16. Kirst sale of lots on Military Reserve.
In this month the first stc.'im ferry-bo.at was oper-
ated, and the first Hour exported from Detroit.
958
THE ANNALS oK DKIRoir.
JiiiK'. City ordinance forbids any more burials
in cinalcry on Woodward Avriuic.
October 20. First liaptist Society organized.
November 26. First si(lewali< ordinance |)assed.
1828. February 15. Meetin>{ at Detroit to pro-
test aijanist ortjjani/.inj; Fake Superiiir re.nion into
Territory of Huron.
May 5. Court iiouse or capitoi lirsl occupied.
July 3. Historical Soiiely or,(^ani/ed at Mansion
House.
Annust 24. First buildim; of St, raul's Protest-
ant i'.piscopal Cluircli consi'crattd.
October 23. Fire in woods about Delmit; dense
.smoke each mornini,'.
Hecember 25. L'piKT part of St. Anne's Church
completed and tirst useil.
1829. March 5. John !'. Sheldon, editor of
Detroit Ca/ette, im])risoneil for contempt of court.
Marcii 13. Public meeliny; of citizens to raise
funds to pay tine imposed upon John P. Sheldon.
Committee ;ippointed to wait on .Sheldon at the jail
and take him to his residence in ;i carri;iv;f.
May 7. Complimentary dinner to J. I'. Sheldon
while in jail.
Au.ijust. Hydraulic company bore for watei- on
Fort Street West.
November 20. The Northwestern Journal tirst
issued.
1830. February 19. First city temperance .soci-
ety organized.
.March 16. Female Seminary Association incor-
porated.
April 26, Detroit (ja/.etle oilice biu'ned, also
several d\vcllinj.rs.
April 29. First tlremen's review.
June 7. Farmers and Mechanics' Pank organ-
ized.
Jii'y .!'•
September,
constructed.
Septemt)er 24. Man named Simmons hanged for
murder of his wife.
October 1 1 . First water supplied by steam power.
November 3. Wayne County Bible Society or-
ganizetl.
November 24. Detroit Journal and Michigan
Advertiser tirst issued.
December 23. I )etroit Courier ilrst issued.
December 31. Celebration in honor of triumph
of liberal principles in I"" ranee. Major Whiting de-
livered a discourse on the French Revolution, and
there was a ball at the Mansion House.
1831. January 8. The Governor and Judges
forward their plan to Congress.
January 9. Daily mails from the East began.
March 4. Law for the hiring out or whipping of
disorderly persons, drunkards, etc., repealed.
Pontiac & Detroit Railroad chartered.
Detroit barracks on (Iraliot Road
NLirch 22. Michigan Simd.av School I nio. or-
ganized. City Trai'l Socit'ty org.tnized.
May 5. Democratic Free Press and .Michigan
Intilligencer lirst issueil.
July 20. Alexis de 'l"oc(|ueville visits Detroit.
July 23. A imblic meeting was held this day to
express the sentiments of the people of .Michigan on
the appointment of S. 'I'. .Mason as Secret.u'y of the
'I'crritory, he being under twenty-one years of age,
and, by the resignation of ( 'lO^-ernor Cass, .icting gov-
ernor. A committee of foin", consisting of A. NLack,
S. Conant, O. Newberry, and J. K. Schw.irtz, were
appointed to report the facts. On July 25 they
reported that the President was aware of his being
under twenty-one years of age. At an adjoiu'ni'd
meeting on July 26, many citizens vigorously remon-
strated. On July 2S Mr. ^L'^son responded to the
remonstrances in a manner that did credit to his
ability, coolness, and general good sense.
July 26. Tuesday a imblic dinner was given to
Governor Cass at the ^L•ulsi()n House on his leaving
for W.'ishington as Secretary of War.
September 17. (ieorge 1>. Porter, the new gov-
ernor, arrived. He stopped at the .Mansion Iiouse.
October 28, A public meeting was held at the
coinicil room to consider the subject of inttrnal
improvements, and petition Congress in relation
thereto.
1832. February 22. The Conmion Council or-
dered <'i national salute tinnl in honor of the ccnti'U-
nial of Washington's birthday.
KL'irch 6. First annual meeting of Michigan S. S.
Union at Presbyterian Church.
May 3. First underground reservoirs ordered.
May 24. Detachment of Detroit militia leave for
Chicago on account of the Plack I I.awk War. Gris-
wold Street was opened this year from Larned
Street to Jefferson Avenue.
June 29. The council was authorized to compel
convicts to work on the streets.
June 30. Gener.il .Scotland staff .arrived en route
forChicago, in connection with the Plack Hawk War.
July 4. The steamboat Henry Clay arrived with
several companies of troops for the IJlack Hawk
War.
July 5. A soldier on the Henry Clay died of
cholera and the vessel was ordered to Hog Islruid.
July and August. Much excitement from cholera
and many deaths.
September 13. Death and burial of Father R'ch-
ard. IJishop Edward Fenwick in Detroit on a visit.
Deceml^er 3 1 . First county poorhouse completed
and paid for.
1833. January 18. Young Men's Society organ-
ized.
April 22. F'irst city tax on all real and personal
property authorized.
l;iv SiliiMil I mil, or-
n'jL^.iiii/A'il.
I'lvss ami Mi(lii,t;:iii
;villc visits Di'troil.
was IkIiI tills (lay to
IK'oplc of Michigan on
1)11 as Secretary of the
L'lUy-oiK' years of aiic,
L'riior Cass, ait illy- JlJov-
L'onsistiii.v;' o| A. Mack,
J. K. Sclnvartz, were
■ts. Oil July 25 liny
,as aware of liis beinj,;
j;e. At an adjoiirneil
zciis vii;'oniusly remmi-
ason respondeil to tiie
that (lid ereilit to liis
good sense.
ic dinner was given to
11 House on his leaving
of War.
I'orter, the new gov-
at tile .Mansion iioiise.
.•eling was held at the
lie subject of internal
Congress In relation
Common Coiuieil or-
in honor of the eeiUen-
y.
acting of Michigan S. S.
•h.
d reservoirs ordered.
Detroit militia leave for
ick Hawk War. Cris-
is year from L.arned
authorized to comixl
■ts.
d staff arrived en route
thelUackllawkWar.
enry Clay arrived with
s f(jr the IMack Hawk
e HoJiry Clay died of
)rdered to Hog Island,
ixcitement from cholera
burial of Father R'ch-
ck in Detroit on a visit,
ty poorhouse completed
ig Men's Society organ-
n all real and personal
'IIIK .WX.M.S OF DKrUoif.
959
April 2}. Olliee of City Director of the I'oor
rre.ited.
.April 27. Steambo.it Michigan laiinchc(| at De-
troit.
June 16. 'I'he colored |)eo|)le rescue and release
lll.ickburn, a slave. The first four-story brick build-
ing was erected this year.
July 4. Mlack Hawk arrives at Detroit.
September. .Mr. Smith's child lost in the woods
— many people searching f. ■• it for .several days.
October 12. The synod of Western Reserve
meets at Detr(jit.
October 14. Annual meeting of Western Reserve
llranch of American Fducational Society luldat the
Presbyterian session room.
1834. Janu.iry 7. liishop I'rederick R^se, lirst
Rom.in Catholic liishop of the diocese of Detroit,
arrived, 'i'he Catholic Female .\ssoeiation was or-
ganized this year.
April 20-27. liishop .Mcllvaine present, attend-
ing the lirst annual convention of Protestant lipisco-
pal Church in Michigan.
May 31. City cemetery on (aioin Farm jjur-
chased.
July 7. (iovernor Porter died ; funeral .same d.iy.
The Common Council attend in a body and resolve
to wear crape thirty days.
July 13. I'lrst M. K. Church on corner of Wood-
ward Avenue and Congress Street dedicated.
August I. The cholera appeared. .\ l.irge nimi-
berof deaths occur during the month.
October 18. First Hose company organized.
October 31. First re.il estate ta.\ voted for by
citizens.
1835. January 11. First brick IJajitist Church
dedicated.
January 2(^. Olfice of County Register created.
.March 6. Public meeting of citizens to protest
against the claim of Ohio to the disputed terri-
tory.
.March 26. Michigan Slate P.ank incorporated.
/\pril 4. Flection of deleg.ates to lirst State Con-
stitmiou.il Convention.
April <;. Much excitement occasioned by a mad
dog which bit a number of children and sever.il dogs.
April 26. Shots exchanged between .Michigan
troops and Ohio boundary commissioners.
Ajiril 28. First brick Presbyterian Church dedi-
cated.
May 1 1. State Constitutional Convention assem-
bled. American Hotel opened.
Jinie 24. State Constitutional Convention ad-
journed.
June 27. Michigan Exchange Hotel first opened.
July 18. The sheriff of Monroe County and 250
armed men arrest eight persons in Toledo. First
systematic street paving, — a portion of Atvvater
Street paved this year, and the Campus .\Iariius was
gr.idcd and Icxcled.
September (1. (lovertior M.ison and C.encr.il
llrown. with about i.cjoo miliii.i, enter Toledo to
prevent the holding of a session of the Fmas
County Court,
.September 21, John S. Horner, Secretary of the
Territory, arrives in Deiroii.
.September 28, 'I'he D.uly I'ree Press was lirst
issued.
<>ct()btr 5. First State election .nid lirst Consti-
tution of Mil ilig.in ado|)ted by vote of the people.
.November j. I'irst session of the Legislature
under the State Constitution.
November 18. Old City H.ill first occupied,
December 2. Fire I'lngine Company .No. 3 or-
ganized.
1836. March iS. Public meeting lield .at City
H.ill to protest against ch.mge of St.ale boundary.
March 26. Supreme Court of State created.
May 18. Works of Hydr.iulic Comp.iny piir-
ch.ised by the city. Ladies' I'rote.stant Orphan
.Asylum organized.
June II. Detroit Daily .Xdvertiser first issued.
June 13. il.irriei M.irline.iu .■irrived.
June 15. I'irst .act p.issed by Congress for ad-
mission of Michigan, 'i'he first underground sewer
w;is built this year, and there were enormous sales
of jjublic lands in Michigan.
June 30. The City Council ;i|ipointeil a commit-
tee to inspect s|)rings in township of Soutlifield and at
Xortliville, with a view of getting w.iter therefrom.
July 3. Law creating St.ite of Wisconsin out of
Michigan Territory took effect. The jiower of
(lovernor and Judges as a Land lUjard terminated.
July 1 1. President J.ickson directs public oflicers
to receive and ]).iy out coin only.
July 27. Lord .Selkirk, son of the one famous for
his settlement in the wilds of Canad.i, visits Detroit.
-September 2, Meeting in Detroit to oppose
yielding territory to ( )iiio.
September 6. Street names first ordered at street
corners. Same month lire wardens first provided for.
.September 12. Flection of delegates to State
Coin'eiition.oii accepting admission on terms ])ro-
posed by Congress.
September 26. The convention decides against
acceptance of terms proposed by Congress.
October 1. Cars first run from Toledo to Adrian.
Octol)er 12. .Meeting in Detroit to oppose yield-
ing territory to t )hii).
October 18. First .sale of lots on Cass Farm.
October 20. Detroit Evening Spectator and Lit-
erary Ciazette first issued.
November 8. First presidential election partici-
pated in by citizens of Michigan.
No\ember 14. Democratic County Convention
960
THE ANNALS OF DETROIT.
rc'CoiiiUK'iul the hckliiij^ of another convention and
tile areeptinjL^ of the State bonidary proposed by
Congress.
December 1. National Hotel nrst opened.
December 14. A convention was held at .Ann
.\rl)or, and the terms proposetl by Congress ac-
cepteti.
1837. January 4. The Free Press oiru-e and sev-
eral other buiiilinj^s on northeast corner of Jefferson
Avenue and Shelby Street were biu'ned.
January 20. 'I"he tirsl locomotive in .Michigan
arrived at 'I'oledo.
January 26. The State was fully and formally
admitted by Conijress.
February 9. Celebration in honor of admission
of Stat I'arade and illumination:^.
March 15, Wildcat bankint,^ law passed by Mirh-
iifan I.ei^islature.
April 24. Monday. Meetini;- of the A^n-icullural
Society at thi' City Hall. The ory^ani/.aiion of a
State At^ricultiiral aiul I lorticultiu-al Society was
proposed.
April 2(). The Detroit .\nti-slavery -Society was
ornani/ed.
.\pril 27. ,\ larj^c tire between Woodward .\ve-
ntie and Randolph Street burned most of the build-
in).(s south of Woodbridi^e Street.
May 16. News w.is received at Detroit of the
refusal of New ^'ork banks to redeem in specie,
and on May 17 the Detroit banks took the same
action.
May anti June. Captain l'"rederick Marryalt, the
novelist, visited Detroit.
July S. Mrs. Anna Jameson, the authoress,
arrived. Daniil Webster and family arris ed late in
the evenini^', and put uj) at tlu' National.
July 1 1. I'pwards of 300 sat down to a collation
served in .a i;ro\e on Cass l'"arm in honor of Mr.
Webster, after which 1,500 or 2,000 ladies and .ijeii-
tlemen yalheretl to listen to an address from their
guest.
Auj;ust \<). 'i'he bank of Homer established, —
the first wiklcat bank in Michigan.
Se|)tember 6. I'irst session of .Michii;an Confer-
ence at Detroit.
October 23. I'"irst meetinji( of synod of Michij^an.
December 26. The Detroit City Bank, ti wiklc.it,
went into operation.
1838. January i. Meetin).,^ of citizens of Detroit
in favor of the Patriots.
January 5. Two hundred stand of arms seized
at the jail by the Patriots.
January 8. Steamboats Erie and Brady left to
disperse I'atriots, and obtain arms taken at Detroit.
J.uui.iryg. Jiidi^e Janus Witheri'll died.
January .4. The Michi^^an insurance Company
Bank began business.
January 2S. Steamboat Robert Fulton arrived
from IJuffalo with three companies of soldiers.
February 3. M. C. R. R. opened to Vpsilanli.
Earge excursion party from Detroit, dinner at \'psi-
lanti, etc.
February 25. The C!a:iadians cannonade the Pa-
triots on Fighting Island.
February 26. General Scott arrived.
March 12. dreat meeting of citizens at City
Hall to protest against the .statement made in Can;i-
dian Parliament that Detroit .sympathized with and
aided the Patriot War rebels.
.March 30. The Whigs distribute bread and
pork to inlluence votes.
June 20. The Detroit branch of the I'liivcrsity
hrst opened.
July 4. Union S. S. celebration in Presbyterian
Church.
Jujy 21. The Pontiac R. R. was opened to Royal
Oak. In this year the M. C. R. R. tr.ick was e.\-
tendeil liown Woodward Avenue to Atwater .Street.
,The tlrst public free .schools were opened in Detroit.
The first iron waler-]iipes wen; laid, and old rountl-
house for reservoir completed.
August 21. The i''ire Department opened a
reailing room and library.
December 3. l''i\'e hundred P.itriots on the
Forsyth F.arm were dispersetl by Cicner.il ISrady.
December 4. The I'atriots attaik Windsor, and
are compelled to retreat, losing many men.
December 9. Major -General Scott and suite
arrived for the purpose of maintaining neutral-
ity.
1839. February 22. The County Poor Farm
in Nankin township was ])ui"ch;iscd.
March 27. The city was di\idcd into wards, and
provision m.idc for ward aldermen. En\elo|)es were
llrst useil in this ye.ir.
A|)ril 15. Ward elections lirst held.
July 17. Ccntcn.iry celebration of founding of
Methodism in Englaiul.
August 16. A locomotive was lirst used on the
Ponli.'ic R. R.
September I. The steamboat Great Western
was burned at Detroit.
October 17. The M. C. R. R. was o|KMU'd to
Ann Arbor. An excursion train with the lirady
Guards and 800 citizens visited that city.
December. First Firemen's Hall oi)ened.
1840. February 14. The Fire Department So-
ciety was incorporated.
April I 5. A log cabin was raised on the corner
of Jefferson Avenue and Randolph Street.
June 10. The Whigs leave on live sti'amboats
for the great Whig meeting at Fort Meigs.
June 30. The following advertisement appeared
in the daily papers :
THE ANNALS OF DHruolT.
961
.()l)crt Fulton arrived
anics of soldiers,
opened to Vpsilanli.
Ictroit, dinner at N'psi-
ans cannonatle the I'a-
)tt arrived.
iir of ciii/.ens at City
Ltenient made in Cana-
synipathized willi and
distribute bread and
;uirh of the I'niversity
)ration in Presbyterian
1\. was opeui-d to Royal
C. K. K. traek was es-
enue to Atwaler Street.
were ojiened in Detroit.
jn; laid, and old round-
J.
Department openeil a
idred Patriots on the
•d by Cieneral lirady.
its attack Windsor, and
n^r many men.
leral Scott and suite
maintaining neutral-
le County I'oor Farm
iiased.
livided into wards, and
rmen. Fnvelopes were
lirsl held.
jralion of foundinj^ of
was first used on the
mboat C.reat Western
R. R. was opened to
train with the lirady
eil that city.
I's Hall opened.
Fire Department So-
s raised on the corner
ndolph Street,
ve on live steamboats
at Fort Meijj,s.
dvcrtisement appeared
.SILKWORMS. — (;rk.\t curiosity.
liy calling at (IcciriiL- I'uwlrr's sinrc, cornur of Atwatcr and
liatcs Streets, may \>u seen over 5,i>)0 tliriviiij; silk \vi>rms, fed
frimi the white mulberry trees, raisiil in this city. Tiny have
already passed two stages of moultirii,'. .Admittance i.J cents
f(jr the season, which will continue four weeks, t'hildnn half
price. IIli.il .\. VoiNii.
Auijust 4. The boiler of the Frie exi)loded near
Maiden. Five persons were scalded and one killed.
Seiitember 28. \'ice-l'resident Richard .M. John-
son, who killed Tecumseh, visited Detroit to attend
a Democr.ilic liarbecue on Cass I'arm.
Septemi)(;r 30. (ireat Whig meeting at Detroit.
1841. January 26. The Western Farmer was
first issued.
March 3. The first appropriation for a survey of
the lakes was made by Congress.
April 10. A meeting of citizens was held to ex-
press sorrow at the death, on .April 4, of President
Harrison.
April 20. Funeral procession, bells tolled, etc.,
to honor memory of the l.ate President H.irrison.
Oration by Hon. Ross Wil'cins at Presbyterian
Church. 'Phis year the bells began to ring instead
of tolling for a lire.
May 1 8. Fire Company No. 4 organized.
August 4. §50,000 was appropriated by Congress
for the construction of Fort Wayne.
August 31. Mt. Elliott Cemetery was estab-
lished.
September 29. A volunteer night-watch was or-
ganized.
November 9. 'Phe city marshal, by direction of
the Common Council, tears down ami demolishes a
disreputable house owned by 'P. Slaiighter anti Peg
Welch.
December. Rev. Peter I'aul Lefevere, acting Ro-
man Catholic bishop of Detroit, arrived.
December 20. 'Phe M. C. R. R. was opened to
Jackson.
1842. January i. The entire block between
Woodward .Ivenue and tiriswold Street, Jefferson
Avenue and Woodbridge Street, was burned.
Januarv 15. 'Phe ord'".;ince prescribing the price
of bre.id was repealed.
February 17. The ISo.ird of Education was cre-
ated.
July 4. Large Sunday School celebration, a grand
aff.-u'r. Procession .about ,'i mile in length, number-
ing not far from 1,000 children.
July 8. Ex-I'i-e^iident M. Van Burcn visited De-
troit.
August 18. Thursday. Professor De Honneville
commenced a course of lectures on animal magnet-
ism at the City Hall.
.August 29. The corporation of Detroit was
made the successor of the Governor and Judges as
a Land Board.
P'ecember 5. Henry liam.ird lectured in Detroit
on schools and education.
1843. January 15. Funeral service in honor of
cx-Governor Stevens 'P. Mason at llpi.scopal Church.
Large procession of inilit.ary and civil officers. He
dietl in New N'ork on Janiuary 4.
I'Y'bruary 15. .Arrival of General Cass from I'lu-
rope. He was escorted to the Exchangt; by military
and citizens and welcomed with an addess by the
mayor.
June 27. 'Phe rectjrder was aulhorizeil to trans-
fer all the fire engines, etc., to the P'ire Department
Society.
June 29. St. Mary's Catholic Church, corne- St.
Antoine and Croglian Streets, was consecrated.
July 4. 'Phe railroad was completed to Pontiac.
( )ctober 4. First State g;ilhering of uniformed
militia consisting of two regiments. 'Phey went
into camp on the Cass Farm for eight weeks.
October 9. A grand review of troops was held.
October 11. 'Phe celebrated Copper Rock from
Ontonagon, Lake Superior, arrived, — length 4 feet
six inches; width 4 feet; thickness 18 inches.
Brought by Mr. J. P'.ldred. This same rock was
seen by Alexander Henry in 1776, and he cut a 100
pound piece from it with an axe.
1844. March. The M. C. R. R. track was re-
moved from Woodward Avenue. In this year the
first ex])ress office was opened in Detroit and the
Grand Circus parks began to be improved.
May 30. T'our Sisters of Charity arrive, — the
lirst in the city.
June 10. A free school for boys and girls was
opened by the Sisters of Charity.
June 25. About 9 o'clock A. M. the steamboat
General \'ance, owned by S.imuel Woodworth of
Detroit, blew up while lying in the dock at Windsor.
Mr. Woodworth was killed and Major Truax with
two or three others .seriously injured.
September 6. The Scotch Presbyterian Church
was lirst used.
September 21. 'Phe .\llgemeine Zeitung, a tier-
man paper, was first issued.
October 17. .An immense Clay and Frelinghuy-
sen mass meeting of citizens of Wayne and St. Clair
counties was held. 'Phe princijial streets were deco-
rated with llags, banners, patriotic inscriptions, etc.
1845. M.irch 3. Five-cent letter postage was
provided for.
June 9. St. N'incent's (now St. Mary's) Hospital
was opcneil on Earned Street.
June 17. A public meeting of citizens was held
to express regret for the death of General Andrew
Jackson.
June 19. Lyman Beecher was here at a conven-
tion of Presbyterian and Congregational ministers.
July 2. Funeral obsequies in honor of Cieneral
962
TIIH ANNALS OF I)I<:TR0IT.
Jackson; proci'ssion, rind ,'in address l)y lion. I'lico-
doiT RonK'vn.
July 4- Formal naniini^ of llcllc Isle,
July 10. Tlic liakcr I'arni, between L'hieai^o and
Ciraiul Kivir Roads, divided inio ])asUiia],;e lots
and sold al aiieiion. In this year a p.iriion of Jeffer-
son /\ venue was paved wilii wood, and public hacks
were lirst introduced.
Atiirust. A v(jluiUccr nij^lu-waich was orijanizcd.
Auyfust I r. An order arrivt'd for the three com-
panies of tUe l''ifili Rei;imeiil of Inianlry, then in
Detroit, to rendc/.vous al Jefferson llarracks pre-
paraiorv to ijoiiii; to 'I'ex.as.
.\ii;;iist 16. A complimentary dinner was ^\wn
at till' lixchani^c to the oilicers of the Fiflii Re.i;i-
nieni.
.August 19. I'Mre Com|iruiy No. 5 was ori^ruiixed.
Se|)teml)cr 14. Con^^ress Street .M. F. Church
dedic.ited.
Sei)teml)iT 22. I'"ire Company No. 6 was or-
i^^anix.ed. I'llectric telcj^raph liist explained and
illustrait'd in Detroit.
October 7. l-'irst lire-limits ordinance passt'd.
No\ember 3 and 4. Last two-<l;iy election held.
1846 January 1. Wales Hotel o|)ened.
Jaiuiary 12. City Tract .Association or^ani/A-d.
{•"ebruary 2. M. C R. R. opened to Kalamazoo.
March 2. Local oinion law. — Citizens vote
a.irainst lii:ensin]i^ saloons.
A|)ril 2. liethcl Church on Woodbrid.irc Street
dedicated.
.May 13. Connivss declares war aiLjainsi Mexico.
May 14. Body of Dr. lloui,dit<)r, State yeolo-
v;ist, broui^ht to Detroit.
May 15. I'uneral of Dr. llou;^liton.
May 31. r'irst buildin:,^ of Christ 1'. I'.. Church
dedic.iti-d. In this year the lirst |)ower press in
MichiiL;an was set up in oflice of l'"ree Press.
August 2. St. Matthew's Lutheran Church, on
Conj^fess Street, dedicateil.
/\u,i;ust 30. I'irst Conj^re^alional Church, Jeffer-
soti .Avenue, dedicated.
Sei)teml)er 23. M. C. R. R. transferred to a
corporation.
October S. illmwood Cemetery opined.
1847. January 2;ii. Rev. I'rof. Fimiey was here
for the week endinv; January 23; he jireached in
the Con.nrejLjational Church every evening.
Febru.u-y 4. .A meetinvi' ^^'-i^ '"'1'' in ''"" interest
of tlie Sauk Ste, Marie Canal.
February 25. Meetinif in City Hail to devise
nn.ins for sendinij iclief to the starvin,;; poor of
Ireland; a committee was appointed, coiisistinj^ of
C. C. 'I'rowbridire, Henry Ledyard, F.. A. Hrush,
Theodore Romeyn, an<i Wni, dray; they interested
not only citizens of I )etroit but persons in the iiin-rior
of the State, and sent to .New York 2,348 barrels
and jiackaijes of provisions, includiiu:^ 2,175 barrels
of Hour.
March 7, Sunday. A farewell missionary meetinij
for Rev. Judson D. Collins, of Michigan, was held
at the Coniijress Street M. F. Church; he was the
lirst .M. K. mission.'iry to China.
.March 9. Hill passed loc.itinv; St;iti' C;ipital at
I-ansin;(.
■\Larch 17. Closi: of last session of Lei^islature
held in Detroit.
.\pril 24. First troops leave for Mexico; prema-
ture national s.aliite llred bv order of Mavor and
Common Coimcil, in honor of \ictories not then
won; also a general illumination; liremen out in
torchlii^ht procession.
July 2. Fxhibilion at tin: ca])itol of the eele-
br,ite<l ii.iinlini^-, l'eaU''s "Court of Death;" also of
the mode of lelev^raphinir.
July 4. .Most extensive celebnition ever held,
particijjated in by milit.ary and tirt'iiien, inchidin'.^
sevi'ral companies from abro.id ; torchlight |)ro-
cession in the eveninj;'.
.\u,v,uist 15. Postage .stamps first received in
Detroit. Durini.; this year the city was first dividid
into lire districts.
Sei)ieml)er 19. First brick church of African
.Mi'thodist society di'dicated.
October 20. First IJo.ird of Trade orl,^•ulize(l.
Novi'mbcr 29. First lele!L;ra|)h dispat(h from De-
troit sent to ^'psilanti.
1848. January 7. N'ouny; .Men's lUiievolent So-
ciety ornruiized.
March 1. First ti'lej,MMi)h tlis|);itch reciived from
Ni'W N'ork. Horace ( ireeley here the same day.
May 9. Fxtensive fire between liates and
I'lcaubien Streets, Jefferson Aveniu' and the river.
Lieutenant l'. S. C.r.anl visited Detroit this yc.ir for
the first time.
ALiy 30. ^L C. R. R. bci;in usinij Third Street
dei)ot.
June 8. The teariiii;' ilowii of old jail on Ciraliol
Street was bei^iin.
June 29. .SS. I'l'ter and Raul's Catholic Church
consecr.ited.
July 8. Tlu' first troops returned from the war
in .Mexico.
1849. Janu.iry. l'"iri- Companies Nos. 7 and 8
orj^.inized.
February 21. Flection of City Physicians pro-
vided for.
>darch 5. Detroit Savini;s ISank incorporated.
April 10, The steamboat M.iyllower made her
trial trip.
April 23. M. C, R. R. completed to New Ikiffalo.
May 28. M. C, R. R. line of boats to Buffalo be-
^an. In this year the strap-rail on M. C. R. R. was
replaced with T rail, street jjavini; with cobble-
THE ANXAl.S OF Di: TROIT.
963
iiirliKliiii; 2,175 banvis
^rll inissiimary iiK'i'tiii.u;
of Mirlii'^aii, was licld
!•:. Cluinli ; Ik: was llic
ilia.
ralin.u Statf Capital at
session of I.cijislature
ive for Mexii-o; prcma-
)y order of Mayor and
r (if viclories not Uien
nation; lirenK'n out in
he c.-iiiitoi of llu' eeie-
ourt of Di'alh;" also of
celebration ever held,
and lirenuMi, ineludinv;'
broad ; lorehli.i^lil pro-
anips first received 111
the city was first divided
)rick church of African
d.
1 of Trade or!i;-aiii/.i'd.
\rrn\yh (lispaK h from Dc-
1;^ Men's Iknevoleiit So-
li disiiatih received from
V here llu' same day.
lieiwetn r>ates and
Avenue ami the river.
;h1 Detroit this year for
i;in usinj^ Third Street
wn of old jail on C.niliot
Paul's Catholic Church
returned from the war
impanics Nos. 7 and S
if City rhysiciaiis pro-
;s iiank incorpor.ited.
It Mayllower made her
iniplelod to New lUiffaio.
u' of boats to Buffalo be-
)-i-;iil on M. C. R. K. was
:et pavint.; with cobble-
stone bejran to be jroncral, and union public schools
were first provided.
June I. Harmonic Society or!,;ani/.cd.
July 2. Rev. l',. Leahey, U. 1)., a monk of
LaTr.ip|)e, attempli'd to lecture at Cily Hall in
opposition to Catholicism, but was not allowed
to jirocecd. He was escorted home by llisho|)
Lefevere and Mayor Howard. The iie.\t ni'<ht
he tried to lecture in I'owler's old school ou
Jelferson .\venue. There w.is .111 immense crowd
outside the building;-, but no oni: in the audience-
room, and no lecture was }.dven. The ISrady
C.uards were in readiness for action, as a riot was
feared.
July. I.ieiitenant ['. S. Crant arrived.
July to September. Nearly yx> deaths from
cholera.
Seiili'inber 19. Introduction of lari;e imporlcd
French |)lale-v;lass show-windows by Cico. Doty,
jeweler, -the Kindest west of New \nvk Cily.
September 20 and 27. Millard Fillmore visits the
city .IS y^uest of M.'iyor Howard.
September 25, 26, and 27. First ;tnnu;il F.air
Michi,i,ran State .A,nriciiltiir;il Society; held on Wood-
ward Avenue, south of Dullield Street.
October 6. (ieorv;e IS.mcroft, the histori;in, hei\'.
October 14. Lafayette Street M. IC. Church dedi-
cated.
October 22. I'eninsul.ir Hank I)e.ti;in business.
November. Dciroit and I'onliac plank-road first
opened.
November 19. Daily 'I'ribune first issued.
December 12. I'ontiae R. R. 011 liratiot Avenue
torn up by citi/ens.
December 2}. Mariners 1'. V.. Cluinh dcdi-
caled.
1850, I'ebruary 11. i'ontiae R. R. on Oraliot
Avenue for second time torn up by citi/.eiis.
l'"ebruary 26. l'"or several successive d.'iys the
curio.sity of citi/.ens was exercised in retrard to a
man who jxar-ided the ]irinciiial streets wi-ariui; ,1
lady's lonif shawl, and there was con.stain iiuiuiry
concerninif the " m.m with the shawl."
March 21. Citi/.i'iis of Detroit protest ai^aiii.st
changinif route of M. S. iS; \. I, R. R.
April 2. i'olice Court created.
April 7. Second I'resbyteri.in Church, corner
Lafayette Avenue and Wayne Street, dedicated.
iNLay 16. i're.sbyterian C.eneral Assembly con-
vened.
Jime 2. First M. F. Chur-h, corner Woodward
Avt'iuie and .St.ite Street, dedicateil.
June 3. Second Constitutional Convention beiijan
at Lansinij.
June 1910 2S. John l>. Cioir^h lectured in I'rcs-
byterian Church on Temperance.
July 4. Corner-stone of Firemen's ll.iU l.iid.
July 17, Wcdnesd.iy. (■'uncivil obscijuics in honor
of l'resi(k;nt Zachary T.iylor. I'rocession, ;uid ,in
address by Hon. (ieo. C. liates at First I'resbylerian
Church.
.\u,misl 26. Detroit and S.iline pl.mk-nKid first
oijcnetl.
September II. Frederik.i I'.remer ari-ivcd.
Nincmber 5. .Second Constitution of Michii,ran
ado|)led by vote of the people. I'rosecutinq; Attor-
lU'y first I'lectcd.
November 6. St. Mary's I lospital, Clinton Street,
opened.
November 19. M. C. R. R. frci-ht de])ot burned.
Loss ft I 50,000. .\miii Ley, coiiimissioiier of Tur-
key, \isits the city.
November 27. iMist N'oiiiii^- Mi'ii's li.ill coin-
])lett-d.
1851. Janu.iry i. State Coiistiiution of 1.S50 be-
comes oper;iti\c.
Februarv I 22. I'ine .\rt Fxhihiiion at I'iiemen's
il.all
M;in'h v Thrce-cciit letter ])ostai;i' |)rovided for.
.April iS. l-'uneral of C.eneral llu,i.,di I'.radv, -
very lari^e procession; services ;it I'resbyterian
Church.
A|)ril 19. S.-iturday. 33 persons, known ;is the
M. C. R. R, conspir.itor' .arrived.
April 2S. Clreat r.iilroad cons|)ir,icv c.ise com-
menced ; continued most of the time for four
months. In this year the first C.erm.m M, K.
Church w;is dedicated.
June 3. The tri.il of J.imi's J, Stranij, otherwise
known .as Kiiii;' Str.in.iL^', the Mf)rnioii, be.ijaii.
June 7. Riddle I louse first opened.
June 10. Michi^,^ln St.ite .Music;d Convention,
under direction of I'rofessor Charles 1! :ss, ;it First
•M. i:. Church.
June 23. (Irt'.it meeting; a' City ll.ill to promote
buildinj,^ the C, W. R. R. In this year Ives" Dry
Dock was built, the first wheat elevator erected, ;ind
sle.ini power lirst applied to printing' in Detroit.
August 4. Charlotte Cushman performs in city.
September 23. Mi.ss .Sarah Hunt's Ladies' Semi-
nary opened.
September 24. Streets lirst li,v;hteil\vith j,ms.
September 24-26. Third State Fair; held on
Third Street between Michig.an aiul (irand RiviT
.Avenues.
September 25. Wrdici of truilty .ajf.iinst twelve
of the persons indicted ;is railroad conspir.itors.
.September 26. Sentences of imprisonment, vary-
inj.^- from five to ten years, pronounced against rail-
road cons|)ir,itors.
October. C.rand River pl.ank-road lirst opened.
October 23. Firemen's Hall No. 2 first opened.
Theresa I'arodi and Amalie i'atti sing in Detroit.
November 24, Monday. Reception of Dr. Kin-
964
Tiir: ANNAi.s OK i)i:ikoiT.
kcl, llic tlisiiii.v;tiislii il < iiiiii.iii ixilriot, poet, and
scliolar. I'lKnisaiids of ciiizciis coii^rctjaled before
the iliddle House lo bid him vveleoine.
Decciiibcr 15. Mceliii;^ of lawyers to (oiisider
establisiiiii.;( a Law Library. Coiniiiiltee of live ;i[»-
l)oinicd.
1852. January i J. An iniinenst: niceliiii,^ asks
for release of I )'r,ricii, Miieliell, and Mi:a.^lu:r.
January 2], W.C. K. K.ear uianufaetiirin.;,' siiops
at Detroit burned.
April ij. /inn <I'rnian Kefoimd (hureh, Cro-
i;liau .Slrecrt, ((('(liealed.
May 21. \\. C. K. R. trains run into Chicago for
first lime.
May 22. M. S. i\: N. 1. k. K. eom|)lel(!d between
'l'oled(j and t'lii<;n;o. in this year I'oiitiae cars be^iii
to use ISrilsh Slreet I )e|)ot.
July 4. .S. .S. eclebralion, 2,(xjo eliihh'en at I'res-
ijytt:rian Chun h.
July 7. .Si.ite 'i'emperaiiee meidinij of Sitcret
'I'eniperauec .Soiielies, procession, etc. Titmper-
aiK 1; m.iss meet iin4 in Woodbrid^;!' ( iro\'e. Addresses
by Ne.il Dow .111(1 K.itheri'.iylor, ihes.iilor pi'e.i' her
of liosloii.
July 15. i'uner.il obse(|iiies in honor of Henry
Clay; l.iryje procession ; .iildress bv l\e\'. I )r. OiiHield
;it I'rcsbyleri.in C'hur( h.
Aui^ust 20. Sie.uiier .Atl.iniie, while on her w;iy
to Detroit, c<illided with propellor ( )i.^deiisl)uri(h
olf Lonv; I'oint, L.ike Lrie, ,iiid w.is sunk. 1 \i jier-
soiis \\ere lost, niany of them ri'sideiUs, or friends of
ciii/.ens of Detroit.
September 22 2.|. i''ourih .St.ate l'"air ; held on
'I'liird .Street between Mi'hivran ;iiid (Ir.ind River
AvelUU'S.
S< ptt'itibcr 2y. i'irst NOniii; Men's Chrisii.in As-
.soci.ilion or!^;iiii/'.ed.
October. Si. Vincent's I'emale Orphan Asyhim
esl.iblished.
October 26. Meetin.ir of cili/i'iis held on call of
m.iyor to express rej^ret at death of Hon. D.iniel
Webster.
December lo. O. M. Hyde's immense l^'loatinjif
Dot k l.iunched.
Decemb(!r 19. St. i'aul's I'. !•',. Chiireh dedicated,
— stH'ond biiildinjf.
1853. J.iiiuary r. Advertiser (Irsl printed on
steam cylinder press.
Janu;iry 5. A lari,re and excitini^- meetinij at City
Hall, to o|)pose the biiikhnir of more public institu-
tions
Janu.iry (). Kirsl brick Luiher.in Churchon Mon-
roe .Avenue dedie.'ited.
January 24. (Ireat raiiro.id meetinifin interest of
O.ikkmd \- Otlaw.i R. R.
I'cbruary 14. IJoard of Water Coinmissioncrs
est.il)lishcd.
{•'ebru.iry 15. .Second .\il l\.\liibilioii be.i;aii. It
ended .M.in h 1 5, iH, ^
M.ircli zi). j'erniission (irsi givi'ii to sell iik.ii
elsewhere ih.in.il inarkei. I.iceiist-, §50 a ye.ir.
April. 5. D.aily !• ree Demoi r,ii first issued.
.May I. .Miehi.^;.iii V'olksbl.itt first issued.
July 21. fJ.ir Libr.ary Ass. xi.-itioii ori^.iiiizcd.
September 8. Unitari.in ( liiin li. L.ilayelle Ave-
nue, dedic.itcd.
Si-i)tember 15. Cre.il I'liion S. .S. celcbr.ition ;
procession,, iiui e.xeursioii 011 ste.imljoats May (^I'^'i"
;iiid Ki^yslone St.ale.
Septeiiiber28 30. !• iftli St.itt !• .lir ; held on 'I'liird
Street between Mi( liii;an .and Cr.ind River Ave-
nues.
October 13. Mrs. Ameli.i r.loomer, orii^inaior of
the i'lloonier costume, lei tiired in I' irinieii's Hall on
" Woiiliu'm l\iv;lits."
November 20. I^'ri'in h NL !'.. ( linn h dedicated.
December 2(1. l„ir.v;c meeliiii; ol ilie li lends of ;i
general r.iiiro.id Law.
1854. J.miiary 10. I'irsl I'rcsbyleri.an Church
burni-d ;iiid half the bloi k between L.arned Street
;uiil biferson Avenue u|)iotlie lloston Siore.
[.iiiuarv 17. (ir.iiid celcbr.ition on the oi c.i-^ion
of the openiiiij of tiled. W. R. R.; immense pn)-
cessioii ; dinner at W. C. R. R. Depot.
Janu.iry i.S. D.iily Kii(|nirer first issued.
J.anu.iry 22. i\L C'. R. R. passenijcr ollice iinrned.
Kebrii.arv 2j. 'I'lie TiMiisii, the liist r.iiiro.id
ferry-bo.it, m.ide her iri.il trip.
[line 2-;. Scot! h I'resbyterian Church eiiicred,
;ind fnriiitunr mutil.ited.
June .and July. 0\er 200 deaths from ( holer.i.
Sepf('mber2i. i''ort Street Coii.i,(re.i4atioii,il Church
dedicili-d.
September 26 29. Sixth Sl.ite Kair; held on
'I'liird Street, l)etvveeii Mi( hi,v;;in and (jrand Ri\cr
A\'ennes.
1855. I(bru.iry \n. River frozen over ; ;i sh;tiity
erectc'd ,it iiiiddli; of ri\'er for the s.ale of li(|uor.
i'"cbrii.irv I ]■ I. cirisl.it lire prohibits use of county
j.ails for the detention of fui(itive sl.ives.
M.iic li 6. Notice ill d.iily p.ipeis tli.it the Messrs.
Siilioii li.nl photoi^r.iplied by 'I'nrner's |)n)cess with
j^ic.it success.
April 24. M. S. \- N. I. R. R. in oper.atioiibet ween
Toledo ,ind Ihiff.alo. Council forbids the runnini^ of
fire eiivjines on sidevv.alks of p.aved street.
M.iy 2. i''ire Companies 1, 4, 5, C>, 7, and 8 di.s-
b;mil.
M.iy ^ I'jnployees of M. C. R. R. and of Jackson
i\: Wiley ori;,ini/.i: ;i lin: coin|).any.
M.iy 15. N<w lire conip.inies ori;ani/ed for
I'",nv,dnes 5, 6, aiul 8. The prohibitory li(|uor l.iw
went into effect; lu'.arly ,ill tint drinkiiiiL^ pl.iccs were
cioseii. In this ye.ir the St. M.iry's i'";iils ShipC!:ui.iI
TIIK ANNAI.s oi i)i:ikorr.
</^s
L l^xliibili(jii bc^.iii. It
irsl i;ivi'ii U) sell meal
l.iiciisc, S5o;i ycai'.
MX rat liisl issiu'd.
ilati Inst issued,
^mial ion (iri4aiii/.<<l.
( liim h, l.afayclle Avi:-
'nion S. S. (•clchiatinn ;
I sicanilioals May (,H'^'^"
Mali lair; licid on 'I'liinl
and (irand KivtT Avc-
ia IllooMici", oiiv;inaloi" of
H(l in !■ iiiiiRn's Hall on
\\. I'.. ( hnn li dcdicaUid.
licliiii; ol ilir liicnds (jf a
si I'rcshylcrian t'hunh
c hi'lw'ccn I. allied Street
I llie lioston Slore.
•hralion on llie. (xca.-iion
A'. K. K. ; immcnsi; pro-
K. K. Depot,
iiirer first issued.
. passeni;(T office binned,
sil, llie iiisi. r.iilrii.id
I.
yleiian ("hiireli eiilered,
Hi deaths from eholer.i.
C'oiinre.nalionalChiireli
Slate l''air; held on
iv;an and (Jraiid River
r fro/en over; a shanly
the sale of liipior.
)roliil)its use of county
ilivc! slaves,
p.ipeis thai the Messrs,
y 'I'nrner's proei'ss with
K. in operation bet ween
il forbids the runniiii;- of
paved street.
i> 4. 5. '''. 7. -inil 8 dis-
Z. \i. U. and of Jackson
j.uiy.
iilianies orijani/ed for
proliibitoiy li<|iior law
e drinUiiii; places wi'n-
lary's I'.ills Ship Canal
was o|)ened, ;ind inleinienls in I'lcinbien l-arin
Cemetery ceased.
July -5- ( »ver one hnndred lndi;in chiefs hold a
coiiiK il to settle ilillicniiies in rej.;ard to treaty of
I K >,(,.
.Aui^iisi 2. Ciciieral M. I'.. Sunday School cele-
bration of the city M. I'., churches.
September 4. ( )ld ( '.iss warehouse, occupied by
( '1. n, W'illi.uns, coriK r of Ironl .and I' irst .Streets,
burned ; loss §30,(^)0.
September 13. New <)dil I'Vllows' ll.ill, facin;^'
Cami)us M.irtius, dedii ,iied.
October ;^to5. .Sevciilli .Annual .Si.ate I'.iir; li< M
on Third .Slrcn-l, belweeii Miihi^.m and < ir.iiid
kiver Avenues.
November 18. ImhI Street I'resbyteriaii Chun li
d<''lic.ited.
I)ccemlK:r 9. Jefferson Avenue I'resbyierian
Cliui( Il dedicated.
December 25. Kailid.id ( (Jiuiilctcd between Dt:-
troii .111(1 Monroe.
1856. M.iy 6. Mcetin.i^ of American Medical
Society.
May .25. I''irst .St. Joseph's Catholic Cluirch,
(iralioi ,\\'ciiue, consecr.iled.
June 9. I'ire Company No. lo ciij^.mi/ed.
June 10. l''ire Comiiany No. 9 or;^.ini/cd.
June 15. W.alnnl Slreel M. \.. Church dedicitcd.
June 18. The trial of Whit.-, Kin^. and Ayir,
for iiic,it express robbery, bci^.an; $50,000 w;is
stolen.
July. K.ailroad comi)lcte(l bciwceii Detroit .and
Tole(lo.
July 15. Present I'xi.irdof Trade orj.;,ini/.i'd.
An;.^ust 1. K. C. 1 )iiii iV Co. '.s ai^cncy established
in l)(!troit.
Aiitjust 12, 'i'ucsd.iy. Sixth ruinn.il mectini^of
the Americ.m .Association for the Advaiicemi'iil of
ICducatioii bcv;nii.
October .'. (irc.it Kepiiblicin meeliiii; on v.ac.anl
lot corner Woodw.ird .and Ad.inis Avenues.
October I to.). i'Ji^hth Annual State i'.iir; held
on the R.ice Course in I l.imtnunck.
1857. J.iiiii.ary 7. St.ale <oiiveiilioii of liremcii.
I''el)rii.iiy I. Static liaiik of Michii^.m ofKani/eil.
i'cbriiary 5. New <ily <harler obtained; city
niiK h eiil.arvjed. Kecorder's Court created.
Febru.iry n. V'wr Comi)any No. 1 1 organized.
I'"ebru,iry 16. C.ener.il b.uikini,^ law passed by
Lt%Msl,iturc.
February 22. I'"rencli and C.erman I'rcsbyleri.an
Church, C.itherine Street, dedicated.
I'cbrn.iry 2.S. \V. \V. Ryan lectured at City I ball
on his im|)ort,int (?) secret of foretelling tli<" vvcatlur.
March. I''ire Coinii.iny No. 12 organized.
March 4. First union morning praycr-incetiiiK
held.
M.irch I }. Tr.iiii on ( i. W. R. R. breaks tliidu;;h
bridi^e over c.an.il iic.ir 1 l.imillDii ; over eiijhty lis'cs
lost; travel suspended lor ivsd weeks.
Mav 15. R<lie| meetini^ held to .aid ( iti/.ens in
(ir.itiiil .and ailjoinin;; counliits in ii<cd of foo<|;
yi ,000 subscribed.
Juiw lb. Industri.al School Society ori;.aiii/.ed.
Jiiiie .i.\. St.ale .Suiid.i) Sclionj (ijinciilioii ,al Dr.
Dullii-ld's church. .M.asoiiic I l.all dcdii ,ited. Meet-
inv( of North American S,ini;crbiinil bev;.an.
July i<> l-'irsl telev;r.iph laliNt l.iid across river.
Inly 22. ii.irk t!. J. Kersh.aw sails for Liverpool
direct,
AiiL;iist .i.\. 'I'hc; Ohio Life. and 'I'.ust ('(Jiiip.iny
f,lile(L
September 2S. Russell i loUS(r lirst oi)ene(|.
September <i) to <)(t(jber 2. Ninth Annii.al .State
i'.air; held on Race ('ourse in jl.amtr.iuu k.
November. W.itir Works Reservoir on De-
(|iiiii(lre k'.irm first used.
November 3(j. M.iriiie I Iosi)it.al opened.
December 5. Citi/.ens' meciinv; .at City Hall;
e.x|)ciiiliture of $i5o,(joo lor wdiklioiise \dted down.
1858. M.iv iX. Coriur-slrjlie of the luw I'ost-
ollicr ,in I ('iishjin I louse l.iid.
July 4. Lir't throiii^h Ir.iin .arrived from ( ir.and
R.ipids.
|iilv8. I'iremeii's I ball reopened. Thew.illshad
been r.iiseil .and i in-w roof put on.
July 24. (!el-l)r,iiion of the 157th .anniversary of
the foimdini; cif Detroit, under the .auspices of the
.Mic|ii;,^,in St.ale i lisldiic.i! Society. L.ii;t;e jiidces-
sion of cily oHicers, lirenien, NLisons, Odd I'Vllows,
soldiers, .and citi/.ens. .\(ldr<'sses ,at I'lrcmiai's I ball,
in I'.ni^lish by C. I. W.ilker .and in l-rciich by 1^. N.
L.acroix. I'.l.abor.ale supper , at Russell I louse in the
e\enin,i;.
July 25. hirst I'.cIIkI Chiinii of l".v.anv;elic,il
Associ.ation dedic.aled.
July 2.S. The dr.iMiicn hold ,an indi.i^n.iiion nwet-
inv; because the raihd.ads bc!.;.in to use their own
dr.ays.
Au.mist 16. Rei eijit of ( Mie( n's message by lele-
J4r,apli cable. I'.uildin.vjs illumin.aliil. loo i;nns tiied,
lorchli;^hl procession, eti'.,on the followinv; d.a\.
Au^iisl 21. JMremen's Library and Keadinji;
Room o|)ened.
Aii,i(ust 30. D.\- M. R. R. completed to C.rand
ll.aven. lirst session of the lli;.;h Si liool.
September t. First ihroujih train .arrived from
Milw.aiikee.
Sci)tember 2. I''irst trial of a steam tire enKine.
September 5. Second (ierinan NL F. Church
dedicated.
.September 7, Tiiesd.iy. Commencement of forty-
ninth meeting of the American Hoard of Coinniis-
sioners for Foreijjn Missions.
966
THE ANNALS OF DETROIT.
September 28 to October i. Tentli annual State
Fair; licltl on the Ladies' Kidinij I'ark, on west
side of Wocjdward Avenue, north of Davenport
Street.
November 10. Old University Building torn
down.
December 4. Young Men's Christian Union or-
ganized.
December 31. Tribune lUiilding, northeast cor-
ner WooiKvard Avenue and Woodbridge Street,
burned.
1859. January 25. Centennial celebration of
lUirns' birtiulay. Dinner at tiie I'l.xchange, anil a
supper and toasts at the Biiklle House.
February 3. Walter Harper provides for estab-
lishment of Harper Hospital.
Marcii 12. Joiin 15ro\vn arrives in Detroit and
holds conference with colored men concerning pro-
posed I larper's Ferry raid.
April 25. Fire on corner of (katiot and r>rush
Streets. An old warehouse and eight buiitlings
burned.
April 2S. Reception to \Vm. Smith O'JJrien, the
Irisli patriot.
May 3. Daily meetings of the Board of Trade
began.
May 19. Annual Session of the Congregational
General Association commenced at the First Con-
gregational Church.
September. Detroit Female Seminary opened.
September 29. J. B. Corey obtains judgment of
$20,000 against city because of injuries received by
his wife, who fell into a sewer excavation on dris-
wold Street.
September 30. Citizens' meeting authorizing a
loan of $250,000 for the erection of a new City Hall
and $50,000 for a Workhouse.
October 4 to 7. Eleventh Annual State Fair;
held on west side of Woodward Avenue, north of
Davenport Street. General N. 1'. Banks delivered
an address.
November i. Merrill Hall first opened.
November 5. Second trial of steam fire engine.
November 19. St. John's I'. F. Church dcdicat'.'d.
November 21. Grand Trunk R. R. opened from
Detroit to I'ort Huron.
i860. January 19. Midnight ]irocession of the
Sons of ALalta.
January 25. Michigan State Retreat for the In-
sane opened.
January 30. New Post Office building, c orncr of
Gris>vold and Larned Streets, formally opened.
April 2. Meeting of firemen at Firemen's Hall
to protest against Common Council creating office of
fire marshall and curtailing powers of chief engineer.
May 18. Rev. II. Grattan Guiness preached in
First Presbyterian Church.
June 26. The city contracts for its first steam
fire engine.
July I. .Vdclina I'atti visits Detroit.
July fi. lioiler of sttam tug /\. .S. Field exploded
at foot of liates Street; live persons were killed atid
six wounded.
August 26. New Jerusalem Church on Macomb
Avenue dedicated. Tabernacle liaplist Church,
Washington .Vvenue, ilcdicated.
August 30. French Methodist Church dedicated
as a Jewish Synagogue.
SeiHember 4. Tuesday. Immense Republican
gathering, — Wideaw;ikes out in multitudes; 3,500
torchlights in procession ; speech by Governor
Seward.
SeiHi'inbcr 20. Arriv.il nf the I'rince of Wales.
.Sc|neml)er 27. Lady Jane Franklin visits the
city on her way West; she slopped at the Russell
1 louse.
Seplemhcr 2S. Miss Dix, the phil;uitliropist,
visited the city, .'uid inspected the jail, hospitals, and
the poorhousi^ ;it Wayne.
October 2-
.Annual Stale I'air; held
on west side of Woodw.ird .\veiuie, north of Daven-
port .Street. lUm. Cassius M. Cl.iy ga\e an ad-
dress.
October 15. Monday. Immense Democratic
meeting; speech by Stephen A. Douglas.
October 21. Anniversary of M. F. .S. S. Union
and Tract Society.
N()\einl)er 20. Second steam fire engine or-
dered.
December 10. Meeling of business men to coun-
sel rci.arding trouble occasioned by discount on
Western money.
December 17. First U. S. Tri'asury Notes au-
thorized. In this month St. Peter's l-^piscop.il Chunh
was first used.
1861. J.i.niaryS. Salute of 100 guns in honor
of Major Anderson.
January 13. Westminster Church, on Washing-
ton Avenue, dedicated.
January 28. Great Union meeling at City Hall.
March 12. First Police Commissioners provided
for.
March 16. St. Luke's Hospital incorporated.
April 4. Forty-two Wisconsin banks suspend.
April 13. News arrives of the attack of April 12
on Fort S.:mler. Meeting of lawj^ers at Bar Li-
brary in favor of Union.
.April 15. Immense Union meeting at Firemen's
Hall.
.\pril 17. Flag raised on Board of Trade build-
ing; speeches in favor of Union. General Cass
]-)resent. Detroit Light Guards organize for the war.
April 1 8, Flag raised on Custom I louse and l''ost
Office.
Tacts for its l"irst steam
siis Dftroii.
till,'- A. S. Fifld exploded
persons were killed and
ilem Chunli on Macomb
rii.ule IS.'iplist Church,
ated.
thodist Ciiurch di'dicated
Immense K. publican
ut in multitudes; 3,500
; speech by C"io\ernor
)f the Prince of W'ak'S.
ane P'ranklin visits the
slopped at the Russi'll
)ix, ilu- |>hilanthroi'>ist,
I'd tlu- jail, hospitals, and
\nnual State I'"air; held
A\eiuie, north of Daven-
is M. Clay xa\e an ad-
Immense Democratic
1 A. Douglas,
y of M. K. S. S. Union
steam tire lui^ine or-
if business men to coun-
;ioned by discount on
S. Treasury Xotes au-
'eter's Kpiscop.il Church
of 100 jj^uns in honor
Church, on \V'ashini»'-
meetin,!,,^ at City Hall,
'ommissioners provided
is|iital incorporated.
)nsin banks suspend,
the attack of April 12
of lawyers at 15ar Li-
1 meeting at Firemen's
Bf)ard of Trade huild-
L-nion. General Cass
Is orifanize for the war.
!ustom I louse and Post
THE ANNALS OF DETROIT.
967
April 20. Oath of alle,ijiance administered to all
Ciovernment. .State, City, and County ollicers, in front
of I'ost-Otlice. Sherlock, Scott, and ISrady (aiards
or,i,^'Uiize for the war.
April 23. Mav;- raised on I'iremen's Hall.
April 25. Klai< raised on City Hall; I'nion speech
by Cieneral Cass; "Star-spangled ISaniicr" suni;- by
3,000 school-children.
May 4. I.eiiislature makes provision for relief of
families of vohmteers.
May 1 1. Presentation of banner and cockades to
First Regiment on Campus Martins.
May 13. The First Re^nmeni left for Washiiii;--
ton.
June 2. The Second Rev^iment left the city.
Franklin Pierce visited Detroit about this time.
June 25. I'aid lire cn,i,Mne companies provided
for.
July 6. House of Correction completed.
July 13. Okl church on Melcher Farm burned.
Jidy 20. A war meeting; resolves to erect a Sol-
diers" Monumciu.
July 24. Third steam tire cuisine procured.
Auv;ust 2. Rei option of First Re;^imeut on
their return from Washington; procession, dinner,
etc.
.\u.i,nist 6-7. Sessions of the Police court held
under poplar .rees on present site of City Hall.
Seinember 25-29. Thirteenth .Vnnual State Fair ;
held on Detroit Ridinjj; Park, Woodward .Avenue,
north of Davenport Street.
October 23. F'uneralof ex-Covernor Wm. Wood-
bridije.
October 26. A I'nion ]>oliticalcon\'ention agrees
to put only one ticket in the tickl.
November 6. Ladies' Sok iers' .\id Society or-
ganized.
November 21. New ^■oung Men's Hall oi)ened.
Address by Jacob M. Howard.
Noxi'inber 28. Reception to Colonel Mulligan,
the hero of Lexington, ^h). Procession, diimer,
etc.
December ly. St. John's J'. E. Ciuirch conse-
crated.
1862. J.uiuary 2. Ordinance retiuiring fci's fi-oin
;ill markt't-wagons passed.
February 11. First French Ikiptist Church ded-
icated.
February 17. Receipt of news of the victory at
Fort Donelson ; jirocession in evening, iiiumina-
tions, etc.
March 3. Flxplosion of J. 11. I larmon & Co.'s Oil
Refmery. F\)ur men killed; loss $15,000.
March 17. St. Patrick's Catholic Church conse-
crated.
April 2. M. C. R. R. engine-house and nine lo-
comotives burned.
April 13. Nation.-il Thanksgiving by |)rocl,ima-
tion of Presitlent. I'he Michig.ui Soldiers' Relief
Society was organized this month.
June 19. Tenth .uinual conference of Western
Unitarian churches began.
July .S. The .Vtlvertiser and 'I'ribune were con-
solidated.
July 15. I..u-ge war meeting: speeches by \Vm.
A. Howard. I'heo. Roineyn, autl H. \. Morrow.
July 22. C.reat war rally; si)eeches by H. A.
Morrow, (ieneral Lewis Cass, Major i'l.inivjan,
Dmicm Stewart, C. L Walker, 11. II. I'.imnons,
Lieutenant-Colonel Ruehle. and James F. Joy.
July 24. City bounties tirst pledged.
July 28. War meeting in front of liidille House;
5,000 present ; great enthusi.ism.
August 9. P.isses to C.in.ida reiiuired to prevent
citizens lleeing from military service.
August 26. i'resenialion of colors to Twentv-
fom-th Regiment of .Michigan Infantry on Campus
Martins.
August 27. General O. 15. Willcox returns to
Detroit and receives a iiublic welcome.
Se[)teinl)er 11. Meeting of the !5ar to consider
the propriety of adjourning the Wayne Circuit C(nirt
on account of the condition of the country; union
of action of all parties recommended.
.SeiHember 12. Arrival of Twenty-first Regi-
ment; rei-c]ition anil supper at the depot.
.September 22 to 26. I'"ourteenth Annual State
I'air ; held .'•: Detroit Riding Park ; P.irson lirown-
low, the editorial hero of East Tennessee, gave an
address.
October 30. Postal currency lirst received at
Detroit.
November 8. NLajor-General Richardson's re-
mains arrivetl; escorted to depot by military and
citizens.
1863. J.anuary 29. Meat market licenses reduced
from S50 t(' S5.
I'ebruary 24. Michigan divided into twcj judicial
districts.
Febru.u-y 25. National bank system created.
March 6. Riot against negroes; Faulkner, a
mulatto, arrested for alleged outrage on a little girl;
tried, convicted, and sentenced for life; military
called out; 400 nten of Twenty-seventh Regiment
called in from N'|)siiuiti ; city tired in twenty places;
thirty-tive buildings destroyed.
March 7. Public meeting of citizens, condemning
the mob and calling for arrest of rioters.
.Vpril 9. Chri.st P. E. Church dedicated; second
building.
June 15. Michigan branch of U.S.Christian
Commission organized.
July 18. Congress Street M. K. Church burned.
James A. Garfield visited Detroit about 'Jiis time.
968
THE AXXALS OF DETROIT.
Aii.ijiisi 3. JclTcrsoii Avenue and Woodward
Aveniu- street-ears eonimeneed riinnin,ij.
SepuinluT 1:;. (iratiot Avenue street-cars com-
menied running.
OetolxT 1 1. Second brick Baptist Ciiurcli erected,
corner i)f I'ort and ("iHswold Streets.
NoNi'Milx'r 4. Seconil National Hank opened for
business.
Noveniiier 16. I'irst National I>ank opt'ned for
business. In this niontii tiie Micluujan Avenue cars
commenced rinmini^.
Uecember 26. Jail on Clinton Street comiMeted.
1864. F'ebruary. First .^I. E. and Con.ijress
Street church societies united.
March 20. Ilrockway Mission Chapel first used.
April 24. Siiakespeare Ter-Centenary celebra-
tion ; tableaux antl ji^rand musical entiTlainnient at
Younjj; Men's Hall; addresses by Juilji^e Avery,
(i. \'. N. Lothrop and rlieo. Romeyn.
Ai>ril 27. Presentation of llav;s to old Twenty-
fourth Infantry on Cani|nis M.utius. The recon-
struction of Fort Wayni' w.is lHv;un this year.
May 21. The propeller Nik' l)lew up at lUickley
& Co's dock ; six jiersons killed, eleven injured.
Auv^nst I. Detroit Y. M. C. A. or>;ani/.e(l.
September 3. News of victory at Atlanta; im-
promptu celebration ; national salute; speeches by
Theo. Romeyn, J. M. Howard, and 1). P.. Durfield.
September 19. .Steamer I'hilo Parsons seized by
rebel symiiathizers in the Detroit River.
.Se|nembcr 23. I'ormer St. Matthew's colored
Ejiiscopal Church dedicateil as .Shaary Zedec Syna-
gojjue.
September 27. First draft in city to fill recjuired
quota.
October 12. Harper Hospital t'lrst opened. P'rcc
mail delivery by carriers bei^an this month.
November 1. P. O. money orders tlrst issued in
Detroit. Flint & Pere Marquette cars arrive at De-
troit, usinvj track of I). & M. R. R. from Holly.
Great Union and Republican demonstration ;
speeches by Salmon P. Chase and others; illimiina-
tions, torchliirht procession, etc.
1865. January 25. .State convention of colored
men assembled at Second Baptist Church to petition
Leijislature to tyrant theriiL,dit of suffrage.
February i. Steam fire engine No. 4 arrived.
February 17. Paitl hand fire engine companies
disbanded.
February 22. Board of Trade Iiuilding dedi-
cated; address by Ci. \'. N. Lothrop; ball in the
evening. Concordia Society organized.
Febri ry 26, Sunday. Rev. E. P. Hammond
began his revival labors.
f^ebruary 28. Freedman's Fair opened at Merrill
Hall. Board of Metropolitan Police Commissioners
created.
.March 21. Second draft for filling quota of De-
troit.
March 25. Public library opened in old C.ipitol.
April 3. Reception of news of fall of Riihmond;
impromptu celebration, salute of 100 guns, illumina-
tions, eti-.
.April 10. News of surrendir of rebel army. .Sa-
lute on Campus .Martins, bonfires, fireworks, etc.,
April 15. Rece|nion of news of murder of Presi-
dent Lincoln; the city in mourning; intense feeling
of the peo|ile.
.\|)ril if). Public meeting on Campus Martins.
-April 19. Sermons on the death of Pri'sident
Lincoln.
.April 25. Ftmeral obsequies in hcmor of Presi-
dent Lincoln ; or.uion by Jacob M. Howard on Cam-
pus Martins; |irocession two miles long.
Mav 30. National I''ast. Cieneral suspension of
busini'ss ; more thoroughly and gein'r;illy observed
than any previous occasion of simil.ir characti'r.
June 7. Michig;in troops begin to return from
the w.'ir.
June 27. Steam fire engine No. 5 jirocured.
July 4. The D.aily I'nion first issued.
July II. Int.'rnational Commercial Convention
at Board of 'i'rade Building.
July 26. American National Bank organized.
August II. Michigan Soldiers' Monument Asso-
ciation organized.
August 1 2. Cicneral Cirant arrived on a two days'
visit; received by an immense concourse of pi'opli'.
August 27. Police Commissioners enforce the
Sunday ordinance for the first time.
September i. Central M. E. Chapel on Adams
Avenue dedicated.
September 6. l'"ort Street Railroad opened from
Wootlw.ard Avenue to the river.
September 15. Chicago officials visited the city.
September 18. M. C. K. K. freight depot burned.
Loss S 1 . 500,000.
November 5. Immanuel Lutheran Church, Trum-
bull .Avenue, dedicated.
November 26. .Salem Lutheran Church, Cath-
arine Street, dedicated.
December 28. Lafayette Avenue Baptist Church
dedicated.
1866. February i, Detroit Fire and Marine
Insurance Company organized.
February 7. Cicneral \V. T. Sherman arrived;
received by a large number of citizens.
March 17. drand Fenian demonstration ; 1,000
Irishmen in procession ; meetings on Campus Mar-
tins and in City Hall. Speeches by Cieneral Mor-
row, J. Logan Chipman, Levi Bishop, and others.
March 27. Detroit Daily Post first issued.
Ajiril 19. Observance of day of fasting and
prayer appointed by the governor.
[or filling quDl.i ol i)c-
f)penecl in did (.■.ipitdi.
vs of fall of Kitlimdiitl;
,c of looguns, ilhiniina-
idir of ii'bil army. Sa-
iitircs, fireworks, etc.,
L'ws of nuinU'rof Tri'si-
Jiirniiig ; intense feelinij;
on Campus M;irt,ins.
:he death of President
lies in honor of I'resi-
ol) M. Howard on Cam-
miles long.
denenil suspension of
and generally observed
)f similar rharaeter.
i begin to return from
nc No. 5 procured.
1 first issued.
Commercial Convention
inal Hank organized.
Idiers' Monument Asso-
it arrived on a two days'
se concourse of pcopk'.
niissioners enforce the
it time.
. K. Chapel on Adams
Railroad opened from
icr.
lillicials visited the city.
[. freight depot burned.
Ill lieran Church, Trum-
Itheran Church, Cath-
|\ venue li.iptist Church
")it Fire and Marino
d.
I T. Shernian arrived ;
citizens.
I demonstration ; i,ooo
tings on Campus Mar-
jhes by Cieneral Mor-
iHishoi), and others.
.'ost first issued.
day of fasting and
hnor.
THE AXXAI.S OF HFTROIT.
969
April 26. I). X: M. frciglit and passenger depots
burned, witii tiie ferry Windsor and a passenger
train ; 18 lives lost.
May 17. City .Mission Hoard organized.
June 20. Funeral of (General Cass, wiio died on
June 17. I.argc procession. I'liihnan sleepers be-
g.in running on tiie .M. C. R. R.
July 4. Cire.it celebration, |)ariicipai('il in by sol-
duTs of tho l.ilc w.ii' ; spccrhes by (lovi'rnor Crapo
and (ieneral W'illcox. During the day I'nsidcnl
Roberts addressed a large .assembly of I'enians.
August 7. Annual meeting of Western .Vssori-
ated Press.
August 22. Cicnenil Hooker arrived to supiT-
scde CiMienil Orel in comni.iiul of this Depart-
ment.
August 2-5. Fourteenth .Annual Meeting of the
American I'harniaceiilic Association.
September 4. President Johnson visits Detroit.
Seinember U). IC.ist end of P'ort Street ;ind I-'.lm-
wood R,iilro;i<l opened.
October 23. State S. S. Convention, D. L. Moody
and Ral|>h Wells in ;itten(lance.
October 24. Trinity l.uthenin Church, Ciratiot
Avenue, dedicated.
October 25. M. Vl. Centen.iry Jubilee; sermon
by Dr, K, O. Haven; Union love-feasi, etc.
October 28. Politicil speech bv C.enenil P.iitler
at \).^ M. R. R.
October 29. Trinity Catholic Church, corner of
Porter and Sixth Streets, consecrated,
November 1. Politic.-.l speech by Schuyler Colf.ix
at Young Men's Hall.
December 2. St. \'incent de Paul Catholic
Church consecnated,
December 6, Rev. Win. K. Armit.age consecrated
Hishop of Wisconsin.
December 23. Jcfft'rson M. K. Chapel dedicated.
1867. J.inu.iry I, L.iying of third rail on (i. W.
R. R. completed. Freight cars first transported by
boats across the river.
January 4. I'^ire .ilarin telegraph fir.st tested.
January 11-12. Ristori performs in Detroit.
March 26. Hoard of Fire Coniinissioncrs ])i-o-
vided for.
April 2f). Odd I'ellows' Celebr.ition. comnicnio-
rative of the forty-eighth anniversary of the found-
ing of the order in America,
May 15. Third Constitution.il Convention as-
sembles in l.;iiising.
M;iy 2(\ St. Anthony's Male niphan Asylum
opened.
May 28. Annual meeting of the ('.rand Lodge of
Good Templars for North America.
July 4. Faying of corner-stone of Soldiers' Mon-
ument in K.ist (.".rand Circus Park. Masonic cere-
monies and immense procession.
July 8. Woodniere Cemetery Associ.ition org.in-
ized.
July 10. Michigan Miitu.il Life Insur.inci' Com-
pany org.mized,
July 2}. Si'cond Congregation.il (.hapel dedic.iicd,
.August 13, ('.re.it base ball tdurn.uncnt begun;
Listed six days.
August 30. Former T.ibcrii.ulr ll.iptist Church
ileilicated as Heth Fl remplc.
September 10-13. Nineteenth .\nini.il St.ite I'.iir;
held on i'v.ice Course in I lamtr.imck,
September 27. New gas-works commenced
oper.itions.
N'oveinbcr 1, Father Matthew Hall, corner
Fourth ;ind Porter Streets, dedicated.
November 17. Centnil M. F. Church, corner
Woodward , and .Adams .Avenues, dedic.itcd,
Decembers. Our Lady of ilelii. Catholic Church,
consecrated.
1868, J.anuary 2. City Mission Lodging Rooms,
corner of St. .\iitoine ;ind .\twater Stri'its, opened.
J.anu.ary 14. Mi-cting of .St;ite Christi.in Conven-
tion in l'"irst Congreg.ition.il Church.
^L•lrch [-2. Ore.it snow-storm, blocking tr.iins, etc.
.April 23, Observance of Fast D.iy appointed by
the goxfrnor.
M.iy 6. .Annual State Convention of ( '.r.ind Army
of the Reimblic.
May 10. Third .Avenue Mission buildingdedicated.
June 24. Thirteenth Intern.itional V. M. C. A.
Convention .at Centr.al ^L F. Church. .Adjourned
June 28.
August 6. Corner-stone of City 1 lall l.iid ; impos-
ing ceremonies; .aildress by C. I.Walker. In this
year the w.an Is were tirstdivitled into election districts.
September 15-18. TwentiethAnnu.il State I'.iir ;
held on R.ace Course in Hamtr.imck.
October 23. Schuyler Colf.ix visits the city.
C.r.and River .Avenue cars commenced running.
Xovcmbcr 7. Trumbull Avenue Congreg.ation.il
Mission dedicited, in origiii.il location.
November 29. Pine Street Protestant Methodist
Church dedicated.
December 25. Catholic I'nion Society org;ini/.ed.
1869. January 29. Meeting of citizens vote to
r.iise Sioo.cxw in ;iid of Detroit, Hillsdale, I't .South-
western R. R.
February 2. Detroit Medical College o|)ened,
Febru.arv 17. Hrick building for Hrockway Mis-
sion dedicated,
March 9, Funenil obse<iuiesof Hishop Lefevere ;
an archbishoii. two bishops, .anil seventy-nine jiriests
in attend.mce,
NLarch 29. Detroit Oper.i I louse first used.
May 13. Merchants & Manufacturers' Nation.il
Hank org.iiiizcd.
May 29. .Memorial Day tirst observed. Soldiers'
970
THE ANNALS Ul" UKTROIT.
.^^ravcs decorated; a larjije procession; (;ralii)n by
K. U. Kairtii'ld.
July 12. \'otcTs of the city decide a,;(ainstissuiii,vi
bonds to aid railroads.
July 14. WOodniere Cemetery dedicated.
Au.iLjtist. House of I'rovidence opened on Fotir-
teentii Avenue.
.Auyfust 7. Hanitranick .street-cars commenced
runniniLT
Auifust 16. Celebration of one luindredtli anni-
versary of l)irlli of Napoleon lioiiapru'te.
.September 12. 'I'iie L'nited Tresbyterian Society
dedicated their buildini,' on corner Lafayette Ave-
nue and Wayne Street.
September 14. Humboldt centennial eeli 1;
larvfe procession of (iernian societies; o iit
Crand Circus by Dr. Kiefer and I'rof. Feld ei.
October II. Colored children lirst ailmitted to
all public schools.
December 13. Calvary Presbyterian Church ded-
icated.
1870. January 10. Citizens vote §300.000 in aid
of Detroit. Lansing .S: Northern Railroad.
February 6. Hanitranick I'resbyterian Mission
dedicated.
NLireh 27. Memorial services in lionor of Bishop
Edward Thompson, of the .^L L. Church.
April 7. Celebration by colored people of the
Ratitii-ation of tlie Fifteenth .\mendment to the
Constitution; large procession; oration at the Opera
House.
Ajiril 24. Rev. C. IL Horgcss consecrated Ro-
man Catholic liishop of Detroit.
May 8. First (ierman Baptist Church dedi-
cated.
May 30. Memorial Day observed; ilecoration of
soldiers' i,rraves; large procession ; oration by Duane
Doty.
June 9. Knights Templar procession of nearly
one thousand.
June 14. State .Sunday .School convention in
Fort Street Congregational Church.
July 2. Second Annual Regatta of Northwestern
Amateur Boating Association.
July 22. Simpson .^L E. Church dedicated.
September 19. ALandlebaum's auction sale of
sixty lots on Cass Farm, above Holden Road.
October 2. Park Street BajHist Church dedicated.
October 17. Triennial Council of Congrega-
tional Churches convenes.
October 20. Slight shock of earthquake felt.
November 3. Gamewell t'lre-alarm telegraph first
tested.
November 8. Colored people first voted.
November 29. Annual convention of North-
western Woman's Suffrage Association.
December 21, Grace P. E. Church dedicated.
1871. January 1. People's Savings Bank or-
ganized.
Janu.iry 24. First meeting to consider I'ark and
Boulevard (luestion.
.April 15. i'ark .\ct passed by Legislature; it
prosiik'd for ,ind appointed commissioners.
.\Liy I. Peace Festival, commemorating peaci'
between France ;ind Germany, celebr.'iteil with pro-
cession, conci'rt, ,ind b.'ill.
.M.iy 4. W.iyne County i'ioneer Society organized.
May 31. L.ist meeting in old W.iyne (.'ounty
Court Room. Conimemor.itive meeting and sui)per
of the Bar.
June 21. Celebration of the twenty-fifth .'uini-
versary of the pontilicale of Pojie Pius l.\; Large
]ir<)cession.
Julv 4 Celebration and formal ojiening of new
City I'lall.
July S. Boiler e.vplosion in IngersoU's sash and
blind f.ictory; much d.image done.
July iS. Common Council formally vacated old
and took jiosscssion of new City il.ill.
.August. R.iilroad completed between Detroit
anil Lansing.
September 12. I)., L. & N. K. R. formally
opened to Greenville, with ;ui ixcursion from Detroit.
< )ctol)er 2. Wayne County Savings Bank or-
g.Miized.
( )ctober 9. Great tire in Chicago; S-j.oco raised
at citizens' meeting in one hour to aid those who
were in need.
October 12. Citizens' meeting for relief of dis-
tress by fires on Lake Huron and at Manistee.
October 15. Fort Street M. K. Church dedi-
cated. Zion .African M. E. Church dedicated.
November i. Signal service reports commenced
at Detroit.
November 5. Scotch Presbyterian Church, brick
building, dedicated.
December 13. National Commercial Comention
of Bo.'ird of 'I'rade at Board of Trade building.
December 23. Great gale of wind, blowing
down wooden steeple of Mariners' Church and large
chimney on Biddlc House, and unroofing Republic
Brewery.
December 27 to 29. State Teachers' .Association
held.
December 27. First citizens' meeting concerning
purchase of Park.
December 28.
Russia.
December 30.
lives lost.
1872. April 9.
Martins unveiled.
April 13. Great gale of wind, breaking trees,
blowing off chimney.s, etc.
Arrival of Grand Duke Ale.xis of
F. Stearns's store burned; four
Soldiers' Moninnent on Campus
le's Savings llaiik or-
ig to consider Park and
<sed by Lcgislatiiri' ; it
I'ommissioiuTs.
r()iiinu'm(iratiiiv( peace
ny, c'Llel)rated will) lirn-
ioncer Soeicty or.nani/ed.
in old Wayne County
ilivc meeting; and supper
f llie twenty-tUih anni-
)f I'opc i'ius iX ; lariL^c
, formal opening of new
I in Ingersoil's sasli and
;e done.
nil formally vacated old
•City Hall.
pleted between Detroit
& N. R. K. formally
m excursion from 1 )itroit.
unty Savings ISank or-
Cliieago; S^j.oco raised
lour to aid tliose who
neetiii)^ for relief of dis-
n and at Manistee.
M. !•:. Church dedi-
Cliurch dedicated,
ice reports commenced
esbyterian Church, brick
Commercial Convention
if Trade building.
ale of wind, blowing
u'iners" Church and large
uid unrooting Republic
te Teachers' Association
;ens' meeting concerning
f C.rand Duke Ale.xis of
is's store burned; four
Monument on Campus
wind, breaking trees,
TllK ANNALS OF DKlkolf.
97'
May I. .\ <iii/ens meeting considers question
of issue of S-oo,oo() worth of bonds for use of
I'ark Commissioners, dreat confusion and no de-
cision.
May 16. I'resbyterian (ieniT.al .\ssembly con-
venes.
July 14. I"irst St, .Mhert's Citlmlic Church con-
secrated.
July 25. Hoard of Ti-.ide ,uid Coinmon Council
excursion to bidianapolis on opein'ng of Detroit \
Eel River R. R.
July 2S. Sixteenth Street M. I".. Chunli dedi-
cated.
August 21. IJoard of Tr/ule excursion from In-
dian.ipolis arrived by way of new i'.el River R. R.
August 10. (iymnasiuni lUiilding on Congress
Street, near Rando||)h, burned.
August 25. Street -cars stopped running on
accotuit of horse diseast' ; the express companies
delivered and collected goods in h.'uid-carts for
several days.
November 3. .New Jerusalem Church, corner of
Cass .\ venue and High Street, dedicated.
November 11. Meeting of citizens to express
symjiathy .and proffer aid t<i Hoston on account of
lire of Xovembi'r 10.
November 15. Wood-working room of M. C.
R. R. !)urned ; loss. $100,000.
November 22. Old City Hall torn down.
November 25. .Anniversary of M. K. Tract So-
ciety.
1873. January 12. Inunanuel Lutheran Church,
corner Seventeenth .and I'ine Streets, dedicated.
February 16. St. I'aurs Cierman Lutheran
Church, corner Seventeenth and Rose Streets, dedi-
cated.
^L-lrch 28. Superior Court established. Doard
of F'stimates created.
.April 2. .\nti-park meeting held at Young
Men's Hall to defeat purchase of jiark by securing
a r>oard of I'.stimates opposed to it.
.April 7. .A ISoard of F^stimates opposed to the
park was elected.
April 13. Tribune lUiilding burned; loss
$1 1 2,000 ; insured for $55,000.
April 22. Sessions of the Supreme Court after
this date were held only at Lansing.
April 29. l>o.ird of I'ui Works created.
May I 5. Postal cards first received for sale.
June I. F'ighteenth annual convention of Cier-
man Roman Catholic Penevolent I'nion at St.
Mary's Hall.
June 7. Steamboat Meteor and P.uckley's ware-
house burned, loss $100,000.
Jtme 17. Convention of Michigan publishers.
June 30. K. C. H.irkiT's Tobacco F.actory burned ;
loss, §80,000. F>angelical Alliance organized.
July <;, Plunier \- Le.ivitt's s.ile of 130 jots .it
(ir.md 'I'runk Junction.
July 13. Rev. Dr. Hog.irth pre.iehed his f.irewell
sermon.
July 31. Detroit i\; IWiy City R. R. completed to
Hay City. In this year all stage lines from Detroit
ceased, and tln' fences were reino\ed from most of
the p.arks.
August 12 .and 13. II. Weber's great s.ale of lots
in Cireentield.
.\iigust iS. .\nii-park meeting held to protest
.against Common Council providing money to jviy
for kinds contracted for by I'.irk Commissioners.
.August 23. The l',\ening News lirst issued.
.August 24. St. Aloysius Church dedicated. < )ld
Laf.iyette Street M. I'.. Church torn down.
September 8. St. I'.-iul's l.uther.an Chur<li. Jos.
Cami).iu .\vcnue, dedicated.
October II. dreat tire, — J. F". Weber's mill, a
brewery, bottling works, and eight (l\\cllini;s
hurned.
October 15. Cass .Aveiuie and Third Street
R.iilro,ad opened.
Noviniber 13. Cinad.a .Southern R.iilroad ojiened
to Toledo.
November \Ck St. Joseph's Catholic Church, (Or-
leans Street, consecrated. Rev. Newm.in il.ill. of
London, visited the city.
November 18. St. Stephen's F'.i)iscop;il Church
consecrated.
November 19. Detroit Tniiisit R.iilro.ad tirst used.
December 4. dreat wind storm, -doing much
dam.age to shipping, buildings, etc.
December 6. Congress and liaker street-cars
CO iimenced nuining.
1874. March 10. .Amusement nieetinv;s in
Young Men's Hall began ; use of Hall given by Lu-
ther Heccher.
March 13. Temperance meeting to consider the
Crusade movement. Connnittee of five ladies ap-
jiointcd to report pl;ui of action.
March 23. Ladies' meeting at Central M. L.
Church to consider the "Crusade" ph.ise of the
temperance question.
April 7. State meeting of citizens of Michig.an to
consider the IJridge question. Re.solution passed
favoring a bridge.
April 14. Burning of lUirial Case F'actory ; lo.ss
$75,000.
.April 1 5. Convention of vessel-owners at \ oung
Men's Hall declare in favor of a tunnel.
April iG. Detroit Scientitic Society organized.
May 10. Westminster Presbyterian Chajiel on
Parsons Street dedicated.
^Lay 20. State convention of druggists.
June 2. Twenty-tiftli meeting of American Med-
ical As.sociation.
q-jl
Tin: AWAI.S ol' I)i;i'R()IT,
June 5. Heavy rain, llniuliii;^ cfll.irs in \.iiiiiiis
parts of the ( ity.
July 2. Dr. Jojin Hall spnkt- on tin.' Amoriran S.
S. I'nioii and its work, at I'Orl Street I'rcsbyti lian
Church.
July 22. Rivoption of Hoard of 'IVadi- of I'coria
at City Hall. Miiiidini; ilhiiiiiiiatcd in evening;.
Auvjust 4. 'riirt'c important convrntions lu'iran,
— National Educational .\ssociation, l''ifih Annual
Convention of Cierman- American Teachers, and
.American Dent.al Convention. In this month the
Reformed Diitcji Chm-ch, on Catharine Street, w.is
dedicated.
Auijust 12. State meelini;' of licjuor dealers in
favor of license, held at < )pera Mouse.
Auijust IQ. Reception of Lord Dufferin, Cov-
crnor-ijenerai of Can.id.i.
.■\uy;ust 20. Corner-stone of New Odd Fellows'
I lall l.iid ; procession, etc.
Au,;;ust 27. State mcetini; of <",ranijers,
September 2. Con\(iiti(in of Si.iie Insurance
C"ommissiiinirs.
September 5. I'.bcnezcr African M. I".. Ciiurcii
dedicated.
.September 13. Tabern.iclc M. V.. Cliin-ch dcdi-
September 20. St. Jolin's Lutheran Cluu-( h, Rus-
sell Street, dedicatt'd.
October 6, The Whittle and Bliss reviv.il meet-
injjs began.
October 13. .Sixth aiinu.al meetir.if of American
Womans' Suffrav^e .Xssoci.ition at Ojiera House.
October 21. Home of Friendless dedicated.
November 18. Meetini^ of Western Associ.ited
Press,
November 21. Second Congrecfational Church
dedicated.
1875. January 14. Openinif of L'nion Fair in
Yoimjj Men's i lall.
January 27. Woman's State Christian Temper-
ance meetinj^.
February 14. Kmanuel P. F.. Churc!i first used.
NLarch 17. Relief meeting at Openi House, in
aid of Crasshopper Sufferers in Nebraska.
April 10. Thompson Home for Old Ladies incor-
por.'ited.
April 19. Lady Washington Tea Party at Opera
House. A fine affair.
April 25. Cass Avenue Baptist Church dedi-
cated.
.\pril 29. Weber's factory burned ; loss from
S:oo,ooo to §300,000.
.\Lay 3. Prohibitory law repealed and liquor tax
law passed.
May II. Eleventh annual meeting of American
Social Science Association.
May 29. Corner-stone of Public Library laid.
June 7, Mass meeting .it Opera House in tin)
interest of Sabbath observance, and .ig.iinst allow |
ing saloons to be openeii on Sund.iy by iiermissio:
of the Conunon Council. Authors' c.irniv.'il opencc
• It N'oimg .Men's I lall.
June II, St, Jo.icliim's Catholic Church l)lcssed
June 27, Catholic Church of the Sacred Hcirtl
consecrated. Shortly after 6 o'clock r, .\l,a toru.idol
beg.in near corner of Williams Avenue and Ashl
Street, and continued across Crand River Avenue, |
making a tr.ack 150 feet wide; two persons were
killed, ten injured, thirty-three buildings entirely
destroyed and twenty-eight daiuaged ; loss i!!3o,cxx),
July 2f), M, W, Field's sale of lots in Ibinuranuk
took pl.ice.
.August 2. I'ormal opening of Young NKii's
I.ibr.iry in Merrill ISlock.
.August (■>. Conunon Council ilecide th;it s.iloons
may be open from i to 10 l'. M. on .Sund.iy.
August 10, Mayor Mol'f.it vetoes council .actinii
of August 6 concerning saloons,
.\ugust II. Meeting of American Association
for .\dv,'Uicement of Science.
.\ugust 22, Sunday. Nearly all the s.iloons were
(1 ised.
August 25. Nation.il (irecnb.ick Convention .at
Oper.i House. Michig.au PxiokselliTs' Coiivintion
opiiied,
S'-ptember 13, Whitney's Oiuni House o|iened,
October 4, Mass meeting .at Oi)era House in
favor of closing saloons on Sunday,
November 1. Inuiiense Law and Order meeting
at ( )ptT;i House to jiromote election of a m.ayor
opjiosed to saloons being opened on .Sunday
Novembi'r 2. Alex.indi'r Lewis elected mayor
on the L.iw and Order ticket.
November 1 i. H.irmonie Society Building dedi-
cated.
November 23.
No\ember 27.
into oiier.ition.
1876. J.tnuary i. U.shering in of centennial
year b\ giner.il ringing of bills at midiu'g'u ; all
public and many private buildings illuminated.
J.inuary 18. The Supreme Court decides the
liijuor tax law constitutional.
January 20. W\)man's Hospital on Thirteenth
Street dedicated.
January 31. Union I'"air in Mechanics' Building.
February i. St. James P. K. Chapel dedicated.
February 14. \. ^L C. A. Building on Farmer
Street dedicated.
February 15. Y. AL C. A. noon meetings be-
gan.
March 25, Fort Street Presbyterian Church
burned,
April 13. Fortieth annivensary of organization
Phcrnix Club House opened.
District Telegraph Company went
THE ANNALS OF UKTROIT.
Q--!
/."»
at Opera lloiiv in the
ini't', anil a^ain^i allow -
111 SiHulay by pirnnssinn
Aiitlmrs' carnival cpciu'd
Calliolic Church blessed,
vh of the Sacred Heart
C) o'clock r. M.a tornado
lianis Avenue and Ash
ss drand River Avenue,
wide ; two |iersons were
tiiree biiil(linv(S entirely
daniavjed ; loss S^o.cxjo.
lie of lots in Ilanitramck
•ninjf of ^'()un,l[ Men's
unci! (U'cide that salonns
I'. M. on Sunday.
fat Vetoes council action
Dons.
f Anurii'an Association
'O.
arly all the saloons were
reenback Convention at
I >( i( ikscl lers' C( in\ intion
's Oixra House opt'iicd.
[UIl; at ( )pera House in
Siuiday.
Law and Order nicetinij
te election of a mayor
ened on Sunday.
• Lewis elected mayor
it.
' Society lUiildin.n dcdi-
lul) I louse ojicncd.
J'lejrraph Company went
■rini^ in of centennial
I bells at niidnif'it ; all
lini;s illuminated.
hic Court decides the
[o.spital on Thirteenth
|i Mechanics' Ruildinij.
K. Chapel dedicated.
Buildiujir on Farmer
[. noon meetings bc-
Presbyterian Church
rsary of orsjanization
of Brady C.uards celebrated by twenty-six survivors
at the Russell I louse.
.\l)ril 14. (hiarterly .and Ninth .\nnn;il Mcctiuvr
of the N. \V. Ilr.inchof Women's Foreij^ni Mission-
ary Society in Centr.il M. 1',. Church.
May I. Holy Trinity .\nvjlo-Cathnlic Chin-ih
or\(ani/e(l.
May 5. Ccnti'iinial tree-plantin;; by pu|)ils of
the imh'' • schools.
M.ty rreliminary meetinvj held to proinilc
orj^ani/ation of V. .M. C. A. Railroad linini h.
May 25. Seventh Aiuuial Reunion of the Sol-
iliers ,and Sailors' Association
June iS. Jimction M. I!. Church dcdicitcd.
June 21. I'ormal opening; of N'. M. C. .\. Rail-
ro.'id Hranch Readinvf Room on Woodbridije Street.
June 27. Joint exhibition of Michiv;an St.itc
I'omolo.;ical and Wayne County Horticultural So-
cieties at Youn;,^ Men's I lall.
June T,o. Detroit Cadets leave for the Cenlcnni.il
Fxhibition,
July 4. Centennial cek'bration ; imposing; |)roces-
sion and street decorations; boat races, illumina-
tions, etc.
July 19. St. X'incent's Female Orphan Asylum,
McDouijall .\venue, dedicated.
October I. Little Sisters Home for the A^ed I'oor,
between Orleans ,and l)e(|uiiidre Streets, opened.
October iS. Thirteenth annual meetinj^Mjf Na-
tional Association of Locomotive F-nijineers.
October 24. Ninth annu.il session of the Rail-
road Conductors' Life Insurance Association.
October 28, Sund.ay. The Larned Street exten-
sion of the Cass Avenue Railroad was laid on this
day.
Novembers. Creat excitement over I'residenii.il
election returns.
November 21. OpeniniLj of Railroad Re.ulinjL,^
Rooms at ('ir.ind Trunk Junction.
1877. J.muary 7. Memorial service, in memory
of 1'. I', liliss, ;it Whitney's (^pera House,
January 19. Wom.an's Christian Temperance
Restaurant opened in V. ^L C, A. lUiildinyj.
January 22, Public Library biiildinij dedicatLd.
February 6. Charity Hall for Relief and Aid So-
ciety.
February 9. .Michiyjan Savin,i,'s Hank ortjanized.
Henry Ward lieecher lectured at Detroit Opera
House in the evening, and Dr. Henry A. Reynolds,
the Red Ribbon temperance reformer, in St. An-
drew's I lall.
February 22. Young Men's Red Ribbon Club
organized.
March 6. Telephone first explained and illus-
trated at Detroit.
March 7. Meeting held to organize Working-
woman's Home.
March 8. iior.itio Seymour visited Detroit,
M.iy 2. Ceneral Joe Hooker .arrived.
M.ay 2j, OlViee of Fire Marsli.il created.
June 3. Kighti'cnth Street Il.aptist Cliuri li dedi-
cated,
June 4. The forty-sexcnth .aiuiu.al comcntion
of the rrotestanl I'',piscopal Cluinh of Miilii'.^.iii
began,
June 10, '{'he rebuilt l'"ort Street rresbyttri.an
Cluirrh w,is dedicated,
June 13. N'.ational stove-m.akers' conveiuion luld.
June 16. The N.ational 'I'urnfest beg.aii.
June 20. The N;itional (ir.aiul Division of the
.Sons of Temperance convened.
June 30. C.apt.ain John Horn. Jr., w.as |)rcsented
by citizens with a very eleg.ant gold watch for h.av-
ing at v.arious times saved 131 persons from death
by drowning.
July 8. Fr.ancis Murphy, the Blue Ribbon tem-
perance reformer, kctureil in Detroit. The lirst
sewer built by tunneling under ground w.as con-
structed this year.
July 18. WtsliTii Associated I'ress meeting.
July 20. Newsboys .strike .ag.ainst the Kvcning
News,
July 23. 'i'his d.ay, .and for .a week following,
great excileii ent .about railroad strike. C.an.ad.a
Soutlurn R R. tr.ains stoppial. The Slate troojis
were called out for their .annu.al insi)ection ; the
Third Regiment went into camp on the Reeder
Farm on July 25.
August 10. X'isit of mayor :\\u\ .aldermen of lluf-
f.alo. '
.\ugust 14. 0|H'ning of NorthwcstiTn Regatta;
it tauled on th<' follow iiig Saturday.
September 15. Return of Hishop liorgess from
l'.in-o|ie by w.avof C. S. R. R. 'I'he tr.ain tr.aveled 1 1 1
miles in 109 minutes from St. ThouKis to Detroit.
September 17. X'ail t\; Crane's cracker fa( tory
burned.
October 14. The first number of The )st and
Tribune was issued.
October 17, 'The 'Triennial Council of Congre-
g.ation.alists began.
October 30. .Second ]5iennial Conference of \J.
S. Mvangelical .Mli.ance at First Presbyterian Church.
November 6. Saloons first closed on I'llection
Day.
November 26. First provision made for licensing
newsboys.
November 29. Reception by Y. M. C. A. to Re-
form Club.
December 3. Workingwoman's Hume incorpor-
<ated.
December 1 5. Reservoir in 1 lamtramck first used.
1878. February 26. Merchants and Manufac-
turers' Exchange organized.
974
TiiK ANNAi.s OK Di.ruorr,
Jiiin-. St. I'clrr's l.iillici-an ( luircli, ('Ihiu' Sliccl,
<!i-(lii-,iti-(l. Ill the simiinci" nf this year llic W'ddil-
w.'iid .\\i'iuK' roadway was wiiiinrd t'i\c fret, iiortli
of Willis Aviiuic.
JuiR- 2. A Iiullovk i)rcss and tlir i)a|)i(r-ma<'lH''
proci'ss was made iisi; of by I'rcc I'rtss, tlic I'irst
linu; ill Michigan.
Jimc 3. Tlu' iwciUy-sixlh aiiiuial scssicjii of tin;
International 'rypoi^raphical I'nion l)ci;an,
Jini(j 13. Kcpiibiican Static Convention at ( )pera
House.
Jnne \f>. first eNliihition of ]>liono,i;rapli in De-
troit.
June \'). The National I'.eleetic .Mi'dieal Asso-
ciation nut in I )etroii.
Au,i;nst I 5. '["lieiihones first supplied to cili/eiis.
Septemi)er 16. 'I'he .State I'air o|)ened on Cass
Avenue, near Holclen Road; it lasted lAe days.
September iS. I,i,i(i,a'tl's Home and Day School
first opened.
December 12. Modjeska |)erforms in Detroit.
December 17. for the lirst time in years ;;(j|d,
i(reenbacks, and National Hank notes were of cciual
purcbasinjir i)owtT.
December 25. The Steam .Supply Company
bej^an to furnish steam.
December 2). St. Mary's 1'. K. Chapel tirstused.
1879. Fet)ruary 19. Reception by l,ii;ht (iuard
to ( "lovernor Croswell at ( )pira I louse. IJoard of
Trade bei(;in to occu|)V buildiiii.; corner Jefferson
A\cnue and (Iriswold .Street.
.May 10. Recreation I'ark first opened.
May I';, lierry Urotlurs' \ariiisli l'"aclory blew
up and killed siveral persons.
M.iy 21. iSo.ird of lioulevard Commissioners
provided for.
.\la\' 27. Council autliori/.ed to purchase Belle
i-i'ic and erect a brid'^^e.
Mav 31. Hoard of i'oor Commissioiu'rs jiroxided
for.
June \. l''iist e.Nhibition of electric lii^lit.
.Septembi'r 17. Re\-. Dr. S. S. Harris consetraled
I'l-otestant T'liiscopal Hisliop of Michigan.
lieptember iS. I'rcsiiKiit Hayes and wife visited
the city, and the Stale ^'ai*" on the Cass i'.irni.
.September 25. The city purchased i>elle Isle f( r
a park.
Novell, ber i. Sen.itor Ch.'indler died in bis room
at the (ir.ii.d I'aeilic Hotel, Chicn^o.
N'ovi'inber 2. .ScMiator Chandler's body was
brouirlit home by a committee of leaiiini,' citizens of
Mi'hii^.iu ,ind Illinois.
November 9. The 1'. E. Mission of llie Messiah
was first used.
Noveinber 17. Michitjan Colleije of Medicine
.ipened. Ciovernor Croswell appointed e.\-Ciover'ior
Henry 1'. Baldwin U.S. Senator.
November 21. St. M.uy's Ilospii.il, on St. An
tcine .Street, opeiud.
December 9. New ludustri.al Sclionl buildiiiv;
dedicated.
December r 6. Second ( lerman H.ipiist Chun ii
dedicati'd. 'l"he Fort W.iyiii! Con^re^.itioii.il Mis-
sion buildiui^ was first used this month.
1880. J.inu;iry 4. Rev. Ceorv^e i'. I'eiitecost's
reviv.il meetin^^^s bei^.in.
March 10. J'lpii)hany Refornnd f pisco]),il Chiirc n
was incori)orated.
April 22. The Detroit .Association of C'b.iriiies
was orv;,ini/.ed,
June 3. Princess Louise and I'lince Leopold
passed throu.ijh Detroit,
July 4. \'ery(|uiet; no firin;.^-or fircnvorksallowd
July 22. Steam yacht .Mamie rim into by steamer
("larland, and si.xteen persons drowned, (jf whom
eleven were acolytes of 'I'rinity Church.
Aui^ust 23. Central .\L'irket buildinj^ Lompletid,
and .accepted by citv.
Aucfust 30. Peninsular Simi^erfest bey.iii.
AuilJUsI 31. Music Hill oj)eiied.
September 21. The .A(ninj;- News w.is lirsl
printed on a .Scott press, u: ini.; the papier-mache
process.
November 25. Jubilee thanksj,dvin,ir .services held
at Ccntr.il Church to celebnite |)ayment of debts on
all .Metludist l^piscopal Churches in the city.
December 12. t Hilton .Avenue Baptise Cli;ipcl
dedicated.
1881. J.anu.ary 12. The boiler ;il Cnioii Mills
exploded, ,111(1 three jK'rsons were killed.
J.inu.uy I'). Clinton A\enue Memnri.d I'resby-
teri.iu Chapel was dedicated.
Janu.iry 20. Archibald {•'orbes, correspondent of
London Times, lectured.
January 22. The State Tileplioiie System went
into oper.itiou.
I'el; U7 8. The Michi,i;;iii lire and M.irine
Iiisnr.'ii.je C imp.any was incorpor.iicd.
I'cbru.iry 24. Reception to ( lovernor Jerome ,it
Music Il.ill, under ;uisi)ices of the Detroit l.i.Klu
C.u.ird.
February 27. St. Luke's Memori.il I'. F.. (, li.ipcl
consecr.itcd.
M.arch it. Office of w.ard scliool insjiector .ibol-
islu'd ; insjK'ctors to be ele<led on ijeiier.il tiikel.
.\|)ril 21. Bo.ird of F'.siimales .ibolishcd. Bo.iid
of Councilmen pro\ide(| for.
May '. Fntirely new w.inl divisions crcited.
May 26. I''irst systcm.itic provision ni.ide for
lioani of Health.
June 12. The Host ;ind Tribune first printed on
Scott rot.irv pri'ss.
July 3. Trumbull .Aveiuu I'resbyteriaii Church
dedicated.
■'s Ilus|)il.il, (HI Si. .\n-
uslrial Srlmnl liiiildiii;^
HTin.iii l),i|)iisl Cluircl:
nc ConiL^ri'^aiinnal Mis-
lliis niDiith.
( li'ori^t; I'. I'(iitc('(i.st\
Mrnicd I'.piscdpal Cliiinh
Assncialinn nf C'liarilirs
■>c and I'liiirc Lcopuld
riiii^or lin.'Wwiks allowi-d.
aiiiic run iiiu> l)y stfanicr
mis dniwiK'd, of wlioni
lily Cliun'li.
rki't Ixiildiiii,^ Loiiiplclcd,
San,t(cTfcsl began.
()l)(.'IKtl.
AX'niiig News was first
ii:-ing the; paiiirr-maclic
haiiksgiving .services lield
rale payiiu'iit of debts on
lurelies in the eily.
\vciuie IJaplisi Cliapei
l)oiier at I'niuii Mills
WiTe kllieil.
•luie Memorial l'resl)y-
iri)es, I'orrespondcnt ol
eieplione System went
igaii "ire and Marini'
irporated.
Ill ( iovcrnor Jerome al
of tlie Detroit Light
Memorial I'. I'.. Ch.ipel
(i school insi)eclor abol-
led oil general liekel.
lates abolished. Hoard
■(! (li\i--i<ins created.
lie ])ro\isio;i made for
I'ribune first jirinted on
L Presbyterian Ctuircli
nil'; .\NN,\i.s Of i)i;rK()ii'
975
July (<. I'l.\(Hirsion to lUiiier, Indiana, of subscri-
bers to bonus of ^200,000 given the Detroit. iJutler,
X: St. Louis R. K.
July 17. Catholic Church of the Holy Kedcemer,
Springwells, consecralecf
July 19. Soldii'rs' Monument completed.
August 14. I'irst ihrough train from St, Louis
arrived at Detroit.
August 2ij. l')oard of I'.irk Commissioners eruate(L
•Seiitembcr 8. Meeting held to raise money for
sulfeiers by .Michigan tires.
October 18. Uuivers.ilist Church dedic.ited.
N''>vember 29. Westminster Presbyterian Church,
Woodward Avenue, dedicated,
December 27, Commercial National iiank or-
ganised.
1882. January i. 'I'he first through tniiii.iriived
at Marquette from Mackinaw.
January 2. First sitting of three judgt-s instead
of one in Circuit Court.
January [3. The jury in the lii)el .suit of Hugh
S. Peoples against the ]''.vening News, for intimating
tiiat he was accessory to the murder of .M.irtha
Whitla, bring in a verdict for tiie defense. Peo-
l)les was subseciuently tried for the murder and
ac(|uitted.
Fel)ruary 10. Carlotta I'atti sings in Detroit.
I''el)ruary 26. Thirty-second Street (ierman ^L
li. Church dedicated.
May 15. Helle Isle Lighthouse first used.
June I. Delray ^L L. Church dedicated.
June 10. \isit of aldermen of Dayton.
June 14. Reunion of Army of the Potomac;
(ieiicral (Irani and other notables present.
June 15. immense proc:ession in morning ; sii.am
l)aiile on the Lair grounds in afternoon, and Ikiu-
(|un at Merrill Hall in the evening.
June 21. N.ilioual Kinderg.irKtii convention.
Julv t. Olfices of Lake Survey discoiuiiuied .it
Detroit.
July II. Nation,.! Amaleiii Press convention.
July 2t.'. I)aiit|nel to ( ieiur.il (lodfrey Weitzel
on the occasion of his le,i\ ing the city. Ro.idw.av of
Woodward Avenue widened between Columbia
Street and Willis Avenue.
August 9. Milwaukee city oilici.als visit the city.
August 18. 'I'he Fourteenth Regiment Ohio Na-
lioii.il Ciu.inl encamp on Pelle Isle.
August 22. Conclave of Knights )f Pylhi.'is.
Octobi *• 19. Ml. Hope Congreg,iiion,il .Mission
building ded.' .iled.
()t tober ::4. Street-sweeping m,ichini-s first used,
December 17, Clinton .\ venue Memorial Pre--
byteri.m Church deilicited.
December 29. Comiilimeiil.iry li,u;'.|uet lo C. t .
'l"idw bridge on his eighty-third birthday by over
cue liumired i itizens.
1883. J.uiuary I. Orgaiii/ation of Protective Fire
Com|)ain-.
J.inii.iry 8, Piirningof the Telegra|)h lilock and
narrow esc.ip of Western Union 'I'elegraph opiia-
tors,
J.inu.iry 18. Day Nursery and Kinderg.irten .\s-
soiiatioii building opened.
January 28. Wesley .M. !•:, Church dediciied,
February i. Clearing Hou,se established.
March 4. Harper Avenue Congreg.ation.il Mis-
sion dedicated.
.M.irch 18. Tin: Wabash K.iilroad imnmenced
using ilu' grounds and depot cjf the Cnion R.-iilmad
Station and Depot Co,
March 30. Detroit Light (iu.ird Levee to Cov.
J. W. liegole, at .Music Hall.
y\l)ril 25. New' system of city Justice Courts pro-
vided for.
April 29. St. Cassimer's Catholic Church con-
.seer.'ited.
May 13. St. ^L■ltthews' P. K. Church cmise-
crated.
.M.ay 21, F.xplosioii at the Wolverine Paper Mill ;
F'.ngineer W'm. Thompson killed and I'irem.ui ji hi
P. l-"r;ink f.it.illy injured; several firemen injured by
a f.illiiig wall.
Md\ .13. .Sen.itor Palmer gave a reception to
the Legisl.-iture and St.ate officials.
M;iy 31. 'I'he X.ition.il Free Tr.'ide Confeicnce
opened; it was the first held in Americ.i,
June 5. New city charter enacted, llo.ird of
Assessors created.
June 5 and (>. St.ite Pand tourn.imenl ,it Recrea-
tion Park,
June 6, .\nnu,il conferi'tice of P. L, (.'liunhes
of Laslt'iii Mi<liigan.
June II, The M. C, R. R, beg.aii running by
Detroit lime,
Julv 7. Till' (."oiitineiit.il CiU.anls of Ni-w ( Irle.iiis
visited the city.
[uly 8, Zion Luther.iii Church, al Siiringwells,
dedic.ited,
July \<). .Strike of telegraph (<pi raiors began.
.\ugusi IV Meeting of National Cliarco.al h'on
Workers' .Association.
.\ugust 14. Annual C onvenlion of the Inieriia-
tional Traveling P.issenger .Vgents' Association.
.August 19. St. P.onif.ice Catholic Chun li build-
ing consecrated.
.August 28. Convention of the Miitu.il P.enetii
Association of .America. The tirst Synod of the
West il'nited Presbyteri.ms) bi-g;in its serviit's in
the C. P. Church.
.September 1. The Art I.o.in o,-ened. The liven-
ing Joiirn.il first issued.
Sepleinber 3. Po.slal notes fir.sl issued in De-
troit.
*a»Si**.,,
076
Till". AWAl.S Ol' I) I /r KOI I'
ScplrinbiT 3. /i;c)|iit;i( a! ( iaidcii ()|>tiuil.
luiic I'l 17. Tiir 'I'lioinas l''csU\,
il was lici(
Sc|ilcinl)(r I,
(iicdili aniii\i
I'cilish ( '<lil)rali(m (if iwo liim- t'lirisliiic Nilssn;), rrau Mauriia, ami <illi(r nnud
isai\v (il llu' lialilc nf N'iciiiia.
Scptcinlxr 17. ( )|)iniiiji; n| ilu' Slate I'air
( )(ln!)rr I. Twi
( >(|()1ht
.sin,v;cis |)rcsiiu
-cent 11 Iter poslai^c l)<v;aM.
Jiiiif J4. Tin
Si. jnlm l)c,i;iin.
I' annual ciinM-inion nf Kni'jhls ofl
Tlu' Anurnaii llii.trd nt Comniis-
.\
U'JtIM
siiiiuis for {'"oifi^M Missions assi inhlcd.
( )(ti)l)cr 6. Slate I 'ni\-eisalists' Coiui-ntioi) held
October 7. Asl)in\v .M. I-",. Mission dediealed.
l)'-aoi)s o
f 11
"he (|iia(lrennial meeiinj^' of tin
I all
nie.lll
M. 1;. (,
llll'eli eonvenec
■tliel M. i:. Ihiiivli, j.af;
ucllr Street, at II \. \1.
'I'lie follow inj^ is a list of llie bishops in alien
()(lol)eri(). C'elebralion of the two lnin<lredlh together with their residences : I ). .\. I'ayne, D. i).
aniii\ersary ol the l.nulini; ol llu' lirsl ( ii-rnians in
the I'liiled Stales.
I.1..I)., .\enia. o. ; J. I'. Shorter, .\eni,i, o.
1). Ward, I). !)., lleimin-s, Md. ; John M.
M.
Oetolur 14. Si. IJarnabas' 1'. 1;. Mi.ssion building; D. D.. \\'ashin.i;loii, 1), I'.; 1 1. M. Turner. I.I,. I).
iMNl used. .\tlant,i, < ia. ; \V. !•', Dickinson, I). I)., (.'olnnibia
October 17. Annual ineelini; of the Western S. C. ; K. 1 1. Cain, I ). I )., I ).illas. Tin.
.Nssoci.ited Press.
.Si'pieinber I. ('leneiMJ 11. !•'. liuiler a(ldressc:d a
October :;4. The State Savings iiank was ori;an- political meelini; in wesi (iiaiid Circus I'.irl
( )( lober 51. The tenlh annual convetiticjii of
ihe Nation.il W. C. T. C be,i;an.
November 4. Si'eond buildiiii^ of I'.i'ihel l'.\an.v;el-
ical .Association dedicated. Monsi^iior l'. J. Cai)el
lectured in I )eiroit.
NoMMiiber 1^. Meelinj; of .\inericaii I'liblie
1 leallh .\ssociati<in.
No> ember 22. Coiivenl of ihe ( )rder of the ( lood
Shepherd o|)ened.
December 2. Cass Avenue .M. 11. Chapel dedi-
e.itt-d.
Deceinbe'- 4. Daily Tillies tiist issued.
December 25. i'roteslaiit ICpiscop.il .Mission
buildinv;(if tlu' (lood Slie|)lier(l lirsl used.
Decembir 27. Keei'plion at Detroit Club House
to Chiif-Jiistiee r«. r. < iraves, on his reiireimnt from
the Michiiraii Supreme Court.
1884. J.inuary 17. Matthew .\riiold lectured in
Delroit.
|,inuarv 23. .Annual nieelini; <if (Irand .\rmy of
the Republic.
I'ebruary 27. .M. S. Smith «.\: Co.'s .\ulomalic
Cloik iiiueileti.
Ma\' 6. Mxletisivi' liix' at l"rost's Woodt n Wart-
Work's.
.May 21. N'alion.il IS.iplist .\niii\i'rsaries bev^an.
Iiiiii' I J. National Convention of Travelers' I'ro-
teclive .\ssoeiatioii opeiicil.
.Seplembir IV In the evt'iiinn ( liner.il John .\.
l,o]L;an addressed a Republican meetinij at the Roller
Skating Rink, on l.arned Street llasi,
September I 7. .\ tire brolie out about 2.30 I'. M.
on ll!,v;h Street, between Third .ind T'ourlh .Streets;
it e.xtiiided to (Irand River .\\(iiue, .ind destroyed
two planini,r mills, several sm.ill stores, :md six or
seven housi's ; the loss reachim; probably S 5o,<xxj.
Septeiiibir ii;, .Ai about 2. v> !'• M- se\'i'ral per-
sons ill the city, and ollurs in the interior of tlii'
.Si; :e and in ( )hio and Indiana, were eonseious of
the tremor of ,111 earllKiuake. It was so slij^lit, how-
ever, that probably imt one person in a hundred
in till' city observed it.
October 7. John 1'. Si. John, the I'rohibition
canilidali' for President, delivered an addrt'ss at the
Detroit ( ipera 1 louse.
( )etober 711. Ninth annual iifclin^ of the
Cliiireli Coiii^ressof tlu' Protesi.tnt I'.piseopa! Chine h
held at Wliilney's Opera Mouse. Ri'V. Phillips
hrooks, I). D., \<\^\n Rev. Henry C. Poller, D. D..
Rev. C.eor^e 1). Wildes, D. 1)., Rev. Win. Clark,
M. .\., Rev. R. Ileber Newton. I), D., and oilier
notable elervcymeii were present, as was also Henry
(icorne ,ind many disliiii;iiislied laynion.
October 14. James (1. iilaiiie and John C. T're-
nioiit present at ,1 Republican i;atlieriin^. Parade of
live hundred liorsemeii and many torehbearers in
the eveiiiiiv;.
\;is l''(sli\.il was luld.
li'i'iia, aii'l iiilur iiiilcd
incnliiin nf Kiii;^lils of
i;i)iiial mirliiiv; nf llic
I''.. L'liunli iipMMiud al
yvlU- Slitcl. al I I \. M.
I' bishops in allciiilaiui',
L's: I). A. I'ayiir, D. D.,
)rlcr, Xciii.i, ( >. ; T. M-
M(i. ; joiin M. I'linwn,
II. M. Iiinur. i.l.. I).,
iisun, I). 1)., Cdiiuuhia,
)allas. Tix.
'). !•'. liulkf adtiiissid ;i
•and Circus i'aik.
\iiiiiii; t iiiural Jiilin A.
an nu'clinij al liu' Knilcr
ivcl l'".ast.
■iiliC out al)nul 2.y> v. M.
lird .nid Kourlii St reds;
r Avenue, and deslniycd
small stoics, ami six of
chilli;' pfobalily S ji'.cxjo.
ll 2.\n v. M. sc\ei;il |)cl"-
rs in the interior of the
di.ina, were conscious ol
'. ll w.as so sli>;lit, liow-
le person in a hundred
John, the I'roliiliilion
iveri-d an addri-ss iil the
annu.il ni'^etinn of the
lesianl ilpiscoi),!! CIiiik h
I louse. Kev. I'hillips
lllenry C. Poller, D. 1 >..
I)., Kev. Win, (lark.
ton. 1). 1).. and other
.eiil, as was al.so Henry
llied laymen.
iLiiiie ,111(1 Jolm C l'"re-
|n ^.illurini;. I'ar.'ide of
many loirlibcairrs in
A I' pi: N 1)1 \ A.
A DKSCRll'llVK LIST (U Till'; IKI'.NC II lAK.M.S oK I'UlWMi'; Cl.Al.M.S IN
W.WNi; COTN TV.
|eo|'.viik-lil, issi, ijy niiMs KanniT.I
In lliis lisi, till- fiisl n.imc miiirr llic ln'.-ul of Kiiii.iiks i-; iln- iiaini- nf ilu- township in wliidi ilic <l;iim is Imnli'd.
Unlrss i.tliirwisi' s|)fi iliud, the iuiihIm r nf ,ii ns y,i\ru is .is founil on .A.imii (Ircilj-'s rii).;r,ivril map nl I'rivalr CM.imis nf
'Hm, liiil i .Illy llfly ( laiiiis tin- iiiiniliir (il .irirs, as niviii in liis miniiial iintrs, diffrrs (nun ihi' miinlur nf ;» ri-s ^ivrn
fni llii s. I i.iiiii nil hi-, nia|i, pnlilislii-d liy ilir I'nitril Slalis. ll i^ alsii Inn- tli,il all nf tin: siirvi ys wiir so i aiclissly
inadf thai many nl tin- riainis im hide innrr aires ijian .m- hircin ^;iv(ii. 'I'hr ninnliii nf airrs cnnlirinid its li;ii k inmrssinns
111 scvir.il nf ihr 1 l.iiins, is >;ivin iliiiitly iiiidirrn .illi tin- niindirr nf in res nf ihi; nriKioal < laiin, ami is as nivuii in Ainrriian
Stair I'apir^. ni ill surveys nf the ^nverninent siirveynrs.
In adililinn In llie claims in this list, the ininnii'-sinners ennliriiied ;il h ,ist three small trails nf l.iinl ihat lay Inlwein
the Cass and Hrnsh l'',irins and th,il wire im lulled in the I InM-rnnr ,iiid JiidKes' Plan. They wire ninnliin d i, .(, and i).| in
the first re|inrt nf the I nniniissinneis, Imt arc tin Innner kimwii nr desiribed by numbers, 'llic iiuincs arc fjivcii as they lire
spelled in the .Amerieaii Stale Papers.
No. of
Claim.
8
9 i>t- 454
In
New !■>
II ik 4s.t
New 1 1
IJ
New I J
'3
"4
«5
iC
'7
i8
No. of
Acres.
Name of Claimanl,
i.M.i8..| Jnhn Askin
);(i.8j.. Anlnine lieaubieli
I in.i/).. Clias. Mnran.
1 t2.n(). . I.iiiiis Mnran .
u,2.J7 I I
57 • 5') I
lort.ijl
ao).7n..
Manr
.Mm an.
Catherine I leipilndie. .
Juhii Unlxri .Mel)iiiit:all
Inn. jfi I l.onis Mnran
.)T.l/) j j
).S().ii.(..i Henry (nnnnr. ..
1 J'J.7n. . liennil Cliapntnll
140.
88.
,17
11;.
jn;
I4f.
iJi>
H7-
105.
•44
141
>.)>•
'47-
'i7
i|5
i"t
yl,
lol
(16
1 1
,84..
Hi (
.5.>(
■ill I I
.(■.H\
Ileirsnf jnseph Pnmi rvilll! ..
Charles ( iniiiii
Jnsi pli l.niiis Tremble
Nil ll. ( illnill
Ch.is. I'ellier
I'hillis I'ellier
07..
70 1 i
1 1 *
67' ;
21,1
75 t
.VI
■40(1
•53 I I
71 I
ll,liu is p. Malehcr
Irancnis ( ioiiin
(i Melihiim
I.nllis lienf.iit
Unberl Navarre, . .
Pierre I). I.abadi ..
74
67
fay
(
«8f
Jus. Iieaiilili'ii ....
Kraninis (iamelia
AUxis I.abadi ....
Dull- of
Confirin.-illnii.
Iiine (n, 1807.
jiini: jn, 1807.
Inly I, 18117.
July I, 1H.7.
July 1, i8n7.
July 2, 1807 . . .
1 July 1, 18. .7
I llee. 7, iSn8
July J, 18.17. ..
18-M
1 July ,,, 18.7
( I lee. 7, i8u8
'■>2J
July '1, 1S07. .
>8--J
July (., i,So7. .
July (,, 1807..
July fi, 1807..
July I., 18.17.
July 8, 18.17..
July 8, i8n7..
July m, 1807, .
July 15, 18..7 .
July 15, 1807..
July 16, 181.7.
July 16, 1807 .
July 16, i8n7 .
10771
*
Kcmarlcs,
llitinii. Known ns the llnish I'.irm.
Ilelrnil. The west h;ilf 1.1 this tr.iel is now knnwn a**
the l.amlierl l!iaulii< ii, and llie east half as the
.\iitnine P.eauliii-n I'.ii iii.
li'iMiit. Kiinvvn as till ( liarles .\lniaii larm.
Ililriiit, Known as the l.nnis Mnran larm.
Ilelriiil. Tho frniil is imw knnwn as the lliiiii I'arin.
Allhnn,i;h oriKiiialiy iiumheied 7, >-et in • ireely's
Siirxeys it is niiiiiliered iS..; iiud in .Inseph I'leteher's
Survey of the n ar eoneessinn it is also niinibered
18.?. See alsn iHj.
Delinil. This is p.iit nf the trail knnwn as Ih. I )e-
ipiindre l*'.iriu.
Detroit. This trail is knnwiias the Mel liiiii;all I .iriii.
The number nf aires niven iiielndes the area nf
biitli elainis, 454 being the rear coiiccssinn of '). See
alsn P. C. 454.
Ilainlrami k.
( irnssi: Pnintl*.
I)clrnil. This trael is nnw kanwii as lie \\. Chapolnn
KariM. The nimiher nf aires xiveii iniludes the
area nf both elainis, 4s { being the rear eniieessinii
nf 11. See also Private Claim ijj.
Cirnsse Pninle.
Ililrnil. Knnwn as the Oiiiiin I'arin.
( irnsse Pninle.
Delinil. Nnw knnwn as the Ki.ipelle I'arm.
Detrnit, Nnw knnwn .is the St. .\iibin I'arin.
D"trnil, Nnw kiinw as the I.eib I'arm.
Ilamlramek, Now kimwii as the Cliiiri h I'arin.
Detrnii. I'his is part nf the tr.nl nnw .'mnwn as the
I leipiinilri: I' .11 m.
Ilamtrainik. Kiinwn as the Mi lilniin larm.
Ilamlramek. Knnwn as the lieaiifait. I'arin.
Detrnii. The easterly s-u of this trai I is now known
as the Ilrevoiirl larm.
Detroit, This trait, tngitlier with the westerly 7-ia
of I'rivale Claim an, is iinw known us the I'nrter
I'lirni.
Detrnii. This is p.irl nf ihelraitnnw knnwn as the
Wiindhridge I'arm.
Detrnii, Now known as the I'nrsyth I'arni.
Detroit, Aovi known as the llukcr I'urni.
S„. ..f
( l.lllll.
lJi;.Sl KII'IIV I. I.ISI <»!■ IKINCII lAK.MS ()|< I'K I \'.\ 11 . i l..\ I MS.
N.. .,f
.,r < I.HI
ii.ih ,,r
( • 'llllMM-ll Kill.
I*' III. II k-1
•l-i
■•-7 i
Nrvv -■;
Nrw
Nivv
N.w
.Niw
N.w
u
I >
I''
1/
i«
I)
t'<
•I"
4'
■I -I
•I J
•II
II
^4
N
■w
i"
1/
N
w
1/
1-1
1 it
(.,H
Ni'w
41
'.4
I'l
lK>
(11
(1(1
'7
'")
70
74
7 I
77
7a
84
16
|.,; K.. I ( li.i I..1I..11I1 . .
nn <i ■ |i.., ;;. Ill ,/./ '^ I. I' .III
'"' ■,; ' ' i.iiii. . iMii. .....
1,(1/ 1 Al.i.ili.iiii « ii'iK . . . . . .
Inly II., iH../
I III) iK, !.■(../
Inly 111, ,1:..,
• «'l
14'
■•(I
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•7'
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11/
I I I
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HI.
71
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•I
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1 1
K. Ill I . .1 ( 'isitif .
( ll.r. I^.>||. .Ml . .
M.iiiIm \v I iiii 1I
)i..f Killiiiiit
|.>llll ( isMlr. . . .
Inly
J.iiy
Inly
.l»ly
I' I .III. ..I ^ ( li.iv III
I'M I >i h.'l
\S 111, ( i^si,..
Whl..'\ ..I |..'.hM.i I... I. IIII
I ll.l, ( l,..i III
\\'l.|...v .111.1 l|. ir^ ..I \lll..llir .M..I.I.1
I'.liii 11.11 vcy
I.llll. ■. I llSIll'
I I"
J' I J
-n
H.(..
If..
l.lllll St. ml.' . K .111.1 |. <. < li. ili..ii<'.ii:
ll. M-...I |.. ' |.li II. nil . I.
lull. III. ill, W1.I..W ..I I I. I ll. I.^ . .
V..|w.ll.l M.I .11 H .. , .
I|.'ll-<..l ll. . I I1..I.. ll |. III'. .
J mill-* li^Mii'
Inly
Inly
Inly
Inly
Inly
.Inly
Inly
iH-.).
Inlv
1K..7
11.. .7
i:i..y
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1H..7
1K..7
1H..7
1H..7
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1:1. .7
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i ,7
July j.\ 1
:i.,7
"' 'I I I. .1, I.. 1 1.. II 1. 1 ill.' ... Jlllv ' I, lli.'/ .
J... .|ii. .1 I' 1. III. ..I, I..I-,... II, Inly VI, i.M.,7 .
J.i. ■•!. S "IK. I I .\iiK- '•, i«"7- •
'..,, (... I
i(.-...,i I
17" ■.'
J..-M |l)l I..II I l.lll
'l'li..->, hinilll ...
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».«(>..>. I II. ll^ III 'I'll..-.. Slllilll
|M.).H.i .' M.iiili. w !>.. 11. .1.111 . ... ..
4 ,7 ■■;■■ |..lin I ..nil. IK
|H.|..,|.. |.-^sl- Itnil.-lIlK
.'■,•.-■.... |.>liii |)..il. ni.-.i.l
S.I 1.1 It, will'. vv .'I Win. M.ii ..mil.
iHji
.Ani;. a, ili..7.
iH/i.
(.n
Win. U.ilK.i-
I'll .7'. A nil ( '.lali'*,
(.,.,
11"
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4'i
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'4
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' 17
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i.ift
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l.lllll-'* Italiy . . . .
Ainl.i..-..- l<i.i|ii I
I.ilm C.inli'S
I.llll. s Millill
Wi.l.ivv ..l I i.iiKny Ciirbiis
l.lllll--. I l.i|ikllis ....
M.lli.llllli'. IviiliiH' ..I .\l. \i-. 1 1.1111.
^r.iiii is t linlii 1 1
Anv'. '.■-', iH.,7
.\iiK. .'A IK..7
.Xiii;. jt, 1K.17
Si jil. 7, II1..7.
!>■••■ I
N..V. .., iHi,7.
N.iv. I'., 111.. 7
Niiv. 31, iH. .7
Niiv. ..(., 1H1.7
Niiv. ju, 1H..7
lire, ■...., lH.,7.
I In. .■-■, 1H..7
ll.l. ai, la..;
It. I. '..1, iH.,7
I I. . . .•(., I Hi, 7.
I I. I . »(., IH..7
W'liiliiii.i. Kii.iKK-. I l.'i , 'jH, |H.»7.
Mi-ii<« III .Mi'xis ('.iin|iaii !)■ • . aH, 1H.17
1. 1 III is ltlMll,lss.l I)t'( . J.I, 1^1)7.
Cli.irli' Mil ll.l C'iun|»'iiii
lta|)li 'I' K.iiisviii
Aiil'ini' II. null I lii-
Die. 1. 1, I Hi .7
I).-r. lo, 1H.17
I r..illlr.
ll. Ii.nl. .\..w 111.. wii .1-. till- l.i.v'n.in
II. null. nil. I. r.iii ..I lln. ll.l. I, II. It kii..»ii .IS III!
< ....1. I'.niii, I'l III. I1..11I ..I l'ii\.il. I l.lllll I ,1, an.
Is iinnilii-iril I'l iv-ili I laiiit 7 14 i.ii I III 1,1.. 1^ .M.i|.
Iiiil ll vv.is n.il iinnilii ii-.l ,il ,ill l.y ll.. < ..iiiiiiis--i..n
CIS III ( lalllls. 'tills I t, inn, , mil al-... ll.. ..ii. ikaI
1 ,isl 1.1 ll, .lis.. 11.. I iinnil.. 1. ll liy ill. . . jniiiiis-.i..ii''i s
III i.it ill*- 1 .1' . h M.i|i, VM II' l.lllll I ..iiliini'-tl l.i( II.. k
III iH.' 1, .IS .\.. J/,
H\n lliK 1^* lis
S|il 111^ v\ I Us.
S|il lllKVVi lis,
I'
I >
S. . 1 1 1. 1.. I y III I'. (.'. jf»).
Sjii iiiv' wills.
Spl lll^ivrlls.
Im nil 1'.
S|llillKWl-||.>,
I'.
llrlM.il. \'.i\v I l|..\\ 11 as lllr iM..la-.s l''.lllil
Sill iiik:vvi lis Ni.w I.I1.IIVII as I III- K'liilii I' .11111
I I anil l.lllll k. Tills I I, I ill! wa*. ..1 iv'ilnilly 11 inn In n .1 '.'..(
Iiy I lie ( 11IMI11ISSI..111 IS ..I ( l.inii-i
S|iiiiiKWi Ms
.S|ii iiiKvvi'lls. I'.iiiiiii .iii-.ly niiiuli' I. ll {1/ and tiil m
11. 1.1.11 All.is.
Spl IIIKW'lls.
S|il lllKWills,
l-.t mil-. 'I Ills I laiin w.is (iiiKiiiall> iininli. nil ui|.
SpiiiiKW. II'.. lly A.I 1.1 |nl> .•, iH,.., Laws. if ('. S, ,
V'.il. \'l, iiaK*' (.' /, a jiali'iil li.i 1 i.} ains i.l lln-.
Iiail, anil iinl I., iiii liiili' nnvlliniv' nnilli ..I lli.
( liii.iu.. K'..a.l, u.is iiiilii.il issn. .1 I., 'I . 1: ( l.lll
Hri' I'l i\ .III- ( l.inii K {.
Iirli.'il. Km. WII 1I-- 111.' I.11I..11I.11111- t'.niii.
I'.i.n..-.
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980
UL.SLKII'11\J': Lisr OF FRENCH FARMS OR I'RlVArK CLAIMS.
No.<.f
Claim.
256
-•58
SS9
a6o
161
364
afi6
1267
(2f,8
269
270
276
3cx>
317
3'5
321
322
328
337
33S
34"
344
34 i
354
33 s
379
38 s
380
387
388
389
39'>
39 «
39a
393
394
404
405
4=i3
4J4
455
458
473
No. of
Alios.
Naini.' of C'laliiiaiit,
640. cx). . Heirs lit Wii,. Macoiiil)
'IT-')'''- ll.iisof Win. Macomb ,
102.91 ( I
"j'H G. .McUrcyoi-
306.04 ( ■''
80.00.. Willow an<l Heirs of I.saao Ganicr
479.68.. Klijali finisli ,
I'a:?!')" "•'•■sof J. 15. Crequi.
'■"':■? ^ .Mildriim A: I'ark ... .
300.05 )
3.97.. Isaar I'oiUl.
.3O.. j.imrs McUill
35O. 18. I Isaac Todd..
213.82 I , ■■■ I I
227.94(1 '""'"^ '■"'''•■
io<;.oi . . II. lierlliulct
142.92.
Jas. M.C.ill
II. liirlh.l.t
273 ".iS^ ' Nitliolas I'ateiiodc, Sr
300.05 )
4-! ( i
•.)'-7-' >
..■t-Bof
167.-2 I ]
M'..SS 1 j
Mi. 50 ( 1
08.52) I
437.60.. I
100.54 (
112.47 f
20). 52 (
196.14 ( I
200.50
166.4
'3>-33"l
(10...) ( I
71.27 f
45.61 <
31-54 f
334.')"--
70 ■-■y'
08 I2f •
6o(j.oo. .
640.00. . i
640.(30. .|
415-"'--'
20J.05..
155.85 I
42.'Klf
261.25..]
129.12 .
639.89..
io<;.7'
130.94
90.47
105.88
24.26
25419--!
337-14--
192.85 I
194.10 (
100.27. .
Julieii Korton
Clias. Rivard.
Dati' of
CoiirMiiiatioii.
Nov. 6, 1801J.
Aiiji. j, iSoS.
Aug. 2, it)o8.
Aiig. 4,' 1808.
Aug. 4, 18..8
Aug. 4, 1808,
Aug. 4, 1808.
Aug. II, 1808.
Aug. II, 1808.
Oct. 2S, 1808 .
March 3, 1843 .
iS-'3
March 3, 1843.
Remarks.
1823.
Aug.
1S08.
.Michel Rivard .
.\aron Thoinas.
Widow and Heirs of Jos. I'oin.iinville
Louis (irilTard, Jr
Nicholas Canipau
I'll ire I iiiniay
J. I!. Choviii
K Chahert
I'eUr (nrry
I'ierre Vax
Wm. Walker
.Ad. mi lliown
All. on Itrowii
I OS. Lonis Tiemhle
Louis Trumlile, Sr
Jos. I.ionard Tremble
Michel Va.x
Thomas Treinhle
Jos. Louis- Tremble
Widow and Heirs of Anloiiie .Moras..
Chas. (jouiu, Sr
Robert .Marsac
I. I!. C'hovin
r'raneois .Marsac
Alice Kirby
McTavish, Frobishcr i: Co
Aug. 24, 1808.
.\ug. 30, i8q3.
.Aug. 30, 1 80S.
Sept. 3, 180S. .
Sept. 6, 1808,.
Sept. 17, 1808.
Sept. 17, 1808.
Oct. i3, 1808 .
Oct. 31, 1808 .
Oct. 31, i8o3 .
June 14, i8o<j,
Nov. 2, 1808..
Oct. 25, 1809 .
Oct. 26, 18.19 .
( )ct. 26, 180.J .
Nov. 21, 1808.
Nov. 23, 1808.
Nov. 23, 1808.
Nov. 23, 1808.
Nov. 23, 1808.
Nov. 23, i8o8.
Nov. 23, 1808.
Nov. 23, 1808.
Nov. 23, i8oti
Nov. 23, 1808.
Nov. 23, 1808.
Nov. 30, i8(>3.
Nov. 30, 1808.
198. 72.. I J. li. Iteaugranil.
93.91 . . Simt>n 1 .i\
98.26 1 .I-'"!"'-'* Las.
lie
Nov. 30, 1808.
Uec. 7, 1808.,
Dec. 8, 1808.
Dec. 12, 1808 .
This claim, with the subsequent second concession,
iiu'liideil .'ill of Hog Island; the entire inland was
conliriiied by the coniinissioners on November 1,
i8.>{, to li. Cainp.'iii, who h.id liou).:lit of .Mauiinli.
Ilainlramck, Part of Van ICvery Tarm.
Cirosse I'ointe. 'This claim is erroneously niiinbered
558, not only on the Itelden Alias, bin ,iKo on the
list of claims at Lansing, ^md in Slulletl's survey
of Nov., 1824. It is miinbeieil .'58 in the Stair'
I'apeis, and al.so in the engraved lopyof Oreely's
map.
Kcorce. Sec Act of July 1, 1870 ; I.awsuf U. S., Vol.
16, page 647.
Springwell.s.
(Irosse I'ointe. The number of acres of back conces-
sion ini bides also that for P ('. 5H4.
Cirosse Poirle. 'The nuinbti' of acres of back conces-
sion includes also that of P. C'. 27). ('laim No.
262 is erroneously numbered in lielden's Atlas as
No. 264.
Ilanilraini k. This is part of the front of tract 644,
but it is not iinnibeied on the engraved Cneely map.
Detroit. 'This i> .1 small tract on the river, and forms
part of wh.it IS now known as P. C. 13.
Springwell.s.
S|niiigwells. These claims were rejected in 1823, but
eonliriiied by C'ongrcss. U. S. Laws, vol. 6, p, 1)05.
Spriiigwells. 'This i-laim was rejeiteil by the coni-
inissicmers in 18 17. but in 18J3 it, « iili P. C. No. 271
and 655, was eonlirined to liertlielet by boundaries
that ineliided .ill three of the ilaims as claim No.
32. It should not be (onfoiinded wilh the P. C. 32
ilrst originally so numbered.
Springwells, This claim was rejected by the com-
missioners in 1823, liiit contirmed by Act of Con-
gress March 3, 1843. Laws of U. S., vol. 6, page 1^5.
Springwells. Sec history of P. C. 269.
(Iri'Sse Poinle. 'The nuiiibei' of acres of back conces-
sion includes that of 261 aUo. 'Thi' back concession
of 275 is erroneously luiuibered 272 in the llelileii
Atlas.
Crosse Pointe,
Crosse Pointe.
Crosse Pointe.
Ilearliorn. 'This claim is wrongly numbered 212 on
the lielden Atlas,
Crosse Pointe.
Crosse Pointe.
Crosse Pointe.
Springwells.
llanUiamck. This is part of the tract now known ,is
tile Van Kvery Farm.
Detroit. Now known as the Loiaiiger I'urm.
Springwells.
Crosse Pointe.
lirownstown.
Urowiist iwn.
Itrowiisti wn.
Crosse Pointe.
Crosse Pointe.
Orosse Pointe.
Grosse Poinle,
Orosse Pointe.
Crosse Pointe.
llauitramck.
Grosse Pointe.
Grosse Pointe.
Grosse Pointe.
C.'osse Pointe.
Crosse I'ointe.
Springwells.
See P. ('. 11.
See P. C. o and 455.
Kcorce. < )n Cuely's engravi il map this claim is
wrongly iiiiiiibeied 454.
Grosse Poin'.e.
Detroit. Now known as the Stanton Larm.
Not numbered on Crecly's map.
I.AIMS.
nurks.
bspqucut second cmiicssiim,
Maiul ; llir iiiliii' i^linul Wiis
iiiiii--siniicis (Ml NcivciiiIht 1,
vim li.ul lic.iiKlil of Miuoinl).
Ill I'.viry liirni.
;iiiii is crroncoiisly niiiiil'iriil
lit 1(1.11 Athis \iiit .lUo on till-
sin.i;, 1111(1 ill MiiUitt's survey
iiiinilieied .'.sS in lti<; i^'"',""
:lic engraved i<i|>y of Clreely s
y I, 1870 ; Laws of U. S., Vol.
nilier of aeres of back conccs-
;.l for P C. 5«4-
inilier of aeris of liaek conces-
IkiI of 1". V. 27 i- ^lai"' ^"■
unilKred in lieldun's Atlas as
part of the front of trad 644,
■d on tin- engraved (ireely map.
ill tract on the river, and forms
known as P. C. 13.
aims were rejected in 1823, but
;ss. U. S. Laws. vol. 6. p. 1)05.
liin was rejected liv the cum-
iit in i8jj it, with r. t:. No. 271
lied to liertlielet by lioimdaries
iree of the ( laliiis as cl/uiii No.
e . iinfoiindi-d with the 1'. C. 32
inibered.
lim was rejected by the com-
biit conlirmed by Act of Coii-
l.aws of U. S., vol. 6, page 905.
.iry of 1'. C. 36f).
lumber of aires of back conces-
(j6i aUu. The back concession
y miinbtred 272 in the l.elden
is wron,i;ly numbered 21.1 on
Iparl of the tract now known :n
IS the l.oianger I'urm.
iibenil on Circcly's map.
. iwravi a map this claim is
ihc Staiiloii Kami.
No, of
Cluini.
474
475
496
497
50a
506
523
S»4
5*5
543
544
54910556
556 to 559
558
560
56,1
567
5*9
570
573
"X
57"
577
583
5L-
588
589
S<)"
59 >
592
6og
611
613
615
r,.7
618
619
620
621
699
631
636
f.41
644
648
650
65>
65s
656
657
DESCKIl'TIVK LIST OT FRKNCU FAKM.S OR rKlXAli; Ll,.\l.\I.s.
981
No. of
Acres.
Name of Claimant.
Date <if
C'onlirinalion.
Remarks.
^•**U J.&K. I..i-elle
18737.. Jacipies I.aselle
221.7.!.. I.oiiis LediK
198.08. . Claude Campeau
^^■^i';l Rene Maisiic
59'78»
V'^^[\ Chas. Nicholas Gouin, Jr
67.93 1
Ciabriel Ciodfroy, Sr
Heirs of loseph Voyer
(lab. (iodfroy, Sr., and children.
Francois Dnroi be
167.5
234.5'')..
l(;9.6o. .
135 •5-'- •
66.18I
65.21 (
640. GO. .
Jos Campeaii
John, William and li.ivid M.imuib
Surah, widow of Wni, M.icoinb..,.
Dec. 12, i8o,S...
Dec. 12. 1808...
Dec. 14, 1808...
Dee. 14, 1808 ..
Dec. 14, i8o3. ..
Dei-. 14, 1808...
Dec. 14, 1K08 ..
Dec, 20, iS.J} .
Dec. 20, 1808...
March 22, tA*).
Dec. 21, 1S08. ..
Dec. .•), 1808...
Detroit.
!''.( line.
Kcorce.
Ecorre,
Urc
Now known as the Luranger Farm.
I'oillti
.50.
137.60..
207.22. .
129.79..
49 00 . .
15M2I
225, lO f
aoo. ,1 I
8.3a t";
2q4.1i". .
200.48. .
104.741.
83.21 ( I
376.56..;
45.58
.j>R
Meldruin & Park . .
lean Haptiste Campau
J. I!. Rivard
Chas. Rouleau
Jean Haptiste Delisle.
Catherine Thibault.. . .
Loui.s Ch.ipoton
Jos. I.ivernois
J. B. Sene
Henry .St. Harnard ...
Jacob Vis>{er
.58 (
• 71 f
Widow of Ale.v. Ellair. . .
9-
143.4(1..
30.25..
60.00. .
80.00,. I
<'i8.27..
170.44
Joseph So
John Yax .
jean Haptiste Cicot
Jean Haptiste Cicot
Geo. Hliiejacket ....
A. I,:
elle
John, William and David Macomb.
203 . 26 . .
124.52 (
136.08 I
201.49..
480 . 60 . .
533.80 .
527.10..
t24'35--
326 50..
367.50..
2 )7 . 24 . . ■
61.071
129.48 I I
a45vlo..|
60.23 ' 1
11.05 I j
118.88 (
19.8,(1
407.26 I
204.56..
1823.
Jan. 2o, 180.;
Dec.
Dec.
Dec.
I )ei,.
Dec.
Dec.
Dec.
Dec.
Dec.
Dec.
24. 1808.
24, 1808.
26, 1808.
28, 1808.
38, 1808.
28, 1808.
28, i8o3.
28, 1808.
28, 1808.
29, 1808.
Dec. 30, 1808.
Dec.
Dec.
Dec.
I »ec.
1 )ec.
Dec.
Dec.
30, 1808.
30, 1808.
■31, i3o8.
il, 1808.
31, 1808.
ii, 1S.18.
31,1808.
Clias. Ponpard
Julian Camp.iu
Francois Marsac
Wm. .M urphy
John Kenzie
I'hos. I'orsyth
Thos. I orsyth
Robert I 'orsyth I
Robert Forsyth ...
Christian Clemens
Francois Ambroise Tremble
(J. C.odfroy
.\ntoine HiUou i/it L'F.sperance
Widow and Heirs of J. II. I'hovin . . .'
Anne Coats for Heirs of J. Doualilson
Pierre Rivard
Dec. 30, 1809...
Feb. I, l8og
Feb. 6, 1800 . . . .
March 6, i.S.h). ..
Feb. 20, iSoy . . .
Feb. 20, 1809 . . .
June 29, 1810. . .
r'eb. 20, 181X) . . .
Slarch 22, 181 X). .
July 9, 1810
March 22, i8oq .
A|iril 10, iSo; . .
April 17, iScK) . .
April 19, 180; . .
May 10, 1809 . . .
.May 19, 181KJ ..
66.14'
62.70 I
105.54.,
166.76 I.
117. Ill (
3.3-661.
32.22 )
I
Pierre Tremble June 23, 1809.
Ale.\is Cenait .//V Coqnillard June 26, 1809.
H. Ilerlhelet 1823
Nicholas Riv.ird Aug. 30, 1809.
Gabriel Reneau, Jr j Aug. 30, i8og.
drosse I'ointe.
Dearborn.
l'',corce.
F.corce.
Sprinijwells.
drosse Pointe,
Mon>;uai,'on. These and the three followini,' luinibcrs
inchide all of drosse Isle.
.\biin;iia,i,'on. These elaiiiis were also numbered as
New Nos. 51, 52. and s(, by the i iiniiiiissioiiers in
1823. Helden's .\tlas, by mistake, i;iies claim 557
as 567.
See p. C. 258.
This claim is not numbered or outlined on the en-
^raved map of C.reely's survey. It was a small
claim on the river, and now forms part of what is
known as 1'. C. 7.
Sprini,'wells.
Grosse I'ointe. This claim is erroneously numbered
518 on the Helden Alius,
Fcorce.
Sprinywells.
Grosse Puinte.
Ilamtramck,
SprinKwells.
Grosse Poiiile.
drosse Pointe.
Sprinitwells. The number of acres includes also
I'. C. 47-
drosse I'ointe. 1 he number of aeres for back con-
cession includes also that for 361.
drosse Pointe.
drosse Pointe.
' Sprinv;wells.
I SpriiiKW'ells.
MonijiiaKon.
Di-troil. Now inebid.d willi the Jonesfir Crane Farm.
l)etroit. Thi- is pari of tlie liac I now known .is the
Cass Farm, liie dreily map slioivs t wo ir.iels on
the Cass Farm, both numbered <,.)j. Holli were
coiirirmed to the same parties on the same day.
'I'he 'nuuilier of acres here Kiveii iiicliides the
amount in both tracts.
.Detroit. Now known as the Jos. Campau Farm.
Grosse Pointe.
Grosse Pointe.
Dearborn,
drosse I'ointe.
Grosse Pointe.
( Irosse I'ointe.
drosse Pointi'.
drosse Pointe.
Dearborn.
Grosse Pointe.
Hrnwnstown.
flrosse Pointe.
Grosse Pointe.
Fcorce. This claim is erroneously number, d 640 on
th.. I'.elden All.is.
Ilamtramck. .A small part of the front of this tract
is numbered as 264.
See 65 1 .
Grosse Pointe.
Fcorce. In Greely's description of survey he numbers
this 1 laim 648, and on his em-raved map it i-- also
Kiven as 648, but in the list of claims ,,ii same uiap
il is is'iven as65i, and was also numbered (.51 when
conlirmi d by the comniissioin rs.
SprinKwells. See history of P. C. 369. This claim
lias no number on the dreely map.
Grosse Pointe.
Grosse Pointe.
Date of U. S. Patent, Aug. 4, 1812.
"ffsliwf*
9S;
DKSCRIITIVE LIST OK FRKNCll FARMS OR I'RIVATE CLAIMS.
No. of
Claim.
660
661
663
C6|
665
667
66.)
670
671
O78
679
688
68.>
6g3
695
696
718
724
725
726
727
72S
729
733
No. of
Acres.
301 . 60 . .
276.50..
146.64..
200. 10. .
892.30. .
80.U0. .
306 . 46 . .
100.^x3. .
467., ,8..
>.i<) 57 '
152-37 I
2I7-89..
113.001
144.05..
HH).05 *^
109.03 f
7.M9'.
59-. (3 »
72.83..
158.48 I
105. fi8 1
78.36..
420.60. .
105.96..
170. 82. .
165. II (
163.82 »
96.68 (
103. 79 (
34-5J (.
35-46 t
78.411.
118.58 t
211.55.
N.imc of Claiiii.mt.
Dale of
Ciiiirirmalion.
Joliii Cis.sni'
Widow and llt-irsof tiodfroy Curbus
Krli.v Mnii-
riu'Ophilr jiiiinay
Widow and Heirs of Win. Cis^nv
Gab. (jodli'oy, .Sr
Heirs of J. H. I )vspluincs
Rohcrl Clonic
Jonallian .NcNoii
Widow and Iliirsof Anloinf Hoycr.
Antoinu Clia|>iiton
Jac<iius M.irsac
Uiirsijf l.onis Dcsaunicr. ..
Louis .Morin
Ahraliani I'onrniiT
Widow and liriisof .\nibrois( TrLinblr
l.onis liianl.iit and (^
.Antoini' I.uson (
lohn .\skin, Sr
Janus .Miliill
I'. I.adironir
Jos. Landrrontc
Picrru Clien
Oct. 31, 1809
Due. 15, 181M).
Dec. 15, i8<H>
Oil. 23, 1801).
( )ct. 2 t, i8o«)
1 )ti-. 29, i8ck;
Jan. I, 1810 .
Jnno 4, 1810.
Oct. 4, 1810..
I'Vb. 5, 1810 .
Feb. 5, 1810 .
Marili 23, 1810
Mincli 33, 1810.
|uni: 2, 1810. . .
.•\n>;cliane Cirot and children,
(labriul (lodfroy
Heirs of Jacques Ciodfroy.
Gabriel Godfrey.
Heirs of J. n. Cainpnti, subject to )
rights of Gabriel Clienc f
April 16, i8io. .
Jnly v>, 1810..
July 25, 1810..
Oct. 3Q, 1810 .
Oct. 29, i8io..
lU't'. i(.i, 1810. .
Hcc. 10, 18 10..
Dec. 10, 1810. .
ncc. 24, 1810. .
Feb. 38, 18 1 1..
Feb. 28, 1811.
Feb. ;8, 181 1.
1823.
Remnrks
.
Ilearborn,
I'.corci'.
Ilrarborn.
I •i-.nliorn.
I >rarl)nrn.
Kiorci'. See Act of January 19, 1877. U. S. Laws,
vol. 19, pajje 503.
F.corce.
Sprinnwells.
I'.corce.
Ilanitranu'k.
.'lanuninii k. Tliis is p;irt of the tract now known .is
till- Van Dyke Farm.
Grosse Pointc.
Grossc I'ointe.
Grosse I'ointe.
Grossc I'ointe.
Grosse I'ointe.
Gross,' Pi)inte.
Sprinis'wclls.
Sprin.»;wtlls.
f lainlranick.
(irosse I'ointe.
Grossc I'ointe.
Detroit. Now known as the Peter Oodfroy Farm.
Detroit. Now known as the Gabriel Godfroy Farm. In
Fletcher's survey this claim is erronennsly disi riln-d
as No. 728.
Detroit. 'I'liis claim is erroneously numbcndas jjq
on the Greily map, and the nia|) also s.iys Jacques
Lasalle inslcad of J.icipics CiKlfmy. The mistake
as to till' number of claim and llii' nam<' of the party
oriKinally i:onlirmcd to, is repealed in the xraut-
\nn of the rear concession, which was or(lere<l
patented by Act of .March 2, 1857. Laws of V. S.,
vol. 2, payi' 503.
Detroit. Thisrlaim is wrcniKly nnnihered as 730,01
the Greely map It is so small that it is now usually
includi-d with P. t'. 474.
Detroit. Now known as the Ghene Farm, (iiduiil
Client' retained possession of the farm, iind it was
decreed to him by the Circuit Court, Aux. 19, 1850.
:kaims.
mnrks.
Hillary !■;, 1877. U. S. Laws,
;irt of tlif iracl imw kiiinvn as
as the PetiT Goclfr<iy rami.
i the C.aliricl I'.iiilfriiy I'aiiii. In
s claim is cnDncimsly cli'si rilnil
s iTriinccmsly iiiiniln'nil as 729
and till' inap also says jaiqiii's
;n(iuis CiikIIiov. I'ln- iiiistalii'
claim aiul llic lianu' of tlir parly
I to, is 11 piatiil in I'll- yjrant-
iiutssion, wliich was ordrncl
[Mairli .', 1857. Laws of T. S.,
vronKlv numlicrcd as 7)0 on
10 small that it is now usually
474-
the Cliinc Farm, (laliriil
ession of tlii' farm, iind it was
: Circuit I oiirt, Auk- I9i '^SO-
Ai'ri-:xi)ix n
A CIlRONOLOf.ICAL TAliLK oF C\T\ (.11 AKIM'.RS. AMi;\I).Mi:\IS, .\M) SI'IXI.VI. I..\\\S.
The following is a i'(jmpUtc dimsi of ;ill cnaotiniius prrtainin.;
to Detroit made by 'I'crriturial or Su\ir. |,.iw:
l8oa, January iS. Laws of Nortlnvist Territory, pase 200, to
jjo into effeil I'lliniary 1, Incorporated the " Town of Detroit,"
vesting the kjovernment in five pirsons, styled " The Hoard of
Trustees," delined boundary of the town, etc.
1805. September i> I'erritorial Laws, Vol. I., pa^e (7. — Anlhor-
izes four lotteri( s to be held for the pcir|)ose of r.iisiiivc $t,0'»> eai li
for the eneoaragement of literature and the improvement of
Detroit.
1806. Sepleinber 1 i. Original .Manila ript Laws of the Terri-
tory.— I'rovides for iiuorporatim; the city of Detroit, with mayor
tube appointed by the governor, and a City Coum il, eomposi li
of two chambers of three members each, to be elected by the
people. The Act also provided in a specilic manner for every de-
partment of a city government, with almo.st as much detail as the
city charter of to-day.
September 13. I'erritorial Laws, Vol. I., paj.;e jSj.— Pre-
scribts boundaries corresponding; willi the (Mucninr and Jmli;es'
Plan ; provides for niiinberini; and layini; out the sections ami for
conveyinj.; lots; and contains limitation clause as to lime when
claims for donation lots may be made.
1807. May 18. Territori.il Laws, Vol. l.,paKe •.■86. — Kilates to
plaiitini; o( tn'es, ornamenting of Krounds, makiriir of walks ; and
resi'r\'es interior sections lor m.irkels, schoi)ls, etc.
1809. Kebruary 24. Ori).!iii.il M.inuscript Laws of Territory. —
Repeals .\t t of iSoCi incorpor.iling city of Detroit.
1815. October 24. Territorial Laws, V(d. I., p.aK<' 534-— City
charter enacted, vestinj; the ji"\ernment in live trustees, styled
"The Hoard of I'rnstees of the City of Detroit," to be elected
October jo, 1815, and to serve until the regular election to be held
first Monday of .May, i8i(i. Three of the board were to consti-
tute a quorum. New city limits were defined, corporate name,
"The City of Detroit."
November 7. 'Territorial Laws, Vol. L, pane 2S0.— Permits use
of ten feet of street for porches, Kiass plats, etc.; prescribes
heifjht and location of [lorches and fences.
1818. July 28. Tiirritori.il l.aivs, Vol. IL, page 141.— .\uthorizes
the governor to appoint a register of deeds for Detroit.
December 7. Territorial Laws, Vol. 11., page 144. - Provides
for laying out Congress Avenue, a continuation of Woodw.ird
Avenue and Witherell Street.
1819. December 30. Territorial Laws, Vol. I., page 453. - Pro-
vides that the commissioners of the county may extend Jefferson
Avenue.
1820. March 27. Territorial Laws, Vol. I., p.ige sir..— Provides
fur city register to be appointed by the governor, prescrib<:s what
shall constitute a valid deed, and details with much care the
duties of the register.
March 30. 'Territorial Laws, Vol. L, page 541, — Declares
that the east line of the Macomb Karm shall he the western
boundary so far as the city extends back from the liver.
l8ai. April 2. Territorial Laws, Vol. L, page 875.- Annc,\es
Pontiac Road, as far as the north line of the 'Ten-Thousand-.Acre
Tract, to Detroit, for the purpose of keeping it in repair only, and
directs that it be worked the same as the streets
April 6. Territorial Laws, Vol. I., page 876.— Extends Jef-
ferson Avenue to connect with the River Poad.
.\pril a'l. 'Terrilori.il Laws, Vol. L, page 312.-— Providis for e\-
tinding Jefferson .\venue t<icoiinect with the tlrosse I'uinte Koail.
.May ). Territorial Laws, Vid. I., page JI4.— Constitules as
electors all white male citizens above twenty-one years of nge
who have resided in the city of Detroit one year, and have paid a
city la.x.
182a, .\pril 5. 'Territorial Laws, Vol. I., p.ige 2i;4. - Authori/es
city to t.i.v and regulate dealcis in spirituous licpiors who sill in
quantities of li'ss tli.in one qiiarl, and de.ilers in cidi r, b<er, or ale,
who sell in (piantities of less tli.iii om- gallon.
1824. -Vugust 4. Territorial L.iws, Vol. 1 1., page n/i.— Provides
for opening Larned Street throiigli to Wayne Street.
.August 5. Territorial Laws, Vol. II., page .14. Author-
ises Peter liertlu let to cnet a wharf sixty fei't wiile, ^it foot of
Randolph Street, with a pump at the end, on coiulilioii that he
give a lot to the city for a market.
August 5. 'Territorial Laws, Vol. IL, iiage ."i. 1 ii lines mw
city boundary, creates the Common Couni il ; provides for
ofTieers to be elected at special election, Siptember 1., to serve
until the rigular election, to he held the llrst Monday in .April ;
gives mayor, ri'corder, or any three aldermen powir to try olTencis
against city laws ami ordinances. 'This .\et went into elfei t
September 4.
1827. .April 4. 'Terrilori.il Laws, Vol. II., page 33;. New Act
of Incorporation, reorgani/ing the city umler the name of " The
Mayor, Recorder, .Aldermen, and Lreemiii of the Cily of Di-
troit," with the following olheers: mayor, neorder, five alileruieii,
one clerk, marshal, treasurer, supervisor, assessor, eollei lor, and
three constables. 'The mayor, reeorder, ami aldermen to be hi'e-
holders. City boundaries same as in 1SJ4. Provision made for
filling up lots and streets on the margin of the river, and for the
construction of sewers; firemen e.\< used from jury and military
duty ; the authority and jurisdiction of the Common Council ex-
tended over the margin of Detroit River, one half mile aliove the
previously fix<-d limits of tin: corporation, for the purpose of pre-
venting the depositing of filth in the river. Kleilion to beheld
first Monday in .April, (oves the Council pi.wer to alter the plan
of the city north of Larned Street between I'rusli and Cass
Karms ; to lay out lots anew, and to exchange lots with land-
owners or compens. He thiin in money.
April 12. 'Territorial L.aws, Viil. II., page 570. — Authorizes
the city to issue due bills in payme-it of debts, also to <-lee.t
seven aldermen instead of five as before.
April 12. 'Territorial Laws, Vol. II., page 480.— Creates the
township of Detroit, to be composed of the city of Detroit.
April 13. Territorial Laws, Vol. IL, page 640.- Authorizes city
to elect one supervisor to meet with supervisors of county,
1828. June 23. 'Territorial Laws, Vol. 11., page 685.— Mayor
and aldermen authorized to seize all provisions offered for sale
that are deficient in weight or quality, and to send them to the
poor-house.
1830. July 14. Territorial Laws, Vol. III., page 810.— Cives
register of rietroit power to appoint at ('epiity.
July 31. Territorial Laws, Vol, III., page 842.- Fxempts
city firemen from jury and military duly, pro. ided the nun ler
does not exceed forty.
1831. March 4. 'Ti rritorial Laws, Vol 111., page .,01. Prohibits
slaughtering of animals within three miles of city and 1 i.l'ly rods
of the river, etc.
M3I
^^^w'-fc.
9S4
A Clll<ONOLOi;iCAL TAULli OF CITY CHARTI'-RS, KTC.
183a. Muy i8, 'I'crrilorial l-nw-i, Vol. III., pa^r <ji 1, I'.xtciuls
rity liinils. Went into fificl Mim li 11, i8j|.
Jiiiu'jy, Tirrilurial Luw^, \\i\. 111., paur yj,. .\mlioil/is
lily ii( lli'iriiil tu tukt' nii asiins t.> pnunnlu lir.ilili, ami tn
(li'Iaiii anil 1 xaiiiinc vessels aiul pcisoii..
Jiiiua(>, I'trrilorial Laws, Vol. III., payc yj8. .Aiilhor-
i/is lily 111 open sUeels, alleys, ete.; empowers aulhorilies 10
eoinpil tonviels lo work ipu tlie lilghw.iy, willi b.ill aiul eh.iiii
all.ii lieil.
1833. April -'J, Territorial Laws, Vol, 111., pa>;e 112a. .\utlior-
i/es (.ominoii Council, witli ronsent of (reenieii, to levy a ta.x of
one fourtli of one pur cent, iiiiil makes various othur provisions.
April 2j, Territorial Laws, Vol. III., paxu I3j8.~ .Makes
provision for conimuii m liools, and provides lor the election of
sLt tommissioners, si.\ directors, and si.\ inspectors of wliools.
1834. I'ebruary ly, Territorial Laws, Vol, III., paye i2(n;. The
Common Council reipiired to pi rlorni tlie same duties in lizard to
llie poor as justices ,ind directors of the poor are reiiiiireil to pir-
forin.
.\Lirch 7, 'Territori.il Laws, Vol. III., pat;e 1280. .Xtilhor-
i/us Common Council or any iuili\ idu.il lo tr.inscrihi' and have
recorded the l.ind records of the ( lovernor ami Judges, uud i,'ives
the record the same force as the original.
Novemher iS, Territorial Laws, Vol. 111., page 13.7.- Legal-
ises the assessment inaL by the council in 1SJ4.
1835. .March 10, Territorial Laws, Vol. 111., page 1423. Author-
i/es city to borrow $50,000.
.March ju, I'crrilorial Laws, Vol. III., page 1432.— Knipowers
city lo elctl constables to attend the .sessions of the mayor's
courl, and perform duty of police olVicers.
1836. .Man h 14, State Law, page jj. Provides that the town-
ship of Detroit may elect two additional justices of the peace.
.March .'O, page 154. - City limits e.xlnided.
1837. .March ji, page i^y, - I'i.Kes time of election of I'lve in-
s|)i I tors of elections for the I'hursday iic.vl preceding the first
.Moiul.iy ill .\pril ; and provides that if cuiisiables elected refuse
to perform duties, five citizens may be elected, <'ivit rviV, to per-
form said duties.
.March -1, i)age -'aj. — Provides that inspectors of state and
county elections shall be chosen by the city.
.March jj, page 268. — .\bolishes olTict of city register, and
transfers the duties to county register,
1838. I'ebruary 8, page 53. — K.vtended time for collection of
State aiul county ta.\es.
kevised Statutes, page 6y. — Provides that Detroit shall con-
tinue to have and e.\ercise all powers and privileges heretofore
granted.
March -mj, page 138, — Authorizes the election of si.x con-
stables at the city election.
1839. .March 27, page 31. — Provides that the council shall con-
sist of twelve alderineii, the mayor, and recorder; divides tile city
into si.x wards ; provides for election of an assessor in each ward :
changes lime of city election after iSjy, to the first -Monday in
March.
1840. February 3, page 10. - Authorizes city collector to collect
county ta.xes, and pay them over to the county treasurer, and
extends the time for collecting taxes.
I'ebniary 29, page .'7.— Provides for election of two additional
justices for Detroit.
.March 14, page 42. — K.xeinpts firemen from both jury and mili-
tary tluly as long as they resitU- in any part of the Sl.ite.
1841. .March 27, page 48.— (lives school inspectors power to
organize a school district for colored children between the ages of
five and seveiileeii.
April 2, page 55. — Authorizes assessors and aldermen of each
ward to prepare a list of persons liable to jury duty.
April ij, page 1132.— Lmpowers council to control and regulate
constri'^:tion of drains and sewers; to prevent importation of
paupers ; to control erection of buildings, and pass ordinances in
regard to fires ; to regulate and build sidewalks ; to levy a ta.x of
one half of one per cent ; requires voters to reside thirty, instead
often days in a ward befori' 1 In lion, ami m.ikes pri>visi>>n for
mayiii's court.
1841. Tibru.iry 11, page :• I'rohibiis liiy Iroiii issuing any
more due bills or re-issiiiiig old ones.
I'ebruary 13, page 54. — Provision m.ido lor selling lands for
taxes. City limits reduced by e.xclniling W'ilherell larm.
February !'•, page 7-. |)ireit« city clerk lo ailMrlisc lands
for unp.iid taxes and to bid them in for tin' • ity.
Tebrtiary to, page loi. (lives w.iril assessors powir lo mi as
supervisors, and apportion Stale and cniinly taxes, and aiilhori/es
city collector to collect them.
February 17, page 112,-, Creates and provides for the esi.iblish-
inenl of the Hoard of F.dneation.
1843. February ij, page 22. Pro\ ides that school taxes col-
lilted for Itoard of F.dneation shall be kept si par.ile.
February 28, page 34. F.xtends time for colleiiing Stale and
counly taxes in Detroit.
.Man h 4, page j8. (lives city power to levy special tax of
ifio.oii.i ill 1843, and $io,ocHi in 1H44 to pay debts.
1844. .M.iri h i), page iki. Uegister of deeds to record deeds
from ( lovernor and Judges at length, and a Iransi ripl of the same
to W /irhiiii /itiie evidence in c.ises where the original deed
wimlil be e\'iilence.
.March 11, page 101. — .Authorizes council to do away with any
olfice and reipiiru its duties to be performed by some nlher ofiicer,
ami makes provision for a|ipointinent of city auditor.
1845. March 8, page 25. ■ Council, with consent of freemen's
meeting, may levy an extra t^'X of $3,ooo for 1845, and $8,000 for
18411.
.Maicli 11), page 56. — Authorizes extension of Fort Street to in-
tersection of road leading to Dearbornville. (See page 2j6, Laws
of iSj7.l
1846. Kevised Slatiites, page 43. — 1 lireiis ihil Ih' .isses.sor
and aldermen of each ward of Detroit be inspectors of elections,
the assessor to provide balloi-bo.xes.
Kevised Statutes, page f)!"). — Provides for the eleition of one
su|)ervisor for each ward, and that the assessor of each ward be
such supervisor.
Kevised Statutes, page m;. Prescribes that the assessors shall
be supervisors, and act as township treasurers,
Kevised Statutes, page idS. Provides that mayor and alder-
men shall constitute a Hoard of lleallh.
Revised Statutes, page 463. Provides for a list of persons to
serve as petit and grand jurors, to be made by assessor and alder-
men of Detroit.
January 30, page 4.— Kxteuds time for collecting State and
county taxes,
February 23, page i.i - Divides the c'^y into three assessment
districts; provides 1','at the mayor shall preside in mayor's court
only in absence of the recorder.
M.iri h 28, page 54. — (lives the city and iiihabilants authority
to lay railroad track in front of their premises on the river.
.\pril 7, page 73. — Legalizes the returns made by various ward
collectors.
April 28, page 101. — Provides that ward collectors shall collect
school tax, and that Hoard of F.dneation may elect their own
president.
May 7, page 156. — Provides that it shall not be necessary to
acknowledge or prove a deed which has been or may be granted
by the mayor, recorder, and aldermen, under the act of Congress
of .August 21), 184J.
May 10, page 238. — (Iranls council powei lo license and regu-
late porters, carl-men, liveiy stables, and all vehicles used for hire.
1847. January 30, page 20. Orders assessment rolls to be
made before first Monday in .March, and extends time fjr collec-
tion of taxes.
March 12, page 50.— Authorizes Hoard of I'.ducation to raise
$1,500 specially for building purposes.
March 16, page 96. — (lives city control of city Water Works
that may lie outside of the city ; authorizes an extra tax of
$8,000 in 1S47, and $8,000 in 1848.
I, .lllil lll.lki ■. |i|ii\ i-iiill (it
lil.iis 1 iiy friiiii i•.sllill^' iiiiy
iii.iilc (or «UiiiK UimU fur
inn WilluTill Karin.
ly link lo advrrtirtr lands
n till' > ily.
il a-tsixsdrs piiwir to lut as
[■(imily laxis, ami aulhciri/i'S
il |irn\ iilis fi.r llw <si,ilili>h-
liili s tliat siliuul taxc'S riil-
)!■ kipl M|>aialc.
lu' fnr cdlli'iliiiK Stair ami
iHcr til livy spnial tax of
1 pay di'hts.
cr iif diiils til iiiiiril diiids
, niul a trmsirijil of tlir saiiir
ifs where till' urininal dnd
:i)iimil til (111 away with any
formed by some other oflker,
t of eity aiidilor.
1, with loiiMiil iif freemen's
3,ooo for 1S45, ami $8,i»xi for
xlinsiiin of I'ort Striet to in-
irnville. (See iia^e Ji", l-aws
.— Uireils tliat tin- assessor
oil be inspectors of elections,
ides for the election of one
he assessor of each ward be
ibes that the assessors shall
|reasiirer>.
idrs that mayor and alder-
,lli.
iil.s for a list of persons to
made by assessor ami alder-
|ne for toUeclinii; Stale and
ci'y iiilii iliree assessment
|iall preside in mayor's court
ami inhabitaiil-. aiilhority
liremises on the river.
Itiirns made by various ward
Iward collectors shall collect
Ration may elect their own
shall not be necessary to
las been or may be granted
I, under the act of (.'oiigress
Ipowei to license and rebu-
ild all vehicles used for hire,
ers assessment rolls to be
Ind extends time f jr coUec-
ard of I'.diK-ation to raise
jitrol of city Water Works
luthorizes an extra tax of
A CHRONOLOdlCAI, TAnLK OK CITV CIIARTr.RS. F.TC.
985
1848. .January js, pane 8.— Provules for fmirlvcn iilderinen in
plai ' of twelve, and prescribes boundary of seventh ward,
January j.(, pajjo Ij.— Kxlends time of colleclinK State and
county taxes.
Kebriiary 8, page 27.— I.ejjali/eii elictiim of olVii ers (or new
seventh ward.
I'llirnary iJ, paxe 40. ~ I'rovidis lor openini; of streets, assess-
ment and eolli-i lion of taxes, etc,
1849. j.inuary -"', paKe 10.— Kxlends time for ( ollectinj.' Stale
ami county taxes.
I'l brnary 30, pa^e jc - I'.xlemU the « iiy liiiiils.
I'ebrnary ji, pane (j.- I'rovides lor various city ollicers; direcl*
that the assessor of each ward shall be nne of the Ho.inl of In-
spectors of l*'.lcctions,
March j, pa^e 47. - Authori/es i oiini il, with conMiit of 1 lil/iiis'
meetiiiK, to levy extra tax of $S,iic>i for 1K41J, and $8,o<>i for iHv>,
March ay, pajje 185. - I'rovides for draining low lands In ami
near Oetroit.
Aprils, pajte jij. — l>irecls tliiit recorder shall have the same
powers as are exereisi-d by Circuit ('oiirt C'ommissionrr, ami be
allowed the same fees.
1850. January ]n, pa>;e 1;.— I li\ iili s the ( ity inlo tluie a-M*-.-
ment (list rids, and empowers council lo imIsi- $i.i,ihmi exir.i t.i\ fur
each of the years 1S51 .ind iSs-',
March 5, pane vi.— I'rovides for si hool <in-us between a^es of
four and ei.nhleen, and jintliori/es Hoard of i-'.ducalion to borrow
^5,1 K lO.
.March 8, pane (u.— I'.mpowers council to levy an extra lax of
$.'0,00,1 during tile next three year>, ami $10,1 1,0 additional lax for
1S50, The $.'o,.iiitii pay water bonds, and the .'jTM,.i,oto pay
interest.
April I, p.iye 23a — rro\ ides ihat in the ease of deeds and lon-
veyanees of t'lovcrnor and Judges, that have heretofore been
rei orded by reyisli r of deeds, the record of such, or a lertilied
copy, shall be evidence in place of the oiininal i\vv(\ ; prm-ided il
is proved that the original died has been lost or dolroyed.
April 2, paye 1114. — Pro\ ides for ori;ani/ation of Police I'ourt.
1B51. March .■ 1 , pa^e 4 1 . — C'oumil authori/ed lo levy an ad-
ditional tax of $i,o.»i to pay interest ami provide a sinkim; fund.
.April .^, pa,i;i -',ii. — I'rovides lhat the alderman of each ward
bavliii; the >hortesl time to serve shall act as a supervisor on the
Hoard of Supervisors.
June j,S, pane 3j). I'rovides th.it the mayor or recorder, with a
majority of the aldermen, shall form a (piormn of ihoioiim il.
1853. I'ebrnary I), pane 04. — t'imncil to appoint a person in
each ward to take census and statistics every ten years, dalinn
from 1854, provided no assessor is elected in said wards.
I'ebrmiry u, page 115. — Kxlends time for collectinn State and
county taxes.
Kebr" pane 104. — I'rescribes that assessors of the several
warih- supervisors and coUei lors, and ai t as town treas-
urers.
Kebruary 14, pane iSo. — Kstablishes the Hoard of Wali r Com-
missioners.
1855. January so, pane ;. — dives I'o.ird of Kducation power to
establish a llinh .School, appoint a siipcrintindent of schools, ami
raise a tax of not more than two dollars for each ihild enumerated
by the census.
February 6, p.ine :5i. — Provides that Hoard of Water Commis-
sioners may borrow $-'30, oi"'.
February 8, page 47.— Kxtends the limi' for collectinn Slate
and county taxes.
February 10, pane 132. — Common council authorized lo refund
any taxes or assessments unlawfully increased during 1854.
February u, pane aoij.— Charter election channed from first
Tuesday in March, after 1855, to Cirst 'I'uesday in Kebruary.
(IfTices of city collector and assessor for each ward provided for;
title of city andilorchanned to city comptroller. Provisions made
for street openinns, etc.
1857. January 24, page 5. — Extends time for collectinn Slate
and county taxes.
Kebruary <,, page 73.— Chnnnes corporate name of i ity to " The
lily of Detroit." City much enlarKcd : authori/es assessor iiiid
two iddermen front each ward In attind annual Msiiiiins of lloiirU
of Supervisors lo represent city interests ; makes provision for
llo.ird of Silver Commissiuners, for six justices, and also li.ither
pnivioion for ollice of comptroller; street (ipeiiint; »pei ially pro-
vided for; posver nranled to ilrain lands within three miles of
the 1 Ily, to number dnellinn'', to license \ariouo kinds ol biisineiut;
(slabllshes recorder's court ; pn si rilns thai residence of an elec-
tor shall be where he takes his meals ; lixes mayor's salary at
$I,joo; empowers (ouncil lo elei t Iheir owr prisldeht; makes
provl-ion for one n''ni lal and twoHssistant ussisMirs; orders sep-
ar.ile aiiiuints to bi kept of the several funds of the city; pro.
vides that (ity election shall be held on first I'm sday after first
Monday of N'ovendier, and limits amount of lax to one per (ent
on the valuation.
Kebruary 7, p.ine if'J. — Authori/es council to raise $.'o,o<«i in-
stead of $i,v«> as heretofore, for school lots and buildinns.
Kebrii.iry 10, paije 300. — .Authorizes Water Coniuiissiomrs to
borrow $J3o,(K>i.
Kcbru.iry u, pane ■.•1x1,— Knlarnes city limits, and provides for
more wards and aldermen.
Kebruary 17, nane 4fi5. - ( ilves police justice power to appoint
a clerk.
1859. January 21), pane i'.— Kxlends time for eulleiliun State
and county taxes.
Kebruary tj, pane J4.!. — Invests nssessors and alderuu u with
the duties of supervisors.
Kebruary la, pane J93.— ''ives n corili '' 1 court povvi r to try
i.'sesiipoii infornuition, without Inilli luu nt.
1 eliruary 14, pane 48 ;. Delinis powers and dutio of lio.ird ol
Uenis! ration,
Kebruary li, pane 1057. — Autliori/is assessors tit use ilisi rlmi-
natloniu assesslun value of properly in outskirts of eity.
1861. March 7. pane 1.7. Common Council imiy levy a lax 1 I
.<i.'o,.«io for purchase .if lots, and liuildinn of si hool-houses and to
support the schools.
March 1.', pane i.^o.— Invests aldi mien with powers of police-
men. The mayor, and two other persons to be selected by the
council, to constilnte a Hoard of Police Commissioners, the chief
to be appoiuted by the loum 11, on nomination of the board ;
ihe council to provide a police-station, and to appoint temporary
pollii men for forly-einhl hours, when necessary ; aulhorizes
division of wards into election distrids; nives council power I o
order pavinn, not to exceed in cost $50,000 in any one year, and
to levy a tax of $5n,,»io for this purpose, wilhout consent of prop-
erly owners; aiitliorizes the liorrowinn "f $jio.ooo cm city bonds
for biiildinjf purposcU; eslublishes olTice of receiver of taxes ;
prescribes rules for conductinn elections; and pro\ ides th.il plats
of subdivisions shall have no validity until approved.
.M.irch 15, pane .idz. - Kstablishes Detroit House of Curreclion,
and provides for its mananement.
March 15, pane 4.>t.— Crants lo circuit and recorder's (omts the
power to Issue capiases for witnesses in certain cases.
March 16, page 549.— Provides for sessions of Hoard of Kenis-
Iration.
May 10, pane fH,2.— .Authorizes aldermen to alford relief to
families of soldiers, to an amount not exeeedinn $«5 I"''' nionth
for each family, payable out of the county treasury.
May 10, pane Cii.— .Authorizes ward collectors to collii I State
iind county taxes on real and personal property.
1863. Keimiary 13, pane sfi.— Kxtends lime for collei linn Slate
and county taxes.
.Marchfi, page fifi.— Provides forsubmittinn to citizensat a public
meetinn the iinestion of votinn a tax or issuing of bonds to pay
$4.1,0.0 advanced by citizens for bounties durinn summer of 1862.
March i.i, page 295.— .Authorizes Contmon Council to appoint
a person to disburse $15 per month for relief of t'le families of
volunteer .soldiers.
March 20, pane 3u.— Tefines powers of police court.
March 20, page 423.— Authorizes the city assessor to make copy
IMAGE EVALUATION
TEST TARGET (MT-3)
<>/
V]
<^
/a
/a
y
>««
1.0
I.I
1.25
us
u
2.5
2.2
1.8
U i 1.6
^
<v
:\
\
^<b
,\
i
986
A CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE OF CITY CHARTERS, ETC.
ii
of iisscssiuciit mils of cacli ward, assess ihc Stale and county
laxis, and i)lafO tin- rolls with ward collectors for collection.
1864. I'ehruary 4, ]>a.i,'e jo. — Provides that the Hoard of I'olice
I'onirnissioners shall consist of the mayor and two |)ers(jns ap-
poinleil hy the conncil, and dellnes the powers of the board.
l''el)rnary 5, page 6i), — -Makes lengthy jirovision for registration
of voters.
Kebrnary 5, page 94. — K.stends lime for collection of State and
county ta.xes.
1865. January 31, page 15. — F.xlends time for collecting State
and county ta.xes in sixth ward.
Kebniary 9, page 38. — K.xtends lime for collecting Statu and
county taxes.
Kehrnary 28, page 99, — Kstabli.-.hes Hoard of Metropolitan
Police Commissioners.
March 2, i)age 147. — ] tolincs dutif-s of county lieasurer in con-
nection with the collecting of the Stale and county taxes.
March iii, page 350. — Provides tliat city may raise for Hoard of
Kdncatiun $3 per child enumerated by school census, but that any
excess must be submitted to council and citizens' meeting ; and if
approved by them, then $25,000 additional may be raised.
March 18, page 508. — Defines jjowers of ward collectors and
prt>vitles fttr their giving bonds.
.March 21, page 678. — Makes provision for preserving maps and
records pertaining to real estate; for levying a tax annually of
$4o,ox-) for purpose of constructing sewers, ami defines \arious
powers of the council.
1867. Kebniary i. Vol. II., page 19.- Kxtends time for collect-
ing Slate and county taxes.
I'cbruary 14, Vol. II., page 38. - .Authorizes council to elect its
president, the clerk to jireside until a iiresident is elected.
March i. Vol. II , page 115. — Provides that eleven mimbers of
the ISoard of l''.ducation shall constitute a tjuorum.
March 9, Vol. II., page 265. — Defines powers and duties of
I'loard of Police Commissioners.
March 26, Vol. II., page 931. — Creates Hoard of Fire Commis-
sioners, and abolishes office of fire marshal ; directs council to
raise money istimated to be needed by the commission.
March 27, \'ol. I., page 172. — Provides that i)ersons may not be
jiirois in Circuit Conn, or any court of record in I )etroit, who
have been on a jury within a year in said court ; and in a justices'
or p(jli(;e court tile same persons may not sit as jurors more than
three times a year.
March 27, \'ol. I., jiage 17;.- Provides that criminal wonnn
from any part of tlu' State maybe senlinced to the House of
Correction.
March 27, Vol. I., p.tge 223. — Provides that an extreme sin-
tence in either Circuit or Recorder's Court is not invalidated, but
is good for the extent of the lawful penalty.
March 27, Vol. I., page 2(31). — I )ireets supervisors of each ward
to ascertain yearly the niimbev of births and deaths iluring the
preceding year.
March 27, Vol. II., page 1033. — Ciives council power to divide
wards into two elcclion districts, and makes provision for regis-
tration in such districts, (lives power also to divide any existing
ward into two wards.
March 28, Vol. II., page iito. — ('.rants addition.d pow<'r in
regard to opening streets; gives council iiow<'r to raise a $s<>,ooo
sinver tax yearly, and providi'S for paying members of council not
mon- than I1.50 for each si'ssion of the council attended.
1869. January 30, Vol. II., page 4fi.— l'..\tends time for collec-
tion of State and coiinly taxes to 1st of March.
I'cbruary 17, Vol. II., |)age 61.— Authorizes Hoard of Water
Cominissif)ncrs to !)orrow $!5o,ooo.
February 24, Vol. II., page 7:.- Dives larger power to Hoard
of F.dncation ; provides for two sdiool inspectors from ench
ward, cme to be elected each year ; makes further provision for
superintendent of schools; authorizes board to borrow $15,000 on
their bonds, and provides that a special tax of five mills tm a
dollar may be levied for purchase of school lots and erecting
buildings.
March 2, \'ol. II., page iii. — Kxtends time for colleition ol
State and county taxes to .March 20.
.Vpril 3, Vol. I., page 264.— Provides that Circuit Court Com-
missioners shall not issue writs of ha/ieas lorpiis m certiorari in
a criminal case, but that justice of Supremi.' Court or (Mrcuil
Court judgiMiiay ; ickes special jjrox'ision for imprisimment and
detention of lewd women.
April 5, Vol. III., page 1678. — Authorizes Hoard of Wati r
Commissioners to assess t.'ix of three cents per foot front oii
vacant lots.
.\pril 5, p.ige 1686. — Defines with great detail i)owers of the
council ; gives city power to vacate any street or alley by resolu-
tion.
1S71. February 2, Vol. III., page 9. — Kxtends time for collect-
ing State and county taxes.
February 24, Vol. I., jiage 24. — Authorizes superintendent nf
House of Correction to receive and keep for short periods of time
all persons sentenced to the institution while they are waiting for
bail, or for other reasons are not fully committed.
March 18, Vol. Ill, page 75.— Fnlarges and defines with
greater clearness the powers of the Hoard of Fire Commissioners.
March 31, Vol. III., page 127. — (lives Hoard (»f K'.ducation dis-
cretionary power to elect a Hoard of Commissioners lo take
charge of the Public Library.
March 31, Vol. III., page 133 — I. legalizes certain acts of the
Hoard of Fire Commissioners.
March 31, \*oI. 111., pagt; 134. — Provides th.at the polict; justice
shall receive no fees, £ind not over $1,200 £i year for services.
April 13, Vol. II., page 1231. — Makes provision for printing
ordinances and proceedings of the council, and espet ially for
l)rinting the ])roceedings ami tifilcial notices in (lerinan.
.April 13, \'ol. III., page 177. — .\uthorizes council to di\'ide any
existing ward into election districts, l(j t:ontain not mon; than five
hundred electors.
April 15, \'ol. III., page idfi. — Legalizes certain acts of the
Hoard of Police Commissioners.
April 15, Vol. II., page 1322, — .Appoints Hoard of Park Com-
missioners, and pro\"ides for purchase of park.
April 17, Vol. II., page 1371. < lives the council power to regu-
late the election or removal of certain ofiTiccrs, and to fix the
aiiKJUnt of their fees ; to control the river, wh.'irves, parks, and
streets ; to number the buildings and lo collect of the owners for
so doing ; to sub-divide wards; to drain low lands within three
miles of the city; to license various kinds of business, (lives
power to tax instiran<'c companies; authorizes council to issue
three-year bonds for purpose of paying three fourths of cost of
paving streets, thus granting citizens three years in which to pay
pa\ing assessments; alstt aulhorizes issue of $300,000 worth of
bonds for building sewers, if citizens' meeting approve; directs
that property hi; assessed at cash value.
.April 17, Vol. 111., page 230. — Reorganizes Board of Metropoli-
tan Police and names commissioners, one to go out every two
years ; future appoint<;es to be appointed by the (jovernor, with
the consent of the Senate, and to serve eight years.
April iS. Vol. in., jiage 273.— Kstabli.shes Hoard of Public
Works.
1871. March 20, page 57. — Kmpowers conncil to retpiirc any
officer or board to furnish reports on any matter under their con-
trol, and also fix or alter the time at which estimates shall be made
by .'iny of the oflTici'rs <ir hoards.
March 29, page 60.— Provides that no election district shall
embrace parts of two w.irds, and that no district shall lontain less
than fivi' hundred electors.
1873. Mardi 8, Vol. III., page 37.— Authorizes Hoard of Water
Commissioners lo borrow $i,fxxj,ooo to build new Water Works
in Hamtramck.
March i4,A'ol. II., page 100. — Makes provisions concerning the
purchase of a park.
March 27, Vol. III., page 74.— Provid<s that the Hoard of Edu-
cation may elect a superintendent for three y<ars, appoint a
secretary, and erect a Public Library building.
A CHRONOLOCilCAL TABLE OF CITY CHARTERS. ETC.
987
iiu for collcilidii (il
Circuit Court Cum-
pus or certioyari in
k; Court or CNrcuii
iir imprisonmc'iU and
:s Board of Water
s per foot front 011
:ictaii powers of tlic
■t or alley by rcsolu-
.■luls lime for collect-
's superinlendeiU of
^liort periotls t)f time
tliey are waiting for
ttcd.
s and defines witli
Kirc Commissioners,
rd of F.ducalion dis-
nmissioners to take
i certain acts of tlie
liat llie police justice
ear for services,
ovision for printing
, and especially for
n Cicrman.
council to di\-ide any
in n»jt more than fi\-e
i certain acts of the
iloard of I'ark Com-
luncil powi-r to regu-
i-ers, and to lix the
wharves, parks, and
::ct of the owners for
,v lands within three
of business, (jives
izcs council to issue
•ec fourths of c<)st of
cars in which to pay
[)f $jo<j,ooo worth of
ing ajjprove ; directs
> nt)ard of Metropoli-
to go out e\'er\' two
y the Governor, with
years,
les lioard of I'ublic
uncil to refjuire any
liter under their con-
timates shall be made
lection district shall
rict shall contain less
)ri/es I'ourd of Water
Id new Water Works
isions concerning the
lit the lioard of Edu-
•ee years, appoint a
March 28, Vol. I., page 61. — Establishes Superior Court.
March 28, Vol. 11., page 265.- — Abolishes citizens' meeting and
creates I'loard of Kstiniates.
April 4, Vol. 111., page 140. — Provides for appointment of a
stenographer for recorder's court.
April 12, Vol. III., page 123. — ^ Relates to powers and duties of
lioard of Water Commissioners. Gives them power to condemn
properly for use of the board, and to erect works and extend pipes
outside of the city ; and requires them to charge double rates for
all water siippliid to persons outside the city limits.
April 12, Vol. 1 1., page 636. — Annexes a large portion of Hain-
tramck and Grosse I'olnte to the city. This act was declared
illegal by the Supreme Court.
April 29, Vol. III., pag<^ 175, to go into effect January i, 1874. —
Kstablishes present lioard of Public W'orks.
April 30, Vol. II., page 1279. — Provides for opening streets;
authorizes purchase of land for City Hospital; provides that
jud.gF of Superior Court shall preside over recorder's court in
absence of the recorder, and that the ta.t for the repaving of
streets shall be levied on the property, instead of being paid by
gein'ral tax as beftiri'.
1875. I''ebriiary4, Public .Acts, pages. — Makes additional pro-
vision for the organization of the Superior Court.
February 18, Local Acts, page 4. — Authorizes Common Council
to raise $300,000 by the siile of bonds, for the purpose of building
sewers.
February 18, Local Acts, p.ige 5. — Pro\-ides that recorder shall
be elected first Monday in .\|iril.
February 25, Local Acts, page 7. — Kxtends time for collect ing
State and county taxes.
March 10, Local .Acts, page 22. — A.gain abolishes citizens' meet-
ing and makes new provisions for lioard of F.stimatcs, two mem-
bers to be elected from each ward, and hvu upon general ticket to
serve for two years, one from each ward to be elected after first
year ; gi\'es board power to decrease but not to increase taxes,
[•'stiuiates are to be first c(jnsidered by the council, and submitti'tl
to the board before the 15th of April in each year.
March 17, Local .Acts, page 49. — Provides that crosswalks shall
be paid for from General Road Fund.
March 26, Public .Acts, page 52. — Defines duty and fixes salary
of stenographer of Recorder's Court.
April 10, Local .Acts, page 508. — Provides that lioard of Public
Works shall prepare general plan for streets and roads within two
miles of city, and that after adoption the plan shall be changed
t)nly by a two thirds vote of Common Council.
.April 22, Local Acts, page 537. — Authorizes city to borrow
$100,000 to build a Central Market.
April 22, Local .Acts, page 538. — Gives council power to appoint
a Hoard of Gas Commissioners, and to provide for and make gas.
April 2g, Local Acts, page 719. — Directs lioard of Police Com-
missioners to submit detailed estimate of expenditures to comp-
troller, and provides for care of the funds.
May 3, I,ocal Acts, page 864. — Adds portions of townships of
Greenfield, Hamtramck, and Springwells to the cily.
May 4, Local Acts, page 865. — NL'ikes provision for oi)eniug
streets.
1877. February 7, Local Acts, page 2. — F.xtends time for
collecting State and county taxes.
May 23, Local .Acts, page 507. — Provides for ofTicc of fire
marshal and prescribes his duties.
1879. February 27, Local Acts, page 11. — Kxtends lime for
collection of State and county taxes.
March 4, Local Acts, page 28. — Directs that the fiscal year
begin on July i, authorizes temporary loan of .f8o,ooo, and re-
quires treasurer to nuike a separate deposit of the cash belonging
to the sinking fund.
March 4, Local .Acts, page 32. — C uncil to publish olTicial pro-
ceedings in only one daily paper in the F.nglish language, but
|)rovides that they may publish such part of proceedings as tlvy
deem proper in other languages, at a total cost of not over $2,500
per year.
April 19, Local Acts, page 153. — .\iithorizes Police Commis-
sioners to appoint an inspector of slau.ghter-houses and meats,
.May 21, Local Acts, page 177. — Provides for lioard of lioule-
vard Commissioners, and defines how they shall be elected and
their powers and duties.
May 21, Local Acts, page 183. — Judge of Superior Court may
preside over recorder's court, and, when necessary to fill vacancy,
election for recorder may be held.
-May 27, Ijocal Acts, page 213. — Council authorized to purchase
P.elle Isle, improve it as a park, erect bridge to it, and may |)ur-
cha.se real estate on main land for an approach to the same ; also,
with consent of the Hoard of F.stimates, may borrow $200,000
for above purposes.
May 31, Local Acts, pa.ge 253. — Abolishes offices of director of
poor, city collector, and city sexton ; creates lio.ard of Poor ("oin-
missioners ; authorizes officers of city and boards to nominate
their own clerks: makes further provision for purchase of lielle
Isle, and provides that the city may issue bonds to the amount of
$700,000 to buy the island and build a bridge or tunnel ; author-
izes receiver of taxes to levy for collection of personal taxes.
1881. .March 11, Local acts, page 100. — Provides that lioard of
F.ducation shall consi.st of twelve inspectors elected on one general
ticket ; makes provision for the transfer of the Public Library to
a lioard of Commissioners, and provides that a library ta.\ of one
fifth of a mill on each one hundred dollars shall be levied for its
support.
March 22, Local Acts, page 118. — City authorized to convey a
portion of lielle Isle to the United States as a site for a light-
house.
.April 21, Local .Acts, page 226. — Provides for Upper House or
lioard of Councilmen, prescribes their duties and also the duties
of the lioard of -Aldermen or City Council, and abolishes lioard
of l''.stiniates.
.April 21, Local .Acts, page 228. — Directs that the upper stories
of the market building be used for court rooms and offices.
May 5, Local Acts, page 251. — Defines limits of city, and pro-
vides for new ward boundaries.
May 6, Local Acts, page 256. — Pertains to powers and duties of
Police Commissioners.
.May 19, Local -Acts, page 279. — Authorizes city to cond<'inu for
public use the rights of the Detroit Si Howell Plank Road Com-
pany within the city.
May 20, Local .Acts, page 280. — C'dves Poor Cornmissioncrs
power to appoint their own officers and agents without confirma-
tion by tlu^ council.
May 26, Local .Acts, page 307. — Provides for establishment of
lioard of Health.
May 27, Local Acts, page 315. — Repeals Park Act of April 15,
1871.
May 31, Local .Acts, page 324. — Defines what olTicers shall be
appointed by the council.
May 31, Local .Acts, page 334. — Authorizes the city to condemn
for public use the rights of the Detroit & Saline Plank Road
Company within the city.
June 2, Local Acts, page 342. — Provides that police justices of
Detroit may, on application, sentence to the House of Correction
persiuis who refuse to support their family.
June 6, Local Acts, page 370. — Provides that members of the
council are to be freeholders ; also provides as to dangerous
siructurcs, obstructions in the street, inspection of steam boilers,
intelligence ofTices, etc.
lune 7, Local .Acts, page 379. — Provides further regulations for
Inspection of meats and provisions sold in Detroit.
June 7, Local Acts, page 379.-- Provides that the mayor shall
nominate members of the Hoard of Water Commissioners.
May 5, Public Acts, page 108. — Recorder may act as judge of
Supreme Court ; fees received by clerk to be paid to city
treasurer.
May 20, Public Acts, page 157.— Provides for board of six
jury commissioners, to be appointed by the Senate on nomination
of the governor, to select jurors for courts of record in the city of
988
A CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE OF CITY CHAKTKRS, ETC.
Ditniit and i(iiiiity of W/iyiU', tlirci; to In: residents of city, and
l^iree of townships outside of the city.
Jinie 2, I'lililie Acts, pane 250.-- Reorganizes Hoiisi' of Correc-
tion, to l)i: inaiia.v;ed by four inspectors, and provides for details of
niana>{einent.
June 11, PhIjIic Acts, paije 31)4,— Provides that recorder shall
receive a salary of $4,001 a year.
l88a. March 14, Local Acts, pa),'e 3.-- Authorizes Police Com-
missioners to lix salaries of all oflicers of the department, and
makes other provisions.
•March 15, Local .Vets, page 13.— Authorizes rc-assessment fur
pavinK portion of Jefferson Avenue.
March 15, Local Acts, page 14.— Authorizes re-assessment for
pavini; portion of Michigan Avenue.
March 15, Local Acts, page 16.— Provides that Kire Commis-
sioners may l\x antonnt of salaries of officers of the department.
March 15, Local .Acts, jiage 17. — Authorizes re-assessnwnt for
paving portion of Jefferson .\ venue.
March 15, Local ,\cts, page iS.— Authorizes re-assessment I'or
paving portion of Jefferson Avenue.
March is, Local Acts, page 20. — Authorizes assessment for re-
paving Kranklin Street.
1883. March 28, Local .Acts, page 246.— Establishes Hoard of
Park Commissioners and gives them control of appropriations for
park.
April 10, Local .Vets, p.ige 4:2. — Establishes Board of Poor
Commissioners anew, and gives them exclusive power in the
relieving of county poor within the limits of Detroit.
April 18, Local Ads, page 433. — Amends " Hoard of I'ublic
Works .Act," clianges tlieir fiscal year to begin July i, and makes
provision that before plats are confirmed the taxes must have
been paid.
April 25, Local Acts, page 449. — Provides for three justices in-
stead of six, who are to be paid a regular salary by the county.
April 26, Local Acts, page 452. — Provides that half of the
damages assessed for opening streets shall be paid by the city,
and makes nun.eroiis othiT provisions.
April 27, Local .Acts, page 468. -( ;iv<'s Hoard of Water C(jui-
missioners discretionary powers as to the rate to be charged for
water furnished to persons living outside of the city.
May II, Public Acts, page .S7.— Provides that jury commissi. m-
ers need not all be present at the drawing of names, and tli.u
they .shall have mileage.
May 19, Local AciS, page 530.— Provides that salaries of audi
tors shall be fixed by the circuit judges of the comity, and that
the salary of each auditor shall not be more than $2,500 or less
than $i,2i«.
May 31, Public Acts, p.tge 130.— Provides that two of the county
auditors shall be residents of IJetroit.
June 5. I-™-'! .^I's, P"K'' 579.— Pr.ictically a new city charter
with many important changes. Provides for board of threi>
assessors ; abolishes Hoard of Review ; provides for the payment
of highway taxes by all property ; extends term of receiver of
taxes from two to three years ; provides that aldermen shall hold
no city, county, or legislative office except that of a notary ; gives
aldermen and councilmen ecpial power over estimates and legis-
lative matters ; abolishes Central Station Court, and makes many
other changes.
June 6, Public Acts, page 1S3.— Authorizes county treasurer to
charge four per cent for collecting taxes paid between December
16 and March i, and provides that he shall have two per cent on
amount of taxes returned asdelintpient.
June 8, Local .Acts, page 673. — Authorizes new assessment to
pay for paving Michigan .Avenue.
June 8, Local .Acts, page ^175. — Authorizes new assessment to
pay for paving Jifferson Avenue.
June 8, Local Acts, page '177.^ Provides that mayor may
nominate, and Hoard of Councilmen appoint persons to fill vacan-
cies in oflice of school inspector, and provides that non-resident
taxpayers shall pay for the tuition of their children.
pciitl by till!
ird of Water Cum-
;e lo l)i: charKi'l fi'i'
10 city.
lat jury coinmission-
of names, and tli.it
INDEX.
liat salaries of audi
he county, and that
than $2,500 or less
lat two of the county
r a. new city charter
for board of three
ides for the payment
term of receiver of
aldermen shall hold
lat of a notary ; gives
estimates and legis-
lurt, and makes many
•s county treasurer to
id between December
have two per cent on
(es new assessment to
es new assessment to
des that mayor may
t persons to fill vacan-
ides that non-resident
;hildren.
NAMES.
Abbott, l''.dward, 2.(3, 243.
Abbott A: Kiuchley, 174.
Abbott, James, 23, 26, 38, 135,
143, I4y, 183, 189, ii;2, iij8, 272,
284, 313, 37", 486, 491, ,556, 557,
5iS, 559. 562, 645, 716, 729, 730,
7f'7. 770, 77''i 785. 837. 847. 859,
S60, 862, 879, 880, 882, S83, 916.
Abbott, John S., 191, 711, 717,
740, 752, 755. 75';-
AblKJtt, J. S. C, 70<j.
Abbott, Robert, 41, 87, 89, 92,
123, 133. 176, 183, 191, 198, 491,
4M2. 554. 557. 559. 562. $^'3. 564-
Abbott, Samuel, 313.
Abbott, S(|uire Jr., 300.
Abel, !••., 355.
Abell, OHv.tC., 100.
Adair, William, 100, 523, C54,
. 937-
Adam, John J., 92.
Adam, T. C, 62O.
Adams, Miss, 561.
Adams, A. H., 650, S64, 8^5, 897.
Adams, Charli's S., 343, 355.
Adams, Charles K., 709.
Adams, Krancis, 144, n5, lOi,
869.
Adams, H. 1!., 131.
Adauis, Herbert, 756, 757.
Adams, II. M., 918.
Adaiu-, James (j., -.mo, 305.
.*\daius, John, 264, 937, 957.
Adams, John (Jiiincy, 298, 63r.
Adams, 1,. H,, .Miss, 673, 700.
.'\darns, N., Mrs., 310, 311.
Adams, T. K., 695, 937,942, 946.
Addison, K. H., 213.
Adier, I.., 628.
Aeiller, Jacob, 313.
A.^assiz, Louis, 70S.
AiKieiuoiit, Sieur d', 18, 837.
Aikuian, William, 60a, 604, 700.
Aillebout, M. d', 83.
Ainslie, 'I'homas, 341.
Alabaster, John, 571.
.'Vlbaeh, James K., 708.
Albee, H.C., 808.
Alcock, T., 9*3.^.
Alcorn, 589.
Aleott, A. Uronson, 708.
Aldeu, J. M., 50, 646, 649.
Aldis, Charles, 58).
Akhich, S. H., 648.
Aldrich, ()., 210, 795, 916.
Alexander, Ransom I.., 131.
Alexis, the (Iraud l)uke, 483,
Alden, Hiram, 897.
Aluer, R. A., 360, 362, 867.
Allaril, Jaques, Jr , 979.
Allardt, M. H., 687.
Allee, A., 901.
Allen, A. I!., 616.
Allen, C. T., 211, 571, 572, 844,
Allen, Colonel, 280.
Allen, K. P., 324.
Allen, K. W., 906.
Allen, H. C, 700.
Allen, Ira M., 50, 646.
Allen, Lewis, 756.
Allen, Lewis, Airs., 652, 655,
Allen, M., 674, (x)^.
Allen, M., Airs., 652.
Allen, Orville H., 166.
Allen, R. W., 57.
Allison, James D., 144, 145,
966.
872.
,87..
Allor, M. C, 212.
Allouez, 527.
Almy, John, 935.
.\lteiibraiidt, I!., 758.
.Alter, Kraneis, 167.
Alvord, Hr., 677.
Alvord, H. J,, 91.
Alvord, W. J., 130.
Ambeix, II. A: Co., 496
Ambrose, .Mrs., 651.
Ames, L. R., 579.
Ames, M. K., 101, 192.
Amherst, Jeffrey, 83, 84, 238, 879
•Amin I'ey, 963.
Ampere, J. j., 708.
Auirhein, Wm., 934.
Anciaux, 'I'., 536.
Aneram, William, 227.
Anderson, Captain, 226.
Anderson, ('harles, 212.
Anderson, Colonel, 272, 277.
Anderson, K., 654.
Anderson, tJ. W., 607.
Anderson, James, 313, 315, 475,
f.54, 936.
Anderson, John, 176, 19T, 313,
f'.!>. 730. 859.
Anderson, Julia Ann, Mrs., 584.
-Anderson, L. S., 132.
Anderscm, Major, 305,
Anderson, Mary, 358.
Anderson, M., 125.
Anderson, Mr., 481.
Anderson, 'I'., 166.
Anderson, T. S., 871
Anderson, W. K., 804,
Andre, John, 799.
Andre, Joseph, 285.
Andre, Lieut,, 262.
Andre, Mrs., 262.
Andre, P., 540.
Andrews, I'.ishop, 379.
Andrews, Colin, 837.
.Andrews, Colonel, 172.
Andrews, K., 676.
Andrews, C.eorge, Mrs., 310, 311
Andrews, ('.eor>;e 1'., 51, 678, 714
Andrews, 11. R., 41, 143, 209,
215, 483, 486, 872.
Andrews, II. R., .Mrs., 656, 659,
662.
Andrews, J. II., 695.
Andrews, Norman S.,
Andrews, William, 492.
Andries, K., 690.
Anj^t'll, James It., 339, 709.
Augell, (J. R., 752, 758.
Annabel, S. C"., 612,
Anneke, l''.mil, 92.
Anne of Austria, 83.
Anthon, C K., 550, 700.
Anthon, (leorKC C, 50, 333, 340,
371. 550. 700-
Anthon, John, 700.
Anthony, W. K., Mrs., 666.
Antisdel, A., 892.
Antisdel, J. K., 483, 485, 486,
487.
Antisdel, W. W., 486.
Antoine, Robert, 20.
Antrobus, John, 361.
Apel, !•'., 355.
Appel, C. W., 167.
Appelt, Charles, 146.
Apply, J., 132.
Arcetti, Tohn, 663.
Archer, John, 165, 470.
Argenson, Viscount d', 83.
176.
ArinitaKc, William E., 359, 585,
586, 59-'.
Armitaye, William L., 969.
Armitane, W. S., 818.
Armor, S. ( 1., 50.
Anuslroii.i;, I!. K., 673.
Armstrong, J., 178.
ArmslronK, James A., 865, 895.
.Armstronv;, .\lajor-( leneral, 256
Armstrong;, V. IL, 494.
Armstidiii;, W. C^, 678.
Arnaiid, liertrand, 529.
Ariult, llenrv, 1)37.
Aniett, J. H', 892.
Arnold, I'eiiediit, 24S, 264.
Arnold, J. M., 566, 572, 642,
679, 6t^, 695.
Arnold, Matthew, 7«;, 97O.
Arthur, Chester A., 937.
Ashley, !•'.., 934.
Ashley, W. H., 892.
Askin, John, 34, 36, 133, 172,
189, 344. 940, 977, 982.
Aspinall, James, 788.
.Aspinall, Joseph, 787, 788, 792.
.Ateliinson, J. li., 567, 70).
Atkinson, J., 162,
Atkinson, W. I''.,
At Lee, S. Vorke,
-Atterbury, C. L.
-Atterbury, C. S.
Atterbury, J. (i.,
, W. W.
318, 689, -jof.},
937-
I "9'-
657.
647.
60c, 604, 711.
Atterburyi \\. W., 613.
Atwater, Caleb, 708.
Atwater, Reuben, 23, 88, 317,
785, 937-
Atwood, W. S., 197.
Audrain, Kraneis, 558.
Audrain, L IL, 176, 20(j.
Audrain, Marxarei, 594.
Audrain, Peter, 23, 28, 30, 38,
40, 53, 96, 111, 119, 133, 186,
189, i<>D, 191, 198, 224, 272,
490, 937.
Audrey, Claude, 20.
Austin, L. I'.., 872.
Austin, \.. H., ftlrs., 665.
Austin, P. I'.., 58, 196, 198.
Avery, C. 1 1., 355.
Avery, Klislia, 176.
Avery, (1. H., 143.
Avery, H. K., 862.
.Avery, J. P., 613.
Avery, Judge, 968.
Avery, N., 162.
Avery, Newell, Mrs., 665.
Axford, S. M., 50, 646, 649.
Aylward, J., 211.
Aymar, 695.
Ax'ell, Jonathan R., 633.
I!aart, P. A., 537.
liabcock, C. P., 324.
liabee, M., 222.
Haby, Colonel, 279.
liaby, I)., 767,
liaby, Dnperon, 324.
Haby, F'., 176.
liaby, James, 978, 979.
Haby, M., 237, 238.
Hackus & Sons, 499.
Backus, Charles K., 6;g, 684,
70't 752. 757-
Backus, K.lcctus, 271.
Hackus, H. T.. 92, 100, J44. 191.
Bacon, Colonel, 300.
li.icon, David, 552, 602, 613,
7'5. 95!.
Ilaeon, I )avid, Mrs., 715.
Ilac.in, Leonard, 552, 353, (02,
6ir., 7(«,, 7, .8.
liacon, Marshall J., 90, 195,
198, 203, 711, Sj9, 874.
Bacon, X., 188.
Bacon, W. .A.. 143, 650, 713, 717.
Badger, Jose|>li, tea.
liadiu, !■. V ., 535.
llaify, I'ligene, 832.
Bagg, A. .S., 79, 144, 1^5, -..18,
685. 695, 938.
Bagg, A. S., .Miss, 717.
I'.agg, A. W., 679.
i'lagg, Barnes \' Co., 692.
Ba,g,g, IJ. Rush, 190, 198, 840.
Bang, Charles R., 196.
Ba.gg & Harmon, 692.
K'lg.g. J. H., 5". 9'. >43. '90,
";•»! <95. ''4''- 700. 740, 755'
Bagg, John S., 176. 67;, 677,
685, 68r., 692, 695. 883.
Bagg, S. A., 40, 61, 126,
685, 686, 900.
Bagley, K. 1'.. 318.
Bagh-y, (leor.ge !■'., 144,
792, 869.
Bagley, John J., 57. 75. (;2
204, 205, 217, 218, 3(.k;,
756, 810, 867, 8fo, 874.
I'iigl<-y. J- J-. '^Irs-, 662, 665,
BaglJy, (). M., 796.
Baier, K., 166.
Bailey, James A., 757.
Bailey, John, 364.
Bailey. Joshua, 13;.
Bain, L., 713.
Bain, Stejihen. 795.
Baird, R. W., Mrs., 360.
Baker, H. Kranklin, 168, 519.
Baker, Calvin, 89, 98, 135, 167.
Baker, Daniel, 273,938.
Baker, K. A., 101, 141.
Baker, (1. 1)., 596, 602, 604, 642.
Baker, ( ieorge, 799.
Baker, II. K., 638, 642, 684, 756,
759. 7'i<V
Baker, Ilibbard, 941.
Baker, Jacob B., 917.
737-
■94,
788.
. "44.
746.
I'.aker, James S.,
Baker, Alajor, 228
Baker, R. 1.., 224.
Baki'r, S. A., 638, 676, 682. 683.
Baker, Samuel, 5^)3, 564.
Baker, W. 1. , 805."
Bakewell, W. H.. 578.
P.alch, ( Ieorge W., 137, 145,
752. 757. 758. 87". 884, 885.
Balch, Lewis P. \V., 587.
Baldwin, C. II. , 486. 888.
Baldwin, Commodore, 938.
Baldwin, Ktlian, 313.
Baldwin, Kzra, 916.
Baldwin, Henry P , 92, 100, 102,
106, 311, 312, 360, 3,'ii, 362,
497. 585. 586, 638, 657, 711,
769, 772, 864, 867, 936, 938,
974-
Baldwin, H. P., 2d, 657.
Baldwin, J. D., 165, 642.
Baldwin, Lola, 942.
Baldwin, Lyman, 143, 209, 733,
938, 942.
I.aldwin, Lyman H., 8a8.
Ball, 286.
[989]
990
INDEX OF NAMES.
Ball, Mvn.M I)., 1)2.
Hall, llaliiil, Slifi.
liall, II I,., 671, hi,2.
Hall, William, 7.J8.
liallaid, .(8).
HallanI, A.', f:^.
liallaid, Julia I'., Mis., 701.
Italini-r, StipluMi, 5t>7.
lialpciur, 715.
liaiianir, Jaccib, 131.
liaiurofi, K., 7.i8.
Haiuriifl, I',. C, ^02.
HaTurcift, (liruixc, 7ij8, 859, ij6).
liaiiK'S Natli.ui, 553, 7<io, i;54.
Haiiklu'ad, Jaiiius, 22y.
Hanks, ^i)^.
Banks, A. !•'., )6o.
Banks, (icrtruclc, Miss, 665.
Banks, N'allianiil P., 966.
Banks, Rcjlx-rt, 888.
Banvaiil, 716.
B.inwcll, llcniy, 587, 581J.
B.inulali-, C.-ori;,-, 758.
Barai'a, {''rt'dcrick, 5.i5, 547, /•> '•
Baral, I'cniti-, 3jj.
HailHT, K. W., f.75.
Barbier, !•'. J., ic)6, ii|8.
Barhciiir, I',. S., 814.
Barbimr, (ic(>rj.;f ii., 816.
Barbonr, I,. I,., 75, 761.
Barclay, C'ulonel, 269.
Barclay, W., 61, 71, 143. 164,
204. 4<;j. 57.). f'54. 7 '3. 93'^'.
938.
Baric, Liniis, 162.
Harios, Jean .Maria, 20,
Barker, K. ('., i.(0, 144, 498,
512, 8j(.. 8i>9. 971.
Barker, Saniuil, 895.
Barker, William K., 946.
Barknnie, Kli, 938.
Barlavje, A., 144.
Barlow, C. J., 132.
Barlow, (i. \V., 610, (ki4.
Barlnni, I'liornas, 655.
Barnard, 486.
liarnard, Henry, 708, 961.
Barnard, Henry 1)., 54, 133, 146.
Barnard, Joseph, 210.
Barnes, Albert, 702.
Barnes, .\. S., 706.
Barnes Bros.. 4r,8, 499.
Barnes, K. W., 58.
liarnes, (iiles, 313.
Barney, Milton, 480
Barnliardt, \V. H., 357.
Barns, .A. I' , 639.
Barns, Henry, 100, 226, 307,
675, 676, 683, 685, 6j2, 883.
Barns, Jacob, 686.
Barium), K. T.. 499, 733, Sii,
812.
Baron, .Antoine, 978.
Baron, Joseph, 130, 198.
liaron, IVter, 767,
Barr, Jolin, 687.
Barr, Robert, 687.
Barre, l.efebere de, 83.
Barrian, Joseph, 978.
Barrett, C. H., 58, 59, 639, 646,
649.
Barrett, Lawrence, 358.
Barrett, Myron, 595.
Barrett, Patrick, 935.
Barrois, 35.
Barrois, Francois Lothman de,
333-
Barrows, Jnba, iq8.
Barrows, S. S., 164.
Barry, David, 677, 678.
Harry, I). I'.., 901.
Barry, John S., qi, 92, 104, 898.
Biirry, rhoinasj,, 166.
Barry. William, 80, 798.
Barse, W. H., 202.
Barstow, Samuel, 176, 191, 650,
7". 739. 743. 75=, 755. 756.
862.
Barstow, H. A., 482.
Bart, J., 132.
Bartcnbach, G., 842,
Harthe, A., 172.
Barthello, William, 795,
Bartholick, Dr., 493.
Bartholomew, A. M., 493, 937.
Baiiluiloniew, .\. .M., Mrs,, (152,
Hallle, James, 5.10.
ll.irllelt", J. W.. 757,
Barllell, Joseph, 551, 807.
Bartletl, A. U., 57.!.
Bartlev, A. H., 210.
liarlKy, Iv, 663.
I'arlnii, William, 178.
B.irlow, William, 98, 130, 191.
198.
Baskerville, 1 . H., 573,
Bass, J., 577.
Bassett, Henry, 37, 227.
Bastie, l''dnuiiid, 535.
Balehelder, I. C, jsd.
Balchelder, j. W., 758.
Bales, 695.
Hates, Andrew, 639.
Bates, .Alexander, 300,
Bates, Asher H., 140, 141, 198,
873. 874-
Bati'S, Clara Doty, Mrs., 701.
Bates, l''rederiik, 23, ■-•6, 38, 89,
1)5. '/'. '33. 183, 186, 491, 494,
855. 857. 883, 938.
Bates, Cieorgi- (.'., 113, 143, 17.;,
•-'43. 3"i, 7". 934. 9''3-
Bates, 11. C, 792.
Bates, 1,. J., 13, 684, 690, 692,
701.
Bates, Morgan, 71, 92, 161;, 073,
676. 682.
Batt.'ll, Cyrus, 909.
Batterson, J. tl., 312.
Hattli', James, 513, 519,
Battzes," (leorKe, 281.
Batwell, l''.(l\vard, 50, 755, 756.
li.iuer, -A., 167, 757.
Baur, Emil, 575.
Baux'h, J. B., 4.
lianxliman, J. A., 566, 572, 578,
580, 840.
Haiim>,'artner, John, 621.
Havlev, I'Vaiik '1'., 600.
Baxter, A. W., 810.
Baxter, [ohn, 175.
Baxter, 'I'homas, 161, 162.
Baxter, W. H., 145, 5«j.
Baxter, Witter J., 711,732.
Bayard, Robert, 172, 227.
Bayliss, J. H., 567, 575.
Bayliss, J. II., .Mrs., 842.
Beaib, I'.ben, 795.
Beach, P., 132.
Beach, Seth, 594.
Beadle, J. '1'., 612.
Bean, J. v., 718.
Beard, C.eoixe, 938.
Beard, ( >. J'., 701.
Beaidslee. I'. J., 487
Beardslei', Harlow, 142,
Beardsley, 41)2.
Beattie, I'.lizabeth, 633.
Beattie, .Mar.i.;aret, 633,
Beatty, James, 71.
lleaubieii, 492.
liraubiell, Nliss, 350.
Heaubien, Antoint, Mrs., 653,
721.
Beaubien, Antoine, 34, 313, 725,
945. 977-
Beaubien, Henry, 164.
Beaubien, J., 737.
Beaubien, James. 38, 202, 935.
Beaubien, Jean Bt., 20, 285.
Beaubien, Jean Maria, 21, 190,
'9'. 3>3. "79-
Beaubien, Joseph, 532, 977.
Beaubien, Lambert, 198, 323,
^ 934. .937. ^ .
r.eaubien, T.ouis, 164.
Beaubien, I.ouis Antoine, 531,
532. .
Beaubien, P., 934.
Beaubien, Trotier, 337.
Beaufait, 493.
Beaufait, Louis, 88, 90. 100,
102, 130, 174, 180, 190, 191,
198, 531, 720, 938, 977, 98.'.
Beauchene, Chevalier de, 332.
Beaugrand, Jean Baptisle, 313.
Beauharnois, Marquis de, 19,
83, 766.
Beaumont, ^L M., 707.
Beuusseron, Widow, 18.
Beck, C, !•'., 780.
Beck, Charles (1., 9)8.
Bee kcr, John, 6&<.
Be( kwith, < u-oi-).;.', ■■I'j.
P.edell, Ceorni' W., 13..
Beceher, K. B., K85.
Beecher, 1 lenry Ward, 7110, 9 ;.S,
, 97.1-
Beecher, Luther, 352, 485, 61.5,
('75, 692, 711, 713, K42. .)7i.
Beecher, Lyman, (103, 708,839.
Beecher, 'rruiuaii, 785.
Bei-cher, Thomas K., 637.
Beed/.ler, J., 777.
Beeson, Jacob, 38, 70'.
Beggs, 'I'liomas, ^k,
Begole, J. W., 92;T75.
Begon, 18.
Belanger, Joseph. 654,
Belknap, John, 868.
B.ll, Digby v., 92,93, 734, 785,
Iieli;'l.. v., Jr., 354.
Bell, 1). v., Mrs., 66s.
Bell, Dclos, 361.
Hell. |,,hn A., 687.
Bell, R,,bert, 56.
Hell, ■riiom.is, 895.
Bell.iir, Joseph, 945.
Bellair, Oliver, 210, 933, 938,
945.
Bellecour, 1''. D., I98.
Btdlecour, 1''. I., 149.
Bellestre, I'Vancois .Marie I'i-
cote de, 36, 40, 83, 227, 2x3,
=34. 527. 766.
Bellisic, IlelllN', 50.
Bell.iws, 11. W., 681.
Bellows, J. N., 717.
P.ellman, W. I'., 496.
Belton, !•'. S., 228.
Belton, Samuel, 55s.
Hendix, William, 3^7-
Biuiedict, Iv 1)., S84.
Benedict, Hiram, 840.
lienileau, A. P. '1'., 318.
Beuiteau, Israel I., 654.
Benliam, Lbene/er, 165, 202.
Benham, W. 1.., 91.1.
Benjamin, Park, 701;.
Bennett. 1 >., 4113.
Beiuiett, I'Vank, 687.
Bemiett, |oseph K., i6t^, 176.
Bennett, L. H., 87...
BeniU'lt, -Moses, 165.
Bennett, S., 132.
Bennett, W., 493.
Benoit, !•'.., 71)9.
lienoit, K. I'., 125.
Bentley, 173.
Bentley, John, 133.
Ben on. Colonel, 84.
P.entiui, 'I'liomas H., 938.
Berdan, < ). !■'., 357.
Berger, J. M., 673, 695, 696.
Berkey, A., 621.
Berlin, I'rederick, 938.
Bernier, 532.
Bernick, 538.
Bcr(piin, 694.
Berrien, John M., 895.
Berry Brothers, 497, 498, 826,
974.
Berry, J. A., 757.
Berry, J. IL, 825, 871.
Berry, Langford (1,, 92.
Herry, S. V,, 51^0.
Herrv, 'riiomas, 138, 162, 646,
734, 826, 875.
Berry, 'I'. V., 624.
Berry, Williaai A., 874.
Berry, W. L., 695.
Herryer, M.. 233.
Berthelet, Henry, 8, 15, 33, 133,
532, 938, 980, 1181.
Berthelet, Peter, (,j, 793,
98 !.
Berthelet, Widow, 767.
BiTtrams, Ciustavns, 576.
Bertrand, 531, i;3.'.
Pethime, George W., 938.
Beltinger, Conr.id, 101.
Betts, Charles. 674.
Belts, George 1., ,24.
Bewick, Charles, 8ti.
794.
Hiver
C. 11., i7, 663.
Heyer
e, t'onsl.iutiiie, 688.
Hibb,
I leurv, ^40, 7.M..
Biddh
'. John, .'3, 38, 59, 1'8, ..8
100,
102, III, 114, 130, 140
-227,
=71. 357. 359, 372. 485
64.,
710, 712, 716, 730, 735
i 924.
310,
260,
162.
7".
75'-,
"77.
7>3.
843.
860, Kli.', 8S7, 8.1(1.
I'iddlc, Nicholas, 372.
P.iddle, W. S., 318;
Hiebcr, Adam, 934, 935,
llielier, Peter, 935,
Bielivilli', 330.
Big He.iver, 181.
Bigelow, George, i;o.
Bigelow, Horatio, 81K,
Bigelow, John M., (147,
Bigelow, L., 131.
Higley, 498.
Bigot, 2x^.
Bigsle", 1 )oitor, 269.
Billilr.,^ Alv.in, ^6=;.
Hillings, 1>. A., 77S.
Hinder, William, 166.
Bineaii, Jean, 766.
Piinghain, K., 164, 492, 641
Bingham, Kinsley S., 92.
Hingliam, .Sarah T., .Miss,
Hingle, l''.ilward, 131.
Bird, A. A., 198.
P.ird, Henry, 223, 243, 249,
952.
Bird, Philander, i ^i, 198.
Bird, I'eier C., 131.
I'ird, Robert, 571.
Bird, Robert C., 731
P>irniingham. T. N.,
Birney, James, 92.
Bishoj), Anna, 354.
Bishop, David 1.., 212
Bishop, IL, 355, 357.
Bishop, Levi, 19, 49,
■92, 199. 3''7. 70 >
745. 746, 752. 755
968.
Bishop, M., 492.
Bisho- R. A., Mrs., 486.
Bisph.i 1, John B., 191.
Bissell, 4,93.
Bissell, A. K., 61, 787, 788.
Bissell, Albert G., 647.
Bissell, Charles, 851.
Bi.ssell, George W., 787, 788,
792.
Bissell, John H., 592.
Bissell, W. A., 73^,
P.lack, Clare. u'e, 360, 361.
Bhick, 11. }L, 624.
Black, Joseph, 362, 873.
P.lack, James, 497, 654.
IMack, S. W., 228.
Blackburn, 'I'liomas, 202
34*'. 959.
Blackburn, William M., 602.
Black Hawk. 299,959.
P.lackman, G. C., 706.
P.lai:kmar, Thomas S., 176,
'97. 795. 799-
P>lades, K. A.
580, 638, 783.
Plain, A. W., 56.
I'.laine, James (;., 976.
P.laii'ivillc. Sieur de, 227,
Blair, Austin, 92, 305.
Blair, fames S., 654.
Blai- .el, L. H., 355.
Blakcslee. George, 164.
Blanchard, Jonathan, 5(6, ^Cx),
Blankenheim, J., 166, 935.
Blallnu'ier, Christian, 4(i>.
Pilavctte, Leon Clement de, (33.
Blay, M., 162, 796.
Blenman, Henry A,, 166.
Hli'witt, 69J.
Bleyenbergb, A. K., 537, 541.
Hlindbury, 496.
Blindbury C. G., 799.
P.liiulliury, John, 101. 131, 486.
Bliss, P. P., 643, 972, 073.
Blisse, 354.
Blodget, A. C. 701.
Blodgett. CharUs C, 14s.
Hlodg.tt, H. N. P., Mrs.", 665.
Blodgett, P. S., 903.
Blois, John T., 696, 717, 738.
.345.
"77.
566, 569, 574,
232.
INDEX OF NAMES.
991
688.
7.'.">
II., 57. f'''3
I'uiisUniliiu-,
my, 34''. 7"".
"till, .'3, 3'*. 5'J. ^'''>
1;, III. iM. ' !"•
ri, 357. 3^;';
10, 71.^, 7''
J, H87, «i|''-
sliiliiihis, ,17J.
,V. S., 318.
\il.iin, CJ34. y35.
'i:tir, i)i5-
■. 33'''
ii-r, 181.
, I 'iii)l>;r, 5<i.
, ll..iiilio, 818.
, Julm M.. li|7. ')-'4'
, 1... 13'-
4y8.
•^^■
Dciilcir, sfii).
, .Mvaii, 5l'>5.
, I'. A., 778.
Williani, ififi.
J. an, 766.
n, !•'.., iCm. 49-
111, Kiiisli-y S., 9.'.
Ill, Siiiah 'I'., .Mis>*,
I'.dwaril, 131.
. ..\., n;8.
Ifiiry, 223. -43. -'4^
(.41.
310.
260,
liilaiuUr, i ii. 'y3.
lUT t'., 13'-
;cil>iTl, 571.
lulli'lt C, 131.
.nhaiu, T. N., ><Jz-
, Janus, q?.
, Anna, 354.
, David I-., 212.
. H., 355. 357-
I, l.ovi, ly, 4'). '■;'. '77.
199. 3W. 7'>'. 7>'.. 7>3.
746. 75-'. 755. 75''. 043.
), M., 492.
■ R. A., Mis., 486.
, I, John li., 191.
1. 493'
, .A. K., 6., 787. 788.
.Mhi-it C... 647.
riiarU'S, 851.
(leorgc \V., 787. 788,
John H., 592.
\V. A., 732.
t'lan-'uc, 360, 361.
11. H., ('■■!^■
Jiisrpll, 362, 873.
laiii.'S, 447, 654.
S. \V., 228.
urn, Ihonias, 202, 345,
:)50.
vlrn, William M., 602.
Hawk, 2i>), 959-
man, C. <.'., 71)6.
nar, 'riiomas S., I7fi, I77'
795. 799- , ^
, K. A., 56f'. 5f^9. 574.
638, 783- ,
A. W., 5fi-
, lames (1., 976.
iUc, Sicur df, 227, 232.
Austin, qj, 303.
laiius S., 654.
1, 1.. H., 355-
sir
CioiKr, 1(14.
hard, Jonathan. 566, soq.
ii-iilicini, J., iff', 935-
■irr, C'lirislian, 4lq.
■ttc, l.i'on I'Uniinl ili', 333.
M., iC's. 796-
nan, Henry A., 166.
■nherKli, A. I'., 537. 54i-
liury, 49''-
liiiry, C. (".., 799'
linry, )olin, 101. 131, 480.
1'. 'P.,"<',43, 972.973-
. 354- „
;et, A. C, 701.
'ett. Charles C, I45-
;ett, H. N. P., Mrs., 665.
4ett, V. S., qo3.
, John T., 696, 717, 738.
Hlondeaii, Siciir, 232.
P.I.Mid, Dr., 277,
HI. ...in, Adolph, 213.
BliJoiu, .\dam I'',., loi, 73S.
Bloomer, .'\melia, Mrs., 1/14.
Hloss, Joseph I!., 38, 841.
ni.iss, J. I!,, Mrs., 0(.5.
liloynk, John, 125.
Him-, -Alexaiuh-r, 125, 126, 131,
liluejaeket, Geoixe, y8i.
Hliim, Kraiik, 145.
U'liiin.'i, A., 74, 166.
Boardiiian, W. K., 633, 7(»>.
lioeipiet, Siniple, 529, 53.., 535.
Uoehnlein, (i., 695.
lioelinlriii, M., 695.
lJoein,<, \V., 360,
l!oeiinini;liaijsen, W., 935.
Boer, M. K., 603.
Boeriis, William A., 576.
Uoice, John, 7ij.
Boise, James K., 709.
Botsheheli, .M. lie, jjj, 5J7.
Bolder, kohert K., 101.
Boho, G., 798.
Bolton, Colonel, ij, 46, 2fx),
Boltz, I'l'ter, ijj.
liolvin, N.| 730.
Bonaparte, Slapileon, 943, 970.
Boiiaventnre, 529
Bond, C. r.. .M., 833.
Bond, C. v., 360.
)iond, I'.., 1^34.
Bond, Lewis. 198, 2f>>, 281.
Bond, William, 756, 757, 75S.
Bond, William S., loi, 137, 144,
145, 674, 677.
Bondi, .\ntoiiie, 979,
Bondi, Joseph, 979.
Boiidwer. Charles, 155.
Boiii', .Mary .'Viin, 333.
Bonhomme, Charles, 20.
Bonneli, S. R., 616.
Bononi •, Francois, 979.
Book, J. H., 14^1, 205, 734,
Boone, Daniel, 249, 938.
Booth, 358.
Booth, R. (}., S72.
Booth, C. C, 577.
Booth, (".. I'., 4S6.
Booth, Jam j S . 205.
Boothroyd, W, H., 695.
Bo(piet. H., 231, 24 J.
Borchardt, V., 7 i^, 798.
Boreherdin.v;, William, 576.
Borileaux, Joseph, 3(3.
Bordman, K., 673.
Bor^'ess, C. H., 5. 7, 549, 661,
663, 901, 970. 973.
Borgman, C. H., 141, 196, 198,
695, 725.
Boixman, .M. V., loi, 146, 205,
218, 4S6, 487.
Born, H., 493.
Borrowman, Andrew, 59, 647,
649, 758.
Boscus, John, 326.
Bostick, William, 244.
Bostwii'k, J,, 211,
Botsford, .Alhert, 145.
Boneher, Klizabelh, 327.
Boiidin. 680.
l!om;aineille, 12, 43. 322, 349.
Honijhton, Peter, 34'!.
Bonjs'hton, V. C, 640, 641^
Bonilard, 546.
Bovir, Joseph, 755, 934.
Bonrassa, Ijo.iis, 978
Bonrke, (Jliver, 102, 752, 757.
Bonrke, Walter, 792.
Bonr!,;innoii, Loins, 210.
Bour^moiit, Sienr de, 227, 231,
Bourn, .Allan, 80S, 901.
Bourns, A. I''., 572, ^89,
Boutell, A. A,, 827, 1)28.
Bowen, C. C., 612.
Bowers, Dr., 280.
Bovvers. J. K., 213,
Bowman, 360.
1'. iwinan, K. C, 865.
Bowman, J., 577,
Boy.l, W. A., 210,211.
Boydell Bros.. 823, 824, 825.
Boydell, William, 145, 146.
Boyer, Antoine, 982.
Boyle, Phillip, 173.
Boynicr, John Louis, 214.
Pioynton, Dr., 883.
Boynton, Albert (!., 191., '87,
711.
Brace, K. Russell, 923.
])rac<-, William 11., 868.
Ih'adliurii, llii.nli, 131.
Bniddock, (KUeral, 233,887.
Bradford, Amiia, 198.
Bradford, A. W., 212.
Brailford, John, 669.
Bradish, Alvali, 339.
Bradley, IL, 130.
Bradley, Jndson. 51.
P.radley, J. K,, 362.
Biailiier, Ira J., 131.
Brandon, Calvin C, 933.
Bradshaw, Kli, 90, lo.., i2''i, 131,
132, 194. 198.
Lradslreet, John, 227, 240, 550,
703. 7"4. 944. 95 ••
l.rady, 497.
Brady, Hiiuli, 228, 229, 302, 317,
359. 938, 9*»'. >/'!•
Brady, (ieorj^e N., 917.
Bradv, Preston, 657.
Brady, S. P., 866, 867.
Brainard, Charles N., 131.
Brant, L A., loi.
P.rant, .Mollie, 349.
Brant, Joseph, 249, 259, 264,
Brats'haw,' J. B. H., 873, 874,
938.
Bratshaw, J. B. IL, Mrs., C65.
Braiin, Jacob, 576.
Braiini^iaii, William, 718.
Brearley, W, II, 360, 361, 362,
642, 689, 691, 701.
Brei'keiirid^e, Praneis. 50, 646.
Breckenridjje, John C, 938.
Breed, Will, P„ 602.
Ih'ehm, Captain, 244.
Bremer, l-'rederika, 708, 963,
Brennan, 725.
P.rennan, Kdward. 661.
Brennan, John, 80.
Brennan. Alichael, 842.
Brent, .Mrs., 310.
Bressler, C. K... 940, 944.
Brevoort, Henry 1!., 23, 38, 183,
184, 279, 281, 333, 335, 859,
908, 935, 938.
Brevoort, Henry, Jr., 126.
Brevoort, Henry N., 210,
Brewer, Captain, 234,
Brewer, A. L., 584.
Brewster, 938.
Brewster, Ciiaiincey B., 584, 587
Brewster, K. , 492.
Brewster, (Jeorye, 675, G81, 682,
717. 755.
Brewster, Maria, 594.
Brewster, A\'., 492. 49S.
Brewster, William, 770, 7S5,
865.
Brezee, Lloyd, 691.
Briand, John Oliver, 546,
P.riil.vje, llenrx", 71.
Brid;.,'e, II. P., 161, 163, 218,
785. 787. 789. 792, 865.
Bridncs, l'<lward M., 851.
Bri,iCKS, Daniil B., 93.
Brixxs, Robert D., 100.
BrigKs, R. v., loi.
Bri,i;hain, Adolphus, 123, 131.
Brinton, Beulah. .Mrs., 692, 701.
Briscoe, Benjamin, 936.
Bristol, C. I.., 492, 851, 938.
Bristol, T. W., 703.
Brittain, Sanford, 71.
Bntton, 492.
Broadstreet, 855, 858.
Brock, Isaac, 215, 268, 276, 277,
278, 202, 295, 296, 297, 694.
Brockway, Z. R., 216, 218, 600,
601. 810, 968, 969.
Brockway, 7. R,. Mrs,, 662.
Brodhea<l, Daniel, 256, 258,259.
Brodhead, Jessie W,. 360.
Brodhead, 'I'horntcm F., 100,
222, 256, 238, 686, 883.
Brodie, William, 51, 59, 137,
144. 5'9. 676, 690, 734.
BrocK, M., 145-
Bronson, Mrs., 938.
Bronson, Catharine, 594.
Bronson, II. O., 165, 202.
Bronson, R., 58.
Bronson, W. H., 662.
Brooke, CicorKe M., 22S, 229.
Brooklield, William, 716.
Brookfield, William, Mm., 716.
Brooks, I ). W., 737.
Brooks, D. W., Mrs., 661.
Brooks, I'",., 142, 202, 299, 302,
317. 34^'. 491. 697, 716, 770,
785, 8; I.
Brooks, John, 52.
Brooks, I. W., 897, 901, 901.
Brooks, X. W., 144. 218, .167.
Brook.^, Phillips, 976.
Brow, A. J., 758.
Brown, Dr., 272.
Brown, Amnion, 88, .>,), 01, ■l.o,
'25, 131, lyS, 648.
P.rown, 2\rza, 565.
Brown, Adam, 980.
Brown, .A. B., 719.
Brown, C, F., 7o<).
Brown, Charles H,, 310.
Brown, Ciilkn, 164, 346, .-,94,
645, 651, 857, 863.
Brown, 1 1. B., 19S.
Brown, I-',. C, 901.
Brown, F. W., 733.
Brown, (leneral, 103, 224, 2S5,
554. 955. 959-
Brown, Ceoffje B., 212.
Br<iwn, (iilbert, 130, 132.
Brown, Henry, 163, 641, 770.
Brown, IL B., 173, 194, 360.
Brown, H. IL, '862, 863, 866,
874.
Brown, H. IL, Mrs., 655.
Brown, H. J., 585, 5S8.
Brown, H. N., 572, 573.
Brown, James J., 141.
Brown, John, 303, 313, 347, 377,
872, 935, 966.
Brown, J. A., 51, 756, 757, 924.
I'rown, J. M., 576, 750, 903, 976.
Brown, J. Newton, 607.
Brown, J. W., 299, 300, 584.
Brown, "Levi, 364, 557. 631. 7'3-
Brown, Lucy, 594.
Brown, Lester R., 125, 132.
Brown, Rufiis, 50, 492.
Brown, R. H., 197.
lirown, S, R,, 287.
Brown, Warner &; Lee, 872.
Brown, William, 50,62,98, 123,
133. 281, 335, 730, 731, 835,
858, 859.
Brown, Williani H., 126.
Browning, F. P., 163, 605, 736,
838.
Brownlow, W. G., 70.), 967.
P>rownson, Henry F., 661, 71x1.
Brownson, Orestes A., 700, 716,
Bruce, 'I'., 227.
Bruce, William, 767, 772.
Bniggerman, F., 166.
P.runinie, C, 59,
Brunow, Francis, 709.
Brunson, 2\lfred, 278, 282, 284,
554. 5*53. 564. 7"i. 796.
Brunson, John, 480, 481, 798.
Brush, Adelaide, 937.
Brush, Alfred, 203.
P.rush, Alfred K., 937, 944.
Brush, Elijah, 36, 89, 133, 134,
140, 149, 176, 183, 227, 272,
274, 278, 281, 284, 313, 335,
491. 933. 937. 980.
Brush, F.. .A., 30, 40,71,96, 195,
204, 344, 470, 504, 67.", 716,
887, 896, 903, 933. 936, 938,
962.
Brush, K. C, Mrs., 652.
Brush, F.dmnnd F., 940.
Brush, Flliot H,, 939,
Brush, Henry, Captain, 275,
278,
Brush, H. T., 760.
Bryant, 938.
Bryant, Elizabe.h P., 717.
Bryant, William Cnllen, 363,
7.8.
P.rydges, C. J., 895.
BuLlian, William, 654, 661.
Bta liauaii, lames, 102, 938,
Buchanan, Alargaret F'., 7fx).
Buchauaii, K. C., 228.
Buchanan, William, 73'), 757,
Buck, D. I)., 567, 701.'
Buck, Diidliy, 354.
Buckingham, J. S., 70S.
Buckley, II. J., 493, 788, 792.
Buckley, J. AL, 51,6, 567, 639,
701.
Bueklin, Tames, 90, 648.
Bucklin, N\illiam, 128, 19S.
Bucklin, Major, 300.
Buel, A. \N'., KK., Toi, 103, 193,
210, 711, 738, 857, 883.
Buel, ( iio\e A., 30;.
Bueli, .Allen, 922, 923.
Buell, Don Carlos, 229.
Buelow, Charlis A., 935.
Buhl, C. IL, 41, 140, i4i, 204,
2'7i 3^"'. 3f'2. 475. 49*^. 6,i9.
733, 807, 86,1, 867, 926, 938.
liuhl, C. H., iAlrs., 665.
Buhl, F., 140, 143, 52c., 65S, 772,
783, 7S3, 833, 864, 867, 926.
Buhl, .\lis, F., 203.
Buhl, T. D., 8o8._
Buisson, Joseph Guyon de, 227.
Bull, C". M., 143, 164, 176, 191.
I'ull, Caplaip, 3ik>.
Bullit, Nalhan. 250.
Biinbur)', Lieutenant, 13.
Bungay, ( leorge W., 7o.j.
Burbank, I lavid, 285.
Burbank. John, 131, 198, 978.
Biiriiaiik, \\illiain, 285.
Burcli, 607.
Burehard, M. W., 486.
Burehell, George W., 166.
Burdii k, A. W., 933.
Biirdick, J., 896.
Bnrdick, O. S., 677.
I'nrger, Joseph, 205.
Burgess, F, 11. , 679.
Burgess, I., 131.
Burhans. A, A., 799.
Burk, Fdward, 828. 829.
Biirk, Simon, 481.
Burk, Williani IL, 688.
Burke, ("haplain, 531.
Burke, Nicholas, 166.
Burleigh, .A. A., 577.
Hurley, Bennet G,, 30S.
Burley, Washington, 71.
Burlingame, Anson, 317, 709,
710, 739.
liiirnap, ]., 132.
linrnell, K. .A,, 311.
llurnell, William, 65, 143, 216.
Burnet, Jacob, 94, 95, 178, 707.
Burnett, James, 281.
Burnett, John, 313.
Burnett, W. (J,, 573.
Iiurnham, i i. P., 673.
Burnhani, J. I'",, 680.
Burnl.am, James K., 871.
Burnhani, T. H. O. P., 112,
359-
Burns, James, 101, 164, 165,
713. 7'8, 77". 776.
Burns, P., 54.
Burns, Robert, 702, 966.
Burnside, Ambrose F^, 229.
Burr, Aaron, 271.
Burr, W. H., 691, 692.
Burrell, John, 715.
Burriit, F.lilin, 7o<).
Burrois, I'Vancois, 20.
Burt, Alvin C, 758.
Burt, John, 102, 700.
Burt, \\'. A,, 362, 700.
Burtis, J,, 916.
Burton, C. M., 39.
Bury, Richard, 581, 591.
Busby, 482.
Buscii, Charles, 497.
Bush, August, 59<j.
Bush, B. F., 638.
Bush, C. P., 92,
Bush, Ira D,, Mrs., 665.
Bush. S. D,, 162,
Biishey, Albirt, 037
Bushey, Klizabcth, Mrs,, 940.
992
INDEX OF NAMKS.
Uiisliry, Josi-pli, 9)7, 9)8, .;.(o,
lliislm.ll, I). P., Kii, 167.
Iliisliii,-ll, I). I'., iMrs., jio.
Iliisliiicll, lolin, (ifiy.
I'UlUr, li. I''., I Id, i/)ij, 97^1,
liiillir, Coliiiifl, 244, 241), 283,
.■84.
Uutl.ir, K. H., 92, 102, 868.
liutlir, K. II., Mrs., 655.
limlcr, l'. 1)., 624.
IIuiKt, II., j_7.
lUitlrr, Milt. Ml II,, ,)j8.
HiilliT, William .\., 511, 162, )io,
311, 312, 3(.,,, 73), 757, 868,
902.
lUitlir, W. A., Mrs, 310, 311,
''55-
r.iiUcrficld, 261.
limu rliikl, (). II., 212, 213.
Iltutcrinan, Kn>;<'iur, 542
HiU'crsdii, fi73.
liiitz, C::is])ar, 687.
Hilt/fl, Maxmis, 75S, 761.
liyiiiKtoii, I'. S., 597.
Hyram, C;., 161, 497, 75(1.
llyrani, Kbi'iK/ir A., 755.
liyrd, Cicorite, 140, 929.
liyril, C.L-orwf Wi-Uiim', 86.
liyrn, I'ahvard, 3(1.
liyrnc, James, 537.
C.ihacicr, C'liarli's, 797.
CabafiL' or Cahacii-r, Juscpli, 9,
172.
Cabli-, llavid. 198.
Cabot, J. Islliotl, 708.
Cadillac, .•Viitoine dc la Moilu',
3, II, 12, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 34,
171, 221, 226, 227, 231, 321,
32-!. .t25i 32''. 327, 328, 329,
3.1", 33'. 332, Hi, 340, 3'i9.
370. 37'. 372. 477. 489. 5-'7,
529, 700, 720, 765, 766, 837,
887, 939. 95'.
Cadillac, Kraiuois, ^28.
Cadillac, Jean .ViUoino, 328.
Cadillac, Joseph, 328.
Cadillac, l\la,i;dalim-, 328.
Cadillac, Mariit .Xjjathc, 328.
Cadillac, Marie .Xiiiic, 328.
Cadillac, .Marie i'lierese, 32S,
333-
Cadillac, .Marie Tlierese de
l.aiimel: de, 326.
Cadillac, I'ierre Denis, 328.
Cadillac, Kine l.oiiis, 328.
Cadle, Richard I''., 58i'.
Cadmai), C. C 714.
Cady, Charles II., 131.
Cadv, Daviil, i (i.
Cady, I). I)., 131.
Cady, S. I'., 131.
Cahill, James, 58.
Calioun, William, 144.
Cain, R. II., 976.
Caino, H. J., 695.
CakUvell, William, 261.
Calhoun, 957.
Calhonn, Joiiii C, 939.
Callaghan, J. ()., loi.
Calla^han, W. ()., 317, 755.
Callaway, S. R., 895.
Callieres, Chevalier de, 83, 221,
332-
Calnon, Jeremiah, 54, 166, 669,
Calvarin, 535.
Calvert & Co., 33.
Culvert, K. J , 487.
Cameron, James, 654.
Cameron, John, 6o|.
Cam{)aniiii, 354,
Campau, 96, 272, 333, 349, 715,
766, 789.
Campaii, Albert, 733.
Cainpaii, .'\le.\is, 978.
Campau, Alexander M., 721.
Cainpan, A. T., 144, 756.
Campau, An^;eliqnc, iliss, 720.
Campau, li., 78, 142, 149, 314,
491, 493, 859, 863, 937, 943,
944. q8"-
Campau, liaptiste, 172.
Campau, Cafitain, 226.
Campau, Charles A., 939.
Campau, C. !■'., 942, 94.J.
Campau, Charles Nl., ji^, 978.
Campau, Claiidi', 198, 981,
Campau, I'aiiiel J., 38, 102, 125,
i<7, 461, 654, 755.
Campau, HeiinisJ., 939.
Campau, I'.U'anor I.., 940.
Campau, h'.niily, 938.
Campau, Hi iirv, 4, 529.
Camp. Ill, Jac(|iies, 19, 123, 238,
3'3. .ti". 5.V-!, 533. W)-
Campau, Joseph, 133, 135, 149,
'''7. S'h 345. 373. 5"', '■44,
685, 859, 910, 941, 981,
Campau, Julian, 981,
Camp.iu, I. IJ., 210, 938, 979,
981,982." _
C ampaii, I.ouis, 20, 313.
Campau, .M. A., 939.
Campau, Michael, 18.
Campau, Minnie, Mrs., 9.^.;.
Cam|>au, Nicholas, 20,980.
Campau, I*eter, 799.
Campau, Philip, 944.
Cainpau, Robert .\lel)., 816.
Campau, T. I.., 126, 1^5.
Campau, Tliendore, l.^.^.
Campau, Theodore J., 101,935,
y.i''. 945.
Campbell, A., 210.
Campbell, Alexander, 202, 482,
7')5.
Campbell, Colin, 492, 495, 497,
o.Vh
Caiii|>bell, Colin, Mrs., 655.
Cani|)l>ill, Captain, 234.
Campbell, 1 )oiiald, 227, 236, 349.
Campbell, I'indley, 341.
C.'imp'.)ell, Gortlon, 911.
Campbell, II. .M., 142, 177, 192,
645, 648, 716, 851, 9ji.
Campbell, J., 611, 673.
Campbell, James, 130.
Campbell, J. V., 176, 177, i33,
192, 19J, 308, 311, 337, 339.
350. 3''"). ''38. 6.5". 7<". 704.
7". 746, 755. 756. 761, 895,
y"7. 93'J.
Campbell, J. V., Jr., 340.
Campbell, John, 165, 167, 222,
-'•.'7. 238, 523, 936.
Campbell, I.ois, .Mrs., 652.
Ciiinpbell, Major, 2)6, 237.
Campbell, S. L., 718.
Campbell, \'.ileria, .Mis.s, 311.
Campbell, W. C, 904.
Campbell, W. I., 572.
Campbell, W. P., 872.
Candler, II. W., 758.
Candler, W. R., 161, 162.
Canl'ield, A., 936, 939.
CaiiilT, 595.
Caniff, A. C, 142, 143, 165, 210,
Cms. 77". 795-
Caiiilf, II. J., 165, 506.
Canilf, .Mr.i., 656.
Caniff, Nancy, 594.
Caimaro, Charles, 210.
C.apel, 'riiomas John, 709, 976.
Caplis, James, 100, 101, 210,934.
Capoul, 354.
Carew, |. 1.., 14).
Car.;;ill, "(). I''. A: Co., 872.
Carleton, William .M., 684. 701.
Carleton, (liiy, 78, 84, 172, 242,
245, 246, 249. 250, 253, 264,
265, 266, 952.
Carondelet, liaron de, 269, 271.
Caron, I. a Veuve, Vital, 20.
Carpenter, 716.
Carpenter, Clarence, 816.
Car|)enler, II. !>., loi, 165.
Carpenter, N. 1!., 71, 164, 167,
756, 795.
Carpenter, S. P., 586, 589.
Carpenter, W. N., 49, 161, 162,
494, 638, 816, 868.
Carpenter, W. N., Mrs., 310.
Carr, Francis, 487.
Carr, John, 131.
Carrj P., 496.
Carrier, A. K., 51, 58, 733.
Carroll, 555.
Ciirroll, Daniel, 934.
C.urull, Henry, 795, 798.
C.iiioll, lolin, 471, S4''.
([arroll, William, 1(1/
Carson, (leorKC, 125,1)0.
Carstens, J. II., 59, 733, 758.
Carter, C. II., 818.
Carter, Daniel, 939.
Carter, David, 910.
(^.irler, David, Mrs., 661,942.
Carter, 'rhomas, 578, 701.
Carvi'r, Jmiiithan, 46, 707.
C.iry, 354.
C'ary. Alice, Miss, 691.
Cary, C. A., 587, 589, 5.>..
Case, C. R., 646, 649.
Case. Daniel I,., 92.
Casi', I,. N., 71.
Case, Nathaniel, 198.
Case, (). N., loi.
Case, Seth, 934.
Case Sidney I-.., 756.
Case, William, 553, 580.
Casey, Silas, 228.
C.is>;rain, li. R., 709
Caskey, S. (i., 138.
Casler, I )., 572.
Caspary, John, 167, 757, 798.
Cas.s, Lewis, 29, 59, 88, uo, 91,
98, 102, 10), io6, 121, 128, 1)3,
221, 227, '246, 261, 262, 274,
276, 277, 279, 280, 281,
283, 285, 286, 287, 28,),
•-■93. 295. 29'', 297, 298,
3"*'. 338, 346. 359. 3''8.
472. 554. 555. 556. 558.
570, On, 637, (141,
C97. 7"'. 7'". 712.
746, 762, 879, 88u,
907, 926, 933, 939,
956. 957. 958, 96'.
275.
282,
291,
3"5.
372,
559,
r.7>.
716,
887,
942.
7'.ii
2J5.
5'-'J,
675.
73'.
y"3.
.,-. 955. v.- . ..„.
966, 967, 969, .)8).
Cass, Lewis, Jr., 311.
Cass, l''.lizal)eth, .\lrs., 594, 8S0,
938. 939. 945-
Cassity, 78.
Cassity, James, 244, 767.
Cast, C., 621.
Caster, K. K., 571, 57'
Caswell, Seneca, 2i'>.
Catharine, the Squaw,
Cattin, .\nloine, 979.
Catlin, Pauline, 979.
Cattin, Therese, 979.
Cavalier, Joseph, 313.
Cavaua,i;h, William, 934.
Cavalli, Louis, 351.
Cecilh.', Antoinc, 532.
/Ceeire, Jean, 316.
o/Cel^rou, M, de, 8, 12, 227,334.
ICentemeri, P., 353, 357.
I Cerat, Ale.vi.s, 532,
Chabcrt, Krancois, 532,978,980.
(See Joneaire.)
Chace, A. R., 907.
Chacornacle, 221, 3)2.
Chaffee, Amos, 492, 498, 499,
900, 9J4.
Chamberlain, John, 4S4. 492.
Chamberlain, %\. 11., 138.
Chamberlain, K., 798.
Chambers, Charles, 758.
Chambers, Charles, Mrs.,
Chambers, !■'. IL, 194, 2i<
Chambers, Major, 297.
Chambers, Robert, 708.
Chambers, William, 70,!.
Chambille, Charles, 539.
Champ, D,, 131.
Champ, Nathaniel, 210,
562.
Champ, Willard, s'*<.
Champ, William, 210, 484.
Champion, Henry I'.., 138.
Champion, H. [■'.., .Mrs., 663,
660.
Chaiu'ilain, 3, 83, •)24, 364, 951.
Ch . .. .lin, J. W., 1S8.
Ch.iuJler, VVilliam A., 59, 646,
647.
Chandler, Z., 49, 102, 106, 140,
372, 492, 650, 684, 701, 785,
786, 804, 864, 926, 939, 974.
Chancy, Henry, 749, 761.
Chaney, Henry A., 188, 701.
651.
o, 845.
559.
Chuiey, H, A., Mrs., 663.
Chaney, Willard, 51, 647.
Cli.ipiu, C.iptaiii, 274. 291.
Ch.iiiiu, C. K., Miss, 718.
Chapiu, M. il., 606.
Cliapin, .Marshall, 49, 50, 59,
14", 142. 504. 5'3-
Chaiiin, .Mary, 594.
Chaplain, J. K., 56O.
Chapman, Leander, 37.
Cli.ipolon, 333.
Chapoton, A., 61, 101, 102, "04,
475. 549. 661, 733, 865, 808,
9)6.
Chapoton, .Mexander, Mrs. ,361.
ChapotiMi, Antoine, 982.
Chapoton, li., 720, 767, 977.
Chapoton, L., 143.
Chapoton, \'., A., 51, 733.
Chapoton, Louis, 981.
Chapoton, Pierri^ Jean, 30,
Chajioton, 'riieodori', i6.r.
Chapoton, William, lui.
Cliapolone, Jean, 20.
Cliappoton, .\I., 236.
Charles, William, 584, 580, 5H7,
388, 389.
Cliarlesworth, '1'. J., 903.
Charlevoi.v, Pierre t'rancis \a-
vier, 12, 325, 529, 707, 951.
Chase, Klislia, 198, 701.
('liase, ( i. A., 146.
Chase, (;. S., 606, On.
Chase, Henry, 198.
Chasi, II. A., 481.
Chase, M. A., 101.
Chase, Russell, 481.
Chase, .S., (H,7,
Chase, Salmon P., no, 968.
Chase, 'I'lioinas, 143, 154, 9)8.
Chasles, 83.
Chateaiifort, 8).
Chatham, Karl (William Pitt),
245.
Chauvin, 20, 8).
Cliau\in, Charles 1!,, 101,
Chavey, P. J., O49.
Cheever, II. M., 199, 736, 7O0.
Cheiie, Charles, 20.
Chene, (iabriel, 939, 982.
Chcne, (1. H., 14O.
Chene, Isadore, 21.
Chene, Pierre, 183, 214, 982,
Cheney, 674.
Cherboneau, Joseph, 97S.
Chesebronjjh, .V If red, 75H, 761,
792.
Chesne, 7O6.
t'liesne, Charles, 529,
Chesne, Pierre, 34, 224, 979,
Chester, (ieor,4e M., 6(}i.
Chester, John, 783, 786, 839.
('liipman A: Seymour, 692.
Chipinan, Henry, 29, 30, 176,
185, 186, 192, 195, 198, 672,
692. 737-
Chipmau. II. l'\, 197.
Cliil)mau, II. I„, -)i8.
C'hipmaii, Henry I.., Mrs., 310,
.3."'
( hi{)iiian, J. l.ouau, Joi, i.ji,
197. 203, 701, 968.
Chi{)niaii, '1'. R., 583.
Chittenden, IJenjamin, ;;i3, 314,
335.
Chittenden, (leorxc R., 281.
ChittentU'ii, James, 281, 335.
Chittenden, William K., 101,
143. 739. 922.
Chittenden, W. 11., 30).
Chittenden, William j!, 483.
Choate, C. P., 804.
Chope, I'.., 79.
Chovin, Charles, 978.
Chovin, Francois, 313, 978.
Chovin, J. li., 980, 981.
Christa, N., 798.
Christian, I'.. P., O46, 676.
Christian, M. P., 145, 675, 756.
Christian, Thomas, 198, 738,
7.39-
Christian, W. H., 1O5.
Chri.stiancy, I. P., 188, 939,
Christiansen, H. A., 57.
Christie, John, 341.
INDEX OF NAMES.
99. >
[. A., Mrs., 6f.5.
lilhird, 51, (m-
.ipliiiii, -■71- -".I-
. r... Mi>s, 7..S.
1. II., f'<»''-
Marsliiill, W. 5"i 5'A
, 5"4. Sa-
lary, 5'J4-
J. K., 5"6.
, l.iaiulcr, 37.
> :\M-
, A., Ci, i'>t, 11)2, s"4<
.), 661, 73.). »"5. S68,
I, AU-xaiuliT, Mrs., Jill.
\, Aiildiiii', 1)8-'.
1, li., 720, 7(7, y77.
1, K., 14,).
1, K. A., 51, 7.i.i-
1, l.iMiis, ij8i.
I, ritrii- Jcaii, V'.
II, riiiMiddri', jfy.-.
11, William, 101.
Ill', )iaii, 21).
<.n. "M., 236.
William, 584. sSf', 5«7.
vorlh. T. J., g".V.
lix, rii'rri: Kramis N.i-
iJ. U'S, 5-1). 7"7) ')5>-
I'.lislia, icj8, 701.
, ;. A., M*"'-
11. S., 606, 611.
Iliiirv, 11)8.
II. a:, 4«>-
M. A., u)i.
Kussill, 4Si.
S., 6(17.
Salmon P., no, yC8.
lliumas, 143, 154. y.l**-
,, 83.
ufurt, Sj.
,m, Karl (Wllham I'lU).
in, 2i., 81.
III, Cliarlrsl!., toi.
f, 1'. J., f'4')- ^ .
;r, II. M., 1V9> ysl^^, 7"0'
i Cliarli's, zo.
Cahrii-l, 934, 982.
.;. II., 140.
Isadiiru, 21.
I'ii'rrc, 183, 214, 1.182.
.lU'au, Josci>h, 97h.
rough, Alfrc-il, 758, 7"'»
7C6.
I'harks, 529.
ricnv, 34, 224, ijji).
CcMirijc M., f)i)i.
., juliii, 785, 78(-i, 83.1.
laiiiV Seymour, 69.;.
llciiry, 21;, 30, i7<'n
i85, iy2, i')5, ly**. f'?-*'
7i7-
II. I'., >')7.
■ an, II. I... 3'«-
laii, lliiiry I.., Mrs., 310,
J, Lo^an, 101, 141.
.!,.,, 701, yf'S.
Ill, '1'. K., 583-
iilcii, lienjaniin, 313, 314,
iiuUn, f'.eorne K., 281.
-•niUn, Jaiiu's, 281, 335-
:mk1oii, William 1''., lot.
73'), ')22.
•lulrll, W. II., 3"^■
oiuUii, William J., 483.
te, C. 1'., 8.14.
c, I''., 79-
ill, t'liarlcs, 978.
in, Kranciiis, 313, 1)78.
in, J. 1'.., 480,981.
ta, N., 798.
tian, K. 1'., 646, 07(>.
tian, M. P.. 145.675. 75^'-
tian, Thomas, 198, 738,
itian, W. H., 165.
itiancy, 1. V., 188, 939.
aianscn, H. A., 57.
itiu, John, 341.
Cliuhl), ('.. I>., 131.
Cliulil), J. I''., 198.
Chnlil), (). C, (>.(9.
Chinch, I''., .M., 1(15.
fhiiivhill, C. C, jjH, 308.
C'hiirihmaii. jamis, 191.
Ciiiil, |.isi|)li, ijSi.
Ciroi, l.aiharii-, 20.
Cii;oltc, 30* )
Cli:oUi', .\in,'ili(iiic, 979, 982.
CicoUi', I )., ji'i, Jii.
CicoUc, I'.ilward V., 144, 2o<),
,.''54, 755,, ')19,,9|o.
Cifotti', l''rancis, 130, 143, 210,
,28-,. 64^.^
CicotlC, !■'. X., 144, 167, diK)^
.)'7, <''54. 7.!7, 740.
Ciioitc, ('■(•( irK'c, 285.
CicoUf, lanifs, 131, 165, 285.
Cii'oUe Jean iiaplistc, )i ), 721.
CicoUc, J. J., 198, ill) '7.J8.
Cii'oltc, I.., 131.
Cirirr, .Marlin, 333.
Cissnc, |aim-s, 210, 1*78.
Cissiic, John, 313, ■178 982.
Cissni', Kchcica, 1178.
Cissnc, William, 97S, 982.
Claire, .Marie, f)f.3.
CICC, l.lllll, I (O.
Clil.iiiil, (.liarlcs, 642, 681, 682,
68 5. f,,,:;.
Clelaiid, II. A., ji, 467, 690.
Clemens, Christian, in, 313,
335, 7,)o, 981.
Cleiiu'iis, Jaeol), 133, 165, 799.
Clenieius, .Mrs., 717.
Cleinenls, S., 366, 380.
Clessen, I'l-tcr, 58, 934.
Cleveland, I. I'., 595, 8ig.
Cleveland, J. I'., .Sirs., 651.
Clilf, 'riloinas, 482, 9,8.
Clinton, |)i- Witt, 232, 938.
Clippert, Conrad, 79, 130, 209,
'.)39.
Clitz, Ilenrv li., 229, 939.
Clil/, Marv'r.., 9)9.
Cli.xby, J. II., 130.
Cloessens, 1.., 538.
Close, William, 212.
Close, William II., 212.
Cloiiyh iV Warri'll t'o., 829.
Cloiiitli, James Iv, 829.
Clairoii.v, I,. I)., 71, 317.
Clancy, (ieorKc, 198.
Clanev, F., 73').
Clancy, ^Miss.' 717.
Clapham, 171.
Clapp, I'',., 730.
Clapp, i.cverclt .\., 93.
Clapp, M. S., rij4.
Clapp, I'anl, 712.
Clark, 337, 492. 695.
Clark, Ilenjamin, 791.
Clark, Charles K., 311, 684, 688,
696, 6tj7, 780.
Clark, I). W., 579, 708.
Clark, K. M., 41, 50, 483, 491,
6)8,891.
Clark, K. .M., .Mrs., 652.
Clark, (ieoixe Ko.i^crs, 223, 244,
250, 251, 252, 253, 254, 257,
258, 2,9, 271, 952.
Clark, (Icorne W. , 360.
Clark Hardware Co., 836.
Clark, J., 167, 826, 93J.
Clark, John, 198, 710, 864.
Clark, Joseph, 210.
Clark, j. A., 674.
Clark, f. 15., 143.
Clark, j. i:., 734.
Clark, lames J., 874.
Clark, John P., 4, 938.
Clark, J. W., 165.
Clark, I.i'wis I!., 145, 487.
Clark, I,. K., 866, 867.
Clark, I,. J., 486.
Clark, Martin, 198.
Clark, N. W„ 16.
Clark, K. K., loi.
C:iark, R. P., 152, 648.
Clark, Unfiis W., 582, 588.
Clark, T. 1!., 50, 978.
Clark, William, 178, 976.
Clark, W. (1., 58.
Clark, W. H., '598.
Clarke, Hov.'y K., 177, 1S8, 199,
633, 638, K40.
Clarke, Janus I'rceman, 289,
291, 21)2, 293, 295, 296, 297.
Clarke, S. 'I'., 598.
Clarke, Tereiue, 543.
Clans, .Major, 227.
Clay, Cassiiis .M., 96,1.
Clay. Ilciiiy, 279, (.98, 746, 939,
958, ,|6|, ,,64,
Coan, C, P., 132.
Coan, Peter, 132.
Coate, Sanuiel, sbu.
Coates, |ohn, 978.
CJoates, Nlrs., 115.
Coals, .•\nne, 078, ij8i.
Col)l), K. .M., S72.
Cobb, II. P., so.
Col.b, I. C, 654.
Cobb, 1.. I!.. 50, 59, 513, 518,
523, (.41., (.4,1, 736.
Cobcll, .\aniv, .Mrs., O05.
Coidiois, l.onis, 979.
Cochran, Joseph, 837.
Cotdiran, l.N'man, 101, 197.
Cochran, W. .A., 58.).
Coilirane, W. D., 717. 718, 732.
Cocker, P.. l'„ 567, 579, 701J.
Codd, ( leoiKO C., 144, 143, 209,
52 i, 883.
Codilc, Amjiist, 701.
Cody, II. I... 19S.
Coe iV Coit, 872.
Coe, I ). S., 717.
Coi', ( ieor.Ljc A , 92.
t"oe, Israel, ^6.
Coe, S. S., 03S.
Colf.-r, Jc^se, 250.
Coiriii, William P., 268, 283.
Conhlan, Daniel, 155,795.
Cohen, I''. K., 36 ,, 373.
Cohen, ,S., Mrs., 657.
Coit, Saiiuiel, 872.
Colburn, J. W., 165, 202, 502.
Colhnrn, W. C 162, 21S, 757,
758, 803, 867, 868.
Colclazer, Henry, 565, 566.
Cole, 272, 491.
Cole, C. S., 523.
Cole, I). I!., 770.
Cole, II. II. M J. K., 486.
Cole, II. S., 141, 167, 190, 195,
198, 359. 504. 7'o, 7>2, '873'
Cole, T. G., S97.
Cole, W. I'., 355.
Coleman, Jacoii, 688, 690, 691.
Colfa.x, Schuyler, no, 969.
Coller, Louis, 533.
Collier, Victory P., 92.
Collins, 494. /
Collins, Charles, 176, 191.
Collins, James, 14). 935.
Collins. John, 166, 869.
Collins, Jiidson I)., 579, 962.
Collins, William, 939.
Collins, W. II., 566, 580, 675.
Collot, Victor de, 269, 270, 368.
Collnm, J., 758.
Colt, Joseph, 355, 781, 792.
Colton, C, 707.
Colt;.n, J. II., 33, 698.
Columbus, Christojiher, 939.
Colver, 606.
Colver, Charles K., 6o5.
Combs, lleoixe, 58.
Ctimparet, 18.
Comstock, .A. (f., 198.
Comstock, C. li., 918.
Conistock, (). C, Jr., 897.
C ."k, (). C, Rev., 606.
Ci .tK, ()liv<'r C, Hr., 93.
Con.mt, Harry A., 92.
Conant, Shubael, 71, 98, 123.
135. '42, 163, 192, 198, 285,
346. 359. Cms, 648, 735, 767,
770, 860, 864, 933, 934, 935,
938. 958.
Condc, Prince de, 83,
Cone, 1''. H., 892.
Cone, I. inns, 674.
Conely, I'., p., 101.
Conely, W. I!., 361.
Conger, Norman I!., 923.
Conjjsett, John, 281.
Conklin, J. S., Mrs., 662.
Coiiklin, <;. S., 676.
Coiiniilliy, John, 248, 26.).
Coiincll\, John, i>78.
Connor, Henry, 98, 130, ,^77.
Connor, J., 162.
Connor, Jame.s, 135, 313, 315,
7io.
Connor, John, 13', 202, 210,
795-
Connor, I.eartns, 51, 678, (xy>.
Connor, Maurice, 939.
Connor, Richard, 331, 550.
I'onnor, R. II., 101, 132.
Connor, R. J., 164, 165, 210.
Connor, W. p., 149.
Connor, W. II., 167.
Coiio\ir, Janii'S p., 683, 684.
Considine, John, 144, 145, 758.
Conti, (1., 663.
Coiu'crse, 491.
('oiiverse, I'.lij.di, 594, 770.
Com'crse, Rebecca, 594.
Cook, 486, 733, 979.
Cook, Abraham, 22, 978.
Cook, I'Vancis .A,, 1)20.
Cook, James II., 798.
Cook, John, iju.
Cook, Joseph, 144, yif), 921,
922.
Cook, Joshua, 599.
Cook, I.e\'i, 89, 100, 123, 135,
140, 142, 164, 167, 342, 513,
'■'45, 7"o. 7'5. 849, 860, 862,
864, 8i|6, 900, 933.
Cook, ()., 860.
Cook, t )lney, 770.
Cook, I )rville, 142, 192, 198.
Cook. 'P. M., 689, 695, 756.
Cook, William, 165, 198, 645,
„934.
Cook, W. A., 141, 195.
Cooke, Jay. 854.
Cooke, Philip St. (i., 230, 701.
Cooley, J. P., 648.
Cooley, 'I'. M., 99, 188, 709.
Coolitl^e, C. W., 146, 164.
Coon, .Myron, loi.
Cooper, 847.
Cooper, 1)., 41. 142, 163, 164,
359, 658, 859, 929.
Cooper, I). M., 601, 602, 658.
Cooper, Ceorne, 721.
Cooper, (leorge 1!., 92.
Cooper, John C, 318.
Cooper, J. r'ennimore, 708.
Cooper, J. R., 818.
Cooper, I.ovicy, 594.
Cooper, Peter, 944.
Coots, W. H., 61, loi, 144, 145,
ii 209.
Copeland, J. T., 187, 188, 307.
Copland, Alex. W., 144, 475,
523, 646.
Copland, Mrs., 492.
Coquillard, Ale.xis, 337, 981.
Corbet, C. 884.
Corbus, (lodfrey, Mrs., 978, 982.
Corbus. Joseph C., 559, 562.
Corby, I)aniel, 132.
Coreoriin, J P., 647.
Corey, J. li., 966.
Corkin.s, A. A., 486.
Corliss, J. Ii., 141.
Cormelis, 725.
Cornehl, P., 688.
Cornelius, S., 606.
Cornell. I''./ra, 883, 884.
Cornfield, J., 143, 756.
Cornini;, Krastus, 897.
Cornwall, John, 244.
Corrie, I). 'I'., 654.
Corseliu.s, (leoixe, 672, 6S1.
Cortoi.se, Charles, 767.
Cosbey, |ohn, 131.
Cosens, S., 486.
Cosgrove, lames, 934.
Cosgrove, I'alrick, 934,
Costigan, Daniel, 934.
Coston, Zarali II, 563, 580.
Cotterell, Ceorge, 313.
Cotterell, (ieorge, Jr., 313.
Cottrell, P.. W., 38, loi.
Cote, Joseph, 532.
Cote, Presqne, 501, 532, 535.
Coiichois, Alatilda, Miss, 721.
onghlin, 'P., 934.
ourcelU'S, Che\alier tie, 83.
oiirlney, R. I,., 871.
ouse, .Adam, 157, 701.
ousins, Jolui 1', 752
outi'iir, Jean I aplisli', 313.
ouliiicinaii, loliii, 173, 174,1^52.
overt, II. 1 1"., 80.
overt, I. I! , 130.
owan, \V., (146,
owie, William, 61 1.
Cowles, I''.. W., so, 51, )46, 646.
■' .\, 'I'liomas, 888.
'o.\, William (;., 647.
'o.\sliaw<', .A., 6114.
oyl, Jenny, .Miss, 361.
.'oyl, W. K., 162, 4''i, 718, 737.
oyle, 1 1., 537.
'oyle, W. II., 15, 509, 521, 701,
931.
'oyne, Hugh, 922.
'rabb, (ieorge, 80.
Craft, '!'. J., 758.
"raig. Captain, 259.
'raig, James, loi.
'raig, S. D., Ujo, 198.
Craig, W. II., 125, 143, 144, 787,
702.
Craig, W. J., 197.
Crain. Herbert, (141.
Cram, Horatio, ,j.)i.
Craite, I. I'.., jS.
Ciam, r. J., 225.
Cramalie, ilector'l'., 84,242, 245.
Crampton, John, 895.
Cranage, I'homas, 463.
Cranage, Wm. J., 646.
Crandall, (ieorge W., loi.
Crane, 498, 835, 973, 981.
Crane, Albert, 192, 937, 938,
943, 944, y4'i-
Crane, .Ann, 937.
Crane, Charles, 939.
Crane, 1 ). P., 717.
Crane, Plijah, 565, 566, 5S0.
Crane, p. J. P.., 41, 937, 938,
944, 945, 946.
Crane, J. II., 228.
Crane, \\'alter, 41, 938, 043, 946.
Crajx), Henry H., 92, '^H-j, 969.
Crawford iV ^lurray, 482.
Crawford, I''raniis, 938, 945.
Crawford, J., 131.
Crawford, \\'illiani, 261.
Cray, John D., 142.
Creniay, Ilenrielte Catharine
de, 50.
Creque, J. I!., 980.
Crespel, Pmauuel, 52(), 707.
Cressey, p. II., 608, 600, 612.
Crittenden, H. .M , 6111.
Crocker, .Mr., 652.
Crocker, Mrs., 651, 652.
Croft, M. H., 630.
Croghan, (Ieorge, 50, 227, 234,
240, 241, 282, 283, 284, 285,
766, 938, 952.
Cromwidl, 872.
Cromwell, Oliver, 2, 939.
Cronewith, P., 167.
Crosby, A. J., 131.
(irosby, Calvin Ii., 125.
Crosby, I,. I)., 577.
Crosby, M. S. , 92.
Crosby, Phebc, 594.
Crossley, Puke, 732, 798,
Crossman, C., 633.
Crosswell. Charles M., 02, 974.
Crouch, A. P., 585.
Croul, Jerome, 318, 518, 523,
868, 869.
Crowe, 'P. J,, 690.
Crowfoot, John, 131.
Crozat, -Antoine, 330.
Crumb, 705.
Cuiellierrie, Miss, 349.
Cullen, 721.
CuUen, John \V. A. .S., 176.
Cullinane, J.. i66.
Cummings, J'honias R., 168.
Cunningham, 302, 486.
Curie, Miss, 349.
Curry, 908.
Curry, Charles, 26, 123, 133,
272, 313.
994
INDF.X OK NAMF.S.
Curlis, Id
Curlis, I'.
Curry, |, C. if/..
Curry, I'clcr, ()8o.
Curliiiiiis, I''. W., joj,
Curtis, !•',., 611.
Curlis, Dauii-'l, 715.
Ciulis, ( I. C, 717.
Curlis, ( i. W., 701J.
ihii, 7.IV
K., .\lrs., r.i2.
I usiuuau C'liurliiUi', jsli, i)*".'..
t'lislcr, (.i'iiri;r, A., 70H, .)jii.
(.'uiilu'du, S. M , 1711, j(')i, ()|o,
871.
Culli'r, Auri-li.i, 1)17.
Culll-r, (Mrnlillr, iy(,|.
Cullir, M^M.iss.ih, 85, Kfi.
Cuylcr, Liculcuaut, aj8.
Dahl.Mi, s.'7.
I).;ikiu, l>. I, , fMQ.
D'AiKri'iu'inl, 18, 8)7.
Dale, William A. Twccil, 750,
Dalilia, Major, 21)1, ■j<i\, 204.
D'Aliijny, Ikiiri I < rdiuand
(,)uarrc, 7»k;.
Dallas, i(.8.
Dallas, taillcr, 1)57.
D'Aliuaini', (I., jIju.
Dalrymiili', ii/i.
Dallcii, I,., i,)i.
I t.illnii, l.awri-iuc W'., 11'.
Dalliiii, W. \V., 143, 17.1, iiji.
D.ilv, D.iniil, y;4.
Daly, J., 166.
Dalv, (aiufs, 101, 145, ii'i, 757.
DalV, '1. H., u/>.
D.iW, ]. W., 58, 2U2, 798.
Dalv, l.ukc, 74.
Dalv, M., 146.
Daly, Williaui, iji, f)43.
Dalyull, Caplaiii, 10, 52, :!jS,
239. 9.S-'-
D.iinilo, Anlliouy, i jo.
Danini, C. H., 798, 79.^, g^.
Danalicy, C, (JM.
Daualicy, J., 161').
Dane, Nalhan, 85, 940.
Daufurlli, 715.
Daui.l, P., 5)5.
Dauirls, C. li., 228.
Daiii.ls, !•:. D., 6<)\.
D.iiiuls, J. J., 307.
Danku-urlh, K., 620, 621.
Il.irliy, W., 707.
Darcv, lanics M., 210, 211.
Darliu,^^ r. S., S72.
Darlmoiilh, I'.iirl of, 242, 243.
D.iruiu, Dr., 956.
IJaic, 497.
Daupliiii, I'ranccMs, 227.
D'Avanv'iiur, jlaniri, Sj.
I *a\'<'n|i()rt, i-'. ( )., 702.
I *a\-tMiport, l.uuis, 299, (''4''*, 649,
672, 916, 924, t)j).
Davi-nport, Sainuul 1'., 2S0, 317,
55'). 956.
Davirs, Sir Robert, 236.
I>a\'i(l, James I,, 100, loi, 130,
Daviil, John 1!., 547.
David, Orrin, 101.
D.iviilsoii, Alexander, 176, 939.
I laviilson, J.imes, ^ |i.
D.ividson. James !•'., 569, 571,
5t:o.
Davidson, Jared, 126.
Davies, li. W., 289.
Davis, 894.
Davis, Alpheus 555,
Davis, H. D., 482, 640.
Davis, H. .\I., 130.
Davis, C. K. 1.. 1!., gig.
Davis, C. K., 140, 303, 360.
Davis, Kdward, 577.
Davis, (ieor>ie, 494.
Davis, (leorge S., 690, 757, 820,
821, 823.
Davis, Henry, 132, 605.
Davis, Ira, loi, 939.
Davis, [ames K., 4(19, 772, 779.
Davis, J. C, 486.
Davis, J. i)., 88, ig8, 851.
Dnvis, J, M.
Dav
havi
Da\i
William, 3(14.
, W. Il„ (,14.
, W. k., fxjy.
D.ivisoii, C. M., Si)2
I lavisou, I). J., 17s,
Daviil, I'. M., 211.
Davy, II., ,,V'.
I )awe, William, 571
Dawson, (
8r,fi,
17'',
57=-
S67.
177.
290,
12'), 28.). _,
7. ■■")% ')?■)■
S., 289, 291
■ '.,,,-,011, . leoryi', ('82, Oy2.
Dawson, Moses, 28(1.
I )ay, .AuKuslns, 3I14.
Day, lleiij.imin, 859.
Dav, I)., v..
Day, II., .••s.
Day, Willi. nil, (141.
Day, W. (1., 025.
Dearliorn, lleiiry
294, 2.15, 291., 2
Dearliorn, II. .\
298.
Deare, II. \V., 1,
Dean, ('. I.,, (.87,
Dean, II. .M., ■(.=
870.
Dean, Jerry, 142,
563. 5''4.' 5''>5.
735, 8.i'^.
Di'an, Julia, 358.
Dean, I,. II., 573.
I lean, l.utlier, 1 ;i.
Dean, W.ilter W., 303.
De Baptiste, CuoiL'e, 347.
Del.o. J. P., 132.
De llonue\illi-. 961.
De llruyn. John, 531,721.
Di-l)Utes, Jean lit., 20.
De i'litls, Henry, 268.
Decker, H., 79s!
1 \....i — II .J
)i, 130, 190.
i. -05. 71 ;. 8-5i
•('It. 5:,), 5"-',
f'l5, "31, 7'l'i
3'3'
250,
5 -'9,
l^evKei, II., 79.^.
Deeker, H. .S , 683.
DeCosla, !•., 355.
I lederielis, J., 799.
Dedrieh, .M.. 162.
Dee, W., 678.
Dee, M. J., 678, 679.
Defer, Honore, 212.
Delield, W. W., 756.
De Koixue, Kraneois
De llaudefruy, 766.
De (iasmar, 535.
De (Jraff, 492, 493, 718.
Deike, C, 578.
Deiniel, Anthony, 934.
Dcinecke, I'., 58.
Dej.an, Philip, 172, 173,
25-'. =53. 255. 334-
T)ekersaint, Sister, 725.
De la Forest, 527.
Delamaler, .\liiaham, 557.
I lelaney, James, 469.
De l.ano, Alex., 804.
Del Halle, 231, 333. 527,
^5!5.
Delille .Mexis, 20.
Delille, .\lexis, widow of, 978.
J)elille, Isadore, 210.
Delisle, Jean liaptiste, 9S1.
Delorier, Pierre, 979.
Do l.orme, Francois, 17, 19.
De Marsac, 766.
Demass, John, 211.
Deniav, I'laiuisX., 654.
De .Mill, 1". K., 143, 211, 756,
811, 874.
De Miniac, 546.
DemiiiKi 496.
J)emin>;, F'.mily, 594.
DemiiiK, (leoixe, 63.
DemiuK, John J , 140, 198. 557,
558, 594. 631,114', fM5. 7' tJ. 736.
859, 934.
De Molt, [iiuies, 130.
De May, M., 227, 2ij.
Denonv'ille, -M de, 83, 324, 325.
De Noyelle, 527.
Denroelie, K., 585.
Densliam, Thos., i(J2.
Densmore, ("ieor,i;e W., 554.
Deiistadt, Herman, 211.
He
I I'-
ll.'
I).
lie
Hr I
'I'
24;
26.
I, I ewis, 3.) 1.
ne, .M., 58.
•^''.v. 5.52.
lau, ('lieriihim, 5.
Jiul, I'l'ter, 54I1, ii:
•yster, Areiit .Si h
46, 78, 171, 174,
, 243, 244, 248,
, 2I11, 261, 2^,4,
t 357, 37', 5=",
'I', ")S, 513,
uyle:
2.'3,
257.
337.
7'".
871.
I le(iniiidri', 20, 240.
I li i|Miiulr.', Aiil.iine, ^.4, 103^
li^, 142, 140, U't], 11/1, igr,
i.jS, 281, 4.1.', 738. .,3.,.
Decpiiiulr.', Caliiiriii.', 077.
Deiiuiiulr.', D.iiivill.', 7.1.
Diipiindre, l.ouis, .,S, iji, 1(17,
28,.
D.'il.y, I'./ra, i.;8.
Ill- Rnisse.ui, 18.
De S.ile, Oliver J., 35''..
D.- Sales, .Mary, f>55.
Desaniiier, l.oiiis. .,8.',
D'F.sKlis, I..iiiis l'hili|.pi' Mari-
an, h. -ail, 54''.
Desmartpiet, 7:'5.
I l.snoyers, 492.
I li'SiKiyers, C. R., 143.
Desiioyers, K.. G., 50.
Di'snoy.rs, J. C. A., ig.
De-^n.iyers, U. 1'., 167.
Desiioyers, Peter, 49, 91, 92. 95,
•25. 133, '34, '35. 143. 15".
163, 1O4, 1I.7, 176, 192, 198,
210, 281, 302, 457, 532, 533,
648, 735i 9-9i 933-
Desnoyer..., p. J., 55, 59, 123,
'35. 142, 143. 7.io> 73', ''47.
859, 860.
Desplaines, J. H., 982.
Desplats, jaeipies, 21".
Desoleour, l.ouis, 533.
Des Rivieres, 18.
Desroelier, St. Marsa.-, S').
Desrorhes, R. Ii., t'll.
De 'riiaiiiuer, 535.
De 'roniaso, W., (^v,.
Deveaux, .^lary, 8^9.
Devenilorf, 0. .'\.. 734.
Jlevcraux, John C, .^39.
Deville, J., 165.
Devlin, John, 101.
Dewey, 4.17.
Dewey, Jaines S,, 91.
Dewe-y, /., 162.
De Wolf, 493.
Dexter, 85(1, 857.
Dexter, S. W., 8./..
Dey. A. II., 56, 360, 8(17, 872,
<I3'.1-
Dey, A. II. Mrs., 055.
De Zielinski, J., 35(1.
Dihble, O. I!., 143, 481, 482,
485.
Dick, John, 758.
Dickey, Chas., 176.
Diekey, Iluvjli M., 631, 633, 729.
Dickie, Jaines F., 597, 602,604.
Dickenson, President, 21-4.
Dickenson, William, 4'..'.
Dickei'son, I-'. I!., 705.
Dickinson, 487.
Dickinson, Anna F., 70.1.
Dickinson, Don M., 218.
Dickinson, (icnr,i;e P.., 63g,
Diekins.)!!, I. S., t_)o2.
Dickinson, M. F., 4,13, 71S, 75(1,
n<'\ 939.
Dickinson, Maria Wesson Mis.,
943.
Dicks, Johanna, wid.iw of J.i-
col), 978.
Dicks, John, 210, 281, '171J.
Dickson, D., 799.
Dickson, David. 166, 1(17.
Diedrich, J., 161, 162.
Diedrich, J. [., 11,6, 034.
Dieler, J.. 8.",.
Diepenheck, Rudolph, 677,688.
Dilhet, John, 41)0.531, 535,720.
Dillman, l.miis, 101,141^162.
Dillon, F., 537.
Dillon, R. S., 145, 523, 756,
757-
'71.
DiiiKS, l.isi, 21
Diiiwidtlie (l..\
Dislilow, 11. \
(72. HI".
Di^leru.-ll. J., 700.
|li.\, l.li/aliclh, 483,960.
Iilx, John. 313, 93'^
I lixon, 744.
I lixoll, Pete , 014.
I lixoll, 'I'riiii. Ill, 555.
Doalle, .|.,8.
|ii.aiie,Willi.nn H., 354.
Iindils, John I., 772, 780.
I linlcmead, 272, 41)0.
Dndiniead, |., i',8.
I loilinicad, jam.s, 134,314
DiJilemead, John, 58, 1 3 3,
179, 190, 191, 2.12, 7K3. 978'
Il.ideiiieail, Mrs., 279.
DodKc, A. II., 797, 7'J«.
|lod,i;e, John. 173.
1 1. 'ilt,^, William," 102, 161, 162.
I loherly, C, 211, 212.
I loi. in, I'.dwaril, 702.
Dolicr, 325, g5i.
Dolsen, Levi K., 8, kxj, 756,
Dofsi'ii, I..K.,\\., Miss, 633.
Doiiian, Robert, 537.
Donibidwski, A., 542.
Domcdion, (88.
Domine, Charles, 654.
Donahoe, Patrick V., 537
Donald, Joseph, 559, 562, 51.3.
Donaldson, James, 341.
I lon.ildson, John, y8i.
l)oiia\'aii, 4'/).
Di.ndero, A., 6*^1, 833.
Doii,v;aii, Colonel, 325.
Donnilly, I. C, loi, 318.
Donovan, 1)., 162, 798, 799.
Donovan, |. W., 702.
Donovan, NIallliew, 715, 978.
D'OoKc, M. I,., 709.
Dooley, 'I'hos., 212.
Doran, .M., 166.
DoRaii, Richard, 758.
Dorchester, Lord, 84,
266.
Donnan, F'rnest, 934.
Dorr, 1116.
JJoir, (ieotxe, 145, 146, 165.
Dorr, Melvin, 142, 163, 186, 192,
202, 770, 933, 935.
Dort, 'I'itus, go, nx), 101, 131,
i.,8, 64S.
Dossin, t harles ]., 654.
Dostpiel, Pierre flerman, 546.
Dolteii, M. C, 588.
Dot}', I Inane, 752, 753, 7('»o.
Doty, !•'.., 363, 164, 198, 226,
739, 863, 935.
Doty, Ceorge, 458,
777.
Doty, Henry, 770.
Dulv, lames 1)., 96,
180, 185, 186, 198,
558, 907.
Dougherty, Charles, 71/8.
Doiighert}', M. A., 57.1.
Dougherty, Michael, 492
Doughty, 6(15.
Douglas, Charles, 734.
Douglas, Stephen A., 11
Douglass, 492.
Douglass, T). P., 997.
Douglass, I-'.phraiin, 262,
Douglass, Frederick,
D.nigl.'iss, S. H., 69. 7CHJ.
Douglass, S. T., 187, 188,
34". 7",, 755, 75'''.
Douglass 'rhoiiias, 707,
Dow, M. F., 866.
Dow, Neal, 840, 064.
Dowiing, Mori:.'in ]'.., 702.
Dowliug, P., 318.
Downey, Jno., 035.
Downs, S. H., 131.
Downs, 'I'hos., 198.
Downs, T. J., 131.
Doyle, F... 143, 144.
Doyle, Michael, 940.
Doyle, M. P., 303,
Dovie, William, 227,
Drake, 286, 888.
264, 265,
492
14..
'•'74.
,76,
557,
1, 966.
264.
347. 709.
I'M,
IXDKX Ul" NAMES.
995
IM, .Ml.
i,. C.i.V., 2,!.!.
II. v., i.i-', i')8, .lii,
\\. I., 7""-
,,,Ih1|i, 4''*.t. 9'''"-
Ml-
iMf , 11-14.
I'l-un. Ul, 555.
iViiiiMiu II., :i5i-
luliii I., 77--!. 7«"-
■ail, .■7-', -t'l"-
■ail, I., !'.«•
•iiil, liinics, i:M,:i'l ■"■.
.■a(l,J"li". S«. ' !'• ,'7^'
,,!., 11)1, •>•"-, 7*^51 y7^'
i-ail, Mrs., •.;79-
.\. II.. T)lsTfi-
Inllll. 173.
William, 102, 1611 ii'.i-
y, C, 211, 21-'.
■|-'.(l«-ai(l, 7'>2.
3f5- 951;
7.sS
, L.K.W., Miss, 63.i-
1, Kiiln.rt, 5;i7.
-nwski, A., 542.
lion. 1-88.
I,., Charles, 654.
ine, I'alriik v., 537
il, Jiisi-pli, 559. 5f'»i S'M-
ilsun, jaiiu-s, 341.
(Isiin, Jiilin, ySi.
.an, 4V".
■i-.i. A., f'^ 1,833-
iin, C'dloni:!, 325.
dly, I.e., loi, 318.
van, I)., 162, 798, 799-
van, I. W., 7"--
van, Rlatllu-w, 715. 978-
v;.-, M. I.., 7'>9-
■y, 'I'llOS., 212.
n,M., if>f'-
in, Kirluircl, 758.
lusu-r, Lord, 84, 2r>4, 21.5,
an, Kinest, 934.
l.i-iir.uo, 145, 14". ''•?•
Milvin, 142,165, iSfi, 11/-'.
, 77", 933' 93.=i-
'('iliis, go, tixi, iiii, 131,
I, TmS.
in, C'liarlis T., (154-
luil, I'iiTii- lli-rnian, 546.
' 1, M. t'., 588-
Dnanc, 752. 753. 7'«-
K., 3fM, >*>•». '9*'. "'''
86,, g35-
Ci-oryi', 458, 49-'. 674,
Hinry, 77"-
|aim-s 1)., i/s It". 17".
"185, 186, 11)8, 5™. 5^7.
lii-rty, Ctiarli-s, 7.18.
^iu-rty, M. A., 579-
KlR-rty, Micluii-1, 402.
Kluy, 6i,5-,
glas, ( liaili-s, 734.
Klas, Sli-plun A., u
'i;lass, 4i|2.
yl.iss, 1). r.., 097- ,
t;lass, Kiiliiaim, 262, 264.
'ulass, Vrrili-iiili, 347. 7°9-
vlass, S. II., 61). 7(K).
kUiss, S. r., 1H7, 188, 194.
' 711. 755. 756.
ylass 'I'lii.inas, 707.
', M. I-'., 866.
,, Ncal, 840, 064.
vliiiv;, Miir,i;i"i K., 7K2.
vliiiK, I'.. 3'S.
lU'V. liHi., 03>
vns,' S. II., 13'-
,„s, •I'liiis., 11)8.
B.vns, T. J., 131-
le, K., 143. '-i-t.
I,. MicliacI, 940.
vli-, M. 1'.. 3"3.
vU-, William, 227.
.ike, 286, 888.
1)66.
Ilraku, K. II.. 50.59,675.
Drakii, Thoduri* A,, 205.
nrakr, I'. I , y2.
Drninaii, Ji-r., 133,
l)i-lv;,i;s, I''. !•'.., 6s7, 039.
l)iis<:iil, lain.s, cuj.
Unmillaril, l)iiniiiuc|iii', 313,
l>riiiiillar(l, |. IS., 1)7.),
Diuini-, 848.'
Diilxiis, 1)71).
Duliiiis, C,, 7()i).
Dnliois, l''.tit'iinu, 53, 149, 10.
53.i-
Dubuis, James, 166, 756, 936,
Di" l!i)lslii-hi'rt, 766.
Dulillfr, 3IK).
I)n lliiisson, 2,1, 527, 931.
Dii (.li.iillu, Paul, 7.«|,
Diiehai'Mir, C A., 8mi.
Dncliariiii', Cliaiirs, 863.
Diuluni-, J., 2Hi, 211.
Dink, jaiiii's, 211, 212.
Dinli.s". n ,
Dnildli-son, W. J., 130.
IJudxti-cin, .\,, iiK), 130, 143, 144,
218, 783, 884.
Diulijeon, J. .v., 162.
Dufonx, 53:;.
Diirfc-iin, l.oril, 972.
Diiirnkl, I). I!., 56,90, 141,307,
602, r.38, 6,,,, 65S, 675, 708,
711, 844, 805, 0.17, .|68.
Diiirnld, I), li. .Mrs., 63,.
Duiriulil, ( H:or>;e, 310, ,17, ,59,
595. 596, 602, 639, i>4i, 642,
658, '175. 7"-^. 7»4. 841, 03),
Qfu, 1)65.
Diimeld, (.Icm-^;!- Mrs., 310. 660,
938.
Dnirn-ld, (;. II., 6.,o.
Duffiild, II. M., 141, 711.
Dudlvld, S. 1'., 678.
Diiiriild, S. W.. 7i«5.
DiilVield, W. \V., 100, 305, 507.
UulTy, Kalher, 539.
IliilTy, Sister, 725.
Diifresne, 18.
l)iii,'Kan, I), 934.
Dili, lie, 332.
Dnlloa, Dennis, 145.
Diillea, M., 166.
Dulli-s, .'\llen -M., 602.
Uii Ijiitli, (Ireyseliiii, 325,
Diimas, Si., 233.
Dninay, Pierre, g8o.
Dnmay, Theiiphile, 982.
Dumont, 680.
Dim, R. ('.,, 780, 965.
Diiiu'.in, David, 190, 313.
Duncan, William, 143, 161, 203,
513. 518. 755-
Diinean, W. C, 100, 137, 140,
144, 308, 869, 872.
Duncan, W. C, Mrs.. 661.
Diincanson, R. S. , 360.
IJiincklee, H. U., 639, 674, 682,
692.
Diincklee, W. .S., 674,
Dunham, Seth, 130, 198.
Diinlap, 360.
Diinlap, (Jeiirye, 145, 500.
Diininore, I.urd, 248, 323.
Dnnn, |iihn K., 586.
Dunn, 'M., 648.
Dunn, Martin J., 212, 213.
Dunn Peter, 166, 796, 799, 934,
935-
Dnnn, W. R., 758.
Dunning, H., got.
Dunnin;.;, Daniel, 892.
liiinster, Kdwa .d S., 709.
Diipont, Charles, 40, 318, 756.
Diipont, Lonis, 7gg.
I)ii Qnesne, Colonel, 234, 249.
Dnrantave, 325.
Dnrfee, C. ])., 131.
Durfee, K. ()., 190.
Diiroohe, I'rancois, 978, 981.
Diiroehi-r, 333.
Durst, A., 539.
Dii Ruisson, 171.
Diitton, Joseph S., 902.
Dwiffht, 492.
Dwight, A. A., 755.
Dwiulil, l-'.ilmiind, 859.
Dwixlil, I'., S19.
Dwiylit, llinry, 859.
Dwight, Jiinatliaii, 859,
Daiuhl, 'S. I-'.., Miss. 7)6.
Dwiyht, Willi. nil, .Sig,
Dwy.r, 7,^7.
Dwyer, I., i(.i, 162, 549, Rirt,
868.
Dwyer, I'.ltliek, 166, 167, g)(.
Dwv.r, I'. II., (411.
Dyar, II1114I1 W., .S..4.
Dyer, C. K., 64.1, ('n.
Dy,i;ert, Kin S., 2mj.
Dyker, John D., 538.
Dyson, S. I',, 1114, 227, 272, 275,
3'S.
Dyson, William, 144, 163, 648.
Kakins, J, II., 537, 8u.
lyirll. A. II., ,,03.
I''.astman, (?eor).;e IJ,, 717.
l-'.alon, Alon/o, 4(j, 166.
l'".aton, l''.l>eiu-/er, kmi.
Kalon, I-;, C, gi, 101, 166.
Katon, Klji-nezer C, 132.
l-'.aton, Levi, loi.
Katon, O. P.. 647.
l-'.aton, T. H., 657.
l-'.herts, Herman, 209,
Khy, II. H., 132-
l-.ecard, K., 161, 162.
l-'.cclcston, 559.
l-'.eklilf. C. II., 58.
Kddy, '■ )rson, 481, 565.
Kddy, T. M., 567, 579, 708.
Kddy, /., 60J, 614, 655, 702.
Kddy, Z. .Mrs., 665.
Kdg.ir, 767.
lulifar, John, 244, 941.
Kdi;ar, Wm., 172, 767, 837.
l-'dison, Thomas \.^ 362, 469.
Kdinond, Sisier, 6,1.
Kdmonds, Charles .\., gj.
l-'.diiionds, William, 131.
l-'.dmiiiids, J. .M., 162,217,682.
l-'.dsall, I)., 71, 164.
Kdson, 781.
Kdson, James I.., 360, 362, 874.
Kdwards, Arthur, 101, 550, 551,
,,558.57-'.
lidwards, Ahraluim, g8, 103,
123. 135. 201;, 227, 730, 731,
770, 85g.
Kdwards, Colonel, 957.
Edwards, I'.idwell, 938, 940.
l-'du-ards, 1)., 903.
Kdwards, Fit/lui,i;h, Mrs. Dr.,
361.
I'.dwards. H. D., loi.
l-'dwards, Jaeiiiies, 702.
Kdwards, J. K., 71.
Kdwards, John, 494.
Kdwards, Riitliy, 594.
Kdwards. R. M., 592, 7x9.
K.Ke, C. N., 50, 646.
l''.,<.i<eman, P,., 796.
K.KK'ers, Aiii;iist, 212.
KK'wIesIon, Kdward, 708.
KijIinKton, K., 211.
I'".,iiner, ( ieor>;e, 493.
Kichbaiim, K. II., 364.
I'",ii^enbi-od, .Adam, 167.
l-'.ilert, Jacob, 135.
l-'.ipper, I., 7g8.
Kisenlord, N., 687.
K.isenlord, W., 486, 487.
Kllair, K. II., 167.
I''llair, -Mi-Nander, 981.
KIbert, J. \., 736.
l-'.lder. A., 355.
Klderkin, J. D., 357.
l-',ldred, A. J., 561).
KIdred, V.. E., 164.
I-^ldred. V, E., 143, 4g6, 506.
KIdred, Julius, 142, 491, 652,
735. 738. 851, 961.
Kldridi;!', Azariah, 598, 638.
Kllet. i'",. v., Mrs., 281, 708.
I-'lliet-, 907.
l-'.llinwood. Miss, 718.
l-'.lliott, 496, 571.
Elliott, Captain, 278, 720.
Ellioii, K. A., 57.
Kllioit, I. P... 519.
Klliolt, Sl.lltllew, 744, 563, 56rt,
550.
l-'llioll, R. R., 54, 541), 650, 666,
'»)4. 71 '•
l-,llioll, Robert 'I'., 53, 194, 523,
536.
l-'.lliolt, Thomas R., 676.
Klli.ill, William, 345.
Kllis, 41)4.
Kllis, A. i;., gg.
Kllis, C. II., 34, 126.
Kllis, K. D., (74, 759.
l-.lhs, K. R., 679, 702, 734.
Kllis, Cilberl J., 6.-4.
Klli.., lolin, (175, 676, 702.
Kllis, John D,, 67).
Kllis, Nlyron II., 101, 1 ,i.
l-'.Uis, WelliiiKlon, 12(1, 132.
Klinore, 633.
l-'lms, R., 717.
Klwood, 1. N., 689.
l-',lwood, I. R.. 8.^4.
Klwooil, S. Dow, 137, 144, 695,
702, 711, 86g, 885, 1)40.
l-'.ly, Ralph, 92.
Kmbaeh, M., 167.
l-'.merson, I-'.., 839.
Kinerson, C'li.iiles J., 37.
Kmerson, liisliii I-'.., Nirs., 361.
Kinerson, j. .M., 808.
Kinerson, Mi.^s, 718.
l-'.merson, Kaljili Waldo, 701}.
Kmi-ry, A. II., 144, 145, 487.
Emmons, 300.
Emmons, il. II., 175, 306, 307,
711, 967.
I-.mmons, ]vi\ V, C, 101, 130,
210, 7,6,
l-.mlieoti, Charles, 362, 778, 940.
KiiKlaiid, Pool, -Mrs., 702.
KiiKland, .Mrs., 262.
KiKdaiid. Richard, 227, 262, 265,
266. 267.
Knri<lit, John J., 126, 549,
Knsinn, I!. P., 872.
Enswortli, D. A. A., 176, 177,
ig2, 107, 648.
Knsworth, ('.. li., ig8.
Kpinay, .M. de 1', 330.
KppliiiK', Kred, 620.
Kppslein, I-',., 628.
Kppstiin, I-'.. Mrs., 657.
Krhard, J., 7gg.
Kriehseii. C. D., 162, 487.
Ernest, .Sl.itlhew, 26, 125, 198,
,313. 531. 785, 978.
Krrett, Isaac, 624.
F.rskine, 262.
Krwin, John (1., 355, 711, 787,
7g2, 8gl.
Ksdell, David, Jr., 7g7.
Kstabrook, 614.
EtheriiiKton, Slajor, 227.
Enstache, Pierre, 20.
Eustis, Wm., 28g, '294.
Evans, K. P., 709.
Evans, ('.., 166.
I-!vans, James, 132.
Evans, josejih, 131.
Kvans, Patrick, 935.
Kvans, R. ('.., Mrs., 664.
Kvans, Tlu-o. T., 131.
Kvarts, William M., 267;
Everett, 6i)5.
Kverett, Kdward, 709, 746.
l-'.\vers, 491.
I-'wers, A., 143, 506, 713.
Kwers, Charles, 75, loi, 137, 145,
if'i, 647.
Kwini;, W. li., 131.
Ewinys, Alexander, 313,
F
Fabbri, 940.
Kafard. Mar.ijaret, 333.
Fahy, J. II., 755.
Failin>f, 63.
Fairbairn, Tbomas, 146.
Fairbanks, II. W., 703.
Fairbanks, John, 198.
Fairbanks, J. D., 144, 523.
Fairbanks, N. K., 78.).
Fairlield, I'.ilinnnil P.., gj, 97U
I'ales, J. W., 141,.
l-'alloHs, Samuel, 7...).
I'alvey, 1 lailiel, 1)14.
i'alvev, I.. 146.
Falv.-y, "P., 210.
Faiiclier, .\. M., Mrs., 842.
Fanning. A. C. W., 228.
Farno, Charles, 81)2.
Fai'Ko, John I'.. 8i;2.
FiirKo, 'V. I!., 8g2.
Kai-Ko, W. (1 , 8g2.
Farland, John .\l., 38.
Karley, J., 225, 227.
Farmer, A., J., 888.
Farmer, John, 10, 16, 2g, )j, ^g,
1-26, 167, 302, 335, 4gl, 492,
559. .S'''-!. 563, 564. 672, 6g6,
6g7. 6g8, 6g.), 731, 737, 738,
739. 740, 741. 753. 755. 759.
,,797. 9-'7. 935. 938. g.f-
rainier, John, ,Mrs., 651, 652,
Farmer, Silas, jj, 141, (.jg, 640,
642, 695, 6gg.
Farnaii, John. 537, 53g,
Farnsworth, 1!. S., 165, 482, 483,
„''''^-»-
Farnsworth, l.lon, g2, o.S, 141,
191, 194, 311, 359, 652, 731,
864, 903.
lariiswortb, I red 1'.., 361, 362,
..'^■'"- , .
rarnsworth, deorne, 885.
Farnsworth, Levi, ig8.
Farnsworth, L. I,., 4g4, 566, 561),
638, g4o. ^
l-ar({iiliar, I- . X., 921,
l-'arrand, I'elhuel, 63,
Farrand, D, ()., 50, 59, 205, 746,
757-
Farrand, Miss, 717,
Farrand, J. S,, 63, 71, 137, 144,
205. 475. 503. 506. <»4. ^42.
658, 755. 756. 772. 773. 839,
867, 86g, 874.
Farrar, John, 64, 142, 164, 165,
, 193. 492, 595. 713. 735. 935. 94".
Karrell, James W., 639, 640.
FarriiiKton, li. I-'., 7.^9.
Farwell, Jesse IL, 692.
Farw-ell John V., 789.
Fasquelle, Louis, 702.
B'anlkner, Wm., 307, 348, 497,
967.
Favre, Jacques L., 654.
Fay, 7i"7.
Fay. J. J.. 756.
1-earinj;, Paul, 24, 102.
Feeht, l-'ugene, ig6, ig8.
Feleh, Alpheiis, 02, 187, 85-2.
F'eldman, Fred. W., 167.
Feldner, Prof., g7o.
Fellers iV' Penjamin, 482.
l-'elhnan, II., 6og,
Felton, 733
F'enton, Henry, 923.
Fentoii, James, 71, 638, 753.
Fcnton, William .M., 92, 305,
343-
Fenwick, P.i.shop, 532, 547.
Ferguson, I-'.., 485, 888, 891.
FerKUSon, J., 348.
F'erKiison, (oseph ('.., 647.
F'erx'iison, l.eaiider, 132,
Ferguson, T., 657, 865.
Ferguson, W. J., 482.
Fern, Fanny, 66g.
Ferrin.v;ton, George W., 88, 100,
loi, 131, ig8.
Ferry, D. M., 4, 5, 76, 162, 360,
362, 465, 498, 658, 773, 811,
820, 867, 869, 875, 940.
Ferry, William M., 595.
Fey, Conrad, 167.
Key, [ohn, 934.
Fick,"H., 618.
Field, A. S., 966,
Field, r.., 625, 626, 702, 737.
Field, Kate, 701).
Field, Moses W., 57, 71, 73,
103, 144, 360, 487, 574, 657,
937. 940. 946. 972.
Field, ()., 483, 492.
Fiertz, E., 80, 798.
996
INDKX OF XAMKS.
Fillmore, Millard, nvi, y6j.
Filson, Jatiics, 770, 8ji;.
Kinrliliy, 8)7.
Findhiy, J,iini"<, 1)4.
Fiiidli'y, Ciilciiii'l, jy.\, jys,, i<)i,
I'Miii'li^iil, IsMiii , 61, 141, 144.
Fiiilcy, II. I'. ,Mrs., 701.
Kiiilfy, 1. II., 53s, 5'i4, 5*', 7"7'
Finliy, K. II., 165, (1J5.
Kiiiii, \\'., iij).
l''iiiiicv,Mii, (.. 757.
KiiiiUKMii. juliii I )., 145.
FiiiiK y, C. I ;., oi.t, ')i>2.
Kiiiiity, J. \V,, 17(1.
Finney, Scvmniir, 145, 1(6,481,
487, (mS,'7h.
Firnaiii", MuImcI, 746, 75J, 75S.
Fisc lirr, C, 6K7.
Fi-rliir, I'., (.87.
Fisiliir, Williain, 143,
Fisii, .\. A. .Mrs, 310.
Fish, .lull, ,,,,8.
Kislirr, i7i, (.,)s-
Kislur, AiiKiii C, 566.
KisluT, K., 87:!.
Fislur, K. li., 212.
Fislur, Jaiiics, 77, 236.
Kislirr, lamis I,., 535.
KisluT, Nancy, .Miss, 533,
Fislicr. Oils, 2J5, 851).
Fislc, I lavid W., 191
Kisku, 695.
I'iske, IJ. \V'., 14J, 164, i(i(j, 645,
Fi.ske, I.. R., 567, 571, 6i)0.
Kile li, :\. .M., )24, s66, 641.
Kilrh, C. W., 7"-', 717- 7J^.
I'ilrli, K. 1)., (.38.
l''il/i;iTal(l, I'.dward, 35U, 707.
Kiumrald, TlKJiiias, 832, 861.
l'il/.i;llil)ons, T. C)., (176.
KiUiiKirris, |., 164.
'■'il/siniciiis, Patricli, 868.
Fii/.siiniiiiiiis, M., 211.
I'lauLl, llciicdict Jiisi'pl), 53,
5.U, .332, .34''>. .347- 1)51'-
Fiaiiaijaii, William, 854, 855,
856. 858.
Flaniuan, .M., 144, 131), 209,306,
523. 75-!, 757. 758, 967.
1' lattrry, 41/1
Klatti-rv, C. N., 694.
Klallcry, J., 772.
Klattury, .\i-il, 38.
[■'Ic'iniiiy, Saiiisuii, 341.
Klfniiii);, 'I'lius., 212.
Flf|)fr, Daniel, 167.
Met her, 789, 982.
Fleti ler, ('.. N. .Mrs., 655, 662.
I' letcher, Joseph, 22, 26.
I'letcller, S., 4<)J.
Fletcher, William A., 98, 99,
187, 192, 474.
r leiiry, .M., 094.
I'linn, llMi;h, 736.
Klirit, K. W., 165.
Flint, II, A., 190,
Flinternian, John, 59,647, 757.
Flood, C. li., 686.
Flower, K. W., 584, 587.
Flower, J., 145, 161, 364, 470.
I' lowers, Charles, 176, 197.
Floyd, Jones lie L., 228.
Folsoni, F., 738.
Folsoiii, S., 145, 936.
Follett, IJenjaniin, 884.
Fontaine, K., 364.
Foote, (ieorjje, 143, 144, 226,
_ 862, 868.
Forbes, .Arehih.'ild, 974.
Forbes, Colonel, 290, 291, 293.
l'\)rbes, (Jeneral, 233.
Forbes, John, 100, 130,
Forbes, J. M., 901.
Forbnsh, T. 11., 627, 703.
Ford, Corydon I.., 709.
Ford, II. A., 691, 703.
Ford, J., 144, 757.
Ford, J. N., 583, 866, 936.
Ford, Kate IJrearley, Mrs., 703.
Ford, I.. J., 126.
Ford, Martin H., 131, 132.
Forni, V., 663.
Forton, Julian, 980,
Forster, F.dward, 820.
Korsvlh, 7(17,
Forsyth, I)., 274.
Forsyth, I Morni', 932,
For>ylli, |. lines, ^134,
Forsyth, M.ijor, 8S7.
Forsyth, Marion, c^),
{■orsylh, Koberl, c|8i.
Forsyth, K. ;\., 38,98, 130, rp
Ml, 5"4, ii'>7'
Forsyih, Thos., (181.
Forsyth, William, 1)77, 979,
FosiiT, 404, 497, 8,)-', 9,S-'.
(•'osier, llisho|>, 571), 7UJ,
I'oster, Captain, 248,
Fister, (>. A., 39, I4.'i, M^'-
l''osti*r, ( Jeorvie I'., 647.
Foster, J. I'.., Mrs., 640, 662,
l''osler, W. I,., 6.,3.
Foamier, Abraliani, 982.
Fowler, i;. .M , 822, 871.
l*'owU'r, ( >. S., 70,).
Fowler, Sti'pheii, 717, 900.
Fix,
Fox,
Fo.x,
l'-o.x,
Fo.x,
li. V
C, I
Colli
'>•. 7
1). F.,
I). M
Jabez
I ,ewis
.Martin
m8.
1-
;l3.
, io8.
625, 675, 683.
K., Hot.
7
1''
Fo.xeii, James I!., 737.
Fo.xeii, William, 137, 145, 218,
54y, 7.14, 8"><. 936.'
Foy, Jonathan I'., ixj.
Fralick, II., 91, kjo, iui, 123,
130.
Fralick, I'eter, 209.
Frances, .Mary, 653,
Francois, R., 535,
Frank, C. F., 647.
Frank, llyin.in, 637.
I'laiik, John I'., 973.
Frankel, I. .Mrs., 637.
Frankhauser, J., 578.
Franklin, iienjainin, 746, 940.
Franklin, I-',. C., 70,1.
Franklin, l..idy Jane, 483,966,
I''raiiklin, Samuel, }y.^ 344,
Fraser, AU-.xand<'r, 937.
Fraser, .\. I)., 56, 71, 141, 195,
199, 222, 267, 302, 653, 94'),
Fraser, .Major, 269.
Fraser, ( ). A., 872
Fra/.er, David C, 756,
Frazer, Lieutenant, 240.
Frechette, I'ic'rre, 530, 533.
I'Veelaiul, S. .M., 614.
I''reeiiian, Daniel, 533.
Freeman, D. -M., 210, 211,
I'Veeinan, l-'.dward, 66g.
Freeman, I,. S., 695.
Freer, C. F., 805,
I'Veibnri^er. F., 21 r, 212.
Frelin,i;luiysi'n, Theodore, 961.
Fremont, John C, 102, 229, 940,
,, 97'''-
I'rench, 491.
French, D., 5.S, 64, 71, 125, 142,
163, 167, 642, 648, 718, 738,
739. 755. 9J3. 935-
French, J., 484, 683.
French, \ewtdl, 933.
French, S., 484, 936.
Frerot, Francis, 501, 532.
Frey, I'hilip, 37.
Frey, I'hilip R., 249.
Frey, Samuel C, 249.
Freyer, Daniel, 934.
Freytaj;, A., 610.
Frey taw, (1., 355.
Friedland, J. F., 540.
Friedinan, C., 482.
Frieze, Henry S., 709.
Frisbie, S. W., 5S8, 589, 590.
Fritscliel, Sigmund, 620.
Frizclle, 468.
Frobisher, 980.
Froissart, 3,
Frontenac, Count de, 83, 325,
329, 330, 940.
Fross, H., 210.
Frost, 497, 499.
Frost, A. F., 626.
Frost, Ucoige, 131.
I'l-ost, (x-nrKc; S., 144, 638, 639,
711. '1^'.
l'i"i, M., 14), 161, 162.
Frn,t, .M. s,, 638.
IrotliiiiMhani, (leorne F,, 70c),
Fry, li, .St. jiiines, 675.
Fry, johii fl., 1.41.
Fuel,;, I. M., 37S.
Fiilda, !■'., Ho, 145.
Fuller, Charles, 294.
Fuller, John, 198.
Fuller, ']. M., 37.', 580.
I'uller, j. N. .\lrs., "665.
Fuller, ^larJ,'arel, 708.
F'uller, ( )s),'ood v.., 385, 702.
Fulton, Isaac- W., 131.
Fulton, Robert, 1/10.
I'linke, 41(1.
Fniike, Charles, 758,
Fniike, F., 7c|8, 934.
Fniike, I., 161., 718, 758.
I'"iiiike, r., 2 12, cy34, <>i3.
I'urKoli', .\n,i.;elic|iie, 328.
I'uiy, I'atrick, 132.
Fyle, Richard II., 734, 772.
(ia,i.;c-, (iener.d, 84, 240.
(lane, John, 5.'.
Ca.uc, M. I,., 143, 202, 303, 755.
(iaite. Russell, 71)0.
Caiiies, l''chnniid I'., .■.■■).
Caines, (leiierai, 2J5, 299.
Caiiies, John, 903.
Calinee, 325, 527, 707, 951
liallaKher, N.. 758.
ClallaKdier, 1'., 144.
Gallagher, 'I'., 753.
Ciallissoniere, Ccninl dc: la, 83,
232, 333-
(ialpin, Hor.ice, 695.
Camelin. l-.ustache, 20, 3O, 172.
Ciainelin, Francois, 977.
( liinicr, Isaac, c;8o.
Cianson, C. N., 638, C40.
(iaiinon, i\F, 537.
(jantry, 493.
Ciardner, 23, 172, 8.)o.
(iardnc-r, V.. P., (,8j.
(lardner, l''raiu"is, 933.
llardnei, II. .Mrs., 665.
(iardner, J. II., 357.
Gardner, I'etur, 577.
Gardner, R., 131.
Garilner, T. C, 579.
Ciardner, \V. II., 920.
('■arfield, I'.. I., 1C3, 940.
Garficdd, James \., 106, 941,
9<'7. ,
Garland, 3<x).
Ciarland, John, 228.
Garnsey, F. W., 885.
Garratt, Robert, 163, 165, 202,
77", 799-
Garret, Lieutenant, 280.
(jarrett, Cyrus, 755.
Garrett, W., 484.
Garrit, 713.
Garrison, 492.
Garrison, C. -M., 145, 205, 792.
(jarrison, II. D., 482.
Garrison, John, 142, 163, 672,
933- , ,
Garrison, J. J., 143, 202, 481,
486, 645, 718.
Gartner, George, 758.
Gary, 174.
GascoiKue, M. }L, 519.
Gass, Herschel R., 93.
Gaston, C. H., 695.
Gantt, S. N., 674.
Gavin, J. Knox, 141, 210.
Gay iV Van Norman, 4S5.
Gaynor, James, 7^7.
Gayoso, 271.
Gebhart, C, 80, 211.
Geer, William, 872.
Geiger, F. AL, 675, 683.
Cieikie, Dr., 708.
Geil, John !•'., tx)8.
Geist, Caspar, 798, 935.
Geist, v., 58.
(jcncy, David, 131,
Genick, J. W., 212.
Gciille, John, 26, c/i, 134, 183,
ii4. 113. 3"''. S"-!. H55, 856,
V.37, 838.
Ccc.rK, John, 647.
Crc.Mnc', Henry, 1^76.
Gc.plKi III, 83, C)52, 953.
Gcorjic', W. S., 683.
• lercchiiT, !■'.., fi28.
Gcrii liter, !•',. .M., Mrs., 657.
Gerinain, FatlicT, 327,
Germain, Lord, 2.13,249.
Gerinaiii, ( ieorge W., 92.
( 'iciiiian, 4117.
GibbiiiKs, R., 217, 7.)9.
Gibbings, William, 144,
Gibbons, (.79, (.88.
Gibb.s, 603.
Gil.bs, Altird, 228.
Gibbs, (J. C., 188.
Gibbs, W. II., 640.
Gibson, C, 755.
Gibson, J., 41,87,91, loi, 143,
'f'4, '''5, '-'58, ^59, •■'65, 266,
7'3.
Gibson, R. C., 731.
Gibson, W. J., 684.
Giddev, F., 212.
Giddey, W. J., 212.
Gieryk, 'riieodore, 542,
(iies, C, 166, 934.
Gies, F., 166.
Gies, I'anl, icxi, loi, 125, 137,
14 I, 143, 14(1, 165, 317, 8O9. "
Gilbert, C. I!., ,31.
(iilbert, F'rancols, 20.
(iilbert, G. W., 164, 9CJ1, 940.
liilliert, II. C, 324.
Gilbert, John, 19.
Clilc'brist, J. (i., 51, 703.
Gillespie, George 11., 592.
Gillett, 492.
Gillett, Mary, 594.
Gillett, Shadrach. icxj, 735.
Gillelt, S., Mrs.. 736.
Gillett, T. K., 197.
Gillett, R., (10, 123, 123, 142.
Gillett, R. W., 162, 518, 7CJ2, 873.
Gillis, James L., 302.
Gillis, Kaiisoin, 6^3.
Gillis, William, 654.
Gilhnan, 486.
(iillman, llenry, 321, 703, 714,
761.
Gilnian, Mary, 941.
Gilnian, F. .M. Mrs., 661.
Gilmartin, I'. 1'., 39, 647, 649.
Gilmore, J. 1'., 662, 758.
Gilniore, I.. II., 761.
Gilrnth, James, 5811.
Girardin, Charles, 174
Girardin, Charles F'rancis, 133,
163, 191, 214.
Girardin, !•'. S., 758.
Gir.irdin, Jacques, 501,644.
Girardin, Joseph, 132.
Girardin, Jai'cpies A,, 490.
Girardin, James A., 33, 674,
678,694, 703. 713.
Girardin, J. F., 10:,
Girardin, P. N., 203.
Girty, 350.
Girty, George, 244, 239.
Girty, James, 244.
Girty, Simon, 244. 249, 269,
Gisler, M. M., 498, 4CJ9.
Gladewitz, D., 56.
Gladwin, Henry, 171, 222, 227,
234, 235, 23^', 237, 238, 239,
240, 951, 952.
Glegg, J. 11., 277,278.
Glendenning, George, 624.
Glover, H., 638, 736.
Glover, H. .Mrs., 662.
(inau, John, 58, 211, 212, 213
(Joadby, IL, 676, 703.
Goebel, A., 74, 101, 138, 317.
Godard, .Mrs., 651.
Godard, A., 755.
Goddard, Curtis, 580.
Godet, Jaccpies, 20.
Godet, AL, 33.
Godet, called Marantette, 337.
Got:ez, 338.
Godfrey. '3.
Godfrey, J., 164, 166, 936.
INI)i:.\' or NAMES.
997
Jdhll, af>, 'A 'J1
IS, Jifi, S"-'. **55
n)lll, f'47-
II, my, y7^'-
III, «J, US'-!. i)5:l-
\s . s., <■«:(•
,r, I'-... '.-■»•
•1, K. M., Mrs., fi57
■ ■ V-7'
-■4')
, 4ii7-
■ s, K., -■17, 7<W'
,,;, Williiim, 144
s, (7iji <'SS.
fi,)5.
Alfi<(l, •.■j8,
C. C, 1S8.
W, II., fM'>.
, C 755-
, J., 41, 87>'»''
165, -'58, 'Jsy.
18,,
85').
l.illllcl,
II, l.nril, ■-•Ij, -M
101,
■.i(>5.
'4:i>
1, U. C, 73'-
,, W. J., 684.
y, I'., -f 2.
y, W. J., •-■>•-■.
i, 'riu-inliiii', 54-'-
C, i'><', 9J4.
v., ii'fi.
raiil. HM, !'"• '-'5' ''7,
1.1s, ■4f>. 165. 3'7, S'".*-
I, c. r.., ?'•
rt, Kninoiis, -h,.
rt, G. W., 'f'4. 'J'J'> 'J-t"'
il, H. C, 324-
rt, Jdlni, 11;.
risl, J. (i.. 5'; 703-
ipir, drulK'^^ 1'.) 50-''
It, 4i).'.
tt, Mai-y, S'M-
U, Sliiiiliacli, 100, 7J5.
It, S., Mrs.. 736.
tt, I'. K., i()7.
It, K., i)o, fjj, I'^s, 142.
It, K. \V., i6-', 5'8, 7'/'. 873-
,, lami'S I,., 3"2-
,, 'Kalis,!!!!, 0)3,
^, William, 654.
lall, 48(1.
Ilunry, 321. 7o3. 7'4.
Maiv, q4i.
I |.,. M. Mrs., 6fii.
I'iii, 1'. 1'.. 3y. ('*7> (^49-
:<■, J. P., O62, 758.
IV, 1.. 1!., 7'i'.
ith, jaiiK's
191,,
tharU'
fharli
'4- „
!•'. S., 758.
lin, JacqiU'S, 501
J.iscpli, 132.
lin, Jacc|U<-s A.,
lin, James A.,
174 .
Krancis, 133,
044.
41)0.
33.
674.
y,
h,M, 7"3; 7'3.
lilt, J. I'", '"'
lin, P. N., 20-
y,
y<
y.
t*
\v
350-
, UeorKe, 244> ^W-
, Jamts, 244.
, Simon, 244. 240. 26g.
M. M., 498, 4yy-
i-witz, D., 56.
win, Henry, 17', 2". 2=7.
235, 236, 237, 238, 239.
, 95>. 952-
K, J. r.., 277.278.
ilenniiiK, OecirK'e, 624.
er, H., 638. 756.
ei- H. Mrs., O62.
m, John, 58, 211, 212, 213
(Iby, H., 676, 703.
liel. A., 74. >oi, 138, 3'7.
lard, Mrs., 651.
lard, A., 755-
Idard, Curtis, 580.
let, Jaeqnes, 20.
let, M., 35.
let, called Marantctte, 337.
lez, 538.
Ifrey, '3- , ,, ,
trey, J., 164, 166, 936.
Oiidfroy, Josrpli, 10.), 14.), 518.
(;,Mlfr,y, SI. II., 68,j.
C.dln.y, 3)1, 777.
(;,idfiiiy, I ,iliiiiil)us, 7:1.
Uoilfiiiy, (iaiiriil, ,^1, 14), 380,
285, )'3. SJI, 5i-< N4i 9'5.
9 It. 98!, 98J.
(j,idli',>y, (lalirlel, Jr., 17^), 314.
(Iiidfniy, Jari|iU's, j 3(1, j4i,,iiHj.
(liidlniv. .Marailtelte (I'el.r,
.Mrs.t, ,,43.
(Midfriiy, IN.ti.r, i'«, 123, 130,
534, 941. 944. 98-'.
G,jlf, |,,liii, 7ii.
(;,,rf, J.ilin Mrs., 715.
(I,iriini't, James, 487,654.
(},ir,irtli, ,;5.
(l,il(liier, Charles, 1,41,
Giilcisinitli, (ieiirije, 213,
Giililsmilli, J. II., 732.
t f,,nn,.ss(., :))().
(1,. ,1(1. ill', I), i:., 48r).
(iiMiil.ili., ("iciirye r., 687.
(iiMiilal,-, (1. S., 757.
(i(i,idi'll, I)., ii«>, 131, igS.
< 'm,jdell. I-'.., 126, S20.
i; 1,11, Iv J., 120.
(;,i,idell, II. (1., 935.
(iuddell, Jiinas, 131.
(ii)i)dell, L., 198, 209, 210, 795,
935.
(Miiidfll, Nallian, 625.
('r,i,iilln, .■\,lisali, 5,(4.
G, Hiding, .M., 143, 164,513,740,
798.
G, Hiding, Williain, 921.
GiMidinaii, A,, 484.
G,>,idiiian, I.., km, 131.
G,>,>diiian, S., 605.
Guiidner, W. M., 578,
GiJiidniiw, 48J.
Gui)dri,li, A. li., 486.
(ioixlrieli, 1., 164, 165, 900.
( t(),)dsell, 3,x>, 4,^2,
G,),Khvin, 300, )(,[.
Goiidwin, Al)i).;ail, 5,;4.
Goodwill, I)., 90, 91, 176, 187,
. '94- .
Goodwin, Kdwin W,, 55,;, 562,
563, 716.
Goodwin, Harris A., 647.
Goodwin, Liuretia, 594.
Gordon, G. C, 126.
Gordon, G. \V., 577,
Gordon, Henry, loi, 144.
(i,irdon, J. Wriijlit, 91,92.
Gordon, W. H., 809.
Gore, Arthur, Q17.
Gore, K. C, 356, 744.
Gore, J., 211.
Gorman, David, 758.
Gorman, I'liomas, 166, 935.
Gorton, 695.
(lorton, J. C, 50, 51J, 144, 308,
757-
Goslin, 236.
Gottscltalk, 354.
(jonK'h, Jolin li., 709, 840, 963.
(ionie, Robert, 982.
Gouin, 236.
(ionin, Charles, 21,940,977,980.
Gouin, Charles Nicholas, Jr., 981.
Gouin, Francois, 977.
Gouin, Nicholas, 21, 977.
Gouin, Robert, 644.
Gould, lay, 906.
Gould, W. J., 788.
Gower, Cornelius A., 93.
Goyan, 333.
Grabau, John, 621.
Grabau, \Villiani, 620.
Gradwell. 677.
Graham, James D., 918, 919.
Grandy, Levi, ,;4o.
Grandy, Williain, 600.
Granger, 827, 872.
Granger, David, 126.
Granger, H. W., 922.
(iranger, Joseph, 144.
(iranger, Lyman, 100.
Grant, A., 146, 165, 758, 979.
Grant, Captain, 238, 350.
Grant, Commodore, 262, 908.
firant, Peter, 715.
Grant, Thomas L., 758.
Grnnt, I'. S,, 103, 114, 105, i,/i,
aa8, \\i), 94,1, ,/i2, 963, yfiH,
96ij, 1)75.
Graiil, William, 94.
Graliiit, Charles, 940.
Grallon, 558.
( Irani, (Jharles, 357.
Grav.rat, G., 173, 344. 767, 837,
846.
Graves, 4,12, 4,^3.
Gravis, 11. I'., 18S, 97(1.
Gr.ivi's, II. \\'., 4S4, 4S6.
Gravis, J. ( )., 1(15,21,1,872.
Graves, ■|,ilin, 175, 17(1.
(iraves, William, ,;2.
Giiiviir, J. I'., 162.
Gravier, Jean li. R., 654.
Gray, ^,17.
Gray, Asa. 7,11.
Gray, Aided A., 832.
Gray, I'' ram is U., 895.
Gray, I). W., 7,/,.
Gray, I'.lliot, 125, 142,929.
Gray, ( 1,'orgi' 'I'., C54.
Gray, II., 130, 209.
Grav, I'. C, 106.
Gr.iy, W., 486, 732.
Gray, William, 141, 192, 199,
75 1, 757, 9''i2.
Gray, W. A., 802.
Grays,!!!, |ohn 1!., 317, 56;.
Gri.cling, I'., 621.
Greely, Aaron, 23, 28, 37, 977,
978, ,i7'i, 118,1, 981, 982.
Greel,-y, Horace, 708, 709, ij62.
Green, 256.
(ireen, A. R., 577.
(ireen, .Andrew C, 941.
Green, lolin, ■177.
Given, 1'. I,., 862.
Green, .S., 210.
Green, S. I >., 677.
Green, S. -M., >j9, 1S7, i83.
Greene, G. W., 67.
GreenricUl, John, 164.
(Ireenly, William I,., 92.
Greenni.in, Martin, 198.
Greenup, 267.
(ireenwood, John, 80.
Greg,iire, 329.
Greg,)ire, liartholomew, 326.
Gregoire, Mmir. , i<j.
C.regoire, Marguerite dc, 328.
Gregoire, .Marie, 329.
Gregoire, Nicholas, 329.
Gregoire, Pierre, 329.
Gregory, John M., 93, 638, 676.
Gregory, I'riah, 732.
(jregory, W. H., loi.
Gregory, Wm. S., 100.
Gregory, W. S., 648.
Greiner, .Michael, loi.
Grclling, G., 145.
Greneli, Judson, 680, 63i.
Grenell, /., 606, 712.
Greiisel, J., 57, 79, 100, 101,
161, 162, 756.
Greusel, Joseph, 687.
Greusel, N., 71, 507.
Grcnsel, N,, Jr., 143, 303, 317,
318, 798.
GrilTard, I.anrent, 979.
Griffard, l.ouis, Jr., 980.
Griffard, Pierre, 979.
(Jriflui, II. A., 680, 6(,o.
Griflin, John, 96, 178, 179, 180,
185, 186, 553.
Grimn, 1. M., 51.
Griffin, "J. S., s8.
Griffin, I.. T., 711, 758.
Griffin, T. J., 14,.
Griffith, A. A., 703.
Griffith, J. H., 606, 639, 661.
Griffith, Thomas, 161.
Griffith, T. H., 940.
Griffith, William, 313.
Griffiths, John E., 901.
Grigg, S.. 496.
Grimes, Joseph, 165.
Grimes, J. Stanley, 708.
Grimm, C., ^75.
Grinold, 1). T., 718.
Grist, William, 798, 799.
Griswold, Aqi.
Griswold, A. iM., 683.
Griswold, Ciplain, 3,1,1.
Griswold, G. R., ^,1, 92,
^ 126, 1.(1, i,)4. (!73.
* iriswftid, James r'., (i ,.
Grisw,!ld, John, 48,1.
( iris\\,,l(l, KogfT, 94 !.
Grisw,ild, Silas I'., 71,1.
Grisw,ild, Sl.inliy, 23, 83,
131, IV!, >^.u '98, 226,
317. 785, 953.
Groli, l,oiii», 130.
Gr,!srn.ld, A., 141;, 7,8.
(ir,!ss, Henry, 8,,, 14,, 146.
Gr,is\'rn,!r, Kbencer ( >., 92
( ir,iut, I. R., 940.
( iniiiilii.li, .\., I.J 3,
.Gniii!Mi,!iid, S. li., 138, 140,
(iiiaril, Thomas, 7,!.;.
Giientiii.r, K., 317.
Giiinllier, Pel,r, n/i, i,;8.
Guiil,!, 3f..i.
Giiiness, II. Grattan, 966.
Giiiney, l>., 145, 146, 161,
934-
Giilliy, Alfred II., loi.
Giilli.y, O. S., 674, 682.
Giindert, H., 622.
Gunn, John .M., 874.
Giiiin, .\I,js,s, 5,., 676.
Giiniiiiig, II., i,,4,
Giiiiiiiiig, James, 58, I'O,
( iiisiin, Wm. C, 734,
Giitliard, Jacob, 145, ifiS,
Giitiiwski, Paul, 543.
Giiyon, I leiiis, 337.
Giiyon, Mari,. Tlierese, 326,
Giiy,!tle, I- rank, 212.
Guyuttc, Wm., 212, 213.
.63,
648.
529.
Haass, C, 617.
Haas, Charles D., 688.
Haas, J. P,., 167, 934.
Hackett, Bernard, 130.
Hackett iV Ross, 484.
Haddock, Ray, 126,684, 792.
Hadley, T. G., 482.
Haggenbach, J., 486.
Haggerty, H., ijo.
Haigh, W. .\., 703.
Haihiiann, W. N., 7,13, 758.
Hailmunn, W. N., .Mrs., 665.
Hais, John, 617,
}Iaischer, A , 162.
Haldimand, Krederick, 78, 84,
'74. 223, 242, 243, 244, 246,
250, 251, 255, 257i 264, 952.
Hale, David, 613.
Hale, John, 142, 492, 770, 863.
Hale, |ohn P., 709, 941.
Hale, \V., 736.
Hale, Wm., 92, 100, 144, 187,
1,11, 210, 482.
Haley, ■■
Win., 211.
Half King, Huron Chief, 263,
550.
Hall, A. T., 140, 143, 162, 577,
897.
Hall, n. F., 851.
Hall, Kdmund, 753, 756, 757,
759. 760.
Hall, I'.rvin, 597, 598.
Hall, G. 1;., 757.
Hall, I. C, 749.
Hall, James, 888.
Hall, John, 972.
Hall, Joseph, 669.
Hall, J. W., 703.
Hall, Newman, 709, 971.
Hall, R. H., 493.
Hall, S., 625.
Hall, Shelomith S., 50.
Hall, 'P. P., 176, 711, 866.
Hall. Thomas, 164, 755.
Haller, M., 145, i.,6, 161, 165.
Hallock, Horace, t6, 346, 595,
642, 710, 738, 838, 851, 900.
Halloran, Thomas, 798.
Hamilton, Sister, 725.
Hamilton, David, 871.
Hamilton, Henry, 7, 78, 84, 94,
172. 173. 223, 242, 243, 244,
245, 246, 241J, 250, 251, 252,
2.S3. 254, 255, 259, 260, 334,
368, 952-
Hamilton, J. li., 4B6.
)Iamil<,iii, .\l. D., jHj, 7,12.
Ilainillon, Rob<rt, 7i;8.
ll.iiiiiUoii, W. P., 871.
II, mull Willi. 111! R., 56.
Il.liuilt,!!!, W, S., I),,.
H.iiiili'i, A. P., 14I1, 162, 758,
H.imliii, ll.iniiilial, 78, >.
Il.imliii, .M. C. W„ .Mrs., 316,
7"-.
Ilaiiiiiii. r.. 5'.i>.
II. 1111111, 1, Clemens, 537.
11.1111111,111(1, C. G., 92, {;,;, (,i|,
7-1'''. 7«i-
Il.iiiiniond, 1:. P., f>J2, 96S.
Ilamin, 111(1, George 11., jO,,, 362,
870, 871, ,141.
Haniiiiond.t ;i.,!ri;,. II., Mr-.. ,666,
llaiiim, 111(1, Heiu'v I.., l!i3, 642.
Il.iiiiiuoiKl. U. W,, f!o8.
Ilamlraiiii k, J. I'., 52, 53, 54,
128, 223, 227, 266, 267, 26H,
49^. 053. 979.
Hamtranick, Inliaii, 979.
Haiiiiaf.!i(l, j; M., 487.
HaiK hell, |os,pll, 55,,, 562.
Haiiemk, John, (;4i.
HaiKock, \V. S., 230.
Hand, (i. I'.., i,,i, 176, 190, 191,
1(^9, 604, 710, 756, 786, 831;,
897.
Hand, S. S., 903.
Handy, T. P., 339.
Hanks, C'.'iptain, 277,955.
II, inks, Mrs., 41,1.
II. inks, P,!rter, 183, 184.
Manias, Tlioinas, 9)4.
Hanmer, J., 58, 142, 164, 483,
648, 934.
Haliscoiil, A. H., 303.
Haiisin, Willi. nil, 621,
Happe, John, 167, 935.
Harbaiigli, D. K., 10,, 141. 15,^,
• 95. ")6, i(j8, 210, 302, 711,
755. 844. ,j4i.
Harding, V . A,, 100, n^i 682.
Hardin, .M. I)., 228.
Hardral, l-aiiil, 623.
Hargreaves Manufacturing Co.,
828.
Haigreavcs, George, Mrs., 574.
Harlow, Alonzo, 647.
Harmer. General, 265, 952, 954.
Harmon, H. A., 7=,8.
Haraion, J. H., 140, 143, 1183,
686, 692, 785. </'7.
Harm.iii, R. () . (,Z6.
Harmon, Thomas, ^55.
Harper, lohn L,, 361, 362, 872,
873.
Harper, Jim.ns, 341.
Harper, I'homas, 198.
Harper, Walter, 657, 658, 941,
966, 968.
Harrah, A. M.. Miss, 665.
Harrigan, David, 267.
Marring, S. K., 481, 4S2.
Harrington, C, 88, 8si.
Harrington, D. 1!., 678.
Harrington, Kbenezer I!., 99,
191.
Harrington, M. W., 692.
Harris, Alfred, 131.
Harris, F. H., 113, 165, 192, 198,
851.
Harri.s, George H., 56.
Harris, G. W., 606, 674,
Harris, I,. D., 126.
Harris, Samuel S., 361, 592, 703,
974-
Harris, T. W., 101.
Harris, Williain, 299.
Harris, William J., 584, 587.
Harrison, 641.
Harrison, George, 341.
Harrison, James S., 566.
Harrison, Joseph, 58, 501, 933,
978.
Harrison, William H., 48, 86,
87, 95, 102, 103, 108, 120, 121,
221, 227, 229, 27), 278, 281,
282, 283, 285, 286, 287, 297.
372, 490, 534. 94'. 942. 954.
955. 961. . ,
Harryman, I hoinas, 130,
998
INDEX OF NAMES.
Harsha, William, 125, ijo, 166,
fi;-;j, f>75, («/). 713.
Ilarslia, Wallers., 17s, n;/.
Marl, '.)>• Wilt C, 165.
Hail, ('FillMTt, 8jo.
Hail, Henry, 3).
Hart, Kieliard, 7sf).
Harter, I. K., 684.
Hartiiii;, F., 1^7.
Harliiian, fM7.
Hartmaii, luliii M , 575.
H.Mliiess, j., .),,.;.
Harlslidrii, A., i.( j. Hi.;, 757, 73S.
Harlt, 4.>i.
Harlwell, I'. H,, i.(l, 7^.', 7S7.
Harl/, H., T-M-
Hart/ell, 4S8.
Hail/ell, J. H., 585.
Har\'el, C'olonel, 302. ,
Harvey, Julm, 134, 171), 184,
210, 481), sj.', 633, <).\i, .)78.
Harvey, Joliii, Mrs., m'l, 6^^.
Harviy, Mrs., 250.
Harvic, Aiulrew, i(X», 101, ii^i,
73-'-
Harwood, K., cpi.
Haskell, Samuel, Oofi.
Hasset, Dr., 676.
Hassliiiijer, .Marlln, 538.
Hastings, (J., 641J.
Hasliiijjs, I',. 1'., 55, 1)2, 1(12,
'Cm. '7'''. lys, 2-'''i .55 )i 5'M.
594, 601, 63I1, 641, (131, (15.?,
672, 716, 736, 740, 851;, 8()o,
8g6, (;4l.
HasliiiK's, I'.. I'., Mrs., 651,652.
Hasliny^, Samiu:l, 641.
HaUli, |(i-iei)li, 7,)!.
Haleli, j. C, 7.;2.
Hatch, l-liifiis, 770.
Hatch, 852.
Hatchcy, Jean I'apliste, 535.
Hallield, R. M., 379, 575."
Halie, C, 211, 798.
Hathaway, IJilberl, 704.
Halhim, A. K., 28, 29, 33, 71,
6(/), 716, .135, 940.
Hang, J. .\(., 578-
Haven, I',. ()., 571, 572, 579,
676, 7„8, 969.
Haven, ( lilhert, 708.
Havens, K., 9^1.
Havilaiul, |;imes, 884.
Hawley, l'!lijah, Jr., loi, 126,
•3«i >y". 'hS.
Hawley, James H., 799.
Hawley, JdIiii (l., 106, 210, 703.
Hawley, Richard, loi, 106, 141,
161, 703.
Hawley, R., Mrs., 662.
Hawley, '!'., 499.
Hawley, TliDinas I)., lor, 106,
•37. 'IS. 'M'). I189, 757.
Hawes, CI. \V., 6iy<.
Hawkins, I!. Waterhoiise, 7CK).
Hawkins, S. S , 710, 770.
Haxton, I!. I'., 827.
Hay, Jehu, 242, 243, 252, 255,
766.
Hay, Lieutenant, 223, 237, 238.
Hayek, M., 357.
Hayes, K. W., 8rt8, 873.
Hayes, I. I., 701).
Hayes, J. D., 162, 598, 868, 9 14,
Hayes, Patrick, 935
Hayes, R, H., 106, 362, 974.
Hayes, Mrs. K. H., 'tu6.
Hayes, ScilumDn, 820.
Hayne, William H., jo<).
Hays, John V,., 896.
Hays, ftliehael, 798.
Hayward, I)., 795.
Hayward, Kinma, Miss, 665.
Haywood, T. J., 497.
Haywood, Williain H., 131.
Hazard, 498.
Hazelton, K,. H., 872.
Ha/eur, 546.
Headlcy, I). S., 486.
Healy, P. W., 716.
Heames, Henry, 137, 145, 646,
Heart, Kdward, 577.
Heath, Horace, 481, 482, 483.
Heaton, A. S., 50, 51.
Heavcnrich, 497.
7 it,
■Vi')<
267,
9"7.
9'n .
Hearenrirh,S., 646,868.
Hi'liden, ( ;eorK<', 210.
Ilil.liard. C. li., 162.
Hii'k, Henry, 146.
Heckenw.'lelder, 550, ss', 7'>7.
Hcrki-r, Krank J. ,'805."
Hiiker, loseph, I7j.
Hi'iIkcs, I:. A., 675.
HeKniii, John, 54, 519, 868.
Ileineni.ni, !■".. S., .11, 36.1, 621;.
Ileiiii-inaii, I-",. S. ^lrs., 657.
Heint/elnian, S. P., 230.
Hekkiiiu, J. A., /ii.
Ilelhvin, (leorne V'., 687.
Hel\vi>(, Charles, 575.
Helm, Caplain, 250,251.
Henderson, 494.
Henderson, t:. R., 608.
Ilendirson, D.iviil, 281.
Heiuh-rsoii, |).i\'is, 646.
Henderson, Henry, 577.
HendiTson, J. K., 910.
Henderson, M., 1,34.
Henderson, 'I'lioinas, 145.
Hendirson, Waller, 131.
Henderson, Williain, 638.
Hendricks, .Samuel T., 130.
Hendrit;, (leoixe, 162, 589,
865, 871, 888, 891, 941.
Henkel, Peter, 144, 161,
5'8.
Henley, Samuel, 225, 224,
269.
Hennaert, P., 535, 539.
Hi'iinepiii,- Louis, 325, 527,
941.
Hennesey, J. A., 539, 540.
Heiirion, lleoixe, 74.
Henry IV, 33, 333.
Henry, 191, 250, 922.
Henry, .■\l^^\alule|■, 24(», 703,
Henrv. .Vnn, 594.
Henry, A. .\L, 138, 871.
Henry, I). i''arraiul, 67 3.
703, 714.
Henry, t leor.ije .^L, 648.
Henry, James, 26, 95, 123, n
")'>< ''!•• 33S- 345. 4'J'. "
Ssfi. H58, 953-
Hi'nr>', John, 151., 487.
Henry, i'atriek, 251, 252.
Henry, Sleplien C, 50, 59, 14:;,
4QI. 5.5'.. =.38, 5<)4.
Henry, William .A., 71)7.
Henry, W. (i., Mrs., 655.
l[ensieil, J. P., 161, 162.
Hephiirn, J.imes 11,, 211.
Heriot, ( ieor.ue, 707.
Herlihy, P., 162, 935.
Herman, 1'., 617,
Herinant, 535.
Heniion, (1., 726.
Heron, ( leorge, 58,
Herr, William, 566, 580.
Herrick, < '.. W., 145, 146.
Herrick, John L, 695, 6^16.
Herrington, t'aleh, 100.
HerriuKlon, I). I!., 678.
HerriuK'ton, ALirk W., 709.
Herron, A. IL, 689.
Herschel, John, Sir, 362.
Herlzer, Charles (1., 575.
Herz.)K, Charles F., 647.
Herzog, I'., 317.
Herzoj;, H., 212.
Hespele>l, J. 15., 538.
Hess, Charles, 355, 676, 703, 9C3.
Hess, John, 155.
Helh, 258.
HethriiiKton. 679.
Hewitt, Cyrus, 93.
Hi^witt, K., 638.
Heyernian, Charles 1''., 38.
Hihhard, A. C, 627.
Hibhard, 1). I'.., 197-
Hihhard, J. R., 626.
Hickcock, Joseph, 198.
Hickcox, Joseph, 554, 555, 559,
562.
Hickcox, 'I'. IL, 492.
Hickcox, Williain, 559, 562.
Hickey, lames, 58.
Hiekey, J. A., 758.
Hickey, M., 561, 571, 572, 578,
580.
35'. !>^")<
Hill,
Hill,
Hill,
75'^.
190.
825.
6
57-
Hiekey, W., 482.
Hickman, II. IL, 176, 190, 272,
■•73. 1)7 '•
Hickox, A. N., 210.
Hicks, 521
Hicks, haniil, 303.
Hicks, J. A., 864."
Ilickson, loseph, 895.
Hidden. ()". M., S22.
lliK.i;ins, J. ('., 573.
Hi^'xiiis, Justin, 211.
HiL;Liins, P., 717.
IlinKins, P. ('., 196, 523.
Ilik'Kins, S. W., 143,
75s. 935.
Hill, Cohinel, 269.
Hill, !■'., 901.
Hill, C, 4^,2.
Hill, IL.ra.e, 584.
MiiKo, .Mrs., 657.
J. (i., 492.
I. IL, 58, 164.
Hill, I'eler, 145.
Hill, Rodniy I )., 192,
Hill, R. 11. , ./>!.
Hill, T., 161, 162, 929.
Hilliaid, R., 860.
Hills, P,. C., 481..
I lilsende,i;.Ml, J., 166.
Hilseiulev;en, r., 934.
Hilton, Roherl, 595.
Ilimes, L. J., 717.
Iliiiihinan, i'llix, 140,
II iiuhinan, l-'ord I >. C.,
HiiK hinan, (i. I''., 145.
Hinehinan, |. I!., 145.
Iliiuhman, j. W., 798.
Hinehinan, I'. II. , 61, no, 374,
S18, S2!, 772, 7S1, 787, 868.
Hinds, S. I)., 132.
'liiiman, 49H,
insdale, II. A., 624.
i insdale, l'",.C.,i67, 176,639,640.
I intz, Carl, 355.
,'irseh, 4c)4, 028.
lirschinaii, Ivuinii-, Mrs
llitcheoek, Horace, 659.
Ililehcock, J. .\'., MO.
llilehcoek, R., 702.
Hoharl, J.iliii IL, 581.
Hohhs, A. J., 106), 624.
lluhert .V 'rerhiine, 484.
Hoclvuraef, Max, 317, 318.
Hock, J., 143, 144, .j<)8.
Hoeipiart, 19.
Ilodjs'e, .Samuel p., 71.
Hodges, Charles C, 560.
Ilod.ijes, II. C., 162.
Hod.i;kin, Rciherl, 796.
Hodnkiiison, I!,, 101, 131
llolf, IL, 621.
HolTnian, CharUs Fenne
I ioffnian, I'",., 355.
HolTinan, iienr,i;e, 23, 38, 314,
883, 97')-
HolTman, ( 1. W., 604, 665.
Hoffman, N'arian Mine., 354.
Hogaii, John, 935.
Hoi;aii, S\. F., 161, 162.
Ho.i.;arth, William, 591;, 6x14, 638,
639, 971.
HoK.<, Jolin, 596.
Hoke, A. F., 59,647, 733
Holhrook, P., 198, 299, 770.
Holhrook, 1>. C, 120, 141, 194,
311, 4<)4, 1)41.
Holl)ro..k. Henry I!., 13.,.
Holhrook, II. I)., 198.
Holhrook, J. M., 797.
Holeomi), Henry W., ()4i.
Holden, !■;. ('.., 684, 687.
Holden, K. (1. .Mrs., .361, 362.
H..lden, K. C. I)., .,2. ■
Holden, Theodore (»., 941.
HoldtTeid, .'V., 797.
Ilolih.in, James, 125, 130, 145.
Holly, James, 590.
Holland, J. (1., 7o<).
Holley, 'riiomas, 166.
Holland, W. J., 702.
Holmes, 492, 493.
Holmes, Capt.'iin, 284.
Holmes, I'.iisinn, 234.
Holmes, J. C, 33, 674, 703, 713,
7M. 755. 756.
648.
7<i8.
Holmes, Mary J., 709.
Holmes, Niniaii, 554.
llolmi's, S. M , 92, 346, 6j8,
682, 68 t.
Holniis, Williain, 513.
11. .11, ll.nry IL, 92.'
llolion, liyroii 1 1 , 212.
Hood, Ceneral, 106.
Hooker, C. S., 198.
Hooker, loseph, 210,969,973.
IL.oper, (1. W., 645.
l|..oper, W. IL, 130.
Hope, llinry, 84, 223, 243, 255,
Ijopkin, Robert, 360, 361, 494,
Hopkins, 67.).
Hopkins, Captain, 237, 238.
Il..pkiiis, C. C., 187.
Hopkins, ( ',eor(,'i- IL, 101.
Hopkins, jaines, (,78.
Hopkins, 'Mark, 616, 708.
Hopkins, P., 7, 8.
I lopkiiis, Silas, S54.
Hopkins, S. P., 165.
Hopkins, S. \'., 934.
Hopper, 681.
Hopper, IL S., 832.
Ho|)per, J, S., ,8)2.
Hopson, R., 165.
Horn, John, i.m, 973.
Hornhom-n, Jtilm, 166.
llornell, ( leoTKe, ^cjs.
Horiiir, .Archib.'ild, 149.
Ilormr, II. F , 131.
Horni-r, John S., 88,89,99,300,
OtO.
llorr, R. (i., ;o.
Horsfonl, ( Ir.Miul. u ;.
Ilorlnll. 031.
Horlon, loseph I)., ,141.
Hosford," r. IL, 6H7.
Hosie, I. R,, 648.
II. .sir, k., 654, 872.
Hosiner, 6.,'6, 718.
ilosnur, Arlemas, 130, T31, 19;,,
93 1.
Hosiner, John, 756, 757, 866.
Hosnii-r, Riifiis, 10. •, (82, t"i,
Hosiner, W. S., i ji.
Holli;ll, O. P.., 358.
H.iUKh, C. W., ii7, 145.
HoukIi, Ira M., 648.
Iloiiyh, L. C., 872.
lloii,i;h, ( llmsii-ad, 38.
Holl.i;luoll, I )oll).;lass, 50, lo',
104, 140, 359, 703, 710, 711,
746, 752, 830, 862, 941, 962.
Hoii)^'hlon, iLirri.tl, 941.
Houkjhlon, Jacob, 61, 71, 70;.
036.
Ilonsi-, James, 227.
llow;ird, 240, 300, 301, 963.
Ilov.ird, A., 639.
Howard. .\. K., 303.
Howard, llronson, 358,687,70;.
Howard, Charles, 71, 140, 712,
785, 862. 865,
Howard, Charlis M., 642.
Howard, Cyrus, 101, i ;i, 192,
194, 198.
lloward, lleiirv, 92, 140, 142,
475. 8.(8.
Howard, Jacob M., 92, ux^, 102,
103, 106, 141, 3'.8, 310, 675,
710, 736, 840, 873, 883, 967,
968,
lloward, John, 210.
lloward, Joshua, iixi, 131, 176,
2<H), 226, 831, 941.
Howard, Mark, 943.
lloward, Warren, 130, 210.
Howard, W'. A., T03, 141, 167,
306, 661, 711, 732, 755, 839,
872, 883. 9'''7.
Howarth, J. li., 833.
Howe, Amos, 131.
Howe, F'.leanor I'.., Miss, 661.
Howe, I '•. W., 143.
Howe, J. I!., 717.
Howe, Joseph, 798.
Howe, "U. 'I'.. 355, 5='. ''50.7031
711, 756, 786.
Howe, Win. li., 144, 145, 695,
Howell, Andrew, 99.
Howell, Charles I!., 691, 703.
Howell, C. P., 488.
INDEX OF NAMES.
999
Mary J., 7"0-
Niiiiiin, 551- , , „
1.
WillillMl. S>3-
■iirv II.. "■■!•
I'.yriill H , .'12.
.(•llCtill, ">''■
C. S., u,K.
|,,s(iili, ■JV'-'/")' '>73-
"C. W., 645.
W. II., 1:)".
Iriirv, 8.». z-':!. ■•'4.1> ^-"•
, K,,r.<rl, 3f'u, jfii, 4'H-
>*, ''7<). . 9
s Canlain, ■■■M, 23"'
,s, C. C-.. i«7.
s, CeolXi- 11., i"I.
s, |aii\(-i, i)?**- „
I.,, 'Maik, fiifi, 7<>8-
IS, 1'., T «.
IS, Silas, SS4-
IS, s. r., >f'5.
IIS, S. \'., 9:i4-
r, fiKi.
■r, 11. S., «32-
■r, I.S., S;)2.
in, K., if'.S-
|,.lin, i.Ci, n73.
,,'incn, l"li", 'f'''-
.11, CrcHK'', S'li-
.,•, Anliiliald, M'V
r, 11. I' , 13'-
,,., I (.111! S., 88,«.>,')0. 3"".
' W. «'.., 3'i.
(old, < Irann-I, 'i •,.
ivn, lip.
,,„ J,,s..pli 1>.. '11>-
„ril, T. II., (.H7.
r, I. K., <'48.
,., "R., f'S4. *^7-^-
ncr, 6..<'., 7i»- , „
,i,r, Artfiiias, 13", '3'' '9".
nuT, I. .1.11, 7';'''. 757. s^''';-
„„.,■, Kiifns, ic..., (S.., c V
,n.r, \V. S., HI.
i;h, O. 1'.., 35«.
^h, C. W., i!7. '45.
1^1,, Ira M., 'mS.
,^1,, I.e., 87...
lull, < tlllistcad, 30.
i.luoii, l)...iv;l.'-'S .■;". '"■
,;,, ,.,0, ,s.). 7'M. 7'"- 7"
', 7S.--. V,VU Kf.-'. 'H'.'l'^'^
Jhioii, llarrirll, i^i.
>:iU..„. Jao.b, Oi, 7>. 7
:'.
„, ,.inus, V27.
,var.l, -■4.>, 3>'". 3'". '/'3
I'anl, A., ''3').
ivard. .v. K., 303.
ward, r.ronsim. 358. '''^7' 7" '
ward, Cl.arlrs. 7'. M"- 7'.'
3,, 862. sr.s.
ward, CharUs M., (^^4'^.
ward, Cyrus, i"., >.;■- ")-
II, 198.
ward, Il<>"y, y-'. M". '4
I^A,';(','*;iarol,M.,Q2,'no,in2
,, !</>, 141, 3"8, 3'". fV.'i.
,;',; 716, 840, 873, 883. '/'7,
i6S.
Avard, l"li". -'"'• ,,ft
iward, JoslH.a, i>«, v(i. ■7^-
1), '.r-'fi, 8?i, iM'.
,«ard, Mark, <)43
.ward, Warr.M, 13". 2'°- ,
nvard, W. A., '03. '4 • fl'
,„f,, 6fi., 7", 73- 755. 839.
i72, 883. >/'7; „
nvarlli, .|.1».. 833
iw.r, Amos, 131. .
,wc, I'.Uanor K., M'ss, 66.
,wo, C. W.. 143-
iw<-. J. "•■,7>7-
,w.-, \J. 'I'- 355. 521. '550, 703.
711. 7S'', 78'^'. ,
nv.'.Wni. H., .44, >45.605.
Dwi-ll. Andrew, gg.
,nv.ll, Charles 1!., 691, 703-
owcU, C. 1'., 488.
H'lvvrll, R. K., 210.
llowl.uid, Jul.'r.,
ILiwlaiid, W. W.
14-'.
58, 210, 211.
g34.
HowlrtI, Samuel,
Hoyt, 618.
Hiiyl, I). ()., 51.
H(3yt, 'riiiirnas A., sgrj.
Iloyi, \V. (.'., loi.
IIiil>l>ar(l, .,78.
Hiibl'ard, AmosC, 57.
Hiiiiiiard, Hi. la, 10, 31, 57, 75,
362, 417, 4g7, 650, C73, 7,..,,
703, 711, g.7, <)4i.
Iliililiard, r.ela, Mrs., 310, 703,
Iliilihard, C, II., lui, 714.
Hubbard, II. C, i(<, 3C10, 8).;
Hubbard, J. S., 8g.!.
Hubliar<l, fSarali, i;g4.
Hubc-1, V. A., 822, 82), 324.
Uubbrll, (n)-j.
Hul)l)ell, Levi, 88).
Hubbell, N. J., 78Q.
Iluljer, .'ViKlrew, 7g8.
lluber, Jciliu, 7g8.
Hubert, 18.
Hubert, Jiilui I'rancis, 546.
Hubert, Pierre, 535.
Hubert, Ttiomas, 212.
Huilson, 8.
Hudsi.u, I!. 1!., Mrs., 842.
Hudson, K. H., 487.
Iliulson, 1'',. W., 57, 470, 586,941.
Hudson, Helen, 633.
Hudson, Jonatlian, loi.
Hu(ls(ui, (. I,., 871.
Huds.ui, J. S., 180.
Hudson, Sarali V.., Mrs., 941.
Hudson, William, 56.
Hiie;;li, J. A., (n'i, 663.
Hneston, James, 100.
HutI, (Icorjic, 62.
Iltilf, James, 935,
Huff, liobcrt I)., 167.
HuKlies, K. W., 140, 648, 753,
,756, 757-
HuKlies, Tlioinas K,., 552.
Hujjhes, T. I''., 145;.
HtiKlies, W. H., 688.
Hulbert, 740.
Hulbert, C. K., 628.
Hulbert, Jolm, (142, 753, 755.
Hulbert, John, Mrs., 652.
Hull
Hull,
Hull,
Hull,
Hidl,
Hull,
Hull,
Abijali, 28, 472.
•Vbram, 150.
A. h'., 184, 277, 313.
C. H., 778, 781, 826.
Jacob, 155.
John, 143, 654.
. r.. C, 749.
Hull, Mrs., 855, 856.
Hull, William, 25, 2(5, 27, 28,
87. 88, 95, 97, 121, 134, 221,
224, 227, 264, 268, 271, 272,
274, 275, 27'', 277, 273, 279,
289, 2go, 291, 292, 2.;3, 2g4,
2g5, 296, 297, 298, 313, 314,
3'5. 3'6, 318, 323, 345, 472,
480, 4,,j, 6,,4, 854. 855, 857,
858, 871, 954, 955.
Humboldt, Alcxtodcr, 321, 941,
956, 970.
Humes, Porter S., 191.
Humphrey, I,evi S., 176.
Humphrey, William, 92.
Hunt, 79, 695, 977.
Hunt, Anna, 594.
Hunt, Charles C. P., 770.
Hunt, Cleaveland, loi, 757.
Hunt, Cleaveland, Mrs., 655.
Hunt, (;eQr>;e. 652.
Hunt, Henry v., 314.
Hunt, H. I., 48, 62,95, '35. "38,
140, 163, 192, 227, 282, 285,
335. 502, 503, 552. 555. 556,
557, 558, 631, 641, 651, 652,
,730, 731. 770. 859.
Hunt, lames, 212.
Hunt, Jed, 198, 202, 210.
Hunt, John, 135, 185, 186, 558,
.7.30, 73 >■
Hunt, John E., 281.
Hunt, M.iry, 594.
Hunt, Melieent, 594.
Hunt, Ronaldson, 354.
Hunt, Rowen.i, 944.
Hunt, Sarah, Miss, 718,963.
Hunt, Tlioin.'is, 38, 2.7.
Hunt, Willi.un It., 125, 130, 193,
594. '>48
Hunter, H., 491;.
Hunter, Isaae C., 564.
Hunter, [ulni M., 710.
Hunter, Moses, 557, 587.
llunIin.L;ton, H., i2j, 209,
Hunlinnton, Joseph, 313.
lluniini;tori, Wiiliam, 7)9.
ilurd, Abner, 718.
Iluril, Cliarles I,. Mrs., 945.
Hurd, Iv, 50, 64,,.
Ilurd, Henry, 1 jo.
Hurd, |. I,., 787.
Hard, NIalilil.i, 594.
Iliirlbut, C, 61, 71, 143, 311,
491, 506, 513, 520, 523, 713,
785, 867.^
Hiirlbut, (leori^e, 6o(}.
Hurlbnt, H., 67.,.
Harlbut, .Melvitia A., Miss, 737,
738.
Hurlbnt, Miss, 718.
Hiu-ley, J., 891.
Ilurli-y, 1'., 891.
Hinst, J. K., 57,,, 709.
Hurst, 'I'., 924, 934.
Ilustis, IJ. 1)., 58, 211.
Huston, John, 131.
Husliui, Keuben, 58.
Hiiteliins, (;. 1!., 826.
Hutehins, John, 866.
Ilutchins, .\I. 1'., 143.
Hutehins, Payson, 792.
llulehinson, 11. 1'., 839.
Ilutton, (leorj.;!:, 654.
Hutton, W. 11. H., 924.
Huyser, P., 16O, 167.
Hyde, 496.
Hyde, 15. I)., 523.
Hyde', I*. I'., lui, 144, 196.
Hyde, Oliver .M., 140, 143, 216,
494, 785, 9'o. 9'J4.
Insjersoll, 494, 970.
In>,'ersolI, Walter, 165., 862, 941.
In.;ersoll, Walter .Mrs,, 310.
li.>;ersoll, l'',lias 'I'., 132.
In.tjersoll. I. W., 143.
In),n.rsoll, John N., 675, 676.
Inijersoll, Julia, Mrs,, 941.
In>;ersoll, Justus, 74c, 755.
Inji^ersoll, Uobert (r., 7c-k).
In>;lis, David, 50, foo, 676, 733.
In;;lis, James, 606, I m, 611, 674,
676, 704.
ln,i,di-, Uieli.ird, 51, 611.
Irvin, Daviil, 186.
Irvine, J. I!., 228, 2zi).
Ir\ine, Paidus l-anelius, 84.
Irviiii', William, 259, 261.
Irvin.i;, Charles J., ii;8.
Irvin.i;, Washin.k;ton, 675, 746,
941.
Irwin, Charles F., f 3, 90.
Irwin, Robert, ^o,\ 712, 713.
Irwin, W. W., loi, 130.
Isbell, Nelson C, 92, 785.
Ishain, Warren, 67), 674, 677,
704.
Ivers, John, 80.
Ives, A., 41, 143, 161, 648, 872,
941.
Ives, C., 130, 311, 638, 872.
Ives, J. 'r.\V t,. M., 486.
Ives, T^. T., 36,1, 361, 362.
Ives, P('rev, 36/.
Ives, S. H.', 8:-
Ives, William, 120. 130.
Izard, ('Feneral, 285.
Jack, C. S., 758.
Jaeksnn, 808.
Jack.sim, Andrew, 107, 746,848,
■ 8j9, 949.
Jackson, C, 61, 65, 142, 194,
342, 7>3, 936.
Jackson, C. C, 143, 176, 191,
494. 739, 756.
Jackson, C. W., 58, 61, 143,204^
Jackson, Captain, 2^9.
Jackson, Henry, 329, 888.
Jackson, Hiram, 790.
Jackson, Moiris, 210.
Jackson, S. S., 355, 744.
lackson, Thoinas, 145, 146.
Jackson, W. A., 885.
Jac lib, J. C, 145, 146.
I.iciibs, A. P., 704.
Jacobs, I!, v., f.jj, 637.
Jambs, (,., 647.
Jacobs, Harris, 80, 798,
Jacobs, N. P., 137, 144.
Jacokes. I), C, 571, 572.
JacKir, J., 212.
James, 482, 611,
James, Itenjamin, 767.
janu's, C, -Sirs., 719.
James, Charles li., 757.
James, J., 50), 866.
James, W., 287, 503.
James, W. V., 645.
Jameson, .Mrs., 4, 581, 606, 708,
710, 916, ()6o.
amieson, k. A., 51, 647, 733.
amison, I,. J., 228.
anaiischek, 358.
anes, I'). S., 579.
anney, l„ I'., 795.
anvier, R., 531, 535.
apes, 499.
apes, John, 162.
arves, Demiii.i;, 938.
arves, Diniinj;, ^lrs., 940.
_aiMi.ay, r'alher du, 237.
Jay, John, 266, 941, 953.
Jefferson, Thomas, 253, 254,
255, 257, 259, 298, 329, 358,
746, 941, 9S7.
Jeffrit;s, k., -,77.
Jelll ,, i;. W.", 51, 678.
Icnks, <;. C, 6H0.
Jenks, J. W., 680.
Jenkins, Charles K., 939.
Jenkins, J. (1., 641.
Jennoss, J. S,, 56, 164.
Jenney, William, 92.
Jennin.i;s, A. 1'"., 58.
Jennings, Chariest!., 733.
Jennings, k<,bert, 519.
Jennis<m, Wm., 176, 177, 188,
183, 194, 704, 757.
Jepkins, Charlis, 798.
Jerome, Jean li., 280, 313.
Jerome, IJ. H., 92, 974.
Jerome, K,, 716,
Jeroini:, I'.dHln, Jr., 196.
Jerome, I'V.-inklin H., 941.
JeroMU, (ieor>;i', io<j, 176, 615,
785, 865, 036, 942.
Jessup, 'I'liomas S., 291, 294.
Jiwell, Marshall, 4.
f(;\vell, T. li., 190.
Jewell, W. !•'., 733.
Jewett, ( leorjie, 132.
Jobin, Joseph, 313.
Jobson, K. J., 579.
Jollies, 527.
Johannes, N., 796.
Johns, H. W., 559,562.
Johnson, 492.
Johnson, Andrew, 106, 969.
Johnson, A. S., 872.
Joliuscui, Captain, 301.
Johnson, 1)., 1S7, i'88.
Johnson, 1''.., 860.
Johnson, ("icorne K., 866.
Johnson, Cuy, 234.
Johnson, Hu^rh, 835, 836.
Johnson, II. k., 468, 484.
Johnson, J.imes I)., 34, 697.
Johnson, John, 234, 240, 263,
264.
Johnson, J. G., 647, 733.
Johnson, Morgan, 792.
Johnson, M. K., 860.
Johnson, (), C, 709.
Johnson, R. A., 577.
Johnson, R. D., 486.
Johnson, R. M., 103, 108, 283,
Johnson, S. M., 686.
Johnsim, S. W., 695.
Johnson, T. C, 610.
Johnson, Sir William, 232, 234,
236, 240, 243, 323, 349, 760,
879, 95'. .,
Johnson, Willi, im, 37.
Jolinson, W. M., 866.
John.son, W. M., .Mrs., 661.
Johnson, W. W., 210.
Johnston, 806.
Johnston, (Icorxe Washington,
946.
Johnston, James. 746, 758.
J(jhnston, John W., 41, 446, 576,
94", 943.
Johnston Opiii.d Co., 8 ;6.
Johnstone, 688
Jolinstone, k. I'',, 674, 679, 682.
Joliet, Sieur. 325.
JoiH'.iire, see Cliabert.
Joncaire, 150, lo", 101.
Joiu:aire, Cbail(.s I''. lliab|.rt,
94. 123. 313.
Joncaire, I'rancis ( li.ibirt, 978.
Joncaire, Kraiuois de, 24.
Jon^s, 916, 1)79, 981.
Jones, li. C., 924.
Jones, C'atbarine, 594.
Joiu.s, (Var, 484.
Jones, I >a\9(l, 551, 953.
Joins, De (iarmo, 8, 89, 100,
140, 142, 143. 473, 474. 5S7,
558, 631, 636, 716, 770, 859,
86<i, 896, 926, 941.
J<ines, Klislia, 704.
Jones, I.;no( li, i4.., 851.
Jones, (icor.iL^e W., 102.
Jones, (1. I'"., 74.
Jones, >;. H., 506, 851.
Jones, H. ( 1., 719, 758.
Jones, Isaac. 134.
Jones, J. k., 86, 87.
Jones, .\Iyra M., 74 ).
Jones, ki( hard. 2U).
Jones, k. H., 281, 857.
Jont.s, Watson, 680. 691.
Jones, Whitniy, i)2.
Jones, William, 281.
Jones, W. vV., 487.
Jon<|uiri-, iMar(iuis de la, 83,
330-
Joos, Ivdward, 547.
Jordan, 'I'., 210.
Joslin, T. J., 572.
Joui.tt, {'., 17, 24, 34.
Joiiir.i, Jacob de .Marsac (lit
Desnidies, iH.
Jourdon. ,.\ndrt.w, JI3,
Joy, Hartford, 341.
Joy, Ilirain, 93).
Joy, James, 80.
Joy, J. K., 101, 195, 306, 3fo,
374, 737, 797. 864, ^67, 891,
goi, 90 1, 941, 1/7.
Joy, J. !••.. .Mrs, 662.
Joyci., 'I'., 165, 935.
Jiidd, Philo I'.., 697.
Jiin.v,', C, 6n8, 610.
JiinK, Michael, 551.
Junjibhit, N., 80.
Jiingman, 551.
Kaichcn, .Arnold, 38, 226.
Kaiser, 498.
Kaiser, AiiKUstiis, 146, 647.
Kalis<h, I., 628, 704.
Kallman, E. Mrs., f<^y.
Kaminsky, Anthony, 687.
Kamminski, C'harles, 798.
Kanady, S. C, 870, 942.
Knne, E., 50, 646, 676.
Kane, E. E., 196.
Kanter E., hi, 16.;, 218, 360,
646, 067, 868, 86u, (142.
Kanter, Edward, Mrs., 310.
Kanter, H. I... 162, 869.
Kaple, John II., 190, 677, 870,
872, 883.
Kapple, James, 559. 562, 563,
564.
Karpeles, R. Mrs., 657.
Karrer, Aaron 868.
Karrer, S. C, 145, 146, 758.
Katiis, ..\lois, 166.
Katiis, J., 317.
1000
INDEX OF NAMES.
Keith, J. W., 648.
Kclliy, ["liii, 146.
Kclktv, Patrick, 533.
K.lley, v. I)., 535.
K'-1I').W, J54-
Ki'llojjjj, A. H., 599.
K.■llc)K^^ A. S.. 30, 7S5, 839.
Krll(),;;)r, C, 868, 872, 922.
K,-ll..«, J. W., 57-'.
Ki'lla<,i;, M. C, 885.
K.'1Iu.i;k', K. k., 597, 61J, 638.
Ki:lloi;>,', K. k. Mrs., 652.
Kcllo.w. W. I'., 791.
Killy, Jane, 5 14.
Ki'lly, "Nlicliai'l, 492.
Ki'lly, William, 210.
Kclsiy, J. W., 165, 924.
Krlso, S. J,, 704.
Kc-ltoii, D. H., 709.
Kennedy, < Jcor^^t', 654.
Kennedy, Mieliael, 121;.
Kenny, Jnhii, 537.
Kenzie, Jnlin, 981.
Kendall, 1)., 935.
Kendall, John, 566, 757.
Kendrick, 539.
Kendrick, S. N., 674, 756.
Kenealv, M., 935.
Kent, C. A., 758.
Kent, Jolin 1'., 555, 558-
Kenton, Simon, 249, 250.
Kercheval, li. H., 90, 142, 770,
864, 865, 896.
Kermott, J. W., 161, 162.
Kern, C, 543.
Kern, H., 357.
Kerr, J. A., 695.
Kerr, Theodore F., 51, 59, 647,
649, 678. 758.
Kerriure, J. .M., 574.
Kershaw, C J., 910, 965.
Kerstin.t;, David, 543.
K(-rtk, Louis, 83.
Kessler, John, 146, 165.
Ki-tankali, 180, 957.
Ketchum. Siiiney, 849.
Keiisch, J., 132, 165.
Keiisch, James, 132.
Keveny, Ann, Mrs., 539.
Kevcny, John, 130.
Kewanhis, 180, 957.
Kean, M. B., 661, 721, 866.
Kearney, James, 918.
Kearsley, H. R., 317, 520, 523.
Kearsley, Jonathan, 23, 38, 5(3,
'03i 138, 1401 186, 195, 198,
301. 359. 492. 636, 641, 672,
716, 730, 731, 736, 796, 942.
Keatmg, Prof., 957.
Keavy, Joseph, 906.
Keavey, William, Mrs., 663.
Keeney, lienjamin, 71.
Keeney, J., 491.
Kiah, J. (;., 921.
Kibbee, H. C, 226, 756, 867,
872.
Kibbee, Porter, 93.
Kiddoo, J. B., 228.
Kidder, D. P., 708.
Kiefer, H., 102, 646, 757, 761,
869, 970.
Kieler, 498.
Kies, W. v., 645.
Kilbnrn, Joseph, 978.
Killen, James, 934.
Kilroy, Lawrence, 537.
Kilroy, 1,. I''., 6y6.
Kindeman, John, 621.
Kinderkins, J., 535.
King, 496, 497, 590, 641, 965.
Kinjif, (leorjje I'i,, 612.
King, Harvey, 61, 487, 496,
936.
King, John, 935.
King, Joseph, 933.
King, J. L., 457.
King, J. I,. Mrs., 203.
King, R. W., 144, 161, 162, 523,
639, 658, 659, 711, 752, 757,
792.
King, S. R., 484.
King, T. Starr, 709.
King, Mrs. (len., 361.
Kingsbury, li., 113, 673.
Kingsbury, V. J., 818.
Kingsbury, Jacob, 227, 36S.
Kingsley, 486.
Kinkel, Dr., 963,964.
Kiniuy, John .M., Mrs., 716.
Kinney, (). L., 758.
Kinnicnt, Delos, 619,
Kinonsaki, Chief, 334,
Kinzie, John, 179.
Kinzie, J. II., Mrs., 707.
Kirby, Alice, 980.
Kirby, K. 1'., Miss, 664.
Kirby, Frank IC, 911,
Kirby, F. A., 911.
Kirby, George, 57, 718, 770, 772,
864.
Kirbv, [ohn, 130, 198.
Kirby, R. M., 132.
Kirby, S. R., 911.
Kirby, Z., 492.
Kirchner, Otto, 93.
Kirchner, S., 162.
Kirkenoeld, M., 603.
Kirkland, C. M. .Mrs., 652, 704.
Kirkland, William, 345, 716.
Kiskauko, 161.
Kitchell, n. 1)., 613, 614, 638,
641, 675. 704.
Kitchell, Robert, 704.
Klei, H., loi, 137, 145, 146.
Klein, P., loi, 646, 649, O87,
688.
Kleine, John A., 575.
Kling, Philip, 145.
Kloppenburg, Julius S., 469.
Kluuip, Frederick, 578.
Knaggs, 10, 531.
Knaggs, James, 313.
Knaggs, Thomas, 313.
Knaggs, Whitmore, 183, 313,
978.
Knapp, H. v., 130.
Knapp, I) , 145, 869.
Knajjp, Smitli, 165, 202, 795.
Knapp, Tliomas, 565.
Knapp, 'T. S., 163, '^09, 860.
Knapp, William li., 126.
Knight, H. C, 137, 144, 638,
676, 753. 757, S40, 841.
Knight, L. P., 869, 902.
Knoll, S. L., Mrs., 657.
Knowles, Henry, 935.
Knowles, William H., 934.
Knowlton, 'Thomas, 210, 7'i:.
Kno.x, C. H., 176.
Kno.v, (leneral, 264.
Kno.v, Robert, 167, 799.
Koch, Christian, 942.
Koch, C. G., 578.
Koehler, F. C, 609.
Koehler, John, 797.
Koenig, John A., 539.
Koerner, W., 543.
Ktihler, K., 628.
Kohn, Joseph, 167.
Kolasinski, D. H., 542.
Kontrovich, Laser, 629.
Kopp, W., 355.
Kramer, M., 676.
Kramer, Philip, 688.
Krapp, William, 935.
Krecke, F., 196, 198, 718.
Kreit, U., 166, 167.
Kremcr, A., 799, 934.
Kremer, F., 144, 145, 317.
Krill, Henry, 576.
Krolik, H. A., .Mrs., 657.
Kronberg, A. C., 146.
Krug, J. (1., 695.
Kuemmel, H., 167, 934, 935.
Kiihn, Ferdinand, 647.
Kiihn, Herman, 198.
Kiihn, J., loi, 145, 161, 196,
198, 718, 757, 870.
Kull, C. F., 798.
Kullman, A., 541.
Kiilnan, Josepli, 167.
Kiimmer, Nicholas, 935.
Kundig, Martin, 49, 532, 537,
S38, 648, 650, 651.
K'lnze, George 10., 71.
Kupp, Anton, 537, 538.
Kurth, F. W. A., loi.
Kurtz, J. A., 145, 844.
Kurtz, Joseph, 162.
Kydd, W., 166, 167.
Laas, Oustaviis, 576.
l.abadi, ;\le.\is, 977.
l.al)a(ii, Ali'.xis Descontis, 979.
Lab.idi, Charles, 978.
l.abadi, Pierre D., 977,
l.abiulie, 337, 916.
I.abadie, j. A., 680.
Labadie, ,\loui(|ue, Kliss, 720.
I.abadie, Pierre, 20.
l.a I'lalm, Colonel, 257.
Labrosse, L)oiiiiiii(|tie, 942, 979.
l.a Unite, M., 236,237,333,337.
I.acey, 11. A., 140.
I.acey, Samuel S., 93.
I.acey, Walton, <t Walker, 67.
I.aclede, 334.
I.acroix, 18.
I.acroix, K. X., ig, 40, 144, 165,
f'34, f74. 675. 694, 75''. ¥'5-
Lacroi.\, Pierre Hubert, 313, 337,
529-
Ladd, T. M., 492, 6S1, 682.
I.aderoot, Kli, 202.
I.aderool, Peter, 80.
Ladouceur, 337, 716, 979.
Laderoiite, 3i3, 337.
Laderoute, Joseph, 982.
La Devoute, ( )livcr, 766.
Ladue, A., 198.
Ladue, A. 'T., 143.
I^adue, John, 140. 345.
Lailue, J. C, Mrs., 495.
Ladue, William N., 757, 758.
Lafayette, .Manpiisde, 329,942.
La Ferte, 337, 797, 979.'
La Ferte, Daniel, 333, 690, 734.
Lafferty, 979.
Lalferty, Clement, 144, 162, 942.
Laffrey, Auguste, 501.
La Fleur, 337.
Lalleiir, N., 210.
Lafontaine, Francois, 942, 978,
979-
La Forest, 19, 325.
La Foy, Lambert, 285.
La llarpe, 330.
La Hontan, liaron de, 325, 707,
9,5i.
Laible, lOugcne, 144, 145.
Laidlaw, R., 654.
Laidlaw, R. J., 599, 604, 704.
Laitner, Aloys, 826.
La Jov, Hyacinth, 313.
Lally.'j. F., 318.
Lamberl, Wm., 348, 494.
Lambie, F., 633, 63a, 704, 788,
- 942.,
l^amoinne, 535.
La Mothe, 173, 250, 252, 253,
255-
Lamson, Darius, 142, 520, 860.
Lanctot, Mederic, 678.
Lane, John, 799.
Lane, l".. .M , Mrs., 662.
Lane, .M. T., 196, 19S, 648.
Landsberg, .V. Mrs., 657.
Langan, A., 281.
Lange, Alexander, C21.
Langdou, Augustus, 276, 335.
Laiigdon, (u-orge C, 75, 106,
140, 162, 666.
Langilon, W. W., 903.
Langley, Henry, 757.
Langley, William IL, 137, 144,
145, 475. 036, 942.
Langlois, 18.
Lanigan, D., 166, 795, 798.
Lankford, W. S,, 577.
Lannuin, Charles James, 186,
859- ,
Lannian, James H., 707.
Lanning, Gideon, 555.
Lansing, K. A., 143.
Lansing, H. L., 862.
I,ansing, John, 91.
Lansing, R. R., 758.
Laparle, Joseph, 979.
L,aphani, 695.
Lapliam, H. S., 496,
Lapierre, 979.
Lappan, John C, 681.
Lappen, Charles, 798.
Laporle, M. !,., 542, 724.
Largy, John, 481.
LaUiviere, Jean liaptiste de,
535- ,
l.arnea, 52, 2S5, 887.
l.arned, .'!. F., 642, 651, 652, 860.
Lamed, Charles, 135, 176, 186,
190, 2IO, 359, 558. 559, 562,
641, 710, 711, 716, 730, 731,
7J5, 838, 9,(2.
Larned, George B., 711.
l.arned, Sylvester, 633, 788.
Lasalle, .\., 979.
Lasalle, F., 979, g8i.
Lasiille, Francis, 123.
Lasalle, Francois, 26.
Lasalle, Jacques, 978, 979, 980,
981.
La Salle, Clievalier de, 325, 447,
527, 707, 907, 942, 95:,
La Salle, James, 314.
La Salle, Jean, 333.
La .Sulle, Jean liaptiste, 311.
La Salliere, 720.
Laselle, A., 266, 981.
Las.selle, Francois, 313, 978.
Laser, A., 628.
Lastrie, P.. 535.
I.athrop, H. li , 143, 851.
I.athrop, W, H., 51, 647, 678.
Latimer, G. W., 57, 856, 870.
I.attimer, W. Irving, 92.
L'Aiiberiviere, Francis Louis de
Ponrroy de, 546.
Lauder, James li., 145.
Lauderdale, K., 58, 646, 924,
942.
Laiimet, Jean, 326.
Laiirense, Leonard, 499, 601,
, 639.
Laiison-Charny, Charles de, 83.
I.auson, Jean de. 83.
Lauzon, Francois, 20.
I.avinder, R. IL, 166.
Law, T. v., C47.
Lawrence, Amos, 215.
Lawrence, K., 188.
Lawrence, F. C, 942.
Lawrence, S. J., 132.
Lawrenci', Prosper, 131, 198.
Leadbealer, A., 484.
Leadbeater, K. S., 165, 166, 167.
Ledbeter, 'Thoma.s, 61, 756,
Leach, C. C, 131.
Leach, D. C, 324
Leach, F.lisha, 59, O47.
Leach, E. C, 872.
Leahey, E,, 963
Leary, I'eter, 53-.
Leavenworth, F. H 811.
Leavitt, A, E., 162, 574, 942,
971.
Lebeau, Jean Haptiste, 979.
Lebot, Lnos, 144, 166, 799, 934,
935-
Lebot, Louis, 798.
L'Kcuyer, 272.
Lecuyer, P., 40, 126, 192, 730,
859-
Leddy, Jame.s, 756, 757.
Le<lerle, .Anthony, 218.
Leduc, Louis, 981.
Ledyard, ll<-iiry, 56, 71, 100,
•40. '43. 755. 864, 926, 942,
962.
Ledyard, H. 1!., 871,901.
Lee, A. H., 872.
Lee, Asenalh, 594.
Lee, Charles, 569.
Lee, 10. Smilli, 176, 191, 192,
195. I97-
Lee, G. L., 884.
Lee, G. W., 102, 324,
Lee, Jolin M., 131.
Lee, Luther, 708.
Lee, Thomas, 210.
Lee, William, 513.
Lee, Robert F.., 309.
Leetch, A. J., loi.
Leeth, John, 250.
Le Favour, lOdward, 38, 144,
, 2'7. 475. 7II. „ ,
Lefevere, Peter Paul, 54, 532,
535. 539. 547. 66'. 694, 961,
963, 969.
Luggett, W. W., 360.
INDEX OF NAMES.
lOOI
John, 481.
iere, Jean liapUste do,
1, 52, 285, 887.
1, '!. 1'"., 642,651,052,860.
i, Charles, 135, 170, 186,
210, 351), 558. 55'». 5621
710, 711, 716, 730, 731,
838, 942.
il, (leorye 11., 7"-
(1, Sylvster, 633, 788.
f. A., 979.
e, !•■., 979. 981.
,e, F'rancis, 123.
le, Francois, 26.
le, Jacques, 978, 979, 980,
lie, Clu-valier de, 325, 447,
, 707, 907, 942, 95'.
lie, Janus, 314.
ille, Jean, 333.,
illc, Jean I'.aptiste, 311.
lUiere, 720.
Ic, A., 266, 981.
■lie. Krancois, 313, 978.
-, A., 628.
•le, K. 535-
roi), H. 1! , 143. 851.
rop, \V. H., 5'. ''47, 67a.
ner, (l. W., 57, 856, 870.
nier, \V. IrvinK, 92-
iberiviere, !• raneis l.oiiis de
nrroy <le, 546.
lir, Janus 11., 145.
lerdale, 1',., 58, 646, 924,
!.
net, Jean, 326.
-ense, Leonard, 499, 601,
^on-Charny, diaries de, 83.
son, Jean de. 83.
zon, Francois, 20.
inder, R. H., 166.
, ■!'. v., 647.
•rence, Amos, 215.
■rence, K., 188.
•rence, 1'". C, 942.
.rence, S. J., 132.
■rence, Prosper, 131, 198.
dbealer, A., 484.
dbeater, K. S., 165, 166, 167.
beter, 'I'homas, 61, 756.
ch, C. C, 131.
cli, IJ. C, 324
ch, Klisha, 511, 647.
ch, E. C, 872.
hey, E., 963
ry, i'eter, 53-.
venworth, F. H 811.
vitt, A. E., 162, 574, 942,
'I.
ean, Jean liaptiste, 979.
ot, Knos, 144, 166, 799, 934,
\5-
ot, Louis, 798.
xuyer, 272.
uyer, P., no, 126, 192, 730,
Idy, James, 756, 757.
lerle, Anthony, 218.
luc, Louis, 981.
lyard, Henry, s^, 7'. i°o>
40, 143, 755. 864, 926. 942.
a2.
lyard, H. 1'.., 871, 901.
■, A. H., 872.
, Asenalh, 594.
:, Charles, 569.
E. Smith, 176, 191, 192,
95. '97- „„
•, G. L, 884-
, (;. w., 102, 324.
■, John M., 13'-
;, Luther, 708.
L-, Thiinias, 210.
:, William, 513.
•, Robert K., 309.
■tch, A. J., 101.
th, John, 250- ,
Favour, F'.dward, 38, I44>
!17, 475. 7>i- _ ,
feverc, Peter Paul, 54, 53^.
i5, 539. 547. 661, 694, 961.
)''3. 969-
^rgett, W. W., 360.
Le (Irand, Philip, 172, 237.
LeKrand, (labriel Christopher,
50.
LcKras, 85.
Leib, F.mily, Mrs., 651.
Leib, John L., 98, 192, 198, 491,
7.V'. 977-
Lei^hton, R. W., 132.
Leilch, 856.
Leland, A. L., 50,942.
Leiand, C. P., 901.
Leland, W. H., 486.
Lenieke, H., 646.
Lemkie, F. A., 196, 198.
Lemkie, J., 798.
Leinmer, A., 146.
Lcmmer, Henry, 799.
L'Knfant, Major, 29.
Lenno.x, L. F.., 573. .
Lentz, Matthias", 166, 798.
Leo XIII., 547.
Leonard, I'onaventurc, 529, 535.
Leonard, C II., 679, 690, 704,
Leonard, Hattu', Miss, 361.
Leonard, !,., 719.
Leonard, O. M., 679.
Leonard, R. IL. 942.
Leonard Class Works, 836.
Leopold, Prince, 974.
L'F.pinay, M. <le 330.
Lernoult, Richard Peringer,
222, 223, 227, 244, 246, 952.
Le Roy, Daniel, 92, 176, 192,
730.
Le Roy, H. H., 4, 73, 143, 144,
"64. 493. 513. 521, 652, 713,
936-
Lery, Joseph Gaspard Chaussc-
gros de, 32.
Lesher, (ieorge H., 196.
L'Ksperance, .•\ntoine Billow
,flit. 337. 98>-
L'Ksperance, F,, 798.
Leslie, Lieutenant, 234, 550.
Le 'I'endre, (ien^.'vieve, 529.
L'F.tourneaii, M. F., 537.
Lett, D. (;., 607.
Lelteker, John, 549.
Levadou.\, Michael, 535.
Leverinif, C. H., 355, 357.
Levin^s, N'oali, 569.
Levinnton, John, 572, 578, 704.
Levis, Antoine de, 535.
Levy, H., 3(4.
Lewis, 173, 2S0.
Lt:wis, .\lexander, 114, 140, 205,
761, 788, 792, 841, 844, Q72.
Lewis, A. M., 584.
Lewis, .Amos, 483, 492.
Lewis, C. IJ., 686, 704.
Lewis, F,., 58.
Lewis, C. F., 872.
Lewis, H. N. F., 674.
Lewis, J. ()., 33, 34, 138, 162.
Lewis, R. N., 845.
Lewis, Robert P., 559, 562, 563,
5''4-
Lewis, S._, 785, 7S6, 787, 864.
Lewis, Thomas, 100, i^i, 130,
198, 494, 713.
Lichtenber^, A., 796.
Liclitenberj.', F. NVilliani, 21S.
Lichtenberg. William, 145.
Lichty, F.dwar<l, 647, 649.
Liggett, J. I)., 683, 719, 974.
Lijs'Kctt, J. 'l'., 758, 760, 874.
Liggett, R. A., 126, 145, 318.
Lightner, Milton C, 582, 586,
587. 59'-
Ligneris, ^L de, 233.
Lillibridge, G. R., 890.
Lillibridge. W. M., 757, 758.
Limberg, Isabella Roest Von,
942.
Limbocker, T. G,, 125.
Liin|)( lis, G. K. .^I., 541.
Lincoln, Abraham, 104, 309,
718, 746, 942, 968.
Lincoln, lienjamin, 265.
Lincoln, Tad, 104.
Linctot, M., 261.
Lindsay, A. G., 757, 758, 870.
Lindsay, A. G., Mrs., 652, 653.
Lingeman, A., 144, 318, 496.
Lingeman, J., 145, 146.
Linn, 495, 497.
Linn, A. R., 786.
Linn, Robert, 654.
Linn, Tliomas, 654.
Linn, W. F., 786.
Linn, W. F., .Mrs., 665.
Lisk, Robert, 654.
Litchfield, K. C, 862.
Little, 492.
Littl ', John, 979.
Little, William, 130, 198.
Littleiield, Louis li., 146.
Littlelield, S. S., 695.
Livandiere, Sieur de, Hugues
Jacques Pean, 227.
Livermore, C. F., 901.
Livermore, C. F., Mrs., 691.
Livermore, Frank, 51.
Livermore, Isaac, 901.
Livernois, Francis, 942.
Livernois, Joseph, 981.
Livernois, Joseph, Jr., 979.
Livingston, Wdliam, loi, 785,
792, 871.
Lloyd, G. W., 57, 885.
Lobdell, J. F., 487.
Lochbihler, L., 680.
l.ochrey, .•Vrchib;dd, 259.
Locke, D. R. (Petroleum V.
Xasby), 709.
Locke, I*'.. F., 737.
Locke, J., 58.
Lockhart, William, 654.
Lockwood, 564.
Lockwootl, C. r., 357.
Lockwood, T. W., loi, 199,711,
786.
Lodge, E. A., 677, 688, 704.
Locbenstein, A., 575.
Logan, John, 87, 323.
Logan, John A,, 976.
Lognon, 978.
Lomasney, W. M., 696.
Lommesprou, Jacob de Marsac
'•''. 333-
Long, 493, 495, 957.
Long, James W., 324.
Long, John, 934.
Long, John li., 203, 934.
Long, William, 935.
Long, W. H., 924.
Longueuil, Joseph Lemoyne,
Chevalier de, 12. 83, 227, 334.
Longyear, John W., 175.
Looker, (). R., 874.
Loinner, (ieorge W., 146.
Loomis, 605. 733.
Lorain, Joshua, Widow of, 978.
Loranger, 980, 981.
Loranger, Joseph, 161, 162.
Loranjey, .-Me.vis, 313.
Lord, 173, 227.
Lord, C. P., 487.
Lord, II. W., 103, 704.
Lorman, C. A., 942.
Lorme, Francois Faford de, 17,
20.
Loskiel, 550.
Loson, .-Xntoine, 982.
Lossing, I'enson J., 289, 708.
Lothrop, 493.
4jOtlirop, (ieorge V. N., 92, 191,
195, 199, 218, 339, 360, 362,
666, 711, 761, 788, 867, 940,
942, 968.
Lothrop, (i. V. N., Mrs., 655.
Lothrop, H. P., 652.
Lotz, Charles, 166.
Loudon, 190.
Loughton, John, 244.
Louis XI 1 1., 83.
Louis XIV., 19. 83, 328, 329,
33'. 370. 37 '• 765-
Louis XV., 19, 83.
Louis Philippe, 707.
Louise, Princess, 974.
Loundsberry, E., 732,
Love, J., 799.
Love, James, 211, 212.
Love, John, 757.
Ijovett, 496, 827.
Lovett, W. K., 942.
Lovigny, M. de, 330.
Lowe, fe. S., 780.
Lowe, G. W., 573.
Lowe, Tobias, 143.
Lowry, James, 494.
Lowry, J. A., 574.
Lowry, J. T., 138.
Loyola, Sister, 651, 653.
Lucas, 299.
Lucas, Hen., 285.
Lucca, 354.
Lueker, IL, 357.
Lucretia, Sister, 651.
Ludden, Cornidia, Mrs., 310.
Ludden, H. I)., 936.
Ludden, N, T., 142, 492, 851,
942-
Ludlcjw, 95.
Ludlow, S., loi.
Luff, i86.
Lugenbeel, Pinckney, 228.
Linn, C. M., 318.
Lundi, John Slow, 183, 184.
Lundy, Charles J., 704, 733, 734.
Luther, .Martin, 556.
Lutticke, Henry, 935.
Lyell, Janus L., 653, 872, 942.
Lyford, C. P., 211
Lynibruner, 336.
Lynch, C, 318, 799.
Lyndon, .Samiul, 872.
Lyon, Anson E., 211.
Lyon, .'Vrcb, 281.
Lvon, Edward, 143, 311, 482.
583. 657.
Lyon, F., 482.
Lyon, (i. (i., 567.
Lyon, Isaac L., 871.
Lyon, J. I)., 482.
Lyon, Lucius, 37, 102, 103, 186,
7'2, 73'.
Lyon, Martha, 583.
Lyon, T. T., 648.
Lyons, A. I!., 51, 678, 714.
Lyons, Elizabeth, 720.
Lyons, Lord, 308.
Lyons, Samuel, 757.
Lyster, l''.llen E., 584.
Lyster, Henry F., 51, 59, 646,
647. 678, 690, 733, 758.
Lyster, W. N., 583, 584.
M
Mabley, C. R., 360, 362, 469,
574. 77"-
Mabley, C. R., Mrs., 360.
Mac Adam, Ale.vander, 654.
Macauley, 695.
Macauley, C, 6:.'7.
^L^cauley, Richard, Mrs., 662.
Macfarlane, John W., 696.
Mactiregor, Thomas, 654.
Machcn, W. H., 361.
Mack, 15, 181, 215.
Mack, A., 100, 481, 685, 767,
770. 785. 958.
Mack, Fanny, 594.
Mack, Jesse, 205.
Mack, John .M., 130, 943.
Mack, Stephen, 103, 135, 537,
859. 933-
Mack, Temperance, 594,
Mackay, E., 907.
Mackenzie, A., 919.
Mackenzie, Alexander, 704.
Mackenzie. J. W., 885.
Mackey, Neucas, 228.
Maclei'.n, (icneral, 263.
Macomb, 36, 324, 333, 369, 371,
372, 491, 651.
Macomb, Alexander, 229, 669,
694. 837, 846, 859, 942.
Macomb, David, 35,978, 981.
Macomb, David I!., 198.
Macomb, I). R., 285.
Macomb, (ieneral, 103, 182, 271,
532. 534. 7"4. 880, 957.
Macomb, John, 35, 978, 981.
Macomb, John S., 225, 339,918.
Macomb, Sarah, 554, 859, 978,
980, 981.
Macomb, W., 7, 34, 35, 78, 94,
281, 669, 694, 767, 769, 848.
Macy, J. C, 357.
Madden, A. ()., 165, 755.
Madigan, P., 167, 935.
Madison, James, 28, 274, 287,
289, 291, 298, 314, 315, 490,
858, 942.
Madison, R., 258.
Madison, WiUiam S., 180.
Maentz, Henry, 576.
Miles, C. P., 547, 704.
Maflit, John N., 569.
Magnan, 18.
Magoun, President, 616.
Mahon, L., 756.
Mahoney, D., 202, 211.
Mahoney, T., 80, 145, 211,799,
935-
Mahoney, W. C, 130.
Maicbens, liernard, 19.
Maier, M,, 498.
Main, John, 904.
Maire, L. E., 733.
Maisonville, Ale.xis, 172, 238,
•-'55.
Majens, 'I'., 538.
Malette, 18.
Mallary, R. DeWitt, 615.
Mallory, N. C., 606.
Malone, T. H.. 901.
laloney,
laltz, E.,
Maliz, I'.., 935.
Maltz, G. L., 318.
Mandi'll, Addison, 38, 141, 175,
176, 197.
Mandlebaum. Antoinette, 937.
Mandlebauin, Mary E., 583.
Mandlebaum, S., 937, 938, 970.
Mann, F., 923. 940.
Mann, Horace, 675.
Manning, Randoljih, 92, 1S8,
K^I, 862.
Manning. Thomas, 145, 146.
Mansfield. S. M., 921.
Maples, William C, 131.
Marcliand, 535.
Marcband, J. I'.., 920.
Marclie, Dominique de la, 529,
535-
Marcus S., 628.
Marcv, Mary, 043.
Marcy, R. li., 708.
Mario, 354,
Marion, N'azaire, 166.
Marion, FVancis, 129.
Mark, John, 868.
Markham, F. P.. -.86. 494, 695.
Markey, Christian, 943.
Markey, M., kx), ioi.
Marquette, Father, 324, 477,
527. 943-
Marr, John, 499.
Marryalt, Frederick, 708, 920,
960.
Marsac, Francois, 980. 981.
Marsac, Jacques, 982.
Marsac, J. P., 979.
Marsac, Louise de, 333.
Marsac, Rene, 981.
Marsac, Robert, 980.
Marscbalk, Captain, 268.
Marsh. 494.
Marsh, Albert, 143, 144, 166,
202, 216.
Marsh, Alfred, 469.
Marsh, (ieorge P., 708.
Marsh, J. .\., 695.
Marsh, h.H., .Mrs., 665.
Marsh, ()., 717.
Marsh, Seih, 131.
Marshall, (). IL. 708.
Marston, Isaac. 9_j, 188, 943.
Martello, (i., 663.
Martin, 837.
Martin, Anderson, 181.
Martin, Ann (Naiuyl, Mrs. 657.
Martin, Clara IJarnes, Mrs., 329.
Martin, George, 101, 132, 187,
188.
Martin, George P., 142.
Martin, (^ieorge H., 486.
Martin, Hugh B., 979.
Martin, H. M., 718.
Martin, J., 757, 758.
Martin, Jacques, 313.
Martin, John, 100.
Martin, J. E., 360.
Martin, John F., 646.
Martin, J. J., 758.
1002
INDEX OF NAMES.
Miiru, M., 71, 162.
Mnriiin, J. Haimnil, 353.
205,
9".
839.
Martin, Stephen, 61, 101, 143,
144. igS, 6^5, 736, 943.
Martin, S, h., ,;ii4.
Martin, S. J., 166, iq8.
Martin, l'. 1'., 126, 13a,
Martin, T. \V., 844.
Martin, William, 9)4.
Martin, W. S., 904.
Martineaii, 232.
Martinean, Harriet, 481, 708,
Martiney, 355.
Mart/., 4()i).
Marvin, I'"., c!68.
Mnrx, Oi'or^i.', 132.
Marx, [olni, 144, 33s-
MarxliansiMi, An.n., 76, 688.
Marxlianscn, C, 680, 683.
Ma*)n, 71)4.
Mason, K. H., 5.)),
Mason, I'.ilwanl, 7o(.
Mason, (i(U)ri;(r I)., 471;,
Mason, Jolin, ())4-
Mason, .|ol'n 'l'., 8).
Mason, Josiali, 1) >.
Mason, L. M., 10 1, loi, 102,
218, 862, 867.
Mason, ()., 566.
Muson, Pasclial, 58
Mason, R., 132, 796.
Mh-sou, K. S., 871.
Mason, Steven^- 1'., 88, 8cj
91, 112, 113, 14 J, 299,
301, 302, 317, 359, 838,
958, 959, gf"-
Mass, I'2. '['., 212, 213.
Matclu;r, K. 1'., 21, 977.
Materna, I'Vaii, 1)76.
Mather, A. E., 164, 611.
Mather, A. 1'., i<x>.
Mather, H. N., 680.
Matthew, Kalliir, 569.
!\Iatthews, 234, 264.
iMatthews, Charles H., ni'i.
Matthews, l'".dward C. 86).
Matthews, [■,. R., 31S, 757, 788.
Matthews, John, 606, Oo3, 611.
Matthews, J. L., 799.
Matthews, R., 227.
Matthews, Salmon S., 176.
Matthews, Thomas, s'J.
Matthews, Thomas P., loi.
Mattoon, K. S., 355, 337.
Matzen, C, 167.
Manrepas, Count, 18, 332.
Manry, M. K., 70J.
Maxtield, T. R., 924.
Maxson, C. li., 167.
Maxwell, ■;32.
Maxwell, J. M., 485.
Maxwell, T., (J33.
Maxwell, William, 66g.
May, Charles K., 689.
May, Charles S., 92,683.
May, Dwiijht, 1)2.
May, K. W., 570.
May, James, 9, 89, 93, loi, iii,
13'^. 133. '49. I74i 17'''.
X90, 191, 198, 214, 224,
268, 272, 313, 315, 316,
341. 473. 48'. 490. 5<",
715, 729. 859, (/)8, 915,
928.
May, John, 211.
May, PanI, 211.
Maybury, Thomas, 585,
943-
Maybury, William C, 103,
, 733. 734.
Mayhew, hrancis, 143, 144.
Mayhew, Ira, 93, 704, 732.
Maynard, Aaron 1!., 176.
Afazarin, 83.
Mazurette, S., 357.
McAfee, Robert B., 287.
McArthur, A., 202, 210.
McArthur, Duncan, 224, 227,
274, 275, 276, 277, 278, 283,
28s, 286, 287, 291, 293, 296,
297. 879, 955.
McBeath, GeorRe, 837.
Mclieath, John, 250.255.
McBratney, Robert, 683.
179.
262,
3>7.
''44.
9-7.
799,
141,
Ml r.ride, J., 164, 165.
Mcliryil, lietly, Mrs., 184.
McCal)!-, t'. C, 637.
McCabe, J. I', li., C97, 937,947.
McCain, 11., 499.
McCall, .M. C, 484.
McCann, W, 1>., 920.
McCarroll, J,, 587.
McCarthy, Justin, 70J.
McCarthy, ]'., 757.
McCarthy, T., 58, .98, 211, 212.
McCarty, Kilward, 97,3.
McCarly, J. II., 567, 704.
McCarty, William, 534, 559,
562.
McCaul, J. C, 844.
McCauley, Richard, 360.
McChesncy, M. II., 357,
McChcsncy, Kohcrt, 787.
McClean, Captain, 272.
McClellan, (Jcoriie I!., 943,
JMcClelland, Robert, 91, 92, 102,
103, 106, 851.
McCloskey, James, 29, 89, 95,
98, 103, 123, 135, 859.
McClure, 3(».
McClure, H., 839.
McCoini), see Macomb.
McConncU, C. S.. 670.
McCook, Henry C:., 002.
McCook, John J., 586.
McCool, l>., 90^.
McCorkle, W. A., 596, 598.
McCormick, 1)., 496.
McCormick, P., 162.
McCormick, Lieutenant, 234.
McCosh, James, ycx).
McCciskry, S. A., 310, 581, 582,
592, 657, 704.
McCoskry, Wm., 50, 272, 313,
3! 5, 5"2.
McCrackcn, H, A., 602.
Mi:Crackii\, S. li., 196, 19S, 677,
078, 704, 737.
McCrae, '1'., 133, 149, 209.
McCreary, I,. A., 4S3.
M,:Crcery, William li., 92.
.Mi^t'niloch, Hu,i<h, 339.
McCullouKh, 586.
M<:Cuni', James N. M,, 943.
McCurdy, John, 164.
McDiTmott, John, loi, 31S.
.McD.-rmott, O., 79S.
.McDonald, 249, 695.
McDonald, li., 210,797.
Mcl)i>nald, Daniel, 721.
McDonald, D. J., 691, 692.
McDonald, E., 71, 143, 674.
McDonald, I''., 71, 795. 934, 935'
McDonald, James, 344.
McDonald, J. C, 648.
McDonald, John, 286, 721.
McDonald, 1'., 795.
McDonald, R., 484, 485, 654,
McDonald, William A., 647.
McDonnell, John, 88, 90, 98,
142, 190, 192, 1^3, 277, 281,
,,,300, 491, 672, 770, 785.
McDonnough, Wdliam, 720.
McDouxall, 191, 236, 238, 715.
McDoii>jall, Ceorgc, 77, 89, 94,
135, X40, l8n, 189, 190, 198,
2(X), 273, 274, 284, 2S3, 288,
313, 3'6, 317, 502, 770, 943.
McDoii>,'all, John Robert, 977.,
McDowd, F. 1!., 691.
McDowell," K,, 613.
^Icl)owell, I'clcr, 212.
McKldowncy, J., 571, 380.
McElroy, Hunh, 599.
McKntee, T. AI., 141, 311.
McKarlanc, .Alexander, 900.
McFarlani', James, loi, 131.
McFarlane, J. N., 707.
McKarlane, William A., 131.
McKarren, A., 641,642,676, 695.
Mcdce, K., 591.
Mct^ill, James, 978, 980, 982.
Mcliinnis, P., loi, 144, 202, 673,
,79' 1. 943 • „ ,
Mcdinnity, Robert, 144.
McGoneifal, James, loi, 144,
308.
McGowan, Thomas, 935.
McGrath, J., 799.
Mc(;rath, J. R., 757, 758.
Mct.r.uh, I., 757, 758.
.Mc(<raw, A. C, 492, 658, 713,
,731. 772, 785, 9«';,
iMc( iraw, Kdwaril M., 71, 673.
McGraw, M., 318.
MctJraw, Thco., 162.
McGraw, Theodore A., 51, 59,
678, 690, 733.
MctJraw, Thomas, 713, 827,868,
870, 875, 943.
Mctjrcjjor, 249, 325, 499.
Met IrcRor, ( ire>;or, 20(j, 837, 980.
McGnxor, James, 804.
Mc(;rc).;<ir, John, 138, 654.
Mctiuirc, J., 51, 793.
McHcnry, James, 24, 267,269,
270, 887.
RrcHuKli, T. J., 212.
Mcllugh, 1>., 934, 935.
^^cHutehl■on, \\m., 934.
Mcllvaine, Itishop, 391,392,939.
Mcintosh, Anijus, 490, 577,767.
.Mcintosh, I. S., 228.
Mcintosh, William, 86.
Mcintosh, General, 249, 252,
23s.
Mcl.-or, J. K., 792.
McKay, 300.
McKee, Alexander, 243, 262,
263, 265, 266, 281.
McRcnncy, 369.
McKenzie, 492.
McKcnzie, Alexander Slidcll,
287.
Mckenzie, Geor>;e, 693.
McKenzie, lames, 212.
McKihhin, k. P., 228.
M. Kinney, J., 713.
MiKinney, John, 92.
McKinncy, Jac<,b, 210.
.McKinney, Thomas I,., 707.
-McKinstry, 16, 113, 887.
McKinstry, D. C 59, 90, 9S,
102, 142, 163, iCm, 351, 474,
502, 513, 645, 672, 770, 799,
916, 933.
McKnistry, J. P., 920.
.McKinstry, (). P., 943.
McKni>;ht, Sheldon, loi, 674,
685, 692. 8S3.
Mcl.ane, David, 795.
Ml Laren, W. K., 592, 600.
McLaughlin, II., 717.
McLaughlin, John, 936.
McLaughlin, M., 165.
McLean, A., 634,
McLean, .Arch., 937,943.
McLean, David, 210, 281.
McLean, Donald, 709.
McLean, I)., 934.
McLean, Jolin, 175,
McLcllan, 858.
McLennan, A., 872.
McLellan, John, 596.
McLeod, A. 1„ 196.
McLeod, Duncan. 59, 734.
McLeotI, James, 602.
^IcLeod, Niirman, 837.
McLogan, P., 196.
McLouth, William W., 696.,
.Mc.Manus, George, 1C17.
.Mc.Michael, J., 210, 211.
McMillan, 93, 283.
M.-.Millan, Mrs., 481.
McMillan, Archv, 285.
McMillan, ('.., 638, 776.
McMillan, Hugh, 340, 360, 600,
804, 806, 823, 871, 905.
McMillan, James, 76, 360, 362,
508, 6<x), 804, 8^6, 865, 867
883, 905, 943.
McMillan, J., 161, 162, 933,934.
McMillan, Jesse, 492,
McMillan, John W., 40.
McMillan, Mary, 594.
McMillan, Robert, 50, 523, 657,
863.
McMillan, Thomas T., 654.
McMillan, William, 102.
McNallv, r. H.. 228.
McNaih, .\., m, 198.
McXcall. William, 767,
McN'iff, Peter, 37, iii, 174, 191,
198.
McNiff, Robert, 490.
McNoah, P. .M., 756.
Mcl'harlin, !•:. J., 647.
Ml Kcyuokls, A, 'T., ino, 143,
176, 191, iMo, 303, 317, 740,
733, 851, 887.
McKcynolds, John, 492.
McRcynolds, J., '43-
Mc'Tavish, 980.
Klc'Tavish, Sinuin, 837.
McVey, Henry, 313.
McVey, William, 285.
McVicar, John, 689.
!\IeVittie, A., 911.
I\I( Williams, 614, 837.
MeWilliaius, P. H., 479.
Mead, J. NL. i3t^ 143.
Meade, George G., 918, 919.
MiagluT, 964.
Mi'ans, James, 597.
Meanv, T'.. J., 717.
Medlmry, L. R., Mrs, 387, 591.
Mcdhurv, S., '^Sy, 866, 943.
Meddaugh, K. W., 91, 188, 360,
757-
Mcdill, Samuel, 130.
Meek, J., 378.
Meier, l''clix, 362.
Meigs, General, 15.
Meigs, M., 732.
Meigs, M. t:., 339.
Meigs, Return Jonathan, 178,
265, 274, 275, 282.
^leir, Henry, 620.
:\Ielchers, G. J., 361.
.MeldriMU, (ieorge, 21, 133,314,
942, 977, 980, 981.
Meldrum, Janus, 285.
Mi-ldrurn, John, 98, 130, 165,
202, 283, 313, 767, 770, 793.
Meldrum, John T., 144, 196,
757-
.Meldrum, W illiam, 209,210,285.
Milick, J. ()., 198.
Mcliizer, Charles, 575,
Mellen, W. K. G., 627.
.Mellon, Charles, 228.
.Melius, Christian, 144, 145, 495.
.Melius, P., 495.
Meloche, -M., 237,
.Midoehe, Pierre, 20.
Meinhrt', Xenobe, 907.
Menard, 527.
.MeEiaril, Joseph, 149, 313.
M<nneville, Marquis Duipiesne
lie, 83, 327. .
Menzics, William, 50.
Mercer, L. P., 626, 704.
Merceron, V. T'., 203.
Mercerson, Prof., 335.
Mercier, Jean, 535.
Merdian, H.. i.)6.
Meredith, W. N., 734.
Merrell, Charles, 132.
Merrell, Harvey, 126.
Merrick, K. G., 787, 866.
Merrick, J. M., 943.
Merrill, Bishop, 709.
Merrill, Alouzo, 142, 595.
Merrill, B. W., 793.
.Merrill, II. A., 373, 574, 579.
Merrill, Joseph C., 132.
Merrill, Robert, 132.
Merrill, William, 739.
Merritt, Adna, 202, 210, 795.
Merritt, W. Hamiltim, 903.
Merwin, W. R., 704.
Meserve, Lincoln R., 205.
Messmore, 943.
Mctc.alf, 469.
Metealf, Richard, 626.
Mette, Felix, 982.
Mettez, Theophihis, 501, 669,
694, 795.
Metz, Henry, 677.
Metz, T. C, 758.
Metzgar, (1. A., 355.
Meyer, A., 376.
Meyer, Charles, 165.
Michael thi' Archangel, Sister,
663.
Michael, f) , 163.
Michels, J.. 808. 809,
Middlebriiok, Fdward F,., 820.
Mieje, 539.
INDEX OF NAMES.
1003
Robert, 490.
1". M., 756.
n, K. J., 647.
jkis, A. '1-, tm, 143,
,1, '-10, 303, 317, 74".
,:, 887.
,l(ls, lohn, 492.
■Ids, J., 143-
li, 980.
,li, Siiniiii, 837.
Hiiiry, 313.
Williiiiu, 285.
, lulin, 689.
•, "A., 911.
;ims, 614, 837.
ams, r. H., 479-
. M.. 13". '43-
(IriiiKi- G., 958,919.
r, 1/14-
l^nus, 597.
"i:. J., 7'7-
y, 1.. R., Mrs, 587. 59'-
V, S., '^a;, 8W>, 943-
igh, K. \V., 9'. ^^^< 3°°<
Samiifl, 130.
(•.,.578-
l''ilix, 3f>2.
Ciiural, 15.
M., 73-'-
M. (.'., 339- ,
Kiuun Jdnutlian, 178,
.74- 275- '^^■
Icnrv, f'2o.
rs, <;. J., 3f'>-
iiu, Cii-iirK'', 21, I33t 3'4i
^77, 980, 981.
iin, liimcs, 285.
Mil," |olin, 98, 130, i()5.
-•8s, 313, 7f'7- 7/"' 795-
mi, Jclin T., 144. '0"<
Mil, William, 209, 210, 285.
, J. ()., 198.
, r, Chailfs, 575,
I, W. K. (1., 627.
1, Cliarlis, 228.
;, Cliristian, 144, 145, 495-
f, 1'.. 495-
lie, M., 237.
Ill-, I'iirrc, 20.
re, Zcimlx', 9n7-
■il, 5-^7- ,
(1, Josi'pll, 1491 313-
ilk;, Marquis Duciucsne
83. 3=7-
;, William, 50.
L. I'.. ('2(', 7"4.
■roil, V. 1''., 203.
rson. Prof., 355.
•r, Jean, 535-
ail, H.. i.)6.
liili, \V. N., 734-
■11, Cliarlus, 132.
•II, Harvey, 126.
k, K. '•■■. 787. 866.
;k, I. M., 943-
.1, r.isliop, 709.
11, Alimzo. 142, 595.
11, n. W., 793-
,11. A., 573. 574. 579.
, Ii)sc|)li C, 13'^'
.., Robi-rt, 132.
11, William, 739-
;tt, Adna, 202, 210, 795-
itt, W. Hamilton, 903.
fin, W. K., 7"4-
rve, Lincoln K., 205.
more, <)43.
alf, 4'i9-
alf. Kiihartl, 626.
e, I'uli.v, 982.
z, ThoophiUis, 501, 669,
■ 795-
Henry, 677.
1'. C, 758.
V'ar, C;. A., 355-
■r. A., S7*'-
r, Charles, 165.
ael th.' Archangel, Sister,
ael, D , 165-
,els. J., 808. 809.
llilin.ok, Kdward F,., 820.
!>-■, 53')-
MiijiiaiiU, J. 15. K., 646.
Milhiini, J., 709.
.Miles, Ui'or^e, 18/.
Millar, M. J. K., Mrs., 662, 665,
('7<).
Millar, O. P.. 624.
Millard, (JeorKe, 486.
Mill.ird, W. K., 679.
Miller, 227, 276.
Miller, Allien, ,56.
.Miller, Ch.irles, :.;,r2, 6^y.
Miller, C ('., 51.
.Miller, Charles H., 892.
Miller, (leorjre, 125, 143, 144,
202, 210, 4()2, 41)'), 826.
Miller, H., 144, («)(, 617.
Miller, H. '1'., 598,903.
Miller, I. N., 920.
Miller, Isaac S., 826.
.Miller, James, 274, 276, 277, 278,
291, 297.
Miller, J. 1-., 941.
Miller, James M., 161, 670,671,
694.
Miller, Joseph, Jr., 176.
.Miller, Lydia, 656.
Miller, I,. M., 822.
.Miller, (). W., 103, 135, 167.
.Miller, Robert, 162.
Miller, Sidney 1),, 33, 176, 205,
^57. 7<'. 733> 757, 818, 865.
Miller, '!'. C, 63.^, 683, 826.
Miller, Thomas K., 677.
Miller, William, 244, 576.
Millette, P. C, 717.
Milli»,'an, I'Vank, <)o^.
Milligan, (leorni- .McBeth, 597.
Alills, C. H., 758.
Mills, M. I!., S16, 827.
Mills, M. I., 76, 140, 162, 310,
827, 866, 867.
Millspaiigh, Hiram, loi.
Mihvard, Henry, 318.
Minard, C. A., 798.
.Mineliener, C>eorj;<' H., 657, 780.
Minckler, I'. R., 8oi).
Miner, John, 196.
.Miner, J. L., 942, 943.
Miner, Louis, 942.
Miruiis, Adam, 100.
Miniiock, K., 107,
Minor, J. L., 4B3.
Minty, R. H. (1., 307.
Mitchell, 497, 717, 957, 964.
Mitchell, !•■,. A NIr.s., 943.
Mitchell, K. C, 625.
Mitchell, J. I., .^o, 145.
Mitchell, Joseph, 555.
Mitchell, Sfiehol, 654, 870, 936.
Mitclu'll, S. L., 956.
Mitchell, William, 554.
Mitchem, J., 577.
Mitchie, .-Mi'xander, 125.
Mizner, Henry R., 176.
Mizner, Lansing; H., 191.
Mizuer, L'lrenzo 1!., 38.
Modjeska, ^^S, 974.
Moebs, (reor.i^e, 934.
Moffat, Hiij^h, 75, 140, 468, 496,
52>, 654, 794, 843, 930, 972.
Mohi.i;an, 2^5.
Moir, Melville, 718.
Moliere, T., 172.
Moll, K L , 61Q.
MoUoy, F'.dwarcf, 318.
Moloney, I). K., 212.
Moloney, J. H., 197.
Moloney, W. K., 137, 146.
Mome, 330.
Monaijhan, J., 54, 145, 146,757.
Monajfhan, J. W., 647, 6.(9.
iMonaijhan, William, 934.
Mondery, H , 934.
Monds, J., 355.
Monette, .Michael, 189, 210.
Monforton, G., 172, 174.
Monier, 18.
Monk, 173.
Mononciis, 564.
Monroe, James, 103, 287, 935, 942
Monroe, W. ('., 590, 607, 750.
Montcalm, Marquis de, 943.
Monleith, John, 556, 557, 558,
602, 631, 633, 641, 728, 729,
730. 955-
Monl.k!olfier, 546.
Montijoiiu'ry, A., 482.
Monti.;i)miry, I). I,., 228.
Morit_i.,'(Hiiery, Geor,v((; W. , 647.
iMoiitijomery, Rieli.ird, 943.
MorUKciinery, W. R., 758.
Monti;omery, W. S., 166.
Montma^fiiy, 83.
Montmoreuci, Admiral, 83.
Moutmorenei, Krancis de Lav.al
de, 544,
Moutuur, Captain, 234.
Montour, lleniy, 2.10.
Mi)iilpasaiil, Caplaiu, 17.!, 327.
Monts, .\1, (le, «3.
Moody, I). L., 6(K), 6j7, 969.
Moody, I'.. I!., 640.
Moon, 16, 491.
Moon, Matthew, 910.
Mciun, William, 795,
Muore, 11. li., 71, 143, 493.
Moore, Charli's, 680, 692.
Moore, C. W., 131.
Moore, I). I). '1'., 674.
Moore, 1''., 492, 781, 785, 864,
867.
Moore, Georjfc F., 362.
Moore, George H., 470.
Moore, George W., 101, 811.
Moore, James, 780.
Moore, John, 483,486.
Moore, Joseph 15., 54, 145, 5.(9,
646, 943.
Moore, Jo.shua, 558, 796.
Moore, J. A., 904.
^Ioore, J. N., 757.
Moore, J. W., 756,917.
Moore, William, 164, 493.
Moore, William A., 76, 205, 311,
360, 362, 711, 733, 752, 753,
756, 757, 868, 869.
Moore, W. 'I'., 624.
Moore, Foote & Co., 477.
Moorman, A. P., loi, 756, 757.
Moors, It. C, 61.
Moors, Jeremiah, 143, 163, 165,
342, 712, 713, 735.
Moran, 20, 300, 739.
Moran, C'harles, 26, 90, 100, 123,
130, 142, 143, 150, 164, 174,
192, 194, 198, 214, 285, 731,
„933. 943. 977-
Moran, Charles, 98.
Moran, George, 58, 101, 130,
'32'
Moran, J. V., 218, 340.
Moran, L., 130, 179, 285, 977.
Moran, Maurice, 977, 979.
Moran, M., 173.
Moran. W. I!., 76, 162, 165, 549,
661, 733, 816, 868.
Moras, 233.
Moras, .■Vntoine, 21, 981,.
Moras, Antoine, Widow of, 978.
Morass, Victor, 284.
Morell, George, 186, 187, 194,
,,359-
Morell, George W., 176.
Morcy, 301.
Morey, Peter, 92, 731.
Morcy, Plait I',., 555.
Morgan, C. W., 493.
Morgan, George, 256.
Morgan, Harrison, 569.
Morgan, John, 132.
Morgan, 1'. I'., 593.
M.irgan, W. J.. 895.
Morhous, ,)97.
Morhoiis, George, 752.
Morin, Louis, 082.
Morley, Frederick, 38, 683, 684,
695-
Mornay, Ijouis Francis Duples-
sis, 546.
Moross, 496.
Moross, Christopher, 721.
Moross, Ignaee, 373.
Morrell, F., 868.
Morris, 2.(0, 492, 888.
Morris, t leorge S., 704).
Morris, Jefferson, 89.
^^orris, Lewis, 248.
Morris, Robert, jaq.
Morris, Rowhy, 73S.
Morris, Thomas, 704.
Morrison, 183.
.Morrison, .Alexander, 684.
Morrison, Thomas, 100, 101.
Morrow, II. A., 137, 195, 196,
3"6, .307. 308, 3". 785. 967.
968.
Morse iV Urother, 33.
Morse, C, 695, 903.
Morse, C. R., 355.
.Morse, Klbridge, 851.
.Morse, l''.lilin, 90.
Morse, \\. S., 798.
Morsi', J., 707.
Morse, L. I,., 685, 695.
Morse, R. S., 707.
Morse, S. 1!., 143, 144, 155, 363,
883, 943, 944.
.Morton, l'".iirotas, ii-xi.
Morton, J. I)., 71, 718, 943.
Morton, J. J., 589.
Morton, Maria Wesson, .Mrs.,
943-
Morton, W. D., 862, 867, 872.
Moscowitz, I!., 629.
Moselv, George, 638.
Moss,'H. ().,'865, 866.
Motbersill, P., 758.
Mott, John l'., 943.
Mott, Linus, 50, 649.
Mott, Mary, 943.
Mountfort, I., 228.
M(uitard, C", 536.
Moynaghan, J., 166.
Mrak, l.gnatins, 547.
Mueller, J. 1!., 600.
Mueller, J. F., 578.
Muelh'r, George, 709.
Muer, J., 798.
Miiir, .-Vdani, 183, 184.
Mnir, lames IL, 604, 633, 639.
Muir, W. K., 646,818,865,895.
Mnlheron. J. J., 647, 678, 690.
Mullane, D., 755.
Mullanev, R., 646, 757.
Mullen, Margaret C, 656.
Mulhat, John, 22, 33, 36, 59,
78, 126, 142, 164, 665, 713,
905, 935. 938. 942, 979. 9So.
Mnlh'tt, Catharine, 938.
^Lllligan, Colonel, 305, 967.
Miilry, John, 166, 757.
Miimford, 497, 832.
Mumford, H. P., 161, 778, 832.
Mumford, S. R., 360, 362, 870.
Mumford, T. J., 626.
^Llndy, F.dward, 92, 187.
^Llnger, Daniel, 140, 686, 704.
Munger, William, 100, lor.
Munr(», Robert, 490, 502.
Mtinroe, J. F., 28, 29, 33.
Miinson, James I)., 51, 734.
iMurphy, '"rancis, 132, 844, 973.
Murphy, M. J. & Co., 832.
Miirpbv, S. J., 57, 360, O27,
868, 870. ^
Mnrphy, Timothy, 563.
Murphy, William, 981.
Murray, A., 920.
Murray, -V. J., 519.
Murray, A. J., .Nirs., 842.
Murray, A. V,, 58, 90, 100, loi,
131, '851.
Murray, Daniel, 58.
Murray, James, 84.
Murray, John, 484.
Murray, J. F.., 212.
Murray, Rufus, 584.
fttiirtagh, W., 68t.
Musclie, 496.
Myler, W. H., 205.
N"
Nachtrieb, George, 575.
N.igle, J., 1.16, 538.
N.iglee, H. .\., 492.
Nail, C. J.. 705. 943-
Nail, James, 705.
Nantay, J. lite., 210.
Natus, John, 744.
Navarre, 238, 371.
Navarre, Catharine, 859.
Navarre, Francis, 190, 191, iq8,
3'3-
Navarre, Isidore, 313, 350.
Navarre, Jaecpics W., 313.
Navarre, Jean, 333.
Navarre, NIariana, 550.
Navarre, I'., 210, 314.
Navarre, Robert, 20,21, 35, 172,
'98, 333, 977-
Nay, S. Mrs., 665.
Nay, W. K., 624.
Neale, Leonard, 546.
Neale, Selak, 198.
Ne.ar, J. L. , i(x>, 130.
Neasmilh, James Si., 93.
Neff, Cady, 101.
Neill, lli-nry, 597, 599, 638.
Nellis, 6,,o.
Nelson, 41)2.
Nelson, jonalhan, 982.
Ni-sbit, W. J., 318.
Nenscbafer, J., 798.
Nevin, Frank, 656, 827.
Nt;wberry, II. , 142, 164, 645.
Newberry, H. U., 138,804.
Newberry, H. W., 523.
Newbirry, John S., 103, 360,
61H1, 704, 757, 804, 867, 1)43.
Newberry, John S, , Mrs., 664.
Newberry, ( ). , 142, 477, 493, 770,
896, t)(K), 958.
Newberry, S;imuel, 731.
Newberry, W. L., 81, 142, 712,
716.
Newby, A. J., 744.
Neweomb, C". .A., 360, 362, 778.
Newell, 357.
Newell, John, 901.
Newell, Nliiior S.. 93.
Newball, C \\'., 917.
Newland, lleiirv, 646.
Newland, 11. V., 711, 7S5,, 884.
Newman, 496.
Newman, !•'. N., 677, 679.
Newman, J. P., 708.
Newman, L I'.., 640.
Newton, Rielijud, 709
Newton, R. Heber, 976
Newton. Williiim, 210.
Neyon, M., 240.
Niehol, Robert, 21c.
Nichols, 717.
Nichols, Jiihii I-'.. 744, 746,752.
NieholsoM \' I'.mery. 4S6.
IS'ieholson, J., 162, 218, 758
Nieolao, Joseph, 355.
Niefjlay, 104.
NieholT, Ji>hn, '21.
Niemever. G., 603.
Niepot'li, F. C, 80, 798.
Niles, George, 144, 486.
Nilsson. Christine, 3^4,976.
Ninde, W. X., 567, 572.
No.-ih, F. A., 101, 196.
N'lble, 705.
Noble, Charles, 37, mi, 131,
873-
Noble, Ch.-irles \\ ., 943.
Noble, I'Mizabelh, 594.
Noblc!, F. W., 935.
Noble, Israel, 58, 202, 559, 56^,
563. 564. 795. 798.
Noble, JohnC., 892.
Nolan, F.dward, 2it, 212.
Nolan, Luke, 954.
Nolan, Miih.i. I, 798.
Nolan, P. W., 318.
Nolin, Gregory, 934.
Nonviile, ^L de, 221.
Noonan, D. F., 799.
Noonan, John, 934, 935.
Normandin, J., 80,
Norris, John, 935.
Norris, J. I., 163.
Norris, "M.ark, 896.
Norris, I'. W., 4.
Northrop, 494.
Northrop, D. 15., loi.
Northrnp, J., 798, 799.
Norton, 1'.. K., 792.
Norton, Miss Helen, 200.
Norton, John, 143.
Norton, John, Jr., 849, 863.
Norton, John I'... 71.
Nor\'ell, Dallas, 130.
Norvell, Freeman, 752,753,758.
Norvell, John, 88, too, 102, 176,
177, 187, 746, 880, 883.
I004
INDF.X OF NAMES.
Nowlaiul, H. R., 40, 58, ii;o.
Nowliiiul, MosL's K., 101, 131.
Noiirse, Thorndikc, 360, 6y5,
779-
Nijyaii, Pierre Poycn dc, 227.
Noycllr, Charles Joseph, Sieur
di', 227.
Noyer, Joseph, 198,
Noyes, Abrain, 934.
N')yes, Alexander li., 226.
Noyes, liethiiel, loi.
Noyes, Kdwin, goi.
Noyes, H. A., 90, 1^0, 136, 198,
851.
Noyes, James F., 51.
Noyes, S. K,,Mrs., 655.
Noyes, Thomas J., 22'>.
Noyes, W. R., 71, 143, 164, 943.
Nufer, N., 575.
Oalces, William, Mrs., 661,
Oakley, Henry A., 944.
Oakley, J. J., 50.
Oakley, 1 hoinas, 513.
Oaks, Patriek, 934.
Oaks, Peter, 58.
O' Heinle, Hii.nh, iCifi, 198, 648,
,795-
O Itrieii, 262.
0'P.rieii, Dt'iinis, 717.
O'lirien, K., 690.
O'lirien, James, 705.
(Vlirien, M. W., 549, 868, 875.
O'lirien, Wm. Sinilh, 964, gort.
0|Calla>,'han, \V., 317, 498, 755.
0'Cavana){h, liernard, 537.
Ochs, J., 211.
Ockfortl, C, 210.
Oi:ol)ock, H. N., loi.
O'Connell, J., 211, 212, 756,
798.
O Connor, Daniel, 721.
0'C'>niior, J., 496
O'Connor, iMinnie, Miss, 744.
O'Connors, John, 687.
Odin, John M., 547.
O' Donovan, M., 539, 541.
O'Klynn, C, 31, loi, 141, 190,
199 f)77, 883.
O Klynn, C. J., 54, 549.
Oeden, Lieutenant, 234.
O'clrady, li., 497, 78S.
O'Hara, Daniel, 676.
G'Hare, 269.
Ohlert, Peter, 799.
O'Keefe, A., 145, 799.
O'Keefe, lUlen, 651.
O'Keefe, (jeorjje A., 100, 142,
190, 198.
O'Keefe, J., 318.
Olds, C. C., 569, 63S.
Olewine, (leorKe W., 144, 14^;.
Olin. R. C, 51.
Oliver, Matthew, 61.
Oliver, Robert, 94.
Olmstcad, Krederick Law, 76.
Olney, Edward, 70^;
O'Neil, 679,
O'Neil, Charles, 166, 167.
O'Neil, James, 758.
O'Neil, Thomas, 167.
Ord, Kdward O. C, 250, 969.
O'Reilly, H., 146.
O'Reilly, Henry, 884.
Orleans, Duke of, 83.
Ormsby, 345.
O Rourke, Sister, 725.
Orr, K., 164.
Orth, .\dani, 166.
Orth, Rudolph, 935,
Osborn, G. W., 523, 757, 916.
Osborne, N., 475.
Osmun, 0. R., 68g.
Olis, Amos, 126.
Otis, A. H., 88, loi, 125, 131.
Otis, Charles R. , 869, 944.
Otis, K. S., 228, 229.
Otis, N. P., 869, 943.
Oule, John Marie, 183.
Oulette, loseph A., 678.
Owen, Alfred, 608.
Owen, F. n., 705.
Owen, F. \V., 649, 734,
Owen, G. \V., i(->7.
Owen, John, 56, 71, 92, 142,
MJ. 225. 305. 3'"> 3". sod,
520, i2i, s(i5, 566, 567, 641,
C'Sa. 718, 73'. 733> 73^ 738,
739. 74". 785, 839, 8(10, 862,
863, 911, 936.
Owen, Jolin, Mrs., 310, 312.
Owen, Alary, 594.
Owen, ( ). W., 6<)(), 733.
Owen, T. J., 164, 648, 929.
Owen, W. A,, 145, 146, 758.
Packard, C. C, 691.
I'addoek, li. 11., 583, 592, 639.
Pajje, Amos, 638.
Pase, C. R., 80.
Pa^e, David, 896.
Pa^e, (ieorjL^e A., 212.
Page, L. L., .Mrs., 662.
Page, William, 505.
Paige, D. O., 810.
Paine, R. W., 491.
Paldi, A., 318.
J'allister, Thomas, 944,
Palmer, 504.
I'almer, A. B., 50, 676, 709.
Palmer, Charlotte, 939.
Palmer, C. 1!., 338.
Palmer, Krvin, 176, 197, 757.
Palmer, Friend, 695.
Palmer, F. 'T., 770.
Palmer, Jane, 504.
I'almer, Jane \., 736.
Palmer, John, 40, iji, 142, 143,
164, 376, 481, 492, 738, 739,
770, 864, 874, 887.
Palmer, J., 770.
Valmer, John, Mrs., 310.
Palmer, John li., 711, 756, 787.
Palmer, Julia, 942.
Palmer, J. J., 111.
Palmer, Mary W ., 572,651, 652,
940, 942
Palmer, Mason, 164, 645, 755.
Palmer, Mason, Mrs., 652.
Palmer, Thomas, 135, 142, 163,
iCm. 215, 359, 457, 474, 491,
558. 7 "6, 770. 849, 934, 939,
947, 944.
Palmer, T. W., 100, 102, 161,
312, 339, 360, 361, 362, 572,
868, 869, 944, 975.
Palmieri, P., 663.
Palms, Kranii'i, 218, 360, 362,
816, 868, a-
Palms, F. 1'.. .8.
Panlonski, Leopold, 540.
Pannel, Henry, 935.
Papineau, Seth L., 563.
Papineau, S. L., Airs., 65Q.
Parcher, W. K., 827.
Pardee, R. G., 708.
Pardington, R. S., 57, 572.
Parent, 766.
Parent, Joseph, 9, 887.
Park, 767, 980, 981.
Park, Andrew, 715.
Park, Benjamin, 87.
Parke, H. C, 657, 820, 821, 823,
868.
Parker, 695, 855, 858.
Parker, A. S., 733.
Parker, liernard, 313.
Parker Charles M, 691, 692.
Parker, John, 911.
Parker, Joseph, 614.
Parker, 'T. A., 535, 944.
Parker, W., 493,657.
Parkinson, J., 58, 167.
Parkinson, Wm., 165, 166, 167,
Parkman, Francis, 708.
Parks, Beaumont, 551.
Parks, Olive, 552.
Parmelee, J. B., 626.
Parodi, Theresa, 354, 521, 963.
Parshall, J., 487.
Parsons, 357.
Parsons, Alanson, 58.
Parsons, Andrew, 92.
Parsons, Philo, 57, 145, 360, 711,
733. 7P2, 811, 866, 867, 872,
944. 968.
Parsons, S. H., 86, 178.
Parton, James, 708.
Parton, James, Airs. (Fanny
Fern), 706, 708.
Partrid.ge, Asa, 210, 795, 798.
Partridge, Benjamin 1'., 93.
Partridge, G. W., 701.
Patchin, Jared, i.'6, 194, 210.
Patenode, Nicholas, Sr., 980.
Paton, .Alexander, 798.
P: u, Wm., 165, 756, 944.
P.- I rick, 483
Patrick, J.' A., 648.
Pattee, Mias, 564.
Patten, 695.
Pattengil, O. R., loi.
Pattengill, G. R.. 872.
Patterson, Florence, 940.
Patterson, George A., 940.
Patterson, lames, 281.
Patterson, I'hilo M., 718.
Patterson, William, 740, 755.
Patti, .Adelina, 354, 966.
Patti, Amalie, 963.
Patti, Carhitta, 354, 975.
Pattis(ui, Miss, 715.
Pattison, G. W., 203, 676,077,
683, 686, 696, 705.
Fatten, John, 123, 140, 143, 198,
209, 217, 513, 523, 603.
Palton, J. 'T., 875.
Paul, Col., 283.
Paulin, L. J., 675.
Paull, 648.
Paull, G., 143, 164, 645, 795.
Paulus, Augustus, 166.
Pa.xton, Captain, 842.
Payee, 532.
Payet, S., 535.
Payn, Colonel, 302.
Payne (or Peyn), 715.
Payne, Chauncey S., 712.
Payne, Douglas, 778.
Pavne, D. A., 976.
Payne, M. M., 228.
Pcale, 360.
Pcan, Hugues Jacques, 227,
=33-
Pearce, W. H., 571.
Pearl, J. K., 718.
Pearl, P. D., 101.
Peavey, Frank, 705, 758.
Pechagut, Jean, 326.
Peck, George, 360, 870.
Peck, George W., 92.
Peck, J. 'T., 579, 709.
Peck, W. G., 70().
Peine, A., 80, 935.
Pelfresne, Hyacinthe, 535,
Pelgrim, 497.
Pelham, B., 6gt.
Pelham, R., 691.
Pelouze, L. H., 944.
Peltier, Baptiste, 210, 501.
Peltier, Charles, 126, 162, 19S,
648. 755, 977-
Peltier, Jacques, 9.
Peltier, James, 133, 778
Peltier, John, 194.
Peltier, Phillis, 21, 977.
Penfield, W., 798.
Penfield, W. S., 523.
Penninian, K. J., 130, 872.
Penniman, G. H., 197.
Penniman, J. A., 626.
Penny, C. W., 710, 711, 839.
Penny, J. '1'., 167, 645.
Penny, O. W., 486.
Pentecost, George F., 643, 974.
Peoples, Hugh S., 482, 975.
Pepm, Bazile, 979.
Pequise, Francois, 149.
Perkins, 224.
Perkins, A. D., 922.
Perkins, Mary Baldwin, 944.
Perkins, Paul ]'., 705.
Perkins, William, Jr., 484, 870.
Perrault. 546.
Perrez, Charles, 640.
Perrine, William H., 571.
Perry, G. ('., 287.
Perry, H. I',., 194, 934.
Perry, J. J., 571.
Perry, Oliver Hazard, 8, 283,
287, i;o8, 938, 955.
Peter the Great, 3.
Peters, Francis l{., 537.
I'et-rs, t;. K.., 585, 588, 589,591-
Peters, \V. G., 496.
Peterson, J. <!., 38, mi.
I'eto, Samuel Ntorlon, 708.
I'etit, Theodocia C, 594.
P.lit, \V. W., i.)o, 191, 198, 559.
I'ettie, John, 654.
Petty, C. J., 892.
Pettv, D., 58, 481.
Petty & Hawley, 481.
Petz, A., 54.
Petz, 1' rancis, 54.
Pfeiffer, Nicholas, 646.
Phelan, Michael, 352.
Ph< Ips, F. B., 137, 144, 217, 308.
Phelps, Ralph, 900.
Phelps, Ralph, Jr., 138.
Phelps, S., 638.
Phelps, William, 57, loi, 144,
145, 492, 496, 569, 641, 739.
Philbrick, H. H., 355, 744.
Phillips, 494, 498. 695.
Philli|)s, John, -jri.
Phillips, Philip, 354.
Phillips, P. M., 144.
Phillips, Wendell, 709.
Phyn iV F.llice, 344.
Piatt, John H.,'859.
Picard, 766.
Pickering, 321.
Pickering, John, 695.
Pickering, Timothy, 265.
Pierce, .Ansel B., 131.
Pierce, A. C, 492.
Pierce, D. R., 807.
/"ierce, K. J., 0)04.
Pierce, Franklin, 102, 106, 944,
967.
Pierce, John D., 93, 731, 736.
Pierce, O. ()., :oi.
Pierce, P. R. L., 695.
Pierson, Arthur T., 598, 602,
604, 640, 642, 705.
Pierson, li., joi.
Pilcher, K. H., 554, 566, 572,
573. 580, 705.
Pilet, Jacques, 36.
Pillarif, George F., 125, 131.
Pindar, K. W., 80.
Pingree, F. C, 833.
Pingree, H. S., 106, 833, 834.
Pipe, a Huron Chief, 263.
Pipp, George, 934.
Piquette, Angelique, 944.
Piquette, J. Bte., 133.
Pitcher, Zina, 50, 59, 104, J40,
141. 359. 508, 646, 649, 676,
712. 73'. 739. 71". 746, 75'-!,
825. 864, 924, 944.
Pitkin, Annie, Miss, 361.
Pitkin, C. S., 691.
Pitkin, T. C, 339, 582.
Pittman, J. F.., 205, 218, 303,
305. 318, 470. 583. 638, 7".
787, 865.
Pittman, S. F.., 496, 753, 867.
Pitts, Samuel, 191, 493.
Pitts, 'Thomas, 360.
Pius IX., 970.
Plass, Henry Jr., 40, 166, 197,
758.
Piatt, M. T., 696.
Piatt, Zephaniah, 92.
Plantz, A. P., 166.
Pluddeman, R., 576.
Plumb, H., 132.
Plummer, S. A., 138, 162, 944,
971.
Plympton, B. O., 564.
Poe, O. AL, 919, 921.
Pohle, L. R., Mrs., 941.
Poindexter, 182.
Polhemus, F,., 486.
Poll, P., 663.
Polk, James K., 108.
Polk, "k. L., 696, 697.
Pollard, Edmund, 767.
Pollard, Richard, 553.
Pomerville, Joseph, 977, 980.
Pomeroy, George E., 676, 683,
892.
P<jnd, 639.
Pond, Ashley, gi, 199, 871.
INDKX OF NAMES.
1005
Circat. 3.
imcis 11., 537-
K., 585. 58**. 589. 59'-
, G., 496.
J. (1., 38, •">•
uu'l Mnrtcm, 708.
.•odociii C 594-
\V., i.)o, 191, 198, STO-
)lin, <i';4-
J., 892.
., 5S, 481.
Hawley, 481.
54:
incis, 54.
Niduilas, 646.
Michael, 35-'.
F. H., J37. '44. =17. 308-
Ralph, 9""'
Ralph, jr., 138.
S., 638.
William, 57, lo'. '44.
)2, 496. ^'19. f'4'' 739-
k, H. H., 3i5, 744-
, 494, 498. '■i95'
, liihn, 7' '-i.
, "Philip, 354-
, P. M.. 144-
, Wcndfll, 709.
Kllicc, 344-
ohn H., 859.
766.
riK, 32 •■ ,
nj;, jcihn, 695.
ni;, Timothy, 265.
.\nsrl l'>., »3'-
A. C, 492.
n. H., 807.
K. T., 904-
KrankUii, 102, 106, 944,
TohnD., 93. 731. 736-
, 'O. O., loi.
, P. K. I.., '■'95.
ri, Arthur '1'., 598, '"«.
640, 642, 7°5'
n, H-, >°i' ,,
r, E. H., 5S4. 566. 572.
i8o, 705.
Jacques, 36.
f, GenrKe K., 125, 13'-
r, K. W., 80.
;e, K. C, 833.
ee, H. S., 106, 833, 834.
a Huron Chief, 263.
George, 934.
tie, Ansehque, 944-
tte, J. P'te., 133.
•r, Zina, 50, 59, io4. '49.
359, 5°8. 64''. ''49. S?*).
731, 739. 74". 746. 752,
864, 924. 944.
1, Annie, Miss, 361.
1, C. S., 691.
1, T. C, 339. 582.
an, J. R., 205, 218, 303,
318, 470, 583. 638. 7".
865.
an, S. K., 496. 753, 867.
Samuel, 191, 493-
Thomas, 360.
IX., 970-
Henry Jr., 4°, '»"' '97.
M. T., 696.
Zephaniah, 92.
z, A. P.. i66.
eman, R., 576-
b, H., 132. „ ^
mer, S. A., 138, 162, Q44,
i
pton, B. O., 564.
G. M., 9'9. 921.
L. K., Mrs., 941.
dexter, 182.
emus, E,, 486.
P., 663.
, James K., 108.
, K. T.., 696, f'97-
rd, Edmund, 767.
ird, Richard, 553-
erville, Joseph. 977. 98".
eroy, George E., 676, 683,
1, 639,
1, Ashley, 91, i99i 87'-
Pond, A. A. & S. P., 486.
Ponthriand, Henri .Mario Du-
brcuil de, 53CJ, 54(1, 951.
Pontcliartraiii, Count, 3, 330,
33-, 7-! J, 7'>5, 7(>f>< 837, 944,
.95'-
Pouti.ie. 231, 234, 237, 240, 241,
323. 3''9, 7"8, 8,6, 951.
Pool, Henry, 681.
Poole, K., 796.
Po,ili-, William K., 85, 86.
Pooh', W. II., 57-'. 593. 7o5'
Pope, F., 688, 09 ).
Po|)e, W. S., 8oj
Pocjuette, Francis, 27J.
Porti;ous, John, 34,, 767, 837.
Porter, 49, 491, .177.
Porter, A. I.., 30, 712.
Porter, A. S., 102, 140, 195, 645,
682, 712, 736, 874, 903, 944.
Porti:r, I'enjamin, 851,
Porter, F. H., 197, 683.
Porter, F. I)., 51, 924.
Porter, Geoixe, 615.
Porter, George li., 88, 944, 958,
959'
I'orter, (;eorge V., 346, 737, 863,
864, 898, 935.
Porter, Gove, 695.
Porter, H., 482.
Porter, James IS., 92.
Porter, .Muses, 227, 268, 269,
271, 944.
Porter, I'hil., 51.
Porter, P. 15., 295.
Porter, Rose, 944.
Porter, S. Humes, 176.
Porter, W. G., 131,648.
Post, Edward C, 820.
Post, Hoyt, i88, 665, 679, 705.
Post, Samuel, 226.
Poste, Louis de la, Sieur do
Lovigny, 227.
Pothier, Father Louis Antoine,
8, 32, 530. 952.
Potter, Henry C, 976.
Potter, H. S., 68g.
Potter, H. Z., 198, 757, 758.
Potts, J. H., 690, 705.
Pouchot, 233.
Pound, J. ll., 197.
Poupard, Charles, 501, 532, 981.
Poupard, S., 125, i6.^,
Pouzarges, Noble 1' rancis de,
328.
Powell, 223, 956.
Powell, Ann, .Miss, 350.
Powell, A. C, 164, 645.
Powell, Win,, 166.
Powell, William Dunmorc, 174.
Power, Pliuy, 50, 101, 649.
Powers, Hiram, 360.
Powers, H. P., 130.
Powers. Thomas, 269, 270, 271,
953-
Pramstaller, E., 140, 756.
Pratt, 481.
Pratt, A., 187, 188.
Pratt, Henry, 901.
Pratt, John,' 798.
Pratt, I.., 9!3. 934.
Prell, P.., Mrs., 657.
Prentice, G. I)., 709.
Prentis, H. T., 197.677, 757-
Prentis, E., 164, 756.
Prentis, G. H., 197.
Prentiss, (ieorge, 944.
Prentiss, Sarah, 660.
Prentiss, Solon, 612.
Prescott, 321.
Prescott, .v. B., 709.
Prescott, W. H., 944.
Preston, Dasid, 145, 311, 360,
461, 566, 567, 571, 575, 640,
677. 872, 944.
Preston, David, .Mrs., 661,664.
Preston, E. C, 875.
Preston, E. C, Mrs., 665.
Prevost, (ieorge Sir, 290, 295.
Price, 907.
Price, L. D., 571.
] Price, P. I., 470.
"rice, T., 577.
Piidgeon, J 'un, 71.
Priest, Erastus, 131.
Prienr, 337.
I'riine, (i. W., 600, 639.
I'riiiee, 102.
Prince, E.. 595.
Prindli-, J. J., 131.
Pritchard, li. D., 92, 93.
Pritehelte, K., 92, 300, 301, 852.
I'rittie, 468.
Proctor, Henry, 182, 278, 279,
280, 281, 282, 283, 287, 292,
•-•97. 847. 935.
Proctor, Richard A., 709.
Pidiihet, The, ^iu 955'
I'rosser, J. W., 589.
I'routy, N.. 143, 485, 571.
Provencal, .Mrs., 115.
Provost, 496.
Prussolino, A., 663.
Puddefool, Charles, 822.
Pulchcr, J. C, 132, 541.
Palis, J. 1).. 610.
Pullen, .\. I., 131.
PuUen, 1). "I., iji.
Pullen, I. P., 198.
Pullen, N. W. loi, 131.
Pulling, H. P., 866.
Pullman, H., 575.
Pulte, A., 162, 868.
Punshon, William Morley, 709.
Purcell, W., ini, 144, 145, 162,
204, 936.
Purdie, C. F., 811.
Purdy, James, 130.
Purdy, S. P., 126, 198.
Purdy, W. T., 186, 211,
Puthuff, W. H., 224, 227, 730,
955-
Putnam, 695.
Putnam, G. C, 132.
Putnam, (i. P.. 703.
Putnam, Israel, 238, 240, 944.
Putnam, Rufus, 178.
Putnam, T. K., 71.
Q
Ouinby, D. F., 638, 675.
Quinby, Theo., 687.
Quinby, William E., 686,
Quinlan, 496.
Quinn, .Michael, 470.
Quinn, W., 537.
Quirk, D. L., 125.
B
Rabineau, A. A., 164, 165, 167,
6S7.
Rademacher, Joseph, 944.
Ralph, Peter J., 144, 145, 146,
921 922,
Ralston, 872.
Ramsey, Elisha W., 198.
Ramsay, John, 559, 562, 563,
564.
Ramsiiy, W. W., 567.
Rand, Ben., 341.
Randall, 944.
Randall, C. C, 360.
Randall, J. A., loj.
Randolph, A. D. F., 702.
Randolph, Beverly, 265.
Randolph, John, 345, 858, 944.
Randolph, Captain, 258.
Rang, Charlotte S., 737.
Rankin, 494.
Rankin, Arthur, 306.
Rankin, James, 837.
Ransom, Amariah, 198.
Ransom, F... 92. 187.
Ransom, Russell. 198.
Ranspach, I'.rnest, 130.
Ranspach, John, 944.
Raphael, 360.
Rapp, Philip, 166.
Rapperat, Joseph, 629.
Raseman, C, 757, 758.
Rathbone, 791.
Ratigan, P., 543.
Rattenbury, T., 166.
Rattenbury, William T., 131.
Rawdon, Wright, & Hatch, 155.
Rawles, Aaron B., 710.
Rawson, N. I., 682.
Rny, A. T., 58, 166.
Ray, Elea/er, 210.
Ray, J.G., 650.
Raymhaull, 527.
Raymond, F., 311,492,507,633,
642, (.95, 7;ii.
Raymond, Henry, 130.
Raynioii'', H. J., 709.
Rayinoiul, Peter, .^11.
Raymond, W. A., 360, 638, 650.
Kayii', M. L., Mrs., 687, 705,
944.
Raynoids, William V., 918, 919.
Raynor, A. IL, 138, 145, 146.
Keardon, !\1. J., 499.
Reauuie, I).
Reaume, Pierre, 20, 766.
Reauiue, R., 144, 164, 165, 798,
935-
Rebecca, Sister, 653.
Recours, 715.
Redlield, A. H., 162, 164.
Redtield, ( Ieorge, 92.
Redlield, .M. H., 691.
Redman, R., dm.
Redmond, W. ]., 21c.
Recti, 267, 671, 692.
Reed, C. F., 892.
Reed, E., 873.
Reed, Ebenezer, 98, 672, 712.
Reed, George W., 944.
Reed, James 1.., 559, 562, 564.
Reed, John, 671.
Reed, Alary, 656.
Reed, Seth, 566, 571.
Reed, Seth, Mrs., 661.
Reed, Governor, 257.
Reeder, Edwin, 571, 818, 944,
978.
Reekie, Alexander, 654.
Rets, E. H., 71.
Reese, A. H., 905.
Reese, Thomas J., 506.
Reeve, Christopher, 756.
Reeve, David li., 633.
Reeve, Nancv, .\lrs., 633.
Reeves, H. I,"., 486.
Regal, I'.li, 624.
Regerny, J., 796.
Reid, Duncan, 165, 202, 210,
281, 770, 795-
Re d, John, 54.
Reid, J. J., 80.
Reidy, Edward, 868, 904.
Reif, H., 695, 758.
Reighley, C, 585, 718, 839.
Reighley, Mrs. C, 718.
Reilly, B., 80.
Reilly, Charles, 361, 540, 549.
Reilly, C. J., 194, 711, 757.
Reilly, J., 2U.
Reilly, J. M., 780.
Reilly, J. ()., 470.
Reilly, Pat., 680.
Remick, George B., :oi, 360.
Renand, George 1'"., 487.
Reneaii, Antoine, 979.
Reneau, Gabriel, 981.
Reneaii, Louis, 979.
Reno, John, 101, 164, 166, 210,
756.
Rentz, I heodore, 138, 162.
Rese, Frederick, 532, 547, 648,
721, 959.
Renter, George A., 575, 576.
Rexford, i:. L., 627.
Reynolds, 268, 277, 280,
Reynolds, A. N., 633.
Reynolds, H. A., 844, 973.
Reynolds, J., 934.
Reynolds, R. N., 904.
Reynold.s, Thomas N., 733.
Rhines, James, 903.
Rhy, M., 257,
Ribourde, Gabriel de la, 907.
Rice, A. W., Mrs., 662.
Rice, D. E.. Mrs., 572.
Rice, George W., 176.
Rice, John D., 488.
Rice, Justin, 50, 163, 594,
Rice, ftlary, 594.
Rice, Paul, 198.
Rice, R. N., 901.
Rice, R. S., 40, 49, 50, 59, 167,
300. 359, 492. 494. 646. 7«o.
Rice, Versal, 794, 798.
Rich, 681.
Rich, Charles A., 82S, 8.'. , (,.14.
Rich, G. .\I., 104, 125, 14}, 1(15,
6«7, 757, 864.
Rich, SyU'cster, 945.
Richard, Gabriel, 53, 98, 102,
111, 150, 288, 313, 357, 477,
490, 531, 533. 535. =47. 670,
694, 705. 720, 728, 729, 730,
847, 953, 058.
Richardie, C. de In, 8, 530, 535.
Richards, lohn, |.,8.
Richards, '|. I)., 58.
Richards, R. R., S69.
Richardson, 1). .M., 57, kki, :6i,
49'', 757. 828, 8i'.i, (H(.
Richardson, 1). .M., .Mrs., 665.
Richardson, J. P., 967.
Richardson, < )rigen I )., 92.
Richelieu, Cardinal, 83.
Richings, Caroline, Miss, 521.
Richmond, 679.
Richmond, Dean, 895,910.
RichiiiiJiid, W. A., 324.
Richter, Utiiry Josiph, 547.
Richter, Leonard, 166.
Ricker, R. E., 902.
Riddle, 78.
Ridetle, George, 80.
Rigaiid, Pierre de, 83.
Rikey, E. A. P., 734.
Riley, liennet, 228, 229.
Riley, B. Miss, 752.
Riley, James, 285, 494.
Riley, John, 285.
Rilev, Peter. 28=;.
Ringnolt, J. C, 851.
Riopel, Ambrose, 978.
Riopelle, 977.
Riopelle, C. N., loi.
Riopelle, D., 143, 944.
Riopelle, Hyacinthe F'., 131,
Riopelle, H. W., loi.
Riopelle, Joseph, 285.
Ripley, Captain, 300.
Rischert, C, 758.
Risdon, Orange, 697.
Ristori, 358, 969.
Rivard, Antoine, 944, 979.
Rivard, Charles, 531, 720, 980.
Rivard, F'rancois, 31 j, 720, 979.
Rivard, Jean Haptiste, 981.
Rivard, .Michel, 980.
Rivard, Nicholas, 981.
Rivard, Pierre, 981.
Roach, M. C, 901.
Robh, (ieorge, 108, 192, 197,
753. 755-
Robbins, Obadiah, 550, 767.
Robert, H. .M., 919.
Roberts, 069.
Roberts, D. P., 577.
Roberts, E. J., 176, 191, 198,
673. 755-
Roberts, F.. K., 137, 146, 872.
Roberts, I''.. ^'., 99.
Roberts, (irillith, 165,202.
Roberts, H. S., 40, 140, 756,
Rriberts, John, 142, 163, 317,
492. 7'3. 755. 795. 9°". 935.
957-
Roberts, Moses, 130.
Roberts, Robert F'.., 71, 140, 168,
506, 520, 523, 705, 757, 758,
839. 929-
Roberts, R. R., 579.
Roberts, W. J., 586, 589.
Roberts, William P., 166.
Robertson, 690.
Robertson, John, 705.
Robertson, J. W., 51, 733.
Robertson, W., 281.
Robinsim, 236, 837.
Robinson, Agnes, 633.
Robinson, Asa M., 192.
Robinson, Eugene, 32, 33, 76,
705. 871, 935-
RobuLson, F'rank F.., 692.
Robinson, G. ().. 757.
Robinson, James. 164.
Robinson, John, Jr., 343.
Robinson, John C, 228, 230, 305.
Robinson, j. F'.., 687.
Robinson, L. G., 676.
ioo6
INDEX OF NAMF.S.
Koliiiisiin, M, T., 484.
Riiliiiisuii, Kiiss.'ll, 7CJ7.
U(]))isiiii, (iiMirx;(; K., iy7.
K(il)i<uii, Jiilin, 17.', aio, 6jj,
1(>T, .))4' ,.
Ki)l))S()n, William, i;7(j.
RobsDii, Jdliii, 795.
ki>l)y, 8.
Ki)l)y, Hannah, 594.
Kcihy, H. M., 5..J, 710.
Roby, Jcilm S., yH, 71J, 770,
908, 9i J.
RdcIh', Tliornas, 58.
Rockwell, Maria, Miss, 718.
Rocinix, JfUM llaplistc, 354,
720.
R(Kl<frs, I'"re(I., 920.
Riidnitrs, (1, 1)., 210.
Roe, William, 268,
Riiiilik;ir, Hinry, 166, 167.
Rnchni, 94).
RcH-lim, J. K., 871.
Rogers, 2J4, 767, 909.
RoKurs, .Andrew [.. 205.
R()!,;<frs, KljiMieZfr II., 192.
Rowers, V. II., 82s, 873.
Ro>;ers, lolin, 251, 252.
Ro>{ers, kaiulolpli, (i2, 357.
Rogers, Robert, 227, 234, 238,
707.
Rulie, C. H., 620, bfn-
Rohns, Ani^ustns, 7:;8.
Rolslioven, J. C, 361.
Romer, Leo, 718.
Romryn, James \\'., 100, loi,
.)<2. 757. 758. 7f''-
Rorneyn, I'lieodore, 106, 162,
199. 30'. 3')6, 308, 310, 839,
851, 944, 9fi2, 967, yo8.
Rood, .\, II., 895.
Rood, C. C, 738.
Rood, K/.r-.i, 38.
Rood, (',, K., 695, 755.
Rood, (;. L., 696.
Rood, Siilnev lj., 695, 696.
Rooks, riionias, 80,
Roos, I'iiilip, 167.
Root, 4SI).
Root, I'liarles, 784, 867, 868.
Root, Roswell, 100, 130, 198.
Ros(f, 346,
Rose, 1). R., 198.
Rose, Lester .V., 680.
Rose, L. C, 50.
I.i<)se, I*. H., 709.
Rose, Wni. ().. loi.
Rosecrans, William S., 229.
RoscMilleld, M., 497.
Rosenthal, I,., 212.
Rosenthal, S., 212, 213.
Ross, v.. I)., 677.
Ross, James, 119, 270.
Ross, M. K.., 733.
Ro-is, R. I!., 689.
koi.1, Walter, 944.
K i^s. W., 193.
Rossiter, ioo. 360.
Rotli, William, .)9g.
Rotluveiler, Jacob, 575.
RoLibitton, 7f)(').
Rouleau, Charlc'S, 978, g8i.
Rouqiiette, 225.
Ronse, W. H., 51, 705.
Rousseau, C. M., 40, 145, 146,
654.
Ronsson, HaptLste, 978.
Rowe, 49 (, 632, 715.
Rowi', Ji)nas, 820.
Rowland, liavid H., 100, loi.
Rowland, Is;iau S., 126, 303,
317-
Rowland, John P., 145.
Rowland, P. A., 799.
Rowland, Thoinas, 30, 41, 92,
'35. '38, 140, 142, 167, 176,
igo, 192, 198, 226, 278, 502,
558, 642, 681, 712, 731, 755,
847, 883, 944.
Rowley, B., 130, 933.
Rowley, N. B , 58, 792, 797.
Rowlson, H. H., 60, 684.
Roy, Pierre, 18.
Roys, J. A., 695.
Rncker, John A., 130, 198.
Rndd, E. H., 588, 591.
>7.
Rllellle, 30^1.
Rnehle, rreileriek, 144, 141^.
Ruehle, y , 117,087, 75''>. y3'''-
Rnehle, J. V., 71, 79, loi, 143,
y>\< 3'7. 3i'-i. 9"7>
Rnililc', V.ilenline, d
Rnj,'ard, Irancis, 799.
RiDs'ijIes, l-.aac W., 595,
Rnhl. Charles, 482.
Rnland, Israel, 313.
Rtiland, John, 285, 313.
Rnmnc y, .Mice, 737.
Rinnney, VV. Y., 168, 757, 758,
Rnn.iie, J. B., 212,
Rnoff, .\., 146.
Riissel Wheel Co., 805.
Rnssel, (1. U., 50, 218, 646, 658,
917.
Rnssel, (leorvte IT,, 805.
Rnssel, lienry, 711.
Rnssel, Jolin R., 805.
Russel, Waller S., 805.
RM.ssell, Alfred, 176.
Rnssell, Alli<-d, \irs., ,6i.
Rnssell, C. P., 677, 691'.
Russell, Frank*!., i.ji, 145, 205,
705.
Rnss.ll, (;eor<e P., 176.
Russell. 11. T., 210.
Rnssell, John, 569, 573, 675,
677, (179.
Rnssell, J. \,, 5.(9.
Rnssell, \V., 164, 28t, 335, 565.
'144-
Russell, W. H., 483, 616, 709.
Rust, I. J., 8. 2.
Ryan,"C. J., 885.
Ryan, K. \V'., 571.
Ryan, Henry. 554, 580.
Ryan, John li., 145, 146.
Ryan, .Michael, 211.
Ryan, Timothy, 74.
Ryan, William, ifi6, 167, 756,
Ryan, W. W., 46, 705, 965.
s
St. Andre, 20.
St. .Armour, J. P., 53), gifi.
St. Anbin, 18, m, 077.
St. .\id)in, tlit Ca.sse, 337.
St. Anbin, I'rancis, 166, 945.
St. .\ubin, !•'. C: , loi, 144,935.
St. .\ubin, Jean Cass, 20.
St. .\nbin, ,Mme., 235.
St. li.u'n.ird, 533.
St. Ilarnard, Ilein-y, 9S1.
St. Bernard, Hypolitc, 720.
St. Uernard. Louis, 313.
St. t'lair, .Aitlinr, 53i grt, 119,
172, 178, 221, 248, 264, 265
269, 272, 945, Q53.
St. Clair, .Arthur, jr., 17S, 2i:
St. Ccjsme. Pierre, 172.
St. Jean, dit Joseph Cerre, 313,
720, 978.
St. John, !•■.. p., 872.
St. John, John P., 976.
St. .Martin, 20, 35, 371.
St. Martin, Jacques, 238, 66g.
St. Martin, Aliss, 340.
St. Pierre, M. de, 231.
St. Obin, (labriel, 979.
St. Valier, John Baptist de la
Croi.x Che\'rieres de, 546.
Subin, 872.
Sabin, O. T. Mrs., 310.
Sabine, L C, 795.
Sabine, "W. C, 638.
Sabrevcjis, Jacques Chas., 19,
227.
Sacker, Merman, 167.
Sackett, David, loi, 125, 126,
131, 648.
Saeii^er, Ale.v, A., 141.
Safford, James, 125, 131, ig8,
648.
Safford, James A., 131.
Saffrey-Mesy, Chevalier de, 83.
Sagard, 527.
Sajjer, Abraham, =;o.
Sale, L. D., 196.
Sales, William, 125, 797.
Sallenauvc, J. B., 530.
537. 541-
]■.., 688.
Salsbnry, 492.
Sall(T, .\l., 1^15, jio, jii, 4S4.
SabiijMac, Pierre, 32;'.
S.'inborn, James W., 93.
S. inborn, ( )scio', i \2,
S. inborn, < ). W., 570.
Sanders, Jacob, 40.
Sanderson, Henry, 502,558,860.
Sanderson, Lydia. 594.
Sands, ( lemxe, gcx).
!)anfoi-d, .Miss, 717.
•Sanford, .\Lles, 674.
Sanford, Thomas, 757.
Sanger, Henry K., 859.
Sanger, H. K., 38, 787, 792,
862.
Sanger, H. P., 781.
Sanguinei, Simon, 172.
Sard, 791.
Sargeant, H. K., got.
Sargeant, John, 555.
Sargeant, 'Thomas, 555.
Sargent, Winthrop, 85,86, 118,
119, 197, 198. 945.
Sartwell, (ieorge B., 867.
Sastaretsi, 371.
Saunders, Harry, 100, loi, u'5,
130.
Sannders, I. S., 198.
Saunders, Joseph, 680, 691.
Saunders, P. E., 922,
Saurs, 499.
Savage, James, 53
Savage, William
Sawyer, praiiklin, 93, 113. 300
689, 692, 710, 711.
S.awyt.T, Joseph, 780, 921.
Sa.Nby, !•;, A., 680.
Sa.xe, J. (). , 709.
Saxton, Charlotte Hart, 939.
Say, Prof., 937.^
Savles, Harry P., 643.
Scadin. R. C, 58.
Scanlon, (Ieorge L., 211.
Schaad, M., (117.
Schadow, Charles, 620.
Sciiaff, P., 702.
Schaller, J. M. C'.., 618.
Schamatlen, 'Thomas, 934.
Schant/, J. P., 578.
Sclianlz, N., 719.
Schatz, C. I''., 619.
Schebosch, 551.
SchefHer, A., 538.
Schehr, Ad.im. 162.
Scheller, (ieorge, 486.
Scherer, 628, 629.
Schen, .Albert, 196, 198.
Schick, John 1!., 104, 125, 755,
756-
Schlefllin, Jonathan, 94, igi,
252, 235, 953, 979.
Schimmel, p., 687, 688.
Schimmel, W., 688.
Schindler, Jonas, 173.
Schloss, S., Mrs., 657.
Schmemann, Karl, (577.
Schmid, I'., 617,
Schmidt, Charles, 80.
Schmidt, J. J., 622.
Schmidt, Traugott, 869.
Scliniitl, !•'.. L., 162.
Schmitt, John, 145.
Schmittdiel, A. IL, 144.
Schmittdiel, H. .A., 196.
Schmitttliel. J. II,. 1 ,5, 687.
Schmittdiel, julni S., 167, 758.
.Schneider, John, 165.
Schneider, John .S., 576,
Schneider, Peter p., 575.
Schiielzer, J., 212.
SchoalT, 485.
Schober, K.., 690.
Schober, V. .A., 677.
Schoolcraft, .Mjiam S., 58, 863.
Schoolcraft, Henry .A.. 191.
Schoolcraft, H. R', 16,321,324,
705, 712, 830, 907, 943.
Schoolcraft, John L., 864.
Schooler, T. E., ig8.
Schrick, M.. 798.
Schroeder, Christian, 57.
Schroeiler, I'.duard, 646.
SchnfTart, Chas., 132.
Schuh, H. J., 620.
Sihiilenburg, .(98.
Seliidte, Adam, 58.
Schulti', August, 145.
Si liiilte, .Anton, 934.
Scliiille, Caspar, 640. 647, 649.
Srhuhe, C., 499. 758.
Sihiille, Joseph, 54, 826.
Scliulte, Brothi-r:i, 8a6.
Sihiilt/, J. C, 80, 167.
Schumacher, IL, (55.
Schuinm, Cliarli s L., 757.
Sihiiiv, Carl, 684.
Sihuljes, II. J. 11., 547.
Sihwabe, J. P., 617.
Si liw.mkoosky, Conrad, 618,
Schwartz, (ieorge, 712.
Schwartz, John, 721.
Schwartz, John I'.., 89, 90, joo,
loi, 21s, 341, 346, 481, 713,
77". 958.
Schwartz, J. (i., 770.
Sihivarlz, N., 799.
Schweim, William, 934.
Schweinfert, John, 575.
Si hweit/ir, (i., 934.
Schwiiiii. (ieorge, 575^
Scerl, (iottlieb, 935.
Scott, 27-.
Scott, .\lisses, 495.
.Srott, .Annie, .Miss, 717,
Scott, I )reil, 959.
Scott, U. W., 133.
Scott, Kleanor, .Sliss, 717.
Scott, ('.. IL, 920.
Scott, Hester, Mrs., 717.
Scott, Isabidia, .Miss, 717.
.Scott, James, 944.
Scott, J., 65, 100, 143, 163,202,
475. 934-
Scott, J. P., 6oj, 679.
Scott, J. R., 710.
i;ott, Levi,
Sc
.579-
, — . ., ,1 ~f,
Scott, .Mary J., 594.
Scott, V. J., 654,' 872.
Scott, William, 40, 553, 569.
Scott, W. II. , 498.
Scott, William .'\1., 272, 281, 502.
Scott, Win. McDowell, 62, 150,
176, i8j, 190, 191, 19S, 214,
314, 553, 669.
Scott, Winlield, 101, 130, 131,
229, 271, 299, 301, 302, 303,
945. 956, 958, 96"-
Scotten, Daniel, 4, 57, 496, S27,
945.
Scotten, Orren, 827.
Scovel, J. B., 5.1, 646, 649.
Scovel, Edward, 354.
Scoville, D. J., 945.
Scrlpps, J. .\nnie, 705.
Scripps, (ieorge H., 361, 362,
68g.
Scripps, James K., 361, 362, 669,
683, 684, 688, 6g2, 696, 705,
871.
Scrip|)s. W. A., 486.
Seage, John, 640.
Seager, 566.
Searle, .Addison, 226, 581.
Seaman, Ezra C, 705.
Sears, Charles, 730.
Sears, ( ). A., 945.
Secord, W. W., 6gi.
Seefred, S. S., 781.
Seek, Conrad, 113,210,281,313,
Seek, Lieutenant, 184.
Siely, Merritt, 892.
Seereiler, John, 352.
.'.eguin, (iaetan, dit Lederout,
20.
Segur, Hiram, 131.
Seitz, C. B., 497, 498, 409.
Seitz, V. L., 71, 686, 872.
Selden, Joseph, 130.
Seidell, Samuel L., 884.
Se'kirk. Lord, 278, 956, 9;;9.
Selkrig, Charles, 486.
Selkrig, C. V., 40.
Selleek, .A., 3:13, 695,
Sine, J. P.., 981.
Senfeman, 5S0, 551.
Senninger, N., 145, 161, 167,
Sequin, dit Cliene, 337.
Serrier, 715.
Sessions, Alonzo, 92,
INDKX OF NAMES.
loo:
Ailain, sH-
Aiiniisl, M-S.
Allli'M, c;)4.
Casp'"'. ''■»''• f'47. "49-
luscpli, 54, o-iO.
Illnll.iT^, BA
J. C„ 8", >'''7-
ilur, 11., 355-
,, (.-liaiU- L., 757-
Carl, 68.).
s, 11. J. II- 547.
koosUy',' Cunracl, f.i8.
tz, C.t'orti'^', 7'--
t/„ loll". 721.
t/ "J.,l.u K.. 8.), <)o. "».
.,;. 34<. 346, 481, 7'J.
r.8- ,
t/, J. O., 770-
-1/, N.. 7'W-
,„, William, i;34-
illicit, Joliii, 575-
il/.ir, ('■•, y34-
111, CiiirKi-, 575.
CciUlitl), IJJ5-
Missrs, 4')5-
.\iiiiii', Miss 7'7,
llrcd, ')\')-
n. \v., m-
KUaiuJi-, Miss, 717-
, C. 11., <)-"■
lU-sur, Mis., 717-
\ Isahflla, .Miss, 717-
', Janus, i;44-
_ ]., (,5, lu", MJ.
163, 202,
214,
13>.
3"3.
,62,
j. P., 'W3. °79'
:, 1. K., 710-
t, Ixvi, 571)-
t, Mary J , .W4-
t, V. J., 654, 87-'. .
I William, 41s 553. 5f'9-
t, \V. U., 4')8.
t, William M.,a7-.;;=»''5>'
t, Wm. McDow.U, 6.;, ■-
if,, 18 i. 190, i';i, i9».
I4, Sii, ('('^>-
l\ SVinluUl. loi, 1.3".
71, 2iw, 3'"' 3<'-'
i=';!:l',:^;;t;i:t57.496,827.
ui-ii, ()rr<-ii, 827.
,vel, J. r.., 5". <M<>, f'49.
ivc-\, Kdward, 354,
,ville, 1). J., 945-
■ipps, J. .\iiiiic, 7'>5-
ipps, (.corgi; H., 3<".
;ipps,Jam«K.,36'./«.6''>^^'
•,83' ;.84, 088, 69.., C«j6, 7"5,
;.{l';,s. W. A., 486.
iiiji-, John, 640.
•ai'i-r, i66. . „
.-u-U', .UUlison, 226, 581.
•aman. Kzra C, 7°5-
.ars, riiark-s, 73"-
.,-s, (). A., 945-
,,,„!, W. \V., 69'-
.frfd S. S., 781.
.I.Conrad, 133, 2|o. 281. 313.
•U l.ii-iitfnanl, 184.
■ \y MiTritt, 892.
;:^r\^;:^an.^ai. Led..ro.U,
i.<nr, Hiram, 131-
,.ilz, C. 1!., 497, 498- 499.
;cit/„ I'. 1-, 7^,f>>i(<'^7--
;oldun, J"si^^l''V '3%„
icldcii, Sanuiel 1,., hM.
ioiUiik. l.ord, 278, .^A 9,-0.
..Ikrii;, Charles, 48"-
.■IkriKS «■'• v.. 4":.
ck. A., 3S;
iVw'J. I'-', 'JSi-
■nffinan, 5S0, 55i-
KSenninger, N., MS, '&
Sequin, dit Cliene, 337
Surricr, 715-
Sessions, Alonzo, 92
,1, 167.
Sevrrani I', I,., 1 ,1.
Seward, Will'ini II., no, 301),
708, ()oo, 114^, 966.
Sixtoii, Uanit'l, 934.
Se.tton, land, 101, 13a.
Sexton, jarud A.. 131 2'«), 871,
Seymour, 9^7.
Seymour, Charles, 8(12.
Seymour, !•'. II., 519, 706.
Seymour, Horatio, 97).
Seymour, |o-,iph, C7J, 692.
Seymour, _). C. W., 493, 8O2.
Seymour, J. W., Cb/i.
Seymour, Soiihi.i, 594.
Shaler, Charles, i'74.
Shanahan, I)., 145, I4''i, f>48,
799.
Shanahan, P., 799, 934.
Shanklin, l.ii'iitenant, 268.
Shappootfin, M., 222.
Sharp, John, i^it, if/).
Shaltiii k, Lemuel, 557,631,632,
63 !. 705. 730,
Sliaiimberii;, Uartholomcw, 267,
270.
Shaw, 695.
Sliaw, I). I,., ,So.
Shaw, I). K., Mrs., 651.
Shaw, II. W. (Josh liilliiigs),
709.
Shaw, James, 580.
Shaw, John, 869.
.Shaw, William, 482, 483, 484.
485.
Shawe, M. I'",. K,, 537, 539.
Sheaf, l.anv;, (140.
Sheahan, Jeremiah, 125, 126,
131-
Sheahan, P. J., 196. 318.
Shearer. J., 648.
Shearer, James, 61, 144, 475.
Shearer, Jonathan, 91, loj, 101,
123, 130.
Shearer, L. H., 872.
Shearman, Francis W., 93.
Sheehan, 1)., 198, 799.
Shelferly, 49).
Shelby, Isaac, 283, 285, 286,
287, 945.
Sheldon, Allan, 361, 3O2, 733,
867.
Sheldon, 496.
Sheldon, C. .\., 792.
Sheldon, K. M., .Mrs., 33, 3C9,
633, 654, 675, (77, 705-
Sheldon, GeorKe, 595.
Sheldon, G. T., 176, 192, 755,
756.
Sheldon, John P., 98, 123, 135,
142. 152, 558, 671, 672, 683,
C<12, 694, O97, 712, 713, 847,
, 958.
Sheldon, I . C, 20-;), 492, 635.
Sheltloii, T. K., 100.
Sheldon & Graves, 485.
Sheldon & Keed, 692.
Sheldon & Wells, 692.
Shelcy, Alansim, 61, 100, 144,
165. 346. 460, 595. 641, 648,
840, 841, 851, 867.
Sheparcl, 716.
Shi'parcl, 1'".., T43, 731, 756.
Sheridan, I'hil., 945.
Sherlock, K. I'., i6f), 676.
Sherman, Murray, 132.
Sherman, W. '1'., 106, 945, 96S.
Sherwood, 481.
SherwootI, Samuel, 795.
Sherwood, T. C, 872.
Sherwood, T. R., 188.
Shields, James, 798.
Shier, W. II., 572.
ShiUaher, li. P. (Mrs. Parting-
ton), 709.
Shippen, Rush, R., 626.
Shoemaker, Michael, 785.
Shoemaker, W. , 945.
Shorter, I. P., 976.
Shotwell. C. 1!., 825.
Shourd, Lieutenant, 250.
Shove, J., 697.
Shroi'ter, A., 621.
Sluiell, Anthony, 934.
Shulte, John, 868.
Shuinan, F, A., 133,
Shnrley, K. I,., 51,690, 705, 733,
Sihliy, J77,
Sililev, Mhenezer S., 729, 859.
Sihley, K. S., .Mrs., 9)9.
Sihley, y. 1!., 8O5.
Sil.ley, {•■. T., 355.
Sdilcy, H., 884.
Sihliy, H. II., 339, 941.
Sililry, .Sarah .X. Miss, 310,311.
.Sihh'y, Solouion, 15, 29, 41, 89,
94, ID.', luj, 133, 134, I3i, 140,
149, 176, 185, 186. 273, 274,
284, 3'1. 32-, .170, 491. 729.
7 so, 858, 859. 88 1, 94.S, 953-
Sihley, Solomon, Mrs., 356.
Sihli'y, Sylvester, 033.
Sicart, 19.
Sigoiiriiiy, I.ydia H., 595.
Sihler, G. I!., 356.
Silher, W. li., 7,/,.
Silhcrman, 494, 6^3.
Sill, J.. M. I)., 637,714,718.752,
,..7S3, 7S7-
Silshcr, 626.
Silsliy, 511.
Silver, .Vhirl, 93, 705.
Simeoe, I,ieutenaiit-Governi)r,
7, 94, 118, 264, 2(10, 953.
Simmons, 181, 958.
Simmons, William, 563, 580.
Simonds, S. I)., i;r)6, 675.
Simons, John, 58.
Simpsiin, .Xdam, 758.
Simpson, I''.. W., 146, 479.
Simpson, James, 577.
Simpson, John, 198.
Simpson, .Si., 567, S79, 709.
Simpson, 'I'. II., 808.
Sinclair, Patrick. 13, 242. 260.
Sin.icleton. Geo. K., 885.
Sistare, (ico. K., 873.
Sitjjraves, 267.
Sit,i,rea\*es. Lorenzo, 919.
Si/cr, H. H., S60, 862.
Skilf, Walter C, 640.
Skinner, K. C, 39, 714.
Skinner, I''.. C, .Nirs., 361, 362.
SkoUa, 538.
Slater, Guor>,'e H., 661.
Slaughter, 'I'., 961.
Slaymak.r, J. A., 143, 756.
.Sloan, Captain, 275.
Sloan, S., 901.
.Slocum, Klliott '1'., 100.
Slociim, (J. li., 7, 130.
Sloman, I,., .Mrs., 637.
Slosser, ICnsign, 234.
Smart, IJavid, 131, 167, 492,
493, ,504, 523, 864.
Smart, George, 210.
Smart, J. S., 570, 573, 705.
Smart, Robert, 281, 645,
Smead, I). W., 198.
Smith, 95, 103, 275, 494, 505,
760, 872, 955,, 959.
Smith, .Ale.xandc'r, 212.
■Smith, Andrew, 654.
.Smith, ."\., Jr., 360.
Smith, \. K., 901.
Smith, .Vndrew J., 93.
Smith, Pradford, 200, 207, 633,
6^9, 640.
Smith, Charles, 889.
Smith, C. C. 101.
Smith, CMiarles H., S33, 834.
Smith, David, 198.
Smith, I)., I jo.
Smith, Klijah, 71, 145.
Smith, iMigene, 733.
Smith, l'',..'li., 678, 682, 695.
Smith, I'".. R., 22S
Smith, Kngene T., 317, 674.
Smith, I'',. Willard, 61, 901, 936.
Smith, Geo.. 165, 580, 933.
Smith, G. W., 131.
Smith, H., 799.
Smith, H. A., 649.
Smith, Hamilton K., 59, 647.
Smith, Henry, 934, 935.
Smith, Howard, 606.
Smith, Hugh, 581.
Smith, H. II. Crapo, Mrs., 361,
362.
Smith, Isaac S., 50.
Smith, Jack, 285.
Smith, Jesse, 864.
Smith, Job, ir«j, i:!3, 132.
Smilli, |olin, 227, 4<;i, 917.
Smith, J. I!., 883, 884.
Smilli, |olin I''., I )i.
Sniitli, j. II., 798.'
Smith, j. Hyatt, 705.
Smith, Joshua I.., 343,
Smith, J. \V., 844.'
Smith, 1,. A., 772, 776.
Smith, l.yman it., 211.
Smith, .Moniiiur L., 361.
Smith, Moses, 615.
Smith, .M. S., 57, 75, 205, 3fMi,
362, 364, 4O3, 73 J, 826, 8(7,
868, 869, 976.
Smith, K. C, 140, 143, 164, 600,
638, 674, 9CXJ.
Smith, K. I)., 198.
Smith, K. .M., ,.>4.
Smith, Selh, t^'t, 131.
Smith, Sheldon, 217.
Smith, S. I'.., 131.
Smith, 'I'lioinas, 8, 26, 29, 32,
37. 174, 214, -f2, 769, 799,978.
Smith, riyssc G., 673.
Smith, Watson G., 756.
.Smith, William, 133, 210, 211,
8O0.
Smith, William A., 91, 131.
Smith, W. li., 639.
Smith, William K., 919.
Smith, W. 11., 131, 666.
Smolk, A., 934.
Smulders, K... 543.
Sinythe, Richard, 40, 89, 95, 98,
»25, 130, 131. "33, 183, 198,
209, 273, 314, 315, 31O, 317,
480, 712.
Snelling, 276, 277, 291.
Snelling, II. II., 673, 705.
Snelling, Mrs. Col., 372.
Snow, 6(J5. 884.
Snow, H. A., 5(10.
Snow, Josiah, 40, 673, 675, 6S3,
884.
Snow, William D., 884.
Snyder, Georgi;. 674.
Snyder, John, 165.
Socier, Joseph, 981.
SolTers,"!!. J , 536.
Soldan, C. I''., 617, 718.
Solges, 3i5.
Soils, A. I!., 80.
Soils, I). H., 675.
Solyer, C. G., 210.
Sothern, 358.
Soiile, liishop, 579.
Sowden, 4,19.
Spalding, v., 140, igS.
Sparks, H. S., 675.
Sparling, 1)., 211.
Sparling, K. W., 646.
Spaulding, 531.
Spauldiug, (iliverL., 92.
Spears, Jiihn, 610.
Speckliard, G., 662.
Speed, I''., 318.
Speed, I. J., loi, 177, 193, 194,
753.
Speed, J. J., Jr., 883, 884.
Speed, \\'illiam J., 141.
Speck, .M., 5/8.
Speil, R., 357.
Speiice, 'I'hos. R., loi.
Spi'ucer, 733.
Spencer, C. li., 573.
Spencer, Deborah Seltlen, Mrs.,
945-
Spencer, Klizabeth (Mrs. Cass),
945-
Spencer, G., 71, 125, 164, 198,
7'3-
Spencer, Joseph, 281, 938, 945.
Spe;ie.er, Ktartha IJraiiierd, Mrs.,
938.
Spencer, O. M., 262.
Spies, 1'".., 621.
Spinning, I). J., 80.
Spitzley, Henry, 479.
Sprague, Ara, 130, 198.
Sprague, A. W., 58. 211, 799.
Sprague, Henry, 198.
Sprague, J. P., 58.
Sprague, R. A., 678.
Sprague, Thomas S , 361, 798,
Spr.igue, William, 324.
Spianger, V. X., si. <>4f', 734.
Springer, S. J., hi, K72.
Spioat, Kbinezer, 94s.
Sprole, W. 'I'., (ii5.
Slaev, William, 554.
Sladlcr, (',, 211.
SI. idler, John li., 202, 211.
Stager, ri. W., 040.
Stalker, 'I'lioinas, 57;;,
Standarl, J. t;., S22.
Slandish, 497.
Standish, J. I).. 162, 164,612,
Staiige, Charles, us, 275.
Slanli'V, I). S., 228.
Stanley, J. .M., 359, 945.
.Stanton, 980.
Stallion, Kdwin M., 104.
Slantoii, l-'rancis, (;4(i.
Stanton, Henry, 937,940,945.
Stanton, Stephen K., 2 5, 355,
945.
Slapliton, 681.
Stark. K. X., (145.
Starkly, Henry, 71, 140, s^l.
Starkey, Jennie ()., Miss, fj87.
Starkey, 1.. I''., so
Starkey. Richard, 140.
Starkweather, C. C, 205.
Starkweather, George H., loi,
130.
Starkweather, I. N., 872.
Starkweather, John I'., 211.
Stead, 62.
Stead, li., 6(1, 712, 7 ;o, 859.
Slead, William, ifi.j, 1*6,936.
Stearns, Willard K., 143, 740,
755.
Stearns, Kredi-riek, 3'i', 468,
497, 676, 691, 714, 822, 823,
970.
Stearns, F. H.. 739.
Stebbins, C"al\iii. ( 27.
Stebbins, Dwiglit I),, 64O.
Stebbins, (J. li., 705.
Stebbins, N. I)., 50.
Stebiier, H., 80.
Steelier, Martin. 043-
Steckel, (J. I., R., if.6, 167.
Steel, 270.
Steele, .Archibald, 256.
Stehfast, H., 9,5.
StcMl, Charles, 3:;5, 357.
Steii:bei-k, John, 978.
Steinleld, 468.
Stella, Mary, 651, 6f2.
Stellwagen, Cieorge II., 125,
Stenton. Goff, 945.
Stephens, John, 718. 867.
Stephens, j. A., 79,S, 934.
Stephens, Roe, ^56, 690,
Stephens, W. C:.", 895.
Stephenson, Captain, 227, 323.
Stephenson, William, 5(17.
Stern, Jabez, 210.
Sterling, 238, 907.
Sterling, James, 37, 172, 244,
. 837-
Sterling, Jesse, 167.
Sterling, John. 76.
Sterling, J. I'., .Mrs. Colonel,
362.
Steuben, ll.iidii, 238, 264, 952.
Stevens, .(,^4, ()<)=,, 696.
Stevens, ..Xmos, 88, loi, 131, 198.
Stevens, I laiiiel, 4<5.
Stevens, F. H., 374, 863.^
Stevens, Gideon 1!., 191.
Stevens, II. P., 483, 485.
Steven.s, James, 521.
Stevens, James A., 132.
Stevens, John, 485.
Stevens, Kate F.., Miss, 310.
Stevens, M., 143.
Stevens, Sears, 191, 199.
Stevens, T. H., 920,
Stevens, William, 888.
Stevens, William C, 92.
Stevenson, Captain, 766.
Stevenson, Charles S., 677.
Stevenson, James, 227.
Steward, Charles, 125, 131, 132,
313-
ioo8
INDKX OF NAMES.
Sli'vviirl, ji)4.
Sii w.irl, A., ifi^, (1)4,
Sicw.irl, CliiiiliM Miiiry, ^(),
Sliw.irt, 1)., 1(1(1.
Stewart, Diiiiiaii, jo6, (■>54, 787,
788, 7,;.., 8(17, ,/.7.
SirWilll, (;. I)., (147.
Stewart, jaincs, 71, loi, 141,
SM. 7)7. 7.!';. «"•
Sti'W.irl, lanus I'.., )57.
Stewart, "Jnlin, 167, 576, ^154,
'),l,v
Stewart, Morse, i6j, 218, (i5ci,
7ofi.
Stewart, Morse, Mrs., jio, )Cii,
('vj, CiCio, (161, Ci(i(i, 711(1, 84-.>.
Stewart, Morse, Jr., 51, 138.
Stew.irl, M. 1'., so.
Stewart, N. I'., 8.15.
Stewart, Koln-rt, 860,
Stew.irl, Will., 144, 164.
Steysk.il, C:iias., 167.
Sli'yslv.il, M.. If).', )57.
Sliekllev, H. 1'"., .VK).
Stieklley, J. I,., 685.
Stillsoii, uj.
Slil/er, Louis, i j?.
Sliiiison, II, (',.,'162, 685, q^^.
Stirliiiv;, J, lilies, 344, 34,), 767,
Stirliii<, I,imes, Mrs,, 341^,
Stirlim;, jolin, (1(16.
Stoekiii)„', c;. II. \V., 587.
Stoekiiiv;, Willi. nil, 684, 701,
StiH'ktoii, John, 96.
Stockton, I'hos., 2J7.
Stoekton, T. I!. W., 303, 305.
Stoekwell, .V., 131.
Stodil iril, C. .M., 4S6.
Stoilcl It'll, KiKliiiaii, ii;8, 4S5.
Stollet, II. L., 131,
Stollet, William, 130.
Stokes, K. A,, 706.
Stoll, Julius, 161, i6.', 196, 198,
870,
Stone, Hiram H., 101.
Stone, lames H,, 15c), C184, 701.
Stone, Nathan, 485, 4S6.
Stone, W., (1,(1,
Stone, William L., 249.
Stor.'y, W. l'"., 674, 686, 692.
Stork, |., 80.
Storkil.ile, R., 165.
Storrs, 616.
Storrs, H. A., 6
Story, \. L,, .Mrs,, 652.
Story, M., 164,
StouKhton, Williant L,, 92, 176,
Stouteiil)uri;li, J. I',, 711,936.
Stowe, C. K., 603, 708, 839.
Stowe, Harriet lleeelier, 945.
Stowe, Lyman I'".., 706.
Stoweil, .-V. H., too, 143, 164,
202. 4,3, 496, 695.
Stoweil, C. H., 709.
Straiijlu. I)., 131.
Strai>;lu, Osear S., 131.
Strani;, James J., 963.
Strange, John, 555, 58c.
Stratton, 733.
Straw, 695.
Streeter, \V. L., 162, i66.
Striker, Daniel, 92.
Striker, David, 617.
Stringer, Abram, 131.
Strong, Colonel, 270.
Stroni;, D., 227.
Strouj;, (leorge W., 922.
Stroll).;, Isaac, 132.
Stronvjj John, 100, lot, 131.
Strom;, J. M., 637.
StroiK, J. W., 198, 318, 758,
787.
Strom;, W. B., 901.
Struhel, H., 798.
Stuart, David, 210, 721.
Stuart, Charles, Mrs., 651, 652.
Stuart, Geori;e H., 311.
Stuart, Robert, 92,324, 645,651,
738. 830.
Stuart, W. A., 212, 213.
Stur^is, John, 198.
Sturgis, L. U., 30.
Sturgis, Russell, 854.
Sturm, N., 934.
Stunner, J., 622.
Stlllte. A., I.)8, 718, 757.
Slicker, Herman, (m)5.
Suits, W. II,, 845,
Sullivan, I) K,, Jii.
Sullivan, R., .S.., 94s.
Sullivan, 'I'liomas, yfi,
Siilti', lleni.iiiiiii, 7'j;.
Sumner, W. I' , K,«).
.Suinler, I'liomas, ij^j.
Sutherlanil, I liike of, 7,1c;.
.Siilherl, 111(1, ( leo., 14;.
Sutherland, lames, 58.
Siilherl. uul. ^1. II., 8(^8,
.Sulherland, '1'. J,, 301,302,
Sutlllf, Richard, 131,
Sutton, (do, .|i;i, 494, 1^64.
Sutton, ll, 1'",, 83.'.
Sutton, James W., 144, 506,
«J2. 9.it-
Sutton, Joseph I) , 758.
Sutton, Noah, 64, (15, 80,
ifi7, sn.
Sutton, W. C, icx).
Sutton .Maiiiifactiirin^ Co ,
Swain, .Albert, 680.
Swain, Is;iac N., 945.
Swan, I'",. S., 202, 210
Swayne, N. H., i,
Swearim;en, J. S., )3, 953.
Sweeny, Hernard, 212.
Sweeney, Kdward, 146.
Sweeney, Kli,rabeth, 656.
Sweeney, T. .M,, 131.
Sweeney, V.', A., 68f.
Sweetland, M., 585.
Swegles, John, Jr., 92.
Swift, 780, 842.
Swift, Alvah, 198.
Swift, K. v., 57, 361.
Swift, K. W., 138", 318. 633,
Swift, OeorKe S., 11)6, 197,
Swift, (leorgeV/., 101.
Swift, John ,M., loi.
Swift, Marcus, 131, u)S.
Swift, Morrison, 648.
Swinscoe, C, 355.
Swinscoe, H. H,, 144, 196,
Symmes, John Cleves, 178,
5'8,
164,
83...
883.
657.
956.
Tabor, A. I?., 485.
Taft, H., 155.
Taft, Levi H., 176.
Taft, Stephen K., 145.
'i'afft, William, 125, 130.
TaKKart, C. M,, 626.
Tai;k;art, J, W., 606.
Talbot, 681.
Talbot, John L., 96, 17C, 191,
711.
Tallman, 300,
Tallman, Theophilus E,, 88,
126.
TalmaKC, T, DeWitt, 709,
Tandy, Thomas, 895.
Taney, Roger 1!,, 848, 939.
Tanguay, Cyprian, 709.
Tankard, 767.
Tanner, Kdward, 956.
Tanner, John, 956.
Tappan, 717.
Tappan, Henry P., 709, 746.
Tarbell, H.irace S., 93.
Turquand, K. L., 586, 589.
Taylor, 840, 964.
Taylor, I'ayard, yoq.
Taylor, Charles H., 92, 686.
Taylor, Charlotte Ann, Miss,
584-
Taylor, E. M., 592.
Taylor, E. W., 756.
Taylor, Elisha, 38, 141, 187,
191, 197, 226, 604, 650, 740,
755-
Taylor, F. D., 639, 640, 642.
Taylor, K. S., 901.
Taylor, George, 310, 311, 569,
571, 706, 840.
Taylor, George H., 687.
Taylor, Israel, 281.
Taylor, James, 291, 293.
Taylor, J., 485, 496.
Taylor, John, 167.
Taylor, John L., 585, 586.
Taylor, Joseph, 104, 30), 8o(,
Taylor, M., fniS.
Taylor, N. T,, 71, S70, 872.
Taylor, I'lillo, iy>. uj8,
Taylor, William, 7 .8,
Taylor, Win, H,, 146.
Taylor, /ai liary, 50, 104, 129,
_:ioi. 9'''.t.
Teagan, liinatimn, 164,
Tecumseli, 8, 275, 277, 323, 955,
(j6f.
Teelson, H., ()oi,
TelTt, 11, I'-., 675.
Teffl, W, 11., 3(11, 814, 8.7, 8r.7.
Teller, I'., 4.14,
Ten llrook, Andrew, 606, 674,
706.
Ten Kyck, 31X).
Ten Kyek, A., 104, 176, 187,
191, 194.
len Ey( k, Conrnd, 88, loi, 125,
'.II. '.!5. 17^'. 281, 851, 855.
Ten Eyck, J. V. R., 126, 140,
MO.
Ten I'.yek, Martha, 594.
Teiiny, 676.
Terhiine, Robert, 492.
Terms, Anthony, 131.
Teriies, I'eier, lot, i.'6, 131.
Terry, A. R., .;o, 341, 706.
Terry, !■'. II., Mrs.", ()62.
Terry, H. I)., 305.
Thayer, A, 1'., 131.
Thayer, (1. W., 486.
Thayer, Hiram H., 125, 130,
131.
Thayer, T.yniiin M., 874.
Thayer, N. I'., n»i, 131, 648.
Thayer, S. 1!., 30, 675, 676,
Tlielan, N., 126.
K. ■
30=.
Theller, K, A., 50, 301,
673, 706.
Thibeau, Prosper, 313.
Thibeaut, Joseph, 149.
Thii'bault, Catharine, 981.
Thierry, James, 945.
Thomas, 106, (176.
Thomas, .Aaron, ii8o.
Thomas, Alexander M., 721.
Thomas, I). K., 690.
Thomas, K. (., 358, 706.
Thomas, C. R., 758,
Thomas, Isaiah, 670.
Thomas, J., 577.
Thomas, Joel, icj8,
Thomas, l„ H,, 356, 567.
Thomas, M. I., 176,
Thome, 1'. M,, 229.
Thompson, 301, 744, 979,
'Thompson, I'. II., 143, 210.
'Thompson, C H., 356.
'Thompson, Daniel, 209.
Thompson, David, 71,202,210,
946.
Thompson, David,
664.
Thompson, Dincan.
Thomson, l-Uhvard,
,675, 706, 736, 970.
Thompson, J., 494.
Thompson, James, 659.
Thompson, Joseph, 837.
Thompson, Mortimer M.,
706.
Thompson, O. C, 613, 616, S72.
Thompson, (). C., Mrs., 652,
653-
Thompson, 'I, S., 706.
Thompson, W., 494.
Thompson, William, 975.
Thompson, W. li., 624.
Thompson, W. C, 137.
Thompson, William (i., 75, 140,
145, 161, 871.
Thompson, William H.,
689.
Thompson, W. M., 709.
Thorns, S., 608.
Thon, John K. W.,
Mrs.,
702.
500,
66,,
570.
682
684,
Then, J. 1., 132.
e, W., 904.
"S.
Thorpe, .. ., .,„.,.
Thrombley, Charles J., 946.
Throop, Knos 'T., 126.
Throop, Geo. B., loi, 755,
Throop, Montgomery H., 706.
Throop, Washington, Mrs , jiu
Thr.iop, W. A., 16H, 3S1. ll 5.
Thuiiier, Aloys, (147, (149
Tliiirlier, 11 irace, 8().;.
'l'liiu>loii, Daniel, H()o.
'Tliiirstoii, Jason, 1 to.
'Tilil" lis, John R., 482.
Tlliliclts, John S., 101, 125, 130,
131, 706.
Tichy, 5(1.
'Tierney, Jas,, 212.
Tinin, l'.<rniuii(l, 15.
'Tiliek, Weneeslaus, 543.
'Tillinghast, W. R., 585, 592.
Tillman, J. W., )./), i;45.
'Tillottsoii, 883.
'I'illon, TheiKlore, 709.
'Timiii, Will., 211.
'Tiiiham, Ale\ , loi.
'Tinker, A. P., ■;i)8.
'Tinker, I. W., Hti8.
'Tinnettc, J., 355.
'Tisler, N., 211, 212, 213.
Titlow, George, 211, 212,
'Titus, |onas, 888.
'Titus, J. II., 73H.
'I itiis, IVIarian, 737.
'Titus, Silas, 710.
'Titus, S. W., Ckk;.
Tobitz, A., 8(1.
Tociiueville, Ale.visde, 707, i;58.
'Todd, 280, 495,
'Todd, C, S,, i86, 287.
'Todd, Isaac, 767, 980.
'Todd, John, 85, 251.
'Todd, W. 1:., 146.
'Todenbier, John 11., 758.
'Todl, M.ix, C134.
'Toepel, J. H.; MS.
Toll, .Alexander, 198,
'Tomllnson, N., 143.
'Tonipkins, John W., 62, 502.
'Toms, Robert P., 56, 67, ii;9,
362, 656, 657.
Tonty, 18, 19, 171, 221, 325,
3-7. 332. 340. 489, 527, 707,
766, 951.
Tonty, Sicnr .Alphonse de, 226.
'Tonly, Henri, 227.
'Tiirbert, Saiiuiel, 198,
'Torrance, $i^('.
'Torrey, Abel R,, 145.
Torrey, ll, .A,, •,').
Torrey, Joseph, 195.
Torrey, Joseph \V., 98, 190, 945.
Toser, l*.li/a, 731),
Towle, S., .Mrs., 718.
'Towiie, 11. T'., 2IO,
'Toivne, T. .M.. 355, 744.
'Townsend, 492, 493.
Townsend, K. 1)., 945.
'Tracy, D. I!,, i;o6.
'Tracey, Uriah, 272, 552.
'Train, George Francis, 701;.
Trainor, W. H., 871.
'Tramer, C, 578.
'Trask, Francis, 940.
Trask, J. S., 569.
Traub, 496.
Travel-, G. M., 4i>i.
Trayiior, W. J. H., 680, 689,
690, 691.
I'readway, A., 639.
'Treadwell, Seymour 11.,
Tregaskis, Richard, 163.
Tregent, Helen, Mrs., 941.
Tregent, P., 038, (140, i)(i.
Trehey, '1'., 165, 1(16, 756.
Tremble, Anibniise, 082.
Tremble, Francois, 313.
Tremble, Francois Aiiibroise,
981.
Tremble, Josepli l.ionard, ()8o.
Tremble, Joseph Louis, 977,
980.
Tremble, Louis, Sr., 980.
'I'remble, Pierre, ()8i.
Tremble, 'Thoma^, 313.
Trenschel, Charles, 575.
Trevan, William C, 577.
Trincano, Sister, 725
Tripler, C. S., 50, 706.
Tripp, 468.
Trollope, Anthony, 708.
■Trombley, Oavid, 13a.
93'
13".
Wnnhlnnton, Mit .
\V. A., ifiS, JSl. "
, Aluys, (147. <'!'*
, II ir.irr, H.)S.
11, l);iiuil. 8(xj.
II, J.isnii, I 1".
, J,,lui K., 4HJ.
, Juliii S., lul, 1^5'
)6.
5t3-
, la*., 2ia.
'.(liMiind, 15'
Wiim sliiiis, S4,l.
mst, W. K., 58.'), 5>P.
I, J. \V., I.''. 'M5-
nil, K81.
'I'liccKldri', 7"c).
Will., ■-•ii.
1, Alex , Ml.
, A. r., via.
, 1. \V., H08.
«■, J., 3S5.
N., Jii. -''2. 21.1.
, ('■iiiri.;f, -Ml, -Hi.
)(iiKis, 8«H.
■|. 11,. 7-t«.
Marian, 7,17-
Silas, 710.
S. W.. ('*)■
rvilk, Al.xistlc, 707,i;58.
280, 405.
c. s., jsr., 287.
Isaac, 767, ')iJO.
Icilin, 8^, 251.
\V. 1 ., Mf'-
il.irr, J.ilin H-. 758.
M.ix, ')34-
■), J. 11.. MS.
AU'xanil'T, nj8.
illSDM, N.> 143' ,
ikins, l.iliii W., 62 502.
i, KolxTt 1'., 5*^^. 67. ■>)')
, f>5^ fi57-
)•, 18, iq, '7i. '"'
, ,32, 340, 489. 527.
y, Siiiir Alphonsf dc
|y, Hriui, 227.
Tt, SainiR'l, 11)0.
.iicc, 5</i.
Aliil K., 145.
>•; H. A., 5')
INDF.X OF NAMES.
1009
325.
7^'7.
226.
•y, V'sipli, i>)5-
■ y, jos.i.li NV., q8.
90, ()45.
I'.liza, 73')-
S., Mis., 7'8.
, H. r.. 210,
, i. M.. 355. 744.
fiul, 4.)-', 403.
eiul, K. 1>-. ')45-
1). 1!., yo6.
y, Uriah, 272, 552.
C'.fori;.' Krani'is, 701).
„r, W. H., 871.
..er, C, 578.
k, Kramis, 940.
J.S., 569-
, 4>)6- ,
r, (.. M., 49'''-
,„■, W. J. H., C80, f.89,
r.Ji.
lUvay, A., 639.
Iwrll, Si'vmour P.., 93-
iskis, Kirliard, if'3.
■nt, Hi-li'ii, Mr^'. >>1'-
■nt, 1'., 938. 94". 9t>-
.^■y, T., 165, iM>, 75''-
nblf, AmhrDisc, ii»2.
nblo, Krancois, 313-
nble, Francois Ainbioisc,
nble, Joseph T.iiinard, 980.
nble, Joseph Louis, 977.
nble, Louis, Sr., 980.
nble, Pierre, i)8i.
nble, Thoina-, 313-
ischel, Charles, 575.
iun, William C, 577-
icano. Sister, 725
)ler, C. S., 50. 700-
>P. 468. , „
Hope, Anthony. 708.
mbley, David, 13a.
'roniblv, C. K., 738.
'rust. A., 162.
roiuisliiie, .\I., Mrs., 657.
rowliriil^e, C A.. 106, 355,
'rowbriilne, Charles C. 41, 41),
5''i. 112, 11). 14-', 153. '80,
lH(>, i.)7, as3, 277, 30J, 3 12,
339. 47*^. 475. 5"''. 5^3. 5!*4.
5110, 5)2, 041, (151, (152. f>57.
6ti(), 71/), 712, Tt(>, 7 v. 71'.
746, 785. 83S, 8v>. 81.4, iJ37.
895. '("7. 9^''. '/'■'. 973.
rowbriilije, C. C, Mrs., 583,
59". "51. ''5J-
rowliricUe, IC. S., Miss, O51,
6^2, 7l().
'niwbriili;.', 1„ II., 63-).
'rowbriilkii', Lutiii'rS., i.;i;, 163,
f'l*'. 7 11., 733. 758.
'roy, William, 007.
riia.x, ii'ii.
max, A. C, 130, i.)8. 277, 7C7.
max, John, 851, 8113.
rii.ix, J. 1,., 357.
nickey, N.. 144.
rnileaii, 18.
'niclill, S.imiiel, 130.
'null-lie, l''raiicois, 9711.
'ruesd.iil, W., 787, 864,
'niMilnill, Jolni, 706, 945.
"niiiibull, Squire, 210,
ryuii, James l'',., 519.
'ubm.iu, U., 904.
'iieker, 255.
luker, I'l., 486.
lu ker, Joi-I, 716.
iicker, J. I)., 487.
unis, W. K., 497, 695.
iirk, 482.
uniiuill, 236.
uriihiill, ( Inirtje, 17.', 227.
iiriibull, J. 1... 892.
iiriibtill, kobcrt, 603, 605, 606,
651, 7u(i, 839.
inner, 964.
uriier, .\lviii A.. 130.
uriier, C.eorge, 178.
iruer, Horace, 499. 901,
iirner, II. M., 976.
iiruer, Josiali, i88.
iirpiii, .\. II., 577.
iirpin, Jean li.iptiste, 333.
iirrinn. Chaplain, 550, 952.
utile, 184, 226.
little, .\braui, 143.
little, Christopher, 313,
little, C. S., 706.
little, C. W., 58, 211, 872.
little, W., 131.
Little, W'aruei', 90.
little, W.irren, loi, 198, 64S.
w.iin, Mark, 70.).
wi.<),'s, Colonel, 48.
wonildy, I.. C, 318.
yler, 4^3, 494.
yier, Jason, 198.
yler, John W., J15.
yler, Moses Coit, Oii, (175, 706.
yler, .M. G., Mrs., 6^^.
yler, k. I,., 211.
yler, Sarah, 656.
yrrell, 485.
yrrell. Aaron W., 145.
u
Ubelhner, K. 212.
Ude, J. C, 378.
Ulinian, Isaac F-. 481.
Ullman, 1.. '1'., 770.
Umberliine, 1). W., (>97.
Ulrich. Charles, 180.
Ulrich, Henry, iq6.
Ulry, Captain, 275,
Upson, (.'liarles, 92.
Upton, (J. I!.. 901.
Utley, H. M., 684, 753.
Vail, 498, 835. 883, 973-
Vail, E. J., Miss, 717.
Vail & Crane, 835.
Valentine, .\., 758.
Vallee, J. B., 164, 755.
Van hvery, 080.
Van livery, I'eter, SB, loo, 130,
Valliani, Krancois, 537,
Valiii', 189.
V.iii Aiken, fiijs,
\'aii Aim, I)., H37,
Van Alsiync, I. S., 81S, 87a,
Van .\ltir, Jolin. 195,
Van Audi 11. 481,
\an Aiiden, J. (),, 8a8.
Van .Vrm.tii. |ohn. 303.
V.iii Haaleii, J., 49f).
Van llureii. .Martin, 102, 103,
1..'9, («.'', 849, 961.
V.in C.impenliaiult, I'rancis,
,. ''*°-
\ anee, oM.
Vanci', havid, 04.
Van Cleve, H. I'., 130.
Van Clevr, John W., 2r,3.
Van Damme, IVler, 1^17, 757.
Vandendriessche, Amaildus,
544'
Vandenliolf, deori,;.', 701).
V.iii Depoelr, Charles J., J(J2,
4f)8.
V.iud.rliill, C, 901.
\'aiiderliilt, W. H., 901.
VanderburK, lleurv. 94, 178.
Vanderhonf, S., 2i,i.
Vaiiderpoel, s;i. 532, 535, 721.
V.inderw.irker, 495.
Van Dii/er, A. M.. 487.
Van Dyke, (74, .(79.
\'an Dyke, Lrnest, 539, 542.
Van Dyke, James A., 71, 140,
141, 143, 210, 360, 512, 520,
521, 5'i- 71'-
Van Dvke, J. A. .Mrs., 0,1.
Van Dyke, J. II., 5i'.9.
Van Dyke, Philii> J. D.. aio,
654. '■"". 758- „
Van Kmst.ih', 1'. N., 538.
Van I'.sl, 486.
Van Hvery, ySo.
'an I
198.
Van Kleet, J. A., 70C.
Van Kossen. ('.eneral, 896.
Van Horn, T. I',., 275, 291, 2 17.
Van Hiisan, Caleb, 5O, 71. 164,
165, 311, (150, 718, 733, 874.
Van Husau, C, .Mrs., 655.
Van lluscn, Theodore V., 023.
\'an limen, Harriet .M., Miss,
737' 73'^-
Van Miller, W., 872.
Van Nortwieli, Ira, 710.
Van I'aiael, I''.. 541.
Van Rensselaer, Jeremiah, 12C,
140, 176, 191.
Van Rensselaer, Solomon, 225,
294. 957-
Van Riper, J. J., 93.
Van liiper, J, W., 130.
Van Seliaac k, Henry, 767.
Van Schoiek, J. IL, 51X), 713.
Van Sickle. ( ieortje, S72.
Van Stan, John, 211.
Varney, .\. C., 706.
Varnuin, Jami's H., 86.
Variiiim, J. M., 17S.
Vaiulreiiil, 18,83, 84, 171, 233,
234. iX-^f 7<''5. 837-
Vaugliaii. J. C, too, 132.
Vau,i;liii, V. C, 709.
Vendoiiie, .\ntoine l)u<' de, 333.
Venn, James .\., 757, S16.
Verhiilst, Sister, 725.
Vermulen, Kred., 798, 935.
Vernet, M., 40.
Vernier, J. 15., 337, 716, 979.
Vernor, 1!., 310, 311, 519, 523,
638, 657, 868, 946.
Vernor, J. S., 162, 311, 523.
Vertin, John, 547.
Vetterliiii;, H. C, 626.
Vhay, 787.
Victoria, 829.
Vi>;er, Alexander E., 54,
Vi>;er, .Andre, 979.
Vi,i;er, Jacepies, 32.
Vi.ifo, Francis, 251.
Vincent, Krancis, 535.
Vincent, J. K., 137, 146, 165.
Vincent, J. H., 708.
Vindevoijel, Sister, 721,
VisK'iir, 27a.
Visx.ir. I'eter K.., 313.
\'is>.er, 71.7, 846.
Visner, V.,, 131, 648.
Visxer, J., 131, 837.
Visner, Jiieob. (14, 123, 189, 191,
I98. )H, 91.S, 978, 981.
VisKer, James A., 123, 130, 131,
946.
ViSKer, loH.ph, 285.
Visjjer, Wiindert, 837,
Vislere, see Lufurte, 337, 797,
079.
Vi.iKl, H. W., 362, 871.
Volney, C. v., 707.
Von llrandis, \lxi.
\'oorliees, 499,
VoyiT, Joseph, 981.
Voyiv, Joseph, 190.
Vreelaiul, I ). I'., 1 jo.
Vrei'l.inil, James II., 130,
Vrooniaii, Jcdin .\ , 13.'.
\>ooinan, J. J., i )2, (148.
N'roomau, Jolin I,., i )i.
Vroomuii, Alartin, 131,
w
Wabouse, an Indian, 179.
W.ide, William. S44.
Wadleii;ll, (1. I'. R., 486.
Wail, ( )lied, 142, 474, 713.
Wa^er, Henrv, 131.
Walbach, |oliu Ii., 229.
WalbridKe, David S., S84.
Walcott, A. II., 892.
Wales, Austin, 4?!. 482, 493.
Wales, K. A.. 191, 192. 482,682,
686, 6,.i2.
W.ili's, I'rinei' of, 481,966.
Walker, 24S, 315. 827, 744.
Walker, Ihyant, 714,
Walker, C. 1., 32, 56, 57, 73,
162, 194, 199, 306, 307, 476,
642, 65.S. 707, 711, 712, 7(H1,
„7Vr' ''5('' .757. 9'i5. 967, 969-
Walker, C. 1., Mrs., 652.
Walker, David, 126, 131.
Walker. Kdwaid C, toi, 311,
362, 638, 650, 683, 711, 732,
753. 75^'. 839.
Walker, (J. I)., 80, 798, 799,
Walker, Hiram, 161, 102, 362,
683, 6S.i, 733.
Walker, Henry L., 656.
Walker. Henry N.. 92, loi, 141,
176, 191, 686, 8)9, 864, 874,
880, 883, 895, 897, 898, 903,
946.
Walker, H. ()., 51, 647, 649,
6iiO, 733.
Walker, jason F., 627.
Walker, John, 281.
Walker, Jno. (1., 934.
Walker, l.everett I!., 756.
Walker, S. W., 648.
Walker, Wm., 198. 978, 980.
Walker, Willis K., 361.
Walki'r, llarns A Co., 692.
Wait, Suixeon-( ietU'ral, 300.
Wallace, (olin II., loi, 131.
Wallace, 1,. W., 872.
Wallace, R. W., 615, 616.
Wallen, Klia.s, 79, 133, 149, 202,
20().
Walsh, John, 799, 904.
Walslie,"j. G., S.39.
Waltz, Joseph, loi, 131.
Wanbeci, 41)6.
W.'inless, .\iulre\v, 696, 707.
Wappenlians, C. !•". R.. 923.
Ward, C. H., ^77.
Ward, l''.ber, 867.
Ward, 1',. 1!., 102, 161, 359, 683,
684, 718, 867, 911.
Ward, Henry A., 714.
Ward, John, 757, 859,
Ward, I. & I,., 482.
Ward, Milton, 587.
Ward, T. M. D., 976.
Ward, William, 641, 681, 682,
707, 712. 716, 859.
Warin, 269, 270.
Warinjj. A., 820.
Warlop, 532.
Warner, 873.
Warinr, C. !•'.., ^58.
Warner, Jared C, 165, 310, 481,
482, 750.
Warner, .M. W.. 486.
W. liner, S P., 572, S74.
W.irner, William, lui, 707, 7-/1,
Warner, W. I'.., 4.., 91, 1..., loi,
133.
Warren, 492.
Warren. Charles A., 871, 901,
901.
W.irren, ( leorije P., K29.
Warren, II. D., 6ji.
W.irien, Henry W., p<i).
Warren, Isaac, 211, 797.
Warren, John, 203.
W.irren, joliii A., 577.
W.irik n, John 1.., 146, 362.
Warren, )osepli, (78, 683, 94^..
Warren, Josenh A., 829,
Warren, Philip, 559, 5O3, 5O4,
579.
Warren, S. K... .572, 1^73.
Warriner, William K., 146, 165,
657.
Warns, Anton, 575.
Washburn, W. W., 57a, 575,
580.
Washington, George, 232, 354,
355. 256, 257, 258, 259, 261,
364. ■'(>7i 317. 363. 633, 746,
94(1.
Watirman, 872.
Waleiniaii, D. A., 612, <>oi.
Waterman, Daniel C., 946.
Waterman, Kaiiny Davenport,
660.
WatiTinan, J. W., 475, 586, 707.
Waterman, Lucius, 589.
Walkins, 493.
Watkins, W., 713.
Watson, 859.
Watson, Andrew, 895.
Watson, I'.lkanah, 707.
Watson, K. J., 757.
Watson, Geurne, 360, 361, 681.
Watson, James, 942.
Watson, James It., 176, 191,
796.
Watson, James v., 566, 641, 707.
Watson, John, 133, 192, 210,
73'). 755-
Watson, John, Mrs., 6si.
Watson, John I!., 176," 198.
Watson, Joseph, 30, 41.1, 96,946.
Watson, I . C, 709, 920,
Watson, Robert, 80.
Wat*.n. S. C, i,i8, 162.
Watson, Samuel G., 176. 192.
Watson, 'I'hos. P., 192.
Wattles, 481.
Watts, W. H., 585.
Wau,k;li, P.everly, 579.
Way, F. 1!., 683, 692.
Wayman, W. A., .577.
Wayne, Anthony, 119. 120,225,
227, 265, 266, 267, 26S, 269,
270, '271, 4S1, 551, 946, 953.
Wayne, J. 1!., 8u(..
Weaver, Joseph, 210, 979.
Weaver, S., 486.
Weaver, William, 554.
Webb, 492.
■>Vebb, 1!. 1,., 162, 470, 475, 785.
W^lib, J. Russell, 709.
Webb, James Watson, 339, 357,
706.
Weill), William, i,8.
Webber, N. W., "51, 6<)o, 733.
Weber, Geoi^e, 798.
Weber, Henry, 494, 498, 944,
9/M 972-
Weber, John, 198.
Weber, J. K., 971, 972.
Weber, Otto, 944.
Webster, Paniel, 108, 708, 746,
849, 946, 960, 964.
Webster, Daniel F., 108, 708,
849.
Webster, Jesse T., 586, 587, 588,
679.
Webster, M. Howard, 144, 494.
Webster, M, H., Mrs., 655, 661.
lOIO
INDEX — MISCELLANEOUS.
Wclintir, NiJiih, 7'/i.
WclwliT, S. C, ^>)^, 7<iH.
Wild, J. S., 717.
Wri ks, Daviil, ifi.(, 7i;5, 7y8.
Wicks, II.. (..•_,.
Wnks, I. \V., (ji;7.
Wii V , Ji.liM, 7iyj,
Wiiilisli r, Carl, yj^.
WViltr, (1., 575.
Wiicr, I. (>., luo, i-j(), 1)7, i(),
,,,M5. '■'".. 7S7-.
W'lil/, W. r.j 3U, .;l,),
Wiil/il, ( lii.lfrry, (17, ijiy, 1)75.
Will li, Cliiirlcs M,, 145, i;-(li,
Will h 1 1., .,!.(.
Wilrh, liiiins M., i()3, 7ja, 757.
Willi,, 1',K,,,6,. •'•'■'""
Wriil, Isaitr, 71)7, 791^.
Wi.lliniiji, j. K., C7S.
W'lllinn, .|iiini> II., Cpij7, 771;.
\\'i'llin)^ti'>ii, I. .M., 7.19.
Wi-IU, .fifj, sS'. 8';.'.
Wills, Asliliii S., 51J4, 7)''.
Wflls, t'Imiirs, 715, 7j(i.
Wtlls, II. II,, iiji, ■ 4^6, 5116,
Wells, l(,|,n A., a&j.
Wi-ILs, Niiiili .M,, 51^4, 5^5, (iv2,
641, 7).,,
Wflls, Ual|>li, 6i7,i/iij.
Wflls, Kiifiis, 6}.
Wells, Slepheii, 681, 08^;, r»;3.
Wills, W. .A., 710,
Wells, Win. I'., 101, 75J, 7^7,
7(.o.
Wilion ,\, W„ 558, 730.
Weliclfll, 41^1.
Wfllllill, A., 115, 167, 77n,
Wnulill, C, K.,884.
Wemifil, I'lniDiy, 866, 867, 9)6.
Wfiidell, J., 770.
Wfiidfll, J, II., 711, 792.
Wfiiilfll, Mary S., 736.
Wfnilfll, Tiiiiis .S,," 142, 164,
770, 860.
Wenzfll, 4y5,
Wfrmers, I!, J,, 541.
Wfrtliinaiiii, A,, 166,
Wfsliy, Jnliii, i;46.
Wesley, >ijIiiiiii>ii, 144.
Wesseniian, .A., ()i8.
Wfssun, Cutler, i)\ij.
Wessun, H. K., 680, 681.
Wesson, l.ysander, 942.
WessDn, W. I!., 41, 100, 466,
S'.'J. 7J.!i 810, 828, 8(17, 8(19,
yj7. yj8i 'j3yi y4'. 'M'-i, 94).
944. 94''-
vVcsson, W. li., Mrs., 939, 944
West, Itunjainin, 360.
West, N., ()oii, 718.
Westaway, James, 640.
Wfstcotl, Jolin W., 146.
Weston, Allyn, 677, 682.
Weston, Ainijs, 189.
Wettiaufei-, !•'., 146.
Wetniore, C. II., 355, 711,
Wetinore, K. W., 640.
Wey^anil, 551.
Weyle, Cliarles, 211.
Wharton, Carpentir, 344.
Wlieatun, William W., 140.
Wliei'un, 1). n.,675, 709.
Wlieiler, J. li., 919.
Wheeler, Lyman, 354.
Wheeler, R. O., 639.
Wheelock, Kehecca, 946.
Wheian, M., 318.
Whipiile, 315, 481, 695, 955.
Whipple, A. W., 919.
Whipple, C!harles \V., 40, 100,
187, 191, 6S5, 736.
Whipple, Henry I.., 92.
Whipple, James li., 126.
Whipple. John, 40, 123, 183,
189, 335-
Whipple, S. f. I.
Whipple, Willi. I,., 946.
Whistler, 275, 291, 299, 115.
Whistleri C;. W., 953
Whistler, John, 227, 953.
Whistler, John, Mrs., 953.
Whistler, William, 228.
Whilaire, Williiiiii, u'l, 131.
Wliitioinli, C . I)., 9111.
White. liMp, 47-,, 49J, 1/15.
While. Alfreil. 894, 895.
While, Aljiheiis, .(9, 88.
While, A. 1 1., 709.
While, A. 1:. K., (131.
While. II. K., Hii, 868.
While. J. C, 31a.
Wliih', S, Warner, 874.
W'liili liiiiise, Henry |., 59'-
\\ hitinn, Henry, 141. .'jd, 286,
(>4i, (1,1. (i5.', 7m(,, 71J, 958,
Whitiiin. Ileiir>. .Mrs., 652.
WhilinK. J- Hill. «"4.
Wliilinv:, John I.., 41^, <;9, 140,
I'M. -ly. iS-i. Vl-i' 5'J. 7".
7i.', 77.., 04(1.
WhiliiiK, Jiisejili, 706.
WhilinK, J. I'.. M.t. »"^. ■•^'"i
ilSi, |,SI,.
Wliilla, Manila. 975.
Whiiman. I'lank, 162.
Whiiman. Hiram, 19H.
Whitm.in, I'. 1 >., 210.
Wliilmore. ( >.. i;7i, 689, 690,
Whilinore, ( ). W., 198.
Wliilney, 946.
Whitney, A. (1., 30, 41), 48, 89,
')!<, 1)8. ".IS. 17''. '95. '';'. 859.
Whilney, C. J., 356, 678.
Whiinev, Daviil, Jr., 301, 811,
8(.8, 875.
Whitney, ('.. I,., 672, 673, 681,
68j. 61/j. (196.
Whitney. (1. I!.. 841;.
Whilney, C)., 486.
Whiilaker. H., 176.
Whilleinore, 690.
Whiilemure, lieniaril C, 92,
Wluttemore. Ciiileon 1 1., 92.
WliiUeniore, J. II., 357.
Wliittemore, J. 1'., 141.
Whittiiinieyer. John, 303.
Whiltle, (14 I, 972.
Whillle, I). \\'.. 637.
Whiltlesey, H. .M., 40, 305.
Wllilwooll, I), t:., 56, 162,869,
040.
Wii'kware. C .. 165, 167.
Wiilman, J. '1'., 167.
Wieiviirek, Simon, 542.
Wiehle, 355.
Wieneke, \Veise, 680.
Wieser. Charles J., 146.
Wi>;ht. IJiiekminsler, 100, 143,
\yO, 6,8, 68 1, 840, 900, 946.
Wiijht, I''.. 1!., 869.
Wi^ht. H. A., 497, 498.
Wi,i.;lii. II. A.. Mrs., 600.
Wixlit, J. -Anilirose, 602.
Wixht, James I'., 469.
WiKht, O. W., 59, 361, 707.
Wixht, .S. C, 71, loi, 143, 497,
52 i, 7U. 868, 869.
Wixlitman, H.. 131.
Winhtman, \'olney, 131.
Willinr, A. I)., 566,
Wilhy. K. C, 691.
Wileo.x, C liarles. 135, 164.
Wileo.x, Daviil I!., 210, 872,
Wileo.v, Kdwin, 795.
Wilco.x, Cleoi^'e A., 177, 756.
Wilco.\, Levi A., 146.
Wileox, W. W., 143, 164, 493,
495. 7M. 7-!<', 756. y.^t'.
Willeo.v. 675. 691.
Willio.v, .Alinira. 594.
Willco.N, Kben N., 307, 523, 755,
756-
Willeo.v, l.ymaii (!., 38.
Willco.x, Orlando B., 73, 230,
io5. J"7.J"u. 7"7. 7". 967. 969-
Wilder, A. .A., 364, 797.
Wilder, K. C, 638.
Wilder, J. I,., 486.
Willies, (leorye J)., 976.
Wiley, 579, 709.
Wiley, A. S., 810.
Wiley, Jeffurson, loi, 218, 708,
8u8, 869.
Wiley. Jefferson, Mrs., 665.
Wilkes, (jeorge, 145, 161.
Wilkie, Andrew, 934.
Wilkic, John A., 212.
\\ llkllls, lui, 23.J, 2,(0, 492.
Wilkiiis, Ahull, 707.
Wilkins, John, 24, 221, 879, xa;.
Wilkins, Koss, 31, 90, 175, ibi',
"95. .)".!. .|oi, 64J. 94''. 961.
Wilkins. I. I)., 67s.
Wilkins, William H., ^4, 175.
'7''. .m< :)"5. 746, 75J. 75".
7SH, 760, 761,
Wilkinson, .A. M., 190,612, 757.
Wilkinson. James, 227,267,2(18,
•■7", -'7'. 95 1.
\\ ilkinson, John, 902.
Wilkinson, Joseph, 58, i n. '**4.
7H5.
Wilks, C'hiirlfs, 132,
Will.iril, l''raiieeH K., 709.
Willaril, I,. II., "65,645,755,7,16.
Will.iril, I,. 11., .Mrs., 310.
Williniin, Desire I!., i./s 19S.
21 '.
Willells, Wellilljiton, 571.
Willelts, J., 638.
Williams, 252, 495, 501, s'.i., 77.!,
77J.
Williams, Alhert, 92.
Williams, Alfred, 894, 895.
Williams, A. S,, 103, 143, iiA>,
195, 203, 299, 303, 305, 317,
Ii8. IS9, 682, 683, ('92, 75",
8(4, 883, 946.
Williams, .Mrs. A. S., nj.
Williams, Charles W., 739, 735.
Williams, h'.leazer, 581, 95(1.
Williams, Elizaheth, Miss, 720,
721, 940.
Williams, I'.zia, 198.
Williams, Kerilinaiul, 940.
Williams, (i. .Moll, 126,
493. 586. 589. 590. 59".
73". 756. 874.
Williams, (uirdon ().,
48(1, 865, 895, 965.
Williams, (i. ()., .Mrs. 486.
Williams, (I. Watson, 681,
Williams, llarvev, soJ.
Williams, II. DwikIiI, 839.
Willia.ns, Isaae. 173. 577.
Williams, J ., 153.
^Villiams, Junies, 123, 130, 142,
'9-'. 933 •
Williams, James M., 303.
Williams, John, 133, n 1.
Williams. John I!.. 458.
Williams. John C, 131, 167, 488,
941. 946.
Williams, John C, Mis , 937,
939-
Williai
'44.
lams, J. C. 1).. 141. 174,
3"3. 72 '•
Williams, John U., 40, 88, 89,
99, 114, 1^3, "35. "38. "4".
174, 192, 274, 359. 502. 534,
685, 730, 731. 740. 752, 770,
786, 859, 860, 863, 933, 939,
945. 946-
Williams, John K., Mrs.. 943.
Williams, John S., 267.
Williams, Josejih ]i., 92.
Williams, Julian, 145.
Williams. I.e\i. 198.
Williams. .Miss, 717.
Williams. .Morris I.., 871.
Williams, .M. .M., 695.
Williams, Nathan, 78, 191, 198.
Williams, Nathaniel, 174.
Williams, N. ('.., 711, S68.
Williams, N. H., 481, 4H5, 487.
Williams, Oliver, 135, 730.
Williams, 'I'heodoie, 40, 100,
126, 142, 143, 144, 167, 172,
'94. 5'3. 945-
Williams, 'Iheoilore (1., 945,
Williams, 'J'homas, 174, 198, 669,
767.
Williams, William C, 734, 871.
William.s, William CI., 918.
William.son, David, 261, 952.
WilliKan, M., 541.
Willis, Ale.vandriiie .\I., Mrs.,
937. 94"-
Willis, lilanehe, 938.
Willis. Nathaniel, 669.
Willis^ Nathaniel P., 669, 675,
706.
■■"'3.
\Vii.«.
73".
""3.
188,
357.
839,
Willis, Kirliaril Slorrs, 361, 549,
(,.,,,, 7..(., 938.
Willis. Kulmril Storrit, Mrs,,
361, 362.
Willis, M. <)., 845.
Willis, J. I'., 6.7, (,IO.
WillyoniiK. John, (79, 695.
Wilmaitli, Asa II., iJi>, I3'-
U ilinarlli, HIr.ilii, (>4. 198, 6i>6,
Wilmarlh. O. II.. 799-
\S ilinor, James 'I'., 554.
Wilmcit, .Ml. 11 C, 313.
Wilmot, William. 145.
Wilson. A. .A., S77.
Wilson, K. II. C., 188.
Wilson. OforKf. 7i(j. 717, 7.16.
Wilson. Henry, 144.
Wilson, II. II., 577.
WiUon, lames, ,•48.
Wilson, John, 879.
Wilson, John 11,. 654.
Wilson, John M., 209. 210, 346,
,,,795.
W ilson, Lewis, 22S.
Wilson, M. 1... 681.
Wilson, Willi.ini, jai.
Wilson. W. Wariif. 586.
Winaiis, I'. .\I., 303,
Wini'liell, Ale.saniler, 676, 709,
Willi hell. John, 7|8, 739, 755,
Winilirster. (leneral. 279, 280.
Willi klir, J. I''., (120.
Wiiuler, I ). K.. 707.
Winder. John, 140, 167, 175, 176,
186, 187. 11)1. 194. 197.940,946.
Winder. John, .Mrs., 633, (152.
Wlnx, 908.
WiiiK, A., 165 798.
.Austin i'!., 30, 40, 98, 102,
III, 135, 176, 181, 187,
201J, 210, 558, 631, 73.,,
... 94'''
Winn, lianklin M., 71 ,126. 144.
WiiiK', Nelson H., 046,
Winn. Warner, 194. 210.
Winkleiii.in. J, C, 131.
Winn iV I'aiiery, 482.
Winterlialter, John. 318.
Wise, Daniel (I'laneis Forres-
ter). 579. 708.
Wiseman, Major, 227.
Wisner, (leorne W., 682, 755.
Wisiur. Moses, 92.
Wiswell, 111.
Witlieek. C. S.. 483.
Witeher. James K.. 737.
Wilherell.
141, 152,
194, '95.
558, 563.
712, 716,
Witherell.
98. "79.
274, 285,
li. I'. H.
180, 188,
196, 198,
5f'4. 565.
73". 737.
James.
90, UK,,
190. 192.
210, 493,
641, 706,
1102.
89. 95, 96,
185, 186, 214, 273,
'■"/U 559. 562, 605.
735. 858, 946, 947, 960, 979,
Witherell. J, li., 141.
Witlierspoon, |,, 161, 162.
Wilherspoon. \\'. W.. 212.
WithiiiKton, W. H., 307.
Wi.xoin, A. J., 131.
Woleott, -Ale.xander. 907.
WoUonski, John, 542.
Wood. .A. II., 910.
Wood, A. (;., 675, 681.
Wood, A. '1'., 875.
Wood, De Volsen, 709,
Wood, (.., 755,
Wood, James, 255.
Wood, lolin, 130.
Wood, J. li., 162.
Wood, John 1'.., 225, 229.
Wood, Lorenzo, 738.
Wood, Martin I!., 883, 884.
Wood, Matthew, 198.
Wood, O. C, 162.
Wood, William S., 682.
Woodhridge, Diulley I!., 939.
Woodhridgf, William, 23, 29,
88, 91. 102, 130, 142, i8u, 186,
37'2. 558, 585. 63'. 64". ''97.
706, 711, 730, 731, 785, 859,
908, 909, 938, 946, 947, 967,
977. 979.
Woudbridge, William Levcrctt,
144, 942.
INDEX — MISCKLLANEUL'S.
lul I
Suiim,
Mrs,,
Ki. hiinl Stiirr», .i<«, 54'(.
7,,(., .^jS.
Kiiluiril
II. <).. «tv
J, I'., (...7. '"°- , ,
„,„>;, |olm, 1.7.), fiij'i.
,rll,, llir.im, <•*■ >'A '"/'•
irlli. <•■ I''- 7W-
.... I.iin.^ r.. ■'='■»■
. 7.1^'-
188,
8,1.),
'lilK,
.'iiiK'
,'iiiK
All.ii I ., IM'
William, i|5.
CriiiKi', 7i"> 7'7
lliiiiy, lu-
ll. II., S77-
,„, I aims, .'48.
nil, jdllll, K711.
„ii, ■jclin 11., f'S^.
,,n, Jiiliii M., vi.«j, it't, 34''.
'• . • a
;on, I.twii, -jM.
,„ii, M. 1.., <■'«'•
Mill, Willi.ini, .'81.
v.n, NV. Wariif, S^f'-
laiis I'. M., J»> , ,
ulicll, Alu.xamli-r, (7'', 7"^-
I, lull, l<'liii, 7t**,' 7W' 7.'\5-
„, l.,v*ti'r, (ii;nrial, ^791 •'O"'
iKlil.T. J. 1'.. ''•-•"•
lul.r, 1'. Km 7"7' ,
,h1,i-, jMlin.M". '''7. •7.'i. '7'.
iiulVr, Jolin, M'-^'. ^'ii' ''^'■
ixi, 135. '7f'. \»'' •87'
W. -''o. 558, 6jt, 7.V.
KiankliiiM., 7' -••'<'''■>'■
^ Ni-lscm 11., lit*"-
[ Wariur, nM- ■""•
. .iikU-Miaii, J. C, "J"-
kiiiii .V iMiu-ry, .(82.
^jiiUrliaU.r. John. .''%.,^,.^,„
tci), .S7V- 7"8.
Vi>, n.an, Major --s?-
S-isu'-T, (H'or>;<: W .. (>8-'. 755.
Visiur, Moses, 92.
Vi>\nll, 111.
Vilb.ck, C. S.. 483.
.Vitclur, Jaiiu-s !■.., 737.
iVillurull, li. I'. 11- 9"i
14., "52, '8", '88, "9".
uM »)5, >yf'. 'y**' ^'"
5S8 563. 564, 5''5, 64>. 7—
712. 716. 73', 737. y'»- ,
Kv^ herull, Umu-s 8y. 95, 96.
8 .79, -85. >8f', 2.4, 273,
r7;, 28 . 2.,6, 559, 562. 605.
.\t 858, 94f>, ^47, y6". 979.
WiiluTcil. J.li., <4>.
W.lhLispoon, J., >^,'. V;;-
\\,ilKTSi>oon,\\. ^V-, 212.
W iihiiiKion, N\ ■ H., 3"7-
U i\oiii, A. J., J3'-
\V,.UoU, Ak-.\aiuUT, 907-
WolloiisUi, John, 542-
Wood. A. 1!,., 91"-
Wood, A. C... 675, ('81.
Wood. A. 'I'., 875.
Wood, IH; Volsen, 7o<j.
Wood, »'.., 755-
Wood, James, 255-
Wood, lolin, I30'
Wood,"J. H.-.J^a-
Wood, John K.. 225, 2-!9-
Wood, l-oi-enzo, 738-
Wood, Maiun li., 883,884.
Wood, Matllu'W, 198.
Wood, I). C., 162.
Wood, William ^.. f82.
Woodi.rid«e. l)i;dU-y 1!., 939;
Woodbridge, William, 23, -9,
88.91, 102, 130, '42, '80, '«'-
,72. 58, 585. 63-, fH>, 697,
706. 711, 73", 73', 785. B59.
^08, qog, 938. 946, 947, 967,
Wo"dbadgc, William Levcctt,
144, 942.
192,
493,
Woodbury, 848.
Wood.uik, A. C, 7,7.
Wo'iilli.ims, l,i//it:, .Vli^s, jii.
Wood!., ill, II. II,, 17,.
Wo„ibvlt, A. S., 1)1.
Woodnilf, lli'iijainin J., i.;8.
Wo. Irulf, 1:., 8=,!.
\V liiiK, I,. M., t«,o.
W Is, .Mrs., 888.
Woodward, AuKnstiis II,, jj,
-'7, •■8, 4", 7J. 95, 9'', 97. 134,
■ 7), 180, iHi, i8j, |8|, i.-;:3,
i8'i, J15, jOa, JJJ, jji, ii7Ci,
278, ;i8'i, j8i, 287, 3IJ, 4.JI,
5'i9. 5'M, '',>5, 7./1, 711, 71 J,
7JO, 7...8, 847. 8ss, 851., 857,
8s9. ')-7, •>{'<, 9I7-
Woodwird, J,)lin, 18(1,
Woodwortli, llt'iijaiiiiii, 40, 58,
'03, 143, I'M, '81, 2.XJ, 317,
357. 47-', 48", 491, .V'2, 558,
7.(3, 85s, 88.S, 9111, .HI, 'M4.
Woodwortli, S.iiniiel, (J55, 1161,
W00II.7, K., 87J.
Woollcy, S., 87J.
Wuolley, Smilli K., 1(5. ifii,
707. 874. , .
Woolliiiden, Frederick, 593,
714, 871.
Abstracts of tlih', 39.
.IcadL-iny K^antrd for common
schools, 7 i5.
.Acadia iiuhidcd (^)ucbcc, (-'7.
Acadiaiis lind hoiiii'S in Detroit,
Accounts kept in beaver skins,
84«-,.
Acconiits, method of keeping,
769.
.\clresscs and actors, visits of
noted, 358.
.\drian. railroad from, to 'I'ole-
dt) first opened, c^oi.
Adrian, r.iilroad to, lirst opened
from .Monroe, (>o2.
.\djiilaiU-( JtMierals of Territory
of Miehiijan, 89.
.\dvertisin>;, different modes of,
779-
Africa, 811, 826.
Axricnltnrc, pro>,'ress of, 12, 16,
, .3 H, 335, 338.
.Aiiisworth, railroad to, lirst
opened, i)oj.
Alarm on account of Indians,
284, 285.
Alarms, reward for fire, 505.
.Maska, 810.
Albany, once called ( )rani;o,
. 77.'5- .
Albion, railroad to, first opcni'd,
897.
.Mdcrmen at larj;c, i^i, 145.
.Mdcrmen as snpcrvisors, 142,
, ,933-
•Aldermen, names ami times of
service, 142, 14), 144, 145, 146.
.Me by the ho) liead, 8 57.
•Alexandria, th home of Judge
Woodward,
i .MgorKpiins, 3, ,21, 322.
•Vlleys, pavetC 930.
•Mmaiiacs, rti)6.
j Alumni of High School, 750,
•Vnibiilance, free, 7^3.
America, its first inhabitants,
321.
Ainerican Hoard of Commis-
sioners for Foreign Missions,
556..
American Express Company,
892.
Woolsi'y, CiiCi.
W.,oU,y, II. I,, -joj.
WooN, y, J. W„ 594.
\\ orioter, 497.
Worliofsky, A.. 167,
Work, It. I'., (1.^5,
Worknin, I), J,, (ij.j, 758.
Woriner, I'. I ., 808.
Worimr, (1. S., jo,(, 8u3.
Worrall, M. ll.,'o<i.>.
Wortlij Colonel, joi,
Worlhingt 87.
Wortllillgloll, (ieorge, 586, 591,
Worlley, J, C, 571,
Wnerges, N., 914.
Wiay, W. J., 471.
Wright, 87J.
WriLiht, 11. F,, fi87.
Wright, Frank F., 828.
Wright, Horatio (/., 229.
Wright, 1'. 1'., .,.,).
Wnglit, Kiili.ird, i;o7,
Wright. U. C;., 7.r>
Wrighl, K. II., 204.
Wright, U. \V., 4.,:i,
Wiidiier, I,., 5^8.
Wiiirlh, Alois, 11,8, 67O, 756,
Wnnderlicli, 1'.,, 576.
Wunscli, Henry, 107,
Willis, h, Win,, i6r,, if.7.
Wy, kolf, K. W., (,.84.
Wyl.y, Ann 174, gsj,
Wymaii, Hal C, 734,
Wyiicoop, Win., all.
Wyiidh.ini, Charles, 358.
\arndley, 355, 357.
Vates, F., (183.
N a.\, John, ij8i.
Vax, 'Slichel, (j8o,
Yax, I'iirre, ,j8o.
Yax, Simon, yHo,
Vemans, C, C, 59, 5O7, (140,
I149, 70s. 734'
VVrkes, W., i,)8.
Virkes, W. I',, 190, 311,
Voiiinans, K, I,., 70.J.
N'omig, j.)7, 511.
\'ouMg, Abram 1'., 101.
\'oiiMg, Ambrose I'.. 131.
\'oiing, Hugh A., -/n.
N'oung, II. J., 577.
N'oung, lohii H., 717.
Voiing, I'eter, (.54, 711, 7.^2.
Vouui{, T., 716.
MISCELLANEOUS,
American F.agle Tobacco C'om-
pany, Sjo.
Ameriean State Papers, map of
Detroit in, 29.
Americans first occupy Detroit,
2(,8,
.Ainherstbnrg iiaptist Associa-
tion, 607,
Ainiis<'inent meetings at Voiing
Men's Hall, J52.
Angelus, ringing of the, 237,
5,i"-
Animals, domestic, at Detroit,
. ■'^^•
Ann Arbor convention on ad-
mission of State, 00.
Ann .Arbor, railroad to, first
opened, 8<;7.
Ann .Arbor, university at, 731.
Annals of Detroit, 951,
Ann, seizure of schooner, 301,
Anti-Slavery Society organized,
34'''-
-Appeiuli.x A, 977.
.Apples, peculiar varieties, 13.
ArbeitiT Hall, 478.
Arehiiectural iron work, manu-
facture of, S06.
Argentine Republic, 828.
Arkansas, 820.
Armistice betwi^en Gen. Dear-
born and Sir (Ieorge I'rovost,
295. 296,
Army chaplain. Gen. Wayne's,
551-
.Army, surrender of TiCe's, 309.
Arpent, the .same as .Acre, 17.
Arrests, number of, by police,
207.
Arsenal erected in city, 224.
Arsenal, corner stone laitl at
Dearborn, 226.
Art, artists, and inventors, 358.
Art loan exhibition, 360, 361,
367
Assi Its, special, 165.
Asses.M.rs, names and terras,
'33. i''>3, "14-
.Astronomical clock, 3(12.
Asylums, see Charitable Insti-
tutiims.
Atheniuum of Detroit organ-
ized, 710.
Athletic and aquatic amuse-
ments, 352.
Ail.inia, celeliration of capture
of, 308,
Atlantic cable laid, 8S5,
.Attack of the Leopard upon
till' Chesapeak<', 274.
.Attorney-Generals of .Michigan,
92, <)3-
Attorney's, I nited States, 175.
AuctioiieiTS of 'Territory, 770.
Auction sale of Michigan lands,
37.
Auditors of cityj iC-.
Auditor-Generals of Michigan,
92.
.Auditors, Hoard of County, 124.
.Auditors of 'Territory of Slielii-
gaii, 89.
.Augusta, Ga., 811,
Australia, 804, 811, 814, 829.
Austria, 829.
Authors' carnival, 640.
Authors, citizen, 700, 701, 702,
7"3, 704. 705.
Authors, visiting, 707.
Autumns, mild and prolonged,
45-
Axemen and bagmen, 502.
Aztecs or Aztecas, 321.
Hail, commissioners of, 107.
Hall at dedication of Fir<'inen's
Hall, 521.
Hall, a, on the king's birth-
day, 349.
Haltimore, 811, 826.
Haltimore, diocese of, 54(1.
Haltimore, oysters from, 8qo.
ISaltiniore, tobacco shipped to,
15'
Rands, 357.
Hank capital, 873.
Bank ccunmissioners, 851.
Banking law, general, of State,
853-
Hank notes, discount on, 853.
Hank notes, rooms papered
with, 852.
Bankrupt law, 850,854,
Banks and Hankers —
American National, 867.
Andrews & Waterman, 872.
Austin & Co., 872.
Bratshaw, Black, & Co., 873,
YouiiK, Win. 'I'., 191, 197, 198,
■MU. 175, 707.
N ouiigblooil, (ui5.
N'oiingi.lood, llirnard, 135, 145.
Voiiiigblood, Jaeoli, 1(15.
z
/ani', F.li/alieth, 2.(14,
/aiuli r, W. T., 578.
Zani /iiiger, K, A., 228.
ZeisbiTger, 550, 551, 7.7,
Zeiss, Henry, 1I7.
Zi'ider, George, 9)1.
Zendir, Henry, 144, 756, <)34,
945, 04''.
Zeiider, Henry Mis,, 940,
Zens, I'elir, 7^8.
Zerralin, Carl, 354,
Zieglir. J, J, 'T., 131.
Ziegler, I'aul, 583, 585, 587,
589, 5'*o, 719.
Ziiiiinermaii, J.. 2U, 798.
Ziiiger, Franz, 718.
Zink, I.uiien, 114, 935.
Zinii. fiistus, 914,
Ziriuliirf, H,, 628,
Zug, Samuel, 125, 71 1.
Zundel, John, 355, 707,
Brown, Warner, & I.ee, 873.
Butler, W. A.& Co., 868.
Hank of the Dwigbts, 85.;.
Bank of Michigan, 858. '
Bank of St. Clair, 859, 864.
City Hank, 870.
Cinnmereial National, 871,
Campbell, W. 1'.. 872.
Cargill, (), F. iV' Co., 872.
Cobb, F. M,, 872,
C'oe iV Coit, 872.
Cromwell iV Ralston, 872
Detroit Hank, 854.
Detroit City, 851.
Detroit National, 867.
1 letroit Savings, 864.
1 )inie Sa\"ings, 871.
Darling, 'T. S., 872.
Dey, A. H., 872.
Duncan, Kibbee, & Co., &■;.•.
Kxchange Bank of W. 11.
Mitchell, 872.
F.nsign, B. 1'., 872.
F'armers & Mechanics', 860.
First National, 859, 866.
First National, of I'lymouth,
872.
Fisher iV Preston, 872.
German Amiriean, 868.
Granger A Sabin, 872.
Graves, J. ()., 872.
Harper, John 1,. \ Co., 872.
Hazelton, F. H. A: Co., 872.
Hosie, Robert, 872.
Howard Smith & Co., 872.
Ives, .A. A: Son, 872.
Ives, C. & A., 872.
Ives, S. H. \- Co., 872,
Johnson, A. S., 872.
Kaple, J. II., 872.
Kellogg iS: Sabin, 872.
Lewis, G. F., 872.
I.yell, J. I.., 872.
Market H.iiik, 871.
Mechanics' Hank. 868.
Merchants and Manufactur-
ers', 868.
Michigrin Insurance Co., 862.
Michigan Savings, 870.
Michigan State, 863.
National Insurance, 862.
McLellan & Anderson, 872.
Morris, H. H., 872.
Morton, W. D., 872.
Peninsular, 865.
I0I2
INDEX — MISCELLANEOUS.
I!anks and Hankers — Cont'd.
lV(i|)lc's Savings, 868.
I'ontiac liank, 8i;j.
Parsons iV Kisliir, 872.
Parsons, I'liilo, 872.
Preston, I). A: Co., 872.
RoliiTts, Anstin, iV Co., 872.
Kohirts, v.. K. & Co., 87J.
Second National, 8(7.
State, 851).
State Hank of Micliitjan, S63,
86()
State Savings, 871.
Scott, V. J.. 87 J.
Seit/i, K. I,. & t'o., 872.
Sistare s, Ueorgu K., Sons,
87.,.
iaylor, N. 'I'., 872.
■riionipson. 0. 1;., S72.
'I'nttle, C. W., M72.
United St.iles, 848.
Wayne County, of Plyinontli,
851.
Wayne County Savinijs, SOi).
Wvandotte Savings. 872.
W.'dlace, 1,. W. A: I'o., 872.
Wooley, K. & S., 872
Wriijlit, .Vndievvs, A C"o., 872.
lianksand currency. 8411.
lianks, suspension »»f, 853.
lianner I'oliacco factory, 827.
l>an(nu't, complimentary, to C.
C. 'l'ro\vI)ritl>,a', 339.
liaptism of ciiild on day of siir-
rendi-r, 554.
liaptisnis ol savages registered,
liaptist chaplain of Waynes
army, 551.
liarbarities of Dritisli anil In-
dians, 280.
l!arl)(^uie, democratic, luS.
Itardstt)\vn, diocese of, included
Di'Iroit, 54'i.
liar iron, manufacture of, 818.
I'ar Library, uy).
liarns' Hall, 479.
IJarnum's Wire Works, 811.
liarracks tired l>y tlie liritlsli,
224.
IJarrels cheaply made at De-
troit, 802.
liars in pnlilie liouses, 840.
liarstow School liuilding open-
ed, 745.
Haskets, manufacture of, 811,
battles—
h'ort Stevenson, 282.
(lettyshurgh, 308.
Raisin, 280.
'I'liames, 283.
Tippecanoe, 273.
l)attering rams for use of fires,
502.
Hattlu Creek, railroad to, first
opened, 897.
Iiattle Hags |)rcsc'nted to the
Stale, 310,
ISay City, railroad to, first
opened, 901.
Hay windows introduced, 376.
Hears and deer in city, 11.
Hear baiting and goose shoot-
iii.if, 35'-
Heaver skins, accounts kept in,
846.
Beehive bonnets, 338.
Hcets, large, 16.
Helgium, 826, 828.
Helle Isle, 7.
Helle Isle, a picnic on, 350.
Helle Isle bridge or tiuiiu'l, 891.
Helle Isle, different namis for,
78.
Helle Isle Park, 75, 7C, 77, 78.
Hell of church rings Angelus,
53°-
Berthclet Market, 793, 794.
Berthelet Wharf, 63.
Bethel .Society, 641.
Hible in the scIuxjIs, 740, 741.
Hible societies, 641.
Hilliard table burned in 1805,
352.
Hirmingham, railroad to, first
opened, S93.
Hirtlis, nundjer of, in different
pc-riods, 3(3.
Hisliop of Detroit consecrated,
.5-»7-
Hishop cif (Juehec ni Detroit,
530.
Hishop of Quebec consecrated,
, .54''-
Hisliops and dioceses, Roman
I'atholic, 543 546.
Hism.irck, Sufi.
Hisons or buffalues at Detroit,
I'.l.ic'k Hawk War, 48.
Hlrcks, li-gisl.ition against, 34:;.
Hl.icksmilliing, cost of Cadil-
lac's permit for, 766.
Hlocks, nami's of, and date of
erection. 4'H).
I Moody Hridgi', 238, 239.
Hloody Run, 9, 302.
I'lasphemy, law against, 534.
Hlast furnace machinery, manu-
facture of, 806.
Hoartl of Aldermen, 1 j7.
Hoard of Councilmen, 137.
Hoard of County Auditors, 124.
Hoard of iJoulevard Commis-
sioniTs, 79.
Hoard of Commissioners of Po-
lice, 204.
rioar<l of Commissioners on
Plan of C:ity, 935.
Hoard of l'',ducation, 741^.
Capiti>l building in their pos-
session, 74;^.
Committees of, 755,
l''in.incial resources, 753.
Houses owned bv, 746, 747,
74S.
Meetings of, 754, 755.
Messenger of, 753.
Names of Inspectors, 755,
7S'5, 757. 758-
Reports of, 755.
Presidents of, 752.
Secretaries of, 752. 7^5.
Su|)erinteiidcnl of Repairs,
Supi'rintendent's clerk, 752.
Hoard of ICstimates, 74, 75, 161.
Hoard of Kire Commissioners,
51 8, 519.
Iioard of Health, 50, 79-(.
Hoard of Internal Improve-
ments, 896.
Hoard of Pour Commissioners,
645, 646.
Hoard of Public Works, 936.
Hoartl of Review, 104.
Hoard of School Inspectors, 754.
I'.oard of Supervisors, 123, 142.
Hoard of 'I'rade, 785-792.
Hoard of Water Commissioners,
71-
Hoat clubs. 353.
Hoating and yachting, 7.
H.iiler plate, manufacture of,
818.
r.oilers, manufacture of, 806,
807.
Hollers, number of, inspected,
471.
I'ois HIanc Island, 8.
Holt and Nut Co., The Michi-
gan, 836.
P.oiuls, city, first sale of, 154.
I'onded del)l of thi' city, 156.
Hondod warehouses, 783.
lionfires and fire-balls, 110.
Hook of sections approved, 28.
Hooks and booksellers, 694.
Hooks first printed at Detroit,
694.
Hoonsboro, 249.
Boots and shoes, manufacture
of, 835.
Boston, Mass., 811, 816, 818,
826, 827, 835.
Boundary Line Commission,
269.
Houfevard, 79.
Bounties to soldiers, 30C, 311.
Ho.\ material abundant al De-
troit, 80J.
Hr.idy (Juards, 90, 303, 317.
Hrandy, intluence of, on siir-
\'eys, 22.
Hrandy, early sale of, 837.
Hrass and Copper Rolling .Mill,
■ .'^■'''■
Lrass castings, manufacture of,
807.
Hr.izil, 811, 827, 828.
Bread, regulations as to loaves,
, 797-
Iiievoort I'arm, 52.
Hrewers, National convention
of. 845.
Hrick clay, excellent, ne;ir De-
tr )it, ,S()2.
Hriek-y.irds in .'^pringwells, 4.
Hridge.Mud iron works, ,Sui.
Bridge's, manufaitnre of, S05.
Hridgeport, Conn., 808.
Hridging Delroit River, 891.
I'.ridle paths, 8S7.
Hritish and Indians defeated
by Wayne, 266.
Hritish ami Indians repulsed in
i.'-'i2, 276.
Hritish build I'ort Miami, 2^.5.
Hritish conciliating Indians,
264.
Hritish cv.icuate Detroit, 224,
2C7.
British Hag hauled down at
Detroit, 2fi3.
Hritish Hag hoisted at Detroit,
208.
Hritish f'lr traders oppose sur-
render of Western posts, 264.
British government respected
French titles, 20.
British in possession of Wash-
ington, 27.
British outrages in 1S12, 272.
Hritish presents to savages, 272.
British reinforcements for De-
troit, 264.
British treatment of prisoners,
-53.
Bronze Company of Detroit,
811.
Bronzed goods, manufacture of,
822.
Hroom carrying by Fire Com-
panies, 507.
Brush Klietric Light intro-
duced, 46S.
Brushes, m:innfacture of, 811,
826.
Brush farm, 34-36.
Brush, 'I'he iVtroit Co., 836.
Buckeye tree. 86.
Buffalo, 814, K16.
Building inspectors, 478.
Hniidiiigs outside of stockade,
367-
Burial of paupers, 644.
Burials and si'xtons, 55, 56, 57.
Burlington, 805.
Burning of Col. Crawford, 261.
Burnt district in 1S48, 493.
Cab.icier's Creek, g.
Cabinet otTicers, 102.
Cabs, first two-wheeled, 888.
Ca.ges, manufacture of, 811.
Calcutta, 4.
California, 810. 820. 826, 836.
Campaii farm, church on, 530.
Camp Backus, barracks at, 306.
Campus .Martins, 74, 475.
Campau's Kiver, 9.
Canada, 83, 811.
Cana<la, passes to, in war time,
3"7.
Canada, Protestants in, 550.
Cana<la surrendered to Eng-
land, 83, 234.
Canadian preparations against
Patriots, 302.
Canadians jiunished for aiding
Pontiac, 240,
Can.adian lighthouses in Detroit
Kiver, 919.
Canadian voyagenrs, 917.
Canal. Desjardins, 903.
Canal about Niagara Falls, 790.
Caudles, manufacture of, 826.
Candles, jirimitive kinds, 468.
Candles put in windows at time
of a lire, 503.
C.innibal Indians at Detroit,
322.
Cannon captured by Perry, 477.
Canoes, bateaux, and pirogues,
907.
Cantonment, the, 224.
('.-. jilal located at l.ansin.g, qi.
dpital punishment abolished,
i8r.
Capitol building at Detroit, lay-
ing of corner-stone, 474.
Capitol building at Detroit, first
used, 475.
Capitol, last sessitin (»f legisla-
tiiri; in I Detroit, 475.
Capitol building occupied for
schools, 475.
(^ipitnlation of Detroit. 234.
Capsule factory, llubers, 824.
Captive boy exchanged for a
tankar ' 767.
Carbon orks, .Michi.gan, 836.
Car Co. and Car Wheel Co.,
'I'he Michigan, 804.
Card money, first issued, 846.
C.'irnival, authors', 640.
Caroline, the steamboat, 301.
Carriage factory, Johnson's,
836.
Carriages fir.st used, 887.
Carriages taxed, 149.
C.ir sheaves, manufacture of,
S05.
Carts, low two-wheeled, 887.
Car Wheel Co., (iritTin, 836.
Car wheels, manufacture of,
805.
Car Works, The Pullman, 836.
Car Works, Peninsular. 805.
Cassina, a poem, 369, 370, 371,
372.
Cass Farm, 34, 35, ,361 4', 473-
Ciiss House demolished, 369.
Cass .M.-irket, 795.
Catholepistemiad created, 728.
Catholic Bishops, names and
terms, 543-546.
Catholic cemetery, 52.
Cattle and fowls introduced,
338.
Cayiij^as, 322.
CcleI)ration of Emancipation,
^348. . , .
Celebration of takin.g of Vicks-
bur.g, 308.
Celebration of victory at Atlan-
ta, 308.
Celeron Island, 8.
Cemeteries —
Catholic, 52.
t^ity, 55-
l-",lmwood, 56.
English, 55.
Indian, 52.
Jewish, 57.
Lutheran, 57.
Military, 52.
Mount Elliott, 53, 54.
Protestant, 55.
Woodmere, 5, 56, 57.
Census of Detroit for variiuii
years, 334, 335, 336.
Census in 1750, 333.
Census in 1773, 334.
Census 111 1805, 335.
Census of children in 1838, 73j|
Census of slaves in Micliigui^
345- ,
Central vegetable market, 794J
Centres of business, 773.
Chair and sprlng-bec' factorv
M. J. Murphy & Co., 832'.
Chairs, manufacture of, 81 1
83-=- . . r
Champion tire bender, mani|
facture of, 806,
INDEX — MISCELLANEOUS.
lOl
■IT, 911)-
(lian vDvaiieiirs, q'T-
,',',„Jt Niagara fa ly 90.
ll,s, piimitivr kinds, 4M.
U.s piit ill windows at tunc
a Ore, 5"3-
nihal Indians
at Potroit,
n.m captured by P<'rry, 477-
,r,i,s, bitcaux, and pirogues,
iitai punishment ai.olislud,
p'tolbuildinK at Detroit, lay-
,,, „f lorner-stone, 474-
pi,„l building at Detroit, first
is<'d, 475-
pitol, last session
lire in Detrcut, 475- . . , .
,pU„l building occupied for
:;uu;;!ui,m\.f nj--''- 1^'
M-"-'/-'"'^-Sd'^;^-='
of legisla-
;ipti\e boy exel
^Xm^'orki:; Michigan 836.
:;; Co. and Car Wheel Co.,
-rhe Michigan, 804.
;ard money, iirsl,issued, 846.
•■irnival, autluirs , 640.
■'. r he the steamboat, 301-,
arolnu, >" Johnsons,
Carnage lacioij, j
Carriages first used, 887.
^•irriaires taxed, I49; r
:ar sheaves, manufacture of.
Cans, low two-wheeled. S87.
r, r Wheel Co., (Inlbn, 8/1.
^ wheels, manufacture of.
Car'
Car
introduced.
of Emancipation,
Cu- 'works. The Pullman 836.
Car Works, Peninsular. So,.
Cassina, a poem, 369, 37°. .'7'.
Cass" Varm, 34. 35,36. V- ■•"■
Cass House <lemolished, 369-
Cass Market, 795- , , ,„o
Catholepistemiad created, 7=8
Catholic lUshops, names and
terms, 543-54''-
Catholic cemetery
Cattle and fowl
338.
Cayugas, 322.
Celebration
Celtbration of taking of Vicks-
CeKa.?-"f victory at Atlan-
ta, io8.
Celeron Island, 8.
Cemeteries-
Catholic, 52.
City, 55-
Khnwood, 56.
Knglish, 55- i
Indian, 52-
Jewish, 57-
Lutheran, 57.
Military, 5-'-
M,uint Klliolt, 5.3. .54-
Protestant, 55-
Woodmeve, 5. 5". 57- ,.„^. „,.,
Census of Detroit for various ,^
years, 334. 335. 330-
Census in 1750. 333-
Census in 1773. 334'
Census in 1805, 335' ,
Ccnl'ralvegefble market, 7'M-
Centres of business, 773; (
Chair and spr,ng-bed actor>
M. ]. Murphy & Co., 832.
Chairs, manufacture of, 8".
, Champion tire bender, manu-
facturc of, 806.
Changes in street names, 946-
<,4H.
Charcoal, price of, at Detroit,
803.
Charitable institutions —
City .Mission Hoard, (150.
Convent of the (loud Shep-
herd, (^6rx
Detroit .-Vssociation of Chari-
ti.'s, (,66.
Harper Hospital, (157.
Home of the Friendless, 659,
660.
House of Providence, firta.
Industrial School, 654.
Italian lienevolent Society,
663.
Ladies' Protestant Orphan
Asylum, 651.
Ladies' Society for support of
Hebrew Widows and (Or-
phans, 657.
Little Sisters' Home for the
aged poor, 663.
Lutheran Orphan Aid So-
ciety, 662.
Michigan Retreat for the In-
.sane, see St. Joseph's Re-
treat.
Nursery and Kindergarten
Association, 6(15.
St. .Anthony's Male Orphan
.•\sylum, 6()i.
St. Joseph's Retreat, 655.
St. Luke's Hospital, "Home
and Orphanage, 65(1.
St. Mary's Hospital, 653.
St. Vincent's Female (Jrphan
Asylum, 650, 651.
St. Vincent's Hospital, see
St. .Mary's Hospital.
Thompson H.)me for Old La-
dies, 660, 663.
Women's Hospital and
Foundlings' Home, (i6\.
Working Woman's Home,
664.
Zoar Orphan Asylum, 665.
Charters of Detroit, 983.
Charts of lake survey, 918.
Cliattanooga, Tiuin., 835.
Cheese safes, manufacture of,
8o<), 810, 811.
Chemical fire engines, 510.
Chcinin dc ronde, 927.
Chemists, ma n u f act u ri ng,
Parke, Davis, A; Co., 8.!3.
Chemists, F. Stearns A: Co.,
823.
Cherries in Oro.sse Point, 5.
Cherry trees, 13.
Cliesne farm, now Jones or
Crane, 34.
Chicago, '811,814, 816.826.
Chicago colonized from Detroit,
908.
Chicago burned, 47.
Chicago, railroad to, fir.st open-
ed, 899.
Chicago road, 925.
Children, number of in 1838,
737-
Chili, 828.
Chillicothe, 15,
i;hillicothe convention, 86.
Chillicothe made seat of gov-
ernment, 95.
Chimney, ancient, remains of,
1 found, 368.
Chimney sweeps, 500.
Chimneys to be burned out, 500.
China, 811, 818, 827, 829.
Chippewas, 78, 321, 322, 323,
324.
Cholera, visitations of, 49, 50.
Cholera, mortality from, 650.
Chorister of the parish mar-
ried, 354.
('hurch on Campau Farm, 530.
C'hurch on Melclier I'arin, 532.
Churches and Missions —
Jia/itist.
Cass A\'eniie, 606, 607.
Clinton .Avenue, 610.
Eighteenth Street, 609.
P.aptist— Ctf»/V.
I'ir^I, <) s. 006, 607.
Fii'it Flench, 610.
First Oerman, 608.
Lafayette .Vvenue, 608.
Park'Strei't (extinct), 6n.
St:eond (ierman, 6<i9, 610.
Second, colored, 607.
Shiloh, eolort^d, 610.
I'abernacle (I'Xtinct), 601,
'rsvelflh Street, 6o<;.
Zion, colored, 609.
First, 613.
Harper Avenue, 616.
Mount Hopi-, 616.
Second Church, 6:4.
S|)ringwells, 615.
Trumhull .Avenue, 615.
Christian.
Church of Christ, 625.
First Christian, 624.
Howard Street Church of
Christ, 6ti.
yewish .
Heth Kl Society, 628.
Shaary Zedec Society, 629.
Lutlieran.
Rethlehem German Evangeli-
cal, 618.
Imniantiel, 619.
St (olin's German Evangeli-
cal, 617.
St. John's Independent, 62J.
St. Luke's German l''.vangeh-
cal, 622.
St. ^Iark's German F'.vangeli-
cal, 618.
St. M.itthew's F.vangelical,
620.
St. Paul's Kvangelical, 619.
St. Paul's tlerinan F.vangeli-
cal, 617.
St. Peter's German F.v.ingeli-
cal, 6ii.
Salem German F.vangelical,
622.
Trinity F.vangelical Lutheran
618.
Zion Evangelical Lutheran,
619.
Zion German Reformed, 621.
Methodist E/'iiiii/'itl.
Ashury Mission Chapel, 575.
liethel F.vangelical Associa-
tion, 578.
Cass .-Vvenue, 574.
Central Church, see First.
Congress Street, 569.
Dclray, 574.
F.henezer, African, 577.
First, 55.J.
First German, 575.
Fort StriH't, 572.
French (extinct), 578.
Jelfersori Avenue, 572.
Junction, 573.
Lafayette Street .African, 576.
Palmer .Memorial, 572.
Pine Street Protestant (ex-
tinct), 57S.
Simpson, 571, 572.
Sixteenth Street, 573.
Tabernacle, 570.
Thirty-second .Street, Ger-
lUiin, 576.
Walnut Street, see Simpson.
Wesley, 574.
Zion .African, 577.
/'rn/r.f/a ni E/>isco/>al
All Saints' Chapel, 588.
Christ, 583.
F^manuel Niemorial, 5S7.
Fi.nanuel Reformed F)pisco-
pal (extinct), 693.
Epii)hany Reformed Episco-
pal, 592.
Grace, 586.
Holy Trinity, 592.
Holy Trinil) Mission, 590.
Mariner's, 584.
Mission of the (jood Shep-
herd, 589.
Mission of the Messiah, 588.
Protestant Epi.scopal — Cont'd.
St. .Allian's .Anglo -Catliolic
(extinct), 592.
St. barnahas's Mission, 589.
St James's, =,38.
St. Jolin's, 583.
St. Joseph's .\IemorialCliapel,
59". ,
St. Luke s Memorial Chapel,
590.
St. Mark s (extinct), 591.
St. Mary's Slission, 580.
St. Matthew's (ccdorcd), 590.
St. Paul's, 41, 581.
St. Peter's, 584.
St. Steplun's, 587.
St. 'I'homas's Mission, 589.
Trinity (extinct), 591.
I'tLs/iytvrian.
United, (x)2.
Cab'ary, 6(x>.
First Presbyterian, 594.
Fort Street, 597.
French Presbyterian (extinct),
603.
Jefferson Avenue, 598.
Memorial, 601.
Reformed Church of America
603.
Scotch, or Central Presby-
terian, 596.
Trumbull .Avenue, 602.
Union, 600.
Westminster, 599.
Roman Catholic.
Holy Redi'i'mer, 543.
Holy Trinity, S36, 649.
Our Lady of Help, 541.
Sacred Heart, French ; see St,
Joucliim.
Sacred Heart, German, 542.
St. .Albert's, 542.
St. Aloysiiis', 542.
St. .Anne's, 50 527.
St. Anthony's, 540.
St. I'onaventure, 543.
St. lioniface, 541.
St. Cassimcr's, 543.
St. Joachim's, 542.
St. Joseph's, 539.
St. Mary's, 537.
St. Patrick's, 540.
SS. Piter and Paul, 539.
St. Vincent de Paul, 540.
St. Wenceslaus, 543.
M isct'llaneous.
New Jerus.ilem, 62-.
'Third Avenue Mission, 627.
Unitarian Cliiircli, 626.
Universalist, Church of Our
F'ather, 627.
Churches, statistics of, 629, 630.
Cider a century ago, 13.
Cigar factory, liurk. Rich, &
Co., 828.
Cigarettes, manufacture of, 828.
Cincinnati, 95, 669, 826.
Cincinnati, Detroit in die rcse
of, 547-
Cincinnati, formerly l.osanti-
ville, 9.^.
Cincinnati made seat of justice,
94.
Circuit Court Commissioners,
197.
Cisterns, number of, in Detroit,
518. ,
Citizens protest to Proctor, 281.
Citizens' meetings, 161.
Citizens' meeting about park,
74- ,
Citizens nieetmg to levy poll-
tax, 151.
Citizens, nationalities represent-
ed, 3/..
City < (iVicers—
City .Accountant, 162, 163.
City .Assessors, 163, 164.
City Attorneys, 141.
City .Auditors, 162.
City Clerk, 140.
City Collectors, 165.
City Comptrollers, 162.
City Counsellor, 141.
City Directors of Poor, 644.
City Officers- Cont'd.
City F^ugineer, ()36.
City (ias Inspector, 469, 470.
City Historiographer, 141.
City .Marshal, 202, 644.
City Physicians, 646.
City I'rinters, 692.
City Registers, 40.
City Sexton, 57, 58.
City Supervisors, 933.
City Surveyors, 113^,
City 'Treasurers, 167.
City bids account, 158.
City debt, 156.
City cemetery, 55.
City charges account. ijS.
City charters of Detroit, 114,
983.
City Council, 137.
City depository, 158. 159.
City directories, 6(j7.
City elections, 114.
City expenses, by decades, 1^5.
City tax estimates, how obtain-
ed, 157.
City Halls, 136, 475, 476.
City Hall, or Central MaiKel,
794.
City of Detroit incorporalcil,
.'34- ,
City Library establisiied, 710.
City limits, 34.
Cit\* seals, 138.
City taxation and inances, 1^1.
City taxes, amuun, of, by de-
cades, 1 56.
City laxis, wlien and how
payable, 157.
City 'Tract Societies. 641.
C;iaiinaiits of French Farms. 077,
978, 979. 980, 981, 982.
Claims, Private, in Wayne
County, 977.
Claims, Surveyor-General to
survey, 22.
Clamer s journal metal, manu-
facture of, 80''.
Clay and Frelinghiiysen meet •
ing, 110.
Clearing-house system. 846.
Cleveland, steamboats to, 899.
Climate, 45.
Clinton Park, 55, 73.
Clock, 'The astronomical. 362.
Clubs and club-houses, 340.
Coal, introduction iind use of,
470.
Coal, price of, 902.
Code, Cass, 98.
Code, \\'ither<ll, 97.
Coin, tirculatidu of Spanish,
French, and Poriugiiese. Sj7.
C»~>ldwater, railroad to, first
opened. 902
Collectors of town. 133.
Collectors (tf Customs, names
and terms, 785.
Collegtis, see Schools.
Col.niists become like Indi.'ins,
337-
Colo'ed children admitted to
public schools, 7';i.
Colored missionary to the Wy-
andottes, 576.
Colored people, legislation
against, 345.
Colored persons vote lor first
time, 113.
Colored regiment from Michi-
gan, 307.
Colored schools established,
738.
Commandants, American, 227.
Commandants as chief magis-
trates, 172.
Commandants at weddings, etc.
171.
Commandants, llritish, 227.
Commandants, F'rench, 226.
Commandants, plenary powers
of, 171.
Commanding officers at IJetroit
barracks, 228.
Commanding ofTii'ers at Fort
.Shelby, 227.
IOI4
INDEX - MISCELLANEOUS.
Commanding odicers at Fort
\Vii>-ni?, 228.
(!iimrnanilinv; orticors, Hoad-
qiiarlcrs of, 22().
Commercial agencies, 779.
Commercial Mutual Associa-
tion, 874.
(jonimircial structures, 45Q.
Commissioners, Circuit Court,
^ "'7- . .
Conimissioners of Bail, 197.
Commissioners of Common
Sclii>ols, 735.
Commissioners of Cirades, 936.
Cominissicmcrs of Land Tax,
144.
Commissioners of Public Li-
brary, 761.
Commissioners of State Land
OlTice. Michigan, 93.
Commissioners of 'Trade, 766.
Commissioners of U. S. Courts,
i7f..
Common Council, 136, 137.
Common Council, name of
chanj;ed, 137.
Common Council, rules, com-
mittees, 137.
Common field, 24.
Commons, public, 25.
Company of the Colony of Ca-
nada, 765.
Compiled Laws, 99.
Concessions of land, conditions
of, 19.
Connecticut, missionary from,
552-
Connecticut s claims to terri-
, tory, 85.
Connor s Creek, 4.
Coiui.idrum, local, 458.
Conspiracy, I'ontiac's, 235.
Constables, 21U-J13.
Constantinople, 4, 820.
Constitutional Conventions, 88,
91, III.
Constitution, State, word white
voted out of, 348.
Converted Lidians, 564.
Coon pens, 108.
Copper and Hrass Rolling Mill,
Detroit, 8)6.
Copper, Detroit & L. S. Co., 4,
818.
Copper, Ingot, manufacture of,
818.
Copper Mines, 362.
Copper, purity and yield of,
802.
Cordwood, prices of, 802.
Corktown, 928.
Corn, early shipments of, 12.
Corimcrs of County, 58.
Coroner's jury, 58.
Corps of Kngineersof the Army,
918, 919.
Council Houses, 472, 473,
Countries supplied from De-
troit, see .Shipments.
County OrTicer.s, —
County Auditors, 124.
County Clerk, 125, 126.
County Commissioners, 123.
County Coroners, 58.
County Physicians, 049.
County Registers, 39, 40, 190.
County Superintendents of
Schools, 126.
County Surveyors, 126.
County Treasurers, 125.
County In.s;uie Asylum, 649.
County of Illinois, 85, 118.
County of Kent, 118.
County poor, 647.
County Poor-house, 648,
Coureurs de bois, 201, 331, 337.
Court-house, 481.
Courthouse Avenue, 947.
Court-martial and sentences,
316.
Courts —
Bankruptcy, 177.
Chancery, 191.
Circuit, 192.
Circuit of United States, 174.
Courts— CV>«/V.
Common I'leas, 191.
County, 192.
District, 189.
District Criminal, 194.
District of U. S., 175.
District of Territory of Michi-
gan. 189.
Mayor's, 191;.
Northwest Territorial, 178.
Of i'roofs, 189.
Of (Quarter Sessions, 133,190.
838.
Of Trustees, 174.
Orphans', 189.
Police, 196.
Quarter Sessions, igo,
kei:order's, 195.
Superior, igfi, 197.
Supreme of Indiana Terri-
tory, 178.
Supreme of Michigan lerri-
tory, 178.
Supreme of State of .Michi-
gan, 186.
Courtship of Judge Woodward,
182.
Coyl's Hall, 478.
Cracker factory. Vail & Crane's,
, 835.
Cranberries, indigenous, 12.
Criine.m war, 787.
Crime, prevalence of, in 1863,
204.
Criminals whipped and sold,
190.
Ooghan, Fort, 226.
Crosswalks, 931.
Crusade, Woman's, 842.
Cid/at, A., commerce of Lou-
isiana granted to, 330.
Currency, New York, 769.
tairreney of trading posts, 846.
Curry's Corner, 457.
Custom-house and Collectors,
781.
Customs receipts, imports, 783,
784.
Cut money, 846, 848.
Cyclone, date of, 47.
Dakota Territory, 835.
Dances, Indian, 322.
Dark day, 46.
Dauphin Island. Cadillac and
family arrive at, 530.
Dearborn, corner-stone of arse-
nal laid at, 226.
I'earborn, arms stolen from,
during Patriot war, 301.
Dearborn, arms forwarded to,
during I'atriot war, 302.
Death, first at Detroit, 333.
Death-rate in Detroit, 48.
Debt, im|)risonment for, 177.
Deeds, mortgages, and titles,
i9-
Deer and bears within city lim-
its, II.
Defeat of British and Indians,
266.
Defeat of Gen. Braddock, 233.
Defeat of (Jen. Harmer, 265.
Defeat of (iov. St. Clair, 265.
Delaware, 832.
Delawares massjicred by .\meri-
cans, 261.
Delawares, De Peyster's letter
to, a6i.
Delegates to Congress, Act pro-
viding for. III.
Delegates to Congress, 102.
Delray, in Springwells, 4.
Democratic barbecue on the
Cass Farm, 108.
Denver, 811, 818.
Depot. M. C. R. R., burned.
Deposit Ranks, 848,
Desjardins Canal, 903.
Destitutiim in Michigan Terri-
tory after War of 1812, 287.
Detroit a British military post,
242.
Detroit a commercial colony,
7''5.
Detroit & Cleveland Steam
Navigation Co., ()io.
Detroit ct L. S. Copper Co., 8i8.
Dc'lr.iit Hank, 96.
Detroit barracks, 226.
Detroit, boundaries at different
times, 34, 35.
Detroit I5rid,ge and IronWork>,
805.
Detroit Bronze Co., 811.
Detroit Hrusli Co., 836.
Detroit Carriage and E.fpress
Co., 889.
Detroit City Glass Works, 836.
Detroit C'ity Railr()ad Co., 93J.
Detroit Copper and Brass Roll-
ing .Mill, 836.
Detroit Klectrical Works, 83^1.
Detroit F.mery Whe(!l Co., 820.
Detr.iit File Works, 820.
Detroit and Lake Superior Cop-
per Co., 818.
Detroit Lead Pipe and Sheet
Lea<l Works. 836.
Detroit Linseed Oil Co.. 825.
Detroit Locomotive Works, 806.
Detroit Safe Co., 810.
Detroit Stamping Co., 822.
Detroit Steam I'orge, 805.
Detroit Stove Co., 811.
Detroit Steel and Spring Works,
804.
Detroit White Lead Works, 825.
Detroit established by Cadillac,
330.
Detroit evacuated by ICnglish,
223.
Detroit, expedition against, 256,
Detroit first ineoporated, 133.
Detroit Fish Halcliery, 16.
Detroit, I-'ort of, 183, 222, 234.
Detroit founded, 17.
Detroit I'lind. 30, 31.
Detroit Grays, 318.
Detroit, importance as a mili-
tary post, 231.
Detroit included in the diocese
of Cincinn.iti, 547.
Detroit Lancers, 317.
Detroit, location of, 3.
Detroit made a port ofentry,73i.
Detroit, maps of, 32.
Detroit militia, 233,
Detroit, naiiu's of, 3.
Detroit (Jpera House lot, sale
of, 41. .
Detroit Public Library, 760.
Detroit reinforced by British,
264.
Detroit River, description of, 6.
Detroit surrendered to the
F.nglish, 234.
Detroit, surroundings of, 4.
Detroit the eenlie of Indian
trade under the ICnglish, 766.
Dtjtroit transferred to diocese
of Baltimore, 546.
Detroit Zouaves, 318.
Detroit Transit Railroad, 933.
Detroit Union Uailroad .Station
and Depot Co., 906.
District telegraph svstem be-
gun, 885.
De.xter, railroad to, first opened,
897-
Directories of city, 697.
I )istricts,City divided into Fire,
SOS:
District School Inspectors, 736.
Diamond Fanning .Mill Coin-
J>any, 836.
Dickering w.is the rule, 770.
Diocesan Fund, Protectant
I''.pisco|>al. 5()2.
Diocese of Bardstown included
Detroit, 546.
Diocese of Detroit, Catholic,
created, si7-
Diocese of (".r.ind Rapids, Cath-
olic, created, 547.
Diocese of .Marquette and Sault
.St. Mary, Catholic, created,
547-
Diocese of Michigan, P. K.,
created, 591.
Diocese of New France, Catho-
lic, created, 543.
Director of thit poor, 644,
IHsciples, Campbellites, Chris-
tians, 624.
Diseases, Doctors, Medical So-
cieties, 48.
Diseases, prevalent, 48.
Dispensatory, free, 51, (153, 733.
Distress iifter War of 1812, 287.
District of Hesse, 174.
District of Sargent, 149.
District Supervisors, 933.
Ditches as boundaries of farms,
18.
Doctors, 50.
Dog licenses and dogi)ounds, 80.
Domain of Cadillac, 17.
Dominion of Canada, 828, S32.
Donation files, 28.
Donation lots, 27, 28.
Door Knob Co., Union, 822.
Doiiaqiiec, 329.
Draft, first in war with South,
308.
Drays first used, 891.
Drain commissioners, 126, 130.
Drains and sewers, 59.
Dramatists and dramas, 358.
Dress, changes brought by the
F.nglish, 337.
Drill .Sergeant, The, a poem,
248.
Iirinking fountains, 71.
Drinking song of firemen, 509.
Driving Park in Hamtramck, 4.
Druggists' tin-ware, manufac-
ture of, 822.
Drum beating and publishing,
669.
Drummers or traveling agents,
777-
Dry Dock Knginc Works, 836.
Dry docks, 4, 910, 911,
I )iieks and di.ck hunting, it, 13.
Dtie- bills issued by private
firms, 847.
Due-bills, issue of, prohibited,
'53. 154-
Due-bills, laborers paid in, 151.
Due-bills, loan to redeem, 152.
Diuvbills of eounty, 123,
Dii.g-oiits, 907.
Du Liith, Fort, 221.
Duquesne, Fort, 12, 233.
Dwights, bank of, 859'.
B
I'.agic Iron Works, 808.
Early visitors, 324.
F.arth(|iiakes, 46, 976.
F.clipse of 1806, observations
at Detroit, 315, 954.
Education, advice to F'rench-
men concerning, 715, 716.
Education, board of, lake jjos-
session of old capitol, 745.
Education of early settlers, 333.
FMucation, meeting to discuss
free schools, 740.
Education, society fur female,
716.
Ediicatiim, see Board of,
Elba Island, 7.
Elections, no.
Electi(m days, saloons to be
(dosed on, 844.
F'lection districts, 115, iifi.
Election preliminaries, 108.
Elections, cit;'. 114.
Elections held for two days,
tii, 112, 1 13.
Elections, how conducted, iifi,
117.
Elections, local, almost unani-
mous, 114.
I'.leetions, times of opening and
closing polls, 114.
INDEX — MISCELLANEOUS.
1015
CM- nf Maiqiiotte and Saiilt
Maiy, Catholic, createU,
P. E.,
■esc of Michigan,
:ese of fjJW France, Caibo-
• created, 513-
■ctor of thtt poor, 644. .
;iples, Campbellites, Chns-
ans, 624. , „
eases. Doctors, Medical ho-
leties, 48.
eases, prevalent, 4a.
inensatory, free, 5;. ^^53- 733-
aress after War of 1812, 287.
Uiiit of Hesse, 174.
strict of Sargent, 149.
strict Supervisors, 933.
tches as boundaries of farms,
18.
'.li'iieenses and dog pounds,8o.
mviin of Cadillac, 17.
...ninion of Canada, 828, 832.
imation files, 28.
unation lots. 27, 28.
„or Knob Co.,Union, 822.
miaqiiec, 329. c„„,i,
raft, first in war with Sonth,
308. , „
irays first used, 891.
Irani eommissiontrs, 126, i30'
)rains and sewers, 59.
)rainatisls and dramas, 358.
)ress, chansjes brought by tlu
I'.nijlish, 337- ,.„
)rill Sergeant, I he, a poem,
248.
irinking fountains, 71.
Drinking song of firemen, 509.
Driving Parkin Hamtiamck, 4-
L)ruggists' tin-ware, manufac-
ture of, 822. .
Drum beating and publishing.
Drummers or traveling agents,
Dn"noek I'.ngine Works, 836.
Dr'v docks, 4, 9'". <)•;•
Du'cks and duck hunting, 11, i3-
Due -bills issued by private
Du'e'-bms"'Lue of, prohibited,
Due-i.iVu laborers paid in, 151.
),u-bills, loan to redeem, 152-
)ue-bilis of ccmnly, 123.
)ug-outs, 907.
)u I.ulh, Kort, 221.
)uquesne, Kort, 12, 233.
)wights, bank of, 859.
I'.agle Iron Works, 808.
Early visitors, 324.
Kartluiuakes, 4^ 97^]-
Kclips'^ of 1806, observations
at Detroit, 3'5. 954-
Kdueation, advice to trench-
men eoncerning, 715, 7>"-
Idueation, board of, take pos-
session >if old capitol, 745-
Kdueationof early settlers, 333.
l.-.dueation, meeting to discuss
free schools, 740.
Education, society tor female,
V.due'alion, see Roard of,
I'.lba Island, 7.
laections, no.
Kleciion days, saloons to b.
dosed on, 844.
Klection districts, 115, >"'•
Election preliminaries, loS.
IMections, city. 114- ,
El.'ctions held for two days.
Elections, how conducted, ii«,
l.:iecti.ins, local, almost unani-
E.iee't'ionsVt^iines of opening and
closing polls, 114.
Elections, remarkable incidents
connecteil with, 114.
Elections under Slicliigan 'I'er-
ritory, in.
Electrical Works, Detroit, 836.
Electric Lights, 36:?, 468, 469.
Elevators in stores and olVices,
I'.fi^vator machinery, manufac-
ture of, 806, 8jo.
Ellsworth Zouaves, 318.
I'iluuvood cemetery, 56, 521.
El I'aso, 832,
lOtnancipation celebration, 348.
Einery Wheel Co., Detroit, 820.
Emery grinders, manufacture
of, 820.
[■".migration, rush of. 770.
■''.migration to St. I.oiiis, 334.
Enactments pertaining to De-
troit, 983.
Engine, building for, author-
ized, 504.
h'.ngine Works, Dry Dock, 836.
l-'.uginti iiouse, first, 502.
Engine houses, where located,
ii4-
Engines, hose, etc., exempted
from execution, 507.
Engines, manufacture of, 806,
807, 8o3.
Enghuul, 81 r. 818, 826, 828.
Engl.ind and France, peace be-
tween, 237.
England obtains Canada, 234.
Engi.iiul, treaty with, 262.
English captured on the way to
.Mackinaw, 325.
English capture Quebec, 83.
English Cemetery, 55.
English designs against Detroit
and Niagara, 233.
English evacuate Detroit, 223.
English Governors, 84.
English instigate Indian attacks
on Detroit, 231.
English laws repealed, 95, 96.
English plans for inciting sav-
ages, 248.
Englisli rule, 133.
English take Niagara, 233.
Envelopes first used, 881.
Epidemic in war of 1812, 48.
Episcopalian bishops, dioceses
and conventions, 591.
Epitaph of Haintramck, 54.
Epizootic disables street car
horses, 933.
Equinoctial storms, 45.
Erie Canal completed, 88g.
Erie, Lake, 3.
Estimates, Hoard of, created,
161.
Estimates of city expenses, how
obtained, 157.
Eureka, Cal., 808.
Eureka Iron & Steel Works,
818. ,
Europe, 814, 816, 820, 826.
Europe, vessels sail for, 910.
Evacuat'on of Detroit by Hrit-
ish, 267, 283.
Evangelical Alliance of the U.
S., meeting of, 642.
Excommunication by Father
Richard, 531.
Exempted from execution, fire
engines, hose, etc., 507.
Exempted, Kinds of property,
from taxation, 158.
Exemption of firemen troin
military and jury duty, 504.
Expedition jigainst Detroit, 256.
Expedition against Vincennes,
250.
Expedition to Mackinaw fails,
285.
I'.xpedition to the upper lakes
in 1820, i)oj.
Expenses of th'; city by de-
cades, 155.
Exporting flour, 15.
Exports of fish and cider, 13.
Exports, see shipments.
Ex post factu law, 180.
Execution, fire engines, hose,
etc., e.\t-inpt from. $07,
Express couipaiiies, S yj.
Express Co., package and b.ng-
gage, 891.
Express from Niagara, 879.
Eye meter, patent dioptric, 836.
P
Factories, see Manufacturing
Eirms.
Fair held by L.'idies' Eree School
.Society. 736.
Fair in aid of Female Associa-
tion, 650.
Families, large, 33 i.
Families, luiinberof, in Detroit,
337-
Famine and small pox at De-
troit, 334.
Famine threatens the colony,
12, 13-
Fanning Mill Co., Diamond,
836.
I'arui'T's map of Detroit, 33.
Farmer's map of .Michigan and
Wisjonsin, ''197.
Farming, old time methods of,
. 338-. , .
I'armington, iinqiosal to obtain
w;ilt;r from, 64.
Farms, French, why narrow, 21.
Farms, French, how bounded,
t8.
Fast day, observance of, joi,
, 3"5-
Fashion, devotees of, 337.
l''emale eiltHMtion, S(jciety in-
corporatefl for, 716.
Female .Seminary, 716, 717.
Fences used for fircvood, 284.
Fentonville, railroad to, first
opened, 89s.
Ferries, number of, tonnage.
Ferries, regulations for, 915.
Ferry boats, railroad, 890, 904.
Ferry, horse boat, 916.
Ferry license.-; and fares, 915,
917.
Ferry, Riding on the — poem,
916.
Fiat money, 847.
Fighting Island, intrenchments
on, 7.
File Works, Detroit, Sio.
Financial mi'thodsand accounts
of city, 158.
Fires, list of noted, 489.
l''ire-alarin boxes, 517.
Fire-alarms, reward for, 505.
Fire-alarm telegraph. 513, 516.
Fire bags to put goods in, 501.
Fire buckets and ladders, 501.
I'ire commission created, 513.
Fire commission, chief engi-
neers of, 519.
Fire commissioners' first meet-
ing, 518.
Fire commissioners, names of,
518.
Fire commission, secretaries of,
519-
Fire companies for steam en-
gines, 519.
Fire companies' mottoes, 50S.
Fire eompanit's, speaking trum-
pets given to, 508.
Fire companies, unworthy
members of, 51 1.
Fire company named Hain-
tramck Spouters, 511.
Fire Company No. i disbanded,
507- . .
Fire Company No. 2 organized,
504.
Fire Company, officers of a, 506.
Fire Department Society, 520.
Fire Department, chief engi-
neers of, 513.
P^ire Department, condition of,
in i8si, 5IH).
Fire i lepartment Society, con-
stitution adopted, 520,
Fire Dep.irtment managed on
military |iriii<i|)les, sij.
Fire Deparliiunt, paid, organ-
ized, 512.
Fire Department, property of,
^.513;
Fire Department, steam, 513-
Fire Department, volunteer,
supplanted, 512.
Fire Department, yearly ex-
penses of, 513.
Fire districts, city divided into,
5°5. . . , .
I' ire engine repaired in 1798,
501.
Fire engines carrying thebroom,
507.
Fire engines, chemical, 516.
Fire engines, hand and steam,
c<Mnpared, 511.
I'ire engines, hose cut, 507.
Fir<' engines, names of steam-
ers, 516.
Fire engine to be procured by
lottery, 502.
Fire escapes, manuf.tcture of,
809,811.
Fire extinguishers, earliest, 501.
Fire, getting the first stream on,
510.
Fire hooks, 502.
Fire hydrants and cisterns,
number of, 517.
Fire, ill paved streets hinder
engines, 510.
I'ire limits, 500.
Fires, lo.sses year by year, 499.
Firemen, provision for dis-
abled and indigent, 520.
I'iremen, endurance of, 506.
Fiiemen exempted from mili-
tary and jury duty, 504.
Firemen, leave of absence for,
519-
Firemen, number employed, 519.
Firemen off(;nded, 510.
Firemen open a reading-room,
506.
Firemen's parades, 507.
Firemen, political power of, 507.
Firemen, ipialifications foi;, 519.
Firemen, refrc'shments fur-
nished to, 508.
Firemen, salaries of, 519.
Firemen, uniform of, 519.
firemen, visiting. 507.
Firemen, volunteers sometimes
unreliable, 510.
Firemen's drinking song, 509.
Firemen's Fund Association in-
corporated, SJ9.
Firemen's Hall, 478, 506, 520,
521-
Firemen s lot in Elmwood, 521.
Firemen's review, first, 504.
FiriMnen's song, '* That old Ma-
chine and Hose," 511.
Fire -Marshal, 500.
Fire of 1703, 489.
Fire of i8os, 489, 490, 491, 729.
Fire of 1848, 493.
Fire ordinance, 501.
Fire, the cry of, 503.
Fire Wardens, 147, 505. .
First American occupation of
Detroit, 268.
First Colonists, character of,
33^-
First Evangelistic Society or-
ganized, 556.
First Protestant Cemetery, 51;.
First Protestant Society be-
comes Presbyterian, 581.
First Protestant Society incor-
porated, 5s8.
First sale of city bonds, 154.
First white traveler through the
Detroit,. 325.
Fiscal year of the city, 158.
Fish hatcheries, lO.
Fish Isl.md, 7.
Five Million f.oan, 889, 896.
Flag, Hrilish, hoisted, 268,
Flag, Hritishj hauled down, 268.
Flag raising m war time, 305.
Flag-staff, stump of, found, 225.
I'i.l'tlle.lds, 233.
Flour from Poiitiac, 15.
Elour, manufacture (tf, 15.
Flowers, native to Detroit, 12.
Fog signals and buoys, 919, 920.
Fog trumpets, 920.
Food, cheapness of, 804.
Forestalling, 796.
Forge, the lletroit Steam, 805.
Firrt Street opened to Casa
Farm, 473.
Forts and l)efenses, 221.
Crogiiaii, 226.
Detroit, 183, 222, 234.
Dn Luth, 221.
Duquesne, 12, 233.
Henry, 249.
L.iwranee, or Laurens, 120.
Lernoiilt, 34, 222, 223, 224.
..lackinaw. 221, 70";.
ulalden, 1S3.
Marehand, 12.
Mcintosh, 2;6.
MeigSj 108.
Miami, 265.
Ma\'er, 922.
Nonsense, 226.
Pitt, 233.
Pontcliartrain, 17, 18, 24, 221,
231, 232, 234.
Presqiie Isle, 12.
Riviere de UcEuf, 12.
St. Joseph, 221.
Shelby, 8, 36, 52, 222, 224,
225, 283.
Stevenson, 282.
Sumter, 853.
Wayne, 225, 228, 305.
Founding and growth of De-
troit, 331.
Foiindrv and Wheel Co., T us-
sel, 805.
Fountains, public drinkin.g. 71.
Fowls first brought to Detroit.
33S.
Idx Indians, 231, 321.
France, 811. 818. 826, 828, 827.
France and England, peace be-
tween, 237.
France and Sjiain allied, 2f>o.
France, Cadillac returns to, 8.
Frankfort ((lerman\'), 814.
Free delivery of goods, 777.
Free delivi ;y system of Post-
office, 882.
Free dispensary, 51, 733.
Free lodging house opened,
650,
Free schools, meeting in inter-
est of, 740.
Freezing process of Mr. Davis,
362.
Freights and passengers, 890.
Freiieli and I'iikHsIi rule, 83.
French and Spanish intrigues,
, ■-■<''^
I'rench dress described— poem,
337-
French Farms in Wayne Coun-
,ty, 977. 982-
French garrison at time of sur-
render of Detroit, 234.
French government, form of,
in America, 83.
French maltreated by Indians
on Orossf Isle, 232.
French names .Anglicised, 337.
French ponies, 887.
French possession, evidences of,
232.
French regime, 133.
French supremacy, 171.
French take possession of re-
gion, 325.
French trust in Indians, 323.
Fuel, and where ])rociirid, 470.
Fugitive Slave Act passed, 346.
Fulton Iron & Engine Works,
S06.
Funerals, tolling of bell at, 57.
funeral iisiii^fcs, 57.
Funke's Hall, 479.
Fur trade, importance of, 767,
768.
ioi6
INDEX— MISCELLANEOUS.
Galveston, 8ii,
GuiiK'S, Indian, 322.
CJanu'wcll lirc-alarin apparatus,
516.
(iaidfTis, unexcelled, 15,
(las cunipanies, 468, 469,
Oas inspector, 469.
Gazetteers, effect on immigra-
tion, 697.
Gazetteer of Michigan first is-
sued, 696.
General Gage, the brig, 907.
German shooting grounds in
Hanitramck, 4.
Germany, 818, 828, 829.
Gentlemen l)y occupation, 33S.
Gettysburg, news of battle of,
308.
Ghent, treaty of, 269.
Girls admitted to High School,
749-
Glass Works, Detroit City, 836.
Glass Works, Leonard, 836.
(ilobe 'I'obacco Factory, 827.
Gnaden-huetten, Moravian sta-
tion, 551,
Gold, greenbacks, and national
bank notes of equal value, 854.
Gold pens first used, 364.
Gold, enormous premium on,
,^54.,,
Good lemplars. Grand Lodge
in session, 842, 844.
Good Ti'mplars' Hall, 479,
Gothic houses, early, 374,
Governor anil Judges, appoint-
ment of, 134.
Governor and Judges arrive at
Marietta, 94.
(iovernor aiui Judges assume
control of commons, 25.
Governor and Judges author-
ized to convey lands, 27.
Governor and Judges control
property after establishment
of city government, 31.
Governor and Judges criticised,
28.
Governor and Judges, miscon-
duct of, 96, 97.
Governor and Judges, mysteri-
ous transactions of, 27.
Governor and Judges of Michi-
gan hold first session, 95.
Governor and Judges' Plan, 24,
26, 36.
Governor and Judges render no
account of moneys, 150.
Governor and Judges, rule of,
'34-
Government, a patriarchal, 171.
Governors. Knglisli, 84.
Governors of .Michigan, 91, 92.
Governors of Michigan Terri-
tory, 88.
Governors of New France, 83.
Grades, Commissioners of, 936.
Grain, inspection and grading
of, 791.
Grand Circus, 73,
Grand Haven, railroad to, first
opened, 895,
Grangers, origin of societies,
Grand Rapids, diocese of, 547.
Grand Rapids, railroad to, first
opened, 895.
Grand Trunk Junction, 4.
Grand Trunk Junction, lots
sold at, 41.
Graves in Jefferson Avenue, 53.
Gravestones and graves, 52.
Great Turkey Island, 7.
Greece, 811.
Greely's surveys confirmed, 22.
Greenback party, the, 854.
" Greenbacks," origin of name,
,854.
Green Hay, seventh legislative
council at, 99.
Greenfield, 4, 5.
Greenfield, part of, added to
city, 34-
Greenville, treaty of, 121.
Griffon, The, an armed vessel,
S'JS. 907.
Grindstone quarries in Michi-
gan, 802.
Grist mill on May's Creek, 9.
Griswold Street, peculiarities
of, 928.
Grosse Isle, Indians on, .>.
(Irosse Isle, Indian shot j, 285.
Grosse Isle, occu})ied by Will.
Macomb, 7.
Grosse Isle, railroad ferry at,
901,
Grosse Isle, tunnel at, 891.
Grosse I'ointe, a summer re-
sort, 5.
Gi'a\e of Dalyell, 239.
Grotto of the lilessed Virgin,
543-
H
Hack licenses and charges, 388.
Hair buyer, title applied to
Gov. Hamilton, 251,
Hair trunk safe, 154,
Half-breeds, 340.
Halifa.x ciirrincy, 846.
Ilalifa.x Gazette, first issued,
C69.
Hallock's Corner, 457.
Hamtramck, township of, 4.
Haintranick, part of, added to
I'ity. 34-
Hamtramck Spouters, name of
Fire Co., 511.
Hanging of an Indian woman,
171.
H.'iunibal, Mo., S06.
Harbor and river improvement
ilistriels, 921.
Harbor, formed by Detroit
River, 917.
Harbor Master, 207, 917.
Hardware Co., The Clark, 836.
Hard wood, prices of at Detroit,
802.
Harmonic Hall, 478.
Harper's Ferry raid organized,
348.
Harrow, Gale Sulky Co., 836.
Havana, 4.
Hay chopped and boiled for
food, 287.
Hay markets, 798.
Health ofiicer, 59.
Hearses, first use of, 57.
Heights, The, 928.
Henry, Fort, 249.
Hesse, district of, changed to
Western District, 174.
Hiawatha Tobacco Co., 827.
Jiickory Halls, no.
Hillsdale, railroad to, first
opened, Q02.
Hog Island, 16, 78, 236.
Holden Road, 4.
Holly, railroad first opened
from Northville, 90^.
Homueopathic Free Dispensary,
51-
Honey, 12.
Hong Kong, China, 823.
Honolulu, 827.
Hook and ladder company or-
ganized, '504.
Hopkins Journals, manufacture
of, 806.
Horseback ride to Washington,
887.
Horse-boat ferry, 91G.
Horse distemper, 892.
Horses for steam fire engines,
5I5.
Horses, Parent to shoe those of
Cadillac, 887.
Hose company organized, ■;o4.
Hose, cutting of fire engine,
507.
Hospitals, see Charitable Insti-
tutions.
Hotels, see Taverns and Hotels.
House and store numbers, 467,
Housebreaking and thieving,
203,
House occupied by Gen. Cass,
3''")-
House of Correction, 55, 210,
217, 218.
House, remains of an ancient,
found, 368.
Houses and barns, number of
in 1773, 3r,S.
Houses, average numlier of oc-
cupants, 376.
Houses, fine and nuiuerous, 376,
Houses, Gothic, lirsl, 374.
Houses, niauuer of building,
,,373. 374-
Houses, method of construction
in 1778, 368.
Houses, number in i860, 374.
Houses, number within stock-
ade in 1766, 368.
Housesof ill repute demolished,
201, 202.
Hubbard Farm, 20.
Hubel's Capsule Factory, 824.
Humbug Island, why so named,
7-
Hunters lodgi's. 301.
Hunting and fisliing, 349.
Hurons, 3, 12, 231, 232, 322, 530.
Huron territory, attempt to
organize, 89.
Huron village on liois Blanc
Isl.iiid, 8. '
Hydrants, 517.
Hydraulic companye.stablished,
C,3, 64.
Ice, 6.
Idol l)roken by G.'ilinee, 325.
Immersion, first baptism by, in
Detroit, (io5.
Immigration at various times,
37. 333, 335. 697, 900.
Importation of slaves forbidden,
, 345- .
Importations, direct, 772.
Imprisonment for debt, 177.
Income tax, 159.
Indian Tribes —
Algonquins, 321, 322.
Cayugas, 322.
Chippewas, 78, 321, 322, 323,
324-
D(.'lawares, 261.
F'latheads, 233.
Foxes, 231, 321.
Hurons, 3, 12, 231, 232, 322,
530-
Iroquois, 322, 324, 332.
Kickapoos, 231, 240.
Mascoutins, 531.
Menominees, 231, 321,
Miamis, 231, 322,
Mississauguas, 239.
Mohawks, 322.
Olmecs, 321.
(^nondagas, 232, 322,
Oneidas, 322,
Ottawas, 12, 78, 231, 321, 322,
324-
Ouendats, 321, 324,
Out.agamies, 231.
Potowatamies, 21, 52, 231,
235, 238. 322-
Poiix, 322.
Sacs, 321.
Sauteux, 323.
Senecas, 234, 322.
Toltecs, 321.
Tuetle, or Tutelos, 321,
Tuscaroras, 322.
Wyandotts, 3, 7, 234, 238, 321,
, .322, 323, 324-
Indianapolis, railroad to, first
opened from Ypsilanti, 903.
Inhabitants of Detroit, person-
al appearance, 338.
Indian alarm, 284, 285.
Indian attack expected on day
of eclipse, 315.
Indian and African slaves, 344.
Indian agents, 324.
Indians as liritish allies, 247.
Indian attaiks, 231,
Indian burial places, 52.
Indian council.s, 234, 243, 2O3,
552.
Indian dances, 322.
Indians de''eated at Tippeca-
noe, 273.
Indian forays instigated by
Knglisli, 242.
Indian games, 322.
Indian grants invalid, 21.
Indian inlrenclimentsou Fight-
ing Island, 7.
Indian life described, 322.
Indian niouiids, 321.
Indian outrages, 226.
Indian plot to massacre the
French, 232.
Indian raid, 285.
Indian shot on Grosse Isle, 285.
Indian skeletons and relics, 52.
Indian suuiimr, 45.
Indian tliouglitfuluess, 330.
Indian titles to lands extin-
guished. 324.
Indian trade, everybody en-
gaged in, 338.
Indian trails and bridle paths,
887.
Indians as beggars, 323.
Indians carry their furs to the
I'",nglish, 766.
Indians conciliated by British,
264.
Indians converted, 564.
Indians defeated by Wayne,
266.
Indians, <lisbiirseiiieuts to, 323.
Indians, drunken, 838.
Indians, favor MUigfil by gifts,
323-
Indians, French trust in, 323.
Indians generally cheated, 767.
Indians, habits and condition,
323- ,
Indians bung, 317.
Indians, intermarriage with,
331- ,
Indians kept good-natured by
gifts, 766.
Indians, number of, in Michi-
gan, 324.
Indians on Bois liliinc I land
estranged, 8.
Indians, pestilence among, 281.
Indians set fire to Fort Pont-
chartrain, 231, 489.
Indians settled near French
forts, 322.
fiulians, sujiplies for. 243.
Indiciiis to be taught, 331.
Indians throng at Detroit, 260.
Indictment of Gov. Hamilton,
173-
Inhabitants renew oath of alle-
giance, 240.
Ink rain, 46.
Insane Asylum of County, 649.
Inspectors of liquors, 841.
I Inspection of meals, 797.
Inspection *f oils and liquids,
797-
Inspectors of schools to be
elected on general ticket, 754.
Inspector of steamboats, 921.
Inspection of weights and
measures, 797.
Inspection of wood, 797.
Insurance companies, 873, 874,
875.
Iniurance Co. I'ank, 8(>2.
Insurance, State commissioner
of, 875..
Internal improvements project-
ed, 889, 890, 896.
Internal revenue taxes, 159.
International convention ol
Hoards of Trade, 7811.
International convention of V.
M. C. A., 639.
Intrigues of France and Spain,
269.
Inventors and inventions, 362.
Ionia, railroad to, first opened
895- ,
Iron and brass bedsteads, man-
ufacture of, 811.
INDEX — MISCELLANEOUS.
lOI 7
tin
'^85.
coiuicils, 234. 243. '(>h
dunn:s, y^2-
s ck'caltd at 1 ippeca-
.^Iforays instigated l)y
lisli, 242.
1 jjanK-s, 322-
I i-niiits invalid, 21.
„ iiiirencluncntsonliKlit-
Island, 7.
II life described, 322.
n mounds, 321.
n ontranes, 226.
,n plot to niassaerc
■ncli, 232.
III raid, 285.
in shot untlrosse Isle, .-,
,,n skeletons and relics, 52.
;in sninnuT, 45.
an llioUKlUfnlness 3:"-
an titles to lands t^tin-
lished, 324- , ,„ „,,
an trade, everybody en-
;?;;;'uail/i^id bridle paths
laiis as begpars, 323.
ians earry their furs to the
[CSnl^n^tcd by British,
64. , ,
Hans converted, 5''4-
;j;„,s defeated by Wayne,
Aians, disbursemenls to, 323.
■lians, drunken, S38.
dians, favor sought by gifts,
Sans, French trust in, 323-
ins generally cheated, 767-
dians, habits and condition,
Kl'lans hung, 3>7- . . ,
idians, inlernuirriage witn,
,dians kept g<,od-natured by
.^^Jns'mnnber of, in Michi-
.^iian^^ Bois Blanc Inland
estranged, 8.
ndians, pestilence a,vu.ng.^28.
lulians set fire l>. I'orl 1 oni
charlrain, 23', ^^9■ y u
ndians settled near French
ndians, suppl"'^ fV' '*3-
ndians to be taught, 331-
'nd!ansthrongatlU.,n.n 260.
Indictment of Gov. Hamilton,
nlKib.tants renew oath of alle-
giance, 240.
,;w,ne Asylum of County, 649.
'iispeetoisof liquors, 841.
rsiiecticm of meats, 797: .
Inspection t.f oils and liquids,
n^'e'ctors of ^'^^^"°]\\" .,]\'
elected on general ticket, 734-
n-nectorof steamboats, 921.
"spection of NveiglUs and
measures, 797-
Inspection of wood, 797-
nsurance companies, 873, S74.
„,f"r'anccCo. liank, 8f.2. ,
Insurance, State commissioner
Internal^'improvements project-
ed, 889, 8qo, 8y6.
Internal revenue taxes, 159.
i'lUernational convention o.
Boards of 1 rade, 789.
International convention of A .
[JJi^iei^if&cc and Spain,
lln'Suors and inventions, 362
'ionia, railroad to, hrst opened
Iron^^nd brass bedsteads, man
ufactureof, 811.
Iron and liridgc Works, 805.
Iron and Steel Works, Kureka,
0.0
Iron Works, Buhl, no6.
Iron Company, Malleable, 808.
Iron fencing, manufacture of,
809,811.
Iron W.irks, Fulton, 836.
Iron stairs, manufacture of, 809.
Iron water pipe, manufacture
of, 807.
Iron Works, Kaglc, 808.
Iroquois, 322, 324, 332.
Islands in river, 7, 8.
Italy, 829.
Jackson, railroad to, first open-
ed, 897.
Jackson s specie circular, 849.
Jacksonville, Florida, 835,
Jails, 214, 215, 216, 481.
Jail, scrip issued to contractors,
475-
Jails, use of, to detain slaves,
347-
Janitors of school buildings,
746.
Japan, 809, Sii, 829.
Jefferson Avenue extended
through church ground, 531.
Jesuits, 324.
Jesuits oppose selling brandy
to savages, 837.
Jesuits unfriendly to Detroit,
763.
Jewish Cemetery, 57.
Jonesville, railroad to, first
opened, 902.
Journal bearings, manufacture
of, 806.
Journal boxes, manufacture of,
8<jf).
Journeying, 887.
Judge Advocates of Territory
of Michigan, 89.
Judicial iniscimduct, 181.
Jurors, grand and p(^tit, 193.
Jurors of Circuit Court, 193.
Jurors for U. S. District Court,
•75-
Jurors in Police Court, rgS.
Jury, Corimers', 58.
Justice in the olden time, i7r.
Justices authorized to perform
marriagi' ceremony, 340,
Justices of the I'eace, 197.
Kalamazoo, railroad to, first
opened, 897.
Ka-ron-ta-en, Huron name for
Detroit, q.
Kaskaskia, III., 24.
Kent County, Upper Canada,
Detroit formerly In, 94.
Kentucky, HIrd s expedition
against, 260.
Kentucky (iazette, issued at
Lexington, 669.
Kentucky, Governor of, honor-
ed, -.^Ss.
Kerosene oil used in making
coal gas, 364.
Kerosene oil introduced, 468.
KIckapoos, 231, 240.
Kidnapping of Mr. Poquette,
272.
King's clothing store, 458.
King's corner, .137.
King's surveyor, 37.
King's wharf, 8.
KIttelberger's Hall, 479.
Knagg's windmill, 10.
Knight Templar procession,
342-
Know-Nothing party, 114.
Laboratory, Parke, Davis, &
Co.'s, 823.
Laboratory, V. Stearns & Co.,
823.
Laboratory, Hubel's, 823.
l.aeipiers, manufacture of, 826.
Ladles' Academy established,
720.
Lake Krie, 3.
Lake Krie, steamers on, seized
by rebels, 308.
Lake Krie, storm on, 239.
Lake Ste. Claire, 5.
Lake Ste. Claire, origin of the
nam", 907.
Lake Superior Copper Co., 818.
Lake Survey, The, 918.
Lake travel, why decieused, 910.
Lamplighters, 469.
Land commissioners, 20.
Land I'o.ird, 26, 27, 29, 30, 31.
Land, French, patents con-
firmed, 19, 20.
Land granted for public schools,
736.
Land grants, conditions of, 17.
Lands granted to Cadillac m
Maine, 328.
Land Ollice at Detroit, 37.
Land speculation 01 1837, 850.
Lands, amount cleared in 1708,
333-
Lands claimed by Cadillac's
descendants, 328.
Lansing, railroad to, from De-
troit, first opened, 905.
Lansing made the Capital, qi.
Lapeer, railroad to, first opened,
901.
La Porte, railroad to, first open-
ed, (;o2.
Last factory of Mumford, Fos-
ter A: Co., 832, 833.
Latitude of Detroiti 4.
Latakia, in Asia, 818.
Law against blasphemy, 554.
Law and Order party, 843.
Law Libraries, 200.
Lawn mowers, introduction of,
r 376-
Lawranco, Fort, 120.
Laws of State, form of publi-
cation, 99,
Laws pertaining to Detroit, 983.
Lawyers, 199.
Lead Pipe and Sheet Lead
Works, 836.
Lecturers, names and dates of
visits, 709.
Leeville, in Hamtramck, 4.
Lee's army, surrender of, 309.
Legal tender notes, 854.
Legends respecting Indian
mounds, 321.
Legislative council, gS, in.
Legislalh'e council, first ses-
sion in Capitol, 475.
Legislature, sessions of, 99,
Legislatures and laws, 94,
Leopard, attack of, on the
Chesapeake, 274.
Lernoult, Fort, 34, 222, 223,
224.
Letter boxes first provided, 882.
Letter carriers, 882.
Letter of Gen. llrock demand-
ing surrender of Detroit, 276.
Letter to Col. Campbell about
taxes, 222.
Letters, McKee's, to Col. Eng-
land, 265.
Lexington, Gazette of, 669.
Library of Mechanics' Society,
.7'3-
Library, The Bar, 109, 200.
Library, City, established, 710.
Library Commissioners, 761.
Library, The Firemen's, 521.
Library, The Public, 759 to 762.
Library of Young ftlen's So-
ciety, 711,
Licenses, City, collection of,
207.
Licenses for newsboys, 692.
Licenses for trucks, drays, etc.,
891.
Licenses, Territorial, 150, 769.
Licenses to dealers in liquors,
838, 839, 840.
Lieutenant-Governors of Mich-
igan, 92.
Life saving service, 920, 92r.
Light Guards, Detroit, organ-
ized for war with South, 318.
Lighthouse I'.ngineer, 919.
Lightliouse first erected at Fort
Gratiot, 919.
Lighthouse keepers, 920.
Lighthouses, location of, 919.
Lighthouses on the Detroit
River, 920.
Llghtiiouses, construction, re-
jjalr, and inspection of, gig,
920.
Lighting and heating, 467.
Lime burned on Campus Mar-
tin-, 475.
LImekili.. near stockade, 36^7.
Limestone, price of, pleiitiful
In vi:inlty of Detroit, S02.
Linden I'ark, in Hamtramck, 4.
Linseed meal, manufacture of,
326.
Linseed Oil Co., Detroit, 823.
Liquor dealers, number of, in
city and county, 845.
Liquor dealers, stale meeting
of, 843.
Liquor not to be sold to Indi-
ans, 17.
Liquor selling, restrictions on,
, 837.
LIq.iors, none sold at Franklin
House, 481.
Liquor tax law passed, 843.
Liquor traffic and temperance
efforts, 837.
Lisbon, Spain, 820.
Literary societies, 710.
Local government, revival of,
'35-. .
Localities, designations of, 927.
Local option law of 1845, S39.
Locomotive Works, Detroit,
806.
Locomotive obtained from Phil-
adelphia, 893.
Log cabins, i3o.
Log houses within stockade,
367.
London, 6, 814, 827.
London edition of F ee Press,
687.
Longitude of Detroit, 4.
Losantiville, origin of name, 94.
Lost children, notice oi, 669.
Lottery to buy a fire engine,
502.
Lottery to promote liter.iture,
710.
Lots, changes in numbers of, 31.
Louisiana, 83, 820.
Louisiana, Cadillac appointed
governor of, 18.
Louisiana, commerce of, grant-
ed to A. Crozat, 330.
Louisiana placed under Indiana
territory, 87.
Louisville, Ky., 811.
Loyalists and renegades at-
tracted to Detroit, 244.
Lumber, prices at Detroit, 802.
Lutheran Cemetery, 57.
Lyceum of Detroit organized,
7'i-
Lyceum of Michigan organized,
712.
Lyons, N. Y., 811.
M
Mackinaw, 121, 221, 237, 242,
2S5, 325. 7"<J. 781, 837, 905.
Mcintosh, I'ort, 256.
Maine, 328, 810,
"Maine Law" of Michigan,
840, 841.
Magazines, see Newspapers and
Periodicals.
Mama Juda Island, 7.
Mail, fourteendays toNewYork,
880.
Mail from Washington, three
weeks on the road, 880.
Mail conveyed on horseback
and on foot, 879.
Mails, first regular, 879, 880.
Malls slow and irregular, 879.
Maiden, Fort, 183.
Malleable Iron Co., Michigan,
808.
Manitoba, 820.
Manners and customs, 337.
Mansard roofs inf.roduced, 376,
Mantels, nianufaeture r)f, 832.
M.'uinfac luring advantages, 802.
Mannfaeliires, lisl of, 804.
Maniif.ictures of Delroll —
Architectural iron work, 806.
liar Iron, 818.
Haski'ts, Kit, 833.
I'last furn.'iee machinery, S06,
Holler plate, 818.
Hollers, 806, 807.
Hoots and shoes, R35.
Brass castings, 807.
Bridges, 803.
Bronzed goods, 822.
Brushes, 811, 826.
Cages. 811.
Candles, 826.
Capsules, 823, 824.
Carriages, 836.
Cars, 804, 805.
Car sheaves and wheels, 805,
Chairs, 811, 832.
Champion tire bender, 806.
Cheese safes, 809, 810, 811.
Cigars and ciKarettes, 8.'8.
Copper, ingot, 818.
Counter supports, 810.
Crackers, 833.
Clanier's journal metal, 806.
Door knohs, 820.
Drugs, 82^.
Druggists tlnwaie, 8-'2.
Klevators, 8;!o.
F.levator machinery. 81/1.
Emery grinders and wheels,
820.
Engines, 806, 807, 808.
Files, 820.
Fire escapes, 809. 811.
Hangers, 808, 820
Hopkins journals, Sofi.
Iron and brass bi'dsleads. Sii.
Iron fencing and stairs, 809,
811.
Iron water-pipe, 807.
Journal bearings and boxes,
806.
Lacquers, 826.
Lasts, 833.
Linseed meal, 826.
Linseed oil, 825.
Malleable iron casting-, 8u8.
Ma,.lels, 832.
Matches, 828.
Medicated wines, S23.
Medicinal syrups, 823.
Mining nia<'hiiiery, 806,
Mouldings, 828.
("Ill cake, 8?6.
Organs, 829.
Palls, 832.
Pamts, 825.
r g iron, 818.
Pills, 823.
Pins, 820.
Pulleys, 808, 820.
Railroad turn-tables, 805.
Roller skates, 811.
Roof cresting, 810, 8ti.
Safes, fire-proof, 810.
Shafting, 808, 820.
Show stands, 811.
Sieves, 809, 811.
Soaps, 82^1.
Spectacles, 836.
Spring beds, 832.
Springs, locomotive and car,
804.
Spring steel, 804.
Stable fixtures, 810.
Stamped ware, 822.
Stoddart's tire upsetter, 806,
Stoves, 814, 816,
Street lanterns, 822.
Tinware, 822.
ioi8
INDEX- MISCKLLANEOUS.
Maniifai'lnris of l)rlTo'\t—Co>i,
I'dhacc.i, 826, 827, 828.
Tiaps, 811.
UpliolsiiTfd ware, 832.
Varnish, 826.
Viadiicis, 805.
Wi'athcT vanos, 810.
\Vliit( hriiiue j;oo<l'*t 811.
White load, 825.
Willow ware, 833,
Wiiulinvaiul dncir screens, 809.
Window ijn/irds, 810.
Wire cloth, 801. 811.
Wire counter railing's, 810.
Wire liUliin); and fencing,
810, 811.
Wire siijns, 810, 811.
Wood-workirtij machines, 809,
^Manufaeturinv: Firms —
American Ka>;le Tobacco Co.,
820.
liaKley's Mayflower Tobacco
Factory, 8)6.
lianner fobacco Factory, 827.
Harniim, F.. T., Wire & Iron
Works, 811.
lierry lirothi'rs' Varnish Man-
ufactory, 826.
Bovdel! lirothers' White Lead
Works, 82s.
Buhl Iron Works. 806.
I5iirk, Rich, A: Co., Cigar-
makers, 8-'8.
Clark Hardware Co., 836.
ClotiK'h A; Warren Organ Co.,
82Q.
Detroit & I,ake Superior
Copper Co., 818.
Detroit Bridge* Iron Works,
805.
Detroit llronze Co., 8ir.
Detroit Uriish Co., 836.
Detroit City (ilass Works, S36.
Detroit Copper* Brass Roll-
ing Mill, S^6.
Detroit Kleetrieal Works, 836.
Detroit Kmerv Wheel Co.,
820.
Detroit File Works, 820.
Detroit Lead I'ipi^ and Hheet
Lead Works, 836.
Detroit Linseed Oil Co., 825.
Detroit Locomotive Works,
806.
Detroit Safe Co., 810.
Detroit Stamping Co., 822.
Detroit Steam Forge, 805.
Detroit Sto\*e Co., 811.
Detroit White Lead Works,
825.
Diamond Fanning Mill Co.,
836.
Dondero's Detroit Willow
Ware Factory, 833.
Drv Dock F.ngine Works, 836,
Eagle Iron Works, 808.
Eureka Iron & Steel Works,
818.
F. A. Hubel's Capsule Lab-
oratory, 823.
Frederi{k Stearns' Pharma-
ceutical Manufacturing Co.,
823
Frost s Wooden Ware Works,
836,
Fulton IroniS: lingine Works,
806.
Gale Sulkv Harrow Manufac-
turing Co.. 836.
Globe Tobacco Factory, 827.
Gray & Baffy, Manufactur-
ing Upholsterers, 832.
Griffin Car Wheel Co., 836.
Hargreaves' Manufacturing
Co., 828.
Hugh Johnson's Carriage Es-
tablishment, 836.
Johnston Optical Co., 836.
Laboratory of Parke, Davis,
& Co., 823.
Leonard Glass Works, 836.
Michel's Wood-workin.g Ma-
chinery ICstablishment, 8og.
Middlebrook & Post Manu-
facturing Co., 820.
.Manufacliu'ing Finns — Cam.
Mulligan Holt and Nut Co.,
830.
Miibigan Car and CarWh :1
Co. , 804.
Michigan C^irbon Works, 836.
Michigan .Malleable Iron Co.,
808.
Michigan Stove Co., 816.
Michigan White Lead and
Color Works, 82.).
M. J. .Mur|ihy & Co. 's, Spring
Bed and IMiair Factory, 83.'.
Miimford, Foster, & Co.'s
Last F'aetorv, 8^2.
National Pin Co., 820.
National Wire and Iron Co.,
Soy.
Parke, Davis, & Co., Manu-
facturing I'hemists, 823.
Peninsular C.ir Works, 805.
Peninsular Slove Co., 816.
Pingree A; Smith's Shoe Fac-
tory, 813.
Piillnian c:ar Works, 836.
Richardson Match Factory,
828.
Russel Wheel & Foundry
Co., 803.
Schult(^ Brothers Soap Fac-
tory, 826.
Scotten's Hi.iwatha Tobacco
Factory, 8.7.
Steel tV Spring Works, 804.
Sutton .Manufacturing Co.,
8^2.
Union Door Knob Co., 822.
Vail & Crane's Cracker F"ac-
tory, 8j5.
Maps of Detroit, 32, 33, 34.
.Map of Detroit Rivt-r, 270.
.Map of ,Mi"higau and Wiscon-
sin, l'"ar;.ier's, 6(>7.
.Maps and Gazetteers as aids to
immigration, 335, 697.
Maple sugar, 12, 337.
.Marine Hospital, 923, 924.
Market, i'he Berthelet, 794.
Market building schemes, 794.
Market receipts, 7(7.
Market, 'i'lu* Cass, 795.
Market, The Central Vegetable,
7Q4-
Market Clerks, 202, 795.
Markets, regulations for, 793,
796.
Markets on Sunday, 201, 796.
Markets reached from Detroit,
see Shipments.
Marriage ceremony may be per-
formed by justices, 340.
Marriage contracts and permits,
34°-
Marriage, first, by a Protestant
clergyman, 550.
Marriage, first French, 333.
Marriage, second F'rench, 333.
Marriage in the Catholic
Church, 341.
Marriage in the Hebrew con-
gregation, 341.
Marriage laws, 340.
Marriages, Commandant at, 171.
Marriages, record of, 341.
Marchand, Fort, 12.
Marietta, Governor and Judges
arrive at, 94.
.Marquette, diocese of, 547.
Marquette, railroad to first
opened from Mackinaw, 905.
Marshall, 133, 897.
Marshal, City, 202.
Marshal, U. S., 176.
Martial law proclaimed, 242.
M.ascontins, 231.
Masonic and Odd Fellows' So-
cieties, 341.
Masonic Hall, 478, 479.
Masons' Mutual Benefit Asso-
ciation, 343.
Massachusetts, 85, 835.
Massacred at the River Raisin,
280.
Massacre at Wyoming, 249.
Massacre of Dalyell's force, 238.
Mass.icre of Delawarcs by Am-
ericans, 2f)l.
M issacre of James Fisher and
family, 236.
Massacre of prisoners at Ruddle
Station, 260.
Massacre of settlers on tin* Mo-
hawk, 233.
.Ma.ssacre of Turnbnll family,
^■36.
Masters in chancery, 17(1, 191.
.Match Factory, Richardson,
828.
Matches introduced, 467, 4(18.
Maumee valley invaded, 282.
Mayor, powers of, under .Act of
1806, 134.
Mayors, 140.
Mayor's Court, 142.
May's Crick, called Campau's
River, 9.
Mayflower Tobacco Factorv,
836.
Maypole, penalty for not plant-
ing, 18.
Meats, inspection of, 59, 797.
Medical sot:ieties, 50,
Medicine nun, 50.
Medicines, non-secret, 823.
Meigs, F'ort, io3.
Melcher Farm church, 532.
Meldrum warehouse used as a
church, 531.
Melons raised by Indians, 12.
Members of C'ongress, 102.
Memoirs of Geii. Hull, 289.
Memorial tablet, 'Trinity
Church, 537.
Memorial to C'ongriss for pr.c
tection from Indians, 273.
Memorial window to Father
Richard, 531.
Menominecs, 231, 321.
Mirchandise for Indian pre-
stmts, 247.
Merchants and trading, 765.
Merchants' F..\cliauge and
Board of 'Trade', 7S3.
!\Ierehants' Express Co., 892.
Merchants' Mutual I'ire Insur-
ance Co., 875.
Merchants of the past, 767.
Merchants' jjolice, 204.
Merchants' wharf, 8.
.Merino sheep, Hull'
with, 278, 279.
Merrill Hall, 478.
Methodist ministers,
Detroit, 553.
Methodist presiding elders, 3S0.
Methodist Quarterly Confer-
ence, old time mrthiids, 565.
M<'tropolitan Police Commis-
sion, 204, 841.
Mexico, 4, 303,
826.
Miami, Fort of,
ish, 265.
Miamis, 23t, 322.
.Michel's SVood- working
chinery, 809.
Michigan, Bank of, 858.
Michigan Bolt .V Nut Co., S^Ci.
Michigan Carbon Works. 836.
Michigan Car and Car Wheel
Co., 4, 804.
M. C. R. R. depot burned, 494.
Michigan, derivation of name,
Michigan Essay, The, 604.
Michigan Fire lV iSlarine Insur-
ance Co., 875.
Michigan formed from Indiana
Territory, 87.
Michigan (larden, 351.
Michigania — a poem, 335, 336.
Michigan included in U'ppcr
Canada, 84.
Michigan, Indians in. 324.
Michigan Malleable Iron Co.,
808.
Michigan, State Bank of, 863,
866.
Michigan, State of, admitted to
Union, 89,
omgs
first at
330, 810, Si I,
built by Brit-
Ma-
Miehigan Stove Co., 816.
.Michigan 'Territory created, 95,
121.
Michigania, l"niversit\' of, 728.
.Michigan While Lead & Color
Works, 824.
Military Cemetery, 52.
.Military ccmvention, when held,
>oV-^'
.Military court and sentences,
3'f\ 3>7.
Military drill introduced into
Hinli School, 749.
Milit.iry Hall, 136, 473.
Military reserves, 29, 36, 151,
225.
Militia and Military Compa-
nies—
Brady Guards, 317.
Cass Guards, 317.
City Guards, 317.
Detroit Citv Grays, 318,
Detroit Citv Cuaifls, 318.
Detroit Light Guards,' ;i8.
Detroit Light Infantry, 318.
Detroit 'Town Company, 317.
Emmet Rifles, 318.
Grayson Light Guards, 317.
Holt (luards, 318.
Jackson ( iiiards. 318.
l.afayette Guards, 317.
Legionary Corps, names of
officers, 313, 314.
Lyon ( iuards, 318.
Michigan Hussars, 318.
Montgomery Guards, 317,
Montgomery Rifles, 318.
National Dragoons, 318.
National Guards, 318.
Sarsfield Guards, 318.
Scott Guards, 317.
Scottish Guards, 318.
Sherman /oua\'cs, 318,
Shields Guards, 318.
Wolverine Rifles, 318,
Vager Guards, 318.
Militia called out by Croghan,
284.
Militia, Negro Company organ-
ized, 315, 345.
Militia drills, disagreeable fea-
tures of, 316.
Militia, jurisdiction over, on
the borders of Virginia and
Pennsylvania, 258.
Militia laws of Indian 'I'crri-
'ory, 313.
Militia la
Taws of the Northwest
Territory, 313.
Militia, number in 1778, 244.
Militia, number in 1805, 313.
.Militia of the 'Territory, 296,
3'3-
Militia on duty at execution of
Indians, 317.
Militia, State encampment of,
:!i7.
Militia nnder the French and
English, 313.
Militia uniforms, ofTiccis ar-
rested for want of, 315.
Militia uniforms prescribed by
commander-in-chief, 313.
Militia nniform.s, protested
against in 1806, 315.
Mills, 9, 10, 18.
Milwaukee Junction in Ham-
tramck, 4.
Minneapolis, Minn., 811.
Minnesota, 820.
Miracles performed through
Del Halle, 529.
Mississauguas, 239.
Mississippi River, control of,
269.
Mississippi Valley, English
seeking to obtain, 264.
Mission buildings, see Churches,
Mission to the Hiirons, 530.
Mission Sunday schools, 653,
Missionary from Connecticut,
552-
Missionaries and priests, 527.
Missiimaries, Moravian, brought
to Detroit, 550,
INDEX - MISCELLANKOUS.
1019
of
;an Stove Co.. 816.
|im 'I'lrntory cnalicl, 05,
■iiiiia. Viiivcrsitv of. 728.
iaii Whin- l.i'ad & Color
ks, 824.
ry Criiut. ry, 52- , , ,
ly convention, when luui,
iry court and sentences,
irV'ilrill introdiued into
[ll'Scllool, 749.
iry Hall, 156, 473-
iiry reserves, '_>y, 36, 151,
i'a and Military Conipa-
lies —
idv Ciiiards, 317.
ss'Ciuards, 317.
ty Ciiards, (I7-
troit Citv ('.rays, 318.
■troit I'iiv Ciiards, 318.
■troit l.ivj'lil I'.iiards, 3'8.
■troil l.iKlit Infantry, 3'8-
•troit Town Company, 317.
nniet Rifli'S, 318.
•ayson l.iKlit C.uards, 317.
o\i (luards, 318.
Lckson C.nards. 318.
ifavette C.nards, 317.
.•nionary Corps, nanus
ofTieers, 313, 3'4-
yon C.nards, 318.
;ichi.i;an Hnssars, 318.
lontgoincry (liiards, 317.
[ontKoniery Killes, 318.
[ational DraRoons. 318.
[ational Onards, 318.
arsfield C.uards, 318.
eott fltuirds, 317.
rottish Guards, 318.
herinan Zonavcs, 318.
;iiiel(ls C.nards, 318.
Volverine Rilles, 318.
leaner Guards, 318.
litia called out by Croghan,
•84.
[litia, Negro Company or.gar-
zed, 315. 345- , , ,
litia drills, disa.greeable fea-
ures of, 316. .
litia, jurisdiction over, on
... borders of Virginia and
I'ennsvlvania, 258. .
litia laws of Indian 1 em-
ilitia Taws of the Northwest
Territory, 313.
litia, number in 1778, 244.
litia, number in 1805. 313.
ilitia of the Territory, 296,
Uiti'a on duty at execution of
Indians, 317. ,
ilitia. State encampment ol,
3'7
il'itia under the French and
■'nglish, 313- ^
litia uniforms, ofTiccrs ar-
ested for want of, 3T5.
1, litia uniforms prescribed by
commander-in-ehief, 313-
ilitia uniforms, protested
against in 1806, 315.
ills, g, 10, 18. , . ,, ,
ilwaukee Junction in 11am-
tramck, 4- ,,. ,
inneapohs, Minn., 811.
innesota, Sao.
iraeles performed through
Pel Halle, 529-
ississauguas, 239.
ississippi River, control of.
lUstssippi Valley, Knglish
seeking to obtain, 264-
lissi.m buildings, seeChurches.
[ission to the Hurons 530.
Mission Sunday schools, 653.
dissionary from Connecticut,
d
:Lionaries and priests, 527.
;issionaries. Moravian.bronght
to Detroit, 550.
.Mobile, Cadillac and family
arrive n.'ar. 330.
Mococks for holding sugar, 12.
Moiiawks, 322.
Mohawk settlers massacred, 233.
Money, earliest of New France,
84r,.
Money orders of post-ofTice, 881.
Monguagon, 12S, 367.
Monroe County, 90.
Monroe, railroad to, first opened
from l)etroit, 902.
Monroe railroad, lirst opened to
I'etcrsburgh, 902.
Montreal, 8^6.
Montreal, criminals sent to, 172.
Montreal jealous of Detroit,
76..
Moiitr<'.»l, provisions from, 12.
Montreal, reinforcements from,
232.
Moiuiment to soldiers dedi-
cated, 312.
Moravian missitinaries, 550, 551.
Mortgages, ^9.
Mottoes of l''ire ('ompanies, 508.
Mouldings, manufacture of,
823.
Mound, Prairie, 4.
Mounds, origin of, 321.
Mount Klliott Cemelery, 53,54.
Mount Desert island described,
Mount DesL.-t island granted to
Mme. Gregoire, 19.
Mulberry trees, grown in De-
troit, 9(11.
Murder of a trader, 171.
Murder of Charles Moran, 174.
Musical Association, Detroit,
organized, 355.
Musical compositions and com-
posers, 357.
Music and dancing, 349.
Music and tlu' Drama, 334.
Musicians and music teachers,
355-
Museum of Scientific Associa-
tion, 714.
Museums, 351.
Muskingum mission on, broken
up, 261.
Mutual lienefit Association,
.Masons, 343.
Myer, Fort, 922.
N
Names of streets, changes in,
946-948.
Nankin, poor farm 111, 649.
Naptlia for street lamps, 469.
Nashua, N. H., SiS.
National banks, excelleuee of,
85.4-
Nationalities represented in
Dt^troit, 336.
National Commercial Conven-
tion held, 790.
National Convention of I'rew-
ers, 845.
National Convention of Wo-
men's Christian 'I'eiuperance
Union, 845.
National I'iii Co., 820.
National Wire <t Iron Co., 809.
Naval depot of the West, De-
troit the, 243.
Navarre I'arm deeded by Poto-
watamies, 52.
Navigation on Lakes and Riv-
ers, 907.
Navy Island, near HulTalo, for-
tified, 301.
Negro militia company organ-
ized, _^45.
Negro not, because of arrest of
sla\'es, 345.
Negroes, riot against, 348.
Newark, now Niagara, 94.
New lirunswick, 814, 836.
New City Hall, 477
New DulTalo, railroad to, first
opened, 899.
New France, money of, 846.
New Hampshire, 835.
New .Mexico, 828.
New ( )rleans, 4, 269, 829, 832.
Newsboys and bootblacks, 693.
Newspaper graveyard, 670.
Newspapers and Periodicals —
Abend Post, r.88.
Advertiser and Tribune, 682,
6S3, C92.
Agricultural and Horticul-
tural Journal, fi88.
Allgemeine Zeitung, 687,
American Citi.:en, 674,
American Gleaner, C75.
American Iloiii'i-'opatliic Ob-
server, fiS8.
A m e r i c a n M e 1 1' o r o I o g i c al
Journal, 6q2.
Amerieau Viiu'vard, 674.
.American Workman and
Trade Reporter, 680.
Ain])liion, (190.
Anglo-Calholic. 679.
Anti-Roman Advocate, 678.
Ashlar, 677.
I'aptist 'lidings, 678.
Better .Age, 679.
l!oy of the Period, C79.
lirown's Reporter, 677.
Capitol, The, 679.
Catholic Vindicator, 676.
Centinel. 6(19.
Central Mirnjr, 569.
Chaff, (■>9i.
Christian Unionist, 677,
Cincinnati Gazette, 669.
Citoyen, C75.
Clinic, 690.
Commereial, Cx)i.
Commercial .Ath'ertiser, 688.
Coininercial Dull, in, 676,
679, 686.
Commercial I^aw News, 681.
Comnionwcaltb of Pilts-
biirgli, 670.
Constitutional Democrat, ("174.
Courier, 6Si>, 681.
Craftsmen of Michigan, 673.
Day Hook, 6-3.
Democrat and Knquircr, 683.
Democratic Free Press, 685.
Detroit Illustrated, 681.
I''.cho, 6S9.
Kgiantiue, (173.
F.nquirer, 683.
F.vangelical Observer, 675.
Evening News, 675, 677, 688,
692.
F.very Saturday, 691.
Kxpress, 682.
Familien lilaetter, 688.
Family Circle, 690.
Family Herald. 691.
Family Journal, 680.
Farnur's Companion and
Horticultural (iazette, 674.
Fireman's Journal, 677.
Freeman's Journal, 0U9.
Free Deinocnit, 6J2,
Free Press, 685, 686.
Free Union, 683.
Fruth, 677.
Gazette, 671, 6;r4, 681.
Gazette Francaise, 672.
Gazette of Halifax, 669.
Gazette of Lexington, 66g.
tlazclte of I'ittsburgh, 669.
Gazette of Quebec, 669.
Gazette of Seiola, 669.
Graphic, 680.
Guardian, 676.
He, .lid, 675, 677, 680.
Heralil and Torchlight, 689.
Herald of Literature and
Science, 672
Home .Messenger, 660,691,
Hotel Reporter and Railway
tiuide, 690.
Household, 686.
Index, 'I'he, 690.
Indicator, 691.
Jelfersonian Democrat, 673.
Journal, 68t, 691
Journal and .Advertiser, 681,
682.
Newspapers and Periodicals —
Coii/'i/.
Journal and Courier, 682.
Journal de D<'troit, 680.
Journal of Commerce, 677,
178.
Journal of F.dueation, 673.
Labor Review, 681.
I.' Ami de la Jeunesse, 674.
Lancet, 690.
Leonard's Illustrated Medical
Journal, 690.
Lever, The, 680.
L'Floile Can.idienn", 678,
Liberty Hall and Cincinnati
Mercury, 669.
l.'linpartial, 678.
Little People, 679.
Little Wolverine, 677.
Living Cliureh 679.
Mail, 63i.
Magazine, 674.
Magazine of 'I'ravel. 677.
Manufacturer and Inventor,
691.
Marine News, 691.
Marine Record, 680.
Medical .Ad\"ance, 690.
Medical Agi', 690.
Medical Independent, 676.
Medical Journal, 678.
ISIeeliauic and Inventor, 67S.
Medium, 'I'he, 675.
Michigan Agriculturist, 673.
Michigan A. (J. U. W. tier-
aid, 691.
Michigan Catholic, 688.
Michigan Christian .Advo-
cate, 68y.
Michigan Christian Herald,
674, 689.
Michigan Democrat, 677, 687.
Michigan Kdition of North-
west Reporter, 679.
Michigan l'"ssay, 694.
Michigan Farmer and Slate
Journal of .Agriculture, 688.
Michigan Farmer and West-
ern .Agriculturist, 67 (.
Michigan Free Democrat,
683.
Michigan Herald, 672.
Michigan Home Journal,
688.
Michigan H o m (cop a t li i c
Journal, 676.
Michigan Homestead, 68n.
Michigan Journal and Her-
ald, 688.
Michigan Journal of F.duc.n-
tion and Teachers' Maga-
zine, 676.
Michigan Journal of Homoeo-
pathy, 673, 679.
Michigan ( Ibservcr, 673.
Michigan Organ of 'Temper-
ance, 683.
Michigan Railroad Guide, 690.
Michigan Staats Zeitung, 688.
Michigan .State Register, 672.
Michigan Literary tiem, 674,
Michigan Medical News, 690.
Michigan Mirador and Good
'Templar, 691.
Michigan 'Temperance Advo-
cate, <i8;j.
Michigan Trade Review, 681.
Michigan 'Tribune, 687.
Michigan Truth 'Teller, 679.
Michigan Volks Zeitung, 680.
Michigan Weekly Sun, 680.
Mirror of the Lakes, 673.
Monitor, C-S.
Monthly Hesperian and Odd
Fellows' Literary .Maga-
zine, 675.
Moore's Masonic Messenger,
680.
Morning Post and Ciaftsman,
113,673.
Mystic Star, 679.
National, 680.
National People, 681.
National Republican and
Ohio Political Register, 669.
Newspapers and Periodicals —
(■(.«/'</.
New Idea, 611.
New Jerusalem Messenger,
f75-
New Preparations, 6qo.
News, 'The, 675, 677, 688, 6ga.
N.'vv World, 678.
Northwi'stern Advocate, 675.
Norlliwestern Journal, 681.
Norlliwestern Musical Her-
ald, 676.
Northwestern Review, 681.
Our Vankee Laud, 679.
Our Mutual Friend, 678.
Our Diocese, 679.
OurCluirclies, 681.
Our Catholic ^■oulll, 681.
Odd Fellows' Wreath, 678.
Oakland County Chronicle,
68;;,
Peninsular and Independent,
676,
Peninsular l-'ountain, 676,
Peuinsular |-'r.-eiuan, 683.
Peninsular Herald, 677.
I'eniiisular Joiirnal of Medi-
cine, 676, 678.
Penny 'Times, 680.
Plaiiulealer, 691.
Popular .Appeal, 678.
Popular F.ra, 680.
Post, 'The, 673, 684.
Po.st and Ciaftsman, 673.
Post and 'Tribune, 681, 684,
692.
Preston's United States Bank
Note Ri-porter. 677.
Price Current, 678, 679
Progress of the Age, 688.
Public Leader. 68g.
Public Spirit, fi8o. .
Pulpit, 679.
Pursuivant, The, 681.
Radicale Democrat, 677.
Rat Gazette, 674.
Red and While Ribbon, 680.
Register, 675.
Republican, 676.
Review of Medicine and
Pharmacy, 678.
Rose's Nose, 680.
St. John's C'breniele, 586.
Scientific Mannfacturi'r, 678.
Shrapnel, The, 677.
Socialist, 'The, 680.
Society News, 691.
Song Journal, 678.
Sontag Zeitung, 6S0.
Spectator, The, 691.
Spectator and Literary Cia-
zette, 673.
Spirit of '76, or Theller's
Daily Republican .Advocate
673.
Spirit of the Week, 677.
Spy in Michigan, 673.
Staats Zeitung of Klichigan,
687.
Star, 1 he, 679.
Stimme der Wahrheit, Die,
690.
Students' Offering, 676.
Sun, 'The, 677.
Sunday Guest, 679,
Sunday Herald. 680.
Sunday Sun, 681.
Sunday 'Times, 678.
Supreme Court Decisions,
, f-T)-
1 elegram, 681.
Telegraph, 672.
'Therapeutic (iazette, 690.
Times, 'ThCi 674, 676, 680,
681, 692.
Torchlight, The, 689.
Transcript, The, 677.
Travelers' Illustrated Official
Railway Reporter, 679.
Tribune, 'The, 683.
True Democrat, 677.
Truth for the People, 679.
Union, 689.
Union Co., 692.
Unionist, 681.
1020
INDEX --MISCELLANEOUS.
Newspaper; ami I'fricidicaU —
Cont'd.
Voiri; uf llic l''ii>,'itivc, j^fi,
V.ilksl)latt, 63.S.
WasliiiiKtoiiiaii, 674.
Wayiiiarks in tliu Wilderiiusi,
671).
Wayiii' Ci)mity OiiiriLT, (ij >.
Wfllinan's I, Horary Misi- 1-
laiiy. 'i7i.
Wfsti-rri Callinlii-, 673.
Wc'sti-rii CalliDlic k<%'ist'T,
''74-
Wistcrii Kra, 680.
Wi'sicrn Kvaiiiiolist, 676.
Wistrni Ivxcclsior, 675.
WL'sUrii I'arcinT, 67 j.
Western Hume loiiriial, fiSS.
Western Land (/iiide, fi.)i.
Western Literar)' Cabinet,
67-,.
Western Literary Miscellany,
fi75.
Western Medieal Advance
and Progress of Pharmacy,
678.
Western Newspaper Union,
Western (Idcl I'VUow, ^78.
Western Rural, 674.
Western Spy and Hamilton
(lazette, 6()i).
Wolverine MeS'^eni'cr, 670.
W.irld, riie, r,7,.
Wyandotte l''.Mti:rprise, fiijo.
Yonng Men's Joiintal and
Advocate of Temperance,
677.
Newspapers at Vinconm^s and
St l.onis, 670.
New Year's Calls, 3;i).
New Vork, 4, 811, 818, 820, S26,
8j2, 835, 880.
New York and New England
settlers, 335.
New York city, 6, 823.
N<'W \'ork currency. 76).
New York, dociunents of, 3.
New York s claims to territory,
85.
New Zealand, 811, 828.
Nonsense, Kort, 226,
Noon prayer meetings, 642.
Norris in Hamt.amck, 4.
North (Chicago, 807-
Northville, railroad to, first
opened from Wayne, 405.
Northwest Territory divided,
86.
Notaries, 172, iq8, 199.
Nova Scotia, 836.
Niagara, 1)4, 233, 237, 879.
Niagara Kails, 728, 790.
Night watch, how kept up, 202,
203.
Niles, railroad to, first opened,
899.
Nursery and Kindergarten
opened, 665.
Oath of allegiance renewed,
246.
Odd Kellows' Lodges, 343.
( MTices of the Lake Survey, 918.
Ollicesof the Poor and Park
Commissions, 794.
( )flices on (Jriswold .Street, 459.
Officers of Indiana Territory,
87.
OlTicial year of city, 138.
Ohio, 242, 820, 832.
Ohio admitted as a St.ite, 86,
299.
Ohio boundary, see also Toledo
war, 89, go, 299.
Ohio currency, 847.
Ohio Life and Trust Co., 853.
Ohio, or Heautiful River, 233.
Ohio orchards, 86.
Ohio river claimed as the Brit-
ish boundary, 264.
Ohio troops, 279.
Oliiii valU^y claimed by l''.nglish
and I'nneh, 23.'.
Oil eaki'. rnanur.irture of, 826.
Old Cily Hall KMuted f.)r Pub-
lic Library, 7(ki.
OUl lire department, 501.
Olnn^cs, 321.
Ouiuibiis line started, 888.
Oneidas, 322.
OucMidots, 321.
< )noiidagas, 232, 322.
Ontario, 4, 820.
Opening days introduced, 778.
Opera houses and public halls,
477-
Optical Co., Johnston, 836.
Orange, now called Albany,
766.
Order for evacuation of Detroit,
267.
Ordin.mce of 1787, 85, 735.
Ordiuanees of city. 138.
Original inhabitants, 321.
Organ Co., Clough iSi Warren,
829.
Organ pipes removed by Indi-
ans, 337.
Ottawas, 12, 78, 231, 321, 322,
324.
Otter Lake, railroad to, first
opi'ued, 901.
Oiitagamit^s, 231.
Overseer of Highways, 934.
Overseers of the poor author-
ized, 644.
Owosso, railroad to, first (ipcu-
ed, 895.
O.xford, railroad to, first opened,
9'ii.
Oysters, only twenty days from
Baltimore, 890.
Pails, manufacture of, 832.
Paintings, exhibition of noted,
360.
Paints, manufacture of, 825.
Palo Alto, victory of, 303.
Panic of 1837, 849.
Panic of 1857, 853.
Panic of 1873, 854.
Paper cities. 37, 849.
Papier-mache stereotyping first
used in Michigan, 687.
Parent's Creek named liloody
Run, 9.
Parent's Creek tragedy, 2!8.
Paris, 6.
Pardon of ('.en. Hull, 289.
Parade of finriuu, 507.
Park commissioners, 75, 76.
Park lots and ten-thousand
acre tract, 25.
Park lots sold at auction, 40, 41.
Parks and boulevard, 73, 74.
Party, The Democratic, loS.
Party, Tin Democratic Repub-
lican, iu8.
Party, The Know-Nothing, 114.
Party, The Republican, no.
Party, I'he Whig, 108.
Passengers and freights. 890.
Pastures anil pounils, 79.
Patents for land, 38.
Patriots encamped near liloody
Run, 302.
Patriots on Hois Blanc, 8.
Patriot War. 301, 302, 303.
Patrol guards provided, 272.
Patrolmen to cry " Fire ! " 503.
Paving of streets commenced,
929.
Paw Paw, railroad to, first
opened, 899.
Peace between England and
I'rance, 237.
Peaches, immense, 16.
Pear, apple, and cherry trees,
>3-
Peche, Isle la, 7.
Peddler's Point, 928.
Peninsular Car Works, 805.
Peninsular Stove Co., 816.
Pensions and pension agents,
226.
Peuusylv.inia, ■-■,8, 832.
People of the lakes, 321,
Peoria Chamber of Commerce
visits Detroit, 790.
Periodicals, si'c newspapers.
Perry's fire pump, v>2.
Perry's victory at l'ut-in-H.iy,
283.
Pestilence among the Indians,
281.
Pestileiice among the soldiers,
284.
Petersburgh, railroad to, first
opened from Monroe, (^02.
Pliiladelphia, 818, 826, 832.
Philadelphia, locomotive from,
89 J-
Phieiiix Kire Company No. 5
organ i/ed, 507.
Photogra|ihic work, 36fi.
Piano first brought to Detroit,
Pie-iiic described by Miss Pow-
ell. 350.
Pii>iiic grounds, 331.
Piety Hill, 351, 028.
Pigeons killed with walking
sticks, ir.
Pig iron, |iroduction of, .So2.
I'ills, maniifai lure of, 823.
Pin Co., National, S20.
Pitt, Port, 233,
Pittsburgh, 829.
Pittsburgh Cominonwealth, 670.
Pittsburgh paper, t)flicial no-
tices in, 179.
Pittsburgh, 'i'he C.azette of,
669.
Planing machines, Wilder's, 364.
Plank road Act passed, 921.
Plank sidewalks i)iovided for,
93'.
Plaster, price of, (luantilies of,
ill Michigan, 802.
Plat of the city, 30.
Plums of larg<' sizi', 16.
Pbnubers, 70
Plymouth, First National Hank
of, 872.
Plymouth, Wayne Co, Hank of,
851.
Poem by De Peyster, on a bon-
net, 3j8.
Poem by Di' Peyster, on sugar
making, 1-?.
Poem by De Peyster, " 'I'he
Drill ServieaiU.'' 248.
Poem on Whitefish, 16.
I'olacktown, 928.
Police, 202.
Police Commissioners, 205.
Police Commission created, 204.
Police, duties of, 205, 206.
Police Life and Health Insur-
ance Fund, 2o3.
Police, sanitary, 206.
Police stations, location of, 208.
Political parties and campaigns,
108.
Political power of firemen, 507.
Ponies, French, 887.
Pontchartrain, Fort, 3, T7, 18,
24, 221, 231, 232, 334.
Pontiac's C'onspiracy, 235.
Pontiac, railroad to, first tipen-
ed, 893.
Pontiac road, now Wootlward
Avenue, 947.
Pontiac, first flour shipped
from, 15.
Poor Commission, 645.
Poor-house farm, 648, 649.
Poor, vaccinati;>n of tlie, 59.
Port Hurim, railroad to, first
opened, 904,
Portrait of J. A. Van Dyke, 521.
Portland, Me., 811, 835.
Portland, Or., 827.
Portugal, 8.>g.
Post boy's horn. The, 880.
Post coaches, 888.
Postmasters, names a!ul terms,
883.
Post-oflice and mails, 879.
I'ost-ofllce carriers, 8S2.
I'list-olllee established, 879.
I'dst-ollice, locations of, ^82.
I'ost-olfice momy orders, 881.
Post-otTice receipts, 881.
Post-olllce street letter boxes,
882.
Posl.ige rates, 880, 881.
Postage stamps as currency,
85,!.
Postage stamps int. -duced, 881.
Postal lards lirst us' (1, 881.
Postal currency, 853.
I'ostal system under the I'.ng-
lisli, 879.
Post road, first, in Michigan,
879.
Potato, a large, 16.
Potowatamies, ai, 52, 231, 235,
238, 322.
Potomac, The, 928.
Pound-keepers, the oldest ofl"i-
cers. 79, 80.
Poiix, 322.
Poverty and its reliif, 644,
Powder magazine built forU.
S., 36.
Prayer meeting, I'nion morn-
ing, 642.
Presbytery of Detroit created,
Presidential electors. 102.
Presidential visits to Detroit,
103.
Presiding elders, 580.
Presque Isle, Fort, 12.
Pres(pie Isle, dealli of Gen.
Wayne a., 2^i().
Printing, first book in Detroit,
694.
Printing press, first, 670, 694,
Printing first by sti-am, 686.
Priming press, first power, 686.
Prices of articles at various
times, 799.
Prices of land, past and present,
40.
Priest killed by Indians, 529.
Primary school fund, first
money from, 73S.
Prisoners, ransoming of, 280,
281. 282.
Private bankers, 872.
Private claims in Wayne Co.,
977-
Private claims, survey of, 37.
Proclamation of (lov. Hamilton
to rebels. 249.
Profanity, pre\'alence of, 201.
Professorships in university,
728.
Propeller wheel, invention of,
364.
Prosecuting attorneys, 209, 210.
Protestant Ceiiielery, 35.
Protestant (huic li, ground ask-
ed for, 553.
Protestant clergyman, first mar-
riage by, _s5o.
Protestants in Cana<la, 550.
Protestant .Society becomes
Presbyterian, 594.
Protest of citizens against exile,
281.
J'rovisions from Ohio and New
York, 338.
Provisions, scarcity of ; letter
of Henly to Wilkins, 223.
Public domain, 24.
Public exhibitions discouraged,
35'- . . ,
Public drinking fountains, 71.
Public lands appropriated for
schools, 735.
Public librarv, 759, 760, 761.
Public schools, colored cliildren
admitted to, 751,
Public schools, first text books.
740.
Public surveys, 37.
Public Works, Board of, estab-
lished, 936.
Publishing, early methods of,
669.
INDEX — MISCELLANEOUS.
I02I
l"iic and mails, 871).
Tut- larrirrs, KS2.
iVuT .■stal.li-\ucl 870.
iTicr, loralicms of, ^i^
(Vice im>n<y <'r<l.TS asi.
Hue R-i-eiplH, 881.
,in.x street U'llCT 1.<..N>"-,
re rates, 880, 881.
lie stamps as e«rren.>,
«e stamps int. .<l.'cc<l, 88..
1 cards lirst ii* d, 881.
;l;:;;:^m^md^r-t>-Kn«-
'A,ac'l?-l-,rst, in Michigan.
to, a large, 16.
watamies, 21. 52. =3'. -35.
rs. 79, 80.
,Tlv'andilsreli.-f, '''•(•I-
.,|er mana/ine InuU Un V .
;efmectin«, U"i"" """•"-
ttdential electors ■''=;.
■ sidenlial visits U. Detroit,
"ulinK elders, 58"-
-;;e•I!:ie.^tan^.^Oen.
S^;;,^t;:;oK in Detroit,
•^i„K press, •''■f . ^7"^^^-
•'•"!">^ '''■^"'-nr t" ;verr686.
;i:>::i,i"':;;i!'u"';;i vavio-
Ai^eiTUlmM-Uuul present,
money from, 7.i»- , 8
risoners, ransoming of, 280,
281. 282.
;S:nm&roo^^H:;Xn
>XHv:,X.enc.. of 20,
..ofessorships in nnnersit>,
Propeller wheel, invention of,
^^.'cnlin.ii attorneys, 209,2.0.
l>r,.iestant Cenieti-ry, 55-
Iv.aostant Cluireli. .ground ask-
l.,';;Jes;:;;ucil:rgynKin,nrstmar-
Vrotestant ^locuiy
I'resbvterian, 594' . .,
1-, otest of ctimis against.. Ml. ,
.'.vi'sions from Obi- '""1 ^-w
.^;vS;„^'s.-aroitvof; letter
"of Henly to Willows 2-'.V
i:;iai^:';hu;;u--a-oiiraged,
schools, 735- , f
740.
i:;;!;!;;: ^'^ruD^^iua of, .sta.,.
pKinlifVarly metlu.ds of,
609.
I'ullcys, nianiifactiire of, 808,
8ao.
Pumpkins, large product, 15.
I'u|>ils, iiuinlier of, in public
sclioi)ls, 712, 74).
Pupils in seliools in .834, 717.
Pupils, non-resident, 742.
I'ut-in-lJay, I'crry's victory at,
283.
Quails and turkeys plentiful, ii.
Quaint business siv;ns, 778.
Quarter centennial of Congre-
gational Cluir.'li, 614.
Qnartermasler-di'neral of the
Territory of Michigan, 89.
Quebec, 3.
Quebec Act, The, 84.
Quebec, arrest of Cadillac at,
7fi6.
Quebec, Cadillac goes to, 332.
Quebec cajitured by the P^ng-
lish, 83.
Quebec (»n?.ette, first issued,669.
(Jiiebec restored to France, 83.
Quebec, voyage of Cadillac s
wife from, 327.
(,)uebee within .-\t:adia, 327.
(Jiiebeis, or Quelibec, 3.
Quince, a large, 16.
Quincy, 806.
B
Racin,g between Indians and
Canadians, 349.
Railroa.l conspiracy case, 4.^4.
Railroad ferry, 890.
Railroad turn-tables, manufac-
ture of, 805.
Railroads, 893.
Chicago & Canada Southern,
900, 901.
Chicago, Detroit, & Canada
Clrand Trunk Junction, 904.
Cincinnati, Hamilton, & Day-
ton, 905.
Detroit & Hay City, goo, 901.
Detroit, Butler, & St. Louis,
792, 906.
Detroit, (Jrand Haven, & Mil-
waukee Railway Co., 893,
895-
Detroit, Hillsdale, & South-
western, 903.
Detroit, Lansing, & North-
ern, 90 ), 905,
Detroit, Mackinaw, & Mar-
quette, 905.
Detroit, Romeo, & Port Hu-
ron, 890.
Detroit & St. Joseph, 895.
Detroit it Toledo, 902.
Erie & Kalama/too, 901.
Flint & Pere Marcjuctte, 900,
904.
Great Western, 890, 903, 904.
Lake Shore & \lichigan
Southern, 901, 902.
Michijjan Central, 859, 897,
899.
New Albany & Salem, 899.
New York Central, 890.
Oakland & Ottawa, 895.
Pontiac & Detroit, 893.
Shelby & Detroit, 890.
Railroad Aid Bonds, 905.
Railroad conspiracy, goo.
Railroad ferry-boats, 901, 904.
Railroad bridges and gates, ()o6.
Railroad coaches, 893.
Railroads equalize prices, 800.
Railroad freight cars, 893.
RailrSads reduce lake travel,
910,
Railroads sold by the State, 897.
Railroad surveys by War De-
partment, 895.
Railroad strike, got.
Railroad tracks torn up, 894.
Railroads, wooden rails and flat
bars f.)r, 893.
Railroads, State inaiiagemcnt
1 of, 897,
Railway track -cleaner and
snow-plow, 364.
Rain-fall, 45.
Raisin, escort of 200 men sent
to, 275.
Raisin, battle of, 280.
Randolph Street, lirst wharf at,
, 7').)- ,
Rans.iminj^ prisoners, 280, 28.,
=8j.
Rear con.'essiims provided for,
22.
Rebels, Ilaniiltoii's proclama-
tion to, .m).
Reb.l plot to burn Detroit, 30.J.
Receivers of 'I'axis, 167, 168.
Reciprocity tr.-aty, 790.
RecordiT, olTic of, created, .91;.
Recording of .leeds anil niort-
gages, 39.
Recreations and amusements,
34').
Re. I Chapel burned, 530.
Red ribbon reform movement,
844.
Redemption fund of city, .58.
Redemptorist or.l.T, 538.
Refreshments furnished to fire-
men, 508.
Reform Hall, 479.
ReKaltas, 7, 353.
Regents of the University, 731.
Register in Bankruptcy, 177.
R.'gister of Probate, obsolete
duties, 39.
Registration law, 115.
Registry system of post-olTice
introiluced, 881.
Regulations as to bread, 797.
Relies from fire of .805, 533.
Rent paid to the French crown,
149.
Rents, I'ange of house, 376.
Rooccupation of Detroit, 28(1.
Repoiters of Chancery Courts,
191.
Representatives, names of. Leg-
islative, 100.
Republican partyorgani/ed, 1.0.
Republicans, large campaign
meeting of, 110.
Reservoir on Dequindrc Farm,
Restaurant of Woman s Chris-
tian Temperance Union, 842.
Review, first firemen'.s, 504.
Revised Statutes of 1846, gg.
Revivals and revivalists, 642.
Revolutionary War, 242.
Richardson's Match Factory,
828.
Richmond, fall of, 309,
Richmond, Va., 827.
Ride and tie system, 887.
Riflemen, mounted, 285.
Rink, first skating, 352.
Riot against negr.ies, 307, 308.
Riot by negroes, caused by ar-
rest of slaves, 202, 345.
R" ■ of 1833, troops called to
city, 34..
Riot of 1863, 348, 497.
River, Collot's map of, 270.
River front, iuiproviiiieiit of, 8.
River, islands in, 78.
River, never low, never over-
fiows, 802.
River Raisin, massacre at, 280.
River transportation, 889.
Roads, gravel, 926.
Roads, military, 925.
Roads, plank, .^25, 926.
Rochester, 826.
Rogati.in days, 534.
R.iller skates anil velocipedes,
3.i2.
R.illcr skates, inanufacture of,
811.
Rome, 4, 6.
Rome, death of Bishop Rese at,
547-
Roof c sting, "If .factuie of,
810, I.
Roofs, urst grav J74.
Rouiiil house anu reservoir, 65.
Royal Oak, railroad to, first
opened, 8. 13.
Rud. lie's Station, a6o.
Riissel Wheel ^in.l Foundry Co.,
Sos.
Russell House guests, 483.
Russia, 818, 829.
s
St. Andrew's Hall, 478.
St. Clair, Bank of, 859. 8^14.
Ste. Claire, Lake and River, 3,
917.
St. John's, laihipa.l to, first
o|)ene(l, 895.
St. Joseph, 806.
St. lusepli. Fort of, 221.
St. Louis, 334, 670, 826, gofi.
St. Martin's Day, .8.
St. Mary's Falls Ship Canal
opened, S90.
St. Nicolas de la Grave, 326,
33 '•
St. Paul, 8.1, 835.
.Sabbath breaking, 20..
Sacramento, 816.
Sacs, 321.
■Sa.'iigerbund, meeting of North
American, 35fi,
Safe Co., Dilroil, 810.
Safi' Deposit Co., 870.
Safes, liie-prool, luanufa.:! uie
. "[' **'"•
S.'igiuaw Chief, suicide of, 161.
Saginaw turiipik.', now Wood-
ward .\venu.', 947.
Saline, railroad to, opened from
N'psilanti, 90;.
Sailing vessi'Is g<i .lirect to l*-u-
rope, 910.
Saloons closed on election day,
114, 841, 844.
Salt Lake I'ity, 818, 829, 832.
Sand abundant in Wayne
C.Junty, 802.
Sand Beach, life-saving station
at, 920.
Sandusky Bay, 2S2.
Sandusky .)r St. Diiski, 173.
Sandwich, Hull crosses to, 275.
Sandwicli Islands, 826, 828,836.
San I'raiicisco, 811, 818, 835.
Sanitary police, 59. 206.
Sault Ste. .^Llrie, 323.
Sauteu.x, 323.
Savages, Lnglish alliances with,
denounced, 245.
Savages, F.nglisli plans for in-
citing, 248.
Savings Bank, Dime, 871.
Savings Bank, Michigan, 870.
Savings Bank Pi'ople's, 868.
Savings Bank, State, 871.
Savings Bank, Wayne Co., 86g.
Savings Bank, Wyandotte, 872.
Savoyard, 8, 9, 60, 74.
Scalping knives for savages,
243, 246.
Scalping parties to spare neither
men, women nor children, 253.
Scalps and prisoners, number
of, 246.
Scalps as merchandise, 232.
Scalp.s, bounty for human, 244,
253. , .
Scalps, Indian methods of ob-
taining, 280.
Scalps, number of taken by In-
dians between 1783 and 1790,
261.
Scavengers, 59, 61, 206.
Schenectady, 344.
Schools and Colleges —
Academy granted for a com-
mon school, 735.
Academy, Ladies', estab-
lished, 720.
Academy of the Sacred Heart,
724.
Barstow School opened, 745.
Bible in public schools, 740,
741.
Brothers of the Christian
Schools, 721, 722, 723.
Schools and C'olleges — ('ant'(/.
Catholic schools in 1808, 720.
Census of ihildreu .>f school
age, 753.
Church I' arm si liool, 720.
Cliurch schools, 711V727.
Coll.'ge, Ditroil, organized,
725.
College, HoiiKcopalhic, open-
,L'd, 734.
Colored .sclio.>l establish.'.!,
73«-
Colon-d s.'hools, 750, 751.
Commercia] colleges, 732.
Cominissionirs of lomiiion
schools, 735.
CiJiitagious dis.-as.'S, pre. an-
tions against, in .schools,
743.
County Superintendent cjf
schools, .26.
Detroit College, 725.
Detroit I'e.nale Se.ninary,
7.8.
Detroit Homo'opathie Col-
lege. 734.
Detroit .Medical College, 733.
Director of thi' Cliristian
Schools, 720.
Directors anil motlerators in
, >837, 738.
Directors and statistics for
^.1838, 737-
Dislnits form. '.I, 737.
District schools, cIom' of, 739.
Fnglish academy with kiii-
il.-rgarten, yn).
Kvening s.luxils, 742.
F.\pense per capita of public
schools, 743.
Fair of L;,.lies' Free School
Society, 736.
First eoii'.mon school, 735.
Fre.^ School So.-i.-ly, 7^^, 736.
I'linds from State, 738.
Funds not to be divi.l.'d
among religious sects, 754.
High School, admission to,
?■♦'>
High .Scho.d Alumni Associ-
ation, 730.
High School, beginnings of,
748, 749.
High School cadets, 749.
High Si boo! te.\l-biioks, 742.
Holy Kedicmer School, 524.
Holy Trinity Anglo-Catholic
S.'hool, 719.
Homicopathic College, 51,
7.!4-
Hours fur .school, 743.
Immanuel Fvan.gelical Luth-
eran School, 726.
Industrial School, 654.
In.speetors, distri.t, elected,
736-
Inspectors of schools, 11, tin. s,
terms, 755-758.
Inspectors to be elected at
large, 754.
Janitors of schools, 746.
Kindergarten School, 665.
Lancasterian Schools, 730,
731-
Law .)f 1837, 736.
Location of, in 1838, 737.
Medical colleges, 50.
Michigan College of Medi-
cine, 733.
Number ofschoolsin .841,739.
Primary school fund, 739.
Private schools, 713.
Public lands granted for
schools, 736, 785.
Public school system attack-
ed, 114.
Pupils, attendance of, 742,
743-
Pupils in 1834, 717.
Pupils in High School, 750.
Pupils, non-resident, 742.
Rooms rented for schools,
744-
Sabbath schools, buildings
used for, 745.
I02;
LNDKX - .M1.SC1.1.LANKOUS.
(
SchciiilH and Collrnct — Cont'd.
Sacriid Heart (icrinan School,
724'
St Anthony h School, 724.
St. Albert's Scliool, 724.
Sti lloniface's School, 723,
St. Cassinicr's School, 724.
St. Joachim's, lornnTly Sa-
cred Heart l''ri'nch School,
7J4.
St. John's (Icrinan ICvanjjcll-
cal School, 726.
St. Joseph's School, 72).
St. Paul's Lutheran .School,
St. .Mark's (Icrinua Kvanjiji'li-
cal School, 7.>6.
St. .Mary's (iernian Schools,
722.
St. Matthew's 1., u t h e r a n
Scliool, 726.
St. Haul's Second (iernian
l'".van,i;elical Schools, 7.'7.
St. Peter's (Iernian Kvan.1,'1 Il-
eal School, 727.
SS. Peter and Paul Schools,
722.
St. Philip's CoUcKe, 720, 7JI.
St. Vincent de Paid School,
St. Vincent's Seminary, ()2i.
Sali-m l.iither.in Seliool, 726.
School of Our Lady of Help,
Seminary, Kemale, discon-
tinued, 717.
State primary school fund, 79^.
Statistics lor 18^0, 738.
Statistics for 1840, 739.
Statistics, general, 751.
Statistics of Catholic Schools,
725-
Sunday Schools, 631.
Sunday School conventions
and celebrations, (136.
Sunday School, iiist notice
of, 631.
Sunday School Missions, 653.
Siind.iy School statistics, 634,
635, 636.
Sunday School Union, 633.
Superintendents of public
schools, 126, 752.
Superintendents of public
schools, 126, 752.
Taxation for schools, 753.
Terms and vacations, 743,
744-
Te.\t-books, changes in, 741,
74''.
Tc.Kt-books, uniformity in,
737-
Trinity Kvangelical Lutheran
School, 7j6.
Trinity Schools, 721.
Trowbridge School, 752.
Z'wn Kvangelical Lutheran,
727-
Zion German Reformed Lu-
theran, 726.
Schooner (lladwin sent to Ni-
agara, 237.
Schooner Swan brings first
troops under United States
(lag, 908.
Sciota Gazette, 669.
Schooner .Vnn seized, 301.
Scotland, 826, 828.
Scrip issued by Governor and
Judges, 475, 847.
Sealer of weights and measures,
797-
Seal of Northwest Territory,
86.
Seal of Michigan Territory, 87.
Seal of State of Michigan, 90,
91.
Seals of City, 138.
Sealers of leather, 89.
Seamless copper and bra.ss
tubes. 364.
Search, right of, 274.
Secretary of Board of Trustees,
140.
Secretary of Detroit, 133,
Secretaries of State of Miehi-
Kan, (|2.
Seereiarii'S of the Territory of
.Michigan, 83.
Seeiet.iry of War, letter to
Hull, 274.
Seed business, increase of, 776.
Seneeas, 234, 322,
.Senatorial districts (Lcjjisla-
tive), loj.
Senators, Stale, names of, 100.
Sentinels and |>alrols, 202,
Settlers, bnuiilies ofleri'd to, in
1740. I,!).
Settlers (irst arrive at Detroit,
Settlers from the Kast, 335.
Settlers 111 iKM'd of wi\'es, 331.
Sevenlh Leijislative CoiiikmI at
Green Hay, 99.
Sexton's duties, 57, 58.
Shafting, manufacture of, 808,
820.
.Sheriffs, 201).
Sheriff's residence erected, 216.
Shelby, Kort, 8, 36, 52, 232, 224,
225, 283.
Shinplasters issued by city, 154,
'55
"Shinplasters," or small bills,
largi'ly circulated, 847.
Shinplasters to aid in building
St. Anne's, 533.
Ship building, 907, 908.
Ship building by the Detroit
Dry Dock Co., 014.
Ship canal at Sault Ste. .Marie
asked for, 918.
Shipments are made from De-
troit to —
Africa, 811, 826.
Alaska, 810.
Argentine Republic, 828.
vVrkaiisas, 820.
Augusta, Ga., 811.
Australia, 804, 811, 814, 829.
Austria, 829.
lialtimore, 811, 826.
P>elgiiiin, 826, 828.
liisniarck, 80O.
Boston, 3m, 816, 818, 826,
. 827, 835.
Brazil, 811, 827, 828.
Bridgeport, Conn., 808.
British Dominions, 829.
Buffalo, 814, 816.
Burlington, 805.
California, 810, 820, 826, 836.
Canada, 811, 8i3.
Chattanooga, Teiin., 835.
Chicago, 811, 814, 816.
Chili, 8r;5.
China, 811, 818, 827, 829.
Cincinnati, 82C.
Constantinople, 820,
Dakota, 835.
Delaware, 832.
Denver, 811, 818.
Kl Paso, 832.
England. 811, 818, 826, 828.
Kureka, Cal, 808.
Kurope, 814, 816, 820, 826.
France, 811, 818, 826, 828,
829.
Frankfort, Germany, 814,
Galveston, 811.
Germany, 818, 828, 829.
Greece, 811.
Hannibal, .Mo., 806.
Hong Kong, China, 823.
Honolulu, 827.
Hlinois, 820.
Indiana, 820, 8321
Ital'-, 829.
Jacksonville, Fla., 835.
Japan, 809, 811, 829.
Latakia in Asia, 818.
Lisbon, Portugal, 820.
London, 814, 827.
Louisiana, 820.
Louisville, Ky., 811.
Lyons, N. Y., 811.
Maine, 3 10.
Manitoba, 820.
Maryland, 832.
Shipments are niadi- fripui 1 >' -
troil to— Ci'Mt'ti.
M.issacliiisetts, Sn.
Mexico, 3io, Sii.Baf).
.Minneapolis, Minn., 811, 820.
Montreal, 83().
Nashua, N. H., 8i3.
New Brunswick, 814, 836.
New Hampshire, 835.
.\'(-w .Mexico, 8j8.
New ( )rleans, 829.
New York, 811, 818, 830, 82),
826, 832, H35.
New /ealand, 811, 825.
Nova Scotia, 836.
Ohio, 820, 832.
Ontario, 820.
Piniisylvania, 8(2.
Pliil.Kh Iphia, 818, 8j6.
I'itlsliin-g, 829.
Porll.incl, Me., 811, 835.
I'ortI 111(1, Or,, 827.
I'orlugal, 829.
(Juiney, 806.
Kichinoud, Va., 827.
Rochester, 826.
Russia, 818, H29.
Sacramento, 81(1.
Samlwieh Islands, 826, 828,
836.
Sail l''ran('iseo, 811, 818, 835.
St. loseph, 80(1.
St. Louis, 826.
St. i'aul, 811, 83:;.
Salt Lake, 3i8, 829, 832.
Scot laud, 826.
South Africa, 828.
South America, 804, 807, 811,
826, 829.
Spain, 828.
Stockholm, Sweden, 814.
T<-xas, 820.
Troy, N. V., 816.
Utah, 32S.
Washingtcm, 835.
West Indies, 811, 829, 833.
Winnipeg, 832, 8)6.
Winston, .V. C., 827.
Wyoming Ter , 828.
Shipyard on the Rouge, now
Woodiiu-re Cemetery, 23, 908.
Ships of war on the lakes and
river, 958.
Shoe Factory of Pingrec &
Smith, 833.
Show windows, 45S, 777.
Side and cross-walks, 930, 931.
Sieves, manufacture of, 809, 811,
Signal Service, iiJ2, 923.
Silk-worms, advertisement of
exhibition, 961.
Silversmiths and goldsmiths,
.358, 359-
.Sinking fund of city. 156, 157.
Sinking fund fur water words,
.67-
Sistersof Ste, Claire, 49, 653, 721.
Skating and coasting, 351,352.
Skins as currency, 846.
Slaves, 28.
Slavi'ry and the colored race,
Slaves not to be held by S:.
Annii's Church, 532.
Sleeping cars, 900.
Slocum's Island, 7.
Sloop Beaver wrecked, 239.
Small-pox prevalent, 334.
Smart's Block, when erected,
457-
Smithsonian Institute, 351.
Snow apples, 13,
Soap Factory of Schulte Bros.,
826.
Soap making a novelty, 338.
Societies —
Agricultural &. Horticultural,
16.
Anti-slavery, 346.
Association for the Suppres-
sion of Intemperance, 838.
Bar Association, 199.
Bar Library Association, 199.
Baptist Social Union, 613.
Bible, 641.
Soiietiis — Crnl'ii,
Board of 1 rade, 788.
Boys' Brunch of Y. M.C. A.,
640.
Carson League for Wayne
Co., 84.1.
Catholic Female Association,
49, 6jo,
Catholic L'lilon, 548.
Church Association of .Michi-
gan, 593.
City Library, 710.
Ciineordia, 3^5.
Detroit Academy of Medi-
cine, 51.
Detroit .Alheniulim, 710.
Ditroit City Tract /ssocia-
(ion, 642.
Detroit Medical.and Library
Assoeiation, s'.
Detroit .Merchant's I'.xchaiige
Co., 786.
Detroit .Musical Association,
3.'>5
Detroit Reform Club, 844.
Detroit Scientilic Associa-
tiim, 714.
Detroit Temperance Society,
8(8.
Detroit Young Men's, 710.
F.vangelical Alliance, 642,
F.v.ingelical Lutheran Or-
phan Aid, (162.
I'.vangelistic, 556.
Fire Department, 520.
Firemen's Fund Association,
^20.
First l'".v.iiigelistic, 556.
First Protestant, 558.
I''ree Schotd, 735.
Felony, Society to suppress,
233.
Harmon 355.
Hebrew k -lief, 629.
Hibernian, 666.
High School Alumni .Associa-
liiui, 750.
Historical Society of Miclii-
g.-in, 710, 712.
PIoniuco|>alliic College ol
Physicians and Surgeons,
51.
Industrial School, 6^4.
Italian Benevolent, 663.
Ladies' Christian Unions, 66f ,
Ladies' Free. .School, 735, 736.
Ladies' Society for Supiiort
of Hebrews, 657.
Lafayette Benevolent and
Mutual Help, 654.
Lutheran Orphan AitI, 662
Lyeeuiii of I >etr<tit, 711.
Lyceum of Michigan, 712.
Masons' Mutual Beiielit, 343.
Mechanics', 712, 713.
Merchants & .Manufacturers'
Kxchange, 780.
Michigan Liipior Dealers-
Protective Association, 845
Michigan Stale Tenipera.ici
.Mliance, 841.
Michigan Temperance, 838
Michigan Total Abstinence
839.
Michigan 'I ract, 642.
Ministerial Union, 6^2.
Monument Association, 31-.
Moral and Humane, 650,
Musical, Detroit, 155.
Order of the White Cros;
845.
Pioneer, 713.
Police Relief, 208.
Presbyterian Alliance, sgc
604.
Roman Catholic Beneficia
666.
Refugee Home, 345.
St. Andrew's, 653.
St. Bonifact^, 666.
St. Jean Baptiste, 666.
St. Joseph's, 666.
St. ' trick's, 666.
St. Vincent de Paul, 666.
Scientific Association, 714.
INDEX — MISCKLLANKOUS.
1023
fur Wayne
Mtdi-
* ssocia-
,,i,.s_0.«/</.
,ar.l i.f I railf, 7.8R; ^
.yn' r,min;lii>f \.M.O. ft.
■hurch Assuciati.m of Miclu-
Kaii, =;92-
ity Library, 7«°'
)clr..it Acailciiiy "f
tiiu-, 5,1-
|),ti"il Alliriiicum, 7.'0'
lJcli"il Ciiy '''f"'^'
l.'uoil'^'.lical.ana l.H'iary
IMn.ilM.rclianl'sl.xd.aiiK'
p?fr^.,it K.f..-r"..i;i»l>, 84-^ .
D.tn.il S^KiiUlK- AbsoLia
D.uuit I'cmpLranci: S-.tuiy,
IMn'.it Y.HinK M>''>'s 7><>-
Kva.iw.'li'al All.amf, 642.
l;va,.K.'li>-l l-i'll'--^"" *^'-
phaii Aid, l'6'-
Kvanni'lisUi', 55''-
Kirf DipaiiiiHiit, 5™- .
Fircnci's ImuuI Assuc.alu.n,
Firsri'.vaiivj.listic, 556-
Kirst I'riitislaiit, 550'
i:x.:;^"s::l;iAf u. supp.cs..
Harmcin 355.
Hilinw KJicf. 629.
lli;;;:sc;u;oiAium„iAssocia-
ul!;'::Hc^a's-iciy of M->"-
I „!^m;L,^;aU?ir- College of
I PU^Miiaas and Surgeon.,
In^dustrial School, 654-
Italian I'.cncvolcnt, Wn.
l!ad(^s-Chri..i:.ntJ".ons,66,.
1 idii's' Krcc School, 71-,, 73"-
l:;;!!;:- society for support
„f Hchr.ws, 657. ,
Lafavcttc IcncvuUnt and
Mutual Help, ('S\:
T.ulherau Orphan A.d, 662.
yccum of I'etroU, 7>--
Masons' TMutual licncht, 343-
Mechanics', 7'V '' V,.,.,„v,-rs'
Merchants & Manufactuicis
KxchaUKC, 780. ,-,,..,i,.,.s'
Michigan Lupior I'eal' s
■^ 'ro^ective Assoe.atu.n, 84,.
Michigan State lcn.pera..ce
Alliance, 841. „ ^
Michik;an 'renipfrance, »3».
Michigan Total Abst.nence,
83Q. ,
MichiKan ■rract, 642.
Ministerial Union, 642.
M.mument Assocu.t...n 3.2.
. Moral and Humane, 65°-
Musical, Detroit, 155.
Order if the While Cross,
845-
Pioneer. 7/.3-
Police Re lef, 208,
Presbyterian Alliance, 5W-
RomAn Catholic Beneficial
666.
RcfuK'ce Home, 345-
St. Andrew s, 653.
St. Boniface, 666.
St. Jean liaptiste, 666.
St. Joseph's, 666
St. ' trick s, 666.
St Vincent de Paul, 666.
Sc'icntific Association, 7H-
Soclulles— ('<»!/'(/.
Soldiers Kcliif, )io.
Sotn of 'rcMiper.iuce, 843.
Sydeuliaui .Medical, 51,
I'rrriiori.il S. S. Union, 6(6.
Union llclliel, 641.
U. S. Christiuii Cuinniiiisiun,
III.
W.iyui. County Homeopathic
lustitllte, ,1.
W.iyue C.'ouuly Mediial, 51.
W.iyui' Coiinlv Pioneer, 71).
Woiu.in's Clinstiiin Teinpir-
ance Allutm <'. H|.'.
Workinumen'* Ai«i, Oj4.
YounK Mcn't, 710, «i.
oUc unlo.i«
Young Mftn'tCatboU
549'
Young M< « Ctirt*tiiui
Union, a lb, 6j8.
Young M en'» Benevolent, 650.
Ynung Men'i Father Matthnv*
IriuiiiTance, 842.
Yonn< .Men's Red Ribbon
Cliil). 844.
YoiiiiH Men's Stale 'I'eiiipcr-
aiice, 8jij.
Voiiii>{ .Nien's Temperance,
83).
Voiini; Women s Christian
Temperance Union, 844.
Zither CUil), is6.
Society of Uetroit, character
of, .W^)-
Solar compass, invented at De-
troit, 162.
Soldiers and Sailors' Monu-
ment, II 1, 312.
Soldiers desert for want of pay,
332-
Soldiers fare at Sandusky Hay,
2H2.
Soldiers withdrawn in 170(3, 333,
Son>;s, lircmen's, 50(3, 511.
Sotibricpicts, jj7.
South llend, railroad to, first
opened, 1)02.
Spain, 828.
Spain and Krancc in alliance,
26g.
Speakini; trumpets i^iven to
Kire Companies, 508.
Special ta.ses, 157,
Specie circular, 849.
Specie payments, suspension
of, 849.
Spectacles, manufacture ,)f, 836.
Spiunini,' wheels and looms,
338, 720. _ _
Sporlin.n organizations, 352, 353.
Spriu,< and Steel Works, 804.
SpriuK Hed and Chair Kaclory
of .\I. J. Murphy & Co., 832.
Spring Hill I'arm rente<l for
church purposes, 531.
Springs for locomotives and
cars, manufacture of, 804.
Sprin,i;wells, 4, 5, 10.
Stages, first public, 888.
Stamped paper, 151).
Stampiiiis' Co., Detroit, 822.
Standard Life and Accident In-
surance Co., 875.
State and county ta.xes, iso.
Slate Commissioner of Insur-
ance, 875.
State Constitution adopted, 88.
State Constitutions, differi'nces
between first and si-cond, gi.
State I'ish Commission, 16.
State (lazetteers, 696.
State olficers, 93.
State scrip, issue of, 852.
State seal, go.
State treasurers, g2.
Steam boilers subject to inspec-
tion, 471.
I Steam Korne, The Detroit, 805.
Steam fust used for heating
buildings, 470.
Steam .Mill Co., 8.
Steam printinR, the first, 686.
Steam roail roller procured, 930.
Steam whistles, 920.
Steamboat Atlantic mink, gtn.
Steainboal Caroline, 3111.
Sliaiiilioiit, first arrival of, 908.
Steamboat .M.iyllower sunk, 810.
Sti-aniboat .Mii lii).jaii dccribed,
9013.
Steamboat racing and low fares,
910.
Steamboat times and fares, gi*).
Steamboat \v'alk-in-tlie-Wiiler
wrecked, tiin).
Steaiuboat Windsor buriieil, 1^17.
Steamboats, lucre. ise in number
of, 90,.
Steamboats, inspection of, g2i,
Sleainboats to Cleveland, 899.
Steaiiier (ireat Western burned,
909.
Steamer Henry Clay brought
lfoyp», 48.
Steamers, numbfcr Cn the Ukat,
'909.
Steamers leixed on Lake Erie,
308.
Stekiner Superior, th« aecond
uD the lakes, 909.
Sti'iinshlps run in connection
with r.ilh'uads, 895,
Steam lire I'oinpanies, how or-
itaiii/ed, 5i().
Steam lire eagini^ first, 511.
.Steam fire engines, horses for,
5'5. .
Sli-am fire engines, names of,
516.
Steam fire engines, weight and
cost, 514.
Steam I'ire Department, 513.
Steam Supply Co. organized,
470.
Sleid it Iron Works, I'.ureka,
818.
Steel iV Spring Works, 804.
Steelyards, large, 798.
Stereotyping by papier-mache
process, (87.
Stevenson, l''ort, 282.
Stockade, limekiln near, 367.
Slockliolin, Swcdin, 814.
Stoddard's tire iipsetler, manu-
facture of, 806.
Stolen property found by
police, joH,
Stone for building from Mon-
guagoii, 3(7.
Stores and business buildings.
Stove Co., Detnut, 3ii.
Stove Co., Miehig;iu, 816.
Stove Co., Peninsular, 816.
Stoves first used, 470.
Strawberry festivals, 640.
Strawbi:rries of large size, 16.
Streams and mills. 8.
Strtret and road ofTicers, 933.
Street cars, infiuence of, 376.
Street cleaning and repairing,
930.
Street Commissioners, 927, 935.
Street cries, 773.
Street lighting, 469.
Stri'et names, more care requir-
ed in, 948.
Street names, changes in, 946,
947, 948.
Street names lost in the fire,
946.
Street paving, 929, 930.
Street paving, the earliest, 929.
Street railroads, g3i, 932, 933.
Streets, 926.
Streets, former condition of,
928.
Streets, length of paved, 930.
Streets, opening of, 9.17.
Streets, supervision of by Board
of Public Works, 927.
Streets, vacating of, 927.
Streets, width of, 927.
Streets, worked by prisoners,
929.
Street scenes. 926.
Street-sweeping machines, 930.
Stump tail currency, 853.
Stiirgis, railroad to, flrHt open-
ed, (>02.
Sugar inaklnK, n poem on, 12.
Sugar making taught to In-
dians, rj
Suieiile of Kiskanko, 161.
Sulky Harrow Co., dale, 836.
Sumter, I'ort, 853.
Sunday amusemi'iits, 349,
Sunday arrests, 2mi.
Sunday, laws passed on, 95.
Siiiiilay markets, -joi, 796.
Sunday ordinance, 841, 842.
Siinilay School for people of
idlor, ('>y,
Siiiid.iy School morning niis-
siou, 569.
Sunday School, the first, 631.
Superintendent of the P(jor,
645.
Su|ieriiilcndent of Public Iii-
strucliuii, 9i.
Svpervisor, niuac changed to
Ovorseer, 034.
SupervliPra, Board of, laa.
Superviion la each ward, 934.
Supervison of Toais,, 933.
Supervisor* of townshV|>i, 130,
I3«> «3».
Surrender by Gen, Hull, •94,
277.
Surrender of Detroit in 1760,
222.
Surrender of I.e(-'s army, )«;.
Surrender of western posts, .;64,
Sur\'ey of State completetj, 35.
Surveyor of city, olTice created,
03s.
Surveyor-* ienenil at Chillico-
llle, 1=,.
Surviyi ir-( ieneral's ofiice moved
lo Detroil, 17.
Swiil Point, 928.
Synod uf the West, convention
held, 603.
Table supplies, 338.
■rallaliassee, death of Wood-
ward at, 185.
Taverns and Hotels —
■'\inericaii, 480.
American Temperance House,
486.
Bagg's Hotel, 484.
Bernard Housi', 4>S7.
Piddle House, 485.
liiindliury's Hotel, 486.
Brighton House, 487.
Brunswick House, 487.
Buena Vista House, 303, 485.
Cass House, 485.
Central Kailroad House, 484.
City Hotel, 48s.
Commercial Hotel, 484.
CoyI House, 484.
Detroit Cottage, 483.
Dodemead House, 480.
Kagle Hotel, 482.
Kisenlord House, 487.
Kinney House, 487.
Franklin House, 481, 482.
darrison House, 486.
(footlmaii House, 484.
Cirand River House, 484.
(Jriswold House, 486.
Hotel (lolTinet, 487.
Hotel H<-nry, 487.
Hoti'l Renaud, 487.
Howard House, 486.
Indiana House, 484.
Johnson's Hotel, 448.
Kirkwood House, 488.
Lamed House, 486.
Leland House, 486.
.Madison House, 486.
Mansion House, 481, 483.
Merchants' E.xchange, 486.
Michigan Kxchange, 482.
^Iichigan Hot(d, 480.
Michigan Railroad Hotel,
484.
487.
Tavi.rnii and Hotel»— Ctwf'if.
New York and Ciiy lloiel,
481.
Ni w \'ork A- Ohio House, 482.
Noriliern lintel, 484.
Peiiiiisiilar Hotel, 48').
I'ierson Iloiisi-, 486.
Piirdy's llolil, 4K(i.
Kailroail I'.xcliaiigi',
Railroad Hotel, 483
Kevire House, 4a(i.
Rice's Hotel, 487.
Russell House, 4B2.
Sagiiia Hotel. 48...
St. Cliarlis Holel, 486.
St. Joseph House, 48).
Smyth's Hotel, 48...
Siandish House, 487.
Trelnollt House, 48(1.
Uiiiled Slalis llotel, 4a3.
Wales' Hotel, 480.
Waverly ll<juse, 486.-
Wi'sterii llotel, 48^;*''
Woodwtirth's HoMI, 4ln.
Yank
Taxaljle
.56.
Taxr.tioa
^»3. ^,
Taxui«(|tr^
ding Hous», 481.
ny, laouwe of,
iboolt,
iglish.
■R., ;■
151
ary, 761.
_L»ep*r.i;^,f»»i,Mi, 8.
I ax onhcwnw .^ ,
Tax - paywrs, Oelinquent, 149,
Tnjprrfta, bow prepared, 157.
■VifijiitSi, 39.
TaJa?S|f Letter to Col. Campb( II
aaout, 222.
Taxes on liquor dealers, 156,
844, 845.
Taxes, United States Internal
Revenue, 159.
Territorial taxes, 149.
Telegraph and Irishman, 884.
Telegraph, American Union
Line, 883.
Telegraph, Atlantic and Pacific
Line, 885.
Telegraph, Bankers and Mer-
chants' Line, 885.
Telegraph cable laid across De-
troit River, 884, 885.
Telegraph Company. Ni'W
York and Mississippi Valley
Printing, 884.
Telegraph, District, charges and
messengers, 885.
Telegraph fire alarm tested,
513-
Ti'legraph, first dispatch sent,
,883.
1 elegraph Line, Atlantic, Lake
& Mississippi, 884.
Telegraph, .Mutual Union Co.,
885.
Telegraph, Northern Michigan
line, 884.
Telegraph, O'Riilly line, 884,
Ti'legraph, Snow lini', 8L4.
Telegraph, Western Union Co.
<irganized, 884.
Telegraph, United States Co.,
885.
Telephones, first exhibition,
885.
Temperauce and total absti-
nence, 839.
Temperature, 45.
Ten-Thousand-Acre Tract, 22,
26, 27.
Terrritory, The Northwest, 85.
Territory of Indiana, 86, 87.
Territory of Michigan, 87.
Territory of Iowa, 99.
'Territory of Wisconsin, 99.
Teuchsa Grondie, 3.
'Texas, 820.
Text-books in public schools,
737, 740. 74-'- ,
Thames, battle of, 283.
I024
INDKX — MISCKLLANEOUS.
ThcHirvH, »<7. )j8,
Tinwari', iii.iiiiifiutiirc i>f, Mjj.
" rippcciiiim' and I'ylir lno,"
loH.
'riiipccuiioc, Indiuii (li'fcut (if,
'I'ltlrs ti) IniiilH, )!)•
Tobacco liiiHiiifHH, Krowtl) •'(,
Tiil>u<:ci) Co., American Eu)jli-,
ToIhui'o Kaitciry, Itajflry, H )6.
Tob ici o l''aclory, lliniu"', 8J7.
Toluici'i) Kaclory, dlolii', 8^7.
Tobacco Factory, Hiawatha,
827.
Tobari 0 til ll.iUiinure, 15.
To>{lis.iKliriiriilii', J.
Toilers, )ji.
Tolt;il>), NIiclii({aii troops in,
300.
Toledo, railroad from, to Adri-
an, firat upi'iii'd, 901,
Tole'lo. arrests in, by Monroe
sliifiiT, 300.
Toledo, -ar, 8q.
Toll-Kat* , 9>°-
TolliiK lufctt fnnerals. 49,57.
■rom»h»wfci c niecrated, 246.
Tonilxtone o. KnsiKn Jolii)
G«Ke, ja.
loiiiato cMtsup, evegdB from,
fur schooli»»7,ifi.
I'onibstnne of I'laintrarack, sa.
Torcli-bi'.iren, no, .. .«i
Towi'rs, liriisli light, .fSp.
I'mwii Crirr, The, 6fKj.
1 own elections, when held, lag,
1 |0.
Township constables appointed,
2 >j.
Towiishi|i nlFicers, 129.
Townsliip supervisors, 130, 131,
Townships and boundaries,
127. w8.
Tract societies, 641.
Trade, extent of, see Shipments.
Trails, 925.
T rails, first use of in Michigan,
894.
Transportation, 889.
Traps, maniifai tun: of, 811.
Travelini; on horseback, 887.
Treasurers of city, 167.
Treasurers of the Territory of
.\lieliii;an, 8g.
Trc:;-.surers of State of Michi-
gan, 92.
Treaty of I Uient, 269.
Treaty of ( Inenville, I2i.
Treaty of Paris, 21.
Treaty of I'aris, or Versailles,
8j. ■
Treaty, The Jay, 266.
Treaty with Kntjland, 262.
Treaties with Kngland and
Spain, 269.
Trees, kinds indigenous to De-
troit, II, 12.
Trees, numerous in Detroit,
77fi.
Trial of General Hull, 289.
Troops at Detroit in 1771), 223.
Troops called to Detroit in riot
of 1833, 346.
Troops entirely withdrawn from
city, 225.
Trowbridge School, 752.
Troy, N. Y., 816.
Trustees of Detroit, 133.
Trustees of water works, 65.
Tuebor, meaning of word, 91.
Tuetlc, or Tutelos, 321.
Tunni'lllng Detroit Kiver, 891.
Turkeys and ipi.iils niiinirous,
1 1.
Tnsiaroras, ^J.^
Two il ly I'li'i tions, lit, 113.
ry|io,,'rapliii ,il Union, 674.
rvraiiny ol lioveriior ilatnil-
lon, i;,.
Tysclmarondia, 3.
Uniforms, prnclamation <if Hull
concerning, 314.
Uniforms, protest of grand jury
against, 31s.
Ifnioii Depiii Co., 90C),
ITiiioii Door Knob Co., 822.
Union tneetiiigs, religions, 642.
Union of piilitii.il parties, 1 lu.
Union religious societies, (li^i.
United States Attorney, 175.
United States ICxpremi Co., 81)9,
United Sttttex Lake Survey, 918.
United States Land O/Sce, 37.
United States laij;/ patents, 22.
United Statt•^, Marshal, 176.
Unifcd .States Representatives,
102, 103,
United States Sanitary Com-
iniMinn, 658.
United States Senators, 102.
United States Zouave Cadets,
3i3.
University of Michigan, 728,
TV-
UniviTsity act repealed, 730.
University, branch at Detroit,
731, 742.
University lot, sale of, 41.
Coper Canada, K4.
L pper lakes, expedition to, in
i8.!o, 907.
Jtali, 828.
Vaccinating the poor, 59.
Valuation of city by decades,
156.
Van De I'oele elictric light ex-
hibited, 468.
Varnish I'aclory, Berry liros.,
826.
Vassar, railroad to, first opened,
goi.
Versailles the model for Wash-
ii.gton, 29.
Vessels entering or clearing the
port of Detroit, yearly lists,
915-
Vessels, yearly list of first arri-
vals and departures, 914, 915.
Vicksburg, celebration in honor
of capture of, 308.
Victory of Cen. Wayne, 266.
Victory of Palo .Mto, 303.
Vincennes, 85, 94, 242, 250, 151,
252, 670, 837, 951.
Virginia, 85, 242, 252, 258.
Voting by soldiers, no.
V<ites, number of, cast in De-
troit 1820 to 1880, 117.
Voters, qualifications for elec-
tion.<i, tii, 112, 113.
Voters, ladies as, 115,
Voters, importation of, 108.
Voters, colored, 113.
Voters, acts respecting, 114, 115.
w
Wa-be-no, an Indian society,
met annually, jo.
Wagons, first nt Detroit, 888.
W.iinpiiin money, inannfacture
of, 8.,'i.
War and death-wlioops, 262.
War iiillneiiei's stimulate tli-'
iisi' of liipior, H41.
War inateriul to be coUectiil,
273.
War parties sent out by 1'",nglisli,
24(>.
War songs of the Uritiili Gov-
ernor, 246.
Ward lolleclors, 165.
W.irdctis, fire, vi'j.
Ward's casts of fossils, 714.
Wards, their establishment and
boundaries, 147, 148.
Wars —
Itlai k Hawk, agg,
llritishand Indian, tfa.
iBia, 7?4.
fi'encn and Kngliih, tsi.
Iiidiun, 231, 372.
Mexjcan, 303.
Patriot, 300.
Pontiuc, »35.
KevoUitionary, 342.
Seven Years', 231.
Toledo, 299.
With South, 305.
Washington, 37, 39, 305, 831,
880, 887.
Washington Market, 794.
Washtenaw County, i.'i.
Water and Water Works, fij.
Water Coinmissioners, 65, 71.
Water of Detroit Kivcr ana-
lyzed, fi9, 70.
Water-imlons, large, 13.
Water meters, 71.
Water rates, 70.
Wa-we-.i-tiin-ong, an early
name for Detroit, 3.
Wayne County, 86.
Wayne County, Krench farms
in, 977.
Wayne County, its establish-
ment and boundaries, 118,
120, 121.
Wayni', Kort, 22s, 228, 305.
Wayne, railroad from, first
opened to Northville, 905.
Webster's speech on Cass Karm,
108.
Weighmasters, 71)8, 799.
Weights and measures, 797.
Welland Canal o|nned, 889.
Wells built by (iovernor and
Judges, 62.
Western Confederacy, efforts to
form, 269.
Western posts, F.nglish opposi-
tion to surrender, 2''i4.
West Indies, 811, 8.M;, 833.
Wharves and docks, 8.
Wheat crop, extent of, 15.
Wheat elevators, 891.
Wheat from France, 12.
Wheel and Foundry Co., Rns-
sel, 805.
Wheeling, 249.
Whig party buying votes, 108.
Whigs, State meeting of, 108.
Whipping and selling of crimi-
nals, 190.
Whipping of Loudon, a black
man, 190.
Whirlwind, 47.
White bnmze goods, m.inufac-
tiire of, 811.
White, the word voted out of
State Constitution, 348.
White's Grand Theatre, for-
merly Music Hall, 479.
Whitney's Grand llpua Houm',
478-
Whitefinli, largi> catch of, iCi.
White Lead Works, lloydell
Pros.', H.'^.
While Lead Works, Michigan,
824,
White Pigeon, railroad to, first
opened, 902.
WliorllclM rriis, imligenoiis, 12.
Wide-.\waki's, iid.
" Wild cat " banking, 850.
Willow-ware Faciiay, Donde*
ro's, Sj).
Willows, beat kind grown at
Detroit, Doa.
Windmill, The Kiagu*, 10.
Windmill Pr<i.it,lighthouM: at, 5,
Windmills, 6.
Window and door screens, roan-
iifactiire of, H09.
WindiHir, Hibb's paper published
at, 346.
Windsor, G. W. railroad to, first
o|unid, 904.
Wiiinebagoes, 322.
Winnipeg, 8|2, 836.
Winston, N.'t:., 827.
Winter aniiiseinents, 350.
Winter ilress, 350.
Wintergreen tea, 337.
Wire i Iron Co., National,
8o().
Win' \- Iron Works, Harniim,
Hii.
Wisconsin, State of, createil, 89.
Witlierc II lariii included in city,
34'
Witherell Sirecl, now Wood-
ward A\'enile, (^,(7,
Wives wanted, 04.
Wolves, bounties for killing, 11.
Woman's Christian 'Teniper-
aiicc' Union, 842, 84s.
Wi>men's C'rusade, Hj2.
Woman suffrage ileiiied, 114,
Women \'otiiig, 113.
Wood markets, 797, 798.
Wood - working machinery,
Michel's, 809.
Woodenware Works, Frost's,
836.
Woodmere Cemetery, 5, sC, 57.
Woodward Avenue, former
names, 947.
Woodward .Avenue Market, 793.
Wool, wasteil and unused, yS.
World's I'.nd, 57.
Wyandottes, 3, 7, 234, 238, 321,
323, 324- . .
Wyandotte village, missionary
at, 576.
Wyoming destroyed by a party
from Detroit, 249.
Wyoming Territory, 828.
Yerkes Lake, fish in, 16.
Von-do-ti-ga, 3.
York currency first issued, 846.
Young Men's Christian Associ-
ation, 478, 638.
Young Men's Hall, 478.
Ypsilanti, M. C. R. R. first
opened to, 896.
Zoological garden, 352
ittiny'sCirimil ( Ipi ra HiniHi:,
i8.
itclUOi, liiiK'' i.ilili I'f, if'-
itc l.ia.l Wurku, ll.iyilill
ros.', tiJS.
itc l.iail Wurks, Mii'liiK<tn,
ill' l'iK'<iiii> railniud to, liist
[niii'd, i>'>^.
(irllilirriiis, iiiiliKeiiiicis, u.
ilc-Awakis, 11.1.
V'M lat " liaiiUiiiK, 850.
llrnv-wiiri: Kuclory, l)ond«-
lln»s, belt kind grown nt
)i!troit, (Vw.
ndmill. The KnavK*. 1°'
ndmiUP^i.it.lighthouiicat, 5.
ndinills, 6.
ndow and door screen*, inan-
ifacturc uf, 809.
iiiduor, Uibb'i paper piiljli^lml
It. 14*.
iiidsiir, ('.. W. lailniad to, liial
ipi'llril, (><>4.
iimiliaviiii'S, 33J.
iiuiilMK, H.12, Sjf).
insldii, N. C;., 8.7,
iiitrr aimisi-imiits, 350.
inter (Irrss, 350.
iiiteiKriiii tea, 337.
ire Jk: Iron Co., National,
8o<).
iri' iV Iron Works, llarmim,
Hii.
'is( iiiisin, Statu of, iirutid, S>).
'illarcll Kami liicliided in city,
/illiricll Slii'<t, now Wood-
ward Avrllllc, 1)17.
/ivi's wantril, 3 j.(.
,'oKrs, hoiinlics for killin»;, 11.
/oiiian's Christian 'rtnipir-
anii' Union, 84.', 845.
/omi-n's C'rnsaclc, 6.^2.
/oiiiaii siiffraKu dcnii'd, 114.
t'onuMi voliiiK, 1 13'
V'ood iiiarkils, 797, 798.
V'(jod - working niacliinery,
Michel's, 8oi|.
Voodcnwarc Works, Krost 3,
«i6.
Voodnirrc Cemetery, 5, 56, 57-
iVoodward Avenne, former
names, 947.
iVoodward Avenue Market, 793.
iVool, wasted and nnnsed, 338.
iVorld's Ivnd, 57.
kVyandottes, 3, 7, 234, 238, 3='>
3231 324. . .
Wyandotte villaKc, missionary
at, S76.
WyominK destroyed hy a party
from Detroit, 24c).
Wyoming Territory, 82B.
Ycrkcs Lake, fish in, 16.
Von-do-ti-ga, 3.
^■ork currency first issued, 846.
Voiing Men's Christian Associ-
ation. 478, 638.
Young Men's Hall, 478.
Ypsilanti, M. C. R. K. first
opened to, 8y6.
Zoological garden, 35J.
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