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N
CHECK-LIST
or
North American Batrachia and Reptilia;
WITH A
SYSTEMATIC LIST OF THE HIGHER GROUPS,
AND AN
ESSAY ON GEOGRAPHICAL DLSTRIBUTION.
BASED ON
THE SPECIMENS CONTAINED IN THE V. S. NATIONAL MUSErM.
By EDWARD D. COPE.
WASH JNGTON:
OOVKIINMENT PRINTING OFPIOB.
1875
1 ••♦••* • » •«• ••
J « a « « - "
ADVERTISEMENT.
This work is the first of a aeries of papers intended to illustrate the
collections of Natural History and Ethnology belonging to the United
States and constituting the National Museum, of which the Smithsonian
Institution was placed in charge by the act of Congress of August 10,
1S4G.
It has been prepared at the request of the Institution, and printed by
authority of the honorable Secretary of the Interior.
JOSEPH HENKY,
Secretary Smithsonian Institution.
Smithsonian Institution,
Washington, November, 1876.
Vv
X
s.
/^
• , : • ■• , • • • •
• • ♦,» • • * •« :• f
« t • • » r e
..^
TABLE OF CONTENTS.
Page.
Introductory remarks * 3
Part I. Arrangement of tbe families and higher divisions of Batrachia and
Reptilia. [Adopted provisionally by the Smithsonian Institntion.].. 7
Class Batrachia 7
Order Anura 7
Stegocephali ~ 10
Gymnophidia 11
Urodela 11
Proteida 12
Trachystomata 12
Class Reptilia 12
Order Ornithosauria 12
, , Dinosanria 13
Crocodilia 14
Sauropterygia 14
' Anomodontia 15
Ichthyopterygia 15
Rbynchocephalia 15
Testudinata 16
Lacertilia 17
PythonoiHorpha 20
Ophidia 21
Part II. Check-list of tbe species of Batrachia and Reptilia of the Nearctic or
North American realm 24
Class Batrachia 24
Order Tracbj-stomata 24
Proteida 24
Caducibrancbiata 25
Amira 29
Bnfuniformia 29
Firmisternia 30
Arcifera 30
Raniformia 32
Class Reptila 33
Order Opbidia 33
Solenoglypba 33
Proteroglypha 34
Asiuea 34
Scolecopbidia 44
u
TABLE OF CONTENTS.
I
i
Pamt II. Check-list of the species of Batrachia and Keptilia, &c.— Contiimed :
Class Reptila — Continued: ,
Order Lacertilia 4A
Opheosauri 44
Pleurodonta 44
Typhluphtbalmi 44
Leptoglossa 44
Diploglossa 4C)
Iguania 47
Nyctisaura 50
Testndiuata 50
Athecte 50
Cryptodira 51
Crocodilia r>4
Part III. On gcogr.'iphical distribution of the Vertebrata of the Regnum Nearc-
ticum, with especial reference to the Batrachia .^ud Keptilia 55
I. — The faunal regions of the earth 55
II.— Number of species 5S
III. — Relations to other realms Gl
IV.— The regions 67
Austroriparian <>~t
Eastern 70
Central 71
Pacific 7:1
Sonoran 7'3
Lower Califomian 74
V. — The Austroriparian region 76
VI.- The Eastern region 82
VII.— The Central region 88
VIII.— The Pacific region 89
IX.— The Sonoran region 90
X. — The Lower Californian region 92
XI. — Relation of distribution to physical causes 93
Pari IV. Bibliography 97
A.— Works on the classification of Batrachia and Reptilia 97
B. — Works treating of the geographical distribution of North American
Batrachia and Reptilia 100
Alphabetical ikdex , 101
'I
INTRODUCTORY REMARKS.
The present contributiou to North Americau Ilerpetology is a prodro-
mus of a general work on that subject, undertaken some years ago at
the request of the Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution. The mate-
rial which has been accumulating in the museum of that Institution
has offered great advantages for the investigation of the questions of
anatomical structure, variations of specillc characters, and geographical
distribution. It is believed that these subjects are much elucidated by the
study of the Batrachia and Reptilia, siuce these animals are especially
susceptible to physical influences; since, also, they are unable, like birds,
and generally not disposed, as are mammals, to make extended migra-
tions, their habitats express nearly the simplest relations of life to its
surroundings.
In prosecuting these investigations, it has become necessary to adapt
the nomenclature to the results obtained by study of many specimens
as to the variation of species. It is a common observation that the
bttter a species of animal is represented in our collections, the wider do
we discover its range of variation to be, and the greater the number of
supposed distinct species does it become necessary to reduce to the rank
of varieties. The definition of a species being simply a number of indi-
viduals, certain of whose physical peculiarities belong to them alone,
and are at the same time exhibited by all of them, it is evident that,
since it is impossible, in the present state of our knowledge, to predicate
what those "certain peculiarities" shall be, the only test of specific defi-
nition is the constancy of those characters. Hence it is that the most
diverse forms of one species may differ more from each other than two
recognized species. In the investigation of North American cold-blooded
Vertebrata, I have observed that many species are represented by well-
marked geographical varieties, which, following the example of some
ornithologists, I have called subspecies. Many of tJiese have been here-
tofore regarded as species.
In illustration of these remarks, certain species of the genus Ophibolus
may be selected. The most northern and the most southern forms of the
genus, the O. triangulum and 0. coccineus, have always been regarded as
distinct species^ and so numerous are their differential characters, in col-
oration, size, and squamation, that this view would seem to rest on a sat-
isfactory foondation. I find, however, that individuals exist which rep-
resent every stage of development of each character which distinguishes
them, although certain types appear to be more abundant than the interme-
diate ones. 0. triangulum is a species of larger size, with two temporal
plates, a row of large dorsal spots, and other smaller ones on the sides, on a
grayish ground ; with a chevron, and often other marks on the top of the
head, and a band posterior to the eye. 0. coccinemis a small snake with a
small loreal plate and one temporal shield ; color red, with pairs of black
rings extending round the body, and no markings on the head excepting
that the anterior ring of the anterior pair crosses the posterior edge of
the occipital shields, forming a half collar. The transition is accom-
plished thus : The lateral borders of the dorsal spots of 0. triangulum
break up, and the lateral spots become attached to their anterior and
posterior dark borders. The chevron of vhe top of the head first breaks
into spots, and then its posterior portions unite with each other. The
borders of the old dorsal spots continue to the abdomen, where the
remaining lateral portions finally meet on the middle line, forming a
black line. This breaks up and disapijears, leaving the annuli open ;
and these are then completed in many specimens. The general colors
become more brilliant and the size smaller. The head is more depressed ;
in immediate relation to this form, the loreal plate is reduced in size,
and the two temporal shields of 0. triangulum are reduced to one. Every
form of combination of these characters can be found, which represent
six species of the books (in North America), viz : 0. triangulum^ O. doU-
atuSf 0. annulatnsj 0. gentilis, 0. amaurus, and 0. coccineus. The oldest
name is the 0. doliatus, Linn. Another series of specimens resemble
very closely those of the subspecies coccineus ; in fact, are identical with
them in color. The loreal shield is, however, extinguished, and the rows
of scales are reduced by one on each side. These specimens simply carry
one degree further the modifications already described. Yet, on account
of the constancy of these characters, I am compelled to regard these
individuals not only as a distinct species, but, on account of the absence
of the loreal plate, as belonging to another genus. This is the Calama-
ria elapsoidea of Hclbrook ; the Osceola elapsoidea of Baird and Girard.
It affords an illustration of the principle, which I have elsewhere insisted
on, " that adjacent species of allied genera may be more alike than remote
I
bpecios of identical generic characters," which indicates that generic char-
acters ori^^iuate independently of the specific*
The cliissification of the present list is illustrated by the above remarks.
I now briefly allude to the rules I have followed in adopting a nomen-
lolature. These rules are those in general use in the United States, as
based on the revision of the rules of the British Association for the
Advancement of Science by a committee of the American Association,
and elaborated in more detail by W. H. Edwards,t after Thorell and
Wallace ; in other words, the law of priority is followed under the fol-
lowing definitions : ^
(1) A specific name given by an author must relate to a desfcription
or plate of the object intended.
(2) A generic name of a species must be accompanied by a separate
definition of the genus intended, by reference to some of its distinctive
features.
Note. — These two rules are properly regarded as the safeguards of
nomenclature, since they offer the only means by which the writings of
authors in the sciences concerned can be intelligible. The necessity of
these rules will become increasingly apparent, since, as the systematic
sciences become more popular, sciolists may publish pages of names in
any of their departments, with the effect, should such names be author-
itative, of indefinitely postponing the cultivation of the subject. A
generic diagnosis is not necessarily perfect in the early stages of the
classification of a science, and may be found later to embrace more than
one generic type ; hence, the following additional rule has been found
necessary :
(3) In the subdivision of a genus, names of the new genera are to be
adopted in the order of priority of the definition of the divisions to which
tbey refer; the remaining natural generic group retaining the original
name, unless the latter has been already given to one of the divisions,
as prescribed.
(4) Priority reposes on date of publication, and not on date of read-
ing of papers.
Of course, consistently with the above rules, as divisions of high rank
must be defined in order to be understood, names of these unaccomx)a-
nied by definitions are not binding on the nomenclator.
Iq regard to orthography, the same code of niles has been followed,
viz, iu the Latinization of all words of Greek derivation. This has been
* Origin of Genera, Philadelphia, 1868.
tThe Canadian Entomologist, 1873, p. 33.
6
applied especially to the compounding of family-names. Thus, if the
generic name is spelled according to Latin rule, the family-name derived
from it must be so also; hence, I v^rite ScaphhpUlae, not P^aphiopodidae;
Rhinoceridae, not Rhinocerotidae.
In the check-list, the correct name of each species and subspecies is
given with reference to a good description. To each is added its geo-
graphical range.
t \
,it
P^VRT I.
ARRANGEMENT
or
THE FAMILIES AND HIGHER DIVISIONS
OK
BATRACHIA AND REPTILIA.
[ADOPTED rUOVLSlOXALLY BY THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION.]
Class BATRACHIA.
\ Order ANURA.
(Aiiura, Dumeril ; Salientia, Merrem, Gray.)
Ealnifor^iia.
(Raniformia, Cope, Xat. Hist. Rev., v, 114, 1865.^)
Ranidae =Ranidae, Cope, N. H. Rev., v, 114-
119, 1865.'
Colostethidae = Colostethidae, Cope, P. A. N. S.
Phila., 1866, 130.=^
' Raniformia, partim, Dum. et Bib., £rp. Gt5n.
• Ranidae, Cope, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., n. s., vi, 169, 1867 ; Ranidae, Polypedati-
(lae, and Cystignathidae, pars, Gthr., Cat. Bat. Salien., 1858, 4-26.
= Colostethidae, Cope, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., n. s., vi, 197, 1867 ; " Calostethidae,"
Mivart, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1869.
8
'■
Firmisternia/
(Bufonoid Raniformia, Cope, Jour. Acad. Xat. Sc. Phila.,
n. s., vi, 190, 1867.)
Dendrobatidae = Dcndrobatidae, Cope, X. H. Eev., v,
103-104, 1865.'
Phiyniscidae = Phryniscidae, Cope, J. A. N. S.
Phila., n. s., vi, 190, 1867.*^
Engystomidae = Engystomidae, Cope, J. A. N. S.
Phila., n. s., vi, 190, 1867.'
Brevicipitidae = Brevicipitidae, Cope, J. A. N. S.
Phila., n. s., vi, 190, 1867.'
1
El
n
Gastrechmia.
(Gastrechmia, Cope, J. A. N. S. Phila., n. s., vi, 198, 1867.)
Hemisidae
Hemisidae, Cope, J. A. N. S. Phila.,
n. s., vi, 198-199, 1867.'^
■• Firmisternia. Believing the arciferous or raniform sternal structure to have about
equal systeuatic value with the presence or absence of teeth, I have separated the
toothless families with raniform sternum under the name of Firmisternia. It is not
impossible that this group may turn out to bo inseparable from the Gastrechmia. The
toothed Aglossa must be distinguished on the same principle from Pipa, and the sub-
order is accordingly named Odontaglossa.
6 Hylaplesiidae, Gthr., Cat. Bat. Salien., 1858, 124-126.
^ Brachycephalina, pars, Gthr., Cat. Bat. Salien., 1858, 42.
^Engystomidae, Cope, N. H. Eev., v, 100-101, 1865; Micbrylidae, Cracbymeridao,
Eugystoroatidae, Hylaedactylidao, Gtbr., Cat. iiat. Salien., 185ri.
*Brachymeridae, Cope, pars, N. H. Rev., v, 101-102, 1865.
' Hemisidae; Rhiuopbrynidae, Cope, pars, N. H. Rev., v, 100, 1865; Rhiuopbrynidao
et Phryniscidae, pars, Mivart, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1869, 281-888.
BUFONIFOEMIA.
(Bufoniformia, Dumeril ct Bibron, partim ; Cope, partim.)
Rhinophiynidae = Rhinophrynidae, Gthr., Cat. Bat.
Sal. B. M., 127, 1858."'
Bufonidae = Bufonidae, Cope, N. H. Rev., v, 102-
103, 1865.^^
Batrachophrynidse =: Batrachophrynus, Peters, Monatsb.
Pr. Akad. Wiss., 1873,411.
Pipidae
Dactylethridae
Aglossa.
= Pipidae, Gthr., Cat. Bat. Sal. B. M.,
2-3, 1858."
Odoxtaglossa.
= Dactylethridae, Gthr., Cat. Bat. Sal.
B. M., 1-2, 1858.^'
Arcifera.
(Arcifera, Cope, K H. Rev., v, 104, 1865.")
Cystignathidae = Cystignathidae, Cope, N. H. Rev., v,
105, 1865.^'
'" Rhinophrynidae, Cope, N. H. Rev., v, 100, 1865, pars, nee Mivart ; Cope, Jonr. Acatl.
Nat. Sci. Phila., vi, 189, 18G7.
" (Bufonidae) Chelydobatrachus, Gthr., Cat. Bat. Salien., i)art., 1858, 51, 53-54.
" Pipidae, Cope, N. H. Rev., v, 98-99, 1865 ; Pipidae, Mivart, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lou-
don, 1869, 287, 295.
"Dactylethridae, Cope, N. H. Rev., v, 99, 1865; D.ictylethridae, Mivart, Proc. Zool.
Soc. London, 1869, 295.
'^ Arcifera, Cope, Jour. Nat. Sci. Phila., vi, 67-68, 1866.
'* Cystignathidae, Rauidae partim, Cystignathidae, ITperoliidae, Bouibinatorldae
partim, Alytidae partim, Hylodidae, Gthr. ; Rauidae partim, Polypcdatidae partim,
Discoglossidae partim, Mivart, Proc. Zool. Soc. Loudou, 1869.
10
pi
Hemiphractidae
Hylidae
Scapliiopidae
Pelodytidae
Asterophiydidae
Discoglossidae
= Hemiphractidae, Cope, J. A. N. S.
Phila., n. s., vi, 69, 1866. '
> Hylidae, Gthr., Cat. Bat. Salien., 96,
1858.^'
= Scaphiopodidae, Cope, J. A. N. S.
Phila., n. s., vi, 69, 1866."
= Pelodytidae, Cope, J. A. K S. Phila.,
vi, 69, 1866.^'
= Asterophiydidae, Cope, J. A. N. S.
Phila., n. s., vi, 79-80.^'*
= Discoglossidae, Cope, N. H. Eev., v,
105-107, 1865.^'
Jl':"'
;i1^
m
iiii;
Order STEGOCEPHALI.
(Stegocephali, Cope, P. A. X. S. Phila., 1868, 209.'°)
Labyrinthodoxtia.
Bapheiidae — Baphetldae, Cope, MSS.
Anthracosmridae — Anthracosauridae, Cope, MSS.
Colosteidae
Ganocephala.
: Colosteidae, Cope, MSS.
'« Hylidae, Cope, T. A. N. S. Phila., vi, 83-85, 1866.
" Scaphiopodidae partiin, N. H. Rev., v, 107-108, 1865.
'* Pelodytidae. Scaphiopodidae pars, Cope, olini, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., vi,69,
1866.
^9 Discoglossidae, Cope, Jour. Acau. Nat. Sci. Phila , vi, 69, 1866 ; Discoglossidae partim,
34, Bombinatoridae partim et Alytidae partim Gthr., Cat. Bat. Salien., 40, 57, 1858;
Mivart, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1869, 294-295
20 Stegocephali, Cope, Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. 1870, 6-7.
*' Colosteus, Cope.
PhlcgetJiontildae
Molgophidae
Ptyoniidae
Tuditanidao
PcUontidae
11
MiCEOSAURIA.
= PhLjethontiidae, Cope, MSS.'^"
— Molgoplddaef Cope, MS8."^
= Ptyoniidae f Cope, MSS."^
— Tudifanidae, Cope, MSS.
= Pelionfidae, Cope, MSS."^
Order GYMXOPHIDIA.
(Gymnopliiona, Mliller.)
Caeciliidae
rr Caeciliidae, Gray, Cat. Bat. Grad. B,
M., 57, 1850.
Order URODELA.
SSeiranotidae, ) Gray, P. Z. S.
PLurodelidae, S London, xxvi,
137-143,1858.
= Salamandridae, Gray, P. Z. S. Lon-
don, xxvi, 142-143, 1858.
r= Hynobiidae, Cope, J. A. N. S. Phila.,
n. s., vi, 107, 1866.
= Desmognathidae, Cope, J. A. N. S.
Phila., n. s., vi, 107, 1866.
= Thoriidae, Cope, P. A. N. S. Phila.,
1869, 111-112.
•'» Phlegethoutia, Cope.
• Molgopbis, Cope.
*' Lepterpeton, Haxl. ; Oostocepbalus, Cope ; Urocordylus, Huxl.
•* Pelion, Wyman.
•'Salamandridae, Cope, Jonr. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., vi, 107-108, 1866.
•niynobiidae, Cope; Molgidae, Gray, lti50.
Pleurodelidae
Salamandridae"
Hynobiidae '*°
Desmognathidae
Thoriidae
12
Plethodontidae^ =
Amblystomidae
Menopomidae
Amphiuinidae
Cocytinidae
38
Proteidae
Plethodontidae, Cope, J. A. N. S.
Phila., n. s., vi, 106-107, 1866.
= Amblystomidae, Cope, J. A. N.,S.
Phila., n. s., vi, 105-106, 1866.
— Protonopsidae, Gray, Cat. Bat. Grad.
B. M., 52-54, 1850.
= Amphiumidae, Cope, J. A. N. S.
Phila., n. s., vi, 104-105, 1866.
= Cocytinidae^ Cope, MSS.^
Order PROTEIDA.
= Proteidae, Gray, Cat. Bat. Grad. B.
M., 64-67, 1850.
fit
W
Sirenidae
Order TRACHYSTOMATA.
=: Sirenidae, Gray, Cat. Bat. Grad. B.
M., 67-69, 1850.
i
p.
jl'f
Class RErTILIA.
Order ORNITHOSAURIA.
(Ornithosauria, Bonaparte, Fitzinger, Seeley.^)
Dimorphodontidae = Dimorphodontidae, Cope, P. A. A.
A. S. 1870, 234, 1871.^^
s' Plethodoutidue, Copo, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., vi, lOG, IHOG, partini Gray, 18.'0.
'* Amblystomidae. Plethodontidae partim. Gray, 1850.
«9Cocytiaa8, Cope, Trans. Am. Philos. Soc. Phila., 1874.
30 Ornithosauria = Pterosauria, Oweu.
3» Dimorphodontae, Seeley.
18
Pterodactylidae = Pterodactylidae, Cope, P. A. A. A.
S., xix, 234, 1871 .»
Order DINOSAURIA.
(Dinosauria, Owen, Cope, Seeley; Pachypodes, Meyer;
Ornithoscelida, Huxley.)
Symphypoda.
(Symphypoda, Cope ; Compsognatha, Huxley.)
Compsognathidae •=. Compsognatliidaey Cope, P. A. A. A.
S., xix, 234, 1871^ (name only).
Onilthotarsidae = Ornithotarsidae, Cope, P. A. A. A.
S., 234, 1871'^ (name only).
GONIOPODA.
(Goniopoda, Cope; Harpagmosauria, Haeckel.)
Megalosauridae =■ Ilegalosauridae, Cope, P. A. A. A.
S., xix, 234, 1871 (name only).''
Teratosauridae = Teratosauridae, Cope, P. A. A. A.
S., xix, 234, 1871 (name only).''
Orthopoda.
(Orthopoda, Cope ; Therosauria, Haeckel.)
Scelidosauridae = Scelidosauridae, Cope, T. A. P. S.,
n. s., xiv, 91, 1869.''
^" Rhamphorbyncbae et Pterodactylae, Seeley, loc. cit.
'^ Compsognatbidae = Corapsognathns, Wag.
^* Omitbotarsidae = Ornitbotarsua, Cope.
^'> Megalosauridae, Huxley.
^ Teratosaurns, Plateosaurus, Meyer, ete.
^' Scelidosauridae, Ilnxley, Journ. Geol. Soc. London, 1870.
14
I;,;
iil' i
Iguanodontidae = Tgiianodontidae, Cope, T. A. P. S.,
n. s., xiv, 91, 1869.''
Hadrosauridae = Iladrosauridae, Cope, T. A. P. S.,
n. s., xiv, 91-98, 1869.''
Order CROCODILIA.
(Crocodiiia et Thecodontia, partim, Owen, 1841.)
Parasuchia.
Belodontidae = Belodontidae, Cope, P. A. A. A. S.,
xix, 234, 1871 (name only).*''
Amphicoelia.
Teleosauridae = Teleosauridaey Cope, P. A. A. A. S.,
xix, 234, 1871 (name only).
Goniopholididae = Goniopholisj Owen, etc.
. Peocoelia.
Thoracosauridae =: Thoracosauridae, Cope, P. A. A. A.
S., xix, 235, 1871 (name only).'^
Crocodilidae = Crocodilidae, Cope, P. A. A. A. S.,
xix, 235, 1871 (name only).''
Order SAUROPTERYGIA.
(Sauropterygia, Owen.)
% Placodontidae — Placodontidae, Cope, P. A. A. A. S.,
xix, 235, 1871 (name only)."'
38 Iguanodontidae, Huxley, Journ. Geol. See. Loudon, 1870.
39 Hadrosauridae, Huxley, Journ. Geol. Soc. London, 1S70.
«Thecodontia, Owen, pt.; Cope, Tr. A. P. S., 1809, 32. '
•*! Thoracosaurus, Leidy, Cope.
*» Crocodilidae + AUigatoridae, Gray, + Gavialidae, Gray, + Holops and Thecach-
ampsa. Cope, etc., Pr. A. A. A. S., xix, 235, 1871.
** Placodus, Agass.
Plesiosauridae
Elasmomuridae
16
= Plesiosauridae J Cope, P. A. A. A.
S., xix, 235, 1871 (name only)/*
= Elasmosauridaey Cope, Tr. A. P. S.,
n. s., xiv, 1869, p. 47.'
17 45
Order ANOMODONTIA.
(Anomodontia, Owen.)
Dicynodontidae = Dicf/nodontidae, Cope, P. A. A. A.
S., xix, 235, 1871 (name only).'"
Oudenodontidae — Oudenodontidae, Cope, P. A. A. A.
S., xix, 235, 1871 (name only).*'
Order ICHTHYOPTERYGIA.
Ichthyosauridae = Ichthyosauridae, Cope, P. A. A. A.
S., xix, 235, 1871.
Order RHYNCHOCEPHALIA.
Protorosauridae = Protorosauridae, Cope, P. A. A. A.
S., xix, 235, 1871 (name only).*'
Sphenodontidae = Splienodontidae, Cope, P. A. A. A.
S., xix, 235, 1871.*'
Bhynchosauridae — Rhynchosauridaej Cope, P. A. A. A.
S., xix, 235, 1870 (name only).'
" Notho3auru8, Pistoaaurus, Plesiosaurus, Pliosaurus, etc.
^ Elasmosaurus, Cimoliasaurus, etc.
<* Dicynodontidae, Owen, Paleoutology.
■"Cyptodontia, Owen, Paleonto'ogy.
■" Protorosaurus, Meyer (elongate sacrum).
<9Hatteriida«, Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Phila., 18G4, 225-7. , '
*" Rbynchosanrus, Owen.
50
16
Order TESTUDINATA.
¥i
hi
m-i
m *
(Athecae, Cope,
Sphargididae
Protostegidae
Cheloniidae
Propleuridae
Trionychidae
Emydidae
Chelydridae
Cinosteniidae
Testudinidae
Athecae.
P. A. A. A. S., xjx, p. 235, 1870.)
= Sphargididae, Gray, Ann. Philos.,
1825.'^*
= Protostega, Cope, Proc. A. P. S.,
1872, 413.
Cryptodira.
= Cheloniidae, Gray, Annals Philoso-
phy, 1825.^'
= Propleuridae^ Cope, Am. Jour. Sc.
and Arts, I 137, 1870.
= Trionychidae, Gray, Annals of Phi-
losophy, 1825.='
= Emydidae, Agassiz, Cont. Nat. Hist.
U. S., i, p 351.=*
= Chelydridae, Agassiz, Contrib. N. H.
U. S., i, 341.=*''
= Cinosternidae, Agassiz, Cont. Nat.
Hist. XT. S., i, 347.
= Testudinidae, Cope, P. A. N. S.
Phil., 1868, p. 282.==
*' Sphargididae, Bell, Fitzinger, Agassiz.
6- Cheloniidae, Gray, Ann. Phil., 1825 ; Agass., Cope, P. A. A. A. S., six, 235, 1871.
^ Trionychidae, Bell, Wiegmann, Dum. et Bibr., Agass.
^ Emydidae— Chelydridae, Cope, P. A. A. A. S., xix, 235, 1871 (name only).
"^"Chelydra, Cope, P. A. N. S. Phila., 1872.
6s Testudinidae, Gray. Agass. ,
11 \
f I I
rieurosternidae
Adocidae
17
: Pleurosternidaej Cope, P. A. N. S.
Phila., 1868, 282 (name only).
Adocidae f Cope, P. A. P. S.,
1870, 547.
Pleurodira.
(Pleurodira, Dum. et Eibron ; Chelypidae, Agass.)
Podocnemididae
Chelydidae
Hydraspididae
Pclomedusidae
Sternothaeridae
= Podocnemididae, Cope, P. A. N. S.
Phila., 1868, 282.
= Chelydidae, Gray, P. Z. S. London,
1869, pp. 208-209.
= Hydraspididae, Cope, P. A. N. S.
Phila., 1868, 282.
= Pelomedusidae, Cope, P. A. N. S.
Phila., 1865, 185; 1868, p. 119.
= Sternothaeridae, Cope, P. A. N. S.
Phila., 1868, 119.
Order LACERTILIA.
(Laccrtilia, Owen ; Cope, P. A. A. A. S., xix, 236, 1870.)
EhiI^toglossa.
(Acrodonta Ehiptoglossa, Wiegmann, Fitzinger, Cope ;
Chamaeleonida, Miiller.)
Chamaeleontidae = Chamaeleontidae, Gray, Cat. Lizards
B. M., 1845, 264 (name only)."
'•Wieprmann, Gray; etc. .
2h
M\
hi
1
llr|i|i
, 'I!
'If
18
Pachyglossa.
(Pachyglossa, Cope ; Acrodonta Pachyglossa, Waglcr,
Fitzinger, Cope, P. A. N. S. Phila., 18G4, 22()-227.)
Agamidao =:Agamidao, Gray, Cat. B. M., 1845,
230.
Nyctisaura.
(Nyctisaura, Gray, Cat. Lizards 13. M. ; Cope, P. A. N. S.
Phila., 1804, 225.)
Gecconidao =Gccconidae, Gray, Cat. Lizards B.
M., 1845, 142."
Pleurodonta.
(Plcurodonta, Cope, P. A. N. S. Phila., 18G4, 226.)
„ a. Iguania.
= Anolidac, Cope, P. A. N. S. Phila.,
1864, 227, 228.
= Iguanidae, Cope, P. A. N. S. Phila.,
1864, 227, 228.''
b. Diploglossa.
— Anguidac, Cope, P. A. N. S. Phila.,
1864, 228.
= Gcrrhonotidae, Cope, P. A. N. S.
Phila., 1864, 228.'^
" Cope, Pr. A. A. A. S., xix, 236, 1871.
'^ Iguanidae pars auctorum.
A" ZoQuridae, pt., Gray.
Anolidao
Iguanidae
Anffuidao
Gerrhonotidae
i;
J.
19
*liila.,
:. s.
Xcnosauriclao
ncloderniidao
1
Tcidac
'
Laccrtidao
Zoimridao
hila.,
Chalcidao
»liila.,
Scincidae
= Xciiosauridao, Copo, P. A. N. S.
riiila., 1800, 322.
=:irol()dcrniidao, Gray, Cat. Lizards
15. M., 1845.'^
c. y7ircaf//ossa.
(Thccaglossa, Wagler, Fitzingcr, Copo.) '
Varanidao = Varanidac, Cope, P. A. A A. S., xix,
2:J7, 1870.
d. Leptofjlossa.
(Leptoglossa, AViogniaiin, Eit/ingcr, Cope.)
— Tcidac, Cope, P. A. A. A. S., xix,
2?>1, 1871."^
= Laccrtinid;ic, Gray, Cat. Lizards B.
M., 20-44, 184r);'=
= Zonuridac, (.^opc, P. A. A. A. 8., xix,
237-241, 1871.'''
— Chalcidac, Gray, Cat. Lizards B. M.,
57-58, 1845.'"
= Scincidae, Gray, Cat. Lizards B. M.,
70-120, 1845."'
= Scpsidae, Gray, Cat. Lizards B. M.,
121-120, 1845."'^
Scpsidao
«" IIol.xlcMinidiio, Copo, Troc. Acjul. Nut. .S(!. IMiil-i., lH(il, 2iH ; ISGf., \V>^i.
•"Tehhio and Ecpluopodiduo, Prtors, Cop<' ( 1 'roc. Acad. Nat. Kci. Phila., 1W4, 229);
Teidao, Anadiidae, CercoHauridao, KiainidaH, Gray.
" Lactortidao, Copo, Proc. Acad. Nat. bci. I'liila., 18G4, 228; Lacurtiduc et Cricosauri-
dan, Potors ; XantuHiidae, Baird.
^'Zonuridao, pt., Gray ; Laccrtidao pt., Copo.
"< Clialcididao, Copo, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. I'hila.. 18G4, 228.
«*S''incidae, Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 18(54, 228.
"Sopsidao, Copo, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Piiila., 1864, 228.
20
t
r
i-ri
hi
c. TyphlophthalmL
• (Typhlophthalmi, Cope, P. A. N. S. Thila., 1804, 228.'")
Foyliniidao
Acontiidae
Aricllidao
= Anclytropidao, Cope, P. A. N. S.
Phila., 18G4, 230."'
= Acontiadac, Gray, Cat. Lizards B.
M., 126-127, 1845.'"*
= Aniellidae, Cope, P. A. N. S. Phila.,
18G4, 230.
OPnEOSAURI.
(Opheosauri, Cope, P. A. N. S. Phila., 18G4, 226.'")
Amphishaenidae = Amphisbacnidae, Gray, Cat. Tort.
Croc., etc. B. M., 69, 1844.^'
Trogonophidae = Trigonophidae, Gray, Catal. Tort.
Croc., etc. B. M., 68, 1844.'^^
Order PYTIIONOMOBPHA.
(Pythonomorpha, Cope, T. A. P. S., n. s., xiv, 175-182,
1870.")
Mosasauridae "> Mosasauridae, Cope, T. A. P. S.,
n. s., xiv, 182-211, 1870.
"^ TyphlopLtbaliui, pars., Dum. et Bib., Erp. Geu.
«* Typhlinidae, Gray.
«» Acontiidae, Cope, Proo. Acad. Nat. Sci. Pbila., 18G4, 230.
'" Ophisauri, Merrera ; Animliiti, Wiegruaun; Ptychopleures cllyptodermes, Dum. et
Bib. ; Ampbisbaenoidea, Miiller.
" Arapbisbaenidae, Wiegmann.
"Trogouopbes, Wiegraaun, Fitzinger.
" Pytbonomorpba, Cope, Proc. Boat. Nat. Hist. Soc, 1869, 251; Lacertilia Natantia,
Owen, Paleontograpbical Soc. Cretaceous Reptiles.
:!
21
•
Order OPHIDIA.
■1 1
'
ScOLECOPniDIA.
8. 1
(Scolecophidia, Dum. et Bib.'*)
H^B
Typhlopidao
= Typhlopidao, Cope, P. A. A. A. S.,
s B. %
xix, 237, 1871 (name only)."
Stenostomidae
= Stenostomidae, Cope, P. A. A. A. S.,
liila., 1
xix, 237, 1871 (name only).'"
TOETRICINA.
(Tortricina, Miiller.")
.'") 1
Tortricidae
= Tortricidae, Cope, P. A. N. S. Phila.,
Tort. 1
1864, 230.
1 H
Uropcltidae
— Uropeltidae, Cope, P. A. N. S. Phila.,
Tort.
18G4, 230.''
2
•
AsmEA.
*
(Asinea, Miiller, Cope.)
a. Perooda.
-182,
(Peropoda, Muller.)
P. Sm
1 Xenopeltidae
= Xenopeltidae, Cope, P. A. K S.
1
Phila., 1864, 230.'^
I Pythonidae
= Pythonidae, Cope, P. A. N. S. Phila.,
1
1864, 230.^'
Dum. et
^atantta,
" Scolecophidia et Catodonta, Cope, Proc. Aciid. o. 8oi. Phila., 1864, 230.
'^Epuuodontiens, Dum. et Bib.
•"Ciitodoutiens, Dum. et Bib.; Catodonta, Cope, olim.
"Tortricina, Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1864, 230.
" Uropeltacea, Peters ; Rhinophidae, Gray.
'* Xenopeltidae, Gthr., Reptiles British India. . , •
* Holodontiens, Dum, et Bib.
I'M'
iiii (
:ii'''
Hi.
m
f:
1 H
11
M
m.
I:
111:
Boidae
Lichanuridae
Achrochordidae
Homalopsidae
Colubridae
Ehabdosomidae
Elapidae
N'ajidae
22
= Boidae, Cope, P. A. N. S. Phila.,
1864, 230.''
= Liclianundae, Cope, P. A. N. S.
Phila., 1868, 2.
b. Colubroidea.
= Achrochordidae, Cope, P. A. N. S.
Phila., 1864, 231.^
= Homalopsinae, Cope, P. A. N. S.
Phila., 1864, 167.^'
= Colubridae, Cope, P. A. A. A, S.,
xix, 238, 1870.'*
= Ehabdosomidae, Cope, P. A. A. A.
S., xix, 238, 1870.'=
Peoteroglypha.
a. Gonocerca,
= Elapidae, Cope, P. A. N. S. Phila.,
1864, 231.''
= Najidae, Cope, P. A. N. S. Phila.,
1864, 231."
*' Aproterodontiens, Diini. et Bib.
** Achrocbordiens, Dura, et Bib.
*3 Natricidae, pars, Gtbr., Cat. Col. Snakes B. M., 1858, 50-84, Potaniopbilidae, Jan.
s^Aainea, Group jS^bb, Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 18G-1, 231; Calamaridae,
Olgodoutidae, Coronellidae, Colubridae, Dryadidae, Deudropbididae, Dryiophididai',
Psamraopbididae, Lycodontidao, Scytalidao, Dipsadidae, etc., Gtbr., Cat. Col. Snakes
B. M., 1858, et op. alt.
86 Calamaridae partim, Gtbr., Cat. Col. Snakes B. M., 1858, 2-22.
» Elapidae (pars), Gtbr., Cat. Col. Snakes B. M., 1858, 209-237.
" Elayidae {rnvs altera), Gtbr., Cat. Col. Snakes B. M., 1858, 209-237.
4
Hydropbidae
28
b. Platycerca,
= Hydridae, Gray, Cat. Snakes B. M.,
2, 35, 40, 1849.'^
SOLENOGLYPHA.®'
(Solenoglypba, Dum. et Bib.)
iitractaspididao = Atractaspididae, Gtbr., Cat. Snakes
B. M., 239, 1858.'°
= Causidac, Cope, P. A. K S., Pbila.,
1859, 334.
= Viperidac, Gray, Cat. Brit. Mus.,
p. 18.^'
= Crotabdae, Gray, Cat. Brit. Mus.'
Causidae
Viperidae
Crotabdae
92
«« Ilydridiie, Gray; Hydropbidae, Schmidt, Fischer; Cope, Proc. Acad. Phila., 1859
333.
«» Viperidao, Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1859, 333.
yo Atractaspidinae, Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1859, 334.
9' Vipe-ioae, Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1859; Giintber.
^ Crotalinae, Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1859 ; GUnther, Cat. Col. Snakes B.
M. et auctorum.
'11
ji 'h
'm
■Mi
i ;!ii
I>A^IIT II.
CHECK-LIST
OF
THE SPECIES OF BATMCHIA AND REPTILIA
Oi'
THE NEARCTIC OR NORTH AMERICAN REALM.
ll
Iflll,
ii!';
.ij'..
M
BATRACHIA.
TEACHYSTOMATA.
SIRENIDAE.
SiEEN, Liun.
Siren lacertina, Linn. ; Holbrook, N. Am. Herp^itology, vol. v, p. 101.
The Austroriparian region ; extreme i)oints North Carolina, Florida,
Matamoras, Mexico, and Alton, Illinois.
PSEUDOBRANCHUS, Gray.
Fseudohra.iehus striatns, LeConte; Holbrook, American Herpetology,
vol. V, p. 109. Georgia.
PEOTEIDA.
PROTEIDAE.
Necturus, Eaf.
tectums lateralis, Say; Holbrook, Am. Herp., vol. v, i)p. Ill, 115.
Eastern region except New England and eastern Middle States:
from a few points in the Austroriparian.
Necturns punctatusj Gibbes. Eastern South Carolina.
25
CADUCIBRANCHIATA.
AMPHIUMIDAE.
Amphiuma, Liim.
Amphiuma means, Linn.; Holbrook, Am. Herp., v, p. 89. Austrori-
pariiiu region, from North Carolina to Mississippi.
MuRAENOPSis, Fitzinger.
Muraenopsis tridactylusj Cuvier; Holbrook, Am. Herp., v, p. 93. Mis-
sissippi and Louisiana.
MENOPOMIDAE.
Menopoma, Harl.
Menopoma alleglieniense, Harl. ; Holbrook, Am. Herp., v, p. 95. All
tributaries of the Mississippi, and streams of the Louisiauian dis-
trict to North Carolina.
Menopoma fusciim, Holbrook, Am. Herp., v, p. 99. Headwaters of the
Tennessee liiver.
AMBLYSTOMIDAE.
Amblystoma, Tschudi.
Amblystoma talpoideurnj Holbrook ; Cope, Proceedings Academy Phila-
delphia, 1867, p. 172. Austroriparian region ; mountains of South
Carolina.
\Ambhjstoma opacum, Gravenhorst ; Cope, Proceed. Acad. Phila., 18G7,
p. 173. From Pennsylvania to Florida, to Wisconsin, and to Texas.
XAmbly^toma punctatum, Linn. ; Cope, loc. cit., 18G7, p. 175. United
States, east of the plains ; Nova Scotia.
Amblystoma conspersum,, Cope, loc. cit., 1807, 177. Pennsylvania to
Georgia.
imblystoma bicolor, Hallowell ; Cope, loc. cit., 178. New Jers' ^.
imblysioma tigrinum, Green; Cope, loc. cit., 179. United i ; t ., east
of the plains.
imbhjstoma mavortiiim, Baird ; Cope, loc. cit., 184. United States, in
the Central, Sonoran, and Pacific regions.
imblystoma mavortium,, Baird; subspecies californiense, Gray; Cope,
loc. cit., p. 187. Pacific region.
I
f
1'
I
ii; ■,
CI
!.;
I
I
lit'
iti: ■: ^
Ml ,
■r.ti
In'
26
Amhlystoma ohscuriim, Baird ; Cope, loc. cit., p. 192. Iowa.
Amblystoma xlphias, Cope, loc. cit., p. 192. Ohio.
Amhlystoma irisniptum, Cope, loc. cit., p. 194. New Mexico.
Amblystoma jeffersonianum, Green, subspecies jcffcrsonianum, Green; |
Cope, loc. cit., p. 195. Pennsylvania and Ohio, and northward.
Amblystoma jeffcrsonianum. Green, subspecies lateralc, Ilallowell ; Oopv.;
loc. cit., p. 197. Canada and Wisconsin, and northward.
Amblystoma jeffcrsonianum, Green, subspecies fuscum, Hallowell ; Cope,
loc. cit., 197. Indiana and Virginia.
Amblystoma jeffersonianum, Green, snh&}}ee\es platincum ; Cope, loc. cit., 1
p. 198. Ohio.
Amblystoma macrodactylum, Baird ; Cope, loc. cit., p. 108. Pacific
region.
Ambly stoma paroticum, Baird ; Cope, loc. cit., p. 200. Vancouver's Island
and Washington Territory.
Amblystoma aterrimum, Cope, loc. cit., p. 201. Northern Rocky Mount- |
ains.
Amblystoma tenebrosum, Baird and Girard ; Oope, loc. cit., p. 202.
Pacific region of Oregon iind California.
Amblystoma texanum, Matthes ; Cope, loc. cit., p. 204. Texas.
Amblystoma cingulatum. Cope, loc. cit., p. 205. South Carolina.
Amblystoma microstomum, Cope, loc. cit., p. 20G. Austroriparian and "|
Eastern regions, west of the Alleghany Mountains.
DiOAMPTODON, Strauch.
Dicamptodon ensatus, Eschscholz, Zoological Atlas, part v, p. 6, pi. xxii.
Pacific region.
PLETHODONTIDAE.
Batrachoseps, Bonap.
Batrachoseps attenvatus, Eschscholz, Hallowell, Jour. Acad. Phihi.,
1858, p. 348. Pacific region.
Batrachoseps nigrivcntris. Cope, Proceed. Acad. Phila., 18G9, p. %.\
Fort Tejon, California.
Batrachoseps pacificus, Cope, Proceed. Acad. 18C5, p. 195. Santa Bar-
bara, Cal.
Hemidactylium, Tschudi.
Memidactylium scutatum, Schlegel ; Dum^ril et Bibron, Erp. G^n^rale,
ix, p. 118-9. Khode Island to Illinois, and to the Gulf of Mexico.
27
; Plethodon, Tschudi.
ridhodon cinereus, Green, subspecies cinereus, Green j Cope, Proceed.
Acad. Phila., 1869, p. 99. Eastern region.
ricthodon civfeus, Green, subspecies erythronotiis, Green j Holbrook,
N. Am. nerp., v, p. 43. Eastern region.
rietluxlon chicrcus, Green, subspecies dorsalis^ Baird, MSS. Louisville,
Ky. ; Salem, Mass.
Plcthodon intermcdius, Baird, Proceed. Acad. Phila., 1857, p. 209.
Vancouver's Island.
\Flethodon gluthiosus, Green; Copv'), loc. cit., 18G9, p. 99. Eastern and
Austroriparian regions.
IPIethodon orcgonensis, Girard ; Cope, loc. cit, p. 99. Pacific region.
iFlcthodon JlavipunctatuSj Straucb., Mem. Acad. Sci. St. Petersburg,
1871, xvi,71. ?Nev7 Albion, Cal.
I Plethodon croceater, Cope, loc. cit., 1857, p. 210. Lower California.
Stereochilus, Cope.
Stereockihis marginatum, Hallowoll ; Cope, loc. cit., 1869, 101. Georgia.
Manculus, Cope.
Manculus rcmifer. Cope, Report of Peabody Academy, Salem, Mass.,
1809, p. 84. Florida.
Manculus quadridigitatus, Holbrook, N. Am. Herp., v, p. G5. North
Carolina to Florida.
Spelerpes, Raf.
Spclerpes multlplicatus, Cope, Proceed. Acad. Phila., 1869, p. 106.
Arkansas.
\Spclerpcs hilineatus, Green ; Cope, loc. cit., p. 105. Eastern and Austrori-
parian regions, excepting Texas.
\Spc1crpcs longicaudus, Green ; Cope, loc. cit, p. 105. Eastern and
Austroriparian regions, except Texas.
^Spelerpes guttolineatus, Holbrook; Co{)e, loc. cit., p. 105. North and
South Carolina, Georgia, and Alabama.
^Spclerpes ruber, Daudin, subspecies ruber, Daudiu; Cope, loc. cit.,
18G9, 105. Eastern and Austroriparian regions.
RtJi
■'!•■'
Ui
m
w
1
W
1 '
T .;
'^" illi
.!■■
Ilili'
1;l
■I
ill
ill
P
IP
m
28
Spelerpes ruber, subspecies siiciiceps, Baird, MSS. South Carolin.i.
Spelerpes ruber, Daudin, subspecies montamis, Baiid ; Jour. Acad.
Phila., vol. i, p. 293. Alleghany Mountains, from Pennsylvania to
South Carolina^.
Gyrinophtlus, Cope.
Gyrinophilus porphyriticus, Green ; Cope, Proceed. Acad. Pliila., 18G9,
p. 108. Alleghany Mountains, from New York to Alabama.
Ana IDES, Baird.
Anaides lugtibris, Hallowell ; Cope, loc. cit., 1809, p. 109. Entire Pacific
region.
Anaides ferrcus, Cope, loc. cit., 18C9, p. 109. Oregon.
DESMOGNATHIDAE.
Desmognathus, Baird.
Desmognathus ochrophaca, Cope, Proceed. Acad. Phi a,, 1869, p. 113.
Alleghany Mountains, from New York to Georgia.
Desmognathus fusca, Eaflnesqne; Cope, loc. cit,, 115 ; subspecies /wsm,
Eaf.; Cope, loc. cit., 110. Essex County, Massachusetts, to Biloxi,
Mississippi.
Desmognathus fusca, Raf., subspecies auriculata, Holbrook ; Cope,
loc. cit., p. 110. South Carolina to Louisiana.
Desmognathus nigra, Green ; Cope, loc. cit., p. 117. Alleghany Mount-
ains, from Pennsylvania southward.
PLEURODELIDAE.
DiEMYCTYLUS, Rafinesque.
Diemyctylus torosus, Eschscholz ; Girard, U. S. Expl. Exped., 1858, p. 5.
Pacific region.
Diemyctylus miniatus, Raf., subspe«i'"s miniatus, Raf.; Ilallowell, loc.
cit.; Holbrook, N. Am. Herp., v, p. 57. Eastern and Austrori-
parian regions.
Diemyctylus miniatus, Raf., subspecies viridescens, Raf.; Holbrook,
N. Am. Herp., v, p. 77. Eastern and Austroripariau regions.
29
ANURA.
BUFONIFORMIA.
BUFONIDAE.
BuFo, Lauren ti.
Bvfo pimctatm, Baird; Giranl U. S. Mex. Bound. Surv., ii, p. 25.
Sonorau and Lower Californiau regions.
Bvfo dehilh. Girard ; Baird, U. S. Mex. Bound. Surv., ii, p. 20 (J5. insiiUor).
Sonoran region.
Biifo halophilus, Baird ; Girard, U. S. Mex. Bound. Surv., ii, p. 2G. Pacific
region.
Biifo columhiensis, Baird ; Girard, Herpetology U. S. Expl. Exped., 77.
Pacific region and Montana.
Bnfo nlvarhts, Girard, U. S. Mex. Bound. Surv., ii, p. 26. Sonoran
region.
Bufo microscaphns, Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Pliila., 1800, p. 301.
Sonoran region.
Bufo fipeciosus, Girard, U. S. Mex. Bound. Surv., ii, p. 2G. Lower Rio
Grande (Sonoran).
Bufo lentiginosuSj Shaw, subspecies frontosus, Cope, Proc. Acad. Pbila.,
18G6, p. 301. Sonoran region.
Bufo lentiginosusj subspecies cognatus, Say ; Holbrook, N. Am. Ilerp., v,
p. 21. Texan district.
Bufo lentiginosus, subspecies americamis, LeConte; Holbrook, Girard,
U. S. Mex. Bound. Surv., ii, p. 25. Eastern and Austroriparian
regions to the plains.
Bufo lentiginosus, subspecies lentiginosus, Latr.; Holbrook, N. Am. Herp.,
V, p. 7. Austroriparian region.
Bufo lentiginosus, subspecies foiclcrii, Putnam, MSS. Massachusetts to
Lake Winnipeg.
Bufo quercicus, Holbrook, N. Am. Herp., v, p. 13 ; Cope, Proc. Acad.
Phila., 1862, p. 341. Eloridau and Eastern Lousianian districts to
North Carolina.
Bufo valliceps, Wiegmann ; Girard, U. S. Mex. Bound. Surv., ii, p. 25,
pi. xl, figs. 1-4 {B. nehuliferj Girard). Texan district (also Mexico).
/ i
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30
FIRMISTERNIA.
ENGYSTOMIDAE.
Enoystoma, Fitziiiger.
Engyntoma earoUnensc, Uolbrook, N. Arn. Ilcrp., v, p. 23. Austroripa-
rian region.
ARCIFERA.
HYLIDAE.
ACRis, Diim., Bibr.
Acris gryllus, LeCoiite, subspecies grylliis, Uolbrook, N. Am. Ilerp., iv,
!>. 131. Austroriparian region.
Acris gryllus, LeConte, subspecies crepitans, Baird, U. S. Mcx. Bound.
Surv., ii, p. 28. Eastern and Central regions.
CiioiiopiiiLUS, Baird.
ChoropMlus triserkitus, Wied, subspecies clarkii, Baird, U. S. Mex. Bound.
Surv., p. 28. Texan district.
ChoropMlus triseriaUis, subspecies triscriatus, Wied. Central and East-
ern regions.
ChoropMlus triseriatus, subspecies corporalis, Cope, MSS. New Jersey.
ChoropMlus nigritus, LeConte ; Holbrook, N. Am. Herp., iv, p. 107. South
Carolina and Georgia.
ChoropMlus angulatusj Cope {GysHgnathns ocularis), Ilolbrook, N. Am.
Herp., iv, p. 137. South Carolina.
ChoropMlus ocularis, Daudin ' Cystignathus ornatus), Giintlier, Cat. Bat.
Salien. Brit. Mus., p. 29. South Carolina and Georgia.
ChoropMlus ornatus, Holbrook, N. Am. Herp., iv, p. 25. South Carolina;
Georgia.
Hyla, Laurenti.
Hyla curta, Cope, Froc. Acad. Pliila., 18GG, p. 313. Lower Californiau j
region.
Hyla regilla, Baird ; Girard, TJ. S. Expl. Exped., p. 60. Pacific region.
Hyla eximia, Baird, U. S. Mex. Bound. Surv., p. 29. Sonoran region.
Hyla andersonii, Baird ; Cope, Proc. Phila. Acad., 18G2, 154. New Jer-
sey to South Carolina.
31
Ilyla aqiilrcllay D.aiuliii; Holbrook, N. Am. TIerp., iv, pi. 30. Austrori-
p.irinn region.
Jlyla caroUncmis, PeniiJint; Uolbrook, N. Am. Ilerp., iv, p. 20. Austro-
ri pariun region.
Ilyla caroUncmis, Penn., subspecies semifaHciata, llallowell, Proc. Aca<l.
Pliiln., 185G, 30G. Texan district.
Hyla pickeruiffii, Ilolbroolc, N. Am. llorp., iv, pi. 31. Eastern region.
Ilyla feynoralis, Daudin ; ITolbrook, N. Am. Ilerp., iv, p. 31. Eastern
part of Austroriparian region.
Ilyla versicolor, LeConto; Holbrook, N. Am. Ilerp., iv, p. 28. Eastern
and Austror'\)arian regions.
Ilyla arcnicolor, Cope; Baird, U. S. Bound. Surv., 2'). Sonoran region.
Ilyla cadaverina, Cope; llallowell, U. 9. P. R. 11. Surv., x, Williamson's
Report, 21. Pacific region.
Ilyla {iratlosa, LeConte, Proc. Acad. Pliila., 185G, 14G. Florida; Lower
Georgia.
Smilisca, Cope.
Sinilisca haudinU, Dum., Bibr. ; Baird, U. S. Bound. Surv., p. 29, pi.
xxxviii, figs. 1-3. Lower Rio Grande, Mexico.
CYSTIGNATUIDAE.
LiTiiODYTES, Cope.
Lithodytcs ricordii, Duin., Bibr.; Cope, Proc. Acad. Pliila., 18G2, 153.
Southern Florida (Bahamas; Cuba).
Epiuhexis, Cope.
Ejyirhexis longipcs, Baird, U. S. Mex. Bound. Surv., pi. xxxvii, figs 1-3.
Lower Rio Grande.
SCAPniOPlDAE.
Spea, Cope.
Spea hombifrons, Cope, Proc. Acad. Phila., 18G3, p. 53. Central region.
Spca hammo7idii, Baird; Cope, Proc. Acad. Phila., 18G3, p. 53. Pacific
region to San Diego.
^pca imdUplicatay Cope, loc. cit., p. 52. Near city of Mexico.
ScAPiiiopus, Ilolbrook.
SvapJiiopiis variusj Cope, subspecies varius, Cope, loc. cit., p. 52. Lower
California.
32
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Ihm
ScaphiopuH rnrhiHy Copo, Hubspccics rcctifrcniHj Cope, loc. cit., p. 53.
Soiioran icjj;ion.
ScaphiopuH mnchii^ Bairil; Copo, loc. cit., p. 52. Sonoran rcj^ion.
Scaph'mpm liolhrookU, Harlan; C<)[)0, loc. cit., p. 54. Eastern and Aus-
troripariiin regions.
EANIFORMIA.
RANIDAE.
Rana, Linn.
Jiana arenUtta^ IJainl and (lirard, Hubspedcs capito, LcCoute, Proc. Acad.
Phila., 1S55, p. 425. Floridan district.
Bana arcolata., liaird and Glrard, snbapecicH arcolata, Bd. Gir., U. S.
Mox. Bound. Surv., 28, pi. xxxvi, figs. 11-12. Texan district.
Rana monlezumac, Baird, U. S. Mex. Bound. Surv., p. 27. Mexican
plateau.
Rana haleclna^ Kalm ; Ilolbrook, N. Am. Ilerp., iv, ]). 01 ; subspecies
halecina, Ilallowell, Proc. Acad. Phila., 185G, pp. 141, 250. Eastern
coast-countries of Eastern and Austrori[)aria!i regions.
Rana halecina, Kalm, salvspecies hcrlandlcri, Buird, U. S. Mex. Bound.
Surv\, p. 27. Entire Interior of North America; Mexico.
Rana palustris, LeConte; Ilolbrook, N. Am. Ilerp., iv, p. 05. Eastern
region.
Rana septcntrionalis, Baird, Proc. Acad. Phila., 1854, p. Gl {R. sinuata^
Bd.). Canada to Montana.
Rana damitans, Merrem.; Ilolbrook, N. Am. Ilerp,, iv, pp. 85-87. East-
ern region, Louisianiau district.
Rana catesblana, Shaw; Ilolbrook, N. Am. Ilerp., iv, j). 77. Eastern and
Austroriparian regions.
Rana tcmporaria, Linn., subspecies aurora, Bd.; Gird., U. S. Expl. Expwl.
Herp., p. .18.
Rana tcmporaria, Linn., subspecies silvatica, LeConte; Ilolbrook, N. Am. "
Herp., iv, p. 24. Eastern region.
Rana temporaria, Linn., subspecies cantabrigcnsis, Baird, Proc. Acad.
Phila., 1854, ]}. 61. Canadian district of Eastern region to Kocky
Mountains.
Rana pretiosa, Baird ; Girard, U. S. Expl. Exped. Herp., p. 20. Pacific
subregion.
33
OPJIIDIA.
,, '^^'^J,!). -00. T\'-estern
r... , ^«OTALUH, Limi.
i^'otalmppr/tus, Cope Proc Pi -i
U. Arizona. ' """"'- U- S. Mex Il„u„„. Su,^., ^„, .. „
zona. ''"'"^•«-»^-«o-U.S„„,,,,,.^.j^
C/o/«/MAren»/o,Coi)e,J»roc Acul i>. •,
Austroripanan regions. ' ^^- ^'■'- neiP, ni, ,, ». Eastern a„d
'^o»er California. ' ■'"" ^"^^^^ '» «<».ora a„„ SoutS ," ,,'
«onora.f^^I^;^^•/^.'•■•"•''»■"•Girard,Ioc.oit „s r .
Cm,,., ' ""^"''Og Texan district nf m 'J ^™'''''' nuJ
C'»W,« «,„,„,« Bainl and Girard r 7 ^"W'-oriparian.
'"8 "'« Texan district. "'"' ""''■' "' '»• So-omn region, enter.
^««o»«.„r„ Cone p''^™'""'^' ''"""''"'• '•
Mexico. ' ^'''''' ''■■"'■ A"---'!- P'"la., 18«,7, ,, ,„, „ , , ,
3„ 'ii.'i. Table land of
in"
I'!!
n. n
!fl
ILi" ll
;'i
■'•I'
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84
Caudixona mUtmia, Liiiii.; IJainl nnd Giriiid, Cat., p. 1 1. Aiistioiipiirian
regiuii uiid Sonura.
Canilmma alironhii, IJalid ami Ginud, Cat., p. l."i. Sonoran roK'on-
CaiuUHona terf/cmhui, Say; IJaird and (lirard, CJat., )». It. Ijastrni it';;ion
AV(!st oftlio Allc^^Iiciiy jMouiitains; (Icorgia.
ANriSTitODON, ncaiivdis.
Ancistrodon pisciroruH, Lacrpi'di*, sultspccics itisdronis^ Lacrpidc; Haird
and (iirard, Cat., 19. Au.strorii)ariaii n'j,'ioii, except Texa.s.
Anc'iHirodon pisvivonis, Lacrprde, siil».si)('cit's^>»^)jrtj', Daird and (iirard.
Cat., p. L'O. Texan <listrict.
Ancisirodon contortrix, Linn. ; Hainl and (Iirard, (Jat., p. 17. l^ntire lu'isl ■
ern and Austrori[)aiian rej^ions.
Ancistrodtm atro/uHvus, Troost. ; Jlolbrook, N. Am. IFcrp., iii, p. 43,
jMonntain.s ofTennessi-e and North Carolina,
PllOTEliOGLYrilA
ELAPIDAE.
' Elaps, Schneider.
Ehq)s fulriun, Linn., IJaird and Girard, Cat., p. 21 ; subspecies fulrius.
Austroriparian region.
Elaj^s fulviiis, Linn., .subspecies tencr, Buird and Girard, Cao., p. 22.
Texas.
Elaps euryxanthus, Kennicott, rroc. Acad. I'hila., 18G0, p. 337. Sono-
ran rey;ion.
EUqis di8ta7i8, Kennicott, loc. cit., ]>. 338. Chihuahua j Florida.
A8INEA.
COLUBRIDAE.
CARPiiorniops, Gervais.
Carphojyhiops hcknae, Kennicott, Proc. ^Vcad. Pliila., 1859, p. 100. South-
ern Illinois ; Mississippi.
Curphophiops amoenus, Say; Baird and Girard, Cat., p. 129. Massachu-
setts to Louisiana and Illinois.
Co}'pho2)hio2}s vermis, Kennicott, Proc. Acad. Phila., 1859, p. 99. Mis-
souri ; Kansas.
i ;'■.;.
35
ViuoiN»A, Hftird mid Girartl.
Vlnjhiia haijxrti, Duni., lUbr., Kri)»'t<»l()gio GoiuTalo, vol. vi. p. 135.
Texas; ?(;corgia.
yhujUua rahfiac, Baird and Girard, Cat., p. 127. Maryland to Illinois
and North Carolina.
Viffliiiia clepnns, Kcnnicott, Proc Acad. Pliila., 1859, p. {){). Soutlioru
Illinoi.s; Arkan.saH.
IIaldea, Baird and Girard.
Ilahka strhitiila, liinn. ; IJaird and Girard, Cat., p. 122. Virginia to
Texas.
Tantilla, Baird and Girard.
TantlUa pUtniirps, Illainville ; JJaiid and Girard, Cat, p. 154. Lower
California.
TaUiiUa (jrHcilis, Baird and Giranl, Cat., p. l.'{2. Texas.
TaniiUa lialloicellil, Cope, Proc. Acad. Phila., ISCl, p. 7. Texas.
Tiinfllla nigriccpHy Kcnnicott, Proc. Acad. Phila., 18C0, ii28. Texasj
New Mexico; Arizon.i.
Tantilla coronata, Baird and Girard, Cat., p. 131. Georgia; Mis.si.ssippi.
Abastor, Gray.
Abastor erythroffmmmus, Dandin ; Baird and Girard, Cat., 125. North
Carolina to Alabama.
Fauan(:ia, Gray.
Farancia «&rtCJ»Yf, llolbrook ; Baird and Crirard, Cat., p. 12.']. Aiistro-
riparian region.
ClIILOMENISCUS, Cope.
Chilomcniscus straminctis, Cope, Proc. Acad. Phila., 18G0, p. 339. Lower
Calilbrnia.
Chilomcniscvfi cpli'tppicus, Cope, Proc. Acad. Phila., 1807, p. 85. Owen
Valley, Calilbrnia (Sonoran subregion).
Chilomcniscus ciiictus, Cope, Proc. Acad. Phila., 18G1, p. 303. Sonora.
CniONACTis, Cope.
Chionadis occipitalis, Ilallowell, U. S. Pacific R. R. Survey, vol. x, Will-
iamson's Report, p. 15. Fort Mojave, Arizona.
11 ;:
I
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PI
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'tif
M
ill
33
Chionactis occipitalis, Hallowell, subspecies annulata, Kenuicott, U. S.
Mex. Bound. Surv., vol. ii, p. 22. Colorado Desert, Arizona.
CoNTiA, Caird and Girard.
Contia mitis, Baird and Girard, Cat., p. 110. Pacific region.
Contia isozona, Cope, Proc. Acad. Piiila., 18G6, p. 301. Utah ; Arizona.
Contia e^nscopa, Kennicott, U. S. Mex. Bound. Surv., ii, p. 22. Texas.
Contia pygaca. Cope, Proc. Acad. Phila., 1871, p. 222. Florida.
SoNORA, Baird and Girard.
Sonora semiannulata, Baird and Girard, Cat., p. 117. Sonora.
LoDiA, Baird and Girard.
Lodia tenuis, Baird and Girard, Cat., p. 116. Washington Territory.
Gyalopium, Cope.
Oyalopium canum, Cope, Proc. Acad. Phila., 1800, 243. Arizona.
Cemopiiora, Cope.
Cemopliora coccinea, Blumenbach, Baird and Girard, Cat., p. 118. Aus-
troriparian region. ^
Ehinochilus, Baird and Girard.
RliinocMlus lecontei, Baird and Girard, Cat., p. 120. Sonoran and South-
ern Pacific regions.
Osceola, Baird and Girard.
Osceola elapsoidea, Ilolbrook ; Baird and Girard, Cat., p. 133. Virginia to
Florida.
Ophibolus, Baird and Girard.
Ojihibolus doliatits, JAiin., subspecies coccinews, Schlegel ; Baird and Girard,
Cat., p. 89. Florida to New Mexico ; Kansas.
Ophibolus doliatus, Linn., subspecies amaunis, Cope, Proc. Acad. Phila.,
18C0, p. 258.
Ophibolus doliatus, Linn., subspecies gcntiUs, Baird and Girard, Cat., p.
90. Arkansas.
Ophibolus doliatus, Linn., subspecies annulatus, Kenuicott, Proc. Acad.
Phila., 1860, p. 329. Kansas; Arkansas and Texas.
37
Ophibolus doliutus, Liuu., subspecies doliatus, Liuu. ; Cope, Proc. Acad.,
18G0, p.lioG. Maiyhmd and Virgiuia to Kansas ; Arkansas, Louisi-
ana, and Texas.
Opliibolus (loliatits, Linn., var. tr'uDujulus, Bole; Baird and Giraid, Cat.,
p. 61. From Virginia nortliward to Canada, Iowa, and Wisconsin.
Opliiholm midtistratiis, Keunicott, Proc. Acad. Pbila., 18C0, p. 328. Xc-
braslva.
Ophibolus jjyrrhomelas, Cope, Proc. Acad. Phila., 1800, p. 305. Arizona
and California.
Ophibolus (jetnlu,s, Linn., subspecies boylu^ Baird and Girard, Cat., p. 82.
Pacitic and Sonoran regions.
Ophiboius fictuhis, Linn., subspecies CDnJitncfHn, Cope, Proc. Acad. l*bila.,
1801, 30L Lower California.
Ophtbolus (jetulm^ Linn., subspecies .spkndUlns^ Baird and Girard, Cat., p.
83. Sonoran region.
Oiihlbolm (letiilufi, var. myi, nolbrt)ok ; Baird and Girard, Cat., p. 84.
United States, between the Allegheny and llocky Mountains, from
the Gulf of JMexico to Illinois.
Ophibolxs (jciulus, Linn. ; subspecies {letnliiSj Linn. ; Baird and Girard,
Cut., p. S~). From rilaryland to Florida and Louisiana, east of the
Alk'ghenies.
Ophibolns mlij'orniac, llhnwy.', PKiird and Girard, Cat., p. 153. Lower
California.
Ophibolxs rhomhom((cul((tus, llolbi'ook ; Baird and Girard, Cat., p. 8G.-
Xorth Carolina to Georgia.
Ophibolns calligasttr, Say; Cope, Proc. Acad. Phila., 18G0, p. 255. Illi-
nois to Kansas and Arkansas.
DiADoriiis, Baird and Girard.
Duahiphis punctatxtt, Linn., subspecies piinctatus, Linn.; Baird and
Giranl, Cat., p. 112. United States and Canada, east of the plains
and Texas.
l>(a'h)i)hls jmnctatm, Linn., subspecies stictvucnys, Cope, Proc. xVcad.
Phila., ISGO, p. 250. Texas.
I>i(i(hphis punctatus, Linn., subspecies amahills, Baird and Girard, Cat.,
p. 113. Pacitic and Sonoran regions ; occasional in Texan district
and Central and Eastern regions as far as Ohio.
[ .-■■'
§
'JV .
Mil
11;
t^lij't •
mi'
m i
I!' i.
i{ \
111
m
11 *
38
DiadopJiis dysopcs, Cope, Pioc. Acad., 18G0, p. 251. Habitat uuknown.-
Biadoplds arnyi, Kenuicott, Proe. Acad., 1859, p. 90. Illiuois and Kan-
sas.
Diadophin rcgalis, Baird and Girard, Cat., p. 115. Arizona j Sonora.
CoNiopnANES, Hallowell.
Coniophanes imperialism Girard, U. S. Mex. Bound. Surv., vol. ii, p. 23.
Chihuahua.
HYPSiaLENA, Cope.
Sypsiglena ochrorliyncha. Cope, Proc. Acad., 1860, 246. Lower Califor-
nia north to San Diego.
Hypsiglena ochrorhyncha, Cope, subspecies cliloropliaea^ Cope, loc. cit.,
1860, p. 247. Arizona.
SiBON, Fitziuger.
■Sihon annulatum, Linn., subspecies scptentrionale^ Kennicott, U. S. Mex.
Bound. Surv., vol. ii, p. 16. Southwestern Texas.
Teimorphodon, Cope.
Trimorphodon lyrophanes, Cope, Proc. Acad. Phila., 1860, p. 343. Lower
California and Arizona.
Phdiothyra, Cope.
Phimotliyra grahamiae, Baird and Girard, Cat., p. 104. Lower California
and Sonoran regions to Utah and Texas.
Phimothyra grahamiae, Baird and Girard, subspecies liexalepis^ Cope,
Proc. Acad. Phila., 1866, p. 304.
Phimothyra decurtata, Cope, Proc. Acad., 1868, p. 310. Lower Californiii.
Deomicus, Bibron.
Dromicus fiavilatus^ Cope, Proc. Acad. Phila., 1871, p. 223. Coast of
Xorth Carolina.
Cyclopiiis, Gunther.
Cyclophis vernalis, DeKay; Baird and Girard, Cat., p. 108. Eastern and
Austroripariau regions ; rare in the latter.
Cyclophis aestivus, Linn. : Baird and Girard, Cat., p. 106. Austroripariau
region, and the Eastern as far as New Jersey, Maryland, and Soutb
eru Illinois.
39
Coluber, Linn.
Coluber cmoryi, Baird and Girard, Cat., p. 157. Texas and iLe Missis-
sippi Valley to Kansas and Illinois {C. caJUgastcr, Kenn. ; C rhino-
viqias, Cope).
Coluber linilheimerii, Baird and Girard, Cat., p. 74. Texas and Arkansas.
Coluber vulpimis, Baird and Girard, Cat., p. 7o. IMassacliusetts to Mich-
igan, Kansas and northward {C. s2)iloides, D. & B.).
Coluber quadrivittatus, Holbrook ; Baird and Girard, Cat., p. SO. North
Carolina to Florida.
Coluber obsoletiis, Say, Kennicott, Proc. Acad. Phila., 1860, p. 330; sub-
species obsoletuSj Say; Baird and Girard, Cat., p. 73. Entire Eastern
United States, from Middle Texas to IMassachusetts.
Coluber obsoletus, Say, subspecies confinis, Baird and Girard, Cat., p. 76
(C. rubriceps, D. & B.). Austroriparian region; Western Missouri.
Coluber guttatiis, Linn.; Baird and Girard, Cat., p. 78. Austroriparian
region to Central Virginia.
Spilotes, Wagler.
Spilotes coiiperii, Holbrook ; Baird and Girard, Cat., p. 92. Georgia.
Spilotes erebennus, Cope; Baird and Girard, Cat., p. 158. Texas to Ala-
bama {Georgia ohsoleta, B. & G.).
PiTYOPHis, Holbrook.
Pitliophis melanolcumis, Daudin; Baird and Girard, Cat., p. 65. New
Jersey to South Carolina and Ohio.
Pityophis sayi, Schlegel, subspecies sayi, Schlegel ; Baird and Girard,
Cat., p. 151. Illinois to Kansas and northward.
Pityophis sayi, Schlegel, var. mexicamis, Dum^ril et Bibron, Erp. Gen.,
vol. vii, p. 236. Sonorau and Central regions, entering the Texan
district.
Pityophis sayi, Schlegel, var. bellona, Baird and Girard, Cat., p. 66.
Sonoran and Pacitic regions, with Nevada and Utah.
Pityophis catenifer, Blainville ; Baird and Girard, Cat., p. 69. Pacific
region.
Pityophis vertebralis, Blainville ; Cope, Proc. Acad. Phila., 1860, p. 342
(P. haeinatois, Cope). Lower California.
Pityophis elegans, Kennicott, U. S. Mex. Bound. Surv., p. 18. Sonorau
region.
I ^
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Bascajnium, Buird ami Giraitl.
Bascanium constrictor, Linn.; Baird and Girard, Cat., p. 93. Central,
Austroriparlan, and Eastern regions.
fkiscanium constrictor, Linn., subspecies vctmtiim, Baird and Girard,
Cat., p. 07. Pacilic region.
Jkiscanium anthicum, Cope, Proe. Acad. Phila., 1S02, p. !i.38. Loui-
siana (?)•
Bascanium Jlayelliforme, Catesb., subspecies Jhujelliformc^ Baird and
Giranl, Cat., p. 98. South Carolina to Florida.
Bascanium Jlagclli/orme, Catesb., subspecies inccum. Cope, MS. Camp
Grant, Arizona.
Bascanium Jlagclliformc, Catesb., subspecies tev^wce^u/?. Say; Baird and
Girard, Cat., pp. 99 and 150. Lower Calilbrnian and Souorau re-
gions, with Nevada, Utah, and Texas.
Bascanium tacniatiun, llallowell, subspecies latcralc, Hallowell, Proc.
Acad. Phila., 18513. Sonoran and Pacilic regions.
Bascanium tacniatum, llallowell, subspecies ^rtfHmf?n?i, ILillowell; Baird
and Girard, Cat, pp. 10;j and 1(50. Pacilic and Sonoran regions;
Utah and Nevada.
Bascanium tacniatum^ llallowell, subs[)('cies ornatum, Baird and Girard,
Cat., p. 102. Western Texas.
Bascanium auritjuluni, Coi)e, l*roc. ,Vcud. IMiihi., 18f>l, j). .'501. Lower
Calilornia.
CiliLOPOMA, Cope.
Chilopoma t'ufnpiinctatum,(Jo[)c, Report on lleptilesof Wheeler's Survey
west of one hundredth meridian, 1875 (MS.). Sonoran district.
EuTAKNiA, Baird and Girard.
Eutaenia murita, Linn.; Baird and Girard, Cat., p. 21. Austioripariaii
ami I^astern regions.
Eutaenia sacJvenii, Kennicott, Proc. A<'ad. Phila., 1859, p. 99. Floridan
district.
Euiacnia faircyi, Baird and Giravd, Cat., p. 25. Mississippi Valley, l;oni
Louisiana to Wisconsin.
Eutaenia proxlma, Say; Baird and Girard, Cat,, p. 25. Valley of the
^Ussissippi, from AVisconsin to Louisiana ; Texas ; Northeastern
Mexico.
Eutaenia radii; Baird and Girard, Cat., p. 31. Central region to Lake
^Michigan ; Oregon.
— — "^■^"'"■'*'"'
41
Kittucnia niacoxtanina, Keuiiicott, subspecies mcgalopSy Keuiiicott, Pioc.
Acatl. Phihi., ISGO, i). 3(30. Sonoran region.
h'lilarnia hmnmondii^ Keimicott, Proc. Acad. Pliila., 18G0, p. 331i. Pacific
El taenia niarciana, Baird and Girurd, Cat., p. 3(>. Arkansas, T«'xas,
and entire Kio Grande Valley.
Kiitnenia vaf/ram, IJaird and Girard, subspecies vagntiis, IJaiid and
Girard, Cat., p. 35. Central, Pacific, and nortliern parts of Sonoran
regions.
r.uUwnia ruyrans^ IJaird and Girard, subspecies luifjufitirofitrin, Jvenni(,'<>tt,
Proc. Acad. Phila., 1800, p. 332. Southern Sonoran region.
J! II taenia vleffans, Baird and Girard, Cat., p. 34. Calilbrnia.
Eiitacnia cijrtopHifi, Kennicott, Proc. Acad. IMiila., ISGO, p. 333. Ijower
Calilbrnian and Sonoran regions.
J'lilaenia ornata, Baird, U. S. jMex. Bound. Surv., p. IG. Valley of the
Itio Grande del Norte.
h'litaenia sirfali-s, Linn., subspecies dormliH, Baird and Girard, Cat., p. 31.
I'^ntiro North America.
Juitaenia sirtaJis, Linn., subspecies ordinala, Linn.; Baird and (iirard.
Cat., ]). 32. Nortliern part of Eastern region ; Nova Scotia; North
Alabama.
Kiitaenia siftall.'^', Linn., subspe<:i('s sirfalix, Linn.; Baird and Girard,
Cat., p. 30. North America, exci'pting the S6noran, Lower Cali-
I'ornian, and southern half of Pacific regions.
Entacnia sirtalin, Linn., subs[iecies jK(r/6'^t?/,s', Say, Long's Ex[)ed. Bocky
3lts., i, p. 18G. Central and Pacific regions; Blinois.
Eiitacnia ■sit't((lifi, Linn., subspecies ohscnm, Cope, MS. Eastern subre-
gion north of Washington ; northern part of Pacific region.
Kiitacnia sirtalis, Liini., subsjjecies dorsalis, Baird aiul Girard, Cat., j). 31.
North America, except the Sonoran and Lower Calilbrnian regions.
Kittaenia .sirtalis, JJaird and Girard, subsi)ecies pickcrimjii, Baird and
(Iirard, Cat., p. 29. Pacific region ; ^Minnesota; Texas.
\.Eutncnia aifialiN, Linn., subspecies tcfnitacnia, Cope, 3IS. Pitt River,
California.
\EAitn(:nia atraia, Kennicott, C-f)oper and Suckley's Zool. Wash. Terr.,
p. 20(5. California.
'.utaenia eooperii, Kennicott, in Cooper and Suckley's Nat. Hist. Wash.
Terr., p. 20G. Washington and Oregon.
is .
mm
42
Storeria, Baird and Giraid.
Storeria occi2)itomaculata, Storer; Baird and Giraid, Cat., i). 137. East-
ern region ; South Carolina ; Georgia.
Storeria dekayi, Ilolbrook; Baird and Girard, Cat., p. 135. Central, Aus-
troripariau, and Eastern regions.
Tropidoclonium, Cope.
Trojndoclonium storerioules, Cope, Proc. Acad. Pbila., 180.5, p. 190.
Plateau of Mexico.
Tropidoclonium lineatitm, Ilallowell, Proc. Acad. Pliila., 1850. Kansas
to Texas.
Troindoclonmm Icirtlandii, Kennicott, Proc. Acad. Phila., 185G, p. 05.
Illinois; Ohio.
Tropidonotus, Kuhl.
Troindonotm clarJcii, Baird and Girard, Cat., p. 48. Texas.
Tropidonotus (jrahamii, Baird and Girard, Cat., p. 47. The Mississippi
Valley, from Louisiana to Wisconsin ; Michigan.
Tropidonotus lehcris, Linn. ; Baird and Girard, Cat., p. 45. Austroripariau
and Eastern regions, including Texas.
Tropidonotus rigidus, Say ; Baird and Girard, Cat., p. 40. Pennsylvania
to Georgia, east of the Allegheny Mountains.
Tropidonotus validus, Kennicott, subspecies validus, Kennicott, Proc.
Acad. Phila., 1800, p. 334. Lower Californian and Sonoran regions ;
Utah.
Tropidonotus validus, Kennicott, subspecies celaeno, Cope, Proc. Acad.
Phila., p. 341. Lower California.
Tropidonotus compsolaemus, Cope, Proc. Acad. Phila., 1800, p. 308.
Florida.
Tropidonotus compressicaudus, Kennicott, Proc. Acad. Phila., 1800, p.
335. Florida.
Tropidonotus nsttis, Cope, Proc. Acad. Phila, 1800, p. 340. Florida.
Tropidonotus fasciatus, Linn. ; Baird and Girard, Cat., p. 39. Austro-
ripariau region.
Tropidonotus sipedon, Linn., subspecies sipedon, Linn. ; Baird and Girard,
Cat., p. 38. Eastern and Austroripariau regions, exceptiug Texas.
Tropidonotus sipedon, Linn., subspecies ivoodhousei, Baird and Girard
Cat., p. 42. Texas to Missouri.
Tropidonotus sipedon, Linn., subspecies couchii, Kennicott, Proc. Acad.,
1860, p. 335. Sonoran region.
43
Sit-
us-
190.
usas
). 05.
pariau
j-lvauia
Proc
legions ;
. Acad.
p. 3GS.
[1800, !»■
kda-
Austro-
GirarO,
Texas.
Giraril.
.. Acad.,
Tropidonotus .si2)edon, Liun., subspecies erythroyaster, Shaw; Baird and
Girard, Cat., p. 40. Austroiipariau region, except Texas j Michigan
and Kansas.
Tropidonotus taxispilotus, Holbrook; Baird and Girard, Cat., p. 43.
North Carolina to Georgia.
Troindonotus rhombl/er, Hallowell ; Baird aud Girard, Cat., p. 43. Loui-
siana to llhnois and Michigan.
Tropidonotus cydopium^ Dum. et Bibrou ; Cope, Proc. Acad., ISGl, p. 299.
Florida.
Uelicops, Waglcr.
Uelicops alleni}, Garmau, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., 1874, p. 92.
Floridan district.
Hetsrodon, Beauv.
Heterodon2)latyrhinus,Liitrei\\e', Baird and Girard, Cat, i). 51. Entire
Austroriparian and Eastern regions.
Heterodon platyrliimis^ Latr., subspecies atmodes, Baird and Girard, Cat.,
p. 57. North Carolina to Georgia.
Heterodon simits, Linn., subspecies simiis, Baird and Girard, Cat., p. 50.
Austroriparian region, excepting Texas.
Heterodon slmtis, Linn., subspecies nasicns, Baird and Girard, Cat., p. CI.
Souoran and Central regions and Texas.
BOIDAE.
Charina, Gray.
Charina bottae, Blainv., Nouvelles Annales Mus. Hist. Nat., iii, 1834, 57.
Lower Califoruian region.
Charina plumhea^ Baird and Girard, Cat., p. 139. Pacific region ;
"? Nevada.
LICHANURIDAE.
LicHANURA, Cope.
Lichamira trivirgata, Cope, Proc. Acad. Phila., 1861, p. 304. Lower
California.
Lichanura myriolepis^ Cope, Proc. Acad. Phila., 18G8, j). 2. Lower Cali-
fornia.
Lichamira roscifusca, Cope, Proc. Acad. Phila., 1868, p. 2. Lower Cali-
fornia.
m
f '
Wm
f- ■. ■(
'■> :■•".
I';,
f|; '11 ,
w
m
:iiiii,..
-U"-
Li ii ':;■
if
44
SCOLECOPHIDIA .
STEXOSTOMIJ^AE.
Stk>'ostoma, Wagl.
Stowstoma ditlcc, Bairil iiud Girard, Cat., p. 1-42. Sonorau region;
Texas.
^Stcnosiom(l humile, Baird and Girard, Cat., p. 143. Pacific region.
LACERTILIA.
OPIIEOSxVURI.
AMPIIISBxVENIDAE.
rdiiNEtJiiA, Cope.
Rhinciira Jloi'idana, Baird; Cope, Proc. Acad. Pbila., ISGl, p. 75.
Floridan district.
PLEURODOiNTA.
TYPIILOPHTIIALMI.
ANIELLIDAE.
A^'IELLA, Gray.
Aniella pulchray Gray. Pacific region, from ^an Francisco southward.
LEPTOGLOSSA.
SCIXCIDAE.
Oligosoma, Girard.
OVujosoma lateyalc, Say; Holbrook, N.Am. Ilerp., ii, p. 133. Aiistro-
riparian region ; Northwest South Carolina.
EuMECES, Wiegmann.
Eumeces septcntrionalis, Baird, Proc. Acad. Phila., 1858, p. 2oC. Minuo-
sota and Nebraska.
45
Eumcces cgrcgius, B<aird, Proc. Acad. Pbila., p. 25C. Florida.
Eumcces onocrepis, Cope, Report of Peabody Academy, Salem., 1809, p. 82.
Florida.
Eumcces tetragrammiis, Baird, Proc. Acad. Phila., 1858, 250. Lower Rio
Grande.
Eumeces anthracimis, Baird, Jour. Acad. Pbila., i, i>. 293. Pennsylvania
to Texas, in mountains.
Eumcces inornatiis, Baird, Proc. Acad. Pbila., 1850, p. 250. Nebraska.
Eumcces vmUivirgatus, Hallowell, Proc. Acad. Pbila., 1857, p. 215.
Central region.
Eumeces leptogrammus^ Baird, Proc. Acad. Pbila., 1858, p. 250. Central
region.
Eumeces ohsoleius, Baird and Girard, Proc. Acad. Pbila., 185?, p. 129.
Sonoran region, and borders of Central and Austroriparian.
Eumcces guttulatus, Hallowell ; Sitgreaves's Report on Zuni, p. 113. Sono-
ran region and Western Texas.
Eumeces sMltonianus, Baird and Girard; Baird in Stansbury's Report
Salt Lake, p. 349. Pacific region.
Eumcces fasciatus, Linn. ; Holbrook, N. Am. Herp., ii, p. 117, and pp.
121, 127. Central, Austroriparian, and Eastern regions.
Eumcces longirostris, Cope, Proc. Acad. Pbila., 1801, p. 313. Bermuda
Islands.
LACERTIDAE.
Xantusia, Baird.
Xantusia vigilis, Baird, Proc. Acad. Pbila., 1850, p. 255. Pacific sub-
region.
TEIDAE.
CNEMiDoniORUS, "NYiegmauu.
Cncmidophoriis maximiiSj Cope, Proc. Acad. Pbila., 1803, p. 104. Lower
California.
Cnemidophoriis grahamilj Baird and Girard, Proc. Acad. Pbila., 1852, p.
128. Eastern Sonoran region.
Cncmidophoriis scxllneatus, Linn. ; Holbrook, N. Am. Herp., ii, p. 109.
Sonoran and Austroriparian regions, to Soutbeast Virginia.
[ Cnemidophonis inornatiis, Baird, Proc. Acad. Pbila., 1858, p. 255. Soutb-
ern Sonoran region.
\Cnemidophorits octolineatus, Baird, Proc. Acad. Pbila., 1858, p. 255.
Soutbern Sonoran region.
■5^
i
Iff
A
\h
I
K'
"fill
mi ;*
iiil
I*
J. 41:1
i:
I
top!
46
Cnemidoiihorus i)er2)lexu8, Baird and Giravd, Proc. Acad. Pbihi., 1852, p.
128. Rio Grande Valley.
CnemUlopJiorus tcssellatiis, Say, snbspecies tessellatus, Say; Baird, U. S.
r. K. R. Surv., X, BeckwitU's Rciiort, p. 18. Soutliern Colorado.
Cnemidophonis tessellatus, Say, subspecies ti(jris, Baird and Girard;
Stansbury's Report Salt Lake, p. 338. Paciiic and Sonorau regions
to Utah.
Cnemidojahorus tessellatus, Say, subspecies melanostethus, Cope, Proc.
Acad. Phila., 18G3, p. 104. Southeast Arizona.
Cnemidophonis tessellatus, Say, subspecies graciVs, Baird and Girard,
Pi:oc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Pbila., 18j2, 128. Southeast Arizona.
Yerticaria, Cope.
Yerticaria liyperythra, Cope, Proc. Acad. Phila., 18G3, p. 103. Lower
California to San Diego.
DIPLOCtLOSSA.
anguidae.
Opiieosaurus, Daudin.
Oplicosaurus ventralis, Daudin ; Holbrook, N. Am. Herp., ii, p. 139.
Austroripariau region j Tennessee ; Kansas.
GERRHONOTIDAE.
Barissia, Gray.
Barissia oUvacca, Baird, Proc. Acad. Phila., 1858, p. 255. Southern
California.
Gerrhonotus, Wiegmauu.
Gerrhonotus nohilis, Baird and Girard, Proc. Acad. Phila., 1852, p. 129.
Souora.
Gerrhonotus princqns, Baird and Girard, Proc. Acad. Phila., 1852, p. 175.
Northern Pacific region.
Gerrhonotus multicarinatiis, Blainville {G. formosus), Baird and Girard,
Proc. Acad. Phila., 1852, p. 175. Pacific and Lower Californian
regions.
Gerrhonotus grandis, Baird and Girard, Proc. Acad. Phila., 1852, p. 176. |
Pacific region.
47
r. s.
a.
;ions
Proc.
irard,
Lower
p. 139.
ioutbern
\, p. 120.
5, p. 175.
Giratd,
liforuian
p. ITC. '
GctrhonotHS scincicatidus, Skilton, Am. Jour. Sci. Arts, 11U9, p. 202,
Piicific and Lower Califoruiau regions.
Oarhotwtufi infcrnalis, Baird and Girard; Cope, Proc. Acad. Phila.,
1.SGG, 322. Western Texas.
HELODEEMIDAE.
IlELODERMA, Wicgiuann.
lldoderma fiufijjcctum, Cope; Baird, U. S. Bound. Surv., plate xxvi.
Sonorau region.
IGUANIA.
IGUANIDAE.
HoLBKOoiciA, Girard.
llolhroolda maculata, Girard, subspecies macidata, Girard; Stausbury'a
Eeport, 1852, j). 342. Central and Sonorau subregions.
Holhrool'ia maculata, Girard, subspecies proinnqua, Baird and Girard,
Proc. Acad. Pbila. 1852, p. 12G. Texas.
IMhroolda texana, Troscbel ; Baird and Girard, Proc. Acad. Pbila., 1852,
p. 125. Sonoran region ; Western Texas.
Callisaurus, Blainville.
Cidlimunis dracontoidcf;, Blainv., subspecies ventmlis, Ilallowell; Sit-
grcave's Keport Zufii, p. 117. Sononui region.
Cidlisaurus dracontoidcs, Diainv., subspecies |/<f6Z/j/, Cope, MS. Nortb-
crn Lower California.
\- CaUisaiirus dracontoidcs, Blainv., subspecies dracontoidcs, Blainv., Nouv.
Ann. de Mus., p. 12G. Soutbern Lower California.
Uma, Baird.
Uina notata, Baird, Proc. Acad. Pbila., 1858, p. 253. Sonora region.
Sauromalus, Dumcril.
Sauromalus ater, Dunieril ; Baird, U. S. and Mex. Bound. Surv., p. 6.
CiiOTAPHYTUS, Holbrook.
Sonoran region.
Crotaphytus collaris, Say ; Holbrook, X. xim. Herp., ii, p. 79. Sonoran
region ; Central region to latitude 40^.
u
" .<
p^-
1
.vb'
V:,
! i.i «
Ll"-"''*i!'
48
€i'oiaphytnf< icislizcnU, Bainl siiid Girard, Stansbury's Report Salt Lake,
J). 340. Pacific and Souoran regions; Nevada, Utah.
Crotnph/tm reficulatus^ Baird, Proc. Acad. Pliila., 1858, p. 2'>X WcstC: a
Texas.
DirsosAURUs, Ilallowell.
iJipsosatiruft dorsalin, I3aird and Girard, Proc. Acad. Phila., 1852, p. 120.
Lower Californian, Southern Paciflc, and Sonoran regions.
Uta, Baird and Girard.
Uia thalassiuttj Cope, Proc. Acad. Pbila., 18G3, p. 10-t. Lower California.
Uta graciosa, Hallowell, Proc. Acad. Phila., 1854, p. 92. Pacific region.
TJta nigricaxuJa^ Cope, Proc. Acad. Phila., 1804, p. 17G. Lower Cali-
fornia.
TJta schottii, Baird, Proc. Acad. Phila., 1858, p. 253. Southern California.
Uta ornata, Baird and Girard, Proc. Acad. Phila., 1852, p. 12G. Sonoran
region.
Uta stanshuriana, Baird and Girard, Stansbury's Report Salt Lake, p.
345. Pacific, Lower Californian, and Sonoran regions; Nevada,
Utab.
ScELOPORUS, Wieguiann.
Sceloporiis ornatus, Baird, U. S. Mex. Bound. Surv., p. 5. Southeastern
Sonoran region.
iSceZoporwsjarrorit, Cope, MS., Zocil. Wheeler's Expl. west of the lOOtb
merid., 1875. Sonoran region (Southern Arizona).
Sceloporiis poinsettii, Baird and Girard, Proc. Acad. Phila., 1852, p. 12G,
Sonoran region.
Sceloporus torqiiatus, Peale and Green, Proc. Acad. Phila., ii, p. 131.
Southern Sonoran region.
Sceloporus coiichii, Baird, Proc. Acad. Phila., 1858, p. 254. Southern
Sonoran region.
Scewporns marmomtus, Hallowell, Proc. Acad. Phila., 1852, ]}. 178.
Sonoran region ; Utab.
Sceloponis hlseriatus, Hallowell, U. S. P. R. R. Surv., x, "Williamson's
Report, p. 0. ? Habitat.
Sceloporus undulatits, Harlan, subspecies undulatus, Harlan ; Holbrook,
Am. Herp., ii, p. 73. North America, except Sonoran and Lower
Californian regions.
49
Lake,
iStC:U
p. 120.
iforuiii.
region.
}r Call-
liforuia.
Sonoran
Lake, p.
Nevada,
beastern
le lOOtli
, p. 126.
I, p. 131.
outbeiu
p. 178.
iamsou's
lolbrook,
Id Louver
Sccloporus uniliilatus, Ilarlaii, subspccios thaijiyli, HairdaiulGirard,Proc'.
Acad. Vhila., 1«.">1I, p. I'JT. California, Utah, New Mexico, abd Rio
(iraiulo Valley.
Sc(Ii>i>(»'U)i vonsobriniis, Daird and Giiaiul; INFarcy'.s lioport lied IJiver,
IS.").*?, p. 'J.'JT. Sonoran and Central rejjjions; Orejjon and Texas.
iSiiloi)on(s tiv<tlarin, Wie;;inann, Tlerpetolo^ia Mcxicana, 1831, p. 5U. tSo-
nora.
Scelnporns Jhyidanns, IJaird, Proc. Acad. Pliila., 1858, p. 251. Florida.
Scdopotuis splnosHs, Wiej^inann, llerpetologia Mexicaua, p. 50. Texas.
Sccloporus clarlti, Baird and Girard, sub.<?pecies clarhii, Baird and Girard,
I'roc. Acad. Pbila., 1852, p. 127. Sonorau and Southern Pacitic
regions.
Sccloporiis clarlcit, Baird and Girard, sub.species zostcromus, Cope, Proe.
Acad. Pliila., 1SG3, p. 105. Lower Calilbruia.
PnRYNOSOMA, Wiegmann.
Fhrynosoma modcstum, Girard, Stausbury's Eept. Salt Lake, p. 305. So-
noran region.
Vhrynosoma phdijrhiimm^ Girard, Stansbury's Kept Salt Lake, p. 3G1.
Utah and Nevada.
Phrynosoma maecallii, Ilallowell ; Baird, U. S. ]Mex. Bound. Surv., p. 9.
Desert of Gila and Colorado.
Phrynosoma regale, Girard, U. S. Mex. Bound. Surv., p. 9. Desert of
Gila and Colorado.
Phrynosoma planiceiys, Uallowell, Proc. Acad. Phila., 1852, p. 178. Soutb-
eru Souoran region.
Phrynosoma cornutum, Harlan ; Girard, fetansbury's Eept. Salt Lake, ii.
3G0. Texas.
Phrynosoma hernandczii, Girard, Ilerp. U. S. Expl. Exped., p. 395. New
Mexico ; Rio Grande Valley.
Phrynosoma donglassU, Bell, subspecies ornatissimum, Girard, Ilerp. U.
S. Expl. Exped., 1858, p. 390. Sonorau region.
Phrynosoma douglassii, Bell, subspecies douglassii. Bell ; Girard, Herp.
U. S. Expl. Exped., p. 398. Entire Central region; Oregon and
Washington.
Phrynosoma hlainvillei, Gray ; Girard, U. S. Expl. Exped. Herp., p. 400.
Pacific region.
4 n
m-
i
'111!
1 1
)!U. •,
»• ■,:'':
'f ' ]
•a:
If '"' ■
m
I XV'-
'«li|
i
f'i'i
i'i,:1;
, i;:
'( *,i ii.
50
Phrynosoma coronattim, Blainville, Nouv. M6111. Museum, iv, p. 2S. 1> ^' • -
California.
Cyclura, Harlan.
Cyclura hcmilopha, Cope, Proc. Acad. Phila., 1863, p. 105. Lower C-M
fornia.
ANOLIDAE.
Anolis, Merrem.
Anolis principalis J Linn. ; Holbrook, iN". Am. Herp., ii, 07. Austroriiju-
rian region.
Anolis cooperii, Baird, Proc. Acad. Phila., 18G8, p. 254. ? California.
NYCTISAURA.
GECCONIDAE.
COLEONYX, Gray.
Coleonyx variegatus, Baird, U. S. Mex. Bound. Surv., p. 12. Sonoran
region.
Sphaerodactylus, Cuv.
SphaerodactyUis notatits, Baird, U. S. Mex. Bound. Surv., p. 12. Key
West, Fla. (Cuba).
Phyllodactylus, Gray.
Phyllodactylus Uiberciilosus, Wiegmann, Nova Acta. K. L. C. Acad., xvii,
p. 241. Sonoran region.
Phyllodactylus xanti, Cope, Proc. Acad. Pliila., p. 102. Lower California.
DiPLODACTYLUS, Gray.
Diplodactyliis iinctiis, Cope, Proc. Acad. Pbila., 18G3, p. 102. Lower Cal-
ifornia.
TESTUDIMTA.
ATHECAE.
SPHARGIDIDAE.
Sphargis, Merrem.
Sphargis coriacea, Roudelet ; Holbrook, N. Am. Herp., ii, p. 45. - Atlan-
tic coast to Massachusetts.
51
CRYPTODIEA.
CHELONIIDAE.
Thalassochelys, Fitz.
Thalassochelys caoiiana, Linn. ; Holbrook, N. Am. Herp., ii, p. 33. En-
tire Atlantic coast.
Eretmochelys, Fitz.
ErdmocJielys imhricata, Linn. ; Holbrook, N. Am. Herp., ii, p. 39. South-
ern Atlantic coast.
Eretmochelys squamattty Linn.; Agassiz, Cont. Xat, Hist. U. S., i, p. 382.
Pacific coast.
Chelonia, r.rong.
Chelonia mydas, Schw. ; Holbrook, In. Am. Herp., ii, p. 25. Atlantic
coast south of Long Island.
Chelonia virgata, Scliw. ; Agassiz, Cont., i, p. 379. Pacific coast.
TEIONYCHIDAE.
Amyda, Agassiz.
Amyda imitica, Lesueur, Mtm. du Mus. d'Hist. Nat., xv, p. 2G3. jMiddle
and northern tributaries of the Mississippi, and the Saint Lawrence.
ASPIDONECTES, Wagl.
Aftpidonectes ferox, Schweigger; Holbrook, N. Am. Heri)., ii, p. 11
Georgia to Western Louisiana.
Aspidonectes spinifer, Lesueur, Mem. de 3Ins. d'Bist. Nat., xv, p. 258.
Middle and northern tributaries of the Mississippi, and Saint Law-
rence.
As})idonectes aspcr, Agassiz, Cont. Xat. Hist. U. S., i, p. 405. Lower
Mississippi tributaries.
Aspidoncctes niwhalis, Agassiz, Cont. Nat. Hist. U. S., i, p. 40G. Cumber-
land and Upper Tennessee Elvers, Tennessee.
Aspidoncctcfi cmoryi, Agassiz, Cont. Xat. Hist. IT. S., i, p. 407. Texas.
CHELYDRIDAE.
Chelydra, Schw.
Ck'Jydra serpentina, Linn. ; Holbrook, N. Am. Herp., i, p. 139. From
Canada to Ecuador. Wanting in the Pacific subregion.
i
(ij:; 'y^
m
^;:
52
Macrochelys, Gray.
Macrochelys laccrtina, Schweigger ; Holbrook, iiT. Am. Herp., i, p. 147.
Tributaries of the Gulf of Mexico, from Florida to Western Texas,
extending to Missouri in the Mississippi.
CIXOSTERNIDAE.
Ako:.iociielys, Gray.
AromovhdyH odoratus, Latreille ; Holbrook, X. Am. Herp., i, p. 133. Aus-
troripariau and Eastern subregious.
Aromochelys carinatus, Gray ; Agassiz, Cont., i, p. 423. Louisianiau dis-
trict.
Cl^'OSTEKNUM, Wagl.
Cinostcrnum pennsylvankum, Bosc, subspecies xiennsylvaniciim^ Bosc;
Holbrook, X. Am. Herp., i, p. 127. Austroripariau (? Texas) and
Eastern subregions.
Cinostermim pennsylvankum^ Bosc, subspecies clonhledayi, Gray, Cat.
Tort., Crocod., and Ampliisb. B. M., p. 33. Southwestern United
States.
Cinostcrnum sonoriense, LeConte, Proe. Acad. Pbila., 1854, p. 183. Ari-
zona.
Cinostermim Jlavescens, Agassiz, Contrib. Nat. Hist. U. S., i, p. 430.
Arizona.
Cinostermim henrici, LeConte, Proc. Acad. Pliila., 1854, p. 182. Sonoran
subregion.
EMYDIDAE.
PSEUDE3IYS, Gray.
Pseudemys rnyosa, Shaw ; Holbrook, N. Am. Heri)., i, p. 5o. New Jersey
to Virginia.
Pseudemys concinna, LeConte ; Holbrook, N. Am. Herp., 1, pp. 119, Co.
Austroriparian region (? Texas).
Pseudemys mohiliensisj Holbrook, N. Am. Herp., i, p. 71. Florida to the
Eio Grande of Texas.
Pseiu^emys MeroglypMca, Holbrook, N. Am. Herp., i, p. 111. Middle,
Western, and Gulf States.
Pseudemys scabra, Linn.; Holbrook, N. Am. Herp., i, p. 49. North
Carolina to Georgia.
''■"it J
53
147.
ixas,
Aus-
lU dis-
Bosc ;
is) and
y, Cat.
United
5. Ari-
|p. 430.
Sonoran
Jersey
119, Co.
la to the
Middle,
l^TortU
Fscndemys iroostiij ETolbrook, N. Am. Ilerp., i, p. 123. Valley of the
Mississippi to Illinois.
Pscudemys elegmis, Wied. ; Holbrook, N. Am. Herp., i, p. 115. Central
region and Texan district.
MALAC0CLEM3IYS, Gray.
}Mucoclemmys gcogr(H)1iiciis, Lesueur; Holbrook, N. Am. Herp., i, p. 99.
Mississippi Valley to Pennsylvania and New York.
Malacoclemmys ineudogeograpliiciis, Holbrook, N. Am. Herp., i, p. 103.
Mississippi Valley to Wisconsin and ifortbern Ohio.
MaJacoclemmys imlustrls^ Gmelin; Holbrook, N. Am. Herp., i, p. 87..
Coast from 'Sew York to Texas.
CnRYSEMYS, Gray.
Chryscmys picta, Herm. ; Holbrook, !N. Am. Herp., i, p. 75. Eastern
region j Louisiana, Mississippi.
Chrysemys oregonensis, Harlan; Holbrook, N. Am. Herp., i, p. 107.
Central region.
Chrysemys reticulata^ Bosc; Holbrook, N. Am. Herp., i, p. 50. Gulf
States.
Chelopus, Rafinesque.
Chclopiis giittatus, Schneider ; Holbrook, N. Am. Herp., i, p. 81. East-
ern region east of Ohio.
Chclopiis mithlenbergii, Schweigger ; Holbrook, N. Am. Herp., vol. i, p. 45.
New Jersey and Eastern Pennsylvania.
Chelopus insciilptns, LeConte; Holbrook, N. Am. Herp., i, p. 93. East-
ern region east of Ohio.
Chelopus 7narmoratus, Baird and Girard ; Hallowell, U. S. P. R. R. Surv.,
X, Williamson's Report, p. 3. Pacific region.
Emys, Brong.
Emys mclcagris, Shaw; Holbrook, N. Am. Herp., i, p. 39. Allegbeniau
district of Eastern region to Wisconsin.
CiSTUDO, Flem.
Ciiitudo clausa, Gm., subspecies clausa, Gm.; Holbrook, N. Am. Herp.,,
i, p. 31. Eastern region and Louisianian and Floridan districts.
Cistudo clausa, subspecies triunguis, Agass., Contrib., i, p. 445. Austro-
riparian region to Georgia; Eastern Pennsylvania.
Cistudo ornata, Agass., Contrib., i, p. 445. Central region.
Si
! i ';.:>••
P''- :•»: .. ;
m
M'i
54
TESTUDINIDAE.
Testudo, Liuu.
Testudo Carolina^ Linn. ; Holbrook, If. Am. Herp., i, \}. 25. Austroripariau
region, not north of Sowtli Carolina.
Testudo agassisii, Cooper, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci.* Southern Pacific and
Western Sonorau regions.
CROCODILIA.
CEOCODILIDAE.
Alligator, Cuv.
Alligator mississij)piensis, Daudin ; Holbrook, N. Am. Herp., vol. ii, p. 53.
Austroripariau region.
Crocodilus, Cuv.
Crocodilus americamis, Seba. ; Dum. et Bib., Erp. Gen., iii, p. 119. Flori-
dan district.
Enumeration of genera and species.
Genera. Species.
BATEAC^.HIA.
Trachy stomata 2 2
Proteida 1 2
Urodela 15 49
Anura 11 48
29 101
EEPTILIA.
Ophidia.
Solenoglypha. . 4 18
Proteroglypha 1 3
Asinea 3G 109
Scolecopbidia 1 2
42 132
Lacertilta.
Opheosauri 1 1
Pleurodonta 22 70
Nyctisaura , . 3 5
26 82
Testudinata.
Athecao 1 1
Cryptodira 10 40
17 41
Crocodilia 2 2
Total species 358
* Referred to, vol. for 1870, p. C7.
ill''-
I>A.RT III.
ON GEOGEAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION
' OF THE
VERTEBRATA OF THE REGNUM NEARCTIGUM,
WITH ESPECIAL REFERENCE TO THE
BATRACHIA AND REPTILIA;
I.— THE FAUNAL REGIONS OF THE EARTH.
As is well known, the life of the different regions of the earth presents
marked peculiarities. The differences are, in some measure, connected
with the geographical and topographical relations of the continents.
To each of them, peculiar divisions of animals are found to be confined ;
and the sum of these, or the " fauna," is found in each case to present
marked characters. The districts thus marked out are the Australian
(which includes Australia, Van Biemen's Land, New Guinea, etc.); the
Xeotropical, including South America, the West Indies, and Mexico; the
Searctic, or Xorth America ; the Ethiopian, or Africa south of the Desert
of Sahara ; the Palaeotropical, which embraces India and the adjacent
islands; and, lastly, the Palaearctic, or Asia north of the Himalaya,
Europe, and Africa north of the Great Desert. These six districts are
variously related by common forms, as well as distinguished by different
ones. The name of "realms" has been given to them.
The Australian realm is peculiar in the absence of ueaily all types of
juammalia, except the Ornithodelxihia ixnd the Marsupials; in the pres
eiice o^ various Struthious birds ; in great development of the Elapid
serpents, and absence of the higher division of both snakes and frogs
(('. e., Solenoglypha and lianiformia) ', in the existence of Dipnoi {Cera-
iodm) and certain Characinid fishes. On the other hand, many of the
lizards and birds are of the higher types that prevail in India and Africa,
viz, the Acrodonta and the Oscines.
The polar hemispheres each possess certain common forms which are
uot found in the other. Thus, in the southern, which is here understood
as embracing the tliree realms called xVustralinn, Neotroincal, and
55
■4
'ii
y.
a tKi'
\y.v
56
Ethiopian,* the Sirenian luaiumalia ; Struthious birds ; Elapid aud Pero-
j90rfo?(s snakes ; Dlimoau, ChroJiiid, and Characiii fishes ', ami Plcurod ire
tortoises, arc universal, and not, or very sparsely, found in the northern.
Of other groups peculiar to the Southern or Equatorial regions, the
FAcntate inammalia belong to the ifeotropical and Ethiopian ; the Osteo-
ylossUl lishes to the Neotropical, Palaeotropical, and Australian ; while
monkeys occur in the southern faunae, except the Australian, and in
the Palaeotropical. The Ethiopian shares many peculiarities with the
Xorthern. Thus, Insectivorous mammals, Viperine snakes, and llani-
form frogs, are only found here in the southern hemisphere.
The Neotropical realm only possesses exclusively the Platyrhine mon-
keys and the great majority of the humming-birds. It shares with
other Southern regions the Edentate and Tapiroid mammals; Struthi-
ous, Puilastrine, and Clamatorial birds; Elapid snakes; Arciferous
frogs; and Characin, Chromid, Osteoglossid, and Dipnoan fishes. It
has but few types of the Northern regions ; these are numerous pleuro-
dont Lacertilia, the Acrodonts being entirely absent; and a few bears,
deer, and Oscine birds.
The Ethiopian realm is that one which combines the prevalent features
of the Palaearctic region with the southern-hemisphere types already
mentioned, together with some found elsewhere onlj- in the Palaeotrop-
ical, and a very few j)eculiar. The two latter classes not being men-
tioned elsewhere, they may be here enumerated. This region shares,
with the Indian alone, the Catarrhine monkeys, the Elephantidae Ehi-
noceroHdae, and Chamaeleons. Its peculiar types are the Lemuridae,
Jlippopotamidae, and Cameleopardalidae, among njammals, aud PoJypter-
idae and Mormyridae among fishes. •
The Northern realms of the earth agree iu possessing all the earless
seals ; but most of its common characters are shared by India and
Africa. With these regions they possess most all of the Ruminant and
Insectivorous mammals, and all the Raniform frogs. The Palaearctic
and Palaeotropical are very much alike, aud ought probably to be
united. The latter differs in possessing monkeys, elephant, rhinoceros,
and tapir, Elapid serpents (cobras), and Osteoglossid fishes. In other
respects, as in mammalia generally, Oscine birds and fresh- water fishes,
and reptiles generally, it agrees with Northern Asia and Europe. .
The Nearctic or North American realm is that with which we have
here to do. It extends from the Arctic regions to a line drawn across
Northern Mexico, and includes the peninsula of Lower California. It
*"Eogaea" of Gill, characterized iu his article "Ou the geographical distributiou of
Fisbes", in the "Annals and Magazine of Natural History" (4), xv, 255.
57
agrees in many points with the northern fauna of the Old World, and
has been united with it by some authors ; but its peculiar types, and
those which it shares with South America, are too numerous for such au
arrangement. Its relations are exhibited in the following table :
Differs from Palaearctic in —
A"ree9 with Palnoarctic
m—
Peculiar forms.
Neotropical forms.
M>ininnn,lift in "''pnpr.'vl ...
Rassarididae.
.*i(iiii iiitiiif^ 111 ^».ii».. itii..-.
Procyonidae. • '
Antilocapra
Megadermatidae.
Mepbitia
Dicotyles.
Didelpbys.
T{iri1>< pxcei)t . ..
Cathartidao.
XJl t vlO V •»\J*-' 1 ' %;•*«*>■ ■••***
Tanagridae.
Icteridae.
Clamato-.es in general.
Trochi :dae.
Meleacridae
Odonl jpborinae.
^*^^^ A Xif 1% kH * « ^,*»^nrf • 9 m m ^ ^ m ^ 9 m 9
Alligators.
Amivid and Gerrhonotid lizards.
Iguanid lizards.
Emyil tortoises
Cbt'lydra
Cinosternidae.
Solenoglypb aud Elapid venomous
snakes.
Kaiiiforin frogs
Scapbiopodidao
Pletbodontidae.
Arrifpra
XXX ^ I L^* CVf
Amblystomidae.
Diemyctylus.
Megalobatrachns
Tracbystomata.
Nectunis.
Ampbiumidae.
Percid fisbes
Apbredoderidae
iSiliirifliTp
Cottidae.
( JilUl. lUUCa
Haploini
Hypsaeidae.
Accipenseridae.
Spatulariidae.
Cypriuidae
Plagopteriuae.
(JasteroHteidae.
Catostomidae.
Amiidae.
Lepidosteidae.
i'otromyzou.
The special peculiarities of the Xearctic region are then chiefly seen
lin the Fishes and Batrachia. In Birds and Mammals, its prominent
[divergences from the northern regions of the Old World are seen in the
nuinerons representatives of forms which are characteristically South
%, 'I'-
ll,;
58
American. Of these, the birds offer many genera peculiar to North
America, while the few Mammalia are of Neotropical genera. The
gre«atest resemblance between the North American and Palaearctic
region is seen in the Mammalia. Around the Arctic regions as well as
further south, several species, both of Mammalia and Birds, arc
identical.
Among Mollusks there is also much resemblance. Anodonta, Vnio,
and Siiccinea are common to both the northern faunae, but have no
common species ; all three greatly predominate in numbers in North
America. The snails of the west coast are very European in character,
but there are but few Pupae in the Kegio Nearctica, and no Clausiliae^ and
BulbmiH is represented by few species.
II.— NUMBER OF SPECIES.
Tlio numbers of the Vertebrata found in the Nearctic realm are nearly
as follows:
jMammalia:
Monotremata
Marsupialla , 1
Edentata 1
Rodentia 139
Inscctivora 28
Chiroptera , 23
Cetaeea 42
Sirenia 1
Hyracoidea
Prohoscidea
Perissodactyla
\ Omnivora 1
Artiodactyla ■{
^ Riiminantia 14
( Pinnipedia 13
Carnivora <
^ Fissipcdia 40
Primates 1
310
AVES:
( Oscines 30G
Passercs < ^, ^ „„
i Clamatores 33
Zygodactyli 36
Syndactyli 20
59
A VKS — Continued.
Vsittaci
Accipitres
Pullastrae
Gallinae
Brevipennea . .
Grallae
Lamellirostres .
Steyanopodes . .
Longipenncs . . .
Pygopodes .. ..
Reptilia :
CrocodiUa .
Testudinata
Lacertilia . .
Ophidia . . .
1
61
12
22
81
49
13
71
51
2
41
82
132
48
49
o
Batrachia :
Anura
Urodela
Gymnophidia ,
Proteida
Trachystomata
Pisces :
» Pharyngop^mthi
Labyrinth. I
Distegi 178
Bhegnopteri 2
Ptrcomorph i { Epilasmia 18
12
Scyphobranchii
Haplodoci
Anacanthini . ..
[Heterosomata .
Plectognathi. ..
Pedicitlati
Hemibranchii .
Lopliohrancliii
Synentognathi
Percesoces
I 7
3
30
22
30
8
20
7
10
13
756
2o7
101
i
I
'?. '.<'
Il'llil'ip
■rWi,;;,
60
Pisces — Continued. . -
Ilaplomi 34
IsospomhjU 70
PlectospomhjU 150
kSq/pliophori
Nemningnathi 27
yotavanihi
Glanencheli
Ichthyoccphali ■,
Holostomi ... ■
Eiichehjccphali 2
Coloccphali 3
Hulecomorpld 2
Ginglymodi 15
y Glaniostomi 30
Selachostomi 1
IlolocephaU 2
Plagiosiomi 46
Dipnoi ,
81G
Dermopieri 8
Leptocardii 1
Total species of Vertebrata 2, 240
This number is considerably below tbe truth, as many of the fishes,
both of the ocean and of the fresh waters, remain undescribed.
It is more difiScult to state the number of species of the inferior divis-
ions of the animal kingdom. It is asserted that 8,000 species of Cole-
opterous insects have been discovered in the IllTearctic region, and that
this is i)robably about two-thirds of the whole. This would give 12,000
species of this the most numerous order, and the Lepidoptera, ITymenop-
tera, and Diptera will follow at no great distance. Probably 50,000 is
below the mark as an estimate of the number of species of insects of this
region. One thousand species are to be added for the remaining Arthro-
poda — say, 200 Myriopoda^ 400 Araclinida, and 400 Crustacea. Of worms j
of land and water there are numerous species, the greater proportion
of which are not yet known to science.
The number of the Mollusca and Molluscoida from the coasts and inte-
rior of the North American region is about 1,824, of which only 400 are]
marine. Of the remainder, 1,034 live in the numerous rivers and lakes,
61
6
_ 81C
8
1
or divis-
of Cole-
and tliat
e 12,000
Jymenoih
50,000 is
its of this
Arthro-
f worms
oporliou
land iute-
ly 400 are I
IndlaUesJ
and 400 are terrestrial and air-breathers. They are distributed aniou};
the classes as follows:
Ckpiialopoda L'5
rULMONATA 400
( Fresh-water 43S
ruOSOBRANCUIATA < ,, .
^ Marine 297
IIlOTEROPODA 28
Opistiiobranciiiata
PlEROPODA
SCAPIIOPODA
Fresh-water
Marine
MOLLl'SCOIDA.
Braciiiopoda 10
ASCIDIA... 30
BllYOZOA 39
The remaiuiug divisions of the animal kingdom may be estimated to
miuiber nearly as follows :
LAMELLIBRA^X•IIIATA
53
25
4
590
377
ECHINODERMATA (123).
HOLOTHURLDA.
ECHINOIDEA . . .
Crinoidea
ASTEROIDEA..
East iDte
coast. «riur.
32
50
*>
17
WCHt
coast.
4
18
?
Medusae :
Discophora . . .
Siphono2)hora ,
Ctenophora
Polypi
Hydroidea
COELEXTERATA (144).
80
• • • •
3
• a « •
<>
12
' • . > «
2
13
4
The divisions of Protozoa are well represented in our waters, but the
uumbers of our Spongiida, Infusoria and Rhizopoda, have not yet
; been ascertained.
III.— relations to other realms.
It has been already remarked that several species of Vcrtebrata are
I common to our northern regions and Europe, Asia, etc. Thus, the
62
i";T. ..
1 V
,V,jT
."It
mi"' "
l>i't'^>
wolf extends throughout tho northern hemisphere ; the same may he
said of the fox, tho ermine, and, perhaps, of the beaver. It is not
improbable that our buffalo [Boa amcricanns) is a variety only of the B.
bison of the Old World, and that the grizzly bear ( Uraua horrihilis) bears
the same relation to tho European brown bear {U. arcton). There are
also certain corresponding or representative species ; thus, our red fox
{Vuli)e8f ulcus) is nearly related to the European fox (V. vulgaris), and
the red squirrel {sciurus hudsonicns) to the 8. vulgaris of Europe. The
elk and moose {Cervus canadensis and Alces americamis) respectively
answer to the C. claphus and Alces eiiropaeus.
The majority of American deer belong to a peculiar group {Cariaciis)
mainly characteristic of the Nearctic realm ; while the species of the
orders Bodentia aud Insectivora are mostly of characteristically uistinct
species or higher groups.
Among birds, similar relations prevail. The singing-birds are tbe
most characteristic of any continent, and here we And in North Americii
the greatest number of species, genera, and families of birds which
differ from those of the Old World. Of the latter, true thrushes, swal-
lows, shrikes, and crows occur, but iu limited numbers ; while the genera
of finches are mostly distinct, and the vireos, tanagers, wood- warblers,
Icteridae, and mock-thrushes, which form the bulk of our avifauna, do
not exist in the Old World. On the other hand, starlings, flycatchers,
and warblers are absent from North America.
As wo direct our observation to birds of extended flight, as the
Accijntrcs and water-birds, cases of identity of species of opposite con-
tinents become more frequent. This is mostly confined here, also, to
the northern regions. The marsh-hawk {Circus cyancus), peregrine
falcon, fish-bawk, and golden eagle are exami)les among Falconidae.
Among owls, the cases are still more numerous} such are liyctca nivca,
Surnia uhila, Otus hracliyotus, Strix Jlammea. Some of these present
geographical varieties. Corresponding species are common here, e. <j.>
the American —
Ualiadtiis leucocepkalus to //. albicilla of Europe ;
Bitteo sicainsonii to B. vulgaris ;
Falco sparverius to F. tinmmcuhis ;
Falco columharius to F. aesalon;
Bubo virginianus to B. maximus ;
Otus vilsonianus to 0. vulgaris ; ^
etc., etc.
63
Tilt) Nearctic renlm poaaosses a peculiar family, the Cathartidae
(turkey-buzzards), which the Old World lacks, but has uo vultures
properly socuUed,
There are several wadiug-blrds common to the two continents ; and
cases of identity among the ducks, gulls, and divers are relatively still
more numerous. The (lallinae are, on the other hand, entirely distinct,
thou{?li not without a few corresponding species.
Among lower Vortebrata, specific identity is unknown, except in one
frog {liana temporaria) and a few marine fishes, with one of fresh-water,
the northern pike {Esox lucim). The numerous tortoises of North
America remind one especially of Eastern Asia and India, but the
western regions of our continent are as deficient in this form of animal
life as the corresponding part of the Palaearctic region. Chelydra is
peculiarly North American, and the CinostcrnUJae are Mexican in
character.
The principal Crocodilian is our alligator, which presents only minor
(liU'erences from the South American caimans. The lizards are all
of Neotropical families, except the seines {Eiimcces), which are found
elsewhere chiefly in Africa and Australia. The genera are nearly all
peculiar, or extend a short distance into the northern parts of the Neo-
tropical, ilexico, and the West Indies. Some families have, however, a
correspondence with those of the Old World, as follows : The Nearctic —
Teiidae to Lacertidae ;
Gerrhouotidae to Zontiiidae;
Iguanidae to Agamidae.
The Batradila present relations to the Europeo- Asiatic fauna iu the
•species of one genus {Rana) oi frogs, and one genus {yotophthalimis)
lof salamanders. In other respects, the Nearctic batrachiau fauna is
[highly peculiar. The cosmopolitan genus Uyla (tree-frogs) exists in
Immierous species, several of which are terrestrial. The burrowing-frogs
hScaphiojnclae) are nearly all peculiar to this faima. The toads are
lof a peculiar division of the all but cosmopolitan genus Biifo. The
jsalamanders present the greatest peculiarities. The large family of
^ktJiodontidae is represented by various forms, mostly terrestrial ; while
the genera Besmognatlius and Amhhjstoma, each alone in its family,
present curious structural modifications. To the latter belong the Sire-
Ions, or larval Amblystomae, which reproduce without regard to their
letamorphosis, sometimes completing it and sometimes remaining
unchanged.
'li
1,1'
II
l^:,'f.
'»:.!H:''>^i
It '^'''
SiTj t' '' ■'
I; ]H
I
»*:
lifM'i"":
04
As permanent gill-bearing Bidrackia, Kccti.nis represents the Palae-
arctic Proteus, and Siren is quite peculiar to Xortu America. The
AmpJiiuma, or snakelike IJatracbia, calls to mind the similar extinct
forms of the Coal-Measures ; while Protonopsis is represented by living
species in Eastern Asia, and by a fossil genus in the ]\lioeene of Ger-
many.
The marine fishes embrace some species which range both coasts
of the North Atlantic. Such are the salmon, the haddock, the mackerel,
etc., which furnish food and occupation for a numerous population on
the northeastern coast. Farther south, the mullet {MikjU alhula) is a
valued food-fish, and is caught and packed in great numbers. The
fishes of the Pacific coast are mostly distinct from those of the Atlantic,
except a few circumpolar forms, as Gasterosteiis aculeatus ; but several
(as Gadus vachna, Pall.) are found also on the Asiatic coast. On the
warmer coasts, a few species are common to both oceans, while others
exist which have a great range over several seas, noticeable among
which are certain species of PlectognatJii, particularly of Diodon, Ba-
tistes, etc.
The fresh-W'Oter fishes embrace many families characteristic of the
northern hemisphere, as the cods {Gadidae), Percidae or perch, the scul-
pins (Cottidae), pike {Esocidae), chubs {Cyprinidae), the salmon, and
herring, eel, sturgeon, and lamprey families. In the catfishes, the
region reminds us of the tropical and southern regions ; though it is ;i
singular fact that one of our genera {Ammnts) is represented by single
species in China.
The suckers {Catostomidae) are very abundant and characteristic in all
fresh waters; but here, agai. . a single species [Carpiodes sinemis) has
Ijcen detected in China. This is paralleled by the genus Polyodon (pad
die-fish), of which one species is found in the ^Mississippi Valley, and
one in the Yang tse-kiang. The most striking peculiarity of the Nearc-
tic waters is the presence of the family of Lepidosteidae, or bony gars,
which is represented by two genera and numerous species. No form at
all resembling these exists in any other country, excepting a^ain one
species in China, and one other which is found in the adjoining Neotrop
ical region. Not less peculiar are the species of dog-fish {Amia), type of j
the order Ilalecomorphl, which have some remote affinities with South j
American forms.
The relations to the Neotropical realm are in part indicated in tbej
table on page 57. But few species are common to the Nearctic auil
Soiitliern Neotropical realms. But one mammal (the cougar, Fclis con-
color), aud no reptiles, batrachians, nor fresh-water fishes, extend into
Brazil ; but a number of birds are permanent residents throughout both
realms. These are mostly waders, as follows:
Rallus crepitans.
Limosa fedoa.
Tryngites rufescens.
Actiturus hartrmnius.
Heteroscelus hreripes,
Symphemia scmipalmata,
Ereunetcs petrijicatus.
Aegialitis Tilsonius.
Xycth crodius r io la ce us.
To these must be added the turkey-vulture, Cathartes aura. Then
certain marine birds aud a few fishes extend along the coasts of both
regions, but their number is comparatively small.
The number of species of the Is^earctic realm which occur in the Mex-
ican region is rather greater. The red lynx and raccoon are examples
of mammals, and several species of wood- warblers, vireos, and hawks
represent the birds as far south as the Isthmus of Darien. The only
reptiles are the snapping-tortoise and tbe ringed snake Ophibolus dolia-
ills ; the only batrachian is the Rana halecina bcrlandieri. A few other
species, as Eutaenia sirtalis, extend for a shorter distance into the same
region.
In the higher groups of the genus and family, we have greater com-
inunity with the Neotropical realm. But few genera of Batraclda and
lieptUia extend to its Brazilian region, but there are a few common
genera of JitammaUa {Mej)hitis, Procyon, Ursus, Scinrm, Ilespcromys, aud
Dklelphys), and a number of birds, especially among the lower orders, and
tbe scansores, syndactyli, aud clamatores, particularly the Tyrannidae.
Tbe number of genera which enter INIexico and Central America is much
greater, and I select the following from the mammals, reptiles, aud
batrachians as these are incapable of the migrations performed by birds.
Cosmopolitan genera and those common to both the American realms
are omitted.
5 II
'i4
' 'ill: y¥
■li.lfii
"!'■ i|
66
Mam?-ialia.
Lynx.
TJrocyon.
Putorius.
Bassaris.
Geomys.
Thomomys.
Ochetodon.
Arvicola.
Neotoma.
Sigmodon.
Curiae us.
Antilocairra.
IlEPTILIA.
Crotalus.
Candisona.
Ancistrodon.
Tropidoclonium.
Tropidonotm.
Eutaenia.
Trimorphodon.
Eypsiglena.
Ophibolus.
Phimothyra.
Pltyophis.
Coluber.
Tantilla.
Chilomcnisciis.
Cinostermim.
Chelydra.
Pscudemys.
Chelojnis.
Sceloporiis.
Phrynosoma.
Heloderma.
Barissia.
Gerrhonotus.
OUgosoma.
Eumeces.
Cnemidophorvs.
67
Bateachia.
Amblystoma.
Spelerpes.
Spea.
Rana.
Of fishes, the common genera of the fresh waters are few. They are
Oimrdinns, Oamhusia, Haplochilus, and Fundulus of Cyprinodontidae,
and Atraciosteiis of the bony gars. The southward distribution of the
above genera terminates at various points ; but those which belong to
the Austroriparian region, as distinguished from the Sonoran, are mainly
confined to the Mexican plateau. The presence of these, together with
a number of peculiar forms, indicates another region of the Nearctic,
which is in many respects allied to the Austroriparian. This subject
will be considered in a subsequent paper.
lu comparing the Nearctic realm with the West Indian region of the
Neotropical, much less resemblance can be detected, especially in the
Eeptiles and Batrachia. The only identical species is the AnoUs prin-
i c'(j)«/is, which is common to the Austroriparian region and Cuba, and
1 there are three others of West Indian origin found in the southern part of
[Florida. The Anolis is the only reptilian genus of wide distribution in
the Xearctic realm which occurs in the West Indian region. The West
Indian genus Dromicua is represented by one species, a rare snake from
|the coast of North Carolina. In Batrachia, there is no couimunity of
species and none of genera, excepting in the case of tlie cosmopolitan
jenera Bvfo and Hyla.
IV. — THE REGIONf^.
We may now consider the variations exhibited by the component
parts of the Nearctic fauna. The distribution of types indicates six
pncipal subdivisions, which have been called the Austroriparian,
Eastern, Central, Pacific, Sonoran, and Lower Californian. The Austro*
pparian region extends northward from the Gulf of Mexico to the
Sothermal of 77° F. It commences near Norfolk, Va., and occupies a
|elt along the coast, extending inland in North Carolina. It passes
)uth of the Georgia Mountains, and to the northwestward up the jMIs-
[ssippi Valley to the southern part of Illinois. West of the Missis-
Ippi, the boundary extends south along the southern boundary of the
gh lauds of Texas, reaching the Gulf at the mouth of the Ilio Grande.
as
..iliil'i
f'm
m ^i^'
m^!^ •
Tho Eastern is the most extended, reaching from the isothermal line of
77° F. north and from the Atlantic Ocean to the elevated plains west
of the Mississippi Kiver. Many of its forms extend up tho bottoms of
the rivers which flow to the eastward through "The Plains." The Cen-
tral region extends from the limit of the Eastern as far west as the
Sierni Jsevada, and south on the mountaius of 25'evada, and along the
mountains of New Mexico. The Sonorau includes parts of Nevada, New
Mexico, Arizona, and Sonora in Mexico. It does not cross the Sierra
Nevada, nor the Mojave desert, nor extend into the peninsula of Lower
California. It sends a belt northward on the east side of the Sierra
Nevada as far as, including Owen's Valley in Eastern California, latitude
370, and enters other valleys in Nevada in the same way. It occupies
the lower valley of the Rio Grande, and extends into Texas as far as
the desert east of the Rio Pecos. It extends southward in ^Yesteru
Mexico as far as Mazatlan. The Lower Californian region occupies the
peninsula of that name as far north as near San Diego.
The peculiarities of these regions are well marked. The two regions
included in Eastern North America difter from all tho others in the
abundance of their turtles and the small number of their lizards.
Prolific of life, this area is not subdivided by any marked natural bar-
riers. Hence, though its species present great varieties in extent of
range, it is not divided into districts which are very sharply defined.
The warmer regions are much richer in birds, reptiles, and insects than
the cooler; and as we advance northward many species disanpear, while
a few others are added. The natural division of the eastern part of the
continent is then in a measure dependent on the isothermal lines which
traverse it. In accordance with this view, the following districts have
been proposed, viz : The Carolinian ; the Allcghanian ; the Canadian ;
and the Iludsonian.
The Austroriparian region includes the Floridan, Louisianiau, and
Texan districts. It possesses many peculiar genera of reptiles not
found elsewhere, while the region north of it possesses none, its genera
being distributed over some or all of the remaiuiu' regions. Tho num-
ber of peculiar species in all departments of animal life is large.
It presents the greatest development of the eastern reptile life. Six-
teen genera of Reptiles and eight of Batrachia do not range to the
northward, while ninety-nine species are restricted in the same manner.
The peculiar genera which occur over most of its area arc —
Lizards.
AnoUs.
Oligosoma.
Snakes.
Haldea.
CemopJiora.
lantiUa.
Spilotcs.
Ahastor.
Farancia.
Tortoises.
Macrochdys.
Crocodiles.
Alligator.
Batraciiia.
Engystoma.
Maucuhis.
Stereochilus.
MHrocnojisis.
Siren.
I have omitted from this list teu genera which are restricted to oue or
the other of its subdivisions. The Siren, the Cemophora, the Atiolis
(chameleon), and the Alligator, are the most striking of the above char-
acteristic genera. No genus of lizards is peculiar excepting Anolis and
Oligosoma, which have their greatest development in other than the
Nearctic continent. Among serpents, a few genera of Neotropical char-
acter extend eastward along the region of the Mexican Gulf, as far as
the Atlantic coast, which are not found in any of the Northern re-
gions ; such are Spilotes, Tantilla (occurs in Lower California), and Elaps
(also in the Sonoran). On the other hand, Celitta, Virginia, Ilaldea, and
Storcria, embrace small serpents which it shares with the Eastern
legion.
This region is the headquarters of the Batrachia, especially of the
tailed forms. The majority of species of the tailless genera are found
lioi'c, especially of Hyla (tree-toads), liana, and Chorophihts.
70
r 'f '
B) ''Jlii»'V'
m^^i
There are no less tbau nine genera cf birds whieli do not, or only
accidentnlly, ranj;e northward of this district. They are —
FlotiiH.
Tantalus.
Platalea.
Elantts.
Ictinia.
' Conurus.
Chamaepelia.
Campcphihis.
Echnithcru8.
All these genera, excepting the last, range into South America or
farther.
Among mammals, but lew species and one genus {SUjmodon) are
confined to it. Lepiis aquaticus and L. palustris, the cotton-rat, the
Florida Ncotoma, etc., and a few others, are restricted by it. The fish-
fauna is very similar to that of the Eastern region, under which it
will be considered.
The Eastern region differs from the Austroripariau almost entirely
in what it lacks, and agrees with it in all those peculiarities hy which it
is so widely separated from the Central region. 'So genus of mam-
mals is found in it which does not range into the Central or other
region, excepting Condyhira (star-nosed mole) ; but numerous species
are confined to it, not extending into the Austroriparian. These number
from twenty to twenty-five. Among birds, the following genera are shared
with the more southern region only: Quiscaliis, Seiurus, Oporornis,
HelmitlwruSj Protonotaria, Parula, Mniotilta, Ortyx. No genus of Eep-
tiles, and but one of Batrachians {Gyrinophilus), is confined to this
region ; but it shares all it possesses with the Austroriparian. It
has but three genera of lizards, viz, Cnemidophorus, Eumeces, and Seek-
porus, which are universallj' Nearctic. The Batrachian genera not found
in the Central are —
iScaphiopus.
Gyrino2)h'duN.
i^pelerpes.
Plethodon.
Ucmidactylium.
Dcsmatognathns.
< Menopoma.
INccturus.
71
The cbaracteristics of the fish-fauna of Eastern Nearctica are much
more marked; two entire orders, represented by the gar {Oinglymodi)
aud dog-fish {HaleconwrpM), are confined to it, and a series of genera of
Percidae, embraciDg many species, known as Etheostominae, have the
same range. The Siluridae all belong here, as well as a great majority
ot the genera of Cyprinidae and Catostomidae. In all of these divisions,
the region is very rich in species, owing to the abundance of everflow-
iug rivers and streams which drain it. The Polyodontidae (spoon-bill or
paddle-fish) are not found in any of the other regions.*
The Central region is characterized by the general absence of forests,
as compared with the Eastern. It presents two distinct divisions, each
peculiar in its vegetation : the division of the plains, which extends from
the eastern border to the Rocky Mountains; and the Eocky Mountain
region itself, which extends to the Sierra Nevada. The former is covered
with grass, and is almost totally treeless ; the latter is covered with ^^sagc-
hvnsih'^ {Artemisia), a short stout bush, which forms extensive areasof tree-
less brush. The grass-covered plains are the range of the bison, though it
formerly sought also the tracts of grass occasionally found among the
Artemisia. The region, as a whole, is distinguished from the Eastern
by the possession of several genera of ruminating Artiodactyles, i. e.. An-
tHocapra,Ha2)locerns, and Om, as well as certain species of the same group,
i, €., Cariacus macrotis (black-tailed deer) and C. leucurus. Other genera
of mammals which distinguish it from the Eastern are Taxidea, Cynomys,
Spcrmopliilus, Dipodomys, PerognatJms, and Lagomys. A few species
oi Spermophilus extend into the northwestern iiortion of the Eastern;
while the extensive genus Geomys (the subterranean gophers) range
over the Central subregion, aud into the Western aud Gulf States
the Austroriparian as far as the Savannah River. A great many species
of birds are peculiiir to the Central region, and the following genera :
Oroscoptes.
Ilydrohata.
Myiadestes.
Keocorys.
Salpinctes.
Picicorvus.
Chondestcs.
(Jalamospiza,
Ember nagra.
Ccntrocercus.
Pedioecetes.
* Excepting the coni'se of the Mississippi, and porliaps tho Rio Giaiulti.
72
'Si W ' I ■■; ■
I
IP'
!(•>''
The game-birds of the Central region are larger than those of the
Eastern. Such are the sage-cock, Centrocercus uropliasiamis ; the Pedi-
oecetes phasianelhis, OT cock of the plains; the Tetrao obscurus ; several
ptarmigan {Lagojnifi)', and Boiasa; the last three Palaearotic genera
also.
The reptiles are not numerous, and tortoises are especially rare.
Besides the genera of lizards characteristic of the Eastern district, it
adds Phnjnosoma, Crota2)hytus, and Holhroolia. Among snakes, no
genus is peculiar, and the moccasins and Elajys are wanting. There is
but one, possibly two, species of rattlesnake. Batrachians are few;
most of the genera of Anura are found, except Hyla. Among sala-
manders, the only genus is Amhlystoma ; but this is abundant, its large
larvae developing in the temporary pools of many arid regions. The
burrowing-frog, Spea homhifrons, ranges the same region, and breeds in
much the 3ame way. Ifo genus of Batrachians or Reptiles is peculiar
to the ( :ral region.
Fishes are few in families and species, largely in consequence of the
poverty of the region in rivers and streams. In the Western Colorado
and the Humboldt, perch, pike, Siluridae, herring, cod, eels, gar, dog-
fish, and sturgeon are entirely wanting. Cyprinidae, Catostomidae, Sal-
monidae, and Cottidae are the only families abundant in individuals and
species. The same remarks apply in great part to the Columbia River,
where, however, the Sahnonidae have a great development. These sal-
mon are principally marine species, which ascend the river to deposit
their spawn. They belong to many species, all peculiar to the region,
and embrace incredible numbers of individuals.
The Pacific region is nearly related to the Central, and, as it con-
sists of only the narrow district west of the Sierra Xevada, might be
regarded as a subdivision of it. It, however, lacks the mammalian
genera Bos and Antilocapra, and possesses certain peculiar genera of
birds, as Geococcyx (ground-cuckoo or chaparral-cock), Chainaea, and
Oreortyx (mountain-partridge). Of marine mammalia, there are several
peculiar types, as the eared seals {Otariidae) and sea-otter {Enliydra).
There are some genera of reptiles, e. g., Charina, related to the Boas,
Lodittj Amelia, Gerrhonotiis, and Xantusia, which do not occur in the
Central subregion. There are three characteristic genera of Batrachia,
all salamanders, viz, Anaides, Batrachoseps, and JDicamptodon; while the
Eastern genera Plethodon and Biemyctylus re-appear after skipping the
entire Central district. The other types of Eastern Amira are found
here, there being two species of Hyla.
73
A single species of tortoise {Chclopus marmoratus) exists iu the Pacific
region.
The fresh-water fish-fauna is much like that of the Central district iu
being poor iu types. It adds the viviparous Tharyngognathi of the ftim-
ily of EmhiotocUlae, which is represented by a number of species. The
marine fauna differs from that of the east coast in the great iiuiiiber
of species of Sahno and Sehastes and the variety of types of Cottidac. In
its northern regions, the genus Chirus and allies have their peculiar hab-
itat. The singular genus Blepsias (related to Coitus) exists on the same
coast, and several valuable species of cods [Gadua aiiratuSf G. periscopusj.
and Bracliygadus minutus), with the peculiar form Bathymaster, belong
especially to the northern coasts.
The Sonoran region is strongly marked among the faunae already de-
scribed. It is deficient in the species of ruminating Mammalia found
in the Central, and possesses a smaller number of species of mammals
than any of the others. Of birds, a few genera and several species are
different from those of the Central ; such are Calllpepla (partridge), Cich-
lopsis, Mitrephorus {Tyrannidae), Campylorhynchiis, and Geococcyx. Most
of these genera occur iu Mexico, and the last-named in California also.
It is in Reptiles that the great peculiarity of this region appears. The
following genera are not found in any of the other regions described :
1
LiZAEDS.
Helodernia.
Sauromalus.
Uma.
Coleonyx.
Serpents.
Gyalopium.
Chionactis.
Sonora.
EhinocJiihis.
Chilopoma.
Eight other genera of Reptilia are peculiar to this fauna and that of the
Lower Californian region, under which they are enumerated. Heloder-
ma, Coleonyx, and allies of Gyalopium of the above list are more largely
developed in species and individuals in the Mexican region of the Neo-
tropical realm. Every one of the five genera of serpents of the Sonoran
€ :}• :
^l'
mm
il; "■
u
region is characterized by a peculiar structure of tbc rostral plate, which
is produced either anteriorly or laterally to an unusual degree ; two of
the genera {Pliimothyra and ChUomcnlscm), common to the Lower Cali-
fornian region, present the same peculiarity.
This region is the headquarters of the rattlesnakes, there being no
less than nine species found in it, of which six are peculiar. It also
possesses a majority of the species of horned toads {Phnjnosoma); only
four of the North American species being unknown there. The Testu-
dinate fauna is very poor, jmssessing a few species of Nearctic charac-
ter, and three Cinosterna, two of them of Mexican type.
The Batrachian fauna exhibits but one genus of Urodda, but several
of the Amim. Appropriately to its arid character, there is but one Rana,
but six species of toad (Biifo), this being the headquarters of that genus
in the Kegnum Nearcticum. .The eastern genus ScapMopus appears here,
instead of the Spea of the other western regions. There is one species
of tree-frog.
Two species of turtles of the Ciuosternidae have been found. The
fresh-water fish-fauna is very poor, and but little known. In the Colo-
rado River proper, the Salmonidac and Cottidae appear to be wanting,
leaving only Cyprlnidae and Catostomidac. A strongly-marked division
of the former, the Plagojjterinae, which embraces three genera, is mainly
restricted to the Colorado River drainage, and is the most striking feature
of the fish-fauna of the Sonoran region.
The Lower CaUfornian region much more nearly resembles the youoraii
than the Pacific region. It possesses, however, many peculiar species
of birds and reptiles.^ Seines appear to be wanting, but other lizards
abound. The following genera of reptiles have been found here, which
do not occur in any other region of Nearctica :
Lizards.
Verticaria.
DiplodacUjlus.
Cyclura,
Snakes.
Lichaniira.
These, except the last, have been found in Mexico or South America.
It shares with the Sonoran only, the following :
LlZAKDS. /
Dq)sosaurn.s.
CalUsanruf;,
Uta.
FhylloilactyUus,
Snakes.
Trhnorphodoii.
UijpsUjlena.
Phimotlij/ra.
Chilomi'ni,scH.s.
These genera constitute the most characteristic feature of the two
faunae, not occurring in any other part of North America. Trimorpho-
(hn.'IIypsUjlena^ and PhyUodactylus arc well represented in Mexico.
Of Batrachians we have, like the Sonoran, Ilyla, ScajyhiopuSj and
Bufo, but, on the other hand, PMhodon, as in the PaciQc and Eastern.
Of the fresh-water fish-fauna, nothing is known ; the streams are few
and small. This region extends northward to the southern boundary
of California.
Among the Invertebrata, the MolJiinca present facts of distribution
similar in significance to those derived from the study of the Vertebrata.
Thus the Eastern, the Middle, and the Pacific districts are plainly
marked out in the fresh-water and land Mollusca. To the former are
entirely confined the 8treptoj)omatidae and the great majority of the
Unionidac, which together constitute more than two-thirds the species
of the Nearctic realm. Of land-shells, the great series of toothed snails
[Mcfiodontitiae), which embraces many genera and species, is almost con-
fined to the Eastern subregion. The same is true of the snails of the
gioup of Gastrodontinae and of the genera Hyalina and Hygromia. The
Central subregion is characterized by its poverty in all that respects
Mollusca, while several genera of land-snails are peculiar to the Pacific
region, and are largely represented by species there. One hundred of
the four hundred land-shells described from the Regnum Nearcticum be-
long to the western coast. Amon^^' snails, the genera Aglaja, Arionta, and
Po?^»ti7a. are represented 'by handsome species. MacrocycUs and Bin.
neya belong especially to this region.
As is to be supposed, the Insects indicate a greater number of subdi-
visions than the other animals. The fresh- water Crustacea have been but
sparingly studied. They seem, however, to have a wide distribution ;
thus Coinbdrus (craw-fish) and Artcmia are found everywhere where
physical conditions are suitable.
i
IG
v.— THE AUSTRORIPARIAN REGION.
\i
•%■.:>
If,,
i;.r !('!;;
?'
i|» I, I
"^E:
V". Ilcptilcs whoso distribution corresponds with the arcd of the
Austroriparian region — 21 :
Siren laeertina.
Trachjjutomatu,
Anum.
Engystoma carolineuse.
Acris gryUus gryllus.
llyla squirella.
Ilyla carolinensis.
Ophidia.
Caudisona miliaria.
Ancistrodon piscivorus.
Elaps fulvius.
Ualdea striatula.
Farancia abacura.
Cemophora coccinea.
Ophibolus doliatus cocciueus.
Coluber obsoletus confinls.
Coluber guttatus.
Tropidonotus fasciatus.
Lacertilia.
Oligosoma laterale.
Cnemidophorus sexlineatus sexlineatus.
Opheosaurus ventralis.
Anolis principalis.
Tcstiidinata.
Macrochelys laeertina (except Atlantic slope).
Pseudemys mobiliensis (except Atlantic slope).
Pseudemys concinna.
Testudo Carolina.
Crocodilia.
Alligator mississippiensis.
As aleady remarked, this fauna is composed of the Floridan, Louis-
iauian, and Texan districts.
77
Tho Floridan district contains either i)eeuliiir species of animals, or
those of West Indian or South American character. The characteristic
birds arc chiefly of the latter 'Jiaractcr, but amouij reptiles the follow-
iug are confined to it :
V^ Species confined to the Floridan district of tho above — 18 :
Uroilela,
Manculus remifer.
Anura.
Hyla gratiosa.
Lithodytes ricordii (Cuba ; Bahamas).
Eaua areolata capito.
Ophidia.
Elaps distans (Sonoran also).
Coutia pygaea.
Eutaeuia sackenii.
Tropidonotus compsolaemus.
Tropidonotus compressicaudus.
Tropidonotus ustus.
Tropidonotus cyclopium.
Helicops allenii.
LacertlUa.
Khiueura floridana.
Eumeces egregius.
Eumeces ouocrepis.
Sceloporus floridauus.
Spbaerodactylus uotatus (Cuba).
CrocodlUa.
Crocodilus americanus (Cuba).
Of the above, the species of Crocodilus, ^pliacrodactylus^ and Lltho
ihjtes only, have been found in the Antilles. The genera of the abovo
list which are peculiar to tho Floridan district of the Xearctic fauna
are —
Lithodytes.
Helicops.
Ehlneiim.
Spliacrodaciylm.
d
5?
78
: &*l
1 '^ ";!;'!■■ ''^'l
SI 'tij
jjiil:. I'. "};
ii '^■"•^ ■■'till
^Ri
Raptores.
Waders.
>Terus.
A venomous snake, tlie Ela^s clistans, is common to tliis district and
the Sonoran fauna.
Some small mammals a e confined to tbis region also. The genera of
birds that do not range north of it are—
Certhiola.
Zenaeda
Oreopelia } Pigeons.
Starnaenas
Rostrhamus
Polyhorus
Aramtis
Aitdubonia
Phoenicopterus.
Saliplana
Anoiis
The Louisianian district possesses the peculiarities of the austroripa-
rian fauna already pointed out, minus those of Florida and Texas. Of
Mammalia, the genera J. Zees, j\IustelajJaciilus,Arctomys,Fiber,Sin{i Condy-
lura are wanting, as well as the red-squirrel, Canada lynx, gray-rabbit,
etc. Its most remarkable birds are the nonpareil finch, ivory -billed wood-
pecker, parrckeet, etc., while its Flaps falvius, or corr.l-snake, is one of the
most beautiful of the order. A large and dangerous rattlesnake is also
confined to it, viz, Caudisona adamantea, and the well-known moccasin
Ancistrodon piscivorus does not range outside of its boundaries. A
species of the West Indian Dromicus (serpents) has been found on the
Atlantic coast.
y^. Species confined to the Louisianian district — 30 : (E confined to
the Eastern portion ; AV to the Western, as far as known).
Trachystomata.
Pseudobrauchus striatus. E.
Proteida.
Xccturus punctatus. E.
Urodela.
xVmphiuma means.
Muraenopsis trit^actyla. W.
Amblystoma talpoideum. E.
Amblystoma cing'ulatum. E.
79
Stereocliilus marginatum. E.
Manculus quadridigitatus. E.
Spelerpes guttolineatus. E.
Amira.
Bufo lentiginosus lentiginosus. ,
Bufo quercicus.
Chorophilus nigritus.
Choropbilus augulatus.
Chorophilus oculatus.
Chorophihis ornatus.
OphUJla,
Crotalus atlaraanteus aflamauteus.
Virginia harperti.
Virginia elegans. W.
Tantllla coronata.
Abastor erythrogrammus.
Osceola elapsoidea. E.
Ophibolus rhombomaculatus.
Coluber quadrivittatus. E.
Spilotes couperii. E.
Bascanium flagelliformc flagelliforme. E.
Bascauium anthicum. W.
Tropidonotus taxispilotus.
Ilett^rodon simns simus.
Tcstudhiata.
Aspidonectes asper. W.
Aspidouectes ferox.
Aromochelys carinatus.
Psoudemys hieroglyphica. (?)
' Pseudemys scabra.
Chryserays reticulata.
Cistudo clausa triuuguis. (Penua.)
A number of the genera of the above catalogue are noi ye aown to
extend their range iuto the Floridau or Texan districts, as follows :
Pscndohranchis.
Muracnopsis.
Virginia.
Abastor.
Osceola.
'!'•
It* ■'..'■ I.
.•^■;.;,
ill-',;' a"> ■ ■ •■
I-
80
The geuus Virginia occurs within the State of Texas, but whether
Avithin the Texau district is uot certain, as the Hue separating the latter
from the Louisiauian district is not well known. The ISpclcri)es mitlti-
pUcatus, a rare salamander from Western Arkansas, is in the same way,
of uncertain reference.
The species of the following list have a peculiar range, some of them
(marked E) extending I ejond the borders of the Austroriparian region
V'^ Species which range along the Mississippi Valley and not east-
ward of it— 13 :
Urodela.
Amblystoma microstomum (E.).
Ophidia.
Carphophiops helenae.
Virginia elegans.
Ophibolus calligaster (E.).
Coluber emoryi (E.).
Eutaenia faireyi (E.).
Eutaeuia proxima.
Tropidonotus grahamii (E.).
Tropidonotus rhombifer.
Testudiiiata.
]Macrochelys lacertina,
Pseudemys troostii.
Malacoclemmys geographica (E.).
Malacoclemmys pseudogeographica (E.).
The Texan district of the Aufitroriparian regiou is not the range of
any genus not found elsewhere, but possesses the peculiar genera of the
Louisiauian district, many of which are represented hy correspond-
ing and peculiar species. Seventeen such species of reptiles may be
enumerated, besides a siilamnnder and a toad. Several species of mam-
mals are also peculiar to it, i. c, five rodents and two skunks. Of birds,
three appear to be, so far as known, peculiar, Ortyx tc.mnu.s, Virci
atricapillus, and Mih'ulus forjicatus. Many iMexican birds are found ou
the Kio Grande, while a few enter Texas to a greater distance, as Ictcrm
parisonon. The high northwestern regions of the State should be
assigned to the Sonoran fauna, as the range of the two partridges
{CaUipcpla squamata and Cyrtonijx massena) and the linch {Peucaeit
cassinii). (
81
Several genera of mammals, birds, aud reptiles exist iu the Texan
region, wliicU constitute its chief claim for distinction from the Louis-
iauian ; these are —
^Mammals.
Jjicoti/les (Xt.).
Bassaris (P. St.).
Birds.
Geococcyx (P. S.).
Reptiles.
EolhrooUa (C. S.).
Phrynosoma (C. S. P.).
Stenostoma (Nt. P.).
None of these are peculiar: those marked (P.) being also found in the
Pacific; (C.) the Central; (S.) the Sonoran; and (Et) the Neotropical
region. Two striking species of mammals range through the Texan
district, viz, the jaguar and the peccary.
V. Species confined to the Texan district — 21 :
Caducihrcowhiata.
Amblystoma texanum.
Anura.
Bufo valliceps (also Mexico).
Chorophilus triseriatus clarkii.
Hvla carolincnsis semifasciata.
Eana areolata areolata.
Ophldia,
CrotKlus adamanteus atrox.
Aucistrodou piscivorns pugnax,
Elaps' fulvius tener.
Tantilla gracilis.
Tantilla hallowellii.
Tantilla nigriceps.
Contia episcopa.
Opliibolus doliatus auuulatus.
Diadophis jiunctatus stictogenys.
Coluber lindheimerii.
G II
mii;
illii!
lis::
■■'i{,-lr^
F'w' i-'
82
Eutaenia uiarciaiui (extends W.).
Tropidoiiotus clarkii.
Tropidouotns sipedou woodhousei.
LacertiUa.
Holbrookia texaua.
Pliryuosoraa cornutum.
Tcstudinata.
Aspidonectes emoryi.
VI. — THE EASTERN EEGION.
This fauna presents four districts, viz, the Carolinian ; the Alieglie
uian ; the Canadian ; and the Hudsonian. These are distinguished by
the ranges of mammals aud reptiles, and the breeding-places of birds.
The Carolinian fauna extends in a belt north of the Louisianian, and
south of the isothermal of 71°. Its northern boundary is said to extend
from Long Island, south of the hill-region of is^ew Jersey, to the south-
eastern corner of Pennsylvania, and thence inland. It embraces a wide
belt in Maryland and Virginia, and all of central Jfor .h Carolina, aud
then narrows very much in passing round south of the Alleghenies of
Georgia. It extends north again, occupying East Tennessee, West Vir-
ginia, Kentucky, Indiana, the greater parts of Illinois and Ohio, and
the southern border of Michigan. It includes also Southern Wisconsin
and Minnesota, all of Iowa, and the greater part of Missouri. The
Alleghanian embraces the States north of the line just described,
excepting the regions pertaining to the Canadian fauna, which I now
describe. This includes Northern Maine, Isew Hampshire, and Vermout,
with the Green Mountains ; the Adirondacks and summits of the Allc^
hany Mountains as far as Georgia. It includes Canada East and north
of the lakes. The Hudsonian fauna is entirely north of the isothermal
of 50°. It has great extent west of Hudson's Bay, and is narrowed
southeastward to Newfoundland.
VI". Species peculiar to the Eastern region — 34 :
Proteida.
Necturus lateralis.
Ca(Jucibranch>ata.
Meuopoma fuscum.
Amblvstoma bicolor.
hetl In
an, aiul
( exteud
e soutli-
s a wide
iua, aud
lenies of
est Vir-
ihio, aiHl
iscousiu
iri. Tlie
[escribed,
ell I innv
T^ermout,
83
Amblystoma xiphias.
Amblystoma jeffersonianum.
Spelerpes ruber montanus.
Gyriuopliilus porpbyriticus.
Desmognathus ochrophaea.
Desinognathiis fusca fiisea.
Desmognathus uigra.
Amira.
Bufo americanus fowlerii.
Chorophilus triserititus corporalis.
Hyla pickeringii.
Eana pahistris.
liana temporaria silvatica.
Raua temporaria cantabrigensis
Eana septentrionalis (nearly).
02)hidia.
Caudisoua tergemina.
Virginia valeriae.
Opliibolus doliatus triangulum.
Cyclophis verualis (rare soutli).
Coluber vulpinus.
Pityopbi.s sayi sayi.
Storeria occipitomaculata.
Eutaenia sirtalis ordinata.
Tropidoclonium kirtlandii.
Lacertilia.
Eumeces antbraciuus.
TcstuiVinata.
Aspidonectes spinifer.
Amyda mutica.
Pseudemys rugosa.
Chelopus guttatus.
Cbelopus mublenbergii.
Chelopus insculptus.
Emys meleagris.
,1;;
mM
wmi
I ' ;, * f ,
• . "I
n*
84
The Carolinian fauna is not so marked among reptiles as among birds.
One genus of tlie former, Cncmiflophorns (swift lizard), does not range
north of it, with the genera Virginia, CycIopJiis, Haldca, and Pityophin
among serpents. Species coniincd in tlieir northern range by the same
limit are —
Opliibolus iloJiatus doliatus.
Opliiholns (jctulus.
Tropitlonoius sipcdon erythrogaster,
Fseudemys rugom.
Malacodcmmys paJustris.
Hyla andcrsonii.
Genera of birds restricted in the same way are —
Guiraca.
Helmitheriis.
Minius.
roUoptila.
GalUnula.
Herodias.
Florida.
Rimantopus.
Becurvirostra.
The Alleghanian district includes nearly all of the remaining species
of Keptiles and several Batrachians. The genera of these which do
not extend north of it are the following :
Lizards.
Sccloporus.
Eumeces.
Snakes.
Car2)ho2)hiops.
Cohther.
Cycloph is.
Tropidonotus,
Ophiholus.
Hctcrodon.
Caudisona.
Crotalus.
Ancislrodon.
85
Bathaciha. '
Choroplulus,
Uijla.
llcmiilat'ti/Uum.
Disnuujiiatlius.
Jlcnopomu.
Xectunm.
The species thus restricted uumber twenty-six. The geucra of birds
which do not range north of this fauna are numerous. They are —
Si alt a.
Vireo.
Pijrcuif/a.
Hariwrlnjuehus.
Troglodytes.
Cyanosjnza.
Pipilo.
Ammodwmus.
Sturnella.
Icterus.
Zcnaedura.
Ciipidonia.
Ortijx.
Meleuyrls.
Ardetta.
Eallus.
The catamount, red-squirrel, jumpiug-mouse, gray-rabbit, star-nosed
mole, and elk, do not range south of this fauna.
The Canadian fauna is distinguislied for its few reptiles (th jeing
ouly seven species) and Batracliia, as follows :
*
Tortoises.
Chelydra serpentina.
Chelopus insci(l2)tns.
Chrysemys picta.
Snakes.
Bascanium constrictor.
Eutaenia sirtalis.
Diadophis piuictatus.
Storcria occipitoniaculata.
■;vi
' ■; » * ■ }
■*■' :^
il,' V. ■ ?
j.;„,!; .•■«;
V"
■{vV
w:(f>> "'
86
Frogs.
Eaua tcmporaria c(t)itubri(;cnsis.
Rana scptenirionalis.
Salamanders.
Dcsmognafh ns ochrophueu.
DcsmoynathiiH nifini,
Spdcrpes ruber,
iipclcrpcs hiUncaius.
tii)dcr]}CH longieauda.
This fauna cxteutls south along the crests of the Alleghenies, where
we find the catamount, snow-bird, red-squiirel, and brook-trout {Sahno
fontinaUs), and Desmofjnathiis ochropltoca, as far as Georgia.
Several mammals are restricted in northward range hy the boundary
of this fauna; such are the bullalo, raccoon, skunk, wild-cat, panther,
star-nosed mole, etc. ; and the moose, caribou, wolverine, and fisher do
not range, according to J. A. Allen, south of it.
VP. Species confined to the Canadian district, or nearly so :
Urodela.
Aniblystoma jeffersonianuni laterale.
Anura.
Bufo lentiginosus fowlerii.
Kana septentrionalis.
Eana temi)oraria cantabrigeusis.
In the Hudsonian district there are no reptiles, and the fresh water;
begin to present various new species of Salmo and Coregonus (trout aud
white-fish). The catamount, fisher, ermine, black-bear, red-squirrel.
ground-hog, etc., do not range north of it. The following singing-birds
breed there:
Anthiis tiidovicianus.
Saxicola ocnanthe.
Ampclis garrnla.
Acgiothus linaria.
ricctrophanes lappon ica.
riectropha nes n 'walis.
Plectrophanes picia,
Lcticostictc tcphrocotis.
The first and last two are the only species not also found in Europe.
Numerous waders find swimming-birds breed in this region, the wLok'i
87
iiniiiber being thirty-six ; while ninety-six species of birds do not wander
north of it. To this category many of the common species of the Mid-
dle States belong.
Xorth of this the species of vertebrates are eircumpolar or arctic.
The iclithyological fauna of the two Eastern subregions remains to
be considered. For the present, they will be united, though the distri-
bution of fresh-water fishes is governed by laws similar to those con-
trolling terrestrial vertebrates and other animals, in spite of the
seemingly confined nature of their habitat. With this general principle
in vii'w, we may revert briefiy to this distribution over this district of
the Xearctic region. This large area is characterized by the distribution
of several species in all its waters, or nearly so, so far as yet exam-
iiiotl — those of Scmoiilus, Cerat i chili jj.s, Ilmhsilrpi.s, Catostomus, etc., or
by the universal recurrence of the same in suitable situations; and by
the representation of these and other genera by nearly allied species in
its diflerent portions. The fauna of the tributaries of the Mississippi
constitutes, it might be said, that of our district; while the slight vari-
ations presented by the Atlantic-coast streams might be regarded as
exceptional. The fauna of the great lakes combines the peculiarities of
both, possessing as a special peculiarity, (I), which belongs to the Lake
region, which, in the district, commences at latitude 42° and extends to
the Arctic regions, the range of the genus Coregonus. The peculiarity
of the Atlantic subdistrict (II) may be said to be the abundance of Esox,
SaJmo, and Anguilla, and the absence of Ihiploidonotus. The first two
are abundant in the Lake region, while AnfjulUa and IlaploUJonotm have
but a partial distribution there. In (III), the Mississippi basin, Eftox is
represented by but few species, and remarkably few individuals. Sahno
occurs abundantly in the upper parts of the Missouri tributaries, exists
ill the western mountain-streams of the Alleghanies, becoming rare in
those of the Kanawha, and only occurring near the highest summits in
those of the Tennessee, south to the line of South Carolina. It is
especially characterized by the paddle-fish [Spatularla or Polijodon)^ the
shovel-sturgeon {Scaphirhynchops), and the alligator-gar {Atmctosteus) ]
also by the buffalo {Buhalichthys), the Cyclcptus, etc., among suckers,
and the fork-tailed catfisib. {IcUthaelurus). Among Percomorphs, the Ha})-
loidonoUis is the characteristic genus; and among those allied to the
herring, the genus Hyodon. Numerous species are confined to its afllu-
euts. The gradation from the Mississipi)i grouping of species to the
Atlantic is very gradual, and takes place in successional order from
i}^.,.
n
m^
['■■W'
■H*i\".'
tc
those emptying i' tlie Gulf of Mexico toward the east and northeast,
until we reach vers of IMassachusetta and Maine, where the great-
est modilication oi the fauna exists. The latter fact has been pointed
out by Agassiz, who calls this region a "zoological island," and enn
merates the characteristic Nearctic genera which are wanting there. 1
give now a list showing the points at which ^Mississippi genera cease, as
we follow the rivers of the Gulf and Atlantic coasts, so far as our
present knowledge extends.
Gulf rivers: Ilaploidouotits has not yet been indicated from eastward
of these, except in the Lake area.
Tioanoke : CAimpoHtoma ceases here.
James : 2[icroptcruf< and AmhlopUtvH cease.
Potomac : Fomo.njs, according to Professor P>aird (verb, comnin.), ceases
here.
Susquehanna: Ccratichthys, I^joylossum, Chyofiomus, Crtrj>/of7t'.s', cease.
Delaware : CUnostomus, Hi/pnilcpis analontanus, UnncacaniJius, and Lcpi-
dostciifi cease.
Hudson : <Semofi?j<.s' corjw>Y<7<,s', according toF.W. Putnam (verb, commn.),
ceases.
The types remaining in the Atlantic waters of the New England dis-
trict (IV) are first, then, SaJmo, Esox, xingHllla, Perca ; and, secondly, tlio
general types Boleosoma. Semotilus, Ilijpiiilcjns, Stilbe, ITyhopsis [bi/rc-
natufi), Fitnfhtlm, and A7niurufi ; and the Lake types Lota and Coref/onns'.
VII. — THE CJLN'TKAL REGION.
VIP. Species peculiar to the Central region — 12 :
Amira.
Spea bombifrous.
Ophiilia.
Ophibolus multiatratus.
Eutaenia radix.
Eutaenia vagraus vagrans.
Eutaenia sirtalis parietalis.
LacertUia,
Eumeces septentrionalis.
Eumeces inornatus.
Eumeces multivirgatus.
Holbrookia maculata maculata.
Phrynosoma douglassii douglassii.
89
Testuilinata.
Pseiuleinys elogaiis.
Clirysemys oregoueusis.
Cistiido oruata.
VIII.— THE rACIl-lC REGION.
VIII*. Species confined to the Paeitic region— U:
Ut'Oihla.
Aniblystotna macrodaetyhun.
Aniblystonia paroticum.
Aniblystoma tenebrosuni.
Amblystoma ateiTimuni.
Dicamptodou ensatns.
Ijatiaeboseps attenuatus.
Uatraehoseps nigriventris.
IJatraehoseps paeitieu.s.
Pkthodon intermedins.
IMethodon oregonensis.
x\.n aides hignbris.
Anaides ferrens.
Dieiuyctvhis torosns.
Anura.
Bnfo balophiUis.
Hyla regilhi.
Ilyla cadaverina.
Spea liammoudii.
Kana temporaria anrora.
Eana pretiosa.
OphUlia.
Crotahis lucifer.
Contia mitis.
Lodia tenuis.
Pityophis catenifer.
Bascanium constrictor vetustum.
Eutaenia Lamuondii.
Eutaenia elegans.
Eutaenia sirtalis pickeringii.
IMAGE EVALUATION
TEST TARGET (MT-3)
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90
Eutaeuia sirtalis concinna.
Entaenia sirtalis tetrataonia.
Eutaenia cooperii.
Eutaenia atrata.
Charina plumbea.
Stenostoma bumile.
Lacertilia.
Aniella pulchra.
Eumeces skiltouiauus.
Xantusia vigilis.
Barissia olivacea.
Gerrlionotus principis.
Gerrhonotus grandis.
Gerrhonotus scincicaudus.
Uta graciosa.
Uta schottii.
Phrynosoraa blaiuvillei.
Tcstiidinata.
Cbelopus marinoratus.
Gerrhonotus muJticarinattis is common to tbe racific and Lower Cab*
fornia regionSr
IX.— THE SONORAN REGION.
IX". Species confined to tbe Sonoran region — C8 :
Amira.
Bufo alvarius.
Bufo debilis.
Bufo microscapbus.
Bufo specioaus.
Bufo lentigiuosus froutosus.
Hyla eximia. (Mexico also.)
Hyla arenicolor.
Scapbiopus varius rectifrenis. *
Scapbiopus coucbii.
Ophidia.
Crotalus pyrrbus. " '
Crotalus cerastes.
Crotalus tigris.
91
Crotalu.s adtimanteus scutulatus.
Crotalus molossus.
Caudisoua edwardsii.
Elaps euryxauthus.
Chilomeniscus epliippicus.
Chilomeniscus ductus.
Cbioiiactis occipitalis.
Coutia isozoiia.
Souora seiniaunulata.
Gj'alopium canum.
Ehiiiochilus lecontei.
Opbibolus pyrrhomelus.
Opbibolus getulus splendidns.
Diadopbis regalis.
Hypsiglena ochrorbyncba cbloropbaea.
Pbiinotbyra grabaraiae.
Bascanium flagelliforme piceuiu.
Cbilopoma rutipunctatum.
Eutaeuia macrostemma.
Eutaeiiia vagraus angustirostris.
Tropidonotus validus validus.
Tropidouotus sipedon coucbii.
Stenostoma diilce.
LacertiUa.
Eumeccs obsoletus. .
Eumeces guttulatus.
Cuemidopborus grabamii.
Cnemidopborus iuornatus.
Cuemidopborus octolineatus.
Cnemidopborus tessellatus gracilis.
Cuemidopborus tessellatus raelanostetbus.
Gerrbouotus nobilis.
Gerrbouotus iufernalis.
Heloderma suspectum.
Callisaurus dracontoides veutralis.
Uma notata.
Sauromalus ater.
Crotapbytus reticulatus.
Uta onv'ta.
■■ v.-
92
Sceloporus oruatus.
Sceloponis jarrovii.
Sceloporus poinsettii.
Sceloporus torquatus.
Sceloporus coucliii.
Sceloporus marmoratus.
Sceloporus clarkii.
Pbrynosoiiia modestum.
Phrynosoma maccallii.
Phrynosoma regale.
Phrynosoma i)laniceps.
Phryuosoma bernaudezii.
Coleonyx variegatus.
Phyllodactylus tuberculatus.
Testudijiata.
Ciuosteruum souoriense.
Cinosteruum benrici.
Ciuosternum flavescens.
Testudo agassizii.
Phrynosoma platyrhinium has as yet been observed in Nevada only.
X. — THE LOWER CALIFOEIJIAN REGION.
X*. Species peculiar to the Lower Californiau region — 27 :
Urodela.
Plethodon croceater.
Amira.
Hyla curta.
Oj)ludia,
Crotalus enyo.
Crotalus mitchellii.
Tautilla planiceps.
Chilomeuiscus stramiueus.
Ophibolus californiae.
Ophibolus getulus conjunctus.
Hypsiglena ochrorhyncha ochrorhyncha.
Phimothyra decurtata.
Pityophis vertebralis.
Bascanium aurigulum.
\
93
Tropidonotus validus celaeno.
Charina bottae.
Lichanura trivirgata.
Licbamira myriolepis.
Licbsniira roseofusca.
LaccrtiUa,
Pbyllodactylus uuctus.
Pbyllodactylus xauti.
Cnomidopborus maxiinus.
Verticaria byperytbra.
Callisaurus dracontoides.
(Jta tbalassiiia.
Uta iiigricauda.
Sceloporus claikii zosteromus.
Pbrynosouui coronatum.
Cyclura beiiiilopba.
XI.— RELATION OF DISTRIBUTION TO PHYSICAL CAUSES.
The first observation witb regard to tbe Batracbian and Eepiilian
fauna of Nortb America is tbe usual one, viz, that tbe number of spe-
cific and generic types exhibits a rapid increase as we approach tho
tropics. Of the area inhabited by these forms of animals, less than one-
fonrtli is included in the three Southern regions — the Austroriparian,
the Sonoran, and the Lower Californian ; yet these contain more than
half of the entire number of species, and all but eight of the genera are
fouud in them. Of this number, forty-two genera, or one-third of the
total, is confined to within their boundaries. It is a truism directly
resulting from tbe very small production of animal heat by these ani-
mals, that temperature, and therefore latitude, has tbe greatest influ-
ence on their life and distribution. This is exhibited in other ways than
iu multiplication of forms. It is well known, that although plainly-col-
ored reptiles arc not wanting in tbe tropics, brilliantly-colored species
are much more abundant there than in temperate regions. Although
the Kegnum Xearcticum does not extend into the tropics, its south-
ern districts are the habitat of most of the species characterized
by bright colors. This is most instructively seen in species having a
wide range. Such is the case with the southern subspecies of Desmatog-
nathus among salamanders, and Ilyla among frogs. So with snakes of the
genera CrotaUis, Caudisona^ Ophiholus, Bascanium, and Euiaenia. It is
94
;?■;■
also true of the lizards of the genera Phrynosoma, HolbrooJcia, and Sec-
loporus. Eutaenia and Sceloporus become metallic in the Mexican sub-
region, as is also the case with the Anoles. The North American species
of AnoUs does not display metallic luster, while a large part of those of
Mexico and a smaller proportion of those of the West Indies exhibit it.
Another important influence in the modification of the life in ques-
tion is the amount of terrestrial and atmospheric moisture. In the
case of the Batrachia, this agent is as important as that of heat, since
a greater or less part of (heir life is, in most species, necessarily spent
in the water. The reptiles are less dependent on it, but, as their food
consists largely of insects, and as these in turn depend on vegetation
for sustenance, the modifying influence of moisture on their habits must
be very great.
The Central region combines the disadvantages of low tempera-
ture, due to its elevation above the level of the sea, and of arid atmos-
phere ; hence its poverty in Batrachia and lieptiUa. There are but nine
species of both classes peculiar to it, while a lew others enter from sur-
rounding areas.
The distribution in the other regions is evidently dependent on the
same conditions. Thus the well- watered, forest-covered Eastern and
Austroriparian regions are the home of the salamanders, the frogs,
the tree -toads, and the turtles. The dry and often barren Sonoran and
Central regions abound in the lizards and the toads. The Pacific re-
gion, which is intermediate in climatic character, exhibits a combination
of the two types of life; it unites an abundant lizard-fauna with
numerous frogs and salamanders, while there is but one tortoise.
Another character of the reptilian life of arid regions is to be seen
in a peculiarity of coloration. This, which has been already observed
by the ornithologists, consists of a pallor, or arenaceous hue of the
body, nearly corresponding with the tints of dry or sandy earth. This
prevails throughout the Batrachia and Eeptilia of the Sonoran re-
gion, although it is often relieved by markings of brilliant color, of
which red is much the most usual. This peculiaiity doubtless results
immediately from the power of metachrosis, or color-change, possessed
by all cold-blooded Vertebrata, by means of which they readily assume
the color of the body on which they rest. That a prevalent color of
such bodies should lead to a habit of preference for that color is neces-
sary, and as such habits become automatic, the permanence of the color
is nmturally established.
95
Another peculiarity of the Sonoran regiou, and which it shares
with a part of Mexico, is the predominance of snakes which possess an
extraordinary development of the rostral shield cither forward or out.
ward. This has also been observed by Professor Jan, who referred
such genera to a group he termed the Prohletorhinidae^ but which has
not sufficient definition to be retained in the system. Of ten genera of
suakes in the Nearctic region which possess the character, nine are
found in the Sonoran subregion, five are peculiar to it, and it shares
two with the Lower Californian subregion only. One of the latter
[Plumothym) is closely imitated by a genus {Lyiorhynchfis) which occurs
on the borders of the African Sahara. The Ueterodon of the Eastern
States, though not confined to the sandy coast-regions, greatly abounds
there ; and the South American species skip the forest-covered Amazon
Valley and reappear on the plains of the Paraguay and Parana. As
the Sonoran region embraces a number of desert areas, it is alto-
gether probable that the peculiar forms in question have a direct rela-
tion to the removing of dry earth and sand, in the search for concealment
and food. A modification of foot-structure, supposed to have relr tion
to the same end, is seen in the movable spines on the outer side of the
foot in the genus Uma, a character exhibited in higher iierfection in the
South African genus Ptenopus. *
The abundance of Bufones is doubtless due in part to their adapta-
tion to life in dry regions. They are mostly furnished with tarsal bones
especially developed for excavating purposes.
* Proc. Acad. Phila., 1^68, p. 321.
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PA.RT IV.
BIBLIOGRAPHY.
The i)reseiit list only includes the titles of works antl memoirs which
embrace discussions of systematic or distributional relations of the
reptiles of the Hegio Nearctica. Those embracing descriptions of spe-
cies only will be added at a future time.
The subject of general geographical distribution has been especially
investigated by Sclater, Huxley, and the writer; while Baird, Agassiz,
LcConte, Verrill, Allen, and the writer have devoted themselves espe-
cially to the distribution of the animals of the fauna Nearctica. In 1856,
Dr. Halloweli remarked the rarity of salamanders and turtles in the
Souorau region,* and Professor Baird has especially demonstrated the
complementary relation exhibited in the distribution of lizards and turtles
in North America. Professor Verrill and J. A. Allen have defined the
tiiunal subdivisions of Eastern North America with great success,
basing their conclusions on the distribution of birds and Mammalia.
The writer subsequently defined the Sonoran and Lower Californian
regions, and elevated the Austroriparian area to the same value,
adopting, also, the districts of Verrill and Allen. In the present essay
1 am greatly indebted to the learned work of J. A. Allen for information
on the distribution of birds, as well as to the previous essay of Professor
Baird on the birds and mammals.
A.— WorliS on the classijication of Batrachia and Beptilia.
1817. Cuvier. Regne Animal. First edition. Paris.
1-S20. Merrem. Systema Amphibiorum.
1821. Wagler, in Spix Serpeutes Brazilium.
1825. Latieille. Families Naturelles du R^gne Animal. Paris.
1825. Gray. Genera of Reptiles in Annals of Philosophy. London.
182G (June). Fitzinger. Neue Classification der Reptilien.
tl
7 H
Proc. Acad. Philiv., 1856, p. 309.
»7
98
1826 (October). Boio, H. Erpetologio von Java in Ferrusnc's Bulletin
des Sciences Naturelles et G<5ologique8.
1827. Boie, F., in Isis von Ukon, p. 508.
1830. Wagler. NatUrlicbes System der Auiphibien. ,
1831. Milller. Beitriige zur Anatomic der Anipbibien, Tiedemann n
Treviranus' Zeitsclirift tllr Physiologic, iv, p. 199.
1832. Wiegraann und Rutbe. Liandbucli der Zoologie. Berlin.
1832. Bonaparte. Saggio di una Distribnzione Metodica degli Animali
Vertebrati. lionjc.
1834. Dum^ril et Bibron. Erp^tologie G6n6rale, vol. i. General Clas-
sification and Anatomy. Tlie Testudinata. Paris.
1834. Wiegmann. Herpetologij' Mexicana. Berlin.
1835. Dumdril et Bibron. Erp^tologie G<:'n<^rale, vol. ii. Testudinata;
LacertUiaj m general.
183C. Dum<§ril et Bibron. Erpdtologie G6n6rale, vol. iii. Crocodllia,
Chanaeleontidae, Oecconidae, Varanidae.
1837. Dumdril et Bibron. Erp6tologie Gendrale, vol. iv. Sauriens
{Tguanidae ana Agamidae). Paris.
3837. Scnlegel. Essai sur le Pliysionomie des Serpens. Hague.
1839. Dum6ril et Bibron. Erp6tologie Gen^rale, vol. v. Lacertidae,
Chalcididae, and Scineidae.
1841. Dum^ril et Bibron. Erp6tologio Geu^rale, vol. viii. Batrachia
Oymnophiona, and Anura.
1843. Fitzinger. Systema Keptiliuni. Vienna.
1844. Dum^ril et Bibron. Erp6tologie Geu6rale. vol. vi. Ophidia in
general; Scolecophidia and Asinea, parts.
1844. Gray. Catalogue of Tortoises, Crocodiles, and Ampliisbaeuians
in the British Museum. London.
1845. Gray. Catalogue of the Lizards in the British Museum. London.
1849. Gray. Catalogue of Specimens of Snakes in the British Museum.
London.
1849. Baird. Revision of the North American Tailed Batrachia, etc.
Journal of Academy, Philadelphia, vol. i, p. 281.
1850. Gray. Catalogue of the Specimens of Amphibia in the Britisb
Museum. London.
1953. (January). Baird and Girard. Catalogue of the Serpents of North
America. Washington.
1853. Dum^ril. Prodrome de la Classification des Reptiles Ophidieus
Institut de France.
99
iiUetin
iiaiin u
1851.
1854.
1855.
Liiiiuali ^M
1857.
\\ Clas ■
1858.
^M
1858.
dinata; ^M
1858.
ocodUia, ^M
1859.
^aurleus M
1860.
certidae, H
1863.
atrachia H
1864.
1864.
)hidia in H
1865.
1860.
baeuians H
LouiloD. ■
1867.
Museum. 1
1867.
chia, etc. D
1 1860.
3 Bdtisb ■
1
I 1860.
lofNortb ■
I
I 1870.
phidiens ■
H
Dumdril et Bibrou. Eriwtologie GC-ntirale. Tome vii, part 1,
Ophidia Asineaf part 2, Venomous SerpentH. Tome ix, Batra-
cilia Urodela. Tome x, plates.
LiConte, J. Cataloguoof the North Ameiican Tcstndiuata. Por-
ceedings of PhihulelpUia Academy, vol. vii.
Clray. Catalogue of the Shield Reptiles in the British Museum.
London.
Agassiz. Contributions to the Natural History of the United
States, part ii. North American TcHtudinata, i>. 233.
Gray. On the Classitication of the Old World Salamanders.
Proceedings of the Zoological Society, London, p. 235.
Giintlier. Catalogue of the Colubriue Serpents in the British
Museum. London.
GUnther. Catalogue of the Batrachia Salieutia in the British
Museum. London.
Cope. Catalogue of the Venomous Serpents. Proceedings of the
Academy, Philadelphia, 1859, p. 330.
Owen. I'aleontology. London. (Arrangement of Extinct Rep-
tiles.)
Jan. Elenco Sisleioatico degli Otidi Descritii e Disegnati per
I'Iconografla Generale. Milan.
Cope. Characters of the Iligher Groups of Reptilia Squamuta.
Proceedings of the Academy, Philadelphia, p. 224.
Giiuther. Reptiles of British India. Ray Society.
Cope. Sketch of the Primary Groui)s of Batrachia Salientia
Natural History Review. London. '
Cope. On the Arciferous Anura and the Urodela. Journal of
the Academy of Natural Sciences, Pliiladeli)hia.
Cope. On the Families of the Rauiform Amira. Journal of the
Academy, Philadelphia, p. 189.
GUnther. Contribution to the Anatomy of //a^^cm. Philosophi-
cal Transactions.
Cope. Synopsis of the Extinct Batrachia, Reptilia, and Aves of
North America. Transactions of the American Philosophical
Society, vol. xiv.
Cope. A Review of the Species of Plethodontidae and Desmogna-
tkidae. Proceedings of the Academy, Philadelphia, p. 93.
Cope. On the Homologies of some of the Cranial Bones of the
Reptilia, and on the Systematic Arrangement of the Class.
Proceedings of the American Association for the Advance-
ment of Science, p. 194. Cambridge.
■M
I
■'J
100
1870. Gray. Supplentont to the Catalogue of Shield Reptiles in the
Britiflli Miiseuin. London.
1872. Uuxley. Anatomy of the Vertebrata. London.
B — Works treating of the (jeographical <li»tribution of North American
Batrachia and licptilia.
1857. Apissiz. Contribntions to the Natnral History of the United
otates, vol. i, i)art i, p. 449. On the Geographiejil Distribntion
of North American Testndinata.
1866. Baird. The Diatribution and Migration of North American Birds.
American Jonrnal of the Sciences and Arts, p. 78, 184-347 (Jan
uary).
1866. Verrill. Jtepoit of some Investigations upon the Geographical
Distribution of North American Birds. Proceedings of the Bos-
ton Society of Natural History, vol. x, p. 259 (May).
1866. Oope. On the Reptilia and Batrachia of the Sonorau l^rovincc
of the Nearctic Region. Proceedings of the Philadelphia Acad-
emy, p. 300 (October).
1869. Cope. On the Origin of Genera. Philadelphia.
1871. Allen, J. A. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology.
vol. ii. No. 3, p. 404.
1873. Cope. Gray's Atlas of the United States, p. 32. Geographical
Distribution of North American Vertebrata (with map).
INDEX.
AlKii^tor '^
Aclirochonlitlao 5W
AcoiitiUlou -^0
Aiiis 'M
Ado.itlut^ 17
Aniiaiidati It^
Aj;lo8Hii y
Allegliauian district B4
Alligator 54
Aiiiblystoma 5^5
Ainlilystoiiiidae 12,25
Aiupliicoflia 14
AiiipliiHbaeiiidau 20,44
Aui|)liiinna ... 25
Ampliiiimidau 12,25
Amydii 51
Aiiaidt'8 28
Aiicist rodon 34
Auf^iiiduo 18,46
Aiiiella 44
Aiiidlidae 20,24
AiKilidac 1H,50
Aiiolis 50
Auumodontia 15
Antliracosauridae 10
Anura 7,29
Aploaspis 33
Arcifera 9,30
Aromochelys 52
Arratigemeut of the fumilios and
higher divisions of Batrachia and
Roptilia 7
A»pidoncctes 51
Asiuea 21,34
Asterophrydidae 10
Athecao 16,50
Atractaspididae 23
Austroriparian region 68, 76
Baphetidae JO
Barissia 46
Bascanium 40
Batrachia 7,24
Batra«hopbrynidae 9
Batracboseps 26
Belodontidae 14
Bihliography 97
Boidao 22,43
Brevicipitidae 8
Hufo
liufuiiidao
Ihiloiiii'urmia .... .
Ciulucibranchiata ,
Caociliidao
Callisaurus
Canadian fauna..
Carolinian fauna.,
Ciirphophiops
Caudisona
Cansidau
Ccuiophora
Central region
Chaluidau
Chauiiicleontidae
Chariua
Check-list of the specieu of Batrachia
and Reptilia of the Nearctic or
North American realm
Chcloniidae
Chelonia
Cbelopus
Chelydid{»« ■
Chelydra
Chelydridae
Chilouieniscua
Chionactis
Chilopoma
Chorophilns
Chrysemys
Cinosternidae
Cinosternam
Cistudo
Cuemidophorus
Cocytinidi)«
Coleonyx
ColoBteidae
Colostethidae
Coluber
Colubridae
Compsognathidae
Coniopbanes
Contia
Crocodilia
Crocodiliiae
Crocodilus
Crotalidae
Crotalns
101
PttRe.
29
9,29
9,29
25
U
47
85
84
34
38
23
36
71,88
19
17
43
24
16,51
51
53
17
51
16,51
35
35
40
30
53
16,52
52
53
45
12
50
10
7
39
22,34
13
38
36
14,54
14
54
23,33
33
1
m^
102
Page.
Crotapbytus 47
Cryptodira 16,51
Cyclophia 38
Cyclura 50
Cystignathidae 9, 31
Dacty lethr\uae 9
Deudrobatidae 8
Desmoguathidae 11,28
Diadophia 37
Dicauiptodon 26
Dicyuodontidae 15
Diemyctylus 28
Dimorphodontidao 12
Dinosauria 13
Diplodactylus 50
Diploglossa 46
Dipsosaurus 48
Discloglossidae 10
Dromicus 38
Eastern region 68,82
Elapidae 22,34
Eb-^" 34
Elasmosauridae 15
Emydidae 16, 52
Euiys 53
Engystoma 30
EDgystomidae 8,30
Epirbexis 31
Eumeces 44
Eutsenia 40
Eretmocbelys 51
FaraDcia 35
Faunal regions of tbe eartb 55
Feyliniidae 20
Firmisternia 8, 30
Floridan district 77
Qanocepbala 10
Gastrechmia 8
GecconidsB 18, 50
Geographical distribution in the
Regnum Nearcticum, with special
reference to the Batracbia and
Roptilia 55
Gerrbonotidae 18, 46
Gerrhonotus 46
Goniopholididae 14
Goniopoda 13
Gyalopium 36
Gyninophidia 11
Gyriuopbilas 28
Endrosauridae 14
Haldea , 35
Helicops 43
Heloderdia 47
Page.
Helodermidae -,«... 19,47
Heiuidactylium 26
Uemiphractidae 10
Heniisidae 8
Heterodou 43
llolbrookia , 47
Homalopsidae 'i2
Hiid,soniau district 86
Hydraspididae 17
Hjdropbidae 23
Hyla 30
Hylidao 10,30
Hynobiidao 11
Hypsiglena 38
Icbtbyopterygia 15
Icbtbyosauridae 15
Iguania 47
Iguanidao 18
Iguanodontidae 14
Introductory remarks 3
Labyriuthodoutia 10
Lacortidae 19, 45
Laccrtilia , 17, 44
Leptoglossa 44
Licbanura 43
Licbanuridae 22, 43
Litbodytes 31
Lodia 36
Louisianian district 78
Lower Californian region 74, 92
Macrocbelys 52
Macrollemmys 53
Manculus 27
Megalosauridae 13
Menopoiua 25
Menopoinidae 12, 25
Microsanria. 11
Molgophidae 11
Mosasauridae 20
MuriBiiopsis 25
NajidiB 22
Necturus 24
Number of species 58
Nyctisaura 18,50
Odontaglossa 9
Oligosoma . ^ 44
Opbibolus 36
Opbidia 33
Opbeosauria 44
Opbeosaurus 46
Ornitbosanria 12
Oruithotarsidae 13
Orthopoda 13
Osceola 36
103
Page.
Oiuleuodontidae 15
Puebyglossa 18
Pacific region 72, 89
Parasucbia 14
Poliontidae 11
Ptlotly tidae 10
Peloinedusidao 17
Phimotbyra 38
Phlogetboutiidao H
I'Lryuiscidoe 8
Pbiyuosouia 49
Pliyllodactyliis 50
Pipidre 9
Pityopbis 39
Placodoutidae 14
Plesiosauridae 15
Pletbodoii 27
PletbodDiitidae 12, 2(J
Pleiirodelidae 11,28
Pleurodira 17
Pleurodonta 44
Pleurosteruidae - 17
Podocnemididae 17
ProcoBlia 14
Pi opleuridae 16
Proteida 12,24
Pioteidae 24
Proteroglypba 22, 34
Piotorosauridae 15
Piotostegidae 16
PstHidemys 52
Pseudobrancbus 24
Ptt;rodactylidae V.i
Ptyouiidae 11
Py tlionidae 21
Py thoudmorpho. 20
Eaua 32
Riinidae 7, 32
Riiniformia 7, 32
Bdation of distribution to physical
causes 93
Relations to other realms 58
Ki'ptilia 12
Rliabdosomidae 22
Rhiueura 44
Rbiiiocbilus 3G
Rbinopbry nidae 1 9
Rliiptoglossa 17
Rliynchocephalia 15
Rliyncbosauridae 15
Salamandridae 11
Sanronialus 47
Sauropterygia 14
Scaphiopidae
Scapbiopus
Scelidosauridae
Sceloporus
Sciiicidae
Scolecophidia
Sopsidao
Sibon
Siren
Sirenidae
! Sniilisca
Solenoglypha
Souora
Souoran region
Spea
Si)elerpe8
Spbaerodactylus
Spbargididao
Spbargis
Spbenodoutidae
Spilotes
Stegocepbali
Stenostoma
Steuostomidae
Stereocbihis
Sternotbaeridao
Storeria
Synipbypoda
.TantiUa
Teidao
Teleosauridae
Teratosauridae
Testudinata
Testudinidae
Testudo
Texan district
Tbalassocbelys
Tlie regions of the Regnnm nearc
ticuui
Tlioracosauridae
Thoriidao
Tortricidae
Tortriciua
Tracbystouiata
Trionycliidae
Trimorpbodon
Trogonophidae
Tropidoclonium
Tropidonotus
Tuditauidao
Typhlophthalini
Typhlopidae
Uina
Page.
10,31
31
13
48
19,44
21,44
19
38
24
12, 24
31
23, 33
:56
73,90
31
27
50
10, 50
50
15
39
10
44
21,44
27
17
42
13
35
19,45
14
13
IG, 50
1G,54
54
80
51
67
14
11
21
21
12,24
16
38
20
42
42
11
44
21
47
r^s
n
104
(Jrodela
Uropeltidae
Uta
Yaranidae
Verticaria
Viperidae
Virginia
Works on the classification of Ba-
tracbia and Reptilia
Page.
11
21
48
19
46
23
35
97
Pjga
Works treating of the geograpb'""!!
distribution of Nortb American
Batracbia and Reptilia 100
Xontnsia 45
Xenopeltidae 21
Xeuosauridae 19
Zonuridao 19
'<0'
J:l'
Paget
srican
100
45
21
I'J
19
r/M^
