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Corporation
33 WIST MAIN STiiif T
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XJ
TO THE PKOVINOE OF
BRITISH COLUMBIA,
J'oiJ
-8.
ro«P„,KD rnoM rur ..atest an,, m„st AuriiKNTrc soi-bces
OF INFORMATION.
VICTORIA:
T. N. HTRBEN & CO., PUBLISHEKS.
1877.
-f-
L,a.r..,l„,...,,r,lin«t..Aot,,.l.,„.,i,.nM.ntor
'^ «.1« in U,.. ,...ar On,. .„..„„.„„ ,J,J
"'.ulml ,.n.| M.v,.„fy.M.v,,,,i.vT N h„„ , v
J-".»-om....oM...M...Me..;rw.,^!:':!r-
OS
^377;^
■ll-rvRu.,. j„i,P,lu.,r Vlctorl.
PKKFACK.
l'H.o Kssavs ,, ho .,!", :"■ 1 '''"«'■ ""•'»'"■'« "■« various
The „.,;:„ J 1 e„: ;;,"'';-7'"™™'>-te. etc.
these ana ,.tl„,,i,Zmts,h- T";'"'"';' "" i''f»'"""iou „„
i"'li>'i.Iuah,:-t Hi If tl 1!'""""" *^*™'-'' '""' private
meiits. '^ grateful ackuowledg-
Intcniling immigrants will do well fn «f., i *i • ^
-.1 vari„„., .atisties to bo foXt^tll,:!;';:;™"""''
CONTENTS,
DKSCl'ilPTIVE ]\THOI)l.'fTI()N H) TlIi: PltoVINCF.
1
Admin istratioi of Jiistico IIS
AgvicrUiuv, cliniiiic, etc 21 to IJS
Aj^ricuKiiVMl proiliu-ts iiupovtoil into 15. (' J I!)
Ai^i'iiMiltnv.'il iinil llortifultiu'iil S(»('irt_v 2Si
Aliens »'n;il)l('il to Jiold and sell lands, etc 40
Altitudi's of difh-rcMit ]ioints al)()V(' tln^ sen 205
Attornov (Tonoral's OtHco 78
Assay Ollii'crs 8(>
]]ay)us Sound Coal Mine; 1(>7, 107
Jicasts of tho chaso 42
]'drds 42
JJoundavit^s of l>, {'., UiviTs and liakcs 2 to 5
]iritisli (.'olund.ia licncvoicnt Society 27'.», 2^'0
Jji'itisli Columbia Pioneer Society 27s
IJritisli ('oluinl)ia, — J^ist of woiKs jinblislied describing
tilt; rrovino(i 7()
rn-itish Columbia Otlicials 7S to ^7
]>un'ard Inlet Dinu-toiy •'!•")<•, 'Aol
Canadian Pacitic Itailway, Ollicers, etc 2">4, 2r)5
Synopsis of En,<j:ineev's lieooit. . /J-")!! to 2();->
Caseado liegiou (East,) description of, etc 72, 7l{
(,'emetei'y, Victoria, IJoavd of Manaj^ors 2S1
Cldlcotiu Comdry, etc- 71, 72
Climate and Climatic Divisions of P. C 5 to '.'
Coal, desci'iption of mines. A'c 4S to ol
Coal ndning, etc 1)7 to KKj
Coal lields,.distvibution of, etc 48 to oO
Coal, amount raised and sold US
Consids at ^'ictovia 28')
Co])pci' and copjier nuning 52
County Court Jud<i;os 80
Churches -JO
('ustt)ms DepartnuMit (ollicers) 77
Colloetors and Ivevisoi's of Voters 80
Courts of Appeal under Assessment Act 81
Coroners 81
VI
rONTKXTS.
(.'iiriboo Directory Wit to 'M'.i
Comox ;iii(l iJiiynes Sound Directory . .'J4(t,vU7
('<)wicli.in and Salt Spring,' Directory. . H'ii'I to ;{.'{*»
Deaths and Marriaj'es, rejKut of \'i'-\
Dominion Savin^.s llank, otKcers, etc 12H
Doiif^las Coal Mine in*)
Dominion Otliciais 77
Distances, tal)les of, iVc 1<)1, KJJ
Education, mend)ers of tlu! Board i2S
EHtjuimalt (Jraving DocL 12;"), I'Ji)
Kxcise collected on spirits, «(te, in l«S7t5 l-'M
J''iX])orlH, j)roduce (»f |». (' lol
Kxeriitive Council 7.S
ICsipiini.-'.U Tt)wii and District Din^ctory IJ'il) to IW'2
rainiin;^' Pimlson Vancouver Island ."»7
l''isli. .vpicjrs of, etc 12 to '20
Fisjjcj ies, »(c 4I{ to -it)
Foi'esteis. Ancient Order of 270
Freiirli lienevolent Mutual Societv 2S()
Fruits, wild, (»f B. C ' 41
Fruit'x, cultivated, of B. C. 61
Furs and skins 21
Oiinie. «ild 42
(iold Miniu}^' fiaws of British Columbia 197 to 211
(l(»ld. yi»<ld of. from l«r)S to 1M7(5 U7
(lold mining, -Cariboo, Kootenay, Omineca, CaMsiar.4<) to 4H
(Jovernment Printing Office 7'.>
( lold Commissioners Si
Government Agents 82
Harbour Dues, ports of British Columbia loH
.Karl)ours of British Columbia 41
Harewood ('oal Mine lOt)
Hos])itals in the Provime 27U
Homestead Act 3'J
Hop«,', Yale, and Lyttou ti8
Imports into tlie Province, and expt)rts loO
Indian Department, officers of 214
Indians, laws relating thereto 211 to 214
Indians of British Columbia, description, Ac 214 to 221
Indian Trade Language (Chinook) 222 to 2.")(>
I.O.O.F.,— Grand Lodge of B. C 275
Victoria Lodge, No. 1 275
Columbia Lodge, No. 2 275
New Westminster Lodge, No. 3 275
Nanaimo Black Diamond Lodge, No.
275
Vancouver Encampment, No. 1 275
CONTENTS.
VII
Iron, ilcsiM-iptiDH of, iind wIutc found, «'tc'. lOU, 110
Iron, Stone, ctr 50, 51
Inliind Kcvi'nut' Dcp.irtinont 0>ffii"or.s) 77
,I«'\visli Liidit's' JJfiicvolcnt So<M(»tv 2H0
Justices of the I'eiic
.82 to Ho
K.iinloo|)s-S]ius\va)) District 05, (>(')
Kooten.iy Country (>3, M
Kiiniloops Directory JJGO, 'M\
Kooteuiiv Directory I}('»*'»
liMud L;nvs of Hrifish Columbia 170 to i'.>7
liHnl Coiiiinissioners H7
Lind (Jnints, Ho.ids, etc 33, '{H
Lmd Ueveuuo fnun the 1st Jan. to 31st Dec. 1H7() Ur^
lialn)ur. cost for fartuinj,' 57
Ijititudes and lion!.^it tides of diflerent points 'i^V!
Law Society of liritish ('olunil)ia '2S0
liij^ht Houses, IJuovs and Beacons 15!>, 1(>0
Lilh.oet-Clinton District _ 6<.), 70
Log^'inj,', saw-milling and tind)or 52 to 5(j
Local self-governiuout 38, 3!>
Ijegislative As.scmldy 7U
Lands and Wiuks De]>.'irtment 7!>
Lunatic Asylum (ofticers) S7
liillooet District Directory 3(54, 3(j5
Masonic— (irand Lodge of I». C 27:>
Tioyal Arch Chapter 273
Victoria (N)luml>ia Fiodgo 273
Victoria and (Quadra Tiodge 27-1:
.\shler Lodge, Nanaimo 271
Union [jodge. New Wcstmiustor 274
C'ariboo Lodge, Jiarkerville 274
Mt. Hermon Lodge, liurrard Inlet 274
Meteorological Table 264
Mines, — Uei)ort of Minister, relating to Ca.ssiar, Cariboo,
Omineca, Koot(uiav, Fruscr Itiver, etc 88 to 0()
Militia, OfWcers of. ! 2G5, 2(50
Money (coin) passing rates 41
Naturalization of Aliens 200
N(nv Westminster and District 00, 01
NoA\- Westminster, special description of 01 to 03
Newcastle Coal Mine 105
Nicola < 'ountry 67, OS
Notaries Public 85, 80
New Westminster, St. Andrew's Society 270
Now Westminster Goal (officers) 87
New W\(stmiuster Directory 347 to 351
VIU
CONTENTS.
Nt'w WcstmiiiHtfM' DiHtrict Diivctory .3')! to 'WfJ
Niiimiiiio l)in'<'t(»ry 'S.Ut to 'M(\
Nicola Diri'ctorv
:{«)2, 'MVA
Nortli-W.'Ht CouHt Diroftory 'Sl'.i, M4
Onifiiils of tlu" DotninioM in Uritisli Coluiubiii . .77, 7S
Ollicial* of tlu' Post OfHeo Dt'partincnt I<'»*'
OlHcials of the Proviiu-o 78 to M'J
OIVhtis New WcstmiiiHter (nnil
OfKcMTs liiiii.itit' Asylum.
Okaiia^aii ( 'ountrv 04, <
.S7
87
to
()
s(tV()os
I.
ikc ('ountrv <•'»
'•}
Okaua^an Dirct'toJv
IMIols.
l*ost Otricc l)<'|taitiurnt, ote.
:{(;:{
i<;o to i('4
Kates of l*oslap', etc h'>i\ to U)8
Monty Onlcr Hrancli KiH, \M
Denomination of Stam])H issued.
Suj^'^'estioMs to the I'ultliiv
1(J8
1(52, HW
Vost Olliees in Hritisii ('(tluiiibia.
K
ti}
liell''tll of routes
political Constitution of Jhitish Columbiu.
Provineial seIf-;,foveinnient.
1(51, UV2
. ... :m
Provincial Hepresi-ntatives in Dominion ParliaUK'nt 87, 88
Public lUiildin^s in Victoria ''"" "^'^
Public Schools, I'tc
I'ublic Works De))artment (otlicers)
Provincial S«'cretary"s Deimrtnient
.. • .■ ..
28(5. 287
4(1
78
71J
Public Works Heports, l87o-(5, »>xtrut't.s from 114 to 12(5
Pilots ir)8
l^uerii Charlotte Islivnd ;')8
Quarterly statements of the Banks of British Columbin
and British North America I'M)
Kelij^ious, -Church of Enjjland 2(57
Konnm Chatholic Churches and Schools 2(58, 2(5{)
Ueformed P^piscojial Church 2(5U, 270
Cliurch of Scotland 270
Methodist Church of Canada 27(» to 272
First Presbyterian Church 270
P»ai)tiHt Church 273
Kepreseiitatives in tlie Provincial Parlianiont 88
Kcf^istrars under the Marriage Ordinance Act,, 80
Return ing Otlicera 86
Return of^ Revenues of British Columbia for the years
1875, 1870, etc '.131, 132
Revenue of B. C. for 1877. , 132
Regulations governing Public Schools 127
roNTI'.NTS.
11
iv»'r-t
of British Colninliiii 2, ;i
lu'S'»mc(>H of tln' I'roviucc
lOVJll
ici'istrar o
Hospititl of Victoriii 27s
f Titl
»'S. iVi'
V.)
ll<'«,Mslrjii's of Hirflis, |)»',itlis, iiinl Marriiigt's HO, SI
Kcf^'istrars Coiuity Courts H(»
S('lioi)ls, -I'xtriicl from Suix-riiitendcut's report . . .l'2<ito I'JM
Schools tiiiil I'hurclies in li. (!
Schools (priv.itt) ill Victoiiii
Shcrill's of liritisli Colniiihiii
•Mivrr aiu
1 .11
vi-r miiiiii:^.
Silver, reeeiit tliscitverje
Siliiilkuilleeii
Villi
e\-,
•to
2S(;
M(l
. 112
74, 75
51
Stone (^iiunv at Newcastle . IIM
Stat''iiieiit Doiiiiiiion lleveiiues and K\|teii(li( h'ch, H. ('. l-i'
St. Andrew's ami ( 'aleilonian Society. 27(»
Supreme Court (olVicerK) 75)
Taritl'c :''. mini f C.iiwuhi i:j4 to l-lH
'releififi|»hic, -list of ollicers, rates, eti; H»'.*
Ti.uber, varieties of. etc 7 to 12
Teachers of I'uhlic Schools . 127, 12S
Travelliii}^', cost of from Victoria to diff'riut points ")M to (JO
Tiuiher, d'scriptioii and value r)2 to 57
Ti-easury (otlieers) 7S
I'nion. Teriiis of with the Dominion of Canada 250 to 251
Vancouver Island, farming lands 57
Vancoiivei' Island, af^ricultural prodiu'tions 25
Vancouver Island, description of, A'c 5(5
Vancouver Coal Mine 10;{ to 105
Vessels enten^d and cleared ]'11>
Victoria,— description of 2S1 to 2S4
Memlters Citv Council, (>tc 284
Census of ISYO 275
Fir»^ J)(^l)artmeiit 2H5, 28(5
ChaTiiher of Cttinmerce 285
(Mtv Directorv 287 to :i27
District Directory '{27 to :529
Victoria (toal, (olHcers) 87
Victoria District Directory H27 to :W
Water ])Ower ftu' Mills in JJ. C . . 5I{
AVelliuf^'ton Colliery 100 to 108
Yield of Caiilioo <;old mines 02 to 1>4
Yield of wheat, itc, on Mainland (»1
Yale and Hope Directorv • M58 to 350
Yale District Directorv. ! 350, 300
rONTENTS.
INDEX TO ADVEHTISEIiS.
Agents, Accountants, etc: vauk.
Phimmer Uobert, BasticMi street 4(K)
Kobinsou W. C, Bastion street :{H2
Architects:
Symo James, Governnunit street liDG
Teajjue John, Govenunent street " ' ' . . HH3
Troiin(5o Thos., Kane street 3'J7
Auctioneers :
Davies J. P., it Co., Wharf street 405
Bakers :
Thompson Geo , Fort street HSU
Banks :
Bank of Jiritish Cohinil)';., Government street oS2
AV(>lls, Farj^o \' (-o., Government street ;{i);>
Blacksmiths, <!tc:
MeK(ui/ie tt Meston, (rovernment street IM)7
MilUir James, Government sti'ei't 40*2
BookseHers, Stationers, and News Agents:
T. N. Hibb.Mi \' Co., Government street. oSS
Book Bindery :
K. T. Williams, (rovernment. stn^et '509
Boot and Shoe Makers and Dealers :
Mansell Heniy, Government street 404
Cowper H. M., Govirnment street H!>5
Webster & Co., Government street, HOIi
Butchers :
Goo lacre tfe Dooley, Government street 157(5
Tye Chong Yuen, Cv)rmorant street I^Sl)
Kong Tiong Sing, Cormorant striset IWl
Black Georgti. Bnrrard Inlet. 40()
Carpenters, etc :
Hayward A: Jenkinson, Langley street 381
Muirhead S: Mann, Bock liay 377
John Hilbert, Nanaimo 401
Dentists:
K. B. Thompson, Government street H95
Dressmakers :
Halpenny Mrs., Yates street '{',)'{
Druggists:
Jackson Dr. Wm., (lovernment street 3!)0
Shotbolt Thos., Johnson street 392
Dry Goods Dealers, etc :
Brown A: White, Government street 387
CDXTF.XTS.
XI
m
87
Dry (loods Dciilcrs, otc:
Wilson Thos., A- Co., (ioveninuMit street '{!^7
Ho!ii!ino .roliii (^iiii}j;liotti, Jolmsoii striujt li'.'^
Funiitiuo Dealers, etc:
Maiiseil A' Holroyd, Yatt^s street .'{'.^T
Sclil J ., (Tovcruineiit stn-et I»7(»
Wi'iler .loll II, Fort street :'>'.>S
Fish Cuicrs etc:
Herrinj^ S. W., New Westminster 4(»7
Deas J, S., Deas Islan.l -H'S
(.Iroc'ers. etc :
Mitcli^ll (Jeor^'e, Fort street 4()-J
Hickiiiaii iVr Ofiier, (loveriiineiit street *1(>4
KuefV J., A- Co., (}nverninent street 40 1
Saunders Henry, Jolmsoii street o'.M
Hie Lee, ('oriuorant street •!'*>•')
Massa M., (lovernmeiit street 4(l">
(luMsmitlis:
Short Henry, Fort street. 40'.!
Hardware ^[er(•llants, etc:
l"'elh)ws iV Hoscoe, Yates street . . ••1'"
Matthews, Itjchards A- 'I've, Vates street .*i'.»:i
Hot«'ls, Uestaurants, Saloons, etc:
Astrico A., Store street 4112
Ah Poi tV Wun<< Pow, Johnson street 'If^!*
Hillings Mrs., Fort street I^IM
Hon (5ee, Store street IJ'.I'J
McNitVe \Vm.. Trounce Alh>y :iS',)
Tn'hait (". H., (lovtu'innent stiecit '>1*;">
McLease U., Soda Creek , 407
Insurance Companies:
Accid'-nt Insurance Co., (rovernment stn^et .... "!•((
PlKcnix Insurance Co., (Tovernrneiit street '502
Scottish Ainical)le Life Assurance Co., (Jov't St 4<!i»
Liverv Stable Kee])ers:
liowman \\ (i., Yates street :!!>:!
Duidop -). T., P.road street :'.•.' I
Lunilur Merciiants:
Savward W. P., Kock Hav— Mill, Saanich Arm. :5M:;
Moo.ly, Nei.s(.n A(\)., Mock liay Mill, Burrardlnlet 4(t('.
Match ^^anut",•u•turers :
Manson A- Hendry. Fort street -IW
Liquoi' De.tlers, Wliolesnle:
Davies J. P. , \- Co., Wharf street Mr.)
AFoore. Hunt A Co., San Fram-iseo, Cal M'm
n
Xll
CONTENTS.
Merchants :
Cassimayou A., & Co , Yatea street '500
Carr llichard, Wharf street , . . . . 'Mi
Fiiullay, Durham & Brodie, ^^'harf street '>7i>
Neuf elder & Co., AVharf street '^^■>
Oppeiiheimer Bros., Fort street •'"••'^
Khodes H., it Co , , Store street ;i7S
Sproat & Co., Wharf street 40(1
Stahlschmidt tfc Ward, WJiarf street '5>S'>
Tai Yuno & Co., Goveriiinent street 'IH'")
Turner, Benton k Tuustull, WJiarf street ^575
W.^leli, Uithet tt Co. . Wharf stret^t :iS-t
Hi*rvev James, Nanairao 401
Macliinists, etc:
Spratt Joseph, Store stn-et -WCt
Painters :
Crowther John, Yates street •''•>4
Sears Joseph, Government street '»"•'<>
Phimbers, Gas Fitters, etc:
A. k W. Wilson, Fort street 410
Printers, Job :
Hose Alex., Fort street 40!)
lioyal Mail Stage:
Porter John 40i)
Saddlers and Harness Makers :
Norris Frederick, Government street oi'l
Sewing Machines :
Fletcher Thomas, Fort street 400
Tailors:
Gilmore A., Government street Ji'J*^
Sam Kee, Yates street '{>^j>
Son On liung, Store street -JHo
Wau Ying Lun, Yates street 891
Tinsmiths and Stove Dealers:
Drummond J. S., Yates street 291
Heal David, Yates street 408
Keajs G. C, Yates street 8S8
Kelly S. L., Yates street 398
Taylor Charles, Johnson street 398
Tobacanists and Cigar Manufacturers:
Campbell F . , Government street 402
Wing Lee it Co . , Johnson street. 3ol
Schatrer it Co., Wharf street 404
GUIDE TO BRITISH COLUMBIA.
PROVINCE OF BRITISH COLUMBIA.
The following remarks and information on the Province
have been compiled from various sources, many items being
taken from " The Government Prize Essay, 1872," by Alex-
ander Caulfield Anderson, Esq., J. P., and "British Col-
umV)ia, Information for Emigrants," by Gilbert Malcolm
Sproat, Esq., Agent-General for the Province in England,
July Ist, 1873. Authorities quoted are referred to thus,
(Anderson), (Sproat). Full returns of statistics, &c., will be
found under their proper heads.
British Columbia sprang into existence, as a Coloiy, only
in 1858, consequently on the gold-discoveries, the r imors of
which in that year suddenly attracted numbers to its shores.
Previously it had been traversed and partially occu]ii(>d only
by the Fur-traders, first of the North-West, and afterwards of
the Hudson's Bay, Companies; by whom its various divisions
were distinguished by diffierent names, most of which are still
retained for local designation. The adjacent Island of Van-
couver, separated from the mainland by a narrow cliannel, in
its narrowest part scarcely exceeding a few thousand yards,
had been partially colonized some years before; .ind it might
ha^e l>een reasonably sup]>osed that these two adjacent and
almost contiguous lands, with interests'"so closely united,
Avould have been incorporated under one Govennnent. But
the wisdom of Downing street willed it otherwise. Establish-
ed as separate Colonies, (>ach enjoyed for some years tlic
honor of paying its own higldy-salaricMl Governor, under the
Imperial auspices; with tlu^ dignity of enacting its own s]MM'ial
laws, not always in strict observance of the interests of its
neighbor. Of course this could not last; and in 1800 the
common-sense of the twoColonies, though reluctantly elicit<'d,
brought about a union. Subsefpientlv, on the 20tli Jnly.
1871, the united Colony became c(mfeder.'ited as a Province
of the Dominicm of Canada.
The limits of the Province^ may be thus broadly indicai.d.
Co-tenninous on the South with the Ignited States Territorv of
i)
(MIDK TO nniTISH COI.IMIUA.
f
I I
Wjisliinj^toii, tlu' 4!)tli Paralh'l of North Liititridc forniH the
l)onii(l!iry tVoiii tlif (liilf ui (W'ih'^ui to tin- siunmit of tlic!
llockv Mountains, wliicli it intersects in liOnfAituile 114 West
there toncliin}^ on the Dominion territory of the North- \\ est.
Tlience jiloii^ the summit of the Hocky Nlountnins to the ])ar-
aih'l of Mount St. HIias, to about Latitu«h' O'i Th-'uce
Sonlhwaid as far as .')4 40', ah)n;4 the strij) of coast-line, ten
marine lea;;nes in width, foi'ineriy occujtied l»y Kussia, re-
cently jHiichased by the I'nited States, and \ui\\ forminj^ part
of the Territory of Alaska. Ti:ence Southward to the entrance
of the Strait of Fuca, includin;^ (^)ueeii Charlottt; and Van-
couvci' Island, and the vast archipt la<^'o conneclcd therewith.
The tiirec principal streams of Ih'itish ('oluinl)ia are, the
Coluud>ia, the I'^aser. and the Peace. The last-m(nitii»ned,
risiiij;- in the ;i)\nh formed by tin- l*eak llan^-e with the liocky
Moiuitaius and the Coast l\an;4e, after rr<'eivin^- tlie imi>ort-
aiil ,L;(»id-beariu;^ tribntaiy. I'^indlay's ]>ran<li. l)real;s thr<m}j;h
tlu' main line of the liocky Moutains, and, ])assin<; onwards,
joins the f^reat lliver ^Mackenzie; the uinted tlood, after a
course of some two thousand miles, eventually falling;" into
the i'^'o/en Ocean.
Th ' ('olnnd)ia, I'isin^- in tlie liocky Mountains, ])ursues a
Southerly course, and, after receivinj^' sevcMal imi)ortant tii-
bma»ies, and fcedinjj,' the two » \tenslve she(>ts of water called
the Anow Lak(!s, enters the I'luted States Territory in liati-
tu(h' 4'.) , and after a course of nearly a thousand miles, falls
into the I'aciiic in Latitude 4(')^ 20'.
I'^'asei' Kiver, comparatively the smallest, but in its rela-
tion to the Province! by far the most im|)ortant. Hows entirely
throu<fli Puitish Columbia, enterin<^ the (lulf of (reorgia a few
mih's North of the Boundary Line ^A 4!C, and in a1)out PJ-""
40' West L<in<^itude; its course throu<;hout bein^ neai'lv jiai-
alh 1 with that of the Columbia. Themain, or central bi-aiu-h,
takes its I'ise in the l{o(diy Mountains in Lat. ;")'?' 4o " N.,
Lon;4,. lbs \\'., there heading' with the llivieic d(! Miette, a
tributary of th" Athabasca, which afterwai'ds unites with
Pt'ace lliver in its couis*' towai-ds the Fro/«'n Ocean. Fraser
Jliver was tirst discovered by Sir Alexander [Mackenzie of the
North-\V(>st Company, who desi}^natin,t;' it as the T<i-coiif-fhr
Trfi.se, or Wiwv oi ihv TncuUy nation, desctmded it for some
distance on Ins way to the Western Coast in 170"). After-
wards, in ISdS, it was navigated to its mouth by ^Ir. Sinnni
Fraser and yiv. John Stuart of tin' North-West Company:
from the formei- of Avhom it has its pres(>nt name. Tras.>r
llivei', a fi'w miles from its s(mrce. flows into a lake some
miles in length called Cow-dung Lake, below which, consid-
(HTDF: to lUtlTISFI ("OLIMBIA.
er;il)!v iiioi'oast'd by n trilmt.irv fioni the north, it enter!
i)()Stl
L.ike. !i ln'antil'ul sheet of wattM' some nil
le miles m
fe, a
Iwith
aser
If tlif.'
\f-,-hr
pome
ft.'i-
Imon
liny:
[as.'r
lome
isid-
leii,j:tli. I'lieiice t!ie ri\(U' eontiiuies rapiilly to Tete Jamie's
C";iche, l>t 11114 joined midway \)\ a second feeder, likewise from
tlie North.
Tete JaniK^s Caclie, distant alxmt 70 mih>s from the sum-
mit of the Kocky Moiitains and 7;{() from the sesi, is tht' limit
of canoe navij^ation on the Fras(;r. About three mil(!s lower
down, the stre'am is joined by the Cranberry Fork, a tril)U-
tarv tlowiipj; from the South, whidi lieads in with the North
liiancli of the 'riiompson, to be presently noticed, and the
Canoe Fork of the Columbia.
lietween Tete Jauin's ('ache and Thle-et-leh. wh(>re there
is a post of the Hudson's i>ay Ccnnpaiiy called Fort (rcorj^e,
the river is auj^mented by many tributaries; two of wliich, the
Mackenzie Fork and l>ear River, ai-e of considerable maj^ni-
tude. This point is in La'. iy'.V ')'.>, Lon;j;. I'll 4o . An im-
j)i>rtaiit branch here falls in from the ANCstward, proceeding
from the Lakes of Stuart and Fraser. (^uesneirs Kiver, issu-
ing from the great kike of the same name, flows in UK) miles
lower <lowii ; and 40 miU's lielow this is Foit Alexandria,
seated on the right bank in Lat. .")2 'Mi 10 .
It is in the mountainous region comprised within the great
lieiid which the Fniser makes between Tiste Jaime's Cache
and this point, that the rich gold -deposits, known as the
I'ariboo mines, are situateil.
At liytton, about b'^0 miles from the sea, the Fraser is join-
ed by Th;>mpsou's Uiver, a copious tributary Howing from the
Eastward. This stream waters an important and extensive
section of the country; its nu'thern branch lieading with the
Cr.iiiberry I'ork, before mentioned.
Yale, a small town at the head of steambttat navigation on
the Lower Fraser, is o7 miles lower (U>wn; and New West-
minsti-r, the former cajiital of the mainland, some 05 miles
below it. This last-named town, pleasantly situated on the
nort.ii . ii liank of tlie river, some fifteen miles above the en-
tranci', and in Lat. 40' 1*2 47 , Long, l'2'l" ~)'.i\ is, practically
the he (1 of ;.liip-navigation on tlu' Fraser.
For brevity's siike the names of the various extensive f<>ed-
ers, falling in at intervals from Fort George downwards, are
omittetl. Of thcM' the Chil-coh, watering the fertile tract oc-
cupied by the Chilcotins, and ente>ing on the right about (K)
miles below Alexambia, is one? of tiie mostconsjiicuous. The
Harrison, joining also from the right, is another. This
stream flows by a short course from a jiicturestpie and exten-
sive lake: and was at one time the chief route of communica-
4 oriDE TO inUTISH COLUViBIA.
tion witli tlu' upper countrv; its coiiliiiuation a^^iiiii stiikin*;
the Fi'.'iscr soino 40 rnilos ubovo Lytton, at the ln'iiutital vil-
lia^e of LiHooot.
In order to u <lue apprehension of thc^ geography of l>ritisli
(Columbia, it is neeess.irj to indicate the ranges of mountains
wliicli divide its several portions.
TJie more Southerly [)art is separated from tini ("ohiiiil)ia
watershcnl by the Cascade Range, so called from tlie rapids of
tile (Jas('a(h;s upon the Lower Cohiinbia; the point wiiei-e that
fiver bursts through the (diain. This range may be consider-
ed as a continuation of tlie Sierra Nt^vada of California, and
it 'vanishes at the junction of Thompson's Uiver with th(^
Fraser.
The Coast Range, fi. e. th(! chain of ^fountains lying l)e-
twcea thi' interior of the Province and the sea-boar(U ct)m-
menccs ai)ove Xcw ^^'i'slnlinst(M•. and extends, parallel with
the coast, as fir as Afount Si. Elias attlu' northern extremity.
— AndcvHon .
1
I I
T!ie occupation of gold-mining exists still as the princi-
j>al industry of Jiritish ('oliimbia and as an unfailing attrac-
tion to po])ulation— 4.\ millions sterling h.iving been e.xported
within ten y(\irs — but other industries have !ip[)ear<'d and
])r()niiso well. The chiijf of tlu!se has b;>c!i coal. Within tmi
years !.>0, ;>'.)") tons of troal hivi^ hv>en s!u|)p.Ml from Xin limo.
Many articles of provincial produce, i)esides gold and coil,
-namely, lumber (sawn wood, j furs, hides, wool lish, cr.an-
bcrrii'S, iVc. — figure now in tln^ list of exports. A small sct-
tl
(Muent of pra(
tical
c.r/jfrjr/iof'/ men is found in nearly evfiv
U)o
district '\\\xi is suitabh; for fai-ming. Such m(>n know, in
some d gret;, what tlu>ir own land will ))roduce or sU]
and they also liav<' a u'cu' ral idea of the extent of similar
no
land
ar to them. Vvailing myself of the wider sources of iiif.)r-
mation thus ojUMie I. T hope to Ix; abh/ to give apictun' of the
province whicli is ncnther underdrawn nor i»v(Milrawn.
lenb
di
Ti-ntl
not exaggeration, is the basis of these pages. The informa-
tion that will be laid b(>fore the reatler, on each ])oint will be
fully l)orue out by that best of tests— Experience.
Every reader, p(M'ha[>s, may not be ,iware that there is a
str.ange contrast betwecm th«» .surfai^e, soil, climate, A'{!.,of the
ceuntries on the Atlantic side of the continent, and the coun-
tries on the Pacific ()(!ean side of tlu; contiiuMit. British
Columbia, (English,) Oregon, and California (^.Vmerican) ai'e
the three principal countries on the Pacihc side. Thtse are
line countries, but of course each has advantages and disad-
vantages. 1 know all of them, ud in my opinion i^ritish
cnnr m muTrsn coi.rMiiiA. •>
Coliiinlti.i, lipoii the whole, li.is UctMi most favored l)y nature,
and is the hcst of the tlirec countries for seeiirinjj; a home-
stead in -for thi' follow inif snl)stantia1 I'casons: -
'I'alsinu; the whoh' rear round, or takini;; a s«>ries of vears,
th(( olinnte is hettf^r foi' farniin<,', and more healthy and *'njoy-
ahle. The wlieat, harlcy ;nid h(t|»s ()f Ihitisli ('olnml)ia l)eat
those of ('alifornia. and her root-('i'o)>s l»ea' those of Oregon
Britisli Columbia has more eoa
superior fish, sonuih'r trees.
1 and l)etter coal, finer liarbors,
Ft is r»'asonal)lv believed, and
ous
))artly proved, that her mimi-ai lands, containini,' ]»reei
metals, are vei'v extensive. The public domain (\vhi(di is at
the disposal of the ]).'op|e (tf the province ) is sold morecheap-
Iv: th(> taxation is imi
nensi
\y h
til
aws ;ire
Lett
cr carriet
onl ; the p opie have as )nuch ]>olitit*al freedom as men can
desire.
These ;ire facts which ieiiorance onlv cin lead any person
to j^ainsay, and I state* them, at the outset, so that they may
b(^ exainined and appreci.iteil.
Tho couutrv is divided into two perfectly distinct [)arts —
Vancouver Island and the .^[ainland. Tiiese were constituted
coloni(>s, the first in IHP.I, ;ind the second in ]S,')S: they wer(>
then unitofl in iSlKJ, under the name of British Columbia,
anil so contiiuiod until the '2(Hh July. 1S71, at which date the
colony be' ame one of the Provinces of the tiourishiufj; |)omin-
ion of Canada.
With j^'rt^iter correctness, pjuliaps, it may l)e said that the
))roviuce is divi<led into f/irrr instead of into two distinct
parts.
The l!ocky Mountains form the eastern boundary uf the
]U'oviu(H'. Speakin^f in a e;cii,>v;il sort of way, it may be said
that a ion;^ and massive u])lift on the Mainland, ealled the
Cascade liane;e, runs ])arallel totlu^Kockv llan}j;(\ and divides
tlie I'ouiitrv between it and tlu' Paeitic Ocean into two divis-
ions, namely, {ho 'East Cascade Piee;i(>n,' and the 'West
Ca-.cade IJeerion."
The islamls of Vancouver, (^ueen Charlotte, tVc, mie;1it
be considered to make a third division, thou<.di, climatically,
tiiey belonif to the West Cascade Rejfion. — S/irn((f.
c [j:\r.\TE.
This is perh,i]>s th«^ main point in (dioosin<jj a place for a
home. British ('olumbia nniy bt; said to be tlu! very land of
liealth; for man, Ixsast and tree. This fact will have a
weighty influence; on her future. The elimati! is variable but
liealthfnl ,iiid a,<j;ree'»bie. Nij^hts cool. Tho altitude, irregn-
(;
GUIDE TO imiTIHH COLUMllIA.
;
! I
' I!
I '
laritj of surfut'o, serene air uiul absence of marshy i)laiiis,
promises liealth to the settler. No malaria or ague. Over u
great portion of the Province the climate is that of England,
but without the biting east winds. Over another j)ortion the
clinnvte resembles that of France. The larger lakes do not
fri'e/e over; nor do the large rivers ever close entire ly up.
Severe winters seem to come about once every eight or ten
years, bnt what we call 'severe winters' are leas severe than
the ordinary winters in Eastern Canada or thi' Northern States
of the Union. Elevated districts, of course, have the climattJ
that everywhen? belongs to them, but even the roughest
mountain climate in British Columbia is healthful.
CLIMATK" DIVISIONS — WF.ST (.'.VSCADK JtKiilON.
Neiir the sea — say, west of (Aiscade Itange gv iierally, and
in V^incouver island, seldom over SOi> Fiihrenheit in t.hade on
the hottest day in summer, and rarely falling to'2<><> Fahren-
heit in winter, (ienial, though rather humid; humidity in-
creases as yon go north. Sumnu^r beautiful, with sonu^ rainy
days; autumn, bright and tine; winter, frosty and rainy by
tuiiis; the s[)ring very wet. Snow falls to the dtpth of sev-
eral inches, rarely to the depth of a foot — melts cpiickly.
WheJi the atmosphere is clear, lu-avy dews fall at nights, and
fogs are comtii )n during October and Novend)er; sunnner
mists rare, partial, and transitory; no tornadoes, such as sweep
over Illinois and other Northern Statt'S of the Union, ami
occasionally visit New England. Brilliant weather in winter,
sometimes for a month at a time. I inchide Vancouver Island
al)ove as part of the 'West Cascade ri-gion,' l)ecause the cli-
mate is similar. Of course, were the matter gone into
exhaustively, th<^ Island climate would present insular peculi-
arities.
KAST CASCADK lUKilOX.
climate diltercait from the climate west of Cascade JJange.
Heat and cold greater; almost continuously hot in summer,
but not so as to destroy vegetation. Little rain; warm rains,
perhaps, April and May — again, but not always, in August and
September. AVinter, changeable; Novend)er, frosty; ])(H!em-
ber, January, and February cold and wintery, but generally
clear and sunny; little ice; snow, say a foot dee]) on an average
of years — melts cpiickly, winds melt it and often leave ground
l)are for weeks. March and A])ril variaV)le; plains then begin
to show grass. Hill-sides, in some ])laces, show green grass
in March. Irrigation generally recpiired in this region.
The above description a})plies to an inunense territory in
the southern portion of the 'East Cascade region.' The des-
<il IDK TO llltlTISll COM MIMA.
<'iiptioii must !)(> moditird .IS rci^Mnls ccrtjiin distrit'ts. Ap-
|)io\iiii,itioii to tlin Itoi'lvV liaiij;*'. or to tln' ni};>j(Hl ('jiril)oo
uiiil otlu'i- liioiiiitains, lis its iiil:ir;il cH.ct; irci's alfouiid,
inoro rain falls, siutu is dccjan'. On tli«' ni»|>«'r parts of the
Frascr Kivrr, tiic \vint<'i' is capriciuns; very scvcro «'old f<»r a
few days, then tluctuatinf; near fr<'<'/in,i; point; another inter-
val of intense cold, and then perhaps sprin;^ comes all at once.
In the south-east<;rn corner of the province, a re-nnxlilication
takes place. The ilVcct i»f .ipproximii' ioa t(» tlie Hocky
K.iiij^'e is then^ mitiurited liy the the intlnence of ap])ro\ima-
tion to ihe border of the (Ire.it American Desert wliicii
str.tches s(»nth to Mexico. Ahout th<' headwaters of the
C'ohunltia, the climate is deli^hlful; extremes ar«' rare; snow
ji^cnerally goes as it falls. The scenery is very f^nMinl, and it
i ; thei'efore pi'oljahlc that, wlien math' access! !»Ie, thi:. region
will lie the resort of thonsands of invalids. .\<j;ain, where de-
|tressions in tlu; Kocky Kanj^e occur, towaitls which we may
supitose that the Pacific Ocean wimls are drawn in their pas-
.sa;j,e eastward, ap|>roximatioi\ to the llan^i' does not injuri
the climate. For instance, near Jasper House, and for some
«listanee in tlu' .Vtha1»asca Valley snow never accnmnlates,
thei'c is coiist.mt <j;i'ass; w.irm I'.ains sometimes fall in -lannary.
The sam(> m;iy he said of other paits. - Sjtrnid.
The njainland of l>ritish Cohimbi.i, ap.irt from the sea-
hoard, may he divided into throe sections, each ditt'erinj,' fi'oni
the otlitn- in its uttril)\ites. The first extends from tlie month of
Fraser Uiver to tlie head of the rai)ids above Yale: the se-
cond, from th;it point to Alexandria: thi- third, thence to the
Ikocky Monntains.
The char.icteristics of the lower district are a snrface
thickly wooded in most parts with trees of enonnons j^rowth,
♦•hietly varities of the I'ir and Pine, md intermixed with tlu^
Ked i'odiir {T/iiij'a f>rrl(fniftilis ()i Douf^las, (rh/tiiilrd of Nnt-
taU and the Mapl(>-])lane ( r/afatins Acerl/nlld.) Low allnvial
points fiin;j;e these thickets. 'Ihese. as well as the nnn:erons
islets alonij; the riv.i, are coveied with As))ens, Dalsan), Po]>-
Tars, and Alders, of luxnriant erowth. In tlie lower ])art are
sonu; extensive meadows, yieldi)ig, in their natnral state,
heavy crojis of a coarse bnt nnti'itious «j;rass, and nndei' cnl-
tivation, enormous returns of ceicals and other produce.
I'or ;i certain period of the year mosquitoes are troublesome
along the river, as high, neai'ly, asHo|)e: but there lias never
been manifested any symptom of fev(!r and ague, or otlicM-
.similar endeini(\ so often g<'nei'ati(l in positions of a likedes-
cri])tion.
GUIDE TO BRITISH COLUMWA.
On the Verge of tlie Heconil, or central iliviHion ii marked
change (!ominenceH. TIio copious rains which fall in the
lower district are greatly rao(liH(;d after we pass the moun-
tainous ridge through which the river burnts near Yale.
Evidences of a drier climate ajipear at every step. The char-
acter of the vegetation changes. About Lytton the Cactus
V)eginH to a))]»ear. In spots along the Thomj)son the Arte-
misia, and other shrubs indicative of a hot and dry climate,
are found; and in lieu of the thickly-wooded luxuriance of the
\o\vvv region, a succession of open valleys, covered with fine
pastur(» and bonhu'ed by grassy hills in parts more or less
wooded, delights the eye of the traveller. Here and there
belts of forest intervene; amid whicii broad expanses of open
laud lie siiattertul at intervals. This general description may
be r(!garded as applying to a verv large tract of country, ex-
t(;nding from Ah^xandria on the t'raHer, in Latitude 52o HIT,
to the Southern Boundary Line on the Okinagan River; and
thence at intervals towards the south-eastern angle of the
Provinct!. Near the point just mentioned, win re the Boun-
dary Line intersects the Ok'nagan River flowing into the
Columbia, the country begins to assume, in its general
features, a very sterile character. An arid sandy region,
almost tropical in its temperature, re])laces the rich scenery
through which we have been passing, (-rossing the frontier
into the United States Temtory, as we descend the Okinagan
towards the Columbia, this character becomes more general.
The alluvial bottoms alone, where there is natural irrigation,
are susceptil)le of culture: the main feature of the prospect is
a torrid waste of sand, in which the Worinwood and other
varieties of the Artemisia, the ( actus, and other vegetation
proper to similar wastes of remote volcanic and diluvial
origin, alone find nutriment. We have entered, in short, upon
the North-w(istern angle of the GRE.vr American Desert : and
hence, within the Nevada range, to beyond the frontiers of
Mexico, the vast 'Sage Barrens' lie extended before the travel-
ler. Let us recede, however, from this uninviting field, and
ccmfine our view within the more attractive limits of our own
favored Province.
The third division of British Columbia, from Alexandria
to the Mountains, varies materially from the otiier two. The
agricultural region, properly so called, may be said to ter-
minate in the vicinity of Alexandria ; though there are many
small '^spots'beyond that point which may be advantageously
cultivated for culinary vegetables and harder cereals. Gener-
ally speaking it is a wooded country, through which many
open spots of excellent soil are interspersed, with large tracts
(juiUE 'vo hhitish culumiua.
upon
it: and
iers of
travel-
Id, and
ir own
landria
The
to ter-
ra any
leously
lener-
many
I tracts
of luxuriant pasture — esnoeially in tlie direction of Fraser and
Stuart Lakes, and in tne Chileotin country. From Fort
(iei)r^t\ however, up the main branch of tlu* Fraser to Tete
Jaunc's Cache, none of these open places appear: and though
many cultivable patches along the river banlcs might in parts
be rt'adily cleared, it is probabh^ that the occurence of sum-
mer night-frosts would prevent the growth of any save the
hardirr veg<>table8. Fraser Lake, however, and the neigh-
boring lake of Stuart, have been for many years the scene of
agricultural operations on a small scale, at the Posts, formerly
of the North-West, and since the coalition of 1821, of the
Huilson's Buy Company. At the former place, especially,
these limited operations were invariably successful. Potatoes,
turnips, anil other vegetables throve womlerfuliy. liavley
3'ieliled invariably a lieavy return; and though wheat was
cultivated occasionally only, on a very small scale, and rather
experimentallv than as a croj), it ripened well in favorable
positions. The pasture in these vicinities is of the most
luxuriant description, consisting of tine natural grasses intei'-
mixed with a nutritious kiml of wild pea, or vetch. C'attle
and horses of course tlirive wtill; but the necessity of provid-
ing fodder against the lengthened winter of these elevated
parts, discourages their being raised beyond a limited extent.
This upper regi»)n, however, is to be consitlered more
especially as th(^ m'nii»'j <Ustrl<t: and any partial cultivation
that may be attempted to meet an extended market in ccm-
nection with tlie mines, must be regardtid onh' as subsidiary
to the main supjjly, dei'ived from a remoter source.
X.VTUItAL I'UODUCTIONS — TI.MBKU, TllEES, OHNAMENTAL SHRUBS, ttC.
The forests of British Columbia are productive of an inex-
haustible su])ply of timber of the most serviceal)le kind.
Conhning the description to very narrow limits, the following
varities may b<^ mentioned: —
The Oak, which is not found on the mainland, grows abun-
dantly in the southern parts of Vancouver Island, and the
islands adjacent. It is of the variety Q. (rcnri/ana, and,
though nowise eipial to the British Oak, affords a very tough
and serviceable timber.
The Douglas Pine or Fir (A. Domikmi). The uses of this
tree, which grows to a gigantic size, are chietly for the manu-
facture of deals and scantling tor building ])urposes, and also,
locally, for ship-building. It is peculiarly well adapted for
masts and spars, from its size, straightness, and tenacity.
There is a large and constantly incraasing exportation of this
timber, from British Columbia, and the adjacent shores of
10
GUIDE TO UniTISH roMMUIA.
WiiHhinj^toii T«'rritoiv, in th«' h1iih>o of sawn liinihcr iiiul Hpiirn
to variouH \u)rtH in ( 'limti and the Pai-ific, and in Hparn and inastH
of th«ilar<;»'Htditn«<nsionH to Kuropc. TluMiiialitvof the luniln'r
procnrrd in British Cohmdiia, at IJnnard's Iidt^t, a littlo
north of the «'ntrun(M' of Frascr K'vor, is csttM'nn'd of su]MM'ior
quality, and coniinands, wv lmli«tv«), an oxtra price in San
Franciscto.
The Wt'vmouth Pine {P. Sfmhun) tin- Wlilt- Pin*' of com-
meroi'. 'I his valuahU! tree is conituoii on the inoiintain-slop«'s
l)(!t\v«M'n thr<'oast md tli<' liuwcr Krast'r. It is especially
abundant in the uppe.- part of Hairison's Hiver, when' it at-
tains to a l.ir;^e si/e ;in<l is ot' unsurpassalile la-auty.
Thu liiilsani Pine, yieldinj^ tin* "Canaila Ualsam"' of the
dru^^i^ist: a tre • of vi<^oroiis ^lowth and very oi'iianiental. but
tin- tind)er of little value.
The Hendock Fir (//. (''iimi/nisis). Common fhrouj^hoiit
the Lo\V(!r Distiiet amd alou}^ the Coast. The bark valuable
for tanning; the wood valueless f«)r outside purposes, but
used sonietinn's for indoor Hni.shin^ as a su]»stitute for better
woo«l.
The Spruee Fir. Founil in most localities throu<?hout the
Province, no to the limits of theKo<'kv ^fountainH. An easily
wrought iiiKi useful wood. (./. Mrnxlfsii.)
Pimis /idid'sianii, a variety of the comnn)n Scot(di Fir, is
found in dry sandy w(H)dlands throughout the interior of
liritish Columbia, and uptothe sunnnit of the Hocky Mountain
1>asses. A useful and durable wood . Found also on Vancouver
sland; but more rarely, ami of smaller si/e.
The lied Cedar ( 7'/////" (h-rhfcnfnlis, or (i'nnnitrti). A most
useful tree, found throughout the Province, up to theheait
of the Kocky Mountains, but esjivcially abun<lant on the Sea-
board and in tin* Lower District, where i' attains to an enor-
moixs siz«^ The wood of this tree is esj)eciiilly valued for its
extreme durability; and for this reason is now in demand in
San Francisco for the purposes of the Southern Pacific Rail-
road, for ties. Of this wood the natives make their beautiful
canoes; the broad sheets of the bark they use frequentl}' for
roofing; and its fibres are woven into blankets.
The Cypress, or Ytdlow Cedar (Cupresfinti Thj/oides), con-
fined to the maritime precincts. The wood, of close textun^
and applicable to many useful purposes, is" of very su])erior
quality. The tree is not, probably, found south of 49", and
extends along the Coast into Alaska. The inner bark of this
tree contains an essential oil, which communicates its odor,
somewhat as of garlic, to the wood, the eifect of which is to
protect it, it is said, against the attacks of the Teredo.
nriPF, TO lUinisH ('(ha'muia.
n
Thin ([iiiility of rcHiHtiiiu'f, .uMi^d to ^l•^'ut iliinibility, adiipts
it s|it't'ially t'oi- siiW-iimriiic imrposes, for wliicli. importtMli'rotu
Alaska, it is now I lu'licvi' liij^lily valinnl in SaiJ FiaiK*i..n».
Tlic foi'tical fihri's, liko tlios«« of tlu! lust-mciitioncd, an- spmi,
and wovrn into blankets, Imt of a Hnrr texturt'.
\ vari tv of Yow ( '/'. hnrl/ofid) is fonnd alon^ tin- Coast,
and on tin' Fras«>r as hi^di as tin' head of the Yalt llapids.
It is usrd l»y tin' luttivtss for tlu* niannfactnre of hows and it
is aj>|>lifal»l(' to various, useful purposes, i)ut dofs not ;ilt lin
lo lliu size of the Kn^lish Yew. The Alder, useful lor luiu
in;^ and carvin;.;, is widely distiil>uled, and in (Iw Coast
vieinity attains to a ^I'eat si/<». The Plane-maple ( I'!it/iiii"s
A'ivlf(»l!'i) is abundant in the Lower District and Vancouv. r
Island, and of very vi^'orous ^'rowth. A useful and hij,'lily
ornament d tree, yieldijin; in »>iuly Spri ij a copious sup|)!y of
sap, which, thou;^li less rich in saccharim' matter than that of
the Canadian Su^ar-miple, ^ives a j)roduct not inferior in
quality. The Udsani l*opular, or (%)tton-wood, and tat*
.Vspen, i,'i-<>\vin<4 ahund intly alonj; the Low(M' FrastM-, are very
•.generally distrihuted, nearly to the summit of the lloiky
.Mountain |)as-;"s. From the Mais i-n Po|)la''. whitdi attains
to very considerabht dimensions, ('X(!ellent canoes are oxca-
vatiid l»y the Indians of the interior, which liavi? this advan-
taj^e over th' -.e constructed of Cedar, that they do not split
tliroiij^'h exposure to tin; sun, imdironseipiontly dr> notdeimiud
the s!i!'ie iissiduiMis care. But these peri^uas are nowise
comparaole in f(M'ni to the beautiful canoes of the Coast,
formed of the more delicate material, and with a far higher
di^gree of art. The liirch, which is the clii(>f hard-wood of
the interior, is comparatively lare in the Lower District and
on Vancouver Island; hut throughout the C^itix'r Fraser, up to
the verge of the Kocky Mountains, it is common, and attains
ill parts to a v»M"v consichu'ahle size. The h irk of this tree
was formerly emidoyed at the intei'ior posts for making canoes
for transport; hut boats were afterwartls substituted. The
natives do not emph)y it, hoAvever, for that purpose, like those
of the Eastern Continent. Thev construct tlieii- light hnnt-
ing-canoes of single sheers sti'ipped from the trunk of the
WeynKHith Pine, where procurable: els(nvere of tiii- Si)ruce.
Peculiar to a i>ortion of the Central District is the Ived Pim;
(P. PiDiifrrosa ); ;i very beautiful tree, growing cliieHy in
gravelly opens, and attaining a large si/e. The timber is
good, close-grained, and durable; i)ut as its name indicates,
compaiatively heavy. It is found commonly as far noi'th as
the upper ford of the Bonaparte; but its nearest approacli to
the Coast Range, westward, is the head of Anderson Lake.
12
GUIDE TO BRITISH COLUMBIA.
j II
ii
A variety of the Larch (L. Occidental is) is found at various
points along the eastern portion of the Southern liomdary of
the Province. It grows to a large size, cliiefly in cold moist
bottoms; but though a beautiful tree, its timber does not
share the character for durability ascribed to its Eastern con-
gener. Some other varieties of Pine besides those that have
been mentioned are found in the mountainous parts : but none
of these being of marked utility it is needless to enumerate
them.
Of edible fruits there are many kinds. Of these perhaps
the most important is the Service-berry {Amelanchier Race-
mofia, or Caii<i(fcnsis?); a Avhite-flowcring shrub yielding a
fruit of great utility'. Abundantly produced, and easily
gatliored, this fruit is dried in tlu' sun, and forms an impor-
tant addition to the winter store of the natives, as well as of
the Euro])t'an residtnits, by whom it is no less prized. This
berry i.s very wic^ely distribut* d between this and Manitoba;
and along the Saskatchewan the (hied fruit enters largely into
the composition of the liner kinds of Pemican. Besides the
Rasi)berry of several kinds, including one identical in flavor
and nowise inferior in quality to the cultivated varieties; the
wild Strawberry : and the Cranberry, all widely distributed,
and the last an article of considerable export from the Lower
Eraser to San Erancisco, where the fruit is in great demand.
FISH.
As may i)c surmised from the enormous coast-line, and the
great extent of the inland waters, the Eish of British Colum-
bia enter largely into the consideration of her resources. Of
all the varieties frequenting the inland waters, however, the
Salmon is the most important; and, as it will require a longer
notice than the rest, we resen^e it for the last. The varieties
of Trout, in the next place, demand attention ; and for want
o' more legitimate nomenclature, they will in most cases be
distinguished by the native names, adopting those of the Ta-
cully of the Upper Eraser, to the writer the more familiar.
The Peet is a red-fieshed Troiit, frequenting the larger
lakes, such as Stuart's and Ei-aser's. It grows to a great size,
frequently exceeding 20 lbs. in weight, and in some positions,
I have ^been 'assured, weighing as much as forty, though I
have never myself seen any nearly so large. They are usually
caught with hooks, baited with a small tish, during the season
of open water. In early spring the natives catch them by
making holes in the ice and roofing them over with pine-
boughs so as to exclude the surface-light. In this wa;
lish, attracted by a lure, is readily detected and speai-ed.
OUIDE TO BRITISH COLUMBIA.
18
The Sha-pai is another variety, equal in all respects to the
last: but (lifferini? in appearance, itH skin being marked with
faint orange-colored, spots, and the fiesh having a yellowish
tint.
Pr-'-yoz, or Salmon-trout, resembling the ordinary trout
caugut elsewhere. There are, hov/ever, several varieties, dlT-
fering in size and quality, as well as appearance, according to
their habitat.
The Talo-yaz (I. e. Little Salmon), is a peculiar variety of
Tr(jut, of ex<!ellent quality, confined to certain lakes of the
U|)i)er District, and found, I think, in the Great Okiua^an
Like — I sliHw't of witer abounding also in the larger species.
In addition to tlie hook and spear, weirs are employed to
c'iii)ture tlie various descriptions of Trt)ut as they enter the
rivers from the lakes to spawn. The gill-net. too, set in
favorable ))ositions, is employed for the smaller varieties.
The artificial fiy and the spoon-bait, which the angler bent
on sport would employ, were of course unknown to the native
fishermen, whose devices I have mentioned.
The White-fish (Core /onus Alha), by many esteemed the
Prince of fresh-water fish, found generally throughout the
northern continent, is common to most of tlu^ lakes in the
upjier ])art of British Columbia. It varies very nnu;h in size,
and no kiss in quality, in different localities: a variation arising
doubtUiss from the nature of their foml. Thus the fish pro-
duced in Fraser Lake, though no larger, are in quality far
superior to those of the neiglibouring lake of Stuart; while
those of the small lake of Yoka, in the depression of the Coast
range between the latter lake and Babine, are superior to
both. Far excelling these, again, are the fish caught in a
small lake near Jasper's House, on the Athabusca, a little out-
side of the northern frontier of the Province. The AVhite-fish
of British Columbia probably average from two to three
pounds only: elsewhere, in parts eastward of the Kocky
Mountains, they are found much larger.
The Loche (Gallus Bnrhafnla), called also the "Fresh-water
Cod," is found commonly in the lakes and rivers. The liver,
like that of the true Cod, is the sole, or chief, depository of
its fat. A fish on the whole of very little mark.
The Pike or Jack-fish, common on the East side of the
Rocky Mountains, is not found in the British Columbia
waters — and, I need not adtl, is not regretted.
Tliere are immense nund)ers of Carp of several varieties.
These, when they enter the streams from the lakes to spawn,
commencing in A])ril, are caught by the natives with inge-
nious weirs, and sun-dried in vast quantities.
14
GUTOE TO BRITISH COLUMBU.
The Sturgeon of British Cohirabia (A'ipenser transmontanns
of Bichardsoii) differs widely in all respects from the common
Sturgeon of the Atlantic (A. Stiirioj. This noble fish is
common both to the Columbia and Eraser River; but does not
by the former stream penetrate to the British Columbia fron-
tier— interrupted, apparently, by the Kettle Fall, at Colvile,
near to which point some have been known to reach. The
fisli appears in L raser liiver in early Spring, following the shoals
of a certain smill tish, called b}' the natives Ooli-han, as they
resort to tlio lower parts to spawn. The Western Sturgeon
attains an enormous size: in tiie up])er parts of the Fraser
liivor, about Stuart's anil Frascr's Lakes, having been caught
weighing as much as seven or eight hundred pounds. These
fish (l<j not, there is reason to believe, always return to the
sea; l)ut, finding abundant food in the upj)er waters, continue
to dwell and pro[)agate there, frecpienting chiefly the neigh-
bourhood of the two lakes mentioned, and probably other
localities. Unlike the Salmon, which constantly deteriorate
as they ascend, the Sturgeon conversely improve; and are in-
variably fatter when caught in the upper waters, than in tlus
vicinity of the sea. On the Lower Fraser these fish are caught
by the natives in a singular but very etti^'acious manner. A
canoe, manned by two persons, one of whom acts merely to
keep the light vessel in ])osition, is sufiered to drift along the
deepest channel. The fisherman, seated in the bow, is armed
with a jointed staff which may be lengthened at pleasure, and
to the end of which a barbed harpoon attached to a cord is
loosely affixed. With this he feels his way, keeping the point
of his weapon constantly within a short distance of the bottom.
The fish, slowly swimming upwards, is detected by the tou(!h;
and, instantly struck, is afterwards readily secured. In tho
Upper Fraser the bait is chiefiy employed; but in the larger
eddies strong nets are found very ett'ective. At the effluence
of Lakes Stuart and Fraser, near which the Hudson's Bav
Company's poiits are situated, long stake-nets are set during
Spring and Summer, by means of which a fish is occasionally
caught, the more highly prized for its comparative rarity: for
while the Sturgeon grows to lai'ger dimensions in these
vicinities, it is very much rarer than in the lower ])arts of the
rivL_
The Salmon entering Fraser Iliver are of several varieties,
making their appearance successively at various periods from
early Spring till the end of Summer. As a general rule it may
be asserted that the earlier shoals are the stronger and richer
fish. For clearness sake I nh-W confine my remarks chiefly
to two principal varieties, ctii. ad by the lower Indians Saw-
GUIDE TO BRITISH COLUMBIA.
15
qua! and SvcTc-hia, by the upper Indians Kme and Ta-lo; by
which hitter name I shall distinguisli them. The first, equal
in size and (juulity to the large Salmon of Europe, enter the
Fraser in May; the latter, a very much smaller and not so
rich a fish, arriving a month or so later. In the lower part of
the river the natives secure them in large quantities bv means
of drift-nets. Higher up scoop-nets are chiefly used, which
are wrought from stages suspended from the rocks bordering
on rapid currents; and above Alexandria the Tacully tribe
construct ingenious weirs for their capture. The Kase, enter-
ing the river as before noted in May, are caught at Alexandria
in the beginning of July; though a shoal, resorting to a small
tributary called the Nascoh passes upward at an earlier date.
The Th-lo, arriving at Alexandria later, never reach the
neighbourliood of Stuart's or Fraser's Lake before the first
week in August; preceded shortly by the Kase.
To tliose conversant with the habits of the European
Salmon it is superfiiious to mention that each shoal as it
a-^ceuds strives perseveringly and with unerring instinct to
reach, for its spawning-gi"ound, the spot where itself was gen-
erated. The course of the Ka.se, apart from the minor shoals
whicli may diverge to their native tributaries by the way, may
thus be indicated from the Forks of Thfe-ef-leh'(FoYtGeoY{*e),
upwards. A division of the grand shoal here takes place;
one detachment ascending the eastern, or Tete Jaune Branch,
the remainder ascending the western, or Stuart Branch, as
high as the ]ioint cnlled the Forks of Chinlac, 60 miles above
Thle-et-leh. A further subdivision here takes place; one
])ortion continuing to ascend the Stuart Branch, nearly to
Stuart's Lake, Avhich, however, they do not enter. The other
detachment ascends the Fraser Lake Branch, turning off short
of tl)at lake, and continuing its course up the large tributary
there falling in, called the Neja-coh, on which its spawning
grounds are situated.
The Ta-lo, its van-guard reacliing Thle-et-leh in company
with the rear-guard of the Kane, do not enter the Tete-Jaune
Hranch, but continue undeviatingly up to the Forks of Chinhu;
before mentioned, where ji se])aration takes place. Oije de-
tachment, continuing up the Stuart's Branch, passes through
Stuart's Lake on its way towards Lake Tat-la: the other fol-
lowing up the other brancli does nor, lik<i the Kam enter the
Neja-coh, l)ut ])assing on ti» Fraser Lake continues through it,
and pursues its route by the tributary stream towards the Lac
des Franoais. on the inner verge of the (\>ast Range, and op-
posite to the Southern heads of the Skeena.
This process, actuated by an infallible instinct, goes on
m
mi
m
GUIDE TO BRITISH COLUMBIA.
imtleviatingly from year to year: and thoiigli at times there
may occur, from iuHcratable causes, a partial failure of the
supply, the periods vary but little, and the regularity of the
system is never interrupted.
A brief notice of several other varieties of the Salmon re-
sorting to Fraser River, m ly be made, some of which, diverg-
ing u]) the Tiioinpson's Branch and other tributaries, do not
ascend to the U|»p(n- Fraser: and I will now advert to a pecu-
liarity in their fat(% which, strange as it may appear, distin-
guishes the majority from all other known varieties of the
g(!inis. There seems to be no question that the shoals re-
sorting to the smaller streams (U touching upon the Coast
return, after performing their procreative functions, to the sea,
as elsewhen;. Indeed, I am disposed to think that those
varieticis which rescn't to the; smaller tributai'ies of the Lower
Fraser and the Columbia, ])robably fullil th-ur course in like
manner. ]}ut as regards the main body, ri?so!ting to the
distant head-waters of those great rivers, it may be incontest-
ably asserted (hnf llieyneverreturn fofhrsm. At tfrstinciedulons
of this asserted fact, subversive of all my preconceptions on
the subject, it was only after the observation of years, under
circumstances which seem to preclude' the possibility of error,
that I was constrained to arrive at the same conclusion.
Without ])relonging my notes by entering oji the particulais
of these obser\'ations, I may conlidently repeat the assm*-
tion that, the function of 8i)awning over, the ftsh, still strug-
gling upwards, die of exhaustion. Upon the main, or
Eastern, branch of the Fraser, which as I have said is fre-
quented only by the large variety or Kase, the strongest of
tlios(! fish attain as high as Tete Jeanne's Cache, between 700
and 800 miles from the sea : there their further progress is ar-
resfed by a steep fall. At the foot of this fall, and elsewhere
below, the stream swarms, in Sciptember, with dead and dying
fish. The once brilliant Salmon, no longer recognisable save
from its general form, may here be seen, the function of
spawning completed, almost torpid from exhaustion; its nose
in many instances worn to the bone, its tail and fins in tatters,
nay, .its very flesh in a state of half-animated decay, either
helplessly ticniting in the eddies, or with mt>mentary ex- rtion
still struggling to ascend. In no case is the smallest disposi-
tion to descend perceptible: its course is still onwards, until,
dying at last, it floats with myriads of others to be cast upon
the beach, attracting to a hideous banquet a multitude of
Bears and other carnivorous beasts from the adjacent
mountains. In like manner perish the other shoals upon the
head-waters of the several streams to which they resort.
OUTDE TO liRITTSH TOLI'MIUA.
IT
or
fre-
est of
700
save
of
liefon^ quittinfj; this braiu-h of the subject, 1 may supply
soiue luemoranda whidi will convoy an idea of tlie produc-
tiveness, in favorable years, of tlie salnion-fislieries on the
Frasrr. At tlie Post of Eraser's Lake, in IS'^fi, 8(),0()0 dried
salmon were purchased and stored for use; and at other Posts
pro})ortiouate (piaiitities were likewise secured out of the
superabundant pi'ovision mad(^ by the natives. The year in
question, it is trui', was one of ^reat abundance. At Fort
Langley (some tlfteen miles above New Westminster), lar^e
quantities were formerly salted every year by the Hudson s
]3ay Company, as well for home consunqition as for ex])orta-
tion. In some so sons biiv.veen two and thre<' thousand
banvsls were thus ])rovided; the fish ])rocured by barter from
the natives. Fo)" soiuc years ])ast ]n'ivate lisheries have been
established, where ]ar^;<' quantities nrv annualh' cured: and
recently an establishment foi ])reserving the fish in cans for
exportation has ]>een started, which promises to be very
successful. The chief niarkets are South America, the Sand-
wich Islands, and Australia.
We may here ni-ntiou cur.sorily that, while the salmon, of
sonie pai'ticida)' variety, is comm( n, ])erhaps, to every stream
issuiiii^' aloii^' the ('oast from the Coast-ran,i,H3 of Mountains,
as well as the many tributaii(;s of the Fraser, it is not found
ujH)n the waters of British Columbia tributary to the Peace
liiver, or iiidc(>d to ai.y of the streams fl()win,!j; eastward from
the Jiockv-Mountain boundary of the Pi'ovince. Thus Peace
Iiiver, and its co-tributary to the (front McKenzie, the
Athabasca, as well as th<> Saskatchewan, are destitue of this
valuable tisli. ^\ ith oui' knowledji;e of the liabits of the g(mus
it would l)e a facile undertaking to introduce the fish artificially
into tliesi' rivers, by spawn taken from the west(a-n watershed :
but it is questionable whether the extreme len<j;th of the two
iirst-Jianied streams, at least, in their course to the ocean,
mif^lit not prove an insurmountable obstacle to their success-
ful jn-opaj^ation. Nevertlieless, it is ])ossibl(> that the attem])t
may at some future day be made.
A very valuable fisli entering Frasiu- liiver to spawn, in
tlu> early S])rin;jj, is the UinJclrlilJnjti (or preferably (hnienis)
lUvJi(n'ihoiiil — locally known as the Oola-han. It appears in
innuense shoals, and is caught either with the scoop-net, or,
like the Herrinp; on the seaboard, with the rake. This sim]>le
device is merely a lonj? lijj;ht i)ole, fiattened in one direction
so as to ])ass readily tliroufrh tlu' water, and with the edge set
towar.ls the lower extremity with a row of sharply-pointed
teeth. The fisherman, entering the shoal, i>iisses the iiu])le-
ment repeatedly tlirough the water, with a ra]iid sti'oke, each
18
GUIDE TO URITISH COLIMIJIA.
time transfixiuf^ several fish. Tims ii copious supply is soon
secured. The Oola-hcin is, in the estimation of most people,
one of the most delicious products of the sea. Smaller than
the Herring, it is of a far more delicate ilavor, and so rich
that, when dried, it is inliammable. This fish is not confined
to Fraser Jliver, but frecpients likewise the Nass, a large
stream issuing on the frontier between British Columbia and
Alaska; another stream debouching into Gardner's Canal; and
probably rivers along the coast. Those caught at the mouth
of the Nass are of a (piality even richer than those of Fraser
liiver. The natives, who assemble there in great numbers in
Spring to prosecute the fishery, Ix'sides drying them in large
quantities, extract from the surplus a fine oil, which is highly
prized by them as a luxury, and forms a staple article of barter
with the interior tribes. This oil, of a whitish color, and
approaching to the consistence of thin lard, is reg.uded by
those of the Fiiculty who are acquainted with its properties,
as equally etficacious with the Cod-liver Oil so commonly pre-
scribed: and it is said to have the great advantage of being
far more palatable. With the exception of a few scores of
casks salted annuall}' for local sale, and a (juantity prepar 1
like the Red-herring, this fish has not yet, I believe, been
systematically cured, or become an article of exjiortation.
There can be no question, however, that, when more widely
known and })roperly prepared, it will be the object of much
extraneous demand
As already remarked, all the larger streams along the Coast
abound with Sahnon. The Skeena, l)efore mentioned, dis-
charging at Port Essington, and the Bilwhoola, fiowing into
the North Bentinck Arm of Milbank Sound, may be specially
noted; though equalled, doubtless, by many others. The
minor streams swarm during the season with a small variety,
known locally to the northward as the Squwj-ijan; inferior in
richness to the larger fish, and therefore not so well adapted
for salting, but nevertheless of excellent quali^. I may here
mention as a peculiar trait that the Salmon of this Coast — at
least those ascending the larger rivers, siich as the (Jolumbia,
the Fraser, and others — unlike their European congeners, do
not rise to the artificial fly. In the inlets around Vancouver
Island and elsewhere, while they remain in the sea, and at all
seasons of the year, they are readily caught by trolling. The
natives employ generally a herring as the bait: but the spoon-
bait is found t3y amateurs to be equally efiicacious. It will
be inferred that the fish occupy continuously the narro •
waters, adjacent probably to the entrance of the streams of
their nativity, \\\\W\ they finally le-enter the rivers to spawn:
GUIDE TO BRITISH COLUMBIA.
ly
and, admitting the apparently unquestionable fact that some
varieties, at least never return to the sea, it follows as a con-
sequence that the whole term of their existence, from the time
when the fry descend the rivers until their final return to
spawn, whatever the interval may be before they attain matu-
rity, is passed in these retreats. The quality of the winter
fish, caught in these localities in their full perfection, is in-
comparably fine. The size varies, appaarently, in different
positions. In the Saanich Arm, for instance, a little to
the north of Victoria, the weight may vary from fifteen to
thirtv pounds or more : but it was mentioned about a month
ago (in March) in the British Colonist newspaper, that a fish
caught with the bait in the outer harbour of Victoria had been
brought to market, the weight of which was fifty-five pounds.
Fish of this size are, however, comparatively rare. Repeated
examination leads me to the conclusion that the Herring is
iiere the favorite food of the Salmon. It is the most suc-
cessful natural bait; and I have almost invariably found one,
and frequently several, of those fish, in the stomachs of ordi-
nary-sized Salmon; but smelts, and occasionally prawns, are
also found. It may be added that, while the Salmon refuses the
fiy or any other bait after entering the fresh water, the closest
examination of the intestines of the ascending fish does not,
as far as my experience goes, reveal upon what nutriment they
then subsist. A mucous substance alone is discernible; and
it must be inferred that minute infusoria, the nature of which
the microscope might probably detect, is at this period their
sole source of nourishment.
But we have dwelt sufficiently on this theme, and must
proceed to notice the other products in which these waters are
notably prolific, ind first of the Herring. This valuable fish
resorts in prodigious numbers, at the spawning season in
early Spring, to the bays and inlets of the Gulf of Georgia,
and elsewhere generally along the Coast. The method by
which the natives capture them at this season, mentioned be-
fore while treating of the Oola-han, suggests an idea of their
scarcely conceivable numbers. In appearance they do not
perceptibly differ from the European variety, though rather
smaller. At the period in question the quality of these fish
is inferior; but when caught during their prime, with the net,
on the banks which they permanently frequent, they are, to
my conception, fully equal to their congeners of the Atlantic
sea-board. This remark applies at least to some of the loca-
lities bordering on the Gulf of Ge(>rgia; and I fancy is gen-
erally true. The .spawn, attached to sea-weed, or to branches
I
20
GUIDE TO BRITISH COLUMBIA.
li^
■I
purposely sunk in the shallows for its reception, is gathered
in large quantities by the natives, and dried for food.
The Cod caught in the narrow waters are inferior to the
Atlantic fish. There are, however, certain outlying banks
upon which they are found abundantly, of a quality, it is said
approaching, if not fully equal to, the last.
The Halibut attains upon this Coast a very high degree of
perfection. On the outer shore of Queen Charlotte's Island,
especially, it is found of a very large size; frequently exceed-
ing 100 pounds in weight, and not unseldom, I am assured,
of twice that size. Caught with tbe hook, these fish are dried
iu large quantities by the natives, especially of the more
northerly parts of the Coast.
To those may be added the Smelt, the Rock-coil, the Floun-
der, Whiting, and a host of others, with which, in season, the
markets of Victoria are constantly supplied — chiefly through
the industry of Italian fishermen, who appear here to enjoy a
prescriptive monopoly of the trade. Oysters are very abundant.
Those dredged near Victoria are of small size, but well-
fiavored; northward, in the vicinity of Comox, a larger sample
is procured. Of Cockles, Mussels, and other shell-fish there
is a copious supply. Crabs and Prawns are not wanting; but
there are no Lobsters, save a small kind found in fresh-water
streamlets. Oil-producing fish, such as the Ground-shark
and the Dog-fish, are common to the whole Coast: the latter
so abundant as to give lucrative employment to many fisher-
men and afiord a boundless resource prospectively to others.
Of the Phocida), the Hair-seal is the most numerous, while the
Fur-seal, the Sea-lion, &g., are found, chiefly on the outer
shores.
The whale-fishery has of late attracted much attention, and
has been prosecuted with a certain degree of success; though,
from want of experience probably, less than one might have
been justified in expecting. On the outer Coast Whales of
the largest description are numerous; which, by the native
inhabitants, who combine in parties for the purpose, are
harpooned and captured by an ingenious process which it is
unnecessary here to describe. In the inland waters of the
archipelago a variety known as the Hump-back Whale is very
numerous. These yield from 30 to 50 barrels, or more, of
oil; and so far have been killed by the whaling-parties with
the harpoon-gun and shell. Many wounded victims, however,
through some mismanagement of detail, or perhaps unavoid-
ably under the system, have thus escaped. The system, how-
ever, from its assumed wastefulness, is, I am informed, de-
clared illegal by the general laws of the Dominion : in which
(jmi)R TO RUITTSH COLUMBIA.
21
case it will of courso be interdicteil, and j^ive place to other
schemes, less liable to objection. On the whole the pursuit
of the Whale in these waters, vip;orou8ly prosecuted, with a
competent knowledge of the business, will doubthss prove
ere loiifj; a lucrative and extensive branch of the Provincial
industries.
The Beasts of the Chase found in British Columbia are
sufficiently varied, and in parts very numerous. Of the fur-
bearing kinds the following list comprises the chief exports of
the Hudson's Bay Coni])any, and recently of private traders
who have engaged in the businc^ss : —
Bears, Brown, Bla<^k, and Oriz}?ly;
Beaver :
Badgers ;
Foxes, Silver, (Voss, and R^d;
Fishers ;
Martens ;
Minks;
livnxes, Grey, and Spotted;
Mnsquasli ;
Otters, Sea, and Land;
Panthers ;
llaocoons ;
Wolves, Black, and Grey, of the large kind;
Wolves of the smaller kind, known as the Oa/fofe;
Wolverines.
CLIMATE, AflRICULTUUE, ETC.
Before entering on the subject of the Climate of British
Columbia, it is necessary to remind the reader of the follow-
ing facts: namely, that the winter temperature of positions on
the northern Pacific Coast, as compared with others on the
Atlantic sea-board, is equivalent to at least ten degrees of
Latitude in favor of the former. Thus the isothermal line of
the mean annual temperature of 50° Fahrenheit, which leaves
the Atlantic in about Latitude 41", and. curving into Ruperts-
land as high as the 50th parallel, is assumed to cross the
Rocky Mountains in about Latitude 49°, strikes the Pacific
near Milbank Sound, in about Latitude 52°. This is of course
an approximation, only, as regards intermediate points; but
the extremes are marked too strongly to escape even the most
casual notice. We are not, however, to enter into a disquisi-
tion as to the possible causes of this disparity; it is enough
to know that it exists; and that, for instance, while the winter
temperature of Quebec is proverbially severe, the correspond-
ing season at the mouth of the Columbia, in the same degree
of Latituile, is as mild as that of the South of England.
t'
99
22
GUIDE TO BRITISH COLUMBIA.
Upon the southern portion of Vancouver Island the climate,
as a whole, may periiaps be compared with the last, saving
that there is a greater degree of summer heat, with less hu-
midity. The maximum temperature in the shade near Vic-
toria, in parts of July and August, ranges from 80' to 90° of
Fahrenheit; and has on several occasions been remarked by
the writer as high even as 90°, carefully noted on an excellent
thermometer, by Dollond, placed in the shade, out of the in-
fluence of reflected heat. The mercury in winter sometimes
descends as low as lOo — i. e. twentj'-two degrees below the
freezing-point of Fahrenheit — in seasons of extreme severity;
but this very rarely, and for a very brief period. Hence,
though some winters may afford good skating around Victoria,
and this occasionally for several weeks together, more gener-
ally the ice Avill last only for a few days, or not become suf-
ficiently strong to bear.
At Now Westminster on the Mainland, as elsewhere on the
Lower Fraser, there is a greater degree of humidity through-
out the year, and the temperature, if more equably warm in
summer, does not probably attain to the same extreme of heat.
In winter, on the other hand, the lowest extreme, as might
be inferred from its inland position, is comparatively more
severe.
In the Upper Country the climate is dry, and continuously
hot in summer; especially from the vicinity of Thompson's
River towards the southern frontier, east of the Cascade
Range. The same characteristic^, however, apply in a some-
what less degree to the portion lying northward, towards
Alexandria. Approaching the Okinagan, on the southern
frontier, the summer, temperature is almost tropical in its
character. The winter cold, on the other hand, is compara-
tively sharp; but there is nothing approaching the continuous
severity experienced on the eastern slopjBS of the Rocky
Mountains. Little snow falls on the general surface; and in
many parts it is almost entirely absent for any lengthened
period.
In the Upper District, beyond Alexandria, notwithstanding
the elevation above the sea, the climate is warm in summer;
in the higher localities, subject to occasional night-frosts.
But as a general rule these do not affect the lower levels,
where modifying influences exist. In winter, a moderate de-
gree of cold prevails; alternated occasionally with severe
intervals produced by winds from the northward and east-
ward mountains. Thus the thermometer will, during such
intervals, sink to 15o or 20° below zero of Fahrenheit, and
sometimes even to the freezing point of mercury. But such
(H'Il)K TO lUUTISH COLUMUIA.
'>■{
•j<i
do^roo oi cold is excf'ptional, and rarely lastH more than three
or four days at a time when a <;eneial chanj^e ensues.
This, briefly, eomprises the main features of the elimate ()f
the Province in its several divisions. For such as may desire
to consult more aciMiratc data, some meteorological tables
will bo inserted in the Appendix; meanwhile, in connection
with the j^eneral subject, I subjoin brief extracts from the
])ublished reports of Otticia's of the lioyal Engineers.
Speaking of F(n-t Alexandria, Lieut. H. S. Palmer says:
"At 11 A. M. on the IGth August ( IM^ri) the temperature of
the air in the shade being 70<> 5 Fahrenheit, that of the Fi-aser
was oM' Fahrenli(at; and at 10 A. M. on the 'iOth of September,
tlie ti'mperatures of air and water were res[)ectivelv •'j^ and
4(r Fahrenheit."
With reference to points in the vicinity of Alexandria he
says: " The altitude of tliis district is frequently quoted as
rei'.dering it unsuital)l(* to agriculture, but the highly satis-
factory results obtained at Williams Lake and lieaver Lake,
two of the most ;i(lv,iuctMl farms in the ('olony, where at an
elevation of 2,100 and '2,200 feet, varieties of giain and veg-
etables are yearly raised in great perfection and abundance,
indicate the fertiliiy of the soil, and the absence of influences
materially discour giiig to agriculture. There are, in the
section of country under discussion, large tracts of unot'cupied
land, where the soil riv.ils that of the farms above-nuui-
tioned, and where much of llie ground is literally tit for the
])lougli."'
Of th(^ portion lying between Alexandria and Thompson's
• Uiver, Ca))ta'n Parsons writes: "Bridge-Creek flows into a
large stream which is saitl to be a tributary of Horsi^Fly
C'reek. Trougliton's boiling-point thermomi^ter showed a
tempei-ature at the level of tlu? house of 200« 0 on the 20th
August, and of 20()'j 40 on Hist August, indicating altitudes
of ab(mt rJjllO and 3,054 feet res])ectively, or a mean of 3,080
feet above the level of the sea; nevertheless the temperature
of tlie air in the shade at H v. M. of the 20th was 57<', and of
the water of the Creek o4o. On the :Ust, at 7 i'. M. the air
was HOo 75, and on the 1st September, at 7 a. .m., it was 48"
of Fahrenheit. * * * * Lake La Hache is about 2,488 feet
abov(^ the sea. The tem])eratuve of the air at 5 a. m. on the
30th August was 42<> 5, aiid at 7.30 v. m. 54", at which time
the temperature of the water in the lake was 04". On the
same day the thermometer (not blackened) showed 80" at
noon in the sun. * * * * From tlie foregoing descri])tion you
will see the great altitude of ev(Mi the valleys between Jjake
La Hache and the Pavillion. whilr> the c.isual thermomet(n'-
It'
m
OUIDE TO nUITISlI COLL'MIJIA.
ro:i(liii<^s montlonnd will sorvo to iiulit-ato th<' tompcmiturrs
(luviiit; t\\(i inonth of Auf^ust iiiid tho first Imlf of S»'|)tt)iiil)(^r.
Tlio wlu)l(! poriod wiis pxt'OHsivdly hot in the day tinw, with
a plc-iiHiiiit iiiildiH'Hs at night. Tlici-o was no frost oxcopt at
thd Imad of the (rrtiat (Jhasin on tlu; (xu-asion iiuMiti(>u*Hl hut
it seoiuH rcasoiial)!*? to sn[)[)ose that al)Out amoiith hitor uij^ht-
frosts would ho found to prevail. '^ ^ * * Heavy dews wero
pnnahMit, hut it .s<!onis ])rohahh>, hoth from report und the
ap)H>araiiee of the watcr-couvses, that very little rain falls in
this part of the oouutty. J)uring six weews, from the com-
nuMRH^ment of Au;.?ust, there were only two (hiys on which
rain f(dl, and then it was accompanied by heavy thunder and
lightnin*^."
in the settled portions of V^ancouver Island all the com-
mon ccn'ojjs aviy j)rodu<!ed abundantly. WhtNit yields ordi-
narily frotn oil to -h) bushels per acre; Oats produce frequently
us hioh as ()() bushels. Indian C'orn, though not largely cuf-
tivatod, and ])ei"hai>s not an economical crop for this locality,
ripens freely by the end of Se|)t<!mber. I'otatocs, turiiii)s,
carrots, und all the usual varieties of culinary vegetables,
grow to a great size. The (Uimatii seems to be specially well
adapted for the growth of Hops. Thc^se are cultivated suf-
ticieutly to meet tin; local demand; the .sur])lus, if any, being
exported to San Francisco, where their superior ipiality st^cures
for thorn a ready sale. The average; yield is from 1,200 lbs. in
ordinary years, to 2,000 lbs. per acre in favorable seasons.
On the piminsula near Victoria, and I })resume in other choice
localitit^s, the Musk-melon and the Water-melon uttuin perfect
maturity in the o})en air, without artificial aid; the Tomato
und (.'a]>sicum yield copiously; the Peach ri})ens its fruit us a
standard, und the drape (of the Isabella variety) produces
abundantly and comes to full maturity in a favorable exposure.
Orchard fruits, exclusive of the Peach which is not generally
plantod, are cultivated abundantly throiighouf the settlements,
and with marked success.
(3n the Lower Fraser the climate is ada])ted generally for
the same ]>iodiictions, and most of those eruuierated are cul-
tivated tliere.
About Thompson's Iliver the continuous summer lieat is
specially favorable for the production of such fruits as the
Melon. Indian Corn would probubl}' be protitable as a gen-
eral crop. Wheat und other cereals, with all kinds of culi-
nary vegetables, flourish. In parts, where the nature of the
locality demands it, irrigation is resorted to Avith, us may be
supposed, the most successful results. Approaching the
Southern frontier, iipon the Okinagan, the Grape, were it
inDE TO nniTisFT roirMni.x.
the
en-
uli-
the
■ be
(losinihlc, inij^ht bo l!ir«»oly cultivntod, .oitl I do not hosit.ite
to say, with suoeoss. I have iilrefuly iioli t'd the juoximity of
this j)()rtioii of the Province to the (xieut Ooscrt, the intense
Louts from wliich extend an influence far around.
At Alexandria, long before the general settlement of the
Province, Wheat was cultivated on a limited scale. From
1843 to 1S4S, between 400 and 500 bushels were raised annu-
ally at the Hudson's Bay (Company's Post, and converted into
tlour by means of a mill, with stones eighteen inches in di-
ameter, wrought by horses. As much as forty bushels to the
acre, by careful measurement, and of the finest quality, were
raised on poitioiis of the land cultivated during the interval
mentioned. Of late years large quantities are annually raised
in till' same neighbourhood, as well as elsewhere in the Cen-
tral District, and it is needless to add with the advantage of
very difi'erent appliances for its subsequent manufacture.
As before (Msu dly rem irked, the country from Alexandria
upwards is to be regarded ntherin the light of a hunting and
than as add- /ted for agricultural settlement.
mniin!'
region
Nevertheless, as higli as Eraser's Lake, Barley yields abund-
antly; and the Potatoe, with of course othar culinary vege-
tables, comes to great perfection. There are large tracts of
the most nutritious pasture throughout.
Before quitting this important subject, however, I judge it
well to pursuri it a little further than I had at first intended.
And first, proi'orring to quote, where possible, an indepen-
dent authority, I avail myself of the following excellent
remarks which I find published in the British Colonist news-
paper, from the journal of Mr. James Richardson, conducting
the Geological Survey of the Province for the Dominion
Government: —
"The vegetable soil which has been mentioned seems to be
of a very productive character, and whether in the forest, the
field, or the garden, appears, combined with the favorable
climate, to yield large returns. In the Comox district, about
140 miles from Victoria, as already stated, the soil is spread
over a very considerable area of prairie country, commonly
designated an opening, extending from the Coast up the dii-
ferent branches of the Courtenay River for seven or eight
miles. The surface of this district, which is naturally free
from timber, with the exception of single trees and stumps,
chiefly of Oaks (Qiiercm Garryanna) and strips of Alder
(Alnm Orejomi) in the bottoms, may be some twelve square
miles, the scenery of which is picturesque and parklike. Its
margin is very irregular in shape, and it is surrounded by a
growth of very heavy timber, among which are the Douglas
4
i;
m
26 GUIDE TO BllITISH COLUMBIA.
Pine (Ahics Dotujlami) often attaining ten foot in diameter
ami 200 feet in height, lialf of which is free from branches,
and the Cedar (Thuja G'ujantea), often equally large. The
oper. country in its natural state is mostly covered with a
growth of ferns, which sometimes attain a height of ten feet,
with stems three-quarters of an inch in diameter, and roots
descending to a depth of three feet. These roots the native
Indians prepare in some pecidiar way for winter food, and
excavate deep trenches to obtain them. The farmers are
under the necessity of grubbing up the fern roots before the
ground is ready for use, and they are often voluntarily assisted
by their pigs in this operation; tliese animals, it is said,
relishing the fern root as food. I was informed by Mr. John
liobb and Mr. John McFarlau, two partnersliip settlers of
the district, that the average yield of land, after it is ck^ared
and thoroughly under cultivation, is, of Wheat, from 80 to
H5 bushels per acre; Bi\^-V^j, 4u to -5 bushels; Oats, 50 to 00;
Pease, 40 to 4o; Potatoes, 150 to 2(0; Turnips, 20 to 25 tons.
Some of the Turnips exhibited by Mi". Robb at the agricul-
tural show are said to have been remarkably heavy; but those
of the Sweedish and yellow \arieties, seen by me, I consider
rather small. The season, however, was said to be an un-
usually dry one. The yield of timothy hay is said to bo
about two tons per acre. Clover thrives well, and rye grass
is valued for its after crop.
"The yield of butter per cow, after calf feeding, is about
150 lbs. annually, the ordinary selling price being 40 cents
per pound. Cattle geneially require to bahcmie-fed li'om the
beginning of December to the middle of April. Snow seldom
lies long. Heavy falls sometimes occur; but generally disap-
pear in a few daj's. Once or twice snow has remained on the
ground for two months. Api)los, pears, plums, cherries,
white and red ras})berrii'S, red, white and black currants, and
most kinds of fruit, thrives remarkably w(!ll. Som:- apples,
of which I obtained samples, measured thirteen inches in
circumference and weighed nineteen ounces. They were
high-llavourtul and well adapted for eating and cooking. Of
the i)ears many measured eleven inches in circumference, and
were high-Havoied and juicy.
" At (labriola, ])rairie land, or openings, such as those al-
ready described at CJomox, occur. More of them are met
with on Salt Spring Island, but in neither })lace of the same
extent as at Comox. Mr. GritHth, »)ne of the settlers at
Salt Spring, inftn-nn^l uw tliat th<' fall wheat thrives well
there, and yields from 155 to 40 Inishols per acre. Of other
grains t\w yield seems to be about the same as at Comox. In
GUIDE TO BRITISH COLUMBIA.
27
Mr. Griffith's garden there was a large plot of common winter
ciibbiige, the solid heads of most of which measured from
three to four feet in circumference. Red cabbage and 3auli-
flowers were equally largo and sound. Carrots and parsnips
were large, as well as onions; and there was abundance of
tomatoes, and several varieties of gooseberries, which did not
seem to thrive so well at Comox. Mr. Griffith informs me
that at Salt Spring the bushes give in quantity and quality
a crop equal with the best English. The crops of all the
varieties of currants and raspberries in quantity and quality
vied with those of Comox.
" Mr. Griffith's orchard occupies about two acres, and has
been set out only three or four years. I saw different varieties
of apple, pear, peach, plum, and cherry trees, and the pro-
prietor informed me that all kinds bore fruit last year The
apples are excellent in quality, and the pears, though not
large, were equal in flavor and juicyness to any I have ever
tasted.
" Mr. Griffith has about 300 barn-door fowls, which are
fed on the grain of the farm, and enable him to supply a great
abundance of eggs to the Victoria and Nanaimo markets,
where they sell from 25 to 40 cents per dozen.
"AtFulford Harbour, Mr. Theodore Frago shewed me a
pumkin which measured 32 inches in length, with a diameter
of 15 inches at the small end and 22 inches at the other; and
ho informed me that the larger ones had been used before mv
arrival. The settlements of North and South Saanich, as well
as of other districts near and around Victoria, show a good
deal of prairie land 'oak openings,' as they are called in that
part of the country, from the greater abundance of trees of
this species than elsewhere. In these oak openings many
beautiful farms are met with, the soil and aspect of them re-
sembling those of Comox. In addition to the grain, fruit,
and vegetables enumerated elsewiiere, the hop vine has been
introduced in North Saanich and in the neighbourhood of
Victoria. In the forr.er place, Mr. Isaac Cloake and Mr.
Henry Wain, with some others, have each a hop orchard, as
it is there termed, of several acres in extent. Mr Cloake,
who spent nine years amongst the hop fields of Kent, England,
informs me that his hops are quite equal, if not superior, to
the English, which, acording to him, was tantamount to say-
i'.ig that they were the best on the face of the earth; and Mr.
Wain, who likewise had practical experience, stated that in
ragard to aroma they were equal to the best he knew. They
are of the variety known as the grape hop. It was introduced
li.
GUTOE TO BRITISH COLUMBIA.
from California, and is said to have greatly improved in
British Columbia.
" The yield of hops is here from 1,000 lbs. to 1,700 lbs. to
the acre, and it brings in the Victoria market from 22 to 60
cents per pound. When railway communication is established
the article may become one of trade between the two Pro-
vinces, for if I am rightly informed, the hops imported from
England are superior to any raised in Canada.
"Other settlements of a similar character t" *^^hose described
are established between Saanich and Nanaimo, which I had
no opportunity of visiting. Near and around settlements
Eossessing farms such as mentioned, in many places rocky
ills rise up to heights of 1,000, 2,000 and evon 3,000 feet and
more, the surface of which is in some parts craggy, but in
others they present patches with a thin soil, covered Avith
a firm short banch-grass, on Avhich sheep and cattle thrive
well; for such of them as I saw were in good condition.
The temperature is cooler in such places than in the lower
and more level country, and during the heats of summer they
afford excellent pasture, which will much assist the industry
of agriculturists. Along the coasts and in the interior of
Vancouver Island, as well as on those of the archipelago
surrounding it, many localities for farms, similar to those
which have been here described, will be discovered, and
hereaft<'r become the homes of thousands of a hardy and in-
dustrious people."
With reference to the judicious remarks above quoted, I
may observe that the winter feeding of cattle referred to by
Mr. llichardson does not imply the n cessity of continuous
stall-feeding, which of course with large herds, such as some
possess, would be an impossibility. The under-growth of the
adjacent forests aftords, even during the severest season, co-
pious and nutritious browsing. A supply of fodder at night,
shelter of commodious sheds, serves to maintain the
if the cattle in condition; while the milch-kine and
stock receive such additional care as they may re-
auii \ By this wintei'-tendance a two- fold advantage, beyond
le mere welfare of the herds, is obtained: the straw and
other oifal of the farm are converted into manure for the future
enrichment of the soil, and the cattle, knowing their homes,
continue in all respects more tractable. The fern alluded to
is characteristic of most of the open parts of Vancouver Islnnd,
and a portion of the Lower Fraser. The highest point at
which it appears on the Mainland is at Spuzzum, a few miles
above Yale. The whole of the Central District is free from
it. Though rather troublesome to eradicate entirely, it pi'e-
witl
inaior''
»fnng<
lUli ,
GUIDE TO BRITISH COLUMBIA.
29
111-
i, I
by
LOUS
>mo
the
co-
;ht,
[the
lud
re-
did
nd
ire
|es,
to
>d,
at
les
)m
i'e-
sents no serious impediment to the cultivation of the soil.
By mowing in early summer — affording, if stored, an excellent
litter for cattle — its subsequent vigour is immediately
chocked. A deep ploughing and cross-ploughing with a
strong team prepares the soil for a first crop of pease or oats;
but it takes some years of cultivation before the last vestiges
disappear. Swedish turnips, I may add, are generally culti-
vated, and in most parts attain to an enormous size, though
as mentioned by Mr. Richardson, at times subject to partial
failure either from the attacks of the fly, or long continued
drought.
The comparatively humid climate of the Lower Fraser, adaptr;
the viciidty specially for the successful culture of green crops.
With this advantage, operating on a soil of teeming fertility,
enormous products are obtained. The daii-y-yield, promoted
iy the copious and succulent natural herbage that
1! -ds, is very great. At the mouth of the Fraser m an ex-
leu . \B delta, of wliich the soil, many feet in depth of pure
iil] avium, is productive in an f^xtraordinary degree. For in-
stance, a few years ago, the new3oapers took notice of a
cauliflower, raised in this locality ani brought over by one of
the residents of Victoria, the weight of which I am almost
afraid to repeat. It was given if my memory be correct, at
twenty-eight pounds; and certainly, whatever its exact weight
may have been, excited in Victoria general attention as a
vegetable curiosity. Portions, only, on the borders of this
exuberant tract have hitherto been pre-empted; and before
the whole can lie rendered available for occupation a system
of dyking mnst bo resorted to, (surveys have since been
made — Ed.} t.: exclude the overflow of the summer freshets.
This procob; • f Uii informed, has already been entered upon,
'. by individual settlers : by a systematic pro-
V *irk, whoreb}' a wide expanse may at once be
' lously n cessary in an economic point of view.
T^ blic dinner recently given at New West-
that the Premier oi the Province alluded
o.n
1-
on a sma]]
sedition 'f >hx
redeemed, in . >'
In a speech at
minster, I notj
snocially to this important undertaking as having engaged the
f attention of ihe local Government: But there are obstacles
to its iTianediate prosecution. By reference to the terms of
Confederation in the Appendix it will be perceived that, in
connection with the undetermined line of the projected rail-
way from Canada, it is provided that, for two years from the
date of rj.rtn, (July 1871) "the Government of British Col-
umbia .n H ;ot sell or alienate any further portions of the
Public Lu s of British Columbia in any other way than
under right of pre-emption, requiring actual residence of the
15
I: '*
m GUIDE TO BRITISH COLUMBIA.
pre-emptor on the land claimed by him." I am not pre-
pared to state, even approximately, what amount of valu-
able land might thus be made available, as no actual surveys
have been made; but it may be safely set down at many
thousands of acres, bordering on navigation, and with prolific
salmon-fisheries immediately adjacent.
With regard to the agriculture of the Central District there
is perhaps little to add to what I have already stated. In
connection with the Upptr District, however, I may make
some remarks, applicable to it in common with other elevated
portions of the vast territory over which the Dominion Fed-
eration now extends. I have mentioned, as a drawback, in
parts, the occurence of summer night-frosts, rendering pre-
carious the cultivation of the less hardy cereals, and vege-
tables of the more tendci ^'•ow*h. In qualification of this
remark I may now state, tha >, choice of position this evil
may be greatly obviated. ai. ill be found that in many
localities the low bottoms, too frequently selected for their
apparently superior fertility, are subject to these frosts,
while the slopes which border them are entirely exempt.
For this condition, Avithout wishing to philosophize, a satis-
factory reason may, I think, be given. The cold air, occas-
ioned probably through rapid evaporation suddenly checked
at night-fall, with its suspended vapour, decends to the lowest
level, displacing the warmer and lighter superficial air below,
which in turn ascends the acclivity. I do not question that a
due regard to this natural law would, in many parts where
summer frosts are found to prevail, save the farmer from fre-
quent disappointment. The fertile bottoms, meanwhile,
specially favorable for certain classes of vegetation, should
be reserved for these : such as the turnip and other crops that
are virtually frost-proof.
The capacities for pasturage of the Central District are very
extensive, and of a character unsurpassed, perhaps, in any
pirt of the world. While the valleys, as shown, are fertile
for the production of all the cereals and other produce in
ordinary cultivation, the hills which bound them, extending
on all sides in eudless continuity, sparsely dotted with wood
in parts, are covered with herbage of the most nutritious
description. Along Thompson's River, and throughout the
Southern portions, there is a species of grass, called by the
Voyageurs Fmn Bond, by the English settlers Bunch-grass,
which is 8f>ecially noted for its valuable qualities. The
whole tract is well watered — in the intervals between the hills
by frequent streamlets, in the level depressions by small
lakes ; while the groves and scattered trees afford a grateful
GUIDE TO BRITISH COLUMBIA.
;{i
shade by day, at niglit a shelter. Under this conjunction of
favorable circumstances it is not surprising that tlie herds of
cattle, roaming at large in the natural pastures, attain a con-
dition approaching to that of stall-fed stock. Winter feeding
is in most parts q^uite unneccessary ; and it is found that the
• cattle in early spring, if short of their summer condition, are
still in order for the butcher. The Similkameen beef* for ex-
ample, when occasionally a herd is brought to Victoria,
excites the attention of epicures by its excellent quality, and
commands always the highest market-price. In such parts,
on the other hand, as it may be found expedient to give oc-
casional assistance to the cattle during winter, when snow is
on the ground, an advantage is indirectly gained, the herds
become more domestic in their habits, and are gathered af ter-
Avards, when necessary, with less difficult}'. Horses, however,
even daring the severest winters, require no such aid. Unlike
horned cattle, they instinctively scrape through the snow for a
subsistence; and such is the nutritious quality of the herbage
that they winter well. In this way the large herd of horses,
some two hundred ia number, formerly maintained by the
Hudson's Bay Company at Alexandria, were constantly kept
in that vicinity: and the band at Kamloops, on Thompson's
Itiver, including brood-mares and young stock, probably from
five to six hundred, in like manner shifted for themselves at
all seasons.
There are probably now, grazing at large throughout the
Central District, under the circumstances I have mentioned, a
good many thousands of head of cattle, chiefly of superior
breeds. Of these a large proportion belong to permanent
settlers; the rest to graziers resorting thither from Washington
Territory and Oregon, as to a lucrative market, and for facile
feeding. The capacities of the country are, however, so ex-
tensive, that the herds at present scattered through it have
no appreciable effect upon its resources, beyond the compara-
tively limited area of their feeding-grounds. It might be
supposed that, free to wander as they are, the cattle might
gradually become wild and unmanageable, as formerly in
California, or as still in the Southern Pampas. I have heard,
however, no complaint on this score. By a simple expedient
indeed — resorted to formerly at the interior posts, as well as
by the Indians for their horses, and practised, I do not
doubt, by the modern settlers — the herds can be readily
attracted homeward during the summer season. While the
hills are free from flies at night, during the heat of the day
*Large hcnls iire now (1877) regularly brought to the Victoria, New WoHt-
luiustor auJ Nauiviiuo luarkuta from tho nbove iiuJ other iaterior aettlemouta .
!•"
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GUIDE TO BRITISH COLUMBIA.
the animals eagerly seek refuge from their attacks. The
smoke from a smouldering fire, maintained near the home-
stead, readily attracts them; and, once accustomed, they
afterwards habitually resort to it. This, however trival the
relation may appear, is by no means an unimportant consid-
eration, for the ulterior effect produced: and thus even the
gad-fly, pest though it be, is not without its uses. On the
whole it may be safely affirmed that there exist throughout
the region great facilities foi rearing cattle on an extended
scale, so far only very partially availed of.
Sheep thrive well in the interior, but, so far, no l;irge flocks
exist, but are gradually increasing. The paucity of their
numbers, indeed, has prevented the establishment of a wool-
len factory which was projected about three years ago. The
abandonment of this project is to be regretted, as its prose-
cution would at once have given an impetus to a branch of
pastoral industry which, failing a convenient market for its
product, has so far been only partially attended to — and then
rather for the butcher than the weaver. There are, however,
extensive tracts which I can recall to mind which seem
specially adapted for the pasturing of very extensive flocks.
For their successful nurture, moreover, the dry nature of the
uplands, the quality of the pasture, and the character of the
climate, w^oultl, as it seems to me, be conducive in a peculiar
degree ,
As regards salubrity of climate there is probably no part of
the world that enjoys greater advantages. We are aware of
no endemic disease that manifests itself in any part; and even
upou the Lower Fraser, which from its comparative humidity
might be supposed favorable to the generation of fevers of the
ague type, we know of no single case that has originated there.
On the contrary, where the seeds of these troublesome com-
plaints have been imported from abroad, their effects have
been re-produced, if at all, with less virulence, and the suf-
ferers, we have been informed, have gradually recovered.
Of course, as in all other countiies, occasional epidemics run
their course: but so far as the intrinsic healthiness of the
climate, throughout, is concerned, nothing is left to be de-
sired. The waim dry climate of tlie inland summer, it may
be observed, is specially favorable in cases of pulmonary
disease : and in a more marked degree as we approach the
Southern frontier. Lower down on the Columbia River, be-
yond the limits of the Province, where the climate is analo-
gous in character, we liave known cases of the recovery of
consumptive patients, of the most signal nature.
To sum the qualifications of British Columbia as a field for
GUIDE TO nniTISH COLUMBIA.
3.'J
settlement, I may succiuetly state, that, though it may never
bjcome a hirge exporter of cereal products, like the Western
States of America or California, it possesses within itself all
the requisites for success: and the power to support, in con-
nection with its varied industries and its external relations, a
population, at least of several millions, in ease, happiness,
and comparative affluence. I would fain avoid the imputation
of seeking, possibly, to draw a picture too highly coloured;
but I am free, nevertheless, to state my own personal con-
victions in all sincerity. I conceive of no country presenting
greater solid attractions. The varied climate and capabilities
of the several sections, Avhereby diversity of taste is accomo-
dated; the general salubrity and proved fertility of the whole;
the magniticent commercial prospects that loom in the not
distant future ; and, not least, the genuine home-feeling which
impresses every English settler whose lot has hitherto b .en
cast within the Province — all combine to recommend it as a
future home for those who, weary of the Old World, are
bent on seeking a wider scene for the "xpansion of their
energies, amid "fresh fields and pastures new."
TERMS OF LAND GRANTS — ROADS, ETC.
From the account given in the preceding chapter it will be
inferred that both the soil and climate of a very large portion
of British Columbia are highly favorable to encourage settle-
ment . We may now add that vast tracts of land, and especially
of the Central District, lie waiting for the plough. It is of
course impossible upon a mere cursory review of the subject
such as this professes to be, to state, even approximately,
what number of cultivable acres there may possibly be : but
we may safely assert that, in addition to the many farms
already scattered along the main lines of communication, there
is immediate room for many thousands more in various
directions, all more or less easily accessible.
It would be utterly fallacious to attempt to give an estimate
of the number of available acres scattered over the broad
surface of the mainland of British Columbia. The country,
as before remarked, is capable of supporting its several mil-
lions at least. On Vancouver Is: and, an estimate made by
the Surveyor-General gives more than 300,000 acres of good
land, known to be available for agriculture; but this estimate
refers only to the Districts bordering on the sea, on the
southern and eastern shore. Elsewhere, and in the interior
are doubtless valuable and extensive tracts yet to be
developed. Its exhaustless gold-fields are, however, the great
feature of Vancouver Island — pointing to it as the future
5
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GUIDE TO BRITISH COLUMBIA.
manufacturing emporium of the Pacific. Its agricultural
claims, thougn very substantial, must be regarded as second-
ary to those of the mainland.
The terras upon which the settlement of unoccupied and
unsurveyed lands is permitted, are very liberal. Every male
person of eighteen years of age or over, being a British sub-
ject, born or naturalized, may enjoy the right to pre-empt,
under certain stated conditions, a tract not exceeding three
hundred and twenty acres in extent, to the n(»rthward and
eastward of the Cascade Bange of. Mountains; and one
hundred and sixty acres in extent in other parts of the
Province. Personal occupation during a period of four years,
(intervals of absence when necessary being permitted), and
improvements to the value of two dollars and fifty cents per
acre, are necessary to complete the pre-emptive right. On
proof of this, the title is finally issued by the Government,
on the payment of such sum, not exceeding one dollar per acre,
as may be determined upon by the Governor for the time
being. Thin payment, if required, may be extended, in equal
instalments over a period of four years after the pre-emptive
right is established, and the necessary surveys made. Power,
at the same time, is resei*ved to the Governor in Council to
make such free, or partially free, grants of the unoccupied
and unappropriated Crown Lands of the Province, for tho
encouragement of immigration, or other purposes of public
advantage, as may seem advisable.
For pastoral purposes very great facilities exist, beyond
the limits actually pre-empted. In every part of the Central
Districc extensive ranges of hilly or partially wooded land
rich in the finest pasture, are accessible. These may be re-
garded as common-land: but each bona Jide pre-emptor is
permitted to lease, in the vicinity of his farm, a tract of un-
occupied land for pastoral purj>osea, to which, during his
lease, he possesses the exclusive right. Eligible portions of
such leased lands, however, are open to pre-emption, mean-
while, by intending settlers; the lef.see, of course, being en-
titled to claim a corresponding deduction from the triiiing
amount of rent he may be required to pay.
The upset price of Surveyed Lands, for agricultural pur-
{)Oses, is fixed at one dollar per acre; subject to public sale in
ots, at certain intervals, to the highest bidder. All lands
remaining unsold after such public exposition, can be pur-
chased by private contract from the Government at the upset
price.
A market is constantly available; on the sea-board through
the local demand incident on the variom industries of the
GUIDE TO BRITISH COLUMBIA.
y5
towns, with the fleet and the mercantile shipping; in the in-
terior through the mines. The products of the farm com-
mand, consequently, always a remunerative price .
Owin<» to the high rate of wages current for European
labour, Indian labourers are largely employed. These can
be obtained at a comparatively cheap rate, and for most pur-
poses connected with agriculture and fishing they are very
erticient. Being cheerful, obedient, and generally industri-
ous, the services of the young men are of much local value.
I have before noticed the principal routes of communica-
tion Avith the interior, and it seems nciulless to dwell with
minuteness on this point. A brief summary' may, however,
be given. There is a regular steamer-service twice a week, or
oftener when necessary, between Victoria and New Westmin-
ster; the running time being about six hours. Thence large
stern- wheel steamers navigate the Eraser as high as Yale; the
ascent occupying a day or more, according to the condition of
the water. Erom Yale there is a weekly mail-service by
stages, up to Barkerville, in the heart of the Cariboo mining
region. Transport along this line of road is performed with
waggons drawn hy mules or oxen; relieved when required, by
a stejimer wliich runs from Soda Creek, twenty miles below
Alexandria to Quesnel, forty mile;; above that point; or some
twenty miles highei when necessary. The navigation is then
interrupted by a rapid, tlie ascent of which is not attempted.
Above this point there is a clear navigation for steamers for a
distance of sixty miles, to within twenty miles of Fort George,
where another rapid, impracticable for steamers, occur.
Erom this point upwards, both by the Stuart and Eraser
Lake Branch, and in the direction of Tete Jaime's Cache,
there are stretches very favorable for steam-navigation, but
tlu^ occasional breaks are m great drawback. Neverthless,
witli the extension of the mining operations these will doubt-
less in time be made available, in parts, so as to meet the
increased demand for ti-ansport; and inducements for settle-
ments thus arise in the upper portion of the Province which
do not at present exist.
The route of access to the mining region on the heads of the
Peace liiver, known generally as the Omineca Mines, has the
great advantage of shortness of land-travel, and consequently
of economy, to persons desiring to proceed thither from
Victoria. By this route the first stage is, by steamer to Port
Essington, about three days' voyage. Thence the Skeena
River is ascended by boat or canoe, as far as the Babine
Eorks; after which the remainder of the distance to the
mining locality (estimated at from 180 to 200 miles) is per-
|.!;'
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GUIDE TO BllITIHH COLUMBIA.
formed partly on foot, and partly by water on the interveninfj:
lakes. Ah I have perhaps before remarked, botli lines of ap-
proach to these mines have their advocates; and each has in
some respect an advantage. For the introduction of live
stock it is needless to say that the route from the interior is
the only one at present used.
rOLITICAL CONSTITUTION — SCHOOLS, CHURCHES, TELEOUAPH8, ET(\
The Government of Britisli (Jcjlumbia, as of the other Pro-
vinces provided for under the "British North America Act,
18G7," IS administered In* a Lieutenant-Governor, ap|)ointed
by the Governor-General of Canada. The gentleman now
filling this important position is the Honorable Albert Norton
Richards, Q. C
The responsible advisers of the Li(mtcnant-Governor are
three in number; occupying respectively the oltices of Pro-
vincial Secretary and Attorney- Gen«'ral, Ciiief Commissioner
of Lands and Works, and the Minister of 1 inance. Provision
is made by the Constitution of the Provii.ce that the number
may, if found advisable, be increased to five.
'the Legislature is composed of a single House, styled the
Legislative Assembly, and consisting of twenty -five mcnubcirs
returned by twelve Electoral Districts, as ujider; viz: — On
Vancouver Island: Victoria City, 4; Victoria District, ti;
Esquimau, 2; Cowichan 2; N'jiniiimo, I; C(miox, 1. On the
Mainland: New Westminster City, 1; New AVcstminster
District, 2; Yale District, iJ; Lillooet, 2; Cariboo District M;
Kootenay District, 2. Tht; exjuiuses of the members during
the session of the Legislature arc; ])aid by the Province; and
tiiere is an allowance! for travelling expenses to and fro.
Th<» franchise, confined to British subjects, born or natural-
ized, is so libera] as to be almost ecpiivalent to manhood
sufi'rage. The elections are for four years ;tlu! voting do.ic by
ballot.
Foreign residents may ae(piir(! all the rights of Bri ish sub-
jects, within the Province, through a vejy simple and inex-
pensive ])rocess of naturalization.
The Province returns six mend)ers to the House of Com-
mons at Ottawa; and three Senators are ap})ointed by the
Governor-General to the Upper House. The expenses of
these Representatives are defrayed bv the Dominion.
The only direct general tax levied m the Province is for the
maintenance of roads, and is expended within the Districts
where levied. This tax is an ainiual })oll-tax of two dollars
each on every male resident abovi- eighteen years of age. In
addition the owners of land are charged, for the same purpose,
<il IDK TO IJIIITISII (OLr.MlMA.
37
four contH ])(>r iicrc on their liiml, boyoiidtlie limit of 10 acres.
Iwell-dovisod law for establishing froo Schools, unsectarian
in character, throu<j,h()ut tho Province, is now in force. A
SuperintcMnlent of E(lu(!ation has been appointed under the
Act; and a JJoard of Ediutation, consistinj^ of six members,
hoUls its sittings in Victoria. Local details aie supcirintonded
by Trustees, elected in each Scdiool . istrict. Amonjj; other
deKniti'>ns of tlu* duties of the Board of Educatiou under th((
recent A(;t, is t\u) foHowing, embodying' a j>rovision of f^reat
prospe(!tive importance: "To establish a Hi^h S(diool in any
district when^ they may find it (sxpedient so to do, wherein
the classics, mathemati(!s, and higher branches of education
shall be taught; and su(^]i school shall be subjec^t to the same
obligations and regulations as other Public Schools gen-
erally." (Set' list of schools.)
The vigilance of the Magistracy, and the salutary rigour of
the Judges, have -n^prussed that tendency to violence and
crime which is assumed, however erroneimsly, to be inse])ar-
able i'rom young communities such as this. In brief, the
laws are here as vigorously administered, and there is as
mu(;h secuiity for life, limb, and ])roperty, as in the oldest
Provinces of the ])ominion — and this, if my meaning be duly
apprehended, is saying not a little on the question of law and
order.
There is cimstant tehigraphic communication between
Europe and Vi(!tori i, by way (jf New York and San Francisco.
The line, which crosses the southern part of tho Gulf of
(leorgia to Victoria by a subuKu-ged cable, has a branch ex-
tending to the verge of the Cariboo region.
In lS()i) an Ordinance was issued, the declared object of
which is "to develoj) the resources of the Colony by affording
faitilities for the effectual working of silver, lead, tin, copper,
coal, and other minerals, other than gold" — the last being
sptieially provided for in a seperate Ordinance. Under the
])rovisi()ns of the Act in question, it is in the power of any
])erson, or association of i)ersons, to seek for any of tlie
minerals enumerated, under special licence over a given space;
and, if successful in their object to obtain a Crown grant of
tlu! locality, under conditions named . It is under this Act
that Mr. Dunsmuir and some others, have established their
right to what has since become a very valuable property.
(Jonfining ourselves to tho consideration of coal, and without
going into minute particulars, the chief requisites may bo
succinctly stated.
1. A "Prospecting Licence" is first obtained, on applica-
tion in due form to the proper authorities, not exceeding two
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8B OUIDE TO BRITIHH COLUMBIA.
years in duration; subject to extension if asked for, npon sat-
isfactory grounds, at the Governor's discretion. This licence
is o])tained upon cau: o sliown, and the iniynient of a tritling
fee; and entitles the holder to exclusive mining rights of
search, meanwhile, within the limits described, other than
for gold.
2. A Prospecting Licence for co'd alone, may include with-
in the general limits therein defined, not exceeding tive
hundred acres to each individual applicant, of ])reviously un-
occupied land; or tw(j thousand hve hundred acres to an
association or company consisting of no less than ten persons.
The licence carries with it the right t(^ make roads, use tim-
ber, erect buildings, and other privileges necessary to prelim-
inary explorations.
ii. If successful in the quest, the final grant is obtained on
the following terms, viz. : For any (juantity up to and includ-
ing one thousand acres, at the price of live <lollars per acre :
provided always that on proof, to the satisfaction of tlit^
Government, that the sum of ten tlu)UHand dollars has been
beneticially expended on any land held under Prospecting
Licence for coal, a grant of one thousand acres of the land
held under such Prospecting Licence shall be issued to the
company holding it, without payment of the upset price of
such land. In other words tlu-y receive, virtually a bonus of
live thousand dollars, in consideration of the preliminary ex-
penditure of the larger sum. Under certain necessary modi-
fications, the same jjeneral rules apply to mining explora-
tions in quest of the other minerals named. I do not, of
course, profess to go into details; but I may venture generally
on this assiTiance — that the most liberal interpretation of the
provisions of the Ordinance is always given by the Govern-
ment, whether as regards individuals, or associations. — Ander-
son.
AUMINISTIIATION OF .TITHTICE.
This has always been wholesome. There is very little
"rowdyism" in British Columbia. Life, limb, and property
ai'e secured by just law;} well carried out. The courts do not
ask whether accused parties are Indians or white men. The
San Francisco, California, Bulletin said, lately — "It is well
that our citizens should note that our neighbours in British
Columbia do not deal so leniently with those who take life as
we on this side of the border line."
I-OCAL SELF-GOVERNMENT.
The people of a locality with over 80 male residents may
niTTDE TO nmTIHH COLUMBIA.
be formed into a "municipality," andelaetfrom among them-
selves Councillors and a Warden to manage all local affaira.
PUOVINCIAL 8ELF-a0VERNMENT
The ol'l system of Government has been quite done away
with. There is now one Legislative Chamber onlv — elected
for four years by the voters — three, or not more tiiau six of
its members from the "responsible advisers" or "ministry" of
tlu) Lieutenant-Governor — hold office while they have the
confidence of a majority of the chamber — municipal councils
are steppiugstones to Legislative Assembly — no social obsta-
cles whatever in anv man's way — nobody asks where a settler
comes from, nor whose son he is. Among measures passed
lately were the Qualification of Voters Bill, which invites
every ho)iajidc resident British subject to take an active part
in the great work of self-government; the School Bill, which
places a free education within reach of every child in the land;
the Municipal Bill, which enables every settlement to m mage
its own local affairs, and thus educate the people in the art of
self-government; the Inheritance Bill, which divides eqn illy
amonst the children or nearest of kin the property of persons
'^viug intestate; the Road Tolls Repeal Bill, which throws
ni, free as the high seas to all comers, the main trunk road
'\e Province.
i"he political constitution of the Province, as part of the
great Dominion of Canada, is impre.ssed with the stability of
the British system of Government, combined with the free-
dom, elasticity, and progressive energy of Republican institu-
tions.
HOMESTEAD ACT.
Most important Act. If a settler have a wife and children,
this Act must be dear to him; the farm and buildings, when
registered, cannot be taken for debt incurred after the regis-
tration; it is free up to a value not greater than 2,500 dollars
(500?. English) ; goods and chattels are also free up to 500
dollars (100?. English); cattle " farmed on shares " are also
protected by an Exemption Act.
PUBLIC LANDS.
The Land \ct of 1874 makes most liberal provision for the
acquisition by settlers of land, either as Free Homesteads, or
by purchase. Land can be secured against seizure.
FREE HOMESTEADS.
Heads of families, widows, or single men of 18 years and
upwards, may obtain free grants of 320 acres eastward of the
Cascade range of mountains, or of 160 acres in other parts of
the Province.
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ALIENS.
Aliens may hold and transmit land as fully as British sub-
jects— may be naturalised after three years' residence — alien
women are naturalised by marriage.
PUBLIC SCHOOLS
are in the hands of the people — free to all, without distinction
of race or creed — strictly non-sectarian— highest morality in-
culcated— no religious dogmas or creeds taught — uniform
text books — Public School Fund voted every year by the Pro-
vincial Chamber — General Board of Education for the whole
Province — a Superintendent of Education, who visits and in-
spects— School Districts wherever population is sufficient —
the people choose eveiT year from among themselves 8 School
Trustees to manage schools — Trustees get money from * ' Pub-
lic School Fund,' on application endorsed by Superintendent
of Education — Trustees mav make by-laws (approved by
Superintendent) requiring children to attend school — Tea(;hers
(3 grades) paid from 40 *o 100 dollars (8^. to 20?. English) a
month — appointed or removed by Trustees — must have cer-
tificates of qualification from the Board — Board fixes salaries.
The settler will well know how to estimate the capabilities
of this school system The St. John's (New Brunswick)
Teleijraph newspaper says, ' ' Let us take care that the young
sister Province on the Pacific does not lead New Brunswick
in education."
There are very good church schools and private schools,
for both sexes, in several of the larger toAvns. An education
befitting the children of gentlemen can be obtained for both
boys and girls at Victoria and New Westminster on reason-
able terms.
PUBLIC BOARDING SCHOOLS.
To meet the wants of some districts of the Province where
the population is at present too seatteretl to allow of sufficient
schools being provided for the education of the children
of settlers, the Government have established a system of
Public Boarding Schools under the management and control
of Trustees.
CHUIM'HES.
No State Church — no tithes, but religious wants not
neglected — Sunday well kept — Roman Catholic, Episcopalian,
Prcisbyterian, Wesleyan, Congregational, and Hebrew com-
munities have churches and clergymen in the larger towns —
churches built also in some small towns and country districts
— other plnces are visited by ministers.
GUIDE TO BBITISn COLUMBIA.
41
MONEY (coin) in BUITISH COLUMBIA.
Tlie soverign
cnrrc
!ut at 4 dollars
85 cents
" lialf-sovoreiKii
(i
2
42i "
** half-crown
•
( :
(52 A "
" florin
i I
:J7| "
" shilling
(<
25 "
" nixpence
( (
12' "
" threeoennv
-piec(
^ "
() "
British money is not much iisetl in British Columbia.
Business is done, and accounts kept, in dollars and cents, and
the coins prineipallj used are United States coins, as follows:
GOLD.
20 dollar niece
10
5
2 J
SILVER,
1 dollar piece.
.1
i <
Dime (called a "bit").
The United States coins avc^ more uniform in value in
British Columbia than British coins, as the United States
have a muit in California (which is close to the Province).
HARBOUUS.
On Vancouver Jsi uid: Victoria, Esquimalt, Nanaimo, Bar-
day Sound. On the mainland: Burrard Inlet, Howe Sound,
Jiute Inlet, Mill bank Sound, lliver Skena, River Nasse.
These harbours, being open all the year round, and, generally
speaking, easy of access, sheltered and capacious, give a dis-
tinctive value to the Provin(!e, which the course of events on
the North American continent will every year mak(! more
ap})arent.
EATABLE WILD FRUITS.
There are hosts of these everywhere, and they attain a size
and flavour such as cultivation only can impart in England.
The cranb(>rry is an article of trade.
The cranberries grow in swam])y ] daces plentiful near
New Westminster and Nanaimo. Picked in the pro\;er
season (towards the (Uid of September) cranberrit^s will keep
well for more th.an a yciar, by being simply put into a water-
tight (iask tilled with water.
A correspimdeut at Nanaimo writes recently, " I think this
year ones of the most prolific for wild fruit, tnery bush and
tree is litery,lly weighed down; tons u])on tons of all kinds
must rot on the bush — tinily our laud does flow with milk and
honev."
6
BHB
GUIDE TO BRITISH COLUMBIA,
BEASTS OF THE CHAU ,
Various, and in parts very numerous — not dangerous, ex-
cept the grizzly bear.
Tlie principal ones for food are 4he black-iailed deer —
capital venison, sold by the joint 6 to 10 cents (3c?. to 5c?. Eng-
lisii) per lb. — very numerous everywhere, but not north of
Fort George — come upon low lands, or near the coast in
winter. Also the Large North-Western Stag, called "Elk"
— very numerous in interior of Vancouver and on the coast
of the mainland, up to aboiit 52^, for about 200 miles inland
— very good food — as big as a small horse.
The Reindeer — (Cariboo) — mountainous regions, north of
51o on the coast or 49o inland — plenty in Chilcotin — is also
line food.
Hares abound periodically on mainland east of Cascade
Kange — found on the Bonaparte.
BIRDS.
Grouse, of various kinds, are found almost everywhere on
the island and mainland — in the thick fern near a tiny stream
perched on crab-apple or young fir-trees, or drumming on a
pine top. Ordinary price of a grouse is 12| cents (Qd.
English j. Packs of prairie chickens in all the open valleys
of the East Cascade region. Quails have been introduced,
and are becoming numerous. Ptarmigan, on the high
mountains — a stray cock of the jilains (sage hen) occasionally
about Osovoos. Numerous wild geese — price 25 to 50 cents
(Is. to 2s. English) each. Wild ducks, 25 to 87| cents (Is.
to Is. 6d. English) a brace. Snipe and pigeons plentiful.
The mouth of Eraser Iliver a groat resort of wild fowl.
Capital sport.
Plumage birds very beautiful — song birds not remarkable.
Several havraless varieties of snakes. A few rattlesnakes
in southern portion of East Cascade region. A rattlesnake is
not bad food, but tliere is no occasion to eat it.
FISH.
Sea lish, aiul lake and river fish, most abundant — one of the
c'liief resonrce.H of tlie Province for consumption and ex-
portation.
Salmon, very numtn'ous at various periods, from oarly
spring to end of summer. All the larger streams along the
coast abound with salmcni; they also go 700 ijfiles up the
Eraser, At the regular sliops, salmon and other line fish are sold
at () to 8 cents (8(/. to 4(1. Englisli) per lb. ; but the Indians
frequently nell salmon at 12^; to 25 cents (M. to Is. English)
GUIDE TO BHITISH COLUMBIA.
43
for a good-sized tisli. Salted salmon are sold at about 7 dol-
lars (28s. English; for a barrel of 200 lbs.
Sturgeon, halibut, coil, herrings, oysters and crabs, are
plentiful in the sea-board districts, and are sold at prices that
would be considered absurdly cheap in England. Good fish
ab(jund in the numerous lakes and rivers of the interior.
FISHERIES.
In speaking of tlio fisheries of British Columbia, one may
alm(jst be said to Ix- speaking of something which has no ex-
istence. With the oxcoptidu of a fcAv factories for putting up
salmon in tins on the Eraser River, (now, 1877, quite exten-
sive fishing stations for canning ave in operation both on the
Skeena and Eraser Kivers. — Ed.) and one or two whaling
enterprises ot a few years' standing, no attempt whatever has
b(>en matle to develop the actually marvellous resources of
this Province in the wa}- of nsh. I will, therefore, proceed to
give a list of the fish that are to be found in quantities that
would warrant the establishment of fisheries, adding a
brief d{!scription of the habits, locality, and commercial
utility of each class of fish.
Description of fish found in British Columbia and Van-
(iouver Island: — Whale, sturgeon, salmon, oolachan or
houlican, cod, herring, halibut, sardine, anchovy, oysters,
haddock, and dog-fish.
There is no law governing fisheries in British Columbia.
Eishing is carried on throughout the year without any I'ostric-
tions. This state of things is well suited to a new an thinly
po[)ulated country. The restrictions of a close season would
be very injurious to the Province at present, and for many
years to come.
ir/tale. --On this subject the Hon. H. L. Langevin, C. B.,
reports : —
''I saw one of the whalers, the 'Byzantium,' in Deep Bay.
She w^as an Euglisli brig, commanded by C^aptain Calhoun,
and onboard of her was Captain Hoys, the inventor of an
exi)losive l)iill, wliich is used in the whale fishery, and which,
on penetrating the marines monster, explodes, and throws out
.•I liarpoo.]. I'he first whale jig.iinst which this projectile was
used was killed in 18(58. In 1869 and 1870, the company
made use of a small steai'2-vessel; ajid their success last year
induced them to devote ro the trad(> a brig of 171) tons,
jnanned with twenty hands.
" 1 was lissured thai, if that expedition proved a succ(iss,
there is room in our Pacific waters fcrr at least fifty under-
takings of a similar iduii'acter. I observe that, since my re-
mmBm
hh
M
^BK
GUIDE TO BRITISH COLUMBU.
turn, the whaling schooner 'Industry' his arrived at Victoria
with 800 barrels, or about 10,000 gallons of oil, after an
absence of only five weeks. One of the whale killed during
the expedition was sixty fett long, and would certainly yield
nearly seventy barrels of oil.
The Stiirjron abounds in the rivers and estuaries of British
Columbia. It attains
a gigantic size.
over oOO lbs. in weight.
The flesh is excellent, both fresh and smoked. No attempt,
that I aui aware of, has ever been made to put the fish up for
market. Its commercial value is derived from the isinglass and
caviare whicli can be made from it. I am not aware of there
having been any attempt made to manufacture isinglass in the
Province. Caviare of excellent quality has been produced.
At present I should be inclined to believe that there is no
pcMson in the Province capable of making isinglass, which is
therefore, a resource entirely undeveloped as yet.
SuIiiLon. — The salmon in the waters of British Columbia are
excellent in quality, varied in species and most abundant.
In the rivers, which they penetrate up to their head waters,
they are caught by a drag-net in the deep waters, and by a
bag-net in the > apids. In the sea tiiey are generally caught
with hook and line; a canoe at certain seasons can be filled in
a day by the latter method. The Fraser River salmon is
justly famous. They begin to enter the river in March, and
different kinds continue to arrive until October, the successors
mixing for a time with the last of their forerunners. There is
a greater d<!gree of certainty in the periodical arrivals of each
kind in this river than at the coasts and islands. The salmon
is used fresh, salted, pickled, smoked, and kippered, and for
export is put up salted in barrels, and fresh in one or two-
pound tins; the latter process has only been commenced
during the past three years. The article produced is of a
most excellent description, and will doubtless prove a source
of considerable export trade when it becomes known in suit-
it ble markets. There would appear to be no limit to the
catch of salmon, but the cpiestion of markc^t must always be
considered.
Oolaclianfi or Hoidlrani^. — This small fish, about the size
of a sprat, appears in the rivers of British C/olumbia and
about certain estuaries on the coas<^^, towards the end of
April. TLjir run lasts aborit three wetks, duiing which time
tliey may be captured in myriads Eaten fresh, they are
most delicious, and they are also excellent when salted or
smoked. This^fish produces oil abundantly, which is of ;t
pure and excellent quality, and which, some think, will even-
tually sui)ercede cod liver oil. The fish are caught with a
OUroE TO BRITISH COLUMBIA.
pole about ten feet in length, along which are arranged, for
five feet at the end, nails like the teeth of a comb, only about
one and a-half inches apart. ^'ie comb is thrust smartly into
the water, brought up with a backward sweep of the hands,
aud is rarely found without three or four fish impaled on the
nails. I have seen a canoe filled with them in two hours by
a couple of hands.
Cod. — Several kinds of cod are found in the waters of Brit-
ish Columbia, which are excellent, both fresh and cured. It
has been often asserted, I cannot sav with what truth, that
the true cod is found on the British Cfolumbian coast . That,
however, remains to be proved. The true cod is found in the
waters near Behring's Straits.
HerruKj. — This fish also abounds during the winter months
and is of good sound quality. It comes into the harbours
about March. It is largely used in the Province, both fresh
aud smoked, but nothing has been done in the way of export.
Halibut — There are many halibut banks in the waters of
this Province. The fish attain an enormous size, and are
caught by deep sea lines. They are only used in the Prov-
ince at present. They are of first rate quality, and an excel-
lent article of food.
Sardines. — These are found among the herrings. I cannot
state if they are precisely the fish known to commerce under
that designation, or in what qnantity they exist; but they are
firm in flesh and excellent in flavour.
Aivhovy. — This fish is only second to the oolachan or hou-
lican, in its abundance. During the autumn it abounds in
the harbours and inlets, and may be taken with great ease in
any cpiantity. Eaten fresh, they have rather a bitter flavour.
Haddock. — This fish, called in the country "mackerel," to
which, however, it has no resemblance, is a great favourite,
both fresh and cured. It is caught in the winter months, and
when smoked forms a luxiirious addition to the breakfast
table. A very large trade will be done some (^ay in export-
ing this fish to the southern ports of America, where fish is
highly valued in a smoked or cured state.
Do'j Fish. — This species of fish can bo taken with great
facility with a line and hook in almost any of the numerous
bays and inlets of this Province. The oil extracted from
them :s obtained in abundance, and is commorciallv of much
value. It is produced in moderately large quantities by the
Indians, and ex])orted.
Oi/sfers are found in all parts of the Province. Though
small in their native beds, they are finely flavoured and of
■H I
good quality. When, in course of time.
regular
beds an J
■^^F»"|'n'»|>»M<ll'^J
^1
■■""""■""■'■™""^'"""""
46
GUIDE TO BRITISH COLUMBIA.
'm
formed, and their proper culture is commenced, a large
export will, no doubt, take place both in a fresh and canned
state. There is a large consumption of oysters in cans on the
Pacific coast.
GOLD MINING.
The mining camps of British Columbia are as orderly as
English villages. Gold claims are taken up everywhere.
(See Mining Act. — Ed.)
When a creek has "prospected" Avell for gold, it is usual
for miners to form themselves into companies of ifrom four to
eight, or upwards, to take up their claims in proximity to one
another, and to work the whole ground thus claimed for the
beneht ot" tln' company. If rich "pay-dirt" be struck, and
the mine be in a sufficiently advanced state, companies,
anxious to obtain the greatest possible quantity of gold in the
shortest possible space of time, will frequently employ addi-
tional working-hands, and work during the whole 24 hours.
The reader will remember that the mining season does not
last the whole year.
The gold bearing districts extend over several thousand
miles of country. Indications of gold are also found gener-
ally in Vancouver and Queen Charlotte Islands; but very
good paying diggings have not yet been found there.
Within twelve years nearly five millions sterling worth of
gold have been exported, and unless common and scientific
opinion is entirely wrong, the gold fields of the Province have
hardly yet been touched. (See extracts from Reports,
187G-7. — Ed.) In various spots, discovered by chance, gold
miners have collected. These spots, generally, have been so
remote, that the necessaries of life have been very dear; and
in consequence, diggings that yielded three to five dollars
(12s. to 20s. English) per day, have not 1)een considered
attractive.
The conditions of gold mining, however, have changed of
late years in several important respects. The steady improve-
ment of communications and the growth of farming settle-
ments in the interior, have reduced the price of necessaries at
the diggings. The miners themselves have long ago given up
fancy mining, and come down to economy and hard work. It
would be too much to say that the shallow diggings in British
Columbia ai-e worked out, as tliose oi California and Austra-
lia have long l)oen, but i^ is true that in several important
gold fields the more easily worked ])laces have been
exhausted.
This is a vt, y difierent thing from the exhaustion of the
gold fields. It is simply saying that in those po.r^icuh'r places
GUIDE '^J BRITISH COLUMBIA.
m
n
in British Columbia, a stage has been reached which was
reached long ago in Califomia and Australia.
The deep channels and beds of streams must now be exam-
ined, and are being examined. The era of real " gold dig-
ging" is about to follow the era of mere "gold lifting." A
different kind of mining is being adopted — deep raining, witli
more machinery, and consequently larger expense.
CARIBOO.
The last Cariboo season was not so good for the mass of
miners as many previous ones; but most vigorous " prospect-
ing " of deep channels is being carried on in the various
creeks, and sufficient success has been met with to justify the
confidence in Cariboo which is generally felt. Cariboo will
for many years be among the best paying diggings on the
Pacitic coast.
KOOTENAY.
The minors in the south-eastern angle of the Province, on
the Kootenay and Columbia rivers, are making good wages,
and are pleased with their prospects. The hydraulic claims
there will last for years yet. The miners show great
activity in examining the undoubtedly gold bearing countiy
in their immediate neighbourhood, and also at the head
waters of the Kootenay and Columbia. The prospecting
f)arties out in 1874, aided by the Government appropriation,
lave done well. Good " prospects " were got on Quartz
Creek which opens into the Columbia River, 200 miles N.
W. of Wild Horse Creek; also on the Slocan River, and
above the mouth of the Kootenay River. Samples of gold
and silver quartz were brought in. The mining season in
tliis part of the Province is longer than in Cariboo,
OMINECA.
Omiueca, in the far north of the Province, has not yet
proved to be a high paying gold field. The gold is scattered.
The country is vast, and not much prospected. Omineca is
kept back at present by the high cost of labour and supplies,
like many other gold yielding places in British Columbia.
The above are gold tiolds which were expected to be, or are,
high paying diggings. Vhe immigrant will understand, how-
ever, that r" !d is found almost everywhere, and that numbers
of Chinese and Indians are mining in all parts of the Prov-
ince, and are making from one to five dollars (4s. to 20s.
English) per day.
At this stage of the world's history homilies are not wanted
upon the risks of gold mining in this quarter of the globe,
or, indeed, elsewhere. In British Columbia the work is hard.
?r
48
GUIDE TO BRITISH COLUMBIA.
the season is short iu the northern parts of the Province, the
returns from the occupation are uncertain. But it must liave
many compensating advantages, or it would not bo so attrac-
tive. One thing may be said, namely, that a gold miner has
a steady market for his produce; he has never to wait for a
market for his gold nor is it much affected by competition or
over-i)roductiou. The point for a settler to note is, that it is
au immense advantage to a settler to be iu a mineral country,
because the mines give work to those able to undertake it,
and create local markets, which otherwise might not exist for
generations.
1 do not think that any man living will see the exhaustion
of the precious mineral deposits of British Columbia. The
history of the older mining country of California shows partly
what may be; expected in British Columbia.
CASSIAR.
In addition to the above gold fields, rich diggings hav(*
recently been discovered at Cassiar. The district of Cassiar,
although more distaiit from the capital than the other gold
regions, is really more accessible than any of them, as the
journey involves very little land travel. The route from Vic-
toria is by coasting steamers to Fort Wrangel at the mouth of
tiie Stickeeu River, thence up the river to Buck's Bar by
light draught steamers, the rvMuainder of the journey, about
85 miles, being by a trail. The principal diggings are at
present on Dease s and Thibert's Creeks, and are for tiie most
part shallow or placer diggings. The general result of tiie
work was highly satisfactory. Cassiar is likely to prove oiu;
of the most important gold fields of British Columbia.
COAL MINING.
The presence of good coal in Vancouver Island, and its
absence on other portions of the Pacific coast, are much in
favour of the Province. A distinguished scientific traveller,
acquainted with the north-west. Dr. Robert Brown, M. A.,
Pr(!sident of the Ro^^al Physical Society, Edinburgh, states
that the only North Pacific coal specially fitted for steaming
purposes is found in the British jiossessions, all others being
of tertiary age and very inferior in quality — slaggy and often
sulphurous. '* In her coal-fields," Dr. Brown says, " British
Columbia has, within herself, the elements of lasting pros-
])eiity."
DISTRn'.UTION OF COAL FIELDS.
The tertiary beds of inferior coal are found in California,
Oregon, and Washington (United States) ; and tertiary crop-
piiigs arc also ;',een liiH'e and tliere in the southern part of the
GUroE TO BRITISH COLUMBIA.
49
British territory of Viiiicouver Island, on part of the W(!st
coast of the island, and also in tho southern part of the
mainland. They extend east, with some interruption, right
across the llocky Mountains.
The secondary beds of the North Pacific coast, aftbrding
very good coal, situated so as to be more or less capable of
being profitably worked — are believed to be confined to Van-
couver Island.
The coal fields in the Nasse-Skeeua district have not been
carefully examined yet. Anthracitic coal is found in Queen
Charlotte Island, which would be of immense value to the
whole Pacific coast could it be worked profitably.
The following extract from the report of the director of the
Geological Survey of Canada refers to the coal fields of Brit-
ish Columbia:
" It is a circumst.mce that will yet be seen to have an im-
portant bearing on the future of < anada, that on both her
eastern and western shores, one washed by the Atlantic and tho
other by the Pacific, coal in quantities practically inexhaus-
tible is found near the water's edge. If this does not in time
to come give this country a strong commercial position on
both oceans then Buckle's theory as to the influence of natural
conditions on civilization and progress will have to be revised,
and Canadians will have ])roved themselves degenerate and
shiftless sons of enterprising sires. The Comox coal field,
lying between the Beaufort range of hills and the Straits of
(jreorgia, extends for a considerable distance along the coast
and includes Denman and Hornby Islands. The Vancouver
Island coal is proved to be a true bituminous coal, for the
most i)art, and the term ' lignite ' heretofore applied to it is
shown to have been a mistake. Anthracite coal, again, is
found on the Queen Charlotte Islands, nearly five- hundred
miles from Victoria, and, from what has already been ascer-
tained, it appears a reasonable inference that the Canadian
Pacific shore coal fields are really of vast extent. The gi'eat
warm oceanic current, flowing from the Equator towards the
North Pole, washes the Canadian shore, making the winters
mild, and can-ying far north the balmy influences of a moist and
warm climate. With open ports in all seasons, as well as
abundance of c<^al and of splendid timber for shipbuilding
near to the coast, it will be a contradiction of all former ex-
perience if British Columbia does not soon rise to something
like the rank of a maritime power on the Pacific."
Bituminous mines at Nanaimo, on the east side of Van-
couver Island, have been worked by an English company
(the Vancouver Coal Mining Company) successfully for many
11
' ii' 1
50
GUIDE TO BRITISH COLUMBIA.
years. Two other companies are now working successfully,
and a flourishing town has grown up around the mines.
Nanaimo also is a market for the beautiful farming district of
Coniox.
The excellent quality of the coal of Vancouver Island is
well established. It is in groat request for gas, steam, and
domufitic use, and as compared with otlier coals mined on the
Piicitic coast, its superiority is unquestioned.
The production of the mines has kept pace with the demand
and the works are being freely extended at several points in
view of a growing market.
As the works are being extended, skilled miners would be
likely to find employment, and able-bodied men also are re-
quired to act as " runnel s" and "loaders."
There is no fire-damp in the Nanaimo mines.
Many of the miners and artisans occupy their own dwel-
lings. The company sells town lots at moderate prices, and
is extremely desirious to promote the growth of a town of
independent freeholders in this eligible spot.
Nanaimo is pleasantly situated, and is already a busy,
thriving colonial town, with churches, schools and a member
of parliament. It has none of that "dried-up" blackened ap-
pearance which colliery villages so often present in the
mining districts of England. The climate is very like that of
England — better than the climate of the north of England.
Game and fish are abundant in the neighbourhood.
Capital and labour are the two essentials to the almost
unlimited development of coal mining in British Columbia.
The existence of a fine quality of coal on the seaboard can-
not fail to be of the very greatest importance when the
Canada Pacific Railway converts British Columbia into one
of the world's highways. By that time, at least three trans-
continental railways will connect on the Pacific coast with
lines of coasting and ocean steamers, which will get steam
coal from the only North Pacific district that can supply it,
namely, Vancouver Island. The effect also of a supply of
coal on local manufacturing industi-y cannot be overlooked as
an element of future supremacy.
IRON AND STONE.
About a mile from the town of Nanaimo, on Newcastle
Island, a freestone quarry is worked. From this place the
stone was supplied to build the new United States Mint at
San Francisco, California. The stone is easily worked,
hardens by exposure, and has all the appearance of a very
fine grained granite.
GUIDE TO BRITISH COLUMBIA.
M
There is plenty of marble in the Province, but it has not
yot been worked.
The explorations of the Domhiion Geological Surveyor, along
the coast and in the interior of Vancouver Island, gives the
most gratifying account of the vast mineral resources which
eveiywhere ab )und throughout the length and breadth of the
country. Iron, coal, coppeT, marble, etc., exist in inexhaus-
tible quantities, and must sooner or later be productive of
untold wealth. Compared with iron and coal, the gold mines
themselves may prove to be of but minor importance. On
Texada Island alone, the iron beds, if beds they can properly
bo called, seeing that they tower up high above the level of
the sea, are of incalculable value, the rock assaying eighty per
cent, of pure iron of the very best qualitv. In the immediate
vicinity of these vast iron beds are equally vast beds of excel-
lent limestone. Not only are iron and limestone lying side
by side, as if nature had specially intended them for man's
use and benefit at some future day, but also in close proximity
to them are extensive veins of bituminous coal, which give
greatly enhanced value to those mines. That the manufac-
ture of iron is destined to become a staple industry of the
country, a source of unlimited wealth, affording in due course
of time employment to thousands of labourers and mechanics,
may be accepted as a foiegone conclusion. As a matter of
fact, the people of this country as yet know very little about
the real extent and variety of its mineral resources. As the
country becomes settled up, we shall of course know more
about these things.
SILVER MINING.
There appears to be really good prospects for silver mining
in British Columbia — a branch of mining which would affect
the labour market in much the same way as coal mining.
Several promising leads have been found, and men are now
searching the Cascade Range for more. Some silver quartz
has been got at Kootenay. At one silver mine near Hope,
works of a considerable extent have been carried on ; a road
is made from Hope to the mine itself.
The above silver mine is not the only one known to exist in
the Fraser valley, and so soon as the Hope mine shall have
been worked more extensively, and shall have yielded, as is
expected good results, there is no doubt but that other mines,
situated in the same range of mountains, will likewise be
worked.
The Standard newspaper of October, 1872, says of the
neighbourhood of the town of Hope : —
tt
nn
52
GUIDE TO BlUTISH COLUMBIA.
"It is now establisliod, boyoud all voasonablo d<iuV)t, that
British Columbia in rich in silver. Our silvor prospouts are
oven better than our gold, and we should not be surprised to
see, not only silver mining on an extensive soule comm(3nced,
but such a rush into the intcu'ior of this country in search of
silver leads, as our neighbours have witnessed in tlie case of
Washoe, White Pine, and other localities."
COPrEU MININO
has been begun in many places, but not been actively prose-
cuted, owing to want of capital. The appearances for suc-
cessful copper mining in several parts of the Province are
considered to be very encouraging.
TIMBER.
"Logging" and "saw-milling" never will be industries to be
mucli relied upon by newly-arrived emigrants from Europe, as
recpiired are
best
VliVV
ied
the variijus d((scriptions of labour
on l)y persons who have had special training
Tlie West (Jascade region of the Province is densely wood-
ed, chiefly with many species of gigantic conifers, but ii very-
large part of the East Cascade region is gcmerally unwooded,
or but thinly wooded. Wiiore wood exists in the East Cas-
cadi* region the conifers still jmulominate.
The settler who is near any main line of comnnniication
sliould not look \ipon his line timl)er as a vtdueless possession
which may be wasted improvidently. The timber on his
farm may, within his own lifetime, be worth iis much as the
soil of his farm.
In reply to nuiny letters from Eastern Canada as to the
" lumbering business" in British Columbia, I may state that
it is already an important industry and capable of consider-
able extension. During 10 years ending 1870, about sixty
million feet of rough and dressed Douglas lir lumber, with a
quantity of shingles, laths, pickets, and about H5()0 spais,
were exported. This export has greatly increased since.
Wages to wootlmen range from 25 to 45 gold dollars a month
with board, and the same in saw-mills, with higher wages for
a fiw of the more skilled and responsible men. The snow is
not of any use in logging in the seaboard districts. Logging
roads are made througli the woods, and the logs are drawn
by oxen, and rolled into the water and floated to the mills.
Work in the woods goes on throughout the year, but time is
lost to workmen when it rains heavily in winter. Rivers art^
greatly used for the conveyance of logs. The business at
present is carried on almost entirely on salt water. There are
OUIDF TO BHITISH COLUMIJIA.
(»
15 8!i\v-inills throu<^liout tho Province, but of tlieso throo only
fiiniish L'iir;,'ot's for export. Logs delivorud at tho mill cost from
four to six (lolhirs ii thousiind foet su|)orHciiil, and the cost
of sawin;^ mills tivo to seven dollars.
In Ih'itish Columljia leases of unpr(!-(mi])ted Crown land
may b" ol)taineel on very easy terms, but subject to pre-
emption by individuals who, however, are not allowed to cut
timber on the pre-empted hind for sale, or for any purpose,
exc(>pt use upon the pre-emptor's farm.
.\s regards water [)ower, tho whole country is full of most
l)it'tures(jue waterfalls of all sizes, many of which might be
used for local saw-mills and other mills. There are some
douht, however, whether, within the Douglas fir region, near
the (toast, many good water privileges can be found suitably
placed, juil with a suHicientlv regular, powerful, all-the-year-
rountl tlow of water to drive large exi)ort saw-mills. Proba-
blv steam-pt)wer will always be found safest for largo saw-
mdls.
With res))oct to the use of tho British Columbian rivers for
logging pur[»oseH, the lumberman must bear in mind the
physical structure of the North American continent, according
to which the long and gentle slopes descend from the spine of
thi! continent — the llocky range — towards the Atlantic Ocean,
and the siii>rt and rapid slopes towards the Pacific Ocean.
p,».- a character to the rivers west of the Jlocky range,
rivers generally are interrupted by rapids; they often
flow compressed between gloomy rocky walls; they rise and
fall with great rai)idity. The aridness of the country east
from the Cascade range in British Columbia diminishes the
volume of the East Cascade rivers very much — the Eraser in
tact being, as already said, the only one strong enough to get
through the Cascade range to the sea.
That the Frasor liiver, if valuable timber grows near its
upper waters, may be, by the adoption of "slides" and otluM*
im])rovemeuts, made available for water carriage of logs from
the East Cas(!ade region to the seaboard for export purposes,
I do not doubt, but the difficulty and expense will postpone
this undertaking until the siipplies of timber in the West
Cascade region, both in English and American territory, are
considerably (^xhaustetl. The saw-miller who proposes to cut
for export must look at present for a saw-mill location and a
logging ground in the West Cascade region.
The only timber exported in cargoes is that of the Douglas
fir, comuKmly called "pine". It is a tough, strong Avood,
well adapted for beams, but good also for planks and deals.
It makes excellent masts and yards, and is used for ship-build-
This --iv*
The
.,p'l
'•i'fU
lit
i r '
!/r !
1: 1;
rn^
■ss
54
GUIDE TO BRITISH COLUMBIA.
ing and liouse-building. It grows to the height of 150 to 200
feet, and attains a thickness of five to 8 feet at the butt. It
carries its thickness well up. I^xessed masts of 86 inches in
diameter, at one-third from butt, and with proper proportions
for the required length, have been supplied from the Douglas
fir forests. This British Columbiiin wood is known in Aus-
tralia, New Zealand, and Great Britain, as " Oregon pine,"
thouf^h Oregon does not export it to these markets. A good
growing demand for British Columbian Douglas fir timber and
square timber ex.ist« in South America, Australin, and China,
and a few cargoes of spars are sent annually to England.
Tliis Douglas fir (or " Douglas pine," or "Oregon pine")
predominates in the forests of the West Cascade regit)n, but
not in the arid parts of the East Cascade region . It is plenti-
ful in Washington Territ(»ry (United States). The Douglas
fir is also found in some of the liocky Mountain valleys, on
the Blue Mountains of Oregon, and here and there eastward
as far as the head waters of the Platte. At present the prin-
cipal seats of its manufacture for ex >ort are the coast of Brit-
ish Columbia, and on Puget Sound (U. S.) The Douglas fir
does not grow in any quantity north of Millbank Sound, in
lat. 52^
The principal existing mills are in the New Westminster
district, and probably tliat neighbourhood will continue to be
the chief seat of the export of Douglas fir. The Nasse-Skeena
district looks like a good saw-milling country, but the Doug-
las fir, as just said, is not IV*' ad so far north. The inlets on
the mainland, or some of the outlying islands between Mill-
bank Sound and the New Westminster district, probably of-
fer locations for export saw mills, but it is not known, how-
ever, at present, that these places can be found readily.
Many of tlie inlets are almost w all-sided, with short water cour-
st;s or torrents emptying into them the water collected among
the surrounding gloomy mountains. The rivers generally
which fiow into these inlets are not good ' ' logging "' rivers.
There is, however, a vast extent of sheltered water-line be-
tween Millbank Sound and tlie New Westminster district, and
it is impossible Jiot to believe that suitable places for large
Douglas fir export saw-mills are to be found where practical
saw-milh rs would make fortunes.
The West Cascade region is difticult to traverse, and has
not been a tenth part explored by saw-mill men. If it should
prove that suitable locations for large saw-mills are few, the
the value of these to the ])ossessors will be proportionally
increa.sed.
The saw-mill business in British Columbia wcmld b
e greatly
GUroE TO BllITIHH COLXJMIJIA.
65
helped if the San Fmncisco market were opened by the re-
duction or removal of the duty on foreign hiniber.
None of the otlier conifers in th{> north-west are likely to
take the place of the Douglas fir for the export trade, until
the latter is completely exhausted in accessible situations in
b(jtli Engiish and American territory. I may, however, name
a few of these conifers.
Menzies' fir ("spruce fir," or "black spruce") is plentiful;
smaller than the Douglas fir, but still a Titan. Morten's fir
("hemlock spruce") in ,ilso a very largo tree, with a straight
trunk. The wood of these trees has little export value com-
pared with the Douglas tir. Hemlock lasts well in the ground
and makes good lathes. Another large fir is the "Canada
fir," but the timber is inferior, though when seasoned it makes
l)oards, scantling, and shingles. The bark is useful in tan-
ning. The "Contorted pine" — which some call the "Scotch
tir" — is found through the valley of the Fraser on the high
grounds, it grows from 25 to 50 feet high, and one foot in
diameter. ()n the u[)per parts of the Fraser this tree is
plentiful, but of little value except for its resin. The white
pine (the north-western representative of the Strobus) is a
fine tall tree, with wood like the white pine of Eastern
Canada, but it is not known to grow s^utficiently in groves to
supply large export saw-mills. For local uses the white pine
will be important.
In selecthig a farm, the settler will find small cedar a most
valuable farm- wood for fencing and roofing. It is durable and
easily split. Cedar grows scattered among the fir forests.
Many tine specimens are found on the mountains, 30 to 40
feet round at the butt, and 200 feet high. The Indians use
cedar for numerous purposes; I speak of the Thvja ijvjantea.
It b'comes rare as you go north, and ceases about 58 \ There
is another line tre^e of the same kind, the yello»v cypress
{Ciipre.HSHs niith-aeiifils). This grows small in Vancouver Is-
laiiii and in the south of the West Cascade region, but north
of 53°, up to about Sitka, it is |)lentiful, and as large as its
southern congener, the cedar. The yellow cypress is tough,
light, and fragrant, and takes a tine ])olish. I think it likely
that it will be exported in small cargoes when the Nasse-
Sket^ia distiict is settled.
The alder is frecpiently met with among th(^ fir-forests,
chietiy beside streams, or in cool, humid places. It grows to
about 30 or 40 feet, with a straight smooth trunk. Alder land
is generally good, and is easily cleared. Alder makes good
firewood. The large-leaved maple is our best substitute for
liai-d wood; it grows 70 feet high, and two or three feet thick,
i
aillMJiilliiMiWIll
56
GUIDE TO BRITISH COLUMBIA.
generally on the banks of streams and in rich river-bottoms
The Indians make snow-shoes, spear-handles, &o., of this
wood, and Aveave baskets, hats, and mats, from the inner bark.
It is plentiful in the Nasse-Skeena district, b'.it is found
scattered in the West Cascade region generally (including
Vancouver Island). The crab-apple is common in cw^ampy
places, but of no great size. It is hard enough to take polish.
Birch is found scattered in the Nasse-Skeena, and also ngain
in the Kootenay districts. Some say the elm grows in the
last-named district.
The oak (Garry's oak) is too rare a tree in British Columbia
to be of much value. It is found in some parts of Vancouver
Island — for instance, near Victoria — on lands over which firs
have not yet encroached. Many of the oaks in Saanich are
straight and of fair dimensions, say 2| to three feet througli.
The wood is useful though inferior to the English oak.
VANCOUVER 1ST AND.
average
Area, r2,(HK) square miles; length, 800 miles;
breadth, 80 to 50 miles. Surface very mountainous and
woody — flattens at both ends, and for part of its eastern side —
most mountainous region in tlie interior — highest mountains
((5000 feet) towards north of island — no "back-bone" range,"
sucli as some describers say exists — width of arable valleys,
from one to six miles — wliolc coimtry full of lakes, streams
and waterfidls — ^(tlie water-power is generally some distance
inland from th(i coast)— shores boldly picturesque — promon-
tories, clifls, harbours, coves, and beaches
W^est coast, cut up by arms and iidets, margined by rugged
mountains, bearing fir, hemlock, and cedar; here and there
shore is skirted by lower wooded liills, among which, and
along streams, small patclies of open or wot)ded flat land are
found.
No inlets on nortli and east coasts, but in other respects the
above description applies also to them; near Johnstone's
Sti'aits, shore-line is evcm more continuously mountainous
and abrupt than on west coast. Farther down east coast, and
also in south-eastern part of island, the coast is lower, and
the proportion of flat or gently undulating land, good for
farming, increases, some of wliich is open or thinly timbered.
Prevailing timber — fir, near the coast; hendock, inland;
great cedars on the mountains; shrubs, berries, and floAvers
eveiywliere; grasses— sweet giuss, reed meadow, bent spear;
white clover, wild timothy, Avild oats, broad-leaved rush,
cowslip, ttc.
CxUIDE TO BRITISH COLUMBL\.
57
good
ESTIMATED QUANTITY OF FARMING LAND.
Extract condensed from British Colonist, Victoria, August
7tli, 187il.
Near Vl-foria. — Say 100,000 acres, all occupied or owned.
Some farms can be bought or let; terms higher than in places
farther froui the capital.
Saanich Peninsnla. — HI square miles; 64,000 acres. 200
settlers, with farms from 50 to 1,500 acres each.
Sooke. — Out of live square miles, 3,750 acres of fairly good,
open land; remainder tolerably level wood-land.
Cowirhan.—Vovt'ions surveyed (including Shawigau,
Quamiehan, Someuos, Comiken) 100,000 acres, of which half
CO 1 1 sidered superior.
Saff Sprinj Island. — Area, 90 square miles; 5,750 acres,
80 settlers.
Nanaimo Dintriii (Mountain, Cranberry, and Cedar dis-
tricts.) -15,000 acres; a fair proportion superior, some light
and sandy.
Coniox. — 50,000 acres; none better in the world.
The above gives sutticient area for 30,0'>0 countiy people,
at least, and it is known that towards Alberni and in other
directions, for instance, in the long narrow valley of Salmon
liiver, there is laiid available for settlement.
COST OF LAnoUlt O.V FAllMS — WITH A FEW WORDS ON' THAT SUBJECT.
An ordinary unskilled labourer, such as one would employ
to dig or cut lire-wood, receive 1.50 dollar (Os. English) a day;
if he can lay claim to skill enough to qualify him to attend to
a garden or an orchard, he readily commands 2 dollars (8.9.
English), or 2.50 dollars (lO.s. English) a day.
Farm servants, engaged by the month, are paid at wages
from 20 to 10 dollars (1/. to 8/. English) per month, with
board and lodging, according to the work required of them,
and the responsibility of their positions. A few Indians are
eni[)loyed in the seaboard districts, at 15 to 20 dollars (3L to
1/. English) per month, with board and lodging, by farmers
who understand their character. In the interior Indians are
largely employotl as herders and for general farm work. In
Vancouver Island and the New Westminster district, it may
b(! said that a dollar (-Is. English) a day, with board and lodging,
is the pay of tlie farm labourer. Higher wages are paid in
the interior.
However strong and active a man may be, he cannot expect
the highest wages until he knows his work and the ways of
the conntry. At the above high wages, farmers, of course,
employ as little labour as possible; indeed, the item of labour
• ..t'
1.W
n
GUIDE TO BREDISH COLUMBIA.
is tho great leak in the farming business in British Columbia,
as it is in most young countries.
The farmer in British ( ,'olumbia can get good land for
nothing, or almost nothing; and he gets as high prices for
much of his produce as the English farmer gets. The British
Columbian farmer pays no rent, but his labour bill may be set
off, to some extent, against the rent of the English farmer.
If tho British Columbian farmer can, himself and by his
family, do a large share of the farm work, he must make
money quickly. That is the point.
QUEEN CHARLOTTE ISLANDS
Are visible on clear days from the mainland as a hasy outline.
Three principal islands — Graham, Morseby and Provost;
probably much like Vancouver Island; western side more
rugged than eastern side; southern islands lower than north-
ern ones; Moresby Island high in interior; long stret(!li of flat
land skirting whole (eastern coast; islands densely wooded,
chiefly spruce and flne cypress; alders on the flats; undei-
giowtli luxuriant, chiefly s.tlal ; no deer nor wolves. Natives
plant potatoes and turnips; climate mild anel very moist;
litilo snow; 1st April no snow on lowlands; during that month
mosquitoes and humming-biids.
Indians tall and fair comploxioned; both sexes good-looking;
intelligent; good artistic skill; courageous, but cruel and vin-
dictive; are becoming mon; used to strangers, but not to be
trusted yet.
As regards the value of these islands, it is probable that so
long as better portions of British Columbia invito settlers,
these islands will oidy attract the attention of the hunter and
miner. Gohl has been found on them, and anthracite coal,
iV:c. Hunters might find it profitable to kill sea-otters, which
are numerous on tho western shores. The farming capabili-
ties of the islands, like those of Vancouver Island, will prob-
ably provt) to be greater than is now supposed. But at
prt!s<Hit it is believed that the tierce character of the natives
would render any attempts at permanent settlement, unless in
strong partitas, dangerous.
TUANSPOllT AND TRAVEL — VANCOUVER ISLAND.
There are no really navigable rivers nor trunk roads in the
island. Several district roads are good, particularly near
Victoria. A steamer goes semi-weekly to Cowichan, Maple
Bay, Admiral Island, Chemaniiius andNanaimo, and to Comox
fortnightly. The rates of fare ai-e as folloAva:
^^
,J
GUroE TO BRITISH COLUMBIA.
59
From Victoria to —
Cowichan, Maple Bay and Admiral Island, single ticket,
two dollars and fifty cents (lU.s. English) return
ditto, lour dollars (16s. English).
Chemainus, single ticket, tliree dollars (l'2s. English),
return ditto, five dollars (2l).s. Euglisli).
Nanaimo, single ticket, four dollars (IGs. English), re-
tarn ditto, six dollars and fifty cents (26s. English^.
Coinox, single ticket, six dollars (2is. English), return
ditto, ten dollars (-lOs. English).
Breakfast and tea, 50 cents (2.s. English) each meal;
dinner, 75 cents (8.?. English).
Fi'cliht. — To all places b'tween Victoria and Nanaimo,
tliree dollars (125. English) per ton of forty feet.
rro!n Victoria to Comox four dollars (16s. English).
All caitle to Cowichan, Maple Bay, anl Admiral Is-
land, three dollars (12s. English) per head.
To Chemainus four dollars (16,s'. English); Nanaimo,
five dollars (20.s. English); and to Comox, six dol-
lars (24.S. English).
Small animals, such as calves, sheep, pigs, ttc, from
fifty cents (2s. English) to one dollar and fifty cents
{iSs. English).
Miled'/e. — From Victoria to Cowichan, 36 miles; thence
to Maple Bay, 9 miles; thence to Admiral Island, 5
miles; thence to Chemainus, 7 miles; thence to Nanai-
mo, 22 miles; and thence to Comox, 55 miles.
A second steamer I'uns along the East Coast, when the
tragic seems to require an additional one.
VICIDRIA (l.\ VANCOUVER ISLAND) AND NEW WESTMINSTER (ON THE
MAINLAND. )
A st'amer goes regularly twice a week, at least, between
Victoria and New Westminster, running time, 6 hours.
NEW WESTMINSTER TO YALE (HEAD OF NAVIOATION ON ERASER RIVER
FROM THE sea).
Stern-wheel steamers, which freqiiently take a day or more
according to state of the stream. An excellent waggon road
has been lately finished, and farming homesteads are being
made along it. The Government of the Dominion have
undertaken to make a waggon i*oad through the Province ; but
it is not yet located.
YALE TO THE INTERIOR.
Stage coaches make weekly journeys from Yale f head of
steamboat navigation on the I^raserj to Barkerville, Cariboo,
60
GUIDE TO BRITISH COLUMBIA.
and coaches also run weekly from Cache Creek (^near the
meeting of the Bonaparte and Thompson Riversj to Okana-
gan, in close connection, at Cache Creek, with the above
coaches from Yale to Barkerville. The coach-owners carry
passengers and freight, delivei* parcels, make collections, and
eM'Jcute commissions.
NEW WESTMINSTEU DISTRICT — GENERAL REMARKS.
The "West Cascade Region," above mentioned, is, as also
above said, very similar to Vancouver Island in its climate
and productions. Not much farming land compared with
area; country not explored — probably farming land in valleys
and flats (witness the Pemberton Meadows, Lake Lillooet).
The rivers which flow from the Cascade Range into the great
sea inlets are comparatively small, and often have rocky
banks; alluvial deposits (with one grand exception) are scanty
in that portion of the Cascade region opposite to Vancouver
Island, but such deposits are said to be considerable farther
north, as at Skeeua and Nasso rivers — the " grand exception"
above named is the low land at and near the mouth of Fraser
liiver, antl for some distance up it, and up tributaries of the
lower portion of Fraser river.
The Fra-:er river does not come from the Cascade range,
but from tlie Ilocky range. It is the only river in British
Columbia (except in the far north-west of the Province) which
has strength to cross the dry country between the Rocky and
Cascade ranges, and get through the latter range to the sea.
It is fed in its course by streams running from every point of
the compass — a noble river, but navigable only for consider-
al)le stretches, owing to rapids. Yale is the head of steam-
boat navigation from the sea. After bursting through the
mountain passes at Yale and Hope, the Fraser is a tranquil,
steady, claj'-coloured stream for the latter part of its course.
The whole distance from Harrison Lake to the present
mouth of the Fraser was probably once an estuary. This
former estuary has been gradually filled up by sedimentary
deposits from the river, a work still going on, protected by
Vancouver Island as a breakwater.
This country on the lower portion of the Fraser is what I
may call the Kew Westminster District. It is in general a
wooded district, but has large tracts of open arable and graz-
ing land, delicious atmosphere — no malaria or ague — water-
carriage, facilities for shipment. Snow begins in Jaimary and
is gone by March; not continuous; plenty of fish and "game
in the district; will raise anything Vancouver Island will raise
and more; tliree large saw -mills, employing 600 people; a
GUIDE TO BRITISH COLUMBIA.
61
grist-mill; distillery; farmer's society, ifec. About 200 settlers
located themselves iu this district during 1874.
At the Provincial Agricultural Exhibition, 1874, the New
Westminster District competed strongly in all exliibits with
the island district, and carried away prizes for cattle, pigs,
poultry, wheat, oats, peas, flax, carrots, turnips, butter, eggs,
cheese, melons, tomatoes, pumpkins, potatoes, cabbage, cauli-
flowers, onions, beans, maize, apples, pears, grapes, quinces,
peaches, hops, ])ickled salmon, canned salmon, etc.
The MalnliDid Guardian (New Westminster Journal), said,
on March, 1872: " A minimum yield of from 30 to 40 bushels
of wheat to the acre, is tlie ordinary average yield in the dis-
tricts of Kamloops, Okanagan, Nicola, Sumass, Ohilliwhack,
and the Lower Fraser. Between the town of New Westmin-
ster and the mouth of the river, a yield very much exceeding
this is often obtained, not because of better and more suitable
soil, bat solely due to more careful cultivation; 50 bushels of
oats and an equal yield of barley per acre are commonly
reached. Indian corn yields per acre GO or 70 bushels. The
yield of roots and green cro[)S is generally encouraging, being
unsurpassed by any in the world.
"On one farm the yield of potatoes was seven tons, on
another as high as 15 tons per acre. Not a few specimens
reached the enormous weight of 2| lbs. and even 3 lbs.
Turnii^s give 25 tons to the acre. Onions from four to six
tons; while carrots, cabbages, beets, cauliflowers, <fec., grow
to a size which may without exaggeration be described as
enormous.
' ' Of fruits it may be enough to state, that the ordinary
kinds (apples, pears, plums, cherries, cun*ants, gooseberrifis,
strawberries, &c.) found in the eastern part of the Dominion
and in England, grow luxuriantly and yield plentifully."
NEW WESTMINSTER DISTRICT — SPECIAL DESCRIPTION.
1 will describe the New Westminster district, beginning at
the mouth of the River Fraser : —
W^e And there extensive, low, rich "tidelandsor flats,"
free from timber, with patches of willows, rosebushes, and
about the border of higher ground, crab-apples. A course
grass called " swamp hay," is plentiful. There are a good
many salt-water sloughs, which add to the difficulty of dyking.
Farm after farm is being occupied in this section and there
is room for settlers. There are 29,000 acres of veiy good
land in an island between the north and South arm of the
Fraser.
On the north arm, a small settlement of about 20 farmers;
m
'(T
GUIDE TO BRITISH COLUMBIA.
500 acres cultivated; samples of reel and white Avlieat described
as 5| feet high, yielding 50 bushels to the acre; average of
course less. Two potatoes ("Breely Prolific") yielded 67 lbs.
Timothy hay, barley, oats, peas, &c,, good.
Left bank of south arm, land very fertile, easily cleared
from brush, and drained; dykes are being made; buildings
erected.
Mud Bay — oyster-beds, great resort for wild geese and
ducks.
A district exactly like the mouth of Fraser district, ind<ied,
part of it, within the United States territory, near the mouth
of the Lummi and back from Semiahmoo, is filling up Avith
population rapidly.
Ascending the Fraser, we in no long time come to forests
on each side ; giant pine ; cedars, maple, alders, cottonwood ;
real agricultural value of the land cannot be seen. Luxuriant
vegetation in the forest — berry-bushes of all kinds, also ferns,
ground-creepers, moss — the sweet-scented white flowors of the
wild apple-tree shine among the green foliage in summer.
Scenery and products altogether on a grand scale. But let
the settler take heart: lie is beside the sea hei'e, no railway
carriage to the seaboard ; there is much good land requiring
little clearing, and jilenty well worth the clearing. There are
in parts extensive flats covered with Avild hay, also tine
prairies with fertile soil; excellent crops and dairy yield;
thriving farms near the town of New Westminster, and set-
tlements also at Pitt River, Keatsey, Laugley, Matsqui, *fec.
For instance, at Pitt lliver '20,000 acres of good arable land
requiring no clearing — the part of ic suliject to freshets is
gifod now for grazing.
At Langley a newspaper correspondent {Dailij Standard,
Victoria, November, 1872) describes farms with "several
hundred acres of alluvial soil, black mould with clay bottom ;
at your feet several square miles of green meadow land, the
gleaming river Ijeyond, and across it the dark Cascade range;
a stream full of trout meandering
througli
the
mt
adow,
Another farm of "1,000 acres, every part cultivated, drained,
and laid off into large parks of 30 to 40 acres each : the stead-
iug in the form of a square; a fine mansion-house " Another
of "800 acres, 200 cultivated, fine black soil, all fit for the
plough drained by a stream whi-^'i skirts it." Again, "600-
acre grass dairv farm; cows, Durham breed; farmer cures
butter." The next, "300 acres, stock and crop owned by the
blacksmith. Good public school; neat Presbyterian church."
The writer ascribes an extraordinary production per acre to
these farms.
GUIDE TO nniTIl^H rOH'MBTA.
f>;j
ll
Between Langley an<l Matsqui, eastward from south end of
Laagely Prairie and ruuning Houthward towards the boundary
is a strip of vei'v {^ood land — trees burnt; umlergrowth dense.
In this neighbourhood is one of the finest belts of alder laud
in the district; it begins near the river, runs south seven
miles, three miles wi(h5. comparatively level, free from under-
growth and above iiigh water; Matsqui Prairie four miles
square.
Higher up the river still, where the rivers Sumass ami
Chilliwhack join the Fraser, are rising settlements — Sumass
Prairie 25,000 acres. Prime beef, choice butter and cheese,
fine cereals; wide-si)reading fertile prairies and valleys here,
only thinly peopled yet; GO to 70 farms; good dwellings, barns,
stables, churches, schools, shops, grist-mill; 600 acres wheat
raised last year, 40 to 50 bushels an acre ; 200 acres oats ; also
potatoes, peas, beans, hops, fruit, and even tobacco; supply
beef to Yale and Hope (Yale gets some beef also from Nicola) ;
extent of prairies great; much good land also on the Chilli-
whack above the valley that would do well when cleared.
The country between Chilliwhack on the west and Cheam
on the east, a distance of twelve miles, and between the
Fra^^er river on the north and the mountains on the south, a
distance of fifteen miles, contains a large quantity of rich
agricultural land at present unoccupied. Although nearly all
timbered, it is of a nature requiring very little labour in
clearing.
Perhaps the best of the whole view of the Lower Fraser
district — a view very extensive and beautiful — is to be had
from the top of Discovery Mountain in this neighbourhood.
The New Westminster district and Vancouver Island dis-
trict, already described, are the only two portions of the
West Cascade region that are " settled." It would appear
that another part of this region is worthy of attention, namely,
the country in the neigh boui'hood of the Nasse and Skeena
rivers.
KOOTENAY.
In the arid south-east angle of the Province among the
flanking ridges of the Rocky range ; a well-known and promis-
ing mining region.
Farming land — principally on alluvial bottoms — lies along
Kootenay river and the head waters of the Columbia, say for
about 200 miles long and five wide; good grass; timber and
water privileges; heat and cold rather extreme (for British
Columbia) — November 14th, 1872, six inches snow on the
ground — November 19th, 1874, one foot snow; facilities for
m
64
GUIDE TO BRITIHH COLUMBIA.
irrigation favourable; capabilities of the soil are becoming
known after trial.
Wild Horse Creek — fine dairy farm; good stock, grain and
vegetables.
Joseph's Prairie, the same; Columbia lakes the same. At
the Columbia, a fine farm of 5,000 acres, rented for grazing;
believed to be good arable — along the streams flowing by the
side of mountiiius crowned with perpetual snow in this dis-
trict, almost all kinds of vegetables can be grown, (piality
excellent, particularly the ])otatoes. Every Chinaman has a
vegetable patch. What is produced finds ready sale in the
mining camps. Peopk) generally orderly and contented;
hopeful as regards their future; a number of persons taking
u}) land for settlement; a water-power saw-mill.
Much trade done at present between Kootenay and the
American town of Walla Walla (408 miles from Wild Horso
C^reek). Pack trains come in also from Montana Territory.
AN'ages in Kootenay 'i to 5 dollars (12s. to 20,s. English) per
day; prices as follows: — Flour in 1874, 7 cents {Hid. Eng-
lish) per lb,; beef on the block, 8 to 10 cents (4r/. to /5</.
English) per lb.; sugar, 25 c(!nts (Is. O.V/. English^ peril).;
tea, 1^ dollar (6s. English) per lb. ; bacon and hams, 40 to 50
cents (l.s. 8r/. to 2.s. English) per lb. ; potatoes, cabbages,
turnips, 4 to 6 cents (2(/. to 'Sd. English) per lb. ; beans, 8H
cents {Is. 4hl. English) per lb.
The Koman Catholic Bishop of Oregon considers that the
country about the souices of the Columbia River is of great
prospective importance. It is divided into forest and prairie
ill proportions favourable for settlement; mining resources
^undoubted; birch, pine, cedar and cypress, prevail; climate
delightful; snoAv goes generally as it falls; a most desirable
coinitry, needing people only and road communications.
Stock-owners now drive cattle to winter in neighbourhood of
Columbia River lakes; will by-and-!)ye be reached from thf
nortli, probably more easily than by the road from Hope.
Many })refer the climate of this section to the climate even
at A'ictoria, Vancouver Island.
The weird, uncommon, gigantic features of the country,
the grand scale on which its scenery and natural products are
presented to the eye, make men at first feel dwarfed, dis-
couraged; but there are great sources of national wealth in
a territory with such a situation, with such harbours, climate,
soil, and minerals. Much has to be overcome, but the future
is certahi.
OKANAGAN COUNTRY.
Very line stock country, and will also prodiice grain; yields
GUIDE TO BRITISH COLUMBIA.
60
fall wlu'ut only without irrigtitioii; spring wheat 4i to \\ tons
ptr acre, witliout irrigation; also profusely oats, barley, Indian
corn, potatoes, tomatoes, musk-melons, water-melons, grape-
vine, tobacco. Summer warm, has shown 98'^ in the shade,
cold is sharp in winter, but w(iatlier clear and sunny, Si^ow
seldom deep, and never lies long, cattle, horses, and sheep,
as a rule, unhoused in wi' ter; moderate preparation, however,
recommendetl.
The lake, 70 miles long by li miles wide ; country to the east
of it a fair sample of the best districts between Rocky and
Cascade Rangi^s; open, grassy hills, dotted with trees like
English parks, successive hills and dales; lakes, ponds, and
streams full of tish; soil much tl:.^ same general character as
the Similkameen; rich sandy loan, substratum of clay in
some valleys, stretches of "bottom" land, some alkali patches;
settlers (!oming in fast and taking up land since Canadian
Pacific Railway survey began. Those who would have "sold
out" a year ago are now tilling and improving their land. It
is said that in Okanagan and adjoining districts, there is
room for a farming population of 10,000 souls (allowing 1(10
acres for nine persons). Roman Catholic mission-post (1,100
feet above sea-level) on the east side of the lake ; fine country
behind it. On the west side ot the lake, a little distance
back, runs a low mountain range from which detached spurs
press upon the lake, and rise above the water in precipitous
bluffs; excellent ])asture, particularly on small spits jutting
into the lake. The Cherry Creek Silver Mine has been
abandoned for the present.
Near the north end of the lake is an Indian reserve of very
clioice land.
KAMLOOPS-SHUSWAP DISTRICT.
Let us enter the district from the east. Columbia River is
44 miles from Shuswap Lake, via Eagle Pass. Three Valley
Lake (altitude 1,912 feet) is about 34 miles from Shuswap
Lake. Directly south from Three Valley Lake is a long,
wide, grassy valley, which leads across a low "divide" to the
head-waters of the Shuswap or Spillemeechene River. This
is a gentle river flowing through a large valley, much of which
has clay subsoil ; fine fall wheat without irrigation ; very good
and heavy crops here; large farm-buildings; well fenced fields;
Indians at work on farms; fine bunch grass on the high land,
round which the river makes a southern bend.
A farmer on the Shuswap Prairie thrashed out 80 tons of
wheat in 1872; two other farmers 40 tons each. Prices here of
very superior extra flour, 12 dollars (48s. English) per barrel
TlJ
66
OUIDE TO BRITIBH COLUMBIA.
of 19fi lbs. ; clioice bacon, 25 cents (Is. OSd. English) per lb. ;
juicy beef 10 cents {lid English) per lb.
Leaving the Shiiswiip or Spillemecchene River at a point,
say l)('y()nil whore Cherry Creek joins it, there is between that
point and the head of the Okanagan Lake a district of open
prairie and sparsely timbered land, abounding in rich pas-
tuvuge and dotted with a few farming settlements.
From the head of Okanagan Lake to the Thompson River
(south branch) is about 45 miles north-west. Leaving the
opciu, rolling, bunch-grass valleys of Okanagan, you lirst
ascend for about 20 miles through timber land; reach Grand
Prairie — fine soil, luxuriant bunch-grass, dotted with cattle;
the praiine 10 miles by 2 miles, bounded by hills, a river be-
tw«ien; elevation (1,450 feet) causes some danger from night
frost. Orand Prairie to Thompson River — glittering stream
thr(mgh valhiy, bordered by alders and willows, green
meadows, clumps of trees, small laktis; good soil ready for
cultivation.
From the nearest point at which you strike the South
Thompson River down to its meeting (forks) with its north
branch is 10 miles of open grass country. At the junction
stands Kamloops, a few miles from the head of Kamloops
Lake — 25 miles long — rolling prairie land; with tine grass,
and also some fertile vallevs on southern bank of lake.
Then; is an open, or lightly timbered bunch-grass country
along the banks of the North Thompson River, and north of
Kamloops Lake, for lUO miles.
Several English gentlemen from the American side have
taken a prairie of 2000 acres on the north Thompson, a
short distance from Kamloops, and are making a long ditch
for irrigation.
In 1H71 the yield of grain on the Tranquille and north and
south branclu^s of the Thompson River was a million and a
(piarter pounds.
The whole Kamloops-Shuswap district is a district of table-
land, with considerable depressions — abundant pasture, geuei-
ally free from forests, and only interspersed with timber;
summer climate dry, gi'eat heat; winter frequently very cold
for a day or two, but on the whole not very sharp; snow gen-
erally lies a short time only ; cattle are driven here to winter
in severe seasons; Hudson's Bay Company used to "winter
out" 500 horses here, including brood mares and young horses.
This district will doubtless become known again as a mineral
district. The first gold found in quantity by the natives was
found in this district, and fair wages are still made on the
GUIDE TO nnrnsH colujcbia.
67
Thompson river. The Thompson, near its mouth, is too full,
rapiil, and rocky for mining.
Kamloops itself is likely to be a distributing centre for the
line country around it, even if the Canadian Pacific Railway
does not come to help the infant city; schools, visiting clerffy-
raen, three fine stores already, three hotels, two blacksmiths'
shops, «fec. Hudson's Bay Company building a store (60 by
40 loot), and going to keep more goods than hitherto; saw-
mill 20 miles up the nortli branch of the Thompson; good
grist-mill, generally busy, on the Tranquille (flows from north
into Kamloops lake) ; the Tranquille Mill grinds a good deal
for the North and South Thompson districts, and also a por-
tion of the Okanagan country. In 1872 wheat was sold for
2 and 2i cents per lb. (Ic^. to l|c?. English), delivered to
nKjrchants at Kamloops or to the Tranquille Mill. The higher
price was towards the end of the year, and arose partly from
the requirements of the Canadian Railway survey.
NICOLA COUNTRY.
Directly south from Kamloops, 30 miles, is Nicola Lake.
The road at present from Kamloops is a sort of natural trail
over gently undulating but high open country, with fine grass.
First few miles no herbage; many ravines. At the first height
turn and survey the magnificent scenery of the Thompson
River valleys; will give some idea of the grazing resources
of the Province. Can bring a waggon with light load across
from Kamloops to Nicola Lake, if you take a guide, an axe,
and a spade.
Nicola Lake is reached also from Lytton, which is on the
trunk waggon-road. The post comes in from Lytton.
The road in this direction will dcmbtless be improved. At
firesent, going from Lytton to Nicola Lake, you first skirt and
ook down on Thompson River.
Eleven miles on, at a break in valley, is a waterfall; diverge;
steep mountain twelve miles; strike Nicola River, whence 40
miles to the lake. First part of river unattractive; wild
sage bushes; hot sand in summer. River winds through
masses of alder and willow; by-and-by plains dotted with
pines; fine land. Rich sheltered bottoms, where the peach,
castor-oil plant, sweet almond, will grow, and fine meadow
grass, gram, and root-crops; grassy hills, good for cows.
Provincial Exhibition prize for cheese came to this district.
Irrigate from river water; land in valley heavy black loam;
no stones nor gravel near surface; red pine on the mountains.
Coal, it is said, has been found in the Nicola district.
Nicola Lake, thus reached either from Lytton or Kamloops,
^..Jf'^
68
GUIDE TO BRITISH COLUMBIA.
is in a fine district; climate dry and warm in the summer;
warm rains April and May, and again August and September.
Have to irrigate; can grow finest wheat, o.i>ts, barley, broom
corn, and vegetables — one experienced settler says better pro-
duce than in " Vancouver Island or Oregon"; tobacco, toma-
toes, and melons mature well. Winters mild; two months cold
clear weather, with snow. South winds melt snow and leave
ground bare for weeks. Hound the lake open prairie; bunch
grass. Year-old steei" of 600 lbs. (dressed). Seldom have
to feed cattl' on hay. On '2ud March, 1872, after a bad
winter, cattle fat; grass green on hillsiiles, spring birds and
wild ducks back to their liaunts. Good land round tlu^ lake
occupied, but room in the neighbourhood. Milk cows scarce;
a few gentle cows for sale at 05 to 75 dollars (11^^. to 15^ Eng-
lish); ])ienty of cattle, but young breeding stock dear. Beau-
tiful sheep-farm a mile from lake; level plain, river on ono
side; sloping heights to the north, running parallel to the
river. About 2000 sheep; do well.
A correspondent, " Observer," in the Br'it'nh Colonist, Vic-
toria, of 28th November, 1871, says: " I predict a prosperous
fiitiue to all who obtain a footing in this most delightful
valley It is a fact that all kinds of animals will not only
thrive by Avhat they can pi(3cure for themselves, but will keep
fat, so great is the cpiautity of vegetation and so moderate the
climate.'
E:ist side of Nicola Lake, up river ten miles, fine valley;
home for fifty families, at least. Open prairie along the river;
very good land, easily irrigated; tiniber scarce, except close
to tlio river; pine on mountains seven or eight miles back.
As far as the eye can see, a beautiful prairie of grass.
HOPE, YALE AND LYTTOX.
Hope, 9,5 miles from mouth of Fraser River, Avas formerly
an active little j>lace, but the gold-bearing Similkameen
country, to the e:ist, having been neglected, owing to the
greater attractions of Cariboo, Ho))e has not thriven as was
ex|)ected, though it again shows signs of life. The silver
mines will tend to increase its importance, which, prospec-
tively, nnist always be considerable, us Hope is the natural
outlet to the Eraser river from the fine farming and mining
(Country of Similkameen.
Yale, the head of navigation on Fraser river, 110 miles from
its mouth, is a most picturesque and thriving little town,
situated in a narrow gorge of striking grandeur. Large quan-
tities of goods and not a few passengers pass tlirough it daily,
in the summer, tt) the up])er country. The Fraser River
1^^
GUIDE TO BRITISH COLUMBIA.
69
"bars," near this town, yeilded a large quantity of gold in
1858, and have since been reworked to advantage.
Forty-three miles above Yale the aspect of the country
coinpletly changes. The underbrush and cedars are left be-
hind; there is much less moss upon the tress; shrubs begin to
appear which belong to a drier climate. Here also begin the
peculiar " benches " or terraces which mark the course of the
Eraser lliver and its tributaries. On one of these flats, 200
feet above the stream, is the town of Lytton, named after
JjoyA Lytton. Lytton is situated at the jiinction of the
Thompson with the Fraser, 48 miles below Lillooet and o7
miles above Yale. It is a pretty town, already omething
more than a wayside town. The population is increasing,
owing to mines and farms in its neighbourLood. The wheat
ground at the Lytton mill makes very fine flour. There is a
good market for all produce.
LILLOET-CLINTON DISTRICT.
This district includes Cache Creek, Bonaparte, aluo Wil-
lianis Lake, and up to Quesnel Mouth.
The whole district is a very fine one, and at present shows
what can be done by applying Ccipital to the soil. It is farther
to the north and generally more elevated than some sections
alrea<ly described. The risk to crops from summer night
frosts may be said to be very considerable in the entire
country on the waggon-rojid north of Pavilion Mountain,
unless farms have a south aspect or are protected from north
blasts. The remark applies, of course, more particularly to
farms further north than Alexandria.
It is safe to have some winter provision for stock in much
ot' the country through which the trunk-waggon road from
Yale runs. The effect, howerci, of the above danger is
merely to add somewhat to tlxe amount of capital required in
agriculture. Farming in this district is the direct child of
the Cariboo mining region, and farmers with a market at
their doors fwhich for some articles the waggon-road gives
them), can afford risks that are not excessive. That the risks
under the circumstances are not considered excessive is proved
by the extension of farming every year in the district by men
of capital- The extent to which this will take place will
depend on the continued success of the Cariboo mines, or
other mines that can be conveniently supplied from this
district.
The surface in so large a section of country is, of course,
varied. It embraces within its area fertile river-benches
(terraces), tal>le lands, large open valleys, immense plains,
.•lud green rolling hills.
TO
GUmE TO BRITISH COLUMBIA.
The country near the Thompson, Bonaparte, and Hat
rivers is very attractive to the eye; miles of ^reen hills,
crowning slopes, and level meadows; hardly a bunh or a t»"j^^;
fine grass almost to the hill-tops. The climate very- healthful
and enjoyable; rather a want of timber in parts, also of rain
generally, but there are many streams.
For grazing, the country cannot be surpassed, and its agri-
cultural capabilities, so far as the soil is concerned, are in
many parts very good. At Cache Creek and on the Bona-
parte there is excellent arable land. The country through
which the waggon road passes to Williams Lake has some
very good soil, with no more timber than is needed for farm-
ing })uri)oses. The farming land is bounded by low hills,
beyond which there are prairies and valleys. These hills are
undulating and brightly green, and their grassy car[)et is
daisied over with countless wild flowers.
Tlie road occasionally crosses some fresh mountain stream,
whos(i cool clear waters invite the traveller to drink; now it
winds by the bank of a lovely lake, in whose glassy depths
the trees and shrubs along the margin seem to contemplate'
their own symmetry and face. The summer frosts, however,
as abov(i said, are rather against crc])-farming in this sec;tion.
exc(!pt on farms favourably situated; but the frosts do not
come regularly, nor with eijual severity.
The great trunk-waggon road of the province goes through
the district, and the farmers ])roduce food for horses and
nm'es largely, in addition to the flour, bacon, &c, required
for the mining towns in Cariboo. The visitor here sees irri-
gation-Humes (water-course) of great length, gang-ploughs,
and thrashing machines; also several saw-mills, bacon and
ham factories, and three tiour-mills, which latter cost 60,000
dollais (^12,01)0/. English). The farmers themselves, to start
one tlour-mill, subscribed 8000 dollars (1()00/. English).
There is a Farmers' Society at Clinton — ^the Noiihern Britisli
Columl)ia Agricultural Society. I believe tliere are in the
liillooet district about 12,000 horned cattle, r)000 sheej), 4000
pigs, and 400 horses. The average annual yield for the last
live years has been about three millions and a half pounds of
wheat, with a large yield of other centals, and beans, peas,
onions, [)otaroes, itc, The abo e is not much to speak of;
but it miist l)e i"emiMul)ered that the sui>j)ly has been limited
by the demand. Tluise farming facts conclusively sliow the
agricultural capabilities of the Province, even in a section
of it which in p.irts is liable to occasional summt^' frosts.
Let but mining towns grow, or let a railway be made (as it
will b(^ soon) to carry surplus produce to a shipping [)ort,
I
GUIDE TO IIIUTISH COLUMBIA.
71
jind it ^vill be seen that tlie agricultural captibilities of even
the northern poition of the East Cascade I'egion of British
ColunrLMa are very ^reat.
CHILCOTIN, ETC.
Tliis is tlie country on eithei' side of the river of that name,
It is bounded on the west sidr by the range called .^ some
tliif! '■ C';i.scade " and by others the " Coast" range, and on the
east by Fraser River. (Jhilcotin has no' yet been tlnrmghly
tt'stcd by fanners, but the country is attracting attention.
\\ «' have (litlerenta(U'ountsof it from travellers. The prob-
ability is that a good deal of the (!hi]cotin country is arid
and siindy, with j)oor timber.
Its area, howiiver, is immense, and may include also great
tra(!ts of good grazing land. Near its numerous I'-ersand
lakes we might ex])ect to tind superior arable land. The
sni'facc is ojx'n in ])arts, and tind)en;d in others, generally
presenting either roiling praii ies or forest table-lands. There
are many lakes and rivers, and a great valley through which
tiie C'hilcotin flows. I'lie aAcragc; elevation of the di,-.trict is
co)isiderable, say 2,o()() feet; but the altitude of the surface
varies c/'- Iderably. The highest ])oint of the i. ,il, from
IJeutinck .Mill, is 3,.")()() to 4,00() feet high. From that sum-
mit <in th'iplatean. looking w.'St, you s(;e the Cascade llange;
to the south, lonely massive heights; to tlie east an expanse
of forest, broken l)y lakes and marshes. lieindeti' are nu-
merous on the great mountain plat(>axi near the head of tlie
Chilcotm Jiiver.
Hoil probably light on the high land, and rich near some of
tlie rivers and lakes.
Climate hot in summiM', and very sharp in winter; the
slopes opposite de])ressions in tlu^ ('ascade I^ange, probably
will bo found the most suitable for crops, as 'ar as climate is
< oncerned.
Another large section of the Province, east of the Cascade
Kaiige, is not much known yet, namely, the section extending
to a great distance north and west from the (dl)ovv wliich the
Fras(a- Kiver makes to get round the ('aril)oo Meunt^' ns.
Hudson's Bay Company ofHcers tlescribe this northern
region as a hunting and mining region, containing however,
large tracts of good pasture; and probably a go(j*l deal of
winter fodder for cattle would 1)6 re([uired liere.
Wheat has been raised at Fort George; l)arley and vegeta-
bles at Fraser's Lake ; potatoes on the lake lopes at
Stewart's Lake (the hollows are liable to night frosts).
Humming-bird common at Stewurt's Lake in summ<M'.
72
GlIDE TO BRITISH COLUMBIA.
A fine coimtry is also spoken of as existing " between Fort
St. James and Nation Kiver;" good land also between Babine
and the "forks" of the Skeena. On the whole, though much
of the above section of the (;ountrv north and west from the
great elbow of tlu* Fraser is known to be mountainous and
swampy, it proI»al)ly is as habitable as some inhabited
countries of Northern EurojX!.
Under th(^ stimulus of a demand foi stock or produce, such
as mining camps would pr<;duce, the district doubtless would
show consid(!raljle evtMi farming njsults.
lioucni SKETCH of east cascade region.
The general fcsatures of its surface nuiy be described in a
f(nv woi'ds; )'ugged Ali)iiie inass(!S, wooded on their slopes
and holding lakes, swamps, and moist meadows in their em-
brace; arid mountain ranges and ridges crossing and recross-
ing; rolling woodinl hills and grassy hillocks; table-lands.
geniMally of high ehnation, often of great extent, with and
without forest; loiitJ<.d tfuiaced river channels or valleys; wide
open \alh\ys; dei'p, nairow, wooded valh^ys; short valleys
(oflvn colled "praiiies") a land also of lala^s; innu!neral)le
narrow; elongated lakes of all sizes, from the bright pond to
the lak(! 100 mihis long, often linked b}- streams; some lakes
steepsided right lound tli(;ir margins, others wall-edged with
intervening swam])s, ])ut oftcr with gently shelving rims
Itai'ked b^'opcn grassy hills. IJivers, smaller than the drainers
of such mountain systems might bi' sujjposed to be (the light
soil absorl)s thorn); generally de(f])-grooved and rapid; thread-
ing the whole country, l)nrsling through rocky walls, seeking
l!d<(^ after lake, turning and twisting to tind a way to tlu;
oci an. hut for tin' most \y,\.rt unable to do so, nearly all being
tinally sw.iliowed up by the* Frasev and ('olumi)ia rivers.
'^IVces, an iinnicnsc ar.a in the soulliern part of the East
Cascaile i-cgion, say from th(! Horse Fly district south to the
Aniei'iciin lionnd.-iry, is gcnei'aily unwoodcd. 'I'here are wide
< \))anses of open kind without trees, or only with ])elts,
<-lum])s, and dots of cone-bearing trees without underbirsh,
extending, however, into for(>sts as tiie J.tocky ^Mountains or
tlieii' tlanking ridges are appro;icJi(Ml, and again to\\ards tlu;
northern ami noith-weslern portions of the region, say beyond
till' line (.f th(> Horse Fly disti-ict and Williams Lake. lie-
niotrly. in tjie north-west, the cniintrv again l)ecomes. in many
parts, thinly wooded, and the tirs are rarer, In the neigh-
ooi'jiood of the Skisena, the maples and cottonwood in niiniy
jiarts contrast clieeringly with the sond)re hues of the conifers
that abound in the Vallev of the Fraser.
GUIDE TO BRITISH COLUMBIA.
73
To attempt to sum up the capabilities of this great region
(itsolf but a portion of the Pro^-iiiee of British Columbia)
would, in the ])re.seut condition of our knowledge of it, be an
ott'cnce against common sense. We know a litth; about parts
of the region, and may offer a few remarks accordingly.
Taking into consideration the healthfulness of the climate,
with its short winters and h>ng, bright summers, the fertile
soil, vast extent of grass pasture, streams tilled with fish,
the abundance of minerals, and grand mountain and valley
scenery, adding to these considerations the tpiantity of vacant
])ublic land open to settlement, and the comparatively small
expense re(i[uired to form a settlement, I know of no region on
the continent of North America that lioh s out equal induce-
ments to suitable settlers. It will be peo])led by a happy and
pvospinous c(nnmunity within a few years after the opening of
the railway thr(jugh it, which shall supply cheap transportation
for immigrants and their supplies, and for mining machinery.
The main drawback to this fine country at ])i'esent is the
want of cpiick and cheap transport.ition. This drawba(;k will
be removed by the construction of the Canadian Pjicific
Jtailway.
Farmers have produced, by the aid of a simple process of
irrigation, wheat, barley, oats, Indian corn, timothy hay,
potatoes, carrots, turnips, cabbages, tomatoes, muskmelons,
watermelons, grape-vine, tobacco, broom corn, sweet almtmd,
castor-oil plant, peach, and almost all other fruits.
Fern is seldom se«m in the East Cascade region. A few
mosquitoes only are found along wooded water courses. In
sorne ])arts, Hies trouble the animals.
NEWSPAPER ACCOUNTS.
A correspondent of the Standard, a Victoria newspaper,
writes of the southern portion of tht; East (/ascade Region as
follows: — "Having travelled twice thi'ough a large ])ortion of
the farming districts of British Columbia, I am very strongly
impressed with the great advantages tin; country offers to any
y<nuig man who may take unto himself a better half, and
settle down in any of those lovely gr(!en valleys, and there
grow his own pork and l)eans, Avith none to nnike him afraid
while watching his chuckle-headed calves and big spottinl
stecn-s bouncing over the hills. It is a fact that all the country
which I am about to mention is covered with abundance of
bunch-grass, pea-vine, and rye-grass, from two to six feet
high. It is a pity that p(M)ple who are looking for peaceful
and prosperous homes, such as our Government can offer, do
not know more; al>out the country. rT]>on each side of the
10
w
71
GUIDE TO BRITISH COLUMJilA.
North and South Thompson Rivers, for miles above Kam-
IcjopH Lake — 45 miles from the trunk wuggon-road — there are
thousands of acres of good prairie land, with plenty of timber
for buikling and f(Micing purposes. Here all kinds of grain
and vegetai)]es can be raised simply by going to a little
trouble in irrigating. This can be done by raising water from
the rivt!r with a wind-mill attached to the top of a lofty fir
tree. There is quite strong enough wind every day in the
year for the purpose. Here passes a good waggon- road lead-
ing from ihe trunk road to vhat is known as the immense
Okanagan country. My pen fails me to do justice to it as a
farming and stock-raising country — plenty of fish in the lakes
and rivers."
Another gentleman writing in 1872 to the British Colunist,
(Victoria ncAvspaper), after travelling by the coach from Cache
Creek to Okanagan, says: — " The country is for the most part
open, dotted with trees, giving it almost the appearance of
an old country park. It is so free from wood as to enable
the horseman to canter at will in almost every direction, and
in soiue instances no obstructions are presented to the free
progress of a carriage. The face of the country is beautiful
—relieved by ever changing succession of hill and dale. The
water system is excellent, the surface of the country being
indented by numerous lakes and rivers or smaller streams,
everywhere teeming with fish of excellent quality. A mild
climate will have already been inferred. It may be added
that snow seldom falls to any depth, and never lies long.
Horses, horned cattle and sheep, pass the winter unhoused
and uncared for, and, as a rule, come out in good c«)ndition
in the spring. On most of the grass ranges cattle shifting for
themselves through winter are in prime condition for beef in
the spring. In the country thus rouglily and very imperfectly
sketched, there are a few hundred settlers — we reallj' do not
kiiDw how many. In the valleys of the Thompson, Okanagan
and Cache Creek, there are about one hundred children.
There is tin; making of happy homes for tens of thousands.
In truth no more desirable country can be found, and it is
not unreasonable to hope that the opening of a coach road
Itjiding through the heart of it, and the facilities for travel
pres«^nted by a weekly line of stages, may lead persons in
seajch of h(»uies to go and see for themselves."
SIMILKAMEI'N VALLEY.
This valley extends fifty-five miles from Princeton to the
frontier. Mountains bordering the river are granite, green-
stone, and quartz, capped with blue and brown clay slate ; clay
GUIDE TO BRITISH COLUMRIA.
^>
of slaty texture stained with iron ; small (juantities of bine;
clay; bed of river filled with bouldors of granite, greenstone,
and trap of all sizes; fordable except during freshets, and then
it rises very rapidly; grass very good; timber scarce; sharp
bends of river generally well wooded; underbrush of willow
and wild cherry; near base of mountains sufficient tind)er for
settlers; soil somewhat sandy and light; free from stones,
and generally excellent for either grazing or farming; dry in
summer; irrigation necessary; many large portions ali't\*uly
well watered by streams from the mountains, with fall sufiicient
to facilitate any further irrigalion found necessary; grass most
luxuriant, also, on the little tributary streams. Valley very
picturi^scpie. ' ' Similkameen beef " is talked of as Englishmen
talk of " Southdown mutton." A settler introduced a Durham
bull in 1872, which cost him 1000 dollars {2^)01. English):
another wrote lately, "We have a good mining and good farm-
ing district and on(! of the best stock-ranges on the Pacific
coast : mmibers of cattle, horses, shee]^ and pigs. The Indians
go into farjuing; quite quiet; keep cats."
It is unfortunate that this fine Similkameen district has not
an easier western outlet in the direction of the New Westmin-
ster district, but such an outlet possibly may yet be found.
OSOYOOS LAKE.
Close to the boundary line — connected with Okanagan Lake
by a chain of lakes and rivers. Open land between Osoyoos
and Boundary Creek. Famous Rock Creek diggings were in
this neighbourhood, and no doubt all this country will be
again worked by miners. Good cattle-grazing country; grain
and all kinds of vegteation splenditl, and cattle in fineconditioi).
One settler had 2()() fat steers to sell. Mosquitoes troublesome.
Trade with Indians good ; they seem to have plenty of money.
With the exception of a few m'les, the entir«^ road from Tiock
Creek to the great prairie at the head of Kettle river is thought
a fine rolling prairie country, thinly wooded, and abound-
ing in bunch-grass. Gold and Selkirk ranges then interven«^
Fort Shepherd is a wild barren sjiot — ^rongh trail thence ovov
the "divide" between Columbia and Kootenay rivers to the
Kootenay Valley (south horn Kootenay Lake); river broad
and sluggish; portion of valley cpiite level; rich alluvial soil
as on Pitt river (New Westminster district); overflowed
probably; swamp grass; rich vegetation; going still east up
th<> Mooyie river to the lake, there is thick timber — Purcell
rangti intervenes — beyond this range country op(!ns out; thirty
or fort}' miles farther, the traveller reaches the Kootenay
again; grand scenery approaching the Ilocky M<»nntains. —
70
aiTIDE TO BRITISH COLUMBIA.
For atltlitioiuil information on the Province the followinf^
works may be consulted :
Vancouver's Voyage on N. W. Coast of America, 1790-95.
Voyage of Portlock and Dixon on N. W. Coast of America.
Voyage of Meares on N. W. Coast of America.
Voyage a li Cote da Noid Oaest dans les Annces 1810-15,
par Gai)riel FranclKiro.
Travels of Sir Alex. McKenzie to the Pacific Ocean, etc.,
in the years 1789-93.
Itoss Cox's Columbia Biver.
Jewett's Narrative of a captivity at Nootka Sound in 1804.
An Essay on Vancouver Island, by Dr. Charles Forbes,
li. N., 18G2.
A work on Vancouver Island, by J. D. Pemberton, Esq.,
Surveyor General of the former Colony. — London 18G2.
Travels of Lord Milton and Dr. Cheadle.
A Avork on the West Coast of Vancouver Island, by Gilbert
M. Sproat, Esq.
Overland Route through British North America, by Alfred
Waddington. — Longmans, London. 18G8.
Official Report on British Columbia of the Hon. H. L.
Langevin, Minister of Public Works of Canada, 1871.
Vancouver Island and British Columbia, b^' Dr. Rattray,
R. N.
Prize Essay on British Columbia, 1803, by the Rev. R. C.
L. Brown, M. A.
Prize Essay on British Cohimbia, by A. C. Anderson, Esq.
" Vancouver Island Explorations and Papers, relating to the
British Columbia Botanical Expedition."
Studies of the Forest and Forest Life of North West
America, by Robert Brown, M. A., F. L. S., F. R. G. S.,
P. L. I)., President of the Royal Physical Society, Edin-
burgh.
Vancouver Island and British Columbia, by Matliew McFie,
Esq., F. R. G. S.
Four years in British Columbia, by Capt. R. C. Mayne,
R. N., C. B.
Report on British Cclurabia, by the Hon H. L. Langevin,
C. B., Minister of Public Works of the Dominion of Canada.
British Columbia, by Gilbert Malcolm Sproat, Esq.
Nf
GUIDE TO 15RIT1 11 COLUMBIA.
LIST OF DOMINION OFFICMALS.
77
Govonior,
Chiof Justice,
Piiisno Judjife,
Aide (le Camp to Govonior (Tonoral,
De]nity Kecoiver General, -
Deputy Adjutant General,
Superintendent of Indian Aft'airs,
Asst.
Inspector of Post Offices,
Hon. A. N. Hicliards
Sir M. I5.Bectl)ie
Hon. H. P. P. Crease
Hon. J. H. C^rav
Capt. G. Pi. I.ayton
John Gilliam
- Lt. Col. Hou;^liton
- Lt. Col. Powell
on Mainland, J. Lenalian
Robt. H'allace
Af^ent of Marine and Fislieri(»s Depart., Capt. J. Cooper
Inspector of Steaml>oats, - - Tlios. Westf^artli
Harbour Master and Port Warden, Victoria, t^apt. J. Nagle
*' " Na,naimo, - - - T. E. Peck
C(
Burrard Inlet,
COUNTY COUKT JUDOF.S.
Cariboo, - > . .
Lillooet, _ _ . .
New Westminster and Yale,
Victoria, . _ _ _
Nanaimo, . _ . .
CUSTOMS I)EPAllTMi;\T.
Victoria — Collector, . _ _
Chief C^erk,
Tlevenue Officer,
Landing AVaitev and Searclufi-,
(Jlerk,
TideAVaiter,
" Acting,
New Westminster — Sub. Collector,
Landii:g Wait(M', -
Burrard Inlet - Landing Waiter,
Osoyoos — Sub. Collector,
Kootenay — Sub. Collector,
Nanaimo — Sub. Collector,
Stickeen— Landing Waiter,
Isaac Johns
H. M. Ball
E. H. Saunders
P, O'Reilly
A. F. Pemberton
W. R. Spaulding
Hon. W. Hamh^v
C. S. Finlaison
C. S. Wylde
George Fry
A. R. Miln'e
R. Lawson
- 1). Driscoll
W. H. Low<>
J. Burr
Isaac Johns
J. C. Havnes
J. G. Norvis
- T. E. Peck
Richard Hunter
INLAND REVENUE DEPARTMENT.
Inspector, _ . . _
Collector, - _ _ . .
Deputy Collector,
C. T. Dni)ont
H. B. Good
D. Lindsay
f8
GUIDE TO BRITISH COLUMBIA.
POST OFFICE DEPAllTMENT.
See Post Office Report.
PUBLIC WORKH DEPARTMENT.
Resident Engineer. - - . B. W. Peurse
Superintendent of Telegraphs, - R. B. McMicking
SAVINGS BANK DEPARTMENT.
See Report.
See Report.
C. p. RAILWAY DEPARTMENT.
LIST OF OFFICIALS OF BRITISH COLUMBIA.
Premier, . . . . Hon. A. C. Elliott
Attorney General, - - - "
Provincial Secretary, - - - "
Minister of Mines, - - "
Minister of Finance and Agriculture, - Hon. W. Smitlie
Chief Commissioner of Lands and Works, Hon. F. G. Vernon
Private Secretary to Lieut. Governor, Capt. G. R. Layton
EXECUTIVE COUNCIL.
President,
Clerk,
Deputy Clerk,
Hon. A. C. Elliott
Hon. F. G. Vernon
Hon. Wm. Smithe
Hon. Wm. Smitho
J. J. Young
ATTORNEY GENERAL 8 OFFICE.
Attorney General,
Solicitor, Clerk,
Minister of Finance,
Treasurer,
Auditor,
TREASURY.
Hon. A. C. Elliott
HeniT S. Mason
Hon. Wm. Smitlie
J. J. Young
W. C. Berkelev
OUTDE TO BUTTI'.H comtmbia.
79
PUOVINflAL HECItF.TAUY H DEPARTMENT.
T'loviiuu.'il Secrotiiry, _ - . Hon. A. C. Elliott
Deputy ProviiuMiil Sccretiiry, - Charles Good
Acting Deputy Provincial Secretary, - Thos. Elwyn
Superiiitendent of Education, - - J. J. Jessoj)
Deputy Supt. of Education, (on Mainland) F. C. CIlementHoii
\
Superintendent,
Printer,
GOVEUNMENT PRINTINO OFFICE.
Richard Wolfenden
George Williams
liobt. Buthn-
^.ssistant Printer,
l\[essenger,
j^tsst. Messenger,
John H. Murray
Chas. L. Swanson
D Deasv
T. Deasv
LEOISLATrVE ASSEMBLY.
TJr. Speaker,
Olerk,
Law Clerk,
Sergeant-at-Arms,
Messenger,
Hon. James Trimble
J. Boland Hett
Eli Harrison, Jr.
J. Dwyer
T. Deasy
LANDS AND WORKS DEPARTMENT.
Chief Commissioner, - - Hon. Forbes G. Vernon
Surveyor General, - - -
Accountant, - - -
Clerk of Records,
Draughtsman, - - -
Assistant Draughtsman,
A. S. Farwell
J. J. Austin
J. G. Vinter
W. 8. Gore
F. G. Richards, Jr.
REGISTRAR.
Registrar General of Titles,
of Births, Death and Marriages,
of Bills of Sale,
of Joint Stock Companies, -
of Agricultural Societies,
Under "The Cattle Exemption
Act of 1871,"
H. B. W. Aikmau
SUPREME COURT.
Registrar,
Deputy Registrar,
Usher,
Chas. E. Pooley
Henry S. Mason
James Irving
ik.
^
IMAGE EVALUATION
TEST TARGET (MT-3)
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Sdences
Corporation
^^^'K^
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33 WIST MAIN STRtiT
WEBSTIR.N.Y. t4S«0
(716) 872-4503
>^
/.
T
80
aUIDE TO BBITIBH COLUMBIA.
i:
Assayer,
Meltor,
ASSAY OFFICE, CARIBOO.
W. Hitchcock
A. J. Mouatt
ASSESSORS AND COLLECTORS UNDER THE ASSESSMENT ACT, 1876.
Bichfield,
Lightning Creek,
Quesnelle,
Williams Lake,
Lillooet,
Lvtton,
Olcauagan,
NicolaLake,
Kamloops,
Rock Creek,
Cache Creek,
W. Stephenson
<<
Kooteuay,
New Westminster and the Coast,
Victoria, - - -
Clerk,
District of Victoria,
Esquimau, Sooke, Metchosin and Highland, - J. Pottinger
Cowichan and Salt Spring Island, - _ _ J._MorTey
Nanaimo, ...
(/omox, ...
E. Allen
George Coxon
C. A. Vernon
J. Clapperton
J. Ussher
B. Price
G. Ooxon
C. Booth
J. C. Hughes
J. E. McMillan
- C. Wallace
R. F.John
T. L. Fawcett
J. Rodello
COLLECTORS AND REVIS0R8 OF VOTERS.
Cariboo, ....
J. Bowron
Lillooet, - - - .
.
A. W. Smith
Yale, ....
- W. Teague
Kootenay, . - . .
.
C. Booth
New Westminster, . _ -
- E. Dickinson
Burrard Inl(?t,
.
J. Willis
Victoria, ....
- E.R.Woods
Victoria Dictrict, - - -
.
S. Robarts
Esqiiimalt and Metchosin,
- E. R. Woods
(vowichan, • • -
.
J. Morley
Nunainio, ....
- T. L. Fawcett
Comox, - . . -
-
R. H. Pidcock
REGISTRAR OF BIRTHS, DEATHS AND MARRIAGES.
Cariboo, ... - J. Bowron
Williams Lake, ... Michael O'Connor
Lillooet, . - - -
OL'IDE TO BniTI8H COLUMBIA.
HI
r.moc Cn't'k, -
Clijitoii,
Xiiinloops,
Vale District,
Kootmay.
N«'\v Wfstiuiiistorj
Cassiar,
A'ictoria,
N
Micluiel O'Connor
- John Fsslur
W. T
Vi
igno
C. liooth
E I)
A. W. V
UMunson
owe
H. H. W. AikniMM
iiiaiiiii), . . _ _ 'i\ ]j. [''
COl'Ki'S OF M'l'KAI. I NUKlt ASSKSSMKXT ACT, ]87(i.
IWl'ftt
('aril;0(), . _ -
Ijilluoot,
Yah', Ivaiiildops, lAttoii, Ho])(\
Okanapiii,
Nicola Like,
Kock ("reck.
Kooti'uay,
Cassiar,
New \V<»stniinst(M',
N'ictoiia, . _ -
l'iS(|iiiiiialt. Sookc, ^rctchosin,
Cowii'liaii and Salt Spriiifj; Islnml,
Naiiainio,
Coiiiox,
ColioNKItS.
Carihoo,
I.il!(»(U't. . . -
Yale,
Kootctiay, - . -
New Westminster,
Tiani^lev, ...
Chil'liwhack.
Coast District,
Diiiiiieea,
Cassiar. . . .
Stiek'-en.
Vietoiia Citv anil District,
I'lstjuiiualt, JSooke. Metchosin.
<'o\vieliaii and Salt Spriisfi; Tskmd.
Nanainio,
<'<)U10\. ...
Carilioo,
Tiillooet.
Yalti.
OOLI> COMMISSIONERS.
n
H. M. liall
E H. Sanders
^r. Lninhv
- T. Wooilwarl
J ('. HaMies
C liootli
A. W. Vowel)
\\ (VII( illv
A. T D. McElnxii
H. I'lv
W. H. Spalding
It H Pidcork
.1. Cliipp
F. W Foster
J. Cla))perton
C. JJootli
ex. Trew
- W. Duncan
\. (Iraliam
A W. Yowell
J. B. Lovcdl
A F Pendx'rton
.1. Mtnlev
W. K. Spalding'
E. H. Pidcock
H. M. Ball
E. H. Sanders
P O'Heillv
■t I
' I
. 1
82
aUlDE TO BlUTlHli (.'OUJMBIA.
Osoyoos,
-
-
J. C. Haynes
Okanagan,
.
.
_
C. A. Vernon
Kootenay,
-
-
C. Booth
New "Westminster,
.
.
E. Dickinson
Cassiar,
_
_
A. W. Vowell
Victoria,
_
-
.
F. G. Vernon
Esquimau, Sooke,
Metchosin,
-
i<
Nanaimo,
-
-
-
- AV. U. Spalding
Comox,
-
-
^ ( (
GOVERNMENT AGENTS.
Cariboo,
.
.
J. Bowron
Clinton,
.
-
-
Michael O'Connor
Lillooet,
-
-
- A. W. Smith
Kam loops
-
-
-
J. Ussher
Lytton,
-
-
-
G. Coxon
Yale,
.
-
-
W. Teague
Kootenay,
-
-
C. Booth
New Westminster,
.
-
E. Dickinson
Cassiar,
•
_
- A. W. Vowell
Cowichan and Salt
Spring
Island,
J. Morlev
Nanaimo,
-
-
.
- T.L. Fawcett
Comox,
m
• •
J RodcUo
.JUSTICES OF
THE PIUCE
Anderson A . C . ,
-
-
Province
Armstrong W. J.,
-
-
-
do
Allison J . F ,
-
Electoral District of Yale
Alexander R. H.,
- Electoral District of New Westminster
BallH M.,
.
-
Province
Brown 11. H.,
.
_
.
do
Brown G. H. Wilson, -
.
do
Barlow A.,
_
.
-
- do
BateM.,
.
-
do
Bryden John,
-
-
do
BulkleyT A.,
*
-
do
Booth C,
.
Electoral District of Kootenay
Cornwall C. F.,
-
-
Province
Cornwall H. P.,
.
do
Clapperton J.,
«»
a •
(^
Coney B. O.,
-
do
Chambers Coote M.,
•
do
Chipp J.,
-
do
Cunningham J .,
-
-
do
ClarksonW.,
-
do
Chad wick W.,
.
• •
#1
Campbell W M.,
do
OriDE TO BIlITISn COLUMBIA.
Conrtnev H. C,
CoultlmrdJ. H..
Duncan W.,
Dewdney E ,
Douglas li.,
Drabble G. F.,
Deij^hton R.,
DeHcckH L.,
Dunsmuir R.,
Dig-leW. N..
Drake M. W. T.,
Dickinson R.,
Elliott A. C. -
EhvvnT.,
Ellis T ,
Egerton F. W..
Elfonl W.,
E.lwanlsJ.T.,
Foster F. W ,
Finlavson R., -
FoonlF,
Ferris W, D.,
Fisher W , (Esquimalt)
Fisher \V., (Metchosin)
FrvH,
Foster F. N., -
Fimlhiv G.J,
Galbraith J. T.,
Graham A.,
Gray A. R.,
Havnes J . C. ,
Houghton C. F.,
Heltncken J. S,,
Holbrook H.,
Higman F. G.,
Hoev R.,
Hughes J. C,
Harris C.R, -
Innos J. H.,
Fjangley A. J.,
Lindsay D ,
Leneveii D.,
Ladner W H..
Lindsa}' A ,
Landvoigt G. .
Lovell JR..
Province
do
do
do
d(i
do
do
do
do
.lo
»lo
- Electoral District of New Westminster
Province
• - - - - do
do
- , - : . - 'V'
Electoral District of t'owichan
Electoral District of Vide
- Province
do
do
do
.lo
do
.lo
do
do
do
do
do
do
do
do
do
do
do
do
« . - do
do
do
do
• do
do
do
do
• a • do
ifa
8i
OUlbE TO UUITI8M CULUMDIA.
Milby W. C,
MorleyJ,,
Miietlon.ild W. J.,
Muni J. A.,
McLean A ,
MoMiUun J. E ,
IMorrow W. H.,
MiickioJ.,
McGilvuiyD.,
Millm- D. W., -
McNjiui^liton D.,
^liiir J. L.,
McMickiiig U. 13 ,
MuiiJ.,
^tauson \V . ,
Mavsij.-ill T., -
Mail M..
.>JiK;.v J. W., -
McAllister J.,
Mcllmoylc J., -
Mo son W. Jjiiinj?,
McHu-l» H., -
^Iclunes A. D.,
^[iinav .John,
XuttJ.,
Nelson H.,
Na;j;le J . ,
Criieilly P , .
Peinberton A
Pideock Pt H
Poiivson E.,
Peniberton J
Powell I. W.,
Prentiss A.,
Pratt D.,
Pringle A .,
PlautaJ. P.,
PuetaJ.,
Rayniur J A.,
JJithet K. P., .
Rogers J. ,
llol)l)J.,
liobertsou J J.,
l^itchie K P ,
Kobertson W H.
TJobson J.,
rrovincG
do
do
do
do
do
do
do
do
do
do
do
do
do
• - • - - do
do
do
do
do
do
- Canoe Creek P. D., Elee. Dis. Lillooet
do
do
do
Victoria
(/uriboo
Yale
. Province
(io
Vancouver Island
F
D.
V
rovince
do
do
do
do
do
do
Electoral District of Lillooet
do
do
do
N
Yale
anaimo
(.'owidian
Province;
do
do
do
do
do
do
do
!•,!
oriDE TO BHITrsH roi.rMBiA.
T
lioay W.,
l{»'iiiiio W.,
Sanders E. H.,
S|)iiKliii}< W. 11.,
Sinillu'W.,
Sli;i\v J.,
Swonl (' B. ,
Siiul •! ,
S..\vanlT ,
Spiiitt J..
Skiiiimr T. .).,
Siiicliiir J.,
Spiiu.LjL'r 13.,
Tolinic W. l-\,
TcnldJ H.,
Tii/o H. A., .
'runuu' J. H.,
TaitJ .
Vowcll A. W.,
Vcnudi C A ,
Walkfin G. A.,
Wells A. K . ,
Wiml \V. (; ,
WilliU'e II.,
Weir K.,
Webster G.,
Willi wmsT. H.,
Work H ,
Kainloops.
Cariboo,
New Westminster,
liurranl Inlet,
Cassiur,
Yic'toria,
<<
<•
It
It
II
Eloctonil District of Vietoriti
do Cariboo
Province
do
, . .do
do
do
do
do
do
do
. Electoral Distri<!t of Victoria
Electoral District of New W^estnii lister
Province
do
do
d()_
Electoral Di.strict of Yale
Province
do
do
do
.do
<lo
do
Electoral District of ( 'owiclian
Electoral District of New Westminster
NOTARIES PUnLIC
J Us.sher
G. Bvrnes
H. V-Edmonds
W. Norman Bole
J. C. Huij;lies
R. H. Alexander
A. W. Vowell
M. W. T. Drake
R E. Jackson
E. Johnson
. J. R. Hett
W. Pollard
A. R. Robertson
. H.C. Courtnej
E. Harrison Jr
A. T. D. McElmen
86 GUIDE TO BKITISH COLUMIJU.
Victoria, .....
A. E. B. Davie
11
C. J. Lej^gatt
Nanaimo, ....
. R Smith
. • • . .
C. N. Young
• • • . •
Theo. Davie
llEOISTRAKS UNDER MARUIAGE ORDINANCE ACT.
Cjiriboo, ....
. H. M. Ball
Lillooet, • , « .
E. H. Sanders
KaraloopH. ....
.John U.ssher
New Westminster,
E. Dickinson
Cassiar, ....
A. W Vowell
Victoria, . . . . .
T. Harris
Xaimimo, ....
AV. R. Spalding
RETURNING OFFICERS.
Cariboo, ....
. H. M. Bail
Lillooet, .....
E. H Sanders
Yalo, . ...
J. Ussher
Kootenay, .....
C. Booth
New Westminster,
A. .Taclcson
Victoria, ....
C. Prevost
Cowichan, ....
J. Morley
Nanaimo, ....
T. L. Fawcett
Ooniox, , . . .
Ct. F. Drabble
COUNTY COURT JUDGES.
Cariboo, ...
. H. M. Ball
Lillooet, .....
E. H. Sanders
Yale and New Westminster,
. P. O'Reilly
Victoria, ....
A. F. Pembertou
Nanaimo, ....
W. R. Spalding
REGISTERS COUNTY COURT.
Cariboo,
J. Lindsay
Clinton, ....
M. O'Connor
Lillooet, ....
. A. W. Smith
Lytton, . ,
G. Coxon
Yale. ...
W. league
Kootenay, ....
C. Booth
New Westminster and Coast District,
J. A. R. Homer
Victoria, ....
C. J. Prevost
SHERIFFS.
Cariboo, ....
G. Byrnes
Lillooett, ....
<i
Yale, . ...
H. V. Edmonds
New Westminster and Coast District,
ti
Kootenay, ....
<(
Victoria, ....
T. Hanis
V
OUIDK TO IJIliTlSH COI.l'MUU.
m
I.AXr* rOMMlSHIOXERS
(•iiriboo, ....
Kiiinloops,
Ni<!olii Vjilluy,
Okiuia^an. . . • .
Kootuiiiiy, ....
Cowidmu and Salt Spriiif^ Islaiul,
Naiiuiino, . . . .
VU'TOHI.\ OAOL
(raolnr,
Assistant (laol^r, , Ji
Soiiior ('onvict Guanl,
Convict (fuaid,
(V)nvi('t (luanl, ....
Turn key, ....
NEW WF.STMlXSTHi OAOL.
(Jaolor, ....
Assistant (iaolor,
Senior ('onvict (iuard,
.Junior (^oiivict Guard, .
I'OI.ICi: FOUCK.
Su|)«M-int(MidtMit for tile Provineu,
LIN.VTK" ASVLU.M .
SnjK'rintendent,
Keeper, .....
Assistant Keeper,
Matron, . . . .
Medieal Oificer,
[\Vf nre indclttcil ti> tin- coiirtosy (if the ufBi-lalH of the difTerPiit
t2«lui{ uiUiial UHt8 of J. P.'u. &<;.— El>.!
J. Howion
John I'sslier
J. C'lupperton
C. \. Vernon
W./reague
C. Jiooth
, J. M(»rlev
T. L. Fawcett
Phillij) \Vo(dacott
)lin NN . Hutchison
Edward Truran
Edward (litlen
A. W. Rodders
James Kobson
A H. McBriih-
W. Moresby
James MeNamara
Win. Edwards
Wni. Bo\v«h'n
J. J. Downev
M. J (b)odf-
J. Plnllips
Mrs. F. Hosb
J. B. Matthews
(iRpnrtmentN for tin- foro-
PKOVINCIAL REPKESENTATIVES IN THE DOMIN-
ION PARLIAMENT.
SENATE.
Hon. R. W. W. Carrall.
" C. F. Cornwall.
'* W. J. Macdonald.
COMMONS
Vancouver Island District,
Victoria District,
Hon. A. Bunstor
Hon A. DeCosnios
I
88
GUIDE TU BItlTISH COLUMBIA.
Victoria Dintiiot, .
Yah' District,
Cariboo District, .
Now Wcstiniiister District,
F. J. Hoscoo
E(l<^ar Di'wtliu^v
J. SjMMici'r 'riioiiipsoM
Jaiiics ('uiiniii^liaia
KEintliSHNTATIVES IN IMtOVlNClAL PAKIJAMHNT.
Victoria Citv District,
<t
Victoria District,
New Wostininsti'i' District,
l{ol)crt licaviMi
lion. .laiiii's Triiul)!!', (SpcakiM)
Hon. Aii(lr(!\v (!|«arlfs Elliott
William .lames Doiij^las
Hon. Tlioiii is liasil llmnplirtvs
Will
I
lain I' rasi'i'
•l',i
\nw.
William James Armstrong'
1
'il)lMI('/(
r I
irowu
New Westminster City Di-.trict,
Conin\ District.
Lillooct District,
• • •
Cariboo District,
Esijuimalt Distiict,
Kootenav District,
Nanaimo District,
Yiil ' District,
Cowichau District,
Robert Dickinson
John Ash
Will
lam .
illiam
.1. 1
irown
oi nson
(reor^e Ant lion V Walkem
Aloxaiuler Eilmund Batson Davi(>
.John lOvaiis
William Fisher
Frtnleriek \V . Williams
Charles (lalla<;her
William ^\ Milliv
D W. (lor(h)n
John Antli'ew Mara
Hon. Forbi's (J. ^'ernon
liolu'rt Smith
Hon. Wiiiiam Smitlu!
Ivl
win
Piml
MU'S
M 1 N E S.
Extracts from the report of the ."Minister of Mines for the
year 1875, of mining oparations for goKl, coal, etc:
In reviewing thu mining opnMtions conilacteil in British
Columbia ibiring the year 1875, it will be found that no new
mining localities have been discovered. Tins work done has
been in tiekls already known; and although much new ground
nUIDE TO BRITIBH COLUMBU.
89
haH been broken, improved mines satisfactorily tested, and
fresh deposits struck in localities already known, yet no really
new Mining Districts have been added to those already dis-
covered.
The prosperity of mining undertakings has not, however,
been less on that account than in previous years ; the yield of
f^old iu Cariboo and Cassiar, has been steiidily on the increase.
The Cassiar field has been largely proved and developed, and
much new and promising ground taken up.
In the coal fields of the Province, mining operations have
been steadily carried on during the year. In existing, i. e,
working mines, the Vancouver Coal Co. have introduced a
diiimund drill, which is now in operation.
CASSIAR.
Siiyyea Creek, is an affluent of the North-\'/estern branch
of the Doloire i iver, about 170 miles from its confluence with
Dease river. A party of three men took out about 78 ounces
iu llo days, making an average of ten dollars per day per
iiiiin 'J^he gold is coarse and of excellent quality . Tliis
Creek is reputed to be as large as Williams Creek, but much
longer, and will doubtless provide nany miners with employ-
ment next year.
Both Tliibert's and McDame's Creek have been worked
witli great success; and a promising lead of quartz containing
gold, silver anil copper, was discovered on the latter. On
Fraueisor Deloiro river a lode of argentiferous galena was dis-
covered and located, several hundred pounds of ore having
been shipped for assay
Tlusre can be no doubt of the importance and value of the
district of Cassiar as a mining field, which will, probably,
oecujjy a foremost place in our mining annals for many years
to come .
The late Mr . Sullivan, Gold Commissioner, writing of these
creeks, says: —
" Miners who arrived here in the early part of the spring
and who worked their claims before the freshet came did very
well, as they were then able to take advantage of a low stage
of water, and notwithstanding the difficulties attending work
in that season, such as cutting ice and removing snow, I am
informed by them that in most instances it is the economic
season to work creek claims in this portion of the district .
However many did not work during that time fearing an early
thaw and a consequent loss of labour in making preparations
for such work . The lesson. I think, will not be thrown away
and miners will propably attend to the working of their creek
f
90
caiUE to BRITIHH ('(ilX'MlilA.
claima early in tlie npriug fur the future, more eHpeciully uu
McDaine's, where the wuter HubuideH into u very small Htreum
(luring the HeaHon."
Extracts from G . B . Wright's report :—
" I am tirmly of the opinion that the Cassiar mines are in
their infan(!y . It is now well established that Dease, Thil)ert
and MeDame Creeks have yielded in two seasons nearly two
millions of dollars, and the two latter streams will, nndonbt-
ly, produce far more in the future than they have yet done.
Three other streams have been ju-ospected, tributaries of
Dease river and DeJjuird, and gold in paying quantities has
been found upon each The last discovery (Sayyea's ('reek)
offers sucii induceuHMits that hundreds of raiut-rs will visit it
during the present season. Its (lisooverers report that then'
are ileep deposits of auriferous gravel which will, nrobnblv,
enable the miners to pnjsecute their work in tunnels and shafts
during the winter seas(m, thus removing one principal objec-
tion to the claims in this extreme northern region, vi/., the
shortness of the mining season.
"I believe that rich and jnotitablrt silver-bearing leads of
(piartz and galena exist, aiul will be worked extensively tlur-
ing the next two seasons.
"If my anticipations of tin* extent of the mining ilistricts,
and the richness of tiie quart/ veins, are reidi/cd, another
season will see the necessity of the introduction of heavv
machinery for milling ore and for steam navigation. The Dt-
Liatd and Dease Rivers united, will t)tVer '2i)l> miles of un-
interrupted navigation."
THE I)IS( OVEHV OF THE CASSIAR (JOIJ> FIELDS.
As the gold fit^lds of Cassiar seem likely to become of con-
siderable importance t<» the future of the Province, it may be
of some interest to trace the circumstances which led to theii-
discovery and development: —
Fair prospects of gold had been from time tt) time discov-
ered on the banks and bars of the Stickeen River, and several
Sarties had been formed for the purpose of visiting and en-
eavoring to establish that part of the Province as a gohl
field. 13ut no definite results followed the endeavors made in
this direction from the sea-board, it was reservetl for an ex-
plorer entering British Columbia through the portals of th<'
Rocky Mountains to discover this important tract of country,
and it is to the intrepidity and perseverance of Mr. Thibert
that attention is now called.
Ijeaving Minnesota in June, 18t}9, with one companion and a
small supply of necessjiries, chiefly consisting of ammimition.
(iriDR TO DRITI8H COLUMBIA.
91
Mr. Thibert ntartoil ou a long and perilous journey, intending
tu piiHH two or throo winters in trapping in the North-West
Territory, and (iniilly penetrate through the Rocky Mountains
and British Clolumbia to the Pacific. Thoy passeil their
first winter at Great Slave Lake; during 1870 they resumed
hunting and prospecting, and passed the winter about seventy-
Htc miles up the McKt^izir rivm.
Durin<{ 1H71 they p.isscd throu'^h the Rocky Mountains and
winttired on the (Ire or Dnloire river at an old Hudson Bay
Fort; by this time their supplies had run very short, only a
small supply of ammunition and tobacco remaining. In this
dreary, solitary, and inhospitable region, they suffered tre-
in«tiufous hardshi])s, being entirely dependent on their i»uns
for the means of living.
In the course of this year they met with another intrepid
truvt'Uer, the well known McCy'ullough, who wintered with
them. Up to this time, they had heard or knev nothing
about Dease river. By following the course of the Deloire ri i^er
during 1H72, they "eacluHl Dease Lake, where they parted
with McCullougk. The first gold struck by the party, was in
a place known as Devil's Portage, where the river crosses the
Ilocky Mountains. On reaching Dease Lake in 1872, thev
passed three weeks in fishing and hunting, and then proceu •
I'd down to the Stickeen as far as Buck s Bar, McCuUough
proceeding to Victoria, while they wintered there; being the
fourth year thev had wintered alone, far from the habitation of
man. On the l4th of February, 1873, they started for Dease
Lake, prospecting the creeks that empty into it, and shortly
struck rich prospects, as much as two ounces of rough gola
a day, on Tliibert's Creek, at a depth of from one to three
feet, working with a rocker; the gold was found on slate bed-
ruck, in what in mining parlance is known as "black rock."
Here they remained and worked three claims during the
season. In July some more men, thirteen in all arriveo.
Towards the Fall some twenty men arrived, all wintering
on Thibert's Creek.
Having left on a prospecting tour they discovered paying
ground on Dease Croek, and William Moore started work
there at Mr. Thibert's instance.
Thibert's Creek enters the lake close to the exit of Dease
[iiver. It is from twenty-five to thirty miles in length, and
almost fifty feet wide, with occasional fla."^ covered with
deciduous trees.
Tunnels have been started in the hill sides, and are being
worked on the head of Thibert's Creek, the results of which
are not yet apparent.
w
92
GUIDE mo BRITISH CULUMDIA.
\0-
During the year 187-.* u, prospecting was curried on in the
vicinity of Doase Creek in every direction, and up the Deh)ire
lliver, resulting in tlie discovery of Mc Dame's ('reek, Trout
Creek, Quartz Creek, and Sayyea (Veek, all of wiiich have
been more or less succ<msfully worked.
During ilu'se years over one thousand men have visited this
locality; and iilthough the season is very short, the estimat*'!
of gold produced is a little! short of two millions of dnllars.
'Hie area of the gohl field of Cassiar, thus far developeil,
comprises a tract of <;ountrv of at least three hundred miles
stpiare.
It is ainjost impossible to forego the conclusion that for the
tiiscovery of this m»»st important gol<l region, the Province is
almost eutirel}' indebted to the intrepidity and perseveranct*
of Mr. Thibert.
CAltlJJOO.
Turning from C'assiar to the old established mining region
of t'iiriboo, it is nei'essary to give the tirsl place to Lightning
C'H'ek, which has continued throughout the year to giv»' rich
yields of gold from many claims.
The wealth taken from this crt^ek has l)een so great that it
wjis considt^red that a ch^scription of its discovery w(mld be
highly inten'sting. Captain Evans was tlierefore eniployed
to prepare an account of the creek, which is as follows:
"Early in ISCil, 'Bill' (;unniiigham, ' Jack' Hume, and
* Jim ' IJell, thret> gold hunters, started stnithward ovt'r the
mountains from Jack of Clubs Creek on a prospecting tour.
They found the trii) exceedingly rough and hiborious, especi-
ally in dt'seending the steep banks of the cret^k they came to,
the former called out to his companions, ' Boys, this is Light-
ning," it bt'ing a favouriti' expr<'ssion with him in meeting
anything ditticult to overcome.
" Li July of the same year, * Ned " Campbell found gold in
paying quantities a few hundred yards above the mining town
of Van Winkle, in the second canon. ft was estimated that
no less than !*20(),00(> wastakcnout of Campbell's ' discovery"
and the adjoiirug one, the ' Whitt'liaH' claim. These two
claims form part of what is now known as the Spruoc ('om-
panv's ground. This discovtny brought hundreds of miners
to the cret'k and tributaries.
"The following will give an idea of the money taken out
from some of the most prominent claims on Lightning Oeek :
Dutch and Siegel (now Perseverance) $180,()()()
Dunbar H0,()()0
Discoverv and Butcher ... 120,000
OI'IDE TO BRITISH COLUMBIA.
9:^
! 'V
, Ciiinnboll and Whitehall 20(),0l)(>
South WaieH i4i,r.;n
Lij,'ht»inK ISa.SMi'i
Point VMS,{m
S|.nict> «H>,tH>H
Costollo 20,47(J
Vulcan ')(>,9")5
Vancouver 274,11)0
Victoria 4r)l,r»42
Van Winkle mA,\m
These sums are miu\o up to the 1st November, 1875. It in
fouu'l inn)ossihle to }i[et an accurate idea of the money taken
out of the older claims, as thi^ shareholders are scattered and
the hooks lost
"The t 'ostelloConijmnv ex])ended in all, up to date,!?71,!}4r) —
.S'{7,41>:{ of which before finding gold— so that it cost !?:{:{,H52
since, to take out *2(>,47(). The (U ulstone expt'nded !i5r)8,7t)4,
and not \(;t in the channel.
" Had many of tlu* companies machinery of powerful capacity
at first, one-third the expense would have autliced to ])rosy>ect
their ground, but unfortunately many of them were poor,
struggling for existenc'e, iind I'oping with enormous difficulties.
Th«' following are the claims on this creek of chief import-
aiu'cf at present. The amount of gold taken out of each in
IST'), for 1) months, is plac^nl opposite :-
Van Winkle |!21S.2()2
Victoria 202,282
Vancouver 54,115
Vulcan 15,tH)0
Costello 17,442
It may be confidently expected that the lead of gold will be
ultimately discovered in other claims on this creek.
Williams (vieek, though not producing in any way so large
a pro))ortion of gold as Lightning Creek, has yet yielded
fairly.'"
Extracts fiom Mr. Bowron's Report state the whole yield
for the Cariboo District is fl,075,2M7, of which Wilfiams
Civek is credited with over $r»H,0(MK
The Ontario claim on Conklin (Julch has paid handsomely,
giving a return of $2IJ,5(K).
"The amount of gold taken out for nine months would
appear to V)e « 088,152
"To this, however, he considers should be added
at least one-fourth for amounts not accounted
for, sav 172,038
SSB
SSB
94
GUIDE TO BBITIBH OOLUMBU.
i'
Product for nine months $ 860,190
"To which, for the product of the remaining
three months, allowing for the fact of the
hydraulic claims doing but little work, add i,
say 215,047
"Being an approximate yield for 1875 (which he
believes to be a fair estimate) $1,075,237
"As the alluvial diggings on the various creeks, now being
worked, have become gradually exhausted, attention is being
drawn to quartz mining. Quartz ledges are found in abund-
ance throughout the District, on some of which prospecting
has been done at various times, but, so far, unsuccessfully,
though in some instances good paying prospects were obtained.
Failure, no doubt, was occasioned by not possessing proper
appliances for working tht? same. The chief drawbacks to-
wards developing this most important branch of mining which,
it is believed, must eventually become the great source of
wealth of Cariboo, are the difficulties of access, owing to its
remoteness from navigation or railways, and the absence of
mills for crushing puiposes.
"Several assays liave lately been made at the Government
Assay Office here, some of which show very good results as
regards both the yield of gold and silver, and were the ledges,
from which the specimens were taken, situated where machin-
ery for reduction at any reasonable rates was available, they
would, no doubt, be eagerly sought after by capitalists. A
quantity of rock from the vicinity of Soda Creek, from which
a very favourable assay of silver was obtained, I understand
is about to be forwarded to San Francisco for reduction and
a piactical test of its value, which, if found satisfactory, will
lead to extensive machinery being at once erected on the
ground.
The rate of freight from Yale, the head of navigation, to
Barkerville, averages from 7J to 8 cents per lb. in the spring,
and about 12^ cents per lb. in the fall.
OMINEOA.
Amiu the excitement, consequent on the wealth developed
at Cassiar, this district has nearly faded out of view. Though
mining is still carried on here, there is no doubt that the ex-
pectations formed about its wealth have fallen far short of
what was anticipated. The agent reports that the estimate
of gold produced in this section, is only $32,000. The total
population amounts to 68.
OtIIDE TO BRITISH COLUMBIA.
95
Mining in Ominecji for the y«a', like that of the other dis-
tricts, was, in 1875, much affecteil by climatic influences, and
severe freshets disappointed the reasonable anticipations of the
miners. The agent's report points to the fact that although
mining in this section is not at the present time very flourish-
ing, there are sutficient evidences to warrant hopeful expecta-
tions in the future.
KOO'ri'.XAY.
In turning attention to the southern gold fields of British
Columbia, there is less reason for congratulation.
Kootenay, during the year 1875, has barely held its own.
The total population was only 144, of which 40 whites and 50
Chinese were engaged in mining, with a total yield of
.S41,000.
The Government Agent there, however, considers that there
"are manifestations of more energy on the ])art of our people
this y(!!ir."
He says — "From all I can learn, I am of opinion that
Quartz Creek and other tributaries of the Columbia river will
pi'ovc a f';ood section of country for miners.
' ' Arrangements are being made to prospect the deep
giound on Wild Horse Creek this fall and winter. A number
of new hill claims have been opened out on Wild Horse Creek
this season."
FUASRIt niVEK.
The only portion of our gold mines to which allusion now
remains to be made, are those sittiated on the banks of tlui
Fraser, between Yale and Soda Creek. Mining is chiefly con-
fined in these localities to (Uiinese and Indians, and it is esti-
mated that about #50,000 was produced by their opera-
ti(ms in 1875.
The Gov(!rnment Agent at Yale, William Teague, Esq., in
reporting on the diggings in his neighbourhood, makes the
following observations, which are not devoid of interest, as
there is not the smallest doubt that ver}- large deposits of
gold still I'emain undeveloped in the extensive flats, bordering
on tlie Fraser river, in this region; and which, though not
suitable to remunerate individual labour, would return a large
harvest to united efforts :—
" You will observe that mining industries in these divisions
are compai'atively small ; and that mining operations on the
bars of the Fi'aser, in these localities are not so numerously
or extensively worked as formerly. The falling ott" is partly
attributed to the alluvial deposits on the bars of the t raser
liaving ceased to V)e remunerative, after having been success-
\
i
'i
T
m
GUIDE TO BRITISH COLUMBIA.
fully worked and yielded gold in large quantities for a number
of years.
'* High benches, which flank the course of the river, and
bear large deposits of wash gravel on either side, and which
can be seen in considerable numbers, stretchinji^ most exten-
sively along the Fraser, with every appearance favourable, and
giving indications of containing rich deposits of gold, yet re-
main unexplored; and piacticalmen are of the opinion that,
if the same skill and capital were emploved in working these
as is employed in working the California mines, the results
would be, no doubt, as satisfactory. In conjunction there-
with I might add that Siwash Creek, situated about three
miles above Yale, and the Que-que-halla, which rises in the
Similkaraeen range, and empties into the Fraser about a mile
above the town of Hope, are known to contain '!;old in sufficient
quantities to yield a fair remuneration for labour. The.s(»
streams, probably, would have had a goodly number of
Chinamen working on them, with a certain amount of success,
had it not been for the exciting news caused, some short time
since, by the richness of the newly discovered gold mines of
Cassiar, on which account large numbers of miners left these
localities to try their success in the mines of that district.
' * Two silver mining licences have also been issued during
the year for these localities, an I the lodes are located on
Silver Creek, a short distance south-east of Silver Peak,
where the stream runs through the valley at the foot of Silver
Peak Mountain. The lode is supposed to be a continuation
of the Van Bremer, and runs parallel with it.
" Operations at the Eureka and Van Bremer mines have
been at a stand-still, although from each of these mines, speci-
mens have been assayed with such results as would justify a
vigorous development of the mines."
It is satisfactory to remark that the actual known returns
of 1875, viz., $1,856,178, is larger than for any year since
1867 ; the average yearly earning being greatest of any year
since gold was discovered.
An average has also been struck, shewing that the number
of men employed in each year was 3,220; and their average
earnings per man, per year, $658.
GUIDE TO RRITIHII COLUMBIA.
9T
TABLE
Shewing the actually known and estimated yield of Gold ; the
number of miners employed ; and their average earnings
per man, per year, from 1858 to 187G.
Ainoiint ftctufil-
Add one third
AveraRe
yearly
Y.'nr.
ly known to
have been ex-
more, estimate
of t^old carried
Total.
Number of
Miners
ported by
away in iirivate
Employed.
earuiuRa
per man.
Bunks, A-o.
handM
1H58
(C iiiDiithsl
IHo'J
' § .3an,2G5
S 130.088
$ 520,353
3,000
$ 173
1.211,304
403.768
1,615.072
4,000
403
18(i0
1, ('.71, 410
557.133
2,228,543
4,400
506
1861
l,i»n!),589
G66.529
2,666,118
4,200
634
18C.2
I8(;:i
[ 3,184,700
1.061,566
4.246,266
S 4,100
1 4,400
517
482
18(i4
2.801,888
933,902
3,735,850
4,400
849
I8«r,
2,618,404
872,801
3,491,205
4,294
813
lH6(i
l,9l>fi.o80
6C5,ii26
2,662,106
2,982
893
18(',7
1,860,051
620.217
2,480,868
3,044
814
18(;8
1,779.72'J
593,243
2,372,972
2,390
992
i8(;i»
1,331.234
443.744
1,774,978
2,369
749
1870
1,002,717
334.239
1,. 336.9.56
2,348
569
1871
1,349,580
449.860
1.799,44(1
2,450
734
1872
1,208,229
402.743
1,610,972
2.400
671
1873
979,312
326,437
1,305.749
2,300
567
1874
1,383,464
461.154
1,844,618
2,868
643
1875
1.856,178
618,726
2,474,904
2,024
1,222
187r.
1,339,986
446.662
1,786,648
39,953,618
2,282
783
60,251
Avfc ge number of miners employed yearly 8,171
Average earnings per man, per year !?663
Total estimated and actual yield of gold, 1858
to 1876 $39,953,618
COAL MINING,
In the report for 1874 the fullest possible description of
tlie coal fields of Vancouver Island, as at present known, was
given, and copious extracts published from the Geological
Hq^orts of the Dominion of Canada, touching on this subject.
It will not, therefore, be necessary to go over this ground
af;;ain, but merely to state the results of tl.e workings in mines
actually opened, and the steps that have been taken for de-
veloping fresh seams.
u
i 11.
to
GUIDE TO BRITISH COLUMIJU.
Returns from the several companies engaged in this in-
dustry have been obligingly furnished, and are appended to
this report, from which the following general statement is
prepared.
Tlie coal mines actually in operation are all at or in the
immediate neighbourhood of Nanaimo, Vancouver Island.
UETUKN OF C'0.\L llAISED AND SOLD, 1870.
Harewood
VHticouvcr Oonipany. . .
W*lliugtun Mine (1875)
Acta-i] out- I No. of tons | No. of tons | No. of tons | No. of tons
put of Coal, sold for I sold for ex- Ion band Jan. unsold,
187G. Ton>>.| home eon- I portation. | iHt, 1870. | Jan. 1, 1877.
Buuiptiou.
ll,8f,0
7(i,()00
CU,542
1,0'JO
24,0(10
8.871!
7,520
62,000
3t».a47
300
2,384
.•t,550
2,318
The returns for 1870 have not been furnished by the Wellington and Vancouver mines.
COiMPAllATIVE STATEMENT SHOWING AMOUNT OF COAL RAISED ^VND
SOLD IN 1874 AND 1875 IlESPECTIVELY.
Tons.
Sold in 1873
Do. 1874
No. of tons
for home
couHumption
No. of tons.
for exporta-"
tion.
Total Sales.
Total output, 1875
Do. 1874
110,14.1
81, .'■.47 K cwt
31,2.VJ
25,022
00,392 Jj
50,038
07,644 .V,
81,000
Inoreasi*. 1875
28,597 12 cwt
0,230
10,3,14 ,"4
1U,584 h
It is satisfactory to observe that in one year the output of
coal from thes-t? two mines should have increased from 81,000 to
110,000 tons, and that the home consumption increased over
6,000 tons, while the export sale increased 10,000 tons. The
increase in home consumptic^u indicates increased vitality in
manufacturing and home steam shipping interests.
The returns from the Vancouver, Wellington and Harewood
mines ar«; well worth consulting, in view of the interesting
particulars given as to the workings, hands employed, rates ci
wages, machinery in use, value of plant, kc, ttc.
With refi'rence to ex))loratious for coal and the develo})ment
of the^mines, it is well to state that the Vancouver Coal Co.
has been engaged in searching for fresh seams of coal by
aid of a 'diamond drill. An engineer has been spe(dally
engaged from England to conduct the operation, and in
'ess than .three montlis the hard Nanaimo rocks have been
pierced to a depth of 500 feet. A description of this most
useful machine, by J. Ker (iulland, is annexed.
" Tlio boring of rock in a rapid and etHcacious manner must
be deeply interesting and of great value to all er.gaged in
wrestinj' from mother earth the treasures and secrets which
OriDK TO BRITISH rOLUMniA.
99
sli<} liidos heneutli thj siirfiieo, whotlior tho wovk be umler-
t;ilv«'U lor pit>lit or for seientitic I'esearch.
" Porlmps tlifH! is no braueli of met^h.inic.il oni^iiuioring
wlHjre inorti rapid strides have, of late years, been made than
ill machinery for b.)rin;^ rocks. Rocks are bored either by
steel tliroui^li the inediuin of percussive »h'ills, or by diamonds
acting without percussion, by reason of their extreme hard-
ness. Many of tht? percussive drills now made have reached
a high stand. ti'd of perfection; but it ks foreign to my subject
to speak of them, and I will eontine myself to the diamond
rock-l)oring machinery of Messrs. Beaumont and Appleby,
now extensiviily worked by the Diamond lioek Boring Com-
" The (bawings show two views of a prospecting machine,
and although recent improvements have been made in the
jntjchanical details, yet in all essential particulars the machiu-
t'ly rt'inaiiis unaltered.
" It consists of a frame, shewn of wood in the drawing, but
now, for the sake of strength and durability, made of H shaped
wrought iron. The power to drive the machine is transmitted
by means of a belt, and the hollow quill which carries and re-
volves the boring rods is driven by suitable shafting.
" T'he tpiill is given a rise or fall of about G', and is guided
by a cross head working in slides attached to the two upright
-id;; frames of machine.
•' On the under side of the quill are placed three grips
workcnl inwards and outwards by means of a scroll and nut;
these grips on being screwed up grasp the rods firmly and
coiupul tlu'in to revolve with the quill.
" On the top of the quill there are also steel set screws to
steady the rods and keep them in the centre of the hole in the
quill.
"The boring rods are hollow, and on the top end of the
boring rod is placed a water union joined up to a force pump
by means of flexible hose and wrought iron pipes. The force
])amp being driven by suitable gearing, on the lower end of
the rodf. is placed the crown, which is merely a piece of steel
tube set with carbonate (or diamonds in an uncrystallized
state) in the following manner: — Holes are first bored in the
end of the crown of a size a little less than the diamonds to
be inserted, and then cut exactly to the shape of the piece of
diamond, which is then placed in the hole and the metal of
the crown drawn round it on every side by means of a punch,
leaving only a very small portion of the stone projecting be-
yond the surface of the crown. Hollows are then cut between
the stones to allow the water to pass freely while the crown is
ibt
100
GUIDE TO BRITISH COLUMBIA.
at work; the water answering the double jmrposo of keeping
the crown cool while boring and washing the debris resnlting
from the boring to the surface of the ground.
" Balance weights are attached to the cross head by means
of chains and pulleys for the purpose of regulating the pres-
sure put on the crown while boring. This pressure depends
on the nature of the rock to be cut, and varies from 400 lbs.
to 800 lbs., when the drill should penetrate at sptjeds ranging
from 2" to 4" per minute; granite and the hardest limestone
are readily cut at 2 ' to JV per minute, sandstone at 4", and
quart/ at 1" \Hn- minute.
" These speeds are obtained when the drill is making 2o0
revolutions per minuti!, and they may be increased if neces-
Hary; but the increase of speed which might be obtained be-
yond the figures already qu(.»ted would throw such a strain on
the machine as would not be compensated for by the increase
of work done.
' ' A power crab is also attached to the machine for the pur-
pose of lifting and lowering the rods by means of a chaii-
passing over a pulley placed directly over the bore hole and
carried by shear legs.
" For si)eed of boring through the hardest rocks, and giving
a true and reliable sample of the strata passed through, this
machine far outstrips any that have iiitherto been invented;
a soli<l core being produced and brought to the surface in the
following manner: The boring rods and crown being tubular,
it follows that only an annular space is cut out of the strata
passed through, leaving a piece in the centre uncut which
passes up the inside of the boring rods in the form of a cylin-
der and by means of a projecting ring or sliding wedges at-
tached to the crown, it is jammed inside the boring rods, and
is I'cmoved when the rods are drawn up to the surface.
" In addition to this, when the machine is in moticm
water from the source force is sent down the inside of
boring rods and rises on their (nitside to the surface of
ground, thus washing up all the debris formed by
diamonds whilst boring the rock. This del)ris alone would
enable any one to judge exactly of the strata which is being
passed through."
WELLINGTON (JOLLIEUY, 1876 — DUNSMUIIl, DlfJGLE & CO.
This Colliery is situated three miles west from Dei)arture
Bay; the slope is fiOO jards; the depth below the surface is
120 feet, and the seam averages a thickness of 9 feet fi inches.
No. 1 shaft is situated about 1,400 yards from Departure
Bay, 180 feet deep, the seam being four feet in thickness, and
rather soft at pi'eseut.
the
the
the
the
OmDE TO BRITISH COLUMBIA.
11)1
Description of Machinery.
2 horizontal eiigiuos (coupled), each 16 horse-power on slope
1 pumping
1
unJergrountl
shaft
on wharf
G
10
2 locomotive " 8
2 horizontal " (coupletl), G
for hoisting coal on hoard large vessels.
ValiKJ of plant and rolling stock (not including workshops,
storos, dwelling-housos, &c.,) §110,000.
There are two wharves at Departure Bay; one 12 feet above
high water mark; depth of water at extreme low tide 18 feet;
longth of wharf 500 feet. The other is 18 feet above high
water, with a depth of water at low tide of 25 feet. This
wharf is 350 feet long, on which the two engines above-men-
tiontnl are in course of erection, for the purpose of facilitating
the loading of the largest of the Pacific Mail Company's
steamers.
(Signed) R. DUNSMUIR.
Tlio number of miners employed at Nanaimo and in the
neighbourhood amounts to —
Whites. Chinese. Indians. Total.
)im 170 51 623
not including the hands employed on the Harewood mine,
being an increase of nearly 200 over the number employed in
187'!, a fact satisfactorily illustrating the advance made in
active opera tions in these mines .
At the back of Nanaimo, some three or four miles, is situ-
ated the fine property known as the Harewood Coal Mine.
This i)roperty consists of about 9,000 acres, situate in,Moun-
tiiin, Cranberry, Douglas and Nanaimo Districts, and active
operations in mining were commenced by the present pro-
prietor, T. A. Bulkley, early in the year 1874, and have been
steadily continued up to the present time.
The point of shipment for the coal raised on the Harewood
mine is on Cameron Island, in Nanaimo harbour, a dis-
tance of about three miles from the mines, the means of
transporr being by an elevated wire tramway, driven by an
engine situated at the harbour terminus .
The workings actually opened up to the present time in this
mine consist of 700 yards of levels and airways, the mine be-
ing worked by a "level free" tunnel. The seam of coul now
being workecl varies from about 7 to 8 feet in thickness. The
coal is believed to be superior for steam purposes.
A fresh impetus has been given to the coal interests of
102
GUIDE TO BRITIHH COLUMniA.
Vunconver Island, in the commencement of active oper-
ations, by the Baynes Sound Colliery Company, on their
property, situate in the Gulf of Georgia, between Nanaimo
and Comox, and opposite Denraan Island.
As considerable interest has been evinced in reference to
this section of our coal lields, it would be as well to republish
the following (extract from Mr. Richardson's description of
the Baynes Sound Coal Seams, which was given in full last
year : —
" Five miles along the coasf, in a bearing S. IH^ E. from
the trail to the Perseverance Claim, a ])ath runs inland, in
general bearings S. 70' W., and leading, in a distance of a
little over two miles, in a straight line, to the Baynes Sound
Coal Mines. Here, in a deep gorge, through which a small
stream of water finds its way in its course to Fannv Bay on
Baynes Sound, 0(;curs the following descending section : —
Ft. Ins.
Mri>\v!iiHh-<^riiy or (Irii)i. inoilcmtcly fine Kriiiiied saiulstojic,
slii,'htly (•iilciiieons, with s(m1(>h of wli*t»^ niicii. mid in lay-
ers of froui «ix inches to two feit. lohling frngments of
the stems iiiul leiives of pliints
Colli, C'leilV iUlii hiird
Hrowriish-nniy or (huV)Hiindstoni'. in beds of from six inches
to four feet tliiek. holdini,' friif,'mi iits of plants
Hliiek. soft, ivri^illiieeons sli.ile, a ith short thin lenticular
I ditches of ooul ...
Hvownish-^ray drab sandstone, in lieds of from six inches
to two feet . .
lilaek. soft, argillaceons shale, with ohseciire impressions
of plants .
(^oal, which appears to vary in its thickness, beiii;^ in some
jtarts not over five feet two inches, and in others seven
feet, while the lower two f.et sliew occasionally thin
seams of carbonaceous sliale. with obsecuri- impressions
of plants, say.
I '.roguish-gray or drab, moderately line-{^aiued, slij^htly
calcareous saudstuue, with scales of white mica
no
0
10
4S 0
fi 0
in
107 4
" The dip of the strata is here N. 8<r E., <1.5^, gradually
increasing to 40', and the two coal seams are seen descending
in both sides of the ravine, the edges of the lower one meet in
the bottom of the stream, but while those of the upper on e
are still about twenty ft. above the water, a fault occurs cutting
them off. The underlie of the fault is S. 02= W., <38\ and
the dip of the strata on the other or eastward side of it is N.
64° E., <4.3o. The strata on that side, after an interval in
which seventv feet of rhe base art
concealed,
consist of
seventy-two feet of brownish-gray sandstone, holding a few
fragments- of plants, overlaid by ten feet of black argillaceous
shale. As these beds are not recognised on the west side of
OriDE TO BRITISH COLUMBIA.
103
the (lislocjition, the amount of it, on the side on which the
strata are thrown down, (sannot be determined with certainty,
unless a small mass of coal which is caught in the fault,
and lies lower than the extremity of the upper seam, be
derived from it. In that case the down-throw would be on
th(! east side. In a position, which appears to be close to the
east side of the fault, a shallow shaft has been sunk in search
of the unper seam ; it penetrates the measures on that aide,
but sandstone alone ap[)ears to have been excavated."
The following renorts from the Vancouver, Harewood,
Bayues Sound and Wellington Collerios, carry the informa-
tion on this subject up to date:
VANCOIJVEU COAL COMPANY.
Nanaimo, January, 1877.
Vancouver Island is renowned as possessing rich stores of
coal of a (piality unequalled by any yet found in the American
Pacific States or Territories. Beginning at Fort Kupert and
reaching to Koskeemo, thence leading south to Nanaimo,
nearly the whole East Coast of the Island from the mountains
to the water is underlaid with coal.
It was at Fort Kupert that the Hudson Bay Company first
e\'i)lored coal, where they planted machinery, sunk bores, and
shafts and carried on various other operatioris preparatory to a
systiMuatic mining of coal. While these workmgs were going
on, an important discovery wms made at Nanaimo, of coal, in
thicker seams, more easily obtainable and much better situated
with regard to harbor accommodation. The company per-
ceiving the advantages of the Nanaimo coal district, dis-
mantled the machinery at Fort Kupert and removed the whole
with all the miners, to Nanaimo, where they turned olit coal
u]) to 1802, at which time the Nanaimo Coal Mining Company
acquired the valuable property by purchase .
Although, as before stated, coal is embedded all along the
East Coast, it is only in the Nanaimo district that it is suc-
cessfully extracted.
Nanaimo tht
then, as the principal and most valuable field of
coal under development, claims special notice . There are
three proprietaries operating in the district — the Vancouver
Coal Company; Dunsmuir, Diggle & Co., and Harewood
Mine.
The Vancouver Coal Company's mines comprise: 1, the
Douglas Pit, situated in the city itself ; 2, Fitzwilliam Mine,
upon Newcastle Island; and 3, New Douglas Mine near Chase
River.
104
GUIDE TO BRITIHH COLUMWA.
THK DOIOLAS PIT.
Tho surfuco arran^eiiuMits at this famous pit striko the eye
at first sight as being well dosigned, and much more perfect
than a stranger might expeet to see in a phiee so remote from
other and ohler mining countries, where everything can be
made and shaped to order. The hirge winding engines and its
furnaces and boilers an! models of their kind. Ihis engine
hauls a tiain of nine tons of coal up an incline nearly 1,()(KJ
yards in length at an angle of l'{ degrees from the liori/ontal.
The winding rojje is of the best stet'l wire, and weighs 'A), tons.
On arriving at the top of the incline the train of cars is im-
ptiUed along the tramway by its own gravity to the weigher,
from whom an em])ty train is drawn by the full one, and who
carefully notes the weight of coaleacli car contains, and sets it
down to the miner wlioso nund)er is shown by a tokcMi fixed
on the car. The coal is then tipped on the screen, at the
bottom of which a large Maggou is placed to receive the
lumps, while the small, whicli passes through, is caught
underneath by a second screen which makes " chestnuts."
All that goes through the under screen is dross and is con-
sumed at the engine furnaces. While the one train is under-
going the process of screening, another is ascending the in-
cline from the mine, and so the winding, weighing and screen-
ing methodically goes on.
The undeiground workings and plant are very extensive,
.substantial and efficient.
The Douglas s»'em of coal has an average thickness of 4i
feet, the main hovels and roads being height<>ned, where neces-
sary, for nuiles to trot along, and to allow a })erson to walk up-
right. The mine is drained l)y three j)uinj)s working at the bot-
tom of the incline and branches, one a steam pump, the other
twoplungt IS, res])ectively, of '), 7.} and H}^ inch working barrels.
These ])uiiips, the last named - two of which are driven by the
large winding engine after the day's coal is hauled — deliver
the water to the pump at the foot of a vertical shaft 12(1 f«'et
deep. In the shaft two 8-inch lifting pumjis are placed for
raisiiig all the water to the surface. The latter ])umps are
worked by an engine stationed at the head of the shaft.
Keverting to the arrangements above gi'ound — when the
waggons holding 4 tons each, are filled at the screens, they
are taken down the railway to the wharf by a locomotive.
The heading shutes are quickly reached, being oiily one third
of a mile from the mine. Arriving at the shipping jioint, over
a vessel's hatch, the door in the bottom of the waggon is ex-
peditiously opened and the coal is deposited in a ship's hold.
The shute, and the apparatus by which it is suspended are
or IDE TO HUITIHH COLUMBIA.
106
liiist'd iiiitl low»'i'<'(l l>y )i wi!ich as may be roqiiisito to suit the
(lill'i'ii'iit (ides aiul tlm height of hirg«' and small vessels.
Wlit'U the shnto is hjw the waggons aic lot down by a bre dc-
pniit V, and as soon as cniptit'd an* <|uii'lily brought uj) to the
platloiiii l)V a l)ac'k-balaii(r arting on the pullev. At high
tides when the shute is eonsiiUM'ably elevated a steam uinoh
is used to draw the waggons up to the loading point. These
apiilianct's isnaljle the loading to bo carried on at any stage of
till' tide, whatever may bo the sizo of the vessel taking in
cargo.
With the exception of .sonu) English cannel coal, the
Douglas I'oal is reputed to be tin; best in San Francisco for
gas-nialving. It yields over 10,000 cul)ic feet of gas per ton
of 2,*210 ll)s. ; has an illuminating power of U) candles, and
produces a good coke. .Vn analysis «!xhibits its composition
as follows: Carbon, 08; volatile matter, 2*2; ash, 10. The
Douglas seam of coal is very extensive. It is traced from the
Nanaimo pit across the harbor to
NEWCASTLE ISLAND.
Xt the Fitzwilliam Mine, on this island, the Vancouver Coal
('oni})any have put down a slope in the coal, which is found
() feet thick in two layers with a ply of shale between. The
C!onipany have erected powerful winding nnichinery and large
wharves. The loading ground is right at the pit's mouth; the
mine beiivr close to^^^he water's edge, it being necessary merely
to land th(? cars on tiie wharf for delivery of coal as it is mined
to a vessel at the shute. Newcastle is probably the most
valuable of all the islands between Vancouver and the main-
land. It contains ton million tons of coal; the best freestone
ou thti coast, and associated with the coal an inexhaustible
supply of tire-clay. The Newcastle Douglas Coal is a purer
article than that produced at the old pit, though not so highly
bituminous. An analysis of the Ne^vcastle gives carbon G8.-
HO; volatile matter 19.70; ash 12. The coal is ^ood for
steamers; burns exceedingly well when a hot fire is main-
tained ; makes a clinker that does not adhere to the bars, and is
not destructive of either grate or boiler.
THE NEW DOUGLAS MINE .
At Chase river, about a mile and a half from the Douglas
Pit, the Company about a year ago opened up the new Doug-
las s(;am, which is well situated for working, as will be seen,
when it is known that it has yielded 20,000 tons since the com-
raencement. The quality of coal is excellent for steam or
house pui*poses, though not quite equal to that of the Douglas
■ i|
I I
106
OUIDE TO BRITISH COLUMBIA.
pit for gas manufacture. A substantial railway of 4 ft. 8 ins.
gauge, of steel reversible rails weighing 52 lbs. to the yard has
been laid down irom the Douglas Pit to Chase river, and In a
few mouths to come the new Douglas mine is likely to be the
most largely productive in the district.
The sales of the Vancouver Coal Company, for the year
1870, exceeded 75,000 tons; more than two-thirds of which
went to San Francisco.
M. BATE.
IL\REW00D COAL ItflNR.
Nanaimo. January 20th, 1877.
Operations for 1870.
Output of C()ivl| Sold for Iioiik;
187r). I consumption.
Sold for
Exportation.
In liiind. j In li.ind,
Jim. 1, is7t; I n.'<-. ;n, ih?*;.
11,858 tons. 1,(. 1)3 tons.
7,523 tons.
8(1) tons.
3,5t"2 tons.
Regular work of minuig and shipping only commenced in
May.
Numfier o'' Handfi cinploijrd.
Whites. Chinese. Indians.
47 :{() Occasional.
WuifCN.
5S2 00 to $3 50 ."jsl 00 to !*l 25 ?;i 25
The seam at present worked is commoidy known as the
Harewood Seam; average about six feet thick, and yitjlds ji
coal excellent for steam, household, .•iiid gas ])ur|>oses — being
entirely f've from sulphur, it is found to make gas of an nn
usually |)ure iiuality. The mine continues to bi' carrieil xn
ou the '* level frei;" plan, the coal b(ung all hauled out by
mules, without the aid of engines. The mine requires wo
pumping macliinery.
Till' main levi^l is now in a ilistaiic^e of (500 yards, and ac-
cording to its present courso, will giv(! a large supply of coal
for many years to come without going any (leeper.
A bore is being sank below the present s(>a!ii to prospect
for the lower s(\im It is now down a distance of 280 feet
without being through the shales. From the mine to tli<'
shipping point in Nanaimo Harboi', the coal is carried a dis-
tances of three miles by means of an elevated wire tramway,
at the rate of U) tons per hour. .\s busini'ss increases, this
will be replaced by a railway or tramway of more substantial
character and ji;reater carrying capacity.
(iriDK TO lUUTISJ' rOLUMRTA.
107
Ho,;j;ul;u' iniuint^ ;ui(l shi])m(Mits woro not eoiumoueotl until
"Miv, .uiil o\*inL< t , tlui (It'prt'ssiMl st.ito of tho coal triulo, tlio
iniiic li.is hi'ca wockt'd daily ahont lialf time.
T. A. B.
I'.WNF.S SOUN'l) OOr.r.IKKY COMI'.VNV, LIMITED.
Tho ju'op'M-ty of tli(> Biynos Sound (lolliorv Company is
situatod on Baynos Sound, al)Out ten miles south-east from
('oiiiOK, and consists of .^jOOO acres of coal lands.
Tho company in its present form was orjjjanised in October
IS?.'), and commenced active operations for developini; tho
piopoi'ty in Api-il ISTO. Since then it has constructed a
11 inow-^MUL^e tfamway three and a half miles in ieuf^th, from
tho mint! to tide water; a wharf with shutes and to accom-
iiiodate two lari;e vessels and two small st(>amers and
schooners at the sann; tinn^ ; and a nine-ton locomotive
and trucks or cars sniUcient to enabhi it to d(iliver oOO tons of
coal on siiip-hoard per day.
TIh^ mine is opened from the hank of a small rivt v, adit, or
h'vol free, fnnn wheni'o [he coal is deliver(>d into hunkers
near tlu^ jnouth of (he adit; from tlu^ bunkers it is let into the
cars and delivonHl on ship-board witliout boinjj; again handled.
Tho bmdcers already construcrtinl have a capacity of '2,000
tiiiis. There are two coal seams being worked, on(^ over-
lying the oth(M-; th > lower s(>ain is 7 ftxit thick, and tln> upper
one t) feet. Th(> coal in the upper sc^am is very similar t ) tlie
Douglas seam of Xanaimo, wliile that in the 1ow(M' seam ap-
pears to diifor from all tin; other coals as yet discovered on
the Island. It is a dense hard coal, free fi-om sulpluM-; gives
a dense hard coko, and roipiiros a sti'ong draught to ignite it,
and promises to be an cxcolh'nt coal for steam and smelting
purposes.
Tho output of coal at present (.Tanuary 1H77) is 50 tons ])er
day, which will bo largely increased in a short time, as the
levels are extended. TMiert; is Ji steam saw mill on tlu^ prop-
erty capable of cutting 10,0'^<) foet of lumber per day, -which
has suppli(>d the matiu'i il for the company's works. Tlun-e
aio also Iniildijigs erected to accomodati' the miners and
others, employed. The company havi' had a town site sur-
veyed on their ])ro])erty Avhich they have named (Quadra,
(after the (U'iginal discoverer of Vancover Island). It con-
tains a dozen settlers, post otHce, hotcsl, stons saloon, ttc, and
■s fast becoming a ctMiter for tho districts of D(Miinan ami
Hornby Islands, as well as foi- C(nuox. Tho steamer from
\ ictoria to C/omox stops at the company's wharf (sach trip,
yoiiig and returning.
l08
GUIDE TO BRITISH COLUMBU.
This company's uutlertuking promises to be one of the most
important industries carried on in the Province, and has ah'eady
had a beneficial influence in developing the resonres of the
surrounding district, and furnishes the settlers with a market
for their produce at their own doors.
Fe})ruarv 1st, 1877. H. G.
WELLINGTON COLLIERY.
Departure Bay, February 6th, 1877.
"Wo employ 150 white men and 90 Chinamen; have 3]
miles of railway; three locomotives. Output of coal from the
mines pi'r day about 300 tons; three wharfs; engine on one to
heave out ballast from ships; three winding engines. Miners'
wagers from >5' J to i?-! per day; blacksmiths' and earpcnittas'
wages from $3 to !?8 50; labourers' from 82 to 82 25. S< am
of coal about 9 feet thick."
Coal Shipments for the Six Montlifi BndiiKj Dc: 'M, 1870.
NANAIMO COLLIEKY— (Vancoiivei- Coal Coinpiiny.)
Fori'i<,'ii ;J>I,7(I5 00
Doiuestif 7,122 12
Total 37,827 12
l"(>r the previous six mouths 40,708 10
Total for 1870 7H,r)3t! 02
WELLINGTON COIiLIERY-iDuusimiir, Digglc & Co.)
Foreign 15,0tU OO
Domestic .'],840 00
Total 18,001 00
For the j)reviou>' si» mouths 32, 031 10
Total for 187« 52,935 00
HAUHWOOl) COLLIERY— (Thomas A. BulUley. I
Fori'ifjn 5,4G4 ( lO
Domestic 1,049 00
Total 0,514 00
For tht> previous 2 uioutbs 2, 102 00
Total for 1870 (8 mos. i
8,010 00
Grand Total for 187G 140.('87 00 Tons.
" 1875 , 113.000 Oil
•• " 1874 81,397 00
The lar^^e deerease iu the sbipmcn rom the Welliugtou Colliery was caused
by the strike aud the tire in the mine.— 'Free Press," February 7th. 1877.
OUIDE TO BRITISH COLUMBIA.
109
Uitiled Sfntfn Governmeiit Esfiniafe of lirlthh Columbia Coal.
By a late oidor of the War Department (U.S.), it was de-
creed that the eord of oak wood, 8 ft. x 4 ft. x4 ft., is equal to
1,S(K) lbs. Nanaimo (Vancouver Island) coal.
'2,200 " Bellin«.^hani Bay (United States) coal.
2,400 " Seattle
2,500 " Rock V Mountain
2,n00 " Coos'
2,000 " Mount Diablo
( <
IRON.
Iron ore has been found from time to time in different parts
of tlu! Province, and recently deposits have been discovered
on Taxada Island, in tlu! Gulf of Geor<^ia, of inexhaustible
quantity and of the greatest value.
These deposits were examined in 1874 by Mr. James
Richardson, of the Geological Survey of Canada; and the fol-
lowing extraiit from his report to Mr. Selwyn may prove in-
tcr(>sting: —
" On the s(mth side of Texada Island, about three miles
north-westerly from Gillies Bay, and about seventy paces
from the shore, a small ex])Osure of magnetic iron ore was met
witli, associated with a coarse-grained epidotic rock, and grey
diorite. Immediately north of this exposure the ground rises
stee])ly to about 450 feet above the sea. Here on the eastern
and south-eastern slopes of the hill, for 150 feet down, and
extending from 200 to 250 feet in length, is an exposure of rich
magnetic iron ore. On the <mt-cro])s facing to the north-west
t\n) ore-bed which dijis from S. oS^ E. to E. <25o — 30" is
seen to be from 20 to 25 feet thick, and to rest on grey cry-
stalline limestone, with which, for about two feet down, are
iiiterstratitied bunds of ore, of from half an inch to one inch
in thickness. Tiie hill still rises to the north and north-
east, but along the tiank, and at about the same elevation, in
a north-westerly direction for nearly a mile, the ore is occas-
ionally seen, and in one place there is a continuous exposure
of it for about 250 feet, the bed a])parently varying in thickness
from one foot to ten feet. In the concfuded intervals its course
:i)»p('ars to be indicated by a coarsely crystallinr ej)idotic
rock carrying ore in places, but with the grey limestones ap-
])ai('utly overlying it to tlu* north-east, and the grey and green
dioritic rock beneath it to the south-west. Wherti the ore-
hed is exposed in this part of the hill, a similar arrangement
of the beds is observed, and what here appears to be the base
110
GUIDE TO BRITISH COLUMBIA.
of the limestone exhibits interstratifications of ore simihir to
those described at its summit in the first exposure. An over-
turn dip is probably the cause of the ap})arent ditierences in
the urriingemeiit of the beds. In a north-easterly direction
from the lirst noticed exposure for a quarter of a mile no ore
is seen, after which it is again found, at first in irregul.-ir
patches mixed Avith epidotic rocks, and then, its course be-
coming more northerly, for more than half a mile the bed
presents an irregular surface exposure of from fJOO-OOO feet of
nearly |)ure ore. In this part the dip could not be ascertained
■vvith certainty, and I am therefore unable to estimate tlu;
thickness of tht; ort.'. Loose pieces of limestone, with inter-
stratitied ore-bands, were found on the west side, whil«> to the
east the ore is bounded by grey and green dioritic rocks.
"Circumstances did not admit of my remaining on the
island long enough to trace the continuation of this valuable
deposit of iron orcj. Mr. Henry Trim, of Howe's Sound,
however, who has explored the island, informed me that the
ore is to be so(>n occasionally in considerable exposures to
near the north-east coast of the island, a further distance of
more than three miles.
"These iron ores could scaiciily be more favourably situ-
ated than they are, either as regards mining, smelting or
shipment. Thert; is d(;ep water close to the shore, and
wharves might be easily and cheaply constructed, at which
vessels could always load in safety, except during the heavy
south-east winds Mhich occur occasionally IVom the middle of
September to the end of ^Earch. Hut during these. (lillies
Bay, oidy three miles distant, would all'ord a safe and con-
veni(ait harbour of refuge. There is also another liarbour at
the nortli end of the island, about seven miles distant wliich
would aiibrd shelter in all weather. The site of the cn-e is
eighteen miles from Comox harl)our, twentv-one miles from
Deep JJay, and about twenty-three miles from Fann}' Bay.
These are all good and safe harbours, and are only a short dis-
tance from the productive coal seams of the Comox area. In
the event of charcoal being required for smelting the ore,
abundance of wood suitable for making it can be procured on
the island."
COPPER.
In the remarks made upon the Hope silver leads, it will
have been obseiwed that one of the ores there, in which silver
axists, is described as argentiferous grey copper; there is,
hi ■
or IDE TO BRITISH rOLUMBlA.
Ill
ho\v<'ver, no ussny of this ore uviiilublo from which the per-
eenta<^e of eo])per coiihl bo estiinutecl.
Tlievo is no JouV)t that copper is widely distributed through-
out the Province, the crystalline rocks being invuriiibly more
or less stained with copper, while the subniiirine cable from
Vancouver Island to San Juan, on beiiig lifted, is always dis-
covered to be corroded and encrusted with deposits of copper.
Copper ore, iu situ, has been found in various parts of the
Province, notably at the (Mitrance of Howe Sound. Here, a
well-detiiHMl lead of excellent copper pyrites, giving some 30
per cent., was discovered in 18(>5, and worked for some time,
with (;xcel!ent prospects of success. Want of capital has
caused the operation to be suspended, if not abandoned.
t'op[)er was found n(;ar Sooke in 18(54, and eiTorts were
make to develop this industry iu that locality, but no defined
ieatl could be discovcu'ed.
('()l)per has boon found also on Knight's Inlet. White men
tr.uling at the head of this Inlet, have obtained, by gift or
purchase, considerable cpiautities of excellent coi)[)er ore from
til ^ Iu bans, who, thiU'e is reas )n to b.^lievo, av.i aw.ire of the
existence of valuable leads. Parties of white men have from
time to time eiuleavored to discrover the exact locality, but
iiitlierto without success. TIh; Indians cannot be induced to
point out to the white man the le id from which they have
taktMi the specimens.
The following extracts are from the Minister of Mines' re-
port, l87()-7: —
V discovery of silver and copper has been made on Salmon
.\rni, Jarvis Inlet, which, to jutlge from the report hereto an-
nexed, ])i'omis to be of considerable value to the Province.
Veins of great richness have already been discovered in this
vicinity.
"An important discovery of copper ore was made about
two years ago on Salmon Arm, a brancli of Jarvis Inlet, Vjy
Mr. Alexander Donaldson. t'om])etent judges have declared
the hjde to l)e a true fissure vein, for the following reasons: —
1st. The vein stone does not lie parrallel to the cleavage of
the surrounding rocks. 2nd. The blosstun of quartz on the
surface or hat of the lode indicates that the matter has been
injected into the fissure, and not separated from the mass of
atljaceut formation by chemical action, as in the case of a
segregated vein; also, the smoothness of the walls showing
attrition by injection of quartz.
'' The j)rotile of the lode can be examined to the depth of
'JUO feet from the surface, as it crops out in the face of a cliff,
liaving doubtless boon laid bare bv some convulsion of nature.
k^^
i!
■4 ■>;
112
GUIDE TO BRITISH COLUMBIA.
KV
The lead is thus clearly defined from the base of the precipice
to the top, and may be still further traced ak)ng the surface of
the gi-ound for at least a mile from where it first makes its
appearance. The vein is wed^e-shaped. being thiclcest at its
base, where the ore is also richest.
"A company has been organized for the purpose of working
this extensive deposite. and a test tunnel has been run into
the hill for about 30 feet on the vein. At the end of the
tunnel the seam or vein of min(;ral is 3 feet 9 inches at the
roof, 4 feet 2 inches at tlu; base. Assays of the ore show that
it contains (JO per cent. cop[)er and 91 oz. of silver to the ton.
"The mine is situated about 2^ miles from the shore of the
Inlet, and the facilities for shij)ping the ore are excellent.
The water is deep enough alongside tlie rocks to float a vessel
of 4,000 tons.
" Experienced quartz miners from California, Nevada and
Cornwall, have pronounced tlu! mine to be the richest they
have ever seen, the ore being so easily got out, and wood for
smelting purposes being plentiful and convenient.
" Tht-re is also good water power on the ground, sufficient
to run a mill of any capacity"
SILVEK.
About six v'jars ago several argentiferous galena leads were
discovered iii the Omineca district. The leads are well de-
fined, and by assays made at the Government assay ofiiee at
Barkerville, and in San Francisco, resulted as follows:
One ledge, 15 feet wide, 72 oz. silver, 87!l per cent. lead.
8 " 45 oz, " 'dlh
«• "20 " 4 oz. silver.
Owing to the then existing law regulating silver leads, no
steps were taken to develo]) them. But as a bill more liberal
in its character, and better suited to the mines, has been in-
troduced by Mr. A. E. B. Davie, Member for Cariboo, which
will in all probability become law, the leads will be developed,
and if, on examination, prove as valuable as they appear, they
will no doubt give employment to a hirge number of men.
There are numerous other ledges in the same vicinity that
have never been examined, which may equal those already
assayed. It is well known that a large quantity of p\ire silver
has been found in the Omineca district, ar.d it has »iwavs
been the opinion that rich silver mines abound in that section.
April, 1877. W. H. W.
GTTiDE TO nniTisn columdia.
STO^E.
ll;{
THE NEWCASTLE HTONE (jrAlJllY.
This quarry li.'is boon worked for upwiircls of live years, jiiid
yet it niiiy bo suid to be seuret^ly optnied. Hero are several
square miles of a continuous formation of the best freestone
to b(^ found anywhere! on the coast. No more conclusive; evi-
dence of the supju'ioritv of this stone need ho soiij^ht than
the fact tliat the United States IMint at San Francisco is built
of it. The mint cost considiu'ably over a million and a half,
and absorbed eij:,ht thousand tons of the Newcastle stont!.
The introduction of this stone for so important a purjjosti
naturally aroused a certain amount of local jealousy and
l)rou}^d)t out some international ])rejudice. The consequence
was that the stone Avas suljjected to a rather more severe test
than would otherwise have been the ease. It is gratifying to
learn that the United States Inspector has, in his final report,
given the stone the highest character. To })Ossess a stone
(juarry so su]>erior in every resj)ect as to command the patron-
age of San Francisco and oveniome the prejudices of the
(Jn-at Rojmblic, is sometliing of which Nanaimo may justly
be proud. Wo have said that the San Francisco Mint took
eiglit thousand tons of this stone. In addition to this it took
a large ([uantity of tiagging-stone for court-yard, side-walks,
and cellar. In the eight thousand tons were some pieces de-
serving of specific notice. There were six columns, twenty-
ei'dit feet long, by four feet two inches square. These
columns Avore faultless tlu'oiighout. There were two stones
I'or corner pediuKMit fifteen tons each, and two key stones of
fourteen tons each. We have said that the quarry is scarcely
fairly opened. The last cargo of stone sent to San Francisco
has been pronounced of a superior quality to tliat previously
sent. It is well understood that the (juality of the stone im-
proves as you go in. The (piarry has now an excellent and
carefully ])re])ar<'d "face" on it, from whioli stone may be
taken superior in point of quality to any yet quarried, and
of :dmost any conceivable dimensions. Columns fifty feet
long (or one hundred if necessary) by four ;iiul a half feet
thick can ho. sup])lied, without tiaw or faiilt in them; oi- if
necessary, blocks fifteen feet squarii can be taken out. This
i|uarry is doubtless destined to exert more or less infiuenco
upon the character of our public buildings. It is of no little
imixirtance that the Newcastle quarry is so convenient and
accessible for shipping. Persons visiting Nanaimo should not
come away without "doing" Nowcnstlo quarry. A visit to it
will repav the trouble. — BrUisli Colonist. 15
114
Ol'IDR TO BUITIHH COLUMBIA.
EXTRACTS FROM PUliLKJ WORKS REPORTS,
BRITISH COLUMBIA, 1875-7(5.
Tlie extojit of Public Works uinlcrtukon by authority of the;
Legislature, during the year 1.S75, has exceeded that of any
similar period subsequent to Confederation.
Tlu! principal buildings coaiinenced this year are, the
Public School House, Victoria; the Lunatic Asylum, New-
Westminster; the extension of the ]3oarding School, at Cache
(-ret^k; extensive additions to the Royal Ho.spital, Victoria;
the Royal (!olumbian Hospital, N(!\\ Westminster; and the
building of an Assay OtHce at ('ariboo. The Government
Printing Office^ at Victoria, has also been enliuged and its
effici(*ncy increased by the addition of a steam engine, con-
nected witli the i)i'esses and nund)ering machine.
The Pul)lic School House, Victoria, is jdaced upon the
School Restu've of ten acres at the head of loi't street, and is
designed on the Italian styh' of architectun^; it forms the
west wing of a block of buildings devoted to educational
purposes, thu;- providing separate wings for the educaticm of
th(! younger boys and girls, with the centre building for tlu;
purpose of a High School.
These buildings are locatinl on the grcmnd in such a manner
as to leave a good site for a Provincial University, at su(;h
time as the Ij(>gislatun^ de(Mn it advisable to erect such a
structure;.
SUKVEVS.
The Township system of survey, inaugurated two years ago,
has been carried forward during the past season throughout
the principal : ettlements of the Province, and it is with much
pleasure that I am now able to re])ort that not only have the
])re-em])tion claims of settlers wIkj recorded lands lo years
ago l)t;en satisfactoiily adjusted in the princi])al centres of
settlement, ])ut that the Government have also at their dis-
})Osal, for incoming settlers, a large extent of surveyed lands,
the nature and character of which are minutely described
upon tin; maps in the Land OfKce, thus enabling intending
settlers to obtain as much reliable information in reference to
the lands as it is possible to gain without personal ins])ection.
Tlie liberality of the Province in dealing with its lands far
exceeds that of any other Piovincis or State on this continent,
as settlers now ttoming in can record 160 acres West of the
Cascades and 320 acres East of the same rnnge, in any part of
the Mainland portion of the Province, and can eventually
obtain the land as a " Free Grant," simply by residence and
improvement. The question, therefore, as to whether iudis-
GUIDE TO nniTISH COLUMBIA.
11;
crimiiiiito " Froo Gviints " have a tondeiicy to quickly scittlc
ii|) tli<! Pioviiico lias had, for tlio last two yoars, a practical
test. Many settlers and others who have given the subject
consideration, are strongly of the opinion that it would event-
uilly be more beneficial to the Province if the "Free Grant"
system was confined to certain surveyed townships, instead of
virtually giving away the Crown Lands throiighout thi; Pro-
vince, and having subsequently, in all probability, to resort
to a direct tax to make iip th(i loss to the Pn)vincial revenue.
The machinery of the ])res«nt Land Act, in reference to the
adjustment and " proving ui) " of claims, has worked admir-
ably, and saved the Province a considerale expenditure, in
ascertaining the exact locality of tlus dilTeront claimants, who
in many instances, are absent, and the improvements under
which they have obtained their certificates, years ago, iiaving
become obliterated.
Extracts from rejKU't of 187(5; —
A large area of land has V)een surveyed in the Now West-
minster and Yale Districts — the districts affording at present
the largest quantity of good soil available for agricultural and
j)astoral purposes.
These surveys have not only been the means of settling
num(u-ous difliculties existing among the present settlers in
these localities, but will also be instrumental in facilitating
the acquisition of land by intending immigrants.
It is not, however, contemplated to continue the expense of
surveying larg(! districts upon the same scale until the influx
of population and the financial circumstances of the Province
warrant the expenditure.
In New Westminster District, during the past season,
Messrs. Stephens, Turner, and Jemmctt, have been engaged
adjusting settlers' claims and sub-dividii.g townships.
The claims on the Nortli Arm of Fra.-er river, and the
majority of those suitable in Cliilliwhack and Sumass, have
bctm satisfactorily defined.
Probably during the ensuing season one survey party will
be abUi to survey all the land that it Avill be advisal)le to sub-
divide and settle, and enclose all the claims that are not at
tlu^ present time included in the official surveys.
Large tracts of land have beon surveyed in the Osoyoos
Division of Yale District, and the settlers' claims adjusted by
Mr. John Jane.
It iii estimated that another season's work will join the sur-
veys in Nicola Valley, Thompson river, and the Okanagan and
Mission Valleys, and place this department in possession of
m
no
GUIDE TO BHlTISn COLUMUIA.
It '
mil'
HutHeic^nt informatiou to prepare a map of these iinportaiit
settlements.
liRIDQES, ROAUS, liril.DlNdS, KTC.
Tlie year 1870 will ever remain memorable to tlie inhabi-
tants of the Province of British Columbia, from the disasters
occasioned to a large number of important public works on
the mainland bv tlu' unprecedented fnishets that occurred in
the months of 5lay and June.
The main trunk road from Yn\o to Cariboo sufll'ered very
severely, a nund)er of valuabh* bridges were swept away, and
for somn little time the connntTce of the interior almost en-
tirch' ceased.
The damage sustained cimld only be re})aired at an
unavoidably heavy expenditure, and in order to avoid a rc-
(lurnuice of th(» (calamity, an exp«»rienced «)ngine(U' was em-
ployed to inspect and report upon the practicability and prob-
able cost of raising the road in {)laces, above higli water
Tinirk.
This thoroughfare is now in an excc'lletit state of repair, the
bridges carried away having been reconstructed and the road
in many places raised and widened. The work has been per-
formed by day labour under tlu! supervision of tht) Koad
Su))eriutendontH, as it is obvious that to have j)ursued the
contract system would have consumed nnicli valuable time and
thereby caused serious h)ss to the community at large.
With reference to theCrraving Dock at Esquimalt, 1 liavc; to
r<^port that his Excellency the Earl of Dutterin, upon the '.Hii
of Septt^mbei" hist, most kindly inaugurated this im|)ortaut
enterprise by driving the first of tlu; sheeting piles for the
Coii'er-dam. The constrviction of tht> Coli'er-dam has since
proceeded satisfactorily, and promises coni[)letion during the
early ])art of the ap])roaching summer.
Several important works commenced last year have been
completed in a satisfactory manner, viz: Thompson lliver
Ib'idge, the Hope-Nicola trail, the Okanagan Mission road,
etc., etc.
X considerable' quantity of jiew load work has been })er-
i'oiined, and where advisabh; by contract, throughout the
dill'erent districts. A line of road has been carefully surveyed
from Kandoojjs to Nicola Lake, distance some MO miles, but
the first section only has been placed under ('ontract this year.
.\n exhaustive survey of the Lillooet and liurrard Inlet
trail has been made by a competent engineer, and a ])ractical
route located.
After considerable difticulty a feasible line for a waggon
road has been discovered l)etween (xoldstream and (^owichan.
nriDK TO nitrnsii coLrMniv.
ir
Tliis lino lias Im'imi sm'V(!y(Hl, sjx'cilicitious drawn, iiml
tciiilcrs (railtul for tlin work in two sections.
1 i-c-^'rct to report tluit tlic Noi'tii |)ic)' of lli<' (^)ui'siii'llr
river britl;^e has heen c.irrietl awav, the lij^'iiite t'omulation
liavinj; been undorniiiuxl. Hy j^reit exiM-tion a tr(!stK' was
placed under the main span, and the Howe tr)iss of "JOS feiit
savt^l. A n(*w pi(ir is in courso of fonstruction.
ralloo(3t District also sntftu'ed sever.dy from the iiniisu;d
rise of tiu3 water iii Fraser Itiver; the hi'id^'es over (.'ayoosli
('reek and Brid^o riv«ir havinjj; heen swept iway. Plans wero
prei)are(l for ncnv striictnr»!S, and the work of re-hrid^in;^; theso
streams is now h(!in^ puslnnl toward completion hy tho eon-
tractors.
I have also to ro]»ort th;i^ the Jinii.itic Asylum huiidin^' at
Ne\^- \V(;stniiust(u-, platted under contract last year, is still
imtiiiished, the eontiactors havinjj had ^re.it ditliodty in ol)-
taininji, a supply of brick, their first kilns liaviii}^ hetuidestioyed
hy tilt" unusually high water at Fort Langt'ly, where their
brick yard had boon osbii)lishod.
[ am phsised to report that the bridg(>s and roads on V^in-
<M)uvor Island have not sustaineil any daimigo worthy of
special mention during the year.
DYKING TIIH FlJASKl).
The unusual damag«i sustain(!d l)y the sottl(?rs residing in
the vicinity of the Sumass and Chilliwhack rivers, occasioned
\->y the overtiowing of Frastu- river, causcnl considerable at-
tention to be directed to the ])roject of d^'king the left bank
of the Fraser river.
Mr. Dcnvdney, C. E., was instructed to make a careful
survey of the lands situate between Sumass Mountain and
Clu^am, with a view of ascertaining the practical )ility of dyk-
ing that poi'tion of the district.
Annexed will be found Mr. Dewdney's report: —
HoPK, November 'JTth, 187r,.
" SiH, — in accordance with ijistructions received from you
on the '25th Septeni])er, 1S7(), I proceeded to Suma.ss to make
the neces.sary surveys and gain such information as would en-
able nu! to re])ort to you ' on tin; feasibility of dyking and
draining the low lauds situated betwotm Cheam and Sumass
.Mountains, and lying to the south of Fraser river.
" In presenting my re])ort to you of my examination and
opinion of this work, I think it as well that I should lirst give
you a general description of the district to be reclaimed.
" Tin; district which I was directed to examine, viz., from
IIH
GUIDE TO KRITIHIl COLUMHIA.
Clusiiin to SuiniiHs inonntain, I propose to divide into two sec-
tions, a.s, although they ])oth suil'er from the same causes, viz.,
freshets of Fraser river, works of an independent cluiracter
would have to be carried out to reclaim them.
" Tilt! boundaries of the Sumass District, and which for the
jmrposcs of this report I pro])ose to (!all ' lleclamation Dis-
trict No. 2,' are as follows: (.'ommencin^ at the mouth of the
Chilliwhack rivt^-, and following that stream to the mouth of
tlu! Atchclitz; thence along the western bank of that branch
to a point iwiir Edwaid Hall's house; thence to the Chilli-
whack river as it eniorgcs from th(! mountains; thence along
the base of the mountain raiig(! to about three miles below
Campbell's farm, crossing the valley, about the point that
would be altected by this s(dieme, to the range of mountains
on the north side of the ^ alloy; thence along its base to the
mouth of the Sumass river; and from thence following the
bank of Fraser river to the starting point.
" The int<vrior of this district might bo described as a large
basin, containing 31,34:0 acres, of which, at the })n^sent time,
I ('stimat(! Il,o0() acres as covered by Sumass Lake.
"This basin is fed by numerous streams, the largest of
which to-day, is a branch of the Chilliwhack river; and as this
presents the most formidable obstacle to the successfid carry-
ing out of this scheme, I shall refer to it more fully subse-
(puiiitly .
" TIk! Noot-sack, a stream that lu^ads noar a river of that
name south of tlu; boundary line, enters the lake on its west-
ern side, and is the next in siz*;.
' Besides th(;se, there are a few small streams fed by
springs, but they are of little importance.
" Tile only outlet this basin has, or which is possible to
obtain, is the Sumass river, which flows into tin! Eraser river
about a mile below Miller's Landing, It is about five miles
in length, and in this clianni'l the tide <;l)i)^ and flows.
"The district has been flooded move or less every year
since its settlement; it is only, howev' v within the last two
years that tln^ entire farming portio!i has been inundat(Ml.
This summer's flood left but on(! or two houses, which are
built on the highest ground, out of watiir; the others had from
a Tew inches to thnn! and four feet in them.
" This has usually betm caused by the high wat(n' of Fraser
river finding ingress by th«i Sumass river and up the numerous
sloughs, flooding the low lands in the vicinity of the lake as
well as that adjoining the sloughs, and as the Fraser rose so
did the water in this interior basin.
' ' Some seasons this district has suffered only from the rise
GUIDE TO mUTISH COIA MlilA.
IIU
of tli<> Fnist^r rivor forcing its wiiterm u^n tli< Sumassrivcr and
sloiij^lis, lii^h water not liavinj^ rcaclu'.l tin top of tlu' hanks
of Frasd' river between tlio (!liilliwliaek ami Suniass nioun-
t;iins. [n that ease the district did not appear to sutler very
niueli, iind if the dilHeiilty stopped there, a j^ate at tiie Siun.iss
river, witli a short (hun in a few places, would be all that
would be HJquired, provider] the niountavn or back water was
not to(t jj;r(>at.
The last few seasons have, however, shewn that Fraser
river has ris(ni three to four feet over th(> hij<hest point be-
t\v(!en these two mountains. When that is the case, the
whole foi'(re of tlu^ Fi'nser rushes over the bank towards the
SiiiiiMss Lake, where it meets the water already backed n\)
the Sumass river, forminj^ a vast lake, the deepest part of
which, last sumnnu', was '20 *M hwi, while at the pn^sent time
it is only four feet.
" I may hcnv state that this summer the amount of water
was consid<n'ably incrensed by reason of the Chilliwliack riv«u'
Ix'inj^ at its ln!i<,'ht at the same time as the Fras«n- freshet.
This is not usually the case, the former river subsiding before
th(> latter rises.
" As diretited in your instructions, I paid ])artieular atten-
tion to the ])ortion between the (chilliwliack and Sumass
mountains.
" In the first ])lace, I examined the banks of the Fraser
liver and the nature of the subsoil. This was easily accom-
plished on account of the numerous shmghs that ])ermeate
the district, and from the settlers in different k>calities having
sunk wells. I sank holes in jilaces which indicated soft foun-
dations, and invaribly found clay from IS inches to 2 feet
from the surface.
"I found both the banks of Frasor river, and of the
sloughs along which I would pro))os(> to build levees, most
favorable, as far a^ foundation and material for construction
is concerned. The subsoil of the whole valley, as far as T
could gather, was also good, there being a substratum of stiff
clay underlying the top vegetable mould; and I could find no
foundation for the report that Fraser river water seeped
through an underlying stratum of loose material, and so found
its way to the prairie. *
' ' There are low spots of ground that, after the river sub-
sides, hold water for a considerable time, even imtil dried by
evaporation, in fact I found several myself, and as these were
many feet above the level of Fraser river, it demonstrates that
the bottom of these depressions must be of good water-holding
pro])erties. Mr. Miller I may mention, has a well sunk in
* 1 '
' 1
120
GUIDE TO UUITIHH COLUMBIA.
liis Houl- mill, tlio water of which feeds his boilers. This is
within tii'ty feet of the Fraser bank; the water in it is not in-
fluenced by the rise or fall of the river,
" Having satisfied myself on this point, I turned my atten-
tion to the Chilliwhack river. I liad been informed by some
of the old settlers, that it is only very recently that Chilliwack
water has found its way to the Sumass District, that it was
tirst noticed three years ago, and has increased in volume each
succeeding year.
"On visiting Vedder's Creek, through which the Chilli-
whack water finds its way into Sumass Lake, I found from
the liigh water mark, ])ointed out to me by Mr. Vedder, that
at times a stream 200 feet wide and 12 feet deep, with a mc^l-
erate current, fli^wed through it. This at omso convinced me
that, unless tlu^ water couhl l)e returned to its old (channel or
diverted fiom the Sumasw pi^frict, it would be useless to en-
(|uire further irilo the practicability of reclaiming this portion
of tJK^ i-ountry. I therefore imiaediatuly visited that i)art of
tlu^ ( 'h ilH whack rivcu' where tiiebieak issaid tohavci occurriMl.
" Where the Chilliwhack river issues from the mountain,
tlu^ original ciiannel is dry almost as far as the Skow-kale
Indian Uanch, being blocked for a distance of overlialf a mile
with drift timbei', pai-ked tightly togetlu^-, and iiound with a
dej)( sitof gravel and sand, forming a <rlose, im[)enetrable dam.
Tills has b(>en th(^ means of causing the water to find fr(^sh
outlets, \vhi(di it has done through Vedder's (!r(^ek, the Luck-
a-kuck, aud Atchelitz. Tliese last join the old Chilliwhack
bed near its mouth; tin; J'oi'mer, as 1 hav(^ already mentioiu'd
bears its [)ortion of tiie water into tin; Sumass.
" On this, my lirst examination, I came to the conclusion
that, ahhough almost impossible to ()])(!n the original (rhainiel,
it would lie ft'asil)h', though very costly, to maki' a ncnv taie,
or utili/t' eitlur the Luck-a-kuek or Atclielitz.
" With this impi'essioa 1 conuneiUHul the survcn' for the
levees, as iia-onruiended by the petitioners for the reclamation
of the disiiiet. Chilliwhack .Mountain to tlu^ (^astern end of
^lillcrs Mountain, is r),-17S h^et in hMigth, with an average
iKUght above the ground of S fe^t 7 inches, 15 fec^t top, slopes
(if 2 to 1 on the water side and l.\ to I on the land side, coii-
tiliiiing IS, SO") (•td)ie yards
sarv in this l(iV(H>
Three flood-gates would b(^ neces-
hen^ it crosses tlu; different strctams.
" A second ]n\rv fi'om tlie wi>?<terii end of INfiller's Mountain
to the Suina>;s Mountain is (),(>;}('» feet in length, with an
averag(^ Insight, above the ground of 14 feet, (5 ieet top, contaiii-
121,*.HI1» (Mibic yards; the only gate recpiirinl would be in
the Sumass lliviT
Tl
us I
in'sen
ts tl
le nios
t f
ormu
labh
na
rt
v.vwr. TO lutri'isii coijmijia.
121
of tho uiuliM'tiikiiif,', and would rciiuirc a spt-ciiil sarv(\v. as
carot'ul horiii-^-; siiould !);• inad(^ 'diM'oi'o tho \vi>!'k was fiitorod
upoa to dctiTiiiiii.' the nature of tli^ foiiutlatio!i for *'h'.' ij;att\
I had not tlic al)j)liau(;(^s with mo to make; that tost, uiutiicr
am
I
)f tl
iw art' ot riKMr i)i.'iujj; m
tho L^
rovnu'
'• A third I -v
!>(> \y\
11
!)(> U'
irv from tlr,' castiM-n (Mid of
CHiilliwlia 'k Mouniiiin. n"ar Mr. Forsvth"s housi>, to a point
Oil till' opjiosit:" side of the vallin- whuri' tin" lii.^di Ljround risi-s
to tlio lu'i;_,dit oi' I'^rasiM" rivor frrsiicts, two miK's in ItMigth,
(l;':-i[ro_v(> I Tlici Indians on tho ^-ikow-kalo, ap[)r.'t!iatiuj4" tho
l)>ni'tit it would l)o vo thi'm in div(>rt tho watiM; from their
d():)rs. ar>' JH^portod to have faih>!i Lar^-e (piantitins of trei-s
al)i)Vi' (;iie point comin.'nccd to \u\ clivirod bv the s(!tti(M's; and
SDUK' say i]v'A oM chopping" (MU be scmmi ni'.n- tho Sumass
hr.vik, to h.'lp tile water in that direction. Wln'ther tiiat is
('i)i'ri'(.'t or iioi I e innot sav; hut \v!ien {ho. winter freshi>ts
(' mil'
whieh 'Ji(! last two vow
s liive he 'u V(M'V sf^vere, a coni-
te, ti,^■ht dam was the result.
" I'lu! watevconsiH|U'ntlyhad to lind fresh outlets. I'liis it
I Nt ited hefoi'c, throULrh the Lii
(Mc-a-
.\t(
heht/
;ilii
I \'
(h-eek
r
iUi
c-a-ku<-k, I shoald saw now
('.'.rries half tlu' ( ''liHiwhack water; the other h;df
!tll tl
lO
exceii
tion of a little tiiat linds its wa^- into tli" old ehinn«'l
111' ir Skow-kale) e
dividcnl Ix'tweeu t!u! .Vteheiilz and \'ed-
ii'eiv.
a'.vav
[•"i'oni the amount of valnablo land that has lieeii s'.vept
■k received its adtlition, I. think
<lilCl'
ne
/u 'k-a-ku<
"reat dama;
'\()i|i(
1 i
lav.
oeen done if tlie ( 'hiliiwhack waters
li.iil not hccn so (lisii'iieale
\c!'v smai;
as al
tl
;il time the channel w a-
ci'ess'.
III!
.V short lime a.n'o, tli'' Ijuck-a-kuck ei)uld bo
d at Afr. \\ ells' hoU'-e on a ''>0 foot pole, ikjw its width
1st he over 'JOII feet, wilhadepthof |s to 'JO feet. TIiIn jior-
ew vcais a'.'o.
tieii of the district. ;i f
i)ut hv removing; a dam, at wi.
IS \'erv v.et am
1 I
)iVt
i wa'
illed the Luck-a-knek
Falls, the water (ait a deta) chaunci for itself, and draiiKvl it.
"This is the channel vvhicli runs most dir''ct fr(mi the
momitain to the Eraser, and i-- the oik^ I should sutr-^est mak-
iii'4 ijsi- (if to cii-rv the whole of the (Ihiiliwha.cl; wat(M'.
{)
II iiiv mentionin.i; mv vie
to My. \V,lh
who resides
di
ell
1 the fjUck-adiU'-k, he slated that he was most anxious to
' \Ur. Sumass reclaimed; hut he aroucl that, aftei' the old
itinel chan'4'.'d its course. li;iif llie water came his wav,
c.iasiiiu; him n'reat inconv.'uience and loss, ainl he did not S(?o
why li,' shouhl he compelled t(» take th(! halanco, as it would
he the means of vuinin'.r his farm, and would certainly carry
a\v;iv
y the prot(>otioii works he had huilt alony the bauks.
10
i
'{■
1
' i-'e: ■
i '
■ ■
m
1!
'122
GUIDE TO BRITISH COLUMBIA.
' ' I have no doubt Mr. Wells spoke feelingly on the subject,
for it is very easy to see that he as well as others in that
vicinity have suffered considerably from the water. I assured
him that the Government would not do an injustice to any
settler.
"The clearing out of the Luck-a-kuck, and turning the
water into tlipi channel, will be a very expensive undertaking.
I inspected it closely, following it up on one side and down
on the other.
"From a short distance above r»Ii-. Wells' house to
the mountain, the channel is almost covered with fallen tim-
ber of tJie largest size — cedar, fir, pine and maple, — and as
the banks are continually washing away, undermiuing fresh
ones, and altering the channel, the bottom is studded witli
the roots of these giant trees, thus forming a succcession of
dams, one lot forcing the current against one side of the
creek, and othei's throwing it back.
"To carry out this work successfully, it would l)e neces-
sary to commence clearing out the channel of the Luck-a-
kuck near the present bridge, and so work upwards until th(}
break near the mountain is reached, making the channel as
direct as possible. Some of the trees might be placed and
secured in a favorable ])osition to protect tlie banks, but the
majt)rity would have to be I'cmoved from tlui bed of the creek.
This should be done uiuhu" the superintendence of a responsi-
bh^ ]>aity, who tlioroughly understands tlie work.
** As a ride, when an individual finds his ])ank is btung car-
ried ;i\vay by the sudden rising of a stream, he erects works
to throw tilt' water oft" from iiimself, not cfmsidering what iis
olfect might l)e on the oppositi^ bank, and thus causes equal
damage to that which is sought to be prevented.
" Thi' wiiole vob;me of the stream should be directed into a
mid-cii;uniel, whei'c it will cut a deep bed for itself; this will
'- "]) it from lunning against the bank and teanng away th<*
i I •■'
Before closing my remarks on this subject, I may state
.-at, if it is the intention of the Government to keej) that por-
tion of the waggon road open from Suniass Lake to the Luck-
a-kuek, something must be done to divert the Chilliwhack
water from the Sumass, as it is that which has caused the
breaks on that section of the road: and I pi'esume you have
the re})ort of the road sup<n'intendent on that point.
'• Also, that unless the Chilliwhack water is confined and
kept to one channel, no farm on the ('hilliwhack is safe; tVe
banks of that stream are so low near the jam that a freshet
GUIDE TO niilTISH COLUMBU.
12a
luii^'lit at Muy time turn tlu^ water over the most uuexpccted
point.
" With reference to R'Hilamation District No. 1 situated
het\ve(Hi Cheam Mountain and the Atchelit/, and which in-
cludes the 4,<)l)0 acres applietl for hy Messrs. A. C. and J).
Wells, [ find it does not pr(>sent the same facilities for iieop-
in,i^ the water of the Fraser out that District No. "2 does.
" In the fu-st place the l)auks of the river, from Cheam
Moinitain for som 1 distanc(3 down are v<!ry Iiij;ht and }j;)',ivelly,
and I doubt whether matcirial to construct a ti;j;ht levee could
be o^ tained without great cost.
"It has been sugij;ested that a dam thrown across the head
of Hoi)e slough would help that portion of the District
bordering on its lianks, but I fail to see that it would answer
the exptx'tations of its advocat(3s, as a short distance below
Hope slough, anothcu-, calhul Camp slough, of almost equal
cinteity, leaves the Praser, joining Hope slough about three-
hs of a mile from its head. This of necessity would
]. iiUire a dam, and as the banks of the Islands in this vicinity
are low they would re([uire -". levee.
•'These dams if built aione woa^d be useless, as the water
during extraordinary freshets would thid its way over the
low banks of the ishuids into Hope slovigli as before, while at
ordinary freshets tin; dams would not be necessary. I think
howtu'er that on the maiidand, that is on the south bank of
Hope slough, a levee in some of the lower places, if built,
might b(; of some service tt) settlers in that neighbourhood.
" The p()rtion of this District applied for by Messrs. Wells
[ have already reported on. It only remains for me to give
you my ideas of how the work should be carried out, with an
estimate of its ])robable cost.
"The v,.',,!;. 01 l)uilding the levees should bo commenccid by
rcinovir: .i'^ ':( vegetable mould, fallen timber, roots, tfec,
from i> s:e, wA thus not only ensure a tight founihition, but
its l);ise iiei' '.• tv.o feet below tlu^ surface of the ground, it will
be supporte.i '•> a shoulder ov ])rop of earth behind it; this
will prevent ^ luling and will render it solid and immovable.
" The di'aensions of the levee will vary with the inequali-
ties of t!>.! ground. I should recommend that the slopes on
the sld(! ex]H)sed to the water should be two feet of base to
one of height, and a slope to the land of one and a half of
l)!ise 10 one of height.
"l'l"> .slope to the water should l>e covenid with turf, the
grass 1; ^lu the prairie would answer admirablv, and is the
lu'st uf 'i ^luteriulson which waters roll without doing dam-
iC'e
'124
GUIDE TO BRITISH COLUMBIA.
" The points where the levees butt on the mountains would
require to be constructed with great care, and their junctions
protected with brush and rocks, or some other artificial de-
fence.
" Three gates would be required at Levee No. 1, the one on
Wilson's Creek being the largest.
"In Levee No. 2, the only gate necessary will be in Sumass
rivor, and, as I mentioned before, would require a careful
survey to determine the nature of the foundation upon which
to build th3 walls of the gate. They should be of solid
masonry. The height of these walls will be 40 feet above the
bottom of Sumass river. What depth below that it will be
necessary to go depends on further examination.
" Solid rock appeirs on the face of the mountain close to
the river, and may poibly cross at no great depth, but under
any circumstances it w .' ery costly.
' ' In the levee near thb helitz three small gates will be
required, as well as one at liie mouth of McGillivary's slough.
" Besides these works it would be advisable to secure the
bank of Fraser river at Miller's Landing.
' ' For the last ton years this has been continually crumbling
away. An expenditure of a few thousand dollars, with the
aid of a good pile driver, would save it going any f ui'ther.
" The levees should be commenced as soon as the Frasei
falls, and completed before the succeeding freshet. This
would probably be a difficulty here where labor is so scarce,
but a half finished work having to face high water would cer-
tainly be greatly injured, possibly swept away.
" Every care should be taken to guard against the possibil-
ity of future breaks from defective work or the want of close
watching for a time after the completion of the levees.
' ' Settlers would crowd into this district if the land was re-
claimed, and where one home now stands, covering in some
instances 1200 acres, there would possibly be a dozen, making
it one of the most valuable and thriving in the Province. —
(Maps and plans wei'e issued by Government with the above
report. — Ed.)
GUIDE TO BRITISH COLUMBIA.
125
COMPARATIVE STATEMENT
Shewing the number of Pre-emption Records, Certificates of
Purchase, Certificates of Improvement, and Crown Grants
issued; also, the number of Letters received at Land
Office, Victoria, and replies to same; and number of Free
Miners' Certificates issued at Victoria, during the years
1870 to 187G, inclusive.
1870
1871
1872
1873
1874
208
72
196
125
217
3252
2259
1875
1876
Piv-Piui)tion Records
CiTtiticiites of Improveiuent
Certiticiites of Puvehiise ....
Crowii Griint.s
No. Freo Miuf-rs' Certificates
issued at Victoriii
Ni). of Letters received at
L;iud Offioi', Victoria. . . .
Replies to Siirae*
287
67
60
100
3
660
361
204
44
84
177
14
1301
478
228
30
28
81
1269
517
441
69
142
32
47
2068
1540
198
59
199
184
42
4110
2356
188
42
162
128
.\eeriitje deeded
17984
*Thi8 duex nut include formal acknowledgmente, or partially printed forms or circulars
RETURNS SHOWING AMOUNT OF CASH RECEIVED
From Li:nd Revenue from 1st January to Slst Dec, 1876.
Ciish recnive 1 for sale of Lands $16,904 73
Cash received from all sources of Land Revenue, except sale of
Lauds 4.968 91
Total $21,873 64
EHQUIMALT GRAVING DOCK.
This is one of the most important public works in the Pro-
vince. When completed will be sufficiently large to admit of
any of H. M. ships of war being docked therein.
During the visit of the Earl of Dufferin to British Columbia
in 187t), the interesting ceremony of driving the first pile in
connection with this work was performed by him.
The cofferdam is now in progress, and will doubtless be
completed during the present year, and the remaining portion
of the work will be pushed forward rapidly ; !S25(), 000 (X50,000)
has been promised by the Dominion Government as a bonus,
and a like amount is promised by the Imperial authorities.
The contractors for the cofferdam are Messrs Reed Bros. &
Co., London, England. C. E. Dawson, Esq., is engineer fo^
120
GUniE TO BRITISH COLUMDLV.
the contractors, and W. Bonnet, Esq., engineer for the local
Government.
Nearly !?100,000 (X20,000) up to the present time has been
expended on this work.
PUBLIC S(JHO()LS.
Extracts from report on the Public Schools of the Province,
187o-0:
It is mj pleasing duty to state that STil)stantial progress has
boon made in educational matters during the past year. At-
teii(hinco in the public schools is rapidly increasing, which,
of itself, is a fair proof that these " Colleges of the People"
are appreciated, and that the number of school-going children
is Ijecoining larger from year to year.
The increase in attendance in the public schools for the
year, as reported, is 282, or more than 20 per cent. — nearly
double that of 1874-5 — while 121 have been added to the
average.
Number of children reported, 2,484. Attending public
schools for longer or shorter periods during the year 1875,
1,(585 — boys, iMi7; girls, 778. Not attending school anywhere,
;}58.
Tlio number of certilicated teachei-s (employed in the Pro-
vince, is 40.
All the schools an^ supplied with ma[)s and terrestrial
With one or two exce[)tious they are all furuisheil
with ijla(;kl)oards. The authorized text books are now cc-
clusively used throughout the Pi'ovinee.
The amount paid for salaries was s:}2,220 75. Expenditure
for improving, repairing and furnishing school hous(>s,
$2,K>5 ;5'). The outlay in all the districts for the year ending
31st July, s;}7,978 7i:
The average* cost i<n- the yeur of each pupil attending the
}mblic schools in the Province is .822 38.
If the parents of children not attending any school could only
be made to a])[)reciate fully the irre])arable injury th(^y are
intlicting upon iho.iv ott'spring by depriving them of educa-
tional advantages, the aljsenteeism at j)resent existing, if not
futirely prevented, would soon l)e reduced to a minimum.
During tlie five years now nearly expired since our present
school system was established, the number of public
schools lias increased from 14 to 40 — nearly 300 per cent. In
the same time the number of teaclu-rs has increased from 13
to 50 — almost 400 per cent. The amount ])aid for teachers'
salaries has nearly quadru])led during the five years under
globes.
V
GUIDE TO BRITISH COLUMBU.
127
^IumI
consideration, it having increased from 88,375 to $32,220 75.
The average annual salary in 1872 was $523 43. In the fol-
Icjwing year, after salaries had been regulated by the Board of
Education, the average increased to $713 10. Last year
shows an increase in the average salary of $12 12 over preced-
ing year. Tlie amount expendr^d for' teachers' salaries gives
an average for the live years, of $651 05 per annum.
School accomodation has kept pace with the increase in at-
tendance. Commencing with twelve school houses in 1872,
most of them very much out of i-epair, there ai'e now forty,
noarlv all in good order and tolerably well furnished.
RULES AXD UEGULATIONS FOR THE GOVERNMENT OF PUBLIC SCHOOLS
IN THE PROVINCE OF BRITISH COLUMBIA.
1. The hours of teaching in each school shall be from 9
A. M. to 12 M., and from 1 p. m. to 3.30 p. m., from April to
September, inclusive; and from 9.30 A. M., to 12 M., and from
1 r. M. to 3 p. M., from October to March, inclusive.
2. Every Saturday, Good Friday, Easter Monday, Queen's
Birthday, Dominion Day, and Prince of Wales' Birthday shall
be a holiday in each school. Tiiere shall be a recess of fifteen
minut(^s in the middle of each morning's work.
3. There shall be two vacations in each year; the first, or
Summer vacation, shall continue for one month from the first
Monday in July or August, at the option of the Trustee Board
in each School District; the second for two weeks, at Christ-
inas and New Year.
4. Young children, not being pupils of the school, shall not
he allowed to accompany teachers or pupils, as such a practice
tends to the interruption of the regular business of the school.
5. No teacher shall be deprived of any part of his or her
salary on account of observing allowed holidays and vacations.
LIST OF DULY yUALIFIEU TEACHRRS, AND DATES OF CERTIFICATES.
FIRST CLASS, GRADE A .
Valid luitil revok'e(f bi/ Board of Education.
Colin ('. MoKenzie. M. A., July, 1873.
Jiiiiics A. H;illi.l,iy, "" 1874.
Sariih Hiiywanl, " "
Letitiii M. Oiildwell, July, 1874.
Frances E. Herring, " 187G.
FIRST CLAS'-., GRADE li.
Valid until revoked bij Board of Education.
Robert M. Clemitsou, July, 1873.
John Plence,
Margaret J. Baxter,
.Tames Kav". " 1874.
Joseph T; J ones, " 1875.
Joseph P. Plftuta, July. 1875.
John Mundell,
George Pottinger " 1876.
Samuel F. Crawford, "
I-
128
GUIDE TO BninSH COLUMBLV.
fif
SECOND CLASS, GRADE A.
Valid for three years.
Archena J. McDougall, July, 1871
Sarah Rodfern,
Jamos Thoinson,
Donald lIcMillau.
John Lane Phillips,
Elizabeth Young,
11
1875.
John F. Smith, July,
Mary K. Polk-y. "
Adelaide 0. Bailoy,
Jano E. Tronaman,
Christina Irvine,
Jano Coutts,
lS7r,.
Thomas H. Mathers, July, 1875
Jane Mills,
Catherino Cordiner, " "
Archihaid Irwin, " "
John Nfwlnu-y, " 1876
John Brittou "
" 1876
SECOND CLASS, GRADE B.
Valid for three //ears.
Alice Richardson, July
Abbie J. Pol(('y
1876.
Jiiiucs \V. Siiuilair,
Caroline lialcy
A. M. Robinson
Kmily A. Stark,
THIRD CLASS, GRADE A.
Valid /'or one year.
Thomas McKenna, July, 1876.
Jano .Vnno Scott " "
Honry W. Mn-^'h^'s. -July, 1876.
Florence ('oiiltliafd '• "
THIRD CLASS, GRADE B.
Valid for one year.
Josephini' McDdii dd, July, 1876.
BOARD 01' i;i»UCATU»X.
W. V. Tolmi.', Esq.,
M. W. T. Drake, Esq.
A. ^ r^aufjley, Esq.,
*RcslRne<I.
A. Miiiiro, I^sq.,
K. Wii;iaius, i!;sq ,*
K. Marvin, Es(j.
DOMIXEON S.VVINCIS BANK, B. 0.
AUDITOR AND .VSSISTANT RECEIVER GENEI{AL S OFFICE.
JoHX Graii.vm, (.Auditor au<l A. U. CI.) - - Maii.igor
CooTE M. Cn.VMiu Rs, - Aceonnt;i.nt Savin.ijjs Biuik l^raiu'li
IvowLANi) E. (tREen, - - - Clon-k Audit Bvaarli
V. B. T.vrr, .-Vgont, - - - Now Wcstininstev
J.utEs Harvey, •' - - - - - Nanaimo
Statomiuit of tlu; Balance at Or. of Dc^jiositors in Govovn-
ment Savings !>ank, on )5()tli September, 1876.
I Balnnce | Deposits | ' With- ! | Balanee
BaiiV. I on:ilKt I for | Totiil. , ili-awn ! Total |:;oth Sept.
Iauk. IHTO.lSept. IHVti' I Sept. 1.^7(1 ' !«'''■
i 1 I ' ' ' -
Vii^forla iT.'iS.SlT :!!); U.lt'J dill Sie.O.V.) ;10 IC.'JVli ":! 40,27(1 7.1 T.'.'!.fi8-J ■>.
Nauiiiuio j H4.'_>:!S .');l| 11.7S7 l)l)l SS.{)7.-> r>:!| •J.IUl (111 -J.:!;!! (U' S.->.C.'.l:) W
New W«ytiaia8ter I 8S,i07 OS ;I.-J'24 Oo' 'Jl.iVil Us, :i.0J4 ua 3.1)54 'JO 8S,."i70 IS
GUIDE TO BRITISH COl.UMBIA.
129
statement of Dominion Ilovoniie und Expenditure in Biitiali
Columlnji .
KHVEXUE.
1S71.2
1872-1)
I'tH.I
Customs I 3.'):t,8(;-t tio
EXiiHr I 1,4')7 U
Post OlUci) I 777 ai
< )(e!iu Service |
Teleyriiiih j
Iliirbiiiir (liKH I j l'j,")i;i
Minct'llanpous | | 1,113
Share liy piipulaticm of Interest oiil I
invcstiiifuts of i)reiuiuiii8 | 7,1!KI On| ti,:tll) oil
» cts.
303.8S."i '<<.)
r..7'.>:t «j:i
Hi.74tl '.)()
'-!t,7;t2 72
i4,:iio m
29
12
1873-4
$ cts. I
335.787 2'j|
ll),fi74 84
'.t,.')l)4 20
12,44U 20
10,120 72
2!t.') 40
3,'.t45 '.(7
1874-3
1875
.'v yeiir
$ cts. I $ cts.
414,331 85 24'.t,03i' 40
11,181 Oil 8,3i!0 (Mi
12,2f)4 11 1 0.495 02
2,975 12 5,981 45
9,489 18! 2,529 07
2,157 29
8,415 00 1 11,(174 00
Total Connolidnteil Fund. .
3C.;1.29.H UM; 385,330 03 391,192 02 404,072 50 275,333 Ol
1,100 01
1,828 00
EXlMiNDITUKE.
1871-2
? cts.
CUnrt,'cs on debt by iiopulntion : 84,913 00'
l.iual iilliccH ill cliar^icH of nianaKciiientj 2.851 77;
Slcirc of Civil (iovcruinent by popii-'
lution ' I 8,473 0(1 '
Loial ( )fUces iu Civil Government | 7,591 3ll
Justice I 2'<,588 07]
Pciiittntlarv
1872-3
? cts.'
80.534 OOj
0,909 131
9,730 00
8,499 92
38,001 82
Legislation.
Iiuiiiigration aucl cjuarautine. . .
.Murine Hospitals ,
PciisiDns ,
Militia
Public works anil buildings...
Ocean and river service
Lifjlit-liouses and const service.
Subsidy
liuliaus
Mis(i?|laneous
Custoiiis
Excise
10,917 24!
19,202 18
5,000 OU
1,840 75
55 00
894 07
.-)0,155 83!
15,171 03|
214,001) 001
5.')0 00 1
1,87(! 49;
17,005 00
Post Office 37.397 13
Telei;rapU 15.8CS 67
2.595 50
474 27
22.039 04
00,984 72
13,207 09
210,289 75
20,000 00
329 27
24,477 50
1.085 77
59.370 91
51,990 77
Total expenditure
Total revenue
1873-4
.$ cti.
87,752 00
10.135 53,
10,832 001
13,071 31
42.717 OOJ
15.804 45
31,772 40
10,050 41
1,231 12
3,010 50
4,478 17
47,031 05
04, .5.55 ()7|
30,500 90 ;
230.293 951
29,000 00 1
5,393 00-
19.034 47
0,137 00
08,0H() 07
29,021 19
510.221 91.041,381 70 7t>2,441 39 707,948 34
303.298 OH 3H5,,-130 03' 391,192 02 401,072 50
1874-6
# cts. :
99,880 00 1
9,8.)0 70 1
I
11,183 oo;
11,444 00
42.991 74 1
8,03() 25
20,311 Oil
.50(» 00 (
3.881 81 1
4,579 351
8,743 80;
42,375 48;
95,790 741
24,782 79!
225,049 05
25,000 00
1,330 31
19,050 37
5,318 40
70,055 58
37.774 21
1875
k' year.
$ cts.
48,913 00
3,284 44
5,032 00
4, .505 15
19.742 12
4,525 77
2,085 00
"'h'm'ivi
2,021 93
5,420 18
84,075 22
30,702 99
11,291 08
11(J.230 00
13,009 50
10,087 12
3.755 23
25,0(M) 00
9,414 70
401,571 81
275,333 01
Kxcessof expenditure. 140,923 83 205,051 731 371,248 77 303,875 78!l20,238 80
Pacifle Haihvay expenditure 90.400 00 310.823 80 108,131 85 183,247 301177,241 32
Total excess of expenditure 237,323 83 .572,875 59' 479,080 02 487,123 14^303,480 2^2
Total Expenditure .■5:1,083,1505 21
TotalRevenue 1.879,220 30
Excess of Expenditure
Add Pacific Railway Expenditure
1,204.338 91
870,144 39
Total Excess of Expenditare 2,080,483 30
JOHN LANGTON,
(Returns for 1876 have not been isBued by Receiver General.— Ed.)
17
Auditor.
• '<
130
GUIDE TO BRITISH COLUMBIA.
GENEllAL ABSTRACTS
Showing the aveiiige amount of the Liabilities and Assets,
within the Province of Britisli Cohmibia, of the Bank of
British North America, and the Bank of British Cohimbia,
taken from the usual wtiekly statements during the Quar-
ter endin«^ 30th December, 1H76:
BANK JJKiriSn NOUTH AMEllICA.
fjiiliidififs. ,lsS(7.s'.
Notes ill I'irculation not boariiiK in- I L<'BhI 'IVnilerCoin in gold or silver lf79,4l;i 25
tereHt Slj:;,:!:!.') (W | Oolil liullicm ■'■I.IM ;n
Bnlanct'H diU! to other BunkH nuil | Nuti^H iind Chciiiu* of other BankH 'J.TT'J (in
BrauchfH J.',,i)i;'j l;i i Lumli-'il iimlothor i)ropcrty 1«,U0U (K>
UupoKitH on call not bearing int I'J.'i.i'idl ,:i | lialauc Kdiir troiii othcrltau' aanil
lippoMits not on rail li ■•iriutf int . . . Klo.aiti (}0 | Uranclu'H l.Vi.O'JJ 10
Ain't of all other Debts due to the
Total amount uf LiubilitieH $T25,'ilT oti
Bank 171,'JIO 0(i
Total amount of AaHets $74('),ri33 78
Amount of Capital Stock pniil up at the elow of the Quarter ending ;iOth
Dee., 1871) $."),()iin,Oill)
11.1 ti' of the last Divideud declared to the Shareholdern li per cent per annum
.\iiiount of InHt Dividend d "clared for half year ?1.">II.II()0
.\mount of the IJuserved Profits at the time of declaring said Dividend. . . .§1,158,130
(Signed)
Victoria, B. C, ;ti)th Dae. HTii.
.1. OOODFELLOW, Manager.
Andiu'.w 11. KiTCHiii. Vcf^; .\ccountaut.
i
It
BANK BUITISH ('(JI.LMBIA.
i.iihv:.t\i>i. I .i.v>Ws.
Notes in Circulation SJ(J'J.,")47 48 i Legal Tender Coin in gold and
Balance due to other Banks and j wilver $H17,478 ill
Branihen 9,58i! 13 Gold and Silver Bullion '.".MUl 7(>
DepuKits not bearing int.:?704,8'il 'J7 I Landed and other Property •.'8,4.">4 (iK
Deposits beanuR interest 58,r><l;i 51 70^1.41.') 00 ' Balance due from other Banks
; and BrancheH 1114 ,833 JO
I All debts due to the Bank, in-
cluding Notes, Bills of I';xchange
I and all Stock and Funded Debts
I of every description, excepting
I Notes, Bills and Balances due
from other Banks and Branches 880,'244 81
Total amount of Liabilities «1,042,.'>4S 03 Total amount of Assets «1 .?o<'.,n7'J 8i;
Amount ol'iCapital Stock paid up at close of Quarter ending 31st Dec, 1870 $1,730,000 iKj
Kate of lasf.Dividend declared to the Shareholders 8 per cent, per annum
Amount of lust Dividend declared S o;i,'>i!0 00
Amount of liesei-ved profit after declaring such dividend 107.805 00
(Signed! WM. C. WARD, Manager.
Chas. S. Jones, Accountant.
GUIDE TO RIJITISH COLUMBIA.
131
EXCISE.
The (lutios of Excise collected within the Inlaiul Ilevonue
Division of Jiritish Columbia, from the 1st January to lUst
December, 1870, were an follows, viz. :
On spirits, $2.t)r)8 57 ; on malt, $4,482 08 ; on tobacco,
.S7,U('.r) HO ; other receipts, !?1,287 44. Total, $15,443 59.
There are in the Province 8 Brewers, 4 Malsters, and 4 To-
bacco manufacturers.
Comparative Return ot the Kevenue of British Columbia
received in the years 1875 and 187G, shewin}^ the increase
or decrease under each head for 187G.
.'.Ill
Hi'ads of Rovfinne.
187rj.
1876.
.\pproxi-
niftte.
Increase. | Decrease.
Doiiiinion Subsidy !
Land Sides \
Liuid llev(>ime ;
lU'Uts (exclusive of Luud) .
Fill' Miners' Certificates. . .
MiuinjJ! Receipts General. . .
Liciuces '
Fiius, Forfeitures, and Fees
Foes of OfKce
Sale of Govern't Property. .
Miscellaneous Receipts
Ryimbursenients in aid of
Expenses
lluiul Tax i
Interest . .
Marriaf^'e Licences
LiUid Tax
Bridge Tolls
Uoad Tolls
Schodl Tax
Real Property Tax
Personal Propertj' Tax .... I
luoonie Tax |
Arn.'ars: |
Keep of Doni'u Prisoners I
Real Estate Tax(late V.I.)!
?22r,,()20
19,117
4,99.5
H.55
8,702
7,011
27,431
11,(319
5,082
1,170
248
8,888
17,38r,
1,032
4G7
1,478
8,022
09 $209,89(i 72
84 1(5,749 73:
4,9f)8 91
105 75i
10,022 50,
7,012 00
28,755 09
11,813 99
3,012 45
1,000 46
;65 05
70;
00
50
50
27
50
35;
12
73|
2,090
277
25
Oil
11,095
5,931
10
84
450
2,108
1.500
27,581
10,1()7
10,234
7,937
510
00
70
00
54
87
20
83
18
2,106 00
251 14
$15,132 37
2,008 11
20 79
690 25
1,200 00
001 50l
1,324 421
194 43!
2,206 80
030 09
27,581 54
10,107 87
10,234 20
7,937 83
510 18
15 7;
1,469 90
109 60
83 68
11,454 93
1,032 63
17 GO
0,522 91
25 87
Totals i$351,2G6 54l 380,643 05 08,071 21 39,294 10
Difference (Increase) $29,377 11 $29,377 11
'!ll-'
132 GUIDE TO JilHTIHH rOLUMlUA.
ADDITIONAL UEVENUE, 187().
AiiKiiint (il)tainc(l mulcr li. C. Loan Act, ■ ii iiccotint of (imviiit,'
Duck !? no,]!*,-) 0(1
Do. for othrr l'ul)lic Works 2T.nx\ m
Totiil rcvLimc ol)taiii((l dtiriii^,' 187(1. .... 72',iJ>7\ (15
ItEVENTE OF HIHTISH COLUMBIA I'OR 1877
Froin nil sources otlicr than loans und refunds i?407,!jr)0 00
Doiiiiiiiou (rovcriiiiieiit refund on account of Dry Dock Hi), 471) 00
Under f.oim Act. 1874 20,(100 (,0
Do. do. i)ropoHPd to lio raised 110,714 00
$(i03,543 no
ESTIMATED EXPENDITURE
Of Britisli (.'olunibiii for the your eiulinjj;31st December. 1877,
t()<^etli(!r with ilio sums grunted for the year ending lUst
December, 1870.
ScrvicPH.
1876.
1877.
Conipar<3d with 187(i.
Increase. Decrease.
ESTAULISHMKNTH.
Salaries
Administratioji of Justice.
HKKVICKS (KXCLUSITE OF
KSTAHLISHMKNTS. )
I'ef;;islation
Assaj' Office
Printing Office
Administration of Justice. .
Police and Gaols
Revenue services
Lunatic Asylum
Charitable Allowances. .
Education
Surveys
Rent
Tran8i)ort
Immigration
Interest
Works and IJuildiugs
Roads, streets and bridges. .
Graving Dock
Miscellaneous
$ cts.
48,525 00
43,588 00
16,050 00
525 00
3.300 00
5,050 00
19,100 00
10.000 00
6,400 00
13,650 00
43,000 00
10,000 00
144 50
3,950 00
2,500 00
10,000 001
58,074 70'
202.632 00
131,558 00
30,005 00
S cts.
53,168 00
45,616 00
16,000
500
2,200
6,000
14,3t'0
7.500
10,. 500
14.050
46,000
8.000
384
3,350
2,500
20,495
31,104
170,500
90,000
60,175
00
00
00
00
00
00)
00 1
00
00
00
50
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
719,592 20! 603,542 50
$ cts.
4,643 00
2.028 001
cts.
950 00
4,100 00
1.000 00
3,000 00
240 00
10,495 00
29,830 00
56.286 00
65(^ 00
25 00
1,100 00
4,800 00
2,500 00
2,000 00
600 GO
26,970 70
92,132 00
41,558 00
172,335 70
GUIDE TO imiTISH COIXMBIA.
133
ABSTHAC^T F110:\r THE liEPOliT OF THE REGIS-
T II All OF BIllTHS, DEATHS AND T^IARRIAGES,
FOll THE YEAR 1875.
[PIJJLISHED JUNK, 1H76 — ED],
For tins year, mon* coiii))lete results have boon obtained
than in any prccoding year; and, notwithstandinf; that a
markt'd decrease ap))ears in some of the Districts, an ap;^re-
^'ate total increase of oo registrations has been obtained over
tlu! number effected durini' the vear 1874.
The R(!turns show the registration of 181 Births, against
174 for the year 1874; of 90 Marriages, against 78 for 1874;
and of 113 Deaths, against 83 for 1874,
CAUSES OF DEATH.
cts.
:r 00
Siimllpox , . . 1
Mi'iisU'H 2
Dipthcrift , 2
4
1
1
1
1
Croup
WhoopiiiR Coiit,'h..
Cliolcrii Infantum
PUfVpiTd
Uvscntrv.
Typboid Fever 3
Hii'niorohiige
Dropsy ...
Cancer
Phthisis
F'arulysis 3
Apoplexy 2
Bniin Disease G
Epilepsy 1
Convulsions 1
Anuerism 3
Heart Disease 1
Anaemia 1
15riiuj,'lit forward 46
i Pneumonia 4
1 Plenro Pneumonia 2
I Dronehitis 1
Lun^,' Disease 2
' Peritonitis
Liver Disease
Intersuseeption
Exhaustion
Hepatitis , . . .
Teething
liright's Disease of Kidneys
Kupture of Bladder
Childbirth
Atrophy
Suicide
Accidents 2
Wounds t
Drowning 7
Not speeilied 28
Carried forward , 40 '
Total 113
134
GUIDE TO BRITISH COLUMBIA.
t
CUSTOMS TARIFF OF THE DOMINION OF CANADA
AS IN FORCE MARCH 1, 1877.
Memo. — On entry papers, quantities must in all cases be given
as set down in the Tariff, although the duty may not be
speoitic; care should also be taken to state in what country
the goods were purchased.
Ale, Beer and Porter in wood, 12 cents per Irapl. gallon - gals
" in bottles, IS
GOODS PAYING SPECIFIC DUTY.
Acid — Sulphuric _ _ -
Butter, - - - -
Cheese, _ _ - -
Chicory — raw or gr len, - _ -
" roasted or ground, -
Cott'ee- green,
' ' ground and roasted,
Fish — salted or smoked
Fruits preserved in Brandy or other Spirits,
Hops, _ _ - _ .
Lard, - _ . .
Meats -fresh, salted or smoked -
Malt - -
Molasses for refining purposes,
Oil — Coal it Kei'osene, &c., Naptha, Benzole <fc refined
Petroleum, - - (5 cts. per gal. Wine Measme
Products of Petroleum, ifec, " " "
Crude Petroleum
Rice, - - . - _ 1 cent per lb
Soa])— common - - - - 1 "
Starch, - - - - 2
Spirits — Alcohol, - - i^l 00 per gal. Wine Measure
Brandy, - - 1 00 "
Cologne "Water and Perfumed Spirits, not in
Flasks - ^1 50 per gal. Wine Measure
Cordials, - - 1 50
Gin, - - 1 00
Rum, - - 1 00
Tinctures, Essences, Extracts, 1 50
WHiiskey, - - 1 00
Act
- 4
. per lb
8
((
- 3
((
4
( (
- 2
((
3
iC
- 1
1 1
- $1 50
5 cts
- 1
per gal
. per lb
1
a
- 21
( (
73 cts. per
100 lbs
( (
( (
((
((
((
Tallow,
Unenumerated,
1 50
(<
1 et. per lb
GUIDE TO BRITISH COLUMBIA.
sure
135
6 cents per lb
per gcil
Tea — green and Japan, - . -
" black, - - - - - 5
Vinegar and Acetic Acid, - - - 10
Wines — Containing les^5 than 20 per cent, of alcohol
and not worth more than 40 cents per
gallon 80 cts. per gal
All other except Sparkling, imported in
wood, - - - - 60 cts per gal
All other except Sparkling, imported in
bottle, - - - - $1 50 per doz
Sparkling, - - - 3 00
SPECIFIC AND AD VALOREM.
Sugar above No. 13 Dutch Standard, 1 ct. per lb., and
25 per cent, ad valorem, - _ _
Sugar equal to No. 9, and not above No. 13 Dutch
Stanilard, 4 ct. ])erll)., and 25 percent, ad valorem, -
Sugar below No. 1), Dutch Standard, I ct. per lb., and
25 per ctnit ad valore^n, - _ _
Melado i; ct. ])er lb., and 25 per cent, ad valorem
Cane Juice, Syrups, &c., ij ct. per lb. and 25 per cent.
ad valorem - -
Sugar Candy and Confectionary, 1 cent per lb. and 25
|ter cent, ad valorem ------
Tobacco — manufactured, and Snuff, 25 cts. per lb., and
I'll |)er ct. ad valorem, . - - .
Cigars, including CUgarettes, 50 cts. per lb., and 20 per
cent ad valorem, _ _ . _
(fOODS l-APING 25 PER CENT. AD VALOREM.
Mace and Nutmegs, . . . -
Molasses, other than for refining purposes, -
Patent Medicines an(i Medicinal preparations, -
Perfumery, not elsewhere specified.
Perfume',! and Fancy Soaps. . . -
Play Cards, " - -
Spices, inchidiug Cassia, Cinnamon, (linger, Pimento,
and Pepper — Ground, . _ -
Cologne Water and Perfumed Spirits when in flasks or
iiottles. not more than 4 oz.,
GOODS PAYING 17.V PER CENT. AD VALOREM.
lb
< (
1 (
- lbs
4 (
$
. lbs
packs
lbs
OZ
Agricultural Implements, not elsewhere specified - $
Arrowroot, -_-.-_ lbs
Axles of all kinds, except Locomotive and R. R. Car Axles, c\, i
Bagatelle Boards and Billiard Tables, and furnishings, - $
136
GUIDE TO BRITISH COLUMBIA..
f:'
Bnking Powders, - _ _ - -
Bath Bricks, -_.-_-
Biscuit, -.__--
Bicarbouate of Soda,
Blacklead, - _ _ .
Blackin<^ .._-_._
Bricks for Building - - - - -
Bone Crushers and parts thereof, . - -
Boot and Shoe making Machines, - - -
Brooms and Brushes, of all kinds, - - -
Cabinet Ware and Furniture, _ - -
Candles and Tapers of Tallow, _ _ -
" ' ' of wax or any other material, -
(Jarpots of any material, - - -
Cavriag(!s, -__-_-
Cement. Marine or Hydraulic — ground,
Coach and Harness Furniture, _ - -
Chandeliers, Girondoles, Gas Fittings,
Chafif Cutters and parts tliereof ,
Che(>se Vats, Presses and Factory Heaters, and parts
thereof, _ . . _ -
China AVare, - - - _ .
Ci-oekerv and Earthenware, - - - -
Churns, - - _ . - -
Cider, - ....
Clocks and parts thereof, . _ . ^
Cocoa and Chocolate, _ _ . -
C'Ordage — llo]i(is not elsewhere specified,
Twines,
Corks, _.-__-
Corn Huskers and parts thereof,
Cott<nis, viz:
Bleached and unbleached.
Printed, painted or colored,
Ginghams and Plaids,
Jeans, Denims and Drillings,
C'lothing or Wearing ap])arel,
All other not elsewhere specified, -
(^otton Thread in spools,
" in hanks.
Wai^js not coarser than 40,
Cultivators and parts thereof,
Dried Fruits and Nuts of all kinds, viz:
Currants, . - .. .
Dates, . - . - .
Figs, - - - .
$
No
lbs
$
mille
No
(<
doz
$
lbs
((
yd
No
brls
C(
No
((
v
u
No
gal
No
ibs
<(
(1
>;
No
yds
i(
u
( ■
No
lbs
K
GUIDE TO BRITISH COLUMBIA.
1:57
Dried Fruits and Nuts of all kinds, viz. :
Prunes tuid Plums _ . -
Raisins, - . _
Other, - _ . .
Nuts — Almonds — shelled,
not shelled, -
** Filberts and Walnuts,
" Other — not elsewhere specified,
Drugs not otherwise specified,
Eugravinj^'s and Prints, "^ -
Essences and Extracts not cont g Spirits,
Fancv Goods, viz. :
Alabaster, Spar, l>ronze, Terra Oothi or
Composition Ornaments,
Articles embroidered "with gold, silver,
or other metals, _ . -
Biaeelets, Braid, Ac, made of hair, -
Beads and Bead Ornaments,
Boxes, fancy, Ornamental Cases and
Writing Desks, _ _ -
Combs and Manufactures of Bone, Shell,
Horn and Iv<jrv, . . -
Coral Cut or Manufactured,
Dolls, - . _ .
Fans and Fire Screens,
Feathers and Flowers, Artificial and
Ornamental,
Gold and Silver Cloth, Tassels, Th)c,id,
Ivory or Bone Dice, Draughts, Chess-
men, &c., - - - .
Millinei'v of all kinds.
Pearl, Composition and Manufactures of
Thread Lace and Insertions,
Felt for Roofing, _ _ _ - -
" other, not elsewhere specified.
Fish — Ovsters in (.ans, Fresli — from countries other
than U.S. - - ..
" Oysters Preserved, from countries other than U.S.
'' Lobsters, Ac,
" Other preserved in oil -
Fireworlcs, _..-..
Fire Engines — Steam, _ _ . _
other, . . - -
Fir(> Extinguishers (chemical), . -
Flat Wire for Crinolines — covered.
Gelatine, - -
18
Ibj
)S
< (
I (
I i
( i
i i
i i
((
(C
- cans
No
No
S
fi
!T
1
fjf^
h
'1
' ■ 'f
■i
•'1
1
..;t
1:J8
GUIDE TO BRITISH COLUMWA.
Ginger Ale, . . . . . doz
Glue, lbs
Grease — axle, - - • - - •'
Grind Stones and Scythe Stones, - _ - §
Gum — Arabic, Chewing, and other not elsewhere specified "
Gunpowder and explosive substances, viz:
Gunpowder, _ _ - . ]i)s
Nitro-Glycei'ine, Fulminating Powder and
Ex))losive siibstances used for blasting, ttc. "
Guns, Ritlcs, and rir(> Arms of all kinds,
Glass — Plate and Silvered . - _
Window, stained, painted or colored, -
Plain,
War(^ _-
Hats — Beaver, Silk, and Felt, - - .
Straw, Chi]), Grass or other material,
('aps jind Bonnets all other
Hosiery, . . . _ .
Inks oi all kinds, except Printing Ink,
Jewellt ry, . . _ - .
Lampblack, . . - _ .
Lumber — Sawn and plank, not being of Mahogany,
Jiosewood, AValnut, Chestnut and Cherry, Pitch
Pine, Boxwood or not imported from B.N. A. Prov's, M. ft
Leather, .---.. lbs
Sheep, Calf, Goat, and Chamois skins — dressed, "
Lime, -._..-
No
feet
<(
(C
( (
1 1
lbs
Lime and Lemon Juice, . - - .
Linnen, __-.--
Linen Machine Thread, - . _ -
Liqu(mce Juice and Paste, . - -
Locomotive Engines . _ _ - .
Maccaroni and Vermicelli - . -
Machine Twist and Silk Twist, - - - -
Maps, Charts, and Atlasses, not elsewhere mentioned,
Manufactures of Cashmere, - . -
Caoutchouc or India Hubber or Gutta Percha.
VIZ., Boots and Shoes,
Belting,
Clothing
Hose and Tubing,
All other.
brls
gals
yds
$
No
lbs
( 1
])airs
Brii
■ass,
Copper, . - - .
Fur, or of which Fur is the principal part,
GUIDE TO BRITISH COLUMBIA.
189
((
((
((
<(
((
((
((
((
<(
(<
Gold. Silver, Electro Plate, Argentine, Albata,
Nickle and plated and gilded ware of all
kinds, not ol. ewhcre speeitied,
Manufactures of Grass, Osier, Pjihnleaf , Straw, Whale-
bone, or Willow not elsewhere specified,
Hair or Mohair, not elsewhere apecitied.
Iron Mnd Steel, viz., Axes
Cutlery of all sorts
Edge Tools
Files and Kasps,
Hoes, "Rakes, Forks, -
Locks, _ - -
Screws for Wood,
Scvthes and Snaths,
Spades and Shovels,
Spikes, Nails, Tacks, Brads
and S])rigs
Stoves and all other Iron castings,
Surgical Instriinients -
All other -
Lead, viz.. Shot, Piping. &c.,
Leather, or imitation of Leather,
Boots and Shoes, - - -
Harness and Saddlery,
Marble or imitation of Marble, other than
rough slabs or Idocks . - -
Papier Machie, . . -
Pewter, Platina, Japanned and planished tin,
Britannia metal wai-e, A'c,
Slate, viz.. Chimney pieces, .Mnntels, Pencils, etc.
" Kooting Slate prepared.
Stone, not elsewhere specilied,
Metal and Metal Composition, not elsewhere
specified, . . - -
Manufactures of Wood, viz:
Hubs, S])okes and FeMoes for Wheels,
Handles for Tools. Brooms, Brushes, itc.
Staves for Pipes, Hhds., Brls.. Ac,
All other not elsewhere specified
Mhieral and .Eruted Waters . _ - .
Mowing, Beaping and Thn^shing ^lachines,
^lusical instruments not elsewhere specified.
Music — sheet, . . . . .
Mustard, -__.-.
Machinery not elsewhere mentioned,
Ockres ground or calcined, ...
a
It
(I
< (
((
1 1
> (
t (
No
lbs
imm
140
GUIDE TO BRITISH COLUMBIA.
Oil Cloths, - . - . -
Oil, Cod Liver — Medicinal preparation not elsewhere
Specified, - _ - - -
Oil, fish — other, Medicinal pi'eparation,
Oils, rectified or prepared, viz:
Castor, _-_._-
Flaxseed or Linseed, _ _ -
* Hemp and Rape Seed, - - _ -
Olive and Salad, _ - . -
Vegetable not otherwise specified,
Volatile or Essential, _ . _
Oils of all kinds — crude — except Whale Oils and others
elsewhere specified, . _ . _
Opium, - - _ . -
Organs, Melodeons and Harmoniums,
Packages, . . _ . _
Paints and Colors _ . . _ .
Paintings in Oil and Chroraos not elsewhere specified.
Paper — Printing, _ . . _ _
Writing, . . - _ -
Wrapping, . _ _ . _
All other not elsewhere specified,
Paper Hangings, . . . _ -
Parasols and Umbrellas - . - .
Peas, split ------
Photogpaphic Materials, - - - -
Plaster of Paris — ground and calcined
Ploughs and parts thereof, ...
Pianos, --._..
Pickles and Sauces, _ . - -
Portable Hand Printing Presses, - . .
Preserved Meats and Poultry, - - -
Printed, Lithographed or Copper Plate Bills, &c.,
Fwailroad Cars — Passengers, . - .
Freight, - _ . -
Platform,
Sails, ready made, . - - _ -
Satinets, . _ - - -
Sausage Casings, . . - . .
Shawls, ------
Sewing Machines and parts thereof
Silks, Satins and Velvet, - - -
Silk, Woollen, Worsted and Cotton Embroideries and
Tambour Work, . - . - .
Silvfc-' Coin of United States,
Soap — Castile, . . - . .
gah
<<
I k
■u
l'(
lbs
No
No
bush
cwt
No
No
((
(<
yds
((
S
No
t 4
yds
l(
lbs
(3UIDE TO BRITISH COLUMBIA.
141
Sj)ices, including (linger, Pimento, and Pepper — un-
ground, . . - _ _
Sponges, . . . _ -
Stfitionory not elsewhere specified,
Steam Engines, other than Locomotive,
Small AVares, . . _ -
Syrups — Lemon, Raspberry, Strawberry &c., not con-
taining Spirits, _ . . _
Thread— Linen not elsewhcM-e specified.
All other, " - -
Tobacco Pipes, _ . - _
loyr., - - - - -
Tubes and Pijiing of Coj^per lirass or iron drawn,
Turp<:!ntine, Spirits of, . . . -
Varnish, otlier than bright and black,
Velveteens, . _ _ - -
Watches, and parts of, ...
Wax — Bees, Paratine and other,
Woollens, \va:
Blankets, - _ -
Carpets, . . - -
Flannel, _ _ -
Tweeds, _ _ - .
Clothing or Wearing Apparel
AVorsted, - - . -
All other,
Unennmerated Articles, - _ - .
(fOODS PAYIXG 10 PER CENT. AD VALOllEM.
Animals — Horned Cattle, . . _
Horses, - . . -
Sheep, - . - .
Swine, ....
Other, _ - - -
Bran, -..-._
Cotton Netting for India Rubber Shoes and Gloves,
Felt, for Gloves. Hats, ;tnd Boots
Fruits of all kind —green, viz:
Ap]>les an.l Pears, ...
Grapes, . . _ .
Lemons and Oranges,
Peaches _ - -
Pine Apples, ....
All other, not elseAvhere specified,
CdassPajier and Glass Cloth, ...
Hay and Straw, - - - -
lbs
$
No
Iba
((
gals
yds
No
lbs
No
vds
lbs
No
; <
((
((
$
cwt
vds
brls
- lbs
boxes
(i
tons
142
OUroE TO BRITISH COLUMBIA.
Leather — Sole and Upper » . _
Locomotive Engine Frames, _ - .
Axles, - - - -
Hoop Iron or Steel for ties of wheels, bent
and welded, - . - .
Cranks and Crank Axles,
Crank Pins and Connecting Rods,
Piston Rods, Guide and Slide Bars,
Machinery for Mills and Factories, &c.,
Plush for Hatters' use, &c., - - -
Prunella, -__.--
Seeds — other than Cereals, . _ .
Trees, Plants and Shrubs, ^
Vegetables, viz : Potatoes, _ . _
other, - . _ -
Woollen Netting, for India Rubbers and Gloves, -
Woollen Yarn, - - -
GOODS PAYING 5 PER CENT. M) VALOREM.
Books, Printed — Periodicals and Pamphlets
Iron, viz: — Bars, Puddled, _ . -
Bars, Rod, ...
Blooms and Billets — puddled or not,
Boiler Plate and Rolled Plate,
Bolts and Spikes, Galvanized,
Canada Plates, - . .
Tinned Plates, . . -
Galvanized, - _ - .
Nail and Spike Rod, round, square. Hat,
Sci'ap, . - - . -
Wire — whether Galvanized or not, except
for wire rigging
Ships' Materials, viz : Cables, Hemp or Grass,
Cordage,
Knees and Riders, Iron
Pumps and Pump Gear
Sail (^loth or Canvas,
Varnish, Black and Bright,
All other,
Typ«
lbs
((
( (
vcls
busli
yds
lbs
$
cwt
(I
l(
((
yds
gals
cwt
FREE GOODS.
ARTS AND SCIENCE.
Anatomical Preparations,
Busts, Casts and Statutes,
Drawings — not in Oil, - -
No
tlUIDE TO BIUTISH COLl'MBIA.
u:{
(i
1 1
Gems iiiid Medals, and Cabinets of do., includinj; Anti-
(|nities, Coins, itc, . . . .
Paintings in Oil, hy Artists of well kncnvn merit, or
copies of the old Masters by snch Artiste,
Specimens of IJotanv, Mineralofry, Natural History,
Sc'ali)tnre and Models, - . . -
-.■^o
S
l)l!l(;s, DVi: STLU'FS, OILS .VXD COLORS, NOT KLSEWHEUE SPi:CIFIED.
Acids, _-_..-
Alum, --....
Aniline Salts for dyeing piirposes - - -
Antimony, - . _ _ -
Avgol, -..---
Bavli, J}erri(!S, Drugs, Nuts, Vegetable and Wood used
chietlv in dyeing, . . _ .
Barilla, ' -_ " -
IJichroraate of Potash, - . _ -
Bh^iching Powders, - _ . .
Blue black and Chinese blue ...
Borax, --..-.
Brimstone and sulpher in roll or Hour,
British Gum, .....
Cream of Tartar in Crystals, . . -
Indigo, ......
Kelp, --.-.--
Kryolite, _ . . - -
Lakes, — Scarlet and Marone in pulp,
Lead, red and white, dry, - . .
Lead, sugar of, - . . . .
Metallic, Oxides and Ochres, dry, ground or unground,
washed or unwashed, not calcined
Nitre and Saltpetre _ . _ .
Oils — Cocoa Nut, Pine and Palm in their natui'al state,
Oil — Heavy or Carbolic, ...
Paris and permanent greens, . - -
Phosphorus, _ . _ . .
Pre('i])itate of Copper, - - . - -
Roots — Medicinal in their natural state.
Satin and line washed white, . - - .
S:il. Ammoniac, . _ . . .
Sal. Soda and Soda Ash, . . . .
Soda — Caustic, Nitrate and Silicate of,
Ultra Marine, - . . . -
Umber raw, . _ . . _
Vitrol, blue ......
lbs
(I
ft
cwt
lbs
cwt
lbs
cwt
gals
lbs
( (
> (
<c
((
(«
((
cwt
m
144
GUIDE TO BRITISH COLUMBIA.
Whiting or Whitening - - - -
Zinc, white, dry, . . . - _
MANUFAOTUllES AND PRODUCTH OP MANUFACTURES.
Ashes — Pot, - _ > - - .
Ashos — Poiirl and Soda, _ _ _
Biscuit and Broad from Great Britain and B. N. A.
Provinces, _ . - . -
Bolting CAoth, -----
Bookbindors Tools and Ituplenionts, Mill Boards and
Binders' Cloth, _ _ . -
BurrstoKHs, - - . - _
Canvas for Manufacture of Floor Oil Cloths,
Cotton Wool, - . - . .
CJandie-Wick, . - - . -
and Flax W.iste, - - - -
Ceniont — Marine or Hydraulic, unground.
Church ]?ells and Communion Plate,
Clothing, Donations of, for Charitable purposes, -
Cocoa paste from Great Britain and the B. N. A.
Provinces, _ _ _ _ _
C 'ollar Cloth, paper — Union or other
]3rain Tiles, - . - _ _
Duck for belting and hose, _ - _ -
Farming Implements and Utensils imported by Agri-
cultural Societies, - - _ _
Fire Brick, --.._-
Fishing-hooks, Nets and Seines, Lines and Twine 3,
Gold Beaters' Brim Moulds and Skins,
Hoop Skirt Manufacture, Articles for.
Junk and Oakum, . . _ - .
Lithographic Stones - . _ _
Lumber, plank and sawed, of Boxwood, Mahogany,
RoscAvood, Walnut Cherry, and Chestnut, and
Pitch Pine, - . _ - _
Nails, composition or sheathing and composition spikes,
Oil Cake .--.-_
Packages - - . . -
Printer's Implements, &c., viz : Presses, -
Electrotype and stereoty})e blocks for
printing purposes,
Printing Ink, _ - .
Philosophical Instruments and Apparatus for Colleges
and Schools, &c., - - - .
Rags, --....
Straw Plaits, Tuscan and Grass, Fancy, -
cwt
brls
cwt
yds
lbs
brls
$
lbs
No
mille
cwt
m. ft
cwt
lbs
No
. No
15
1 :
lbs
OriDE TO BRITISH COLUMBIA.
Uf)
yds
lbs
Veneering of Wood, - . . - .
Veneering of Ivory ....
We.iving of Triiiii Silk or Cotton for Elastic Wobbiug,
Wire Cloth of Brass or Copper . . -
Wool, Waste, . . . _ .
ship's mateiual.
Anchors, ......
Ciiiiin Cables over A inch, shackled or Swivelled or
not. ---.--
Wire liigging, and Wire galvanized for,
Iron Masts, or parts of, . . - -
Treenails, ......
METALS.
Brass — Bar ami Hod, - _ . - -
Sheet, . . - - .
Scraps and Strips . - . -
Cranks and shafts for Steamboats and Mills- -rough,
Copper — Bars and Hods, . _ - -
Bolts. - ... -
Pig, . .
Sheets and Sheeting, - . .
Iron — Pig, __-.-.
Lead — Pig, - - - _ -
Sheet, - - . - .
Litharge, ------
Railroad Bars— Iron, - . - .
ft
(<
$
ft
lbs
cwt
i t
m
ille
Frogs, - - - ^ -
Wrought Iron or Steel Chairs and Fish plates,
Car Axles, . . - - -
Silver — German Sheet - - . _
Spelter, in sheets, blocks and pigs, _ - _
Sttel — wrought or cast in bars or rods.
Plates cut to any form, but not moulded,
Tin in bar, blocks, pig, or granulated,
Typo metal, in block or ])igs, . _ -
Wire — Brass or Co])per round or flat,
Yellow Metal in bolts and l)ars . . -
" " for sheathing.
Zinc in sheets, blocks and pigs, _ . -
NATURAL PRODUCTS.
Aniiato- -liquid or solid, - . . -
Bristles, ------
Broom Corn, ------
19
cwt
<<
i (
n
((
((
lbs
cwt
((
it
i I
i t
i (
k i
((
((
lbs
^m
14fi
OUTDE TO BRTTIHTl TOLUMTIIA.
Hulbs, -
(^aoutchouo or India Rubber luul Giittii Porcha, un-
niauut'actureJ, - - . - -
Citrons, Lemons, and Oranges, and rinds of, in brino
for candying, _ - . . .
Coal — Anthracite, - . . _
Bituminous, . - - . .
Other and Coke, . - . .
Cocoa, bean and siiell, _ . . _
Cork-wood and Cork-wood bark _ - _
Diamonds and Pn^cious Stones, unscit.
Earths, Clay and Sand, _ _ - -
Eggs.
Emory, -_--..
Fibrilla, Mexican fibre or Tampico, white- and black,
and other Vegetable fibres for mannfactuving pur-
poses, --__-.
Fire Clay, . _ _ . .
Firewood, - . _ _ -
Fish — including Cod, Haddock, Ling and Pollock — Fresh, lbs
lbs
>!
tons
( (
lbs
I
((
cwt
do/
lbs
cwt
cords
Mackerel,
Halibut,
Herring,
Sea Fish, other.
(.(
Oystei's,
((
Lobsters,
((
Bait,
Salmon,
«
Fish, all other.
((
Dry Salted,
cwt
<(
AVet Salted,
(C
((
Pickled,
brls
(«
Smoked, -
lbs
Fresh,
a
Pickled, -
brls
Fresh,
lbs
Pickled, -
bvls
Fresh,
lbs
Pickled, -
brls
Smoked,
lbs
Fresh,
a
Picked,
brls
Preserved,
lbs
Fresh in shell,
brls
Fresh in cans,
cans
Shelled— in bulk
, gals
Fresh,
brls
Pre'vd in cans,
cans
Fish,
brls
Clams or other.
u
Fresh,
lbs
Smoked, -
i i
Canned,
I i
Pickled, -
brls
Fresh,
1?
OITIDE TO BniTISH COLUMBIA .
147
<>;
Fish, all other,
Pickled, - }»rls
Fisli Oil,
Whale, - galls
bs
t (
Cod,
<<
Other,
i5
Flax, Hem])uiul Tow — luulressecl.
- cwt
)11S
Flaxseed, - - -
bush
1 i
Furs or Skins, the produce of Fish oi
Marine animals, !$
( 1
Furs, Skins, and Tails, all other, undressed, - "
lbs
Gravels, . . .
- tons
*
Grain, and products thereof, viz:
liarley.
(C
bush
cwt
Oats,
- •*
do/.
Pease and Beans — whole, '
((
lbs
Kye,
. ' •
cwt
brls
lbs
brls
lbs
bvls
lbs
brls
lbs
brls
lbs
brls
cans
, jJCals
brls
cans
brls
lbs
l)rls
Indian Corn,
Wheat, - - - - ' .
Other, - - . .
Flour of Wheat, - . - .
Rye,
Indian Meal, . - . .
Oatmeal, _ . . .
Meal — all other, - . _
Grease and Grease Scrap . . _
Cnv.\, Copal, Damar, Mastic, Sandarac and Shellac
Gypsum, and Plaster of Paris, not ground or calcined,
G} psum ground, not calcined, for Agri'al purposes,
Hair — Buffalo, for the manufacture of Felt,
Curled, - - - -
Horse and Hog, - - - .
Human, - . _ - -
Mohair, Goat, Angola, Thibet,
Hides, Horns and Pelts _ . .
Ivory, unmanufactured, - . -
Ivory Nuts, . . . . .
Manilla Grass and Hea Grass,
Manures, _ . . . .
Marble — unwrought, . . _ .
Moss, for upholstery purposes, . - .
Ores of Mortals of all kinds, . . .
Osiers or Willow, _ . . .
Pipe Clay, . - . _ -
Katan, for chair makers and whip manufacturers,
Eennet, _ _ _ _ _
Rosin, .____-
Halt, -.--..
Silk — raw or as reeled fr. m the cocoon,
«<
((
((
brls
f(
((
( (
( (
lbs
(I
cwt
< c
lbs
(<
((
k<
b i
$
lbs
cwt
$
tons
$
cwt
$
brls
bush
' T I ' 1
148
GUIDE TO BllITIKH COLUMBIA.
Slate — unwrought __..-.
Stone, unwrouglit, . _ _ _
Tiinuor's Bark, - -
Tiir ami Pitch, . . - . -
T(;aHols, --._.-
Turpentine, other than spirits of,
Wood, unmanufactured, _ - _ _
Wool,
Sl'ECLM, EXEMPTIONS.
Animals for improv(Mnent of Stock, _ - _
Apparcil of British Subjects domiciled in Canada but
dying abroad, - . _ _ _
Articles for the use of the (rovernor-Cireneral,
Articles for tlie [)ublic uses of the Dominion,
Articles for the use of Foreign (V)nsuls General,
Articles following for the use of Army and Navy, viz:
Arms, Clotliing, Musical Instruments for Bands
and Military Stores, _ _ _ _
S(>ttlers' Effects;; ....
Slii]> Stores __....
Tol)acco — Leaf, for Excise pui*poses,
GKOWTH A\l) PRODUCTS OF NEWI^'OUNDLAND.
Animals of all kinds, . . . .
Butter, -.---.
Cheese, .-_._.
(Joal and Coke, .....
l^-esh. Smoked and Salted Meats and Poultry,
Flour and Meal of all kinds, . . .
CIrain — all kinds, . _ - . -
(rreen and Dried Fruits, ...
Cx^'psum, ._.---
Fish and Products of Fish, and Fish Oil,
Lard and Tallow, - - - ^ -
Timber and Lumber, _ _ _ .
Hay, Straw and Bran, . _ _ .
Salt, -.-.--
Seeds — of all kinds, . . - - ,
Vegetables, _ . - . -
Plants, trees and shrubs, . . _ _
Hops, -_-_--
tons
cords
brls
galls
s
lbs
No
((
ti
No
Ihs
tons.
lbs
brls
bush
cwt
$
lbs
;<
bush
lbs
GUIDE TO UniTISII COLUMBTA.
AGllICULTURAL PK()DU(M:
11!)
[in]KM'to(l into Britisli Cdlunihia for the six iiioutlis oudiii}^
31st December, 1870.
.■Vrtii'li'K. Uate. 1
Heniit
(if
tiuaiitity
Lb.
Bushel.
Tialloii.
N.I.
?
(^vt.
I'Us.
'runs.
Unsliel.
I'kH.
Total IiiiportH.
Enf cl for Homo Oonsuiiip'ii.
(iiiaiitity
41,08.-.
18,10.-.
411
('.-..'.t'.f.'
172.84'.)
1,811 .--0
,M7
•.'81
12
Ol.'-.
4,01'.'.)
1,111!
'J.'.I40
.'.,'.l.-|fi
;toi •<j
r,,iio
Value.
Qimutity
4l,(l'.t7
18,815.-.
4;il
('.'.i,i:i2
177, •20(1
1.814.'-)-l5
.517
•281
12
(51.-.
4,(5i5i)
1,111!
Value.
i:!,'221
;!,o.-.s
11.-.
11,044
2(5„-.('.2
1,8511
IWd
4 ,7(1(1
14.012
8, -.'.(2
7,477
•1(58
2,'.)-..-)
(5.84(5
;!,0>.I0
'j,.';;!i
l,.'i74
10'.)'.»71
2.0(5(5
85!, (575!
4..'i,'>:i
11,(510
;!,".I4(I
2,8.->.'i
2,0'28
,'■.,(517
1-.0
n(5,4(58
Duty
lleeeived
SI'KCIl'IC.
nutter 1 4 cts.
lli.ll'.)
'i.'.i.-.o
no
10, .-.00
215,1)81'.
i,k:!1
:i'.)f,
4.7(;r,
14.111'J
8,-,irJ
7.477
'.ICiH
'2,'.)r.r.
15. 8.1''.
:),'.i'.m
•2,.-.;il
l,.-)74
108,74'>
'2,0411
8;i,l54;i
4,-..-.:!
11,(110
;!,'.I4(5
'J, 8.-..-.
'.•,028
.'■..017
l.'iO
1,(5(17 88
Cliroso :i "
H'ljis -) "
l,:ir(l 1 "
^Ii'iits. Ircsli , 'Hid suit . . 1 *•
Miilt 40 "
n.lor il7'<; p. I't.
.''.(•.,3 •.'(5
21 .'i.'i
(!'.)4 :i2
1.772 0(1
72.5 'J\
Kt 411
.•\liiiiials, viz: ]
Hunitil (\'ittl<' 1 l(t p. I't.
Ciilvi's 1 "
47(5 (S.->
IlnrscK Hiid Mult's.
SllCi'p "
Swiiio *'
1.401 '25
8.-.1I 11
747 77
'.•(5 81
Bniii "
2.'.)4I)
(l.'.l,''.(l
not y.
5,110
'205 47
Fruits, frcsli
(584 80
Hiiy Miiil Straw
VcK'i tables — Pi.tatocs. .
;!'.(8 •.!(!
25;! 00
1.57 '2(1
'I'lital Diitiablo
10,81(1 41
PdZen.
lirls.
BubIu'Is.
r.,8'.)i
17,C.74:<.
4^1)
io,;iO',>
l.'MVl
4,014
XA'.Vi
•'.,4'28
17 V.
Kkks 1 Free.
Flmir r.r Wheat
all i.tlier
<ir;iiii--Iiarlev
n,i(5i
17,f.74.V,
480
l'.),:to'.t
7,'.)(52
4,014
1,1'.)2
(5,428
17 V.
Oata 1
liiiliai) ('oni. . . 1
Heaiis ami Pens
Wheat
all other
Total J''ree
11(5,4 -.1
-
22.''.,l'.):i
2'2(l,4;t!)
10.891 44
1
VESSELS
Entered iinil Clcareil for year endinjj; 'lOtli Jnne, l.STO:
ENTERED. CLEARED.
No. Totma</r. No. Toiniai/r.
rm 302,1991 493 290, 73()
(This is tlie latest return furnlHhod by the eiiRtonis Doimrtnieiit.— .\))ril, 1877. Kn).
150
GUIDE TO BRITISH COLUMBIA.
IMPORTS
Into the Province of British Columbia for the year ending
30th June, 1876.
Total
Imports.
Entered for Home
Consumption.
Valup.
Duty
Received.
Duti!il)le Goods
Free Goods
$
2,280,571 00
708,020 00
S
2,237,072 00
707,906 00
488,384 52
Total Imports
2,097,597 00
2,94i,978 00
488.384 52
IMPORTS
Into the Province of British Columbia for the half-year
ending 31st December, 187().
Goods paying Specific Duties
" " and Ad Valorem
" " 25 per cent
>< 1. 171/ "
'•10 "...
II II K 11
Total Dutiable
Value of
Total
Imports.
Entered for Home
Consumption.
Value.
Free Goods
Leaf Tobacco for Excise purposes.
Total Free . . .
Grand Total.
218,346 001 236,053 00
58,426 OOl 96,368 00
5,239 00 ! 5,895 00
494,521 OOi 510,999 00
02,463 oo' 61,685 00
25,795 00 26,713 00
Duty
Eoceivcd.
69,697 75
42,;'C;') 2.5
1,473 ;i4
90,473 51
6.1f;8 63
1,335 48
864,790 CO' 943,713 00; 211,453 96
181,825 001
551 to;
182,376 00
1,047,166 00
180,979 00
057 00
181,636 00
1,125,349 00
211,453 96
EXPORTS.
Export of (^oods the produce of British Columbia for the year
en<lin^' 30tb June. 1876 $2,709,082 00
Do. of !^'ood.< not the produce of liritish Columbia 41.705 00
Total Expoi ^ 2,750,787 00
GUIDE TO BRITISH nOLTTMBIA.
EXPORTS.
IT)].
Export of Goods, tlie Produce of British Columbia, for tlu*
six months endinii; 31st D6?ceml)or, 1870.
ValiK.
TiiK .Mink—
(ic.ld in D.-t and Bars .
Till-: FlKHKKIKK--
Siliiioii, ciihiuhI
" l)i('kl(;(l
Fish, ')th(
Fish Oil
Total th.' Fisheries
TllK I'oKKST —
Pliiiik iUKJ Fuvmls , M Feet l.lJlil-i.OC.l)
Si)iivs . . , • No.
Laths ami Pickets I Mille.
Shiii;4les i Mil!:;.
Total the Forest.
AxlltALS AND THKIU PliOni'CK —
Furs undressed
llidi'S and Skins
Horns iind lloufs
Wool
Total Animals and t])(>ir Produce.
Value
( (
i 4
Lbs.
],4-21 !
1.n72 '
23!)
70,414
lI.VXUFACTCItKS — I
Leather.. Value.
Fruit, ]ireserved Pks.
20
Total Manufactures.
AdlilCCI.TlliAL Piiourc-Ts
Hops
Cranberries. . . .
Lhs.
Brls.
Total A^'rieultural Products
RECAPITULATION.
rhe .Mine
The Fisheries
The Forest
\iiinials and other Produce.
.Ma.'iufactin'os
.V'.;rjrultnral Products
Total fxoods. tin' product of H. C. . . .
Do. not the product of 13. C.
Total Exports
151, fMl (10
10,4!)8 00
2,032 (K)
710 CO
i(;ri,;i!i7 no
•Ji»,2;]i 00
ir),02M 00
1,705 00
lO.OUO 00
117,504 00
1,350 0(1
150 00
1,500 00
11.323 I
113 I
2,235 00
.Sl.S 00
3,083 00
1,140,070 (JO
HO, 008 tiO
105,3',)7 00
117.504 00
1,500 00
3.083 00
1,514,888 00
14,705 OO
1.529,593 00
i
I
>^^
lu.
I ! !
152
GUIDE TO BRITISH COLUMBIA.
PILOTAGE. -BY-LAAVS
FOR THE DISTKICT OF i:il{ITISH COLUMBIA, ESTABLISHED BY THE
COMMISSIOXEUS OF PILOTS FOlt THE SAID DISTKICT UNDER THE
DOMINION ACT, 'SC) VIC. , CAP. 54, INTITULED ' ' AN ACT RES-
PE(rn\(r PILOTAGE, 1873." amendment 8th april, 1875;
ORDER LV COUNCIL, 5tH MAY, 1875; ORDER IN COUNCIL, 19tH
FEJiRUARY, 1877. ALL PILOJ'AGE DUES ARE COMPULSORY.
IJCENSES.
1. Every person now holding m licenso as a Pilot under
tiie " British Columbia Pilotage Ordinance, 1867, " shall
fortliwitli surrender the same to the Pilotage Authority of
Britisli Columbia, ami shall, if entitled thereto, receive a
License as a Pilot for the District of British Columbia, on the
payment of a fee of Fifty Dollars.
2. Every person not already licensed, a]ii)lying to bo
licensed as a pilot for the District of British Columbia, must
make a written a})plication to the Pilotage Authority, he must
b.i a British siibject, and a resident of British Columbia, not
less than "21 yeais of age, and must produce certiticates from
the Masttu's of the vessels in which he has served as to his
capability as a seaman; and before being appointed, lie shall
b>) (ixamined before Examiners appointed for that purpose l)y
the Pilotage Authority touching his qualifications and practi-
cal knowletlge of tlie management of sipiare rigged vessels and
steaml)oats, and of the navigation of the said Pilotage District;
and if after such examination he shall be deemed (puditied,
and shall b(^ f(>und to l)e of g()od raond character and temper-
ate habits, he shall receive a license to act as a pilot, on pay-
ment of 'r^'Ii) for theex])enseof such examination, and a lic(Miso
fee t>f Pifty dollars.
ii. J^ilotage certiticates nniy be issued by the Pilotage
Authority of British Columbia t;> Masters and iNlates of ves-
sels i)lying regularly within the waters of British Columbia,
or of st(>amers]ilying regularly once a week or oftener between
Victoria and any of the various ports on Paget 8oimd, ou
a])plication in Avriting to the Pilotage Authority. Such appli-
cants must be of not less than '21 y(>ars of age, and on payment
of !j!20 for the expense of their examination, and a yearly fee
of 810v>. a certiticate to act as pilot for a term of 12 mojiths
will be granted, such certiticate to specify the name of the
vessel and the ports to and from which such vessel shall ])ly,
and such certiticate mav be renewed from vear to year on
(JL'IDK TO jmiTlSlI COLUMIUA.
lo.'j
])iivm<-'nt of an iiimiiiil fee of ^liM us the Pilot i<it' Autliority
may think tit.
BOATS.
i. All boats to 1)0 licensed as Pilot Boats sli ill 1)" survi-yed
bv or on behalf of the Pilota<^e Anthoi'ity, and if satisi.i.-lovy,
sliill h' lieenscid for a tu'in of I'l mouths, on piyiii'it of a
fee of >?'20 each, and snch boats shall be survi'Ved annually,
and if found satisfactoiT shall have tlieir lic'nses renewed f(»r
;i tt'rui of 1'2 months on payment of a fee of ^'iO.
"). Every licensed pilot l)oat shall havt^ on board ont^
suitable boat, and also one life-preserver for each pdot and
apprentice belonj^^inj,' or attached to said licenstnl pilot boat.
(). All licensed [»iIot boats shall have marks and numbers
on their sails, such mai'ks and numbers to bo desij^nated by
tlif Pilota^'e Authority at time of survey.
7. Anv licensed ])ilot boat that may be found nntit for the
service! for wliich she is licensed shall have her license sus-
peiide<l vntil she is made and lifted out to the satisfaction of
till' Pilot.i<.^e Anthority, and the license so susj)ended shall
(luiin^f such suspension lie lodged with the Pilota^'e Authority.
S. Every licensed ])ilot shall be the registered owner of
not less than three tons of a licensed pilot boat, under ])ain of
the forfeiture of his license.
!>. It shall be the duty of the i)ilots of eaidi of the Victoria
and Es(piimalt ])ilot boats once in three moidhs to elect fi(nn
tlieir own numlxu- a Captain, who shall have themana^ejuent
of the boat nnder the <j;eneral su])erintendence of the Pilotaj^e
.\uthority, and the name of smdi Captain shall be comnnini-
cated to the Pilotajjje Anthority in Avriting: said Cai)tain to
have control of the boat for three months, or nntil his succes-
sor is elected. It shall be the dnty of the Ca])tain to keep a
log and to report to the Pilotage Authority at the end of his
term an account of the movements and emjiloyment of his
boat, specifying the servic<!s in which she has been engaged,
tli(> number of vessels piloted in and out, and their draught
of water; by whom piloted, and the nnmber of days she lias
laid in ])ort; and for each and every neglect to coni])ly with
this I'ule. the said Ca])tain may be lined an amount not ex-
ceeding the sum of !?-I0. No ]iilot boat shall be otherwise
employed than in its legitimate business.
APPUFA'TICKS.
10. Each licensed pilot boat may have on board one or
more apprentices, who shall serve an a])prenticeship of four
years, and bo of good moral character, and have the rudiments
10
154
GUIDE TO IJlU'l'ISII COLUMBIA.
of an ordinary English education, and be approved of by the
Pilotage Authority. At the end of such apprenticeship said
apprentices shall be eligible to be licensed as pilots, provided
they have serveil at least six months as seamen on board a
square-rigged sailing vessel.
PORTS.
11. The ports of the Pilotage district of Biitish Columbia
shall be as follows:
(1.) P(»rt of Victoi'ia and Esquimalt shall be inside a line
drawn from Trial Island to Race Rocks light, bearing N. E.
by N. rnd S. W. by S. (magnetic.)
(2.) Port of Eraser River shall be inside lightship.
{').) Port of Burranl Inlet shall b(^ inside a line S. E. and
N. W. (magnetic) from Passage Island to Point Gray.
(•4.) Nanaimo and De})arture Bay shall be inside a line
drawn from Entrance [sland W. (magnetic) to a point on
Vancouver Island, one mile W. of the West Rocks, and a lino
drawn from Sharpe Point N. E. by E. l E. (magnetic) to ( Jabri-
ola Island.
(;").) Port of Baynes Sound, Eastern entrance shall be inside
a line drawn from Qualicuin River to the N, E. point of
Hornby Island, bearing N. by W. h W. and S. by E. l E.
(magnetic). Western entrance shall be inside a line drsiwn
from Cape Lazo to the N. E. point of Hornbv Island, bearing
W. N. W. and E. S. E. (magnetic).
Other Ports to be defined by the Pilotage xVuthority as
occasion may arise.
DUES.
12
(A.) BW vessels entering the Pilot District of British
Columbia through Euca Straits and coming to anchor
in Royal Roads, the Pilotage shall be Free
But when the services of a pilot are requirtul and em-
ployed, the rate of pilotage shall be $3 per foot
(B) For vessels entering into or clearing from the under-
mentioned ports, the rates of pilotage shall be as fol-
lows :
Esquimau Harbor $3 per foot
Victoria $ii per foot under 10 feet draught
$4 per foot for 10 feet and over
Niinaimo and Departure Bay,
^8 per foot under 10 feet draughc
$4 per foot for U) feet and over
Burrard Inlet $3 per foot under 10 feet draught
$4 per foot for 10 feet v.nd over
GUIDE TO BRITISH COLUMBIA.
15o
over
Bay lies Sound $3 per foot under 10 feet draught
$4 per foot for 10 feet and over
New Westminster, rates to be subject to agreement,
but not to exceed $G per foot
All vessels under steam, or in tow of a steamer, to be
one fourth less than aVxjve rates.
(C.) For sailing vessels proceeding from Royal lloads to
Nanaimo, or Burrard Inlet, or the Sand Heads of
Fiaser River or Baynes Sound or rice i-'ersa ^3 ])er
foot.
But for steamers or sailing vessels in tow of a steamei-,
the pilot shall receive §10 per day of twenty-four hours,
or any fraction of the same.
(D.) For vessels proceeding from Esquimalt to Victoria, or
vire versa, and having discharged or received a jiortion
of their cargo in either harbor, and having paid pilot-
age into either harbor if proceeding under or with the
assistance of steam ... SI 50 per foot
And for vessels proceeding from Nanaimo to Departure
Bay, or vI'T irrsa, and having discharged or received a
portion of their cargo in eith.-r hai'bor, whether with
or without the assistance of steam, and having paid
pilotage into either harbor. #1 50 per foot
(E.j But no sailing Vessel or steamer or sailing vessel in
tow of a steamer, shall pay more than $12 per foot
pilotage, on any one voyage, that is to say ."?G per foot
on her inward draught, and $0 per foot on her outward
draught.
18. Any fraction of a foot not exceeding six inches siiall
be paid for as half a foot, and any fraction of a foot exceed-
ing six inches shall be paid for as a foot.
REGULA'l'IONS.
14. The pilot next in turn oti board a pilot vessel must
board the nearest vessel signalling or asking for a pilot, or
exchange tiirns with one who will do so.
15, Every licensed ])ilot who shall pilot any vessel inwards
shall, within one day after his arrival, report to the Pilotage
Authority the arrival of such vessel and the amount (^f pilot-
age din; thereon; and every licensed ])ilot «hall likewise
report all vessels piloted outwards by him.
10. Captains of vessels must make a])plication to the
Pilotage Authority for outward pilots, or for })ilots to veJiio\e
vessels from one port of British Columbia to another, and the
Pilotage Authority shall direct the pilot first in turn on a list
m
H
! I
15fi
aVTDT. TO BRTTTSH rOLT'MBIA.
to bo kept at the office to take charge of such vessel, aud
such pilot shall take chai'ge accordingly.
17. All pilotage dues shall be paid to the order of th(}
Pilotage Authority bv the Masters of all vessels, or in tht'ir
default, by the agents or consignees thereof . A book shall Ix'
kept for the entry of all sums rcsceived and all sums paid out
to the pilots, or on any other account.
IS. Each licensed ])ilot shall be entitled to receive from
the Secretary the amount of his earnings, less a deduction of
ten per cent., to be a})p]if!d as provided for hereinafter, and
every licensed pilot shall be entitled to receive one-half of the
pilotage (lues receive<l by the Commissioners under sections
57, 59 and OO of the said Act, in cases where such pilot's ser-
vices are not accepted when olfered.
19. All fluids received on behalf of tlie Pilotage Authority
for all licenses issued by the Pilotage Authority, tines and
penalties, and 10 per cent, on the pilotage fees of the Dis-
trict, and recei[)ts undei" the foregping section shall be applied
in ])aynient of such necessary expenses as the Pilotage
Authority may duly incur, and for the purpose of making nj)
the earnings of tlie captain of the pilot boat to a sum ecpial to
the average earnings of the other pilots, and the balance, if
any, to f(U"m a special fund to be callt;d the " British Columbiii
Pilot Fund," which is to be devoted to the relief of superanu-
ated or infirm licensed pilots, or of their wives, widows, or
children, or to the assistance (by wa}' of loan) to companies
for the sup])ort of pilot boats.
20. The Pilotage Authority shall adjust all accounts, and
pay to each pilot the amounl due him at the tjxpiration of
every three months.
21. In cases where a vessel shall be in tow of a steam
vessel, the pilot on board the vessel towed shall have the
command and direction of both vessels so long as the steamer
shall be fast to the other vessel.
22. Every licensed pilot shall, when in charge of any
vessel, exercise the utmost diligence and attention in the
prosecution of his duty.
23. No licensed pilot shall l)e absent from duty, nor be
otherwise employed than as a pilot, without leave, previously
obtained in writing from the Pilotage Authority.
24. Whenever any accident shall occur to or be caused by
any vessel whilst in charge of a pilot, it shall be the duty of
such pilot forthwith, ctfter he shall have ceased to be in actual
charge of such vessel, to repair to the office of the Pilotage
Authority and there report in Avriting the accident that has
occurred, and in default of his so doing, such pilot shall for
OUII>r. TO lilUTISTT rOT.T^MTiTA.
ir,7
e.icli iUid every such (Icf.iult forfeit and ]>;iy n ])('nalh- not
exi't'('(lin<^f torty dollurs, jind in tln^ nwantiun* thr license of
such pih)t shall be suspended and delivered to the Pilotajj;e
Authority pendini^ eiKpiii-y.
'2'). Any lictnised })ih)t not complying with the By-Laws or
evadini; the souse;, intent, or nieaninij; of any or eitlna- of tln'ni,
shall 1)(; liable to a penalty not exceeding forty dollars for the
hre.ich of such By-Law, with, in case of a continuing breach,
a further penalty not exceeding four dollars for ever "Ji hours
during which such i^reacdi continues, and shall, in addition to
such i)enaltv, b(( liable to havts his license withdrawn or sus-
pended at till' discretion of the Pilotage Authority.
•Jf). Ev(.'ry licensed julot who shall refuse or neglect to
appear before the Pilotage Autlntrity after twenty-four hours'
uotice, when his attendance shall be reipiinnl by them on any
occasion, or who shall give any unnecessary trouble or annoy-
ance, or detention to masters or v<issels, shall for «nery such
otl'enc(^ be liable to a ])enalty not (exceeding forty dollars, and
also to suspension or dismissal at the discretion of tin; Pilot-
age Authority.
'27. All questions or disput(!s arising between pilots,
masters of vessels and others respecting pilotage, or for any
extra remuneration in cases of any extraordinary nature shall
he sul>mitted to the Pilotage Authority to be adjusted and
decided by them, and the decision of the Pilotage Authority
res])ecting all such (piestions and disputes shall l»e final ami
binding on all parties.
28. Any pilot may be deprived of his license before the
expiration thereof for the following causes:
(L) For neglecting for '20 days aft<ir receipt of any money
under or by virtue of these or any other By-Laws to pay tlie
same over to th(; Pilotage Authority.
(2.) For rendering a false account to the Pilotages Au-
thority of pilotage received
(H.) For intoxication, whether the sanu; shall occur while
in charge of a v<^ssel or at any other time.
(4.) For inca])acity thremgh mental or bodily intirmity.
Thomas Lett Stahlschmidi',
C/iairniaii.
John Devereux,
William 1{. CLAitKi:,
MkHK P>ATE,
Coote M. Chambeus.
EuoAR Crow Baker,
Sefretnry,
m
158
OUIDE TO BRITISH COLUMBIA.
PILOTS.
Captain F. Revoly,
James Mcintosh,
James Ramsey,
John Ramsay,
James Christiensen,
Wm. Scott,
Geo, Rudlin,
John Sabiston,
Victoria.
< I
i(
Nanaimo.
HARBOR DUKH.
All ships discharging or taking in cargo, ballast, stores,
wood or water, shall pay the following fees; that is to say: —
For every ship of fifty tons register or under, fift}' cents;
For every ship over fifty tons and not over one hundred
tons register, one dollar;
For every ship over one hundred tons and not over two
hundred tons register, one dollar and fifty cents;
For every ship over two hundred tons and not over three
hundred tons register, two dollars;
For every ^hip over three hundred tons and not over four
hundred tons register, two dollars and fifiy cents;
For every ship over four hundred tons and not over five
hundred tons register, three dollars;
For every ship over five hundred tons and not over seven
hundred touB register, four dollars;
For every ship over seven liundred tons register, five
dollars.
Such fees as aforesaid shall not be payable for any ship
more than twice in each calendar year (that is the year com-
mencing on the first day of January and ending on the last of
December,) whatever be the number of ports or harbors at
which she may arrive or pass through, or the number of
times of her so arriving or passing through them, or any of
them ; such fees shall be payable by the master of the ship to
the Harbor Master immediately on her entering or arriving
at the first and second ports or harbors where there is a
Harbor Master, and the collector or principal officer of cus-
toms thenvat shall not grant any clearance, transire or let-
pass to any ship on which they are payable, until the master
thereof produces to him a certificate of the payment of such
fees or certificate of the payment of fees under this Act twice
within the tlien present year.
(R'IDE TO BRITISH ("0LUMI5I.V.
lilO
MARINE DEPARTMENT, PROVINCE OF BRITISH
(OLTMRIA.
Tlio liiflitliouHe (U't'cti'd by the Dominion (rovrniint'iil at
('ii|>t> Rt'iilo, tliirty miles to tlie wcstwiud of Ca}).- ElMttcvv,
shows a rovolviiif< lij^lit wli Cli attains its ^ivat(^st hvilliancv
t'vorv 30 siM'onds.
It is elevated 10 feet Jiltove sea level, and can l)e seen in
clear weatlicM' over 20 miles distant.
The Race Rocks Tji,L,di lionse was huilt in 1H()0 by the Van-
couvfM' Island (lovernmont, assisted by the IinpeiJMl < lov-
prninont. The li;j;ht is a flash liu;ht every 10 secontls, aiid is
con'^idered to bo a ejood Ijidit of \]\o second order. A move-
ment is on foot })rayin^f the ^)ominion Oovernmeiit to erect
a steam fo;^ wlii ;tle on this station. The whistle is mneli re-
(piired.
l-'isi^ard Li^dithonse. sitnated on the island beai-iiiLC its
name, at the entranc*^ of Esfiuitnalt Harbor, shows a bviLdit
tixed liiLjht to vessels ap])roachin|4 from sea. but the li^ht
shows red as vessels a])]n'oaeh too closely tln^ Victoria shore.
Vict(n-ia Harbor LiLjht exhibits a blue lii^dit. This liyht is
intended only for tho ^'uidance of vessels desirin;^' to enter the
harbor at ni}j;ht «
Entrance Tshuid Lighthouse is situated five miles fi' m
Xanaimo, and six miles from Departure^ Bay. Tli(> li,t;ht is .i
tixed bright li<j;ht and ciin be seen in (dear w(>;ither for a dis-
tance of 1<) miles.
Point .\tkinson TaiL,dithouse, situat(Ml at the Niu'thern en-
trance of Enf^lish Bay, leading to l»nrrard Inlet, shows a re-
volvinfj li^lit once in every minut(^ and can be st^m at a dis-
tance of 17 miles.
A Lifi;ht Ship is moored oilf the Sand Heads of Fraser
River, exhibiting a bright fixed li<j;ht, and can be s<^en at a
<lishuu;e of 10 miles. Th<^ hull of the vessel is ])ainted red
:uul shows a ball at the mast-liead
HUOYS .\ND Bivvrnxs.
Rrntvltw Lodqe, off V'vtorJn Harhnr. — A r(><l conical beacon
is nioiu'ed oflf tlie S. W. extremity of this led<^e in eiixbt fathoms
of water.
Lciols lifff, Chain hlaiuh. — ,\ stone b(>acoii is l»uilt on this
roof, ]-)ainted black and has a pole with slats across.
AW/) lier/'. — A beacon ])ainted red, built in a conical fojin
wasphieed on this reef in 187M; it has since broken adrift, but
will be replaced in the low sprinij tides in June, 1S77.
A stone beacon ])ainted black, is built on Canoe R>0(dc,
m
1(50
(HIDE TO BlUTISH CDLUMIUA.
I) g!^
W. I N. nearly half a luilci from the N. W. point of Moresby
Island.
Crabriola Reiffs, in the Straits of CxtJorgia, are a ilangercuis
cluster of roeks, lyin^ hvo miles (jtf theeastein end of (Jahrioju
Island. On tlu* largest reef an iron beaeon is ereeted with u
ball H feet diannfter at top. The navigation of the Straits is
now, howev((r, rendered easy with three lights witiiin sight
from the reefs
An iron beacon was ereeted on Walker Rock, TrinconiaHc
Channel, but has been entirely carried away. It will be re-
placed at as early a date as p{)s^il»^' by a stone beacon.
Fi'iisrr H'tccr liiint/N. —{)n entering the Channel over tla^
Sand Heads, Hed Nnim IJuoys are to l)e left on the starboard
hand; whih; Can J3noys painted black, black and white, and
r(!d and white, are to be left on the poit hand. Vessels of
light draught nujuire no further instructions, but a pilot woiiM
be necessary for vessels of 10 feet draught and upwards.
An iron Xunn liut)y. ])ainted red, is moored ott' Spanish
Bank, in English Bay. By giving the liuoy a berth of a cal)lti
vissc^ls can round in to the anehoi'agc^ in English Bay.
N.maimo Buoys are of two forms, built of wood. Buoys
painted red witli a triangle, are passed on entering on the
port hand, \vhile thos(^ painted l)laek have a ball, whicli
should be [)assed on the starboard liand. It is recommended
that strangei's take a pilot.
Victoria Harbor has sjuall iron Buoys painted red and
white. It is, liowever, imprudent for a stranger to attempt
to enter Victoria without the help of a pilot.
POST OFFICE DEPARTMENT, CANADA-PROVINCE
OF BRITISH COLUMBIA.
POST OFFICE INSPECTOR S OFFICE, VICTORIA.
R. Wallace,
E. Fletcher, -
R. Wallace,
W. H. Dorman,
R. Wallace,
W. G. Reynolds,
R. Jaraieson,
Post ortice Inspector
Asst. Post office Inspector
MONEY ORDER OFFICE.
Acting Superintendent
Asst . Superintendent
VICTORIA POSTOFFICE.
Postmaster
Chief Clerk
Clerk
tiVWV. TO lililTlSlI (•(•MMIlIV.
I'U
Til.' postal Service of tlie Dominion of ('aniidii \v:is iutro-
(loiiieil into this Province in the vejir ls7"J.
lie main postal lines in
tlm I
rovmce are as
foil
ows:
I. IJetweeii N'jctoi'ia ami San Fiancisco, Cal., 1)V ^vhich at
|iiisent mails are ilesi)atcheil ami recei\eil tri-nn)ntlily. Dis-
t;iiice TOO miles.
■J. l»et\\<H'n Victoria and Tacoma, liy which mails art)
rcfcived and despatched semi-weekly. This rontc is main-
tained solely hy the {' . S. ( rovt'innn-nt. Distaiu't; Ho miles.
;i. lietween Victoria and New Westminst«'r, scmi-\\t'«'kly.
nistanc'o 7") miles.
4. Jjetween Victmia and Nanaimo, weekly and in alterna-
tive weeks semi-weekly, distance 7') miles; and Ixtweeu Vic-
toria, Nanaimo andConiox (distance from Nanaimo to Comox
(1(1 miles) l'ortniij;htlv
SIUIIIIM
]'>et
ween
»ew
Westminster and "^'alc, semi-weeklv
in
rand fortni'dillv in winter. Distance lOtt miles.
(!. l>etw«M!n Yale and BurkervilU-, weekly all the year
^'
round. Over this line the mail is carried in stafj;es wliicli
l)i'ri'orm the trii) <nther way in tive days. Distance HSo miles.
Tlu' above ar(^ tlie principal stoaml)oat and road communi-
Ciition in the Provinci". The less important routes which,
thou;^di distant, and in somtt cases travelling almost unsettled
country, are entitled to mention, and are as follows:
(1.) Jiarki^'ville and Harvey Creek, weekly in summer,
t'ortni.^htly in winter. l)istanc(! ')() miles. The parcel post is
not in operation over this route during the winter season.
('2.) Burrard Inlet and New Westminster, daily. Distance
0 miles.
(o.) Cache Creek, Okanagan, weekly in summer and fort-
nightly in winter; distance 112 miles; and between Okanagan
ami Okanagan Mission, fortnightly in summer and monthly
in winter. Distance :}5 miles.
(1.) Cassiarand Fort AVrangel, monthly in summer season.
Distance 200 miles.
(5.) Clinton and Dog Creek, weekly in summer and fort-
ni},'htly in winter. Distance 60 miles.
(0.) Clinton and Lillooet, weekly in summer and fort-
nightly in winter. Distance 47 miles.
(7.) Esquimalt and Victoria, twice daily, all the year
round. Distance 3 miles.
(8.) Hope and Kootenay, six trips per annum, leaving
Victoria in the months of January, March, May, July, Sep-
tember and November. Distance 435 miles.
•m
162
GUIDE TO BRITISH COLUMBIA.
(0.) Maple Bay and Somenos, semi-weekly. Distance 7
miles.
(10.) Metcliosin and Victoria, weekly. Distance 25 miles.
(11.) S.iiiuich and V'ictoria, vveekly. Distance 2-1 miles.
(12.) Salt Spring Island and Wharf, semi-woekly. Dis-
tanc(! 8 miles.
(13.) Hooko and Victoria, weekly . Distance 2t5 miles.
(M.) Sp.Mice's Bridge and head of Nicola Lake, fortuight-
ly. DistancM' (50 miles.
(15.) Bnrrard Inlet and Granville, daily by water. Dis-
tance 8 miles.
(1(5.) Skeena and Victoria, occasionally \nn' Hudson i>ay
Co.'s steamers. Distance 51-1 miles.
SUGGESTIONS TO 'I'lIE ITrUC.
(From the OaiiiKla Postiil OlUoial Guide.)
The following suggestions are ottered, which, if observed,
ill give facilitv to the PostotHce in the discharge of its
A\
duties, and afford greater s(H'urity to tln^ Public
1. Post all correspondence as early as ])ossible, esp(>cially
when sen
t in L
irge cpiantity
2. When a nunibei' of circulars are ])osteil. tie them up in a
bundle, with the addi esses all arranged in one direction.
'!. Place postage stamps on the right hand upper corner
of the address sid(> of all letti'rs, ])apers, and packets.
4, Every letter should contain the full jiame and address
of the Avriter, in oider to ensun; its return if the person to
whom it is directed cannnc^t be found.
5. Fasten the covers of lett(n's, news])apers and packets,
lirndy.
(5. \\'hen di'op])ing a htter or newspaper into a Postofficc
l)Ox, always set! that tlu; [)acket falls into the box, and <locs
not stick in its j)assage.
7. Never seal letters for East and AVest Indies, and other
hot climates, with wax. Use lutlier wafers or gum.
8. On ])osting a I'egistei'ed h^ter or packet, always obtain
a r(H'eipt foi' the same, and use the registration stam))s pro-
vided for that purpos(^
9. In the event of the delay or loss of, or abstraction of
money from a letter, at once communicate the fact tt) the
Postotlice Ins])ector, tt) whom should also be furnished everv
information in the power of the a])])licant regai'ding the cir-
cumstances under which the loss or delay occurred.
10. To facilitate tlu> delivery of letters, box-holders sliouhl
have their correspondence addressed to the number of the
box.
ma
mmmm
r,r([)F TO liBTTTSH COLrMBT\.
10
11. i'iii(<'(l Stiiti's silver is not ;i, li'^-,ii Ii'iuIim- ;it .tiiv rate,
and;! l\>stiiiastt'i' can b(! ('X|»tH;t('(l to rccci \ «■ it only at tUi'
rati' at wlucli a J]anl< will take it on deposit.
I'lic PoMolHi'c is a J)(>[)artnient wliieli admits ol' constant
iinprovenKMit and cxjjansion. The ))n1)lic, l)y sentlinfj; to the
|'ost!naster-(rencral clear and correct iid'ovniation res])ectini^
faulty arran;4'«!nicnts, or siig^^i'stions in vci^ard to the cm ryinj^
out of a,n\' cliaimv, mav materially Ixmtitit tlio ser\ic(\
MONEY (iKDF.lt 1!1!AN('II.
Money ordin's av(^ issu(^d at every Money Order Ollic in
Canathi on (nery otln^' ^loney Onh'r Olhi'ii in Canada, as well
as on any Moni'V Onhn* OtHce in tlu' rnit ■>! Kinj^^lom, New-
foundland and ]iritish India, and tli I'nited States of Amerii'a.
Money ()i'(hM's are also issucnl at any ^loiu^y Ordei' ' )lVice, in
any of the al)o\-e-named <'ountries, ])aviible at any Money
Order Ollice in Cana(La..
No sin!.';h> (U'lh'i' for more than >^1(H) on Canada; €l(> on
I'niied lvin,u;(h)in ; 120 on Newfoundhind; ilU) on British
India; >^U) on l^iiied Stat(>s, can l)o issued; but as jnany
orders may \)v obtained as neciessary to make up the amount
desired by the rcunittor.
hi ])rocurinji; onhu's, it would be advisable, as far as pos-
sible, to adher(> to the following suggestions:
1st. To \)o careful that the full name and address of both
remitter and |)ayee is maih' known. In the case af a married
woman Ixung t>ither remitter or ])ay(>e, her own christian name
must be given, and iiot that of luu' liusband, thus: Mrs. Mary
IJrown, and not .Mi's. John Brown.
"2nd. When possible, jn'ocure orihu's on the day ])receding
the (h>i)arturii of mails or sooner if i'()nv(!uient. Current
money will in all eases be exacted. Che(|ues will not be re-
ceived uidess marked " good" by the bank dra.wn u])on.
In the tnauit of an order being lost, the payee will receive
a, du])licate, on a])])lication to the head otUce of the country
ill wliich the oi'der is payabh'.
Orders remaining unpaid at tlie (^xi)iration of the twelfth
nntiith after issue b(>co»ue lapsed, and can only be r<'paid to
the remitter.
OUDKitS ON lUUTISH INDIA.
j^'ull particulars must be given. If the payee should be'a
native of India, his tribe or cast<>, and his father's name, must
be sup]>lied.
T
rA
GUIDE TO BRITISH COLUMIilA.
Money orders ma3- be obtaiuod at any of the following
offices in British Columbia :
Barkerville,
Nanaiino,
Victoria,
Clintoij.
New Westminster
Yale.
The cojumii^sions on orders are as follows:
Money Orders on Ontario and Qdehec, N>vv Brunsn'tr]:, Xora
Scotia, Prine Edward Mand, Manitoba, and
British C'ofnnd'ia.
On orders up to S 4 00 - . - .
ov(^r 1 UO and up to ;^ 10 00
10 00 " -lO 00
20 00 " 40 00
40 00 " SO 00
80 00 " 100 00
C (
Moneij Orders on the United /vin(j(/nm
On orders up to ^2 -
'' over 2 and up to C o
5 " 7
" " 7 " 10
2 cents.
-5 "
10 "
- 20 "
40 "
- 50 "
25 cents.
50 "
75 "
1 00 "
J.
As
Hm
('■:
("h
( ill
Ch
(■<
D.i:
J 1:1.
M.n
<;iai
li-a.
Moncji Orderp^ on NeivfoHndland.
On orders up to € 5 -
over 5 and up to ^lO
10 '^ 15
15 " 20
i i
i i
i i
< i
Moncii Orders on Ilritis/t India.
On orders up to £2 - - -
over 2 and iip to £ 5
5 " 7
7 " 10
( <
25 cents.
50 "
75 "
1 00 "
;}0 cents.
GO "
90 "
1 20 "
Moneij Orifers on the (Inited States.
On orders up to §20 00
over 20 00 and up to §40 00
25 cents.
50 "
OT'IDF. TO iniTTI^n ('OT.rMBTA.
i()r>
LIST OF POST OFFICES IN IJiUTISH COLUMBIA.
Onicos.
I'.li ctorai Di-trii ts.
Hdust' cif C();ii-
iiioiis. Ciinadii.
Ali'XaiuIria
AsluTiift
WMrk-rville
nnnviiil I'lli.'t..
t','tri:t' Ci'ci'k
Ciissiiir.
Chciiiiiiims
Clinton
C'liilliwack ...
CiillloX
Cowicjian
Dd^'Cri I'k
riivl; .V- J'liiigle's . . .
Jlsiiniiuiilt
Mciinrii .
(ininville
li.aa<.fX.ol,i Lake.
Holrr
K;iinl(Mi])s
Ki itiili y Crctk . .
Kodtiiiay . .
Lftc I a ilaclie
I-..!i ■ 1 '.■ Laih1iiiL(. . .
I-»i:.'*-> '...
Lillooet
i.Utoii
Jniplc liav
Mirli' r.i('K;«>
M:its(|ni
MiMjilyvillc
Niiiiaimo
Xfw W'pstmiusttr . .
Nicola Luke
()kaiiat!an
Okiiii.ican Mission.
l.TOMil.' Housf....
(Jua<lva
QmsiicUp
(^K'siirllc Forks . . . .
Salt Sjiriii^' Island . .
.Skeciia .
Soda Ci'fok
Snolie
Sninenos
Spence's Bridge . . . .
Minms
V:in Winkle
Victoria
Yiilc
rrovinciil Lof^is-
lativi.' Assi'U)l>l\ .
raribiioit f.illiooct
Yuli -K'"iti'iiay. . . .
Cariboo \- I.iildo. t
Xi w Wostniinstcr
Yidr-Koot'iiay.
Tariliooit Liildoet
Vancouver
Carilioo A- Lillooet
\ev,- Westminster
Vanr-or,V(r.
do
Cariloo A' Lillnni t
Yale-Kooti'nay. .
I Victoria " . .
[Cariboo .^t Lili<ioet
I New W.stiiiinster
! Yal<-l\ootenay. .
i do
I do
rariboo X Lillooet
Yali -Koot( luiv. . . .
Cariboo A- Lilloor t
;Xe\v Westminster
I do
jCaribno ,*^' Lillooet
Yale-Ko jt' nay. . . .
Yaneon ver
New Westminster
do
do
Vanconvf r
\ew Westminster
Ynle-Kootenav. . . .
do
do
Cariboo A- Lillooet
Vancouver
Cariboo ct Lillooet
do
\'aucouver
Cariboo ,t Lillooet
do
Vaucover
do
Yalo-Kootenay ., . .
Xew W(>stminster
Cariboo i- Lillooet
Vict<n-ia
y;iIe-K()oteuay.. . .
Cariboo
I Yale
('ariiioo
New W( stiuinster
Yale
Cariboo
Cowielian
Lillooet
Xew Wi stiuinster
■ omox
Cowieiian
Lilloo.'t
Vale
K;;([uimalt
Cariboo
Xc\v Westminster
Yale
do
do
Cariboo
Kootenav
1 Lillooet."
Xew Westminster
do
Lillooet
[Yale
! Cowielian. . ..
jXew WeHtminsttn-
i do
I do
Nanaimo
Xew Westminster
Yale
do
do
Cariboo
IComox
Cariboo
do
Cowielil u
Cariboo
do
Es(juinialt
Cowielian
Yale
Xew Westminster
Cai'iiioo
Victoria City
Yale
I'dstmasti rs.
A. 1). :\Ic],nes.
IL liandali.
K. All, 11.
B. n. Wibun.
Jas. Caliiiibcll.
•Jos. Clearihue.
T. C;. Askew.
M. ( "Connor.
Mrs. J. Macdoiinld.
(i. F. Drabble.
J. Kiniuar
J. C^alla-h( r.
Jas. Dn, k.
J. T. Howard,
.i. B. I ovdl,
II. Harvey.
S. Moore.
J. (J. Wirtb.
W. JL Wilson.
G. A. Velth.
C. Bootli.
A. McKinlav.
W. H. i.adiier.
H. Wark
A. W. Smith.
Mrs. A. L. Jbiie.
J. Morley.
Wm. IJowitsoii
F. (.'liapuy.
D. S. Millif^au.
Wm. Earl.
V. B Tait.
J. Clappcrtou.
C. O'Kecfe.
E. Lequime.
Jas. Ciriffiu.
W. M. Dingwall.
Jas. Stone.
W. 1'. BnrrT.
T. C. Parry.
11. Cunningbam.
R. McLeese.
:M. Muir.
A. It. Kier.
J. JIurray.
'D. W. Miller.
'\. Lindsay.
E. Wallace.
B. Douglas.
tff^r '
166
OUIDE TO BRITISH COLUMBIA.
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GUIDE TO BRITISH COLUMBIA.
167
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rrlTDF; TO r.IIITTSlI coi.u.mijia.
TAliLE of Kates of Postngc on all inatt< v tiaiisiuissablc by
Post not of the cliaraeter (;f a letter, the jiostage on which
must be prepaid by t)ostage stamps.
To ('iinada ,n ,-, l
Description of Matter. and New- 1 ',?..:''>?" Tu Fniiiec
foiuidlnnil.
i}rit;iiu.
To United
Stiiti'S.
l»ook« 1 et. "^. 1 oz. 2 cts. ip> "2 oz, i cents "f>, oz. 1 et. "{■', 4 oz.
Carti's dt' Visite ' " j " I " | "
Cireuliirs ' '• | " " I "
Handhills " " " l "
Newspapers " '2 cts. pk 4 oz.
Pamphlets " 1 et. " "
Packa^^'es (parcel post). ]2Jj " 8 oz. can
Periodi(>als . . 1 ct. f^ 4 oz. 2 cents each.
Book and Newspaper I
iiiannseript ..... . " '2 cts. "-[J 2 oz.l " 1 et. t> 4 oz
Samples " ' "' ' " j
Seeds " " " !
not be sent.
4 cents "0 oz. U) cents each
HWilSTHATION.
liook paekages ami ne\vs[)apevs posted in CanaiUi for de-
livery AS'ithin the Dominion cannot be received for registration.
Books addressed to tlie Tnited Kingdom may be registered
on payment of the fee of S cents.
Parliamentary papers, books to and from the Library of
Parliament at Ottawa; ])etitions iu\d addresses to Provincial
Legislatures; Vot 's and Proceedings, and other j)apers printinl
by order of such Legislatures, are entitled to ])ass in the
mails free of charge.
Book packets miist be open at both ends or both sides.
DENOMINATION OF STAMPS ISSUED BY THE DOMINION OF CANADA.
h cent, 1 cent^ 2 cents, 3 cents, 5 cents, (5 cents, 10 cents,
12J cents, 15 cents, 2 cent!= llegistered letter stamps, 5 cein.5
do., 8 cents do., 1| cents Newspaper Wrappers, 1 cent Post
Cards, 2 cents Post Cards for United Kingdom.
KATES OF POSTACiE TO UNI'l'ED KINGDOM AND UNITED STATES.
On letters to the Uniteil Kingdon, 5 cents i)er half oz.;
registration fee, 8 cents.
On letters_to the United States, H cents per half oz. ; regis-
tration f(;e, 5 cents.
For rates on n(nv.spapers and miscellaneous matter, see
above 'J\ible.
') tl
m'TDK TO BRTTian rOTJTMBIA.
tj:legiiaphic.
1G9
List of offices of the British Cohimhiji Telegraph System
E. B. McMicking Superintendent.
OITIC'ES.
Barkerville,
Stanley,
Quesnelle,
Sodii Creek,
Bridge Creek,
Clinton,
Ciiche Creek,
Speiice's Bridge,
Lyttt)n,
Yale,
Ho]»e,
\'ist!i,
Chilliwaek,
Matsqui,
Langl(n'.
New Westminster,
Burrard Inlet,
Nootsack, AV. T.,
Seliome, W. T.
Samish, W. T.,
LaConner, W. T.,
Yit'toriu, B. C
OPERATORS.
Richiird Allen
Miss Annie Lindsay
James Ston«i
Henry Yates
- H. D. Horsford
- M. O'Connor
Jas. B. Leighton
John jVLirray
W. K. LeigJiton
Alfred Pleace
J. Ct. Wirth
Thos. A. McMicking
John McCnteheon
Miss S. A. Maclure
- A. M. Herring
Edward BoAvden
Benj. S])ringfer
AY. H. Osterraan
Chas. Donovan
J. H. Fravel
- J. A. Gilliland
W. F. Archibald
TELEGUAPH KATES FOU MESSAGES.
For Messages of Ten words — address and signature free:
Victoria to WasliinHtuu Territory SO 75 to *1 0(t
to Oregon 1 '25 ti> 1 r,0
to California ■> 00
to Eastern States '2 .".0
" to Canada '2 75
to Mainland. B. C 0 5() to I 25
" to Great Britain and France SI K^ per wont all '■■oitnti-d
Extra for M(ssai,'es of ov<'r Ten words; for every Five words,
or part of Five words:
Victoria to Washini^ton Territory n 25
toOret^'on 0 50
to C.ilifornia ((75
" to Eastern States— For every word over Ten, '^ word 0 17
to Canada " ' " " 0 17
to M liidand -Per Five words 0 25 to 0 50
92
170
GITDE TO imiTlSH COLUMniA.
BPvITTSH COLUMBIA T VND LAWS.
Wlioreas it is eiptMliont to amend and cousolidate the Laws
aff(!(;tiii{^" Crown Lands in British Colund)ia:
TluM'eforo, Hei- Majesty, hy and Avitli tlio advice and eon-
sent of th(! Legislative Assembly of the Province of British
Columbia, tsnacts as follows: —
1. The " Land Ordinance, 1870," and all ProeUimatious,
Statute?., Ordi'iances, and Acts thereby repealed, and the
" Land Oribn.inci! Amen(bnent Act, 1872," the "Land Ordi-
nance Aniendin(!nt Act, I87;i,"' and the " Land Act, 1874,"
shall be and are ln'reby rei)ealed; but such re[)eal shall not
prejudici! oi' afi'ect any rij^hts accpiired, or payments due, or
penalties incurred, ])rior to tlie passing of this Act, in resp(K't
of any land in this Province.
2. In the construction and for the purpos«*s of this Act (ii
not inconsistent witli the (Context or subject nuitter), the fol-
lowing terinii shall have the respective meanings hereinafter
assigned to them: —
" (Uiief ('ommissioner of Lands and Works or Surveyor-
(leneral " shall mean and include the Chief Commissioner
of Lands and Works or Surveyor-General, and any })er-
son for th(! time being lawfully acting in that capacity.
•'Commissioner" shall mean tlie Chief Commissioner of
Lands and Works or Surveyor-General of this Provineiu
or the person acting as su(^h for the time being, and shall
include evciry Sti]>endiary Magistrate for the time being
in charge of any District, and every person duly author-
iwd by the Lieutenant-Governor in Council to act as and
for the Chief (Jomraissioner of Lands and Works or Sur-
veyor-General as Assistant (commissioner of Lands and
Works in any District in which the land that may be rc-
feri'ed to lies, other than that in which the chief office of
the Lands and Works Department is situated, and any
other District or Districts for wliicli no such Assistant
(Commissioner of Lands and Works as aforesaid has been
appointed.
" Supreme ('ourt" shall mean the Supreme Court ot Britisli
Columbia.
"The Crown" shall mean Her Majesty, Her heirs and
successors.
" (Jrown Lands " shall mean all lands of this Province held
by the CroA\ai in fee simple.
" Act " shall mean any Proclamation or ()rdinance having
the force oi law in this Province.
nriDE TO RTflTISH roi.FMniA.
171
Words importinj^ the singular number shall inclinle more
persons, parties, or things than one, and the converse.
UNHURVEYED LAND.
3. Any person being the head of a family, a widow, or
single man over tlve ago of eighteen years, and being a British
subject, or any alien upon his making a declaration of his in-
tention to become a British subject, before a Commisrsioner,
Justice of the Peace, or other officer appointed therefor, which
declaration shall be in the Form No. 1 in the Schedule hereto,
juiil upon his filing the same with the Commissioner, may re-
cord anv tract of unoccupied, unsurveyed, and unreserved
Crown Lands f not being an Indian settlement) not exceeding
three hundred and twenty acres in extent, in that portion of
the Province situate to the ncn-thward and eastward of the
C!ascado or Coast Range of Mountains, and one hundred and
sixty acres in extent in the rest of the Province. Provided,
that such right shall not be held to extend to any of the Abo-
rigines of this Continent, except to such as shall have obtained
])iirnii8sion in writing to so record by a special order of the
Lieutenant-Governor in ('(mncil.
-i. Any chartered or incorporate<l company may acquire
such right, by obtaining permission in writing by a st)ecial
order of the Lieutenant-Cxovernor in Council.
5. Any person desiring to record such unoccupied, unsur-
veyed, and unreserved laud as aforesaid, shall first place at
each angle or corner of the land to be applied for, a stake or
post at least four inches square, and standing not less than
four feet above the surface of the ground; any stump of a tree
may be used for a post, provided it be squaroil as aforesaid,
and of the required height and dimensions; and u])on each
post a notice in the following form shall be affixed:—
" A. lis land, N. E. post" (meaning north-east post); " A.
Ifs land, N. W. ]iost " (meaning north-west post); and so
on, as the case may be.
And if such land shall not be so staked oft" and marked, the
applicant shall not have the right to record the land intended
bv him to be recorded; and if such hind, not liaving been so
staked and marked, shall nevertheless be recorded in favor of
the applicant, he shall have no right at law or in ecpiity
therein or thereto. After the land is so stakc^d and marked,
the applicant shall then make application in writing to the
Commissioner of the District, in which the land is situate, to
record such land; and in such ap])li(Mtion the a])])licaiit must
enclose a full d(vs(!rii)tion of the laud intended to be recorded,
and enclose a sketch plan thereof, and such description and
}iliu shall be in duplicate; the •qjplicant shall also make, be-
172
(.riDi: To niifTisii coi.i misia.
f<)v<' .1 Justice of tli(i P(!;k!(' or roiniuissioiK'i', aiii] t'liniisli tin-
('oiiiiiiissioncr with, n iliclariitiou in iluplicatc, in the T'omi
No. 2 ill tli(> Sclicdnlc licroto: and it' tlio aitplicaut shall, iu
such (l(!cdai'ation, make any statctnrnt, knowinj^' the same to
1)0 falser, h ■ shall liavc no ri^ht at hiw or iueciuity to tht; laud,
t)i(i r(H;oid of which ho may have ohtainotl by tlio niakinj^' of
such declaration.
(■». K\ory ))i('c(( of such mioccupiod, unsarvoy('(l, and iinrc-
sorviul land as aforesaid, sought to ho rocordtul nndor the
provisions of this Act, shall, savo a.s lu'roinaftt;r is provided,
be of a rectangular orstpiare shape, and l(»0 acres shall either
measure 10 cliains by 40 cdiains (e(pial to HSO yards by iS.SO
yards), or "JO chains l)y SO eliains (ei|ual to liO yards by ITliO
yards), and ;i20 acrcis shall me^asure 40 chains by <S0 (diaiiis
(equal to SSO yards by 17(50 yards.) In the event of any of
the following lesser (juantities only being staked and
marked as aforcisaid, 40 acres shall measure 20 chains by 20
cliains (ecpial to 440 yards by 110 yards), SO a(!i'es shall
measui-e 20 chains by 10 (diains (equ;il to 44(> yards by IStSn
yards), and 120 acres shall measure 20 chains by (50 chains
(equal to 440 yards by i;)20 yards. ) All lines shall Ite run
true north and south, and Irui' east and west.
7. Whore such land is in whole or in part l)ounded by any
mountain, rock, lake, river, or other natural boundary, or by
any public highway, orl)yany pre-(>mptedorHurveyed land, sucli
natural bt)untlary, publichighway, pre-enq)tcd oi-surveyed laiid
may be adopted as the boundary of such land; and it shall be
sufHcient for the applicant to show to the Chief (.'ommissioncr
that the form of tlu' land conforms, as nearly as ciri'umstances
permit, to the provisions of this Act; but all otlu^r boundary
lines, exc<>pt as mcMitioned in this section, shall be run as
nearly as ulay b(^ true north and south, and true east and
west.
8. The Cliuif Commissioner of Lands and Works (jr Survey-
Oi-General may. however, in cajiying out .any (lovernmcut
survey, or any survey authorized by this Act, or by him, if, in
his opinion, circumstances require it, survey pre-emption
claims or purchased lands recorded previous or subsequent
to the date of tl)is Act, and also unsurveyed, unoccu])i(d,
and unr(»served land as aforesaid, recortled under the
provisions of this Act, by such metes and bounds as he
nifty think proper; and every survey so made and certitied
by him in writing, shall be binding upon all ])arties
affected there b}'; and the survey so certitied, shall be deemed
in any Court of this Province to have been done in compliance
with the provisions of this Act; but nothing in this clause
aVWK TO URTTrSII rOIJ'MBIA.
17:5
Ivrties
coiil.iint'il shiill iii)i)ly to any liiiid when a Crown Grant thereof
his (ir siiiill huve been issued.
1>. rpon the eoiupliaiice hy tiie applierint with th«' provis-
ions here in he fori! eoiitained, and ui)on payment of tiu> sum of
two (h>llars to the ('ommissioner, the Commissioner shall re-
cord tiic laud so souf,dit to he recorih.'d in favor of the appli-
cant, and shall give to such ap))licant, hereinafter called a
" settler," a eertitieate of such rtH'ord, according to the Form
No ;> in the Sche'chile hereto; and su -h record shall he made
hy the Commissiouer in triplicate, the origiuMi to he handed
to the settler, a (hiplicate to In; retained l)y tlu' Commissiijuer
for local reference, and th(> triplicate to be foi'warded forth-
witii to tlu! head olHce of the' Lands aiul Works DepaitnuMit,
to he hiially n^gistered in the Land ()lH(te llegister.
1(1 The settler shall, within thirty days ther«'after, enter
into occu[)ation of the land so reeorded; and if he shall cease
to occufjy such land, save as hei'einaftei' is ])rovided, tlu; Com-
missioner may, in a summary way, upon being satisfied of
such cessation of occupation, cancel the record of the settler
so c(>asing to occupy the same, and all improvements and
huildings made and eri'cted on such land shall b«! absolutely
forfeited t » the C'rown, and sudi settler shall have no further
right therein or tlnsreto: and the eertitieate of record given to
such s<?tt]iu' shall be deemeil to be null and void to all intents
;uid purposes whatsoever; and the said land may be recorded
anew by the (!(mimissioner, in the name of any person satis-
tyii\g the requirements in that behalf of this Act.
II. Th(^ oecu])ation herein required, shall mean a continu-
ous bona tid(? ]iersonal residence of the settler, his agent, or
family, on the land recorded by such settler; but Indians or
Chinamen shall not be considered agents.
1'2. Every settler, as well as his agent and family (if any),
sliall be entitled to be absent from th«^ land recorded by such
settler for any one period not exceeding two months during
any one year. He shall b(^ deemed to liave eea'^ed to occupy
such land when he shall have been absent, continuously, for
a longer period than two months.
V-i. Any such laud shall be deemed tt) be abandoned when
the same shall have b«}en unoccupied by the settler, his agent,
or family, for more than four months in the aggregate in one
year, or for more than two months consecutivt>ly.
11. No person shall be entitled to hold, at the same time,
two claims by record; and any person ; o recording more than
eiie claim shall forfeit all right, title and intei-est to the prior
claim recorded by him, and to all improvements made and
erected thereon, and the land included in such prior claim
IMAGE EVALUATION
TEST TARGET (MT-3)
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2.5
1^ |2.8
1.8
1-25 1.4 11.6
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Photographic
Sciences
Corporation
23 WEST MAIN STREET
WEBSTER, N.Y. 14S80
(716) S73-4S03
1
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i'
174
GUIDE TO BRITISH COLUMBIA.
sljiill be open for record bv anyone else complying with the
provisions hereof.
15. Any such settler may have the land recoi'ded by him
surveyed at h'w own expense (subject, however, to a rectifica-
tion of bounuuries) by a Surveyor approved of and actiuj^
under instructions from the Chief Commissioner of Lands and
Works. Within three months from the completion of any
such survej', and a deposit of a map thereof in the office of the
Commissioner, and notice thereof published in the British
Columbia (rtizrUe, such settler shall make and file with the
Commissioner a written and dated statement, describing the
lanil sctth'd upon, and the locality of his improvements,
bastfd upon the survey uiade; and shall also make and tilu
with such Commissioner a declaration in duplicate, in the
Form No. t in the Schedule hereto, signed by himself and
two residents in the locality of such land, or two persons
ac([uaiiited with the facts; and unless two or more parties are
claimants of the same land, the Commisioner at the expiration
of such three months, shall record such land, so rectified hy
such survey, in the name of such s-^ttler as a homestead
settler of surveved lands, without any further declaration by
such settler.
1<5. If, within three months after the making of such
survey and a deposit of the maj) of s\ich survey in the office
of the Commissioner, and a notice thereof published in the
British Columbia GazcHc, the settler shall fail to make and
furnish the written and dated statement and dechiration re-
quired as aforesaid, or if s\ich declaration shall be fraudulently
obtained, or if it shall contain wilfully false statements, the
land recorded by such settler, with all improvements thereon,
shall be forfeited to the Crown, and such settler shall have no
further right therein or thereto; and the Chief Connnissioner
of Lands and Works may cancel the record of such land in the
books of the Land Office, and the certificate of such record,
given to the settler on the making of such record, shall thence-
forth be deemed null and void to all intents and purposes
whatsoever.
17. Where any official suiTey shall be made, in which shall
be included the land recorded by any settler, and a map of
such siuvej' shall have been deposited in the office of the
Commissioner, and notice thereof shall have been published
in the British Columbia Gazette, sucii settler phall, within
three mouths thereafter, make and file with the Commissioner
a written and dated statement, describing the land settled
upon by such settler, and the locality of his improvements
thereon, based upon the survey made, giving the number of
nvwT. TO RRiTi«»* roi,t\MmA.
m
tho Township, Section, Quarter Section, or fniction thereof,
if any, as the case may be; and shall also make ami ftle with
tlic Coinniissioner a declaration in the Form No. 4 in the
HclitMlule lujreto, signed by himself and two residents in the
locality of such lan(l or two persons •eqiiainted with the facts;
and unless two or more parti<!S are claimants of the same 1 md,
the {/oumiissioner shall, at the expiration of such three
m(...ths, record such lai>d so rectified l>y such survey in the
iiiuiic of such settler, as a homestead settler of survey<^d land,
witliout any further declaration by such settler.
18. If, within three months after the making of Hxn'h survey
111 I a deposit of the maj) of sudi survey in the office of the
Connnissioner, and a notice thereof published in the British
Coliunl)ia Gdzcfh', the setthu* shall fail to tnake and furnish
tht' written an<l dat(!d statement and declaration required as
aforesaid; or if such declaration shall be fraudulently obtained,
or if it shall ccmtain wdfuUy false statemcmts, the land recorded
by such settler, with all improvements thereon, shall be for-
feited to the Crown, and such settler shall have no further
right therein or thereto; and the Chief Commissioner of Lands
and Works may cancel the record of such land in the books
of the Land Ottice, and the certificate of such record given to
the settler, on the making of such record, shall thenceforth
l)e deemed null and void to all intents and ])ur]>oses whatso-
ever.
IJ). When the land shall have been sutveyed, and in the
event of two or more parties claiming the same h^gal subdivis-
ion or fraction thereot, the Chief Commissioner ttf La- ds and
Works shall have ])ower to hear, settle, md determine the
ri<;lits of the adverse claimants, and to make -luch order in the
premises as h(; may deem just; and for all or any of the ])ur-
poses aforesaid he shall have full j)Ower to sunnnon and ex-
amine, under oath, the parties and witnesses, and such decis-
ion and order (if any) shall l)e final,
'2((. When any settler shall die, his heirs shall lia\( six
montiis, from such death, in which to record in their favor tlu^
land recorded bv such settler; and the right of such heirs to
so r('-r«H'ord shall be a prior right to that of any one else in such
liuid; but if no such re-n'cord is made within tlu^ time a])nve
prescribed, the land shall thereafter be oi)en to be recorded
by anv one complying with the provisions of this Act as to
recording unsurveyed, unoccupie<i, and unreserv<nl land.
21. Where any official survey shall be made, in which shall
he included the land the right to whieh has been ac(piired
])revious to the p.issing of this Act, but for which a (Vown
firant has not been issued, and a map of such survey shall
fW
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ftii
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"■i
17G
oriD!; TO BHITISH COLUMUIA.
li.'ivo hew (leposittxl in tlie ottieo of tlio (/OminiHsioner, amd
iiotict* tlier«H)f sliall liiive been published in the British Col-
uinbia (rdzeffe, the hiwful cliiiniant of such hiud shiill, witliin
tiiree months th(uo.ift«n", niiike and tihi with the Commissioner
a written and thited statement, describinj^ the hind claimed
and the l<)i;ality of his im^)rovenlonts thereon, based upon the
surv»\v made, and fully describing the legal subdivision
(ilainuHl, and shall also make and tihi witli the Commissioner
a de<'lai"ati<»ii, in sucli form as may bo reijuired by the Com-
missioner, signed l)y himself and twt) residents in the locality
of such land, or two persons acciuainted with the facts; and
unless two or more pai'ti«^s are ehiimants of the same land,
the Conimissionei- shall, at the expiration of such three
months, (>nter such land so rectified bv such survey in the
name of such claimant in the district register.
'22. If, within three tnonths aftc^r the making of such sur-
vey and a deposit of the map of such survey in the office of
the Commissioner and a notice thereof publislu'd in the
J3riti»li Columbia (rcizeffe, the claimant mentioned in the pre-
ceding clause shall fail to mak^- and furnish the written and
dated stat«un(mt and declaration required as aforesaid; or if
such declaration shall b«( fraudulently obtainf^d, or if it shall
contain wilfully false statements, the hind so entered, Avith all
improvements thereon, shall be forfeited to the Crown, and
such settler shall have no further right tlnjrein or thereto; and
the (^hief Commissioner of Lands and Works may cancel the
record of such land in the books of the Land Office, and the
certificate given on the making of such record shall tlience-
f(nth be ileemed null and void to all intents and ])urposes
whatsoevei-.
SUIJVEYEL) LAND.
'2H. The land described as follows shall be deemed, for the
]nir|u)sesof this Act, to b«( " Surveyed Lands" : —
f(/. jLand surveyed into sections of one raile square, or
(540 acres, or fractions thereof, with quarter section
posts placed upon the section lines every forty chains:
(h. ) Land surve3ed into sections of IGO acres, or fractions
tlier<!of, with all exterior lines run :
(c. ) Land which may hereafter be declared surveyed land
by Public Notice in the British Columbia GnzeUe :
((f. ) Land in New Westminster District wliich has been
surveyed into in'egular lots exceeding or less than 100
acres :
(e.) Land in Vancouver Island which has been sun'eyed
into 100 acre sections or fractions thereof:
(/. ) Land in Vancouver Island which has been surveyed in-
OriDE TO nniTIHH COLUMniA.
177
to Moctions of 100 acres, or less, with all the exterior
Hues run, marked, and posted:
((/.) Land in Vancouver Island which has been surveyed
into blocks of 1,00(> acres, or less, with the North and
South lines run and posted every twenty chains, and
the East and West lines every tifty chains:
(/<.) Laud in Vancouver Island which has been surveyed
into Districts five miles square, with exterior lines
running North and South run, marked, and ))osted
every tweutv chains, and exteiior liutis East and Wt'si
run, marked, and posted every twenty chains:
(('.) In districts upon Vanccmver Island, known as the
Districts of C'omox, Mountain, Nauainio, Cranberry,
Cedar, Chemainus, Sonx'uos, Coniiaken, (^uaniichau,
Cowichan, Sliawnigan, Noi'th Saaiiich, South Saanich,
Highland, Lake, Es(piimalt, M«^tchosin. and Sooke.
Provided, always, that land surveyed during the year IHTH,
iind hereafter to be surveyed, shall not hr open for pr<'-
eiiiption until notice that such laud is o])eii for pre-emption
shall have becui published in tlie British Colund)ia (iazcffe.
'24. Any ]»ersou l)eiug the head of a family, a widow, or
siiij,'le man over the aj^e of ei<^thteen years, and being a Brit-
ish subject, (u- any Alien upon his making a declaration of
Ills intention to become a British subject before a Commmis-
sioner. Justice of the Peac<', or other ofHcer a]»point<ul for the
purpose, and filing the same with the Commissioner, which
declaration shall be in the Form No. 1 in the Scheduh^ hei'eto,
mav ])re-empt any tract of surveyed, unreserved, unoccu])i<'d,
aud unrecorded land (not being an Indian Settlement) not ex-
ceeding three hundred and twenty acres in extent in that i)ortion
of the Province situate to the northward and eastward of tlui ( 'as-
ciulo or Coast liange of Mountains, and one hundred and sixty
aires in extent in the rest of th(^ Province. Provided, that
such right of pre-emption shall not be held to <>xttnid to any
of the Aborigiuies of this ('outineut, except to such as shall
have obtained permission in writing to so ])re-em|>t l)y a
special order of the Lieutenant-Crovenun" in Council.
25. Any chartered or incorporated company may acipiire
such right by obtaining a special p<!rmission in writing fnuu
the Lieuteiuint-GoveriKn* in Council.
2(5. Any perscm desiring tf) pre-euipt land as afon'said, shall
np])ly in writing to the Commissioner for h>ave to prr-cm]>t
such laud, which application shall be in duplicate; and in
such a])plication he shall describe the land as surveyed, ac-
oonliug to the rules from time to time to be made in that be-
half by the Chief ('ommissionf>r of Lands and Works; and
38
nnr
17H
ariDi; to niiiTisn couMmA.
■^
1 n
shiill make boforo a Justicf of the PcarM or tlu; (.'oiiimissioui'i-
find furnish tlio C'oniniissioiuir with a dfjchiration, in dupU-
cato, in the Form No. 5, in tho Schiuluh' hi'reto; and if the
iipplicjint in sucli dci^laration sliall tnak(! anv stattMUont, Uiiow-
iiiii; th<^ sain(! to Uv, false, ho shall havti no ri;^ht at law or in
(uniity to the land, tln^ pro-umption of which ho may obtain
by the making of such doclaration.
'27. Upon compliance with the [»rovisions of tho preceding
S(!t'tion the (Commissioner, upon payment by tin; ap[)li('ant of
a fee of two di)llars, shall record such land in the name of the
applicant (heieinafter called the " homestead stittler,") and
shall ^ivc to such homestead settler a certiticat*' thereof ac-
acccording to the l''o)nj No. <> in the Schednh^ hereto; and
such ivcord shall be made by the ('omtnission(U' in trii)licate,
one part to be handed to the homestead settlers, another part
to b(^ retained bv the (Commissioner for local reference, and
th(! thinl to be forwarded forthwith to tluj head office of the
Lands and Works Department, to be tinally registered in the
Ijand Office l*re-tMn]»tion KegistfT.
"is. The homestead settler shall, within thirty days therc-
aftei', enter into occupation of the land so pre-enjpt»!d; and if
he shall cease t() ocnnipy such hmd, save as is herein provided;
thfc* Commissioner may in a summary way, upon beinj; satis-
tied of such cessation of occujiation, cancel the claim of the
homestead settler so ceasing to occupy the sam«', and all iru-
provements and buildings mad(>and ercu'ted on such land shall
i)e absolutely forfeited to thtj Crown, and the said land sh:ill
be open to pn^ emption and may be recorded anew by the
Commissioner as a [)re-empti(m claim, in the name of any
person satisfying the rcsquirements in that behalf of this Act.
'21>. The occupation herein required, shall mean a continu-
ous bona fide persoijal residence of the homestead settler, his
agent, or family, on the land recorded by such homesteuil
settler, but Ii\dians or Chinamen shall not l)e considered
agents.
'M). Every hom(>stead settler, as well as his agent and family
(if any), shall be entitled to l)e absent from the land recorded
by such homestead settler for any (me |)eriod not exceeding
two months during any one year. He shall l)e deemed to have
ceased to occupied such land when he shall have been absent
continuously, for a longer period than two months.
Ml. Any such land shall be deemed to be abandoned when
th(^ same shall have been unoccupied by the homestead set-
tler, his agent, <jr family, for more than four months in the
aggregate in one year, or for more than two months consec-
utively.
'
OriDE TO BRinSH COLUMBIA.
179
'{'2. Any number of persons, not exceeding four, uniting
in ]tiirtner8hip foi" the purpose of pre-empting, holding, and
working hind, shall be eligible to ])re-empt, as a firm, an area
of land to the extent to each partner in the firm of one
hundred and sixty acres west, and three hundred and twenty
acrtts east, of the (Cascades. Each partner in any such tirm
shall, by himself or agent, represent his interest m the tirm
by actual residence upon some portion of the land so held by
sm'litirm; but it shall not be necessary in such case that
each pai'tner or his agent shall reside on his paiticidar ])re-
eniption. Partners in such firm, or their agents, may reside
together on one lu)mestead; ])rovided sucli homestead bt^
situated upon some portion of the land pre-empted and oc-
cupied by such tirm. For the purpose of obtaining a C'ertiti-
c.it'' of Im])rovement to land so pre-em])ted. it shall be
surticient to show to the Commissioner that im])r()vements
amounting in the aggregate to two dollars and titty cents per
acre on the whole land, has been made on some portion
thereof.
8H. A homestead settler shall be entitled to receive from
the ('ommissioner a certiticate, to be called a ** Certiticate of
Improvement," in the Form No. 7 in the Schedule hereto,
u|ion his proving to the Commissicmer, by the declarations in
writing of himself and two otlier persons, or in such other
manner as the Commissioner may recpiire, that he has been
in oc('U]iation of his ])re-«Mnption claim from the datti of the
record thereof, and has made permanent improvements
thereon to the value of two dollars and tifiy cents per acre,
imd has occu|)ied such lan<l foi- two yeai's, and such declara-
tion shall be in the Form No. 8 in the Schedule hereto. Such
<-ertiticate shall be in triplicate, one part to be handed to the
homestead settler, anotlier part retained by the Commissioner
for local reference, and the third part transmitted forthwith
to the head office of the Lands and Woi'ks Department ; and
it shall be the duty of the Commissioner to not«' the issue of
such certiticate on the original ]n'e-emption record, which
must be produced to him at the time of ap|)lying for the cer-
tificate by the homestead settl<*r, and on the duplicate lliere-
of retained in the Commissioners Ofiice.
34. All declarations authorized to be made under the
provisions of this Act shall l)e suliscribed by the person
making the same, and shall be tiled with the (Commissioner,
who is hereby fully authorized and empowered to take the
same; and shall be made before such Commissioner, or Vxfore
any Justice of the Peace, under and subject to the provisions
anil penalties of the "Oaths Ordinance, 18W)."
r
Vt
ii^
I HO
(HIDE TO HHITISIl COIA'MIJIA.
.'i- . No liomostoiul settler hIiuII bo rntitltMl to hokl, ut the
s.unc time, two cltiiins by pre-emption; uiul any person so
pro-on)|)tin<^ more than one claim Hliall forfeit all right, title,
and interest to the prior elaim rc^eordetl by him and to nil
iinprovtinientsniade and erected theri'on;and the land includ-
ed in sneh prior claim shall be open for pre-emption.
:{♦). After the grant of a Certificate of Improvement as
aforesaid to the honn^stead settler, a ('rown Grant or Con-
veyance, in tlu^ Form No. 9 in the Schednle hereto, of the fee
sim])le of and in the land mentioned as recorded in such cer-
tiiieate shall be tixecuted in favor of the said homestead set-
tler, upon payment of the sum of tivt; dollars tlmrefor. and
without any payment for the land; but no such Crown Grant
shall bo executed in favor of any alien who may have declared
Its aforesaid his intention of becoming a British subject, until
such alien shall have become, according to hiw, a naturalized
British subject.
*J7. No transfer of any surveyed or unsurveyed land ])re-
empted or reconknl under this Act shall be valid, until after
a ('rown Grant of the same shall have been issued.
lis. In the event of the (hiath of any homestead settler
under this Act, his heirs or devisees (as the case may be) if
resident in the Province, shall be entitled to a C'rown Grant
of the land inclu(hul in such pre-empti<m claim, if lawfully
h(dd and occu])ied l)y such homestead settler at tln'
time of his decease, hut subject to the issuing of the
Certificate of Improvement as aforesaid; but if such heirs or
devisees b(! absent from the Province at the time of such
decease;, the Chief Commissioner of Lands and Works or
Suve30i*-General is hereby authorized and empoweretl to
make such disposition of the pre-tnnption claim, and such
provision for the person (if any) entitled thereto, or interested
therein, as he may deem just and proper.
r.K.\SES.
39. Leases of any extent of unpre-empted and ui uirveyed
land may be granted for pastoral purposes by the Lieutenant-
Govei'uor in Council, to any person or persons whomsoever,
being bona tide settlers or homestead settlers, pre-emptors,
or purchasers of land in the vicinity of the hmd sought to be
leased, at such rent as such Lieutenant-Governor in ('ouucil
shall deem expedient; but every such lease of pastoral land
shall, among other things, contain a condition making such land
liable to settlement, pre-emption, reserve for public purposes,
and purchase by any persons whomsoever, at any time during
the t»rm thereof, without compensation, save by a propor-
tionate deduction of rent; and to a further condition, that the
oriDE TO BRITISH COLUMBIA.
181
lessee shall, within six months from the date of such lease,
stock the property demised in such proportion of animals to
the one hundred acres as shall be specified by the Commis-
sioner.
Provided, however, that no such pastoral leases shall be
crimted on Vancouver Island : Provided, also, that no pastoral
l«!ases shall be f»ranted upon any of the Islands adjacent to
Vancouver Island, or to tlie Mainland of the Province, upon
which any land is occupied by settlers, homestead settlers,
})ro- niptora, or persona holding lands under Crown Grants.
Hf. Lea ies of unoccupied and unsurveyed land, not exceed-
ing five hunib'ed acres in extent, niav be grantetl by the
Li« ntenant-Govornor in Council, for the purpose of cutting
hay thereon, to any person or peisons whomsoever being
bona fide settlers, or homestead si^ttlers, pre-emptors or pur-
chasers of land, at such rent as such Lieutenant-Governor
ill Council shall deem expedient. The term of such lease
sli.iil not exceed five years; but every such lease shall, among
other things, contain a condition making such land liable to
settlement, pre-emption, reserve for public purposes, and
purchase by any persons whomsoever, at any tune during the
term thereof, with such compensation for improvements made
thereon, to be paid to the leaseholder, as shall be fixed by the
Commissioner of the District.
41. Leases of any extent of unpre-empted or unreconhul
Clown Lands may be granted by the Lieutenant-Governor in
Council, to any ])erson, persons, or corporation tbily author-
ized in that behalf, for the pur])ose of cutting spars, timber or
lumber, and actually engaged in those pursuits, subject to
such rent, terms, and provisions as shall seem expedient to
the Lieutenant-Governor in Council: Provided, however, that
any person may liei'eafter acquire a settler.; or homestead
settler's claim to or upon any part of such leased hmd by
complying with the requirements of this Act. Such settler or
homestead settler shall however, only be entitled to cut such
timber as he may require for use upon his claim; and if h<^
cut timber on the said land for sale, or for any purpose other
than for such use as aforesaid, or for the purpose of clearing
tlie said land, he shall absolutely forfeit all interest in tlu!
laud acquired by him, and the (Commissioner shall cancel his
claim thereto.
42. The application for any such lease must l)e in writing,
in ihiplicate, addressed to the Commissioner, who shall retfiin
the original in his office, and transmit the iluplicate, through
the head office of the Lands and Works, to the Lieutenant-
182
OITIDR TO HRITISH COLUMBIA.
Governoi" in Council, who hIijiU alone decide on any snch
lease.
43. Before any leane is grantt>d for pastoral, hay, or timber
1)urpoHes, the applicant shall give to the Commissioner of tjie
>istrict in which the land lies, thirty days' notict* in writing'
of his intention to apply for such lease. Such notice shall
specify -
(rt.) The locality an<l number of acres appplied for;
(h.) Th(i name of the ap|)licant;
(r.) The date of the notice.
A eo])y of such notice shall be ])osted at each of the under-
mentioned places:
{(i.) On a conspicuous ))art of the land referred to;
(/>.) Upon the walls of the ofttce of the Commissioner of the
District;
('.) On the ('Ourt House of the District, if any;
(d.) On the nearest jjublic Inn or Taver:;;
(e.) On the outer door of the Post Ortice of such District.
44. .Vny person desirous of objecting to such lease, shall
give his written reasons therefor, within the time spccitied in
the above notice, addressed to the said Commissioner; and
the said Commissionei- shall, as soon as possible, forward the
same, with his report thereon, to the ('hief Commissioner of
Lands and Works.
45. If no objection is made, as aforesaid, to the issu»' of
such lease before the said notice expires, the lease ai)])lirtl
for may be issued, if advisable.
40. Persons who have pre-empted lands, or shall hereafter
record or pre-empt any lands heretofore leased, or which nmv
hereafter be leased for any of the purposes aforesaid, shall
have the right of passing and repassing over such leased lands
without being deemed trespassers: Provided always, that
such persons shall not commit wilful waste or damage in ])as-
sing over sucli lauds. Any person who records or ])re-enipts
land held under a pastoral lease, and who bona tide cultivates
at least ten acres thereof per annum, shall have the privilef,'e
of pasturing not more than fifty heatl of his own stock on tlie
said leased land in the winter time, that is, between the tirst
day of November and the tirst day of April following, upon
his paying to the lessee named in the pastoral lease, on ac-
count of the actual expenses incurred in and about the lease-
hold, an annual sura proportionate to the number of cuttle
grazed upon the land.
47. It shall be lawful for the Lieutenant-Governor in Coun-
cil to grant leases to any person for any purposes other than
for pastoral, hay, apd timber pui'poses, upon such terms and
iif;
<ii'rnR TO imrnsH corj'MniA.
183
(•(HnlitioiiH HH tlu! Iji('nt«'niint-(l()v«'nior in Council slmll think
lit: I'roviili'd alwiiys. tliat evorv such Iojiho shall contain a
iMiinJition niakiiij; such lanil liable to settlement, pre-eniption
(»r purchase Ity any ])ers()iis whcnisoever, at any tinm durinj^
tlif fcrni thereof, with such c«/innensation for improvements
infide thereon, to he paid to tho leasehohh'r, as shall he tixed
hv th(! Ciiief Commissioner of Lands and Works, or his as-
sistant f(»r the time bein^, in the District where the 1 md is
situated: l^rovided, that if the h'ssee ho dissatisfied with tlm
decision of either of the aforesaid parties, he shall be entitled
to submit such decision to arbitration, under the provisi«uis
ef th<' '; Public Works Ann^n.lment Act, IST.'l."
IS. I'jverv person lawfully entitle<l to hold land under this
Act, or under any former Act, O'vlinance, or Protdamation,
and lawfully occu])yin<^ and bona fide cultivafiuj^ lands, may
divert so much and no more of any Jinrecorded and nn ip-
)r(tj)riated water fnun the natural channel of any stream,
akc. or river adjacent to or passing throPi^h su(di land, for
a;,'ricultural or other ]Mirpos«'H, as may bo reasonably neces-
suiy foi' such purposes, (i])on obtaininjj; the writtiui authority
of the Comnussioner oi the District to that ef!'ect, and a re-
cord of the same shall be mad»f with him, after due notice, as
herein mentioiKMl, specifying the name of the applicant, the
(|uaiifity soni^iit to i>e divertcul, the place of diversion, the ob-
ject theieof, and all su(di other y)articiilars as such Clonimis-
sioiier may riMpiire, f(U- every such record the Commissioner
sliall charf^e a ft'C of two dollars; and no sucdi ])erson shall
have any excdiisive I'i^i^ht to the use of such water, whether the
same fl(»w naturally through or ov(U' his land, exce!]>t such
r-^icord shall have been made.
41). (hut mcmth previous to such authority being given, the
applicant shall post up in a conspicuous place, on each per-
sons land to be affected by the projmsed diversion of any
stream, lake, or river, and on the District Court House,
notices in writing, stating his intention to take, and convey,
and divert such water (as the case may be), s])ecifving all
particulars relating thereto, including directitm, (piantity,
purpose, and term.
i5(). The owner of any water i)rivil(^ge, or right ac(piired by
record, shall have no exclusive right to the water privilege
so recimled, until he shall luive constructed a ditch for con-
voying the water to the place where it is intended to l><> used.
And in case any such ditch shall not be of sufficient capacity
to carry the ([uantity of water recorded by the owner of smdj
'Utcli, then the exclusive right of such owner shall be limited
to the (piantity which such ditch may be (Nipable of carrying.
w
IHI
(irri)i: to huitish r<)i,rMHiA.
iiot\vitliHt:ui(lin|4 HwvU record, until Hiu-h tlitoh hIiiiII \w «mi-
liir>,'(Ml H(» !iH to \w vt\\r,i\iU' of ciiirvin^^ tho (|u>iiitity of wiitn-
n'<'()r»l(*il l>y such pcvHou.
iil. I'rioritv of ri;^lit to any Huch wutor MiiviU»g(», in ciih*' of
tlis|mte, slinll <lt'|>('n(l on uriority of roirom.
52. Tlu' ri^'hl of ( iitny on and thion^li tli<' lands of otln'is,
for (• iiivin}^ wator for any lawful |tiiri)os«' upon, over, vr
undf-r tin' said land, nuiv Im( claiint'd and taken l»y any person
lawfidly occupying and )>ona ride eidtivating as aforesaid, and
(previous to entry,) ujmui payin;^ < " seeurin;,' payni(*nt of coni-
peusation, as aforesaid, for the waste oi ^'iniage so occasioned,
to the person whose land may ))e wasted « r damaged Wy »uch
entry or carrying of water.
oil. fn cas«» of dispute, sui'h cotnAeiisation, or any other
<piostion connected "'th such water privilege, entrv, or car-
rying, may he ascertained by the ('ommissioner ot the Dis-
tri(^t in a summai'V manner, without a jury, or, if desiretl l»y
eithei- i)arty, with a ju)y of five men.
.")4. Uater priviles^es for mining or «)tliei' purpose.*;, not
otiujrwise lawfully appropriated^ may be chiiined, ami the
said water may he taken U|)on, under, or ovc^- any land so
pro-emi)tt!d, or recorded, o)- heretofore purchased, hy «)l)taiii-
ing a grant or limnise from the <,)ommission«'r of the District;
and, previous to taking the sam(\ paying reasonable compen-
sation for waste or daniage t(» tlm i)erson whose land may he
^vasted or damaged by such water privih;ge, or carriag<' of
water.
5'). .Any owner of any <lifch or water ]>rivilege who shall
wilfully waste any quantity of water heretofori* or hereafter
acipiirt'd by record or otherwise, by diverting any more of it
from its natural (ionise, through any ditch or otherwise, than
the (piantity actually recpiired by him for irrigation or any
other ]»urpose, shall be punished by a tine not exceeeding one
hundr<'d (lollars for each such oftence, to be recovered before
a Justice"! of the Peace, Sti]>endiary Migi.strate, or C'onnnis-
sioner, in a summary mannt>r, and in dt;fault of payment l)y
distress, or by imprisonment for any period not exceeding six
months; and no owner of any first recoi-d to any ditch or water
right shall have any right to interfere with or prevent the con-
struction of any dams, break-waters, or other improvements
made or hereafter to be made for the pui'])ose of saving or
economizing tlui water of any creek, lake, or water-cour.se of
any kind: Provided, that the construction or use of such
dam or break-water <loes not nor will divert such water from
its proper channel, at the point or place where such owner
takes the water used bv him into his ditch or channel : Pro-
r.VlUK TO mUTIMU coi.rMniA.
Is;
viilt'd also, Hi.it the coiiMtnictioii and uho of such diim or
hn- ik-\v;itt'r sli.ill not iiijiin> tli<^ source from which Hiich water
IS taken, or the property of any j)arty or |)aiti('s, l>y backing
w.itci, fluodiiij^ or otherwise: Proviih'd also, that ill dis-
|»iiles arisiii;^' upon atiy iuatt«M- or tiling' in this clause contain-
(• 1. shall he decided in u suiniuary niann-'r before any 'histico
()»' till' I*eace, Stipemliarv Ma^'istrate or Connnissioner, who
sjiiil have full jtower to iriake such decision as shall se<>ni to
liiiii just and (-(initahle.
i',ii"("T.mi;nt.
.'((I, Any |)erson lawfully occupviiiK -^ <'laini, l>y lecord or
|iri t'liition, or holdinf^^ a lease under this .\r^ may, in resjuK^t
tdercof, institute and obtain redress in an acl'< i of ejectment
or (»f trespass, in tln^ same mamir and to tin* same* (^xtent as
if he were s(U/,ed of the le)j; il estate in th*- laP(l cov(>red by
such claims; Itut either partv thereto \n • refer the cause of
action to th»' Sti|)endiarv ^^a;^'istrate (if thcDi lri(( whei-ein
tlic'rl lies, (U' to a .^isticf of the JN'aci', wl.'ois In-reby
aiithori/ed to j)ro(M*ed summarily, and make such order as In*
sji ill deem just: Providetl, however, that if rcipu^steil by
litlier party, he shall tlrst summon a jury of tive ])ersons to
Ik :iv the caus(>, and their verdict or awjiril on ai! matters of
fact shall be tinid.
•"»7. It shall i)e lawful for any Magistrate. Iiv an ord<'r under
his hand, to summon a jury of live persons f<u' any purpose
luulcr this Act, and in the I'veut of non-att luhince of any
|)crson so summonedi he shall have the ])ower to imy)ost^ a
line not exciccding twenty-live dollars.
Ari'KAi,.
")S. .Vny p(>ison atVectt*<l by any dec-ision of a Ma;j;istrat«' or
('i)iinnissioner under this Act may, within onecalendir month
after su(rh decision, but not afterwards, apptvd to th<!
Sujin^me (lourt in a summary manner; and such ap]>eal shall
lie in the form of a petition, veritied by atHdavit, to anv Judj^e
• if such Court, settin;.j; out the ])oints relied upon, and a copy
ef sutrh pi^tition shall be s(>rved upon the ConnaissKJiicr
whose decision is appeale(l from, and such time shall bo al-
ln\v(»d for his answ(M' to the said petition as to the Judife of
the Supreme Court may seem ad-isable; but no such ap])eal
shall be allowed excrept from di'cisions on ]M)ints of lav/.
all. Any person d<!sirous of appt^alin'^ iu manner aforesaid,
may b(\ leipiinid, befon^ such ap])eal be luiard, to tind such
security as may be di^termined bv the Commissioner whos(i
decision is appealed from: and sucli appeal shall not be heard
24
-^ 'l
im^.
18G
GUIDE TO BRITISH COLUMBIA.
ufitil after security, to the Hitisfaetioii of the Comniisslonor,
sliall have been given for the due prosecution of sucli upi)eiil,
ami submission thereto.
HESEKVES.
<)(>. The Lieuteiiiint-Governor in Council shall, at anytime,
by notict!, si;j;neil by t!ie Chief Commissioner of Limls and
Works, and j)nblishe»l in tlie British Columbia (razcffe, re-
serve any land; not lawfully lieKl by record, pre-emption,
purchase?, liMiso, or Crown Grant, for the ])urpos(! of con\ey-
ing the same to the Dominion (lovernment, in trust, for the
use and benelit of the Indians, or for railway i)urposes, as
mentioned in Article 11 of the ferms of Union, or for such
other j>urposes as may be di'emcd advisable.
SAl.K Ol' srUVKVEl) LAM).
61. Unappro;>i'iato;l, unoccupied, and unrcsi'ivcd lands, tlit-
surveys of which have been duly ma(h\ and contirnu'd by
notifu) in the British Columbia (iiartte, and which are not the
sites of towns or th<^ subui'bs thereof, and not Indian settle-
in Mit-i, shall be o|ien f(n" purclias' at the r.-ite of one dollar
pel' acre: Provided, that whem^ver so oi'di'red by tin; Lieut-
eniint-dovernoi' in ('ounci!, such surveyed lands as may he
<leeMied expetlient from time to time may be ])ut up at publir
sale (of which sale »lue and sulKcient notice shall be giviMi) at
the upset price of om? dollar |)er acj-e; and all surveyed liuids
purchased unihir the provisions of this Act shall be paid for
in full in one payment, or fifty cents per acre shall be ])aid at
the time of purchase, and the remaining fifty cents ])er acre
at the expiration of two years,
SALE OF rXSriiVEVEI) I,ANI).
()'J. Persons desiring to purchase unsurveyeil, unoccupieil,
and unreserved Crown Land, must tirst have the land recpiircd
surveyed, at their own cost, by a surveyor approved of and
acting under the instructions of the Chief Connnissioner of
Lands and Worksi or Surveyor-General; and such lands shall
be sui'veyed on the rectangular or scpiare system now adopted
b}' the Government, and all lines shall be run due north and
south, and due east and west, exc(^i)t where from the nature
of surveys made it would be impossible to conform to the
above system; and the said survey of the said land shall he
connected with some known ])oint in previous surveys, or with
some other known point or boundary, uidi'ss otherwise ordered
by the Chief Commissioner of Lands and Works or Surveyor-
General; and the regulations as to the sale, purchase, and
l)rice of said land shall be the same as jire herein provided
for in the cas:i of the sale of surveyed laud; but no title can
(rl'IDE TO mUTISH roLUMBIA.
187
lit' iH*([uii(Hl to any sucli IjiikI until aftor such land shall have
l)r(ii survcyi'il, and such survey shall have been accepted
Ity the Chief Coinnnssituier of Lands and Works of Surveyor-
(li'iicr.il in \vi'itin<f, and payment niadi' for the said land:
I'lovidcd furtiier, that when there are two or more applicants
for th(* same tract of land, and a prior ri^ht to eitliei' or any
of tho applicants is not (vstahlisheil to the satisfaction of the
Cljicf ClommissioniM' (^f Liuds and Works or Surveyor-(ien-
( nil, the s-ime may ])e tenilered for l)V the a])plicnnts, and
sol.l to the hii^hest bidder.
INI'liOVIhEn CASKS.
ll:!. I'liloss otherwise specially mttilicd at ihe time of sale,
all Troun Linds sold shall he subject to such public i-i};hts of
way as miy at any time after such sale be s)>ecitied by the
Cliief Commissioner of Lands and Works or Surveyoi--( len-
( nil, auvl to the ri<j;ht of the Crown to take thert^from, without
compensation, any stone, <j;iavel. or other material to be usimI
ill repairinj,' the public roads, ami to such j)rivate ri^dits of
way, and of leadiiifj; or usinj^ water for animals, and for min-
ing, l'nf^illl'erin<,^ (y- irri<.;ation purposes, as nniy at the time
of such sale be existing.
'')b rre-em|)tois who have recoi'ded land as a pre-emption
|tiii('lias(>. under the •• Land Ordinance, 1S(>.'>," prior or subse-
(|neiit to the '20th October, 1S70, and who have paid a de[)Osit
of two sliillinurs and one iK'Uiiy ptu- acre, shall complete tlui
])urcliase of said land under the provisions of the " Land
Ordiuance, ISO.")." subject, however, to all the ])rovisions of
this Act, as to the jectitication of boundaries upon otHcial
survey.
(')"). Pei'soiis who have purt-hased unsurveyed lands under
Order in Council, dated oth September, 1<S7M, at two dollars
and fifty cents per acre shall !)(> entith^d. upon complyinj^ with
tlie pr(»visions of this A<'t as to the purchase of unsurveyed
land, t(» ()urchase said land at the I'ate of one dollar per acre.
(*)(). Tiu' Crown Orant of any land sold under the ))rovisions
of this Act shall not !>e issued until full payment thei'eof shall
liave been inaile, and sucii Crown (rrant shall bi' in the form
No. i) in the Schedule Inu-tsto.
t)7. All aji;re(.'ments, contracts, ami leases, heretofore (>ntered
into between any person and any olHcer acfin.L? on behalf of
the (Tovernnu>nt shall, notwithstanding' any (h'fects thennn,
he valid anil ell'ectual to all intents and purposes, and cove-
nants, provisoes, and ?i<;reements therein contained may be
onfiM'ced by action, suit, oi" other proceeding at law or in
ciiuity instituted in the name of Her Majesty's Attornev-Oen-
eral for the Province.
ii
188
OnOE TO imiTlSH COLUMISIA.
(58. All Certificates of Iinprovement heretofore issued to
any pre-emptor shall be valid and effectual, notwithstanding
any defect therein, or in the evidence on which the same was
issued.
(50. All survey<!d land heretofore pre-empted, shall be held
to have been legally pre-empted and as if the same had been
unoccu]>ied, unsurveyed, or unreserved Crown lands; pro-
vided that the rei[uirements of the Acts and Onlinances regu-
lating the pre-emption of land have been otherwise compliod
with.
70. All sales heretofore made of reserved land shall be held
to bt' valid, and the Leiutenant-(rov<'rnor in Council shall
have power to sell any land heretofori! niserved.
MIGHWAVS.
71. All roads, otln r than private roads, shall be deemed
common and public highways.
72. Unl(!ss otherwise provided for, the soil and freehold of
every [)ublic higiiway shall be vested in Her Majesty, Her
heii's and successors.
7:}. It shall b(( lawful for the CMiief Commissioner of Lands
and Works, in his discretion, to make public highways, and
to declare the same by notice in the 13ritish (Columbia Gazeffe,
setting forth the direction and extent of such highway, and
by himself or his agents to enter and take possession of any
private roads an<l any lands in the Province, and the timber
thereon, for the purpose of laying out ])ublic roads of any
width not exceeding (5(3 feet, and to vary and alter any existing
roads; also to enter and tak(3 any gravel, timber, stone, and
other materials required for the construction of any bridge or
road, and also to enter upon any land for the pun-ose of
cutting any drains that the Chief Commissioner of Lands and
Works may think necessary.
DRAINAGE AND DYKING.
74. It shall be lawful for the Lieutenant-Governor in Council
to sell any vacant lands of the Crown, or make free grants
thereof, to any person or company, for the purpose of dyking,
draining, or irrigating the same, subject to such regulations
as the Lieutenant-Governor in Council shall see fit.
SCHOOL SITES.
75. It shall be lawful for the Lieutenant-Governor in (Council
to set apart in each School District in the Province a ])iece of
land not exceeding 1(50 acres, for School purposes.
TIMBER IN TOWNSHIPS.
76. In tilie aubdivisiou of townships which may consist
GUIDE TO nillTISH OOLIMBIA.
189
partly of prairie and partly of timber laud, such of the sec-
tions or subdivisions of sections containing islands, belts, or
other tracts of timber, may be subdivided into such number
of wood lots of not less than ten, and not more than twenty
jicres in each lot, as will afford, so far as the extent of wooil
land in the township may i)ermit, one such wood lot to each
(juarter section prairie farm in such township.
77. Provided, that in case an island or belt of timber be
found in the survey of any township to lie in a (juarter section
or several cpiarter r.ections, l)ut in such manner that no single
quarter section shall have mort; of such timber than twenty-
Hve acres, such timber shall be taken to V)e appurtenant to
such (piarter section or quart(!r sections, ami shall not be
further divided into wood lots.
ltE-STAKIN<i OK CLAIMS.
7S. The Chief Commissioner of Lands and Works or Sur-
vcyor-deneral may recpiire any person holding a claim of un-
.snr\eyed land to place stakes at each angle of his claim; and
if lie shall not so stake his claim within thirty days after
receiving a notice from the ('ommissiontu- so to do, he shall
forfeit all light and title at law and in equity to the laml
claimed by him.
I'M'AIU ITIJCHASE MONKY.
7!*. The Chief Commissioner of Lands and Works may
insert notices in the British Columbia Gazette, re([uiring all
])ersons from whom the balance of purchase money is due on
any lands ])re-empted or ])urchased by them under any Act
or Ordinance heretofoie passed, or under this Act, to ])ay to
the Chief Commissioner of Lands and Works, within twelve
mouths from the first publication of such notice (and such
notice shall be published continuously for such twelve
months), the V)alance remaining uni)aid of the purchase money
due on such lands; and if, within such twelve months, any
person holding land on which the balance of the purc):ase
money is due to the (Tovernment and unpaid, shall not )iay
such balance, the Chief Commissioner of Lands and Works may
cancel all or any records or agreements concerning such land;
and in such case, the right of such ])('i'son therein or thereto,
and all money paid by him thereon, shall b«' aV)solutely for-
feited, and he shall have no further rii^ht at law or in e(piity to
the land so partially paid for.
FIJEK MINEHS' JlKiHTS.
80. Nothing herein contained shall excluch^ Pre*; Miners
from entering upon any laud in this Province, and searching
for and working minerals; Provided, that such Free ^Fiu' r,
l ■]
H
-1
i
i '1
:
!
-1
■!
■■!
(
l\'
m
III
ii : i
m)
GUIJJi: TO liKITlSH COLUMBIA.
prior to so doiiif^, shull give full sfitisfucti<nii or julequate
security, to the satisfaction of the Coininissiouer, to tlie prc-
emptor or tenant in fee simple, for any loss or ilamage Ik- may
sustain by reason thereof. If the amount of compensation
(if liny) cannot be agreed upon, the Stipendiary Magistrate or
(xold CommissioncT of the district wherein the land lies, with
the assistance, if desired by either party, of a jury of livti
persons to be summoned by iiini, shall tlecide the amount
thereof, and such decision and award shall be final. If there
be no such Stipendiary Magistrate or (iold Commissioner in
the said district, the Supn^ne Court shall have jurisdiction in
the mattei'.
<S1. Nothing in this Act contaimul shall bt; constructed so
as to interfere prejudicially with the rights granted to Frcf
Miners under the " (iold Mining Ordinance, 1H()7," or any
subsecpu'ut Acts or Ordinances relating to gold mining.
S2. Tile Schedule hereto shall form part of this Act.
Hi). Each Ccmimissioner appointinl under this Act, shall
keep a book or books, in which he shall enter the date and
particulars of every record, Certificate oi ImproAement. or
other document relating to or in any manner affecting any
pre-emption claiu' within his district.
84. All tines and fees payable under this Act .shall be
deemed to be made payable to the use of the Crown.
85. Any person who previous to the passing of this Act has
acquired a right to any Crown land in this Province (except by
purchase) shall, except as herein ^jrovided, complete his title
thei'eto under the provisions of the " Land Ordinance, 1870,"
and the " Land Ordinance Amendment Act, 1873." in the
same manner as if the said Acts were in force.
8l>. This Act may be cited for all purposes as the " Land
Act. 1875."
SCHEDULES.
FORM NO. 1.
Declaration of Intention.
I, of , a subject (or citizen) of t do solemn-
ly and sincerely declare, that it is honestly my intention to
become a British subject, and to renounce, for ever, all other
allegiance and fidelify to all and any Foreign Prince, Poten-
OUTOE TO BRITISH COLUMDIA.
191
tate, State, and Sovereignty whatsoever ; and I make this
declaration by virtue of the " Oaths Ordinance, 1869."
Declared and signed before me, j
this day of , 18 , by the >•
Declarant.
) Signature of Declarant.
Commissioner or J. P.
FOHM NO. 2.
Declaration.
District of
I, of , do solemnly and sincerely declare, That
tiie laud for the record of which I have made application,
(lilted the day of , 18 , is unoccupied, unsurveyed
aiul unreserved Crown land, within the meaning of the
" Lmd Act, 1875;" and is not an Indian Settlement, or any
portion thereof; that I have staked of and marked such land
in accordance with the provisions of the " Land Act, 1875;"
that such laud has not, nor has any portion of it, been here-
ti)f()re recorded, occupied, held, or pre-empted by me, nor
ii;is the same been abandoned by me or any other person for
till' purpose of my recording the same under the provisions of
this Act, nor is my present application to record the same
mule in trust for, on behalf of, or in collusion with any other
persou or porsous, but honestly on my own behalf for settle-
ment and occupation; and I also declare that I am duly quali-
tieil under the said Act to record the said land; and I make
this solemn declaration conscientiously believing the same to
be true, and by virtue of the " Oaths Ordinance. 18G0."
Declared and subscribed by the j
within named , on the day >
of , A. D. 18 , before me, S Signature of Declarant.
Commissioner or J. P.
rr-r
' i'"
1!)2
GUIDE TO BUITISU {'OLUMlJU.
!'1
'it-
'; ■■'■
iv
FORM NO. 'A.
Certlp'cule of Jiecord of Hiifmrvc/fcd L<ni<l.
OitioiNAL {to l)(! rotainod by settler.) [N(j. in District liogister.
District of
N.'inu! of Settlor
Dut(! of llectonl
Niunber of Acres
Where situatcMl
Description of boundaries of Land
Tlie above Ijoundaries are subject to contirination with and
rectification upon ofHcial survey.
bij^nature of (.'omniissioner.
N. I>. Plan of the Land to be drawn on the back (jf this
Sheet.
v\
of
I'OIIM NO. I.
Derlnra/inn.
District of
of
st
ivorallv declare: and first I, the said
ind of
, for myself sav :-
L That the land in respect of wliitdi I ha\e filed a written
<tat(mient, dated the
day of
18
wi
th
the Commissioner for the District of
T claim bv virtue of a Record dated the
is the land which
dav of
IS
'2. That I have occupied, in manner jirescribed by tl
pr(
lie
Land Act, lS7o," the land recorded by me on the said
day of
present time.
IH , from the time of the said re(!or<l n\) to tlu
15. And I make this solemn declaration, coiiHcientiouslv bc-
Oatl
IS
lieving the same to be t!ue, and by virtue of th(
Ordinance, 18(59."
■t. And 1, the said
the statement of the said
tliis declaration is true, and T make thi.^ solemn declaration
conscientiously believinj' the same to be true, and bv virtue
for myself, declare; and say, that
contiiined in ])ar;i^ra])h 2 of
of tlie " Oaths OrdinancHi
i). \nd T, the said
tlie statenK'ut of the said
18()U.
for myself, declare and sny, that
, containiul in | )ar;i.,!j;raph 2 of
01 lUE TO UlIITISM COLUMBIA.
193
this (l(!cl!iiMtioii is true, ainl I ratikf this solemn (loclariitioii,
c )iis(i('iiti()uslv believing the same to be true, .iiul bj virtue
of the " Oath's Orcliniinee, 18(51>."
Di'chireil uu(l sij^ued by , on the /
day of , 1<S , before me, \
Siiiuuture of Decl.iraut.
Commissioner or J. P.
Dei'hired and signed bv , on the |
(lay of
, is , before me, i
Commission(!r or J. P.
Sii^nature of Deelarant.
Doelarod and signed bv , on the )
day of , IS , before m.', f
Commissioner or J. P.
Sij^nature of Declarant.
FOKM KG 5.
Declor<tfion.
District of
I, , of , do solemnly and sincerely deelar-^ Ui it
the land, for tin; ))re-emi>tio!i of whieh I have mad ■ appliei-
tion, dated the day of , IS , is unoeeui)ied aw 1
inireserved C^rown land within the meaninj^ of the " Land
Act, 1H"5," and is not an Indian Settlenumt, or any portion
thi.'rt'of; that such land has not, nor has any portion of it,
been heretofore recorded: occupied, held, or pre-empted by
me, nor has the same bee!i abandoned by me or any other
person for the puri)ose of my pre-emptini^ the same under the
])i'ovisious of this Act, nor is my present a])plication to ]>ni-
enij)t the same made in trust for, on behalf of, or in collusion with
any other person or persons, but honestly on my own b(;hidf
for settlement and occupation; and I further declare that I
iiin duly tjualitied, under tln^ said Act, to pre-empt the said
luid; and I make tliis solemn ileclaration, conscientiously be-
lievincj; the same to be true, and bv virtue of the '' Oaths
Ordinance, ISOO."
Declared and subscribed by the \
within named, on the day >
of , 18 , before me, \ Signature of Declarant.
Commissioner or J. P.
25
» 1
,; ,
\%
194
GUIDE TO BRITISH COLUMBIA.
FOllM NO (3.
Cerf.ijicafe of Pfe-Pinpt!oii of Snrve.tjed Lund,
Origin il (to bj retiiiiu.l hy HoinoHieaA Settlor.) [No. in Dis-
trict Hegistor ]
District of
Niimo of Homtistojul Sottler
D.ito of Pre-emption
Number of Acaes
AV'here sitnivt(ul
Description of boundiirios of Land
Signature of Commissioner.
FORM NO. / .
Certijicate of Improve nirnf.
District of
I hereby ccirtify that has satisfied me, by th'.^ evidence
of (* ), that of , his btHMi in ot;cnp ition, as
r '(jairo 1 by thj " L in 1 Act, 1"^7.>."' of his Pre-emption Claim,
recorded as No. in this District, from the date of siu-li
pre-em])Mon to the present time, and that he has made im-
provements to the extent of two dollars and titty etnits an
acre on such Pre-emption Claim.
Signed this day of , A. D. 18
"Xiiiniiij^ tin- witnesst's ami ilcscribin.; their uml miy othor m-M-'n
which thi' Commi.ssioner bus ooine to 'lis jmlLjiiient.
Commissioner.
11|)Oll
FORM NO. 8.
Deluration.
District of
We, , of ,, do solemnly and sincerely declare as
follows : —
And firstly, I, the said , for myself declare that I
have been in the occupation of my Pre-emption Claim from
the date of the record thereof, and have occupied the said claim
for the space of two years, and have made permanent im-
(lUIDE TO BRITISH COLUMBIA.
196
pi-ovcmonts tlun-eoii to the valuo of two dollars timl lifty coiits
pel- iieiv
litre Sit out fully ill fU'tiiil tin? iiafure of the imjintviiiieuts. )
And
secondly, \vc
.'ibovc uiiniod
cm
, tor ourselves, decliiro that the
has been in tlio oceui)iitiou of his Pro-
ption (Maim from the dat<' of tlie reeord thereof, and has
mule ])ernianent improvtMnents thereon to the value of two
(1 »llars and tifty eents \w,r acre, the details whereof are cor-
i\H'A\y set forth ai)ove hy the saiil
\u.\ we ni ike this SDleinu <i(>claration, eonseientiously
h'lievin^ the same to Ix* true, and by virtue of the " Oaths
Onl
iiiance
ISd'J.
Declared and signed by the
within named, on tlu; day of
A. D. 18 , before mo, | Sii^uature of Declarant.
Commissioner or J. P.
Declan-d aiul signed by the j
within named, on the day of -
A. D. IS , Ixifore me, \ Si<qiature of Declarant.
Commissioner or J. P.
Declared and signed by the )
within nameil, on the day of
A. I). 18 , before me, I Sijj;nature of Declarant.
Commissioner or J. P.
EXTHACTFKOM " LAND ACT, 1875."
MraniiKj of Occupatirm .
The occupation herein required, shall mean a continuous
bona fide personal residence of the homestead settler, his
iii^'ont. or family, on the hnid recorded by such homestead
sittler, but lu.lians or Chinamtm sliall not he considered
aji;ents .
Every homestead settler, as well as his a'^ent and family (if
any), shall be entitled to bi- ab.^f^r.t from the land recorded by
such houK^stead settler for any one period not exceeding two
mouths daring any one year. H(> shall be deemed to have
ceased to occupy sucli land when le' shall have been absent,
continuously, for a longer period than two moiUUs.
Any such land shall be chicmed to be abandoned when the
same shall have been nnoccupied by tlu* homestead settler,
iiis agent or family, for more than four months in the aggre-
gate iu one year, or for two mouths consecutively.
196
OUIDi: TO BUITIMH rOLrMBIA.
ill
l-'OBM NO. 1).
Province of British ColuiDbi.i,
Victoria, by tlio Griico of (Joil of the United Kinfj;ih)m of
Gri'iit JJritiiin and Ireland, (^iioiMi, Defender of the Faith, and
so forth. To all to whom th<!S(j presents shall come, j^reetiii<^:
Know ye that We do by tlmse j)resents, for Us, Our heirs
and successors, in consideration of the sum of to Us
jiaid, f^ive and ;^rant unto h Innrs and ussijj;iis,
All tiiat ])iireel or lot of lan<l situate and inind)ei'eil
on the olHcial plan or survey of the said
in the Province of Dritish I'olumbia, To have and to hold the
said pai'cf^l or lot of land, and all and sin^'ular the premises
hend)y ;^'ranted, wiih the api)urtenances, unto the said
ii luMrs and assi_L,'ns for ever.
Provided, nevertheless, that it shall at all times he lawful
for Us, Our heirs and sueeessoi's or for any jK-r.^jon or per-
sons actin;^ in that behalf by Our oi" their autliority, to resunit>
any part of tin; s.'id lands which it may l)e deemed necessary
to resunn^ for makin;^ roads, canals, britlj^es, towin.i^ paths,
or othm' woiks of public ntility, or convenience, so, neverthe-
less, that the lands so to bt; resunn^d shall not exceed one-
twtmtieth part of the whole of tlu.' lands aforesaid, and that
no such n'sumption shall be made of any lands on which any
buildinj^s may have been ereiited, or which may be in use; as
gardens or otlnsrwise for th»> more* convenient occu})ation of
any such buildinj^s.
Provided, also, that it shall at all times be lawful for Us,
Our heirs and succe.ss(n's, or for Jinv person or persons actin.i;
n'ider Our or tlnnr authority, to enter into and npon any part
of the said lands, and to raise and f>et thereout any }^'old or
silver ore which may be tlun-eupon or thereunder situate, and
to use and enjoy any and every ))art of the same land, and of the
easements and ])rivileges thereto belonging, for the purpose
of such raising and gi'tting, and every other pur))ose connect-
ed therewith, paying in respect of such raising, getting, and
use, reasonable compensation.
Provided, also, that it shall be lawful for any person duly
authorized in that behalf by Us, Our heirs and successors, to
take and occupy such water privileges, and to have and enjoy
such rights of canTing water over, through, or under, any
part of the hereditaments hereby granted, as may bo reason-
ably recpiired for mining or agricultural purposes in the
vicinity of the said hereditaments, paying therefor a reason-
able compensation to the aforesaid h heirs or
asai^us.
raiDi: to DitiTi8H cdlumhia.
1«7
Provided, iilso, tli.it it sluiU he at all times lawful for niiy
person duly autliori/ed in that behalf l>y I's, Our heii-s and
siu'i'essors, to take from or upon any paitof the hereditaments
liereliy jj;ranted, the ri<^ht to take from any Huch land, without
CDiiipeiisation, any gravel, sand, stone, lime, timber, or other
ni.itt'rial whicdi may by re(|uired in the eonstruetion, main-
tenance, or repjiir of any roads, ferrii'S, bi'idi^es, or other
|)ubii<' woi'ks.
In testimony wluM'eof Wo have caused these Our letttsrs
to bt! made pat«!nt, and the j^reat seal <»f Our Piovinco
of liritish Columbia to be hereunto alHxed. Witness
His Honor , Lieutenant-dovernor of Our
Province of IJritish Columbia, audits Deix'iuleneies,
at our (lovernment House, in Our City of Victoria,
this day of , in tlu! year of Our Lord
One thousand ei<^ht hundred and , and in
the
Hv command.
year of Our lleij^n.
[In aiMitiiiii til til" f()icf,'()iu,' l^iii 1 Ai't, tlicre arc alsn laws in force rt^^pii'tiiit,'
filircs ailil W.ifrr I', MUSI'S. -El).]
SUMMARY OF THE (JOLI) MINING LAWS OF
lUMTlSH COLUMBIA.
15V K!)W)X .(OHNSON, IVVKiaSTF.Ii-AT-L.VW.
Tiii'si! l;iw> can only be ascertained by a (;areful comparison
of many Acts spread over the last ten yeiirs. To ^ive all the
provisions in full wouhl far (ixceed the sj)ace allotted to the
subject in this volume; but it is hopesd tlr> followin,'^ summ ut
will furnish all the information re(|uired l)y everyone except
the lawyer and tln^ .judge.
FFtKK .MIN'F.ltS AND THKIU PIUVILKdHS.
Every person ove • 1<) years of aiije is entitleil to hold .i cliiim;
l)ut 111! must tirst obtain from souk; (lold Commissioner, or
ofHc(>r appointed foi' the' pur|)ose, a " Free Miner's Certifi-
cate "■ for one or three years. This certiticaie, if for ont^ year,
costs :?o; if for three years, .SI'); and Jis rej^ards mininjif
property and liabilities contracted in connection with it, every
Free MiiKH- is treated ;is .an adult. Thi> certificate* may b"
renewed within three clear days after its expiration, but in
ilef.iiilt of such vi'uewal, tli(* hohhu' ceases to be a Free;
Miner. If it be accideutly destroyt'd or lost, it may upon
evidence thereof, nnd upon paynumt of ^'2 50, be rephiced by
a copy signed by th') Gold Commissioner. The certificate or
m
108
GUIDE TO IJUITISH COI.l'MHIA.
I
i: t
siihHtitntiiil copy \h prhnu fiirir tiyuUtuci' ot nil iirittcrs (mjii-
tiiiiu'd in it.
A Fi\)i) Miu'T h iH " tho ri<^!it to outor and ininn npon
uay w.isto Ian Is of tlio Orowu u )t oocMipio.l by any otlun-
i):)rs )n," l)ut " in tliu ovont oF such entry upon la ids alnvi ly
taynilly (ij>Mi[)i(' I t'oi* otii u* tU in mining |):ir|)i)sivs, pr.'vioiulv
to cnti'y, I'lill coinpijus ition must l)o niadi; to tin* occiii) int '^''
owniii-, such coinp 'US ition to l)o d>!t'U-iuinu I by tlu noirost
Stipoudiary Mii^istiMto or ftjid Coinniissionor."
No psrion (5K'i!pt a Viwe Miner cm liavo any rijjilit or in-
terest in any niiniujj; (daims.
ItKGlHTll.VTrON Ol' CLAIMS, ETC.
Every miner locatinj^ a elaini must n!cord it at the olHi^o of
the Gold Commissioner, or oMie n* appoinU;d I'or the pnrposu,
within three d lys, it' within ten miles of the otfic'; but onc^
additional day is allowcul for every ten miles or fraction of
ton miles. 'LMKudaim must bi> ro-i*eeord.'(l annually, unless
it was orij^inally r.icord mI (as it may be) for two or
more ytMirs. 0 a api)lying for this record th' niner must
produce his eertiiicate. In case of dis|)ute, he title to
claims will l)e recognized accoi-ding to |)riority of regis-
tration, subject to any question as to the validity of tho
record.
No transf'V of any claim or of any interest therein is en-
forc!jal)le unless tho smu oi' some miMnorandum ther(V)f Ix'
in writing signed by the transferror or hi>; lawfully authori/ed
ag)nt, ami registered with tho (lold Commissioner witlim rhc
time presi;ribed for recording pre-em})tion claims; and if any
owner of a bill of sale — •;". e. any transferee — wilfully neglect
or refuse so to register, ho is liable to a tine of ^oU or 14 days
imprisonment.
* Every Free Miner or company of Free Miners is entitUnl to
record his or their mining interests in one record.
The fee charged for i-egistering or recording any docunn'nt
or matter is $2 50.
The books of recoi'd are open to inspection free of charge
during reasonable hours.
A copy of or extract from any record is, when certified
under the hand of the Gold Commissioner or person en-
trusted to keep the record, good evidence. Each copy or ex-
tract costs oO cts.
A Free Miner may acquire any number of claims by purchas(\
but can only hold two by pre-emption, namely, one quartz
claim and one other claim, iu addition to a pre-emption claim
Ut lf>l'. TO HHITISH roI.rMRlA.
1W»
oti ciicli (Imt not the s.imi') liill, crt'ok, r;ivin(\ or Ihiii'1i;jhiJ
lie may s»'ll or iii(irt;4ii<^'i' liis claims.
\ iniiicf's iiiti'H'st ill a claim is ((jiiivaiciit ;) a lease for tlio
|) "liuil recorded, i-eiiewahle at tlie end. !tut snhject to tlie
ceiiditioiis Tor tlie time iteiii;.^ ill force ill res[)ect of siicli claim.
H ' lias the exi'lnsive riylit of eiitrv u|><>ii his claim for miiiiiij^
|>iirj)o-ies and for I'oiistructiii'^ a resitleiict', but liiis no sinfaco
ri^'lits. 'rile (lold Cominissioiier, Iiowevor, may allow ad-
jareiit (d lim-liolders siudi rii^dit <»f entry as may Ik' iM'cessjiry,
ui) )ii s;icli terms n-
iu! df
(Mils reasoiiahli
1)1.
T
le miller IliiV
iM' so mil -Ji of til ' water ll(»wiii,L; Ihruiv^li or past his claim as
I-; iieci'ssarv
If the sii|)|)ly of water Ix'comes iiisnfHcieut to work aliV
• ■liiiii, tlie cl aim is thei'ei)y laid ovei diiriii;^ siudi iiisiilHcieiicN
A •laim r.corded within 11 days of t!if id aims in the dis-
trict I) 'iie^- l.iii] over for tiie season is not deeiu'd laid over
II iliss tlu! ( Jold Cotiimis^ioiier he satislied that the lioliler
Ins '■niKi Jul ' exjteiided sulliciciit Work (tn ii. to c'ltitlf hill) t
h;ive it laitl over
o
A claim is deemed abandoned when it h;vs remained un-
iViirUi
d f
or (_ iioiirs, unless sickness or oilier iv-asonaoie causi
h ' shown; Imt Sundays, .and holidays proclaimed by the (lohl
(' amissioiier, are omitt<'il in leckoniii;;' the time.
I'iii! (fold CommissioiKM' has power to re;^nlate (he inimber
ot' miners re piin-d to work in prospediiiLj a (daiiii or se' of
claims.
If any int'iest in a co!n])any !• ■ claimed by a i'^ree Miner
l»y reason (jf any d'fe -t in Ih i title oi- representation of smdi
interest, whicdi defect has binMi established before the (lold
('(iiiiiiii>.siouer, the c(im])any must either admit the
claimant as a member or stake oil' for his use a )>oition of
their i;roiind ccprd to the defective interest, and must pay ;dl
I'osts unless the ( bild ( "ommissioner orders otherwise.
Ev(!rv miner or conipany owiiini; a claim, interest, or ))ai't
of ail interest, ;ind Iiavin;^; (^xpen led in cash or its cMjuivalent
irl.Uill) (»ii each full interest, or a i)roportionate amount on eaidi
|)irt of an iiit.'!''st, without receiviiin' anv return, is entitled to
one year's leave of absence on due a])plication.
Wher." lui'iferous land is discovered in a [)art so situated
til ii the provisions roliitin;4 i^" Fi'ci' ^liu 'rs" (yertiticates and
r'c()"ds of int-M-i'sts cuinot b' justly apj)lied. th > miners may
h »l I a m 'otinu. and l)v a two-thirds vote, m dee rules for their
L,'overnment not eoiillictinif willi the laws, and may eleet one
of their number to issue Free Miners' ('!ertifie ites and to
cuter records of Mining; Proptu'ty.
200
GUIDE TO BRITISH COLUMBIA.
NATURE AND SIZE OF CLAIMS.
Tlio Hiz-y of cl.iIm-5 is as folio ts: Fjv ' Bar Dig'^ings," 100
feet wiilo at lii<^li-wator mark, aiul oxtondiiig into tlie river to
its lo-.v3it water level; for " Dry Diggings" and "Bench
CI aims," 10 J feet s'l'iire; for " Creek Claims," 100 i'eet along
tile strevm, an I fronil)is;i tobiseof tlie hill or bench on
each side; for "Hill Claims," a frontage of 100 feet to the
stream or ravine at the l);)!,tom, rnnning l> ick to the sutnmit of
the hill; and for " (Jiiirtz Ciaim-i," 1,5J0 feet along th.i lole
or vein and not more than 'i )0 feet on each side. Wh -re
" Bench Claims " are narrow the (xold Commissioner miy
mark them so as to inclnde an adequ it(! claim.
No one is allowed to tunnel nn ler a hill from an an;^le so
as to interfere with ]>irtie4 tnntulling from the raiin frontage.
The Gold Commissioner m ly refuse to ret'ord a hill or tun-
ned claim on any creek which claim comes within 100 feet of
any gulch or trii)ntary of such creek.
Tunnels and shafts are merely appurtenances to claims.
The (lold (commissioner may permit owners of back claims
to drive a tunned through the front claims
In quartz claims and reefs each claimant must leave a three-
foot wall between his claim and tlu; previous one.
The discoverer of a new mine is entitled to a claim double
the nearest established size. If tlu; discovery party consist
of three m mi they are entitled collectively to five claims: if of
fo w o • m n- ) m 'n to t.vo cliim < p 'r m in. Thes • claims are
in addition to any other claims legally held, and extend 1,0. ll>
fe(!t 0!i each side of the creek.
Claims must be as nearly as possible rectangular, and
m irke.l by fo.ir p >gs at hvist four in;di vs siju ire and four feet
high . They are measured horizontally irrespective of inequali-
ties of surface.
Th ' Gold Commissioner may m irk oat a space for deposit-
ing leavings, itc.
BED-ROCK FLIMES.
Th? G.:)ld Commissioner m ly grant to anv bed-rock llaino
com;) my for any term not ex.!o;;.ling five yeu*s, exchnive
rights of way throa:;'i anl entry upon any mining groan 1 for
the purposa of constructing bad-rock flumes. Three or mare
Free Miners may form a company.
The application for a grant must state the names of the ap-
plicants and the nature and extent of the ])rivileges sought.
Ten days' notice thereof must be given before June and
November, and one month's notice between November and
Juue, by aflSxiug tlio same to some conspicuous part of the
'UII)R TO numsil COLUMBIA.
♦201
leposit-
il'.iuio
elu iivo
111 I t'oi-
r iiure
the ap-
iOUgllt.
le ami
or and
of the
f^'voniid, and a copy on the waW^ of the Gohl Goniniissionor's
ohUH!. The ground must Ix' previously njarl«'d hy posts lot)
f'eta]):irt uhmj^ the in iinlin<'. witli a notice alHxed statin<jc the
ninnher of feet (dainieil on eacli si(h'. Mt^anwhih' any Free
Miner may protest Mj^iinst th(^ ])roposed grant. Sl'J") must be
(h'po-iited with the application, to Ix- refunded if the appliea-
lioii he refused.
Tii^ grant eoiifin's the following rights and privileges within
the limits defined in it: —
{(() The right of entry ujion and way through any new and
nnworked rivi'r, creek, guUdi or ravine, and the exclu-
sive right to htcate and work Ji strip of ground llH> feet
wide and 'iHO fe(?t long in the hed thereof, to each
mi^mhei' of the company.
(A) The right of entry upon and way through any river,
creek, gulch or ravine, worked foi" more than two vears
and wholly and pirtiallv al'.nnhined, and the exclusive
right to stake out anil work in tlnMinworki'd or aban-
doned ]>oitions 100 feet wide and .', mile long to each
member.
(r) Siicli rights of entry upon and way through any river,
ci'eek, oj- ravine discovered within the ])receding two
yiiars and workful by at least four Free Miners, as the
Gold Commissioner deems advisable.
('/) The I'ight of entry u[)ou aiul way through all claims for
th(> ))urpose of cntting a ehanntd and laying tlic tlu;n(^
througli, sulijeet to the owner's right to the gold found
in surh (drmnel, except that where any advantage
eipiivalent to the cost of making the cut may accrue to
the claim-holder by reason of the Hume being laid
through the «'laim. the company are entitled to the
cost of making the cut.
(>) The use of so much unap])ro])riated water as may be?
necessa'.y f<n' the us(> of the flume, iVo.. and for that
pui'p:)-ie ihe iieccs-iarv rights of way to convey the
watei' to the flume on compensating the i)ersons
damaged theiebv.
(f) All tlie golil in the flume.
The holders of claims tlirongh which the p; o]iosed flume
rris m ly, 0:1 giviu' h^n d lys' notic > to the compmy, ])ut in
a thmi" I0 connect with the company's; but it must be of tho
like grade and strength, an 1 thev mast keep it clear of ob-
structions and work it under the same ri^gulations as the
company as r<^gards matters in which br»th are interested.
Til n- are entitle 1 to all gold found in their own ilumn. They
any boeon;:; memlxn-s of the c ):npanv by uniting their claims
"lfp
202
GUIDE TO UltlTlSH (^OLL'MBIA.
and fiurae with those of the company, anil taking an interest
proportionate to that which they cede. If they abandon their
chiims tiie company gets the l)eneHt.
Every bed-njclv tlume company must construct at least oO
feet of flume per member during the first ye:ir and 100 feet
per member annually thereafter.
An}' liolder of a chiim where a bovl-rcek Hume is construct-
ed may tail his sluices into the flume, but so as not to obstruct
it.
All ])ed-roek flume companies must register their grants,
and pay an annual rent of ^12 oO for each | mile right of way.
Their int;u'e.sts and li.\turas are psu'sonal property.
DRAINAGE OF MIXES.
The Gold Coiamission3r may grant to any Free Miner,
comp.iuy of Free Miners, or joint stojk coiup my, ior 10 years
or I'.'ss, exclusive rights of way tiirough and entiy upon any
mining ground for the purpose of draining it.
The application for such giant must state the nauK^s of the
ap[)licants, the n.iture and extent of the proposed drains, the
tolls (if any) to bv' ch irge.l, and the privileges sought. It
must be accomi»anied b}' a deposit of 825 which will be re-
funded if the application be nU'used.
Notic(! similar to that required on application for a bed-rock
flume grant must be given.
The grantees must construct their drain large enough to
meet all recpiirements, and keep it in working tmler; upon
receiving thrive days' notice they must construct a tap-drain
from o>' into any adjacent claim; and they must make good
any damage done to adjar'ent claims, — such damage to l)e
ascertained l)v the Gold C'Ommissioner alone, or if desired by
eitlie»" party with a jury of five Free Miners.
The grant must be registered, and an annual rent of S'J.)
for each 1 mile jiaid by grantees collecting tolls.
Any Free Miner m- company of Free Miners is entitled to
run a drain through occupied land u])on compensating the
owner, such coiap-Mis.ition, if not agreeil on, to be settled by
the Gold Commissioner, and — if either party desire it — a
jury.
MINING PAliTNERSHIPS.
All mining compinies hvg governed by the following rules,
unless they have pirtnorsliip articles duly recorded:
1. Th i pirtnorship s!i ill not continue for more than one
year unless agreed in mining.
2. The bus" ^ss must be confined to writing.
3. Each partner may vote at any meeting of the coinpauy
r.riDE TO BRITISH COLUMBIA.
203
citlipv iiersoiiiilly or l)y afjont, and fi mnjoiMty of the intorosts
votcil u])()n decides the manner of working;, the nuniher (if
w.)rkin('ii. and the a-isosinents, they choose a foreman, who
may sw and ht' sued in the name of the com])any, and with
the (M)ns(Mit of the inajcM-ity, bind the company by contract.
4. The partnershi]) name must be recorded.
'). Any partn'^r or liis a^Mit may represent his interest by
lihor, if performed to tlie foreman's satisfaction; and if the
fi)i-i'inan discharjjfe such a hiborer, th(? Gohl Commissioner may
tl 'A'h'- the dispute.
(I. No ]) irtner is l)ound to work diirinsc tlie chise season
niih'ss so deci(h'(l by a two-thirds vote.
7. .Vll assessments made during the time of workin.iJj are
piyable witliiii tive d lys. Aft(H' receivimj; notice the ch'faulter
is pi'rsonally liable to the comi),iny, and his interest therein
ni:iy b(> sold l)y the company foi- tlie amount due up to the
(lay of s il(> with costs. Tf tlu^ ])rocee(ls of the sale are insuf-
ficient, the Gold Commissioner may order the Shei'itl'to levy
the delicieiu'V on the debtor's personal ])roperty. Ten days'
notice of sale must in either case be posU^l np near the*
])!oiievly and at th(^ nearest Court House. If the d(d)tor be
al)sent fi'om the district, tln^ notice must be 14 days, and
must be ins(Mte<l in the nvs\s]>aper, if one is ]>ublish<>d in the
district. The sde must be bv public auction to the bidder of
the sum r;'(piiri'l for the smallest portion of projXM'ty. .A. bill
ofsile fr im til" .luelioiieo!' confers su(di title .as the owner
hiid,
5. .V written notice of al>andonment served on the foreman
l)v a partner is absolute, ami dischargees the member from all
siihse(pient debts of the company.
LIMITED IJAIilLTTY.
Tf a minin'j; com))any tile with the (T()ld Commissioner or
rccordin.i^ ofHcer a statement containin<i the name of the
conijtany, the area of "ground claimed, the location of the
cliiini, and the ]>articnlar interest of eacdi inendier, and also
place on a coiis|)icuous j)art of the (daim in hirjjje letters tlu>
n:un(> of the company, followed by th(> word " li«^iristered,""
1)0 inembcM' will ho liable for any sul>se(pient del)t of the
eomp any exceedin^f an amount proportione<l to hjs interest
tlieroin.
No memlxn- of such a company must hold h^ss th m \ of one
full interest of 100 f(H>t, except in jLjold quartz mininj.r claims.
E u'h eomv>any so constitmal must kooyt an account of sissets
and liabilities, with the names of the shartdiolders and Ih'^
intia-est held l)v each, and make oit a nnmthlv b:dance slteet
204
GUIDE TO imiTISH COLUMBU.
showing the names of the creditors and the amounts due to
each, and the l)ahince sheet and books of the company may
be inspected by any creditor.
No such company can declare a dividend until all liabilities
are ])aid.
Ev(!rv such comi)any failing to coni})ly Avith any of these
provisions is liable to a tine of SI 25.
All other matters respecting gold mining companies are
governed, as far as ])racticable, by the Mining Joint Stock
Comouiies Act, ISfM.
A shan^holder in a c()m])any registered under the last
mentioneil Act need noi, be a Free Miner.
ADMINISTllATION.
On th(! death of a Free Miner holding mining prop(M'ty, his
claim is not ()])on to octcupatiou by any otlu^i' ])erson, but the
(rold Commissioniu' is to take j)oss('ssion of the ])ropertv and
either represent or dispense with i', and to sell it by auction
o)' [)rivate sale. The (Jold Commissioner is also to take pos
s!;-;sioii of all the property of decnasod miners, piMiiliug the
obtaining of proper letters of administration.
LEASES.
All grants for mining grcmnd, ditch ])rivileges, or otherwise,
are in the form of a lipase sign:'d by th(> (told Commissiouer
ami less(H;s.
Except where otherwise provided, applicrations for a lease,
accompmied by a j)l;in, must be sent in duplicate to the
Gold Coinmissionei' who will forward it to the (lovein-
nient foi- sanction, tixcept where the h^ase is not to
exceed five years. Pending this application, the ground is
reserved. The ground ujust be ^n'tniously marked by posts,
and notice of a))[)lication must be alHxed to the ])ost neai'i'st
the claims then l)eing worked, and at the Gold Commissioner s
office. The application must be accompanied by a deposit of
$1'25.
DITCHES.
The Gold Commissioner may grant to any jierson for any
term not exceeding five years, i\w right to divert and use the
water from any creek, stream, or lake?, and to convey such
water by ditches or Humes through any mining ground.
Ton days' notice of the apjdication must be affixed to some
eons]jicuous part of tin; ground and upon the walls of the
Gold Commissioner's office, and within that time any Free
Miner may protest against the application.
A dc^posit of S25 must accompany the a])plication, which
must state the names of the applicants, the stream or lake to
(SLIDE TO UniTlSH COLUMDIA.
205
be (livevted, th(; point of divorsion or clitch-hr.ad. the quanti-
ty of \vat(u- to 1)(> takcMi, the hicality for its distribution, tlie
\)y'u!c (if any) to bi' charired for the use of the water, and the
tinii' ni'cessary for tin? completion of the ditch.
Every sneh grant is subject to existing water rights.
After siK^h a grint has bt'on mid;% any Free Miner hicating
a claim ])elow tlie ditch-head on the diverted stream may, on
ct)nip(Mis iting all p.n"S(ms damaged, claim sufficient water to
worlc his claim.
X ) poi'son is entitled to any such grant for the jiurpose of
selling the watei- to present or future claim-holders.
'Ihe (toKI (^)nimissionor may, whenever he deems it ad-
vis d)l(!. ov(h'r tlu! enlargi'ment or alteration of any ditch, and
tix the (!i)m])eusatiou (if any) to be paid by the parties
lienetiited.
If the owner of a ditch wilfully waste any water, he will be
charged for the same as if Iil' had sold it; and if he ])ersist in
doing so the (lold Commissioner may declare all rights to the
water forfeited.
The owner of a ditch or water privilege may distribute
water on such terms as he deiMUs advisabhs within the limits
of his application; but lu> must supply all ap])licants, being
Free Miners, in fair proportion and on equal terms, consider-
ing tlie dilHculty of sup])ly.
Tiilcs-; oth 'rwis- s[)ecially arranged, an annual rent of $5
mast b:> p lid for eviu'v oO inches of watcn* used for mining
))urposi>s when not sold; but when sold the rent is monthly,
one avei'age days icceipts from such sale, to be estimated by
the Gold Commissioner and — if he thinks tit — a jury.
.Vny person may, with the sanction of the Gold Commis-
sioner, bridge across any stream oi claim, and mine under or
tluougli any ditch or Hume, or carry water through or over any
occupied laiul. In all such cases priority of jiossession gives
l»ii()rity of right to com])ensation.
Water is measurcul at the ditch-head with a pressure of
seven inches taken in through a horizontal trough. The
api'rtuic must not b' more than t(ui inches high.
In formin,!;- or upholding a ditch, Ix^fore entering upon and
occupying any ])art of a registered claim, or loosening earth
or rock within four feet of any ditch not belonging solely to
the registered owner of such claim, three days' notice must be
i,nven.
In constructing anv road or work, any person may, with the
sanction of the Gold Commissicmer, cross, divert, or other-
wise interfere with any ditch or mining rights, on such terms
as the Commissioner orders. A certificate from tlie Commis-
21)6
oriDK TO JilUTlSM roi.UWI'.lA.
li
it M
m*:'-],.
ii:
sion'M- that a ])orsou was authorisetl so to interfere, and lias
e()iii|)Ue(l with tho terms iinposod, may h(\ recorled, and is
then evidence in any co. rt ol" the matters therein referred to.
On the a))|)lieation of any party interc^sted, after notice to
all coneern(>d, the (lold Commiss'oni'r will decide all matters
connected with any snch interleience; and if the amount or
value of the matter at issue does notexeijcd !?oO(), his decision
is rinal; hut if it exceeds that sum any party a<,';4i'ieved, may
ap]ie.ii to the Sapreme Court upon gi\iu,i^ to the Commis-
sion within four days of such decision a writt n notice of ap-
])0 d and security for th(> c )sts of such appeal.
The owner of any ilitch, water ])riviic^-e, or mining right,
nnist at his own ex])ensi! construct and maintain all culvciits
nrCi^ss.iry for the ])assagt^ of was-te water thiough or ovi-r it,
except whi-re a sutlici(Mit natural stream exists near.
DitclKis and water privileg'js must be constructed in a secure
manner, an 1 miintained in goo 1 repair, to the satisfaction of
the G )ld Cornmisslone.'; and in default tliereof tin; owners are
liahlo for all damig.' that may ensue.
The puhlication of a notice in two eon^">crttive numbers of
th J G nc'lo or any n 'wsj^iper circuhiting m the Provinc(>, or
by aiRviu^ sucjli n )tiej for ten diys 0:1 soin> (rons|)icuoas pirt
of anv premises r.)ferred to in such notice, anil .at the ofKce of
tile Gohl Commissioner, is sutlieient for all purposes.
MINING BOARDS.
Upon petition signed by 101 Free Miners in any district,
the Gold Commissioner may constitute a Mining lioard for
that district, consisting of nine UKunbers, who retire annu-
ally, and are elected by the Free Miners inhabiting the dis-
trict. Every registered owner of a mining interest in the
district for thre(^ months previous to the election is eligible as
acaulidite. Eieh voter his nine vote -s, but cannot give
m )re th lu 0:10 to each c mdidato. The Gold Commissioncn'
is the Rjturning Oifioer and dacides all quf^stions of qualili-
cation.
If any member cease to b^ a registered Free Miner, or is
convicted of a misdemeanor or. felony, or of any wilful and
m dicious contravention of the gold mining laws or by-laws,
ho //>9> /ac/o loses his seat and qualitieation; but if he has
merely ceased to be a registered Fi'ee Miner, he may at any
time regain that qualification. If a member absents himself
from three consecutive meetings of the Board, the Board may
by resolution, declare his seat vacated The Gold Com-
missioner fills up all such vacancies.
The Mining I3oard has power to make by-laws subject to
Uie aj)]3roval of the Gold Commissioner; audi such by-laws are
(lUIDE TO BRITISH COLUMBIA.
207
biihling until disanproved by the Government. The Board
niiy also sii<j[j:;ost alterations of tho niininjj; laws etc. Resolu-
tions are passed by ;i majority of the members of the Board.
Thi; Board meet at such times as a majority of the members
decides, or when called together by the Gold Commissioner.
0 1 ' ii ilf of the members constitute a quorum. They vote on
rj-i;)liitioas by word of mouth. All questions of order, &c.,
aro decided by a mijority of the Board.
The Government have power to dissolve the Board at any
time.
GOLD COMMISSIONERS.
TUj Government appoint Gold Commissioners, and may
revoke all such appointments.
Witiiin every district there is a " Mining (-oart " in which
tho G;.)ld Coinmissiouer presides as judge. But the Govern-
ment may order by proclamation that " The County Courts Ex-
tension Act, 1873," shall liiive force in any district; in which case
the Mining (/ourt of that district is merged in the County
Court, and the County Court Judge will have the same juris-
diction and powers as the Gold Commissioner in such Mining
Court; but the County Court lav/s do not otherwise alter the
gold mining laws.
The " Mining Court" (or the County Court into which it
la ly he merge(i) has original jurisdiction as a Court of law
and eipiity to hear and determine all mining disputes arising
within its district, (including actions arising upon contracts
between any Free Miner or company of Free Miners, and
any other person, for the supply of goods used in raining, ex-
cept clothing,) and is a Court of Record with a seal; and within
this jurisdiction the judge has all the powers of a judge of the
Supreme Court, except that he shall, if desii'ed b}' both parties
in ii cause of liquidated damages, or by either party in a cause
of uidiquidated dam iges, summon a jury to assess the
(laiuiiges.
X ) ])rescril)e(l forms are necessary, provided the substance
of IUm <;o:n plaint be properly expressed in writing, and em-
b:),lie,l in a sunini )ns to be issued from the Court and served
on the opposit(; ]>arty or as may be directed. The summons
may be amended by leave of the Gold Commissioner on such
teiins as he may impose. $10 is charged for each summons.
Where disputes arise concerning mining property, portions
wliereof are situated in different districts, the Gold Commis-
sioner of either district before whom the dispute is first
brought shall determine it.
When practicable, the Gold Commissioner must decide the
questijn at issue upon the ground in dispute.
i
203
GUIDE TO BRITISH COLUMBIA.
I'
li!-^
The GoM Commissioner m;iy, in eases of disputed bouiid-
aries or mensurvnients, enii)l()y n surveyor to mflrk and ddlnc
the same, iind ciu-se the expeiisj th^'reot* to be p.iid by cither
or both parties.
He has power to hiy ovrr any or all elaims witiiin his dis-
trict, for sueli i)jrio,l and un ler such eireum itaneesash*' may
tliiidc proper, and to order iiny minin;jj works to be so carried
0:1 as tJell^u.•.' til' sif^^tyoi th(^ piblic, or })r>)tect the in-
tsrests of elaim-iiol lers or b 'd-roi^'k driins; and any al)and()!ic(l
works m ly by his order b ( either tilled up or j^u irdcd, at the
cost of the [)irties who hive eoustruetcd the same, or in tiieir
absen 'e, then upon such terms as lu^ shall derm expedient.
Hjmiy, up )n re(| lest, mark out for business purposes or
j^irhms, 01 or neiraiiy mining" ground, a plot of <j;n)unil.
sui)ject to all the existin;^ rij^hts of FrcH' Miners. .Vnd aii\
buildin,'^ eiveted, or improvements mad.', thereon foranysiu-h
purposes, will be ereetcd and made at the risk of th(; peisous
(jreetin^' and miking thn sime; and they will not be entitled
to any e()m[)ensati(»n for damage done theri'to by such Free
Miners in working their claims houa litJc
H(^ may, u|)Oii re(piest, m irk out for business purposes or
gardens, on or near any mining ground not previously |)re-
ompttid, a })lot of land of such size as he shall deem advisal)lc,
to be held subject to the rights of Fnn^ Miners to enter upon
and use such lands for mining purposes, ujjon n^asoaahle
notice to quit being given to the occupier, such notici; to lie
subject to the approval of the (iold Commissioner, and u])()ii
payment of eom[)ensation for any crops, buildings and im-
provements therjon; such compensation to be assessed l»y
the Gold Commissioner previous to (Mitry, with or without a
jury of not less than three.
A monthly rent of §0 is payable by tlu^ ^rante(^s of sue!)
plot, or their assignees, to the Gold Commissioner.
Any Judge of the Supreme Court may, with the eonsiuit of
the Gohl (Jommlssion-r of any district, mike rules for the
conduct of the business before such Gold Caimmissioner, and
the costs incident thereto.
Where any minin;.>- c ius:3, wherein the damages claimed are
under S2')(), is brought in the tirst instance befort; the Supreme
Court, the Court after issu:; jo'neil may direct the iMuse to Ite
tricil before any Gold Commissioner, upon such terms as the
Court shall thiiik fit.
Jurors and witnesses are entitled to such compensation as the
Court may direct.
When in civil cases the matter in dispute exceeds >?250, an
appoil lies from the decision of the Gold Commissioner to
OtTDE TO HRITISH COLUMBIA.
209
the Supremo Court upon matters of law. Notice must be
given in writing to the opposite party, or his Attorney, within
four (lavs after tiie decision complained of, and security given,
to the approval of the Gold Commissioner, for the costs of
the appeal, and the .-kmouut (if unv) payable under the judg-
ment. Such appeal may be in the form of a case settled
and signed by the parties, their Counsel, or Attorneys.
1»ENAL CLAUSES.
Any i)orson wilfullv or unlawfully acting in contravention
of the Gold Mining Or<linance, 18()t, or of any By-Law, Uule,
or Regulation established by virtue thereof, or refusing to
ohey any lawful order of the Gold Commissioner, is, on sum-
lu.iiy conviction before any Justice of the Peace or Gold
Commissioner, liable to a fine of S250. or three months' im-
prisonment.
All penalties may be recovered by distress and sale.
Any pei'son sentenced to any term of im))risonment beyond
thirty days, i^r to pay any tine beyond $100 over and above
tlie costs of conviction, may a])peal to tlu; Supreme Court, pro-
vi(lt!(l that such person do, within forty-eight hours after such
conviction, enter into recognizance with two suHicient sureties,
conditioned pt^rsonailv to appear to ti'v such appeal, and to
abide the further jucgment of the Court, and to pay such
costs as shall be bv such last mentioned Court awarded.
Ami the convicting Gold Commissioner may bind over any
witness or informant under sufficient recognizances to attend
and give evidence at the hearing of such appeal.
No objection will be allowed to the conviction on any mat-
ter of form or insufficiency of statement, })rovided it a]ipear
to tii(i Supreme Court that the defendant was sufficiently in-
formed of the charge against him, and that the conviction was
proper on the merits.
Any person who shall wilfully damage, destroy, or altta- any
Free Miner's Certificate, or who shall falsely pretend that he
is the person named therein, or who shall wilfully destroy or
falsify any records and registers, is guilty of felony
Any person who shall steal or sever with intent to steal,
any gold or gold dust from any claim or from any ground
comprised in any lease, is guilty of felony.
Any person who shall, with intent to defraud his co-partner,
or in cases of agency his principal, in any claim, secrete,
k<ep back, or conceal any gold found in such claim, is guilty
of felony.
NEW LAW UELATINO TO \*EINS AND LODES.
AVhile this sumraarv was in preparation, an Act which, as
'J7
'210
GL'IUE TO imiTIHll COLt'MlUA.
roguiilH gold (imd othor miuonils) found in veins or loden,
introduces u Hystoni of mining entirely dilierent from tlmt
whieli wo have been doseribing, was pjisnod through the Pro-
vincial Legislature.
Under this Act, mining claims upon veins or hxles may
ecjual 1,500 feet in length, measuring along the vein or U)(l«',
and live chains or IWO feet on each sidti of the middle of the
V(}in at the surface. The (uid line must be parallel.
Any Joint Stock Company incorporatcid iiccording to
law in British Columbia, or any person, is entitled to locvite
a claim of minerals und(!r the Act.
The applicant must place a ])ost on the claim rtH[uirod, at one
end, witli a notice thereon containing the name of the eleetoral
disti'ict in which tlu; location is proposed to be made, the
length in foet claim^.'d on the vein or lo<le, the ilin^ction of the
line im whicfli such length is measured, the date of the notice,
and the names in full of the a])[)l:cant.
The applicant must th(;n forward application in duplicate
to the Connnissioner of the district, or to the Chief Connnis-
Hion(*r of Lands and Works, for the purchatio of the claim in
the form given in the schedule of the Act, and alwo forward
tlKU'owith a coj)y of tins notice.
Afterwards the; applicant must have the claim surveyed at
his own cost by a Surveyor acting under the instructions of
the Chief (Jommissioner of Lands and Works.
After such survey as aforesaid, and after such notice as is
after mentioned, and upon payment of !?;") ]K3r acre, a Crown
Grant of tiie claim will be issued to the apinicant.
The notice last mentioned must sot forth the nauu; (jf the
electoral tlistrict, and describe the locality in which the claim
is situate, the otlice in which a plan of the claim is deposit'd,
the area of the claim, and the full names of the applicant, and
must be published for thirty days in the British Columbia
Gazeife.
The applicants complying with the provisions of the Act
have the exclusive right and possession of all the surface in-
cluded within the lines of their locations, and of all veins,
lodes, and ledges throughout their entire depth, the top or
apex of which lies inside of such surface lines exteudeil
downward vertically, although such veins, lodes, or ledges
may so far depart from a perpendicular in their course
downward as to extend outside the vertical side linos of such
surface locations; but their right of possession to such out-
side" parts of such veins or ledges is confined to such portions
thereof as lie between vertical planes drawn downwards as
above described through the end lines of their locations so
(illKK TO ItlMTlSII COLl'MlilA.
1>II
• lodc'H,
)m that
;he Pro-
Lies may
or k)(l»',
It' of the
d'vi'/, to
:(» liKvito
(1, at one
elcc'toral
ido, tlu-
m of the
c notico,
luplioiite
Commis-
claim in
forward
voycd at
ctious oi
ice as is
a C'rowti
10 of tilt'
]io claim
[)posit',;d,
ant, and
iJolumbiii
I the Act
I'face in-
U veins,
top or
pxteuded
ledges
course
lof such
\ch out-
jortions
Fards as
lions so
coutiiuifd ill (heir own direction that such planes will intin*-
sect such exterior parts of such veins or ledj^'es.
Ill case any dispute ai'ise hetween applicants ft)i" the same
cl.tiiii or any portion thereof, any SiipriMiie Court Judj^e,
Ciiuiity Court Judj^e, or (rold Commissioner, has power to
li ar nud (hitei'niine the dis])ute, and the procedure and prac-
tice will be analo,tj;ous to that in the >riniii,L!; Court.
Fii the event of any a|)plicaiit ne^lectinj.; to comply with the
])i'()visioiis of the Ai^t within tw(dve mouths from th(^ actual
location of tho claim, or suchoxtended time as the Chief Ci>m-
inissio;ier may certify to he reasonable, not exceodintj; six
iiioiitlis, the claim located by llie applicant will be deemed
v;ica
Mt.
The Cr(»wn (Irant mentioned iiu-ludes the absolute owner-
shi|) of tlu! land coiiv yed, and of all miiu^'als therein except
t(old not in lodes or veins.
The .Vet only a]t))lies to unoccupied and unrt\s(U'ved ('lown
fj;iii(l, and does not a])])ly to that portion of the electoiMl
(lisfrict of Caril)oo lyin;j;' east of the Fraser liiver until a
petition of tvvo-thirds of the pernons holdiui^ Fi'e(! Miners'
certiticMtes in that district shall have been forwarded to the
Tjieii((uiaiit-( iovernor in Council, and a pi'oclamation thereof
])nblished in the Dritish Columbia (htzrife.
THE LAWS l{ESPECTIN(! INDIANS
Are consolidated by "The Indian .Vet, IS7<>,"" of Canada.
Spaci' only permits us to give a summary of those provisions
which sliould be known by all British Columbians.
The Minister of the Interior is Superintendent-CrentU'ul of
Indian At't'airs.
All Tiidiaii woman marryin;j; a non-Indian ceases to be an
liiilian within the nu>anine- of the law, excei)t that she is en-
titled to shaie with her trib(> in the distribution of their
moneys.
Th(! half-breed head of a family is not (with a few excep-
tions) accounted an Indian.
No person ex(^ept an Indian of the tril)e may settle upon
or use an Indian reserve; and all moi't.ij; i;4es by an Indian, and
all leases and contracts whereby persons other than Indians
of the tribe are permitted to reside or hunt upon such reserve,
are void. Piu'sons ]iersisting in sottliuf.; or tres])assing upon
Indian reserves are liable to a tine, and in some eases, to ar-
rest and imprisonmi'ut.
.Vll sheriffs, gaolers, and peace officers m\ist assist tlie
Su)ierintendent-(ieneral or his de]iuty in enforcing the law.
212
GUIDE TO nitlTIHH COLrMWA.
Every bund of Iiulians must k(^ep tlin roiuls, bri(l;j;i'H,
(litc;lu)s, iuid ftnicos, within tlioir ios(>ivo, in proper order.
No portion of a reserve oui be sold until it lins been nur-
rendored t(j the Crown; but the Sup(>rintendent-(ienerid iii.iy,
with the consent of the tribe, lieeuso any piirson to cut iiinl
remove trees, wood, and hay, or to ([uarry and remove stoiu?
and ;^'rave], on and from tht; reserve.
If any ptnson witliont authority euts, or is imj)licat('d in
cutting, tindx'r on Imlian hinds or resm-ves, or is implit-atid
in removiu"^ any tind)er from sucli hinds, he acipiiri's no
rif^ht to the timbiu-, nor any elaim in respect of it; and when
it is found imi)ossibh' to sei/e the sanu', he is liable, in lul-
dition to the loss of his labor and disbursements, to forfeit
!?.'{ l't)i' o;u'\i tree, Ix'sides the costs of prosecution. The Sup-
erint(*ndent-(reneral or his d((puty has power, on nu'eiviii;.,' ;i
swoi'ii information, to sei/c* any tind)er so cut withoul
authority, wlnu-over it is found; and where such timber Ims
been so mixed up with other tindier as to render it impossihlct
or dillicult to distinj^uish tlu^ one from the other, tlu; whole is
liable to seizure and forfeitun^ unless satisfactorily separated
by the holder.
Any person seizing tiinber under the Act may, in the nanie
of the Ch'own, call in any assistanci! nect^ssiiry for securiii;,'
and protecting the tind)er so seized; and every person resist-
ing ov obstructing any pers(jn in the discharge of his duty
uii(l(M' the Act, is guilty of fidony .
Whosoever, whetlu'i* pretending to be tin': owner or not,
takes or causers to b(> taken, without p('rmission, any tinilu r
seiz(Ml as subject to forfeiture, is deemed to have stolen it, and
is guilty of f( lony; and whenever any timber is seized for neii-
payment of ('rown dues, or for any other cause, or any prosc-
cuti<Mi is brought for any ])enaltv or forfeiture, tlu; l)ur(len nf
l)roving payment, or on what land the tind>er was cut, liis on
th(! owner or claimant, All timber seized is deemed to be
condemned uidess, th'! owner within one month gives notice to
thti seizing otHcer oi' ■.(vu'est otHcer or agent of the Superinten-
dent-Cxeneial that ii(f Ciaimsor intends to claim the same; and
failing such notice, the Superintendent-General may order the
timber to be sold. Any judge, luiving com])etent jurisdic-
tion, may try and di^termine such seizures, and may order tlic
delivery of the tind)er to the alleged owner on receiviii*,'
security l)y bond, to be ap[)rovedby the agent, to pay double
the value in case of condemnation.
Every ])erson availing liims(df of any false statement or oath
to evade paynnmt of dues, forfeits the timbcn- on which dues
are attempted to be evaded.
(H'lDE TO liUiriSIl ('OLl'MIUV.
11:5
IiidiiiiiH arc not Ii;»,Ui<' U) bt! t.ixt'd for ix'isonul i>ro|»c>rty,
umI»?ss they li«»l(l real I'stiito uiulm* loaso or in ♦"<■*' simple, or
|)cr.S(tri!il prnpcity niitNi.lc tlio n'scrvf.
Fjaiid held in trust for Indians is exnnipt From taxation.
No person^ can olttain any charj^c upoii real or personal
property of any Indian, except on property sul>jcct to tax-
ation; l»ut anv person st
llini^
u
IV articli! to an
Ind
lan may
take security on such article for any |)art of the pr
Kte w
hid
may
Ix
un)
aid.
fiidians have the ri<i;ht to sue for del)ts or in respect of
\vron;^'s, oi" to compel the performance^ of contracts.
No pawn taken <tf an Indian for any intoxii-ant can be re-,
laiiied, but it may l)e sued tor and recovered with costs by
tile Indian.
Presents ^iven to Indians, and proju-rly pundnised with or
ai'cpiirtMl by nieaus of any annuities ^i'ant«ul to Indians, are
not liable to be sei/(Ml for debt, and must not bi> sold, bartt'rod,
exciian[j;eil or ^iven to ;iny ])e!'son other than an Indian of the
same tribe, unless with the written assent of the Superinteu-
(ItMit-drenei-al or his a<^('ut; and whoever buy« or otherwise
ac'piires any i)reseuls or property |)urchasiMl as aforesaid,
without such assent, is }^uilty of a misdeuiieanor.
The Superintendeut-(T(Mieral may furnish aid from the
funds of any tribe foi- th(^ relief of sick, disabled, aged, or
(lestitutt! members of su(;h trilxf not provided for by the
tribe.
Ifeathcm Indians arc competent witnesses in any court; and
they an; liabh? to the penalty of perjury like other persons.
Whoever sells, exchanges with, barters, su])plies, or gives
to any Indian, an int(»xicant, or causes or procurers the same
to l)e done, or connives or attempts thereat, or opens, or keeps,
()!■ causes to ])e opened or kept, on any reserve, a building
where any intoxicant is sold, Ijartered, exchanged, or given,
or is found in ))o.ssession of any intoxicant in the tent or place
of abode of ;iny Indian, is liable to imprisonment for six
months with hard labor, .and a tine of !?;:U)0 with costs of
prosecution. The commander or person in charge of any
vessel or boat, from or on board of which any intoxicant has
l)eou sold, bartered, exchanged, supplied, or given to any
Indian, is liable to a fine of i^'MH) for each such ott'euce, with
costs of ])roseeution, and in defa.ilt of immediate payment,
to six months' im]irisonment with hard labor. Half the tine
goes to the informer. But in case of sickness where the
intoxicant is used under medical advice or the direction of a
minister of religion, no ])enalty is incurred.
2U
GUIDE TO BltlTlSII COIA.MIJIA.
N|?
The
recft
l)tucl
e or vesHt
A wl
lonco or wlieroin any intoxicant
lius been sold, oxcluuif^i'd, bartered, sn[)])lio(l, or j;i\ en, and
the reniaiain,ij; conte-nts thereof, and anv intoxicant iinportnl
or manut'uetured or bronjj;ht into and upon any reserve, or into
the tent or place of idxxle of any Indian, may be seized l)v
an
V eonstaUle and, bv ord-r of aJustieeof the P
eaci'
(les-
troyeil; and the person in whose i)ossession they were found,
is liable to a ])enalty of >^10(I and (!osts, and in default of pay-
uieut to ini[)risonnient with hard labor foi* six months.
Any vess; 1 or conveyance em[>loved in cari'yin,^' any intovj-
cant to be supplied to Indians may he seized, declare [ for-
feited and Sv)ld, as in the last para;i;ra])h; and so also iniv
(^v<n'y tliin,^' in the purcirise, acquisition, exchin.i;e. tr.i le. o,-
barter of wnich in contravention of the .Vet th' co;isid(>r ition
either wholly or in pai't may he any intoxicant.
■.vicatet
i .Tn(hans mavbe ai'resti'd and ii
uonson
t;onstable until thev become sobei',
\Vi
ie:i s:)h MV
be I
)rought bel-u-e a ,jud,u!;e or justice, aic
c
.1 oy iiiiy
ley inu-ii
■ uvicteil of
ti
heiuL;" found intoxicated, are liable to one m(jnth"s impris:)!i-
nient.
I'lC
tu
I'jViU'v fndian admitted to a university degree, or to p
or licinised l>v anv denominatioa a -5 a ('hristi;
aw.
in
minister, becomes i/)si) I'm-to onfranchiseiL
TI
le Wl!
aai
mmoi' uiima
rriei] (dul Ii'.mi of ,i i eiifranchis ■ 1
Indian are also enfranchiscid. ihit these jirovisions as fo (M1-
fraiichisomeiit will not ap[)ly t) British ( Columbia until e\;-
touih^il thereto by pi'oidainatiou of th" (rDveiMDr-lhiUMM!.
I N 1)1 A X I ) E PA HTM i:NT.
Litait.-C'olonel, 1. \V. Powell, - - Superinten<leiif
J. Lenahan, - - - Asst., on ]M;i inland
H. Moftatt, . - - - Provincial Asst
IXDI.VN KKSKltNK ('0.\[.M [SSloX.
Alox. C. Aii(h)rson, Dominion (Commissioner iV ( ■hairmau. —
OfHice, Government stre(>t; resi(hMice, Sajinicdi.
A1(!X. McKiulay, Provincial (!ommissioner. — Ilesidenci'. Lie
La Hache, B. C.
(1. M. S])roat, Joint ('ommissionm'.—lh^siihuice, Victoria.
George Blinkiiiso]), (Nunmissary OtVu'er and (hMi ^al Asst..
Victoria.
Edward l\Ioh (in, ('. H., Surveyoi. — Ih^sidence, Victoria.
[NDIANS.
T^his po])ulatioii is imm(M'ous; and as tin; FiKbans are pro-
(bu't^rs as well as consumers, thev form an imoortant (d(MU(!iit
GUIDE TO BUITISII COLUMHIA.
215
in tlio considorntiou of the «ommGrcial relations of the Pro-
vince. For the rest, it maybe remarked that they are strictly
uiuler the law, and that, with the appliances at command, no
(litHculty is experienced in exacting obedience. In saying
that the native population is nnmerous I ought to confine the
remark to the immediate vicinity of the Coast. In the inte-
rior they are comparatively few, and sparsely distributed. In
many points, too, the Indians of the interior are far more
engaging in character than those of the sea-board. Those
l.ist, however, are of a more ingenious turn. They excel in
many simp'e manufactures, and are not a little advanced in
(livers meclianical arts. The services of the young men
luiiong the natives are turned to good account in agricultural
and other pursuits. I may add that, beyond this, littl(> has
been done for their improvement, save through the ett'orts
of jn'ivate individuals, and the exertions of the Missionaries
of various dtuiominations who are in tlie tiold. The Govern-
ment has been unpardonably supine: and it is gratifying to
laiow that, under the new political relations of the Province,
the care of this branch of the population dcsvolves upon the
Dominion.
At the outset of the genoial colonization of the country, in
1858, it is not iniproliable that a good many concealed niur-
ilers of white men took place ; for the sudden intlnx of some
twenty or thirty tliousand men, ere yet tin; machinery of
;^f()vernment was fairly orgaiu/ed, led naturally to many dis-
'>i;lovs. With the mnltituth^ among a majority of well-dis-
posed persons, no small leaven of the worst characters from
abroad, as might be supposcul, was mingled: and it cannot be
doubted that in certain cases the aggnsssions, or brut;il ex-
(H'sses, of such led to retaliation, sometimes upon innocent
victims. Previous to this tlu; Hudson's Bay Company, with
'vhom the adiniuistratiou of the atfairs of Vancouver Island at
that time resteu, under charter from the Imperial Govern-
nient, had succ(*ssfully restrained the natives from molesting
the few s(*ttl(n's who then occup'ed a portion of the nascent
colony. Tli(> ji'dicious administration of the Clii((f Factor,
the ju'esent Sir James Douglas, K. C. B. — then Governor of
V.iiicouvei- Island, and aft(U'wards, wluni disconni!ct(Hl from
the Company, of both sections of tlie present Province, at
iirst for some years separate co-operati^d witli the admirable
ystem which prevailed throughout the country, in the mau-
ii<i;e!uent of the Comiiauy's aliairs, to maintain an order unin-
terruj)ted by any serious (mtbreak. Kindness and consider-
ation, tismptu-ed by judicious firmness, were the chief secrets
of this marked success: and wlieu an exigency demanded the
21G
GUIDE TO BRITI8H COLUMBIA.
|;>
occasional exorcise of severity, punishment was confined to
the guilty alone, and necessary justice in all cases tempered
by racji'cy. No wonder, then, that the sudden inundation of
the country by a Hood of adventurers, unhubituated to inter-
course with the native races, and whom they regarded as
strangers, disorganized previous restraint. But British law
soon asserted its sway. The excesses of the evil-disposed
among the immigrants were checked Avith the strong hand.
Detected culprit.: among the natives suft'ered punishnKiut
under due legal process; and thus order was restored. Sub-
sequently it became necessary to employ severe measures u])on
th(^ West Coast of Vancouver Island. One or two villages
were boml)arded by the vessels of Her Majesty's Sti[ua<lron,
in order to coin])el the delivery of offenders guilty of crimes
against a ship-wrecked crew — and a salutaiT dr-'ad was es-
tablished in all parts along the (Joast, which the periolii';,]
visit of a gun-boat serves to maintain and strengtlieri.
In the interior of the Mainland, the Indians .i.'i m.v.'
sparsely distributed, andani altogether a race morally superiit
to those of the Coast, order has been successfullv maintained
by the Civil l*ow(>r. The natives, long habituated to
our
customs, through intercourse with former traders, harmonise
well with the present occu])ants; and the kind treatment gen-
erally extended to them i)v the well-disposed, secures good-
will. It is in the "Debatable Land" alone, situate(l
between the frontier of the settled region of the Interior, and
the mainland (Joast, that any da?ig(n' of collision, however
remote, is to l)e .'ipprtilnmdeil. Tlie natives along this line,
siuit<Hl uf^ar the ra])ids which interrupt the navigation of the
minor rivers dis(!ml)oguing along t\w Coast — tiie points most
favorable lor their salmon-fisheries— are numerous; and,
owing to their s(H*lusion, comparatively moi*e rude and uncul-
tivated than the rest. Through this cause, ])artly, and partly
from causes that have never been satisfactorily (^xj)laine<l,
some yeai's ago, a ])artv of nu'u in the employ of the late Mr.
Waddington lost their lives near the head of Bute Inlet, u|)on
the line of road now under (exploration for the Canadian
Pacirtc railwav; and recently a minor misunderstanding took
place at tho. I orks of the Skeena, but unattended with loss of
life or personal molestation. The first was settled by the
lt)cal Government, though at great ])ecuniarv cost, by the
])unishnieut of the murders: the second, originating in the iic-
cidental burning of a village, through the negligcmt act of
some travelling party on their way to the Peace Kiver mitics,
has beiMi arranged by (rovernor Trutch, on the part of the
J
Dom
inion Government, by a trifling money payment for the
GUIDE TO BRITISH COLUMBIA.
217
loss sustiiiiied — an arrangement do less judicious, than equit-
able amler the eircutnstiuces. As regards this class of the
nativo.s, however, it may be hoped that, under prudent
maimgenient, and with the knowledge of our r(!al pow;n' that
exists, all occassiou for the exercise of fnture severity ^vill he
.■IV(')
ted.
lavi
I I
■oloiiv hi
aid that the former (TOV{U'nmeiits of the ci-devant
ivt^
jeeii ui
i;);i:' lonahiv
'M
)ine with re<'ard to the
Iiiiliaus. I mean this relatively, as conctiriiing their positive
elevation in the so.'ial seah;: not as mferrin;' want of sympathy
ill tlnnr acta i! coiulitioii
!.\
mp
)r tiu> Indians have always sliared
ei
am
[Uilly with the white ri'-siiU;iits, tiie ])roteetit)n of the law
1 this tliev have been mad'; to underst;
nil I, anu ai'e
at(
fully
aw in> or. nut tliere is a wide ri^'ld tor tneir mat(!rial improve-
nii'nt — material, imlinnl, bat implying a coneoinitant ameli-
oi'ition of a deeper and a liolicn' nature; for the two go hand
ill iiand, and cannot l)e dissevered. I have casually noticed
the mis-lion try eii'orts that are in progress; and I may add
th.it. so hiv as is apparent, a degree^ of unanimity' prevails.
despite tl'.- lorm.d di(l\'rences of creed, which argues well for
tli(> general jirogr(;ss. For admitted that a common end be
ill \ i(>w, it is snr(dy im[)oiltic to distui'b the minds of the
neophytes, by cpieslions of whether the g(jod teaching be of
Pial or of .Vp')llos. The point is noticed because we have
witii(!sse.l elsewhere the evil cons(M[uences of such warfare of
s;>ct against sect, to the common detrinnait of all. But as an
aljun(!tt) moral and religious teaching, however yii^aloiisly
;ippli(Ml, the inculcation of solid industry, and the material
elevation of the Indian in tlie soci.il scale, ar(^ elements
essential to success; and where such success may have been
hitluato partially obtained, it will be found that to this com-
bination of (illbrt, mainly, it is attril)utab}e. To this end the
■ •()-oper;ition and aid of the (rovernment are an imiK)rtant
!*ouditi()n; and it is satisfactory to know, that, under the new
)• 'lations of the Province, this co-operation will be atl'orded.
Llie suceess of Mr. Dum-an, the Superintendent of the Church
Missionary establishuicnt at Methlakatla, only ])artially f(js-
tered by the authorities ;is his cNeitions may have been, is an
example of what may be ellected under zealous and judicious
niiinagemeiit. Various missions have; at ditlerent times been
establish(>d among the Indians of the North-west; some of
which have b(!(ni partiilly successful. As far back as 1S42,
the Lite Kij^'iit lleverend IJishoi) Demers — then a priest, and
afttM'wards l{. ('. liishop of the Diocese — passed a winter
'iider the writer'* root at Alexandria, where a rude church
was erected under his supervision by th(» natives: and at
iii^^i
till
iiii
218
OUIDE TO ISRITISH COLUMBIA.
present, nt different points there are missicni stations cou-
ductetl by clergy of the various denominations, Avliose labors,
it may be hoped, are more or less encouraged by Kuecess.
I have thought it ])roper to d\v<'\\ at some length upon this
topic, in order to dis[)el the imprtjssion that appears to have
gone abroad, that the natives of Jiritish Columbia arc in a
condition of unmitigated barbarism — than which no statement
can be more falhicious. That the large majority of the Co ist
Indii'us are, morally, in a very degraded condition, may not
be concealed; but th'jre is nothing in their C(jaduct to justify
the fabulous talcs of wanton ])lood-thirst, as against tin;
whites, that have been promulgated. Thievisli, and deplor-
ably licentious in their habits, as they doubtless arc, thev
have been ovcu'-awed by the law; iind tlu; seeds, at least, of
nior;'i improvtiUKnit — tardy and remote though the growth
may i e 1 impeded by the corruptions j^romoted by the
lower gi t of the civili/ed race — have l)een cast among
tliein. ]Soi' let this consideration be received with sneering
ino'cdulitv. Precept and example are never without ctl'eet,
alltcit slow, and at iirst imperceptible. Tiie good is perceived;
and though, as with the heathen Poet of old, it miy not at
once be practised, tne leaven has l)een introduced which,
with tinui, must operate.
Upon the superior character of tlu! interior tribes I have
already remarked, and need not expatiate. Yet even to these,
in common with the others, the most groundless charges have
been applied — even that of cannibalism. The revolting
charge maybe unhesitatingly contradicted; th(> "brave and
blood-tiiirsty cannibal," the bug-bear hehl out to " unfortu-
nate stray settlers," does not exist here. The oidy instance
that miglit in any way countenance the shameful accusation
that I ev(U" kn(nv, took place, or was i'(iport<^d to have taken
place, many years ago at Fort Giiorg ;, in the remote interior;
where an Indian, was s;iid to have had recourse to the hor-
rible expedient, to save life while starving in the mountains.
The Indian thus accused, however, was regarded as a kind of
pariah by the rest; and by the voyageurs, with a pious horror,
was designated thti Manijeur de mi\idi\ and scrupulously
sliunn(>d. Oth(U' cases may possibly have occurred, under simi-
lar circumstances; but this is the only one that ever caiue
nnder my individual notice — and I have witnessed at times,
and sometimi^s haply had it in my power to alleviate, miseries
of famine wdiich, if aught might (piestionably excuse the re-
volting expedient, might imhuul have justified it. 13ut. for
the honor of hum in nature in its primitive state, 1 am proud
to say the vile temptation was resisted, with a persistency of
OriOK TO IHlITISrt COLrMHTA.
21!)
ItllV'.UM
1 Cll.l
uraiu'c which , witiK'ss tlio rocun'ds of history, is
not too stroiij-lv c'haiMctciistic of our own hoastod civili/a-
tioii.
til
Nevertheless, there was formerly a superstitious eusto
iiiioii;^' the natives of tli(! Coast, not yet, possibly, ([uite ex-
tinct in parts, which, under an e\a;^f;4erai(!il or nialevoh'ut
'J' I
lis
view, iniji;ht l.e r.rged to couhtenance the ch;ii|;e
custoiii is a5iah)}4:<ms iu character, if not ith'utical with, a prac-
tice of which \>(' read, \\hetiier l'abiih)usl\ or not !. do not
prof.',.s to deteraiine, us having; existed among certain Euro-
pean iiiitions - the /^yrf////'///oy»/V/ of tlie Anci(!nts, the i\(<iip-
i/<iri)ii of I'^MiiiH', the Persian (lli<iuJe, the, 'r<'utoni(' Wchr intlf
—all, proi)ably i\h.\ result of a simulated ecstacy of supersti-
tious orij^in, reswlving itself, at times, into a real phvensy. In
th<' I'Hse immediately refernul to the ol)je.'t was to constitute
power as " ii Man of .Medicine " — eijui'-alent to th.e African
j\'f!s/i, or the like. In the Southern ])arts of Vanc<,uver
Island this assumed wolf-madness took the Kha]>e of te;;ri !!:.>■
livin,!!,' do,i,'s to ])iec(>s with the te(!tl\; amoiiii; the l>ella-l)ell;is of
Milljauk Sound of l)iting pieces of tiesh from tht arms of the
unresisting bystanders duiing tin* progiess of the. riti's; ;ind
farther North, as I have i)een ;vssr.red but n<iver myself v/it-
nessi'd, of ti^aring to pieces and even ])artiariy devouring a
sacrilieed slave. Revolting as the statement may appear, it
will i)e (istiinated at its full value, if emi)loyed t(» sustain a
cliaige which, ignorantly or ]u'esumptuonsly advanced, has
been only too credulously acce|)ted.
The diit'ereuce to which I have adverted as o\.isting between
the n:itiv(?s of the interior districts and th(^ occupi^nts of the
('oast, indicates unmistakably a diversity of origin. The
natives of what 1 have termed the "Debatable Land"" — tliotie
occupying the line intcu'UKMliate lietween the Coast and the
interior — are obviously of mixt>u extracti(»n through inler-
uiariiage, and partici|)ate in the characteristics of both races.
it is, however, aside from my purpose to enttu" into ])articu-
lirs regarding this tpnistion, which is one rather for the
ethnologist than the general en([uirer. NevertluHess, as re-
gards the several tribes that fringe the Nortliern Coast of th(!
(Continent, from the borders of California up to Cook's Inlet,
wh(!re tlu\v interlock with the Wt^sttu'n Ksquimaux, T may
state the coticlusion at which we may, I think h^gitimately
arrive; namely, that they tn-iginate from the westward — from
>l;ipan, the Kuriles. and elsewhere. Then! are many points
of physical resemblance, with probably remote traces of
customs, which indicate the origin of some of them, at least,
from J ij) lu. Whether the immigration in the remote past
ir
220
GUIDE TO BRITISH CULUMhIA.
llRii'
has been voluntary or fortuitous, it is of course vain to con-
jecture; but the possibility of the latter supposition has been
convincingly established, even within the limit of my own ex-
perience. For in 1834:, in consequence of Indian rumours
which had reached the Columbia liiver during the precediii"
winter, a vessel was despatched from Fort Vancouver to
Queen-ha-ilth, south of Cape Flattery, to enquire into tlit-
circumstances of a re])orted wreck. The late Captain McNeill,
commander, on arriving there, found the remnants of a Jap-
anese junk, and purchased from the natives a quantity of
potter}' and other articles that had formed portions of her
cargo. He likewise broiigiit away three Japanese, the sur-
vivors of a crew originally consisting, as we understood, of
forty; the rest having perished at sea of hunger. It appealed
that, having been dismasted in a typhoon and lost their
reckoning, the junk had drifted for many montiis until at
length stranded. Since then frequent mention has been made
of disabled junks having been encountered at sea in tho North
Pacitii!, by whalers, and the survivors of the crews rescued
from their perilous condition. All these were more or less
ailvanced in their drift towards the American continent. On
board of one of them was found, among otiier merchandise,
about 12,000 pounds of beeswax. This circumstance afibrds
the clue whereby the nationality of another junk wrecked long
ago upon the coast, near the mouth of the Columbia river,
can be inferentially established. A tradition of this existed
when the ftrst traders settled there in ISIO; and some of the
crew wer*^ said to have reached the shore alive. This tra-
dition, however, derived direct corroboration fnnn the fact
that quantities of beeswax were constantly found in th • sands
at Clatsap, on the southern shore of the estuary — the indicated
point of shipwreck. As late as 18oo, indeed after violent
storms, cakes of wax retaining their original form and quite
uncorroded by time, were still occasionally discovered — the
sole diti'erence observable between it and the recent substance
being that it was of a tiner qualitv, h.irder, and pai'tiallv
bleached by exposure.
Withal, the race has greatly diminished in numbers since
their contact with Europeans. One tribe, the Chinooivs of
the lower Columbia river — numerous when tirst I knew them
— has almost entirely vanished; and along the northern coast
a constant diminvition is perceptible, more especially among
those who have immediate intercourse with the whites. For
this, divers obvious causes may be assigned. The occasional
devastatiovi by epidemics, such as small-pox, is one : of this
last mentioned disease however, the spread has been much
fiUIDE TO P.KITISH COLUMBIA.
221
(liiaiiiislied of late by Viicciiuitiou. A secoiul fertile cause
has been tloubtless the siipi)ly of iutoxicatiii}^ liquors — dele-
t H'iou-i if not positively poisonous compounds — by unscrupu-
lo is men of tlie lowest and the laziest class. The laws estab-
lished for the prevention t)f this otlence, both within the
Provinite and in the a^jjaceiit Territor\- ctf the United States,
are stringent, and every effort is made to enforce them —
lu'vertiieless constant evasions occur; and it h is been seriously
mooted whether, if it be found impracticable to suppress the
nefarious traffic entirely, it might not be prudent to legalise
it under duB restrictions. A third and last cause may be only
passingly adverted to: the physical contamination which a
d 'graded and licentious intercourse carries with it, against
which no laws can provide. Yet, even among some of the
interior races, and while still their communication with the
whites was v(;ry limited, a mysterious decay was apparent,
referable to none of the causes mentioned. ^Pulmonary affec-
tions were the form in which the decay of the vital power was
manifested in th • children; and each successive generation
showed a greater ratio of deaths, chiefly of confirmed phthisis.
A great change in the ordinary habits of life might be sug-
gcisted as the most obvious cause of this degeneration. The
sul)stitution, among many, of European clothing for the
primitive dress of skins, alternated at times with unwonted
exposure through uncertainty of supply, might well induce, in
part the effect noted. But while noting the general effect
that has resulted, it is bootless to speculate too narrowly as
to the cause. — Anderson.
u„ '
r
5'
222 GUIDE TO BRITISH COLUMBIA.
DICTIONAEY OF THE CHINOOK JARGON.
Indian Trade Lamjuage of the North Pacljic Coast.
Part I. Chinook — English.
AL-ha, adv. Yes.
Ahu-kut-te, or Alm-kot-tie. Formerly; before now. With the
accent prolonged on the first syllable, a long time ago.
Ex. Ahnkutte lakit sun, four days ago; Tenas ahnkutto,
a little v/hile since.
Al-ah. E.Kpression of surprise. Ex. Alah mika chahkolah,
you ve come
Al-kie. Presently; in a little while; hokl on; not so fast.
Al-ta. Now; at the present time.
A-mo-te. The strawberry.
An-ah, interj. An excUimation denoting pain, dis[3leasuro or
depreciation. Ex. Anah nawitka mika halo shem; ah,
indeed you are without shame.
Ats, 11. A sister younger than the speaker.
A-yah-whul, v. To lend; borrow.
13.
Be-be. A word used toward children; a kiss; to kiss.
JBed, n. A bed.
Bit or Mit. A dime.
Bloom, n. A broom. Mamook bloom, to sweep.
Boat. A boat, as distinguished from a canoe.
Bos-ton, n. ailj. An American. Boston illahie, the United
S.'.
tates.
Bur-dash. An hermaphrodite.
C.
Cal-li-peeii, /:. A ritle.
Ca-nim, n. A cane _. Cauim stick, the cedar, or wood from
which canoes are usually made.
Ca-po. A coat.
Chah-ko: To come; to become. Ex. Kansih mika chaco?
when did you come? Chahko kloshe, to get well.
Chack-chack. The bald eagle.
Chee. Lately; just now; new. Chee nika ko, I have just ar-
rived. Hvas chee, entirelv new.
GUIDE T(» RRiriSM COLUMBIA.
OO^
.l.'t-l
o,
('li('i-l(> or
ClH^t-woot. A black boai
I). All oyHter,
V\\A
Iv-M-iniii, II. <ii
a
Lrou; MK
tal;
me
tall
\e
T\
v(>|>« cliikii
m
iu, silver; Phil chikain'n, ^'oUl or copjxn-. Ciiik;imiu
lope,
wire; fi cliain
Chik-Cliik. A wujfon or cart.
Chil-rlul
Chit
SI I, /'.
linttoiiH.
A i^raiidmother.
(Mi()|
('l)(<-tul». //
ur.'iiK
IfutI
icr,
Afl
ca.
CIlllC
Iv. II.
Wat
cv; a riv(*r or stream.
Salt eliuek, the s(>a;
Skooknin elinck, a rapid ; Solleks cliiu^k, a rough sea;
(thuck cliahko or kalipi, the tide rises or falls; saghilli
and ki't^kvvillie ehuek, hij^h aud low tide.
('liid<-kiii. To kiek.
C'losi'. See Klose.
C'h. r. To cry.
Cole, aifj. Cold. Cole illahie, winter; Iclit cole, a year;
Cole siek wauin sick, th(! fever and afi;ue.
Coiiil). A eonil). Mainook eoinb, to comb; Mamook comb
illahie, to harrow.
Coo-hu'. To run. C-ooley kiiiatan, a race-horse; Yahka
hvas kumtnks coolev, he i-an, /. r. knows how to run
well.
Coop-coop, //. Shell inoiit'Y. See Hvkwa.
Co-sho, n. A hog; ])ork. Si wash cosho, a seal.
Ciiltus, ai/j\ Worthless; good for nothing; without purpose.
Ex. Ciiltus man, a worthless fellow; cultus potlatch, a
present or fret? gift; cultus heehee, a jest; merely laugh-
ing; cultus nannitsh, to look around; cultus mitlite, to
.sit idle; cultus klatawa, to stroll. Qiie.s. What do you
want? Alls. Cultus /. c. nothing.
D.
De-late. Straight; direct. Ex. Klatawa delate, go straight »*
delate wauwau, tell the truth.
Di-aub. The devil.
Dly. Dry. (^hahko dely, to become dry; mamook dely, to
(by.
Doc-tin. A doctor.
Dol-la. A dollar; money. Chikamin dolla, silver; pil dolla,
gold ; dolla siaghost, spectacles.
E.
Eh-kah-nam, 71. A tale or stoiT.
Eli-ko-li, )i. A whale.
II
224
GUIDE TO BRITISH COLUMBIA.
Ee-na, n. A beaver. Eeua stick (literally beaver wood),
the willow.
Eo-na-poo or In-a-poo. A louse. Sopen inapoo, a flea.
Ek-keli. A brother-in-law.
E-la-han. Aid; assistance; alms, Maraook elann, to help.
E-lip. First; before; elip lolo chuck, in the first place cjirry
water; elip kloshe, best; elip tillikuui, the first peoplo.
E-li-te. A slave.
E-salt'h. Indian corn or maize.
li
fH:
a.
(iet-uj». To get up: rise.
Gloaso. Grease. Hyiu glease, very fat; too-toosh glease,
butter.
H.
Hah-iakl. Wide; open. Ex. Mamook hahlakl la pote, open
the door.
Haht-liaht, /*. The mallard duck.
Hak-at-shuin. //. A handkt;rchiuf.
Ha-lo. None; absent. Q. Halo salmon mika? have you no
fish? A. Halo, non(!. Q. Kah mika ])apa'? where is vour
father? A. Halo, he is out. Halo wind, breathless;
dead. Halo glease, lean. Halo iktas, poor; destitute.
Haul, V. To haul or pull.
Hee-liee. )i. Laughter; amusement. Cultus heejiee, fuu;
mamook heehee, to am\ise; heeliee house, any place of
amusement, as a tavern, bowling alley, &c.
Hoh-hoh, n., i\ To cough.
Hool-hool, )}. A mouse. Hyas hoolhool, a rat.
Hous(% n. A house. Mahkook house, a stoi'e.
Howh. Turn to; hurr}'.
How-kwutl. Inability. Ev. Howkwutl nika klatawa? how
could I go?
Hul-lel, v., II. To shake.
Hul-o-i-ma. Other; another; different. Ex. Huloima tilli-
kum, a different tribe or people; hyas huloima, very
different.
Humni, )i., V. A stink or smell; to stink. Humm opootsh,
a skunk.
Hunl-kih. Curled or curly; knotted; crooked.
Huy-huy, h., y. To barter or trade. Ex. Huyhuy la sille,
change the saddle; huyluiy tumtum, to change one's
mind.
Hwah. Surprise or admiration; also earnestness.
Hy-ak. Swift, fast, ipiickly, hurry, make haste.
oriDi: TO nuiTisH coi.rMi-.iA.
•22')
HvHS. Liir^'e, great, vory. Hyus tvlioo, a great chief, hyas
mahcook, a great price; dfiar; liyas ankutte, a long time
ago; tiyas closlie, very good.
Hy-iu. Mueii, many, plenty, eiKUigli. Hyiu tillicuni, a
crowd; many |)eo])le; liy'.n m i.'kamuck, ])lenty to eat;
tenas hyiu, some; few; wake hyiu, not many or not much.
Hv-kwa, The shell money of the Pacific coast.
■^1
I.
Ik-kik. A tisli-hook.
Ik-poo-ie. To shut. Ikpooie la pote, shut th«' door; mani-
ook ikpooie, to surround; ikpooie kwillan, deaf.
Ikt. One, once. Ikt man, a man; ikt nika klatawa copa
yahka house, I haye been once to his house.
Tk-tah. What. Iktah okook, what is that? iktah mika tiki^gh?
what do you want? iktah, well, what now ?
Ik-tahs. Goods, merchandise. Hyiu iktahs, a great many
goods or merchandise.
Il-la-hie, >i. The ground; the earth; dirt. Tipso iUahie,
])rairie; saghallie illahie, mountains or high lan(l;h(!aven.
Hyiu illahie kopa, dirty (literally much dirt upon.)
In-a-])oo. A louse. Sopen inapoo, a flea.
lii-a-ti. Across; o[)posite to; on the other side of. Inati
chuck, on the other side of the river; klatawa inati, to
cross over.
Ip-soot. To hide one's self, ov anything; to keep secret.
Ipsoot klatawa, to steal oft'; ipsoot wau-wau, to whisper.
Is-ick, n. A paddle. Mamook isick, to paddle.
Is-ick stick, n. T\w. ;ish. Ijitevally paddle wood.
Is-kum, r To take; take hold of; hold get. Iskum okook
lope, hold on to that rope; mika na iskum? did you get it?
Tt-lan, II. A fathom.
It-lo-kum, //. The game of " hand." Mamook itlokum, to
gamble.
Itl-wil-lie, II. The flesh; meat of any animal Konaway
nika itwillie sick, all my flesh is sore.
Its-wooat. A black bear. Itswoot paseesie, thick dark cloth
or blankets.
K.
Kah. AVhere, whither, whence Kah mika mitlite? where
do you live? konaway kah, everywhere; hahkah, here and
there.
Kah-kah. A crow.
226
GUIDE TO BRITISH COLUMBIA.
mi
Kah-kwa, arfw. Like; similar to; oquiil with. Ex. Kiilikwu
nika tumtum, so I think; kahkwa hyasuika, ashirge as 1;
kahkwa spose, as if; klosho kahkwa, that is right; good
so.
Kah-ua-way, u. Acorns. Kahnaway stick, the oak.
Kahp-ho. Brother, sister or cousin.
Kah-ta. How; why. Kalita niika mamook okook/ why do
you do that? kahta raika chahko? how did you come?
kahta mika? what is the matter with you? po kahta? and
why so?
Kal-ak-a-hili-ma, n. A goose.
Kal-a-kwah-tie, n. The inner bark of the cedar; the petticoat
or skirt formerly worn by women and often made of
strands of bark. Kalakwahtie stick, the cedar tree.
Ka-li-tan, n. An arrow; shot; a bullet. Kalitan le sac, a
quiver; a shot pouch.
Kal-lak-a-la. A bird.
Ka-mas. A bulbous root used for food.
Kam-ooks, n. A dog. Kahkwa kamooks, like a dog;
beastly.
Ka-mo-suk, ii. Beads, Tyee kamosuk (chief V ds) the
large blue glass beads.
Kap-swal-la. To steal. Kapswalla klatawa, to ^ . away;
kapSwalla mamook, to do secretly.
Ivat-suk. The middle or centre of anything.
Cau-py. Coffee.
Ka-wak,''t?. To Hy.
Kaw-ka-wak. Yellow or pale green.
Kee-kwil-lie. Low; below; under; beneath; down. Mamook
keekwillie, to lower. Mitlite keekwillie, to set down;
|)ut under.
Keep- wot. A needle; the sting of an insect; a thorn. Shoes
keepwot, an awl.
Keh-loke, n. A .swan.
Keh-.see. An apron.
Keh-wa. Because.
Kel-a-pie, v. To turn; return; overturn; upset. Kelapi
canim, to upset a canoe; hyak kelapi, come back qnicklv;
kelapi kopa house, go back to the house; mamook kelapi,
to bring, send or carry back; kelapi tumtum, to change
one's mind.
Kes-chi. Notwithstanding, although.
Ket-lin. A kettle, can, basin, &c.
Kil-it-sut, n. Flint, a bottle, glass.
(iUIDK TO IJUITISH COLUMUIV .
227
Kiiiitii. Bohiiid, iiftiT, iiftorwanls, last, since. Klatawa
kiiutuh, i^o bt'liiiid; nika eli]) po yahka kimtali, I first ami
ho afterwards; okook kimtah, tho ouo behind; kinitah
nika nannitsh niika, since 1 saw you.
Kin;; (reor^'o. Enj,'lish. Kin<; Go >rjj;e luau, an Englishman.
Ki-nootl. Tobacco.
Kish-kish, i\ To drive, as cattle or horses,
iviu-a-tan, //. A hor.so. Stono kiutan, a stallion.
Ki-wa. Crooked.
Ki-yah. n. Entrails.
Khi\\,(nfJ. Free or clear from; in si<^ht. Ex. Choe yahka
klali, now he is in si<^ht. Klatawa klah, to escape.
Chahko klah, (of seed) to come up; (of the woods)
to open out; (of the weatlier) tt) clear up; maraook klah,
to uncover.
Klah-ha)iie. Out of doors, out, without. Ex. Mamook
kla^-haiiio okook, ])ut that o t; klatawa klaj^hanie, to ^o
out.
Kla-how-ya. How do you do? ^'ood bye. Ex. Klahowya
sikhs, j,'ood-byo, friend.
Kla-how-yum. Poor, miserable, wretched, compassion.
Hyas klahowyura nika, I am very poor; mamook klahow-
yura, to take pity on; give alms; be generous.
Klah-wa, ttr/r. Slow, slowly. Klatawa klahwa, go slowly.
Klak adr. Ott'. Ex. Mamook klak stone kiutan, to castrate
a horse; mamook klak I'assiette, take off the plates; klak
kopa wayhut, get out of the road.
Klaks-ta. Who. Klaksta mamook okook? who made
or did that? halo klaksta, no one.
Klak-wun or Kleh-kwan. To wipe or lick. Klakwnn I'assi-
ette, to wipe a ])late.
Klahi or T'kale. Black or dark blue or green.
Klap, y. To find. Ex. Mika na klap mika kiuatan? did yon
find your horse? klap tenas, to be with child.
Kla-pite, n. Thread, twine.
Klas-ka or Klus-ka. They, thinr, them. *
Klat-a-wa, v. To go. Klatawa teahwhit, to walk; go on
foot. Klatawa kopa kiuatan, to ride. Klatawa kopa
boat, to sail. Mamook klatawa, to send.
Kla-wliap. A hole. Mamook klowhap, to dig a hole.
Klem-a-lmr, r. To stab, to wonnd, to dart, to cast as a
spear, to hook or gore as an ox. Nika klemahun aamun,
I spear salmon.
Klihl or Klilt, adj. Bitter.
Klik-a-mnks, /*. Blackberries or more properly dewberries.
Klik-wal-lio. Brass.
228
GUIDE TO BltlTlSH COLUMlilA.
Klim-in-ii-whit, n. v. A lie; to lio. Hyas kumtuks kliminu-
wliit, he is a great liar.
Klim-iuin. Soft; tine in substance. Ex. Klinimiu sapolcel,
Hour. Klinimin illahie, mud; marshy ground. Mamook
klimmin, to soften as by dressing a skin.
Klip. Deep; sunken. Klip chuck, deop water. Klip suii,
sunstit.
Klis-kwiss. A mat.
Klogh-ldogh. Oysters.
Klo-uass. Uncertainty; doubt; I don't know; may be so;
who Icnows? Ex. Kl(»nass nika klatawa, pherliaps I sliall
go. (J. Kali mika kahpho? where is y(^ur brother? J.
Klouiiss, J don't know.
Klone. Three.
Klook. Crooked. Ivlook t(\ihwit, br ' -n legged; lame.
Klootch-niaii. A woman; a female of any animal. Tenas
klootcliman, a girl. Klootclmian kiutan, a niiire.
Kloslui. (lood; well; enougli. Kloshe nainiitsh, lookout;
take can-. Hyas klosht;, very well.
Kiose-s])os<i. Shall or may I; let me. Ex. Klose-spose
nika mamook pia okook? sliall I cook that? (literally, [is
it] good that I may cook that?)
Klugh. To t(;ai'. Mamook klugh illahie, to ])lough.
Kluk-ulh. Ih'oad.or wide, as of a ])lank.
Ko. To rc^ach; arrive at. CMiee klaska ko, they have just
(fome. Kansih nesika ko ko])a NisquallyV when shall we
reach Nisqualiy ?
Ko-ko. To knock. Koko stick, a woodpecker.
Kok-shut. To break; broken: to beat. Hyas kokslmt,
broken to ])ieces.
Kon-a-way. All; every. Klaska konaway klatawa, thty
have all gone. Konaway tilikum. everybody. Konaway
kah, everywhere.
Koo-sah. The sky.
Ko-pa. To; in; at; with; towards; of; alxnit; concerning;
there or in that place. Ex. Kopa nika hcmse, at my
house. Lolo okook ko])a mika, take that home with yon.
('Ultus kopa nika, it is nothing to me.
Ko-pet. To stop; leave otY; enough. Kopet wau-wau, stop
talking. Kopet ikt, only one. Kopct okook, that's all.
A\ idve siah kopet, nearly iinished. Kopet toinalla, day
after to-morrow.
Kow. To tie; to fasten. Kow mika kiuatan, tie your horse.
Ikt kow, a bundh'.
Kul-lagh. A fence; corral or enclosure. Kullagli stick, fence
rails.
GUIDE TO imiTISH COLUMBIA .
Knll. Hard in substance; difficult. Chaliko kuU to become
hard. Mamook kull, to harden ; to cause to become hard.
Hvas cull spose mamook, it is very hard to do so. Kull
stick, oak or any hard wood.
Ivumtuks. To know; understand; be acquainted wiJi;
imagine; believe. Mamook kumtuks, to explain. Ko-
potkumtuks, to lorget. Halo kumtuks, stupid; without
understanding. Kumtuks kliminawhit, to be a liar.
Nika kumtuks okook tyee, I know that chief. Nika kum-
tuks Klikatat wau-wau, I understand the Klikatat lan-
guage.
Konaway moxt. Both; together. Konaway moxt kahkwa,
both alike.
Kun-sih. How many; when; ever. Kunsili tilikum mitlite?
how many people are there? kunsih mika klatawa? when
do you go? Wake kunsih, never. Mamook, kunsih, to
count.
Rush -is. Stockings.
Kwah-ne-sum. Always; forever.
Kwah-nice. A whale.
Ivwahta. The quarter of a dollar.
Ivwah-tin. See Yakwahtin.
Kweest. Nine.
Kwa-lal. To galop.
Kwal'h. An aunt.
Kwan-kwan. Glad.
Kwash. Fear; afraid; tame. Mamook kwasli, to frighten; to
tame .
Kwates. Sour.
Kweh-kweh. A mallard duck.
Kwek-wi-ens. A pin,
Kweo-kweo. A ring; a circle.
Kwetlli. Proud.
rvAvin-num. Five.
Kwisli. Refusing anything contemptuously.
Kwit-shad-ie. The hare or rabbit.
Kwo-lann. The ear. Halo kwolann or ikpooie kwolann,
deaf.
Kwult'h. To hit; to wound with an arrow or gun.
Kwun-nun. A count, numbers. Ex. Mamook loviinnun, to
count.
Kwutl. Literally fast; to push or squeeze. Hyas mamook
kwutl, haul tight.
ao
I :<
2:!0
GUIDE TO BRITISH COLUMBIA.
L.
La-bloed. A bridle.
La-bof)s. The mouth; tho moatb of ;i rivor. Most laboos,
the forks of a river.
Ija-boo-ti. A bottle.
La-cal-at. A carrot.
La-oa-sot. A bo::, truuk or chest.
La-clo-a. A cross.
Lagh. To lean: to tip as a boat; to stoop; to bend over as a
tree. Wake mika lagh kopa okook house, dou't loan
against that house.
La-gome. Pitch; glue. La gome stick, light-wood; the
pitch-pine.
La-gwin. A saw.
La-hai. 8ee Slahal.
Jjahb. The arbutus.
La-hash. An axe or hatchet.
Lakit. Four; four times. Lakit tahtlolum, forty.
La-kles. Fat; oil.
La-Iah. To cheat; fool; to practice jokes. Mamook Inlah, to
make fiin.
La-hihm. An o.'.r. Maraook lalahm, to row.
La-lang. The tongue; a language.
La-lim. A tile.
La-messe. The ceremony of the mass.
La-mes-tin. Medicine.
Lam-mi-eh. An old Avoman.
La-mon-ti. A mountain.
La-peep. A tobucco-i)ipe. Lapeep kullakala, the ])ipe bird.
La-pehsh. A polo; the setting pole of a canoe or boat.
La-pel-lah. Uoast. Mamook lapellah, to roast before the
fire.
La-pelle. A shovel or sptide.
La-pe-osh. A mattock; a hoe.
La-piege. A trap. Eena lapiege, a beaver trap.
La-plash. A board.
La-po-el. A frying pan. Mamook lapoel, to fry.
La-pomf5. An a|)ple.
La-pool. A fowl ; poultry. Siwash lapool, tho grouse.
La-poo-sb.et. A fork.
La-pote. A door.
La-sanjel. A girth; a sash; a belt.
La-see. A saw.
La -sell. A saddle.
La-shal-loo. A plough.
La-shan-del . A candle.
QUIDE TO BRinSB COLUMBU.
231
La-shase
La-shen.
Las-siet.
La-sway.
La-talib.
La-tet.
La-tlah.
La- ween.
La-west.
Lazy. Lazy.
Le-bah-(lo. A shingle
Le-bal. A ball; bullet.
A chair.
A chain.
A plate.
Silk; silken.
A table.
The head. Pil latet, red-headed.
A noise. Mamook latlah, to make a noise.
Oats.
A waistcoat.
Tennass lebal, shot.
Le-bis-kwie. Biscuit; crackers; hard bread.
Le-blau. A sorrel horse; chestnut colored.
Le-clem. Cream colored; a cream colored or light dun horse.
Le-cock. Acock;afowL
Le-doo. A finger.
Le-gley. A gray' horse; gray.
Le-jaub. See Diaub.
Le-kleh. A key. Mamook le kleh, lock the door.
Le-klo. A nail; nails.
Le-koo. The neck.
Le-kye. A spot; spotted or speckled. Lekye salmon, the
spotted or winter salmon.
Lo-lo-ba. A ribbon.
Le-loo. A wolf.
Le-inah. The hand; the arm. Klo-helemah, the right hand.
Potlatch lemah, shake hands.
Le-mah-to. A hammer.
Le-mel. A mule.
Le-ino-lo. Wild; untamed.
Le-mo-to. Sheep.
Le-pan. Bread; raised or light bread.
Le-pee. The feet.
Le-piali-e-mo. The saddle, blankets and housings of a Lurse.
Le-pet. A priest.
Le-pwau. Peas.
Le-sak. A bag; a pocket.
Le-sap. An egg; eggs
Le-see-blo. Spurs,
Le-see-;.'-- Scissors.
L«^-sook. Sugar.
Le-tah. The teeth.
Le-wliet. A whip. Mamook lewhet, to whip.
Lico. Rice.
Lik-pu-hu . An elder sister.
GLIDE TO lililTISH COLUMBIA.
I ill
Lip-lip. To boil. Mamook liplip, to make or cause to boil.
Lo-lo. To carry; to load. Lolo kopu chikchick, to carry in
a cart. Mamook lolo kopa caiiim, to load into a cauot'.
Lo-wul-lo. lioiiud; whole; the entire of any thing. Lowullo
Hap(}leel, whole wheat. Mamook lowiiUo. to roll up.
Lope. A rope. Teuas lope, a cord Skin lope, a rawhide.
Luni. Hum, or any spirits.
Luk-ut-chee. C'lai.is.
M.
M;ili-kook.
To buy or sell. Kah inika mahkook okook cali-
where did you buy that rifle? Hyas malikook,
Tenas mahkook, cheap.
House. A trading house or store.
peen.'
dear.
Mah-kook-
Maii-lie. To forget.
Mash. To leave; to turn out; to throw away; to part witli;
remove. Ex. Mahsh «;iiuck kopa boat, bail tln^ boat out.
Mahsli okook salmon, throw away that tish. Mahsh mikn
capo, take oti' your coat. Yaka maiisli tum-tum iiopa
nika, he lias givtm me his orders.
Mah-sie. Thank you.
Kaht-lin-nie. Oti' shore.
Malit-wil-Iie. In shore; shoreward; kee[) in.
Ma-lali. Tinwari'; crockery; earthenware.
Mal-i-eh. To marry.
Ma-ma. A motlier.
Mam-ook. To make; to do; to work. Ex. Mamook tesick, to
paddle; mamook illahets, to dig.
]N[an. A man; the male of any animal. Ex. Man moolojk,
a buck elk. Tenas man, a young man or boy.
^[el-a-kwa. A moscpiito.
Mamook meraaloost, to kill.
Mel-ass. Molasses
Mem-a-loost. To die; dead.
Me-sah-chie. Bad; wicked.
Me-si-ka. You; your; yours.
Mika. Thou; thy; thine.
Mi-mie. Down stream.
Miwt-clii-mas. A slave.
Mit-ass. Leggings.
>[it-lite. To sit; sit down; stay at; reside; remain. Ex.
Mitlit(^ nlka hyiu salmon kopa, sit down I have plenty of
salmon. Mitlite keekwillie, to put down.
Mit-whit. To stand; stand up; mitwhit stick, a standing tree;
a mast.
Mokst. Twice.
Moo-la. X mill. Stick moola, a saw-mill.
GUIDE TO BKITISH COLUMBIA.
233
Moo-lock. All elk.
Moon. The moon. Ikt moon, a month. Sick moon, the
uuiiB or old moon.
Moos-inoos. Bull'alo; horneJ cattle.
Moo-8um. To sh.'ep; sleep. Nika hyas moosum, I slept very
sound.
Mow-itsli. A deer; venison.
Muck-a-muck. To eat; to bite; food. Muckamuck chuck, to
drink wuter.
Musket. A gun or musket. Stick musket, a bow.
N.
Na. The interrogative particle. Ex. Mika ua klatawa okook
sunV do \-ou go to-day? Interrogation is, however, often
conveyeil l)y intonation only.
Xiih. Look here I I say! Niih sikiis! halloo, friend!
Nan-itsh. To see; look; look for; seek. Nanitsh yalika, look
there. Klose uanitish, look out; take care. Cultus
nanitsh, to look round idly or from curiosity only.
Mauiook nanitsh, to show.
Xau-its. The sea beacii.
Na-wit-ka. Yes; certaiuly; yes indeed; to be sure. Nawitka
wake nika kuintuks, indeeil I don't know. Wake mika
nauitshV did you not see [it]? Nawitka, I did not.
Nem. A name. Mamook iieni, to name or call by name.
Xe-uani-ooks. The land otter.
Ne-si-ka. We ; us ; our.
Xe-whah. Hither; come, or bring it hither. Ex. Newliah
nika nanitsh, here, let me see it.
Xi-ka. I; me; my; mine.
Xose. The nose; also, a promontory. Boat nose, the bow
of a boat.
O.
0-koke. This; that; it. Iktali okook? what is that? Okook
sun. to-day. Okook klaksta, he who. Okook klaska,
they (being present).
0-la-pits-ki. Fire.
O-le-maii. Old man; old worn out. Hyas oleman kiutan, a
very old horse.
Ol-hy-iu. A seal.
O-lil-lie. lierritis. Shot olillie, huckleberries. Siahpult
olillie, ras])berries. Sahuon olillie, salmon berries.
O-lo. Hungry. Oh) chuck, thirsty; olo moosum, sleepy.
()-luk. A snake.
Oos-kan. A cup; a bowl.
()-}>e-l<wan. A basket; tin kettle.
\
1
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i
:
Bf
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3 ''Si'''
?.'.-'
234
GUIDE TO BRITISH COLUMBIA.
0-pitl-kegh. A bow.
0-pit-sah. A knife. Opitsah yahka sikhs, (the knife's friend,)
a fork. This word is also used to donate a sweetheart.
0-poots. The posterior; the tail of an animal. Boat opoots,
the rudder. Opoots-sill, a breech clout.
Ote-lagh The sun.
Ow . A brother younger than the speaker.
P.
Pahtl. Full. Pahtl lum or phat-lum, drunl . Pahtl chuck,
wet.
Pent. Paint. Mainook paint, to paint.
Papa. A father.
Pa-see-sie. A blanket; woollen cloth.
Pa-si-ooks A Frenchman.
Pchih or Pit-chili. Thin in dimensions
Pe-chugh. Green.
Pee. Then; besides; and; or; but. Pee weglit, and also;
besides which. Pee nika wauwau wake, but I say, no.
Peh-pah. Paper; a letter; any writing. Mamook pelipah, to
write.
Pel-ton. A fool; foolish; crazy. Kahkwa pelton, like a fool.
Hyas pelton mika, you are very silly.
Pe-shak. Bad.
Pe-what-tie. Thin, like paper.
Pi-ah. Fire; ripe; cooked. Mamook piah, to cook; to burn.
Piah ship, a steamer. Piah olillie, ripe berries. Piah
sapolill, baked bread. Piah sick, the venereal disease.
Saghillie piah, lightning.
Pil. Ked; of u reddish color. Pil illahie, red clay or Ver-
million. Pil dolla, gold. Pil chikamin, copper. Pil
kiutan, a bay or chestnut horse.
Pil-pil. Blood. Mahsh pilpil, to bleed.
Pish. Fish.
Pit-lilh. Thick in consistence, as molasses.
Piu-piu. To stink; a skunk.
Poll. To blow. Mamook poh, to blow out or extinguish, as
a candle.
Po-lak-lie. Night; darkness; dark. Tenas polaklie, evening.
Hyas polaklie, late at night; veiy dark. Sit-kum polak-
lie, midnight.
Po-lal-lie. Gunpowder; dust; sand. Polallie illahie, sandy
ground.
Poo. The sound of a gun. Mamook poo,, to shoot, Moxt
Joo, a double-barrelled gun. Tohum poo, a six-shooter,
ie. Rotten.
GUIDE TO BRITISH COLUMBIA.
235
Pot-lateh. A gift; to give. Cultus potlatch, a present or
free gift.
Pow-itsh. A crab appl^.
Piik-puk. A blow with the fist; a fist-fight. Miimook puk-
puk, to ])ox; t(^ fight Avith the fists. Pukpuk soileks, to
fight in anger.
Puss-puss. A eat. Hyas pusspuss, a panther or cougar.
S.
Sagh-a-lio. U]); above; high. Haghalie Tyee ("literally the
chief above J God.
Sail. A sail ; any cotton or linen goods. Mamook sail, to
make sail. Mamook keekwillie sail, to take in sail.
Tzum sail, j^rinted cloth or calico.
Sa-kol-oks. Leggings; trowsors; pantaloons. Keekwillie
sakoleks, drawers.
Sal-lal. The sallal berry.
Salmon. The salmon. Tyee salmon, ('. e. chief salmon, the
spring sulm(m.
Salt. Salt or a salt taste. Salt chuck, the sea.
Sau-de-lie. Ash colored; a roan horse; roan colored.
Sap-o-lill. Wheat; fiour or meal. Piah sapolill, baked
bread. Lolo sapolill, Avhole wheat.
So-ah-host. The face; the eyes. Halo seahhost, blind. Icht
seahhost, one-eyod. Lakit seahhost (four eyes) spec-
tacles.
Se-ali-po. A hat or cap. Seahpo olillie, tlie laspberry.
Shame or shem. Shame. Halo sliera mi.!ca? arn't von
ashamed of yourself?
Shan-tie. To sing.
Sho-lok-um. A looking-glass; glass.
Ship. Ship or vessel. Stick ship, a sailing vessel. Piah
ship, a steamer. Ship man, a sailor.
Shoes. Shoes. Stick shoes, boots and shoes made of
leather.
Shot. Shot; lead. Shot ollillie, Imckleberries.
Shu-gah. Sugar.
f"vigh. A'rattle. Sugh oj)oots, a rattlesnake.
SliLt. A shirt.
Shwah-kuk. A frog.
Si-all. Far; far oif. Comparative distance is expressed by
intonation or repetition; as siah-siah, very far. Wake
siah, near, not far.
Si-am. The grizzly bear.
Si;-k. Sick. Cole sick, the ague. Sick tumtum, grieved;
sorry; jealous; unhappy.
ClUIDE TO BKITISH COLUMBIA.
Sikhs. A friond.
Sin-ii-moxt. Stwen.
Si-piili. Straight, like a ramrod.
Sis-ki-you. A bob-tailed horse. —
Sit-kam. A half; a part. Sitkura dolla, half a dollar. Sit-
kum sun, noon. Tenas sitkum, a quarter or small part.
Sit-lay. Stirrups.
Sit-sliuin. To swim.
Si-wash, An Indian.
Skin. Skin. Skin shoes, moccasins. Stick skin, the bark of
a tree.
Skoo-kum. Strong; strength; a ghost; an evil spirit or do-
mou. Skookum tumtum, brave. Skookum chuck, a
rapid.
Skwak-wal. A lamprey eel.
Skwis-kwls. A squirrel.
Sla-h;il. A game played with ten small disks, one of which
is marked.
Smoke. Smoke; clouds; fog; steam.
Snass. Rain. Col'.^ snass, snow.
Snow. Snow.
Soap. Soap.
So-le-mie. The cranberry.
Sol-leks. Anger; angry. Mamook solleks, to fight. Tikegh
solleks, to be hostile. Kiimtuks solleka, to be passion-
ate.
So-pe-na. To jump; to leap.
Spo-oh. Fadded; any light color, as p.ale blue, drab, &c.
Chahko spooh, to fade .
Sjioon. A spoon.
Spose. Suppose; if; supi)Osing; provideded that; in order
that. Spose mika nanitsh nika canim, if you see my
canoe. Spose nika klatawa kopa Victoria, if or when I
go to Victoria. Kahkwa spose, as if.
Stick. A stick ; a tree ; wood ; wooden. Stick skin, bark.
Ship stick, a mast. Mitwhit stick, a standing tree. Icht
stick, a yard measure. Stick shoes, leateer shoes or
boots. Isick stick, the ash.
Stock -en. Stockings or socks.
Stoh. Loose. Mamook stoh, to untie; unloose.
Stone. A rock or stone; bone; horn; the testicles. Stone
kiuatan, a stallion. Mahsh stone, to castrate.
Stote-kin. Eight.
Stutohun. The sturgeon.
Suk-wal-al. A gun or musket.
GUIDE TO BRITISH COLUMBU.
237
Sun. The sun ; a day. Tenas sun, early. Sitkum sun, noon.
Klip sun, sunset.
Sunday. Sunday. Icht Sunday, a week. Hyas Sunday, a
holiday. Ex. Icht, mokst, klone sun kcpet Sunday, one,
two or three days after Sunday.
T.
Tagh-um. Six.
Tahl-kie. Yesterday. Icht tahlkie, day before yesterday.
Tah-nim. To measure.
Talit-le-lum. Ten. Moxt, klone, &c., tahtlelum, signifying
twenty, thirty, (fee. Tahtlelum pe icht, eleven, twelve.
Tiil-a-pus. The coyote or prairie wolf; a sort of deity or
supernatural being, prominent in Indian mythology; a
sneak.
Ta-mah -no-US. Magic; luck; fortune; anything supernatural.
Ta-mo-litsh. A tub; barrel; bucket. Icht tamotitsh, a
bushel measure.
Tanse. To dance.
Tea. Tea.
Te-ah-wit. The leg; the foot. Klatawa teahwit, to go on
foot, to walk. Klook teahwit, lame.
Teh-teh. To trot, as a horse.
Tenas. Small; few; little; a child; the young of any animal.
Mokst nika tenas, I have two children. Tenas hyiu, a
few. Tenas sun, early.
Te-peh. Quills; the wings of a bird.
Tik-egh. To want; wish; love; like. Hyas tikcgh, to long
for. Ikta mika tikegh? what do von want?
Tik-tik. A watch.
Til-i-kum. People. Cultus tilikum, common or insignificant
persons. Huloima tilikum, strangei's. Nika tilikum. my
relations.
Til-i-kum-ma-ma. A father.
Till. Tired; heavy; weight; a weight. Hyas till nika, T am
very tired. Kansih till okook, how much does that
weigh. Mamook till, to weigh.
Tin-tin. A bell ; a musical instrumetit. Mamook tintin, to
ring a bell.
T'kope. White; light colored.
Tl'kope. To cut; hew; chop
Toll. Spit. Mamook toh, to spit
Toke-tie. Pretty.
To-lo. To earn; to win at a game; to gain. Kansih dolhi
nika tolo spose mamook? how manv dollars will I earn if
I work?
238
QUTOE TO BRirisn COT.nMIJlA.
lil
To-mol-la. To-morrow. Ikt toinmolla, the day after.
Tot. An uncle.
To-to. To shake; sift anything; winnow.
To-toosh. The breasts of a female; milk. Totoosh lakles,
butter.
To-wagh. Bright; shinning; light.
Tsee. Sweet .
Tsee-pie. To miss a mark; to make a blunder. Tseepie
wayhut, to tuke the wrong road.
Tshi-ke, Directly; soon.
Tshish. Cold.
Tsi-at-ko. A nocturnal demon, much feared by the Indians.
Tchik-tchik. A wagon; a cart; a wheel. Tchik-tchik
wayhut, a wagon-road.
Tsil-tsil or t'hil-ohil. Buttons; the stars.
Tsish. Sharpen. Mamook tsish, to sharpen.
Tsole-pat. A shot-pouch.
Tso-lo. To wander in the dark; to lose one's way.
Tsugh. A crack or split. Mamook tsugh, to split. Chahko
tsugh, to become split or cracked.
Tuk-a-mo-nuk. A hundred. It is, like ten, combined with
the digits; as icht, mokst, klone tukamonuk, one hundred,
two hundred, three hundretl, <fec.
Tuk-wil-la. The hazel nut; nuts in general.
Tum-tura. The heart; the will; opinion. Mahsh tumtum, to
give orders. Mamook tumtum, to make up one's miucl.
Mamook kloshe tumtum, to make friends or peace. Sick
tumtum, grief; jealousy. Mokst tumtum nika, I am un-
decided. Q. Kah nesika klatawa? where shall we go?
Mika tumtum ; wherever you please; as you will. Ikta
mika tumttim? what do you tliinkV
Tum-wa-ta. A waterfall, cascade? or cataract.
Tup-shin. A needle. Mamook tupshin, to sew; to mend; te
patch.
Tipso. Grass ; leaves ; fringe ; feathers; fur. Tipso illahie,
prairie. Dely tipso, hay.
Tyee. A chief. Saghalie tyee, the Deity. Tyee salmon, the
spring salmon.
Tzum. Mixed colors; spots or stripes; a mark or figure; writ-
ing; paint, painted. Tzum sdl, printed calico. Tzum
pehpah, writing. Mamook tzum, to write. Tzum illihie,
blazed or surveyed land.
GUIDE TO nniTTSlI COLUMniA.
w.
239
\Vaf;li. To pour; to s])ill; to vomit. Mumook wnf^h chuck,
\.-n\\' out HOUK* wfiter.
Wake. No; not.
Wn-ki. To-morrow.
Wap-pii-to. A potato.
Wash. Wash. Mamook wasli, to wash.
Waum. W.irm. Hyas waum, hot. NVaum ilhihio' summer.
Mamook waum, to heat. Wauin-siok-coki-sic^k, fever and
a|j;uo.
"Wau-wan. To talk; sjx'ak; call; ask;t('ll; auswer; talk or con-
vca'satiou. ('ultus wauwau, idle talk; stutl:'; nouseuse.
Hyas wauwau, to .-iliout.
"Way-hut. A road or trail. Chiekchick wayhut, a wagon
road.
Weght. Again; also; more;. P(! nika weght, audi too.
Potlateh weght, give me some more. Tenas weght, a
little more yet.
Whim. To fell. Whim stick, a fallen* tree. Mamook whim
okook stick, fell that tri^e; also to t^lirow in wrestling.
Win-a-])ie. ]iy-and-l)ye; presently; wait.
Wind. Wind. Halo wind, out of breath (d(^ad.)
Y.
Yah-hul. A name.
Yah-ka. He; his; him; she; it, itc.
Yah-kis-ilth. Sharp, or cutting.
Yah-wa. There; thither; thence; beyond.
Yak-so. The hair of the head; hair generally.
Yak-wa. Here; hither; this side of; this way. Yakwa kopa
okook house, this side of that house.
Ya-kwah-tin. The belly; the entrails.
Yi-em. To relate; to tell a story; to confess to a priest: a
story or tale.
Y'outl. Glad; pleased; proud; (of a horse) spirited. Hyas
youtl yalika tumtum, his heart is very glad.
Yontl-kut. Long; length.
Y^out-skut. Short (in dimension.)
f
In I
lit!
2'iO
' fUriDE TO )JHITISH COLUMUFA.
Paut II. English — Chisook.
A.
Abovo, Hiii^h-a-lie.
Absolve), iniun-ook stoh.
Acorns, kiih-iiii-wav.
Acrogs. iu-a-ti.
A(bniiiitiou, hwnli.
Afniiil, kwiiss.
Aftttr, After \\ aids, kiin-ta.
Af^ain, wo^ht.
All, koii-a-wav.
Alms, <'-la-liau or t'-laiin.
Also, wcoht.
Altliou;^!!, kc^'li-tt'liii;.
Aiwa vs. kwaii-i'-snin.
Aiiicriiaii, JJoston.
AinusntKint, hn-hce.
And, ]'('('.
Anj^(M', Aii^MV, sol-leks.
Anotlwr, aallvnia.
Ants, kuckwalla.
A])))l<'. !(' oonie.
Apion, kcli-su or ki-sn.
Arbutus uva nrsi, lalib.
Arrive; at, ko.
Arrow, ka-li-tan.
Ash, isick sti(;k.
Assistance!, e-la-han.
As it', kah-kwa spose.
At, ko-pa.
Aunt, kwal'li.
Awl, shoes kot'p-wot.
Axe, la-liash.
H.
lia<l, in(\sahchie or ])oshack.
Bafjj, le sak.
Ball, le bal.
Bargain, niahkook; huyhuy.
Bark, stick skin.
Barley, la reh.
Barrel, tamolitsli .
Basin, ketling.
Basket, opekwan.
Beads, kaniosuk.
Bear (black) eliet-woot; itswout
(grizzly) siani.
B(uit to, kokshnt.
Beaver, ee-na.
Because, keliwa.
Jieconie to, chaliko.
Bed, b.'d.
Before, e-lip or el-ip.
l^eldnd, kinita.
V>v\\, tintin.
llelly, yakwahtin.
Bellow, keekwillie.
Belt, la sanjel.
Berries, olillie; olallie.
Best, elii) kloslie.
])etw«;en, patsuck.
Jieyond, yahwu.
Bird, kulakula.
Biscuit, lel)iskwee.
Bit or Dime, l)it.
Bitter, klild.
J',lack, klale.
J*)lai'kberries, klikamuks.
]5lanket, paseesie.
Jilind, hiilo seahhost.
Blood, ])ilpil.
Blow out, mamook poll.
Blue (liglit) spooh.
(dark) klale.
Blunder to, tsee-])ie.
Board, la plash.
Boat, boat.
Bob-tailed; a bob-tailed horse,
siskiyou.
Boil to, liplip.
Bone, stone.
Borrow to, ayahwhul.
Bosom (fijmale), totoosh.
Both, kunamoxt.
Bottle, hibooti.
Bow, (jpitlkegh
Bowl, ooskan.
Box, laeaaett.
(JUIUE TO BRITISH COLUMBIA .
241
liiiU'<3let, klikwiiUie.
HniHs, klikwallitf.
Hnive, skookuiu tumtiun.
Hit'iul, ])iiih siinolill oi lepan.
JJiviik to, kt)kshut.
BrctistH, totoosli.
IJrccoh clout, opoots sill.
JJriille, la bleed.
lirij^'ht, towai^b.
Hiin^ liithor, mainoook
chaliko.
lUoiid, klukulh.
liioken, klook.
Hiooni, l)l()()tn.
Untther, kahplio, if elder
than the speaker; ow, if
younger. Male cousins
the same.
Urother-in-law, ek-keh.
Ijueket, tainolitsh.
lUitfido, iiiooHinoos.
liullet, le l):d ; kalitau.
Bundle, kow.
But, [)ee,
J3utter, totoosh lakles.
Buttons, tsil tsil.
Buy to, niahkook.
By-and-b}', winapie.
C.
Candle, la shandel.
Calf, tenas moosmoos.
Calico, tziim sail.
Canoe, canini.
Carrot, la calat.
Carry to, lolo.
Cart, tsik tsik; cliickchick.
Cascade, tuniwater.
Castrate to, mahsh stone.
Cat, ])usspuss.
Cataract, tumwater.
Cattle, moosmoos,
Cedar, la plash stick.
Certainly, nawitka.
CMiain, la shen ; chikamin lope
Chair, la shase.
Change, to, liuyhuy
(yhristmas day,"^ hyas Sunday.
(Jlutat to, la lah.
Chicken, la pool.
Chief, ty-ee.
(^hild, tenas.
Claras, ona; lukutchee; lakwit-
chee.
Clams, largo kind, smetocka.
Clear up to, cliahko klah.
C'loth, f cotton) sail.
Cloucls, smoke.
Coal, coid.
Coat, ca])o.
Coli'ee, kaui)y.
Cold, cole; tshis.
Colors, mixed, tzum.
Comb, comb.
Comb to, mamook comb.
Come to, chahko.
Cou'.'eal to, mamook ipsoot.
Confess to, yiem.
C'onjuring, tamahnous.
Cook to, mamook piah.
Copper, pil chikamin.
Cord, tenas lope.
Corn, esalth or yesalth.
Corral, kullagh.
Cotton goods, sail.
Cougar, hyas piisspuss.
Cough, hohholi.
Count to, mamook kwunnuu.
Cousin, see brother and sister
Cow, moosmoos.
Coyote, talapus.
Crab apple, powitsh.
Cranberry, solcmie.
Crazy, pel-ton.
Cream-colored, le clem.
Crockery, piah lah.
Crooked, kiwa.
Cross, la cloa.
Crow, kahkah.
Cry to, civ.
m
!ff
M
242
Cuj), ooskan.
Ciivly, hnnlkih.
Cut to, tl'kopo.
D.
Dance to, tanso.
Dark, ilarkness, polaklio.
Da}', sun.
Dead, nionuiloost.
Deaf, ikpooio kwillaii.
Dear, liyas mahkook.
Deep, klij).
Deer, mowitsli.
Demon, skookum.
Devil, (Haul); yaub; lejaub.
Differeut. liuloima.
Difficult, kull.
Dig to, maiaook illaliie.
Dime, ])it or mit.
Directly, t .hike.
Dirty, paht illaliie.
Dis|)lea,sure, anali.
Do to, mamook
Doctor, doctiu.
Dog, kamooks.
Dollar, dolla or talila.
Door, la po'te.
D' lOtful, klonas.
-Down stream, mi-mie.
Drawers, keekwillie sakoleks.
Drink to, muckaniuck chuck.
])rive to, kish kish.
Drunk, pahtlum.
Dry, (lely.
Duck, fmallard) kAveh k^veh
and hahl-halil.
Dust, polallie.
E.
Eagle, chack chuck.
Ear, kwolann.
Early, tenus sun .
Earn to, tolo.
Earth, illahie.
East, sun chahko.
GUIDE TO BRITISH COLUMBIA.
King George.
Eat to, muckaniuck,
Egg, le saj); le zep.
Eight, stotekin.
Elk, moolock.
Enclosure, kuilagh.
English, / '
Englishman, i
Enough, hiyu, kopet.
Entrails, kiva'di.
Evening, timas polidclie.
Every, konaway.
Excliange, huyhuy.
Extiuguisli, mamook ]ioh.
Eyes, seahliost.
F.
Face, seahliost.
Faded, s]>ooli.
Fals(.'hood, kliminawhit.
Far, siah.
Fast (qaicli), livak.
Fast (tight), kwutl.
Fasten to, kow.
Fat, glease.
Father, papa.
Fathom, itlan.
Fear, kwass.
Feathers, tipso.
Fell to, (as a tree), mamook
Avhim.
Fence, kuilagh.
Fetch to, mamook chahko.
Fever, waum s^ick.
Few, teanas.
Field, klackan.
Fight to, mamook solleks.
Fight, with lists, mamook
pukpuk.
Figured f^as calico), tzum.
File, la leem.
Fill to, mamook |)ahtl.
Find to, klap.
Fingers, le doo.
Finish, kopet.
Fire, j)iah; olapitski.
OUroE TO BRITISH COLUMBIA .
243
First, e-lip or el-ip.
Fish, pish.
Fish-hook, ikkik.
Five, kwinuuni.
Flea, sopeii eimpoo, ehotub.
Flesh, itlwillie.
Flint, kilitsut.
Flour, sapolill.
Fly to, kawak.
Fog, smoke.
Food, niuckamuck.
Fool, pelton.
Foolish, pelton.
Foot, le pee.
Forever, kwahuesuni.
Forget to, mahlie.
Fork, la pooshet.
Formerly, ahiikutte; ahukottie,
Four, lakit or lokit.
Fowl, la pool.
French, Frenchman, pa^iiooks,
i'riend, sikhs or sliikhs.
Frog, shwahkuk.
Fry to, mamook lapoel.
Fry ing-pan . lapoel .
Full, pahtl.
Fundament, opoots.
G.
Gallop to, kwalal kwalal.
Gamble, mamook itlokum.
Gather to, hokumelh.
(ret to, iskum.
Get out, mahsh.
(xct up, get up or keto}).
Ghost, skookum.
Gift, cultus i)otlateh.
(Hrl, tenas klootchman.
(xive to, potlatch.
Glad, kwann.
Go to, klatawa.
God, saghahe tvfe.
Gold, ])il ehikamin.
Good, kloshe.
Good-bye, klahowya.
Goods, iktah.
Goose, wliuy whuy, kulakula-ma
Grandfather, chope.
Grandmother, chitsh.
Grass, tupso.
Grease, lakles; glease.
Green, pecliugh-
Grey, a grey horse, le gley.
Grieved, sick tumtiim,
Grizzly bear, siam.
Ground, illahie.
Grouse, si wash la pool.
Gun, musket, sukwalal.
Gunpowder, poh-lallie.
H.
Hair, yakso.
Half, sitkum.
Hammer, lemahto.
Hand, le mah.
Hand, (game of), itlokum.
Handkerchief, hakatshum.
Hard, kuU.
Hare, kwitshadie,
Harrow to, mamook comb
illahie.
Hat, seahpo; seahpult.
Haul, haul.
Hawk, shak-shak.
Hay, dely tupso.
He, his, yahka.
Head, la tet.
Heart, turn-turn.
Heaven, saghilie illahie.
Heavy, till.
Help to, mamook elaun.
Hen, la jiool.
Here, yakwa.
Hermaphrodite, 1 )urdash.
Hide to, ipsoot.
High, saghalie.
Hit to, kwul'h.
Hoe, la peosh.
Hog, coslio.
Hole, klawhap.
Holiday, Sunday.
Horn, stone.
I i
244
GUIDE TO BRITISH COLUMBIA.
II
i
Horse, kiuatan.
Horse shoes, chikamin shoes,
House, house.
How, kahta.
How are you, klahowya.
How many, kunsih; kuujuk.
Hundred, tukamonuk.
Hungry, olo.
Huckleberries, shot olillie.
Hurry, howh; hyak.
I
I, nika.
It, spose.
In, kopa.
Inability, howkwutl.
Indeed, whaah.
Indian, Siwash.
In shore, mahtwallie.
Iron, chikamin.
Island, statejay.
It, Yahka.
J.
Jealous, sick tumtum.
Jump to, sopena.
K.
Kamass-root, lakaraass.
Kettle, ketling.
Key, la kley.
Kick to, chukkin.
Kiss, to kiss, bebe.
Knife, opitsah.
Knock to, koko.
Knotty, hunl-kih.
Know to, kumtuks.
L.
Lame, klook teahwit.
Lamprey eel, skwakwal.
Land, illahee.
Language, la lang.
Large, hyas.
Lately, chee.
Laughter, heehee.
Lazy, lazy.
Lead, kalitan.
Leaf, tupso or tipso.
Leap to, sopena.
Lean to, lagh.
Leave to, mahsh.
Leave off, to, kopet.
Leg, teahwit.
Leggings, niitass.
Lend to, ayahwhul.
Lick to klakwun.
Lie to, kliminawhit.
Light, towagh.
Lightning, saghallie piah.
Like, kahkwa.
Like to, tikegh.
Little, tenas.
Long, youtlkut.
Long ago, ahnkutte or ahnkot-
tie.
Look to, nanitsh.
Look here ! nah.
Look out! kloshe nanitsh.
Looking-glass, slielokuni.
. Loose, stoh.
Lose the way, to, tsolo ; tseepie
wayhut.
Louse, enapoo or inapoo.
Love to, tikegh.
M.
Magic, tamahnous.
Make to, mamook.
Man, man.
Many, hyiu.
Mary to, malieh.
Mass (ceremony of), la messe.
Mast, ship stick.
Mat, kliskAviss.
Mattock, la peosh.
Measure to, tahnim.
Meat, itlwillie.
Medicine, la mestin.
Mend to, mamook tipshin.
Menstruate to, mahsh pilpil.
GUIDF. TO BRITISH COLUMBIA
215
]\Ietul, or Metallic, cliikamiu.
Middle the, katsuk orkotsusk.
Midiiif^ht, sitkum Dokiklie.
Milk, totoosh,
M\\], moola.
Miiul the, tuiutr.m.
Miss to, ts<^';)ie.
Mistake to, tseepio.
Moccasiais, skin shoes.
MoltiSLU'-s, inylass.
Money, chikanau.
Mouth, moon.
Moon, i',!oon.
Mole, rikad.
More, wof^hl.
Morning, ten.-us sun.
Mosquito, nielakwa.
Mother, mania; na-ah.
Mountain, huncjnti.
Mouse, hoolhooi.
Mouth, hi boos.
Much, liyiu.
Mule, le mel.
Musi(!al instrument, tintin.
^lusket, nnisket.
Mussels, toluks.
My, Mine, uika
Nails, le^ cloo.
Name, iiem; yahhul.
Near, \vak(- siah.
N(!ek, le con.
Needle, kt^e])ot.
Never, wake kunsik.
New. chee.
Night, polidvlie.
Nine, kwaist or kweest.
No, Not, waki!.
Noise, hi tlah.
None, halo.
Nonsense, eultus MJiuwau.
Noon, sitkum sun.
North, stowbolow.
Nose, nose.
Nothing, eultus.
Nothwithstanding, keghtchie.
Now, idta.
Nuuierals- -
1, ikt.
2, niokst.
;5, kh:)ne.
4, kkit.
5, kwinnum.
0, laglium.
7, sinujimok.st.
8, stotekin.
[}, kwaist.
10, tditlelum.
) 1, tahtlelum pe iki.
20, mokst talitlolum.
100, ikt tukamonuk.
Nuts, tukv.i'Ia.
O.
Oak, hull sti(k.
Oar, !a lahm; la lum.
Oats, la wen.
;' M"^' 1-1. •!
Oif shore, mahtlinuit.
Oil, glease.
Ohl, (jhnnan.
Old man, oleman.
Old woinan, lani-mieh.
One, ikt.
One-eyed, ikt seaidiost.
Onion, la onion.
Opim, hahlakl.
Opinion, tuuitum.
0))|)osite to, inati.
Or, pe.
Or(^er to, mahsh tunitum.
OiJier, hviloiuia.
Otter Inland j memamooks.
Our, nv sika.
Out di (,rs, klagh-a-nie.
Owl. augii waugli.
Ox, jp.oosmoos.
Oyster, idietlo or jetlo; klogh-
XJ:
klogh.
m
246
GUIDE TO BRITIHH COLUMBIA.
B.
Paddle a, isick.
Paddle to, mamook isick.
Paint, pent.
Paint to, mamook pent.
Paper, pehpah.
Pantaloons, sakoleks.
Part, sitkum.
Panther, swaawa.
Peas, le pwau.
People; tilikum.
Perhaps, klonas.
Petticoat, kalakwahtie.
Piebald, le kye.
Pin, kwekwiens.
Pine, la gome stick.
Pi])e, la peep.
Pistol, tenas musket.
Pitch, la gome.
Plank, la plash.
Plate, las siet.
Pleased, joutl.
Plough, lo shalloo.
Plough to, klugli illahie.
Pole, la pehsh;
Poor, klahowyum ; halo ikta.
Pork, coslio.
Porpoise, tuieeco.
l^osteriors, opoots.
Potato, wappatoo.
Pour to, wagh.
Pot, ketling.
Powder, polallio.
Prairie wolf, talapus.
Presently, alkie; winapie.
Pretty, toketie.
Priest, le plet.
Proud, youtl; kwetl'h.
Provided that, spose.
Pull, haul.
Q.
(Quarter, tenas sitkum.
(Quarter (of a dollar) kwahta,
Quick, hyak.
(Quills, te^jeh.
Rabbit, kwitshadie .
Piacehorse, coolie kiuatan.
Kiiin, snass.
Paspberries, seahpult olillie.
Eat, hyas hoolhool.
liattle, shugh.
Kattlesnake, shughopoots.
llazor-tish, ona.
Reach, ko.
Red, pil.
Relative to, yiem.
Remain, raitlite.
Remove, mahsh.
Return to, kel-i-pi.
Ribbon, le loba.
Ribs, etlinwill.
Rice, lice.
Ritie, cali])een.
Ring a, kweokweo.
Ripe, pinh.
Ripe berries, piah olillie.
River, chuck.
Rooster, la pool.
Road, wayhut.
Roan colored, sandelie.
Roast, mamook la pellah.
Rock, stone.
Ro]ie, lope.
Rotten, poolie.
Round, lolo.
Rudder, boat opoots.
Rum, luni.
Run, coolie.
S.
Sack, le sak.
Sjiddle, la sell.
Siuldle liousings, le pishemo.
Sail, sail.
Sailor, ship-man.
Salmon, salmon.
Salmon berries, salmon olillie.
Salt, salt.
Sand, polallie.
GUroE TO BRITISH COLUMBIA.
247
Sandwich Islander, Oibee.
Sash, la sanjel.
Saw, la gwin; la scie.
Say to, waiiwau.
Scissors, la seezo.
Sea, salt chuck.
Seal, olhivu; siwash cosho.
See to, nanitsh.
Sell to, mahkook.
Seven, sinamoxt.
Sew to, mamook tipship,
Sliake to, toto; hiillel.
Shaine, sliem.
Sharp, yahkisilt'h.
Sharpen to, mamook tsisli.
She, Her, yahka.
Sheep, la mooto.
Shell money (the small size)
coop-coop; (tiie large) hy-
kwa.
Shingle, lebahdo.
Shining, towagh.
Shi]), ship.
Shirt, shut.
Slioes, shoes.
Shoot to, mamook poll.
Short, yutesknt.
Shot pouch, kalitan le sac;
tsoh'pat.
Shot, shot; tenas le bal.
Shout to, hyas Avauwau.
Shovt'l, la pell.
Shut to, ikpooie.
Sick, sick.
Sift to, toto.
Sight in, klah.
Silk, la sway.
Silver, t'kope chiclciiiiiu.
Similar, kahkwa.
Since, kimta.
Sing to, shantie.
Sister, kalipho, if older than
the speaker; ats, if younger.
Sit to, mitlite.
Six, taglium.
Skin. skin.
Skunk, hum opoots; piupiu;
skubeyou.
Sky, koosagh.
Slavf , eletio; mistsliimus.
Sleep, moo.sum.
Slowly, klaliwa.
Small, tenas.
Smell a, liumm.
Smoke, smoke.
Snake, oluk.
Snow, snow; cole snass.
Soap, soap.
Soft, klimmin.
Sorrel-color(Hl, a sorrel horse,
lo blau.
Sorry, sick tumtum.
S(mr, kwates.
South, stegwaah.
Spade, la pell.
Speak to, wauwau.
Spill to, Avagh
Spirits, lum.
Split, tsugh.
Split to, mamook tsugh.
Spectacles, dolla seahhost,
or lakit seahhost.
Spit to, mamook toll.
Split to becom«\ chahko tsugh.
Spoon, spoon.
Spotted, ]v kye; tzum.
Spurs, le seeblo.
Squirrel, skwiskwis.
Stab to, klemahun.
Stand to, mitwhit.
Stars, tsiltsil.
Stay to, mitiite.
Ste;tl to. ka])sualla.
Sieam, smoke.
Steamer, ])iah shi]).
Stick a, stick.
Stink a, ])iupiu; humm.
Stirrup, sitlay.
Stockings, stockeu; kusliis.
Stone, stone.
Stop to, kopet.
Store, mahkook house.
248
GUIDE TO BRITISH COLUMBL\.
'!i
dij!
1':
1 "
Story, ehkahnam.
Straight, delate or delet; sipali.
Strawberries, amotee.
Strong, skookum.
Sturgeon, stutcliin.
Stubljorn, liowlkult.
Sugar, le sook; shugali; shu-
kwa.
Summer, wauni illaliie.
Sun, sun; otolagh.
Sunday, Sunday.
Sunset, klip sun.
Suppose, spose.
Surprise, hwah.
Swan, kahloke.
Sweej) to, niamook bloom.
Sweet, tsee.
Swim, sitshum.
T.
T
Table, la tahb.
Tail, opoots.
Take to, iskum.
Tak(f eare! kloshe nanitsli!
Take off or out, mamookklak,
mall si I.
Tale or story, yiem ; elikalinam.
Talk to, wauwau.
Tame, kwass.
Tea, tea.
Teacli to, mamook kumtuks.
Tear to, klugh.
Teeth, lelah.
Tell to, wauwau.
Ton, tahtlelum.
Testieles, stone,
riiank you, mahsie.
That, okook.
That way, yaln\a.
There, yahwa; ko])ah.
They, klaska.
Thick (as molasses), pitlilh.
Thin (as a l)Oard), p'chih; pe-
whatie .
Thing, iktah.
T
fii
Think, pittuck.
This, okook.
This way, yukwa.
Tliou, Thy, Thine, mika.
Tliread, klapite.
Three, klone.
Throw Jiv.ay, mahsh.
Tide, see chuck.
Tie to, kow.
Tight, kwutl.
Tinware, malah.
Tip to, high.
Tired, till.
To, Towards, kopa.
Tobacco, kinootl; kinoos.
To-morrow, tomolla.
Tongue, hi lang.
Tough, kull.
Trail, wayhut.
Trap, la piege.
Tree, stick.
Tree fallen, whim stick.
Trot to, tehteli.
Troiit, tzum salujon.
Trowsers, sakoleks.
True, delate.
Trunk, daessett.
Truth, dt>lat(;, wauwau.
Tub, tamolitsh.
Turnips, la moo-ow.
Twine, tenas lope; klapite.
Two, Twice, mokst.
U.
Uncle, tot.
lender, keekwillie.
Understand to, kumtuks.
Unhajypy, sick tumtum.
Untamed, le molo.
Untie to, manioo).. stoh; mahsh
kow.
Up, saghalie .
Upset to, kf^lipi.
Us, nesika.
GUIDE TO BRITISH COLUMBIA.
249
V.
\enerenl tlio, piah sick.
\ enisou, mou'itsh.
Very, Iijas.
\ essel, Hhij).
Vest, la west.
Vomit to, wagli.
W.
Wugon, tsik-tsik; chickcliick.
»> 'lit, winapio.
AViinder to, tsolo.
A Vint to, tikegh.
Warm, wjium.
U asli to, mamook wash.
\\ atch a, tiktik.
U ater, chuck.
Waterfall, tumwater. •
»> e, riesika.
Weigh to, inamook till.
>\ot, pahtl chuck.
^A eek, ikt Sunday.
Well then, abba."
^Ve.st, sun mitlite.
Whale eh-ko-lie; kwah-nice ;
Kwaadis.
Wliat, iktcdi.
Wheat, sapolill.
Wheel, tsik-tsik; chikchik.
\\ hen, knnsih; kuniuk.
Where, tdi.
^\ Jiip, le whet.
^\lnte, t'kope.
^\li(>, klaksta.
\^holc, iolo.
Why, kaiita.
Wicked, mesahcie.
Wide, klukulh.
Wild, le molo.
Will the, tumtum.
Willow, eeuustick.
AVin to, tolo.
Wind, wind.
^Vijidow, glass.
A\ inter, colo illahie.
^Vipe to, klakwun.
Wire, chikamin lope.
W^ish to, tikegh.
With, kopa.
Witchcraft, tamahnous.
Without, halo.
A\'olf, leloo.
Woman, klootchnuin.
Woman, (old) lummieh.
A\[omau's gown, coat.
\\'ood. Wooden, stick.
AVork to, mamook.
Worn out, oleman.
Worthless, cultus.
Wound to, klemahun.
AVnte to, mamook pehpah;
mamook tzum.
Writing, tzum.
Yard, ikt stick.
Year, ikt cole.
Yellow, hawkawak.
Yes, nawitka; ah-ha; e-eh
les indeed, nawitka.
Yesterday, tahlkie; tahl-kie
sun.
You, Your, Yours, mesika.
Young,
tcnas.
f
m
5 :l
250 GUIDE TO BRITISH COLUMBIA.
THE LORD'S PRAYER IN JARGON.
Nesika papa klaksta mitlite kopa saghalie, kloshe kopa
Our father who stayeth in the above, good in
nesika tumtum mika nem; kloslio mika tvee kopa konaway
our hearts [be] thy name; good thou chief among all
tilikiim; kloshe mika tumtum kopa illahie, kahkwa kopa
people; good thy will upon earth as in
saghalie. Patlatch konaway sun uesika muckamuek. Spoae
the above. Give every day our food. If
nesika raamook masahchie, wake mika hyas soileks, pe spose
we do ill [be] not thou very angry, and if
klaksta miisalichie kopa nesika, wake nesika soileks kopa
any one i^vil towards us. not we angry towards
klaska. Mahsh siah ko]>a nesika konaway masahchie.
thoiii. Hend away far from us all evil.
Ki.osHE Kahkwa.
THE TERMS OF UNION OF THE PROVINCE OF
BRITISH COLUMBIA WITH THE DOMINION
OF CANADA.
COPY OF A KEPOllT OF A COMMITTEE OF THE HONORABLE THE PRI\T
COUNCIL.
The committee of the Privy Council have had under con-
sideration a Despatch, dated the 7th May, 1870, from the
Governor of British Colui.il);.i, together with certain resolu-
tions submitted by the Gov»^rnment of that colony to the Legis-
lative Council thereof both hereunto annexed, on the subject
of th(; ]iro]>osed Union of British Columbia with the Domin-
ion of Canada; and after several interviews between them and
the Honorable Messrs. Trutch, Helmcken, and Carrall, the
Delegates from British Columbia, and full discussion with
them of th<; various questions connectfenl with that imjiortiint
subject, the Committee now r(^spectfully submit for your
Excellency's approval the following Terms and Conditions, to
form the basis of a Political Union between British Colum-
bia iUKi the Dominion of (Janada: —
1. Canada shall be liable for the Debts and Liabilities of
]5ritish Cohimbia existing at the time of the Union.
'i. British Columbia not having incuired debts equal to
those of the other Provinces now constituting the Dominion
GUIDE TO UllITISH COLUMBIA.
251
HE I'KIVY
sliiill bo entitled to receive, In liulf-yeurly payments in ad-
viince from the (xoneral Cloverniueut, interest at the rate of
live per c«3nt. per annum on the ditfercnco between the actual
Hiuuunt of its indebtedness at the elate of the Union, and the
indebtedness per head of the population of Nova Scotia and
New Brunswick (827 77), the pooulation of British Columbia
heinf,' taken at ()U,(I0().
3. The folJowing sums shall be p;iid by Canada to British
(Johimbia, for the support of its (xovernment and Legislature,
to wit, an annual subsidy of ^i^o.OUO and an annual grant
equal to SO cents per head of the said pt)pulation of (50,000,
both half yearly in advance, such grant of SO cents per head
to be augmented in proi)()rtion to tlu^ increase of population,
as iiiay b(! shewn by each subs<'(pient deceiuiial census, until
the population amounts to 400,000, at which rate such grant
hhuU thereafter remain, it being understood that the first
census be taken in the year ISSl.
-4. The Dominion will ])i"ovid(! an (^tHciont mail service,
tortnightly, by steam (communication between Victoria and
San Francisco, and twice a w(M^k best ween Victoria and
Olympia; the vessels to be adapt*^! foi' tiie conveyance of
freight and ])assenger8.
5. Canada will assume and tlefray the charges f »r the fol-
lowing services: —
A. Salary of the Lieutcnant-Crovernor;
IJ. Salaries and allowances of the Judges of the Supreme
Courts and the County or Distiict Courts;
C. The charges in respect to the J department of Customs;
D. The Postal and Telegraphic S(U-vi(!es;
E. Protection and tiicouragemeiit of Fisheries;
F. l*rovision for the Militia;
Cr. jjiglilhouses, Buoys, and Beacons, Shipwrecked Crews,
(^)uarantine and Marine Hos])itals, including;! Mai'ine Hospital
at Victoria;
H. The (xeological Survey;
1. The Penitentiary;
And such further eliarges jis inav be Incident to and con-
nected with the sei'xiee < wliicli iiv the British North America
Act of 1S()7 appertain to the (ieneral (rovennnent, and as are
or may be allowed to the other Provinces.
(). Suitable ))ensions, sucth as sli.ill be .ipproved of by Her
Majesty's (xovernment, shall bi> |)i'ovided by the Government
of the Dominion fo)' those of Her Majesty's servants in the
t'olony whose position and emoluments derived therefrom
would l)e affected l)y political changes on the admission of
Jh'itish (Columbia into the Dominion of Canada.
^^
2r,2
(lUIDK TO iJltlTiSll COLLMIJIA.
Ill
ill
7. It IH H^'vootl tli.-it the cxistiii},' Castoins Tiiriil' and Ex(.'isi>
Dntios sliiill coiitiuuo in force in Hritish Columbia until the
railway from llus Paeific Coast and tli^i system ol rr,i!v/i!,ys in
Canada are connected, unless tli« Legislati:re of l-irititili Col-
uml)ia should sooiun* decide io iu;ce(i( the Tariir and iiiciKo
Laws of Canada. When (Justi>nis and Excise tluties are, ui
the finie <>r the Union of !»riiish Columbia with Canada,
leviable on any j^oods, wares, <^r merchandi/iCs iu ih'itisli
Columbia, or in the other ProvinccH of the l)on;inion, thos(3
j^oods, wares, or nierchandi/es may, from and after tlu Tnion,
bo im|iorfed into Dritisli Columbia from the Provinces now
composinj,' tho Doniinion, orfrom either of those provinces into
British Cohnnbia, on })roof of payment of the Customs or Ex-
cise Duties leviable thereon in the Province of exportation, and
on ])ayment of such further amount (if any ) (if Custon)sor Ex-
cise Duties as aro leviable th(!reon in the Province of import. i-
tion. This arrangement to liave no foi'ce or eif(H't aftrr the
assimilation of the Tariff and Excise Duties of Jh'itisli
Columbia with those of the Dominion.
8. British Columbia whall be entitled to be r<>presented in
the Senate by three members, and liy six mismbers in the
House of (Commons. Tlu^ rep.resentation t() he increjised
under the provisions of the British North America Act, LS(i7.
9. The influence of th(^ Dominion Government will be used
to secure the continued maint«Miance of the Naval Station at
Esquinndi.
10. The provisions of the British North Americji Act, iHliT,
shall (except tliose parts thereof which are in terms niadi\ or
by reasonaVdt' intoidment may be held to be specially .qt-
})licabi».^ to and only el^fect one and not tlm whole of the
Provinces now comprisii.u; t!io Donunion, iuid except s(; far
as the sivme may be varied by tiiis minute) be applicable to
British Columbia, in the sfinie w.-cy and to the like extent as
they ap])ly to tlu^ othei- Provinces of the Dominion, and as if
the Colony of Britisli Columbia had been one of the Provinces
originally united by the Haul Act.
11. The (Government oi the Dominion undertake to secure
the commencement simultaneously, within two years froiii the
date of the ITnion, of the construction of a raihva}' from the
Pacific? to the Rocky Mountains, and from snch point as may
be f<elect(id. East of the liocky Mountiiiji-^, towards the Pacific
to connect tlie Seaboard of British Columbia with the railway
system of C^anada; and further, to secure the completion of
such railway within ten years from the (hite of the Union.
GLIDE TO BRITISH COLUMBIA.
253
(1 Exc'isi>
uitil til.'
i!\vi!,ys ill
titth Col-
li liicine
s Hr»!, at
('aua;lii,
I i^ritish
m, tliose
16 Union,
lees now
iiices into
us or E:v-
ixtioii, ;in(l
nisor Ek-
' import.i-
aft.r the
i liritish
isented in
)rH ill tilt!
iiK'roii.-iOil
Act, m'u.
II be used
Stiitioii at
Act, ISlH,
[>iiul(\ or
.•ially iip-
0 of the
pt si; I'ar
»l;cal)le to
C5xteut as
ami as it'
Proviucos
to secure
from the
from the
It as niiiy
lie Pacilic
e raihvuv
lotion of
nion.
And th(f Govirnmont of British Cohimbiii uf^reed to convey
to the Dominion CJovernment, in trust, to Ije appropriated in
such a manner as tin* Dominion Government may deem ad-
visable in fiirtlu'raiuH! of the constiuction of the said railway,
a similar xteiit of Public Lands along the lin<' of railway
til uighout its entire length in Britisii Columbia, not to ex-
Cb' .1 twenty ('20) miles on each side of said line, as nuiy V)o
appropriatiul for tlu; same purpose by the Dominion Govern-
ment ivom the Public Lands in the North-west Territories und
the Province of Manitoba. Proviih'd that the quantity of
land whit'h may be lu'ld under pre-«Miiption right or by Crown
Grant within tlie limits of the tract of land in British Colum-
bia to be
d (o the D(
G
it. shall bo
jrnmen
niad(? good to tlu? Dominion from contiguous Public Lands;
and [)rovided further, that until the commencement, within
twt) years as ufortssaid from the date of Union, of the con-
struction of th(! said railway, the Government of British Col-
umbia shall not sell or alienate any further portions t)f the
Public Lands of jb-itish Columbia in any other way than
under right of Pre-em])tion, recpiiring actual residence of the
|)re-emi)tor on the 1 ind claimed by him. In consideration of
the land to l)o so conveyed in aid of the construction of the
said railway, tln^ Dominion (lovernmeu agree to pay to
liritish Columbia, from the date of the Union, the sum of
slO(>,U()0 per annum, in half-yearly payments, in advance.
12. The Dominion Ciovcrnment shall guarantee tlu^ interest
for ten years from the date of the completion of the works, at
the I'ate of tiv(* ])er centum per annum, on such sum not ex-
ceeding £100,000 stt^rliiig as may be required for the con-
stru(!tion of a first class Graving Dock at Esquimalt.
IM. The charge of the Indians, and the trusteeship and
inanagiunent of the land reserved for their use and benefit,
sliall be assumetl by tlie Dominion Government, and a policy
us liberal as that hitherto pursued by the British Columbia
(Tovernment, shall be continued by the Dominion Govern-
ment after the Union.
To carry out such policy, tracts of land of such extent as it
has hitluu-to been the practice of the British Columbia Gov-
ernment to a|i[)ropiiate for that purpos(\ shall from time to
time be conveyed by the Local Government to the Dominion
Government in trust for the use and benefit of the Indians
on application of the Dominion Government; and in case of
disagreement betw.HMi the two Governments respecting the
quantity of such tracts of land to be so granted, the matter
shall be referred for the decision of the Secretary of State for
the Colonies.
M
2")l
GUIDE 'I'O BUITISH ('OI.l'MJJIA.
11^
\ l. Tlio t!()ustitntio!i of tlir Kx»'ciitiv»' Vntliority .ml oi' tlif
Liij^islutiirc of liritisli (loliimltia shull, suWjfct to the provis-
iftiis of the Hritisli Nortli AiiHi-ic.-i Act, lMr)7. coiitiiiuf as
cxistiii;^ at tin; tiiiKi of tlif sai.l I uioii until altcrcil uuilcr lUo
iiiiliiority of tlu) said Act, it bt'in;^; at tli<* saino tiuic iiiulci-
HtoDil tliat t'm (irovcriimoiit of tli' Dominion will roaiVily con-
s(iat to til" introihi ttion of l^■s;)')asil)l" (fOVtM'nincMit wlu'ii
(Ic'sircil 1)\' tile inhabitants of JJritisli Cohunhia, and it Ix'iii"
lik((\vis(i understood tiiat it is tlio intention of tlio (lovcrnor
of Hi'itisli ('olanil)ia. undcsr tliu authority of tlu; Sticictary of
State for tlu^ (lolonies, to auiciid the existin^^ Constitution of
tlio [j \<^islatnr(> l)y ])roviding that a majority of iis mcnihers
shall 1)0 {!l(JL'tiv(>.
The I'liion shall take (itt'eetaecordinji; to tin; fore.^oin^' terms
and conilitions on sucih day as Her Majesty by and with the
advicf^ of Her Most Honoi'aldi' Privy Coinunl may apjunnt
(on addresses from tlu! L'>;;islat'.ire of the('olonyof Britisji
Columbia, and of the Houses of Parliament of Canada, in tlie
terms of the 1 iOth Se(!tion of tliu British North America Act,
18G7,) and Hritish Colund»ia may in its addresses specify the
Ehictoral Districts for which the* first election of meiub'rs to
serve iu the House of Commons shall take place.
Certified,
wm. h. lee,
C'lerk Privy Council, Canada.
CANADIAN PACIFIC llAILWAY-
COLUMBIA.
-BRITISH
H. J. Cambie,
John RobsDn,
Pt. H. Youn^, )
T. li. Pearson, f
District Engineer
Paymaster and Purveyor
Clerks
DEPUTY rURVEYORS.
William Ross, John Y. Crei<jfliton,
Charles R. Macdonald, Andrew Fislier,
A. E. McKay, R. N. Burton.
Walter Dewdney.
ENGINEERS IN CHARGE.
C. E. Perry,
D. McMillan,
H. P. Bell,
C. H. Gamsby,
G. A. Keefer,
W. T. Jennings,
A. Brunnel,
J. Hunter,
GUIDE TO BRITISH COLUMBIA.
255
TRAN8ITMEN.
D. R. Harrias,
W. Hammond,
J. H. E. StHTetan,
J. H. Gray,
— Robinson.
H. S. Langton,
C. H. Hannington,
T. H. White,
G. Hargreaves,
LEVELLERW.
A. Wallace,
W. Pinder,
A. McLennan,
R. Hompray,
E. McNicol.
G. R. Marwick.
R. E. Cridge,
J. P. Howe,
— Simpson.
T0P0GRAPHEH8.
H. D. Tiedemann,
Storekeeper and Messenger
In British Columbia (the Western Division) the Engineer,
ing Department is presided over by Marcus Smith, C. E.-
and the Commissariat Department, by John Robson, who is
also Paymaster.
The surveys were commenced in the summer of 1871, im-
mediately after this Province entered the Dominion, and
have l)een continued with more or less vigor ever since. In
1878 there were only three survey parties put in the field.
In 1874 they were increased to five, and in 1875, to eight,
with .m aggregate of three hundred men of all grades. Last
year there were the same number of parties and considerably
over three hundred men employed. Last season's operations
involved a gross expenditure in this Province of about three
hundred and fifty thousand dollars.
The Engineering Department has recently been under the
immediitte supervision of J. H. Cambie, C. E.. Marcus Smith
acting as En}ijineer-in-Chief for Sandford Fleming, in his ab-
sence from Ottawa.
The programme for next season's survey operations has not
yet been made known, but it is generally understood to em-
brace a complete location survey from Burrard Inlet to Tete
•Tuan Cache, in the Rocky Mountains. To accomplish this
would require fi large foi'ce, — as large as that of last year.
This done, the preliminary surveys will presumably be com-
pleted; and if the Dominion Government acts in good faith
with the Province, actnal I'ailwa}- construction, with a mini-
mum annual expenditure thei'eon of two millions, may be
expected to commence next year.
256
GUIDE TO BlilTISH COLUMBIA.
St/nopsis of Mr. Sandford Ffeinin/'N Report on the Paul Six
Years JInrk.
THE COAST— THE COUNTKY— THE CLIMATE.
Mr. Saudforcl Pleniiiig's groat report on tlie work done on
tlu' Pacific' lailway since the surveys were first begun in LS71
to tlie 'iUtli Di'cember last, has been distributed. The fol-
lowing is a synopsis of the report: —
THK EXTENT OF THE SUUVEYS.
The surveys stretch from the valley of the Ottawa west of
th<> {capital, to that i>ortion of tlu; Pacific coast lying between
Alaska on the North and the Straits of Juan dv. Fuca on the
South. (Consequently, they embrace degrees of longitude,
limited by ten degrees of latitude.
THEH! COST.
The expenditure on the surveys during the six yciars they
have been carried on, has been as following: —
From 1871 to June, 1872 6 JSy,4-iN
Jiiue 187'2, to Juii,., 1873 .i(Jl,81.S
" 1873, '■ 1871 3UI,2J1
•' 1871, " 187."> 47i..T2;t
" 187."), •• 187«! 791.123
" 1870, to Dec, 187(i .")(:t),4!)3
Total cxpendituri' $3,13(1,1)1")
THEIU CHAUAC'I'EU.
The territory surveve<l is divided bv nature into three
regions, viz., the woodland, the prairie, and the mountain re-
gitnis. These divisions of territory and the dcssignatioDs
affixed to them are retained by the ])epartment. Tin ir
general characteristics are strtnigly marked: Fi)'st the wood-
land region, to the (?ast, is densely wooded. SeccMid, tin'
mountain region to th(! west, is wooded and mountainous.
The third, or prairie region, is a vast lowland country, inter-
spersed with or bordering on, extensive prairies. JJi'fore tli(!
survey was entered upon, the central or prairie n.'gion iiad
been traversed repeatedly by scientilic explorers, and its char-
acter was generally understood; but much of the mountain
and woodland regions was unvisited ami unknown. To a gieat
extent, both were held to be rugged and in some degree im-
penetrable.
Through these regions, surveys cdassitied as follows have
been run : —
1 . Explorations. \
2. Exploratory Surveys.
.'J. llevised Suiveys.
GUIDE TO BRITISH COLUMBIA .
257
i. Trial Locations.
T). Location Surveys.
n. Iievisod Locations.
The leu;^th of the various lines surveyed and routes ex-
]>lored amounts in the a.^f^re^att^ to clcwe on 40,000 miles, of
which no less than 11,500 uiiles have been laboriously meas-
1 yard by yard tlirouL;"li mountain, jirairie, and forest, with
are
tlie spirit-level, chain, and transit
THE SUliVEVOllS.
One thousand men have been employed on the surveys.
Tiiirtv-four lives have been In. i in conncc^tinn with the woi'k.
Much ol' the work ha^ bee
n carried on aniu
dst tl
le severities
)!' winter, frecpiently in an exceediu;^lv low temjxu'ature. The
I
sarveyii!<.,' ]>arties w(>re far i-emoved from all habitati- as, aiK
v.'tU'c suppiitMl with hut inade(]uat<> slujlter iiiid diet, althou^'h
both were the best that circumstances would admit of. Not-
withstanding^ every prc^caution, scurvey has occasionally at-
tacked both officers and men: and, as th(! woi'k has been often
hazardous, some have nn't with scuious accidr'uts in the dis-
liar<4;»' of their duty. Many have n^turned with constitutions
iuor(> or less iii)])ai'ed by the vicissitudes of the life to wliich
they have been t^xposed. Some idea of tlu; sulltu'ing eudui'ed
hy the surveyiufj; parties may Ix' gathered from a brief narra-
tive of the ex]iloration from ]*\)rt (leorge t(j Edmonton cia
Smoky liiver I'ass in lS7o. The party en,t,'aj.^ed in this e\-
]) 'dition travelled 000 miles on snow shoes. For twenty days
in January the th<u'mometer a\(3raged oi) depees below zero,
the minimum lieinu; ')'i,de<j;rees below. Many of theii" dogs
pLM'ished; their trains Ix'came com])h!tely disabled, and they
e,it every ni.Msel of their provisions thret^ days before they
r(\iched the nearest Hudson Bay fort.
TIIH WOliK VCCOMI'LISllKD.
The report enters at length into the work done, taking up
each year, and giving a concise narrative of tlu.'operatious
and results achived. in tlcse d(>tails it is not necessary to
cuter here. The grand i-esnlts. if tliey may be so-called, ai'c
as follows: —
Yellow Head I'ass, eommonly (tailed Ti^te Jaune Cache, has
heen chostni as the " Continental divide," the spot wlxii-e the
(jainda Pacific will scale the Uocky Mountains. From this
Pass eastward to Fort William the I'oute of the railway has
been i>ractically established, and the telegra[)h erected along
tile greater portion of the line. The Pembina branch is about
three-fourths graded ami made ready for tracklaying, and a
1 irge ipiintity of r.ills has b'en delivered. Tlu; length of tais
258
OUEDE TO imiTISH COLUMBIA.
branch is 83 miles. The mils ha\>! been laid iulainl from
Fort William 2() miles. The ie'egraph is in operation 4')
miles further, and buildiiij^s for the purposes of the railway
are in courses of erection at v irious points along the line
between Ldce Superior and lied Kiver. The distanee from
S.'lkirlv to l''ort William is 410 miles. A contract ''or clearing
the line fo)' this distaiuM' and the erection of a telegraph is in
forc(!. Tlu^ work of grading, bridging, and tracklaying for
22() miles of this distance is in progress. Westward from
Selkirk to Yellow Head Pass, l.O-K) miles, the line has been
pi' icticall}' lo(;ated, and 7M7 miles of teh^graph constructed.
T<iis in brief is the ju'actical, airtual result of the labor and
mo
ley e\:))ended dui'ing the past six years betwe
Yell
l)\V
H(^ad Pass ;ind Lake Sup 'ri
or
BitrTISir COLI'MIUA SKCTION.
To the west of Y^dlow Head Pass, however, the selec^tion
of a route to the coast has not vet been madc^. This is wher»
tl
le work is at a standsti
Ten different routes have beei
proji^cted from Yellow Head Pass to the se:i, as follows: —
Mih)s.
No. 1, toiuiinatiuc; at Port Mooily, Hurnird lulet iCl
No. 2, trvininutint,' ut Port Moody, Biirrard lulet 4',)3
No. 3, ti'riniiiiitiuL,' ut How Souml -KU
550
5i6
480
488
No. 8, teriniuiitin^' at Kuasqii.it, Di'iin Inlet ■'iOG
No. !), tcrmiiiatiu:^ at Triumph IJay, (iarduer lulft r>r>0
No. 4, tcriiiiiiatiiiL; at Waddiiiijton Harbor, P<iitn I.ilet.
No. 5, tcruiiiiatiniL,' at Waddci^^toii H irlior, Unto Ivilet
No. (], teriniiiatiiit,' at North lientiiick Ann
No. 7. tcrniinatin.L; at Kiiinsiinat, Dean Inlot
No. 10, terniiuatin^i at Port Essin,!j;tou Uncertain
These are tlu^ routes pr^ijected from the Kocky Mount tins
to the co;ist. The selections tuiMi larg.dy upon the character
of the harbours. .Mr. Fleming subinitt-d this question, lo the
Admiralty, and rejjorts have been ol)Lained from a numbtM' of
naval
)m
omcers.
mc
bid
in-
ice
Ad
mir.i
1 (.
oeiiraiK*
'om-
Admiral Uiehards, Vic;e- Admiral Fafcpahar, and Statf (
inander Pender, acquainted with the navigation ov the British
Columbia and Pacific coast gmierally. l^he preponderance of
the testiinonv of the naval otHcers is fa\oral)le to B'.ir ard
Inlet,
an
'.rm of th(^ Strait of (T(3ory:ia, as the bi^st harl)or uiid
the easiest of
Jipiii
oach from the ocean. Bi'idging from the
Mainland to Yancouver Island is deemed impracticable ;it
present. The report says on this point: " The surveys liave
however, clearly shown that the bridging from the main shore
to Vancouver would be unprecedented in magnitude, and th;it
its cost woul
d 1
)e iiu
leed
enormous,
When, in futun? vchin.
British CJolumbia is thickly populated, and the coal and iron
criDE TO rairrisn coix:\t/,ta.
2r>g
nrm''s of tlic islan.lsi on t!i(! (M^ast torin many centres of vast
imlustrios, an outlay of capital, uo\v hovoud tli': ])o\vor« of
tiiianc'i!, may Ix^ (|iiit;> pvacticablo. Tlu; c\ig(.'iicies of the
I'litufi' ULiy ronidor a i-ontinuous line of railway to the outer
shore of Yaucouv.'r iuilis[)pusil)l(! at wiiatcver cost; Vnit tlu'
(lilHculties wlii li now ileiiiaud (;()n-<idi'raiion, umlonbtodly
soiMU too loi'uiid lit!*' to b ! ov;M\'oni ; at tli;' present time."
With res))ect to tlii.-; dilUcnlt (piestion the infei'euees to be
drawn a])pe:ir to ])oin*^ co!u;lusively to a choice of two dis-
tinct courses— tlie selecticMi of one of tln' tw(j routes which
iirst reacjt the Pacilic waters at JJuri'ard Inlet; or the ]>ost-
ponemenl of a ihicision r(»sj)ectiin^ the tt-i minus until further
exainin.ition bi^ inaih' on land and water to determine if a
HKU'e eJii'ibh? route can be o])taiii mI bv the Jiivei' Sktjena.
'vnv. COS]' oi- I'lii.: work.
The cost of tile whole unde)-iai;in;j; Mr. Fhnning does not
attempt to estimate, but he jjjives a iou,i^li estimate of tlie cost
of th(! section from Yellow He;i,il Pass to the se i, or ratluM'
estimates of e.utli of the ten ])^-oiected routes. Oii route No.
!), that is. from the Pass t(t Pule lidet, he lias data sntlicient
to w.irr.int what may be re^-ai'deij ;is a fairly accurate I'stimate,
hut on Uu; othe'r nine routes the data ol)tained are insulHcient
til admit of estimates beinijj made with any apju'oach of ac-
curacy. TakiuL!; the cost of the Inter-colonial railway as his
standard. Mr. FhMuin.L'" estimates the cost of tlie route No. (>
at s:<:j.()()0,()()|). Tliis' inchuh^s the cost of ballastini;-, ])erma-
iient way. rolling' stock, stations, s]io])s, snow shed.-^, and
fences, indeivd al! the ^aip))lement:i1 e\|>en->(> involved in the
construction and comi)letion of a linci siniihu'ly e(|uipped and
('(pial in etlicieiicy ami ] ei'inanency to the Inter-colonial. .Mr.
i'1emin^L( adds, howevc/, that "it is an exceedin^^ly ditVicnlt
matter, even with <lata sulHcient to deihice the actual quanti-
ties of work, to form an estimate of the cost, at all reliable,
owiiiLf in part to the uncei'tainty of tin' ])iace of laboi-. li is
iin]»ossible to say whit wa^es it may be necessary to pay.
The ])rice of laboi'on the Pacitlc coast has, of lat ■years, lieeii
much hiii;lie)" than on the .\tlantii- coast; it is not po'-;sible to
foretell Avhat its range m.iy lie in futui'c year-.. The \alue of
labor enters so lai'g'ely into the cost of ;. railway that any
estimates of pi-obahle (^xpensi' ai e co'ijectural. unless i In ■ jo'ice
of that labor be establisni'd."
As has b(MMi said I.efoi-e, Mr. l'demin,u; does not attempt to
com|)ule the cost of the road from the Yclhnv Head to the
<'astcrn tt'rminns at Fort AVilliams. a distance of 1,4~)t) miles.
The section from the Yellow Heail to the lied Piver. 1,040
260
GUIDE TO BRITISH COLUMBIA.
miles, runs tb rough wliiit is described as the prairie region,
but from the Rod lliver to Fort Williams, 410 miles, the road
Avill be more difficult of construction.
TltAFFIC (PROSrECTIVE.)
It is evid(3nt that the trade and traffic of the present popu-
lation on the wost/rii end of the road will contril)ate but little
towards sustaining the western section of the railway. It is
the more necessai-y, thercifore, to consider where industries may
be developed and traffic created. The besi lands in Bntish
Columbia appear to extend between the Uocky and Cascade
Mountains, and mainly exist between the -IDth and olst paral-
lels of latitude. But they are limitcid in extent, and when
fully devcdoped for purposes of agriculture and stock raising,
can only have a sparsely settled ])astoral and farming popula-
tion.
Tiie data collected estiiblish the existence of gr(>at mineral
wealth in British Columbia, and the opinion is expressed by
the geological officers of the Goveiniment that the resour(!cs
of that ProviiuH! will rather surpass than fall short of the
estimates given.
The imi^ortant question of traffic, especially " through
traffic," calls for judgment in tlu! selection of a terminus. It
is most desirable that the railway should terminate on the
coast at a harbor which from its general excellencies and gco-
gra]>hical position, would best calculate to accomodate the
shipping of the Pacific and attract commerce from distant
countries. This question ha- an imjwrtant bearing on the
choice of route. On the one hand, a favorable line, not diffi-
cult of constru(;tion, may lead to a harbor deficient in many
desidei'ata. On the other hand, a harbor in every way d sir-
able may l)e unapproachable from the interior, or one that
can only 1)«> reached by a line so unfavorable in its gradi(>uts
and general character and so eni^rmously costly of construc-
tion as, in either case, to rmider the selectiim inexpedient.
The above refers specially to the extreme western end of
the road. With respect to the prairie region from the Yellow
Head to the lied lliver, Mr. Fleming speaks as follows: —
"The character of the country and its ca])ability for sustain-
ing a large population have now to be considered. Informa-
tion on tliis head has gradually l)een accunndated, and al-
though certain drawbacks claim recognition, there can no
long(n' be any doubt respecting the salubrity of the climate
and the extent of the natural resources of the territory. It iias
been discovered that the great American Desert, kn(jwn to ex-
tend northerly across the frontier of the United States, is more
nriDE TO i5RiTrsir (^oi.rMr.r.v.
201
limited on tJic Cin.Mliaii side t1
1,111 w.is j)rovi()Usly siupposcd,
(1.
ami tJrit a great. bix^adtli of tlio coniitrv wliii'li lias l)ecii .-oi
iili-reJ valueless, niav be used for pastoral ]»nrposcs, mimI some
of it ultiniatelv hroiii'lit under cultivatit
)!).
V 1;
ii'Ue area o
f
ffU-tile laud is to l»e found south of the line of railway on the
eastern Hank of tli • lioc;ky Mouutaius. extendi u^- to the fron-
tier on tlio Wth pai-allei, while to the north, in the same
I'elative position, vast )>lains, of laie fi'itility aii<l saJul)rious
iiiiate. ])res''nt themselves f(U' oeenpation l>y the hushand-
•ill Ue too remote full\' to scrxc
ni.ui.
Th
line ol raihvaA' w
these districjt^
sinu'le lino evossin>!" a bn^adth ot terriTorx
so i'vo-.it must neee -arh- be at
I COllSK
lerable distance from
in my )ioi'tions, 15iif the loeatioii adopted will be found to
follow a gen<'rally central course. if will pass throui^h or be
adjacent to many valuable sections, and \vill form the trunk
line, from which branches can be (>\:tend(>d to other districts
more remote, as soon as stitrlement and trai1i(! may justify
their eonstructi(jn. It iias b(;en considered important, in the
tirst place, to siunire foi- the main trunk line the shortest r(»ute
htaiii
d»h
lespectiiiL,' till' woodlaml region, extending ti-orn
liiver to Lake Sup(U"ior: — Tin
W( )( )
illand
region does not
th- i;ed
1.
oiVer any grt^at pro-^ppct of l>ecoming an agricultural country
bat it may, possildy, contain much mimu'al wealth. 'l'h(> in
v 'stigations of th ■ (ie»lo.iic d Survev suggests the pf'seuce
of rich de[)()sits, extendi'd over a wide area.. Prominently
dlvei-. and lead.
am
1, not
may be mentioned iron, i'o|)per
im[)rol)ably. phosphates and pliimhago. K\(!n the section of
country east of Lake Su))erior may ]>rove ri(di in mimu'als.
This section has not, hitherto, been held in high estimation
but it has been discoviuvd that a Itroad Ixdt of nietallifiU'ons
rock stvetcdios from the vicinity of the IJruce mines to Lake
Mistassinni. and betwetm it and the shores of Hudson Hay.
v'opper lodes hav(» for some timi' been worked at the Uriuo
mines, and silver lodes have b(>en disc'overed at (iardiMi liiver.
It is a reasonabli> infereiu'e that siniilar lodes will be found
repeated in the extensive tracts of eotintry of the s.aine geolog-
ical hoiiv.oii, and that the (hiy \vill come when these resources
will be developed, and a considerable niining po[>ulation tiiul
emi)lo\nient.
THK SNOW f.vr,!., VTC
vavious surveying
On this subject the e\p«n'ience of tlu
]»arties, extending, as it now does over a ]>oriod of six winters,
has att'ordf^d many iiitc resting and im]tortant data. Taking
the snow fall at ( )ttawa as the standard, the <h'j)th of snow
■M
w
2f52
GUIDE TO UIUTISFF ('OLL.MIUA.
m
t]r-vig]iout tho whole of the wuoilluml f.^<^ion is generaUy
loss, oil ail HveiMi^iJ, tlmii at that city. In tho iuiincili.itc
iioigliborhoo.l of L iko Huron an I Snporior tho fall is ahcml
tho samo; but oast of Lake Nopij^on it is found to be from !)U
to 70 per cent., while from Like Nepigou to Manitoba the
ileplh rau^'-os From 71) to 50 per cent, of tlie Ottawa siniw-full.
Tliroiigliout tlio i)rairio rei^iou tiio snow rarcily exceeds
twe'ity or twenty-four inches in depth, and is freqm.'utly much
less over wide areas. In th(! mountain re;^ion the features of
climate and extent of sno.v-fall are far more varied. The
western slo])es of the Cascade and Jl )ckv M junt an cliaius
are more abundantly siip[)lie 1 with riiu in s'im:ri'i' ,m I with
snow in winter: Wio eastern sh)]);s b dii;.^ sulijecl; to com[)i":i-
tively littl(^ pr(!C'ipitati()u. Only on the western sid ss of thrs
mountain chains, wliere th" snow-fall is excessive, will j) >•,•-
lions of the line retiuire to bi! shed 1 id, (rener illy s[)eakLu.;,
with these exceptions, the snow-fidl a[)[)e.irs to average less
than in older Provinces.
From metoroh)gic tl ol)servations mah; vlaring three years
in the Rocky ^Mountains, Profossoi- Kin,Li;st()ii, of thi( Toronto
Observatory, lias carefully compiU.'l tabhss which show that,
though in some of tlie ])asses and portions of rivin- valhn-s the
snow may a-vtM-age from four t > five feet in dt^j)th, in genera!
the fall is far Ixdow tiiat of Ottawa, (^a(d)i'c. and ]Montr;'ul;
while to the east of the lloe'ky Mountains, betw(!en .Tas[)er
Valley and Edmonton, it does not much exceed half that of
Ottawa. With respect to th(^ cold. Professor Kingston shows
th.it, tiiough the cold of th(> .autumn is more severe in the
llocky Mounttiin district than in Ontario, C^uelx'c, and Mari-
time Provinces, yet the winter its(>lf compai'es favorably with
that of Eastern Canada.
TUI-; AiivwrvoFs ov riw. cavadtan i.rxr.
Tdios(» engineeiing featnr<'s which govern the cost of oi>er-
ating a railway and trans] toiting goods, give promise of bein>,'
much more favorable on the ( Canadian route tliari on tin'
American lines.
Th<^ United States Pacific railway attains an altitude above
the sea, at four ditferent points, fully double thi; height of the
great continental summit on the C^anadian line, and for 1. ■'!!•'•
consecutive miles there is no altitude so low on the raihvav
between San Francisco and New York, as the highest suni-
Uiit of the line through the Yellow H»\ad Pass.
With resjtect to distance, it is estimated that, from T^urnud
Inlet to Monlre/il. would be iV.V.i miles less than from Sm
Franci.sco to New York. The Canadian routi) would brin^;
ir
GUIDE TO BRITISH COLUMBIA.
263
New York, Boston, juul Portland from MOO to 500 miles nearer
to the Pacific coast at Burrard Inlet than these cities now are
with San Francisco as the terminal point of their line through
the United States. The distance from England to China
would be more than 1,000 miles less by the Canadian line
tlian by the line passing through New York and San Fran-
cisco.
A TABLE OF LATITUDES AND LONGITUDES OF
SOME PLACES IN BIIITISH COLUMBIA.
Places.
liiititmle
North.
Approx.
Ldiij^. West.
Alexandria aiJ";}3'40"
Antler .52 oS It
Bi'iiver Puss House, Lightninj^ Creek it'.i 3 iiH
Hriilj^'e lliver, mouth oO 45 IJH
("ottoiiwootl ."),'} 0 33
Doii(,'liis ■!!) 4."> 20
Esquinmlt, V. I., Duutze Point {48 2.') 4'.»
Fort George |53 '>{] 20
Garry Point 4'.> 7 5
Ui) 14 25
|49 22 21
52 45 21
Harrison River, Mouth.
Hope .
Keith
iley
Lake I /a Haehe, East end . . 51
I-angley 4H
I. illooet 50
I.vtton 50
New Westminster
Okanagan Lake, head of.
Osoyoos Lake
Pavillion Mtmntain, North hase
Qiiesnel River, mouth
Riehtiold
Salmon River, Grand Prairie.. .
V'anwinkle
Williams Lake
Yale
I'.i
50
49
50
53
53
50
53
52
4i>
41) 41
12 9
41 49
13 45
12 47
21 13
1 52
59 15
0 17
3 9
28 3 1
1 31
\> 24
33 14
122"2(r5(J
121 2(; 22
121 52 49
122 3 53
122 5 7
122 11 4
123 2(i 4r,
122 45 1
123 11 17
121 54 34
27 5s
2S 32
35 57
;!5 14
2 2S
4i> 19
121
1121
1121
,122
112
il21
il22 53 19
!ll9 2t; 35
119 :iti r>r>
121 58 37
122 27 (!
121 33 55
ir.) 47 35
121 44 12
;i22 13 32
1121 25 58
MAONE ri( ' DEC LEN.VTK )N.
The variation of the Magnetic Needl(> may l)e approximate-
ly assumed to be about one drgrec;, (1) additive f<3r each
])arallel of Latitude to about Latitude 57 ' North, and Longi-
tude 110 West.
264
GUIDE TO BBIilSH COLUMBIA.
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GUIDE TO BRITISH COLUMBIA.
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TABLE SHOAVING THE APPROXIMATE ALTITUDES
ABOVE THE SEA OF SOME PLACES IN
BRITISH COLUMBIA.
Boston Bftr, ......
Thompson'B Rivor— mouth of the Nicola,
Ashcroft, (CorawftU's) . . . -
Bonaparte River— mouth of Maiden Creek
Summit Altitude of trail from Green Lake to Bridge Creek.
Bridge Crock Houne - - . . .
Lake La Hache, - - . . .
Court House, William's Lake, . . .
Soda Creek, ......
Mud Lake, .... . .
Alexandria, Fraser level, ....
Summit Altitude of trail from Mud Lake to Beaver Lake,
Qupsnel, ......
Snow-shoe Creek, . . . . .
Snow-shoo Peak, .....
Antler Creek Settlement, ....
Summit of trail over Mount Agnes to Lightning Creek,
Marmot Lake, ......
Richfield, ......
Van Winkle, ......
Cottonwood ......
Fraser River, at Mouth of Quesnel River,
do at Mouth of Swift River.
do at Fort George, ...
Fraser River at Lillooet (June level) - - -
Capt. Martley's Farm-house, ....
Summit of Road, .....
Bonaparte River at the Mound, - - - 7
Junction of do. with Hat River, ...
Head of Great Chasm .....
Immediately below in Chasm, ...
Green Lake, ......
DOMINION OF CANADA MILITIA.
FEET.
■172
788
1,008
i,«9or.
:i,r,r,o
2.488
2,i:tr,
1,0'.)0
2.(l7ii
1.420
3,:joo
l,o.>s
4,020
0,130
4,01(1
5,850
5,540
4,210
;},054
2.530
1,490
1,530
1,000
092
2,505
5 012
2,144
1,080
3,653
2,724
,3.104
MILITARY DISTRICT NO. 11, PROVINCE OP IJRITLSH COLUMBIA.
Staff.
Deputy Adjutant-General, Lieut. -Colonel C. F. Houghton
Storekeeper, - - Captain R. J. McDonald
Paymaster, . - . Edward Mallandaine
Asst. Surgeon, - - Lieut. C. N. Trew, M. D.
i
2GG
GUroE TO BRITISH COLUMBU.
VICTORIA RIFLES — NO. 1 COMPANY.
Captain and Brevet Major, - - F. J. Roscoe
Lieutenant, - - - - R. Wolfendeu
NO. 2 COMPANY.
Captain, - - - - - J. G . Vinter
Lieutenant, - - _ . James Douglas
NEW WESTMINSTER RIFLES — NO. 1 COMPANY.
C.iptain, ----- A. Peele
Liwutenant, . _ . . jj. p. Bonson
Ensij^n, ----- A. Jackson
NEW WESTMINSTER SEYMOUR ARTILLERY, (HALF I5ATTERY. )
Lieutenant Commamling, - - - J. T. Scott
Second Lieutenant, - - - E. Brown
NANAIMO RIFLES — NO. 1 COxMPANV.
Captain, ----- J. Brydeu
Lieutenant, - - - - E. G. Piior
Ensign, - . - . James Harvey
NATURALIZATION OF ALIENS.
Every ali(Mi born woman married to a British subject shall
be deemed to be herself naturalized.
Every alien after a continued residence in any part of the
Dominion of (-anada for three years, with intent to settle
therein, who has taken the oaths of residence and allegiance,
and procured the same to l)o filed, so as to entitle him or her
to a certificate of naturalization, shall enjoy, and may trans-
mit, all the rights and capacities which a natural born .subject
of Her Majesty can enjo^ or transmit.
Oaths may be taken by any Judge of any (vourt of Record
in that Province of Canada in which such alien resides, or by
any person authorised to administer oaths, or by any com-
missioner appinted by the Governor, or by any Justice of the
Peace of the county or district where such alien resides.
Such judge or other person to grant a certificate and such
certificate to be filed in court, and the naturalized person can
then receive a certificate of naturalization; certified copy of
certificate to be evidence of naturalization in all courts and
places. Certificate, 25 cents. Recording, 50 cents; and 25
cents for every search or copy. See cap. G6. 31 vie. 18G8.
(ifiDi; I'o I'.KiTisn roi.rMitiA.
2n7
Roscoo
)lt'endcii
, Vintcr
Douj^las
L Peole
Bouson
Jackson
T. Scott
. Brown
. Bryden
G. Piior
3 Harvey
ect shall
t of the
|to settle
lej^iance,
|m or her
lay trans-
\\ subject
Record
is, or by
ly colli-
de of the
resides,
hid ^uK'h
Irson can
copy of
lirts and
and 25
11808.
i{i-:Li(ii()rs.
ciiriMii 1)1' i;n(U,am>.
Ihc Uiiuisf iMiions (if tlin (Jlmrcli of liin^laud \v
cri' citiii-
iu-311'JimI on this oo.ist by the ll<;v. H. BtMVtu-, in iS.i'J, at Fort
VaniMiiivcr, then su|)|)os('(l to l>i' iii'itisli tii-i'itory, folloucil liy
the lusv. K. J. Staiiu'sin iSf.), at Fort Victoria, and tlu; U<'v.
J"j. C!ri(l:^Mu 18')'). In 1 SoS tin' Hoin- Govtnnniont consented
to the fonuitioiiof the two colonii'sof Vancouver and Ihitish
OoUunl)! I into a Dioc 'S" ov^m' wliieh. hv Fictters I'ah'nt iVoni
tlu((h-ow,i, the iti^'lit l{ 'V. (i. Hills. I). 1)., Ineuniheiil of
(riv it Yariuoiilh, and li )n onry ('in )n of Xoi'wicli, was ap-
|) )inted lirsl l)isho[), and consecrate I in
on St. Matthias" |)av, Fel.ruarv 21, IS.V.I.
W
Iniin-^ti'r
Al
)i)\
T'le l)i
')Ces*
of IJi'itish C)ohinil)ia is ilivided inro tiie two
.Vrch(h)aconr
V
meoiiver, c')-()xtensive with the
ami
10
and of (j )la:nl»i I (! )- 'xteirsive with tlv Mainland,
present Arcrlbh- icons are the Veil. ('. 1'. Wo ids. M. A., of
Trinity Colle^'.-, l)al)lin, and the Ven. H. V. Wri^dit. M. A.,
of St. Peter's Collei'e, (' ainitrid'Te.
In I
■S/-),
1)
ioc"saii SviiOvl was forinei
d,
C.(
jnsistinir of the
Ih-^hoj), tile licensed ('ler^fy, and elected Ijay Delej^ates,
which ineiits annually and is vepreseidtJil l>y an l-Aecntive
roinmittec, ineetiiiif inontldy.
'rii're jin^ two jM'iiieip il schools — An;JCola ('0110,1,^! for .L,nrls.
iind the ("olle^iatc School for Itoys.
Tile niini^teral body consists of the Bishop, l"! ('ler^'y and
several missionary ("atcchists. Christ C'iiuridi, A'i(,'toria, was
constituted the ('athinb-al of the Diocese in 1S()'). 'ITiero are
upwards of -JO churches, i)osidt!s mission c]iai)ols. There are
several mission stations for promoting' christainity and edu-
cation ainon.L(st the Indian population of which the ])rincipal
.oe those of Metlacatlii. and Kincoleth sup])orteil l)y the
("liurcli Missionary Society., and that of St. Paul's, Lytton,
ill connection with the Society for the Pro])a^'ation of the
Tosra
'1.
Tl
lere IS a ^lissnni
Fund in coniuM-tion witli the
Synod, supported by subscriptions from chundiinen and
churcdi collections on Advent Sunday and \N hirsuiiday. On
Christmas Day collections are made for the Cler;^y \Vi(h)w
and Orphan Fund, and on Oood Frichiy for foreif>n missions.
T'iie Church of I'i'i .;'l.in 1 in I'ritisli {Columbia is in full com-
munion with the E-;t.iblisli(Hl Church of EiiL-'liiid, of wliicJi if
is a branch, with the Church of Indand, the Episcopal Chundi
of Scotland, tlio Protestant Episcopal ( diurch of the Fnit<'d
States, and with all braucdios colonial and olsowdioro of the
Anglican Church.
IMAGE EVALUATION
TEST TARGET (MT-S)
T
1.0
I.I
1.25
til Ki mi
'i US
20
1.8
U 1116
^ J^ J»
fliotographic
Sdences
Corporation
3: WtST MAIN STREiT
WEBSTH.N.Y. USSO
(716) •73-4S03
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orroE TO BRiTTsn roT.rMniA.
Rn nu I n Co fit of Irs .
H
J5ishop, tlu! Ri}^ht Itev. Charles John So^hers, Bishop of
Vancouver Ishmd.
CHIIK'HKS AM) SCHOOLS — VICTORIA.
St. Audnnv's Cathedral, Huoiboldt street. Vastor, lii^iit
l{ev. Charles Jolin Se^^hers, Bishop of Vancouver Island.
Assistant Priests, li-sv. Joseph Leroy, Jiev. Patrick Kirley.
St. Louis' ('olle^c for boys. Principal, Rev. J. J. .lonckau,
Pandora street.
St. Ann's Convent School, Humboldt street. Coniprisin;,'
boarding school, school for day scholars, and oiphana^'c.
Superioress, Sist(!r ^[arv of Providenc ■.
COWICHAN.
St. Ann's Cniurch. Uev. Father llondeault.
Convent School, (M);n;)iisin;.^ Invmch of Victoria Orphanage
and school for Indian girls.
School for Indian boys. Principal, Ilev. Father llon-
deault.
SAANICH.
Church of the Assumption of the B. V. Mar}'. Rev.
Jose])h Mandart.
F,s(^\iMAi;r.
St. Jo.seph's Church. Hev. Father Jonckau.
NANAIMO.
St. Peter s (Uiurch. Kev. Father Lemmens.
HEsgriAT.
Churcli of the Sacred Heart of Jesus. Rev. August Bra-
bant; Rev. Josei)h Nicolaije.
ST. .roSKl'Il's HOSPITAL, VICTOKIA.
This charitable institution is under the direction of Sister
Mary Bridget.
Doctor, Hon. James Trimble, M. D.
In December 187G, there were 10 j)atients.
NEW WESTMINSTER.
St. Peter's Churcli. Right Rev. Bishop Louis Jose[)Ii
D'herboraez. Clergy, Rev. Edward Horris, O. M. I.
St. Charl(>s' Church. Right R(!V. Bishop Peter Paul Dur-
ien.
St. Louis' School. Principal, Rev. Ld. Horris O. M. I.
Teachers, Rev. W. P. Allen, O. M. I.; Rev. P. Hough, 0.
M. I.
GUIDE TO BRITISH COLUMBU.
269
St. Ann's Convent and School. Superioress, Sister
Mary Prnxedos.
C'hilliwluick.— St. Peter's Cliurcli.
Yule.— St. Michael's Church.
William's lake.
St. Joseph's Church. Clergy: Rev. P. McGuckin, O. M*
I.;llcv. C. Marchal, O. M. I."; Rev. Ed. Peytnvin, O. M. I-
Boarding Schot)l for boys. Principal, Rev. P. McGuckin*
o. y. I.
Boarding School for girls. Superioress, Sister Mary Cle-
ment.
STEWAUT S LAKE, (FORT ST. J\ME:s.)
Church of Our Lady of Good Hope. Rev. Lejacq, O. M.
I.: [lev. G. Blanchot, 'O. M. I.
KAMLOOl'S.
St. Peter's and St. Paiil's Church. Rev. C. Grandidier,
(). M. I.
MISSIONS. — OKANAOAN LAKE.
Im. (vonception Church. Rev. Baudro, O. M. I.; Rev. N.
Gregoire, O. M. I.
KOOTENAV.
St. Eugene's Ciiurcli. H(!v. L. Fouquet, O, M. I.; R<!v. N.
(Ircgoire, O. M. I.
Uithfteld (or Willi.ini's Creek, j -St. Patrick's Ciiurch.
St. Mary's Indian Mission, New Westminster District, 30
miles iihove N(»\v Westminster:
St. Marv's Church. Rev. Al. (Virion, O. M. I.; Ilev. T.
Jayol, O.M. T.
Hoanling School for Indians. Principal, Rev. Al. Carion,
O. M. I. Teaduns: Rev. P. Ryan; Rev. M. Mansfield.
Nanainio. — St. .Vtm's ('onvent and School for girls. Su-
perioress. Sister Alary of the Cross.
lir.KOn.MKI) KlMSroPAL (IIIIICH, (OUOAMZKI) OCT. Is74. )
iiishop, Hev. E. Cridge, M. A., Cantiih. Consecrated .it
Ottawa, July IS7('>. I)i«u'ese: "Diocese of the Pacific," em-
bracing the Province of British Cobunbi;!. Washingtoti Ter-
ritoiT, Oregon, California.
Church of Our Lord, Humboldt street, Victoria. Built by
the first Episcopil (^ongi't'gjition «)f Victoria, muiI opened for
Divin(? ServicH^ Jan. B>. IH7(». Hector. Bishop Cridge.
Churchwardens, R. Williams and A. A. (h*«>en.
Site presented by Sir J. Douglas. K. C. B.
S5
1
lift
270
aOIDE TO BitlTISH COLUMBIA..
Divine Service on Sunilays at 11 a. m., and 7 p. ra.. Ser-
vice for the young and for baptisms on the second Sunday of
every month, at 3 p. m.
Sunday School situated next to the churcli. Superinten-
dent, W. C. Siffken. Number of teachers, 18; of schohirs,
2(54.
Day schools — Grammar Scliool. Senior master, J. F.
Smitli. Number of pupils, 12.
Ladies' school, (^organized Jan. 1875. j Lady Principal,
Mrs. Cridge. Modern languages, tfcc, Miss Doilgson. Eng-
lish, Miss Devereux, and two junior teachers. Music, Mrs.
Nicholls and Miss Dodgson. Drawing, Mrs. P. Johnson and
Miss Woods. French and needlework. Miss Brown. Number
of pupils, 44.
CHITFICH OF S(;OTLAND.
The Presbytery of British Columbia eml)races the following
ministiu's and charges:
S. McGregor, A. M., St. Andrew's, Victoria.
Wni. Clyde, St. Andrews, Nanaimo, Comox, and Quadra.
Kobert Jamieson, St. Andrew's, New Westminster.
Alex. Dunn, Langley and surrounding districts.
George Murraj^ Nicola Valley, Kamloo[)s, itc.
Tiio Presbytery w is organized in 1875. It is in connection
with the Church of Scotland. The court meets in St. An-
drew's, Victoria, twice each year — in May and October.
Sabbath schools are held in connection with all the charges
in towns and in country districts where ])racticable.
All the ministers in "the Presbytery were educated in Edin-
burgh and Glasgow.
iniST I'UESBYTERIAN CHURCH OF V. I.
Pandora street. Rev. John Hied, minister.
Trustees: A. McLean, Alex. Wilson, and J. D. Uobinson.
1
r
;■
THE METHOIHST CHURCH OF CANADA
Was established in this Province in the beginning of the year
1859. To the llev. Ephraim Evans, D. D., was intrusted the
superiutendency of the work.
Three missionaries — the Rev'ds. Edward White, Arthur
Browning, and Ebenezer Robson — left Ontario the latter end
of 1858, and arrived in Victoria the eai'ly part of the following
year. Dr. Evans settled in Victoria; E. White in New West-
minster; E. Robson at Nanaimo; and A. Browning at Fort
GUIDE TO BRITISH COLUMBIA.
271
Hoi)o. A sanctury was erected and a clmrcli organized .it
each of these places.
Since that time Methodism has <^reatly increased in the
land; central stations have been formed among the white
population at Cariboo, at Suinas and Chilliwhack, at Burrard
Inlet, at Maple Bay and South C'owichan, at Maple Bidge and
Laugle}', Nicola Valley and Kamloops, and recently at Wel-
lington and Harewood. Several missions have also been
established among the natives and a large amount of money
expended by the Missionary Society in churches, parsonag(^s,
and school liouses.
At Nanaimo there is among the natives a church, mission
house and day school, a native missionary and school teacher.
This mission has been in successful o])i!ration for many years.
The Indian mission at Sumas and ("hilliwhack has live
churches, besides other preaching places used for religious
services. The missionary j)r(niches the (iospcl to upwards of
four hundred natives who are scattered along the I'rascr
River and Sumas Prairie.
At Fort Simpson a mission iiouse, school house, and a
sjjacious church have just Ix'en comph^ted. There arc! abont
a thousanil^Indians on this station, nearly all f)f whom attend
public worship. Two teachers are constantly employed in
tiie day scihool and souK^times a third. The I'ev. Thomas
Crosby has charge of this important mission.
Victoria, in addition to the white work, has two mission
schools, one among the (^hinese and the other among the
natives. The latter have a very neat and connnodious sanc-
tury which serves for a church and school house.
There is a small Indian church and (M)ngregation at (Iran-
ville, Burrrard Inlet.
All the churches are umler the general sn])ervision of the
Chairman of the District, while each circuit has its own sup-
erintendent who has charge of its local intenists.
The highest Church Court in th<^ district is the " District
Meeting," which iscomjxised of all the ministers and]ir<>ac]iers
and an equal number of laymen, who arc appitinted by their
respective quarterly meetings. This Court meets in the early
])art of April in each year, when the whole teni])i»ral and spiri-
tual work of the district is l)rought inuhM' r* view, circuit by
circuit, and the character and conduct of each iiiinistei- are
examined and the result recorded. The action <>f the Dis-
trict meeting is subject to the a])])roval of the Ciint'eriiic(i
before it becomes law.
A Financial District Meeting, which is ('oinposed of the
superint<^ndent of (5a<^h (circuit and mission, an<l <»m' steward
272
GUIDE TO LiUTlSll COLUMIJIA.
1^
appointed by wich quarterly meeting, is lield in tlu^ month of
Soptombor. Tlio busiut'ss of this meeting is to cxauiino into
the circumstanires and probable income of the various mis-
sions, and recommend the amount which in their judnient
shotild br' appropriated by the Missionary Socii-ty towards
the sup]>ort of tlu! missionaries, to make uvran^cincnts foi-
missionary and educational meetings, and io transact any
other business which may be deemed of im[) >rlaiu'e in tlie
interest of th(! work of (lod in this PrvMince.
The reports of tiie Toronto Conference of 1S7(», show tliat
in addition to the amount of money raised for ministers' suii-
])ort and local ])ur))oses in the Province, a vei-y creditabltr
sum was contrilmted for connexioual funds, to the njission
fund, !?l,Ovir» 00; educational fund, i^-kO 10; and the superanu-
ated ministers' fund, s:M 10.
Wo. cojn' the following statistics from tlu; District report of
JS7(i: "The nund)er of hearers attending the MetlKuHst
ministiT is about 3,(540; churches 2:{; other preai'iiing jilaccs
20; m<.')nbers, including those on trial, <)2.'5. There are three
(hiy schools among the Indians and (-hinese, four teacliers,
and 'Mi schoLirs. There are 12 Sunday schools, 51) ollicers,
and 1,22!) sehohirs."
The C/onference Minutes of 187(5 give the following Cen-
tral stations:
Victoria, Amos E. liuss.
C'hinese and Indian missions, one to be sent.
Maple Bay, William V. Sexsmith.
Wellington mincM, one wanted.
Nanaimo, Cornelius Bryant.
Now Westminster, William Pollard.
Maple Ridge, one to be sent.
liurrard Inlet, Tlnmias Derrick.
Sumas and Chilliwhack, Josi^ph Hall.
Indian tribes, Charles M. Tate.
(.'ariboo, Chri.stopher L. Thomj)son.
Nicola Valhiy and Ka
amloops, James Turner.
Fort Simpson, Thomas Crosby.
William Pollard, Chairman.
Of the abovi^ stations, Victoria and Burrard Inlet are self-
sustaining.
This denomination is conteniplating the ertiction of a col-
lege. .V committiM? has been a])pointed to ascertain the cost
and practi(!al)ility of such an enterprise.
r i
OUIDE TO BHITian COLUMBIA. -'•'
lui'TisT cm lun.
P.'iinlori sti'ci't. Miiiist.T, l{<'v. Win. ('.iiin's. lli'sidciu-f
Jliiptint Suiuluv scli(»()ls, llcv. \V. C'hi'iics sinu'riiitciiiltHit .
Tins is til" first liaptist Cliurch nvi-tcd in lln> I'lovinrt , ,ii
a cost of over S(),()(»0; aiiil was opeiicil in Jiumurv IS77.
MASONS.
(Wl.VXI) LUDdK Ol' BI![TISH COLrMIUA, A. I", AN'lJ A. .M.
F. Williams, M. W. (I. M.; K. Iluiisou, II. W. I), ii. M.;
J. a. Viiitcr, 1{. AV. S. (;. W.: ('. M. (■liaiui.."is, II. W. .1.
(I. W.; lli^v. F. H. (hil)lM'll. V. W. (J. CliMi.laiM: :\I. W.
Wuitt, y. W. (i. Tivasurer; E. Hanison. jr.. V. W. G. S.c-
ictary; T. Tioiinc*'. W. (r. Sti|»('niit('iiilfiit of WmUs; Tims.
">lit)tl)()lt. \N , (r. Diroc-tor of ('tvcnioiiics: W. 1'. Livock, W .
(liMiKniavshai: J. >[unav, W. (i. S\v(-i(l-li.'aicr: F. C. N.u-
fpl.ler, W. (1. Standava-Iicaivv: J. Aiulrcws. W. (J. ()r«,'aiiist:
J. A. Cotcrill. Piirsiiivaiit; J. S. Chit.'. S. Drake, .1. ('.
H.i-hes. T. I{. MitcliL'll, M. C'oatfs, W. (^ Stewards; I'. J.
Hail, Grand Tyiei'.
liOAIM) («K (ll'.NKHAL I'llil'OSF.S.
McuilxM-s fx n/fir!o: M. W. F. AVilliams, G. M.: H. AV.
Eli. Harrison, D'.'Cr. M. : (President) l{. W., J. G. Vintor, S.
(1. W.; H. W., (\)<)te M. Gliambers. J. (}. W.
Eloetinl miMiihers: liros. {\ Tliorno, H. Brown, H. F.
Keisterinan. K. Beaven. T. Trounce (Vice President) and W.
1'. Livock.
UOY.VL AIICH CHAPTER, f'ROO.>f, T,AN(iJ.r.Y STIJKKT.)
Henry Brown, 1st Principal, Z; Eli Harrison Jr., 2nd
Princi]ial, H; .Vlox. Collier (absent) Mrd Principal, J; Andrew
.Vstrico, Treasur(!r; Thomas Sliotl)olt, Scrilte E; Thomas
Nicholson, Scribe N; Rol)ert Lainjj;, 1st Sojourner; Geo. A.
Sari^ison, 2nd Sojourner: (rraham J. Clarke, 'hi] Sojourner;
George Thomson, .fanitov.
VICTOIUA COr.UMlJlA I.ODOI'.. NO. 1.
Regular communications held on the lirst Tuesday in each
month.
Officers for 1877: M. Coates, W. M.; H. Bales. S. W. ;
Wni. Harrison, N. V.; C. Thorne, P. M., Treasurer; C. C.
McKenzie, Secretary; Rev. -T. Blunden, Chaplain;.!. Andrews,
S. D.; John Wilson, J. D.;J. McNerney, D. C; Robert
Laing, Thomas Preece, Stev.'ards; E. J. Salmon, J. F.
274
GUIDE TO liKlTlHH COLUMBU.
m ■
J .
VANCOUVEH ANb yi'ADRA LODGE, NO. 2.
-^ ^uliir coiQiuuuicutiou held ou 'h\\ Weclnesilay in each
mouth.
Officers for 1877: li. B. McMiekiug, W. M.; D. Kurtz, S.
M.; li. Beavon, J. \V.; J. F. Becker, Treasurer; P. M. Coote
M. Chamhers, Secretary; J. G. Chirk, S. D.; A. K. Mihie,
J.D.; P M. J.G Viiiter, D of C; W. Fraser, Organist;
George Frye and C Astrico, Stewards; T Cuuifl", Tyler.
AHHLEU LODGE NO. IJ, NANALMO.
Regular coiuniunications are held ou Ist Saturday in each
month.
Wm. Stewart, \V. M.; S. B. Hamilton, S. W.; S. Drake,
S. W. ; M. B. Clarke, Secretary; Thomas Lindsay, Treasurer;
H. Maguire, S. D.; C. N. Young, S. D.; Mark Bate, P. M.
D. ofC.; Caleb Colmar, VVm. Stewart, Stewards; Robert
Aitkin. S. (I.; R. O. Beck, Tyler.
rXION TiODOE, NO. 9, NEW WE8TMINSTEU, 1}. C
Regular comnumicatious held ou tirst Monday in each
month, at H p. m.
Officers: J. S. Clute, W. M.;Dr. Mclunes, S. W.;J.
Spears, J. W.;A. H. McBride, S. D.;\V. Powers, J.I).;
R. Dickinson, Treasurer, J. G. Jaques, Secretary; Christo-
pher Lee, T. G. ; T. Allison, Tyler.
CARIHOO LODGE, NO. 4, BAUKERVILLE, H. C
Regular communications are held on the first Saturday in
each month, at 7 :30 p. m.
Officers: Wm. Steyjlienson, W. M.; E. C. Neufelder, S.
W. ; A. Lindsay, J. \V.; A. Pendola, Treasurer; J. C. Mc-
Milliau, Secretary; H. McDermott, S. D.; J. VanVc'ken-
burgh, J. D.; W. Tucker, J. G. ; C. Paulsen, Tyler.
MOUNT HERMON LODGE, NO. 7, BURRARD INLET, B. C.
Regular communicatious are held on the Saturday nearest
full moon, at 8 p. m.
Officers: J. A. Cottrell, W. M. ; P. W. Swett, S. W. ; B.
Springer, J. W. ; J. Van Braemar, Treasurer; J. C. McCulley,
Secretary; R. Millman, S. D.; P. A. Allan, J. D.; S. Proctor,
I. G. ; G. W. Cole, Tyler.
' m eacli
GUIDE TO BRITISH COLUMBU.
I. O. O. F.
275
UIOIIT WOHTHY GRAND LODGE OF BRITISH COLUMBIA.
Elective offict'iH, 1H77: Riclmnl Roberts, M. W. Grand
M.istor; W. J. Jeffreo, K. W. Deputy G. M. ; J. T. Seott, R.
W. Gniiul Wimlen;J. D. Rohinson, R. W. Grand Secretary;
J. Wrigleswortli, R. W. Grand Treasurer.
VICTORIA LODGE, NO. 1, VICTORIA.
Meets Monday. Edgar Fa weett, N. G. ; David Dale; V. G. ;
Frederick Diiv<>y, R, & P. Secretary; John We iler, Treasurer.
COLUMBIA LODGE, NO, 2, VICTORIA.
Mens Thursdav. Josoph Sears, N. G.; George H. May-
nard, V. G.; R. W. Fawcett, R. Secretary; J. P. Goodhue,
Treasurer; Walter Shears, P. Secrt'tary.
NEW WES'IMINSTKR r-«)DOE, NO. 'i, NEW WKSTMINSTEIt.
Meets Thursday. George Turner, N. G. ; Wm. McColl,
V. G. ; R. A. Rrown, R. Secretary; J. Morey, Treasurer; J.
E. Insley, P. Secretary.
DOMINION LODGE, NO. 4, VKTOHIA.
Mt^ets Weilncisdav. J. Batcheh)r, N. G.; A. J. (rrav, V.
G ; E. Fletclier, R'. Secretary; T. N. Hil)l)en, Treasurer; H.
O. Tiedenian, P. Secretary.
BLACK DIAMOND LOD(}E, NO. 5, NANAIMO.
Meets Saturday. George Norris, X. G.; .Tohn Wilson. V.
(t.; Fniderick Wild, R. Secretary; Wm. Reid, Treasurer;
James Wil(M)x, P. Secn^tary.
VANCOUVER ENCAMPMENT, NO. 1.
Elective otfic(>rs: Charles Gowcn, ('.P.; Charles Hay-
ward, H. P.; R. Rowles, S. W.; J. S. Drummond, Scribe;
F. G. Richar<ls, Treasurer; M. Hart, J. W.
:l
MECH.AMCS' LITERARY INSTITUTE.
Philharmonic Hall, Fort street, Victoria. President,
J.inies F«(ll; Treasurer, Robert Williams, M. .\. ; Secretary,
•Tames Raymur.
('ommitte<»: Wm. Wilson, Alfred Fellows, E. H. Hiscoeks,
J. Gordon Yinter, D. W Higgins, R. Harvty.
Librarian, J. Q. Hewlings
The Reading Ro(mi, containing the leading English,
Canadian, Annnican and local newspapers, magazines, A'c,
open from 1> a. in. to 10 p. m. daily. The Library contains
ai)out 5, ()()() w(nks of all descriptions for circulation and re-
s "...
5 t
I
276
OUIDE TO BRITISH COLUMBIA.
foronce. Opon from 12 to 1, 8 to 5 and 7 to 0, daily, oxcopt
SiindayH.
Ttu'ins of subscription, (open to all) ono year, ^M in ad-
vance. Montiily, !$J . Ladies, §5 per annum, in advance.
ST. ANDREW'S & CALEDONIAN SOCIETY
Victoria. President, John lioss; Vice Presidtuits, James
Muirliead, John Bhuik; Trtsasurer, Douald McKay; Secretary,
John Uussell; Chaplain, Kev. S Mf(ire<,'or; Physician, Dr.
Trinibhs; Diroctora, It. P. Rithet, J. H. Lawson, (Jeo. Webb,
H. M(!Konzie, James Burns, A. B. Gray, John Goodfellow.
NEW AVEST.MINSTKU ST. AXDllEW's SO(?lETY.
President, J. K. Suter; Vice President, J. D. Scott;
Treasurer, J. Irvinj»; Secretary, J. McMuri>hy.
ANCIENT ORDER FORESTERS.
COLIMJUA UISTHK'T.
District C/hief Ranf;<n', Geo. W. Anderson, Victoria; Dis-
trict Sub Chief Ran{j;er, James Knifjfht, Wellinj^ton; District
Treasunu', C. J. Phillips, Victoria; District Secretary, F. G.
Richards, Jr., Victoria.
COURT VANCOUVER, NO. 57.').').
Foresters' Hall, Bastion street, Victoria. Chief Ranger,
W. Grejijor}', Victoria; Secretary, H. Soar, Victoria.
COrRT NANAIMO FORESTERS' HOME, NO. ,5880.
Foresters' Hall, Victoria Cresent, Nanaimo. Chief Ranf^er,
INI. Bate, Nanaimo; Secretary, J. Blundell, Nanaimo.
COURT WESTERN STAR, NO. 0194.
Foresters' Hall, Wellington, (^hief Ranger, Geo. Thomp-
son, Wellington; Secretary, W. H. Hall, Wellington.
COURT COMOX foresters' HOPE, NO. Oil).').
Foresters' Hall, Comox. Chief Ranger, G. F. Drabble,
Comox; Secretary, Thos. H. Piercy, Comox.
COURT LORD DUFFERIN, XO . (1304.
Masonic Hall, Columbia street. New Westminster. Chief
Ranger, James K. Suter, New Westminster. Secretary,
James McMurphy, New Westminster.
COURT NORTHERN LIGH'I , NO .'iO.S.').
Foresters' Hall, Bastion street, Victoria. Chief Ranger,
H. Smith, Victoria; Secretary, Frederick Davey, Victoria.
F. G. Richards, Jr., Se<;retary Columbia District.
te
orrni: to hkitism poiitmbia.
277
(lOOl) TKM1»LAKS.
Noiili Sliakcspcavc, Criaiitl Worthy (Miicf Tt'inpliir of t\ui
lliand Ijoil^'c ol" NVasliin^fon 'rciritorv ami Jiritish ('oluiul)ia.
Thomas Tnmuci', L n\<*^' Deputy of I5rilisli Coluiiibia.
Til*' follo\viii,i; is a list of otHitTsof IJritisli Colmnbia Lod^^'f,
N,). 1: liro. (^Iistcrout, W. C. T. : Sisti-r Sliakespr'aiv, W. V.
r.; Ilro. liauiuaii. W. S. ; IJro. Simpson, \V, T. ; lii<>. Fliitclx-r,
W. v. S.; Hvu. Sinclair. \V. ('.; Hro. l5o.lv. W. M., Sister
ll.)ii.', W. I). M.; Sish'r Sin.-lair, W. J. (1.; Hro. IJuth-r. \V.
0. (i.; Sister Vaiiallniaii. W. II. K. S. ; S.,>t('r Ncwl.nrv, W.
L H. S.; Sister Warwick, \V. A. S. ; liro. Nesvbiirv, l». W .
C. T.
Victoria JnveniN' Templi', No. I, hold rlieir ine('tin;.js in the
(riKiil 'reinpl.irs' Hall. Yates street, every Satunlay aftiunoon,
lit ;{ o'clock. Wni. Charles Knight is Superintendent of the
Temple.
(•i:i>.\i! nil. I, i.oixm:, no. 11.
I'.ro. (). I). S\v(>et, L. Dep'itv; W. C. T., lin.. W. Irvine;
W. V. T.. Sister A^'iies Irvin.'i'W. S., Bro. (J. Deans; W. A.
1
Jro.
J. W. Lewis; W. F. S.. H
ro.
auie
!s Todd; W. T.
Si'^tcr Dea
ns:
W. ('., IJro. J. Todd; W. M., liro. P. M(>rri
Him: W. D. M.. liro. (i. Smith; W. I. (1., liro. J. Irvi
W, (). (1.. liro. 1{. Scott; W W'.C. T., liro. W. Merrii
ne;
nan.
OWV.VHI) I.ODOK, NO. 2, NANAI.MO.
W (\T.. Samuel (lou^'h; \V. V. T., Sister H. Woodward;
W. S.. A Hash'in; W. A. S.. W. lirvaut; W. V. S.. J. liau
llf; \V. T., Sister E. Woodward; W.'C, M. Miinson; W. M.,
S. Sturton; W. I. ({.. Sist(n- H. (I.)u^'h; W. (). (I., E. White-
ri.'U: \V. W. S.. :\[. Stai>les; W. L. S., Sister E. J. Gilbert;
r.W. ('. T., Rev. A. E. Green
OOMINION [,Ol)(ii:, Ni;\v wkstminstkii.
liro. W. Hancock, WCT.: Sister DeBeck, W V. T. ;
r.iD, Lord, W. S.; liro. Curtis, W. A. S. ; Bro. Sliiles, W.
F. S.; Bro. Di^Beck, W. T. ; Bro. Jos. Wiutemute, W. Cha|).;
Hi.) U. Wintemute, W. :M. ; Sister :\rcMurphv, W. A. M.;
Sister Scott, W. L G. ; Bro. A, Wiutcnnute. W". O. G. : Bro.
Elliott, P. W. C. T.; Sister Cootes, W. B. H. S,; Sister
MiiKce. W. L. H. 8.
NO sriti!i:yi)F,n t.odok, no. (5, (MiTLLiwuArK. n. c.
liro. McMillan, L. Deimtv:
liro. A. C. Wells, W. C.'T.; Sister S. A. Wells, W. V.;
Bvo. H. Kipp, W. S.: Bro. C. Cambell, W. F. S.;
278
GUIDE TO DRITIHH COLUMBIA.
;
:^'
!
\
I, 'I
Sistor S. A. Ashwell, W. T.; Bro. J. Brtikor, W. C; I3ro. C.
llicknoll, W. M.; Sistor (J. Ch.ii)inan, W. J. G.; Bro. M. F.
(Hll.ui<lorH, W. C. (J-; Bio. C. W. CJiill.imlerH, P. VV. C. T.
PBOTKSTANT OUPHANH' HOME VICTOUIA.
Tho annual inootin<{ of this institution was hold on :^Oth
January, 1M77. Mr. Sponcor, Treasurer, road tho tinanoial
report. The reiMupts from subscriptions antl donations «lur-
in^ 1S7() wort) tl/M'i 20 which, with u balance of ??r)H2 82 on
hand on tho lilst Docouibor, 1875, made an a^}^re;j[ato of
$2,8J>o 02. During 187(5 there was an expenditure of !#2,-
511 07, having a balance on hand of $;{8.'{ 95. 'The ilebt on
tho Orphanaj^o was reduced by $250, leavinj^ a balance still
due of iJl.OOO. The orij^inal cost of the Orphanat^o property
was !!:'2,700. The nunilna* of ininat«!sis 21. During the year
si.K childnui wore |)rovidod with comfortable liouses outside
of tho Orphanaj^^e. Tho gtuu r;d and ladies' committee wore
re-«!h!cted. Scuiator Macdonald was re-elected Chairman;
Mr. Robert Wallace, re-elected Secretary; Mr. D. Spencer,
re-olectcd Tnsasurer. On motion of Mr. Trounce, seconded
by Mr. Higgins, the clergymen of tho Pandora street and
liaptist churches were invited to become members of the
Association.
Orticors for the year 1877 : President, Hon. W. J. Mac-
donald; Secretary, llobert Wallace ; Treasurer, David Spencer.
llOYAL HOSPITAL, VICTORIA
Dr. Davie, Me«lical Attendant; E. Grancini, President;
James Burns, M. W. T. Drake, T. Alsopp, H. Short, T.
Shotbolt, Directors; W. C. Ward, Treasurer; H. L. Jones,
Secretary; Alex. McNab, Steward; Edwai'd Price, Nurse.
BRITISH COLUMBIA PIONEER SOCIETY.
President, G. T. Sejmour; Vice President, T. Elwyn;
Physician, Dr. Trimble; Secretary, C. Kent; Treasurer, P.
McQuade.
Directors: W. P. Sayward, A. Astrico, P. J. Leech, D. W.
Chancy.
k-iitt
GUIDE TO BRITISH COUTMRIA.
27J)
HOSPITALS IN THE PROVINCE.
Royal HoHpitul, Pandora Avenue, Victoria.
" New WostminHter.
" Rarkerville.
" Nanaiino.
Tlieso are Public Hospitals and are assisted by contribu-
tions from the Provincial Government.
Marine Hospital (maintained by the Dominion Government)
Victoria West.
Lunatic Assylum (^maintained by the Provincial Government)
New Westminster.
French Hospital, CoUinson street, Victoria.
St. Joseph's Hospital, Oollinson street, Victoiia.
mirnsH Columbia benevolent society.
Fin-
John-
Mat-
[estaulihued 1872.]
Patron, Sir James Douplas, K. C. B.
President, Roderick Finlayson; Vice President, Alexander
McLean.
Committee: T. Allsop, A. C. Elliott, James Fell, 11.
layson, A. Fellows, E. Grancini, H. L. Jones, M. T.
ston, A. McLean, P. McQuade, Edgar Marvin, J. B.
thews, C. J. Prevost, G. I. Stuart, W. C. Ward.
Chairman of ladies' committee, J. B. Matthews.
Treasurer, E. Griincini; Secretary, Goo. I. Stuart.
Relief Committee, for January, April, July, OctoVier: G.
I. Stuart, Secret iry; J. Fell, 'W. C. Ward, A. McLean,
Vice President.
For Februarv, May, August, November: P. McQuade,
Sfi^retary; E. Marvin, A.C.Elliott, A. McLean, Vic Presi-
dent.
For March, June, September, December: H. L. J(mes,
Secretary; M. T. Johnson, A. Fellows, A. McLean Vice
President.
This Society is designed upon the broad principal of prac-
tical benevolence, without regard to creed, (!olor, or nation-
ality, and is intended for the relief of such distress or
destitution as may appear from Sme to time to call for suc-
cour.
It is generally conceded that indiscrij.iinate generosity
almost entirely falls short of its good purpose, and this
Society aims in the collection of contributions from the pub-
lic to organize the distribution of its funds, so that such
11
n,:
1 . . '■
If
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280
GUIDE TO BRITISH COLUMBU.
oontri^ ' ations may oflfect as muoli good as possible, and that
cases of imposture may be avoided.
The llehef Committee appointed for each mouth of the
year, will receive and take into consideration, all applications
for aid, and will also consider all cases of which they may
receive information, with a view to the granting of such help
as may appear desirable.
THE VICTORIA JEWISH LADIES' BENEVOLENT
SOCIETY.
President, Mrs. G. Opponheimer; Vice President, Mrs. A.
Phillips.
Trustees, Mrs. J. Boscowitz, Mrs. J. Lantz.
Hon. Sccrotarv and Treasurer, liev. A. Mver.
F BENCH BENEVOLENT AND MUTUAL SOCIETY.
[founded ln viotoria, v. I., FED. 2-4th, I860.]
This Institution accepts persons of all nationalities and
religions as members, on their agreeing to the rules and regu-
lations, and paying the requisite fees, viz., $1 per month or
i?l()0 for a life membership.
The hospital is situated on Collinson street, and any mem-
ber is entitled to admittance, or to get medicine free of
charge; but if attended by the doctor at his or her own
residence, the fee is $1 for each visit.
Members of Committee: President, J. B. Mayerau; Vice
President, F. Leslouis; Secretary, P. Bocion; Treasurer, M.
Camsusa; Medical Attendant, John Ash, M. D.; Steward,
R. Thornhill.
Directors: P. Tisset; C. Lombard; L. Lucas.
THE INCORPORATED LAW SOCIETY OF BRITISH
COLUMBIA.
Benchers: Hon. A. C. Elliott, Attorney-General; J. F.
McCreight, Q. C, Treasurer; M. W. T. Drake; A. R. Rob-
ertson, Q. C; A. E. B. Davie; G. A. Wlalkem, Q. C; (re-
tired.) H. B. W. Aikman, Secretary. ,
Annual meeting March 27th.
GUIDE TO BRITISH COLUMBU.
281
THE BKITISH COLUMBIA AGRICULTURAL AND
HOirncULTURAL SOCIETY, VICTORIA.
Jiimos Fell, President; David Leneven, J. P. Davics, Vice
l^iesideiits; J. H. Turner, Treasurea';Thos. Russell, Se«rotary.
Directors: P. T. Johnson, G. G. Walker, Wm. Grejjtoiy,
^y. F. Tolmie, Geo. Lind.>,Hy, AV. Turgoose, D. W. Higgins,
H. Mitchell, J. H. Todd.
CEMETERY BOARD.
J. H. Turner, Chairman; R. P. Rithet, J. E. McMillan,
P. McTiernaii, B. W. Pearse, J. R. Hett, Secretary; John
Cox, Kee])er at Cemetery.
VICTORIA
Is the capital of th(^ Province, the seat of Government, and,
generally speaking, the head-(iuarters of all Dominion and
local departments, and jiuhlic and private Associations and
Institutions in liritish Columbia. The city is beantifuUv
situated, at the south-eastein rxtn'Wiity of Vancourer Island,
in Latitude iH^ 25" 20' north, Lon. 12:r 22 24 west,— distant
about 71) miles, or six hours tsteam travel from New AVest-
minster, on the Eraser; three hours from Port Townsend, the
Port of Entry for Puget Sound ; al)out 70 miles from Nanaimo,
on the eastern shore of the Island; 05 miles from the ocean,
and about 750 miles, or three to four days' voyage of steamer
from San Francisco. The position of Victoria, both as a dis-
tributing point for the Province at large, and as a nucleus for
foreign trade, is extremely favorable — and the fact of its
being the tirst available seaport north of San Francisco con-
fers on it additional importance. The city itself is situtcnl on
the narrow inlet of 0/mf)wf', which, com])letely land-locked,
gives accommodation to all vessels whose draught of water
(h)es not exc<Mnl eigh^n-n feet. Laiger vessels discharge at
Esquimau, three miles <listant- an extensive harbor, ca]»al)le
of receiving vessels of the largest class, and destined, appar-
ently, to be, in connection with the ]>rojected railway across
the continent, the futures entrepot of a national coinmerce,
the extent of which it is not easy to forsoe. An excellent
macadamized road connects the city with Esquimalt.
Victoria can Ijoast of many good streets, extensive side-
walks, and excellent roads for drives leading from it into the
(H)untry in all directions. Adjoining the city is a ]iublic park,
ivuowii as Beacon Hill. This park borders on the Straits of
282
If
GUIDE TO BRITISH COLUMBIA.
Fuca, aud, in pleasant weather is one of the most enchanting
places on the northern Pacific coast. On the outskirts of the
city are many attractive residences; and almost every cottage
displays its pretty garden, cultivated frequently with no small
degree of horticultural taste. Its healthfulness and salubrity
of climate is now getting extensively known, and many
persons resort to the city to spend the summer moDths, and
no few to recuperate their health. The thermometer seldom
gets as low as zero in winter, and rarely higher than HH". in
summer — ranging generally between 55^ and 70 '.
Though Victoria can so far boast of no edifice of high
architectural pretensions, it contains many neat and substan-
tiallv constructed public buildings and dwelling houses.
The city is Avell supplied with pure wholesome water —
brought from Elk Lake, a distance of seven miles, in iron
pipes, at a cost of near one hundred and seventy -five thousand
dollars. The works are owned and controlled by the city.
Gas was introduced by a company .several years since, and
many of the streets of the city are illuminated, and its citizens
can enjoy these necessary articles of safety and comfort as
their resources permit.
There is also a very efficient Fire Brigade, a Chamber of
Commerce, an Agricultural and Horticultural Society, and
many other institutions and organizations which are more
fully referred to in the following tables and returns, or have
been alluded to in the proceeding remarks.
There are four Hospitals; one Lunatic Assylum; (tempor-
ary); two Iron Foundaries; two Sash and Door, &o., Factories;
one Cigar Manufactory; two Tanneries; six Breweries; two
Soap Factories; two Boot and Shoe Factories; two Ship Yards;
two Lumber Yards; three Waggon, &c., Makers; three IMachi-
nists; three Boiler &g. Makers; one Bookbinding &, Blank-
book Manufactory ; one Match Factory ; two Brick Yards; three
Printing Offices; and several other manufacturing establish-
ments of various kinds, among which may be named the fol-
lowing :
The Albion Iron Works, of which Mr. Joseph Spratt is
Proprietor, are situated on Store street, and is the larg(!st
establishment of the kind north of San Francisco.
The Works comprise Foundry, Machine, Boiler and Black-
smith Shops, complete with machinery and all appliances,
and a commodious Avharf attached to the premises, offers un-
equaled facilities for steamers requiring repairs.
Messrs. Hayward and Jenkinson, Contractors, &c., Langley
street, have a large establishment for the manufacture of all
kinds of wood work. The machinery is driven by a 25-horse
Mii.
r.l :1I)V TO HRITISH COLUMBIA.
2S:)
power engine, and consists of circular and cross-cut saws,
planin*^, niouldinj^, niorticinjjf and tenoninj^ machines, lathes,
etc. In connection with the boiler is a large drying room for
seasoning lumber. The stock of moulding, <loors and win-
dows, is large and varied, and the facilities for making up
special orders apparently all that could be desired.
Among other features of interest and one worthy of com-
in(Mit, is the establishment of T. N. Hibben & Co. Booksellers
and Stationers, Government street, the general appearance of
which would do credit to a much larger city. Many who may
read these lines will vouch for the truth of the assertion that
outside of the city of Han Francisco, not its equal in the line
can be found upon the Pacific Coast. Many a mariner who
in his dilemma has sought a temporary shelter in our beauti-
ful harbor, noni)luseil at the wonderful Archi])elago yet to bo
traversed u])on our nortlnrn coast, has found relief in this
establishment through the medium of Admiralty Charts,
Epitomes and other nautical aids. Many a transient aitist or
scientist has found uuex])ected means of replenishing his ex-
hausted supples. The shelves are also lined with choice
books, some of which are difficult to be obtained even in
larger cities. Connected with the establishment is a Book-
bindry, in which modern machinery is used and skilled work-
men are employed to execute equally well work which would
otherwise have to be sent abroad.
It would seem partial, and almost graceless to pass without
a flattering comment the comparative excellence of other
branches of business which reflect so creditably to Victoria,
the tjiueen City of the North-west. Tourists almost invariably
carry away with them a silk umbrella or a parasol or silk and
point laces, heavy silks, kid gloves, and many other articles
of wearing ap])arel, because of their superiority and cheapness.
Messrs. Muirhead and Mann have just started "The
Victoria Plaining Mills." This firm have erected a large three
story building at Rock Bay for the purpose of carrying on the
planing, moulding and sawing business. These works are
furnished with the most recently invented wood-working
machines, including a 24-inch planer and a large sized circu-
lar saw, ttc. There is also a large kiln attached to the
premises for seasoning lumber. Every care has been taken
in the erection and fitting of these works so as to render them
equal to any works of their kind north of San Francisco.
R. T. Williams has an extensive Bookbinding and Blank-
book Manufactory on Government street, containing the most
improved machinery suitable for all classes of work including
m
284
GUIDE TO UUn'IHH COLUMBIA.
U-:
m
tho riiliuf; of papoi", nuinboriu<; .md perforatinjjf of cluicks,
tickots, otc. This is tlin most coinploto estiiblisiinn^it of tho
kind north of San Francisco.
(^TTY COUNCIL CHAMBERS, COPtNER OF GOVERN-
MENT AND BROUGHTON STREETS.
CITY corxcrL.
M. W. T. Drake, May(n-.
C()mi<«illors for Yato;; str(3et Wanl: J. H. Turner, W. J.
JetlVee, E. 1^. Marvin.
('ouucillors for Jolinson street Ward: J. W. Williams, R.
Fin! arson.
Councillors for Januis Bay Ward: T. Tnnince, C. E. Red-
f<o-n.
Wm. Lei.iijli, Clerk.
Thomas Russell, Assessor and Collector.
W. F. Green, C. E., City Surveyor, and Waterworks Com-
missioner and Engineer.
Thos. J. Partrid^'e, Asst. Clerk, .Asst. Collector and IMes-
st:!nf^er.
Joseph Dewsnap. Pound Keej)er and Auctioneer.
VrOTOUIA CITY (COUNCIL COMMITTERS.
Finance: Finlayson, Redfern, Turner.
Street: Trounce, Williams, .Teft'ree.
Sanitary: Marvin, JeftVee Redfern.
Firewardens: Fiidayson, Johnson street Ward; Marvin,
Yates street Ward; Trounce, Jami^s Bay Ward.
CITY POLICE COURT.
Henry C. Courtney, Barrister-at-Law, Police Maj^istrate.
Wm. Leigh, Clerk of the Court.
Victoria City Police Force : William Bowden, Inspector;
Charles Bloomfield, Sargeant; Thomas D. Lindsay, Officer;
James White, Officer; John Sullivan, Officer.
City Cash Receipts and Disbursements from the 1st of Jan-
uary to the nist December, 1870 :
Receipts, .«r)7,810 57.
Disbursements, §57, 506 12.
Estimated Revenue, 1877: $58,979 00.
Estimated Expenditure, 1877, $58,979 00.
I
GUIDE TO BRITISH COI.IMBU.
VICTOllIA CENSUS.
285
Taken bv the Corpovjition (exclusive of Indians iiml
Chinese), Januaiy Ist, 1S70:
Males, :j,34.S; females, 1,945. Total, y,'2t):i.
VICTORIA OAS COMPANY, LIMITED.
[lN('()l!l'<)l{ATKI) JS.V.).]
Capital, S-2()0,0()().
President, J. J. South^'ute. Seei<!tarv and Manager, C.
W. R. Thomson.
VICTORIA CHAMBER OF COMMERCE.
Officers for 1S70-7 : Henry Rhodes, Pn^sident; T. L. Stalh-
sehmidt, Vice-President; R. Plummer, Secretary and Treas-
urer .
C'omniittee of Arbitration: O. J. Findlay, M. T. Johnson,
P. McQuade. F. J. Roscoc, A. J. Langley.
CONSULS AT VICTORIA
United States of America,
France,
German Empire,
Sweeden and Norway,
Chili,
Hawaiian,
David Eckstein
Vice, David Kurtz
Engine RouUet
M. T. Johnson
Henry Rhodes
George I. Stuart
Henrv Rhodes
VICTORIA FIRE DEPARTMENT.
150AHU OF J>ELF.(i.VTi:S.
Delegates U. H. ct L. Co., No. 1: E. Grancini, C. Hay-
ward, Geo. N. Reynolds.
Delegates Deluge Co. No. 1 : Thos. Geiger. Wra. Lohse,
Frank Saunders.
Delegates Tiger Co. No. 2: J. W. Griffiths, L(mis G. Mc-
(^uade. T. J . Burns.
E. Grancini, President; henry Soar, Secretary; Thomas
Geiger, Treasurer; P. J. Hall, Steward.
Joseph Wriglesworth, Chief Engineer; John Stevens, Assf
Engineer.
8T
286
GUIDE TO imiTISlI {• >l,'J.MmA.
i '
n
m
OFFICERS.
U. H. & L. Co. No. 1: J. U. McKou/ie, Foroinan: E. D.
Ferris, 1st Asst.; C. Jenkiuson. 2iul Asst. ; W. H. Dorinan,
Secretiiry; E. Griuicini, Trousiiror.
Delude Engine Co. Xo. 1: W. McXifFo, Foreman; Joseph
Sears, 1st Asst. ; Frederick Carne, 'iml Asst. ; Henry Soar,
tSeeretary; Frank Selil, Troasnrer.
Tiger Engine Co. No. 2: Geo. E. Smith, Foreman; A.
Bortle, 1st Asst. ; John Morley, 2n(l Asst. ; Frank Sylvester,
Secretary; John McLane, Treasurer.
riJIVATE SCHOOLS IN VICTOUIA.
Mrs. Fellows, for girls, Mae street.
Mr. Viensseux, for boys, Dallas U(ja(l, James Bay.
Mrs. Vienssen.v, for girls Quebec street, James Bay.
St. Louis Coll(!ge, for 1)()ys, Pantlori; Avenue.
St Ann's (/ouvent, for orphans and girls, Humboldt street.
Collegiate School, for boys, llev. H. H. Mogg, B. A., Church
Hill, llae street.
Angela ('ollegt;, for girls, Burdett Aveinie.
Mrs. Chidge and Miss Dogdson, for girls, and boys under
eight years, Kane street.
St. John's (Irammnr School, Rev. P. Jeinis.
Madame Petibeau, girls' boarding and (Liy school, head of Fort
street.
Mr. J. Millar, Singing School, Broughton street
Mr. Knights Evening .and Day School, (xovernmiMit street.
Mrs. T. Siibiey Wilson, Music and Drawing, Frederick street.
SUNDAY SCHOOLS.
Christ Church, St. John's, St. Andrew's (H. C), St. Andrew's
(Scotch), Uet'ormed E|)iscopal Chm-jh, Presbyterian,
M(^thodist, Ba])tist and Jewish.
PI IJLJC BUILDINGS, <^.c., VICTORIA.
Angela College, for girls, Burdett Avenue.
liaptist Church The, Pandora street.
Christ's Church Cathedral, (Church of England) Church Hill,
Rae street,
(histom House The, Wharf street.
Dominion Offices, Government street.
French Hos])ital, Collinson street.
Free Schools, head of View street.
Government Buildin-.^s The, James' Bav.
OUIDE TO KlUTISH COLUMBIA.
287
Gaol The, Bastion street.
High School The, head of View street.
^Marine Hospital, Victoria west.
Masonic Buihlinj^s, (lovernuient street.
Methodist Church The, Pandora street.
Mechanics' Institute, Philharmonic Hall, Fort street.
Orphanat^e Tin; Protestant, Rai* street.
Philharujonic Hall The, Fort street.
Presbyterian Church Tlie, Pandora street.
Post Ortice, (Tovernnient street.
Royal Hospital The, head of Pandora street.
Heformed E])iseo})al Church, Humbolt street.
St. Andrew's Scotch Church, Courtney street.
St. Andrew's Homan Chatholic Cathedral, Humboldt street.
St. Ann's Convent and Schools, Humboldt street.
St. John's Church, (Ciiuich of Enj^'land) Douglas street.
St. Joseph's Hos|)ital, ('ollinson street.
St. Louis R. C. College for boys. Pandora Avenue.
Synagogjie The, corner of Blanchard and Pandora streets.
Theatre Roval, (rovernment street.
VICTORIA CITY DIRECTORY.
Abernethy Mrs., lilanchard street.
ACCIDENT INSURANCE COMPANY OF CANADA, T.
Allsop tfe Co., Agents, Oovei'nment street.
Adams D. F., contractor, Yates street.
Adams Frank W., clerk, Kane street.
Aden Mrs., Johnson street.
Adlor Samuel, miner, Amelia street.
Ah Long, Eagle Restaurant, Johnson street.
AH POI and WTJNG POW, Johnson street.
Ah Sam, washerman, Johnson street.
Ah Son, bootmaker, Johnson street.
Ah Young, cook. New England Bakery, Government street.
Ah Sing, butcher. Government street.
Aikman H. B. AV., Register-General, Sec, Pandora street.
Albany Frank, miner, Simcoe street.
Albertstone Reuben, miner. Quadra street.
Alexander F. J., accountant.
Alexander James J., bookkee])er, Fort street.
Allatt T. S., contractor, Broughton street, residence Fort st.
AUatt Frederick Richard, carpenter. Fort street.
Allatt Wm., carpenter, .lohnson street.
Allsop Thos., real estate and insurance agent, Government
street, n Jdence Moss street.
288
OUIDE TO BRITISH COLUMBU.
i II.
n
M
lii
',1
HI
m
!!■:•
Aime Paul, Johnson street.
Andean Wm., general dealer, Government street, residence
Pandora street.
Anderson John, teamster. Fort street.
Anderson James R., bookkeeper, St. Lawrence street.
An<lorson Goo. W., baker and grocer, corner of Fort and
Blanchard streets.
Anderson, David, laborer.
Andrew John A., clerk H.B.Co., Broad street.
Andrews Richard, drayman, Yates street.
Andrews Jamos, boot and shoe maker, Oriental Alley.
Archibald W. M., minager W. U. Telegraph Co., North
Park street.
Armour James, hackman.
Armstrong Jamos, drayman. View strt^et.
Armstrong W. W., tobacjconist, Johnson street.
Arnold Thomas, miner, Yates street.
Arris Thomas, foreman Belmont Factory, Douglas street.
Ash John, M. D., Fort street.
ASTRICO AXDREW, Pacific TELFinupii Hotel, Store street
Astrico C, Pacific Telegraph Hotel.
Auger Joseph, David street.
Austin J. J., aeeouutaut. Lands and Works Department,
N'ictoria Ann.
Bachelor Job, bookkeeper, Michigan street.
Baguall John, piano manufacturer, etc., Fort street.
Bailey M. F., plasterer, Mears street.
Bailey Mrs., nurse, Moares street.
Jiaillii' Miss, Fort street.
Baker Richard, tfe Son, flour and feed dealers, Yates street.
Baker Mi(Oiael, (B. Richard tfe SonJ Mount Tolmie road.
Baker (reorge H., cerpenter, Pandora Avenue.
Baker Michael, carpenter and contractor, Frederick street.
Baker William, contractor, Doiighis street.
Baker John, carpenter, Douglas street.
Baker James, carpenter, Douglas street.
Baker Richard, carpenter, Douglas sti'eet.
Baker Mrs. T. J., Qu3be(i street.
Baker Edgar Crowe accountant. Laurel Point.
Bakes James, laborer, Fort street.
Bales J. C, (Englehardt tt Co. ) Victoria west.
Ball Charles, blacksmith, Johnson street, residence Menzies
street.
Ballson H. G., carpenter, Fort street.
Banefield David, baker's assist., Yates street.
OTTIDK TO BRITISH COLUMBIA.
289
BANK OF BRITISH COLUMBIA, Government street.
W. C. Wiinl, ManaK<'r, residenop Highwood, Mohh street. C. 8. Jonen,
Acconiitiiiit, rt'siiicnco HuinboUIt strct'l. Wiilti-r Powell, Cashier, resi-
(Ifiice Hunk, (Jo vcruuiput street. J. 0. Veith, I.etlRor keeper, residence
Yates street, J. D. Owyther. Clerk, residence Yates street. I<. Dick-
enson, niessi'n^jer, rosidiuco, iiank (Tovernmeut street.
Bank of British North Aiiierica, Yates street.
John (Jooilfellow, .M,iuaj{er. A. B Ritchie, .Accountant. A. Maxwell.
Teller. M. (1. Staples, .\88ftyer. Alex. Munro, Jr., Clerk. John Hart,
Messenger.
Biiriuircl F. J., tV' Co.. expressmen, Yates street.
Barnard F. J., (F. J. B. & Co.; Duval Cottage, Gov't. Hill.
Barnard F., Jr., Duval Cottage, Government Hill .
Barnard Dr. C. F,, dentisi Douglas street.
Barnes James, carpenter, Simcoe street.
Barrett George, eari)enter.
Barnswoll James, carpenter, Johnson street.
Barron Dougal F., cabinet maker, Meares street.
Barry John, express driver, Rae street.
Barry Wni., Meares street.
Barrv Thomas, dravman, Yates street.
Bartin Alex., blacksmith, Farquhar street.
Bartlett John, barkeeper, Johnson street.
Baskett Rev. Chas. Robt., Quadra street.
Baumann F., confectioner, Yates street.
Baumann L. F., confectioner, Yates street.
Bajnes Sound Colliery Co., (limited,) office Langley street.
Beaven Robert, real estate agent, Government street, resi-
dence corner Beechy and Vancouver streets.
Beckingham Mrs., North Park street.
Bogg John, carpenter, Courtenay street.
Begbie Sir M. B., Knight, Chief Justice of B. C, Labou-
chere street.
Becker John, (Geiger <fe B.) hairdresser, res. Johnson street.
Beckwith George, clerk, Dallas ro;id.
Belmont Boot and Shoe factory. Government street.
BELMONT SALOON, cor." Humboldt and Government
STREETS, J. LONGHURST.
Bennallick T., carpenter, Johnson street.
Bennett W. , Civil Engineer, Esquimalt district.
Bennett Richard, carpenter, Frederick street.
Bennett John, carpenter, Frederick street.
Bennett Thomas AVesley, carpenter, Frederick street.
Berkeley W. C, Auditor Provincial Gov't, Michigan street.
Beswick Abel, teamster. Pandora street.
Betts Thomas, barkeeper, Prince of Wales Saloon.
Bickford Wm., furniture de'aler. Government street.
Billings John A., carpenter, Beechy street.
ifil
I
200
GUIDE TO BRingH COM^MniA.
BILLINGS MRS., <fe Co., Temperance Hotel, cor. Douglan
and Fort streets.
Bishop Caleb, storekeeper's asst. at Navy Yard, Work street .
Bissoli John, tinsmith, Michigan street.
Black John, night watchman. View street.
Blaekall (Jeorgo, Albion Saloon, Yates street.
Blackmore .John, barkeeper, cor. Government and Humboldt
streets.
Blaicklock Mrs., Birdcage walk.
Blak(! Charles, barkoo])er, Johnson street.
]>land James William, druggist's asst.. Work street.
Bland John, bootmaker, Kane street,
lilenkonsop (itiorgc*, transport agent, Langley Alley.
Blinkhorne Mrs,, Fort street.
liloomfield ('has. P., Sergt. of Police, John street.
BlossfoMt Hugo, salesman. North Park street.
Blott John, fruiterer and tobacconist, Government street.
Blum L., clothier and <mttitter, Johnscm street, residence
Pandora street,
lihinden Kcv. Thos., Pandora Avenue.
Bocion Paul, Vates street.
Ijonbright Geo. W., carpenter, Broughtou street, residence
Qm-bcc street.
]V>nd George, laborer, Johnson street,
iiond Willis, contractor. View street,
lioiie Thomas Sawdry, geneial dealer. Government street, res.
View street.
])onwick Mrs., Fisguard street.
Jiooth Samuel, laborer, Y^ates street.
Booth E. .\., miner, Pioneer street.
Booth Geoige. Bock Bay House, Work street.
Bordf Anguste, (Cameron A' B.) Chatham street,
liorde Hypolite, shoemaker, Chatham street,
liorihwick iV Brown Adelphi Saloon, Y'ates street.
Horthwick Ralph, (B. «t Brown) residence Johnson street.
J'oscowitz L. & J., furriers, Wharf street.
Boscowitz Joseph, (L. & J. H.) res. Pandora street.
Bossi G., grocer, etc., cor. Johnson and Store streets.
Bossi Archille (B. it Giesselmann) res. Simcoe street.
Bossi it Giesselmann, grocers, etc., Yates street.
13osworth, Wm., farmer Princess Avenue.
Botterill Matthew, butcher, Lawrence street.
Boullet Eugine, grocer, Yates street.
Boyce James, farmer, Humboldt street.
Boyd John, grocer and spirit merchant, Johnson street.
Boyd James, carpenter, Blanchard street.
(ifIl>K TO HIilTISH rOLrMKIA.
301
Hdvlcs W.ilsoii, tcamsti'i-, Painioci street.
IJowdcn Will., Iiis|)c('t()i' of Police, I'liudorii stivet.
i'owlcs Hi li.iril. uurclionstMiiMii. Fort stn-ct.
lioulcs Mrs., A- Co.. (ilolif Hotel, Fort street.
IIOW'MAN \V. (r., iiivKitv Si'Aiu.K Ki:r,i'i;n, Yati's ntreet.
r>r.iileii '/oliM, (Slew.irt «V V>. ) res. View street.
HiMiuwell .lucol), IJritisli ('oliiml)i;i lMi;j;iiie Works, Cormor-
iiiit strcH't.
Ilraiieli Siiiiiuel, luiiier, David street.
|;K.VVI':IIA1V\ l., Mo.vkv IJuokki!, \:t(\, cor IJro.id uiid l*an-
dora streets,
liii^i^'s Alfred P., iiii?iei, (lordoii stret't.
I>ri}^,^'s 'I'hoiuas li., (Stroiiss, P». K. .V Co.') res. Gordon street.
inirnsH co/^oa/.s"/' Nb:wsi\vi»Ei{ and Joii puint-
ISa OFFr('l<:. Oovcuiuneut street, D. \V. Higgins pro-
|»)ietor and Editor, res. Y'ates street.
lJrodi<- C. I't.. clerk. Iloss liay.
IJrophv I'idward. harness maker, Lan^dey street.
I'dlOWN .\c WHITE, Ditv (Ioods MKiuM.wrs, Govt, street,
lirowu Henry, (F>. A' White) Fort street.
JUown (J. H, Wilson, farinei-, Paekingtou street,
iirown Mrs. W'ni., Fort stri'et.
Urown \\ ni., lahorer, View street.
Hrown Cai)t. (r(>or}^'e M., mariner, Vii'w street.
l5ro\vn M. C., (liortliwick tV li.) Government street.
Brown P., clerk, Viineouver street.
Urown R, ,\,, acconntant, Vancouver street.
]>ro\vn Jess(% iV, ('o., restanrant, Johnson street.
Ih'own (reo., mariner,
lirown Henry, farmei', Fairfield,
jjrown Wni., longshoreman, Store str(*et.
J5ryant W. C, farrier, etc., Johnson street, res. Amelia street.
l>U(!kett Win., drayman, Franklin street.
1> dor .v., general dealer, Government street.
Hull W. King, ntnvsi)ai)er editor. View street.
I>nllen Jolinathan, hricklaver, Herald street,
limister, Hon. .V., brewer, etc., Johnson street, res. Queen's
Avenue,
iinnte John G., upholster, Courtney street.
Bunting Chas. E., Customs Department, res. corner View
and J)onglas streets.
Burgess J. P., ceipenter, Broad street.
P>argess Francis, (McKay tt B.) Fisguard street.
Burgess Stephen, Yates street.
Burns A' Co., traders, cor. Broad and Yates streets.
Burns J., (B. A- Co.)
, ..J
21)2
atJIDE TO BRITISH (X)I,UMIJL\.
Burns T. J., Araoricttu Hotel, Yates stiuot.
Burns John, Govornment street.
JJurroufjjlis Win. (}., tuilor, Orientiil Alley.
JJurt S. S., l)ali(a' and grocer, (fovornment street.
Jiusli Tiiotnas, l)ri(ikla}'er, stoi'e stroot.
Busliell Mrs. F. S., piano teacher, Kane street.
Butl(!r Horace, cook, llae stre.'ct.
JJutler Uobt., employ (rov't printing office, Michigan street.
Bym K. S., clerk, l\lane stre(!t
(California Slarine Board of llnd(jr\vriters, II. Finlaysou agent
Douglas stre((t.
Cameron tt Bordo, blacksmiths and farriers, (.'orjnorant street
CauKM'on Wm., ((;. A' Borde) Cormorant street.
Cameron Mrs., C'ormorant street.
(Cameron l)au(%in, contractor, Mic^higan street.
Cameron l)ani»>l, i)laster(ir, Dallas road.
Cameron Charles, warehouseman, Michigan street.
(Jameron Wm. O., warehouseman, Michigan street.
Cadcll Phillip, clerk H.B.Co., View street.
1.;
('ii'siir, Handle, hairdresser, Yates street.
(Jatfeire Augin, mariner, (Chatham street.
Cain John, caretaker f)f arms, itc. Drill Shed, James Bay.
(Jairn John, laborer, Herald street.
Calder, Dr. J., dentist. Fort street.
(!al(h^r Alex., gimtleman, Douglas street.
( 'aldwell Mrs ., tc^acher public school, Mason street.
(!amp John, drayman, Mears street.
C im[)bell Thomas, stone cutter Fort street.
CAMPBELL FRANCIS, ToBA(x;oNisT, cor. Yates and Gov-
ernment streets, res. Johnson street.
(Campbell J. l)lacksmith and furrier, Y'ates street.
Campbell John Donald, (Quadra street.
Canipl)ell John, smith's helper, Herald street.
Camsusa M., (Casamavou tt Co.) Yates sti'cet.
CANADA (JUAKANTEE Co., T. Allsop & Co., agents.
CANADIAN PACIFIC RAILWAY OFFICE, Government
street. [See report.]
Carey Joseph W., surveyor, Kane street.
Carmichael John H., Telegraph office, res. McClure street.
Carnarvon Club The, View street.
Carnes Rev Wm., Pandora street.
Carne Frederick, Angel Hotel, Langley street.
Carue F. Jr., clei'k, Langley street.
(^ARR RICHARD, Merchant, Wharf street, res. Simcoe
street.
Carrington Thos., (with Wm. Jones) res. Kane street.
nfim TO p.inTFsfi corrMiiTA.
L»OM
Ciirti'V 'Diuiiias \\'., fiiinirr, llillsitlc.
Cirffi' Mi's. M.irv A., ^[riiirs stiTct.
Cirtcr Pjiris. <'Xj»r<'ssiii,in, Ac, Y;it<'H strt't't, rt's. Puiidoni
CASAlMAYor A.. iV Co.. I.k.m oit .\Ni» PitovisioN Mkiichants.
Viitc^^ street,
{'iiscltoii liicliard, Mvitii llurlVA I'n.) res. Hiiml)olilt stn^ot.
Ciitlicmt Jnlm, iii.icliinist. Urnjid street.
Citlicjirt Heiirv. l.-ihoicr, l*(nnl<>r;i ,\vetiiu'.
C.iviii (leiirL(e. s!ii|)-e;ir|M liter, ClntliiUii street.
Ciivili 'riiniiiiis. cirpeiitei, l'"is;^ni;ir(l street.
('Ii.idwiek 'riinmMs, lutenuitional Hotel. Y.itcs stro<»t.
Chfiiidieis Coote y\.. Areniiiitant at Saving's I'auk, res. cor.
Alfred and ('liainl)eis streets,
('lian^' Kee. eij^far iiiaiiid'aetiirer. (i(»vernnnMit strc't.
Charles William. ClM<'t' Faet(»r H.r.Co., res. Fort street.
Charles Tlioiiias. {^'eiitleniaii, Dallas road.
Charters W. IJ., hlaeksiinth. Wharf street.
Charter Henry. eiij,'ine«'r, Fort street.
Chiiuneey I). W., earpentei' Hailev .Vlhrv. JohllS^^n stieet.
Ch.iuveau Aiii^uste, steward St. Jose])li s Hospital, ('olliusoii
str'H't.
Chilian Consul, (I. I. Stuiirt (Stuart \- Keast.) Wharf street.
Chin^ Kin<.C, eit^ar nnmuftu'turer, Johnson street.
Christonsju .Tani(>s, pilot, LawreiMM! street.
Christopher Tliomas. clerk, Yates street.
Christ()])her Thomas, North Park street.
Christoi)her Auj^ustus, (>xpress driver. \Vorlv street.
CHUIITON ARTHUli, Cicaii MANrF.vruTiiKR, Wharf street.
Clanton 11. T.. laborer, Pioneer street.
Clay Samuel, f^rocer, coi-. D(mj;las and Johnson street.
Clayton John, nurseryman, Mofis street,
('lark Wm., carpenter, \"at(>s strec^t.
('lark (iraham James, (Smith \ Co.) Dallas road.
Clarke W. P., Auctioneer and Commission merchant, Y'ates
street, res. cor. (Quadra and ('hatham streets,
('littbrd Samuel, mariner. Wharf street.
Clyde Albert, tinsmith, Government sti'eet.
('lyde .\lexander, blacksmith.
Coigdarippe Jean, (G. A- C.) View street.
Cofjran C. Ct.. KiniJiston street,
('ollens John, clerk, (Quadra street.
Coleman Georf^e, Prince of Wales Saloon, Government street,
res. Fisguard street.
(!oldwill C'harles, master moulder, Fort street.
Collins (^harles, Johnson street.
ll
294
GUIDE 'J'O BRITISH COLUMBIA.
Collins John, North Pacific Saloon, cor. Yates and Wharf
streets.
Collister llichard, shipcarpenter, Rock Bay.
Combe Robt., clerk H.B.Co., View street.
Corapton P. N., clerk, David street.
Constantine AV'm., carpenter, View street.
Conway Thomas, tinsmith. Princess street.
Conway Edmnnd, telegrapl; operator. Princess street.
Cooness Stacy, teamster, Johnson street.
Cooke A. B., chemist, Douglas street.
Cooke Mrs., nurse, Chatham street.
Cool Dr. W. P., dentist, Government street.
Cooper Thomas, clerk, Bastion street.
Coojier Capt. James, Agent Marine and Fisheries, res. Gon-
zalo House, Victoria District.
Cope C. A., tinsmith, htore street.
Copeland Soloman A., steward. Fort street.
Copeland llichard, bootmaker, Quebec street.
Copelard llicliard, engineer, Quebec street.
Cordal Edward, tailor. Fort street.
Courtney H. C, barrister-at-law, Police Magistrate, res.
Douglas street.
(Jouves A. C, Brown Jug Saloon, cor. Government and Foi-t
streets, res. Johnson street.
Cowley J. J., Fort street.
Cowper Jesse, Menzies street.
COWPELi H. M., Boot and Shoe Dealeu, Government
street, res.Menzies street.
Cox Mrs., cor. Cormonuit and Blanchard streets.
Cox Emanuel, Lightkeeper, Victoriji harbor.
Craft Wm., with Denny & Spencer, res. Fort street.
Craigie Thomas, laborer, liupert street.
Cranoelli P., grocer, and liquor dealer, Johnson street.
Crease Hon. Mr. Justice, Fort street.
Creighton John Young, clerk.
Cridge Right Rev. E., Bishop Reformed Episcopal Church,
res. Toronto street.
Cridge Richard, surveyor, Toronto street.
Crosson James, gener.d dealer, Yates street.
Grossman George, steak, cho}) and pie house. Fort street.
Crowther R. A., painter and gilder. Broad street.
CROWTHER JOHN, Painter and Glazier, Yates street, res.
Quadra street.
Crowther John, Jr., Quadra street,
'^uniffe Thomas, laborer. Herald street.
Curtis J. E., with Drake & Jackson, res. Simcoe street.
GUILJ TO BRITISH COLUMBIA.
296
Cdvere'^u Pierre, nurseiyman Cedar Hill road.
Dakin George, miner.
Dake Charles, boatman.
Dalby Wm., manager Belmont Boot and Shoe Co., residence
Pandora street.
Dale David, gasmeter inspector, North Park street.
Daly James, steward Oriental Hotel.
Daniels B. . warehouseman, Pandora street.
Davey A. W., Carpenter, Fort street.
Davidson Auguste, barkeeper, Yates street.
Davidson Robert, (Smith & D.) Fort street.
Davie J. C, M.D., Langley street, res. Donglas street.
Davie A. E. B., Provincial Secretary, res. Michigan street.
DAVIESJ. P., <fe Co., Admiralty Auctioneers &c ., Wharf
DAVIES J. P. & Co., Cattle Sales Yard, Fort street.
Davies J. P., (J. P. D. <fe Co.) Fisguaid street.
Davies Joshua, (J. P. D. & Co.) Fisguurd street.
Davies Henry, clerk, Fisguard street.
Davies David B. , clerk, Fisguard street.
Davies J. P., Jr., clerk, Fisguard street.
Davies Joseph, foreman Standard office, res. Fort street.
Davies Thomas, laborer, Johnson street.
Davis John C. M., teamster, Douglas street.
Davis John, carpenter, Dallas road.
Dawson Henry Locke, laborer, Johnson street.
Dawson C. iJ., Civil Engineer, Esquimalt Dock.
Dearberg T. J., foreman Colonist office, res. Princess street.
Deasey Daniel, Government messenger. Government Build'gs.
Deasey Thomas, asst. messenger. Government Buildings.
DeCosmos Hon. Amor, M. P., Rae street.
Decks George, express driver, Alfred street.
Deighton Capt. Thomas M., mariner. Pandora street.
Deluge Engine Co. jjouse, Yates street.
Denegri G. B ,, fruiterer and fishmonger, Johnson street.
Denny and Spencer, drygoods dealers, &c., Victoria House
Government street.
Denny Wm., (D. k, Spencer) Pandora street.
Devereaux Capt. J. M., mariner, Douglas street.
Dowdney Walter, clerk, Dallas road.
DeWIEDERHOLD k Co., Coal and Wood Dealers, Wharf
street.
Dewsnap Joseph, pound keeper, Chatham street.
Dexter Kobt., mariner, Victoria.
Dickenson L., messenger Bank B. C, res. Bank Gov't street.
Dicker Louis, ihismith, Yates streftt.
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296
GUIDE TO BRITISH COLUMBIA.
Jvh
Diebel Win. F., baker, View street.
Dickson, Campbell & Co., merchants, Store street.
Dietrich Joseph, teamster. Wharf street.
Dillon Miles, bootmaker. Government street.
Dillon Wm., ])ainter, Dallas road.
Dodgson Miss, Mrs. Cridge's school, Kane street.
Donald Edwin, Menzies street.
Dooley John, (Goodacre <fe D.) Johnson street.
Dooling Bart., laborer. Herald street.
Dorman John, carpenter, Michigan street.
Dorman AVm., asst. Superintendent Money Order Branch, P.
O., res. Michigan street.
Donally J., night watchman Lunatic Assylum.
Doschor H. \V., laundi-yman, cor. Pembroke and Quadra
streets.
Dougal John, str. engineer, Chatham street.
Doagal John, proprietor Atlas Foundry, cor. Pembroke and
Government streets, res. Blanchard street.
Doughty George, brushmaker, Fort street.
Doughty James, Fort street.
Douglas Sir James, K.C.B., James Bay.
Douglas James W., M.P.P., law student, James Bay.
Douglas Adam, machinist, store street.
Downes Richard, miner, North Park street.
Downey J. J., Superintendent Lunatic Asylum.
Drake & Jackson, barristers and notaries &c., cor. Langley
and Bastion streets.
Drake M. W. T., (D & Jackson) Rock Bay.
Draney Robt. blacksmith, Kane street.
Driard House, L. S. Lucas, proprietor. View street.
Driscoll D., tide-waiter. View street.
Drout John, baker and grocer, Johnson street.
DRUMMOND J. S., Tinsmith, Stove Dealer, &g., Yates
street, res. Rae street.
Duck Simeon, carriage manufacjturer, &c., Johnson street,
res. Herald street.
DUNLOP JOHN T., Prince of Wales Stables, Broad street.
Dupont C. T., Collector of Iidand Revenue, Fort street
Dutnall John, drayman, Quadra street.
Duval John M., wood turner. Telegraph Hotel.
Dwyer Joseph, (sargt.^at-arms.) Cormorant street.
Earle Thos., (J. Rueif & Co.) Quadra street.
Eckstein David. U. S. Consul, Government.
Ede John, mino", Cormorant street.
Edmunds John, laborer. View street.
Eliot John, laborer, Beacon Hill.
GUIDE TO BRITISH COLUMBIA.
297
Ellery George, butcher, Pandora street.
Elliott Hon. A. C, Attorney General, cor. Beechy and Van-
couver streets.
Elliott Thomas, carpenter. Cormorant street.
Elliott Alfred Wm., engineer, Quebec street.
Ellis David, moulder, Herald street.
Elford Robt., carpenter, Fort street.
Elford J. P., carpenter, Port street.
Ella Mrs., Fort street.
Ella Thomas, Jr., clerk. Fort street.
Ellerson James, barkeeper. Oriental Alley.
Elphinstone Rodger, joiner, Michigan street.
Elwyn Thos. J. P., acting Deputy Provincial Secretary,
Johnson street.
Ennor Thomas, miner, Chatham street.
Englehardt J. (E. «fe Co.) cor. Cooke and Richardson streets.
ENGELHARDT J., <fe Co., coal and wood dealers, and agents
for the Pacific Mail Steamship Co., Wharf street.
Erb L. E., (Lowen & E.) Government street.
Estes Andrew J., laborer, Douglas street.
Eustace Edward, mariner, Humboldt street.
Fairbairu Wm., mechinist, Farquhar street.
Falshaw Robt., carpenter, Pandora Avenue.
Farrell Patrick, night wathman, Beechy street.
Farron «fe Fiterre, dressmakers, Yates street.
Farwell A. S., Surveyor-General, Fort street.
Fawcett Edgar, upholsterer, Franklin street.
Fawcett Roland, upholsterer, Kane street.
Fawcett & Co., upholsterers and paperhangers, Gov't street.
Fee David, engineer, Herald street.
Feillet J., locksmith and blacksmith, Johnson street.
Felix L., employ H.B.Co.
Fell James, & Co., grocers, &c., Fort street.
Fell James, View street.
Fell Thornton, clerk, View street.
FELLOWS & ROSCOE, Hardware Merchants, Yates street
Fellows Alfred, (F. & Roscoe) Rae street.
Ferraud B., grocer, tfec, cor. Johnson and Broad streets, res.
View street.
Fery Capt. Jules, Yates street.
Ferris Edward, teamster, Blanehard street.
Field Wm., carpenter, Blanehard Avenue.
Field Wm., Quadra street.
Field Edwin, draper's asst.. Quadra street.
Field Samuel, cabinet maker, Yates street.
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298
GUIDE TO BRITISH COLUMBIA.
DURHAM & BRODIE, Merchants, Wharf
FINDLAY,
Findlay Geo. J., (F. D. & B.; Quadra street.
Fiiilaison Charles S., Chief Clerk Customs, Michigan street.
Finluyson John, grocer. Fort street.
Finlaysou lioJerick, Loyils Agent, and agent for the Cali-
fornia Marin(3 Board of Underwriters, Douglas sti'eet.
Fish Win., Douglas street.
Fisher Auguste, blacksmith, Baillie Alley, Johnson street.
Flett Thomas, carpenter, Simcoe street.
Fletcher E., asst. Post Office Inspector, res. Rae street.
Fletcher T. AV., electro silver plater, i^'c. Fort street, res.
View street.
Flewin Thomas, warehouseman, South Park street.
Ford Mrs. S., dressmaker, Pfindora Avenue.
Forester's Hall The, Bastion street.
Foster llobt., marble ;ind stone cutter, Work street.
Foster Robt., Jr., machinist, Johnson street.
Fox Mrs. & H. A., cutlery, lamp and fancy goods dealers,
Government street, res. Amelia street.
Fox Henry, laborer. Herald street.
Francis Allen, Ex-U, S. Consul, Pandora Avenue.
Francis George, livery stable keeper. Trounce Alley.
Eraser Peter, barkeeper, Chatham street.
Eraser Andrew, Chatham street.
Eraser Mrs., Chatham street.
Eraser Louis, the Snug Tavern, Douglas street.
Franklin W. A., expressman, Superior street.
Eranklyn Mrs., Pioneer street.
Frances Mrs. A. H., Quadra street.
Fritters John, grocer, &c., Store street.
Erye George, landing waiter in Customs, res. Princess street.
Eulcher Frederick, baker. Fort street.
Galer George, carpenter, Kane street.
Galley Wm., contractor and builder, Topaz Avenue.
Galley Wm,, Jr., clerk, Topaz Avenue.
Gant Mrs., dressmaker. Pioneer street.
Garesche, Green & Co., bankers, etc.. Government street.
Garesche Mrs., Michigan street.
Gardner Capt. , Parkington street.
Garnier & Coigdarippe, Colonial Exchange Hotel and Res-
taurant, Johnson street.
Garnier Joseph, (G. & C.) Johnson street.
Gastineau Jonn, surveyor, Humboldt street.
Gas Works The Victoria, Store street.
Gaston Herbert, gentleman, Douglas street.
GUIDE TO BRITISH COLUMBIA.
'21)9
(xeigev Thos., (G. & IJeekerj View street.
Geiger A- Becker, S.iu Fraiieisca Baths, and hairdressers,
Goverumeut street.
Geiger Louis, bootmaker, Yates street.
(rerke Henry, tV Co., merchants, Wharf street.
(rerow Gideon Carey, carriage maker, Yates street.
tierow Mrs., Dominion House, Yates street.
G.nritson John, grocer and baker, Hiimbohlt street.
(territson All)ert, carpenter, Humboldt street.
Gei'inan Consulate, M. T. Johnson, Consul, at Findlay, Dur-
ham it Brodie s, Wlmri" street.
Gibbon Mrs., Fort street.
Gibson James, l)re\vor, Pandora street, res. Cormorant street.
Giosselmann Chas., (Bossie \' G.) Vancouver street.
Grilliu I'errence Hamilton, Police J^arracks.
Gillespie Mrs. Fort street.
Gillighan Patrick laborer, Pjuidora street.
GIL MO HE ALEX., Tailou and Clothieu, Gov't street, res.
Store .street.
Gin Wau, washerman, Government street.
Girodon Etlwju'd, J^road stre«^t.
Glide Henry, hiborer, Dallas road.
Glover S. H., clothier and outfitter, Johnson street, res.
Store street.
Godding Robert, carpenter, Collinson street.
G(^lding Barnard, fruiterer and confectioner, Yates street.
Gong Wong, wood dealer. Store street.
Gooil Templar s Hall The, Yates sti-eet.
Good Charles, Deputy Provincial Secretary, Labouchere st.
Good H. B., collector of Inland Revenue.
Goode M. J., keeper Lunatic Asylum.
GOODACRE ct DOOLEY, Butchers, Queen's Market,
cor, Government and Johnson streets.
Goodacre L., (G. it Dooleyj Pandora street.
Goodacre John, bookkecqier. Pandora street.
Goodfellow John, manager Bank B. N. A., Labouchere street.
Goodhue J. P., agent Oregon Steamship Co., Vancouver street
Goodridgc^ Frank, hackdriver, Fort street.
Goodwin Samuel, accountant. View street.
Goodwin O. H., piano tuner, etc., res. Chatham street.
Gore Wm. S., civil engineer, Meares street.
Gorrie Thomas, toy dealer, etc., Foft street.
Gosnell Joseph, grocer, etc., cor. Douglas and Cormorant
streets.
Gowdie James, sawsharpner. Fort street.
Gowdy Wm., laborer, Yates street.
I
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HOO
OtnDE TO BRITISH COLUMBIA.
Gowdy Wm., laborer, Hock Bay Avenue.
Gowen ' 'harles, Pluenix 'irewery, cor, Yates and Blanchard
streets, res. View street.
Gowen N., witli C. (tow(mi, res. View street.
Gowen Thomas, nieclianitsal engineiir, Kane street.
Graham B. J., bhicksmith, Kane street.
Graham Jolm, manager Savings Bank and Dominion Auditt^r,
Simcoe street.
(jrancini E., hardware and crockery im])orter. Government
street, res. Cormorant street.
Gray A. ]>., A' Co., drygoods merdiants, Albion House,
Govennnent street.
Gray A. B., (A. P>. G. A' Co.) Blanchard Avenue.
Gray John, coppersmith, lironghton street.
Gray Hon. Mr. Justice, Fort street.
Gray James, barkeeper London Hotel, cor. Broad and John-
son streets.
Gray Andrcnv, ]»atternmaker and draughtsman, (Spratt's
foundry) Foi-t street.
Grant T., engineer, Pandora etreet.
Grant John, contractor, Douglas street.
Grti(>n Da\i<l, clothier and outfitter. Government street.
(ireen F. W., city surveyor and water work.s commissioner
find engineer, Beechy street.
Green 11. E., clerk Havings Bank, Douglas street.
Green Frank, Douglas street.
Green R. .V., accountant, Blanchard street.
Green A. A., (^Garcsche, Green it Co.) Birdcage walk.
Gregory Wm., m(>ssenger to Departments, Custom House
Buildings.
Greenwood tt Morley, soda water manufacturers, Yates street.
Greenwood I. K., (G. ct Morley) Pandora street.
Grefliin B. P., Boomerang Inn, Langley Alley.
GRIBBLE, HENRY, Toy and Fancy Goods Dealer, Gov-
ernment street, res. Pioneer street.
Griflfiths Robt., mariner, Couts street.
Griffiths J. W., clerk Spratt's foundry, res. Pandora street.
Griffiths Mr^., Pandora street.
Guimont John, Omineca Saloon, Government street.
Gutmaun David, clerk with Neufelder it Co., res. James Bay.
Gwyther J.D., clerk, Yates street.
Haggarty Richard, gener.-ll dealer, Store sti'etit.
Hall Phillip J., steward Fire Department, res. Broad street.
Hall Richard John, clerk, Chatham street.
HALPENNY MRS., DRESsArAKER, etc., Yates street.
Halpenny Horace, painter, Yfites street.
OUroE TO BRITISH COLUMBIA.
301
Hiimilton John, Pioneer street.
Hamilton Mrs., nurse, View street.
Hamilton Mrs., dressmaker, Fort street.
Hamley Hon. W., Collector of Customs, Burdett Avenue.
Hammond Wra., surveyor. Fort street.
Hammond Wm., ropemaker, Menzies street.
Hardisty Geo., purser steamer Enterprise.
Harding Selina, matron Orphan's Home, Kae street.
Harewood coal depot, J. A. Raymur agent, Store street.
Harman Thomas, submarine diver.
Harris James, fireman, Fisguard street.
Harris Thomas, Sheriff, Broad street.
Harrison Wm., bookeepei', View street.
Harrison Eli. painter and glazier, Yates street, res. Fort street.
Harrison Eli, Jr., barrister and notary, Government street,
res. P'ort street.
HARRISON WM., Bookseller and Stationer, and News
Agent, Government street, res. View street.
Harrison Wm., painter. Spring Ridge.
Harrison J. B., laborer, Dallas road.
Hart John, employ Bank B. N. A., Yates street.
Hart Michael, niglit watchman, Farquhar street.
Hart Oakley, shoemaker, Johnson street.
Hartnagel Otto, cook, res. View street.
Hartncll Henry John, clerk, Y'^ates street.
Harvey Rout, salesman, res. South Park street.
Harvey Henry, clerk, South Park street.
Hastings Oregon C, photographer, res. View street.
Hauck Gustav, clerk, Blanchard street.
Hawkes Joseph, laborer, Langley street.
Hawkins John, poultery and fruit dealer, Fort street.
Hays Mrs., Johnson street .
HAYWARD & JENKINSON, Sash and Door Factory,
Contractors and IJndeutakers, cor. Broughton and Langley
streets.
Hayward Charles, (H. & Jenkinson) cor. Vancouver and
Mears streets.
Hazleton J. H., soap maker, Fisguard.
Heal John, tailor. Fort street.
Heal David, tinsmith, Yates street, res . Fort street.
Hearle James, teamster, Pandora street.
Heathfield Mrs., Pandora street.
HEATHORNE, WM., Boot and Shoe Manufacturer, Gov-
ernment street, res. Vancouver street.
Hedin John, grocer, corner Johnson and Douglas streets.
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302
(iUlDE TO BRITISH COLUMBIA.
Hee Gee, washerman, Yates streets.
HEISTERMAN H. F. Real Estate Agent, Langley street,
res. Douglas street.
Helmeken J. S., M.D., Fort street, res. James Bay.
Henderson John, teamster, Fort street.
Hendry Alex., pattern maker, View street.
Henley Henry, Clover Point Hotel, Beacon Hill.
Hendry Thos., (Manson & H.) Store street.
Henry Thomas, ship carpenter, Store street.
Hep worth James, tailor. Pandora street.
Heron Robert, (Mann & H.) Fort street.
Hett Roland J., barrister and notary, Clerk of Legislative
Assembly, Bastion street, res. Rae street.
Hewitt H., barkeeper, Bastion street.
Hewliugs J. Q., libravian Mechanic's Institute, res. Gordon
street.
Hey wood J., butcher, Yates street, res. Fort street.
HIBBEN T. N., cfe Co., Bookselleus, Stationeus and News
Agents, Masonic Buildings, Government street.
Hibben T. N., (T. N. H. it Co.) Pandora street.
Hick William, contractor, Pioneer street.
Hicken George, butcher.
Hickey Patrick, engineer, Pioneer street.
Hicks Robert, pilot, Pembroke street.
HIE LEE, Variety Store, Cormorant street.
Higgins David W., proprietor British Colonist, res. Yates
street. I
High Kay, Chinese doctor. Store street.
Hildebrand Mrs., tailor and clothes cleaner. Fort street.
Hilliard Joseph, barkeeper, Broad street.
Hills George, Rt. Rev. Bishop of Columbia, Bui aett Avenue.
Hodges Mrs., baker and grocer, cor. Douglas and Pandora
streets.
Hogg James, boilermaker, res . Yates street.
Holems Alex., butcher. View street.
Holloway Robt. , reporter for Standard office, res. Meares
street.
Holman John, Union Saloon, Johnson street.
Holmes Peter, captain of Cariboo Fly, res. James Bay.
Holmes Arthur, salesman. Broad street.
Holness James, butcKer, Spring Ridge.
Holroyd Ward, (Mangell & H.) res. Temperance Hotel, Fort
street.
Homfray Robert, C.^. and surveyor, Quebec street.
Hooper D. G., bootmaker, Fort street.
^
iiVlDE TO UUITISH COLU.MUIA.
:{03
Horton RolxMt, fani<M- H.B.C'o., res. c.ov. "SVichh^nu mul
Oswego streets.
Horshsy Sniniiol, plasterer, Johnson street.
Hi)ii(ree, restfuiraiit, Ston^ street.
Hortli Rufiis, Fort street.
Hoii;j;liton Tjt.-(N)1. (!. F., D. .V. G.. Dominion Militia, res.
Drill Shed, James IJay.
Howerth Henrv. tinsmith. Yat(!s street.
HUDSON'S I J AY ('OMP.VNY.
Williiiin {'liiulcs, Chief Factor, in clmrt,'!' of Wi-stcrn Dopuvtinent.
Dkpot, — Hoh.rt U'illiiinis. Factor ('. Thonio iiinl Uolit. f'oiiibi,', clerks.
FI. Siillivim, WiirilioMsciiiiiJi. Flurry Siiii])Hnii ami (^liin, packora.
Kill) rt llorton, fiirritT.
Sroi!i.;.-\V. T. Livock. ("Iiicf Im-l.T Davi.l W'-k. Donald McKay, J.
V. F\! iiiUMly a;iil Clmrlcs .S|iriii),', salisincu.
VicTouiA Oi'FicK. -.v. Mmiro, Ciiitf Fai'tor, accouiitiiut. James H.
Lawsoii. (!lii f Trailir. cashier, .fnhii A. Andrew. Arthur Jones,
H. Toliuie and P. Cadell, clerks.
Whauk. — Janu's Jac!{. (iordon Lockerliy and (r. Hond"
SiwrioNS. — Fort Lm'^'ley, Heny Wark. Fort no])e. Win. Vates. Fort
Yale. Win. ll'ivvey snd Oliver Harvey, clerks. Thompson's River,
Kamloops, John Tait, I'actor. Cariboo District- -Barkerville,
Hiv-,'h Ros-!. Fiictor. (iuesaelle. It. J. Skinner, clerk New Cale-
donia District — Stuart's Lake, (iavin Hamilton. Factor; H. Hul-
lock; H. U. V-'eb.ster. clerk, Fraser's Lake. J. M. Alexander,
Chief Trader. Fort Geor^'e, Chas. O^den, clerk. McLeod's Lake,
Ferdinand McKenzie, clerk. Connolly's Lake, Thomas Hamilton,
clerk. 15al)ine Post. Alfred Sampare. Coiuox, A. G. Home.
Fort Rupert. Robert Hunt. Fort Essinoton, M. Feak Fort Simp-
son, RohMvt Hall, clerk. Massett. H. M. Ott'utt. Stekine Dis-
trict, J. .. .McKay, Factor. IJella Coola. John Clayton Bella
Bella, Frederick Kennedy.
Stkamkrs. — Fnterprise. H. G. Lewis, Master; G. Hardisty. Purser.
Otter, Wni. McCullocli, Master.
Humber Maurice, contractor, Courtney street.
Humphreys Hon. T. B , M.P.P., Pandora Avenue.
Humphrey Wm., saloon keeper, Chatham street.
Hunter Joseph ., C.E., View street.
Huntin}j;toii John, plasterer, View street.
Hurrell Henry, clerk, Quadra street.
Huston Mrs., View street.
Hutchison John W., asst. gaoler. Mason street.
Hutchinson J. P. H. carpenter. South Park street.
Huxtable Wm. Henry, grocer. Fort street.
Ibbotson James, butcher, Fort street.
Imbert Charles A., carpenter, Fairfield road.
Immijnjration Commissioner, J. E. McMillan, Gov't street.
Imperial Fire Insui'ance Co., Welsh, Eithet & Co., agents,
Wharf street.
Inge Thomas, drayman, Herald street.
304
GUIDE TO BRITIHH COLUMBIA.
Inghiim Ralph, Htoue cutter, Yates street.
InuoH Thomas, Yates street.
luvestinont and Loan Society, C. W. R. Thomson Secretary
and Treasurer, Bastion street.
Irvin*^ James, employ Supreme Court, res. Sa[)erior street.
Irvine Peter, Beechy street.
Jack Alexander, contractor, Michij^an street.
Jack James, Whartiuj^er, H.B.Co., res. Superior street.
Jackson tV; Bates, confectioners. Ace, Government street.
Jackson T. H., f^Mrs. ItoUs & Co.) Johnson street.
Jackson R. E., (Drake tV J.) Richardson street.
Jackson Kirk, cook, Yates street.
Jackson James, barkeeper. Oriental Hotel.
JACKSON WM., M.R.(^.S., Government street, res. Michi-
gan street.
Jackson Wni. Jr., Michigan street.
Jackson Hicharu, butcher, Simcoe street.
Jackson John, (kittle dealer, Kane street.
.Jacobs .Tohn J., jnoprietor St. George Hotel, Gov't street.
James P., M.D., Broughton street.
James David, wagon maker, res . Princess street.
James (leorge, miner, North Park street.
Jamicson Neil, employ Wm. Wilson, res. Broad street.
Jamieson Mrs., milliner, A'c, Broad street.
.Taniicson Michael, carj)enter. Broad street.
Jamieson Uobt., clerk, P. O., res. North Park street.
Jauioii R. W., (H. R. i^ Co.,) res. Chatham srreet.
Jaipies George, watchmaker. Fort street.
Jaques .Tosiah, machinist. Store street.
Ja}' George, nursery and seedsman, Yates street, nursery,
(Jook street.
Jay George, Jr., clerk, res. Cook street.
Jeifrey Richard, stone mason, Cormorant street.
Jeffree Wm. Joseph, clothier, cor. Goverraent and Yates
residence Fort street.
Jeffrey Wm., stone mason. Quadra street.
Jefiery Edward, contractor, Johnson street.
Jelfs Thomas, laborer, Sui>erior street.
Jenkinson George, grocer, &c., Fort street.
Jenkinson Henry, gardner, Kane street.
Jenkinson Robt. , (Hay ward & J.) Vancouver street.
Jenkinson Charles, with Hay ward & Jenkinson.
Jenkinson Wm. Henry, watchmaker, res. Fort street.
Jenns Rev. P., St. John's Rectory, Douglas street.
Jeuuer Herbert Lascelles, clerk. Fort street.
Jesse Robt., accountant, Langley street, res. Scoresby street.
Til
GUIDE TO BRITISH COLUMBIA.
306
Jesson John, Sunt, of Education, Yates street.
Jewell Henry, furniture dealer, Fort street, res. Johnson
street.
Jonckau Ilev. James, principal St. Louis College, Pandora
Avenue.
Jolinson I. B., Trounce Alley.
Johnson D. A., hairdresser, Yates street.
Johnson E. C, tanner. Rock Bay Tannery.
Johnson Edwin, barrister and notary, Langley street, res.
Dallas road.
Johnson Adam, miner, Pioneer street.
Johnson Aaron carpenter, Chatham street.
Johnston John, mail contractor, Blanchard Avenue.
Johnston Wm., miner, Simcoe street.
Johnston P. T. it Co., nurserymen and florists. Fort street.
Johnston M. T., merchant. Moss street.
Johnston James, ni{j;ht watchman, Meares street.
Jones .T. B,. Anfi;el Hotel, Lanf);ley street.
Jones Stephen, (3rleans House, Cormorant street.
Jones Ca])t. James, schr. Industry, Quadra sti'eet.
Jones Richard, carpenter, Douglas street.
Jones Robt., carpenter, John street.
.Tones Mrs., Birdcage Avalk.
Jones Columbus, laborer, .Johnson street.
.Tones H. L., (Langley & Co.) Pandora street.
.Tones Thomas, boat builder. Government street.
.Tones C. 8., Accountant Bank B. C, res. Humboldt street.
Jones A. VV., clerk, H. B. Co., Humboldt street.
Jones Mrs. McNaughton, Fort street.
.Tones Wm., London Bazaar, Government street, res. Herald
street.
.Tones ("harles, bar-keeper. Government street.
.Tordon .Tohn, labourer. Fort street.
Kammerer C. W., (T. N. H. tfe Co.) Government street.
Kaye .Tames, 3rd Master Boys School.
Iveast Arthur, (Stuart & K.) Rock Bay Avenue.
KEAYS G. C, Tinsmith and Stove dealer, Yates street, res.
Blanchard street.
Keeler Richard, warehouseman, Johnson street.
Kehoe Henry, .Johnson street.
Iveith J. C, ledger keeper Bank B. C , Yates street,
lieithley George, blacksmith, .Johnson street.
Kelley Mrs., McClure street.
KELLY SAMUEL L., Tinsmith and Coppersmith, Yates
street, res. Rae street.
Kent Charles, book-keeper, res. Yates street.
300
GUIDE TO niClTlMH COLUMItlA.
M
f^:
'f
I!)
K(uin(!(ly 'Tdtnos P., s.ilesiirin H. 13. Co., vos. Kimo stn-ot,
K(H)liiiii Win., ciiriiiijjfn piiiiitor, Doui^liis struct.
Kittiiiiiim HiuMiimii, minor, (roviMiinuMit Htrout.
Kim Willi, wtislicniiiin, Yutcs stro»(t.
Kiiij^ 'riioiiiiis, upholstcnn', K.'iiio struct.
Kiii;^ .rahc/, H., (liiiym.ui. Fort sti'cct.
Iviii;^ Cluistoplicr, res. IJIanchiinl strccit.
Kill},' .loscpli, Moiisipu^tuin's Saloon, Johnson iinil (lovcin-
nu'iit streets, r(>s. Fisgiuinl struct.
KINSMAN .t STYLl!:s, IJcildhus \' C!onti{\(Toiis, Aini>liii
struct,
KiiisiiiMii Jolin, (K. iV: Styles,) I'rineess avenue. '
Kirl(\v Ituiv. I'jitricic, Assistant Priest, Collinson strci't.
Kirsoj) (J(M>r;.;'e, st()ne-(*iiltei', Fort struct.
Knij^'lit Charles, Fviuiiu,!^ ami J).iy School, Pandora street.
Kni^lit -loliii \V ., hlacksinitli. Cormorant street.
Kni^lil Heniy, j^'ardi'ii 'r, North Park street.
Ivo!|) Auj^Mistiis. Iiock l>av House, Uocik Pay.
K()N(i TIONO SfNd. ■iJrTCiiHit, Cormorant street.
Ivoestcr Herman, (derk. Fort stiect.
Kong Tioug Sing, buttdicr and general dealer, Cormorant
street.
Kricinler (^onrad, book-keeper, Pay street.
Kuna Joseph, l)oilermaker, Pac street.
Kurt/ David, (Stnmss, Priggs, K. tt Co.) U. S. Vice Consul,
Dallas road.
Kwong Sam Lee, wasluirmau, Johnson street.
Kwong Lee it Co., wholesale merchants, Cormorant street.
Lafrcnier Geo>, PlKunix Saloon, Yates street.
Laing David, mariner, Coutts street.
Laing Kobt., shipbuilder, Dallas road.
Lakin Francis, farmer, Nia!.::tra street.
LANCASHIKE FIPE INS CHANCE CO., U. Rhodes <t
Co., agents, Store street.
Laud Registery Office, H, P. W. xAikraan Registrar, Govern-
ment Buildings, James Pay.
Lane Col. C. C, mining engineer, Frederick street.
Lane Vernon, carpenter, Johnson street.
LANGLEY A. J., it Co., Chemists and Druggists, Yates
street.
Langley A. J., (L. it Co.) Fairtield road.
Lauge G. AV. A., watchmaker and jeweller, Government street.
Lange W. G., watchmaker and jeweller, Government street.
Larboune Mrs., Pandora street.
Larman James, bootmaker, res. Johnson street.
t
fe::i. . '^
onDE TO BmrKH coitmbia.
307
LaHt'«(llt!s Jainos, l)nrk<'t'i)»'i', r<'s. Hioud sticft.
Latnito John, hiikcr, Jolinstni strt'«it.
Lau^^hton Tlionias, Indian tradt'V, Jolinson street.
Jiaiinder Mathew, miner, Jolinson street.
Layton Capt. G, It., Provincial aide de camp to the Governor-
General, Private Secretary to the Lieut. -Governor.
Lay Sinf», washerman, Store stn'et.
Law l{ol)«Mt, pattern maker, Johnson street.
Fiawson Hobt., Oustom House OtHcor, Humboldt street.
Lawson Wm. iUnt., painter, Humboldt street.
Lawson Edmond Wm., paintt)r, Humboldt Ntreet.
Lawson C'harles, tsn^ineer, Amelia street.
Lawson James H., casliier H. Ji. (lo., Jiastiou street.
Leaky John, brewer. Store street.
Leach J., carpenter, Yates street. %
L«.'e Pon^, cij^ar dealer, Goveriniient street.
Leeman Kal[)h, labourer, Fort street.
Leigh Wm., Town clerk, etc., Dallas road.
Leigh Mrs., dressmaker. Fort street.
Leggatt C. J., attorney and notary. Bastion street.
Leggett Edward, teamster, JohiKstm street.
Leiser Gustav, cUuk, Pandora avenue.
Leiser Simon, (H. Gerke tt Co.) Pandora avenue.
IieLievre Lyndon, clerk, Pembroke street.
Leniberger J. F., tinsmith, Johnson street.
Leneveu David, corn merchant. Wharf street, res. Store street.
Lenz Moses, salesman. Pandora avenue .
Lenz Jacob, Pandora avenue.
LOEWEN & ERB, Victoiiia Brewery, Government and Dis-
covery streets.
Loewen Joseph, (L. «fe Erb,) Pandora avenue.
Leroy Rev. Joseph, assistant priest, Collinson street.
Lesk James Charles, labourer. Fort street.
Leslouis Felix, cooper, (H. B. Co.) Humboldt street.
Lessett James, painter, Fort street.
Lester Peter, Vancouver street.
Lester Peter, Jr., painter, Vancouver street.
Lester Frederick, contractor and builder, Yates street.
Lettice Robert, painter, Kane street.
Lettice <fe Mitchell, painters and glaziers, Broad street.
Levy Brothers, Arcade Oyster Saloon, Government street.
Levy Mrs. E., fruiterer and confectioner, Government street.
Lewis W. H., job printer, Yates street.
Lewis Frank, carpenter, Fort street.
Lewis Mrs. R., Government street.
Lewis Lewis, clothier, Yates street.
808
GUIDE TO BRITISH COLUMBU.
Lewis John, whitewasher, Yates street.
Lewis Willes, stableman, Fort street.
Lewis Capt. Herbert G., mariner, Dallas road.
Llewellyn W. H., book-keeper, Douglas street.
Ley J.D., barber, Government street.
Liddell Robt., boot maker, res. Quadra street.
Lilly George Alfred, moulder. Fort street.
Linee Edward, carpenter, 8imcoe street.
Lindsay Frederick, laborer, Alfred street.
Lindsay D., Deputy Collector Inland Rev., res. Birdcage walk.
Lindsay Thos. 1). , police constable, ver. City Barracks.
Lineker Mrs, dressmaker, Yates street.
Linton J. R^ general dealer, Store street.
Liggins -Tolui, ^toom. Fort street.
Lipsett Robert, parser steamer Beaver.
Lissett «Tames, painter. Fort street.
Livock Wm. J., Chief Trader H.B.Co., res. Menzies street.
Lockerby Gordon, c erk, H.B.Co.'s wharf.
Loez Jacob, fLohse & Co.^ res. Fisguard street.
Loewenberg S., Rue street.
Loewenberg Leopold, real estate agent, Government street,
res. Rae street.
Ijogau George.
Lohse Wm., & Co., Bank Exchange Saloon, Yates street.
Lomax John, carriage driver, View street,
liombard Charles, clerk, C^ollinsoii street.
Long Thos. H., gentleman, Bellott street.
LONGHURST JARVES, Belmont Saloon cor. Government
and Humboldt streets.
Lovett Joseph, Cold Tea Saloon, Gov't street, res. Blanchard
street.
Lowe James, wharfinger, Spratt's wharf, Store street.
Llodys' Agent, Roderick Finlayson, Douglas street.
Lubbe T., furrier, Yates street, res. Douglas street.
Lucas Louis S ., Driad House, View street.
Luxford Frederick, nurseryman, Queen's Avenue.
Luxford Mrs., dressmaker. Government street.
Lyne. Henry, newspa])or agent, Frederick street.
Lyons Michael J., Park Hotel, Beacon Hill.
Lyall George, Fort street.
Ma Choo Tsung, surgeon and physician. Cormorant street.
Macbroom Alex., grocer's asst., Pioneer street.
MacConnell J. Wm., warehouseman, Michigan street.
Macdonald James F., carpenter, res. Temperance Hotel,
Macdonald Hon. W. J., cor. Montreal street and Dallas road.
Macdonald Mrs., Fort street.
r.UIDE TO BRITISH COLUMBIA.
309
Miiedonald Dnuciin A., eonti'jKrtor, Fort 4ti'f?et.
.>[;i{.'(lon^!ill T., laborer. Humboldt stroet.
MiU'kiiy Jolni, boatbuildisr, Dallas road.
Mackic John. ;j;ardtMun', Oriental Alley.
Macsauh'V Henry, steward, Blaneliard street.
Madd<'ii Jeremiah, maehinist. Princess Avenue.
Madiifaii, B., en<j;ine(U*, Work street.
Muhood James A., C.E., Mason street.
Mann iV Hen u, saddlers, etc;.. Fort street.
Mann H. T., f M. <V H<n-on) Fort street.
M.mn Wm., bricklayer, Rue street.
Mann James, (Mnirlnsad tV: M.) Mae street.
^lANSELL HENRY, IJootmakeh, Government street, res.
Pandora street.
:\[ANSELL A- HOLKOYD, FruxiTuriE Dealers, Yates street.
Manseli (reor}.^e, (M. A: Holroyd) res. Douf^laa street.
Manson Win., (of IM. it Hendry) Fort sti'eet.
]\Linson John D., farmer. North Park street.
MANSON A' HENDRY, Columbia Match F.\ctory, cor. Fort
and Blanchard streets.
Marine A' Fishery Dt^partmnnt, Jamt^s Cooper, agent, Cus-
tom House Build inj^, Wharf street.
^Marion Francis, carpenter, Peniln'oke street.
Marks F>'ederick, cmply Edi^ar Marvin, res. Vancouver street.
Marks jjonis, l)oilermaker, Vancouver street.
^larshall Wm., barkeeper, Wilcox Alley.
Marshall Frederick C, clerk.
3Iartin Felix, Billiard Saloon, Fort street, res. Coutts street.
Marvin Eilgar, hardware merchant, Wharf street, res. South
Park street.
Marvin Edi^ar. Jr.. clerk. South Pavk street.
Marvin E. B., shii»<'handler, Wharf street, res. Douglas street.
Marwick James W., laborer. View street.
Marwi'^k David, watchman. Discovery street.
Maslin W. K., br<nv(M', rc^s. Chatham street.
Mason Jesse, brickmaker, Douglas street.
Mason George, l)rickmaker, res. Fort street.
Mason Mrs. G., l)oarding house keeper. Fort street.
Mason Henry S., De])uty Register Supreme Court, res. Bird-
cage walk.
MASSA M., FisHMUNGER, Government street.
Mathers Henry, Joimson street.
Matthews J. M. R. C. S., and It. S. A., Langley street.
MATTHEWS, RICHARDS ct TYE, Iron, Steel and Hard-
ware Merchants, Yates street.
Matthews John W., (Smith & M.) R?ie street.
40
310
GUIDE TO BRITISH COLUMBIA.
t ! ,
Matthews J. D., express driver, Quadra street.
Matthews John, miner, Montreal street.
Maxwell A., teller, Bank B.N.A., Bank house, Yates street.
Mayerau J. B. (Casamayou & Co.^ Yates street.
Maynard G. H., boot and shoe maker, Fort street, res. Fis-
guard street.
Maynard Richard, boot ^^nd shoe maker, cor. Johnson and
Douglas streets.
Maynard Mrs., photographer, Douglas street. '
Mayer Rev. A., Jewish Rabbi, head of Johnson street,
Maynard Joseph, express driver, Chatham street.
Mebins Charles, cooper, Rae street.
Modana Mrs., Simcoe street.
Modana Paul, Simcoe street.
Meo Hing, washerman, Fort street.
Mee Wah, washerman, Y'^ates street.
!Moiss Heni-y, general dealer. Store street, res. Johnson street.
Meldrum John H., shipcarpenter. Herald street.
IMclmer Phillip, hairdresser, Johnson street.
jM(illor Frederick, tailor, Johnson street.
M(niagli James, carpenter, Herald street
Meston John, (M. k McKenzie) Fort street.
Metcalfe Edward, bu'tcher, Douglas street.
.Meyer J. E., hairdresser and wig maker Yates street.
]\Iichell Thomas, engineeer, Herald street.
.Middhiton Robert, miner, Quebec street.
]\tilby Nathaniel, cor. Rae and Blanchard streets.
Mil* s Thomas, butcher, Douglas street.
Miles Mrs,, school, Fort street.
MILLER JAMES, Bl.vcksmith, etc., cor. Pandora and Gov-
ernment streets.
Miller John A. S., jeweller. Government street.
Miller Edward, l>!acksmith. Fort street.
Miller Mrs., Cooke street.
Mellington Henry, butcher, Johnson street.
Mills Thos., car])enter, Fisguard street.
Milne John D., boilermaker, res. Herald street.
Milne Alex. R., clerk in Customs, I'cs Douglas street.
Mitchell Thos. R., painter, McClure street.
Mitchell Henry, nursery and seedsman Menzies street.
MITCHELL "GEO., Grocer, etc., cor. Fort and Douglas
streets, res. Quadra street.
Mitchell Robt., clerk. Government street.
Moliun Edward, C.E., Victoria.
.Moiu'k John gastitt'-r. Princess street, James Bay.
Mogg Rev. Herbert, parsonage Humboldt street.
CtI'IDE to HRITISH CoI.r.MI'.IA.
ail
1^!
I street,
res. Fis-
3on and
t,
>n strett
,m\ Gov-
)ouglas
Moflfatt Hiunilton, Dallas road.
^Nlonvo Kobt. Ross, clerk, Fisi>;nard street.
Monro Mai'V, teacher. Protesant orphans, Vvm street.
Montobio CI., (h\v jJfoods deah'r and ji^rocer, Store street.
Monteith Wm., accountant, res. Yates street.
Montaro Joseph, cook, Fort street.
Moody T. (i., Piindora str.A(>t.
Moore ife Co., chemists and druggists, Yates street.
A[oore ('apt.. Win., Jolm.son street.
Moore Wm., Jr., Johnson street.
Moore James, apothecary, Government street.
Moiris H., express driver, (^)iistfince street.
Morby F. W.. b.iker, Yates street.
Mordant .\lfred E., engineer's assistant, Vancouver street.
Morton Charh^s, genth^nan, rjungley street.
Morrison Fred., wharfinger, LangU^y street.
MO lUUSON GEORGE, Ghemist'.vm) Duro.iisT, c(n'. Fort
and Government ^•,treets, res. Langh'V sti'eet.
Morh'v John, bhicksmiiu. View street.
Modey Christojjlier, ((ireemvood \' M.) Commercial street.
Morrison Niel, ship carpenter, Store street.
Mo.ss James, gardner and tlorist, nursery Birdcage walk, res.
Broad street.
Moss Mrs., dressmaker, l>n)ad str^'<'t.
Moss ('harles, iron moulder. Fort street.
MUIRHEAD cV MANN, C.\1{pextki!s .v\d Coxtr.\(toiis.
Constance street.
Itluii'head Jjimes, (]N[. <t Mann) res. Fisguard street.
^'^ULDOON WM., London Hotel, cor. Broad and Johnson
streets.
Ai.inro Alex., C'hiet' Factor H.li.Co., res. Michigan street.
ALiuro Alex., Jr. clerk Bank B.N. A., res. Michigan street,
^iuni'o John, painter. Quadra street.
..^.'iiro ^Frs. M , Pandora street.
Marchison Findlay, car|)enter, Dallas road.
Murphy Patrick, cooper, Yjites street, res. Broad street.
Murray John, engineer, Johnson street.
Murray John, pressman Cnlnnisf oHice, res. Pandora street.
]\IurrayJohn H., (employ at Government prinHng office, res.
Pandora .street.
Mutual Life Insurance ('o. of New York, H. F. Heisterman
ag(Mit, Langley street.
Mc Ulister, John, sttnimboat own^r, res Douglas street.
McAllistiu- Bros., owners str. Alexander.
McCarthy John, brass tinisher, Douglas street.
MeCandlish James, The Hall Saloou, Fort street.
ti- Jl
312
GUIDE TO BRITISH COLUMBIA.
hi
McCreiglit J. F., Q.C., Gov't street, res. Michigan street.
MeC^loud A. , laborer, Fort street.
McCord W. C, miner,
McCondoek, shipwright.
MeCully John, blacksmith. Fort street.
McCulloch Capt. W., mariner, res. Michigan street.
McDowe.'l JohnB., contractor and buildor, res. Herald street.
McDowell Wni., printer, Colonist, res. Herald street.
McDowell M., printer, res. Herald street.
McDowell John J., boilermaker. Herald street.
McDowell Wm., drayman, Menzies street,
McDowell J., drayman, Yates street.
McDom i ^^ '^ U-, tobacconist, Yates street.
McDonald ^ -. R. J., storekeeper, Drill Shed.
Mc])oimell Ar liony James, tailor, Government street.
McElmen A. T. D., barrister and notary, Langlej' street.
McGrc^'or Rev. S., the Manse, Douglas street.
]\[cHugli Henry, Fisguard street.
Mcintosh Capt. James, pilot. Fort street.
McKay k, IJurgess, plasterers, Blanchard street.
McKay Mrs., Rae street
McKay Donald, salesman H.B.Co., res. Quebec street.
McKay W., (McKay tfe Burgess) Farquhar street.
McKee Sanniel, California Saloon, Johnson street.
McKenzie Collin C, principal boy's school, Fort street.
McKenzie Hugh, express driver. Wharf street.
McKenzie Wm. B., clerk, Wharf street.
McKENZIE & ME8T0N, Blacksmith and Wagon Makers,
Govin-nment street.
McKenzie Jas. 11. (M. & Mestonj wheelwright. Herald street.
MKeon Win., Oriental Hotel, Y'^ates stre^it, res. Douglas street.
McKillican Wm. D., contractor. Fort street.
McKinley John, wharfinger. Store strc^et.
McKinnon A., mariner. Princess Avenue.
McLellan Alex., contractor. Discovery street.
McLean John, blacksmith, Broad street.
McLean A., it Co., clothiers, etc.. Fort street.
McMicking R. B., supt. B. C. Telegraph, res. North Park-
street.
McMillan Robt., laborer, Yates street.
McMillan D., carpenter, Blanchard street.
M'OJillan James E., Provincial Assessor, res. Cormorant
McMillan Richard H., printer, res. Cormorant street.
McNab A., supt. Royal Hospital, Pandora street.
McNlFFE WM., Guotto SiVLOON, Trounce Alley, res. "View
straet.
iff
(HIll)K TO BRITISH t'OLL'MBIA.
:{13
MeQuade Peter, tV Sou, shipehiindlers. Wharf street, res.
Humboldt street.
McQuade Edward, (McQuade A: Sou) res. Humboldt street.
McQuade Louis, clerk, Huuiboldt stieet.
Mc(^uarrie John, T., drayman, liae street.
McKae Hugh, mail carrier, Johnson street.
McTaggart, Joseph, engineer. Herald street.
3IeTavisli Mrs. D. A., Humboldt street.
McTeigh, John, drayman, Chatham strt^et.
McTiernau Patrick, general dealer, Store street, res. Blan-
chard street.
McTiernan Mi(!hael, Pandora street.
McNearney John, laborer. Store street.
Naef Christian Cook, View street.
Nagle Capt. J., harbourmaster, Bastion street, res. Courtney
street.
Nage Simon, tanner, Kock Bay Tannery.
Neaves Chtirles, lal)ourer, Michigan street.
Neil Henry, tireman, Kane street.
Nelson Uriah, merchant. North Park street.
Nelsou S. M., store and saloon-keeper at CJook's Ferry.
Nesbitt Samuel, biscuit baker, Yates .street, res. Erin Hall,
Fort street.
NEUFELDEli F. & CO., Merchants, cor. Wharf and Yates,
streets.
Neufelder F., (F. N. iV C^o.) Michigan street.
Ne\vbur\' Wm., saddler, etc., Govcnnment street, res. Michi-
gan strc^et.
Newell Ilobt., drayman, Johnson street.
Nicholles Mrs., Fort street.
Nic'liolles John, with Garesche, Green & Co., res. Fort street.
Nichols George, fruiterer and confectioner, Johnson street.
Nicholson Thomas, groeel-, etc., Johnson street, res. North
Park street.
Nicholson Alex. N., bookkeeper. View street.
Noble Henry, cor. Douglas and Yates streets.
North Western Commercial Co,, ottiee. Wharf street, W. M.
Neill, President.
Noitharn Assurance Co. for tire, Findlay, Durham A: Brodie,
Agents, Wharf street.
Norris W. G., furniture and general dealer, Johnson street,
res. Cormorant street.
NOllRIS FREDERICK, Saddler, Etc., Government street,
res. Douglas street.
NORTH lUilTISH & MERCANTILE FIRE INSURANCE
CO., T. Allsop & Co. Agents.
i i;
3U
GUIDE TO BRITISH COLUMBIA
J. ...
I ■
1
NUTTALL T. C, Agent Phcenix Insurance Co., Goverurnent
street, res. Quebec street.
Oaa Fellows Hall The, cor. Fort and Wharf streets.
Ofner Albert, (liickmaii *fc O.) Paiulora avenue.
Ogilvy D. A. N., surveyor's ;issist., David street, liock Bay.
Ogilvie James, master mariner.
Olilson Anders, gardener at Johnston's nursery, Fort street.
Oldenberg Aaron, pawnbroker, Government street.
Olsen O. A., cooper, Broad street.
On Hing, clothier, Johnson street.
OPPENHEIMER BUGS., Merchants and Importeus, Fort
street.
Oppenheimer Godfrey, (O. Bros.) Cormorant street.
Oppenheimer David, (O. Bros.) Cormorant street and Yale.
Oppenheimer Isaac, (O. Bros.) Pandora avenue.
Oregon Steamship Co., J. P. Goodhue agent, Wharf street.
O'Reilly Peter, J. P. and County Court Judge, liock Bay.
Orr James, clerk, Victoria.
O'Sullivan H., warehouseman H. B. Co., res. Quebec street.
Otto Chas., bookbinder. Government street, res. View street.
Ousterhout P., general dealer, Johnson street, res. D'isguard.
Ouderkick Hiram G., carpenter, Yates street.
Owen Michael, shipcarpenter, Humboldt street.
Owens William, butcher. Temperance Hotel, Fort street.
Owens Thomas, labourer, Chatham street.
Own Shing, —asherman, Humboldt street.
Paine Fred., hairdress^er, Johnson street.
Palmer Digby, professor of music, etc.. Fort street.
Pamphlet Thos., pilot, Chatham street.
Pappenberger George, furrier, Pandora avenue.
PardoeChas., gunsmith, Yate.s street, res. Fort street.
Parker John, butcher, cor. Government and Fort streets.
Parsons James, miner. Pandora avenue.
Partridge John, with J. H. Turner <fe Co., res. Quadra street.
Partridge T. J., assistant clerk and assistiint collector at City
Council, res. Quadra street.
Partridge F., printer. Colonist, res. Quadra street.
Partridge A R., barkeeper. Government street.
Patterson W. D., land surveyor. Government street.
Paque Wm., butcher, Fisguard street.
Pears Mrs., Chatham street
Pearse B. W
Department, res. Fort street
Pelletier John, Yates street.
Peraberton Hon. A. F., County Court Judge, res. Foul
road.
engineer-in-charge Dominion Public Works
Bav
w
OITIDE TO BlUTISH COLUMBU.
315
Pendray & Co., soaj) inamifiu-turers, Humboldt street.
Pendray Wm. Joseph, (P. A: Co.) Humboldt street.
Penny Daniel, lal)()urer, South Park street.
Porpino Henry, cook. Pioneer street.
Percival Miss, Principal Angela College, Burdetfc avenue.
Petchzler George A., Kingston street.
Peterson Frederick, engineer, Cormorant street.
Peterson John, mariner, Johnson street.
Petrie David, shipcarpenter, Courtney street.
Petrie Mrs., Blanchurd street.
Pettibeau Madame, boarding school. Fort street.
Pettingell Benj., proprietor Skating Rink, Fort street.
Phelps Edward, contractor, Niew street.
Phelps & Wadleigh, butchers, cor. Yates and Broad streets.
Phillips James, farmer, cor. Niagara and Menzies streets.
Phillips James, assistant keeper L. A., res. Bird Cage Walk.
Phillips Alexander, res. Kane street.
Phillips <fe Bocion, soda water and cider manufactures, Yates
street.
PHILLIPS CHS. J., Teumixijs Saloon, Johnson street.
Ph(enix Insurance Co., T. C. Nuttall agent, (xovernraent street.
Piaggio Giulio, general dealer. Store street.
Pierce Samuel P., coppersmith, Yates street.
Pierre Thomas W., taihjr and dyer, Yates street, res. Pioneer
street.
Pinder Wm. Geo., surveyor, Fort street.
Pinder, A., clerk. Fort street.
Pioneer Hall, corner Langley and Fort streets.
PITTS, S. J., Merchant, Yates street, res. Pandora street.
Pleace John, second master Boys Public school, Beeehy
street.
Pleace J. H., tinsmith.
PLUMMER ROBERT, Mining Engineer and Public Ac-
c;0UNTANT, Bastion street, res, Michigan street.
Pointer Nathan, land owner. View street.
Pollard Wm., attorney and notary, Langley street, res. Rose-
dale.
Pollock James, tiilor, Pandoia avenue.
Pool Robert, miner, Pioneer street.
Pope Stephen, Master, High School, Fort street.
Pope C. E.
Porter Arthur, brickmaker. Store street.
Pottinger Wra,, gardener. Hillside.
Pottinger James, labourer. Hillside.
Pottinger James, printer, Superior street.
?:i
Pound The City, J. Dewsnap keeper, Yates street.
31fi
GUIDE TO BJUTISH COLUMIJIA.
mi
m
Powell I. "W., Lieut.-Col., M. D., Superiiitendeut Indian Af-
fairs, etc., res. Douglas street.
Powell Walter, cashier, Bank li. C, res. liauk, Government
street.
Powers Ephriarn, carpenter, Kane street.
Pr^ece Thomas, plumber and gastitler, Cook street.
Prevost J(jhn, labourer. Fort str-et.
Prevost Chas. Jas., Piegistrar County Court, res. Cook street.
Price.]., U. S. Customs lns})ector, res. DcKXglas street.
Price Thos., tailor. Government strcset, res. Humboldt street.
Price lialph, M. D., Governmi'ut strc^et.
Price Eilward, nurse at Iloval Hospital, Pandbra avenue.
Pridmore Wm., stont^cutter, Constance street.
Pritchard CJapt. Thos., corner Meares and Cook streets.
Provincial Assessor and ('olh^ctor, J. E. McMillan, (nnern-
ment street.
Quagliotti John, Johnscm street.
Quong Hang, washerman, Store street.
Quong Sing, Sacramento llestaurant, Waddington Alley.
Kaga/zoni I. iV: Son, Metropolitan Restaurant, Government
street.
Ragaz/oni Innocent, (R. & Son) Douglas street.
Ragazzoni Cassimar, (R. k Hon) Govcu-nmimt street.
Ralph Wm., civil engineer and surveyor, Victoria.
Ramsay J., pilot, Store street.
Randolph John, painter. Fort street.
Raymur J. A., Manager Hastings Saw-mill Co., Point Pleas-
ant, Dallas road.
Raymur James, clerk Dallas road.
Read Jolin M., bootmaker, Johnson street.
Randell, Robert, labourer, Tates street.
Redfern C. E., jeweller, watclimaker and goldsmith, Govern-
ment street, res. Dallas road.
Redgrave Mrs., Fort street.
Reid Wm., WHiite Horse Hotel, Humlxddt street.
Reid Thomas, farmer, Dallas road.
Reid Rev. John, mi .'.ster, First Presbyterian Church, res.
Fort street.
Reid Wm. Thos., steward. Fort street.
Reiss Auguste, Herald street.
Rttvely Capt. Frederick, pilot. Fort street.
Reynolds C. H., carpenter, Fort street.
Reynolds Wm., clerk. Post Office, res. Bay street.
Reynolds Fred., butcher, corner Yates and Douglas and cor.
Government and Johnson streets, res. Michigan street.
Reiynolds George N., butcher, cor. Yates and Broad streets.
v^\
fiUIDE TO liRrriSH COI.UMTWA.
317
PkOiils iV Co. yivs., rcstiinrnnt, .Tohnson stroet.
Hdai'kc Mif'hiU'l, l.-ibouroi . Joliiison street.
Holxuts llicli.ird, tailor, (rovernmont street, res. Jolmson
Rhoder Jo:^eph, baker and grocer, Store street.
RHODES HENRY & CO., Commission Meuchants, Store
street.
Rhodes Henry (H. R. & Co.), res. Blauchard Avenue.
Rhodes G., with H. R. & Co., res. Blauchard Avenue.
Rich John, miner. Store street.
Richards F. G., Gordon street.
Richards E. G. jr., Asst. Draughtsman Lands and Works
Dei>:irtmoiit, r»'s. Gordon nimet.
Richards Jolni N., Salesman, Yates street.
Richardson George, farmer, Rao street.
Richardson Henry, miner, Johnson street.
Ridley Robert, miner.
RICKMAN «fe OFNER, Gkocers, Government street.
Rickman Augustus, (R, & Ofner), Langley street.
Ritchie A. B., Accountant, Bank B. N. A., Fort street.
Rithet R. P., (Welch. R. & Co.) Humboldt street.
Rodjjjers Mrs. A., milliner. Fort street.
Rogers Alfrfid, convict guard, Fort street.
Roesch Jacol), baker, Johnson street.
Rome A. ife Co., commission merchants. Wharf street.
Rome Andrew, ( \. R. tt Co.) Moss street.
ROM.VXO JOHN (^UAGLIOTTT. Clothier, &c., Johnson
street.
Roseoe Francis J., (Fellows A: R.) M.P., Captain and Brevet
Major, Canadian militia, res. Ross Bav road.
ROSE ATjEX., Joi! PiaxTFi!, Fort street.
Rosenberg John, clerk, Stoi'e street.
Roskani]) John H. AV., carjHMitev, Meares street.
Tvoss Dixi H., clerk at Ruell" A- Co.'s, res. Pioneer street.
Uoss William, clerk C. P. R. R. survey, res. Fisguard street.
Ross John, with R. Cai'r, Wharf street.
Koss Mrs. Flora, matron Lunatic Asylum.
Rosson John P.. barkeeper, Trounce alley.
Rowbofham Arthur J., gi-oct^r's assistant, Douglas street.
Rowe Joseph, machinist, Pioneer street.
Rowe George, labourer. Pioneer street.
Royal Insurance Co. , Sproat & Co. agents. Wharf street.
41
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OUIDK TO lUtlTlSH COLUMBIA.
Il'iltcustciu FrcHlcricIv, s:iil iiuikcr, FfnmboliU str«H't.
Iliidlin ('.iphiiii (t((o., iimriucr, res. Paudoni uviMmc.
iJudolpli IFi'iii'v, JKWcllci' iui',1 WMtctliiiiiikcV, (rovcniinniit sti'inif.
UTEl'T A- CO., 'Wiioi,: s.u,i: and Kitau, (iitocKiis, Etc, Cox-
oriniu'iit stroet.
Jvnss licv. A. E., pustor Weslyaii Methodist Cliur(!li, Paisou-
•A'^v IJi'oiid street,
liiissell John, livery stable keeix-r. Trounce- aHey.
]{ussell }). \y., saw sharpuor. Wharf street,
llussell Thomas, (!ity Assessor, Treasun.r and Wat(;r Works
C'oUeetor, residence,! Michigan strei't.
liiissell W. \V., civil engiu"r, Kin;j;st(3n strec^t.
liiUherroid .Vrchih.dd, carjxMjten-, Supei'ior street.
Ivutlanil Miss, milliner, Fort street.
-Kyan E hvard, m irket j^irdouer, Humboldt street.
Salmon E. J., restaurant keeper, Cfovernment street.
Sam Chong, wasliei'uian, ].)ou;^las street.
Sam Chuii";-, washermnn, Blanchard street.
S VM KEF, Mekciiant Iaii-oi!, Yates street.
Sam Yik iV Co , Canton restaurant, .Tolmson street.
S,i!'.u;is;)u Jamc^s -T., agent Barnard's express, Yates street, res.
Fairlield road.
Sargison (1. A., accountant Barnard's oxpress, re.s. Fairlield
road.
Saulev Clvarles, clerk, Government street.
S.iuiiders Frank, Market Exchange, Fort street.
SAUNDEUS HENPiY, Guooeu ani> Pkovision Dealek, John-
son street.
Saunders H. D., Amelia street.
Savage Piobert, expressman, Johnson street.
SAY'\YAllD, W. P., LrMiJEii Mekchaxt, Constance street,
residence Collinson street.
Sehati'er (^harles, professor of music, Kane street.
Schaffor Albert, cigar manufacturer, Wharf street, residence
Kane street.
Schult/C Herman, bootmaker, Johnson street.
Schultz Albert, waiter, Cassiar Saloon, Store street.
Schwartz Frederick, steward, Chatham street.
Scott W^m., ]iiIot, Princess avenue.
Scolt John H., steward "Caril)oo-Fly," res. Pioneer street.
Scottish Commercial Fire Insurance Compau}' of Glasgow,
Stahlschmidt & Co. agents.
SCOTTISH AMICABLE LIFE ASSURANCE SOCIETY,
T. ALLSor & Co. Agents.
Scottish Widows Fund Life Insurance Company, W. R.
CLu'ke, agent.
oriDK TO HitrrrsM Columbia.
:n9
Sea Saimu'l, sljip hnildci'. I^rincess Avenue.
Scahvook lioads. clt'ik, l)(iiii;'l!is strt'Cit.
SEAItS JOSEPH, Hoisi; Paintkh. (iov«'ininoiit stivot, ves.
(^iiadia sfrcot.
Scaconl li. J. T., tlressiiiuker, Fort stitn't.
Sccli'v W. ('. S,, Aush'Jiliaii Hotel, «'or. (tovernmmit iuiil
Humboldt streets.
Si'cli'V -rjiuu's, liutclicM's asst., (lovernnifut street.
Se^iiers (!liarles John, lit. Hev. nisliop, Pvoniau Catholic
('diuveh, Collinsou street.
SEHL JACOB, Caiunkt Makkr and FruNiTiui-: Dealeh,
Goveriiiuent street, res. Brou^hton stn^^t.
Seid Fiiudv, Teutcjnia Saloon, (iovennneni street, res. Pan-
dora stri'et.
Sewell Jaini^s, hukei, Fort street.
Seymour, G. T., furniture dealer, Broad street.
S(!ym(iur Charles Theobald, clerk, Ijan«?ley Alley.
Slnuh; David, ear])enter, Fort stniet, res. Broughton street.
Shakespeare >Joah, photo<^ra]iher,. Government street, res.
Fort sti'eet.
Shakospoai'o Mrs., fancy and IJerlin wool store, Fort street.
Shakespeare F.. employ jNI. W. Waitt, tt Co.,i-es. Fort street.
Sharp Charles H., shi]) caulker and carpenter, Pandora street.
Shaw Thomas, boilermuker, Collinson street.
Shaw Mi's. , View street.
Shaw & Kuna, boilermakers, Cormorant street.
Shears Walter, clerk, Dallas road.
Sheriff's otHee, T. Harris Sheriff, Bastion street.
Sherman Haroltl, laborer, Doufflas street.
Shields James, night watchman, Putnam street.
Short Henry, gunmaker &c., Fort street, residence Pandora
Avenue.
SHOTBOLT THOMAS, Chemist and Duuggist, Johnson
street.
Siffken W. C, accountant and collector, Governme^;! srreet,
residence Moss street.
Simple Robert, machinist, St. Mary's street, Victoria West.
Simpson George, John street.
Simpson Henry, clerk, H.B.Co., View street.
Simpson Donald, tailor, Collinson street.
Sims Walter, butcher, Pandora street.
Sing Chong, washerman, Trounce Alley.
Sing Hee Chan, importer, Store street.
Sing Lee, washerman, Fort street.
Sleightholm W^m ., carpenter, Chatham street.
Slowman Mrs., Broad street.
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GUIDE TO BRITIHH COLUMBU.
1
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Siimll])one (^luirloH Kooke, Horist, Hae street.
Siimllhone Clmi'loH, laborer, CollinHon street.
SwetlmrHt, AVm., laborer, Douglas street.
Smith Phillip, emi)lov Hibben tV Co., res. Douglas street.
Smith Mrs., tlre.s.smaker, eor. Doughis and Herald streets.
Smith Edward, King's Head Sah)on. Johnson street, res.
Government street.
Smith James, carpenter, ("hatham street.
Smith John, miner, Humboldt street.
Smith Moses Kowe, Fort street.
Smith Mrs. W., Fort street.
Smitli J. F., clerk. Fort street.
Smith John, emply Dominion Offices, Government street,
residence* Gordon street.
Smith S., employ Turner, Beeton <fe Tunstall, res. Fort street.
Smith M. K., barker. Fort street.
Smith James McB., bookkeeper, Fort street.
Smith Mrs. J. E., Meares street.
Smith George H., tinsmith, Johnson street.
Smith Franz, butcher, res. Temperance Hotel, Fort street
Smith John F., (S. «fe Matthews) Cook street.
Smith Andrew J., (S. & Clarke) Superior street.
Smith H., dairyman. Moss street.
Smith Lockhart, Fort streetr.
Oiiith Charles McK., proprietor Daily Sfmnkird, Gov't street.
Smith A: Clark, carpenters and contractors. Fort street.
Smith & Matthews, boot and shoe makers, Yates street.
Smith Samuel Geo., painter, Blanchard street.
Smithe Hon. "VVm., Minister of Finance and Agriculture, res.
Quebec street.
Smith James Sansbury, engineer str. Grappler.
Soar Henry, Secretary Fire Department, Fort street.
SON ON LUNG & Co., General Merchants and Tailors,
Store street.
Spence Wm., tailor, View street.
Spence Thomas, contractor, res. Driard House.
Spencer S. A., photographer, Fort street.
Spencer David, (Denny & S.) Birdcage walk.
Spofiford Wm., carpenter. Fort street.
SPRATT JOSEPH, Albion Iron Works, Store street res.
Blanchard Avenue.
Spring Capt. Wm., shipowner, Superior street.
Spring Charles, clerk, H.B.Co., res. Superior street.
SPROAT & Co., Commission Merchants and Insurance
Agents, Wharf street.
Sproat Gilbert M., (S. & Co.) Pandora street.
lUM
Grinr to huitirh tolumiiIa.
821
Sprout Thomas, Fort street.
Start'ortl Mrs., Paiulora street.
SIWHLSCHMIDT it WARD, (Ommihsion Michants am.
IxsiUANCE AoENTH, Wbarf street.
Stahlschmiat T. L., fS cv Ward) The Winds, Gov't Hill.
Standard Life Insurance Co., Stahlsehmidt tt Ward a^cuts,
Wharf street.
STANDARD The Victohia Daily, Pkintinci and Jou Ofiues,
(ioverninent stniet, ('. McK. Smith, proprietor.
Stannard John S., draper, Cormorant street.
Staples W. (i., Assuror, JJank li.N A., res. Fisf^mird street.
Stark James, moidder. Pioneer street.
Starr Caj)t. Lewis M., steamboat owner, Dallas road.
Stephens Edward, ('.E. and surveyor, Buckley's Orchard,
Cruigtlower road.
Steinberger Wm., distiller, Johnson street.
Steitz Bros., bakery and restaurant, Yates street.
Steitz (Teor«^e, (S. liros.^ Kant* street.
Steitz Frederick, (S. Bros.; Kane street.
Steele Wm. A., enjj;ineer and machinist, Johnson street.
Steele Peter, saloon keeper. Bastion street.
Stemmler Louis, Victoria Steam C'oflfee and Spice Works,
Wharf street.
Stephen David, engineer, Johnson street.
Stelly George, contractor, Yates street.
Stell Ezekiel, gardner, Fairtield road.
Stewart James, miner, View street.
STEWART & BRADDEN, Plum3IEJis and GASF^r^EK^*, Yates
street.
Stewart John, (S. & Bradden) Y'^ates street.
Stevens S. H., drayman, Cook street.
Stevens George, carpenter, View street.
Stevens John, «fe Co., Oraineca Saloon, Government street,
res. Herald street.
Stevenii John, cook, Blanchard Avenue
Stokes Richard, livery stable keeper, Kane street.
Stockham Frederick, Victoria.
Stockand James, carpenter. North Park street.
Storey Thomas, contractor, builder and undertaker. Govern-
ment street, rej. Pioneer street.
Strachan James, The Ship Inn, Wharf street, res. Rae street.
Strachau Alexander, shipwright. View streot.
Stronacli A. V., Cassiar Saloon, cor. Johnson and Store
streets.
Strong Arthur, scavenger, Discoverj' sreet.
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V,\:WK TO JUtlTlSH COLUMBIA.
Shouss, Briggs, Kurtz Si Co., wholesale drygooJs merchants,
^\'liiirf street.
Stronss Charles Johi), (S., B., K. & Co.) Blancharcl strei^t.
Htuurt it Keast, Lion Brewery, Queen's Avejuie, otKci; AVharf
street.
Stuart G. I., (8. tt Keast J Quadra street.
Styles S. T., (KmsiuanA- S. ) BleJh)\v (Jottage, Amelia street.
Sullivan Benjamin, miner, Ciiatham street.
Sullivan Michael, miner, Humboldt street.
Sullivan pJohn, police officer, CoUinson street.
Swansou Charles L. , assistant, Government printing office.
Sylvester l"')-ank, bookkeei)er at J. P. Davies-tt Co., res.
Pandora street.
SYME JAMES, Architect, Masonic Building, Government
street, res. Simcoe stivcit.
Tai Soon tv Co., inii)orters. Cormorant street.
TAI YUNI'j t*c CO., iMPoitTKUs and Wholes.\le Merchants,
corn(U" Government and Cormorant streets.
Tapson W'm. carpenter. Store street.
TAYLOPi CHAllLES, Tin and Copi-eksmith, Johnson street,
'iavior John George, gentleman, Quadra street.
Tavlor C., Lion Brewery Tap, Queen's avenue.
Tiiylor T. W., Bottled Beer Saloon, View street.
Taylor Crispin, labourer, Y'ates street,
Taylor, J. L., saloon, cor. Johnson and AYharf streets.
TEAGUE JOHN, Architect, Government street, residence
Chatham street.
Tt^cgraph Office, Ti'ounce alley.
Thain J.N., clerk, Brought(m street.
Thain H., clerk, Engelhardt tt Co.
Thain Captain John, Fisguanl street.
Thibert Mitchell, miner, Cormorant street.
Thistle AV. H., San Francisco Saloon, corner Yates and Gov-
ernment sti'cets, residence Johnson street.
Thistleton Mrs., dressmaker. Government street.
Thistleton James, Government street.
THOMPSON B. B., Dentist, corner Government ana Fort
THOxMSON GEORGE, Baker, Fort street
Thomson C. \V. R., Secretary Gas works, Store street.
Thorne C, clerk H. B. Co., residence Meares street.
Thornhill Richard, French Hospital, Collinson street.
Thornhill George, farmer, Superior street.
Tiedemann H. O., surveyor, Menzies street.
Tierney William, contractor, North Park street.
Tiger Engine Company, No. 2, Jolinson street.
oriDr: to nurrisn roixMuiA.
M2:{
T
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'rinson William, diavinaii. Princess fiveimo.
Tioiiij; Siiiii, waslu'vnian, Wn't stroot.
Ti|»])iiis William. <';ir))('iit('r, C'liatliaiu streot.
Tissct Pcti'V. .loliiisou street.
Todfl Clinrles, r<>si(leiiei> CvDnLrlitou sti'eet.
Toilil J. H.. merchant, Yates strei-t, I'es. Joliiison street.
'L'i)il(l Charles F ., clerk, Johnson street.
Todd Rohert, clerk, Proiul street.
I'oihl "Miss, infant school, Fn^lerick street.
Tod.l II. L.. ch^rk. Yates street.
Toli'sou Iji-otlun's, tailors, (rovornment street.
Tompkins (lilbert, blacksmith, Johnson str(>et.
Toomey John, horse trainer, Broad street.
Towey Michael, assistant Lnnatic Asylum.
Townsend A. A., Fis^-nard sti'eot.
J'l-avis Mrs., Yates stre(>t.
TRFIIAUT ('HAS. H., St. Neciiolas Hotki,, Government
sti-eet.
'rrevittick Joseuh, mimn", ('Orniorant street.
Trim'oh^ Hon . James, ]\[. D., S|)eak<;r Le_!j;islative Assembly.
]'esid(>nce IJroad stieet.
TMOUNUETHOS., Aiu'MITEct, r(>s. Tre<,'ew Honse, Menzies
street.
Traran Flward, Suporintendi'ut ot" convicts, ]Michi,L,'an stro(>t.
ri'utch John, civil en,!,nneer, Fairfield House.
Turner Archilcdd, bootmaker, Quadra street.
Turner J. H., (T. 15, A: T.) resi(hMice Kock Bay.
Turner B., miner. Diseoverv street.
TUB NEB, BEETOX A- tl'XST.VLL, iMi'Oirmis of Dry
(iooDs. Eiccoiis. E'lc, Whiirf str(>et.
TYE('H()N(J Y['EX, IJrrciir.ns axd (Jitoci-Ks, Cormtuant st.
Ty(i Thon.as, (^Matthews, Btichards A T.) res. Douglas street.
Tvndall .rolin, miner, Humboldt street.
Tvnon E., cleik, ]\[cC'lure street.
LTnion Hook and fiulder Co., Cioverumeni ^reet.
Union ^fariue Insurance Oom]»any of San Francisco, Stahl-
sclunidt A' ^Yard agents, Wharf street.
Ure James, car[)enter, Alfred sti'eet.
Valois Al|)li()use, stmvard .Vmerican Hotel, Yates street.
Van Yolkenburgh Benj.iniin, residence Pandora avenue.
Vaughan John, butchm', I'esidence Herald street.
Yenner F. J., turner. Fort strcM^i.
Yernon Hon. F. (i., Chief Commissioner of Lands and \Yorks,
residence Pamlora avenue.
Yieu^s'u\ Charles Ed.vard, James' Bay, boys' school, corner
M.Mizio.-i and D.dlas streets, res. Quebec street.
T
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Gl .'^E TO mU'riHH COLUMBIA.
Vi(niss(!iix; Mrs., Jjunes' Bay girls' scliool, (^u','1)bc street.
Yigcilius Bros., hairdressers, St. Nichoius bath house, Ciov-
ernmeut street.
Vig<!livi.s jjouis, (Y. Bros.) Yates street.
Vigislius Autou, (V, Bros.) CTOveriunent street.
Yiiu; Edward, North Park street.
V'ine Hem'T, mariner, North Park stieet.
Yiiiter James G., clerk of liec-ords Lauds and Works Depart-
ment, resi(h:!nce Pauilora street.
Yipoiid Arthur, gunstnitli, etc., Yates stre.^t, res. Kstjuimalt
road.
Wa Jioe, restaurant, -lohnsou street. •.
Wagner Joim, brewer, Yates strciet.
^\'ait John, la,l)oror, Dallas road.
AVaitt .M. W',, bookseller, etc., (rov't street, res. (Quadra street.
AN'akefield Mrs., Fort street.
Walkeni Hon. (f. A., Q. C, rt^siih^iiee Pandora street.
W.ilker (liun'ge (1., shipbuilder, Y'ates street.
AN'alker Walter, ship carpenter. Herald stj'eet.
AValkt^r George, ship carpentei'. Herald street.
AVal! Cdniund, grocer's assistant, Chatham street.
Wall Jolm, tailor, Yates street, resideiuu! (Miatham street.
AN'.iliaee Kobert, P.O. Inspector, Park road.
Wallace 0. W., assistant collector Provincial taxes, Vancoii-
xer street .
Willace ..rames, engineer, Johnson street.
AVailace Mrs. M., Pisguard street.
Wallenst(dn L. F., U])holsterer, res. Blanchard street.
AV'aller Henry, confectioner, I'ort street, res. Douglas street.
AValsch Isaac, drayman, Pembroke street.
A\'alsli John, miner.
\>'altlier IJenry, \' ('o., Bavaria Brewery, Fo)'t str(M^t.
AYAN YUXG^IJTNct CO., Meiuhant Tailohs, Yates street.
Ward James, farmer, Fairlield farm.
AA^ard Mrs. Charhis, matron Angela College, Burdt^tt av(muo.
AVard AV. C, Manager Bank B. C., res. Higlnvood House,
Moss street.
Ward Robert, (Stahlschmidt i\^ W.) Oak Cottage, Belcher
s'treet.
Warin AVm., (Saunders & W.) Trounce alley.
Wark John, gentleman, Dallas road.
AA^arniu* Henry, Star Ilostaurant. Government street, residence
Langh^y streOt.
AA'arner Olaudor, ship carpenter, Douglas street.
Warnes John C, siioe maker, Vieiv street.
Williams Bobt. T., (T. N. H. k Co.) Government street.
GUIDE TO BUiriSH COLUMBIA.
32o
Warren .lames D., mariner, Fort street.
Waters H., tinsmith, Johnson street.
Watkins Charles R., bookkeeper. View street.
Watson James, tinsmith, Chatham street.
Watson Adam, blaeksraith, Johnson street.
Watson Wm. M. Cormorant street.
Watson Ah;xantler, shii)wright, Montreal street.
Webb Easta(,*e, clerk, Ilae street.
WEBSTEU iv- CO., Boot and Shoe Store, Government
street, residencu^ Kane street.
Wciohe C., laljorer, Jolinstm street.
AVEILER JOHN, Fiiiniture Dealer, Etc., Fort street.
We Leo, boor maker. Government street.
Welch George, carpenter, ('ormoraat street.
Wells Michael, teanistfu", Collinson street.
WELLS, FAIIGO & CO., Government street, Gurosehe,
Green & Co. agents.
WELCH, UITHET k CO., Merchants, Wharf street.
Welton J. F., janitor. Theatre Royal, residence Fort street.
West Cliristoi)her, Merchants Exchange Saloon, Fort street.
WESTERN UNION TELEGRAPH COMPANY'S OFFICE,
Trounce alley.
Williii'ii F. Arc'hibiild, Mana^'«r. r.'sidence Xorth Park ntn^et.
•I. H. Cannichael, Assistant, residenct^ MpCliirf street.
Westgarth Thomas, steamboat inspectoi res. View street.
Wheeler Wm., miner, Frederick.
White Samuel C, painter, Rae street.
White Edward, (Brown «t W. ) Fort street.
White Eden, Douglas street.
White Mrs., Johnson street.
White George, laborer, Johnson street.
White William, barkeeper, Alfred street.
White W. C, expressman, Pandora avenue.
White James, police olticer, Douglas street.
White Captain G. H., North Park street.
\\ hite George, drayman, Johnson street.
^Vhitley Ste])hen, Quadra street.
Whitley Samuel, (I. Brown tfcCo.) Chatham street.
Wilby Edw-m, haruess maker, Yates street.
Wilkinson Ricliard, residence Burnsid*; road.
Williams John, plasterer.
Williams John, bricklayer, Fisguard street.
Williams George, employ Government printing office.
Williams T. H., with Drake & Jackson, Bastion street.
Williams Wm., stonemason, Yates street.
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32G
GUIDE TO BRITISH COLUMBIA.
Williams Robt., factor H.B.Co., res. Cormorant street.
Williams Robt., M. A., View street.
Williams Thomas, carpenter, North Park street.
WILLIAMS J. W., Livery Stai$le Keeper, cor. Johnson
and Gov't streets, res. cor. Kane and Blanchard streets.
Williams Edmund A., b..'ewer. Fort street.
Willis James, Victoria Saloon, Government street.
Williamson Robert, clerk, Kane street.
Wilmot H. C, feed and livery stables. Broad str<»et.
Wilson John, baker. Fort street, res. (Quadra street.
Wilson Joseph, (iarpenter, Kane street.
Wilson Thoniiis, cabinet maker, Fort street, i'e?s. Frederick
street.
Wilson A. <t W., plumbers, gasfitters, etc.. Fort street.
AVilson Jolin, Garrick's Head Saloon; Bastion street.
Wilson Alex., (A. k \\. ^\.) F(nt street.
Wilson Wm. (A. it W. W.) Quebec street.
Wilson Thomas, (Quebec street.
Wilson Mrs., Johnson street.
Wilson Thomas, butcher, Johnson street.
Wilson W. tVf J., clothiers .and outtitters, Government street.
Wilson Wm., (W. \' J. W.) Pemberton street.
Wilson Joseph, (W. & J. W.) Ellice Point.
WILSON THOS., tt Co., Dry Goods Merchants, Masonic
Building, Government street.
Wilson Wm,. (Thos. Wilson & Co.) Broad street.
Wilson Robert Henry, commission agent. Fort street.
Wilson Mrs. T, Sidney, music teacher, Frederick street.
Wilton Louis H., sailmaker, Johnson street.
Wippy Samuel, laborer, Humboldt street.
Wing Chong & Co. , tailors and grocers, cor. Store and Cor-
morant streets.
W^ING LEE & Co ., Cigar Merchants, Johnson street.
Winger John, butcher. South Park street.
Wolfenden Richard, Superintentlent Government printing
office, res. Superior street.
Wonacott Henry, gardner, ('liatham street.
Woo Sinj-, vs asslierman, Yates street.
Wood !Ldward, Victoria House Saloon, cor. Pandora and
Doviglas streets.
Woods Thomas, in charge Marine Hospital.
Woods John, employ at Gas Works, res. Store street
Woodcock W. H., miner.
Woolacott Phillip, gaoler.
Wootton Mrs., Rae street.
Wootton Stephen, clerk, Rae street.
W-2.-
GUIDE TO BRITISH COLUMBIA.
327
Work David, clerk, H.B.Co., res. Hillside.
Work Mrs. S., .I'llside.
Workman Aaron, (^ardner, Fort street.
Wright, Ven. Archdeacon.
Wright Miss, asst. teacher, Angela College.
Wriglesworth Joseph, Retreat Saloon, Government street,
res. Blanchard Avenue.
Wvlde C E., revenue officer. Fort street.
Wylly C Ci., average adjuster, Birdcage walk.
Wynne (ieorge, Johnson street.
NVynne George W., clerk, Johnson street.
York Joseph, carpenter. Quadra street.
Young Henry, New England Bakery, Government street, res.
Michigan street.
Young George, New England Bakery, Government street, res.
Michigan street.
Young Louis, New England Bakery, Government street, res.
Michigan street.
Young Robert Henry, clerk. Fort street.
Young Ale\,, DulFerin House, cor, Yates and Douglas streets.
Young C, saloon keeper, Yates street.
Young J. Judson, Provincial Treasurer, res. Menzies street.
Zinke Mrs., dressmaker, Yates street.
VICTORIA DISTRICT.
Victoria District occupies the peninsula, at the base of
which is the town of Victoria. It embraces many fine and
valuable farms, and includes the settlements of Lake and
Saanich. The latter, especially, forming the extremity of the
peninsula, is a fertile and beautiful tract. (See page 57.)
.\nderson A., jr., N. Saanich, Burry David, Like District.
.Vnderson R. , Lochendfarm. Brown .\. J., Doe Ridge.
Brown G.. Doe Ridge.
Bartleman Peter, Forge.
Bryant J. D., Rosedale farm,
Butler G, S., Berrv farm.
Anderson A. C, Saanich.
Anderson J,, Lochend farm.
.Vnkers Thomas.
Alexander C. South Saanich
Avons W., S. Saanich.
Brethour S., N. Sianich.
Brethour Julius, N, Saanich.
Brethour John, N, Saanich.
Brethour J. W,. N, Saanich.
I3rown Robert. N. Saanich.
Bennet A. R.. \. Saanich.
Bryden J., North Saanich.
Bosworth W., Oakley farm.
Burrows J., Twin Oak farm.
Bradbury J. W., N. Saanich.
Brackman H , N, Saanich.
Bowker John S., Oak Bay.
Cook W. . Lachine cottage.
328
GUIDE TO BUITIHH COLUMBIA.
It'
Copel.ind A . , N Saanich .
Conlter David, N. Saanitdi.
Crarey K . , Lake District .
CliK.'tt J., Burnside farm.
Conloy D., Saanicli lload
Cox \V. H., South Saanicli .
C'hiverie A . ,C-adl)Ovo iiay road
Dean S., South Saanich.
Dodd Martin, Gorge I'etreat
Da\al Louis, lioseliili farm
Deans (xeorge, Sunnyside.
l^nrance John, Lake District
Dickson J. \V . , S. Saanich.
Folh'v Win., Colquit/ farm
Ferguson T . , N . Saanich .
Fit/aHen John, Old Park.
Fras('r W'., ('eihir Hill road.
Fur/.e John, South Saanich.
Frances J., Lake Distric^t.
Finiierty M., Mt Tolmie (!. K.
Foot \\ n).. Northwood farm,
(ireig Jolni, Hurness.
(T)-eig John, jr., S. Saanich.
(ili'niKh'ning A., (!e(hir Hill.
Holilen John, S. Saanich.
Hiirrison Geo., S. Saanich.
Hutchings W., N. Saianich.
-Hairison J. T., S. Saanich.
Horrie John, Mountain Cove.
Hagan James. S. Saanich.
Haslam A., Beaver Lake.
Hillier Wm., Lake District.
Hawkins A., Oakland farm.
Harris John, Victoria. District
Higgs Geo., North Saanich.
Heal John, Mount Pleasant.
Haynes W., The Wilk.ws.
Henl}' Henry, Clover Point.
Henderson John, S. Saanich.
Hillier Thos., Lake District.
Hamilton John, S. Saanich.
Irvine John, Rosebank.
Irvine Robert, Oakland farm.
Irvine William, Cedar Hdl.
Instant John, Lake Hill.
Tmrie John, Lake Hill.
Imrie Peter, is. Saani(!h.
Johnson A., Lake District.
John R. F', S. Saiinich.
John Edwin, S. Saanich.
Johnson Wm., L!d:e District.
Johnston Wm., Vij. Distri(5t.
.John Richard, N. Saanich.
-John J., N.. Saanich.
King H. A., ('hurc;Ii iavm.
King S. E. J3., T(ilvnie"s farm.
K(U- Robert, Fernyhei'st.
Ijineker E. H., Collinwcjod.
Lesh C. C, Lik'," District.
Lindsay G., Millstream farm.
Lewis L. v., Evergreen.
Tjcc T., Cadboro Bay road.
Ijidgate Wm., S. Saanich.
McDonald D., N. Saanich.
Mcllmoyl J. T., N. Saanich.
McKenzie K., Lake Hill.
McKe-./ie A. C., Lake Hill.
McKenzie D., Craiglev.
McHugh W., Elk Park farm.
McHugh H.,Elk Park farm.
McMillan J., S. Saanich.
Moroney E., Lake District.
Munro Hugh, Janjes' Isl.md.
Mitchell T., S. Saanich.
Marcottee Xavier, Rose Farm.
AEelrose R., Victoria Arm.
Matatall J., Cndboro Bay.
Moses D. D., N. Saanich.
Matatall S., ('adl)oro Bay.
. Merriman W., Cedar Hill.
Melloi- W., Crofters Farm.
Mills George, N. Saanich.
McDerby T., N. Saanich.
Norn Sannnd, Cedar Hill.
Nicholson J., Victoria Dist.
Nicholson G. Victoria Dist.
Nicholson Jos., ^>aanich Road
O.'ibon G., Burnside farm.
Otto John, N. Sa.'uiich.
Page Sophia, Topaze avenue.
Fag" \A'., N. Saanich.
PovterT R , Lake Dist
ariDE TO BRITISH COLUMBIA
\m
rollok 0 . , Cedar Hill .
Poter U., Lake Dist.
Peare(3 Joim, N. Saunich
Ponj,'elly W., N Saaiiich.
Pembeitou J.D., Vic. J)ist.
Potter Thomas, S Saanieh .
Pottinger (}., Craigflower.
Pieaj OH, NSaanich
HeayW., N.Saauioli.
Kieketts Sanniel, Lake Dist
Keiil W Mol)., N.Saanic-h,
liicliard V.. Topa/e avenue.
Ilowdeii M., Elk Lake.
Jioulaud M., JJuriiside farm.
J{ol)orts S . , N . Saanich
IJvau (V , N .Saanieli
Jioss A1(!X., Koss liav.
KeidD B., N . Sriauu-li .
Sadler Edmund, N . Saanich .
Sandover S., N. Saanich.
Simpson H . , S Saanich
Spotts F , S . Saanich .
Smith J., Mt. Tolmie cross-
road .
Snider W.H ,Lake Dist.
Sulcomb J . , Colduitz farm .
Simpson J . M . , Lake Dist
Sinclair Wm . , Oakland .
Speed T W . , Saanich road
Smith Wm . , Swan Lake
Snider John, Uosehill farm
Stevens J . , Half- way House .
Sinclair J . , Cadboro Bay
Spence John, Cedar Hil)
Smith Henry, Victoria ].>ist
Smith G.H., Northwood farm.
Skitch Thomas, S. Saanich.
Sampson Wm , N . Saanich
Sere J . B , Kichmond Hotel .
Tolmie W F . Cloverdale
Tolmie W.F., Jr., Cloverdale.
Thomson \\n»., S. Saanich.
Tolmie J . Cloverdale .
Tod John. Oak Bay
Tod Janjcs, Springbank .
Tod John, Jr , OakBav.
Thomas O , Tandridge Hall .
Teadly D , Half-way House.
Temple \V , Strawberry Vale .
Turgoose W , S. Saanich.
Towniu' Wm , N Saanich
Thomas C.. Lake Dist
Temple W . , Lake Dist .
Veitch W , Victoria Arm.
VanAllman W., Saanich R
VanAllman A . , Saanich R .
VanAllman .T.C., Saanich R.
Verdier A . Lake Dist .
Wilson J . , Lake Hill
Wagner J., Burnside farm.
Webber J . , (!olquitz ^.vrm
Williams W . , N Saanich
Wale W . , west Saanich R
Wales C , N . Saanich .
Wain Henry. N Saanich.
Wilson Ira, (,'adboro Bay.
Wims Hiram, S. Saanich.
AValter Markiis, Lake Dist
White T., Lake Dist.
Young Henry. S . Saanich
ESaUIMALT TOWN AND DISTRICT.
Esquimau harbour, distant fight and a half miles from the
Race Rocks, is distinguished b}' the white tower of the Fis-
gard Light, which marks the western ]ioint of the entrance.
This is a safe and excellent ancliorage for shij)s of an}' size,
and with the aid of the " light," may be entered at any time
with great facility ; the holding ground is good — a tenacious
blue clay. The extent of this fine harbour is about three
w
■m
V
330
GUIDE TO BRITISH COLUMBU.
miles by two, with ua average depth of six to eight fathoms,
and round the whole of the irregular circle described, numer-
ous rocky promontories with outlying ishinds and gently slop-
ing sandy bays, form the chief feature of the scene. Great
natural advantages and facilities exist for the extension of
townships and formation of docks, aul there is no doubt but
that this favoured spot will become the established headquar-
ters of the Royal Naval Force in the Pacific. An Hospital,
Storehouse, and Navy Yard, for the service afloat, already give
an official apjiearance to the Port.
The town of Esquim.ilt, prettily situated in one of the num-
erous coves of the excellent harbour from which It takes its
name, derives its sujjport from the presence of Her Majesty s
ships, and from the mail steamers which here land their niiiils
and passengers.
Dane Joseph, Esquimalt.
Dechant John, Sooke.
DemeuUe E. M., Esquimalt.
Dodds T., E.squimalt.
Dorn J. ,New Inn, Esqu't road.
Argyle Thos., Uaco Kocks.
Armstrong II. A., Belmont.
Arthur John, Esquimalt.
Arthur Wm , Esquimalt .
Baker — , Sooke.
Bidlantine D. L., Esqu't Dist. Dunn J., Seymour farm.
Barnc}- Donald, Sooke. Dunston W., Esquimalt.
JJevis W. H., Fisguard light. Dunston J, Esquimalt.
Blagaire M. E., Victoria West. Dutnall G., Albert Head.
Bland Jas., Esquimalt road. Elwin G , Victoria west.
Booth Wm., Esqu't Old road. Everett P., Esquimalt road.
Boughner W., Bush Ta vein. Everett P., Jr., Esquimalt K.
Bowling John, Esquimalt. Eraser D . , Metchosin .
Bradbury H. C., Constance C. Farrell W., Esquimalt.
Bratield Charles, Esquimalt. Fisher W^ , Metchosin .
Brown A. L., Happy Valley. Fisher W., M.P.P., Esqu't
Brule John, Sooke. Fisher W., Jr., Esqiiimalt.
(klvert P. , Parsons' Bridge . Foster N . F . , The Woods .
Sooke. Francis M., Colwood.
I! M- ■
Cartwright Wm
Charters W\ B., Sooke.
Charters John, Sooke.
Chevers J., Esquimalt.
Cogan H ., Sooke road.
Cole George, Metchosin.
Condell R., Constance Cove.
Cook G. C. S., Metchosin.
Cormack John, Metchosin.
Cridge J. A , Esquimalt.
Cruickshank Geo., Belmont.
Davis James, Esquimalt.
Gilmore J . , Goldstream .
Gleed Thos . , Metchosin .
Goar C , Belmont .
Gray J . , Esquimalt
Harman J . , Esquimalt .
Hawkins G.F., Highland Dis.
Helgesen H . , Metchosin .
Henton J . . Constance Cove .
Howard J T . , Esquimalt .
House A.R , Esquimalt R.
Hunt W . , Happy Valley .
f
' J,
\i'
M''
p
Ip-i-li-.-^.
GUIDE T<) BRITISH COLUMIU V.
331
Isbistcr J , Foster's whavf.
Johnson J . D , Gorge .
Jollibois J . , Sot)ke .
Keill J;is. , Sool'e.
Keen W.H., Mission Rancli.
Lavemler Jas., Hapm- Valley
Lawrence J , Glen Lake .
Leech Peter J , Esquinialt.
Lowe Jacob, Sooke.
Lowe Abram, Sooke.
Mack Wm. , Sooke.
^Ialtl>y Kichard, Cobvood
MaltbvT.. Maltbv's fann.
Martin T , Es(|ninialt road.
May John, Esqninialt.
Millington AV . , Glen Lake .
Moll I., Happy Valley
Moraii; J . , 4-nnle House.
Morrow 8 . , Metchosin .
Mnir J., J. P., Sooke.
Mnir Robert, Sooke.
Muir J., Jr., Sooke.
Muir M., Sook(\
Miiller E., Parson's Bridge.
McKintosh S. F., Behiiont.
McGin Wni., Esqnimalt.
McCarthy J., Esquinialt.
McKenzie D., Parson's B.
McKenzie D., Rose Creek
farm .
McMillan D., Sooke.
McMilhm J. W., Sooke.
McMiHan A. F., Sooke.
McKenzie G., Rose Creek
farm.
McAusland J., Esqnimalt.
Ohiershaw A., Craigflower R.
Olsen Peter, Craigflower.
Parker John, Craigflower.
Parker T., Rocky Point.
Pears G., Metchosin.
Pears W. E., Crofter's farm.
Peat Arthur, Col wood.
Peat Arthur jr., Esquimalt.
Peat Alfred, Esquimalt.
Pfluger Henry, Belmont.
Phillips Wm., Sooke.
Phillips R., Esquimalt.
Poirres Josh, Sooke.
Pooley C. E., Esquimalt R.
Porter John, Esquimalt.
. Port«M' Jas., Col wood.
Ro])erts Geo., Esquimalt.
Rob(!rts W. W., Esquimalt.
Rosman E. J., Albert Ht^ad.
Rothwell Wm., Esquimalt.
liounily F. R., Sooke.
Russel J., Esquimalt road.
Salmon M., Esquimalt.
Sanborn W. , Sooke.
Sandford B. H., Sangster's
Plains.
Saunders F. J., Craigflower.
Scape T. H., Highland.
Scary G., Esquimalt.
Scheuk S., Belmont Lagoon.
Scott L., Happy Valley.
Selleck \\., Esquimalt.
Sheppard J., Craigflower.
Simpson J., Millstreani.
Singleton Col. M., Parson's
Bridge.
Smith Wm., Happy Valley.
Steel J., Sooke.
Stewart J., Highland.
Stewart J., Esquimalt Dist.
Stephens E., C.E., Craig-
flower road.
Switzer John, Sooke.
Thomas Almond, Esquimalt.
Through Jonas, Sooke.
Trenchard Geo., Sooke.
Trickey W^m., Esquimalt.
Tugwell Thomas, Sooke.
Turner Fred., Sooke.
Tyler Wm., Yew Tree farm.
Valpe Wm., Sooke.
Vine Edward, Redder Inlet.
Waterhouse T., Esquimalt.
Westmoreland R., CapeBeale.
W^eir Robert, Metchosin.
Weir John. Metchosin.
w
M82
GUIDE TO BRITISH COf.UMBIA.
Weir Ailain, Metchosin. Williams F., M.P.P., Esq't.
Welsh Jus., Sookc. Williams C. A., Happy ^ alloy.
Whitmarsh W. J., Navy Yard. Wilson Peter, Metchosin.
Whitly Mrs. J., Metchosin. Yardley Thos., Esquimalt.
Wilby H. E., Esquimalt. Young Wni., Esquimalt.
Royal Naval Yant, Esquimalt, li. C.
Niiviil mifl Victimlliii(» Storokeeper uiul Aoeountrtnt, Jiimes Henry
Innort, J. P. Senior Clerk, Thoinns Sydney Dobbin. Clerks,
Kenneth McKenzie, William Henry Krooks, WiUiiim Uhode Lewis.
Storehoiiseumn Niivtil Store Brunch, Caleb Uishop. .Assistant
Storehonseiniin, llichard Phillips. Hired Assistant Storehouse-
iniin, John Matson, Hired Assistant Storehouseniau, John May.
Storehouseniun Vietnallin^' Branch, Charles Barry^ Cooper Vic-
tualling^ Branch, Thomas JJodds. Hired Assisiant Storehouse-
man, Jolin Uray. Hired .\ssistant Storehoiiseinan, Richard Hell.
Foreman of Naval Ordinance Stores, Richard Downer. Eut^iuecr
in charj^e of Steam Factory, Mark Lambert, K. N. Boatswain of
the Yard, Thomas Reynolds, R. N.
Koyal Naval Hospital, Escpiimalt, J3. (!.
Stafl' Surgeon in eliarj^e, Mattliew Coates, R. N. Steward, James An-
drews, R. N. Cook, Jiliziibcth Roberts. Nurse, William Roberts.
COWICHAN AND SALT SPRING ISLAND.
('owichan, situattxl between Nanainio and Victoria, upon a
river of the same name, is a flourishing agricultural settle-
ment.
This most important district of Cowichan, with those of
Comiaken, Quamichan, Somenos and Shawnigan, require a
special and detailed notice, the importance to the colony in an
agricultural point of view being very great besides affording
an excellent example, comprising as they do, the general
characteristics of the fertile valleys and prairies which fringe
the Eastern coast.
The Cowichan valley is about fifteen miles wide upon the
the sea coast, narrowing rapidly in a westerly direction to the
width of about six miles. Bounded by high ranges of moun-
tains composed of calcareous sandstones, these ranges form
almost impassable barriers to the valley, north and south.
To the disintegration and decomposition of these rocks, all
highly charged with the carbonate of lime, is due the distinc-
tive character of the soils throughout the Cowichan Valley.
In their nature they are essentially calcareous, for while the
other principles occur in difierent degrees in this locality car-
bonate of lime almost invariably predominates, and of this
soil there is usually a good depth of from two to three feet,
resting on a sufficiently retentive subsoil of blue clay or
gravel.
The earths, chiefly light, very porous, and composed of due
w
fU'lDK TO HRITISH COU'MmA.
888
proportions of cliiy, a.md, (Mirhoufito of lime iiurl Immus are
well coiistitnic'd for iibsorbiu}^ luul retninin^ moisture, ami
the general color from brown to black, with the entire absence
of chalky or whitt* earths, would likewise indicatt^ a favorable
soil for ri!ceivinj>; and retainin<^' heat. Samples taken from the
Sonu'uos plains were found by experiment to absorb ^water
sufficient to increase the volume of soil from one-tifth to one-
(iif^hth of its whole bulk. Much of the soil alon<5 the river
bottom is a (!lay loam of a brown coloi-, and is an (excellent
soil for wheat, beans, turni])s and red clover. The alluvial
deposit of the valley is, however, fa)- from bein-.,' all of a clayey
nature, in many parts, chiefly on the southern side, the niould
rests upon a gravelly and even a sandy deposit. This is like-
wise a rich soil, as may be seen from the abundant crops of
])otatoes, one of the most exhausting of plants, raised by the
natives on the samt» patches of land for a series of years.
The soils on tin; prairie lands are either grav(dly or sandy
and gravelly loams, eligible for barley, oats, rye, buckwheat,
b(!ans, pi'as, the root and leaf, crops, potatoes, turnips, car-
rots, and the usual garden v(>getal)les. Wheat may be suc-
cessfully raised upon most of the soils, and, with proper till-
age, upon all.
Under a judicious svstem of farming there can be no doubt
but that as good n^turns can be obtained from these lands as
from any part of the continent of America — tlu) climate being
especially adai)ted to the pursuits of agriculture — free from
either the excessive heat and drought of the Californian sum-
mer, or severity of continental American winters.
The loamy soils, everywhere possessing a depth of two to
three teet, and containing a large ]iroportion of the calcareous
))rinciple, are especially eligible for fruit culture.
Lying off this fertile region, the districts of which have
been comprised in the f(n'egoing general description, is Ad-
miral or Salt Spring Island.
*' This Ishuul is for the most [)ai't tliit;kly wooded, but there
is a considerable extent of partially cleai'e<l land, both at the
northern end and at the head of Fulford harbour."
Of the same geological formation as the district off which it
lies, there is an abundance of excellent building stone, and a
fertile sandy loam gives scope for the labor of the agriculturist.
The brine s])rings have been ascertained l)y analysis to contain
•4094 grains of salt per imperial gallon. The returns from the
numerous small farms into which the district is divided, have
been most satisfactory, and give great encouragement to the
energetic settler, who, putting his own hand to the plough,
can (cultivate his land independently of hired labor.
13
3:u
OUIUE TO BRITISH COLUMBIA.
i ' ■'
Ml ■-
1^
Aldxtmdor D,, (^niuniclmu.
Allfird N., Comiiikon.
AllfinlE., C'oiniaken.
Askow (r. T., ('litiuminus.
Al<'xaiul(*rD. jr., (^Uivmifluin.
l»Hiry Jolin, >Slm\vuigim.
Boal Jiinids Cowiclian.
I><!aiim()nt W., Coniiakoii.
l3o(lnaIl S., Coiniakcii.
I'cll Neil, SoiiHMios.
J»(uisall Henry, Coiniaken.
IJreutoii John ClKiinainiis.
Jjiirkc S. (r., Clu'inainns.
lllytli Al., (,)nanii(!lian.
Jjiyth Antliew, Sliawnif^an.
Biu'kly X , PcMidcr Islaml.
I'msli H , CluMnainus.
liliniiov C, ("lu'niainus.
Camplu'llT. C , Mayne Isl'd.
("laj^shaw H., (raliano IslM.'
Collinson \V.T.,Mayn(>Tsr(l.
Charley .T . , Maple Bay.
Cliisliohn Wni., Cowiclian.
Crate A., Coniiaken.
Ci'ejj^an Francis, Cowiclian.
C'oniera Edward, Sha\\iii<j;an.
Campbell N., Cheniainus.
Davi(^ Wni , Somenos.
Davi(! 8.H., Semenos.
Deucide Francois, Cowichan.
Dobson H . , Shawnit^an .
Dods A , Cowiclian.
Dou<j;an J , Sliawnigan.
Donj^an Joseph, Shawiiis^an.
Drinj^ Wm., (V^iniakan.
Drinkwatcr Joseph, Somenos.
Drinkwater Wm., Somenos.
Drummond Hugh, Comiakan.
Duneaii W. C., Quaraichan.
Davie J B., Cowiclian.
Evans James, Quamiclian.
Edgson Milton, Comiaken.
Evans David, Semenos .
Evans J. N , Somenos.
Eviius HE., Somenos .
Fleming J . Quaraif ban.
Hett John, Comiaken.
Flett J. jr , Coniiaken.
Flett John, Mavne Isl'd .
Flett James,, Comiaken.
French W. J., Comiaken.
Fry Henry, Chemainns.
Fuller Henry, Chemainns.
(Iroth Chaides, Pender Isl'd.
(leorgeson H., Plumper Puss,
(iablxn-ie J., Shawnigan.
Gilniour Wm . , Cowiclian.
(Jreen A. H ., Souif^nos Lake.
Hall 1j.. Saaiiich Arm
Hall F., Saanich Arm.
Habart J., Chemainns.
Hales J. Comiaken.
HaiTis Samuel, ('owichan.
Hemming J., Sliawnigan .
Hopkins J.{. T., Slrawnigan.
Humphry J., (Quamiclian.
Holmes D , (Quamiclian.
Handy S. \V., Sliawnigan.
Heck Jacob, Mayne Isl'd.
Ho])e D,ivid, Pender Island.
Inwood Frederick, Somenos.
Jonhni (Mi'arles, Somenos.
Kinnear James, ('(>wichaii.
Kier James, Somenos.
Kier Archibald, Semenos.
Kier Josej)h, Somenos
Kier Oeorge, Somenos.
Lemon Jolm, (JoAvichan .
Lewis Lewis, Somenos.
]joat (Christopher, (■hemainns.
Lomas W . H . , (Quamiclian .
Love James (Quamiclian.
Lomas Thomas, Cowiclian .
Mahoney John, Cowichan
Marriner Henry, C-owichan .
Marriner Edward, (Cowichan .
Maingiiy Daniel, Chemainns.
MarsJiail Thomas, ('owichan.
Marshall Matthew, Cowichan.
Mearns James, (^uamichan
Miller J.imes, Comiaken.
Miller Robert, Comiaken .
oiTiDt'; TO uitrrrsff ooLnMntA.
Xi't
Moiley Jolni, Coiniiikuu.
Millor W, A , Sonu'iioH.
McEwoii C, ('iKMiiiiiims
McLiiy U()l)t., (^iiiiiiiich.iii.
McKiiuioii Win., ('owic'liiin.
Moore. J(>s(!|)h, Cluiniiiiiius .
Muiiro (I., (iiili)iuo Island.
Mon-is H., (Fiiliano Island.
I'a^e David. ( 'hi'inainus.
Poti'isou H. P., Sliawni^'an.
Pnoty John, Mayne Island.
Kichai'ds Josopli, Coniiaken.
Uicliardion b\, CluMuainiis.
l(i(!hardsoii K U., (^lowiclian.
Jloboitsoii Wjh., Quaniichan.
Hiehardson Wni., Sliawui^'an.
liobson F., Mayiie Island .
Smith M . , Coiniakon .
Silva John, Mayne Island.
Shaw T . B . , ( ;Owichan.
Shearin<j; \V
Skinmn- Aml)i*ost\ Sonioiios.
Skinnor 'IT., (^uataii'han.
Skinnf'i- lilrncst, (Quaniichan.
Smith Thomas, (.'owitdian .
St niim- \Vm., C()miak(!n,
Symonds II 1) , Comiak(Mi
Scxsmith IN'v.V., C'owii'han.
Todd Arthur, (^uamichan.
Thomas \Vm., CHicmainus.
N'outrait Xavier, Shawni^an.
Voutrait H T , Shawn it.;an .
Weston Wm., ."Mayno Island.
Wich John, Mayiu' Island.
Weir John, Mayne Island.
W(ur James, (^uaniiehan.
Williams T., Cowiehan.
Williams J.. Comiaken.
Windsor T . P . , Comiaken.
\Vhite Rohcu-t, Cowicdian.
Wood John, (!heinainus.
Ackernian J .
Booth J.P.
Buckner A.
Bitancirrt D.
Bitant'uvt MA.
Crane J. C.
Copeland A.
Cairns J.
Foord Frederick.
Fredison Daniel.
Griffiths T. N.
Gyves Michael.
Harrison W. H.
Hutson W. A.
Haaraea AVm.
Hollins W A.
Hollins G. A
Joseph Emanuel.
Lunney James.
Maxwell John.
Mitchell George.
McDonald Chat. as
McFadden James.
T., Shawn ifjjan.
Svi/i' Spring Island
Meinerstorf H.
Noi'ton John.
Nanaua.
Nankana.
Parry T . C .
Purser (xeorge.
Palua.
Pimbury J G .
Pimbury A
Pimbury P.
Rnckle HeniT.
Robinson H." W.
Sampson Henry.
Spikerman Heiurick.
Smith W\H.
Shore HeniT.
Sheppard H.J.
Sparrow J. C.
Tragge T.
Walsh W^m.
Weston Wm.
Whimms Wm.
4-
'1 ■
u-
836
GUIDE TO HRITlSfl COLUMBIA.
NANAIMO.
About seventy miles from Victoria, on the eiistcni ov
inner shore of Vancouver Iskmcl, is Nauaimo, a rising town
of mucli importance, originally e.stahlished in connecticnMvitli
the coal mines wrought in that vicinity, and around which
other interests have sprung uj.)
The climate very neai'ly resembles that of Victoria, tJic
g(nieral character of the sunnner being warm with little or no
rain but heavy dews, and that of the winter mild, with an
average of perha])S ten days snow; the frosts, thonnii not
severe, are of longer continuance. Rain falls in considerable
(juaidities in tlu^ s))ring of the year, audit is generally liiought
that the average fall exceeds that of England '"
^Measures are being taken to open a road and teh'graph line
dirc'ct to Victori , which, Avhen completed, will prove of the
great(>st value to both places, and to the interuKMliate districts.
OAving to the great rang(^ of Jide, which is sometimes as imich
as sixteen feet, the harbour of Nanaimo presents ]>('culiar
facilitit^s for the construction of docks
Newcastle Island, which lies close to Nanaimo, pioihu-es
large <[uan titles of coal, and the mines there are being ex-
tensively M'orked .
The ^'.maimo and east coast coal is far superior to any
that has vet been discovere.l or worked in this countiw and
there can be little doubt but that it exists in sufficient <pianti-
ties to supply the whole Pacific coast for an indefinite
period
As already stated this coal field, composed of coar.se grits,
sandstones, shades, and seams of coal is shown, by the as.so-
ciated fossils, to be of the cretaceous age.
The specific gravity of the coal found at Nanaimo is 1.2-4 ;
its chemical composition — carbon, 60.915; hydrog(m, ') M'2 ;
nitrogen, 1.02 ; siilplmr, 2 . 20 ; oxygen, S 70 ; ash, lo S8.
(For full reports on the coal fields see pages 1)7 to 109.)
Since Nanaimo has been incorporated it is matter
of no little interest to note th'.' rapid ])rogress she has already
made, the number of new buildings erected, the work accom-
plished on the streets, the number of new entcu'prises started
and carried out, and the aditional impetus and vigor that
seems to prevade all her industries.
The ])opulation of the town January, 1877, was 1,150 adults
and 1)00 Chinese
The revenue for 1876 was ^5,009 811, being an increase of
'$(')')') 26}, over the previous vear.
is .
A ?
(IVIUK TO lililTISH COLUMBIA.
MuxiciPAL ror.NciL OF THE TowN OF Naxaimo FOIt LS77.-
Akenhea,A\ alter, Xauai.uo. What ('Ium.- House.
AlvCiihead J ^ k
Ak("iili(^a,(l Tlios , • ■
Allen J. B.,
Allen Jauies, "
ADflAMSJ A ,
Argall Francis,
Ail ken Ji , Newcastle, miner
Andreu-.s^Sanmel, Welli-ton, laborer.
Abbott J., Oyster Harbour, farmer
>en ue lami, Bobert, Wellington, laborer.
inmo \\ . H , (now in Victoria) bookseller
3>iyant AAm U., Nanaimo ,
butcher,
miner.
((
boot and shoe store,
mi)ier .
IJ.ite Mark,
JJate'Mark, Jr.,
Bak(n- (reorge,
Barkin- XiclVolas,
l^evilockwav Joseph
Ball Pvichai-d,
Bakes Samuel,
Beckensell Thos
BECK JAMES,
]^iggs John,
Bisiio}) Tlnnuas,
lirinn Bichard,
Bryden John,
Brown James,
Brown J . 0 . ,
Brown Bobert.
Brown William,
BroAvn Isaac, Vic road
Browne O. W.,
Brnnton J. W ',
Bulklej T A . ,
Bolton Henry,
Bryant Rev . 0 ,
BlundellJ.,
Bossie Joseph.
Bowen D . ,
BellG.,
< (
i <
( (
( (
(I
<(
((
<(
(C
((
((
( (
((
(<
((
((
((
It
((
It
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Manager Vancouver Coal Co
Office V. C. Co.
butcher .
miner .
butcher
laborer.
Nanaimo Hotel .
miner.
stage driver.
miner.
colliery manager.
merchant tailor.
carpenter .
miner.
laborer
miner.
liarber.
Black Diamond Saloon.
Owner Hare wood Mine.
miner.
Pastor Methodist Church.
miner.
laborer.
m
388
GUIDE TO BRITISH COLUMBIA.
Burns James, Nanaimo.
Bradley Thomas, Nauaimo, Peck's Hotel.
Beck li . O . , Victoria road, cfi:"penter .
Baker William, Wellington, teamster.
Baker, W. O.,
Baker John,
Bailev William,
Beckli. a.,
Brannen .John,
Braunen Peter, "
Bouell H. W . , Nanoose Bay,
Brook C. S., Gabriola Island,
Brown C B., Mountain District, hotel keeper.
Campbell Bonald, Nanaimo, miner,
C'rossin J.,
miner .
engine-man .
miner.
farmer
( (
( i
labor
er.
("aniiM'on John,
Caulield John,
rluillew J. ]{.,
COHEN L. S.,
Clnness Daniel,
Co())K't' Hiirrv,
Cornish Thos.,
Cmry Joscpli,
Clyde llev. J.,
CamplxOl A ,
Clabburn W E., (Pagden & C.) Nanaimo.
('aims Tli(}mas, Wellington, Su])erintondent
CarstairsJ. A., " carpenter.
Corlett Thomas, " miner.
Chantrell C. W., " hotel keeper
Clark John, " carpenter.
Clanghton A. M., Oyster Harbour, farmer.
Condon James, Newcastle, miner.
Ch'awford G., (Jedar District, farmer.
Christie John, Departure Bay, "
Chap]ile 11., Gabriola Island, "
Clandenning James, Nanoose Bay, laborer.
Du])uy T]ieo])hilus, Nanoose, farmer.
Dunsmuir Alexander, De[)arture Bay, clerk.
Drummond (Charles, Nanaimo, lumberman.
miner.
watchmaker
physician.
engineer.
miner
engine driver.
Pastor Presbyterian Church.
Dunsmuir Bobert,
colliery pr
Dunsmuir -lames,
Davies B. H.,
clerk.
Dick John,
miner
Dixon Alfred J.,
carpenter.
Drrnv Richard,
teamster .
i
«ii..
(iVlDK TO HIUTISH COLUMBIA.
Davis Duvid. Naudimo, boot maker
Dmke Samuel, " musician.
)mroi: V n"' ^1v;";V.""« J^-^Y' r.ieutenant Royal Navy.
Douoliorty Geo., Wellington, miner. ' ^
Dixon John D Wellington District, farmer
iJf.'lliolt John, Nanaimo District, faimer
Dore J., AVellington.
DogmaiiT., Gahriola Island, farmer.
dIwf TH rr; ^^'^'^^tJ^ I«J*^"^1> blacksmith.
En,, vi r?^-i \^''-^''}^^ ••"^'1 <-^=''^^i^vr, l>arrister-at-law.
P \T.>„f '^'"•^'^' ^'iii'Unio, carpenter.
l^arl U illiam, . " postmaster.
J^vans El)enezer, - niin.n-.
E'-ksteui L., " merchant
Easson Alexander, Wellington, engine man.
J-^'Igai- Magnus, Oabriola Island, farmer.
i^Hos J. K., N.anoose Bav, farmei'.
i^ nilay Christopjier, Nanaimo, carpenter,
I letcher, Beck .\: Thames,
I^id.lick Samuel, '
Fish<n- (leorge, '
Fletcher Jos'eph, *
Eennev Arthur J.,
Elcuett WiUiaui M.,
Franklyn 8. T.,
Franklyn Harold,
Fawcet't Thomas L.,
Eraser J., ^
I'Vnr John, Wellington Distj-ict, farmer
[,)ancis Sainuel, Mountain District, farmer
l;ergusu)n J., Cedar District, farmer.
i;r<3\v l^.ivid, Xanaimo District, farmer.
^Ietclu,r Charles, Wellington, blacksmith
lurness (George, - „iiner.
L;ox George Rodney, Oyster Harbour, farmer.
Tor.lon James, Cedar District, farmer
(ranner Elijah, sr., Nanaimo, miner
(ralloway Alexander,
G(U(lon D. W., M P.P. '
(xardner W. ,
(ranner Joseph,
(rough Samuel,
(iibbs Benjamin.
Crullion Wn).,
Glaliolin Thomas W.,
( Jfibbln John. ' '
389
contractors and undertakers,
miner.
('ar])enter.
builder,
engineer,
farmer.
Government Agent.
mnier.
contractor.
miner
teamster.
miner
laborfM'
miner.
teamster.
miner
4f
a^^
i
m
I
ft
:i!
;;>
ni
B40
OUIDE TO BRITISH OOLtTMBIA.
Glaliolm Jolm W, , Ntuiaimo, teamster.
Gill Alfred Samuel, Harewood, miner.
Gibson Richard.
Gulliou Charles F.,
Gordon & Co .,
Gilbert Mrs. J. K.,
Graiidhani John,
GrifHths Walter,
George Richard,
Geraniel JoJni,
Ganncr Elijah, jr..
GiV).son William,
Gray John,
(iroopel \V. J.,
GilHspie J., Newcastle Island, miner.
Gray Rol»ert, Gabriola Island, farmer.
Green Rev. A. E., Wellington, Pastor Methodist C'hurch.
trader.
miner
wharfingers .
Temperance House.
shipwright.
miner.
miner
teamster.
clerk
miner
clerk Vancouver Coal (Jompany
Grimes William,
laboi'cr .
miner.
merclmnt and importer.
miner.
blacksmith
merchant, wharfinger, etc.
miner.
miner.
teamster.
Harvey George 1)., Nanaimo, (fh^k.
Ho))kins David.
HVIJVEY JAMES,
Haggcrty J..
H.I mi (toil Stylie B.,
Holder John,
Hirst John,
Harris Samuel,
Harris James,
Hall llobert,
Hass.ird William,
Harpe)' Joseph, Departure Bay, carpenter.
Hawkes Thomas, Wellington, miner.
Hawkes J. H., " miner.
Hick William, " miner,
Hoer Francis, " miner
Hooper C. J.. " miner.
Hoggjin William, " miner.
Harrower Samuel, " miner
Home W. A.. " blacksmith
Hendry A- McNair, Nanaimo, sash and do(n- manufacturers.
Hoggan David,
Hiscocks E. H.,
Head W ,
Horth Charles,
Harrison W.,
House George,
Hilbert John.
farmer,
druggist.
livery stables
miner
carpent<^r
liVlDi) TO BRITISH C^Ol^rvniA.
^{41
Huirie John M.,
Hilton George,
Hunter John,
Hunter Andrew,
Hunter William,
Hill Jfimes,
Herre \V. F.,
Harold James,
Halkyard Uriah,
Hodges William,
Hodson William,
Hunter Wm. B.
Nanaimo, blacksmith.
'' miner.
" enginf .Liver.
" engineer.
engine driver.
( i
< (
servant
accountant and collector.
attovjicy-at-law.
miner
baker .
miner.
, Wellington, min«?r.
Hughes R., Oyster Harbour, farmer.
H.ath H. E., Gabriola Island, farmer.
Isbister William, Nanaimo, mason.
Jack William, Wellington, carpenter
Jones Albert, " weighman.
James James, Departure J3ay, engineer.
Jenkins John E., Nanaimo, '" Old Flag" Inn.
Jones Wm., Gabriola Island
Jones Elias, Nanaimo, miner,
Jones Thomas D.. "
Jones Thomas ('., "
Jackson John, "
Jenner Herbert L., "
Kearne}' Pati-ick, ' '
Knight James M., "
collier,
laborer,
shoe maker,
clerk .
lal)orer.
miner.
Knight James, Wellington, miner.
Kemp John, Gabriola Island, farmer.
L-mdale John J., Nanaimo, civil and raining euf'ineer
Lmn J., " o o ' •
Lemons Hew Father,
Levi S. D.,
Lorimer Wm.,
Lewis James,
Lewis John, ,,^^
Lemon John, Departure Bay, gardener.
LeBouef T., Gabriohi Island, farmer.
Lockhart, W. O., Gedar District, farmer
Lockhart C, Nanaimo, drug store.
Lea.sk James, Nanaimo. miner
Roman Catholic Priest,
butcher,
carpenter
miner,
umberman.
m >i
Lowrie Charles,
Lawless Joseph.
Mahrer tt Karst
Machin Charles,
Malpass John.
bak(M'.
cai'penter
Cosmopolitan Restaurant
miner
miner
if
H
fl
842
GriDE TO BRITISH COLUJ.BIA.
m
Mechanics' Institute, Nanaimo.
I'rosiilcnt, Win. KiiyuiMikl; Vioe-Prosideiit, A. Meyer; Tn'nsurer, Thonms
M()rj,'.in; Secrotiiry ami Libnirijiii, S. God^h.
McToigli Edward, Nanaimo, harness maker, etc.
MansonM.,
Morton W.,
Miller Thomas,
JMcInnes L. 11 , M.D., Nanaimo, physician.
Magnire Henrv, Nanaimo, miner.
Michael E. H:, " laborer
Malcolm John, Wellington, teamster.
M.'iy William D., " miner.
IMartin William, " miner.
Moiri field Peter, " miner.
Mills (ieo., Newcastle Island, laborer
Milbiirn Thomas C, Nanaimo, saloon keej^er.
IMovgaii John, " brakesman on railway.
IMorg.ui Samuel, *' miner.
IMorg.'in William, " miner
^NfcKcnncll flames, " miner
M.ison liov. (xeorge, M.A., St. Paul's Episc()]ial Church.
McJ:)()N.VLD JAMES A , Nanaimo, saloon keeper
McGuffic Thomas,
Mail- Archibald,
Morgan Thomas,
Meakeu John Nanaimo, miner
Mills James, " blacksmith,
IMcNcil John, " miner.
^[arttn Jonathan, Gabriohi Island, farmer.
Mead (leorgo, Njinaimo, liarber.
McLay James, Gabriohi Ij.land, farmer.
^larwick John, Nanaimo, carrier.
^forgan Timothy, " miner.
Meaking F. C , " printer.
McDonald Angus, '' barkeeper.
McDonald Alex , " carpenter
Muir A. C, " engineer.
INr.'trtin .-Varon, Wellington, miner.
^Fclntosh James, Nanaimo, carpenter.
]\[cMilljin Charles Lamont, Oyster Harbor, farmer.
Meyer A., Nanaimo, general merchant.
Mutual Life Insurance Co , James Harvey, agent.
Nightijignle Kichard, Nanaimo
Norris G. '(U'ge, " printer and publisher.
Nixon G(orge " clerk.
Noiiis Richard Pickering, Wellington, teamster.
<<
miner,
miner,
miner.
GUIDE TO IJHITISH COLLTMIJIA.
Nicholas ThoiuHs, Moiuituiii District, t'aruun-.
O Sullivan Timothy, Xanaimo, machinist
Overton David, Cranberry District, farmer.
Olher Peter, Nanaimo, laborer.
Or\vin William, Englishman's river, farmer
Phillips Jaiues, Wellin«,'ton miner
Paplej Peter, Departure J3ay, l)lacksmith.
lrin<,'le William, Nanaimo, carpenter
MH
Collector of Customs.
laborer.
mining engineer.
cabinet maker.
laborer.
gentleman.
farmer.
miner .
miner.
miner.
Peck Thomas,
Patou A.,
Prior E.G.,
Prothero Joseph, '
PaplevAlex., '
Pawson John "
Parsons Phillip,
Perry Thomas,
Price Samuel,
Phillips James,
Peterson H, M.D., "
Pagden S:^ Clal)l)urn, Nanaimo, brewers
PleaceJ. H., " tinsmith.
1 arkms \\ m, " general dealer.
Pearse C. E Capt. R.N., Lasquette Island, farmer.
Pimbuiy Edwin, MP. P., Nanaimo, bookseller, etc.
Penb(3rtliy John W., Gabrolia Island, farmer
1 arry \Vm , , Newcastle, laborer.
Patterson James, Newcastle Island, miner.
Patterson W., Nanaimo, shoemaker.
Planta J. P., Vancouver Coal Co.'s office.
Quennell Edward, Nanaimo, butcher.
Keece Jonathan,
Randle Joseph, sr.,
Richardson Richard,
Raybould William,
Rees Griffith,
Raper Alfred,
Reid D., Wellington, engineer.
Raper Benjamin, Cranberry District, farmer.
Richardson Abraham J., Cranberry District, farmer
Reid James, Newcastle, miner.
Rogers Thomas, Gabriola Island, farmer.
Ritch AVilliam, Nanaimo, laborer.
Randle William, " miner.
Rollings Edward, " bootmaker.
Reid William, " engineer.
Roberts James, " engineer.
butcher.
miner.
miner.
storekeeper.
miner
stationer, etc.
m
1 ■
i
'1
r *
if
!■ ;
i!'
I'' '
\
ill Ij-
■
:
344
OUroE TO BRITISH COLUMBIA.
•/
Rayboulcl Mrs., Nanairao, milliner.
llomanoJ. Q., " general dealer.
Keynolds William, " cook.
Handle Joseph, "
Kobinson Clias,, H., (Q & R.) Nanaimo, bu'chov.
Koyal Fire Insurance Co., Nanaimo, James Harvey x\gent.
Reamer Frederick, Wellington, miner.
Rowe Josiali, Wellington, miner.
Roberts William, " miner.
Sliiel Robert, ' ' teamster.
Stepney Adam, " laborer.
Shearing William J., Nanaimo, mill owner.
Sabiston John Flett,
Sabiston Peter,
Sage Jesse,
Sewell Joseph,
Sampson William,
Smith Hendry Pemble,
Scott D.,
Stark Louis, Cranberry District, farmer.
Sage W^illiam, Wellington, miner.
Stubbins Robert, Gabriola Island, farmer
Smith Donald, Nanaimo, Identical Hotel
pilot
hotel keeper.
miner.
miner.
miner .
Newcastle House
Steele Wm.,
Sterton J . W.
Sage Isaac,
Sage George,
Stewart Wm.,
Siilley George,
Sharoun F . ,
Smith J.,
Summerhayes A., "
hotel keeper
carpenter .
laborer .
miner,
constable .
bricklayer .
Shillito George, Newcastle Island, engine driver.
Shotter George Ray, Oyster Harbor, farmer.
Smitlmrst Elijah, Newcastle Island.
Surles W. P., Nanairao, asst. dispenser.
Tennant John, Wellington, miner.
Thompson John, " miner.
Thomas Wm., ** miner.
Throup Alfre.', North-west Bay, farmer.
Tregoning W. N . , Wellington, miner.
Tranfield George, Nanaimo, farmer.
Thomas Price, " miner.
Taylor Peter, " miner.
Thompson James, Wellington, miner.
Treleas Edwin, Harewood, miner .
^'^
r,[JII)K TO nillTlSH COLr.MlUA.
:!4;>
Thomson Gcoi-ojo, Wfllinj^ton, clerk.
Ti-etlu'Wiiy Samuel, " miner.
Thomas Kiehard, Newcastle Islaud. miner.
Ihomas James. Cedar District, shin^dc maker.
Lren.John Matrel, Nanaimo, idiotoorauher.
VAN('OUVEli COAL (^O., Nanai^.,! M lian, M.ua.er
Noij^l. .\lexandcr TI.eo.lore Julius. Nanaimo Dist.. Hshermaa.
Veale I'rancis, Ced;ir District, farmer
Verlm William Charles, Nanaimo, lalxmrer.
UhitHeld K., > iiiaimo, shoemaker.
Wcstwoo.l David Handel. Mountain District, farmer
U(>st\vood ex., X-iiiaimo, farmer
\\ ai'ren C. F., Xanaimo, storekeept'r.
Webl) William Edinond, Nan;iimo, baker. •
\\ ilcox J., Xanaimo
^^ ark (i., Nanaimo.
AVALL THO.MAS, Nanaimo,
\\ idiams Thomas H ,
WiJIianisT.,
AVuddinjj;t<»n Samu 1,
Wenborne Frederick,
Wall Edward,
Wilks William,
AVilks Thomas,
Wilks James, Wellin^rtoj,, miner.
Walker Edward, " ndner.
AVild Frederick, Nanaimo, miner.
Wilson Waltei-, " tinsmith.
Wdes Emanuel, •' laborer
Westwood Joseph, '• black.smith
>> illiams John, " miner.
Watson George Yeaman, Wellington, timber contractor.
\\ ebb 3ioses, Wellington, miner.
Williams W. M,, " miner.
Work James L . , " carpenter.
AV ebb J., Nanaimo, Miners' Hotel.
AVyatt Edwin, Nanoose, farmer.
AVarren Charles T., Nanaimo, storekeeper
WEEN JOHN, '« 1,.hH nntker."
\AatkinsKichard, - Peck's Hotel.
T,^,.'' 'T^ '^' ^^y'^""^'^ " contractors.
\A'hittield John, " bootmaker.
York Charles, Cedar District, farmer.
YOUNG CHAS. N., Nanaimo, City Clerk and Notarv Public
Yee Kee A: Co. , ' ' ^^eneral dealers .
lonng John, Newcastle Island, engine driver
aimo,
P>ritannia Hotel.
miner.
miner.
farmer.
laborer
laboi'er.
miner.
miner.
f !
[!<!)
In'
m.
34f;
GUIDE TO BU1T18H COLL'MIUA.
COMOX.
Comox utul Nelson DiHtrictH, some forty milos aboM^
Naiiiiimo on tlio eastern shore, is an a;^rieultural settlcnuMit,
1)rosp(;rons and contented. It is sitnated at the mouth of the
i^untkidge river, and possesses a very productive soil. There
are extensive coal tieUls here and elsewhere in the vicinity.
(See rep(n't of Baynes Sound Coal Co.)
It is estiuiated to contain iiilO.OUO acres of arable laud, as
3'ct only partially surveyed and explored. No further s])(!cial
account of its capabilities can bi' given than that, in its general
characters it closely resi'Uibles the Cowichan valley.
There is a r«!gular fortnightly communication by steamer
with Victoria, rin Nanaimo.
m
ilii,:
Beach Wni.
IJerry P.
Beckiusell T.
Berkeley J.
Bridges C.
Brown A.
Brown C.
Brown J. C.
Carwithon K. T.
Case}' L.
Clark J.
Crawford S. F.
Crawford B.
Donahue M.
Drabble G. F.
Duncan W.
Duncan O.
Edwards G.
Findlay T.
Fitzgerald J.
Fitzpatrick J. M.
Ford G.
Garnett E.
Gartley G.
Gtepel P.
Grant A.
Greave H.
Greave G.
Greave W.
Greave Jno.
Green C.
Guillod H.
Hardv J.
Hetherbell G.
Higgins G.
Home A. G.
H.B. Company.
Jacpies J.
Jones A.
Jones R.
Kemp<n' H.
Linburg P.
Machin Win.
Mathieson Wm.
McFee J.
McFee T.
McKelvy A.
Milligan A.
Moore P.
Musters W. C,
Payne C.
Piercy M.
Piercy M., jr.
Piercy T.
Piercy, Samuel.
Piercy J.
Pidcock R. H.,
Playfair Wm.
Rabson T.
Rabson S.
Reece J.
Reniaon Wm.
it '^
11.^ ■
}il;s-i
(iUim. TO UBITISH COLtrMIIlA.
.'{47
l{itclii(' K.
Hoi)!) W.
K<)1)1,J.
Rodollo J.
liusi) .IV i^Hi T.
Koss H. W.
Scott J^
Shields Jjimes.
Sniitlj P.
Tlionms li.
All Jim.
.Vrinstrong I).
IJailiiV T.
Bci-k('l('v T.
lierrv I'.
C 'inker S.
Cunv W.
T>iek"Arcliil),-il(l,
J)iii^nvall M. \y.
Evans (t.
Galv.v A\'.
(raniier E,
(iillis J.
(xeriu A .
Geriii ]{.
(Tvahain T.
Hall J.
Hayiies A' Cole.
Heiu'v J.
Holmes J.
House Ct,
HnteUv E.
Jantim L
Jeny li.
Jones N
Mallorv W. H.
Matala'tt J.,
Matalatt S.
Thomson W. H.
Union Coal CJo.
Watson E.
Williams I).
Willemer Kov. J. X.
Well wood J.
Watt :\r.
Watt M., jr.
Yates Robt.
Baynes Sound.
Muiide H. H.
^[c'CIov n.
McCiilcheon C.
McDimald A.
McFarlen G.
McFarlen C.
.AEeMen H.
MciMilhvn A.
MciMillan J. W.
McMillan D.
Metcalf J.
^Fonroe T.
Monti<^ney M.
Moor(^ \V:
Murell L.
^r array D.
OKI J."
Oliver J.
Pi(;kle D.
Piper A.
Kinji J.
ilitchard T.
Kumel C.
Sullivan D.
Thomson P.
Ur(|uhart A.
Unjuhart J.
s w
¥.i
NEW WESTMINSTER
Is situated on the north or right bank of the Eraser river iust
above the Junction of the north fork, and fifteen miles in a
general north-easterly direction from the entrance proper- it
occupies a commanding and well clioson position, beiu'^ witliin
:HR
OUIDFTTO nillTIHH COLUMJUA.
1*1' '
h i!
[■ t ■
ll't-'
iiii (^'iHV (listuum (if tlio oiitmncu, and having gniat fai*iliti(3H
for whiirfaj^P, and along its wator front a good dtiptli of wattsr
and t'XCM'lK'nt anchorage.
Tht! rivtir hank in some pla<!t).s is sonnnvhat stcujp, and tho
country at tho hack is liko all the lo\v(jr parts of the Fraser
river (unless in tho inimodiate vicinity of tho entrance, where
it is swampy grass land, suhjoct to inundation during the
freshets of summer) covered with a (huise growth of magnif-
icent pin»! and cedar; the soil, however is well ada|)ted for
agricultural purposes, and consichsrabhi clearings have already
been mailo in the vicinity of tluj city.- There are, also, some
large tracts of open grass land on Pitt liiver, tiv«Mnil(»s (Mist of
New Westminster.
Th(( citv is admirably fitted by its situation to command the
trad(? of the Frasor river. This rivtsr in point of magnitude
and i)resent commercial importanct! is stu'ond to nont! on the
north-west coast of America. In its entire freedom from risk
of life and shi])wreck, it possesses intinito advantages ov(;r
any other rivtsr on the coast; and the causes of this imnmnity
from the (hmgers and inconveniences to which all gnsat rivers
emptying themselves on an exposed coast are subject, are
sutticientlv (d)vious; a sheltered strait, scarcely fifteen miles
across, receives its wat(<rs, and thci neighboring Island of
Vancouvtu' serves as a natural breakwater, preventing the
l)Ossibility of any sea arising which would prove (hmgerons
to vessels even of tho smallest class. To the same (;auses
may be attributed in a great measure tlu; tixed and unvarying
character of the shoals, through which this magnificent stream
pursues its undevious course into the Straits of Georgia.; and
there can be little doubt that at no distant period it is des-
tined to fulfil to the utmost the purposes for which nature
ordained it — the outlet for the products of a great country,
whose riches in mineral and agricultural wealth are daily
being more fully discovered and developed.
The canning of salmon and other fishing industries of the
district are extending, and affoi'd employment to a large
number of men. (See page 12.)
There are two newspapers published in the city — 2he Main-
land Guardian and The Dominion Pandc Herald.
Mail communication (by steamer) with Victoria, twice a
week; and with Yale — head of navigation on Fraser river —
once a week.
New Westminster City Corporation for 1877. — Mayor,
Dr. J. R. Mclnnesa. Councillors: J A. Webster, J. C.
Armstrong, Wm. Johnson, J. S. Cluty, W. D. Ferris, H.
Elliott, Jas . Wise, City Clerk, Jas. Morrison .
orinr: to itiuTisn coi.i'MIHa.
nil)
The Kvvt'iiiu* is iilioui >fr>,(MM>.
Koy.'il Hus|>it;il, N«!\v Wi'stmiiistt'i-. W. .J. AnuHtioii^?,
l*i»'si(l»'iit; K. I)i(r|<insiui, Vmm* l*n>si(l(Mit aiul 'rn-iiHuioi; A.
l'o('l((, Sccrntiii'v. lioaitlof l)ii'('('t(irs: K lirown, II. |)i(rkiii-
rtoii, .1. (■ l'n(»\vii, (i.e. AFnjor, .IiiH Morrison. M<Mli(Nil
Attnii.lintH: ('. N Tn-w, 'IMios K Mclnncs, M.I). Adiim
.Iiiclison, StcwHid.
Nru- NN'rstiiiiiistrr h'irc Dcmjirtiiiciit. Cliict' cngitHuir, A.
I'fclc, .\sst \']\vX\ T, Tlios Wiilsh. Hyiu'k Fin^ (!o., N<nv
\V(!stiniiist('r: Oiijitiiiii, Win. Moresby; 1st Li(Mit«!n;iMt, V> .
H. Kcfiry; 'JikI liirutcniint, .fosopli Miiynunl; S(!(!i«'tiirv, •!.
McMurpliy; Tri'.isnn'r, J. \. Wf^WshM*; H.'i,ll Stcwjivd, .loniitlnm
Morcy; Jti'lVoslniKMit St(nvunl, Win. H.irviy; 1st liniiuOi, Wni.
Viimcn; 2nil HimmcIi John Wiilsli; IJid Hr.iiicli, J Ki'lUsy
(For Sodities .md r('li;4;ions inrornnition, ntw puj^fs *i(»7 to
27(5 )
Arnntron^ W. .1., intircli.int. ('liircnrt' H., tciiinster.
Arnistroni^J i) . , InHnnincji Ciimplx^ll IN'tcr
ii}^(M»t. l^iK'\V <'•, l»riclvliiy«'i'
Aniistroii}^ (i H., «^(Mitl('nnm. Dcjinc U. W., nnacliMnt
An(h(;\vs li , <%'iip(«nt»!r. l)i(d<inson 11., Ml* I*.
Anderson It., tinsmith l)<n-oy John, slii)o nudvcn.
.Vliison J., (Mrpcntcr. l)(!B('('k AV., tcjunster.
Arn.iud 1* , (!ohtni.il Hotel. Delii^^k (J. W., hnnbennan.
liiidlon^ V\
Ular.k'w. W., l>l;ieksinith.
l)od<^.Hon H. , workniiin
Diivis J . , photo^i'iiplnu",
Jjrown VI., M IV P., merehant.Dicdvinson E., (lov't Hg(!nt.
Jionson fi. F , road Sup(;r'nt. Delxni H., ^oiun-iil d((fihir.
Burr Joseph
liruee Henry, (^)ir|)enter.
IJeer Jiunos, eooper.
Urown John ("., printer.
Bohi W. N., fittornev
Bennett (i. T , IniteluM-.
Bnrr H. H., tircunan
Birnston J (J , l)jirrister.
(Miirlc<' J.iines A., en^in<MU',
(\)ok Tlionias, waiter
l)(>B((ek (I.H., t(*anister.
Dnd^eon James, InitclHU-.
E\v 11 \' Wise, tish canners
I'jweii v., tishmon^er.
Edwards W., ])oliceman.
I'jllai'd Jainos, merchant.
Elliott U. E., earpontor.
Elliott Henry, teamster.
Edmonds H. V , land a^ent.
Eicrkholf H., hotel and store.
('/anniii|i^ham J., M.P., nn^rch'tEicddiotr F., general dealer.
C'larkson W., nursi^ryman.
(lummin<i;s .V , l)la(!ksmith.
Crawi'oid J., merchant,
('hown F. R., merchant.
Crawford (J ('., laborer,
('late J.S., merchant.
Chisholm D., saloon keeper. Fick Fred.
Eraser Jamcss, watchmaker.
Fisher W , Insurance a<^ent.
Flux James, servant.
Foster John, teamster.
Forrest F. G., laborer.
French W.J., butcher.
46
w
im
350
aUIUE TO imiTlSH ('(t|,l .MIUA.
II
Gottfri(}(lsou F.H., vigger
(li;iy 31 , farmer,
(ri'uy T \V , c'iir})eiitor.
Griinincr L.inncelot.
Gleadow.' H T.S.,
Howell liohort, laborer.
Hoi brook H(;nrv, inerc^hunt.
Houesey Jeroniali, boatiuan.
Howay Wni., carpenter.
Halliday J. A., school teacher.
Haiidcock W. .v., carpenter.
Ho^aii H , ii(|Uor (leahn-.
Harvey Win , l)aker.
Hughes J . ( ' . , assessor.
Holl)rook A' (.'uuninghain,
salmon canners.
Hoison J. W., generalilealer,
HI':inaN(i S \V., lish ciirer
and tlsh and game dealer.
Holoian James, laborer.
Hughes Henry W., printer.
Hall James, stonemason.
H;0>[EII J. A. n., wharfinger
and commission agent.
Hogan Henry. li([noi' djaler.
tiazleton J. H., manat'actiirer .
Hoy Henry, car[)enter.
Ibbotson John, tishermai).
Jemmett L'apt .
Johns Isaac;, clerk.
Jolnison William, cordwainer.
Jack. )n Oliver, tinsmith.
Jenuer Matthtnv, lumberman.
Jaques James (t , (dtu-k.
Jackson Philip, gardoier
Jamieson Ilobt., Presbyterian
minister.
Jaques fJolin, saloon keeper.
Kennedy James, mechanic.
Kirkland Jt:»hn, contractor.
Kearey Mrs., boarding and
lodging house keeper.
Kearey W. H.
Lee Christopher, engineer.
Litster William, laborer.
Lowe W H., Customs officer
Loggie Alex., iish factor.
LamblyThos. M , bookselhn-.
Little David, tireman
Lord J. E., fuiiiitnre deahir.
Lewis \V. 11., hotel keeper.
Murray (leorge li.
Miisters Ste[)hen Henry.
Mui'ray John, shoemaker.
Major Cliarles G , merchant.
Manson L*hineas, cooper.
Michii! Ale.-cander, laborer.
Morrison James, agent.
Maynard Jose[)li,, carpenter
Melody iV Sirr, Pioneer saloon.
McMillan Charles, minei-.
Mtdioberts Hugh, farmer.
McMurpliy J., sr., clerk, baililf
and deputy sheriil'
McMu!])liy J., jr., shoemaker.
Mclnnis T. 11., ]>hysician and
surgeon .
Mc Williams Thomas, cook.
McDonough Charles, trader.
McLeod George, cook.
McMulty .J, ones, lirem.in.
-Miller Mrs., school teacher.
Mathers .roseph, laborer
Morey Jonathan, consta'ole.
McColi Wm., clerk.
Nickhv-i W., Poney saloon.
()v(Mis Thos., m;:(!hinist.
Odin G., (.'a|)t. str. "GltMiora,"
Peele Adolpiius, cluMnist.
Pennistone Willi. vm, tailor.
Powers Wm.
keeper.
Page Geoi'ge, laborer.
Part'ard F W., merchant
Powt'i's U . boaiding house
keeper.
llobinson J., steami)oat owner
Sutherland Hugh, gentleman.
Suter J. K.. pro])rietor Main-
land Gnardiaii .
Saur C. F., steamboat iiand
.Scott John T , contractor.
)oa riling house
GUIDE TO BTUTISH rOLUMlJlA.
351
Sirr Thomas, laborer.
Speire James, blacksmitli .
Sam Sing Kw.
Trew Chas. N., physician and
surgeon .
Turnbiill James, c.irj)i'.:ter.
Townsend W B , butcher.
Tait V. B., post master.
Townseuil !\Irs , milli)ier.
THOMAS KOBEHT,b()()t ;tn.l
shoe store .
Yianeii William Hfiiiv
W.VLSHTHOS , tailor.
AVebster Jolm A., merehaul .
Wintenmitc J., .-arpenter
\\'elsiiJ. It., I)0()kkeeper
WITHKOW DAVID, dealer
in fuiniture. i)aint, glass, etc.
Willie L<'\vis, bak( r.
Watson John, tinsmith.
Woodcock F. W . liveryman.
Wise James, tish factor.
Woods Very I'ev. Archdeacon.
Tcung Henry, saloon keeper.
liliir
)ra.
)IISC
■ner,
an.
lin-
NEW WESTMINISTER DISTRICT.
The re.ider is referred to the introthictory ri;niaiks for gen-
eral information as to the above, and followinu; districts, on
tiie mainland of British Columbia.
At Messrs. Moody, Nt^lson A' Co.'s saw mills, at Burrard
Inlet, 23 ships were loaded in 1870 with 11, 09"), 112 feet of lum-
ber, and 1,000,000 feet of spars. The mills employ 01 men. 30
Indians, 20 longshoremen, and <S0 at the logging camps
Hastings saw mill is situated on the soutli siiore of Burrard
Inlet, on a bay called C!oal Harbor, (which affords good
anchorage) anil accessibhi by road from New Westminster.
This mill in 187G dispatched 27 vessels of an aggregate ton-
nage of 18,276 registered tons. The output of lumber being
15,000,000 fett. About 100 men are em[)loyed at the mill ex-
clusive of tiiose engage(l in the various logging camps. A
Reading Lloom and well stocked library is sui)ported here by
sapscription, wiiercin may be found the leading journals and
periodicals of the day. Mt!ssrs. Dickson, D<W()lf tV' Co., are
the agents in San Francisco.
NOTES UK(i\llDIN<r THK QU.\LITV ol' PUi: 'riMlU'.l! VIi:r,I)i:r) I'.Y THF.
DOI'C.LAS v\n.
The hlpxlhUUij, RrslsfdH <\ nm/ iJeiisif// <>'' J/rrs7.s' /V'»//< Uriflsh
Colli nihil! ciHtipiireif icilh iinisfs; I'l'ttrii /fii/o:
The principal quality of these woods is a Hexibility and a
tenacity of tibm rarely met with in trees so agiul; they may be
bent and twisted several times iti contrary directions without
breaking.
Several poles of the gi'eateast length having the end at the
;ii52
GUIDE TO BRITISH COLUMBIA.
foot, and the top of the tree f-ut off, were tried comparatively
v/ith poles of the same diraenHions cut from a Riga spar of
first-cl.'iss, and the following result was found :
.M;ixiiimin (li(,'r(3(^ of heiidiug I
licfoi-f rupture at the foot. \
At till' hcii.l
UritiwVi Colinnl)iii Pine. Ba^u, Pii>e.
Oia 025 (tin (IJH
0 019 0 Olfi
Mean 0 022 0 (122
Charj^o of rupture (per centimeters!
S<iuiuv(l lit llie foot j -I'Ak 75 21k 00
At thehoiul IG 11 10 (>H
Densiiy of wood ut the/
foot of till' tree .\
J)cnsit\' lit I lie lieiul , .
l'.»
9;i
20
■>•)
0
0
!;:i(! ....
47H
. .0
' 0
72G
532
0
555
0
02'. 1
I'iiesi) e.vp^'viiueuts give a moan almost identical, for the
bending* and l)r(faking of the two kinds of wood, while the
density dill'crs notably to the advantage of the British Col-
umbia wood.
Th(i only question still undecided is that of durability.
The masts ond spars of Jiritish Columbia are woods rtire and
e\c(^)tional for dim(;nsions and superior (pialities, strength,
lightness, absence of knots and other grave viGe^.—Anderfioii .
Ashwell (i. II., Cliilliwhack. Brown George, Pitt River.
Arthur James, Centreville. Boyd Hugh, North Arm.
Arthur James H., Centreville. Betts Elijah J . , '■
Anderson Peter L., Sumass. Browne E S., "
Anderson J., Langley Prairie Booth J. W., South Arm.
Aitkins James, Langley. Benton H. 1)., "
Anderson A. G., Maple Ridge. Byron George, "
Anderson H. BtdesH. P., Matsqui.
Barker Henry, Sumas. Bai'nes John, "
Barker William H., Sumass. Burton Ralph,
Barker John, Cliilliwhack.
Blanchard John A., "
Banford George, "
Bell William,
Bell John,
Beary John, "
Bicknell Charles,
Bakeson H., Harrison River
Burr Joseph, jr.
Bremridge William.
Bi'ough John, Keatzie.
Baker Peter, Langley.
Boake Benj . ' '
BurrW. H.,
Boake WE,
Barnes M. P., Boundary Bav.
Barnes S. W.,
Bell James
Burr J. B., Crescent Creek.
Boothroyd George, Mud Bay.
Blanchard J. A., Chilliwhack.
Brown Robert A.
Brewer William J., Mud Bay. Bicknell Dtivid, Matsqui
wmmmmmemmmmmmm
GUIDE TO BRITISH COLUMBI.V.
353
(1-22
; 00
()H
23
7l!6
53-2
ti2!»
Best James.
Craswell John, Chilliwhack
Cotton James W . , "
Chadsey G . W . , Sumass.
Chadsey William,
Chadsey James L.,
Chadsey Ch<ister, "
Campbell Konald, "
Campbell Wm M., "
Clark Samuel J., Chilliwhack.
(Jlark Geor^'e,
Coulbeek Thomas, ''
Chapman Emanuel,
(yhallin<,'ei" W. J., Harrison II.
Chantrell J. 1},, Mud Bay.
Campbell James Charles.
Campbell liobert .
Connor Granj^e .
Cromarty William.
Cromarty David.
Chaj)uy F., St. Mary's Mission
(youch John, Matsqui.
Coulthard J. H., Langley.
Cromarty James, "
Campbell John, •'
Carroll B.,
Clark Wm.,
Connor llicliard, "
Cox Marcus, "
Chantrell H. D., Mud Baj .
Cooper H., Harrison River.
Culverwell C. K.,Bounda.yB
Derocho Joseph, Sumas.
Disbrew W., Harrison Paver.
DunviileT , Chilliwhack.
DeBeck Howard L.
Dawson Henry, Maple Ilidf,e
Deas John S., Deas' Island.
Daiche Joseph, Matsqui.
Douglas Adam, "
Daniels John, North Arm.
Daniels Wm.,
Daniels Daniel, "
Davis Henrv, South Arm.
Duuiielly Ciias. P.
English John, Sumass
Emptage William, Langley.
ElkinesJ.,
Errington Thos., North Arm.
Evans J. D., Matsqui.
Fisher James, Chilliwhack.
Forsyth John, "
Farr Joseph, Fari''s Landing.
Foster W. P., Annacis Island.
Ferris W. D., sr.. North Arm.
Ferris W. D., jr.
Eraser Thi^mas
Freeman Alfred, Langley.
Falerdo Noel,
Ferguson John.
Grizelle Edward, Chilliwhack.
Gillanders AV. L., "
Gillanders Donald, "
Gillanders C. W., "
Garner Robert C. "
Greer Samuel, ' '
.Gibson George, "
Gilpin William, Mud Bay.
Gossett William Ira.
Grafion (Jharles William
Grenham Thomas.
Grimmer Lancelot, Mud Bay.
Godfrey John.
Garripie (r. F., North Arm.
Green Charhs F., South Arm.
Green A. R., South .\rm.
Gillon G., Burton's Prairie.
. Grose William, Langicv.
Gibbs W, W.,
Gray James, Serpentine Flat.
Hall Matthew, Sumass.
Hall Edward,
. Hall William, Chilliwha<-k.
Hardison John,
Henderson T., Maple Ridge.
Hill Edward.
Hammond John, Maple Ridge
Harris W., Pitt River.
Holmes William.
Howison Georges Henry.
Howison .lustiu Willinm.
Hunt Charles, RcMiudarv P)av.
ii
35
GUIDE TO BllITISH COLUMBIA.
Hawkins Albert, Matsqwi.
Iloskiii Kieharil, South Arm.
Hoskiu Joseph, "
Hindi John, Maple liidge.
HinchDaviil,
Hnnie liobert.
Haiper A., Chilliwhaek.
Harper Wm ,
Hall i (lav J. A.
Lee Walter, South Arn).
Ladner W. H.,
LadnerT. E.,
Leman Isaac, Matsqui.
Leahiaau S. \V., "
Larnion L., Lan<^l('y.
Melville Heurv, Suinass.
Miller D.W.,"
Mussel white J.,
Holdin<.;l{ichard H., Langley. Munro James, Chilliwhaek
Houston James
Hunter 0. H.. South Arm.
Hunter J. H.
Hening A. M., Langley.
Innes W'm , "
Innes Adam, "
Irving Atlam, Maple Ilidge.
Isaacson Isaac, Langley.
Jolnison T., Harrison liiver.
Jackson Adam.
Jenkins William.
Munro W. H.,
Munro (lilbei't,
Murcliison F., Lnigley.
Martin S. J., iioundary Hay.
Main (r. Ji., South Arm.
Mitchell N..
Miller Charles, Matsqui.
Morrison Kenneth, Lingley.
Mayo, J)eil)y.
Maxwell John, Langley.
Murcliison \., "
Johnson N. C , Kanaka PrairieMurrav John,
James James, Langley.
Jolly John, Lingley.
Johnston P., Mud Bay.
J()hnst(»u J., "
Johnston IS., "'
Johnston John, "
Johnston Win., "
Jolly Capt. J., Lightship.
J(uinet \Vm.
Johnson Uobort.
Kennetly .Tames.
Kip]) Henry, Chilliwjiack.
lvi[)[) Isaac, "
Kennedy Robert, Sutnass.
Kolls Henry, Serpentine liiverMcKee S J., "
Knowles James. McLean .\lex., Pitt River.
Kilgower A., North Arm. M(djean Alex., jr., "
Kirkland Herbert John. Morris J., Harrison River.
Kidd Thomas, South Arm. McKee Robt., IJoundrv Hav.
Kent Wm., " McDonald H., South .\rm."
Keleher C., St. Mary Mission. McClure John, INfatsqui .
Ijewis Thomas, Sumass. McColl Wm., "
Laidlaw J. .V., Jarvis lulet. MoK(h' Jamt>s,
Lane William, Sumass. McKee Uobert, Langley.
Murray Paul,
Mackie Janu's, "
Mackie RoV)ert,
Mole Henry, North Arm.
McCiitcheon J., Chilliwhaek.
McGillivrav D , Sumass.
McConnelfj., Chilliwhaek.
McLean D., Hari'ison River.
McKay Godfrev,
McDonald Wm.", Chilliwhaek.
McKenuey J., Pitt Meadows.
McDougall .\., Mud liay.
Mclver John, Maple Ridge.
McKee John, Roundarv l>av.
GUIDE TO imrrrsH colu.muia.
355
« <
Mi'Iiiiics James, Liinglev.
McDoiial.l C ,
McK(in/j(; J., "
Mclvot! li., Boimtlary Bay.
Mc'Kec Will.,
.\IeIv(H' J., jr.,
McArtlmr Allans, North Arm.
.\[c('l<-rv Saimiel,
McC leery T.,
Mai to 1 1 H.
.Me(}.;e S., Point Gavr^-
ArcDouaKl (t , Lanj^lev.
MePhail .\lex
MeDou-al W. C, Mu.l Bay.
MeLean IX H., Jiangltiy.
Mclveiizte (A., South Arm.
MeGeo (1. E., N(;rtii Arm.
.A[asoM .V . , "
Murray Wui., Langley.
Nowlove George, Sumass .
Nehuus D.T., cniilliwhack.
Ncnvton Creorge.
Nels(m \Vm., Ma])l(^ Ridge.
Nelson J . , Sumass
Nicholson IMalcolm, Matsqui.
Niokies \Vm , .\ra|)le Hidge
Nowell Pi., Chilliwhaek.
O'liriiMi M., Mud I5av
Peers A., ( "hilliwhaek.
Pitteiidri-^di (r , Pitt liiver.
Pike \Vm., Mud P.ay.
ParmiterT., South Arm.
Passmoi'e Samuel
Perkins \Vm., Mission.
Ptiterson John Sumass.
Pickles \Vm., Harris" Slougli
Piekard E.. Langlev.
i'ike Caiel). Mud Bay.
ileece J.. Chilliwliaek.
F^'eves A.
Kiehai'ds C'. M., Sunias.
Uyder J.F , (Midli whack
llVderC. S..
PtodickT , Pitt River road
Jlowliiig \V. Ei., North Arm.
Richards C Iv . , North Arm.
Pobson 1) J.,
Ko\v \Vm., Suma.is.
Robertson R., Maple Ridge,
liobertson S., ''
Ko])insou J., Serpentine River.
Rolnutson J., Harrison lliver.
Reynokls John.
Reyuohls Martin .
Rol)ertsoii Thomas, Laugley.
Poss Lawhn', "
Shelford J.," C-hilliwhack.
Sh.innon S.,
Shannon J ,
Shannon Win., "
Stinson T., Boundary Bay.
Sh(>i»liard E., Maplo Ridge.
Smith Robert.
Sl.iven John.
Si[)ou James, Majthi Ridge.
Scratchley W J., N(nth Arm.
Smith J.(l ,
Sapplien J . , "
Smith W'm , South .Vrm
SandtU's A. W"..
Sutherby JR.,
SheweirW..
Shannon Thomas, Sumass.
Sword C. B., Mats<iui.
Sullivan •). T., Jicumhirv Bay.
Sullivan T. P., "" '
Sharp E. A,, South Arm.
Stewart J , Harrison River.
Shaves M. S., Langl<>y.
Strout T., Harrison River.
Tlu)nipson R., Chilliwhaek.
Thomas R.
Thomson .V,, Chilliwhaek.
Thompson J. W'.,
Thom])son T., Harrison River
'I'oop Hector, Sumass.
Toop Sampson
Todd J. ('., Langlev.
Tasper W'm., South Arm.
Turner (leorge, Matstiui.
Thorn JaiU' s. Maple Ridge.
Li
356
GUIDE TO BRITISH COLUMBIA.
Taylor James, Langley.
Todd James, Mud Buy.
Towle W., Langley.
Turner John J., Mud Bay.
Vedder Volkart, Sumass.
Vedder .\. 8.,
Vanetta W. H., Langley.
Viccari ITobert, '*
Wells A. (L, Chilliwhack.
Wells J.,
'NYellsD.,
Wilder U. S.,
Williams L. D., Sumass.
Wilson C,
\Vel)l> H., Chilliwhack.
BnutARi) Inij:t.
Alexiiiider llichard Henry. Dem^jsey J., Moodyville.
.\l('xand<>r J . J. Dinen W.,
Ashton Thomas, Moodyville. Donnelly P., Granville.
W^hitehurch A. Harrison river.
Webster G.,
Whittield J., Chilliwhack.
Whitfield K.,
Woodward C,
Woodward, Wm., Mud Bay.
Woods C., North Arm.
Woods H.,
Wade Francis Edward.
Wells J. W , Mission.
Wark H , Langley.
Williams A., l)erbv.
Yc))'k Thomas, Sunias.
Young C, Harrison iiiver.
Atkins E.A.,
leaker John.
liaker H., Moodyville.
Beaty John, English Bay.
Beard Uobert.
Black Thonuis.
BLACK GEORGE.
lione James
IJrew Tomkins.
Brew G. , Granvilh^
liransfield T . , Howe Sound
Burr Hugh.
]iuie John
Cadwallader E., Moodyville
Camp James, Moodyville.
Cham])agne Gilbert.
Cudlip i^' Clark, Granville.
Chick James Henry
(Clinton T , Jervis Inlet.
Ciu'diner P., Hastings Mill
Cota Francis
Cole W G , Moodyville.
Cottrell John A., " "
Coldwell Charles.
Deitz George, Moodyville.
Eaton G., Jervis Inlet.
Eaton Wm., Howe Sound.
Etttn-shank \V . , Moodyville.
Fannin J., Hastings.
Farres Wm., Jervis Inlet.
Fisher T., Granville.
Foster W.(;,
Ford Charles.
Frost W. F
Frost Henry Thomas.
Furry A: Daggett.
Fraser J. S., Howe Sound.
Gagnon Francis.
Gibson Joseph, Moodyville.
Godden H(!my, "
Gritbn Joseph.
GrilHths J , Ganville.
Gold L.,
Hack(!tt Daniel W., Jevis Inlet
Harvey Henry.
Hendiv Williaui.
Hertnon M., Moodyville
Hall John, North Arm.
Cunningham J., Howe Sound. Halpenny J., Howe Sound.
Davidson J , Granville. Handcock J., North .Vrm
imsmmmmf
ouid:. to BRITISH Columbia.
357
Hamilton Georire
MG
Hi
iiHin
Tl
Tvef^or
D., J
ei'vis
Inlet.
lonins.
McNeillv Thomas
Huttou Geory;p.
Hon(l(>rsoii W.. Hasting Mill. MoNanfihton D., Granville,
Flodfjison li , Moodyville. Mailers T. H., Moodyville.
Hookway T., " Nelson Huj^^h.
Neiland Benjamin.
Haywood Thos. Olsen Charles.
Jones Thomas W. Oliver Jose])li, Moodyville.
Jones Humphrey O. Prevett J. M.
Jones Hunh, Howe Sound. Patterson Joseph.
Johnston John, ^[oodvville. Pirkins H A.. North Ar
m.
Johnston Jolni, ''
Johnston A., Granville.
Johns T
Plant Peter.
Ph i 1)1. s John.
powers William, Moodyville
Lan'jsford J. B., Granville. Proctor S., Howe Simml
Lainjj; ( 'iiarles L
I.
Law A., Howe S()un(
Lewis ('.. Moodyville.
L"nahan J., Jervis inlet
Preston Kobt., English ]^)av,
Pritehard T. H., Granville.
Patterson J., Moodyville.
Held David C. Granville.
Loekhart J. K., ^loodyville. Pivers [*eters, AIo(»dyville .
Ml
u'kie
Will
lam
Hoval V\'illiani.
Mannion .)ose|)li, (Jranville. Holers Jeremiah, English Bay,
Matl
lews S.
]\roodvvillt
flayers Christian.
.Merchant George, Moodwille.Soule W. H., Granville.
Smallhon(> C P., Granville.
Smith Henrv, Moodyville
M
irwK
k J,
ones
M;l^• .\nthonv
M
ivnai't
1 J.
Springer B., Moodyville,
Stalker Hugh, ''
Stev<Mis U »bert.
,McKen/i<^ F:^dwMr<l, xlranville. Sutherland Daniel.
^richand M., Hastings
:\IilhnaM llohert, >roodyville. Swe«'t P. W
-Milliyran David S , "
Smith lloliert. Hastings.
^[ontgomerv, James
Me Arthur P(>ter A.
McArthui' James
McCallum John.
Smith Captain Henry
Tl
lompson
Will
mm
Thom]>son John, Hastings.
Thain Murrav \N'., Moodvvillo
r
rim
Hi
irrv, Jervis
Inh't.
McC^'Ord Benj (.., North ,\rm. Thompson William.
McC
rimmon
.VI
ex.
G
Ti'anv)iie
Ih
uriifr
Will
mm
McDonald John, Moodvville. V;inP>ram('i' J., Mood\ville,
McDomdd 1)., EnudishHav WILSON P,E\J.VMrN H,
..\[('ljachern J. D., South Av
m
Ha>itin<!;s Hotel.
Mcl^
liwan
Will
lam.
Wil
son
Tl
loiiias.
M
oo(i\ villi
Ih
McGillale M S., Howe Sound. W;dk( in W . Wvm<md. MV.
m
BoS
GUIDE TO BllITISH COLUMBIA.
■ '' '
TALE AND HOPE.
C
Yalo is ;i small town, so-called aftor one of the Hudson Bay
oiupauy s olHciu'
It is situ itt;d at tlio lioad of uavi'^atioi
on tho Fras;;r Rivor, making it important as a t'orwai'ding
point, lai'g(3 quantities of merchandise being yearly shi[)pe(l
by semi-weekly steamers from New Westminsttu", tlieuee the
freight is forw.irded for the consuia[)tioii of the ('arih(jo
mincn-s and to otlnu- p n'ts of the interior on mules' backs and
by large mule teams, the freight ranging fro-u 7\ to ID cents
per U).
The striiams in the neighboriioad abound with trout during
the months of August and S(^})tember, affording good oppor-
tunities for anglers. The district is central, and is one of the
richest agriimltural districts in t!ie Province, and as a range
for cattle and sh(H'|) cannot b;' surpassed. The rich and
initritious bunch grass for fatt(!iiiiig cattle is excellent, pro-
ducing line (quality of Ixm^' with a delicious tlavoi'. Most of tin
lau(U
s under cultivation a"' very productive!, grains, truit, an
I
vegetable's of all kinds m ituiang readily and yielding large
returns ('on some farms without irrigating.) Itieh veins of
iron, silver, coppiu- and other m -tals, w
'ith bcvls of coal and
slate ai'e known to exist in the district, which will eventually
be of great value when the prop u* time comes for the develop-
mciut of these vast resources. [For more about Yale and d
cription of Hope, see pages GS and *.)•").]
es-
Ljiassi/
rVLjaSSl/ Jj
L. A.. V
L. N..
ernvcoombe
Dciighton R.,
Delatre Madame
Airth David, Poi)kum.
ar,
Yale.
MP, H
All
ison .
T. F.. P
rinceton
Alwav .John. Yale
Allison it Hayes,
Bailey B., Y/de.
Bailey \V , "
H
ooe
Dewduey E\.
Ditchem II !V. Geo.. Yale.
Dodd William,
Douulas tt Deifrhton, "
o
pe.
D(
)uglas Benjamin,
Bi
Bak
iiU's
M
iss.
owe I
ames.
Yak
liarnai
(I F J
til S.,
Burdi
Bow(!s J. A., Hope.
Bristol Willliam, Yale.
English John,
Failis Henry,
(xalloway Chas., Hope.
(Tannon Patrick, Yale.
Gordon Geovge, "
Grant Alex.,
(
Ti'ay
W
m.
He
B
urr
Josh .
pe
Cami)ell Allan,
Clair Peter,
Clair Mrs. M.
Guteriez F., Y'ale
Hudson Bay Company, Yalo.
Hamilton John,
Hart D.
C(
Child,
Cha.so
Ah
W
Hi
Hi
irvey
irvev
Will
01
lain.
ivor,
OITDE TO BRITISH rOLUMlJlA.
359
Hayes Cluirlos, Yale.
He Tie \- Co..
Hc'in Ah,
Hewliii}^ ('lias., Popkam.
Hunter Hemv, Hope.
Hare CI. A., Yal.v
lrvin<j; Robert, Yale.
Jetferv Andrew "
Ki Kee tt Co., "
Kimball iV Glailwin, Y'ale.
Kwong Lee ct Co.. "
Kyle VV. B ,
KimlK.ll D. H.,
Landvoigt George, Hope.
Lane George, Yiile.
Lee On, "
Lawrence tV M.iharrv, Yale.
Loren/etti Andrew
Lawrene<i t\j Bailey, Yale.
Maeartnev Sjtumel, "
Mayes W. C,
Michantl Marcelli, Hope.
Mou Ah, Y'ale.
Murphy James, Hope.
Muri)hy Charles, "
McAnden Arthur, Y'ale.
McDonald Dougal, "
McDonald Donald, "'
McMillan B., Po]>kuni.
McQuarrie Daniel, Yale.
Neil Samuel,
Yale.
Nelson Uriah, Yale.
Nelson A. M., "
Op))enheimer Bros.,
0[)peidieimer Louis,
Pearson James,
Peck Edwin,
Pleace Alfred.
Pool William,
Price Barrington, Keremos.
Kich .Vlex., Hope.
Biddle James, Yale.
Kobinscm Jas., "
Rush Marvin, "
Stephenson G. , "
Stott James, (S. <t Oo.) Y'ale.
Treneman Miss, Hope.
Teague William. Yale.
Tinglev S.,
Tuttle^luy,
Walker \ Bowes, Hope.
AValker (iuintin, "
Ward J. W.,
Wilson Wellington, "
Wolfe Marcus, Yale.
Woodward Jolm, Hope.
WirthJ. G.,
WardleJas.,
Yates W^illiam, "
Yung Charley, Yale.
Yung Quong, "
YALE DISTRICT.
(For description see pages (58 to 74. )
Adup P., H8-mile post. Blackford H., Lytton.
Alexander W. L., H miles. Carl Thomas. "
Anderson J., Venables Yalley.Curnow R., 84-mile post.
Allard L . , Kanaka Bar.
Black N . , 18 miles
Barrick John, Nicomen.
Bleigh C, Spence's Bridge.
Boels A., Venables Valley.
Boucherat J . , Lytton.
Buie A. L.,
Coutlee A , Boston Bar
Conor M.
Chase W., Duck & Pringle's.
Cornwall C, Senator, Aslicroffc
Cornwall H.,
Campbell J., Cache Creek.
Clarke W., Kanaka Bar.
U.
300
aUIDK TO BRITISH COLUMUIA.
(/oxon G . , Lyttou.
(.'hupinau J., "
Dowling J., ()()-inile post.
DcDMoms J., Butcher's Flat.
Dnnno T., Ciicho Creok.
Diivt H ]3., Boston Bar 25 m.
ElliceJ., Spoiujo's Bridge.
Elliird — , Kanaka liar .
Earl T. (>., Lytton.
Fulli^rton J., Si)e:u!e's Bridge
Fink r , Boston Bar.
(iiiororo A., Fosters Bar.
Good U(!v. G. B., Lvtton.
Gordon A , ('ache Creek.
Graham W., 14 miles.
Haiitier L., Lytton.
Kirkpatrick J. G., S!)-mile H.
Kirkpatrick W., Venables V.
Kilroy P., Lytton.
Jones J., Cache Creek.
Jfsarxson A., ('ache ('reek.
Jamieson W., lU-mile post.
Leon P., 8-i-niile post.
Lcnvis J . . Ashcroft.
Leighton J. B., Cache ('reek.
Leighton \V., Lytton.
Lewis C W., Cache Creek.
Lemniie A., Niecmien.
McPhillipsP., "
Maciel J., Boston Bar '25 m.
Murray J., Spence's Bridge.
Mondot A ., 84-mile post .
Mennerbret A., 9G-mile post.
McKitrick P., 42-raiIe post.
Mclntre J., Lytton.
McKay J ,
McWha W., '<
Nelson M., Spence's Bridge
Anderson Andrew
Barnes J Thompson River.
Brown A . , North Thompson
Boaley A
Bouchet Joseph.
Burk John.
Baptiste — .
O'Hare 11 , 42-mile post.
Orr J., Cache Creek.
Peterson P.,
Prolingears J. B., 50 miles.
Puckett \V , ()2-mile post.
Parmer J., '"
Place J ., Nicomen.
Parmer J', 45-mile post.
Pocock T., Lyttou.
. Prater G . , Foster's Bar .
Perrv E.G., Cache Creek.
Parlie Phillip,
Rishley G., Lytton.
Roberts J , Foster's Bar.
Roberts \V., Mud Slide.
Randall H., .\shcroft.
Roinbrot C.E., lO-mde Ho.ise.
Stevenson A., 42-nule House.
Sandford W . Cache Creek.
Semlin Charles, "
Sproat R., Lyttou.
Seaward T., "
Stuart G., C'ache C^reek.
StwartJ ,
Stevenson A . , Lvtton .
Taylor J., ()2-mile post.
Thompf;on W., Mud Slide.
Trai)}) S., Cache Creek.
Tinline W., 42-mile House.
Thornhill J . , C'ache Creek .
Urin Miss, Savana Ferry.
Urwin A . , Cache (Jreek.
Victor W., Siska Flat.
Wilson J., Rocky Point.
Watkinson J . , Foster's Bar.
Ward J., Cache Creek.
Williard R.. 89-mile House.
Young Ghee, ll-raile House.
K.\.ML00PS .
Bi'ink E., Thompson River.
Cooney C, Tranquille.
Campbell L., South Thomp'u.
Campbell J.,
Chase W., Bonaparte.
Chong Key, Kamloops.
C/anagher John.
aniDK TO DRITISH COLUMBIA.
3B1
Cointnin<^ John. McQuoon J . B , North Thom'n
Diipiat J., Thompson Rivi3r. Mcintosh James
Duck J., '• McByrau A., South Thompson
Duffy P , Chca-rv Creek. McP"lierson D.,
Eihvfirds J.T., N'orthThomp'n.McKenzie Mrs.
Edward John Mclvor J., North Thompson.
Fortune W., Kamh)oi)s Mills. McCJonnell Archibald.
Eraser P., Stu!U]> Lake.
Eoster Charles
Eihulore Louis.
EullyJ. H
Graves J , Thompson Uiver.
(ii)tah P., Kaml()t)})s Lake,
(rraham T., Tran([uille.
(xucirin J. F.
Newman Bartlitt.
Nimmo Robert.
Pennie C, Thompson Uiver.
Paxson Samuel .
Petch C, North Thompson.
Pringle J . , Gr.tnd Prairie
Peterson J . , South Thompson.
Prinule A.,
(luillouKi v., South Thomp'n Pendleton CI., Cherry ('reek
(handidier llev. II. (J
(ruiehon L., Marmot Creek
(xuiehon J , "
Guichon P.,
Glassv John.
Grimii Ered.
Hardy A , Copjier Creek.
Hare N., ..'herrv Cret^k
Hull William.
Hull John.
In'j;ram H., Grand Prarie.
Hussv J., Thompson Kiver
Pemberton G., South Thomp'n
Pumpmaker C.,Dead Man's ck.
Robins (V . North Thompson.
Ross J , South Thompson .
Ruch Frederick.
Ro])er W., Thompson River.
Roberts Ed , , Savana's Ferry .
Roxboro —
Roper Thomas.
Shaw Andrew.
Sullivan M., North Thompson.
Steuer G.,
Jameson J., North Thompson. Sabiston J., Savana's Feriy
Jones William.
Kirkpatrick A. J . , Grand P .
Knoutl* J . , North Thompson
Lavean J.
Manerito A.
Mara J A , M.P.P.
Mara & Wilson.
Martin G., South Thompson.
Morten H., Copper Creek
Squires N., South Thompson.
Strumway A., Anderson Creek
Smith Jesse.
Sotello Joseph.
Todd Jas . , jr .
Trapp J. T., Napier Lake.
Todd J . , South Thompson
Tait John.
Trounce Walter.
Mellors J., South Kamloops. Ureu James, Savauas Ferry.
McLean Donald. Ussher John.
McEaddeu Daniel. Ward Uriah, Thornpson River.
McEwan Alex. Walker D., North Thompson.
McDonald R., Napier Lake. Walker F., South
McDonald B., North Thomp'n. Wheeler John, Tranquille.
McLean A., *' Wilson Win. B.
McAuley D., " Wilson J , Thompson River.
IMAGE EVALUATION
TEST TARGET (MT-3)
1.0
I.I
1.25
" m
1.4
IIM
2.2
IM
1.6
V]
<?
/w
'<m
""P:
'<m c>1
M
w^w
'/
Photographic
Sciences
Corporation
i'. WEST MAIN STREET
WEBSTER, N.Y. MSBO
(716) 871-4503
iV
;V
^
o
W\. v^
.<^
^
^i-
862
OUIDE TO nUITTSn roM'MDlA.
K
SU'Ol.A.
Population of Nicola District u|> to Di)c»'inbcr :Ust, iSTtJ.
White inalo ailiilts, 5-">; wliitc females adults, '2-i; white chil-
dren, 40; ^lexican male adults, S; hiilf-hreed (diildron, 24:.
Total ])0|)ulation l)ona fide residents, 1 ')!
Nicola Valhiv is yjtuat(^ in Vale District, distant from
Fort Hope, Fraser Uiver >SOA miles; from Yah', Fraser Kivei',
miles ; trom
errv,
Th
Lvtt<
H
on, I" rase r Hi\«?r, (>() miles;
fr
lompson iuver, ;>(• mih's
fr
oni
inilo()i)s.
oni (
Tl
son l{iv(>r. oO miles
OOK i
lomp
Tl
le valley contains school houses, 2; stores, l{; black-
smith shop
n
aw'-mill with
sash
.hin>?h
am
i;ifliines, etc. ; tlour mill Fri'iich burr stones; Ho
I pi
annu'
ur mills
Ih
sttM'l burr stones. 2; (Uuirch ( I'resbyterian); post ottices, 2
Professions and trades: -2 cle>';4;yinen (1 Presbyterian) (1
Methodist); 1 l)lai*Ivsmith; 1 millwri;^'ht and machinist; 1
liouse carp(>nter; 1 Justice of the Peace; 1 constable
The \'alh'y has a semi-monthly mail from Spence's l}ridj,'e
(or Cook s l'\'rry); is accessible by waj^j^oji road from Cooks
Perry and Kamloops, and. by an e.vcidlent six foot trail from
Fort Hojie The I'esidents of Nicola are exclusively faruiers
and stock breeders. (S(>(> j)aj.;e <')7 )
And
ersoii
P L
Jila<'kbourn Josepli.
l'>liner iiilb(>rt
liercie Au^nistiis
Cavanau.nh (reor<:;e.
Charters William.
Charteis Kobert
Charters John
Chapman James.
Clappertoti A' Daly.
Claj)j)erton John.
Clapjterton (reor}j;e A.
J)ubl)al .lolm.
Dalley Edwin
Douglas John, sr.
Lefevre Alphonso.
Jiindley Heiu-y
liimbom Augustus W.
AlcCormack William.
McHae Honald.
McHae ( leoige
Mickle Wheeler Adam.
ickle
I'l
b
orieii
oore .lo.sep
>hC
Moore John P.
Mooro Samuel.
oore
n
eniamm.
Pal
oore
Jol
in
urrav liev
mer
Will
lam.
D
1
ouglas .
jarushaw
en.son Creor
bd
li
in, n
(tarica J»^su^
J'
vron.
i*ge.
Gil
more
Jol
in.
Fetite Vinct'ut.
Hyan l*atrick.
Sabin Napoleon.
Scliwartze Thomaa.
Scott Kobert.
Gillie Paul Jann>s.
Hamilton Robert,
liaudor Josepli.
SI
law
And
rew,
Sullivan Edward J.
Suclnd Edward.
(iriDK TO ItRITrsH COI.T'MmV.
:m
Smitli Hctirv.
TiinitT Itcv. J.
Turner liiclj.-iid.
Vo^lit '^. illi.iiu.
()KANA(IA.N.
Vity il'sciiptioii stM' page 04.
Woodward Tliomiis.
Woi>d\\!ii-d Hjuvov H.
AN'ootlward IJeidx'ii M.
AUiM.u.l I-'.
Aiidii'u .)., S|)t'll,iiniiirlu'('ii
Aslitoii Clias..
Aiinstroiii^ Hu^li, I'cutii'tcm
Jiissctt IVliT
IMonilraii •! iilcs
IJiaiil I'lfdcrick.
l>rou II A iidrcu
I'ni'wcr Cliarlt's.
I»iicii< 111' Uiditr.
lic<^iiiiii(' Eli.
lifllUMllS Jo.scpli .
liiiniltv Mttst's, S])»'llaiiiacli<M>n.
Mel )(»unall Joliii.
Mi-Nfil' AHiv.l.
.Mcon.I. 15.
."Mel 'anit V .1., (iraiiil l*rairi<>.
.Mr( 'oiiiit'll 'la^., (iiaiid Prairie,
M.dJri.l.'J. .1.. K.-ttl.' Ilivcr.
Mii)d(»/a I'.. SiiiiilkaiiKM'ii Val-
I), Ill-do .MmiiihL Similkami'cii. ley.
<"iiristiaii Jos.'pli. Nirlio'.siiii H., SiiiiilkaiiU'cn V.
( "liiisti til Ivouis ()rt(»laii I'" laiKjuis, Mission.
Clu'isttaii 'riioiiiMs ( )"l\.t't't'<' Conicliiis.
' aiistoii li. L., ()s»M)(»s Lake. I*iiiigl(' A- K irkpatrit'k.
('(»!<■ riiniiia>, Simiikaiiici'ii. I'liillips .lojiii
Cnrvs Tlioiiias. J{,„.k ("ivck I'ostill .Vltivd.
DtMiiiis I'iiTii'.
I)i»iialds(»ii William
DiUcau N'iiicciit
l'^llir> riinmas. I'( uiictoii
IN.stili William
Prit'c I) . Similkamct'ii ValK'v.
l*o\ iitoii John, Kix'k I'rcrk
I'd reus Martin. Kettle Iviver
elieeii.
Kortiiii'' A. li.
(iail'ell l)oset«'.
( iii'oii ird Sue .
( ireciiliow 'riioiiias.
I''iirsteii,ni [']. M., S[»ellaiua- lliclitei- l"\ X., Similkameen Y.
Simpson ( Jeorj^e W
Smitlisoii NN'illiam.
Sliuttlewoitli H. 1)., Siniilka-
mei'ii Valley
Tronson I'Mwavd J.
(iallai^lii'i' J., Ktick ("reek. 'rmpreiinaiit F., Siinilkameen
Herman.'. A.. Spcllaniaclieen. \all<'y
Haynes .jolin (' , Osoyoos. Tiij^ram. Jolin>). Kettle Ilivjir.
Jones Tliomas N'cinoii CliarKs .\.
Kl'Ui;e| riieo,. Osoyoo.s ijake. Veix-llc Loilis.
Keo.i:;an Mieliael, Dog Lake. \ anee .\.
Laeerte William \\ lii'laii ( leorge.
Lainlieit Stephen \\<»od 'I'liomas.
[iawsoii Chailes Wiehers H , Sjiellauiaciuieu .
Lawieiice 'rhetMJoi'e. Watson John, liock ('reek.
r ;
864
OUIDE TO BHITISM COLr.MIUA.
LILLOOET DISTRICT.
For il('sc'ri))ti<)n sue piij^e (It).
Allt'ii F'jdwunl, (Iravo ('reek. Eristmun Fraiililiii, Fiillooct
Hiirkcr Williuin, Clinton Eyre Miss, (Jran^'c, Clint
" Ftr<Mison Ailiiin l». , Lil
P.eiik C. M., lOo-niili^ Hoiisi'. F('atlicrs(on(! l)v. H.
lirown W. M., >[.P.r., I.VmileFicUan Jolin, Pacelcina
on
out.
H
ousc
Foster Dr F. \V . Clinton.
Brady ^Mattlunv, LiJlootst
I-
illirr
Will
lani,
1
lOWlC
l{
all
fj:lk(
Crillcn ]N[., Pavilion ^[ountain.
liolin William, Dou; C'rouk. Cot licrtrand, Lillooct.
J
irown
S. L. C
(rasko Joseph, CMinton.
(I. union P , fjae la Haejii
lindwij,' Flias, Lillooc^t
])iir;^^ess Walter, Peini)erton (Inider Philip. V>\'^ \V.\r.
Meadow;
Butson John, Clinton.
P.ullanl }}. I).,
(lalla;.;her John, Dol^ Creek
H;
irper
T
lln'dies J. Tj., Pavilion Ci(M>k
15nehanan Jas , l?ridi'(> Creek. Halt L.. Pivilion Mountain
J
Miriu
tt .\1
ex.
Cl
()\V s
B;
ir
Hallidav J.. Peinherton Mea-
dows.
Hoev Kieiiard, Lillooct.
Bnteher F.. Do;^ Creek.
Cole Thos , I'.l-niile Honse.
Chadwiek Wni., Paeelqna
(.'iirrie John, l7-inil(> House. Heinenover C. F., Clinton.
H
oe
Tl
loinas.
Cro/i<'r Jam
les.
I
lllooet
Horsford H. I)., jirid^e Creek
CulhMi W., Pavilion Mountain. Hudson William, Clinton.
Cox Timothv, Ijillooet.
Hunt Nelson,
("arson K., Pavilion Mountain. Hilv William.
Clark Wm. H., 17-mile House. Hill Fdward,
('ole S., Peml>erton Meadows. Haller J , \Vi'^ P.ar Crer
Cannu'on J A., '20-mile House. Hineks Heiirv. Ui^ Kar
ClarkT ('..Pavilion Mountain. Hitchenson 'i'., .Vlkali F^il
Carson.Jas., P2J-mile House. Isidor (J , Dot" Creek.
Ke
Clienhall John, Clinton.
C(m<,d)ill ii. .v., "
Cook Mieira,
Colen Peter, Doj; (.'reek.
Chiara F^MiKJois, Clinton
Italian J., P2-mile Hixise.
Kelly Fjdward.
Koster Ijars P., l)onaparte,
Lotolo fjoreii/o. La Fountain.
IjO(!
Will
lam.
Pavil
it>n Cree
Car^yle William, Chileotin Laroch<'lle F , near Fiillooet
Cavana'di Thos , Crow's liar. Liwson V., I*avilion .Mountain
Dieki'V J . l?loekhill farm
liudt-'e Fran/ P. T., Clinton.
Denning H , Foster's liar. Manson Wm , 111-mile House,
Dixon Joseph. Clinton.
M
urie
I
l)ou^hi'rt\ K , drive Creek. Mcdvav Frank, Hi^h Mar.
Dunne (Jeorj^'e, Hat Creek. MeCuHv (i. W., Pavilion Ck.
Di'HU Joseph, l)og Creek Miller .tolm. fjillooet.
OITDE TO P.RITIsn rOLl'MBIA.
3or>
Murtlev John, The (ir.in^e
Mooio William, Hi}^h Bar.
McCnllv John, Clinton.
McMicliingT A , ^'
Miirtlcy I ,
^lorj^iin Thos., Bonaparte.
Major Henrv, Clinton. ,
M(.'rrisonW'.. M.V.P.. i:)4-niileltoss«"tU' J., Alkali Lake
Rountree C, Hi}.th Bar.
Boilers Janx's .
Bohinson W . Hat Croek.
BopcrT., Lae la Haehe.
Boss Murdo.
B.'id J L., Clinton
Beed T. P.
House
Mundorf J., 124-inilo House.
Moore Thos , Canoe Creek
Manson \V. , 111-inile House.
Mountain Bol>ert, ('linton.
Sailsbury J., 14-iuile t!reek.
Swart J. A , , riillooet.
SpellmanT.,
Smit', A W..
Saul John, ^lountl
Mitchell G. H , (irave Creek. Saul Willi im, Mound
Miller K , Jiridge Creek
Marshall Mrs., Clinton
Marshall Thos (}., Clinton.
McCarthy Michael,
McMillan David,
Mclvinlay .\., Lac la Hache.
McLellan .Vlex., Clinton.
McLellan C. N.,
McDonald B. A , Hat Creek.
Saul Thomas
Saul Isaac 70-mile House.
Sones F., Clinton.
Stewart A.. "
Steeh' J..
Starrette B., Lac la Hache.
Slater CJ., Clinton.
Snuth D.,
Sullivan John, Do«^ Croek.
Tesch Bernard, Lillooet.
Mc(fhee D. , Bonaparte. _ _
Me ison W. L , Little Dog Ck. Tinker Cr , lo-mile house.
McLean Hector, Hat Creek. Turner William.
McLean Allen, "
McKinlay Jas., Lac la Hache
McLaren Bobeit, Clinton.
( (
McEw(»n Al(»x
Newland J A., Clinton
Null J. P., Big Bar
O'Connor M
TorrensB H., Clinton
Twentvman A., Dog (yreek.
Uren John.
Veasev M., Bonaparte.
Willett Edward.
AViggins Arthur, Lillooet.
Walker William, Bonaparte.
O'Halloran C, 20-mile House. AVasley S., senr.,
Ogden C.. Lac la Hache
P<»rrett J , Douglas Portage.
Pettingell Edgar, Clinton.
Pollard John,
Pratt D., Bridge Creek.
Patterson W ,
Powers T.,
Pigeon Moses, Dog Cr(>ek.
Quinn J B.. 70-mile house.
Waslev S., jr.,
Watson G.,
Wilson G.,
Williams Ed., Clinton.
Woods James, Big Bar.
William Walker. Bonaparte.
Walker W.J,
Wright J., Lac la Haclie.
W^'cott W. W . Chilcotin.
ti
3G6
GUIDE TO HiaTlsri COI.CMBIA.
KOOTENAY.
[Fur ilc'scription, s(,'e pages 47, (ill uiul 95. J
li.iileV'T-, St. M;irv's Prairie. Jenkins B., l*ot()rnii;i linncli.
IJoiilier J , Wild Horse Creek. Kellv Tlionjas.
I!()..tli II. S , " Krnse Henry
l>()(»t!i (' , (lov't jigent. ijoren/oA.. Wild Horse Creek.
JJrowii \i., Niggei' Cl'eek flails H., M.'Uis' Kaiieli.
JJurnsJ.. St. F.iigene Mission. Margean 15 , ('olinnljia Lakes.
Cliisliolin Donal.'l. MeCl.-netrv !\, Wild H..rs<.
Dicker (i.. Wild Hors<! ('r<'(>k. ("reek.
Oiike ('.. Palmer's Dar Cr.'rk. MeFarland Donald
\h'\t/.C, •• Mc(,)nade P., Wild Horse ek
KvansJ., Wild Horse Cn-ek. >[ill)V W. ('., MP V
Vi'vuw IN'ter. MilelielUl.. Wild Horse ek
h'ernie W., .losep's Prairie. .Moirou W , I'errv Cicek.
]''oiU|uet Itev. li., St. I'jneene ]\Iorrissey -ranies
Mission Moore Pi , I'errv Cieek.
(lalhraith P.. Kootenay PK)fn).Mill.y Mrs.. Wi"ld Horse ck.
(}all)iaitli .1.. .fosephs I'rairie. IMiillips M., Tobaeeo Plains.
( lallirailli tV Mara. Perrit r ek Piice Henry.
(iall>raitli J., Kootenav Pot'ni .l?rice Pieli;ird.
(lalla-her ('.. M.P.P..' Wild Primrose A , P<.t(.n)Ma Haneli.
lioise reek. (^)nirk P . Wild Horse Ci-eek .
(loodiid^ce \\.,Wild Horse ek.l{ol)erts H., I'eriv ( 'reek
(JrilUtli D., " Ros.> J . Potormi'i Paneh.
tJiegoire N., St. Fiigene ^lis'nSandon J , I'erry Creek
Harrini^'ton Patriek Shaw !{ , Wild liorse Creek.
Healy William. Schroder H.. Wild Horse ck.
Hides (ieori^e. Wardle J., Kootenav Exiiress.
CARIBOO.
This disti'ict was first discoven^d to be auritVn-ous in the
latter part of the year 1S(')0.
To some min^'i's who were amont^st those who arrived in
I'^oS, at tlu! earlier dig.i^ings on tlie l-'rasi'r lliver, the discovery
of gold ill large (piantiticvs is to i)(> attributed These men
nndeterred by nnnsual dinienlt'i's and hardships eonse(pient
on the extremely rugged and mountainous character of the
country through which they had to ])ass, succeeded in follow-
ing the course of the Praser a distance of tliree hundred iniU's,
then arriving at th(> mouth of the (^)uesnell(> Piver, which tlows
into the Fraser iiiver above .\h>\andria.
Having ascended that river a .d finding gold on the bars
OriDK TO imiTISlI rOLl'MlJlA.
3(57
iuiil tlit^ tilov rt'iurhi'il till' forks of the (^iit'snt'llc, uiiictv milos
!il)()ve its mouth niii'in^ tlu' luoiitli of Jiiiui.irv, ISIU, rich
])ros])i'ots wort' disi ,)vt'r«Ml on Antler Creek, twenty niih^s from
the month of Keitlihn- Creek Antler Ci-eek formed the m.iin
])oint of .ittraetion (Iurin;4; the summer of 1S(»1, l»ut in the full
of that yeiir the h";ivv deposits found on ■" Williams, Lowluu;,
and <>ther ereeks, and the promising; prospects obtained on
Li.nlitnini; Creek, (»ne of the lar;;est tril)utaiiesof Swift Kiver,
f^avi^ an immense impetus to the natuivdly enerj^etii' etVorts of
the miners, and the counti'v was travelled ovei', if not tlioroui^h-
ly prospected, for a distance (»f fifty miles rouml Antler Creek.
About t,:i(»l( mineis were in the CariWoo country during the
season of ISIil, and the yield of gold foi' that vear has heen
estimated at al.out !::2. ()«")(>. 01 )( I.
On Williams Crei'k the rich (h'posits found in l^Kll "held
out "" and many new <daims. hoth in the creeks and the hanks
adjoining. Were o]»(MU'd an I yi(dded 'rich returns. All pre-
vious discoveries w're eclip-ied liv the liuding (later in the
season) of very rich diggings in a llat liel(»w the canyon, at a
<h>])th of from fifty to sixty feet from the surface; old (diannels
Wi'rc '" strui'';" and the le.id tiaced a ipiarter of a mih' almig
the tlat, two to three humlred ounces )ter day (v.er<' at that
tim- JS()l-;{) taken out of some of the rich claims above the
canyon. 'L'iiis district has steadily maintained its rharacter
a> pioi)ably the richest gold mining country ever discovere(l
(See ])ages 17 and '.12.)
Th< .(' ai'e a nnnd)er of towns in this district, among the
most prominent of which are liarkerville and Staidey, niain-
taiueil by the mining oj;ef;itions of the surrounding country
Anderson H.. Harvey Creek. .Mian .\l<'x , AV'illiain creek.
Adams Jas., Keithley Creek Borland li., Keithley creek .
.Vrmita.i^e J , (^uesnelmouth. Hori'ell .\ntli-ew.
.\llard J., neai' Alexandria. IJairy W. P., l''orks (^)uesnelle.
Austin Mrs., rii^htninu Creek.l>i;ll .1. K., Keithlev eii" k
Anderson W. F.,
Aitchison (1..
Allan James, "
.\llen Thomas, "
.Vri'lu'r Sanmel.
.\dams William.
Aiuhuson Henry,
.VUen liichard, Barkerville
Austin John. Stanley
Barker J. K.. l-'orks (^uesnelle.
Boliannon S.. t^)uesnellemoutii.
Barlow .v.,
BoulailLfei- .1 , "
BirryJ. J.,
r>idwn 'I'homas,
B(»yd .lohn, Coldspring Kancli.
Biryant J.C., CJermansen ci'eok.
Heedv J ('.. fjiuhtning creek.
"WilliiiMi'n ('rc(k was iiiuiu'd afti'i- the liscciv i-ci- William I)'it/. tlic 'h'v
uaini' Lfisiu till- (Tfck li.'iiiji Dnti-h Itjll Cri'ck.
mn
GUIDE TO BHITIHH COLUMBIA.
i
((
I t
((
<<
<(
IJlvtlio Joliii, Lightning creek
13iuley \N'i. . ,
lirown \\n\ . , '*
lim.v M. B , *♦
liorgoo Peter, "
li.'ites A S , l.'jO-niile House.
B(;jitie W., Liglitning creek .
Burton Tiios. B.,
Bilsluntl A. W.,
]i(!ll JjlUHi.S,
Bennett William.
Blackwell E.,
Bruce llobort,
Brown J.-unes, ''
BeekC:. .^l , JJarkerville.
Bilibv John,
Bowron John,
Boyce J., Conklin's gulch
Bro.lie Robert,
r.rightAV. H., Williams creek
]iro\vn P., Ijightning creek.
Jh'own ii., Williams creek.
lirown Wm., Lightning creek.
Ihunskilll W., Jack of Clubs
Byrnes (ieorge, Barkerville.
liauih'ii X., Williams creek.
Bau.h-nT.,
P)ro\vn Hugh S., Barnes ci-eek
Bicklev ( leo . , liarkerville .
Birr 1{ , Conklin's gulch.
Hrvilgrs Tlios., Antler cn-ek.
lia'U H.M.. Judge, BichlieUl.
Buts John, Stout's gulch.
Begliol Martin, Stanley.
Bendixen Mrs., [jightning ck .
Boyd Mrs. J., Cold Spring
House,
("owan (reo., Keithley creek.
Conway B. M., Harvey creek.
Carson A., Quesnellemouth.
Cunnuings Jas., Soda creek.
CummingsF., SpringHeld farm.
C!oiu'oy T., near Sodn cnM^k.
Conr.)y J , "
Collings U., sr.. Deep creek
Collings U.. jr..
(I
1 (
Cusson Lowey, Ale.\nndria.
Chassott J., near "
Callau P., Germansen creek.
Connor P., "
Cleatril L.,
Christie Henry,
Cameron Archibald,
C'ampbell Finlay,
Christie; James,
Clendinnin George, "
Collins Thonnis,
Clarke Michael,
Clifford C.W.D.,
Coote Phillip,
Crowley ()., Lightning creek.
Curry John.
Cocking P., Lightning creek.
Cransttmn John
(Jrawford H. H., Lightning ck.
Christie Andr(!w, "
(Cameron John, "
C()rnthwaite John. "
Calder Harrv,
Carey Daniel, "
Chipp Dr Jolm, Barkerville.
Cliidi Alex , Alexandria.
Coutts Alex., Barkerville.
.('annell J., Williams cretik.
Cunio N., Barkerville.
Cran J.. 1J.B.N..\., Stanley.
Carsten V. C, Keithley creek.
Dixon Daniel, Harvey creek.
Drury 11. J., Quesnellemouth.
Duling D D.
Duidevy P.C , Soda creek.
Dawson John, Burnes creek.
Dodd .las., Lightning creek
Di(tkson J W ,
Davis David,
Desormean P., Conklin'sgnlch.
Devlin R 15., Wilbams creek
D'Grbentigny ()., Muscpiito
creek.
Dixon Wm . , P>arkerville.
Drevor Wm.. Lightning creek.
DuffCleorge,
r'
OUIDP: to IJUITISH rOIXMIJIA.
nm
ille.
;reek.
•k.
DUtll.
•k
re
ek.
iJiixbuiv T , Lij^htning creek Clreig H., Lightning creek.
Driscoll M., .Mosquito creek, (i.ill Thomas, Burkerville.
De.sloritM- E., Antler creek. (ioodson J. G.,
Devlin J C, Harkerville.
Dow Geo. A , Antler creek.
Downs S., Auxtralifin r.mcli.
Denny Joseph.
Gray S., Lightning creek.
Grainuu 11., Barkerville.
(rreen George, Hichtield.
(Jlynn M. S., Grub gulch.
Evans Ezra, Stinirt's liiver (lailil Georg(\ Barkerville.
Ferry (hit^iths Jeremiah.
Eagle ('., l.'iO-niile House, Ciarnet — , Barkerville.
English H F., Dkhv Park. Hagarty M., Quesnelle
Elshiiner J., <T(^,, iiinsenBiver.Heath ('. H., "
Ennoi- ri'oiuas. Hethermton J., Williams lake.
Edw.inls i) , Ijightning creek. Hawks J. F., Soda crtjek.
Evans J., yi.V.V.,
Evans Jiis , "
Early Hugh B.,
Eldi'rJ W.,
Ercole J)., Staidev.
Fit;tcher A' McNaughton,
Stanley
Froats \\ H., Manson Itivt'r,
French David.
Faiil)rother G(!0 , "'
Hamilton T.M., Germansea ck
Humphrev W., "
Hartnell ti.,
HollidavG. L.,
Hartel'. W.,
Hunter J., Lightning creek.
Housman W W , "
Hill John,
Harper E .
Holmes John, Lightning creek.
Frigon E., Germansen creek. Hines William,
Fiirquharson V. Hyde George, Beaver Pass.
Forster Walter, Lightning ck Harding Thomas, Uichtiehl,
Fletcln.'r Andi'cw, Stanley, Heal R., Williams creek.
Fellows S., Lowhee creek. Heron W., Grouse creek.
Ferguson G., C'onklins creek Hitchcock W., Barkerville
Ffivell W., Uichlieid.
FlynnT H., Barkervil
Fennv W., "
FrasorW, JJ.B.C. "
Forrest William, "
Hollaway E., Grouse creek.
Hudson John, Williams creek.
Harris J. B., Lightning creek.
Harris T. C, Barkerville.
Hinds T., Stouts gulch.
Fi'rry CH., (iermansen creek. Hun»i)hreys E., Barkerville.
Giroil I , (^ucsnelK-. Hagerman ('., ''
Gillis B., QuesnelltMuouth. Hamilton G., Stuart's lake.
GritHn .las., lad-mile House. Hooka John, Stanley.
Graham A., Manson River. Hamilton J., Soda creek.
Glendinniiig P., Ijightning ck. limes James, Stout's gulch,
(f lover W., Williams crock. Isaac Get>rge, Barkerville.
(rillis W. H., Rurnes ('reek. Isiuirdy A., Chimney creek.
Gilmour J.. Light niiig creek. Isidor Ga.spar, Dog creek.
G.irtley T., " Johnston G., loO-mile House.
(rlassoii J , '' James J., Germansen creek.
37'J
avwT. TO jjniTfsH coLi'.Mnn,
J'Hii's li., LiL;litiiiii:4 cri'i'k. Ijiicy IM'i.T., Stout-* l<iiIi-1i,
Jmii's W it , ( ';iii\ 'Ml iTfck. Ijiiids.iy .I.mic-i, lUchlii'M.
one
.loi
III,
Lit(»iir ('.. li.iiU.svill.
Jciikiiis J., lii^^litiiiiiu; criMfk. \A\ri' Win
Jo!mst«)ii W . \
Mitcll"ll (,';ij)t., I'\)livS,()r (^)iii'
.7)!i<'S K Iw.ii'il, Pctt'is (•)•(•<'!<. Ml' Artliiir A . II. irvcy creek
.Joii, s W. ()., ('.iiiyoii ci'i'ck. M.ilcoliii .1., Kt'illiley ereek.
J llil'.'S .Jolill, liowliee cr. 'k. M'N.il) lltht .
.Teirires U'illi.nii. Iticl.'.iel.l. M,
liie
I)
OilMIU
.J '111; ins D.S.. li'^litiiiii^'crrek. Mo''l; m II. \V., lii,L;litiii!i;4'Teek.
Joliii^loii,' Arlhiir, l>.irki'i'ville. .McM ilLiu .) . L , IJuriis n-eek.
.l.)Inntoie J., liiLthtllili:,' ere 'k.Melj '111 ItoU'Tf A
Oil
>!ies
I)
J
.ii
.1
•lohii-. I!.
I V i I I
\iitl
IT ci'eek
.M
rntt S.
Liu'lit
mil''' ci'eik.
0!ie
, Li'^hl
W. L.. I
luni; crei'K
• ifkci'viilc.
Al
tiiiuilii cree
MeLelliii, ^'(•|■kto\Vll
MeAllinlc'l A , ( iroiise eice
ArciJiLUL^.M . Lil^lltllill ;■ cree
•loi'v^ W. A., \Villi;uns creek Mci)i»n.'il>l A . ('oiiklitr-;;4ulcli.
Jolilisto'i A
IMclv.'Uiel' , IjiiflitlliU'^ <Meek
Joiie^ Dr. McN., 15,'ii'kerville. AfcKav D.. li.ii kervill.
Iv
K
WOIU
J. H.. (.)
lle->ni
•lie !•
('rr\'
.McK'ciiIirN I'' r>;ii ki'l'V il
jee c
\ I'o.
M,K
ell/le
w
Liellt
Kelso .1,1111
lilli;^ ck
cs.
McL;in<'liliii J., W'iJli.'iiiis ck
Ki^viiloii W.. ( l('i'in;uis('ii creek, .^^cli nil. Ill l*\, Li^litiiin;;'
LcniiN' ( leori!!'
Mever F , l>ai'kervill(
Kirki>;itric;k \j., rji;.,'!itniiiL,' ck Moii itt A
K 'ittin.:f J. 1).. ("old Sprin;:; McN.'iu.'^liton \., Lie-htiiin^ ck
Hiilise \V;|e;,LCon ro;itl
Kelly Andrew, li.irkerville.
Knott .lolin, St;iiiicv.
McKeli/,i^
Mcl'licisDii A.,( 'oiikliirs ^Illcil.
McW'liii .v., (irousc creek.
Darkervilh
yes S.iiniie
imoiit A., Kcithlcv creek
M.'(
odVie
Lie-lit
IllllLf CK.
J.
Littler !•'
L
Mason <!.. IJarkerviile.
!\Iilis ]).. rjouliei! cret>k .
lidlow \V.. Harvcv ci'cok. !\[ills J., Lii,ditniii,L,' creek
'WIS
It. J.. Soda creek.
:\Iillross W.T , Slinlcv
]ji\ ingston .lolin, Alc.Kandria. Moleiiv H., Alosiiuito creek
Lvno \V., Williams lake
IMontL-oinerv (t., (Ironso creek.
TiL'iinikei" M. (Terinanseii creek. Moses W. I)., liarkerville
Lindsay .\., Stanley.
Ijli'welvii W., Stanli'V
M
unroe
urrav.ioiui
(i
Toll
Tj Hinder M.'ithew
j:iV,')-V
Tl
loiuis.
!>.
I
I
Ijuinley J., Willi;
Lf)ve John, Kichlleld
'>arivervill(^
ucas H., Lie-Ill ninu" er»!ek
1
^.'lueuon
J., M
osqn
^[('DiMiald It., Harvey creek.
Munroe .\.. Williaias lirei'k.
AFartin .roliu. (Irouse creek,
reek. Morgan L., Willitiins creek.
:\[attiee S li ,
ito creek. Mclveiizii' F . Stuarts Lake
uns (
oriiiF Ti) miiTisn rou-MniA.
371
Mi'IMi.iil A. .Colli Spring' niiicliO'Domii'll J., liivrkcrvillo
If'L'K.
■fU.
•k.
ike
M<-|)()Mllcll .1. S.
Mctculf Iv
IMcldniiii '1'., iiciir Cliilcotiii
Mcliitvn' l>., Slitv'|» (Tt'ck.
M.L(cs(, |{..
Mel jcaii I)., Soda cjcok.
Maisl.Mll .1 .
Mackiii .1.. Alexandria.
Miirpliy I). . I )!'(|t I reck
Mourr W . CliiiiiiK'y cn'ck.
!\I()nr«f T., Williams iiakc.
()"N<'il (" , IJark.'ivillo.
O'Ncil ('. P..
Vatulli) W.. K«'itidt'V I'vock.
IN.Iirys W.,
riit('lia;(l It.,
I'olloi'k .1., (^ucsiicllcinonth.
Pac.v \{.
Piift- .1., Alexandria.
1
net'
H.,
I'incidx'ck W., Williams fiake.
J'(M-k<tl l{., ear .Mcxaudiia.
Patterson W.. \\ illiams liake
Melnncs .\., near .Alcxamliia. Pope .1.. (Icrmanscn ereok.
.Marshall V Portwav W , Lij^ditning creek.
.Mc(ln-oi- |)(.iiald P.'arcc T..
•Mcteair James. Peebles J.,
MeDermid 1). .Mansiin Kiver. Polniere.J.,
M'ln-ison ('.. (reiiiianseii ereekPolmere W . H.,
-Mclvinnoii ('.A. !)., Slatecivek. Perkins K ,
Mchitosli .v., .M;ins(»n river I'owlini^s H , "
.McDonald P., (Icrm.Triscui ck P<»\vers T , ir)0-mile House
Ma.v J .1 Parez P.. Stanley
MenitI •!., liiL^dilniii;..; cicek. l^jiscoc^ J . , Williams ci'eek.
(i
< (
.Mont;j;omery •! ,
.M<Miti;omei'v S.,
^latlii-rs J ',
Mitcliell .John.
Patterson J , Pi^htnin^^ creek.
Palidh)T., Parkerville.
P(>arson E , "
PerrittP.,
McPean A.. LiLjhtuini; creek. l*inkerton M., Jack of (Mubs
McD.Miald A.,
McliCod (leov^c
creek.
J*inkerton J., Jack of Clubs
Potter T.. Williams creek.
Price W. ('.. Conklin's ^rulch.
Pomerov J.,
:\[cArthur N.-il.
.McLean II.. ( 'liisholm O'cek
Miinro J , Lij^ditintc creek
IMinaberriet A , t>."{-mih! post Porter .\., .\ntler creek.
NasonJ. P).. Williams creek. Paulson (" J., Iticlitield.
Nolan I) . .Vlexandria. Pearce S., Wilson ^ulch.
Xicholls W., lii^ihtnin;^ ocek. Patterson J., Stanle\
Naismith J..
Xutt Jon.itlian, Markei-ville.
N(!\vt()n P.. Stout's ^nhdi.
.Neufelder l\. Plchtield.
Neiif.'lder P. C., Parkerville.
Osltorne T.. Iveithley creek.
Oliver P , rji;4htnin^ crt^ek.
Ogdeii Pd.. Williams creek.
(^)ui,Lrle\ J., Williams lake.
(^)nick \V J., Pij^ditninf.,' creek.
Poss ('.. Keithley creek
Paidxin !>.. Harvey creek,
itawley J., Keithley creek.
Pobertson l>.,(.^)uesn<'Ileniouth.
l{.)bertson W. H.
Peid J., (^uesuelleniouth.
'» f
372
OUIDE TO imiTIHH COLIMKIA.
<<
(<
<(
Itold) I")., (^ncsiK'llcjuoiitli. SluiwJ., Lij^htniiif^ er»M'k
Kiskc W. Ij. Chilcotiii iiumtli. Smith S.,
|{oml)(m<^li J., Ih'cr l*)irk. Sellers T.,
IliclmnlH M.. (htriimuseu crookSiiiij^sti'r I'.,
Kvdtr Curtis SuikUmsoii J., "
Uohiiison \N' Sliiiw J., Hiirvov cnteii
Kol.-s (' H.
Iiiiliinson ff., (icrrnansfu t-k
Slifplicril (i , Li}^litiiinf^ crt't'k
St. Tiiiiiniit .1. J*iirkrrvilU\
lioss A., liiL,'litiiin}^ crcfk.
iJustrich .1.!
Koltcrtson J.,
Itosc l'\,
llodciihiu'li W.H., ••
Ikfunie \V.. n.irkcrvillc!.
llrcil S., Iiijj;litMin<^ crcrk.
Itolici t^()ll I)., ( Irnusc iM'«!(fk.
II .;^i MS S.A., IJiirkorvilio.
Kcfs W'/r., Antler ereek.
IJmss 11.. r,,irkervill<-.
Stiirrett K., Hliu'kw liter.
Ste|tlieiisou \V., NVillifililH ek.
Stevenson J,,
Stevenson II.,
Strain .1.. lii^'litnin^ creek
Saunders \\ ., M<)S(|uit(> creek
Sincock S.. .liick ot'Clults ck.
Sniitii \V . Stout's (iulch.
Siini Mo(j
Scliorlin^' H.. Iluiker ille.
StcA-ait .1., ("onklins (Julch.
Uitliltone .1 ., Moscjuito creek. Skvin J., Williiinjs creek.
Kliodes H., (1*>. li. (!.) Barkei -Sii'doux ('.. Mo8(iuit() creek.
\ille. Stewart 0., Cj>uesnelk'inoutli,
Sie\e\\ ii,i,'lit J.. Keithley cnst'k.Turlev •!., Harvey (Teek
SJiult.'it .V , " Tliowvnin Hros., Keithley ck
Sciitt II., Snowslioe cre(!k Thomas K., (.^uesncllemouth.
Sirr'l., Keithly creek. Towns Charles, Sodi creek.
Shaw .J., Harvey creek. Thomas P , Chihotin.
Skinner K.J..Quesnellt'mouth.T.iylor (?., (iermansen creek.
She])herd I'.. C.. " Thomas H.P., Manson river.
Stone J . " Trelaise W., Stanley.
Salmon.! , So(hi oreck. Tucker W., Lightning creek*
Sterling; W., (Jermansen creek. Thonnis A..
^ i
<l
II
il
il
Sword T.,
Stevens 1*.,
Stevens E C.,
Smith J.,
Spencer \V.,
S;il)iston J , li-niile creek.
Sampara A , Habine
Slater J.. Lightning creek
Stevens James, "
Stevens John, "
Stewart James. "
Swan A.,
Semple H .,
Spears J., "
<<
Triplett John,
Townsend A.,
Taylor (}., Williams creek.
Tindal J., .\ntler creek.
Truman (i , Williiiins ci-eek.
Thompson J.S.,M.P.Biirkerv'e
Thompson W , Conklin's glch
Treleven J ,
Tunstall G. Williams creek.
Thornmhlen T., Barkerviile.
I'npiliart W., Li^'litning creek.
Veith Ci. A., Keithlev creek .
Veith i^ Borland ]''
Vellatti G.. Lightning creek.
(IJ'IDK TO UHmSH COLl'MlilA.
:{7;{
N'iiii Volk<'iilmi>,', IJaikt rvillc.
Wilson l{ , HHrv«'v rnM'k
Wiillacf A., i;{-iiiil(' H<)UM«^.
Witlirow S., Cliilcotin
Wilson J., ('liinint'V crcrk.
Wilson 'P., (icrniiinstMi cn'fk.
WilftstoM*' A.,
Williiinis .1 . .
Wiili-li.'v .1..
Watson Williajii.
Williams J , Li^,'lnnin^ cri'ck
Wonnal.l W..
W..o,l A..
Williams, I .
Williams Jauirs,
Wils.M. .F. W..
w.i-i.t i:..
Williams W M..
4<
t (
(I
Walker S.. darken ill.-
Wint«'rl>ott<tin W . liowlicr t-k.
Wilson A., Conkliii's Miili'h.
Wilson ('., Ilarki-rvillc
Willrv W .
Williams 1)..
Woolcock H , (iioMsf crcrk.
Williams W , Mostpiito cn-ck.
Wintrip It., Stout's j^ulcli
Wintrip li.. Williams cift k.
Winhip K.. Iti.-lilicM,
Wrst H.. Maik.Tvillf.
Wa I
Will}.' Sin|/.
Won^^' \\\h', Staiil''V .
Veatcs H., Soila fi('( k.
Yi-ats W.. Iii''liti, j; cK'.'k.
reek.
t«k.
I
Business Directory of the North-West Coast and
Cassiar.
( l''or full il«'S(>iiption of tluMinportant district of t'assiur,
s.T p.ijxcs 4S, ,s'.». <.MI. 111.)
IJrcit/cn K . Fort Sim])sojj. I'rascrs Uouil-sidc Honsi-,
I»lass(t.. I )('as«' ('iT«'k Cariltoo camp.
r. nil IS J , >rcl)aiii<' creek Foster N I"'.. Deasecreek".
lianv iV .Viller, Deasecreek Fletcher J., Mel )aiiie creek.
Hallaiitvne D., " (Jisconie J ][
Collison W. H.,Masset. i^.r. (ieike cV Co , 'I'liilRnt and
Island. McDaiiie Creeks.
Crosby Hov T., Ft Simpson (leisler W .. Mi'l)aiiio ck. land'g
Clarke lilt., Deasecreek Huiikin T , P'orks Skeeiia
Clarilme A' Carson. Deast^ ck Hnson .\. W . .Vlert Hav
Choqr.ette A , Tele^napli ck Hall U , H IJ.Co., Ft. Simpn
(Ratline \- Hue, Deasecreek. Kn'j;o Jos. 'riiii»eri crtiok .
Conev li (r . (•' nstahle aiul Hart . I L . Dease creek.
recorder, Mc Dame creek. Hampton C ,
Ciinnini,diam U . Essinj^ton II. i>. Co. "s store, Dease and
Pesmoie C . Telej^rapli i-n'ck otlier creeks.
DeXouvioii T , Deas;' creek. Hockins •!.. Telri^rapli creek .
Duncan Win.. Metlahkatlali. Harrison .V Elliot,
Evans S.. Mc Dam*' creek Hum[)lirevs Wm., McDame ck
Evans J., constable Stickeen. Hunt A., H.H.Co. Ft. Rupert.
I"'eak M . H H.(J., Essiuj^ton Knott Mis.s, Fort Simpson
to
374
(lUlUK 10 UUITISH COLLMIiJA.
m
Koiin*:lv F. W , a,B.(!o.,
Lovoll .r. B. , (ihniorii
Matt»!S()n G., Thilx'vt cnn-k.
Melnteo P . , ToU^j^raph croek
McDennott K., McDiinic c\< .
Moss Morris, Ghniova.
Mooro James, Doaso (treok.
Movisoii, Fort Sinn)soii.
N. W. Comuiorcial Co., Iii-
vcnioss
OftultH. M., H.B.Co., Mas-
set, Q. C. Island.
Quintal Peter, Fort Simpson.
]{obortson J . J . , Nass river.
Kicliards M., McDame creek
lii.Mle.r. v., Thitxa-tcre.'lv.
PitMlifnive S., constabl.i and
rt'cordtu".
Stnbbs N F., constable.
. Sylvester K . , McDame creek .
Sov«u-ene D., Telegraph creek.
Shute Mr., Metlalikatlah.
Thibert iV' Co., Thibert creek.
Tliomlinson Kev., Nass river.
^'o\vell A. W., Gold Com'er,
Cassiar.
Wrilliscroft tV Co., George
Town, Fort Simpson.
Wright iV. Calbraith, Dease
and McDame creeks.
GUIDE TO BRITISH COLUMBIA,
375
TURNER, BEETON & TUNSTALL.
WHARF STHKET. VICTORIA.
Importehs of
Enc^lish and American Dry Goods, (fee.
SOLE iGENTS FOR
H. Shorev it Co., Monhviil (^lothin*-
Linton it Co., Montr.^il, lioots and Slioes.
Greene & Sons, Montreal. Felt Hats, itc.
D. Molnues it (^o., Montreal, Canadian Hosiery.
Boutelleau & Co ., Bordeaux, Co«,Miac Brandy
E. Preller & Co., Bordeaux, Clarets and White Wines.
Clossnian <t Co., London, Claret.
Duff, Gordon & Co., London, Sherry.
M. B. Foster «t Sons. London, Ale and Stout.
Archibald Walker, Limerick, Irish Whisky.
Fawcett & Co . Dublin, Jamieson's Irish Whisky.
Walker & Sons, Ontario, Canadian Whisky.
DeLassy <fe Co., Rheirns. Champagnes.
ft
.176
GUIDE TO BRITISH COLUMBIA.
II':
QUEEN'S iS^SSa MARKET,
C(J11NEU GoVI.IJNMENr AND JoHXHON StHEETS,
VI( TOKIA, U. ('.
GOODACRE & DOOLEY,
Late STAFFORD cVr G0()DA(UIE.
Wliolesalc ami lU'tail Dealers in
MEAT OF ALL KINDS, VFiayrAULES, ETC. THE
liEST ASSOH I'MEN r COXSrANTLV ON HAND
Iliitils. I!i stiiiHMiit-.. Sliijis iiiiit F:imili(- . -iupplii'd at sliiirt iicitii'i .
JACOB SEHL,
(lovcniiiiciit ^'tl■l■,•t. Victovi.i. 1>. ('.
lMl'i)!;lKli A\l> MaNMMVU TfllKH OF
ALr. KINDS OF
Furniture, Bedding, Mirrors, Upholstery Goods,
Pictuies: (xilt, Rosewood and Walnut Mouldhii^s: Rustic and
Oval Picture Frames; Brackets, Bird Cannes; Revta-sihlt!
Perambulators. Patent Curled Wool, Pnlii,
Hair and Sprinj^ Mattresses on hand ant^ made
to order. Car])ets, Matting, Door Mats
and Window Sliades ; Coal Oil Lamjis,
Cutlery, Etc , Etc . Etc
Goods imported direct from the ^lannfacturers in the Eastern
States and Europe.
Hns constfiiitly on Imml the Inrgcst and best aHsortH(J Stuck of tlic nlmvc
Goods of any I'st.ihlishmcnt uovth of San FraucisKi, whicii will l».> «old at th>'
lowest cash prices. I'ost Otfii-e But 103.
OCTIDE TO DRITI8H COLUMBIA.
377
Jamks Ml-iuhkai).
P.O. M(.x 228)
Ja'i. Goodfkllow Mann.
VICTORIA PLANING MILL,
.WD
SASH AND DOOR FACTORY,
Rock Bay Bridge, Victoria, B. C.
IVIUinHBAD A MAivnr,
MANlFACTrUKKS AND DfALEHS IX
Doois, Sashes, Bliiuls, Door ami Window Frames, Lattice
Uork, Prepart'il Uainscotting, Jlraek(;ts, Stairs ami
Railing, Hallasters and Newell Prsts, Skirtings,
Scroll Work, Ornamental and Plain Fence
Pickets. Pew Ends, Mantles,
Sic, Arc, <tc.
i '^
SAWING AND PLANING MILL.
lie-ular or "Stock" sizes of Doors, Sashes ami Blinds,
Always on Hand
Manufacture to order any and evervthin<' that come in
their line.
Agtnits for Messrs. Williscroft ct Co.'s Yellow and Red
(■edar.
I )
4
•.m
GUIDE TO lilUTlHH COLUMKlA.
li'.l-
HENRY RHODES & CO.
Merchants and Commission Agents,
VICTORIA, B.C.
AGENTS FOR THE LIVERPOOL UNDERWRITERS ASSOCIATION.
AGENTS FOR the Norwegian and Swedish Underwriters.
AGENTS OF the Lancashire Insurance C'onipany, for Fire
Insurance.
Office of the Norwt^gian and Swedish '. 'onsulatc
Otlice of the Hawaiian ('oi\suhite
SOLE AGENTS FOR:
Blood, Wolfe iV- Co.'s Stout and AU^
Lundy's Household Paints.
William Edmonds, Jr., \' Co.'s celebrated brand of Guinn(!sa
Stout (])ig brand), and Bass «fc Co.'s Ale (comet brand).
D. W. Burnside (Imperial Mills) Imperial Golden Valley Flour
IMPORTERS OF:
Choice Japanese and Congou Teas, Sugars, Dry Goods.
Hennessy A: Martell Brandies, Liqueurs, and every descrip-
tion of French Wines.
Hockin, Wilson <fe Co.'s celebrated Oilmen Stores
Tin plate. Iron, &c.
Scotch Oatmeal, in tins.
Dundee Bags, Carpeting, and Floor Cloths.
Milner's Iron Safes.
Soaps, — Blue, Mottled, Castille, and Tallow Crown.
J. Gosnell's celebrated perfumes, and Johann Maria Farnia's
celebrated Eau de Cologne.
Ol IDE TO HRITIHH COLUMBIA.
379
FINDLAY, DURHAM & BRODIE,
Commission Merchants and Importers,
Exporters* of Spars and Lumber.
Aj^'onts for Ueas' Salmon Fisliery, Frasor River.
Agents for the Northern Assurance Company of London and
Al)erdeen.
Consulate of the (rerman Empire.
VKn'OlUA, BjtITISU CoLrMBlA.
I-UNI)IIN t)FFICKS :
.'tl. (ricut St. Helen's, E. C.
Northern Assurance Company
OF LONDON AND ABERDEEN.
Kstabli.shed iHiiG.
CAPITAL, £2,0(M>,000, Sterling.
FIRE RISKS ACCEPTED AT CURRENT RATES OF PREMIUM.
FINDLAY, DURHAM & BRODIE,
Agents for British Columl)ia.
380
GUIDE TO BRITISH COLUMBIA.
It It
Thomah Lett Stahlschmidt,
Lonilon.
ROBKRT VVaud,
Victdriii, B. C.
STAHLSCHMIDT & WARD.
Importers and Commission Merchants,
Commercial Row, Wharf Street,
VICTORIA, B C.
AGENTS I'Olt
Tlio Scottisli Commercial Fire lusuriiiice Company.
The Standanl Life Assurance (company.
The Union Marin*^ Insuranc ('ompMiiw
Ewen it Wise's Sahnon Fishery, Eraser River.
Curtis tV Harvey's Mining, Blasting and Sporting Powder.
Joseph Fvirkman it Son's Pianofortes.
Henry Brace & Co.'s Saddlery.
Moore, Hunt it Co . 's Bourbon Whiskey.
AGENCY OF THE STEA>[-TUG " TACOMA '
Liberal iiilviincps iiiHiU' on CunsigniiifutR
GUIDE TO BRITISH COLUMBIA. 381
Chas. Haywahd. KonRKT Jkxkinsun.
Steam Saw Mill,
LANGLEY STKEET, VICTORIA.
HAYWARD &JENKINSON.
CONTRACTORS AND BUILDERS.
.MAXUFACTrHKUS OI'
MO[JLI)IN(;S, DOORS, SASHKS, BLINDS, &c.,
Scroll Cutting to order at reasonable rates.
Orders from the ci)unti-y ])roinptly executed,
Mouum-nts, Head-stones, Orave Enclosures, &c., ttc.
UNDERTAKERS.
Funerals conducted with care and economy.
mlmQ
«f)
CIGAR IKZAiyrUFACTURERS,
VICTORIA, B. C.
mi
k]
^^^^f>
GENERAL STORE AND BUTCHER SHOP.
Cormorant Street,
VICTORIA, B. c.
S
387
GUIDE TO BRITISH COLUMBIA.
BANK OF BRITISH COLUMBIA.
Incorporated by Royal Charter, 1862.
CAPITAL, .«2,500,000, (WITH POWER TO INCREASE.)
DIllECTORS :
Robert Gillespie, Esq., Ohairmau, Eilon Colville, Enq., Deputy (Jlmirniun.
Jiunes Anderson, Es(i., Henry Edwanl Uansoni, Esq.,
Henry Dalbiac Harrison, Esq., Sir John lloso, K. C. M. G.
GENERAL MANACJER:
Hugh Hughes, Esq.
He.vu Office: — East Iiulia Avoimo, Leadenluill street, Loiuloii.
>«n Franeisco, Ciiliforuiit.
Victoria, British (Columbia.
BRANCIII'.S.
I'ortliuiil, OreL'on.
rortliuiil, UrcL'on.
('iiiib(M), Hril*h ('ohiniliin.
AGENTS AND CORRESPONDENTS.
Bank of Montreal iiud branches.
I.oiid'in Bank of Mexico and South America.
Oriental l$auk Corporation, India, Australia and China.
(;. V. Sniithers and W Wat.son, all, Wail Street, New York.
EXCHANQE AND. TELEGRAPHIC TRANSFERS ON ALL PARTS.
GOLD DUST AND BULLION PlTRCHASED.
Every cleseriptiou of Baiikinj^ business transacted.
WM.C. WARD, Manager.
W. C. ROBINSON
G^^M^
^
BASTION STREET, VICTORIA, B. C.
CUSTOM-HOUSE BROKER,
RENTS AND DEIVrs (X)LLEC'rEI),
Deeds and Documents of every Description Drawn and
Copied. &c..
P (). I^ox •->4«.
• HIDE TO KlUTIHH COLUMBIA.
Q. €, KB A YS^,
383
iMI'dRTKK <>r
'Steves, Bacgcs, Fnmps, Lead Pipe, Zinc, Sheet Iron, &e.,
Ami Xlamifiicturpr of
TIN, COPPER, ZIN(\ AND SHEET IRON WARE,
Yates Street, next door to A. J. Liingley tV Co.,
VrTOUIA, BuITISH COLIMBIA.
Ai^cnt for the cilcluMtoil '•Kiirt'kii Kiuij^t'." ,Iol) Work and Repiiiriuf,' at-
teiiilfd to with 111 iitiicss ami dispatcli. The trade Hiij)plicd at a liberal diHCount.
F, MeUF ELDER &: €0.,
Wholesale and Commission Merchants,
( 'oiTiei* Yatos juid Whai'f Street.-;,
IMPORTERS AND DEALERS IN
Cigars, Tobacco, Groceries and Provisions,
Solo Affonts lor Letvl Strauss *B Co,'s Patent Clothixtgx
WM. P. SAYWARD,
EocK Bay Bridge Lu3iber Yard,
MANUFACTUIIEK AND DEALER IN
Importer and Dealer in
Doors, Windows, Blinds, Redwood, and all kinds of Dressed Lumber, Uonldings, &c.
VICTORIA, B C.
JOHN TEAOUE,
Grovernment Street,
Opposite Union Hook and Ladder House,
VICTORIA, B. C.
w
•m
II
:i84
(ii'iuK TO mirrmn Columbia.
WELCH, RITHET & CO.,
Impsrters and Commission Merchants,
(U'lii('si.uti'(l liy Wtluh .V: (.'o., Sun rniucisco, Andrew W<lfh& Co.. Livi-rpool. )
AGENTS FO¥t
The Imperial Fire liisuruiiee Company
of fi()n(l(m,
Moody, Nelson & Co.'s Saw Mill, Bur-
rard Inlet, and
Steam tug, '' Etta White."
IMPBRIAL
' fifle: insur/^ntce: coxyiPA.NY
01(1 HiO:i(l Kfivet .t 1«! F'lill .Mall, l-ondon.
INSTITUTED 1803.
For iiisai'ing Houses and other Buiklings, Gooils, Wares,
Morc'hamlise, Maimfiieturiug aiul Farming Stock, Ships in
Port, Hirboror Dock, and tlie Cargoes of such vessels; also
Ships biiihling or rep.iiring, IJarges and other vessels on
nivig,i!)Ie rivers and canals, and goods on board such vesseU,
throa 'hoat Great Britain and Ireland and in Forei- n Countries
FORM LOSS Oil DAMAGE BY FIRE.
Subscribed and Invested Capital
ONE MILLION SIX HUNDRED THOUSAND FOUNDS.
Risks Accepted at Current Rates of Premuim.
WELCH, RITHET A CO..
.igeuts for British Columbia and Washington Territory.
«ji r/)K TO nitiTrsFi rnuTMniv.
88.1
TAI YUNE & CO.,
Wholesale uiid Conimissicm Merchants,
IMfORTKRS v\n DEVLHHH IX
Sugar, nice, Tea, Opium, Groceries and Provisions,
('oriur of
g()vei{xmi:nt and cormouant streets,
victoria, b.c.
i.mpokte:; and dealer i\
Chinese Merchandise and Groceries and Provisions,
LABOI II OF ILL KI.\I)S SI'PPLIKn AT SHOUT .NOTICE.
(XJRMOIIANT STREET,
Noi'tli Side, First iloor East of Governniout Street,
\ ICTOIMA. H C
MBRGHABTT TAILiOR,
YATES STREET,
Hetween Whnif and Governiueut >itreets, ueiir NVaddingtou Alley.
VICTORIA. B. C.
I^i^Gentlemen's Own Materials Made Up.-^:3J
SOM 01 LUMQ,
GBigiSRALi MSRGHAnTS
AND TAILORS
STORE STREET, VICTORIA, B. C.
MHrt
Oiri>K TO HHITWH rof.l'.MUU.
Albion Iron Works,
sroKK. (HATiivM A\i> Disi ()Vf:uy sruKivrs.
IvstiiltlislnMl !it Sun |''r;iiicis('(> in ISijIi.
Joseph Spratt, Proprietor.
MANUFACrrUKH OF
Macliiiiery of Every Description.
C').ni)risiii,' Aliriiio. L)LM)m')tivo ;ui 1 Stiitionarv En^inos a I
Jjoilcis; Saw, (»iist and (Quartz Mills, Steam
Donkey Punii>s. Hoi.stiiif^ Enj^ines and
Portable Saw Mills.
IN STOCK AM) FOU SALK
Cviih Winches, Jack-screws, Steam and Wator Pipes, Pit-
tings, Ji(^iU>r tubes, Plate and Bar Iron, Bolts and Bivets,
Steam gauges, Valves, Whistles, Clongs, and every description
of Brass (ioods; Rubber and leather belting, Bubber hose and
packing, Batchet drills, and all kinds of Engineer's Findings.
With a large assortment of patterns, the accumulation of years,
machinery can be furnished as cheap as by au}' firm on the
Pacific Coast.
SUPKRIOK WhAHF AtJCDMMODATIDN FOll StKAMKRS REyUIRINO RkPAIBS.
The Favorite Steamers
Leave my wharf, Store Street, carrying H . M. Mails be-
tween Victoria, Nanaimo, Com ox, and all Ports on the East
Coast.
For days of sailing and rates of freight and passage, apply
at the Otlice of the Albion Iron Works .
JOSEPH SPRATT. Owner.
<>l llti; in MUniSM TOM MIt[\.
THOS. WILSON ,; (().
n.s-j
Silk iUcvicvfi, tincn Dvapcis, Sliaivlmcn,
HosiKUs. H.MiKIJDANll lilts. la.|.;.Mi:\, (;i(.vi:i;>. A. .. A, .
Flowers. Feathers, Ribbons, Trimmint;s, Fancy Coods, Ac,
COSTUMES HMILV MiiiKMU FANCY DRESSES.
MASONIC HALL BUILDING, QOVERNMf NT STREET,
Viriiiria. II. C.
Til" "Mt'st cstaldislicl Kctj.il Div (luu.ls l'.nsiii,>ss in flu-
1 Invmcc.
Brown & White,
IMI'<»I!Ti;US nr
LINEN AND WOOLEN DRAPERY.
HOSIERY, HABERDASHERY, &C.
AUKNI's Knit TIIK
LOCKMAN SEWING MACHINE.
(i<>v,.riiiii.iif ^titct. Opposite |{,mfi..i] str.'.-i.
Viotoiiii, J). ('.
'"""''iS 'n'i!'w'?"' ^^"''T,T\ '^"J\,'^^"l^'"l- <:i'il'Ir.n-s J,u.kots, La<iiosa,ul
( iilcli..|. s Uat..rp...of Clo.iks. rist.rs, (Milt.,1 :au\ Plain Skirts in F.lt
Alpa.ra aim Salm. Ladies' .hkI ( 'liiMivi.'s (Jjoves an.l Hosiery in every
.eser.pt.oi, Liulies" an.l Cluhlnn-s rn.Ierclcthin^'. li^by Liu<-n.
( hlldre.rs Froeks. Pelisses \o. ^
KNITTED WOO. KOODS in .avat variety: Yarn in all e„lors; Silk Ties and
Se.irfs. IiiK.al Hen.stitelH.l an.l M.airnin- Han<lk..,Thi..fs: Itiblmns.
I ac.'H. SilU- v.'lv.'t and \ .dv.'t. ens, Furs
DRESS tJOODS in all tin,. N'.^w AFaterials and Shndea f roui 25 conts per yard
every d.senptlon of Sta])le. '
COrXTIIV OllDEHS PROMPTLY ATrENOEl) TO.
(^ostiunes. Hats. Fl,.w.,rs, Foathers, and a variety of N-jvelties arrive by every
w
388
GUIDE TO BRITISH COLUMBIA,
T. K HIBBEN & CO.
PUBLISHERS.
BOOKSELLERS,
STATIONERS,
A N L)
^^11:t^' "Ei'^m^fjJ'c:
^'l^^'^^s^ "^^ 'i^.?
K^^l v^^s la^iM^ ^\9 i.<^F*«\ ^N^ ▼- ~^^^'-, .
js^a-
SUBSCRIPTIONS RECEIVED FOR
NEWSPAPERS AND PERIODICALS
Bookbinding and Pajjer Ruling.
MASONIC BUXIiDINa,
Oovei'iirnent Street
■ ii:'ri-
I
GUIDE TO BRITISH COLUMBIA. 389
EAGLE RESTAURANT.
JOHN'SOM' STREET,
(next to <i. Bos«i.)
CH ARG-ESc
IJo.inl 1111(1 Loduint,' per week ir. no
H<.,.nla.ul L„,1.4i„.r „.r.l:,v * 7",
Single .Meiils .'..... ■.■.■..".".'. or
lieds per iiiL;lit 25
AH POI and WUNG POW, Proprietors.
TYE CHONQ YUEM.
DE.\LKK IX
CHINESE MERCHANDISE,
Grocer and Butcher^
GOiRMORANT STREET,
VICTORIA, B. C
THE (IROTTO SALOOI^,
(Corner of
Government Street and Trounce Alley,
VICTORIA. B. C.
WM iWcNIPPE „3„^^„
JP. J. Loiiih Tfi. ArtifiGlal Stona Siaowalk in FrQnt,
GEO, TItOMSOm
Fancy Bread and Biscuit Baker,
VANCOUVER BAKERV.
FOUT STUEET, EAST OF DOUGLAS, Victoria, B. C.
I5?" Fainilio.s wnitod on daily In mv express eart. .,;?>1
M
390
A. Casamayoo,
GUIDE TO BRITISH COLUMBIA.
J. B. Maykrac.
A. 0'ABAMAYQW S QOk
M. Camsctsa.
WHOLKSALE DEALERS IN
GROCBRIBS^p PROVISIONTS,
Wines, Liquors,
Havana Cigars and French Preserves,
Yates Street, Victorin, B, C
THE ACCIDENT INSURANCE CO. OF CANADA.
PRESIDENT.
YICE-FKESIDENT,
MANAdEU.
SIR ALEX. T. OALT. K VMM
JOHN RANKIN. Esy
E. RA\VLIN(iS. Es(i
INSURANCE AGAINST ACCIDENT BY LAND OR SEA,
FOR ONE DAY OR ONE YEAR
S3 per annum insures either 81001) in case of death, or 8"J'2
per mouth in case of injury.
EXTEA FEEMIUMS FOE HAZAEDOUS OCCUFATIONS.
T. ALLSOP & Co., Victoria, ArpiUs for British Columbid.
■ -♦♦■- > « . --»♦_».-.-♦♦.--.» -4^ -..•.»»-.^ -♦♦--• —--»»- — '
GOIiUniBIA
MATCH FACTORY.
FORT STREET,
CoriHM- of Hliuichiivd stnet, Victorin, I'. C.
MANSON & HENDRY. Propric'ora.
-— . »-.4».^j. .»..♦»-;•. ...^f.^;.^. 4K •• • ••-.♦♦-
WM. JACKSON'S
DF'TG STORB,
Between Yatca and Johnson. Victoria.
WIDE TO UKITISH COLUMBIA.
(P. O. Box 45.)
391
nri'oirrKu and wholesale dealer in
GROCERIES AXD PROVISIONS
WHAIiF STHEET, YICTOKIA. '
FRED'K MOlEia
Import,.,- .-tiul Mannf.u-ttuvr <,f all dcRcriptiuiis of
Saddlery, Harness, Trunks, Valises, &c.
U()\ (M-mnent Street, near Johnson Street,
VICTORIA, B. C.
li..,'.y Trin.Mm,, ,l,.n,. ne.tly an.l eh,..ply. Uepuiring promptly attended to.
J. S. Drummond,
niPORTEli OF
Stoves, Grates and Ranges,
PUMPS. LEAD PIPE, ZINC, SHEET IRON, Etc.. "
And Manufacturer of Tin. Copper, Zinc, Sheet Ii^n; alio.
Phnnhor and Met.il IJoofer,
REPAIKINr; DOXE ON THE SHORTEST VOTICE
lutes Street, between Broad and Government. Victoria B C
_ _ : ^-Oeueral Ag.nt for all tlu- latest improvemeuts in Sfov.s. ' . " "
WATT YING LUN,
MERCHAIVT TAII-OR,
Yates Street, opposite J. S. Drmntnond's store,
VICTOKIA. B. C.
G.utl,Mn..u->, .U..1 Moys- Clothin., rnanuf.vctnn.d to ord.p at very low rates and
m the newest styles. Satisfaction Kuuranteed '
392
GUIDE TO BRITISH COLUMBIA.
PHENIX FIRE ASSURANCE COMPANY.
I.O.MHAKD STREKTAND CHAIUXG CROSS, LOXDOX.
ESTABLISHED 1782:
For Insuring Every kind of P.-ope.-ty in all Pa.ts of thj Wjrid fiom Loss or Damifje by Fire.
Tii<- pi'oiiiptituilc iUKi liliprulity with which its fiif^'agi'incnts arf iilways mot
by this ('ii!ii|) my fin* well Uiiowu, ami the iiiiportaiiL-i- of its relations witli the
Public may l)i' estimated from the fact that since its establishment it has paid
more than Ten Million Stfrlin;^'in discharj^e of claims for Losses by Fire,
The sec\irity ottered to the Public by the PhiLMiix Office is unlimited, com-
prisiuL; in addition to th • l.ir^'c invested capital of the Company the whole
fortunes of numeious projirietors composed of some of the most opideni
mi'rchants and oth'rs in the Uniteil Kintjdom. Annual and sliort time In-
surances are etl'ected up:)n all kinds of Property in Vancouver Island and
Hritish Columbia on th ' most favorable ternis.
Pro n:it cash piy.nents an 1 full p :)'.ver to s 'ttle all losses and claims without
rcfeniiii,' to the Head ( tti 'e m Lou Ion .
Rates and Particulars of Insurance ruay be had on application to
TIIOS. C. NUTTAl.L, Agent, Goven.ment street. Vict<u-ia.
THOS. SHOTBOLT,
niSl'FASlNG CHEMIST AND DHI CCIST.
IMPORTEU OF ENGl^ISH. FIUNl'H ANn AMKKH'AN
Drugs, Chemicals, Patent Medicines I Perfumsry,
JOHNSON STREKT. VICTORIA.
OPPENHEIMER BBOS.
Importers and Commission Merchants,
COR. L AX'iLEY AXD FORT STREETS, VICTORIA.
( Branch Store at Yale. B. C.)
Wholesale and Retail Dealers in
PrQvSsionis, Hardware, Havana Gigsrs, Wings and Liqaors,
GloLhing, JBfats, QroooriQS, Mining and Agriouitaral
Jniple^montii, Pry Goods, Stoots and Shoest
Tobacco, Drugs and Patent Medioiu>^8, t&o.
RESTAURANT,
STOKE STREET, VICTORIA, B.i.
Hoard and Lodijing per week $4 tK)
SinglH Mf nls '2ii
OriDE 'I'O BRITISH rOJ.rJMRIA.
393
W. a. BOWMAN,
LIVERY AND SALE STABLES,
Horses, Wagons CaiTiaoes. etc., on Jiire. Horses taken on
and cjiretul uttenfion guaranteed
^rnis,
MRS. HALPEMY,
DRESSMAKER,
:ir ixsTiUK.rroxs uivhv ix th,^ tailors svsi^m of ' iTTivr
PLAITING AND PLUTING MACm^^^ for SALE
Plaitiu;, ,l.>n. I.y tins nmHu,.. (tl, ! . nlv^ ne of^K U d h V ; ' v'T"' "1"^ 1'^
Triiiiiniiigs iii;i,le f,, „r,|,.r in ♦'v.>ry stylf.
MKS. HALPEVNY.
tf
BOOT AND SHOE MANUFACTURERS
AND IIMKPOFITEIFILS
Next to Turner. Beeton A- Tnnstall's. (
Tovernment street.
MATTHEWS, KICHAKl) & TYE,
IMPOKTKltS OF
Iron, Steel, English and American Hardware,
MACHINERY AND AGRICULTURAL IMPLEMENTS,
iateH stieet, Victoria.
Hnuuhh Hn,>*: MATTHKWS, RICnAKD k CO, I'.
rUMIVOHAM.
w^
M1J4
oriDE TO imiTlSH COLUMJJU.
TEMPERANCE HOTEL,
(;oKxi:i{ OF
FOKT AND DOUGLAS STREETS, VICTORIA, B. C.
HuHiil per wt'ok SS 00
Uoani iiiiil Loilijin^' per Week , <J <I0
Hoiinl jxT (liy 1 I'd
Siii-lc M.iils :<7',j
Hmls per N'i^,'ht o!)
PRIVATE SITTING ROO.VI FOR LADIES.
Mis. r.ill in-Set Co.,
Propi'ictors.
PRINCE OF WALES
Livery and Sale Stables.
J r. DUNLOr, ... ; .o,„i..tor
HAS ON HAND
' CAHHIAQES, BUaaiES, anl good SADDLE ani CAIIRIA3E H0.1SSS.
BHOAI) STKKK'r,
I'.iist sil( of F(jrt street.
JOHIff GROIVTHER^
IMPOKTEU OF
PAINTS, OILS. VARNISH, WINDOW GLASS, &C..
HOUSE, SHIP, SIGN & ORNAMENTAL PAINTER AND PAPER HAN3ER.
Yatos street, below Douglas, Victoria, B, C,
liesitlniici!, — I'liiulora street, corner Qiiivclni strcot.
HENRY SAUNDERS,
IMPORTER AND DEALHR IN
GROCERIES, PROVISIONS LIQUORS &C.,
JOHNSON STREET, cor. OUIENCAL ALLEY, Victoriii. fi. C.
OFFICE OF THE
Steam Tug BE AVER.
c.
■tor
GLIDE TO UniTlSH COLUMBIA.
R B. THOMPSON.
BENTI&T,
Office. Occidental Building,
lU P - S T A I R S.
(:o.nrr(U)Vr,l{\ME\T AM) FOIfT STREETS, Viotori,,, B. C.
ST. NICHOLAS HOTEL,
Grovernment street^
395
VICTORIA, B. C.
C'HAS. H. TltKHAirr,
Proprietor.
Appartments will be Let by the day, Week or Month.
A. QILMOME,
MERCHANT TAILOR,
GOVEKNM ENT STREET,
Op|)(.>itc Riiiik l^ritish Coliiiiibin, Victoriii, B. (\
Has q.v Hanmj, and is CoNsTANrr.Y Ri-ckiving a t.AHciK Assoktmknt uf
Cloths, CassimeKs, and Vestings,
WHICH HE IS I'REl'AKl.I) I'D ^E\KE
L'^__T*^?^J^?^ST APPROVED STYLES.
E. M. CO WPEM,
{ \..\U -T. iV \\ M, ('()\v(i 1 . 1
BOOT AND SHOE DEALER,
AND IMEORTEI! OF
Snglish Blade Goods,
ciovi:i!NMrxT sTian.T. victoiua.
CUSTOM WO K, SHOE FINDIN3S ETC. CO-N'STANILY ON HAND.
:um;
(ill WE TO nillTIRH COLUMHIA.
WELLS, FARGO & CO/S
NEW YORK, CALIFORNIA and EUROPEAN
I^xpi'css and I'2xchaui^e Co.
CAPITAL.
.i!lU.()( )(),()()()
Forward Tnasnrc, r:u'kiii,'(s ami rji-ttcrs ti> all jiarts nf tlir racitp' ami At-
lantic States, Caiia la ami EiU'c>|ir. .Make coUrctiDns aiil attciiil to (•oni!iiis>>iiiii
for the jmrclias" of ^oods
GARESCHE GREEN & CO. Agents
C. Dkwkk.ii', Jit ,
Shu I'raiiiisi'o.
GoVEJtN.MKNT SlKKl/l', VicrdlllA, \i C.
(1. II. MoiMii:,
of Jessf Modi'c iV: Cn., I.Dnisvillc. Kv.
II. It. Hint,
San Knimiwo.
MOORE, HI NT et CO.,
125 & 127 Califomix Street,
One door 1h'1o\\ Front Strrct.
^SAN 1 IIAXCISCO. (J A I..
SOLE AGENTS FOR JESSE MOORE Sl CO., KENTUCKY WHISKIES.
JAMES SYME,
-A-jEv/C^m-'JL'JiLiC^^r J
Masonic Euilding, Government Street,
VICXOMA., B. C
Residence: — Sinicoe Street, James Bay.
Government Street,
Opposite Uniou Hook and Ladder House,
VICTORIA, B. C
O'JIDR TO IIRITIHII COLUMDIA.
397
THOS. TROUNCE,
OFFICK nil K:iiie stret't, alidvi' Doimlas.
Pliiiis and S])ec'ificittions ciirofully pvepureil for Public
Bail(liiij,'s or Priviit«; Ilesidoiices, and tlio usual business of an
Architect prom])tly executed.
Mckenzie <& mebtow,
CARRIAGE MAKERS 'i BLACKSMITHS,
(Tov.rnment street, between Johnson and Pandora,
VKrroiiiA, B. 0.
MANSELL & HOLROYD,
<!ENEIIAL DEALERS IN
Ncwiiiiil SrcoiKl-liiiiKl Furiiiturc, Bi'ddiii? of nil kliuls, Tinware. Wood and
Willow Ware, Carpels. Cliildren's Carriav^es, elc,
1MP0KTKR8 AND DEALKB8 IN
Crockeryware, China, Glassware, Electro-Plated Ware,
Table Cutlery^ etc.
t'druer of Vulcs ami Dou^'las streots, Victoria.
FELLOWS & ROSCOE,
IMPORTEltS OF
lliON, STEEL, HARDWARE, WAGGOxN[ MATERIAL,
AND LUMBER,
AGRICULTURAL IMPLEMEITTS, ETC.
14 and 16 Yates street, Victoria.
61
:{98
(iUIDE TO UKITIHH rOLlMllIA.
S. L. KELLY & CO.,
MA\|TF\(Tli!KI!S OK
TIN, COPPER, AND SHEET IRON GOODS,
STEAMBOAT \Vi)|{K AM) MISSISSIPPI STi)Vi:S,
IMI'OKTF.IJS AM) i)KALKl{S IN
Till Pliite, (rjilviini/(!(l ,'iiul Sheet Iron, ( 'oppcr, Wire. Shoet
Lead, lianua Tin, Zinc, fron and Iwnd l*i|)'.', all tiiu
VHi'ionH kinds of Cooking and Heating
Stoves and Iian,i,'es, Tinned and En-
amelled Hollow Ware, iVc, A(!.,
YATKS SrUEET. VICTOUIA.
JOHN WEII.El},
UPHOLSTERER AND P«PE»HANGER,
I.Ml'iiUI'KI; AM) DK.M.i ': t\
Furniture, Oil Cloths, Carpets, Wall Paper, Matting,
t^ HtiMtm^fi* Cornices, Window-blinds, Curtains, &o,
"^("g^?*^^^^^ Spriii.i,', Hair, IMiln and Straw Mattrcss.'S, lioun^'es.
^=^ and I'ai'lor Sets on liand or nindf to (?)rd(>-.-.
I'icturt's, Ci'ockory, (xliisswai^ , (^oal Oil l.aiups, I'latrd Wmi', CiitliTy of
J'lvcry (icscrijilion.
ALSO, ("aipL'ts si'wt'd mid laid, Sir., by coiuiKtent ptisoiis, and at rcasonablo
FORT STREET, VICTORIA.
CHARLES TAYLOR,
TIN, SHEET IRON, AND COPPKR 8M[TH,
IMI'OUTKR AND DKAI.KK IN
Tin, Sheet Iron, and Copper Ware,
Steamboat and all other Coppersmith's w<jrk attended to.
Eepairiug in all branches.
JOHNSON SETEET, VICTORIA.
JOHN QUAGLIOTTI ROMANO,
IMPOUTKK OF AND WHOLESALK AND RETAIL DEALER IN
American, Canadian and European Goods.
Boots and Shoes, Hats, Caps, Clothing, Ladies' and Gentle-
men's Furnishing Goods, Dry Goods, Fancy Goods,
Yankee Notions, Groceries, Liquors, etc ,
VICTORIA AND NANAIMO.
r.UIDR TO IiniTISH COLUMBIA.
:wy
BOOK BINDERY
AND
BLANK BOOK MANUFACTORY,
(lOVr.ltNMENT StUKKT, YI( "I'OKIA.
This establishment is fitted up with
nil modern improvements, in Cutting
Mueliines, Paging, Perforating, Pul-
ing, stamping, and all necessary tools
and machinery for doing the very best
classes of work in large quantities.
The proprietor has spared no expense
to make this the only complete l^indery
North of San Francisco.
R. T. W 1LLIA31S.
iCO (jiiDi'; 'Kt r.itiiisii coi.iMiirA.
SPE.OAT & CO.,
Moivhaiits and (yoiiiniission i^Iorchjints
.uii;\is i( u
ROYAL INSURANCE COMPANY, FIRE AND LIFE,
AND
ROYAL WEST INDIA MAIL STEAM PACKET CO.
WIIAlll' STKKKT, VlcroUIA.
ROBERT PLUMMER,
VVn\AV ACXJOLINTAXT.
Books and Accoimts k('|)t and audited. StHtenuMits \nv-
parcd. Insolvency Ai'r,in;j;eni«'iits nej^otiuted Stiitenients
ol' Assets and fjiabilities m ide out, and an Aecountaiit's
geneial business eaieiuliy and contidentiaily attended to.
iiASTION STKEET, VICTORIA.
THE SCOTTISH
AMICABLE LIFE ASSURANCE SOCIETY,
HEAD OFFICE, - - (ILASCOW.
ESTABLISHED 1826.
Accumidated Funds^ Over $37 000,000.
DEPOSITED WITH DOMINION GOVERNMENT, $150,000.
Kates under tlie minim uiu premium system of this Society
to secure $1,000:
Afj;o. Annual Premium.
21 §15.
31 20.
41 2(5.
51 87.
61 58.
T. AUsop & Co., h iving compared the rates of Companies
licensed to carry on business in the Dominion, reonunciid this
Socielii as nfferhuj greater advaiitrnjes than ani/ other of equal
standi) u I.
T ALLSOP & CO., VICTORIA,
Agents for British Columbia.
«
!•
r
:
't
(Hlltr. '!(» imiTIHIl COLUMlklA., -iUl
JAMES HARVEY,
Geiienil Merchuut and Importer.
\
AGENT FOR
MUTUAL LIFE INSURANCE CO. OF NEW YORK,
THE ROYAL FIRE INSURANCE CO. OF LIVERPOOL,
ANT)
The Dominion Savings Bank.
NANALMO, r.. C.
JOHN HILBEilT,
CONTRACTOR, BUILDER, i^c,
CAVAN 8TKEET, NAXAIMO.
Pliuis jukI Speciiiciitions prepared on the shortest notice.
Having alwavs on hand all kinds of Baildinj^ Materials, is
prepared to erect bnildinj,'s ciqn il to any iirni in the city on
the shortest notice and on the most reasonable terms.
COFFINS made to order, and having on hand all kinds of
English ami American Coilin Fnruitnre, is prepared to do tlii:
class of work with disp.itch.
Monnments and Head Boards mannfactnred in the latest
styles.
'SXdS' Jobbing work promptly attended to.
Shop, Cavan street, Residence Wesley street, Nanaimo.
'i
402 GUIDE TO BRITISH COLUMIilA.
PACIFIC TELEGRAPH HOTEL,
STORE STREET, bet. Hemld iuul Eisf,niara, Victoria.
ANDREW ASTRICO.
Proprietor.
The MOST COMMODIOUS A\D CLEAN HOTEL in Victoria. It is umi-
(l!i('t(>(l on the iMiropi^xu iJi'iuciple. Tlit^ tiihlo is supplit'd with the verj' lifst
the umrkt't !iflV)r(is.
Mc'iils at all houi-s of tlic day. Private Dining' Rooms for families.
ClI.Vlli.KS: — lioanl aiul LoilLjint,' pi r week, So to!?''- Board and lodt^iiii,'
per day, f I. Sinnlc imals liT' ^ cents. IJeds, .JO cents.
TEllMS: — Cash in .\i)Vanck. [ s^A Fire-proof Safe in the H.nise.
'•VIllOINIA TOUACC'ONlK'r."
FEANOIS CAMBBEltL,
DEAI.EII IN AJiL KIN'HS OF
TOBACCO,
AND FINEST HAVANA CIGARS ON THE PAQIFIC COAST.
MEERCHAUM PIPES. PLAYING CARDS. MATCHES, JbC.
f^ All Orders from Al>road Promptly attended to
VICTOKIA H. C.
GE0BGE MITCHELL.
( Successor to E. Wilson. )
WIIOLESAE AND RETAIL
FAMILY GROCER,
IMPOUTKU Ol''
California and Oregon Produce,
CORNER FORT AND DOUGLAS STREETS, VICTORIA.
J*;^ Goods delivered with quick despatch to all parts of the City Free. ,^j2J
JAMES MIIaLiISR^
QENKHAL
BLACKSMITH AND WAGON MAKER.
ImproYGcl Combiniition Iron Beam Plows, and Yellautl's
Celebrated patent Htirrows, alwa^'s on hand .
CARTS, WAGONS, and BUG(tIES Manufactured to Order. HORSE
SlIOEIN*} Executed with Neatness and Desi)ateh.
fS^ NEW SHOP, Corner Governmeut uud Paudora streets, Victoria.
/
*%
' I
OUIDR TO BRITISH COLUMBIA.
403
BMim HEJkL
IMPORTER AND DEALER IN SHOVES,
ALSO MANUFACTL'RKK OF
Tin, Sheet Iron and Copper Ware,
Orders ]n-()nij)tly ;itto]i(l(>(l to. Jobbing dono with neiitness
and disputcli.
Y.\TES STFiEKT, VICriOIUA.
^ BROOK BO^*
>»
FRUITERER, FiSHMONGER iZ.,
(JOVEKN^rENT STREET, VICTORIA.
404
•I. llrKFF.
GUIDE TO lUlI'I'ISH OOLUMBIA.
T. Earlk.
JULES RUEFF & CO.,
WHOr,ESALE AND REl'AIL DEAT.ERS IN
GROGSRIES, PROVISIOArS^
And Oregon and Xsland Produce.
(Tovcnimerit street, V^ictoria.
Next to Gooclacre tV Dooley's.
0. SCHAFFER & CO.,
MANUFAfTUHEUS OF
O,
PURE HAVANA CK^ARS
Wharf Street, foot of Yates.
VICTORIA, B. ('.
H, MAMSELL,
MAXUFAOTrjlEU AND IMPdllTER OF
BOOTS AND SHOES.
Has eoustantly ou liaud a large assortment of the latest
Eastern Styles.
:-r- SPECIAL ATTENTION PAID TO CUSTOM WORK.
Governinfint street, Victoriii. opposite tlie Post Office.
BICKMAM & OFWBM,
WHOLESALE AND IIETAIL J)EAT,Ens IN
Groceries, Provisions, Tobaccos, &c.,
coil. GOVERNMENT AND FORT STREETS,
Victoria, B. C.
(iUlUE TO BU1T18H COL,UMUlA.
40o
Earlk.
J. P. DAVIKS.
(P. O. Box .-,5.1
JOSHUA DAVIES.
lb,
test
J. P. DAVIES & CO.,
»3
l^>IU)lvEliS. A PIMUTSERS,
A X I )
^o]mi22riiBSE3.i€»;2i Merchants^
Eh
o
O
■-^ To liiiilit.it" the s.ili' of I! -.il Instate wu liiivo complete Maps of Victoria,
\V,' call i)artienlar attention to tlip f!\cilitii s of onr Cattle Sale Yard, centrally
lof'atfilnii Fovt sircit. 'I'l'.. 1'(st iiccninnioilations cnii be found for every
(•]!i>;s ()' Sliw'l; that ini'v b. otV. r> il f<,r sale. This cstalilishmeut ifl unsurpassed
on the Piiciric f 'o!wt,
■ ■/?'■• X. 1!. P.irti. s ch'siioiui of s IHul; tlicir Stock, Stock in Trade or Ftirni-
tiiri\ an'1 not •.vj^liinc; t!i>. doulih' of an Auction Snlc can find n Cash Buyer by
caUinij; on \]\i- uliovc.
^5" Tiibci'.il ;v(lvaiiP('iii(Mtts niado on eonsignments of
t'oods to l»i' sold
4()(;
a VIDE TO J5KJT18H COLUMBIA.
MOODY, NELSON & CO.,
SAW MILL PROPRIETORS, •
MANiFCTi iti:i;s oi
Victoria,
^aii Frjincisco,
Tji\«rj)0(il,
AGENTS:
WolcJi, llithet .t Co.
AVeleh ,t Co.
Andrew Wolcli A- Co.
GEORGE BLACK,
BUTCHER, iSC,
Has fonstantly on Jiand a
full
SU|)})lv of
MEATS, VEGETABLES, &a,
And begs to infoi'ni
MASTERS OF VFSSFIS
Hotel keepers, and others, that i.e is rlady to ^.^pi^^then. at
nil parts of Burrard Inlet at
MODERATE I^RICES
GRANVILLE, Burrard Inlet.
OUll>E TO liKlTlSH COLUMBIA. 407
HERRING'S
NEW
SALMON CURING AND CANNING FACTORY,
Is prepared to supply the Market wholesale or retail.
ALSO
FISH AND GAME MAEKET,
FRONT STREET, NEW WESTMINSTER.
Fish and Game of all kinds: Venison Geese, Ducks,
Sni])o, Grouse, Trout, Salmon, Sturgeon, etc., constantly on
liaml and for sale at reasonable prices.
"S^:^ Prompt attention to Orders .
Regular Consignments of Salt-water Fish, Oysters, Clams,
itc, received from Burrard Inlet and Victoria.
S. W. HEEEING, Proprietor.
lOBlBT m^LMASE.,
( Post Miistor. )
COLONIAL HOTEL,
Soda Cheek, B. C.
IMPOllTEl!, WH0LF.SAIJ-: AND liETAIL DEALER IN
Groceries, Oilmen Stores, Wines, S])irits, Liquors, Cigars,
Toljacco, Hardware, Agricultural and Mining Implements,
Boots and Shoes, Clothing, Dry Goods, Hats, Caps, Hosiery,
Gloves, Drugs and Patent Medicines, Paints. Oils, Crockery,
Glassware, Saddlery, Leather, and General Merchandise.
Furs, raw and manufactured.
■IDS
(iriDK TO KKiTrsir cohimkia.
Cooper ville Fishery,
l>!':.VS --.AXD.
Klv'ASKli IMVEh', !?. (
•11 lllii;'-; 1)('!()^\- N.MV \','.-;l|;i:
II ■;■,.
4 <axs3EKiM»w«-—
^Ai'AiTrv. ■.:..iM)i> cvxs i>":^: mm
— **vCT-i- v.;>V-«Vft-'-»-
This is one of the uit)-;! (^\f(Misive
Kisliiii^v and Cainiin<i: eshd)]is]i]ur]jtH
on the North Paeiiic Const.
(illKK '!(> I'.Kri'IMI COM .MIJIA.
•Kill
THOS. FLETCHER.
.UiKNT K(tll I'lli;
OSlUmN A SEWINC; MA( IIINK.
This M.'icliiiu' was ii Willi led tlic ls( l*iizc al the ( 'iiitciirnjil
Fxhibition, J'liilmlclpliin, IMTC.
lvt;ti])S ill stock an assortiiiciit of all makes of Sewing
Macliines and A(taclini<n(s, needles, oil, e(e.
AI,S() ACKM' I'OK TIIK lATKNT
(iULlMI Tl CIOIAIIKFJI. V\\\l\m AM) Rrm.!:i{. '
E.B'' Miicliiius nimind . I''()K'I' STItl'.l/r, V l( "I'C )|{| A.
Henry Short,
MASrFA( TUIiKK AND I M I'OJl ||.:U OK
GUNS, RIFLES ANO PISTOLS,
IM1*( li'l'KH OF
Fisliin}^ Taekle, Powder, Shot, (laps, ('aitridjj;es, Pocket,
S[)ortin<4, and Table Cutlerv, Ehictio Plate, Opera (llasses,
Gun Tackle, etc., (itc.
POirr SIPPET, VICTOPJA.
yixFY
>* o.
FORT STREET, VICTORIA.
Royal Mail Stage,
BianV'j^EN VICTOUI A AND ESQUIMALT.
Leaves Victoriii for EK(iuiiimlt. iit H iiiul ll'i, ii.iii.. aiul •) ; ,^ r.in.
Liiivcs EKquiiimlt for Victoria at ilj.^ a.m., ami 1% and 5^^ i).in.
Fare, 25 Cents.
rarccls It'ft at VV J. Joffrcc's dlothiii^' store will he itmiiiptly tlelivered.
JOHN POllTEK, Proprietor.
'tlO GITIDE TO niUTISn OOIAIMIJIA.
A. & W. WILSON,
Fort Street, Victoria,
Importers iiuil (IcuitrH iuall kinds of
GAS FIXTURES,
AND
PLUMBING MATEBIAL,
(ijilvaiiiztul aud Plain Iron Pipt! and Fittinj^s for Gas, Strain
and Water,
INDIA RUBBER HOSE.
BEST STYLES OF
o
T O'T" E
Kee]) in Stock the Best and Chea]iest assortment of Gas
Fixtures north of San Francisco.
Cilass Shaili's, Portable I'liper niul Tin Shades, Gas Eoadinji; Lamps, Wax
I'tipors and Holders, Faney and Plain Wash Hasins, Marble Slabs, Silver-
Plated CoL'lvs, Bath Tubs, etb.
(Jas Fittinp;, Plumbing, JielJUHanging andTin-Smithing carried on in all
their brandies.
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