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Photograpnic
Sciences
Corporation
33 WEST MAIN STREfT
WEBSTER, N.Y. MSBO
(716) 872-4503
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1
2
3
1
2
3
4
5
6
HL..;t I.
1^
W-KK IN Califu!;;ja- Almond Tree Treatcd ron Leaf-blight.
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WARXING
A pcrmin who wilfullr or malicinunly oiitn, lonra,
ilpfnces, (lisfigurei or destroys a book, map, chart or
pirturi. ileposited in a Public Library, Gallery, or Mu-
nuuni, ia punishable by a line or impriao;imont for n
ti'rm not excpo.ling two month:).
—Criminal Code, Si'ptiou 539.
^5775
KO
Mil- |;iM
TIIK
llortlj Imrrican ^^nlba;
(IK, A DKXrKIPTInN (iF TIU.
FOREST TREES
UNITED STATKSj CANADA, AND NOVA S(()TIA,
MIT KKHIKIIIKI" l\ TIIK WnJiK n»
r. ANDI'vKAV MIC II ATX.
<Mt filMUMMi AI.1. Tim
FOKKST TKKKS I)ISi(i\ KUKU IN TllK lUJfKY MolNT.M.NS, TIIK TKUUITnin iiK
OKKtltlN, L)i)\V.V TO Till-: SIMlKKS or Till-; I'ACinc, AM) INTO TIIK
CONKINKS OK CM.II-OIINIA, AS WKI.I. \S IN VAKIOIS
I'AIITS OK TIIK rXlTKIi STATUS.
ILLUSTRATED BY laiCOLOBED PLATE 8.
THOMAS MTTALL. F.LS.
miltliEn UF niK AMKKICA?! I-HIUWU-HI. ,W. ^.., iht. and of the AiAHtXl 0/ >.m»AL MTIOCM
OF »*II|LA[)ktrHIA, KTC. ETC. KTC.
TIIRKK VOMMKS IN TWO,
VOL. I.
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05775
PUJIFACK.
'I'm; l''Miii:sr 'I'hkcs nc Amiiuiia lninj; ,i miIijitI i«l' ■•iuli jjifui,
I'xiiiil mill iiii|iiiri.iiiri', I I'l'll. ••ciii(<ci|Ur'ifly, wiy 'lilliilfiit ol' mnliT-
tiikiiii; llii'ir .-Imlv, iil'tiT wiiiil lui- Iitm ulicaily ilniic i«> wi'll liv my
|iriilc(csmir, M. MiiiiAi X. N'ct, ill otrcriii-r u in'W cililinii ol' tin:
A.MriurAN Syi.va in Kiitrli"!!, it iil'l'<'!ii<'il ri'<|ui>it(', in koi'|iiiij( puru
witli iIk: |ii(iL.'rrHS (if ilisiiivi'i'v. liiiil nil til'' liifisl trri's of tlio (.'x-
tcmli'd il(pniiiii"n (if tlio Tnili'il Staler hlhiiijil, in idiiic way or
iitlii'i', Ik' inciiiili'il ill till* pi'i'-icnt iiiililication ; uml. I (oiil'i's^i, tlii!
)uaL'nitiiili> of tin' ta^k ii|i|icaricl, at lirnt, Hiiflicioiitly ii|i|iaHin;f,
when wu rt'lli'i't un tlio vast ti'rritory now fiaiiiifcl I'v the I'liitfil
Slatt'<. r«'L(iiiniin; witli tin' arctii: liniilH of ail arlMiri'sicnt vciro-
talioii, ill tlic wiJilM of I'anaila, wliidi wi! caiiiiot witli |ini|irii'ly
(•xi-iiicli, foiiiMMi,' ii> it tlocs llic lioival Ipiiundni'y of ihi' Nuilli Aiik'-
liiiiii forcMt, \vi! then follow tlio cxti'inlcil sIkuch ol' ilu- Aihiniii ,
until, towanl the vxtri'niity of Ka>t Kloridn, ami it-. ki\s nr
islands, wu liavi' allaiiiud tliu wry conlini'H ol llu,' li(i|iiial liidc,
and niaki! ii m'lir a|>|ii'oarli to tlif ishiiHl of C'iil<a and the Maliu-
mas. Tiii'nini; westward, wo jmss owr tlm wide foiesl-s of tlu'
Mi>sissi|i|ii, |iiirsui! the Western streams, throiii;li vast woodless
jiiains, nniil we attain tiie loiij^ tresis of the Koeky .N'oiinlains
or Northern Andes. Here, in these iiliiine re>,'ions, \w meet with
11 total ehanire in the features of the forest: rosiniferoiis everffreeiis,
of the family of the I'ines, now iiredominalc-, and attain the niont
jciiCanlic diiiieiisiunn. All the spucicH (and they are numerous) iiave
lieciiliar traits, and foini no many eiirioiis and distiiiet s|ieeie.u, of
which litllc IS yet known more than their holanieal desiirnation.
Other rc'inarkahle forest trees, also iinperfoetly known, inhahit this
;:riat ranjre of inoiinlains, which eoiitinues uninterriilittdly into the
interior of Mexico in its southern course; while on the north, follow-
iujf the sources of fhe Missouri and the Orcfron, and after thus dividiiiij
the waters whi<li How into the Atlantic anil I'acilic, it is at leiii^tK
« r 11 E F A C E.
iii('i'i;t'(l ill tlic "Sliiiiiiig Mimiitaiiis," wirK-li soml oil" their distiwil
triliiitiU'ii's to till! Arctif (Iciaii.
The plains of tlio UppcT I'lattt', those of the Oirgoii anil ot'North-
t'l'ii California, a region bereft of snninier raiii.s, foniiing extensive
tiarren Htejijies, like those of tiiheria, present no forests, seari;e!y
an alluvial belt along the larger streams of suflieient niagnituilc to
atl'ord even fuel for the eiuiip-tire of the wandering hunter or the
erratie savage. The scanty drit'twood borne down from the moun-
tains, the low bitter bushi's of the arid plain, even tlii' dry ordure
of the bison, is eollected for fuel, and barely sufliees to prepare a,
hasty Tneal for the passing traveller, who, urged by hunger and
thirst, hurries over the desert, a region doomed to desolation, and,
amid privations the most appalling, lives in the hope of again see-
ing forests and green fields in lieu of arid plains and bitter weeds,
whieh tantalized our famished animals with the fallaeioiis appear-
ance of food, like the east-away mariner raging with thirst, though
surrounded with water as fatal to the longing ajipetite as poison.
Toward the slion^s of the Pacific, and ou the banks of the Oregon,
wc ajiain meet with •''■■ as,'roeable features of the forest: —
" M;tjt'-tic woO'l!*, of every vigorous green,
StM^e nljovc stage, high waving o'er the bills,
Or to tho far horizon wide diffused,
A binuiillcs?, deep immensity of shidc."
Tiaiisjiorted in idea to tho border of the Ilu'lson or the J Dela-
ware, we recline beneath the shade of venerable Oaks and siircadiiig
Maples ; wc see, as it were, fringing the streams, the familiar ('ottoii-
wood and Bprcading Willows. On tho higher jilains, and ascending
the hills and niountnins to their summits, wo see a dark forest of
lofty Pines ; we hear the light breeze sigh and mnrmnr through
their branches as it did to the jxiets of old. I?ut the botanist, in
ail this array, fails to recognise one solitary acquaintance of his
former scenes: he is emiihatically in a strange land; a new crea-
tion, even of forest trees, is spread around him, and the tall Andes
and wide deserts rise as a barrier betwixt him and his distant homo.
My indulgent reader will then excise mo, if I, on this ocoasiop,
ajipear liefore him only as a botanist ; culling those objects which
have given him so much delight, he wishes to present them to tho
''!''''! A
r 11 E V A C E.
ciinons jMililif, alive to tlio Ijeuutios and syinmctry of natiufV woiks.
^\■llut(■VL'l■ is yot known of their uses anil liistory is also i,nven ; ami,
ihiit tlio ta>k inij;lit lie more eoniiiletc, wo have ranihleil a little be-
yond, rather than fallen short of, the exact liiuits of the Ueinihlie.
We ha\e thus added, as our friends Toiuu:v and (iuAY have doi:e, in
their treneral Flora, a collection of the trees of Upper California,
extending our ramble iis far as the vieinity of t^anta JJarbara,
in about the ;i4tli dcj;roo of north latitude. "We here met with
several Oaks, Pines, a I'lane Tree, a Horse-chestnut, and a Box Elder,
which have not yet been found within the limits of the Territory of
O re 1,^0 n.
While the work was in progress, Professor ToiiUKV infornie<l me
of the arrival of a largo collection of dried plants from Key West, in
East Florida, made by Doctor Blohsett, of the United States army.
All the trees in this herbarium — at least forty species — were in the
most generous manner given up to me for publiealion by the jiro-
fessor. Must of them form distinguishing features in the tropical
landscape of the West India Islands. Amcng them were the Ma-
hogany, Siiivii-tilni, the (iiiaiacum or J/ignuni-A'ita', the poisonous
Manchineel, several trees of the family of the Myrtles, {l\n;iiiil'i,)
three or four species of Fig Trees, the Calabash, and Papaw or Me-
lon Tree, the Mangrove, two species of Cordia, the West Imlia IJircli,
(P>iirs,ra i/'iiiiiiufirii,) and many other arborescent plants which art;
n<i\v lV)r the lirst time added to the Flora of the United Statis, and
thus in a measure resolving the problem of the geographical limits
of the Caribbean Flora. The island of Key AVest lies about eighty-
five miles from East Florida, and is the same distance from Cuba.
It is abiiut nini' miles long and three broad, containing a popula-
tion of about four hun<lred pcojilo, chietly engaged as wreckers.
Besides the trees we have noticed, I have been recently informed
of the existence of thickets of Cdfiiiscs on the island, one of wliirli.
with an erect, cylindric, and divided stem, attains the height of thirty
or more feet.
In the islands of the I'^verglades, considerably inland in East Flo-
rida, we have been informed that a Palm about ninety feet high,
forming a magnilicent tree, has been seen ; but of this plant we have
been unable to obtain, as yi>t, any further account.
The haste with which I have iiccn oliligcd lo pr-.icccd with the
8
P 11 K V A C E.
piililiciition lias jn'fvontcil inu from rccciviii!; miicli ailvaiitiiifo from
cdiTusiioiidoiits. Such lis liiivc lionorod me with llicii' rcmiiiks aro
iiu'iitioiicd undor tlio apimipriati! articles as tlicy occur in tlio work ;
iiml I take tliis oiiiiortiiiiity of tendering tlicni my sincere thanks
for ail such assistani'o.
As fast as new materials may ho discovered, we intend to pive
tlieni to the world in tlie form of a HupjilenK'Ht ; and we shall tlicn
also liave <in additional oiijiortunity for correcting any errors which
may have occurred cither in reganl to information or in the pro-
gress of printing, as well us of making sucli additions as a moro
tliorongli cxamiinition of the suliject may suggest, particularly the
characters of tlie ditl'ercnt kinds of wood indigenous to the most
extended limits of the Hepuhlic.
Tliirty-four years ago, I left I'^ngland to explore the natural liis-
tory of the fnited States. In the ship Ifalcyon I arriveil at tlie
shores of the Xcw "World; and, after a lioistcrons and dangerous
jiassage, our dismasted vessel entered the Capes of the Delaware in
the month of April. The heautiful robing of forest scenery, now
bursting into vernal lite, was exchanged for the monotony of the
dreary ocean, an( the sad sickness of the sea. As wo sailed up the
l)claware, my eyes were riveted on the landscape with intense a<l-
iiiiratiou. All was new; and life, like that season, was then full
of hope and enthusiasm. The forests, apparently unbroken in
their iirimeval solitude and repose, spread thcTuselves on either
hand as wo passed placidly along. The extending vista of dark
I'ines gave an air of deep sadness to the wilderness: —
" ThcMC Idiiply regions, wliorc, rotiretl
Krnm litllo scenes of i\rt, prcat Niituic ilwcll"
In Hwrnl srilituile, nnil niuiKht is seen
but the wiM lierJa tbit own no niastcr'a stall. "
The deer lirought to ha^-, or plunging into the llooil from the ]iur-
suit of the Indian armed with bow and arrow, alone seemed want-
ing to realize the savage landscape as it appeared to the first settlers
of the country.
{Scenes like iliese have little attraction for ordinary lite. But to
But t(i
1' R E F A C K. !'
thu ii;itiir:ilist it is Imp dthonvisr ; i>nviitions to liiiii arc clicaiily ]iiir-
cliascd it' lie may but roam (iscr tlie wild (louiaiii of i.i'iniuval lui-
ttire, and lit'liold
" Ani'lhi'i' Flora there, of bottler hues
Anil riohcr swecl", lieymiil our gunlen's iiri'lo."
Ifow often liave I realized the poet'n buoyant liopes aniid these
solitary rambles thron,i?h interminable forests! For thousands of
miles niv eliief eonverso iian been in tiio wilderness with the spou-
taueous jiroduetions of nature; and the study of th<'se objeets and
tln'ir eontemiilalion has been to me a source of constant delii^ht.
'Phis fervid curiosity led mo to the banks of the Ohio, throU';'
the dark forests and brakes of tlu' Mississiiipi, to the distant lakes
of the northern frontier; throu,i,di the wilds of Florida; far \\\> the
lii'd Uiver tuid the Missouri, and throu,i;;h the territory of Arkansas;
at last over the
*' Vast s;ivinitm-. wlii've the W'tiiii'Ting eve,
l.'iifix'il, is ill II vei'hiiit 'icejiti lust ;"
And MOW across the arid plains of the Far West, beyond the stc]iii.>s
of the Uocky Mountains, down the Ore^'on to the extended shores
of the Paeiiic, across tlie distiint oeeaii to that famous .u'loup, the
Sandwieh Islands, where Cook tit leui^th fell ii sacrifice to his tcnuv
rity. And hero for the first time I beheld the beauties of a tro-
jiical vofretation ; a season tluit knowa no elianire, but that of a ]ier-
pctual sprini; and summer; an elysiau httid, where nature otfcrs
s]iontanci)Us food to man. The rcjrion ef the liread-lVuil ; the Tar-
row, (Ci_ili)cii.-iiii c.sculiDtn,) which feeds the indiirent mass of tlie ])opu-
latiou ; tlio Kroussoiietia, ii kind of Mulberry Tree, wliose inner riml,
called /"/»", atl'onls a universal clothing. The low groves ]iroduco
the liaiiana, the (iingcr, the Turmcrie, the inebriating Kitnt, (/V/nc
ii\itliiislii-iiiii,) a kind of Arrowroot, resembling the potato, (7%rV((,)
and the Saccliariue Tee root, (Drarttna tii-mlii'ih'.-:,) at the same time
the best (d' p(U'table fodder. The coniinon timber f^r constructing
houses, boats, various inipleinents, iuid the best of fuel, is here the
[iroduee of a Mimosa, {Afncia Ititcnipli'/ll".) For lights and oil, the
A)o 1,101' kernels {Alcnn'tcs trlliilin) protbice m\ excellent and inexhaust-
ible sui'l'ly; the cocoanut ami the fragni'.t I'liiiiI'dins idl'ord dcli-
IV 1*
10
1' R E F A C E.
ciDiH fooil, conliiiT*'. iiiid iiiiits; anil tlio vurv ivi'ds, rccliicccl in nize,
wliicli lionltT llif riviilots, iiix' no otlior tliun tlio jn'icious migiir-
I'iiiK' ul' ('(iiiinnTin'.
Lt'a\ iiiir this liivonul region of perpetual inililness, I now anivi'il
on tin; shoi-is of ("alifornia, at Monterey. The early spring (March)
had aiivady s)iread out its vai'ied earpct of ilowers; all of them had
to me the eharin of n<jvelty, and many were adorned with the nmst
hrilliant and varied hues. The forest tree.s wore new to my view.
A magpie, almost like that of Europe, (hut with u yellow hill.)
ehattered from the hranehe-s of an Oak with leaven like those ol'
the Holly, {(,hii mi.s 0(/cij'(Jiit.) A thorny (ioosebcrry, forming a small
tree, apin-ared elad with jiendulous llowcrs a.s hrilliant as those of u
l''urhsia. .V new I'lane Tree .«]iread its wide arms over tlie <Iric(l
rivulets. .\ Ceanothus, attaining the magnilinle of a small tree.
loade<l with sky-hlue withered ilowers, lay on the rutle wood-pile,
eonsigned to the menial odiec of atlbnli)ig fuel. Already the cheer-
ful nnicking-hird sent lortii his varied melody, witli rapture imi-
tating the nceel notes of his neighboring songsters. The scenery
was mouuta.nous and varied, one vast wilderness, neglected and
uncultivated ; the very < attle appeared as wild as the hison of ihe
](rairies, and the i)i'owling wolves, (f 'oyo/i.v,) well ted, were as tann;
as dogs, and every night yelled familiarly through the village. In
this legion the Olive and the Vine throve with luxuriiiice and
teemed with fruit; the I'riekly I'ears {Cdclii.i) became small trees,
and the rare blooming Aloe {A(/'trc Aiiiiricniiii) ajipeared eonsigned
without care to the hedgerow of the garden.
After a perilous passage around Cape Horn, the dreary eMicmity
of South America, amitl niountains of ico which opposed our [>ro-
gress ill unusual array, we arrived again at the Hhore.s of the At-
lantic. Onec more I hailed those delightful scenes of nature with
which I had been so long associated. I rambled again through the
>hade of the Atlantic forests, or culled some rare productions of Flora
in their native wilds. ]!ut the "oft-told tale" approaches to its close,
und 1 must now bid ii long adieu to the "\ew World," its sylvan
Beenes, its mountains, wilds, and ;!ains; and heneef(M'th, in tin;
evening of my career, 1 return, almost an e.xile, to tlio lanil of my
nativity.
Sii
Ir
(';
be
«i
|)>
Oil
Ln
A I
1"
CONTEXTS OF VOLUMi: FIUST.
Wkstrun Omc Qiicrfii.^ (ianynDa 1-1
Ilolly-Lriivcd Oak Qurrnis >i;/rifi.n,i lii
Hdcky Mnuntiiin Oiik Qiirrcu.'i Kiid/llnlii !'■•
I)im;.'!as Oak Qi-itYHfl Dmu/las;! 'JK
I )fiise-Flc)wi'rf il Oak Q"' reus dnis[thir<i -1
Leu's Oak Qiiirrns Lriim -ir,
Dwarf Clifr-tmit Ca-^tuitni uliiif-iUa oU
Woslcni liinli B<l<d>i ()r.u,/uit,ii;.^ 40
Oval-Leaved Birch Ji' Inlu rlioinhiJoUa 41
OreL'ou Attlor Atom Ori';/(in<( 44
Thill-Leaved Alder Aliws hwofoUd 48
Sea-Siilc Alder Abuts murtCtina ("iO
O|iaiiuo-Leaved Elm U I nuts iquica .Ol
TliDiiias's Elm Vbaiis nteciiwsa A:!
Sniall-FniiteJ lliekory (jin/a mierocitrp't T).")
Tnodornus Candle 'L'rec Jfi/rica uwdora Tiit
('alifiirnia Buttunwdud J'liitanus raccmosn M
Narrow-Leaved lialsaiu I'opUir I'lipidits niujitstifilln (58
l,iin;:-Leaved Wilkiw .S'('/(> spcciusn 74
Lcinjr-Leaved Bay Willnw •Sulix ptnlttndra 77
Western Yellow \V illow Salix lutca 7H
Silver-Leaved Willow tiidix: artinphijlbt 87
Uusky Willow StiUx: mdamqms !•■!
California Bay Tree DriiiKiidii/lhitn piwcijliniiit 10:2
Larj^o-Leaved Linden Td.in liilcroplo/dd 107
A nierican JLiiigle lihizophom A tihrhviiii 11-
Florida Guava P.^'idhtm Im.iif'ilhun 1 lA
II
12
C 0 N T !• N T S.
I 'i ii-k cil Ciilyiitrantlips Oi';/i>trinithcs llii/lnirulin 117
Siiiiill-Le!ivi'(l Eiigciiia Eni/i iiia ilii'lmlDma 120
Tall Eu;^i'iiiii Eidii Ilia pmnra 122
15i)X-Lcaveil Eugenia Eii(/iiii't hii.r[fiiliii 1 J^i
Indian Aliuonil Ti rnuHuVa (■(tliipjni 1 25
I! lit ton Ticp ( 'oiHtciirpii.t mrln 1 2M
AVliitc Mangrovf Lui/Kitculiriit ruriiiiii.^n 1;!2
Itabliit lleny s'Ai/i/d nlin an/i ii/m I:'i4
Mountain I'luni Xinuaia Ainrrii-mm 138
( )sa jrc ( )rango M/irliirn aiiraiilincd 140
Sniall-Lcavod Xottlo Tree C'.Yfe irlhrnhitu 147
Long-Lcavcd Nottle Treo d'tts liifi(/ifiillii 14S
( 'licrry Fi^ Ticc Fii'"-: jk tlnDfiildtn 1/Jl
Sliovt-Lfavi'il Fig Trt'i' Ficus liririfilin I'lS
Small-Fruited Fig Tree B''Ciis awni 1 ')4
Ked Thorn Chittrgit-'^ mixjuinm 1 ")7
Lant'o-Leaved llaw thorn Crahrr/iis (irhorc.^rcns 1 1 ii)
Soft-Lea vid Cherry (,c/V(m« mutUs 1(14
1 lolly-Leaved Cherry t' m.^iia iUcifoini 1 iI.j
Wild 1'luni I'rniMS Anurwuii" lO'.t
Hiver Crab Ajiple J';/rus riciiU(ris 172
American Mountain Abli Pijriis Americana 17")
Feather IJush Carocarpit^ Udifuliti^^- 178
Jamaica Dogwood Pi.scidin tri/thrim 1 80
Jiroad-l'oddud Acacia Ai'iirui hdislUijiia 1 8:{
IJlunt-Leaved Inga IiKj't iiiii/nk-niti 181!
Guadaloupe 1 nga Jiii/a (iHudaliiinnis 188
Jamaica IJoxwood Sch<rj)\ ra l)i(.ri/olia 190
Tree Ceanothus Ganothu.i tlii/r.sijhiriis 193
Snake-Wood Cotubrina Amcricann 1 i^r)
Carolina Buckthorn lihamtuis C'lrollniiiiiiis I'.tH
Manchinccl Hqtpomane mancincUa 202
PAnr
117
120
122
123
125
,12H
,l:V2
.134
.138
.140
.147
.148
.1.^)1
.1.-.4
.1-.7
.11)0
.104
..n;.')
..if.'.t
..172
..17.')
..178
..ISO
..18:5
..ISO
..188
..100
..lit:?
..v.^r,
...r.ts
...202
T II E
NORTH AMERICAN
SYLYA.
OAKS.
Xa/iinil Orilii; Ci-iti.hth.t:. Hiiinniii r7"--'>''"'''>"i. Mi)N(i:ii\.
l'(II,Y.\N'l)KI.\.
(JUEKCUS. (ToruNEFORT.)
.MdNO-.iTors. M.M.K flower.-) in l(io.-;e ratkins or raocnios. Oih/.r inoiio-
liliyllous, nioi-o or less deeply .O-eleft. Sl<tmnt.«, five to ten with
short liliinicntri, tlic luitliers oval and 2-eelled.
J''i;M.u.i-: flower solitary, witli a cup-shaiicd, umlivided, lieniisiilieiieal
involueruni formed of ag,i!;lutiiiated inil)rieatc scales, sometimes
free at the summit. ]\naiilli minute, superior. Ovary terminated
l)y two to three sti.i^mas, :5-(!elle)l, \vitlj two ovule.s. Nul or 'jhtiiil
ovate-eylindrie, eoriaeeou^, aial'.ijtiiooih, l-eclled; albumen none,
<,'erni erect, with thiek'ajiir fleshy: cotyl .lon.s.
Trees or slirubs.' priuiciirjfij-';o^' tetnpera.'.c rej;ioi's. Loaves alter-
nate, stipulate, simple. Flowers green and inconspicuous, appearing
hefore the complete expansion of the leaves. Nearly allied to tho
Chestnuts, ( ('aalnma.)
18
WESTERN OAK.
QiEitcrs (j.MUiYAXA, (null!.'!. Mss.) Ftilii-i iiiUdIiiH.i, ciliitrnli.-; iilrim/iif
iilitii.sis si'iiniiti.'! siililiis j)iili(sniiHliUS, lulllllis t<((lii/lilliri>; lnln.s iilililsis ,ii(li-
(ii/iiitliliii.i .•■iiiuriorili'i.f fnhbUohis, fnictiljus ncssillhus, I'liimla .■hiIjIh mi-
Kjiltii riifi (/(/»< sifiiiiiiKi.'id, ."1/1(11 mis lu-iiniimilis pniicsn utilnts, (/luiidf ui'nlit.
(Ji Kill r.s (i'irrj"i"i, lIooKKii, Kliir. Bor. Amor., vol. ii. y. la'J.
Ix our \s"i'st('rM tonr across tlie contiiii'iit. no ('cutiiri' of (Ik;
landsi'MpL' a|ijii'arc'(l iii<mv roniarkabk', vl'Uw passing tlii' Mis-
sissippi to till- w'lle alluvial bortlerrt of tliL- Platte, tliau tin-
almost total absoncc of our most characteristic forest trees, tlie
Oaks. When at lensitli we approached the IJocky Mountains,
or Xortliern Amies, wi' looked in vain for any species of this
important L'enus; and. as far as the eye could trace, we com-
monly saw nothiuL' hut a dark, unbroken mass of gijiantic Firs
anil I'iiies. It was not till we had nearly reached the shores
of the I'acillc. that we a,i:ain beheld any of the? Ikmiliar fi'atures
of the Atlantic forest. At the confluence of the (-'olinnbia and
the Wahlamet we pitched our tents and moored our vessel,
which had passed Cape Horn, beneath the spreading shade of
majestic Oaks. With the first appearance of extended alluvial
jilains, immediately below the .singular falls of tlie Oregon,
called the Dalles, or Dykes, we observed, for the first time, this
Western Oak loaded with it.s fruit.
The strong rosembl'.ihce/ of the leaf of this species tt) that
of the Post Oak' {Quercih 'skUahi) is almost a libel upon our
gigantic jilant. which may w'eU rank among the largest of its
species. It at'i.iiis the lieigut of ninety or one hundred feet,
if not more, with a diameter of from three to six feet; indeed,
amidst a forest the most remarkable in the world for its ex-
ti'cme elevation, our Oak still lH)re a strict comparison with the
14
„.■.■#-*•■
i
. ri I
/(',.,/,/•„ (I„K
Oin-rnis (i;iiTv;iii,i
f'fu'/n tn''ii/:''t(ttf ,
W i: S T i; K N OAK.
IS
i
ivsl. Il> .liiiiiicl.T. ill iic;iiiv all ivsiuM'ts, ciiials llir liiiii.Mis
();lk (if Nnlllli'lll Kliropc. {(,). lH.I,Ui'„/,ll,l ;} it.-< Idl'lV MUlllllit,
iiiiil fiitinnoiis hniiiilii'.s s|iiva(l mit I'ar uml widi", all'tiidiii;^ tin'
iiinst |)crr«'ct .shade; and. a>< a iii(tmvs(|ii»! tree, it is mucii tin-
must .sirikiii'T in llif Western iaiiilsfaiii-. As an (itijeel of
ecDiiuiiiy, wi- foiiiid it of tlie last iiiii"prtaiiee, i sel'iii tiiiil>er
lives lieiii^' scaree aldiiL' tile Ore^iiii; iiidei'd. i ii other Oak
exists aluiiir the enast of the I'aiilic Imt the iireseiit, till wi;
iiiiive at the alisohiti' lioniidary of ('■ .l(>v:::.i. Ilnw far it
extends to the iinrtli 1 am mialile to sa . , Imt prohalily as
I'ai as Noutka Sound. In V\>\)vv ('alilornia it is .scaively lomid
hevond .Monterey; its limit is prohalply somewheie heiwi'eii the
o.sth and "lOth de^^ivo.
The wood is nMiiarkahly white lor an Oak, lianl and lliu'-
LTained. and well suited lor almost every kind of constrnelion
I'or wliieh the White Oak or En-lisli 0;ik is employed. It was
used hv onr trading; jiarty as lianel--taves. ami was loiind no-
wav inl'erior to White Oak. Lofrs ui' it hron.irht a iiood price
at the Saiidwieh Islands; and, in short, there is .scaively any
lliiiii: in which streiiL^th or diirahility are ri'iiuisito, Cor whicii
tills timlier is not suited. Tiie acorns, heinu- sweet and a,L'ree-
aliie. i'onn an oxcfllent mast lor hogs; and even the ahorijiines
of tiiis ivfjioii, who ncvr cnltivate the .soil, employed them lor
food, lirst preparinii- them \>y stoving and ai'lerward laying them
away iindi'r ground i'or future use.
Tlie acorns are innch larger than tlio-e of tlie Post Oak, as
well IIS loniider. The leaf hears a considerable vesemblance to
that species, but is smaller, and, in fact, intermediate in form
between it and the Eiiroiiean species, ((^). jxihiiKiilntd.) It
dilVers Irom Iv tli in tlie wliiteness ol" its wood. Tiie bark is
whitish and si y, almost similar to that of the White Oak.
The leaves i'r n the first are not pubescent above, or only
.slightly so along the midrib; the hairs, more numerous beneath,
are, as in many other species, collected into stellated clusters;
4
(Miciciis Aoi'il'dliti
i
HOT. L Y-1,K A V K D (» A K.
17
liitioii of this remote and .singular pa"t of the Western world.
It ajipear.s more sparingly aromid ^^onterey, and scarcely ex-
tends on the north as I'ar as the line of tin; Oregon Territory.
It attains the height of ahoiit forty or fifty feet, with a diameter
rarely exceeding eighteen inches. The hark is nearly as rough
as in tiie Kvd Oak; the wood, hard, jjrittle, and reddish, is ns.'d
only for the purposes of fuel or the coar.se con.structiou of a log
cahni.
As an ornamental tree, for the South of Europe or the
wiirmer States of the Union, we may recommend this species.
It forms a roundish summit, and spreads hut little till it attains
a considerahle age ; as a hedge, it would form a very clo.«o
sheltei, and the leaves, evergreen and nearly as prickly as a,
holly, would render it almost impervious to most animals.
The leaves vary from roundish ovate to elliptic, and are of u
thick, rigid consistence, the serratures rpiite sharp; the yoniiL;'
siioots are covei'cd more or less with stellate hairs, and, for
.some time, tufls of this kind of down remain on the under side*
of the midi'it) of the leaves, which are, however, at length i)er-
fectly smooth and of a dark green ahovo, often tinged with
hrownish-jellow heneath. The staminiferons tlowers are very
ahuiiihint and lather conspicuous, the racemes the length of
tiiree or four inciics, the lloweir with a conspicuous calyx am'
eight to ten stamens. The fennile or fruit-hearing liowers are
usually in pairs in the axils, or juncture of tlie leaf wilh the
Mom, and .sessile, or witiiout stalks. The cup of tiie acoi'ii is
lirmispheri<'ai, and furnished witii loose, lirownish scales: the
acorn, nnicii longer than the cup. is ovate and jiointcd.
We ilo not recollect to have seen this tree pnt[)erly associated
with any other, except, occasionalh', the f'/n/innis riti-i kxish^ ;
their shade is also hostile to almost every kind of undergrowth.
B}' I'ersooii, this species is said to iia\-e lieeu louiid on the
Ciustern coast of North .Vmcrii'a. while Pursh attrihutcs it to
the northwest coast, ahout Nootka .Siund. It does not, how-
v.. I,, iv.-u
18
SM A I-L-L K A VEI) o A K.
over, pxteiid cvon to the torritoiy of Oregon. a.s far as my ob-
wrvatioiis go. Net- says, '• I Iiave (tiily wen hranelies eollected
at Monterey and Nootka." The leaves of the young [yhints (if
1 am not mistaken) are [jerfectiy smootli wlien fn-st deveh)ped,
of a tliin eoiisistenee, witii niimerous slender, sliarp di'ntures;
beneath tlay are of a brownish-yellow color, and appear
smootii and shining.
PLATE II.
A >/(iii/ii/ lirmirli ir'illi litirnii niiii iils. <i, A lirinicli irilli kcodis.
SQUALL-LEAVED OAK.
QrKlU'Us DVMnsA. linDiisi /iriii'iJi'lm.'i piihrsmilifiiis: ; faliis riiliiti(liiiii-oraU-
bits subxc.ssiUlius fjiliioso-dchlnlls tjIiihriHsculis, fmbtus rildisis com-uhiribm.
I ORSKRVED this species to form entangled thickets over tlie
base of the hills which Hank tiie village of Santa IJarbara, in
I'jjper California. It attains the height of four to six feet, is
of a very unsightly iippeai';ince, forming what we should call
Scrul) Oak thickets, of considerable extent, over a l)arreu and
rocky soil, which denies sustenance to almost every thing else:
the branches di\i(le into man}- irregular, straggling, and almost
naked, .slender twigs, clothed with a whitish, smooth bark.
The leaves are evergri'en, .'^iiiall, and wholly ri'si'mble tliose of
tiie Did mix vociifi ni.\m\ are son;ewhat pidx'scent aliove and
softly ,so lieneath ; the young twigs are also Iniiry, with a iiei-
si.sting pubescence. IJeiiig unable to discover upon it at tlie
season I visited that country (in tiie month of April) eitiicr
llowers or fruit. I am not able to "ive a liLiiire of it that would
^(? at all intcrcstiii'j.
I
I
,1
^
I'MII.
itiii'iTiis riidiii.'ii.'i
/,. ..'. 1 Miiiinliiiii l>iil, I'liiiii iiiiiIhIi
ROCKY ]\IOUXTAIX OAK.
(2ii:i;ris rxiiii.ATA. Friilirii.^ii ;v^/((i/.v;.N.,,'„(,.' ,• /',,/,7.v jh I'l iwiiil'liii.1 liri ri-
jM linliitl.-i (jliloiii/is tii'Hd.s ^ti»ii((,l(,.,ii tii'dis ilcniiliiis iicntis, hd.^i i-niiuitii,
siihln.t iiiilr.yiilntki-tuiiK idusif, sH[mi iiiliills ; J'riirllliiis !<itlj!-<ilil<irii.s scs-
v/7,7/»X, flljllllil li( Hli-^llll'iri'-'l .^Ijll'lllli-: (//l/z/l.^xV, (jIllKlh (ll-lltll ll'.'lilll. —
ToiiKDV, ill tlio Aimiils dl' llu' Lyi't'um of Xcw Yurk, vol. ii.
II. 24S.
This (hviuf Oiik, considoniblv iiUiod to our small-lcavcd
lircccdiiig species, was (liseovcrcil liy Dr. James, in Long's Ex-
jiedition, toward tlic soiirees ol' tlie Canadian, a brancli of tiic
Arkiuisas, and likewise in tlie I'oeky Mountains. It is said
to lie a small, stragiiliiig sliriib. witli the under surface of the
leaves clothed with a close, whitish tomentum or down, more
or less spread, thouuh UKjre thinly, also, on the upper surface,
with the hairs stellated. The leaves are small, and ,<omewliat
resenihle tho.se of the Holly, ahoiit an inch and a half or two
iiiiiies loni;'. rather narrowed at the base, of a thick and rigiil
consistence, as in all the sempervirent Oaks, retieulately veined
beneath, with the margin sinuately tootlied, but not. tliat I can
perceive, waved, as tlie specific name implies; the teeth sharp
and acute at the points; above somewhat shining and minutely
puliescent. Tlie acorns are large, and strongly resemble those
of the r/ive Oak; tliey are, however, without stalks, and grow
alone or in pairs; the cup is deep and hemispherical, with the
scales pointed.
It is so nearly allied to tlie Holly Oak of the Sjiith of
Europe [(^hivri-Ns I/t.r) that it is necessary to distinguish them.
In our plant the ba.se of the leaf is weilge-foniie<l ; in tlii' Ilex
it is usually rounded, the bonier less dee|)ly tot)thed, and not in
I'.i
;.i«
'JO
Do I' (i LAS OAK.
tlu! least siniiiitcil. Tin- i'ii[) find iK'oni aiv wlioll} .similai', Imt
ill our plant a little laiycr ami less poiiitfil.
PLATE III.
A liniiit'li I J lite nalitfal size, ifillt llw uajni.
DOUGLAS OAK.
(jriacri s l)ii\'(;i,.\sil. l-'ulii^- iiii/Klirnii/ial'i ubliiii</ii-iiriili'ln(,-- hut'i tutd'ts
lidhAiili'! .'•iiiiiiil'i-piini"iijiili-s .^irclliitc Idiiiil iii</rcsiu'niiliiis, .yiipru iilidiris,
i<tihlii.s piil)cri<lf<; hibi-' brccilnta aeiiihiscnU.'i, jictinli.s rtniKdi.-'tjiit' jiiiituriliiis
il(iiy(J'iilr(i-p(ih(fcittllliiis; friicllliiis si'.w/WyfM Siilitiin'is hiiiisrr, oipiila
In iiii.-'pltimca iknsc sqiuoHusa sijihuiiis oratis connxis in (ippcinlicini
^iihnuinlmmaccam fulvuin (ipprcssuin Uncarcm ubliimm j^ndiictl'i jiiibm-
ciiilibns; (jlitudc ovala cupuJnm triplo siipn-aiitc obtiim cum innboni'
coniiv. — llooK. Icon. inod. IIudk. iuid AhMit, ISot. lioechy, \'. -VM.
This curious sju'eies. of wliieh we have seen only u dried
s[ieeiuieii, was collected in I'^jper Caliloruia, and hears souu;
afllnity to the (^. Gtirri/ciia. According' to Hooker and Arnot,
the leaves and wli'le appearance of tin- plant closely resendtle
Q. dc^'siUjloi-a, hut with dillerent scales to the cup ol" the acorn.
The leaves appear to l)o sinalliT, narrower, and less deeply
divided than in (,). (iiirn/umi. The young leaves are covered
with down on both sides, and the lobes tipped with short, soft,
acute points.
To n.s, the branch whicli we have seen bears some resem-
blance, though vague, to the l\)st Oak, {Q. fitdhifii.) The cni)
and acorn is also somewhat similar, but larger, while the leaf ir.
smaller and scarcely dilated aljove. The under surface is
3j
I'l l\
A ii.jliis.ii'iil,
()iicr(iis hdiKiliisii
(7i.,„ ,1, ll.'iiiilus
■I
1
^
1
MS
flw?
Itriixr IhmriYil On/,-
(^ii('r<'ii.s Dcnsinoiii
t'hntt' n th'niw'thitx^A'
1) EN SE-F LOWER K ') <»A K.
21
covi'ivil witii thu f^aiiiu stfllatfd pulK'St'uiicv. The .stiLruKif> uf
lliu Ibrtilo llu" _■,' are from tlim; to five in luiinber.
PLATE IV.
.1 bruia-li vf Ihi iialiinil si:,, iri/h iir„riis. n. Tin iifid r.ilhil ((I'd H'.diKj
till/. //. Tin: .-<hiin(iilj'( rolls jl'iiCi r ninjii'ijluL
("a- voi'Si.-;. Amoiits oloii^-ati'd uiid porsistuiil, poriaiitli lauugiiums,
dividcil l„ ;'ii' liaso; scalfs of tlio siavailiii^i^ cup loose and snuar-
rose; slaiiioiir, cxsorU'd ; nut soniewhat aiiii'ulai- ami downy; sti,^-
nias sovoral, lUilbrni, and dc'ciduous.
Troos of ()reij;oii, Caliloniia. and flie Hinia' .ya Mountains in Tudia,
willi the asiieet ol' the Cliostnut. lieaves . ntiiv, peiinateiy nerved,
^I'liipei'virent. Anieiits eh>n,i;-ated, erect, the llower-; eoiiji'lonu'rati'd.
I'Vnile llowers . . . . i To tiiis seition, or raljier j;-eMUs, lu'louir
also, as t'ai' as tlie nude spueiniens are eoneerned, the (^na-iiis ijhiincnda
and (hi( rcis sjiif(i/ii ol' l)r. W'aliirh.
DENSE-FLOAVEIIED OAK
(ilKKL'ljrj UliN.Sin.OKA. 7''//(V.v pen DtnOlliliUs ciin'tlnis int'iiibilis ulilniii/n
liiiifiiilaflii Ijiisl oljlum Imritir naiiiiiniilis piniUck vcnum iiilii/i rrlini.i
iiHiri/iii- rii'iiliilis jiininriliiis julrii-fiii-fiiriirni-liiiiii iitus'is suhtiis juill'ilinri-
Liis ihiiMin ijdiliris, aiiifiili^ imisriiliii (Imiijatis J'ulia sKpcmiifiliKs ilaisi-
Jhin's nilik liiiiioitosis viuic <id basin Jhris jiKiirofi fcinimos (/cniifibKn,
j'ri(rl',biis scs.silibiis, ciiimbi birci hiiiiisplui rira (liiisc sqiiiiinosii, sijuniiii-
biis cbiiii/aki-linmribwi buin scrici is, i/Uimk onUo-ijbilmsa sn-iccu. — IliKnc.
Icon. JM. ined. Hook, and AuxdT, Hot. Beeihy, p. 301.
This rennirkahle tree, .scarcely a true Oak, luil conwneric with
siK'eies in the llinuilayii Mountains, in India, is a native of
■11 oi'.si: j; V ATiuNs on the oaks.
rppcr Ciilironii;!. It has so iiiucli llie apiicuranco of a Clicst-
iiiit, tliat tlio cup of tlio IVuit alonu attests wliat it ivalh' is.
Tlio leaves are overgroeii, and of tlie same lancoolato outline
witli tile ('oiiiniou Clicstiuit, ]iavin,n' similar pemiato '.erves, l)iit
I'lilire, or nearly so, on tiie marj;in; at first they are softly
clotlied heneath with dense, stt'llate, Ijrownish hairs, but at
leiijitli Iieeome smooth: they are about four inches long and one
to one and a (|uarter wide. The catkins arc erect, about l()ur
inciii's long, jireseiiting the ai)i)earancc of cylindric, woolly
si)ikes, beset with numerous o.x.serted stamens with, long, sleniler
fdaments, as in thi' Chestnut. The cup is shallow and patulous,
within and without softly sericeous, the scales numerous and
aciuninate. very loose, somewhat s|)reading, and two and a half
to three lines long. The acoi-n is large, evidently angular, and
mori' convt'X on one side, covered with whitish down, and
teiiuiuated with several (iliform, hi.uuginous, and deciduous
stigmas.
The C'lixt'iiiiii i-hnisiiiiJiiilhi of Douglas, if not the same plant,
a[)[i('ars to be another species of tills section or genus.
I'LATK V.
,1 lir(iiir]i 1,1' till iiiiliiriil .--izf. a. Tin' (imni.
OnSKUVATlOXS ox TllK OAKS.
QuKKCts MAKiTiMV, (l/ii' MiiriliiiK Oil/,'.) 'I'lie fruit of this
species, and sometimes the leaves, ajiproacli to the Willow
Oak; Ijiit tliis is a low, shrubby plant of the Southern States,
with sempervirent leaves, which are very often deeply and
distinctly sinuated, rigid, with ihe lobes often obtuse and
uiuci'onate.
i
«.4iii»
r'^ms^
O I>. S E I! ^■ A T I () N S (> N T 1 1 E < ) A K S. 'I-',
Qn-iirLS MVHTiroi.iA, {Murlk-Lnnxl Ocl:) 01' this ek';i;..it
and cui-ious species, w(! liiue yet no materials deserving of a
ti'itire.
QrERCl'S STEI.LATA. Q. OliTrSII.OIlA, Mlf'H. {I'us/ (hil\) The
variety which 1 iiientioned in the flenera of Nortii American
plants, vol. ii. p. 215, under the name of ,3. (hjm'»s<i, rarely
exceeds three feet in height, and hears acorns at the heiirht of
twelve to eijihteen inches from the ground. I lirst ohserved it
on the hills of the Missouri, up to its conliuence with the river
Platte, and it is also almost the last sjjecies which we find to
the westward. I have since met with apparently the same low
variety on the gravelly poor hill.' of the island of Martha's
A'ineyard, near Massachusetts Bay: it is this scruljljy growth of
Oalv which still ailbrds shelter to the grouse on that island. In
some parts of Massachusetts, (according to Enun-son.) the usual
largo growth of this tree is occasionally met witli. The species
(if ttuercns wliicli I call Q. MI'JuiK.rii is. T now believe, notiiing
more than a mer<' variety of Q. iir!iiii-'<.
SwAMi' Wiini-: Oak, (Qm r<'iix hlctihn-.) Of this species 1 first
(iliserved a curinus variety, which 1 called ■■}. iimUis or Snj't-
lidriil iSiriiiiij) <hil\ in the swampy elevateil fort'sts of tiie
Hudson, near New York; it occurs likewise near riiiladelphia
and I'oslon. The leaves. 1 find, are of the same form as in V-
Iwiildi: hut the under side is not white, hut partly ferruginous or
green, and softly pul)esct'nt. The (piantity of this clothing, how-
I'ver. varii's, and in hu'ge leaves it becomes very thin. It forms
a soinewhat-jiyramidal tree, sixty or seventy feet high, hranched
nearly from the base, the branches detlected and intricately
ramified. The leaves are narrowed at the liase. and abru|itly
dilated toward the smiimit; the dentures are few and sonietiines
almost waidiug; the breadth is about twotiiirds of tiu' length;
the fruit-f-talk or pcduiu'le filiform, two or three inches long.
■2\
( ti; S I-: I! \' A T K I X S < » N 'I' HE () A K S.
Ix'iiriug iihout ouv to tliri'c iioorns (in each. It iiiiiy porluips bo
Qiwfcus Jili/ui-mls of Muhlenberg's Catahjgue, page 87.
MossY-CiT Oak, (Qiiirrm oUrofoniu'i.) Tliis rare Oak,
(wliii'h Michaux t'oiiml only above Albany and in Gi'nesce.) or
at least a variety of it witli less attenuated cups, is met with in
Orange county, New York, where it was observed by Dr.
Ilorton; and it al.«o grows near Vernon, in Sussex county, New
Jersey. It has nuich the aspect of the Water White Oak, {(,).
itlsfiilor.) but the leaves are sinuated.
White Oak. {Qn'i-cns hIIhi.) According to Emerson, the
roots of the White Oak make very beautiful furniture. In
England, five jioimds sterling have been given for the roots of a
Wiiite Oak. The pieces hiivc lieen taken out, and, when sawed
and planed, present a wood of extraordinar}' biSiuty. A cal)ine|.
and table maile from the forked branches of this Oak. now in
tiie possession of Mr. ('. J. Wister, in Gerinantown, Pa., may
well vie with the fniest woods known: it is of a clear, pide
yellow, iuidining to olive, and feathered in the most beautiful
manner; the polish is also er^ual to that of the finest nudiogany.
I)A1!TI!Am's Oak. (QmrinK Inii niplnjlhi, Micu. vol. i. ])1. Ifi.)
Tliis cui'ions tree, whicii, in LSoT, had attained the height ol'
(ifty feet and a circund'erenco of three feet nine iu<'hes, was
inadvertently cut down, and with it the species, if such it was,
appeared to be annihilated; but Thonnis (I. Lea, Ks(|., of Cin-
cinnati, informs me ■•that several year.s ago he discovered an
Oak between two and thn"' miles north of that cit_>. the leaves
and Iruit of which accord witli Michaux's figure. The leaves
are sometimes larger than those represented, but with the same
outline, irregularly and coarsely toothed, or subdobed, and on
!ongish petioles: tiie margin is very randy entire. The tree is
about twenty-five feet high, and in a vigorous state of growtli.
m
/.,,..'■ link (■'""• •'' '-'
So
w
111
wi
in
IK
I'ii
'M
IV
in
LKA'S OAK.
25
Soino snuttiTiiig Oiiks of other npt'cics iiru in its iniineiliiitc-
iici-iilmilioo'l. 1 tiiink it is not a variety of V- imhnr„n,u
many trees of which I liiive exiiiniucl, l)iit never I'oinid them
with loiivcH the least indeuteil. The Q. iilt'llos" to wiiieii it
niijiht he allied, "does not grow in the vicinity of Cincinnati,
nor, that I know of, in any part of Oliio: this tive, therefore,
cannot he a variety of that Hpecies." Its nearest aninity
appears to nie to he to the QiKnux (imhiipin of Michaux, Ji'.,
from which it is prineipiilly distinguished Ky the luirrower and
more simi)le divisions oi its leaves.
LEA'S OAK.
Qtn;nrrs Lkana. F"l<i^ mnnhnnmcrls, lom/i.^.^onr prUahtH.^, ohlom/o-
orullhiis, ba.-<i rotuhdiilk; .•^iilnvnl'ili'-'^, ^hiiiiiUi-pinmdlfuli.-; dnnnw f/hilin.^;
loh'is lulls inlrgris sdacco-acumlmiUs ; fntrlllni.t hirri-iiKlinl/nli's ; ,s■.,///.//v/,^■
lihilm; oipiih !(cmi'>phcci'k% sipiamis oralis ohtum, r/lnmlc xnlijlohosa
viltitla siibsniii-iiiintntsir, rum vmhone birvi comco.
Or this remarkahly-amhignons Oak I ha^e already spoken, in
a note on Q. htfnijJii/lln, having at that time, in concert with
Mr. Tliomas G. Lea, its discoverer, considered it as a variety of
that rare species, or some analogous hyhrid. Other specimens,
accompanied with the ripe gland.s, have now convinced me that
it is cither a distinct .species or another strange hyhrid; hut, as I
am hy no means satisfied of the existence of such spontaneous
mixed races among our Oaks, I have taken tlie liherty of giving
it as a species, and dedicating it to its discoverer, an ardent and
successful hotanist. I shall also tiike the liherty of adding a
quotation from Mr. Lea's notes, made on this plant and sent to
me with the specimens.
iv.-'J*
2G
LEA'S OAK.
"The fruit rosoniblcs IMicIiMux's flu'iirc of Q. hiUroplniVa, hut
difli'vs in heiii.o; more ilopn'sscd and ol)tiiso at thi .«uininit. I'lu;
cups, I thiuk. arc alike. Tho loaves arc on loiiiivr petioles, imt
accord in being inclined to lie cordate at base. If it is a h\ brid,
it may have come from the Q. Iinhn'rarla, or (,K /lii'lurin, or (J.
(■iicc'nim. Tho fruit is too widely dillercnt from Q. ruhra. Tho
xdmiclcfi arc about the same leniith as in mv specimens of
;
^^pecnncns of (^.
ihrifiirlii ; in Michaux's fi,^urc of tliat species, the fruit is
represi'nted as nis)<i
i/f, which I think is wrong. The iict'mJi
1-1 an;
much lonucr than ui
0.
uiiiincdrni.
the leaves laruer and nion
obtuse at base. These modilications (if it is a hybrid) may Iw
derived from the long petioles and larger leaves of the Black
and Scarlet OaL-.s. 1 thiidt it does not partake of Qiirrcii-t
'jilnlloi, (Willow Oak.) a specieH that doc's not grow, to my
knowledge, within several hundred miles uf this plaei^, ((Jin-
cinnati.)
•I saw two individuals of (J. j>Jif/l(j-i in the IJartram ganl
en.
vhich Colitnel CaiT assured me were propagated from the seed
(if the original IJartram ( »:,k. Certainly our plant is vci'v like
Michanx's ligure; liiit. as that apjiears to be a hylirid of f,l.
jihilhis, I think they nnist be considered distinct. If uur.s be a
.ely comes I'rom Q. iinliricarl<( and ^i'. /iin/nrin,
livhrn
lit
nios
or '■'/•:cui( a.
1 have liiund b.it a sinule stoelv of thi>. (about five yeai's
It <;
rows three miles IK
ortli
(.'inciiniati."'
1 confess 1 .«je too little reseiid
ilanee i
n our plant with Q.
■iitihf'nnria to n,rree with ni}' friend, Mr. T. (i. I^ea, as to any hy-
bri(i c nuKH'tion with that remotely-allied species, lietwixt tlu^
Gray Oak (V. <(iiihi<jit<i, Mien.) and y. liiKforin I peret'lve a
nearer resemlilance. The fruit apj)ears to be wholly that of
the firay Oalc. Tho gland in iioth is striated, ami Avitb a small
conic proji'ction. In ou'. jilant. however, flic base of the gland
and that of the i-up are yellou', indicating its alliance to (,i.
tinclufiii.
Th
•rs wiiollv fnaii lioth in its simple uii-
'■'^
LEA'S OAK.
27
tlividod lobes, though tho long petiole and rounded Ijaso is that
oi'ttiir/orio. Scarce as tliis species yet appears to be, under tiio
])resent circumstances, I am inclined to believe it of a distinct
race, with features as distinct ns any species in the genus; for
tlie (mi y Oalc, being, 1 believe, unknown in Ohio, is again out
of the r(uestion. 1 suspect it is in all physical respects allied to
tiii'lorln, and would eciually aflin-d a yellow dyelng-niaterial.
Tiie full-grown leaves are from live to five and a half inches
long iiy three to three and a half wide, sniootli and shining
above, with a snudl liui'utity of deciduous stellate pubescence
beneath. The lobes are ab-ut a single pair on a side: tiie
central lolie only' sometimes again subdivided into three lesser
lobes, all of tlieui endiiig ill bristles. Tlie base is rounded, and
ufU'ii hollowed out. o; somwhat siiuuiteil Tlie buds .ire small
am! brown. The fertile llower often by tlirees, ou a short,
thick, eonnnon pedicle, the nr 'die ll.iwer abortive. .Male
liowers .... not seen. Ciiiis raUier deep, as in Q. (iurfdnn,
with the scales ovate, o])tuse, and closely imbricated. The
acorn roundish, somewhat ovate, bi'oadly striate, with a short
roundish conic point or umbo about half-way, or nearly so,
ininiei'sed in the en[).
]M,.\T1:: Y. (/-;.<.)
A lifdiirhitf (hx iwtiinilxizc ii-'tlh J'fiiit. (I. .."<■ ciqi. Ii. Th: ijl'iml.
Tiie Wu.Low Oak appears to he very nearly allied to the
('lu>ter-K'aved Oak of New Spain, {<Jii< itii^ rui,f< ilijlom.) liginvd
and deserihed by Uiiiuiioldt and IJoniiland; but in that. lhoiii;h
otherwise so very (similar, the leaves are hairy beneath, while
ours are pcrlecti_\' smooth.
The Wu.i.ow O.VK i.-. found as far west as (he hanks of the
Arkansas and several of its branches.
28
OBSERVATIONS ON THE OAKS.
Live Oak, {Qncnm/i v!n)if>.) Tret'H ncir Mrignolia, in West
Florida, occur of eight to nine feet diameter: it consequently
aflbrds large tindxn". Great quantities of this -wood are now
brought from the coast of West Florida. According to Wm.
Eartram, the Live Oaks on the St. Jolm's in East Florida arc
from twelve to eighteen feet in circumference; the trunk there
rises only from twelve to twenty feet, when it throws out three
to five large limbs, which continue to grow in nearly a horizontal
direction, each limb forming a gentle curve from its base to its
extremity, [Biiiiramfi Tnirdu, p. 8');) and he adds, '•! have
stepped above fifty paces on a line from the trunk of one of
+hese trees to the extremity of the branches." The wood is
almost incorruptible, even in the open air. The acorn is small,
agreeable to the taste when roasted, and in this state they are
eaten by the aborigines as we do chestnuts.
Stately avenues are formed of the Live Oak in South Carolina
and Georgia, which, robed in Long JIoss, put on an air of
sombre grandeur and M-ildnes.s.
In addition to the geographical limits of the Oaks, I niiiy add
that, according to the oljservations of Emerson, the liui-l- Chrst-
Hiit Onk [Q}iernis montuna, Wii.i.D.) occurs in many parts of
jMa,«sachusetts; he lias also found the Yclloin Oak (Q. ntsldnni,
Wii.i.D.) about Agameuticus JVIountain in York, i'NIaine. "It is
also found at Saco, in Maine, twenty-five miles farther north."'
The Black Oul- {Q. t:n<-t<iri<i) "is found in York county, Maine.
Q. pdJii-sfrls (Pin Onk) is ven/ rare in Massachusetts.'' Mr.
Emerson also corroborates my own observations concerning the
prevalence of the Ihsl Oak on the islantl of Martha's \'ineyard,
and adds that '"it hardly exceeds twenty inches in diameter
and thirty feet in height," which is a (.'ircumstance I had over-
looked, its prevailing character there being that of a shrub.
The Oakx, though a very extensive genus, are confined to the
Northern Lcmi.sphere. Besides the numerous species which
OBSERVATIONS ON THE OAKS. iiO
l)orviHlo tlic United States, (sixteen were discovered by Nee in
Me.\ico and New Spiiiii, one of wliicli, the Q. (ir/r!/ijli'ii, is found
in iJjJiR-. Ctdifoniia; twei'ty-oiie species were added to the
Flora of North America 1)y Ilnndjoldt and r.onphind, found
also in New Spain; four species were discovered in Japan by
Thunberg; two in China by Bunge; one in Cochin China, and
one in the island of Formosa; two very reniarl^able species,
with lanceolate entire leaves and very long spikes of llowers,
lilce those of a Chestnnt, were met with in Nei)aul by Wallii'h;
six other species likewise exist in that portion of India; Europe,
chiefly the southern part, Northern Africa, and Armenia, aflbnl
about twenty-! ight species and several varieties; Java, Sumatra,
and the Molucca Islands, also produce ninetiiii sjiecies. Thus
it ajipears, of the whole nuinl)er, according to the eiunneratiou
of Willdenow and more recent il' ivories, the Old Worhl
contains sixty-three species, and Nortu Aiii-rica, including New
Spain, about seventy-four. Of these the United Stati.s posse.ss
about thirty-seven, and New Spain the same numbi r. To these
I may also add an additional species fnim the ishiml 'I" Cuba,
nearly allied to our Southern Gray Oak, {Q.flin rai :) this 1 pro-
pose to call, after its discoverer, M. La Sagra,
QuKiiCus Sagk.kaxa. FiiVn-i ]>crcnnantiljii.s ohl<iii</(H:Uijitlvi^
<,lHvnlin(jU(', 'uifci/r!>i h. mihlohnt'iH hrccl jK'Hohdw ohtitma nlthlis
inuniine trmliitis niihliis totiu nloxi-i iifrrdni.s nu/ialliii/lx, fiiutiliiit
liiiiis prdiir//is Incro-ssdtix, ciijnihi Ju inl-^iilio rira. srjHinins (iji/in.>i>^hi,
wr (irala.
This species apparently liu'ms a tree. The b>aves are broadn
than those of the Gray Oak, of a thick and rigid textmv. an<l
are strongly veined both above and beneath ; they are al)out
two and one-third inches lon^;- and about one inch wide.
Atl'tit'iiiiKi' Ohsirrnlidtts. In density and hardness tlit> Live
Oak nuich exceeds every other species of the genus hitherto
examined. At first glance, and aided by its great weight, it
;.(
.'10
A I) ]) I T I O N A L () B S E 11 V A T T 0 N S.
aj)pears almost like Li,i;iuiin-\'it:v. Tlio sap-wood is ui' a pah;
lirowiiisli-yi'llow, the perluot wood of a pale cliestmU-hrdwii, and
till' fxtreinely ilnc sawdtif^l almost as bright a brown ns tiiiit
I'rom mahogany. Growing in a climate .subject to small c' Migcs
ol' teiiijicrature. and licing evergreen, the woody circles of a. '.ual
inerenienl aie very I'aint and obscurely marked, wliieh adds to
tlie common density of the fibres. These rings, on young trees,
^■ary from one to two lines in wiil'i, but in the older wood they
are much narrower. One of the most striking features of thi.s
wood, however, is the distinctness of the medullary rays, which
traverse in strong and i)ale lines the faint waves of the annual
incriiiunts. For the first forty (;'.' fifty years, tiie Live (lak
appears to increase! in the bullc of its trunk as fast as our AVhite
<):ik ; Ijiit after that jieriod the growth is nuicli more slow; still,
t'.ie densit}- oi' its wood is so great, that, thrcugh a strong mag-
nifier, the pores and vessels are barely visible. In the ruited
States Navy Yard, in this place, I have measured a squared log
of Live Oak, thirty-two fe(>t long, which -probalily li rmed the
trunk of a tree not less than llfty to sixty feet in height. The
present \alue of moulded Live Oak varies from $1.'JII to SI., 'Id
and .^l.l I [)er cuiiic foot. Promiscuous unprefiared logs sell
from !?L-U to 9S cnits an<l SI the cubic foot. Some very choice;
tiudicr sells as high as ijl.n."). This valuable timber has l>een
em[)loyed in the United States na\y between fifty and sixty
jears.
Little is jet known respecting tlie southern limits of Ibis
species of Oak, though there can be little doubt that it con-
(iinu's along the borders of the Mexican Oidf to Yucatan. Dr.
liurrnughs inliirms me that it ■- said to Ih' llauid growing on
the banks of the Alvarado Iviver, about seventy-five miles south
of A'era Cruz. 1 am also infoiiued of the existence of tlie Tave
Oak near Matagoi-da in Texas.
It is stated in a late Texiiu pM[)er that an i'luglisb company
have recently landed on the IJrazos, in the neighborhood of
ADDITIONAL 0 I! S E R V A T IONS.
]5ra/oria, for tlio iiurpnsc of gcttiiijr out Live Oak. TIk^j iU'o
8aiil to liave contracted witli the English Governniont to tlcliver
two millions of ciiliic feet. Th« country about IJra/oria i:^
luadcil with enormous trees, some of them castin,;^ a shade of
one Iiundred and fd'ty feet in diameter. The Live Oak extends
into Texas at least one hundred and lll'ty miles, according U) the
ol)servations of Dr. Casper Wister, Jr., of Germantown, Pa.
John Lenthall, Es(j., United States Naval C'onstruLtor, ha.
favored mo with the following remarlvs concerning the timber
used in the United States navy.
The frames and principal [)ieces are all of Live Oak; and tiu^
frames of several of our .ships that were cut I'rom the islands of
Georgia and on the coast, thirty years since, are still in an
excellent condition, though in some ships, in \vhieh the timlxu'
was cut inland, the result i.s not so favoraljle. The weight of a
cubic loot varies from seventy-three to seventy-eight pounds.
This timber is peculiarly adapted to ship-building, and is
scarcely lit ibr any thing else, being short and eroola'd, so that
the timbers are rarely grain-cut.
The White Oak, usi'd almost exclusively for plaids, is cut froi.'
the seabiKird of the Middle States, and is e<(u;d to the be^ c
English or foreign tindjer. Tin- Ued Oak is never useil. The
Oak from Canada is tliat wiiieh ha: , 'uerally been irtrodiiced
into Englan<l, and from it a very erroneous opinion has been
fornu'd with regard to the Oak timl)er of the United States, for
the Northern tindjor is nuich ini'erior to that from the Soutliern
States, and is never usi'd. A cubic foot of unseasoned White;
Oak weighs from lifty-eight to sixty pounds, and when wasoned,
forty-seven to forty-nine iiounds. White Oak tind)er is often
brought from the Lakes and used for keels and bottom-planks;
but for upper works that from thi' Delaware and Chesapeake
I5ay is preferred, bein ■ inueli stronger and mow durable. Tliiti
Lake tiudjer is princi) ..ly to 1k' founil at New York.
From the l)ebi,,.ii'<' River and Ciiesapeake Hay large ipiini-
i'
'.VI A D D I T H) N A L OBSERVATION S.
titles of White Oiiiv iiro liivowiso shipped for the Eiistern States,
of which tlie hetter class of ships arc built. A great deal of
I'iiie tiiuher is also shipped from thence for the same purpose.
The Quercitron is the hark of the Qiirrcu-i tlnr'-triu, h'ccd from
the ei)idcrmis. Besides tannin, it contains a yellow coloring-
matter, which nui}' l)e extracted by water, and which, on evapo-
ration, yields a pecvdiar extract to the amount of eight per cent,
of the hark employed. The tannin belongs to that variety
which ])recipitates iron of a green color. This tannin is very
injurious to the color, because it is precipitated by the same
reagents with the color, and imparts to it a brownish tint. To
obtain the coloring-matter free from it, a bladder softened in
water, and cut into small pieces, freed from all the parts which
are solulile in water, is api)lied to the infusion of the Quercitron
bark, which takes up the tannin; or it may be precipitated by a
solution of isinglass.
According to Chevreul, the coloilng-nuitter wiiich he calls
((uercltrin, although not a slmi)le sul)stance, is obtained by cau-
tiously concentrating an infusion of (iuercltron. A crystalline
substance then precl[)ltates, which, while yet in suspension iu
the li(piid, imparts to it a pearly a})[)earance. It exhibits a.
slight acid reaction by curcuma-paper. It is slightly soluble in
t'ther, but more comi)letely so in alcohol. Water dissolves it;
and lli(> solutupn becomes orange-yellow by the addition of alkali.
The acetate of U'ad and of copper, as well as the protochlorid(!
of tin, precipitate it in yellow Hakes. Sul[)liate of the peroxide
of iron colors it at f'" a olive-green, and then causes a precipitate.
.Suli)liuric acid dissolves (jnercitrin, and the greenish-orange
colored solution becouies cloudy by the aildltion of water. By
dry distillation it yields, among other products, a liquid which
soon crystallizes, the crystals possessuig all the properties of
(piercitrin.
In the dyeing-establishments the clear yellow color is obtained
A I) I) I T I < ) N A L < ) 1! S R R V A T I 0 N S. '■)'■'<
by proripitating tlic tannin by meuns of a soliiti'm oC gluo or
biittcrniilk; tlio coloring-matter then .vmaining in the solution
is mixed with the solution of alum anil i.avbonato of potash, by
which it is precipitated of a yellow eolo)' in combination with
the alumina. Protochloride ol' tin also pMxluces with it a strong
yellow precipitate.
QuEUCUS RUI3U.V? The largest Ued Oak in North America,
say.s a correspondent of the Natchitoches Herald, can be seen
on the plantation of W. Smith, Esq., eightee i miles from Natchi-
toches, on the roiul loading to Opelousas. Thi.s majestic Oak
stands in the midst of a ricii and lieavy bottom, on the Biiyou
St. Barb. Two feet from the ground it measures /"fl,'/-/'""'
feet in circumference, and at six feet, /fiirf;/-fin, feet. The trunk
api)ears sound and healthy, and its height, fu //n hnui(li<-'', is
from fifty to sixty feet.
From Dr. G. Engelmann, of St. Louis, I learn that the Wlilte
Oak [lliilhii) and the Uock Chestnut Oak {Q. iiion/'UKi. Wim.d.)
■ grow in that vicinity, where there are two varieties of (.ich with
sessile and with pedunculated fruit, in thi.. respect agreeing with
the iiro varieties of the English Oak, {Q. rul,iir.) which have
been considered as two species, lie also iulurms me that the
Chimpiepin Oak ((.A j)ri,'nlth>% Wii.i.i). ; Q. prhmy rlinicijihi.
Mich. Sylva, t. 11) grows connnonly in Southwestern Missouri.
lie also adds, that the Spanish Oak {Q. fulnifd) he has only
seen in the southern extremity of Missouri; and that t lO Water
Oak {Q- iK/iiiilii'ii) grows no nearer to him than the banks of
the Arkansas.
The Sweet Onm Tree {Lii/iiiildmlxir ■'<ti/nif!jfna) he saw on
the borders of the Wabash ; it grows also ir Southern Missouri.
and all through Arkansas to the province of Texas; but lu' has
not seen it throngli the greater |)art of Missouri and Illinois.
The Black flum Tree. {A>.s., ,inill!jl,>,;i, Walt. N., Sijlml'ini,
Vol.. IV.-:!
84
ADDITION A L O B S E R V A T IONS.
Micii. Sylva, t. 110,) acconling to Dr. Engeliuann, is common
in tlie souiliern piu•t^ of Mis.souri.
The Wiilioo Elm {Ulinm ahda) I'r. Engelmann finds as far
north in Missouri as the vicinity of Herculaneum.
Aroimd Cape Girardeau, one hundred and fifty miles south of
St. Louis, he also observes the Tulip Tree, {Llrld'kndron.)
Ik'cch Trees, the doctor informs me, he has not seen west of
the Wal)ash, except near Cape Girardeau : they grow associated
with Pines in Western Louisiana, and I have seen them in the
forests which border the Arkansas.
CHESTNUT.
Natural Order, Amkxtack.K, (.Tuss.) L'ninaan Cla^^iJkntUm,
M0N(ECIA, l*(lI,VANI)lilA.
CASTAXEA.* (Toi-iiNKFoRT.)
PoLYdAJirs. Tlic rmlc amoiit doiii^'iitcd, coiiiim-ed of numorous
iiitcrniptea clusters of flowers, with a iivo or six-parted iH'riiiiitli.
Stamens ten to twenty. Fcni'dc flowers iibout three in an ovoid
murieate valvular involucrum. Perianth nrceolate, 5 or G-eleft,
havin,!,' rudiments of abortive stamens. The ovary ineorpcirated
witli the perianth, the stii^nia pi'iieillate, exserted, its divisions
rigid and pungent. Nuts one to three, inehuled in the enlarging
ecliinate, 4-cleft involucrum.
Tliesc arc trees or shrubs of temiterate Europe and Xortli Ame-
rica, with alternate, stiiiulate, nmcroiialeiy-serraled leaves, and very
long, axilhuy ainents. Xuts farimiceous, edil^le.
* Si) iiumoil from Cushiiicn, a town of Tho^siily, near llie rivur fcni-us, wIuto
lar'u Cliostnut Troos are still louml.
85
DWARF CITESTXUT.
Castaxka Ai.N'iroijA. Dijirr.^sii, fuliis ulinvitlis sHhaenlin, nini'i'iiiinlii.
Si ri'dlis snhciHitlis jiiiiiurlhii.-i siili/iis iiahisiuntiliits, innculis JiliJ'iinnil/K"
suliliin'i" liynH'i)to!<is,
fl I'uiiK.scKXS. FoU'is liri riiiriliiis, kiIhIiI^ suliins pKUscais,
Ciialuiica nlnlfuliit, Nutt., (ion. Am., vnl. ii. ]i. 217.
C'lisi'dua iiiiiui, Elliott, Kk.. vd. ii. i>. til"i, (not of Mulil.)
I'(ii/i(s j}aiii'l(i, \ar. prdi'ii.r, AVaitur, CaiMliii., ]>. •S->-'>.
A SPECIKS roiniirkaijlc liir its (Iwurl' jiniwtli, aiul iiisorttit only
to coiiiiik'te the history ol" the gLMiiis. It nu'uly oxcced.s ii iiioL
in hi'iglit, gi'owiug in >iinM patches, with civcpiiig routs. 1
th'st met with the variet}- ,:; in the vicinity ofMJhaileston, South
Cai'oHna; al'lerwaid the suKjother l\ind, much more ahimilaiit.
II
UKl 111 lluwer 111 llie iikji
th.
nth of March, round Talhihassee, in
West FU)rida.
Tiie FloriiUaii plant is scarcely a loot in height, with siiiooth,
l)ur[)lisli-gray branchlets; the leaves obovate, on very short
petioles, deeply serrate, obtuse or acute, elliiitic-ol)ovate; wiicn
}ouiig, whitish })ubesceiit; the adult almost perl'ectly smooth
on both surl'aces; about three inches long by one inch or more
wide. Stipules subulate, rather persistent. Mule ameiits soli-
tary, long, and liliibrnv, tomento.se. The fruit I have not seen.
The Charleston jjlant grows in sandy pine-barrens, and the
nut, which is solitary, is said by Elliott to be much larger, but
less abundant, than in the other native species. This plant
rarely exceeils two feet in height. Its leaves are glossy above,
pubescent, but not tomentosc, beneath. Fertile llowers one to
three ir an iiivolucrum, only one i)erfected.
The wood of the Chiiirpiepin, (C. pniiiHn,) whenever it can
be obtained large enough for ])osts, is much valued, as it is sup-
■
uu
r.'istnncii alitilolwi.
(iO L D E N - L E A V E I) CUEii T >.' U T.
87
posfd to ln! moru tluniliU' wlicii (.■xpo.seJ to tliu \V(.'ather lluui
any ollii r timljur (.'.\oc[)t the lied Ccdtir. — Eli.iott.
I'LATE VI.
A linuirh vf (lic. iiutund !•(<•'.
GOLDEX-LEAYED CHESTNUT.
Ca.^tanea CHUYSoniYLLA, (Doiigl. Mss.) Fol'ds senqtcrcircntil'ii-s lalo-
bnifiiilaUs ariimtmil-i firm-tis lulifiirrhiik (jlabrts sul)lus aurco-farinosi^.
Hook., Flor. Bor. Am., vol. ii. p. I'V.t.
ArcoRDiXG to Douglas, tliis is a splendid cvorgivon troo,
viiryiiig ill height from twenty to seventy I'eet, with leave.s
lour to five inches long, deep green iilwve, (iml Ijelow ol' a lich
golden yellow. These leaves are. also, U'ery diHereiic iVom all
the rest of the genus) (piite entire. 'J'lie spikes or catkins of
llie llowers searoely exceed an incii in length, including the
peduncle, and they are solitary in the axils of the upper leaves.
Sonietinies all the llowers on a catkin are nnile; soiiietiines tiie
two or three lower llowers are feiiiaL-. Tl:e fruits are two or
three, crowded ov densely covered with acicular prickles. Said
to he common at tiie (hand Rapids of the Coluiuhia, ("ai)e
Orfoid, and near Mount Hood; constantly allccting the hills.
Tills siiecies rests wholly on the authority of Douglas, I did
not meet witii it, nor does it apiiear tliat any specimens were
sent to Knghmd. It will ])rohalily prove to he bonie very dif-
ferent genus to tlnvt oi' the present.
Aihlitiiiinil ()/)■« n-dli^'iix. In regard to the Western range of
our forest trees. Dr. KngeliDann iulbrms me, hy letter, that.
88
A D D 1 T 1 0 N A L 0 B S E R V A T I 0 X S.
tliougli the Chostnnt {Caxtanca Atncrimna) does not grow in
the imiueiliate vallev of tlic Mii^slssippi, it still reappears again
in Southwestorri Missouri and the northwestern portion of Ar-
kansas, where is also found the Loeust Tree, [lioblnia pwu<l-
ocacia.)
Chestnut Tkee, [Castanca Amcrlmim.) The wood of this
tree is capable of receiving a fine polish, and well-selected
pieces present waves and feathered figures of considerable
beauty and variety, the more striking as they are s(;en with
great distinctness through a pale and light ground. Furniture
of this kind may be seen at Mr. Grout's cabinet-warehouse in
riiiladelphia.
X
M
1)1
B I R C II.
Xi'lnnil Onhr, Betuline.t:, (Richard.) Lhimmn Clasnifitxdloii,
MONCECIA, POLYAXDIUA.
BETULA.* (Linn.)
Mule ilmvors in Ioiiet, oyliiulric lunonts. BcaloH in a double siorios,
the inner liy tlireos, l-floworod ; stnrnons six tn twolvo. Fciiidh:
flowers witli ovoid or oval aments; tlio scales trilid, 1 to ;!-
flowered. Sli/lcs two. Nulfi minnte, cmnpressed, 1-secdcd, edged
with ail ahited, tliiii margin.
Trees or slirnlts of the colder parts of the northern heinisiihero
on holh continents, with the hark often exfoliating in thin, cin'ular
j.hiles. Leaves alternate, ovate, or deltoid, serrated; iirodm-ing sti-
jmles; aments axillary.
* Supposed to bo Jciivrcl frum H'ln, llio Cultie nuiiu; I'lr tlio liiich
no
WESTERN BIRCH.
iliTULA OCrilJKNTALIS
7i
('ii)iix ri'-^'no.'<ii-ir)'r>ii'o.-'is
fnli'i.-i htio rh'iiiihic-
rolis siibl(>liiiti.<i vicm-serrnl'S hh:^iilid).-i, suhfu-t pullnli'itriln'.'' imufhith
vcrv'tx rrni'ilii, mm ulis fiiiiliH'if' hiln-i-ijliiiilnic
?'/'/
lnh'is IdhrilU'
')i(s oralis iiili n/indo hnKjcirL
Betula oirldathilU. IIuOK., Flor. Bor. Am., vol. ii. }>. l')'>.
This low species of Bircli, only six to ten feet liiiili, was first
observed westward near the sources of the Sweet Water, a
northern branch of the Platte, and where it penetrates into the
first range of the Roeky Mountains. On the h(jrders of this
clear stream, diminished to a small, purling brook, and accom-
panied by clumps of willows, we first saw it growing. Accord-
ing to Dnnnmond, it occurs on the east side of the Kocky
Mountains down to Edmonton House. Douglas fotnid it near
springs on the west side of the lioeky Mountains; and Dr.
Scouler met with it in Oregon, near to the Straits of Juan do
Fuca; it also grows near Walla- Walla, and continues up the
Oregon to the country of the Flatheads.
The principal branches are erect and somewhat virgate,
clothed with a bright brown bark, copiously sjirinkled with
small resinous warts, so as to render the branches rough to the
touch. The leaves are somewhat deltoid, or rho.nboidly-ovate,
on siiortish petioles, in my si)ecimens acute, but not acuminate,
sharply and somewhat uuecpially serrated, r.nd very !-iiglitly
lobcd; above, .somewhat glutinous, with vcy few iiinuatcd
nerves; lielow, paler; the midrib and nerves sprinkled with
a few long hiisute hairs, which are also seen aix)ve, on, and
near the petiole. The leaves, in (lowering specimens, are only
about one and a half inches long by an inch wide. (The adult
leaves described by Hooker are much larger, two to two and a,
40
//-
li-
te.
itii
"y
lilt
I'lAII.
Ill >l till Hi nil
I'li-I iil.'i .icciilciitiili."
Ii,.nl,„n ,.,, I, /././„/
i
ri.viii.
Iit'lnla rlh)inl)iliili;i .
"iiil l,;niil Hirrli. li,iiili:Vi .i I'lilll, ■ •■\iil<
ovat.-i.i:avki) niii(;ii.
41
l,;,lf inclK'S l..n^'.) The aiuoi.ts are .■ylindric, in tlio Btami-
luferous plant, .•..nu...s.Ml ..f a .loul.le scries of scales. Female
an.ents iH-.lunoulate.l, eylin.lrie, at le.i-th .Iroopinj:, often ae-
cou.paniea l.y a very small leaf at tl>e base; the scales tr.lwl
a.,.1 .lilate.1, stron^ily ciliated, tl>c lateral lobes ovat.-, the
central one nearly linear an.l lon-er; three g.^rn^s beneath
each scale. Nnts broadly winged. Styles two, very long an.l
Mibidate; snnnnit ol" the germ iiubescent.
Th.' trnnk of this species is only a few inches in diameter, so
that it scarcely ranks with proper trees. The leaves are bitter
to the taste.
PLATE VII.
A bruwh '/ tk naluml .•)!:<: c Th: .'-■cal-ir.w.l.
OYAL-LEAAa^D BIRCH.
,.,;,i;i.ns, rir .n-.th, '/ro.x,. .nrali^, sM,s ,>.,li;d;.nh><s ci„wrMls; rnu.-<
julosivsmlii a„uvi;, Jnnhuis n/Undrucd,, sqnmnl^ MparlUls ylabnu.-
cidia I'jbis ucatiy, latcrulibus bnribiis.
Tins is a still more Innnble shrnl) than the preceding, which
it somewhat resend.les. It grows in the c.'utral Kocky Moun-
tain range, and continnes more or less to the banks o)" the
Orcffoii. It is spreading and somewhat decnmbenl. with slender
brown twigs, wdiich, when young, are more or less covered with
resinous atoms. The leaves, with their pi'tioles, which are tw.,
or three lines, are not more than an inch long by half an inch
wide, oval, and somewhat rhombic, deeply, sharply, and almost
eciually serrate, rounded, but still generally acute, smooth
IV.— ^j*
1:2 OBSEl! V A 'I' I(»N t^ oN T 11 F, 15 I K (' H.
iibovi", pnlcr lu'ncatli. with ii wry ll'W distant ncrvos, noinowliiit
hairy along thtir margins Ijenfutli. External .scalu8 of tliu
uial',' anu'nt.-; ovatu ami ciliatc ^'tanicns abont six. Female
anicnts witli nearly smooth, dt'oply ;!-)mrte<l .soales. of wliicli
llic criura! division is tliu longest. 1 have not .H'en the rijie
fruit.
l'L.\TE VI II.
A I, raiir/i </ ll':iiiiliiral .-'':, . c. 77m ,-t'((/-r(.w/.
Oljticn-iif'cjii!^. On the snniinit n the White .Moinitains of
New Ilfinipshire grows the Iktnlu I'lti^a of Europe, fouml there
hy Jlr. ()akes as well as myself.
Dr. Charles richeruig also collected u specimen on tho.fe
mountains, which appears to he the Ji/ii/<i fniliamt of Pallas,
first found in Siiieria.
In the Kocky Mountains, besides the .'wo species now de-
scribed, we met with the Jy/n'" <jl<nn/iiln.:<(i, whicli is also I'ouud
on the higii mountains of the United .^latcs.
CuNoE Ijiiicit, or rAi'Kic ]^Ulcn. (B lulu jin/ii/rann.) Tl is
very useful species of Dirch t(.i the aborigines of the North is
found, .'..cording to the obsfrvatioiis uf Dr. Kichurd.son, as far as
tli'' O-Jth degree- of latitude.
Whiti: i'litrn, {Iklnln ji',j:'ili/<>/iti.) Hooker very justly re-
marks the near allinily which this species kvtrs to the conniioi!
Eurojiean Ulrcli, (/>*. (il/m.) The general aspect i.-^ the same.
In our plant, liowevi'r, the haves have hinger acuminated points
and smaller fertile catkins. The scale of the same catkin in
our.s in also comjjaratively smaller .and shorter-clawed, with the
miildlc lobe acuti' and much smallei' than the lateral lobes;
whereas, in the Euro[iean Birch, the lubes ai'e nearly all ecpial
:ind o]]t\ise.
.liicli
; ripe
V- ,!,
A L D E 11 S.
Nidiinti OiiJ'i; Ami:ntac?;.K, (Jiiss.) JJnHfinii CI(IkkIj'u<(Iioii,
Moxijxi.v, Tktka ndui a.
(Jiixi's AIA'L'S. (TouKNKniKT, 1)i:candoli,k.)
CiiAUACTKii. The flowers arc mnim:cious, (or of two dilU'roiit kinds
on tlic sanie pliuit,) disposeil in catkins, (or cylindrio spikes ot'
shiii't <liiration ;) tlioso prodm-ini; tlio stamens aru loni; and cyliii-
di'lc; lliiwe of tiic frnit or seed arc ovoid or i^lobular, prodnceil
upon liraiM-liinii; peduncles. The scales of the mak flower are pedi-
I rllateii, and in the form of an inverted heart, bearing beneatii
ea<h three lesser scales; the proper flowers are situated at the base,
of each of these, and are composed of a cn]i with four lolics and
four stair.ens. The scales of the fruitini;' catkins are wcdi^e-shaped,
lianl, and jiersistent. The o\'ury is co!n[ircs^(Ml, and bears two
lonj; stiunias. The envelop of the seed is hard, with a border
which is either thick or meinbramiceous, and jiresents two celLs
w it); two seeds: the ovules in the iccrni arc about four, or two in ti
cell, three of them usually ahnrlive.
The jihiiits ol" tliis small ifcnus, conline<l to the ti^mperate or colder
parts of Kurojie and North America, are eillicr shrubs (ir trei s, with
deciduous leaves, ifencrally growinjr i>y streams, or in cool and humid
jilaces. As trees, they neldoni attain a greater elevation than thirty
to forty feet; the wood is hard and yellowish, becoming of a brown-
isli red, nearly like mahogany, when exposed to the air, and capable
of acijuiring a line poli.-h. Wlien stiiined Idack, it resembles ebony;
and it is capable of enduring moisture for a great length of time.
41 ORE GUN ALDER.
The Aldi'i-s may lie (li\iilt'(l info tlic two followiiig soi'lioiis: in
Imth llio [ludunclos arc siiliiliviili'd.
§ I. The niLil-ri.ssd furni.-ihid with a in< iidirdiKUYouH iriiif/d ii'unj'ii, and
ictlh the «•((/( ,s of Iht JlrHli: umad nlaac or vb.'-vunlj IuIh<I.
'J'lie Wliito AWor, {Ahins iiiraiin.)
Thu Oivgou Alder, {Alnii.i Orajuim.)
The lleart-loavud Alde'r, (Alnii.s nifdalii.)
Mountain Alder, {Alnus riridis.)
^ LI. 'J'ht iiMi'ijiii iif llic dccd-i'cssit Ihiek uml n/i'i'iid, <iiid icith tlu 6iuLd fj
Ihi: fruiting umcnt dislindlj lubid.
Common Alder, [Alnns </l>itinom.)
Fine-toothed Alder, [AlniLs acrndaln.)
iSea-side Alder, [Alinis iiKiritliiKi.)
Oljlon^'-leavi'il Alder, [Alini.^ ohloiii/'tln.j
yiiort-leaved Alder, {AhuL-i hnrijuliti.)
Khundiie-lea\ed Alder, {Alnii.s rhuidiifvliit.)
§ I. Frnii (.tliili.il.
OREGON ALDER.
Ai.N'ts ()iu:iiuXA. Fuliis hilii-orali.i iilriiiijUi firni;.--, ihiptii-nlu-n, rr<itix jmil-
m-itiiix iiliil(i,iisi.~\ roii.s i<Hh/)iS j)iil)(.<i\n(iliii-^ jiid/iili.s ; .^lijudi.s olil'iinjis
iliriililis i/ldliifixi.", riiliiilUs f/ldhris.
Alnus //^(?(»'..SY/. 1'l'R.sii, Flor. J5or. Am., vul. ii. p. (ij:!, (in jiari.)
This tree, liko the Coimmm Aider of Europo. attains tin-
Iiei;^lit of tljjrty or I'orty I'ec't. with an oroct, i^mooth trunk of
Hinall (liaiiK^ter, Hiif' nxMi o',' wliicli is very Hiniilar to tiiat oftlie
Kwojjcau spooios, uu6 »«;iglit. no donljl. he (nnployed liii' the saine
purpow-'H : it if, IwWf**'', lijiliter in color, but of a elose -'-uiu.
1
I'l. IK
ihrtfiift JfJi*
AlllllK (l|'ruu||;i
inHi (/.' / ('nyi'tt
4^
urti:G()N ALDER.
45
As nil oi'iiiuiu'iitiil tree, it is wci! wortii iitlciiiioii, jiroducing
ail clcjiiiiit orect top. mid Mlloniiiii;- coiisiilerablo t^liadt' by tlio
Uiryenoss of its leaves, wiiioli arc about three iiiclios long by
two and a half wide. AVe I'ound it, as usual with the jilaiit.s of
this geiiu.s, growing along tiu' liorders of small, clear brooks,
near the conllueiice of the Walihiniel. but seldoiii, if ever, on
llic Icmks ol'tlio larger streams which are siiliject to inundation.
Ill (jur progress to the West, wo first observed this tree on the
borders of the rivers IJoisee and Hrulee, which pass into tlie
Shoshonee not far from Walla- Walla, and at intervals it con-
tinues more or less coniiiion to I'oint Chinhook, near the shores
of the Pacific.
The twigs arc smooth and of a brown color, and the young
buds of every kind resinous, as well as the upinn' surface of the
yt)iinger leaves; beneath, the leaves arc more or less pubescent,
particularly along the veins, and jialcr and often somewhat
ferruginous. The veins are very strongly marked and pro
niinent beneath, the tei'th large, but the denticulatioiis luiiiiite
and glandular at the points. Sometimes the leaves are elli])tic-
ovate, the stalks about the third of an inch long. The stipules
are resinous, and dis;ip[)ear with the evolution of the bud. The
fruiting anient is romidisli-ovoid, and very similar to th.it of
the Common Alder.
This species is nearly allied to the Wiiitc Alder {Afini.'< in-
(■(iiKi.) Iiut diifers sullicieiitly in its buds. ])ranc'lilets. sti]iul('s. and
li'aves; in both the fruit is jirovidtd, as in the IJiich. with a
translucent, meiubranous wing. It ajipears, likewise, to ha\e a
consideraiilc alllnity to A. anntiimtUt of llumljoldt and IJonpland,
a tree of Peru, discovered by Dombey, but in tluit species the
lea\'es are more lanceolate than ovate and acuminate,
Ik'sides the other economical uses for which tlic wood of tlie
Alder is employed, the knots furnish a iieaulifiilly-\cined wood
for cabinets; handsome chairs have been made of it, which
acijuire the color of mahogany. |ii France it is used in making
■1(J
WHITE ALDEU.
xaliots, or woodon sliues, and in the North of Hiinbind it is
(■niployi'd for the tliiolv soles of ii Idiul of shoos called elogs, and
is prefcrri'd for tlieso uses, in consideration of its durability and
lif-htness. The chips, boiled witli copperas, give a black dye U)
wool, and the leaves have been used in tanning; sheep will
browse on tlieni and on tiie smaller branches.
PLATE IX.
.1 hi'tiiirli tif Ihc iMlarnl i-ize. a. Tin: itttZ-fiwiY.
WHITE ALDER.
Al.NTS INl'AXA.
Pni::.-t iihhiiiiii:
nruli.-
tllitHS
jiiil)iA'i.ii
lihi's, aj'tllis CiiM-
At,.
niiil'-^, .yfij)i)U< liipi'uifiiij'.'. AVii.i.ii. Sp. ]'].
uiiihthilii, AViLLD., Sp. pi., viil. i\'. ]i. ;!oG.
BIulIc Alder, {Abuts (jhiKca,) Micu., SvKa, vdl. i. ]i. -STS.
IMiilii Aliiiix. crispii, ^ficir., Klor. Bor. Am., vol. ii. p. I'^l.
Bi lilhi
AiTiix, Ki'w., v(
ft. Linn., Sp. pi
!'■
:!9.
Tins
K'Cies lorms a mueli smaller
tree than the (\)i
nmon
Alder. Ijeing only twelve to eighti'en feet high, and sometimes
indeed a mere shrub, as in the Alleghany Mt)untains in Penn-
sylvania. In Massachusetts and Maine it attains its greatest
■<r/e
Its bark is
rray oi' einereous
the 1
eaves are sometnars
villous beneath, and the stipules persistent after the develop-
men
t of the leaves, which are
noway glutinous; those o
)f tlr
}()mig plants ai'e smooth and glaucous beneath. It is conniiou
to the mountainous parts of Europe not less than to the north-
ern ))arts of the United States. It occurs likewi.se in this
vicinity.
3i[0UXTAIX ALDER.
Ai.N'fs viiuiiis, (l)MnAViini.i.i:.) /■'<//'/'■; rohiiiiliitii-urnlix In'Kjul'O'ihr (iri/nfr
.^( n'lili'-' </l'ilir''(.^riil!.i, slijitili.s' iii'iili-s nil iiiliniiinci !s iln'iilnis ; ffiii'lilms lnli
llldlis.
Abi'is riri(li<, I)i:(\\NiMii,i,i:. l''li)ri' l''raii(;:iisc, vol, iii. \\. :'.ii(.
Bdiihi ?■/)•/(//.<, A'liJ.AUS, ]1iiuiiliin, vol. i/. \i. 's'.).
Ililiila iiratii, Sciiuank, Salish., ji. 'J'l.
Itilidd iiu'iiiw, ,9. Lamaki'K, Diet., veil. i. ]i. -)").').
Ahms Aljiiii'i iiiiiKii; IIai'minV I'inax, \i. 4JM.
TiAiuiADnii, tlu' clcviitoil smmiiits of tin- Wliito Moiiiitiiiiis oC
Now Iluniiisliiro,''' and tlic tops of the liij:h iiiouiitiiins of Noitli
('iiroliiia,-j- an; tlu' only localities on this (.'ontiiR'nt wluTe the
Mountain Aldci' has yut h<"'n iiuiml. It oceurs likewise in the
Alps of iSwit/erland, at an elevation of between fotiv anil livi'
thonsanil feet above the level of the sea, whore it freiinently
forms a small tree about six feet in hei;.;ht. In the While
Mountains its stature is much more (le[iresse(l. and it is of rare
occurrence. It grows likewise iu tlie barren and cold cliuuite
of Kamtschatka.
The wood is white, and tiie branches are covered with a
cinereous smooth bark. The leaf is near two inches long and
one and a hidf wide, nearly smooth on luilh sides, but generally
somewhat hairy along the ^eins beneath, rather acute, \\ith
numerous shar[), small, and irregular serratures, but not doubly
serrate. The male catkins are long, and grow, two or three
* A spcciiiR'ii ill till-' liorb.iiiuiii of tlio Acinli'iiiv of N:itiintl Sciences in I'liilii-
(kliiliiu w;i.'< Ji.scovci'cil on tlic AVliiti' Mouiihiiiis l^y my friciul. |lr. I'liailcs I'iukcr-
iug, at an elevation of four tliousaiul feet aljovo tlie level of (lie se,i,
■j- Iteeciitlv iliscovere.l liv 1>1'. (iniv am] Mr. Curtis.
47
4S
Til I N-LK A V V. I) A LDKK.
Idirctlicr. at tlic cxtrciiiilii's ol' llic t\vi,:^s; cin li sralc CDiiliiiii?
tliri'c tctriiiiilrniis llowiTs. as usual iu tin- jicnus. 'I'lic Irrlilc
auicnts aiv roundish and elliptic, ahont tlii'ci' tiii^ctlicr, and tcr-
niinal; llic scairs arc truncated and oliscurcly lolicd at. tlio
I'xtrcmitics; tlii' IVnit. like that of tiie JJirch, m runusht'd with
a broad, thin, conspicuous wingeil niar;^in.
§ 11. Friiil iKit iihiti il ; llii )i)iiri/!ii n/intjiif
TIIIX-LEAVEI) ALDER.
Al.NI'S TKNUiniMA. Juiliis hlln-iirntix Sillidi'il/is ililiiliriilii-i-n iKlUs i/I'l/iris
liiisi rdlitiidiilia hiiiijc jii tiuhttls, stqudls ikcidtm, jialillicidi.s jViilJiHi.i
(liijilii'<ilii-riiiiiii!<i.i.
Thi.s wvy distinct spi 'ics of Alder, wiiicli arraiiues with our
connnon s[iecies, (,t. si rrnla/ti.) was iin't wilii on the hoi'diM's of
small streams within the ranjic of the JtoclvV Moinitains, ami
afterward in tlic valleys of the Blue Mountains of Oregon, a
chain whicli may he called, as it were, in comparisuii ol' their
elevation, tiie AllcLrhanics of the West.
This species falls vhort of the character of a tree; hut yet it
is .scarcely inferior in size with our connnon species, growing to
about the liei;.!lit of a man, with numerous short blanches
covered with a smooth iiray bark. The leaves are about two
inches lont.'; by one ami a halt wide, with slender jietioles. from
a half to three-(piarters of an inch in lenjitli; they ai-e of a thin
consistence, .and usually smooth, with obtusc! di'iiticadations.
The fruiting-bran(dies are often suhdivi'lcd, each bi'anch hearing);
IVom three to live f-niall, roundish, o\ ate amcnts, of wdiieh the
'L*2fc
sK W
IMAGE EVALUATION
TEST TARGET (MT-3)
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1.8
1.25 ■ 1.4 ill 1.6
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Photographic
Sciences
Corporation
33 WEST MAIN STREET
WEBSTER, N.Y. U580
(716) 872-4503
i
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u
i
Allllis h'liiiiriill:!
Till,, /r„i;,f ■ //.In- ii'K, .'i^ni, I'.,,,/!,
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II
It II OM I? I (' I.K A V !•: I) A I.DKH. 40
HciiloH iiro vi'iy (list'uictly lolx-il. Tlic fruit is uniisiiiilly siiiull
and elliptic, tcniiiimtiMl liy tlic two reiiiiiiniiig stylcH, luid liiiviiig
a tliin, opiKjue niiir^iii.
l'I,ATK X.
A tiriiurh iij' till iiiiliii'iil .size. (I. I'lii fiuil.
RTIO^IBIC-LEAVEl) ALDER.
Al.XfS niloMIlIKiiI.IA. /'i/iV.s' .yiihrliomhfmliD-ofillis (ililii.ililsriili.i (/liifiiiit.v'lf
Iji.ifl (/(•///(\, ,'<iiliiliiiilli'iilii..s(rriiliilfs Si milurl.s cri /()•(.« unilis, miIiIus puhc-
rulis luHll.i riiiiiniiii iukHx, sli/mli.i uliluiiijis niniiliriiiuui is ilin'ilul.i,
I oHSKKVEi) this spocifs, a lurf^o (slinih, in tlu- vicinity of Mon-
teroy, in Upper Calil'uniiu. It.s neiu'cst rcliitioii npiKsirs to Im- to
t!u' Kuro[)L'an Akler, (.1. ;//ii/iiii>n(i,) from wliicli, however, it i.s
alinndantly distinct. The fruit I have not seen.
The leaves are alxjut two inches long and one and a half
wide, glutinous, heiioath nearly the name color as al)ovo, and
puhosceut along the veins; the petioles arc not more tlian atiout
two lines long. The twigs are smooth and hrownish. It
appears to he allied to the ohlong-lcaved Alder (A.o/i/iini/iiln) ,)f
the .South of Europe.
V(ii. w -i
1 W-
SEA-STDE ALDER.
Ai.Ni's .MAnn'i.M\. /'•.//-'.-■ ,ii;il'.l,ii.-< i/liihri'^ sfrnilis iilifi(.ils rrl (icumiim/is,
4(i.«/ (/(•((//>, y'//i/'/,v j'l rnii/iini.^: ; aiiuiil!.^ friii>nri.<> ina.nnii.'', si/iiiiniis
<liljilinl/ii-l'J,illi'.'\
^\l.NI'S M.MUTIMA. /•'.///>■ onit,\ Sil'l-'l/ls, Ims! (tr(ii:.<. — MllII,., Mss.
(Uixrviitioiics I'.iitaiiir!!' dc l*l:iiitis Am. Sp|itc'iit., p. l!i:i, (in tlio
Lilmirv (if till' Ai'ad. \at. Sc I'liiliul.) ami IIiTl)anmii.
A SPKriMKN of tliis very ilistiiict species of Alder was eolleeted
on tlie Kasti'in SiiDie of Maryland. l>y iiiv IVieiiil, Cliarles Pieker-
ini;. It lias tlu; ajipearain'e of Iji'iiij; a low siirnh, witii slender,
sniodtli iiranclies. Tlio leaves are two and a halt" to three
ineiies loii'i- liy one and a half or more wi<le. of an ele^'ant, well-
deliiied, oval mitiiiie. and supported upon loiij^ish petioles; the
yoiinir hnds and leiives, after the manner of the ^eiiiis, are
sliirlitly lilntinoiis; the nervings very slender, serratnres shallow,
and in the larjier leaves rather remote; the ni)perniost leaves on
the iiifeitile shoots are aoiiminated. and. at first j;ianee, look
almost like the leaves of a ('amellia. The male catkins are
unknown, as are the stijiules, which are proliahly small. The
fertile anient, in size and jicneral appearance, iniuht I)e taken for
the stroliile or cone of a Spruce; it is ahout the size of a Hop-
clnster, nearly hlack, with the scales very thick and dci |)ly and
obviously lohed. Tiie caipel is small in proportion, and with a-
thick, opacpie. and olisciirt' niarjiin, as in -1. xd-ni/nln.
PLATK X.
A irnihli of /In luiliirnl si:i\ n. Tin' f<c(<l-rrs-S''L
60
I'l \ (In
.Miiim m:iriliiii:i
Sfti sitff .ffiliT .tun* /*itirtfimi
1
I'l XI.
riiiiiiK cijiacii
ELMS.
yahtrn/ Onhr, l? L.MACK.K, (.Mirl)L'l.) JJimoaii, Cla>it<{jicut'u)ii ,
Pkntanokia, UiuyxiA.
UL.MU8. (LiN.N.)
OrAQUE-LEAYED EL^I.
iri.MI'S OI'ATA. Fiiliis jxieris! (ililmiiid-iiriili.'; ulililsi.s mv//i/'/.v, .siiliiliijilirdio
dilllirllhltix, hiisi ODU'dli.t ohinjHtS .SUlltllS ^*((4('«a')(^(/*(/.«, _//(*r(V((M /</.<(•/(•«-
Ill/is^ frni'tiliits Jticftitis.
In tlio siinimci- of 1818, on my joiinioy into llio interior of
the territory of Arkannas and on the plains of Ecd Kivor, near
its conllni'iicc with tho Kianioslia. 1100 niilrs up the foriiuT
stream. I liad the satisfaction of discovering tliis curious Ehn,
which, like our other species, forms a majestic, and spreading
forest tree of t!ie dimensions of an ordinary Oak. In those
dry and open si'.vanuas, tlie shade of this densely- verdant tree
])r(>ved more tl m usually aoceptahlc. It is rennirkahle for tho
sniallness and tliickness of its ohlicpio and usually hlunt leaves,
wl'icii. with tlicir short stalks, are only ahout an inch in length
hy half tiiat dimension ii) InvivJtJi; .they are also very nume-
rous, close together, ;>t;idJ4i>ti.«."'.w'l]i '^niliMty. papilla^ of a deep
green above, and si)lne\vha(- t'lon'ing, olrfdng-ovato, mostly ob-
tuse, the margin )vrtji: shallo\r. ^?ujJti diinttvtjlittions; beneath,
tho l"af is paler,- ft 'liUle'lmnviiislvwi'Vh' .strong' pennate, simple,
51
&2 Ol'AQri'M-I^AVKl) ELM.
or lorkod norvoH; the base of tlie leiil" is oliluiue, iis well as tlie
whole Dili line, ami one hull" of the leaf is nuieh narrower than
the other; the nerves are imbeseent. The young branehes are
smooth and brownisli. The leaves, before complete develop-
ment, are canescently toinentose and attended by large, oLlo!'g,
membranous, brown stipules. The taste of the plant is astrin-
gent, but noway mucilaginous.
This renuirkable species appears to be nearly allied to Ulmm
(/////( //s/s judging from the short de.sc.'iption in Persoon and
Duhamel. The llowers are fasciculated in small nunil)ers and
on short peduncles. The samara is ellii)tie, rather deeply biCd
at the sunnuit, covered with a dense and somewhat ferruginous
pubescence even when ripe.
Of the uses and uality of the timber of this species I am
unable to speak from experience, as it grew remote from the
settlements at that time established in the territory. The den-
sity of shade produced by it, so crowded with rigid leaves, and
the peculiarity of its appearance, entitle it to a place in the
nurseries of the curious, and it is probably (piite hardy enough
for all temperate climates. To this species Virgil's epithet —
" I'Vcimilic froiiiiilnis iiliiii" —
might more justly be applied than to any other.
TLATE XI.
A braiuli (if (he nalnral skc.
i
I'l Vll
rillillN rilrrilloHtl .
I'liointiss ^'htt ■
'),:
■tnf u y/vyyv
THOMAS'S ELM.
Ulmi'S uacemosa, (Thomas.) Fuliis oralis afuminalis (biplkaio-scrralis
f/hihris yiilitiiti jiiihrscenlihu-i; f'iribns rwrmofiis fafch'idali/i.
I'l.Mts itAt'KMDSA, flowers 111 nicciui s ; podiulcs in (lirttiiict fa.sciclos,
uniti'd at tlR'ir liases r loaves ovate, aeiimiiiatc, ilouhly serrate,
•rlalirnus above, [iiiiiiutely] jmlioseent bciicatti ; stii;mas recurved.
Eaton's Xorth Am. 15ot., (ed. 8..) y>. 4(14. Thomas, in Sillimau's
Journ. Sei., vol. xix. p. 170, with a Plate.
This species, conibuiuled with our other Elms, is, accordiiu;
t(j Professor Torrey, an abundant species in the western part
of the State of New York, and, probably, of the Western
States generally. Mr. Thomas, its discoverer, found it in Ca-
yuga county, in the State of New York, and in the adjacent
country. According to Emerson, he believes Mr. Oakes has
obtained specimens from Vermont, collected by Dr. bobbins, so
that it is probably a Northern and Western species.
The lower, stout branches, according to Mr. Thomas, produce
corky excrescences like the Wahoo Elm. Leaves broad-ovate,
acuminate, obliiiuoly aurieulatcd on one side, doubly serrate,
smooth, and somewhat shining above, with the under surface
and ribs minutely pubescent. The (lowers, unlike any other
Elm, are disposed in racemes, comj)osed of .several clusters of
two to four together, and extending to the length of one to two
and a half inches, often furnished with one or two small but
perl'eet leaves before the terminal buds are open; the ilowers
distinctly pedicellate. Calyx 7 to 8-cleft. Stamens seven to
ten. Stigmas twf), recurved. Samara elliptic, large, and very
pubescent, witli the margin thickly fringed, and the membra)".)
more extended on one side .as indicative of a second but abor-
tive cell.
PLATE XII.
.1 branch oflhc iMtund ii:c. a, Thcjlutca: b. A branch icilh the carhij bark.
II I C K 0 It Y.
Siilnnil Oiilii; .Ti(;i.aniii;.i;, (Dt'ciiiid.) Linuoini Cln.-^.'^i/tiHiioii,
MoNCECIA. I'dl.VANDKlA.
CARTA.* (N' ITT., (ion. Am.)
SliDiniiiili- flowi'i's ill Very loiiir iiml loiiso, ti'i'imti' uincnts, scaler ini-
ln'iciitcil, 3-iiartccl. Siiinicn.s tlii'vc tu six, wiili piidso iiiitlicrs.
Fo'/ili llowiT witli ii siiitrle 4-c'icrt Hn|ierior, liL'i'liiU'i'oiin lu'iiinitli.
Slvle none; stii^iiia partly di.^coid, iJ-lobuil, tlio soLTiiii'iits biliil.
Pi'i'ii'arp woody, 4-valvud. Xut mostly Homcwliiit quadruiiijiilar,
with ail oven surface.
Lai'i^e trcen of Xortli Amerioa, confined to the eastern side of tiie
IJocky Mountains, and extondinj; from rpper Canada to Fhnida.
Leaves idternate, unei|nally iiinnate, without stipules. Flowers i"ily-
f^amous, in compound, jiendulous, jiodiiiKnilated aments appearing;
Avitli tlie leaves; female flowers terminal; the periearji openinjr hy
four valves. Xuts edihle or hitter, usually more or less <|iiadraii-
^ular; in the /'<//,'0(, even. I'uheseence tufted or stellati'. I'crsoon,
as far ba<k as ]S07, divided tlie genus .riiglans into the two natural
sections whirli it presented: his second division included the Hicko-
ries only. "* * Ameitlis nm.sridti compusiiis, tclrandris."
* From xdjiuii, tlio aiieiciit (jri;uk naiiio of the Walnut, lliihnri/ is an Imlian
iianio for sumc of tlic species of tliis genus; one of them was known to tlic
Indians by the name of I'lran or IMkan. llaline.sque applied tlie barbarous
name Hiilcorin to this genus, without deseribing or limiting it; in so doing ho
has no higher claims for the adoption of the name than our wood.smcTi and the
aborigines.
51
I'l \III
It
Carya Mirrorarija
§ I. Xiils tihin or I1H.S ijiiiii/r<ni;/ii/iir. IIicKiniv, proptTly ."iociillL'tl.
8MALL-FPJlTi:i) IIKKOIJY.
C'.MtVA .MHIincAlll'A. Fflinli's i/in'iiix till .•ijilnii-; uhln„;lii-lai'i;ul,ilis m mills
prniiii.'c.ie iiriimiiiiilis i/lnhris siilihi.s (iliii,ilidi,,sii ; aiiKnli.i ijltilirU, mnr
silhf/liJiiMI ,sillii/ilfii/riiih/iilii/ii. It sill It II tit'.
Ctii-tjti ntltrtifiirjtti.—'Sin., (;,.|i. Am., vol. ii. [.. l'l'I. DAiiMMiTox,
Fl, nil ('.■.-I lieu. [Kil. iilt.] p. .)»,').
Jtit/ltiiis ri,wjiir.-:-ti. a. mltrufiii-jiti. — Mini.., ("utal., \i. ss. Maut., I'lur.
I'liiliiil.. v.pI. ii. p. 17!i.
Jiiijltiits lui ijihiniUi. Uiilsaiii lliikoiv. — Mausiiam,, n. (!,><.
Tiii.s sju'cii's, allicil to C. Iimniilnfiii, or tla- (.'oiiii-uii Ilickorv,
biToiiio.s ii (iiio, lolU-, t^prc'iuliiif,' troe .sixty to civility fl'ot lii.Ltli,
liiivin^f a (iiiuiU'tcr of oifrlitci'ii inclics to two lirt or more, with
ail even barlv. I (irst oii.H'rvcil it on tiic liaiiks of tlio Sfliiiyi-
kill, ill tli(! vicinity of I'iiiladclpliia; iiinl my friciKl Dr. Diir-
linjrton rciiiark.s tliat it i.s fi'i(|Mi'nt in nioi.st woodland.^ in tlio
vicinity of West Clicstor. Tlio nut is of tlic sainc form nearly
as tlial of <'. lttiiiiiiit,st(,iA' a pleasant tuHte. witli a tliiii siiell,
lint usually small, not miicli exceedinj; tlie si/.e of a nutmef,'. It
grows. I believe, alno in Ma.ssacliiisetts. wliere I have seen these
peculiar nuts. The wood i.s white and touyh, and po.s.se.ssed of
most of the good ([ivilities which recommend tiie ordinary
Hickory. This s[)ecies is remarkable for t lie .smoothness of il.s
leatlet.s, which, in that resi)cct, approach C. ij/nhni or the Pig
Nut, hut tluy are everyway larger and less deeply serrate;
two or three pairs with a terminal odd one, four to eight or nine
inches long and two to three and a half iiiclios wide, ohloiig-
lanceoliite, with shallow .serrula <ns, smooth on hotli sides when
fully expanded, except a .slight ; ift in the axils of the nerve.s
heneath; the under surface spri.ikled with minute resinous par-
ticles; the lateral leatlet.s subsessile and rather obtuse at ba.-e,
56
COMMON ITIOKOIJY.
till' terminal one witli a nl.v,rt petiole and attenuated below.
Aments thvee together, upon a common peduncle, (^lender, nearly
quite smooth, scales trifid, the lateral segments ovate, the middle
one long and linear; anthers hairy, mostly four, sometimes tliree
or five. Female flowers two or three together, sessile, on a
common peduncle; segments of the perianth very long i<nd
somewhat foliaceous. Stigma discoid, four-ivj'x'd; fruit globose-
ovoid, about three-quarters of an inch in diameter; the pericarp
thin, with the sutures rather prominent. Nut somewhat quad-
rangular, with the shell thin.
15y the leaves it appears to be allied to C.glahm; but the nut,
on a small scale, is that of C. tuniciitma, or the Common Ilicliory.
PLATE Xin.
A stiuill birnich, ndarcd about onc-tliird. a. The nut.
Common IIickoky, {Curya tomci»to>^a, ,9. muxlmu) Tiiis is a
remarkable variety for the great size of its fruit, which are a?
large as a moderate apple. It grows a few miles fnjm Piiila-
delphia. Mr. 3l]lliott also observed it on the sea-islands of South
Carolina.
Canja (jhihm, {Jwjluns r/lahm, Du Roi, Ilarbk., vol. i. p. o'-V).
J. p(,rdna, Micii., North. Am. Sylva, vol. i. pi. 08.) Of this there
arc two varieties, one with globose and the other with ttn'binate
fruit: intermediate forms are also met with, proving them to Ik
no more than varieties.
II. Niilii cri'ii, vilJioiit pnmhwnt <t)i(/kfi. Lcaflits oftrn nitmc-
Onyi nnr/mfif )!!<(. Jinjlnns (uif/mtl/oJla, AiT. Kcw., vol. iii.
p. .301. /. I\r<in, MuHL. in Nov. Act. Soc. Nat. Scrnt. Berolin.,
vol. iii. p. ->92. J. <>l'n;vfiirinl% WiM.i)., Sp. PI. 4, p. 4 'u. A Hue,
B L A C K W A L N U T. 57
stately tree, formerly cvt down for the .sake of obtaining a single
erop of nuts; renuirkaljle for its numerous leallets and their
almost falcate form. In Massacliusctts, where it has been suIh
inittcd to cultivation, it never grows beyond the si/.e of a shrulj,
being every year more or less cut down by the cllects of the
severe frosts.
Ciiri/a rem I). Jiii/J<nis Pa(i)i, WALTER. /. mi/rl'<t!(n\fi,rmln?
Mich., Sylva, vol. i. pi. o9. This obscure plant of Walter may,
perhaps, be nothing more than C. <jlnhru. Michaux's plant was
unlaiown to P^Uiott.
Carija antara. Jinjlunfi amani, Micit., Sylva, vol. i. pi. 3.3.
Ohxrrvitttoits. According to an experiment published in the
'•.Massachusetts Agricultural Journal," the sap of the Butternut
'J'ree [Jiiij/aus cincna) is capable of producing as much sugar as
that of the Maple. Four of the trees yielded in one day nine
quarts of sap. tvhich produced one a'ld a quarter pounds of
susar.
TiiK Bi.ACK W.\L\UT {Ji"/l,ii/s iiii/ni) is mot with as far north
as Ma,ssacluisettSi particularly in the western part of the State,
as around Northampton. Mr. Emerson says, '■•JikjIhiix nli/ni I
liave Ibund rei)catediy as far north as IJoston. It is in Middle-
sex, A7orcester, and Norfolk counties, Massachusetts."
On the banks of the' Scioto, in Ohio, I have seen a tree of six
feet in diameter.
IV.— 4*
C ANDLEBEIUI Y MY Ri LK.
Xiittinil On/cr, MymcK.E, (Rii'lianl.) Li./iKinn C/u-s'iljinitii,
DkKCI.V. TkTKAXDHIA to OCTAXDKI.V.
MYRR'A. Li.N.v., (in imrt.)
Flowers (iiiisoxnal ; tlioso of tlie two sexes upon tlio saino or inoro
eiiiimio. ly iijioii (litKereiit jilants. Jfah Hdw s in eyliiidriral sessile
ealkiiis; eaeli fluwer witli ioiir 1o eiu'lit stamens, with tlie tilanieiils
cloiiijaled and more or less united at the base ; tlio stamens exsei'ted
beyond the borders of tlio dilated .short seale, many stamens in
braneliini; clusters nearly without scales at the summit of the catkin ;
bracteoles na/K in I'ither sex. Faimh- tlowers in loose, soni''tlnies
fdiform catkins, with many of the lower scales abortive; scales
1-llowered, the germ nake(h Styles two, very lonir, linear, and
ac'uniinat"; ovary villous. Hrujie l-see(U'(l, sjilierical, coatiMl with
u jfrumose waxy puli). Xut very jiard; seed erect; embryo with-
out alliumcn, the radicle sujierior. Cotyledons thick and oily.
A genus wholly distinct from Jfi/rii'n (laic, which is common to
Xorthci'n Kurope and Xorth Aniei'ica. The character of lunate scales
^iven to Myrica by J,inna'U< applies only to the (!.\i.i;, whii'li tlicris
forc constitutes a genus ])y that name. Tlio rest of our s[)ecies
belong to Myrica. In the Gale, the fruit is a small, ovate, (by nut,
with an indurated bractc on cither side of it, giving it the appearance
of being :i-lohed.
The species of this genus are few, luitives of the warmer anil
colder zones of both hemispheres, growing generally near the sea-
coast, and are ehielly shrubs, with alternate, jiersistent, or annual
simple leaves, usually mmv or less serrated or iiinnaiitid, and be-
58
ilV
ile
iitu
\vd
ill
ill ;
IR'S
ill's
mil
■ill I
ilh-
to
ilU'S
i.'1'i'-
cies
nut,
.iicv
anil
iiial
be-
J
I 'I \IV
Mvnc'll lllinliiiji
INODOROUS CANDLE T 11 E R.
59
s]iriiikliHl witli ai'otiKitie rc.~iiions sciilcri, as arc also tlio scales of llio
IhkIs. ("atkiiis axilian-. cxiiaiiiliii;,' early in tlio yciir. Then; nrv.
sc\i'ral sjH'cics in Xt'[ia;il in India, and at tlio C'ajio of (Jooil Hopo.
The Jl. F'i;i(i, with a 4-cellod drnin', and ahout tun stamens in loose
catkins, will, no donbt, constitute a ditlerent genus, which I lu'oiioso
to call Fava Azuiuca.
INODOROUS CANDLE TREE.
MviiirA ixoDonA. Arhorca, fuliis lanccolaio-cUipflcis inliqri.i oljlii.ii.<! nhir-
(jinc rcnilnlis Ikh^I ciincatis suhtus r!x fy'innmoda iilcrlsqur midis, Imci'i.i
-MvitiCA i'/iinliii-'i, I?art!iam'.s Travels in Florida, &e., p. 40;").
Myuica iihunilii, Chapman, MSS.
Ix tho month of March, IS-'iO, on the borders of the E.scaiul)ia,
in We.st Florida, I had the fortune to rodiscovor tliis fnu-
species of M^'rica, so long since descriljed by the amiable and
excellent Wm. Bartrani, near Taensa Blnft', on the Mobile River,
when' he I'emarks, August 5, 17TG, ''In my excursions idjout
tills place, I observed many curious vegetable productions,
pin'ticularly a species of Myrica. {Mjiricn i'iioJodl) This very
beautiful evergreen shrub, which the French inhabitants call
the Wax Tree, grows in wet, sandy ground, about tlie edges of
swamps; it risi's erect nine or ten leet, dividing itself into a
nudtitude of nearly erect branches, wliich arc garnished with
nuinv shining deep-green entire leaves of a lanceolate figure.
The uranches produce abundance of large round berries, which
are covered with a scale or coat of white wa.x: no part of this
plant possesses any degree of fragrance. It is in high estima-
tion with the inhabitants for the production of wax for candles,
for wliich pui'iiose it answers erpially well with beeswax, or
fiO
INODOROUS C A N I) L E T P. E R.
prefc'i'iiblo, as it is liiinlur and more lasting in hurniiig." — 15au-
tram's rrarih, p. 405-100.
Wc found it ('xat:tly in similar situations as tlioso described
by Bartram; and it has also been found in Alabama by Dr. Juet,
iVom whom I have been favored with specimens. It may with
propriety be called a tree, though never so large a one as the
Mi/ricd Fajjd, or Fayal Myrtle. The stem sometimes attains
the thickness of a man's arm, and, like the rest of the genus, it
is gregarious and forms stout thickets on the margins of small
streams and swamps. The berries are twice as large as those
of the connnon Wax Mjrtle. Though the leaves have no jjcr-
ceptible scent, they arc not always entirely Avithout the usual
scaly resinous glands; they have no serratures, and arc about
three to three and a half inches long by one to one and a half
wide. The l)ark is of a gray color, inclining to brown. The
male catkins are unusually large, as well as the berries, and the
leaves, when c^d, are as stiff as in the laurel. The stamens
beneath each scale of the anient arc eight, with distinct
filaments and monadelphous at base; the sunnnit of the catkin
is nearly without scales, and terminates in monadelphous
branchlets of stamens, each bearing three or four anthers. The
female catkin is loose, and the lower scales empty; the germ is
pilose. The wood appears compact, fine-grained, and nearly
wtiite. The candles formed of the myrtle wax I)urn long, yield
a grateful smell, and are destitute of the disagreeable scent pro-
duced on extinguishing tallow candles. In Carolina, a kind of
sealing wax has been made of it, and the root has been
accounted a specific in toothache. In Prussia it has been culti-
vated for the wax.
The Fayal Myrtij; (. .'. Faija) is in Fayal the principal
article of fuel; it there attains the ordinary height of a peach-
tree, with a more erect stem: it produces a considerable
INODOROUS CANDLE TREE.
61
(|iiiintity of compact, reddish wood. It is iilso ciiltivatod in rows
liotwc'on and around tiio orange trees for tlie puri/oso ol' slielter
from the cutting sea-ljrei'zes, -wiiicli -would otherwise al)ridgo
Uieir height and retard tlieir growtii. .Ml the gardens of the
i^■land reciuire the same shelter for which the evergreen Faya is
so well calculated, hcing perfectly hardy and indigenous to the
Azores.
PLATE XIV.
A brunch of the imlund .si:c. n. Tin' hrrnj.
PLANE THEE.
Xiiiu-ril Onkr, rLATAXK.i;. Liiuicaii Cfa.isifwatl<»i, MoN(i;riA,
I'uLYANDIilA.
PLATANUS.* (TouuNi:i-iJUT.)
Flowers of one sex, those of tlie two kinds situated uiuin the nanio
plant, and eaeli of tliem disposed in sphiTical anients on iiendnlons •
stalks, produein,!,' from two to five npon each. M.m.h Ihiucrs
iornu'd of minute thickish braetes; the iilamcnts very short, situ-
ated ln'tween tlic liracles. Aii/hcrs '2-celled, attaehed to iv connec-
livuni broader than the filament, with a peltate summit. Fkmai.k.
I'istils, numerous, in pairs. Oi-'(i\>/ of 1-ecll, ineliuliiiu' one to two
pendulous ovules. .Slijnms 2, long and llliliirni. Fnol, a earpel
seated in a tuft of artieuhUed hairs, ineluding one pendulous
oblong seed, destitute of albumen.
Lofty, (loeichions-loaved trees, with widely-spri'uding braiiehes
inul a dense, broad foliage having n pentangular ontline.
Natives of Europe, Asia, Northern Afri<a, and tlie teinjieratt!
parts of Nortli America. The species about three. Leaves
alternate, palmate; the bud concealed beneath a conical envelop
and immersed in the base of the petiole. The young shoots
and leaves covered with a deciduous down. The old bark at
length scaling off in extensive patches, leaving the trunk
smooth.
* Tho ninuc is from the CIreek wuni ^^/-i','/.-, hw.td, in allusion to its wido-siireiiJ
leaves ami braiielies.
ml
L
I'l.W
rl:ll:inilll I'Jirrllllisil
CALIFORNIA BUTTOXWOOD,or PLANE.
al'is siihtii.s /,o^ »'/''•'"'■*" /"'""'''s hiiirhian hnii-aihil'is ,iri/iiiiiiiili,s iiifii/ri.-;
,v///»//;x <n,,/iil'iii.< fnirlih'i.-' jv/i.r//*'-.-;.--.— XiTTALL, .Msi^. ill Aiululii.n's
i5ii''.!s of Aiiioru-'ii, tai). o&2.
Tins ri'innrktilily distinci spocios of riatrmus is a native of
Upiior California, in the vicinity of Santa Barbara, wlicro it
jmts on very nuioli the appearance of our eoininon IJi.ittonwooil,
{Pl((ta ».s Ovfhhnhdls.) As far as I yet know, it is iW only
siiecies on tlie western coast of America. It grows iiroljably
farther north, out T did not meet with it in the territory of
Oregon. It docs not appear in this unfriendly cli-natc to arrive
at the gigantic magnitude of its Eastern prototype, though it
eiiualb- a^'ects rich hottom-lands and the borders of streams;
l)ut the scarcity of rain, in this climate, -ivliich lia<l not for three
years been sullicient to encourage the raising of crops, and the
coiise(|ueiit disappearance of water in most of the brooks,
prevented, no doubt, tlii.-; subaquatic tixo from assuming its
proper character in a .ii'-re favorable soil. At first view it
would be taken for die ordinary species, spreading out the
same serpentine picturesrpio limbs, occasionally denuded of
their old coat of bark, and producing the same wide and gigan-
tic trunk; but a glance .-'- 1 lie leaves, no less than the fruit, would
remind the Easter'- traveller that he sojourned in a new region
of vegetation, and objects apparently the mo,-t familiar he met
around him, associate them as h<' would, were stdl wholly
strangers.
The leaves not fully exinuided were about four inches wide
and the same in len;vth. divided more than half-way down into
ti e shar|i-pointed, lanceolate portions, of which the two lower
are the smallest: all the divisions are ((uite entire, two of them
64
O II I E N T A L r Ti A X E T R E E.
in small leavt's .t'i' suppressed, thus producing a leaf of only
three parts. Above, as usual, the surface is at first clad with a
yellowish copious down formed of ramified hairs, which cpiickly
falls off and spreads itself in the atmosphei'e. The under sur-
face of the leaves are, however, always copiously clad with a
coat of whitish wool, which remains. Tiie young leaves, chu'
in their brown pilose clothing, have a voiy uncommon appear-
ance, and feel exactly like a, piece of stout, thick woollen cloth.
The branchlets, petioles, and peduncles arc equally villous. The
nude catkins are small, less in size than peas, full of long-haired
scales, and with unusually small anthers. The fi mala catkins
are in racmnes of three to five in luunlier, with remarkably long
styles, being between twt) and three-tenths of an inch in length,
and persistent on the rii)e Ijalls. The raceme with the full-
grown balls measures nine inches. The tree has, therefore, a
very unusual appearance, filled with these very long pendulous
racemes, each Ijcaring from three to four or even iive balls, at
tiie distance of aliont an inch from each other. The stignuis
are at first of a deep and bright brown.
The wood of this s[)ecies, as far as I could learn from the
American i-esidents at Santa Barbara, is far i)referable to that
of tlie common Buttonwood, being much harder, more durable,
less lialjje to warp, and capable of receiving a good polish: it is
of a pale yellowish color, like the young wood of the Oriental
Plane, and bears some resembhiuce to beech wood in its texture.
In the radiation of its medullary vessels, it resembles the wood
of the eou;mou species.
PLATE XV.
A branch af Ihc natarai nizc. a. The carjn'J.
The OliiKNTAl, Pl.AMO {PItifonHX Orii'iihilis) deserves to Ix;
planted in the Unite<l States as an orniiuiental tree. If grows
ORIENTAL PLANE TREE.
to tlie liL'ight of from .sevonty to niuoty feet, with wiilely-spiviul-
iiig brandies and a massive trunk, forming altogether a ma^
je.stic object. The leaves are more deeply divided and indented
than in our common .species. A iniiv.: cf the East, where
shady trees are not so abundant as in North America, it was
celebrated in the earliest records of (Ireciuii history. Xerxes,
it 8eem.s, (according to Herodotus,) was so fascinated witli a
beautiful Plane Tree which he found growing in Lycia, that
he encircled it with a ring of gold, and confided the charge of
it to one of the Ten Thousand. lie passed an entire day
under its shade, encamping with his whole army in its vicinity ;
and the delay so occasioned was believed to be one of the causes
of his defeat. Pausanius (a. I). 170) mentions a Plane Tree of
extraordinary size and beauty in Arcadia, which was said to
have been planted by Menelaus, the husband of Helen, and to
have been, at the time he saw it, loUO years old.
Plane Trees were j)lanted near all the public schools in
Atlu'us. The groves of Epicurus, in which Aristotle taught
his peripat 'tic disciples, the shady walks planted near the
(lymnasia and other pul)lic bui'dings of Athens, and the
groves of Aco;ienms, in which Plato delivered his celebrated
I'iscourses, vere all formed of this tree.
Tlie re u ark able Plane Tree at Buyukdere, or the Great
Valley, mentioned b}' Olivier, the naturalist, an 1 after him by
Poucqueville, '' .," -(u.so, and various other writirs, has a trunk
that presents ti ■ ■ cpoarancc of fcan or eight trees having a
common origin, which Olivier suppose,, ^c be the stool of a
decayed tree, and which were all connected at their base. Dr.
Walsh, who measured the tree in 1831, foinid the trunk one
hundred and forty-one feet in circumference at the base, and
its branches covered a space of one hundred and thirty feet in
diameter. The trunk divides into fourteen branches, some of
which issue from below the present surface of the soil, and
some do not divide till they rise seven or eight feet above it ;
»UL. IV. -&
C(j
ORIENTAL PLANE TREE.
one of tlie Inrgost is hollowed out by fire, luul aflbrds a cabin
to shelter a husbanclman. The tree, if it can be considered a
sing' )>lnxit, is certainly the largest in the world. But what
rende/,'- object of more than usual interest is, that IvI. D'»-
candoUe v ctnres it must be more than 2000 years old.
The wood of the Oriental Plane, in the Levant and in Asia,
is used in carpentry, joinery, and cabinet-making. It is said
to make beautiful furniture, on account of the smoothness of
its grain and its suscejitibility of receiving a high polish.
Concerning our common Plane Tree or Buttonwood, {Pla/a-
nwi Occidental is,) Dr. Darlington remarks, in Ills " Flora Ces-
trica," l)age 542, " It makes a noble shade in front of houses
where it has room to develop itself:" and he further remarks,
that " the icood is not much esteemed, but is occasionally
sawed into joists and other hnuber." It is beginning to be con-
siderably planted i-.i a shade-tree ou the side-walks of the streets
in several of the large towns of the United States, and, being
seldom attacked by insects, and rarely elevating the pavements,
it is exceedingly well calculated for this useful iiurposo in a
climate subject to such ardent summer boats ; but, if the Orien-
tal Plane would answer lUe same purpose, and it is easily pro-
pagated, we should not only possess an ornamental but also a
useful tree, as it regards the wood. The finest specimens of
trees of this species, in the vicinity of Philadelphia, are those
round the Pennsylvania Hospital, which were i)lauted about
the year 17G0.
POPLARS.
Xatund Onlir, Amkxtace.e, (Juss.) Suhunlcr, Saucine^e.
lAmuraii ClaKi miil Order, DiUiCiA, Octandkia.
roruLUs.* (Lixn.)
DliKCiots. Anicnts cyli, 'Iric, with the scales deeply cleft. Fcrianlh
cuii-shajied, ohluiue, and entire. Slaiiwiis about eij^jht, (or I'roiu
thirty to one hundred or more,) inserted on the scale or iierianth.
Fi;iiTii,E Fi.oKKTS with the scales and jierianth a in the male.
Slii/ma.^ three or four. Oipsiilc 1-celled, 2 to 4 salved. /SVu/i
luinicrons, couiose, with long, soft hairs like wool.
Trees of the temperate and colder parts of Kuropo and Xorth
America, with one spi'cies in Asia. The leaves are alternate, nnind-
ish, or deltoidly conlute, the petiole, for the most ]>art, vertical!''
coin|iressed toward the summit, and often sjiandular at the base; the
llowers (as m the AVillows, to which they are intimately allied) ap-
pearintr before the leaves.
The 1 oplars are divisible into two set^tions or subijenera.
§ I. Those properly so called, with about eight stamens, and,
Usually, tiliform stiinuas.
S 2. Those with from thirty to one hundred or uiore stamens, and
with broad, ililated, rcniliirm stigmas. J'ota.mkhia. These are mostly
large trees, which atl'ect the banks of rivers, and includes I'lijniliis
l<ii-li/iil(t, (/'. Ciiiiiii/nisis, Mich, li!.,) ./'. <ii)ipihiUi, l\ nioiiilifcrtt, I'. Iidr-
niiilii/ll", (/'. (injailiv, Mwu. til.,) and firobably 1'. riaulirai(.^; J'. b<d-
fdiiiifira, and our /'. (iiif/iislifuliii.
* An "111 Latin tuinio of uiicortiiin dorivation.
ti7
NARROW-LEAVED BALSAM POPLAR.
Porri.vs A\<irsTiFOLiA. Foliis oriiMou'Cdlnlin Innnrihiilsrc wiitis, mi-
/icrnr iiltiiiiiiilis pcmiincn'iis coiu'dhirihiis (jlnbrls adpri'.isii-itemilis ;
rm.iiih's ^ /■( 7/7;i/,v r/l<ilirl.<!, geminw rrsinnsis.
J\ (inriiislifiiliii, Toiiur.v, Lyceum Nat. Hist. N. York. vol. ii. p. 24It.
JS'tirnjir-harcil Ojtl'inirun,/, of Lkwis and Claukk.
As we ascended the banks of tlie river Platte, in our ex-
tended journey to tlie West, about Laramie's Fork, a nortliern
branch of that extensive stream, we observed searciy any
otlier tree along the alluvial plains but the pre.seat and the
Cottonwood; and those were chielly confined to the islands, a
eircumsti> CO accounted for by the annual burning of the prai-
ries, which wholly .-trips the streams of their margin of lorest.
so that we behold, far and wide, nothing but a vast plain, a sea
of grass undulating before the breeze; and the illusion api)ears
more sensible by the fact that the only variation to the scene
is produced by the scattered islands of the lofty Poplar, which
gives life and variety to the wild and boundless landscape.
The height of this species, which so nearly resembles the
IJalsam Poplar, may be about sixty to one hundred feet, having
a trunk of proportionate diameter, clad, like the Cottonwood,
with a rough, grayish bark. Although a brittle and p(jor wood
for almost every purpose, it will, like tiie Cottonwood of the
Mississippi, {Bi/>i(7i(.s <ni;/ii/<(/(i,) become, of necessity, important
for fence and fuel, whenever this country shall become settled,
as scai'cely any other timber exists in sufficient quantity for
economical purposes. When dry, it burns well, but is quickly
reduced to ashes.
Whatever may be the immediate uses of the Narrow-leaved
Poplar, we must say that, in a country so exi)osed and arid as
the Rocky Mountain region, we felt grateful for the shade and
08
^
nxs'i.
Pdjmlus AiiqtiNiirdlia
f'fUftltfr InittrHi^ftt /eut/^rjf ftiviifS i.trniu //v//--^*/ /////•'//», /J////,*/-
n
1
)l
a
V
t
t
1
1
NARROW-LEAVED HALSAM POPLAR.
01)
slH'ltiT it .x() orton oxclusively afTimk'd uh, with tlie cxcciitioii (if
ii few insifriiilicant Willows, that frerniently asTOciate with it.
Ill nhovt, wo rarely lost .Hif5ht of this tree, which arcoiiipanied us
to tlu' iiortliiTii soinroH of the Platte, invsciited itself, as usual,
on the alluvial hanks of the Colorado of the West, aloufr Lewis
Kiver, of the Shoshonce, the hanks of the ()re<;-on from the
Walla-Walla to its estuary, attaining along the hanks of this
nohle stream, and its southern trihutary the Wahlamet, an
uugmeution so great as to vie in miignitude with the tall Cotton-
wood of the Mississippi, and to pass amidst the mighty forests
of the West as one of the largest deeiduous-leaved trees of the
eouutry. We (lud this speeies of Poplar also on the hanks of
the Missouri, on the upper part of the river, from whenee it
eontinues nuinterriiptedly to the valleys of the Eoeky Moun-
tains. In the severity of winter, the houghs arc collected by
tlie aborigines to support their horses; the heaver likewise feeds
upon them hy choice'.
Early in the spring the balsamic odor of its resinous buds
may be perceived far and wide, and the shade of its tidl, rouid,
and spreading sunnnit invited hosts of birds to its Ijranches,
particularly the large and tine IJand-tailed Pigeon, .'hich feeds
with avidity on its seed-buds in tiie spring, allbrding them an
al)uudaut article of food.
The lesser branches are rather tough than brittle, covered
with a smooth, yellowish bark. The leaves vary on the same
branch, iu this respect, that the earliest brought out are tlie
widest; these are generally ovate and acute, (not acuminated as
in the Balsam Poplar,) rounded below; afterward come out a
set of lauceuhite leaves, much longer than the others, often
three inches by only one inch wide: these are acute at both
ends, and would pass very well for those of a Willow; they are
all nuvrgiued with line, bluntish, appressed serratures, and
beneath they are nearly the same color as above. The foot-
stalks of the leaves or petioles are about three-cpuirters to an
10
C i) T T 0 N W 0 0 D— A M E II I C A N ASPEN.
inch ill k'lifrtii. Tiii' lu'rvL'M arc all liiint bi'iicatli and pi'iiiiati',
with no a|)[)t'ai'aiice of Ix-'ing .'j-nei'ved at tlic base; the iimiilKT
of tliL'HO nerves or lateral vewsels are twelvi; to fil'toeii on a side,
at least double the miinber they are in the Balsam Poplar.
The raehis of the female anient is smooth, the ;^erms miieh eor-
rii,!rated in dryiiifr, and the scaly cup of the frerni very shallow,
not more than half the size of that of tlu! species to wliii'h it is
so closely allied. Upon the whole eoniiiarison, we are .satisfied
that this is iis distiiit^t a sjiecics as ati}' in the genus. In the
Fi.oii.v IiossicA. vol. i. p. 07, t. 41. 15., a leaf is given as a variety
ol' the Halsaiii Poplar from Altai, very similar to oui' present
species.
PLATE XVI.
^l lirniirli vf //«■ HiiUu'iil xi:r. <i. The cnjisuh:
('oTTONWoon, Poi'ui.rs i,.i;vi(!.vtv, ]Vi!l</. [R <"<(«'«/' /<.s7.v, Mini.,
8ylva, vol. ii. pi. '.)'}.)
This species, more hardy than the Mississippi Cottonwood, is
found on the banks of most of the Western rivers I'or a consider-
able distance toward the Koclcy Mountains. It is abundant on
the l)orders of the Arkansa.s, but is nowhere met with in Oregon
Territory.
IJ.vi.sAM Poi'LAU, {Pijtidit-s hdlsmni/ini.) In F/nni Roxsica,
vol. i. pp. fiT and 41, is given a figure of a Poplar from Daoiiria,
called the IJalsani Poplar, wliicli does not tippear to be our
plant. The leaves are wider, with shorter petioles. This spe-
cies stretches into Eastern Siberia, along the river-banks, to the
peninsula of Kamtschatka.
A.MERiCA\ Asi'EX, {BipiiJii-1 frcmuh!(?c.t, Mini., Fl. Bor. Am.,
vol. ii.p. 243. P. fniiiiJa, Wji.i.d.) This elegant species, of which
WHITE I'ol'LAI!.
71
till! loaves, like tlie Eiiropoiin Aspon, trcinhlc and vilinitc in tlic
faintent hrcozo, is nu't with west of" tlio Mississippi, in scattcr-
inj^ groups, cliii'lly in the viivircs of the mountains, wlicro
sjirings issuf out, and in narrow valleys, -vvlu're consideralilo
firoups of this trco may l>o scon, into the centre of the lioiky
Mountain chain ; l)ut tliey hero attain a very inconsiderablo
magnitude, being seldom thicker than a man's arm.
WiiiTF, Poi'LAH, (/'. (dhti,) now commonly cult \ated with us
lor ornament, soon attains the nnignitiido of an Oak. This
wood, remarkable for its whiteness, is generally used in the
South of Franco for wainscoting and tlooring houses, and in
Knghind it is I'mploycd by turners for a host of small articles
and utensils of housekeeping.
The wood of various species of Poplar has been emi)loyed for
dyeing: tliat of the Lombardy or Italian PopLar boiled in water
with wool communicates a very permanent golden-yi'llow color;
other species, as the IMack, Yii'ginia Pofjlar, and Cottonwood,
give, according to the length of time employed and the (juantity
of the wood boiled, various shades of color, as that of nankeen,
nuisc, the color of the Vicunga, with other shado.><, and answer
convi'niontly for the ground of other colors.
■J
WILLOWS.
Ndtni-dl Onli'i; AMF.XTArK.T:, (Jussiou.) SuTm-dir, Sai.icixk.k.
Liiiiiinni C/iiK'.ijIiiitiioi, Di'KtiA. DiAMiiiiA, &c.
SALLX.* (TouiiMiFouT, Li.wv.)
Tlio fldw^i's ai'o iiiiixroTsf ov vory riiroly .Moxoxioirs, disjioscd in ovuid
or cyliiidrie ciitkiiis. coiiiiinsLMl of undivided Roiilt's wliicli ai'c iin-
In'ifrttcd ovi'i' ciicli (itlar, iind oacli willi flic ]iistil-< or stiiiiiotis toriu
a flowi'r; at tlio liase oi' those scales exists a stiiail c;linidiilar body,
wliieh is cither siinjile or hifid, and surrounds tho inierior organs
of reproduction. In the mate flowers there exist from four to iive,
or oven sc\en to nine stamens; (ordinarily there are only t' i.) Tti
the j'l male tlowers the ovary is sinirle, teriiiinatcd liy a liitid style,
havintr usually four stiLtnuis. The capsule or foITu !e eonsi.ts of one
cell with two valves. The seeds are very inunerous and minute,
each terminated hy a lonij; tuft ol' hairs or j.appns; the radicle is
inferior, or in an inverse position to that of the I'oplars, to whicli
they are so intimately allied
The Willows, uunuTous in species, are all (witii two L'xee[)-
tions in the Straits of Magellan and Peru) natives of the iiorlli-
ern hemisphere, up. I all of tin-ni shrubs or trees, sonic not more
than an inch in height above the ground, couhncd to tho high-
est sunnnits of lofty mountains, others attaining an elevation of
* Paid to be derived from llio Cihie .«(/, iieiir, and !i», wiitcr.
f A term usi'd by Ijimia'us td cl('sii.'iia*e a cliiss iif jilaiits wliich have flowers of
different sexes on two different iiidivijuals, moiuuin, witli two .scirt.s of flowers oil
diffi rent parts of the same plant.
I
ssam
WILL 0 W S.
73
iift^'or sixty foot. The wood is usually light and c'loso-graiiiod :
the twigs of several species, used by baskot-uiakors, arc roinark-
ahlo for thoir pliability. The bark of iiiost of the species con-
tains a peculiar vegetable principle, called saUcine, which, for
intonnittont fevers, is nearly as servieeal)lo as Peruvian bark;
and the down of tlio seeds has l)oen nianufuotured into a coarse
paper. Most of the species aflc'ct wet or humid situations,
being common on the immediate ])orders of bnjoks and rivers,
which they fringe with a luxuriant and agreeable vegetation.
Tiie llowers generally pre;'e le the apjiearance of the leaves, and,
tiiough not beautiful, they are scon with delight, as the earliest
liarbingers of our northern spring. '"he species, more than
two hundred in number, present nearly the same general form
of foliage, with the margin encire or serrated; the catkins are
lateral or terminal, and the strmens are too variaLiJ in number
to admit of a classification by them; there are some with only
one, a good many with two, others with tl "o, four, live, or even
nine or leu. Tiie capsules, though small, ailb'- 1 the best traits
of specitie distiuctitin. The leaves put on various a])pearances,
anil even outlines, in the progress of their growth, and the
Willows justly rank among botanists as the most protean and
diilicult liimily of plants to di>criminate in the northern hemi-
sjiiiere. In oui' tour across tiie continent we have met with
some remarkable six'cies, four or live of which b'^come trees :
we shall oiler descriptions of the whole, but only give figures
of those which rank amojig arborescent species.
iv.
LONG-LEAVED WILLOW.
Samx spkciosa. /''i/Z/s liiiii/iysiiiii'.-i l(i)ifcohtlis .nrriiliili.-i promhfic ariioi -
natift (jlaliris shIjIus (jlnxcis jntnorihus pilaais ; timciitis si-rolinl'i C>-',)-'iii-
(Irts, iitrntinihus pcdkxUuUs lunccoltitis acunmatis ylahrls, squamin lan-
veolato-iihlongis scrkcts, sth/mntis Miis Itijiilif,
8.M.IX nciDA, Hook, (as it ro^iird.s the Ori'u;oii phuit.) — Fltir. Bor.
Am., viil. ii. \i. 14S.
No Willow on the Ainericivn continent presents so remurkable
and sjili'ndid an appeiiraneo as the jnvsont; the cflect of which
is produced no U'ss by its magnitude than the size and beauty
of its tbliaire. Its aspect is that of a large Peach Tree, with
the leaves and tJieir stalks fi-oni live to eight inches long by an
inch to an inch and a half wide; beneath, wlien adult, tlu'y ai'e
glaucous. lil\e thosi' of the River Maple. The sununit is tufted
and spreading, and the tree attains the elevation of about twcnity
to thirty I'eel, with a trunk of twelve; to eighteen inches in
diameter. When in full bloom, which is with the lirst ex-
pansion of the leaves, in May, the numerous and large briglit-
yidlow catkins, loading the branches, enndate the finest Acacia
of New Holland; they are also agreeal)l}' fragrant, and attract
swarms of wild bees and other insects, in continual motion
among their waving branches. We have seen this noblj s[)e-
cies nowhere in such [icrfection as along the banks of the deep
iddamet and the wide Oregon, whose mnnerous islands are
W^
almost exclusively decked with this imposing Willow, which
continues to the Blue Mountains, and along the neighboring
streams as far ciist as the rivor Boisee. As we sailed along th((
smooth bosom of these extensixc streams, for many nnles we never
lost sight of the liongdeavetl Willow, which seemed to dispute tlie
domain of the sweeping ilood, fringing the banks of tiie streams
anil concealing liie marshes entirely IVom view; at every instant,
I
I
/..'«,/ I,;i,,',/ 11,//,.
SllliX S|I<>('I<IK
■ Km/e (//•(/(■/,-,■
of
1.1
ill:
be
1<>
Pi
()
ill
ii:
hi
'1
a
o
1;
(.1
1
^
(
(
1
LONG-LEAVED WILLOW.
75
Avlu«n toudied by the breeze, displaying the contrasted surfa.-o
of tlieir leaves, above of a deep and lucid green, beneath tlie
l.luish-wiiite of silver: the whole scene, rctlected by the water
and in constant motion, presented a silent picture of ex.inisite
benuty. Inunediately behind this foreground of spreading Wil-
lows arose, in the first rank of the legitimate forest, the lofty
Toplars we have already described, succeeded by the i::;ij'>«tic
Oaks and Maples, while the distant hills to their summits were
impenetrably hid by the vast towering Tines and Firs, which,
mingling as it were with the clouds, close in the re-t of the
landscape with funereal grandeur.
This species is related to the TAicid nnd Bay Willow.-, and
the buds have something of the same aromatic exudation; the
-errulations and the base of the leaf are also equally glandular.
The Ijark of the trunk is rough and divided, the twigs smooth
and shining, of a yellowish brown. The leaves, at first green
on both surfaces, arc, before expansion, clothed with long,
brown, loose, parallel hairs, which disappear with the progress
of their growth ; at length they become silvery and glaucous
beneath : they are finely serrulated, acute at l)oth tremities,
witli the points very nmch attenuated. The stipules are semi-
circular and broad, serrulated on the margin. The llowers
come out with the expandii'g leaves from lateral buds, con-
taining, in the male, also two or three leaves, so that the cat-
kin appears as a peduncuhvted spike. The stamens are very
long, from five to nine in a scale, with filaments which are
hairy toward the base, and, as well as the hairy, broad, cuneate,
serrated scales, are of a bright, golden yellow.
The fennde plant, at tlie time of llowering, appears to have
smaller leaves than the male, and those on the branches which
liear the catkin are green on both surfiices for a considerable
time; they are also but little acuminated; five or six leaves,
with tlieir appropriate stipules, grow out on tlie same branch,
which terminates in a female spike. The scales hi liit catkin
7 (5 L o N (} - 1. K A V E D W I L L 0 W.
„r spiko are oblong or lauce-obloug, and less hairy than in tho
Htaniiniforons catkin. The germ is laneeola'e. i.e.lieellate, and
smooth, acuminated, and terminate.l by a short, bifi.l style, with
two pubescent, billd stigmas. The capsule is likewise smooth,
and contains seeds with a very l.mg pappus, as abundant almost
lis on a seed of cotton.
The wood is whitish and close-grained, and might i)robal)ly
be employed for the same purposes as that of tlie White Poplar,
but the nearly uninhal/ited state of the country in Oregon
prevents the possiljility of making any useful experiments. As
an ornamental and hardy tree, however, it stands pre-eminent
among all its fraternity, and well deserves to be introduced into
pleasure-grounds, where it would be perfectly hardy as far
;iorth as New York, or in any part of Great Britain.
PLATE XVII.
•1 /.•;,/ .,nl In.f of (l.r >,nl,md .izr. a. Thr J, mak r.fl.in. h. The male
r.,ikn,. r. The male jloarr ami 6ralc uf the calkin, d. The o^,ni cap-
mde.
> ':!>
N
>
S:ili\ |iciit:iiulfa .
I
I.OXa-LEAYED BAY WILLOW.
SaI.IX l'i:\'l',\Milt.A. /•m//V.< I //<'yi//i'/x (trilinilnilis srrrit/i.-J iilolin!<, julnJi^
.■<(iiii rue ill'tiiililhisi.1, (lllliiili.1 .'<i ralilii.'! jiciil'liKlri-i, f/triniliiliils liinrKilnl'S
ill,il,i-:s. — Wii.i.i)., Sp. \<\. I. c. Aaiii.., ill Kldiii Diiiiicu, tall. lU:?.
lldST., Sal. Austr. 1, t. 1, f. 2. Kiij,'. lint., t. ISO.l
Sai.ix rKN'i'ANiiiiA. Fdliis srtrdli-i (/I'llirln, JlnriliHs jiiiiliniiln.i. — Linn.,
Unit. ClillniM., II. WA, ct Sp. jil., ji. 144. Floni Laiiimnica, \>. :!TI),
t. H, I'lii. 3. Omki.in, Flora Siiiiiiia, vol. i., \). l.Vi, t. :i4, lii?. 1.
Siilix J'ldii.^ (/Idhri.i, onilo-laiirctihill.s ; piliuHs f/lmHlidiji-is ; jlorihii.i /i.'.iv/.v/c-
vfiiii'hii.i. — IIali.ku, Flora llolvetiea, No. 1G:]I).
S'llir w,id,ii,a w'ljor; foUi^ X(/»c;/(/n.— ToruxKi'ouT, InstitntL'n Kci.
llcll.., p. 5111.
Sdli.r J'ljn.s liimro .<-Vc (ah ;/!'ihro ndnr'tlu. — Rail, Hist., p. HM.
Sam.k 1'i;.\tanii'!A, ,5 caiuata. Folil.s hnKjisslnw arainiiKilin (ttlcnidilis;
roiiinli.'<jUdh)viliii.-< hii\-<(di-<; cdjisidl-i rdijnliKsi.s ojidci
"We mot with this spuoios, hitherto ^vliolly European, in the
very centre oi' the N(jrth Aniericiin Continent, liy streams in
tlie valle\s of the Eocky Mountains, toward their westi'rn
sloi)e, in Ore.ijon, and also the Bhio Mountains of the same
territory. It is true, the present variety is a ronuirkahle one.
The npi)ermost leavi's on the adult branches are ahout live or
six inehes lon.^;', one-iualf of which distance, or about two and a
lialf to three inelii's, nniy be considered as the slope of the
snnnnitand the point of the leaf; the buds and last-developed
lirauches are also hirsute. This variety, like its prototype,
becomes a tree lifleeu to twenty feet hii;h, of a bright, but
)iot deep, and rich green. The llowers are fragrant, produced
after the appearance of the leaves, and the capsules in our
plant arc slightly corrugated, even when ripe and open, and
do not .shine as in the connnon Bay Willow. The leaves have
the same odorous glands, and the bark of the branches is
smooth, shining, and of a brownish-yellow color. This tree is
78 W E S T E R N Y E I, L 0 \V W 1 L L O W.
met with .»! inoimtaiiious situiitions by stroams, in all tli
iiortlierii parts of J{
Swodcn, Lanland
lU'opc,
-ill IJritain, France, Swit/.(;rlaiiil,
am
1 tliroiidiout Siberia and Rii:^sia. Itr-
branches arc too fragile to b;" employed iiir any ecoiiouiical
i)uri)ose, and the wood decrepitates in the fire. The lea\es,
which are fragrant I'roi.i the resinous glands of their niargin,
however, I'nrnish a yellow dye, and the abundant down of its
seeds, in some of the northern countries, is used with success
as a substitute for <M)tton, mixed with a tiiii'd part of tlu; true
material.
Accordiiiji to Loudon, it is one -jf the most desirable species
of the genus fur planting in iileasure-grounds, on account of
the fine disiday made I)}' the blossoms, their abundant fragrance,
the shilling, rich, deep green of the leaves, and tiie compara-
tively slow growth and compact habit of the tree. It is also
one of the lates*, ilowering Willows, the blossoms ^ehloin ex-
l)anding till the beginning of Juno.
PLATE XVIir.
A hrtiiifli of the na/nnd ace. a. The ni/'sul:.
WESTERN YEf.LOW AVILI.OW.
RaI.IX I.ITKA. F'lln'y iii-iilo-hiihrnhii:.^- iiciitis lir'ilcf :<irn(l<llis i/l'iliri.<,
.■<Hjiii/i.i hiiinlis. iiiihiilii prufiii-iliii.s linriliH-'' i-i/liiif/nifci.-; i/rniiiiiili'(.''
Tui:-; i.^ a sninllisii arlioivsce"* .-pecies of Willow, which in-
Jiabits tiie Rock}' Mountain region, nmi jiroceeds westward to
the liiinks of the Oregon, but is llo^vllere ci>mnii>ii. It attains
to tlu^ magnitude of a suiail true, ami at first glanco appears
^
St'ilix liiira .
It'i'S/i'/'f/ \ vV//'H WlltoH
■ V/i-z/r' Jiiitnr
no
///,
ev
til
of
Cll
ar
Ik
re
Vi
tl
111
ii
II
)i
y
tl
WESTERN YELLOW WILLOW.
79
iioarly iillicd to tho common yellow-twiggi'd Willow (.V. ritiJ-
limi,) but it nevor grows so liirgc, and is, after tho very first
evolution of the leaf-buds, perfectly smooth, with none of those
tnfis of hairs which in that species appear at the interior base
of the bud; it likewise possesses stipules, and bears short, close
catkins, with smooth capsules, and the serrulations of the leaves
are not glandular, indeed scarcely visible, the leaf appearing to
have a thin and often almost entire diaphanous margin.
It is at the same time a very elegant and distinct species,
remarkable f(jr its smooth bright-yellow branches, and pale
green, rather small, lucid leaves. It is well deserving of culti-
vation for the sake of variety, and is undoubtedly hardy from
the climate it inhabits. The leaves are rather narrow, more
lanceolate than ovate, acute, or somewhat acuminate, about an
inch and a quarter long, and less than half an inch wide. The
minute serratures or serrulations are rather crowded, but very
minute and shallow, aiid not in the least cartilaginous. The
voung leaves before evolution are silky and white beneath, ..at
the i)ul)escence wholly disappears with their expansion.
PLATE XIX.
A branch of the mtural si:e uulh faille catldns. a. The eapsule.
HOOKER'S WILLOW.
Sm.ix IIookehiana, (Barriitt, Mss.) /{,
'thh'. rolnifilts inihcurenlilms,
jiiiiiiiril)H!i <htit>c Idiiiciiliisii-liiiiiili.i, foia.s Idle ohomtis fere suhrotundatis
rii/iil!iisriilis .vi rroli.s ninri/iiie jilniiis fiijira ('tdiilli.'') nudlHSculls sulitiia
(')nitnhi.'io-liii(((li.-', slijiiilii [.v(«//roc(/((^'.v,] anifiill.'i ci/l/iulracciii crassis,
f '11.(11 iiiiy hiiii/c (kitsiadiiii' laiinli.% oriiriiv laitijc !<lljjit<(tis lawaihitis ijhilKr-
riiiiif', ■■'I'lhi hriciii.'iciilo, t!li(/m(ilcs lubis Intfym. — lluoic, Flor. Vnn: Am.,
vol. ii. p. 145, t. 180.
Tins .small true, nourly allied to S. cincrca, wo found of" (?om-
mon occurrence in the lower i)art of the territory of Oregon
toward the .sea, particularly fre(|U('nt on the niar^^in.s of ponds
and in wet place-s near the outlet of the Wahlaniet, where it
attained the hei;:ht of eight or ten I'eet. It was also found in
the territoi'y of Hudson".-* Bay, near the Grand IJajiids of the
Saskatcdiewan, hy Dou<rlas. The leaves arc remarkably ])rotean
in their form, sometimes wholly- soft and villous on both sides,
more connnonly so beneath, the nature of the pubescence also
varying till it at times reseud)h's in appearance and to the touch
the most Ijrilliant velvet; the old leaves are generally obovate,
smooth and sliining above, often nearly .so beneath, and tiien of
a bluish-"reen or glaucous In
tl
lev are, moreover, lioih acute
and olituse, sometimes even rianided at the extremit\
uid are
icnerallv anion
ir the larirest. or at least widt'st, oi" Willow leave
The sti])u]es on some branches are very conspiciKais, circular,
nts are extremely jiilose in an
iiid serrated
'J"i
ih
le mal(> ame
early stage, as in our A', cuii'ifi ni, to which this species m;ikes
some approach; the stamens are two to each scale. The cap-
sule is ovate-lanceolate iind veiy smooth, the style elongated,
and tlie stigmas two and imlivided.
The twigs of this species are llexible, but the wood is too
80
15 L U X T-L E A V E D W I h L 0 W.
81
Kiiiiill for almost any oconoinioal cmplojnicnt. TIic old wood of
th<! trunk oC S. aiprea or the Sallow, so much liko tliu present
species, is much esteemed by wood-turners.
BLUXT-LEAVED WILLOW.
8aI.IX FLAVKSCKXS. JuiIUs (iIkiI-hI!.^ ."Illilnncfuhtlifi Jl(ir(sfin(c lunli^ihu'ix
iiiliiji-iii diiiiiiiii (jhdiris, .k/IjiiiIi's j)iirnili.s giil/i<iiiiir(inl((/:s dt n/ii-nliilis,
aiihiili/i prcLcodbiu^, iVjiaidiii lunwAatis scriciv-piiliisccitliljas, .ylii/iiKilibii.'i
We mot with this shrnijhy species in the range of tlie Eocky
Mountains, and we are doul)tl'ul if it is not also an inhahitant
of Europe. It agri'os \fry ncai'ly with the Obtuse-leaved
AVillow of Willdenow, {S. (jhtusi/olia,) of which we have seen
no specimens, and which is apparently a very obscure species,
said to be a native of the Lapland AIjjs. Ours is a large shrub,
with much of the aspect and general character of the firay
Will
Will
ow, wliich is indeed the typo of a group of kindred
ows. For a good while the leaves still ronniin downy, pai--
tii'ularly on the under surface, which is tinged also with jjalo
yellow. The leaves, wlien old, are about one and a half inches
long, three-rpiartors of an imdi wide or more, wedge-shaped at
lanceolate, quite smooth, entire ap-
t!ie base, obovato or ol)
parently, yet the stipules are denticulate. The branches an
br
own
or dark puride. The catkins are short and cylindric,
the scales blackish, hairy, and obtuse, the capsules white and
silky; the stylo is distinct, and the four stignuis long and
pubescent.
V.ii,. IV.— c
POXD WILLOW.
S.\r,ix STAfiNALis. FdVls ohhni'in-hi'nccuhUs ohtiisia ink(in-rmns han
ciiiiKttis siililds jmhcsccnlihus, stipuUs milUs, amtnlis cuahituli, cdpaalis
lanccolali.s wuhiiiiatis saiccis, squamis sublanccohitis.
This is another sjiccios iiidiiicnoiis to tho hanks of tlio Oregon,
related to the same section ^vitil the hist. The twigs are dark
brown and sk'nih-r, and tlie leaves scattered beneath vitii a
niinnto brown ])iil)eseence, which oonnmniicates a somewhat
rusty appearance to tlie k-aves; they are about one and a Indf
inelies long and one-half to three-quarters of an inch wide; in
the bud tlie}' ai'(? covered with long silky hairs. The capsules
are remarkable for their great attenuat' m and length; the scales
of the anient are oljlong-laneeolate • d hairy. We have not
seen the male plant, and our account is therefore iinperHjct.
VELVET WILLOW.
Salix cuxdata. Fiili'is hinciuhilix chhnujisrc apicc .vihucrrtihids arnlin,
hasi enncatis rjlnhris .vthlns hnlnacrlnin, slipiiUn wbiutis yhrixqiir )»illis\
nmcvtiK cowhtncis dongalis, capsulis ovatts scriccis, stiyiiiiililnis hm-^lmf!
This l)eautiful Willow wo found growing in clumps near the
rocky margin of the Oregon nt its confluence witli the Wahia-
met, attaining the height of six or eight feet. The branches
are slender, and, according to their age, vary much in appear-
aiKie, at first villous and down}-, but at a later period bit)wn,
and sometimes ipiite blue, with a glaucous bloom. Tiu; leaves.
WESTERN roNl) WILLOW.
83
with tlicir .sliort iK'tiolos, mciiHiire about two iiiclK>s, ami arc
about liull" an iucli wide, pubescont abovo, at Icniitli nearly
suiootb, and deep groon, but always clad boiu'atii with a whitifih
closo tomoatum, producing all the brilliant display of the finest
velvet. The male flowers we have not seen. The fennde cat-
kins are rather long, loose, and subcylindric, often accompanied
at the base by two or three leaves, and come out when the
leaves are considerably grown. Tlie capsules are silky, short,
ovate, and acute; the style short, and the stigmas four and
smooth. The scales of the catkin are brown and oval, some-
what hairy, and nuich shoiter than the capsules. In the
narrow-leaved varieties, the leaves ai)pear almost wholly entire.
The broader-leaved i)lants bear some resemblance to the CJrav
AVillow, but the serrulations are minute and the stipules very
small, or wliolly wanting.
WESTERN POND WILLOAV.
Salix MACiiocAiu'A. Fuliis lanccohdii amjushdis ftihinliijirriniis iilrimjitc
anit'iti fidnirmiiinalifs dcnnnn r/lnbri--^ .sithliis (jhaicis, .slipidi.i uh.^dhlis,
aiiicidis fiKiliincis (liaiulris, atpsull.s rr.nlru'u.'^ifi caiidali^ ifhibritifcidis
jicdiccUutis, fli(/iii(itd)iis fiditicfiillliitii 'jH'idrijidid.
This species, like our Pond Willow {S. i/risai.) to which it is
closely related, is found forming cluui[)s in wet jilaces where
the water is stagiuiut, — situations which it always .'icems to
prefer to the banks of running streams. It attains the height
of three or four feet. Tlie branches are smootii and brownish
black, sometimes glaucous or whitish. The leaves (about two
to three inches long and half an inch wide) are at first covered
with a browni.sh silky down which disappears with age, when
84
SOFT-IiK AV K 1) W 1 L I. () W.
they bei'oiiio dnrk jirccii aiic] bluisli white, of j'liiiii'oiis he-
iii'utli; (hey iirc iisimlly very aciitc, and mostly ciitiiv. The
catkiiiH are small and oMon;.'. with two or thi'ee li'uves at the
base of the iietliocl ; the scales of the stamens an; small and
hlaekish, oval and obtnse, somewhat hairy. The female aments
havo very short pedicels, and ]irodneo at the li:'-o about two
li'aves; the scales are narrow d linear; the cajisnles pi'diuid-
lated, somewhat villous, but at k'ngtli nearly smooth, ventricosu-
lanceolate, with long i)oints, and nearly sessile stigmas.
SOFT-LEAYED WILLOW.
SaMX SKSSIT.IFOr.IA. F<iU(S hi
nliifi:
i.s .ycssililiHs in'iili.t.siiiii.s niiii'c .v^/y.vcc-
ridnfis (vV/i/.v/.v iiudli/jii.^; !</iimll.'i nidll.s, aiiniiUs sirnlinls iliandr
"I
Hhlirt h
,lu
'annllt
nip.
'ills III
i/'iH.s kniiiiuililjKs ; f/rniiii)i
ijldbrk, ffli/lo jimfdndc bipur/ila iftli/inatdjit.i b'Jidls
'thills ihiicnn fidi-
Tiiis beautiful and very distinct species of Willow 1
lormei
1
dense tufts on the rocUy Ijorders of the Ori'gon, at the eon-
fluence of the Wahhunet. attaining to the heiglit of about six
to eight feet, and win
11
n HI llower appeared as sliowy as a
sir
Mi-
mosa. It is remarkably leafy, and the leaves ai'e hoary, with a
rather long and somewhat copious jmbescenee, which eonuiui-
nicates a softness to the touch euual to that of velvet ; whether
the 1(
d'terward Ijeconii' more smooth or not 1 canufit say.
but think it probable. Ditlerent from almost every other Wil-
low I havi^ sce)i, the catkins each terminate so many small,
lealy branches about two inches long, exclusive of the catkin
or spike, which is itself about one and a half inches, in both
sexes attenuated at the base; these brancldets, as well as the
leaves, are whitish, with soft hairs, particularly the former, but
IMIOSTU ATE AY I L LOW.
85
Htill the ;,'rcpii color of tlic k'iif prcdoniiiiatas; (ho points of tlu-
k'iivi's lire .sonii-wliiit ri>;iil, sliiirply ucuto, and, uiilik(! nio.xt
otluT species, they uve
destitute of petioU's or footstalks; the
S{
ales of the anient are oval and unusually conspicuous, nion
() to
hairy in the staminifcrous flower. The stamens ii--
ii scale. The capsule is pul)escent and lanceolate, at Iciifjth
nearly smooth; the stigmas four, and ratlier long. No ves-
tiges of stipules ajjpcar in any of our numerous specimens; the
older hranches are dark hrown.
It is dillicult to decide on the afTinitirs of this very distinct
hich at a little distance rescmhles a Piulni or hiifi>-
les, ^v
spec
ilnidfoii, the leaves heing e(iually gray and silvery, w itli soft
hairs, which are so eciually distrihutcd on either surface as to
ohliterate the presence of the veins and render lioth surfaces
almost similar. It a])pears, in some respects, to reseinl)h!
,S'. ,trrwn-iii, the Sand Willow, hut thi; late appearance of the
uments and their remarkahle disproportion are almost without
a parallel.
rilOSTRATE WILLOW.
SaI.IX IIHACIIVCAUI'A. F'><''i>: (irnli.< hnirinhit'iard iWllH-i sillisi.--.--i'l!/ii/-i llllc-
qiirimis (•(■;i('rco-/)/if/)i'wv/(///<".v .■^ulilns iiicdiinrHhisIs, sllpiili'' iinlli'.-\ anii-ii-
lis coivtiiiKls ///•, (■/7»^^■ i/l.iiihnili'.^, i;iji.<iili.i uruli-- ulihiri-hitis tit)iuiiii>si<,
.•^■lii/iii'ililiiis .v((/y.sc,v.>' ////<"■•■■.
This singular prostrate and dwarf Willow we nu^f witli in
(he Kocky Mountain range, on tlie horders of ]?ear lliver. a
.•lear. rapid Iirook cutting ils way through hasaltic dikes to tiie
curious lake of Timpanogos. in New Mexico. This locality is
likewise famous for the numerous selt/er s])rings, so strongly
impregnated with carbonic acid as to sparkle and ellervesce
Si!
riloSTK ATE WILLOW.
lil<(' clifinii)nj:ni'. Oiii' ImiilorH (uilled tliciu tlif '■ Mccr Spring
tllK
I. r<
il (l:i\' ill)
il a liiilC that we
it at this iiioiiKiiiili
lilac.'i', tilt' watci's all'onU'd us a most tlclicious tivat (liirin;^ tlio
warm wcatlicr, in
th
th
I
ind plains. In an open, niar>]iy situa-
tion, (lu the margin of tlu; rivor-lori'st, jjrew an ahiiiKlancc of
tiiis cMiri(jiis, (k'prc'SSL'd, and hoary shrub, wliicli has soiiicwhat
till' aspect ul" the European Sand Willow, (.V. niriinriK ;) Imt il
is much molt' dwarf, with the leaves smaller and alwa\s hoaiy
with puhesceiice. The .stem hraiiehes Irom the base, only rising
four or five inches above the surface of the earth, but with
many diffuse, tough, woody branches, which spread out into a
circle of a foot or more. The root-stock is woody and thick;
the branches full of cicatrices, pubescent, but brown beneath,
thickly covered with small leaves, which in some phints are
elliptic-ovate, in others oblong-hmceohite, all very entire, nearly
ite, from half an iiicli to
sessile, and acute, iroiii liall an null to an inch long, about
three lines \vide; above always gray with pubescence, but
beneath rather whitely villous ; some t)f tlie lowest small
leaves are smooth on the ujiper suil'aci'. There are no stipules
in any of my specimens. The male llowers I have n(^t seen.
Tiio fertile catkins are short and somewdiat clustered, not
eylindric, few-flowered, the capsules oldong-lanceolate, and
short, villou.s, with apprcssed hairs, not densely h
uuiinious,
as m is. (irciiiu'ui^
short stignnis.
ternrnated by a short, slender style and four
I',
I'O
ly
lit
lit
ill
cs
11.
ot
id
IS,
ur
SILVI
S.AI.IX AiuiornYLLA.
r/;/(/< ulriiiijiic oryt
(Iris, {•(ipsiiVs c'dlost
l.v uiir dcvimis )
Olio of the, briinc!
its juiK'tion witli
\vitli ii licit (if fori
iiiliivi:il iKitinv, t
apiicinvd no brcal
sliot thronirh n <1«''
rocks. Wc 'Ic-.
nioiig its iubstnic
iiIohl; tiic m!ir;riiii
without any ct'Si-
iKiilftl with siitis:
almost cov«?5K'd b;
uiicf. which provi
tidii. a very enr-.j
Mock OraiiL'o, (i
spiciioiis vejictalli
Ahiiis. (-1. Ori'(io.
the Long-leaved
villi ])hiin and the
This sjiecioH b(
in heidit. as silve
the branches are
hairs. Tiie leave
shining, silk}' do
hide the > eins a
without luoi-italk
SILYER-LEAYED WILLOW.
S.M.ix AKii'irn\Li.A. FiiUls Uhiiiri-mhhtnrcijIiiUft aoulls S('.-<!<(ll/)i(.s inlcf/ir
riiii's iilrliiqiit' arijcnko-xcriceis, M'qndis ol/soldi^, amcnils scrolini.^ d'uiti-
iln^, riipsilli'i villiisis Idllt'Ojldlis.
In our (Ic'vidiis pnigvcss tn llir West, we at loii.titli niiproachod
one of the liianclu's lA' tin' Orc.iioii, tlie rivci' Boisi'o, tiiwaril
ils jiiiH-tioii with tlie Slioshoncc ; its Iwiik.s wore imt IViiigcd
with 11 helt of forest, Init >o stripped oi' every chiinicter of tin
iiihivial nature, tiiat when we suddenly approached it there
appeared no hreak in the phiin, and tlu; clear and rapid flood
shot throuirh a deep, p.rpendicidar cluism of rolunniiir hasaltic
ro-'ks. We dex-i-nded toward its Iti'ink and pursued our jiatli
along its «»I>trncted hanks, clind)ing ov<'r fearful rocks and
along tliC mjirgins t)f impending precipices : night approached
without any cvsKation of our incessant toil. At length we
hailed with siitisfartion a small portion of the river-huttoni,
almost covieu'd by hJA Ijushes of a reniarkahle. silvery appear-
ance, which proved t,( }je the suhject of our pn'seiit exaniiniv-
ti(m, a very ciiri^iu:! species ot Willow, which, with a kind of
Mock Orange, {PhntHMplms.) conijiosed nearly all the con-
sjiicuous vcLii-tation ut' till- stei'iie cliasni. At length our new
Alnus. (.1. Ofi'i/niKi.) the 5f arrow-leaved IJalsiun Poplar, and
the Long-leaved tree Willow, gave oviden(;e of an ample, allu-
vial plain and the pro^^inlit_^ "i' the Great Shosiiont'c.
This spi'cies lieco«m»»^ a i«i«rtil t»>(> from twdxc to fifteen I'cet
in height, as sii\i-rv aH«* white as tlii' /(»'.,</,/,///■,,„ nn/i nf' nm ;
the branches are brown, but tlie twigs are hoary with vil!.)Us
hairs. Tiie leaves are very much crowded, soft, with wliitish,
fihining. silky down, so almiuiant on I'ither side as wholl}* to
liide tlie 'ins and iieail_\ (he midrib; thiy are also nearly
without li)ni-<taiks, entire on tli** nu»r;rin. vi' a narrow, linear
87
88 LONMf-Sl'l KE 1) WILLOW.
outline and sliiirply aciito, with a distinct, bri.^tly point, ono
and a liali" to two inclifs loni^-. and only aljout tln'ce lini'.s wide.
Stipules small and linear, seldom seen. The ament.s come out
late with the leaves, and the liower-hrunches pi"oduco from four
to seven leaves. The male anient is small and narrow, with
the scales hmceolate and villous; the leniale aments are oblong,
tiie capsules hmceolate and villous.
The wood of this s[)ecies, tliougli .small, js very white, sniootli,
an :' close-grained : the species nuist .also he hardy, well worth
cultivatiuii', and would then proljahly grow to a considerable
size. We jierceivc no allinity tliat this species bears, I'xcept
perhaps to the S. (iii'jaxlij'iliii of the borders of the Caspian,
from which at the si'me time it is probably very distinct.
rL.VTK .\.\.
A hi-iiiK-h (;/' //((' iiiiini'al a/ci'. a. Tlic male cidkin. Ii. Tin: ciiii.'<idc.
L(L\(.l-SlMlvKD WILLOW
iSai.ix riiACRosTAi'HYA. F"lits loioiri-.i'iid'nx', (liih's ilom/iilis rrmnfr sirrn-
liili^ iiiiifi.i >tiriiiijiii tir'iiii/ii-sirli'i!.i,i<llj>iilts !>^miuriili,-< ifuri(ftii.<i, ununfi.^
/'///(//.v.>7';/(<V ylCir''"v7M«s. Ciljisilli.-' Iilli'iiilfllls iltmitlll (/IHAf^'l.'^i'llis,
Wk met w:rh mis species spiriiiily 'n Hk* hanks of tin'
Oregon. It l«'ars strong rcAMublftncf ro th«' hi.Nt. without,
liowover. Ijein-: any waj> iniiraately wWit'ii to it. It forms a
.slender Inish. reiuarkiible tin its -^iyilh an»l silvery pubescence,
which apiH'ars as soft and glo.ss^ Ji?ivel\el: the twigs are i»>so
])nl)escent. The li'aves are two to tiuve inches lorn:, two or
three lim - wiiii'. distiiuth- .>;> rruliitrd. and neai'h sessile, witU
R I \ E H W 1 T. T, O W,
81)
till' \oiiis ronsiiii'iioiis tlir n,u'li tlu' ])iil)t'S('ciic('. Tlic fcinalc
I'utkiiis, with tlu'ir jK'diiiiclcs, are tliive or iuiir iiiclies in Icnj^tli;
till- (Mpsiili's iiro nearly sessile, and at lengtli hnt slifihtly [)ni)es-
( rnt. In this species tiiere are distinet stipnle.s on the younj^'
Inanclies.
KIYEll A\ ILLOW.
S.M.IX FLIIVIATIMS. Fo/(V.v /('/ii i/W/xM tdri)li/IIC iicidiliicilis, KillildHi'i'iildli-'
xjiiindo.so-si rnifin ihiiunn f/lnltri-i foiii-nloriliii.^, sli/ndi.s niillis, tiiiuii/i.i
Hi rulillfS j){(/llllcil((lli.'< I'illiisi.i lUdllllri-^, ■■<i/lliliiii.s ol/lniiijl-^, JfU'til/llfi luiirCn-
luli.^- i/ldl/ris paUi'tUdtis, .■i/liJIiKlliliiis .^i..^\^(t!li(ls.
This s[)ecies lines the innnediate linnier of the ()rei;i)n, a little
l;eln\v its coniliience with the Wahlaniet, attaininii' the hei,Liht.
of ahont six I'eet or more. We helieve this i.s also the same
Willow that wc mistook I'or the Long-leaved species of Pnrsh
and Mnhlenberg, {Solii- /(nii/i/n/io,) which so commonly lines the
hanks of the Missonri and Misslssijipi, and whicii often Ibi'ms
the exclusive growth of the suuili islands and sandbars, prepar-
ing these waters, recovered from the ll(W)d, I'or a superior growth
of trees; and they are also aecompanii'd and succeeded commonly
liy the Cottonwood (Pnj>iihi.s f'<ni'ii/i nsi.i.) We met with tiiis
species likewise on the hanks of Lewis IJiver of the Shoshonce,
acconn)anying our Long-leaved Willow, both of whicli eontinnt^
almost uninterruj)tedly to occupy the banks and liars of all the
Western streams to the Oregon, and proceed along that river to
the bordfi-s of the I'acifii'.
In this ri'iuarkably llu\iatile species, the leaves of the very
young plants are somewhat j)innatilid, and at all times the
seriiituri's. rather distant, are sinuated and very sharp or spinu-
losely acute. The bi'anches are brownish and very full of lea\-es.
'I'hi' leaves, two to three inehi's long. n\v seldom moi'e than two
IV li'
00
SLENDER W ILLO \V.
linos wide, except in the youn,!;' slioots, ^vlicn tlicy iiiv t\vic(!
that l)roiultli. 'i'iic In'iuiciii's producinj;- tlii' mule llowers are as
(<liurt as usnal, hearing only three or I'onr small leaves; the cat-
kins are narrow, solitary, and rather sliort. aiid come ont with
the opening of the leaves. In the I'ennde plant the inllorescencu
is similar with that of the male; hnt there is also produced a
later growth t)f catkins, which terminate proper divided liranch-
lets. The scales of the f(.'nKde catkin are oblong and densely
heardeil lielow; the germ is smooth, with 11 im' sessile stigmas as
in iS. luiiiji/iiltii. The young leaves are at Hrst somewhat hoary
and pnhescent, with minute hairs; the young plants have also
often (luhi'scent Hiliage.
AVe havi' met with the ,S'<i/Ij- loiK/i/o/iK on the banks of the
Arkansas, and it greatly I'esemlijes tlie present specii'S, but differs
in j)rodueing distinct stipules, in the minute serratures, and
above all in the pidiescent capsule and elongation of the catkin.
The leaves are also generally broader, and it is said to grow oidy
about two feet high.
SLEXDEll WILLOW.
Sai.tx K.Niin'A. Fflii's liihitriliiifi iilriii'i>ic nrtitis si()iiitliijirrii»ix nrricii--',
^fijiiillx itillli.'-, aim litis Sil'iilini'f tluili/dlis, ctijisiil's Idnnnldlis Si'Si^ilihils^
li iiiiiiii iiiiJiiiscidi.-i.
This species is also a nati\(' of the Territory- of Oregnn. and
grew with th(> preceding, which it strongly resendjles: it is,
however, a smaller species; with still narrower leaves, at all
times more or less gray and silky; the serrulations are mostly
wanting, though very minute ones are sometimes seen : (lie
cai)snles are smaller, and not pedicellated. The mali' [ihuit I
have not seen. The branches are reddish brown and snuioth.
I{0UX1)-lkam:i) amllow.
4
1
S.\Lix U()TUM)iriii,i.\. luJii.t i<iilir()>iiiiiliM or(ilif--rc laiiiiilissinii' utrrnluli'*
I'll iii/it/ri'ilsciili': iilrili'/in (/liilir>-i CnUfdhn'iliUS, jtilinHs i-iiilillliniilijiil'i.'<is,
.-tl^liiilis iiiti.riiiii.-: ililiiliitn-i iii'(litti.i nil iiilir'liiare'''i//iiiiiliilii.<{/-.--i n'lili'', min iihs
ii'ii/iiiidd iliiuidrts Idnuijiii'ixl-t, (■iijitiiili.t </liiliri-- Iniiixuliitis, .-ili/lis i /.,((//')//.<.
^i OVATA. J-'u(i'is orali.'i (irilli.i ilctisi' wrrnl'ili.^.
This (l\v;ii-faii(l ri'innrkiil)k> ."pocicn of Willnw, attaiiiiiii;' iilMnit
two I'cct ill liciijlit, was obtained in tlio gorjic of a \<>i\y aljiinu
rasiiir. tliri)ii;;li wliich we fruitlessly cndeavoivd to jiass. It was
ill till' moll til of. I Illy, anil the [lerpetual snows wliirli still cox en 'd
tiie iiiouiitains niii!L:leil tlieiroutliiie with the slvies. On tiie skirt
ul' this iivliil reiiioii j;i'ew our present snhjeet. AVo named this
S'-ene of (oil and (lisa|iiiointnieiit TliornlMiiyhs Pass, (or ratliei'
lasini'. as no passajro was [iracticahle,) from tin. man who iindei-
foolv to he our iiuiile. It was ill the eeiilral ehaill of (he IJoclxV
Mouiilaiiis. and near (o the ]iass of the .Shoslionei'S. whieii the
li>I!owinii' day we a(tained.
AVe know of no s|)ecies with whieh we ean eoni|iare (Ids
A\'illow. The older hranelies are hi'own. smooth, and full of
ciead'iees left hy i'aves that have ^rown near toi^cther. tiisiny;
the jilant a stunted appearance; the petioles arc ahon( hall' an
iiieh long, with the yonni:er hranelies hairy; (he yoniificr leaves
are also somewhat so on the niidiih. The leaves are near!}'
round. I'roni one ;nid a half (o three inelies wide, and ahoiU (he
same in leiinlh. (liouLih some of the latei-prodiieed leaves are
o\aIe and someliinis e\en aeii:- ; ho(h sides are eipially ureeii,
the marjiin in the ovale haves elegantly and very closely
.serrulated, hut in (he round leaves tlu' serrnlations are olteii
nearls ol)li(ei'a(ed. Tlu' sdiades are \ei'y laiye. wide, and heart-
shaped, linely serrated with ,i;Iandidar points; at len;;(li they
become inembranaeeons and tlecidiions. The male aineiits are
ubloiiL', lai'i^c. and sessile, the scales blackish and mate, piodiic-
!i|
02
MIM'TH W[Ll,(iW,
iiiLr pnpioiis wliitc Iiiiirs loiijicr tliiiii tlicir wIkiIc k'liLi'tli; tlic fila-
iiiciits iuv very loiii;'. Tlio ruiiiMlc aiiiciits jii-ow on tliick istiilUs,
1111(1 liiivo tliL' scales also very woully; tlic capsiiU's arc siiiootli
ami Dvato-acumiiiato; tlic style is loii^', tcnniiiati'd by lutir
sti,!j,'mas. The nnilr-lmru/ vsivicly was collected by the lute Dr.
Gairdiicr, uu tbe hills of tlu' Wahlamct.
MIXUTE WILLOW.
S.M.IX NIVALIS. I'Wiis oriililiii.-i .^>il,.-.ji(ll/,iilii/i.< iiili iji rrhiiis (/hif,ris iilitii>!.^',
,^iili/iis ciii/ruliiriliii.-: nliC'd'iti-'', (iiiii III!'' si ml/'nis /n dici Ihiiis jimirijluri!',
I/I niiiiiiljKs iirnl.i.i Kiriiu'i.i .^1/111111111: ijlulinr ,v/'/Mr hiiKjinriJiiis, .^lii/iiinli/iiif
Sdhsi-s.-'illhltS'.
Salix iiiriii:.<. — II()OKi:ii. Fliii'. [5i)r. Am., aoI. ii.
This clc^iaiit and Ncry diiiiiinitiNc shrub, iiicrcl}- ab.-ut Iwu
inches lii.iih. Mas obtaiiU'd in the same al[iine raviiu' as the
roi'iiicr, but on a })laiii eleviitcd to the \<'ry line of jicr[ieliial
snow, at the hcijiht of about llt,OU() feet abo\e the ocean-K'vel.
'I'lie stems are smooth, brown, and woody, sending out \('i'y few
short branches terminated by scanty tufts of smooth coriaceous
leaves, two or three lines wide and about four liin's long. 'J'lie
male plant we have not seen; the female catkin is jirodiiei'd
njioii ii pubescent jiedicel nearly its length; the llowcrs are
about si.\-, sessile, and the sulitcndiiiu- scales smooth, rctiisc, and
iiersiMl
The germ is short-o\ate and silks', ti
ited
essile or almost sessile tjuadrilid stigma,
'i'his s[)ecies is allied to the tSnlix iiii/ziil/oii/is^ but at tl
ime perfectly distinct.
le same
I'LATE .MX.
.1 fi rtilc /iliuil iif llii: ludaral iiuii/iillih/c. <i. A hof. h. Tin i/maif/ ccjisidc
mill ttf: s<:al.c.
r
IM. XXI
Dutkv Wllhm-
StlljV McllllKlpSI.S
S-lit/f ntiira/rr
IMAGE EVALUATION
TEST TARGET (MT-3)
V
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A
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M/..
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Photograpnic
Sciences
Corporation
33 WEST MAIN STREET
WEBSTER, NY 1 4580
(7t6) 872-4503
^
.-^o
V
DUSKY WILLOW
S.U.IX MKI.A.NiirslS. l-'i,li(s lii((iiri-l'tl(Ciiiliili.^ ,<(/•/•"/'/''.>' (jhibfis lift.-l iilliiiii-
iili.< n'.r jidioUUi-; ,'i/ijii/lls imllis, unii nti-i i-iiiiliiinis iliiiiidri-^, .^iiiiiiiiiis
alri'lli.S olilil.fl.-:, I'lipsilUs ijlillif'is liliiriiililti.i .silll-ii .^siHIiil.':.
Tins spi'i'irs, which I havt- called Dusky Williiw IVuiii the
dark ai)[)caraiicc it assaim-s Ui drying, wo met witli at our
station called Fort Hall, in the jilains of the liocky 31o\intains,
on tiie alluvial lands of Lewis Itiver of tlu' Slioshonee, not
growing in masses, hut scattered over the hanks of the river in
tiie more elevated situations, and tiiere attaining the magnitude
of a small tree twelve to fd'teen feet high, with a spreading
snnniiit, and when in llower forming a very elegant object. It
is closely ndated to the Triitiiilnniy Willnir of Kuroiie, {Sii/i.c
tfiiiiiilni.) hnt still sullicieutly distinct. It ne\er, like that
species, hi't'omes a coiisidertihle tree, hut more resembles in its
nnignitndf and mode of growtii (un* conntion Hlack ^Villow,
(,S'. iiiijrd.) The wood is white and dose-graineil as in that
species: the 3(nuig branches ajipear blackish-brown in a dead
state, and the young leaves appear also wvy dark; they are
aliout an in<'h and a half lung, and about three lines wide,
attenuated at the base, so as to present no distinct ])etiol(',
acute above, with minute serratures; thert! are no hairs at 'he
ba.sc of the bud. as in .V. Iriiiiii/ni. The male tlowering brancli-
lels are provided with live or six leaves; the catl.iiis linear and
elongated, witii dusky |)ubesci'nt scales, marked each with about
live striatures. The female catkins are railicr short, and the
fruit smooth, with sessile stignnis, as in other species of this
paii-icul.ir grouj).
PLATE .\XI.
A hniifli iif llii' iiitliinil ■■<uc. «. Tin: .^ci ill-. Ii. Tlnslniiuii. r, Thi (/ini).
!)4
IJLACK WILLOW.
Tlic Sai.ix THiANKitA ,«i) Dearly all'iL'd to tlio prosont spocics,
lu'Cdiius ii tri'f tliii'ty ii'ct liiiili, ami is rr('(jiu'iitl\- iilaiitod in
osier jii'oiinds lor tlie liasket-iiiaker; but tlie Lest kind ])laiited
fur tills |)iirp(>se is tlie (Is'n r. properly so called, (A', rim inn lis,)
uliicli iiiiiilit Li' propagated in almost evei'y part of the United
States.
BLACK AVILLOW.
Sai.ix .mcisa, Mii/i.. Arli.. vol. ii. plate I'J'i, (iu;. 1. A variety
ol' tliis tree oeeiirs ill Soiilli Carolina ami I''l<aida. in uliieli the
leaves lire \illoiis and llii' scales of the anient deiiseh' laiinuiii-
oiis. Ill the heiliaiiiim of .Mr. Schweinil/ it was marked, on
the authority ol' Klliott, as a spi'eies A'. Kiil>rilliis,i.
This tree, a native of all the States from New Knjiland to
Florida, and west nearly to the loot of the Ilocky .Monnliiiiis, is
one of the few iiati\i' spi'eies which Lecomes a tree, attaiiiiiii^
tli<' heisiht of lifleeii to twenty-live feet, with a diameter of tea
to fifteen inches. It alVecIs the hanks of rivers and lakes, and
j2-enerally j;ro\\s near to the water, in iiioisi. occasionally over-
llowed. situations. In the wanner jiarts of the States it puts on
a handsome apiicarance. partieulaily wlu'ii in flower, but has
(he delect of bianchiiiir almost from the base, and leaning;- in a
posture mo," wild and pictiiresipie than beautiful. It has ii
dark-colored roiiLili bark, and the braiK'lics iiri' lirittle at tlit;
base; the male calkins coniini; out with the leaves are very
eleuant, and attractive and nsefiil to bees. In the soulliern
parts of the I'liion, accordinjr to Mr. Klliott, the stems when
Ibnnd si 'licieiitly large are employed for the timbers of boats,
and are found to bo light and durable.
■■
WHITE WILLOW.
Ofi
The WniTK Willow {S„t!.r nih,, I-iw.) ai.i).'urs almost iiiitu-
,r the rnitfil Stales. It is iiarticula.ly
ra1i/t'(l in many parts (
al)unilant
iKirdc'i's oi"
tl
K' we
stern intenitr o
f New Jersey almi^' tli
tho Walllvill. It Ji-n.ws rapi-lly, Lecoming a st..ut
tree ni a lew years
va
unil in Knrope it is I'oii
li
sidered the most
hiahh- timher tn'e, of tlie «renns; it i)ro«liices
a white, eh
rrained wood, ea[)al)h' of reeeiviii,i:
a polisli; it ilso alVords lence-
vo<
)d, fuel, and hark Ibr the tanni'r nearly as ;;.)(k
i as that of
the Oak.
Tl
le uses o:
numerous.
It
1' WillowH and Willow-wood in Europe are \ery
le-irrained, white wood,
dl
enerally a eiosi
capable of takin;j a smoo
li-ht withal. Tl
th and e(iual jiolish, and remarkably
le OS
lelS are verv e.xteusive
ly used
of basket-work;
its shade, while it allbr
(loek, and honey for the bee,-
uitl, as \'iriiil remarks, the shepherd sits beneath
lis fence for his field, browsing fur his
lin's, liuiiiili'Miiii' i;c'ie t:i!
Aut illit iHCciri tViinili'iii, iiia [ki:
■liiril
11- uiuliraiii
Sufliciuiit, sopuiii'iut' suti.s ft piiliiia im Hi.'
(iKnItlMCON, II.
M A G N () L I A.
Xihiiui/ Oiih r. MacVoI.I ACi: K. (.russicil.) Liinnrtiii C/ilMx!Jir((t''un,
I'ol.VANDIilA. I'dl.VdYXlA.
('ii{'/j' (if lliiro (lociiluiiMs jii't;iluiil s('1i:i1h. Curnllii of iVoin six to
twelve infills. Sliiiiuii.s iiimu'rims a.s well ns tlie |pistils. ('iir/iils
dispiisecl ill :in ilii1il'ie:iteil eoiie, 1 to li-seedeil, opeliiim liy tlio
(loi'siil siitiiie. Si, lis \iu]\'\. icil, siispeiiileil, « lieii ripe liaiiL'iii.lC
(lilt cit' till' ciiiiicl liy a loiiLT iimlMrK-al tlii'eail cuinposed ol' spiral
vessels.
Trees and .--lirulis willi hiri;i\ entire, alternate, deeidnoiis leaves,
anil solitarv, terminal, lart,'e, and nsuallv odoril'erons llowers. Cliiefly
natives of .North Ainerii'a, ("liina, and .laimn.
LAUGE-FLO VrEREl) ^I AG NOLI A.
MA(IX0I.Ia iil!AMilFt.olt.\, rimi. | .Mlcil., Syl v:!, ]ilate ol .)
I.\ tiic iieiglilnirliood of Suvaiiiiiili. in Gt'orgiti, and near New
Orlcnns, this hi|)leii(li(l tree often ])resents an almo.xt e(|iiiil,
Mnootli. colnnniar shal't of sixty to eij;lity feet elevation, and
* Naiiiiil tiv I.iiiiia'iis III liiiiiiir ul' I'icrrc Minjuul, a l)iit:iiii>t ul' Munliiulliir.
!I0
LA I!(i I'M- I. (iW !■; i: K I) M A (i No I, 1 A.
iittains llic ii('i;zlit dI' oiii' iiiiiKlrcd Irct or iipwanl. willi a j^iiut-
I'lil, lii^li. ami sprcinliiifr siiiniiiit. On tlic trunk iil' this sprcii's,
iii'iir Saviiiiiiali, I oliscrvcil lar;;i' ijiiaiititics nl" ilic paiasilic aii-
|ilaMl. Ejiiili nil nnn ruiiupsi inn. and it a|i|i('arf(l tluTc in ^ruw on
no utiicr Iri'c. Ace irdin:^' to Wm. Martrani, wiio ,><a\v tlic .s|ircics
.•^n ahumiant in liis tunr in Floiiiia, its .■^nniinit liirnis a iiorlril
(■(inc. I'isinjr IVoni ii fitrai^^Iit cli'ar tiunk. rcscniliiinj^ a hcantirnl
coliinni; anil. IVoni its dark loliaiii' '•.-iivcicd uwv witii inilk-
wliiti' llowi'i'.s,"' it M si't'ii at a jiicat distance. Tlic sncccssion
(if tlowcrs is also Ion;.' continued; in i'avoraijle sitnations IVoni
May to Angnst. Tlionj^h conllned very inncii to the neiiilihor-
li(«>d of the wa-const, It oxtunds westward in Georfria as fur as
.MiliedgeviUe; and I met with it in Ahil)anni, on the lianks of
Utciiee Creek, aljonl twelve miles from ('olnmlius in (ieor^iia,
and afterward in other parts of that State down to West
I'Morida. It is known to the Creeks hy the native name of
TiKl/ll.
In the new edition of Duhamel, we have the followinjr ac-
»:onnt of its introduction into France. There is at Maillardiere,
ahont live miles from Nantes, a line Maj:nolia, which was
jjrouiiht from the hanks of the Mississip[ii, in IT.'l'J, and planted
in a poor soil. It grew there neglected for more than thirty
years, till M. ]{(inami, a physician of Nantes and [irofessor of
hotany there, recognised this heautiful tree to he th" Miiijiiuliii
t/niiii/ijlnni ; and at the meeting of the States of Bi'etagne in
Si'iitenilier, 17(j(), in Nantes, lie i)resented to the Princess of
llohan-Chahet a line hraiich of this Magnolia in llower, which
hecame a siiliject of conversation and inti'rest to all assi^mhlcd.
fiOiii.s XV. possessed several small plants of this species in his
garden at the Petit Trianon, hut they did not thrive ) and,
liaving heard of a Magnolia thirty-live to forty feet high,
which every year was covered with line flowers of a delieiou.s
[lerfmne, he sent two of his gardeners to ascertain if it was
possilile to transport this tree to Versailles, and. ahove all.
V"i. IV.-7
(•H
I, A ik; \:v i.(» u k ii i: n m a (; n <» i, i \.
sliniilil llicy do xi. if it wulllil lii' ccl-tMill ti) >S\\t\y. Tlli'V Miw
the Iri'c, iiiicl. Ix'iiit: oi' i)|iiiii()ii tliat it wmild nut Mii'vivc ic-
iiioviil. il ^Viis siitl'iTcil to rnniiiii in its place. It was at tliat
tiiiii' IVniii lliir!v-lisc to liiitv Ici'l liii;li; Imt. ilmiiii; tlii' Irniililis
111' the civil war <il' I-a Ni'iidi'i'. it was inutilatcii. ami lust iiicot
tif its liiaiiclifs. Aricrwaici. tlic Imrniii;.' nl' tla- lidtisc near
wliicli il was |ilaiiteil liaviii^ (lainaucil its licad, tlie liraiiclies
Were ('i'<i|i|)e(l dowii to tiif trunk, and it a^^'ain shut out with
viuiir. Iiiit llie vdiniL! >liiMit<. nut liaviiiu had lime to ri|ieM. wci'e
(|r>triiu(l l)v the lr(i>t; nutwithstandiu;^ this i<i'Sere cheik, it
a;^ain recovered, and al'lerward iK'canie a fine tret-, l-vtween
twenty-li\e and thiily I'eet hij;h. with a lar^c. well-|ii'o|iortioni'd
head, and a trunk of four Hct in circui iference, the lower
liianches sweepini; the ^;ripund, and the whole ti'ee prodiicina
annually from three himdred and lii'iy to four hundred lar^v,
eli';.:ant. and fragrant llowcrs. The si'cds, liowe\er. never arrive
at pei'lecl maturity, allliiiui:h the fruit attains its full si/e and
renniins upon the tree till the I'ollowinix sprinjjr. Tliis tr( e still
esists. anil is now Ujiward of thirty I'eet lii,i:li and more than
one hundred years of aiie.
At Caserta, in the neiiihhorhood of Naples, this tree has
nttained the hei;:hl of nearly si.\ty feet. In this cliunite they
also ripen seeds freely.
U)X(i-I.KAVKl) MA(JX()LIA.
Mai;Nii1 lA MALIUJ
I'liM.i.A. Mninix. Fliii
ir. Am., vi
1. i.
Mini
I'l
Tin; princiiml liicalitv dI' tliis Hue
spfcics liiis Ix't'ii llir many
M'lirs .•oiiriiic.l to 111.' vi.iiiity of !-iii.' 'iil"ii. N"'tli Ciin.linii, ten
niilcs M.utlira«l ol' IIk' town, lu'ui- or on tli.' fstnt.- of a imm
naiiicil Smitli. Tlu^ tivcs occuiiy
till' bunks of 11 .MiiiiU i^trcuiiu
iUK
111 'IViuu'^si'c. ni'iir
loMiiiy M)il.
til.' Ciiiihi'iliinil liiv.T, I iillcrwanl .siw ii
1 iuv iiru'tly .li.-^|>(iM'il imT it.s airlivitii'S, in a ri'li
lew Mil
;i trcc.x of tlii.-< ^1
iri'ics;
liiit ill the winter of l^'l". i"
Mil (■\tcll>lVC
S-iiillii'iii Stali'i
tour wliii'h 1 nia.lc tliionpli tli'' int.'rior
■r til
I nii't with al.uiKlaiifi' of the Micjnni;,! t,i,i<
lilnlllil, scvciiiy
CcMPsa ill l>itil> foiiii
tv mill's iVom Tuscaloosa, on tlif ban
.f th
It v. Alabama, iirowiiii.
itloin-laiKls as tlif ///*
'liiriilt
ndiiiii'iii.
()(' till' ma.iiiii
raniicr tolil inc .-^oiiu'
tu.li' of till' Ma-iiolias -Towiiiu- in tins vuiiiily
;■ often ill till' same
To ^'ivi' nil' some iilea
til
trunks iirodiK'eil sixteen
tliat till' trees were two feet in diaiiiet.
/■((//.s In llli rill.
but as timber it
was little esleenieil, no
I eiidiirinir Ihiil; in
the air. 'i'o the town
,f Ca
lllimei
hauba. 1 still saw th.' Ma-nolia; aii.l afterward, in the
liale vicinity of Tuscaloosa, on
the road down the ban
)f till' J>liick Warrior
toward Florida. I ubservi'd this >\»
till' "roati'st iihiindaiii'c, o
flell as nincli as sin
tv feet in hei.Liht ;
but. beillir the .U'l.th of winter. I of course CO
uld lorm no aiie-
(luate coliceptioli o
viiiorons vcLivtation.
f the siileiidoi- of its ai>|iearaiice when in
K.\it-l,l.AVi;i)
.Ma(;n(ii,ia, (Mii'jiiolld luiricn
,1 Ciiriiiiihri- Till. Mien., Sylva. p
• It).
den, at Ki
in;:', in this vicini
tv. tlr
/.(/(/, liAM. L'lii'l-
In Martruin's (Jar-
is a tree of this
KM)
iMitiiKi.T. A \ M> Ti i.ir tim; i;s.
hpccifS Si'VflltV nr IlKilr Ircl liiu'll. lIMil willl il tlllllk nf lli(
iliilllirlir III' two 111 llilii' ti'ft.
I'MiiHiiiA 'I'lMi:. ^Miii/iidliii fri/Hfiilii.) Ai'<'(iriliii;_' In I'mrrssiir
Tiirivv. nil |»THm ^inc!- Midiaux lias ruiiiiil liiis tree in iiiiy
|iail nl' llic Slate nl' New Yolk.
'I"i i.U' 'I'lir.i;, {Liri'il' I'llioii /iilipi/' r<i. liiNN.) l!('s|ii'i'tiiiL' tin'
iioitliiTii limit- 111" tliis tree, (1. 15. KiniTsiiii. Ks(|., iiit'nrnis ini'.
••I liavi' rumiil a >iii,irl'' In r nl l.iriiHlt'iulri'ii in Nurftilk coMiity,
Miu^siicliusctt.x. It is iilciilil'iil on Wcstli.'lil Kivcr."
1)U 1 MO IM! VL LI) M.
K.NMA.M'lilA, MdMHiVMA.
l-'l.iwi'iN iii;ii.MAriiui-'iirn;,
.l\nr
riiicii'-* h|iiillniliit<' liniiir, c'li
,1, .I.MicliKiii^, til.' liasc jKT.VlsU'iil.
Shiiiiiiiii iiiiii', 111 tliri'f ticrifH,
lifH, all r«itll<'. Iiliiniciil:- -iKii'
t, {\\f tllllM' 111'
itn' illlll'l' Allies
111.' )•
\VI
til a ]
lair •'
f n'liiiilir'li, lai-,i;<',
<h1i' ■.riamh, ii'mi-
,r,.adi. .!/.//"/•>■ flliptir-uval.' an.l ^il^ihM•, all nycuuvj: m,
ihc iiiiu'l' >IM>'.
1.,.,.11,m1, 111.' .■••lis •■Uii:'l •""• l''""'"'
1, uilh all ll
vnlvi'S iiHi'i
iiiliiii'. Uiiifiiiiii
l-.'flK'<l, with oiu! uvul.'. .vy. .-lii'il;
utiiinin KiiiiH'W
lial (l.'in'xsi'd, .niiilato. Hnrn l-s.'O.K'd.
A sciiiju'i'viri'ii
t Kiiiall trt'i' "I' I'lil"'- Calil'iinia,
laiK'cohitc, iiiiMii
tclv riticiilati'il. iiiiiii;fii
iwiTs siiia
I, M'lli.W, >lll."
■til, ill ^11
with altfi-iiati
Is- arninalii', t^iiionlli leave-,
ill tcriiiiual iiakod rhl^-ti'i's.
(Ni'arly uHictl to Oi«'<
similar and iinit'oriiily iiitmrso anlln'i'S an
naked, williiiiit lu'iniato ii
Aul.K't. lull with iL'tiiiaphiodile llnwcix,
ll aihiidiioiis lu'i-iaiith. Tin;
leaves are also
licit ill iiaiiiiliv
with
(lowers (if a very
•rves, and the inlloreseeliel!
I, is also nearly allied to . I/. , ■->/.<•'(.+'. <>l' N«'^''*. '"'t
dillereiit hahit, and, witli those genera, helongs
to the trilie Oui:iii>Ai'iiNi:.i;.)
Kmiii Ckji
it'itj^. iii'it
I III till- M."'' I '.Hill !,■"'■'•'"'! " '"'/•
101
CALIFOIIXIAX r.AY TIJKK.
I »I!I.M"I'IIVI.I.IM I'M I U r.nlll M.
(>niTi;A .<M,ii ii'iii.iv? KiMir, Sv.Niii's.. vol. i. \<. 4")H.
Tins is a very oli',::init cvcrvnvcn tifc ul' l'|i|"'r ('ulil'tiniiti.
•rniwiiiir nmiiil Santa IJarlmrii. twcntv In twfiily-livc or tliirty I'nl
lii,;:li. witii crfft, Ififtt', iiml siiuintli liranclics. Tlie wnoA is
\\\i'\U' ami i-ailifr soft. Tlio leaves arc alternate, eveijifeen.
(•(iriaeeoiis, ))eri'ectly snioolli. three to lour inches Ion;: and
tliive-(|uartcrs to one anil a (inarter inches wiile, lanceohite-
pointeil, lint olitusc, entire, witii very intii>tiMct slcndiT lateral
nerves, anil stmnj^iy lait minutely reticulatcil almvc; the jiint-
stalUs are ahitnt two to three lines lunii. 'I'lic oilor ami taste
of tho h'ave.H are very aromatic, the lattei so nuieli so as to he
<|nite pnnjicnt, even more so than the leaves of the Hay; ami
tliev are eniploycil as cnniliments hy the inlialpitants. The
llitwcrs are in small contraitc'l clusters, at lirst surroumlcil with
linil scales, which iire eailucons. hut not in the tl)rm of an invo-
lucrnm. 'I'he Ijowcrs ari' ahout limr or li\e tn'jcthcr. on jicdicels
nt'arly as Ion;: as themselves. The perianth is yellowish, lun-
ncl-formed. and somewhat s|ircailimr. deeply (I-clci'l. the sci;menls
liucar-spathidate mid smooth, a little piihesceiit within toward
the hase. Stamens nine, with short and hroad lilamcnts. the
It hen
ih
1.
celleil, all olicu
ill'.;- Iriiiii within, the cc
paralli
\ and nearly all cipial. with the valvt's aseeiidinjr. the
iree innermost each tinnis
heil t
owaii
I the hase of the tllament
wn
h two laiyc rcnil'orm, sessile <;laiids. The perianth is deci-
duons. the hase alone hein.ir persistent, and eiili
1 -seeded In-rry. The pe
ir'jmi: \vi
th th
•rfect iVuit I have not seen.
PL, ATE .Wll.
.1 /„•.//„•/, .,/•//,. ;„//-/,■'// .
77- M
»•(■(• ciiiiirii'
Itiriidt
lii-j
II.
.1
ri.
M.I
ti-
nil
nl-
lie
ikI
lie
ilil
\ li-
ds
Hi-
nts
ml
111.'
111.'
■lit
•ci-
llir
A
h
Mgj
IM.XMI
npiinophylliim jmiiciriiiruni .
(\//iliiniiiiti till 1/ In; /)r/mt)/>lii/A iiiiuriiliii
Nal
Flc
t
t
Ti
til
UMinVLLULAllIA,
(•'
\\:v.>. 111) F.^oiib.)
A'((/
((/•'(
/ Oi-'lii; LAiiiiNr..i:. Llini",i,i
Vhmfjlaitioii,
Ennv.an-
\m\
,\. MtiMiCYNIA.
IlKKMAl'llUiilUTi:
.— Tl
10 IH
,lh (U'fply t',-p;irteil lunl sl,<irtl
tuinpiiniiUi
to, tho Mo^nio'.its 0(1
u;il iiii'l ilooiiliiou;)
Stamina
twolv
ll
10 11 1110
oxloiinr tortilo, in
torior sler
ilo, tlio throe tortile iiuioniuist
OllO;*
liliiiiiou
Ciioli ^vltll 11 1
liiir I'
t' iarL'c
gliinils
cuvoriiiL
llio 1.
,[' tho
UJ>\H T Ot
t. ,l/-//((7-.-' 4-collo(l, thos
lis iiitroivoly oiioiiin
the tliinl sorio
with tho two
, tho lower extrorsely an
ll lateral; the
i-ton
1-so
\f lilaineiits
tlii-oaa-<hai.otl. .S7.}//-('i 1
•Itato, sdliri'pantl. B^rrj
(1, seated on the euii-sliai
1 base of tlie iieriaiith.
A tree ol' Ul>l>or Calilbrnia,
with altoriiato poi
itolv-norvod loaves.
The ilowors a.u
the iiivoliioruni;
rrewitetl in axillary nniiioua
th
ilis ol' tho iiivi
led olilstors, oiiolosod liy
lish.altornalo, and
lucrniii hi'oai
»l'l
roxiinato; after the op<
if th
lower, e
iduoous
lo;}
CALTFOPvXIAX U:\LCELLULAKrA.
rMllKl.M'I.AllIA ('A1.I1-0I!NIC.\. l/inin'j'lifnilUd.l'nfiis /ii n Ulinifli'lills nli-
iiliiliiJiliii'Cnl(tli.\ fix (Irllll.s jii iniilii I'i'ii.-' I'tlii "■■ll'l-l'' llii-'l« l/llllll'IS. jitihlll-
cidiK iijiUdriliii.i fiiii/il'iiliii': jliirlliii-' iilni'ilms, iinilnl/d . ithi-iijiilnUi, /ntlKn-
riilii fiilid lift finl'iliil-i.
TkTKANTIIKIIA ? C'aMI iilSNRA, IlndKIMl it All\.. il, liiil. I'.ll'lll. Voy.,
1'
l.-.s. II,
;i:i!.
l!..r. Ai
II., vol. n
1'
l:
Laiius i;i:i;i;
Vol. II.
I)ni-,;l..
oliriKll, III
Hook. ('oiiiip;iii. l>ot. Mug.,
Tir .«|ilt"iiiliil I'vci'jii'c'cn trco \v:is (li.-icovcn'd. mi tlic iKirlliwcsl
coast, ill I'luicr Ciilitoniia. liv Mr. Mcii/ics. wlio lir.-^t iniulo kiiiiwii
til li(itiiiii.<ts tlic \i'i;i'tiililc tii'iisiiri's ul' tliiit iutfi'i'stiiii; and tlicii
iiiK'Xlildicil iH'uioii. Dmiijilas al'lciwaiil tiMiiid it in iicai'ly tlio
saiiio I'omitry, soiitli ol' tlio ('oliiiiiliiii or Orcjion, and mUh, that
it attains the lii'iglit ol' IVoin forty to oni- liiindivd anil twonty
I'cDt, with a dianictcr of loin two to four foct. It oointncnci's
at thi' .soiitliiTn limit of the pi'i'vailini:- I'iiu' and Fir fori'sts
which linr tlio wastes of Oregon. The foliage gives out. when
hruised, a most ])owerfid campiiorated odor, whii'li from its
jmngeiicy is capable of exciting sneezing. Flowi'ring s])eeimeiis
of this interesting tree were iri Donglas's eollectioii from Cali-
liiniia. Il is to lie regretted, however, that im deliiiled il>'scri|i-
tiim nor lignre is gi\i.'n; and 1 had not the good tortiine to meet
with it nivself
8.\ss.\Fl?.\S. (Lintriis stiss;i/r(i\. Liw.) The Inliahitants of
Niirth and South Carolina distinguish two kinds ol' Sassafras.
till- Jied and the White. The Ked or true A, .m/.v.m/Z/i/.v I referred
(in the "(ienera of North Ameiican I'lant.s," vol. i. pp. '_'"in. 1^(1(1.)
to a suh-geniis /ui<isniii>i, embracing also the following vai'iety.
which 1 then eoiisidered as a species, by thi' mime of /,. (Kua.-i-
Uit
T! E M A R K P O N T II F. L A F H I N /V..
1(1.1
mm) itlhiihi. It is distinguishable from the Red liy having th(^
buds and twigs smooth and ghiucous; its loaves are also smooth
and thin, and the veins almost obsolete beneath; the petiole is
apiiarently longer. The root is much more strongly camphor-
ated than that of the Red sort, and is nearly white. It is better
calculated to answer as a substitute ibr ochra {IHIilicuscHcuJcidufi)
than the conunon kind, as the buds and young branchvs are
much more mucilaginous. It is abundant in North and South
Carolina, from the Catawl)a ISIountains to the oast bank (jI' the
Santee, growing with the common kinds.
From the present order of plants wc derive the Cinnamon,
Cassia, and the Camphor. Several species afford the cinnamon
of commerce, and the Liurns Quixm produces that of Peru.
The cinnamon of Santa Fc de Bogota is aflbrded by Luinix
fuimmumoidcs. A great deal of the finest camphor of India,
however, is the product of the Dn/Dliiilitnn^is riuiiji/inra. The
volatile oil obtained from .some species of Laurus ibund in tlie
vast foiests between the Orinoco and the Parime is produced
in great abundance by merely nnddng an incision into the bark
with an axe, as deep as the liber or young wood. It gushes out
in such 'piantities that several (piarts nu\y be olitained by a
single incision. It has the reputation of being a powerful dis-
cutieiit.
IV -7
THE LINDEN, on LIME TREE.
X.ilnnil Onhr, Til.iAri;.>;, iTussioii.) Lhuunn, f'hixsJfiralix),,
PiiI.VANmUA. MoNOGYNIA.
TILIA.* (Linn.)
N/w/n live. P< hil^ livp. SliiiDni.-' luiiiuTons, tlispnsod more or less in iivu
rliistvrs, tla> ccntnil tiifl (rliu'lly in the imtivc species) tnnisioriue.l
into ;i i<v\-A. The unny ,u;loliular, villous, ami r).eelle(l, eaeh of the
(■.•Us hearin.ir two ovules. C'l]"^"!'- ligneous, glohular, by ahortion
only 1-eelle.l, with one or two seeds. Cul^jkduHs sinuate.
Trees of Europe an.l North Anieriea, with alternate dilated or
eordate leaves, ohli-iue at the base, serrated on the margin, and with
n tough and fihrous bark; stipules eadueous. The flowers dispose.l
in flaltish peduneulated clusters, (or eynies,) and with the peduncle
curiously adnate for a great part of its length to a large n.cnibra-
naeeous, linear bracte. The rest of this family of plants are nearly
all trfipical produriions.
* All aiioitnit Latin uauie, probably tiuin llio (ovck znh.i, tlir I'.I.M.
lOG
livu
lU'll
tlic
tioii
1 Of
ivitli
DSCcl
nclo
l.ni-
•arly
1.,/rifi' hiivrii t.ifitii-t
Tiliii hdcrdplivJIii
■nilrni h,-trr„f,liyll,
Til,
Til
sf
'l\
M
IV
()
tl
LAIiGK-LEAVKl) LIXDKX, on MMR
Tll.lA III;T):IIii1'I|\ l.l.\. /•'(.///,< urn/Is, nri/nl, .^(frillis, Im.si ininr mnlulis,
iiiiiii- iil'liijiii mil ii ijiiidiltr tr'iiii-iiUs; sulihi.^ Imni iitn.^i^ ; ii'ta jii-^'l'"riiii, —
\'i:.\Ti;.SAT, Mi'iii. iU- rin-^lii.it., tdui. 4, |i. U'l, ]<\. •'>. I'l ii>ii, Fl"i-.
B'ir. Am., vnl. ii. p. ■)>>'■'>. Xui vi:au Dluami;!,, sul. i. [>. -".>.
l)|rAM)ul,l,i:, I'idil., Viil. i. p. tlia.
'I'l I.I \ jli:i l;lin|'in I.I.A. Lcjivrs i,'l;lli|Mll.'< mill ilcrp irlii'll nliovi', Vrrv
white iiiiil volvL'ty-tdiiicMlnso luiiciitli, tlic vriiis (liiik-ciildrcil Mini
lu'iu'ly L'liilii'niis, willi cojirsi' iiiiicniniitL' r^iiniturcs ; |i(tiils oliliisc,
crcimlati' ; siainiiiDiliii (inMiT ]ictiils) .■iini'iilalc, cntirr, ^tylc liairy
at till! liase. — 'I'liiiitKY and (iiiAY, Klof. North Aiiii'i'., vnl. i. p. i;:',li.
'I'li.iA Ai.iiA. — Sniilli'fi Iii.-ifcts of Gi.'dp.Ma, vol. i. p. '21, t. 11'.
Tlii.s i.>i oin' of tlic riifcst ainl most uniaiiiciital tivos of tlic
wlioh' L'l'Miis; and, as I'af as my own ulisi-i'vatioiis ^-^o, it is almost
wliolly conrniiMl to tlu' shady forests of tlic Ohio and its triluitaiy
sti'eams, to whieli I'uish also adds the hanks of the .Mississip[ii.
Tonvy and (Iriiy rt'ct-ived it likewise IVoiii the lU'iirliliorlKMjd of
Alacon, ill f!eori;ia, wliei'c it was oolli'cted by oiir late mutual
fiieiid aiul twcellent oljserver, Dr. lioomis. In deseeiidiii lie
Ohio, late in luitmnn, (ahoiit the year ISIO.) I got out of
tile lioat in which 1 was do.scendiiiijf, to walk round Ia' Tart's
IJapids above Cincinnati. Here I ob.scrved almost an exeliisivu
forest of this line r/mdcn.on a rather-elevated alluvial platform,
in a li>;iit, rich, calcareous soil. Most of tiie trei's were tall and
rather slender, sixty to eighty feet in lieijilit. and tiie i^roimil
was thickly strewed witii their hu'j^e and singular leaves, almost
as white as snow beneatlj. According to the lierhariinn of Mr.
Schweinitz. it exists also in Virginia, lU'obaWy on the borders of
tiie streams which liow into the Ohio near rittsbiirg; ami
according to Dr. Short, of Ijcxington, Keiitiiekv', it forms in
his vieinit}- one oi' tiie largest forest trees in the rich lalld.^
there. DecaiiduUe speaks of having leceiveil a specimen of
108 L A 1! (I I'M, i;.\ V i; l> I, INDKN, (> i; I, 1 M M.
i<i)iii(' wry similar hiiccics I'ldiii McNicu. It ilncs iicit \rt appear
to liavL' lit'cn iiitniiliiccd iiitu Kiinipc. |1i(iii,l;Ii it is pnipi'iiy
(tcsfi'ilicd ill tlic New l)iiliaiii(l. pinliaMy I'nnii W'ulcnat's t'ssay,
as llic IcMM's ail' saiil In !«• MKiw-wliilc ln'iicatli.
Tia- ytniiij;' hraiiclics an- piirpli>ii and sniiicwliat jilaiicuiis.
Tlif larj:cst k'uvos 1 have wfcn aiv alxiiit six or seven iiiclics
ioiii,' and tlii'i'o to lisi' liroad. In tin; yoiinii' stati', tln' wliiti.-
jpuIpcsccik'c liciR'atli is most consiiiciions wlicn tlio leaves aiv
thinly cosficd; the iiaiis arc stellate, the seiratnres are stron;^
and sharp, with aenniinated I'i^id points; the upper siirl'aee is
dark green: the liasi' of llii- leaf varies eonsiderabl}'; sonietiines
it is slunatud, at other times perfeetly Hat and trnneated; the
leaves are always very ohliipie at the liase. The liowers aie
soiiicwhat lar;;('r (Inn those of '/'. Am' liiiiini. nud the triiit is
villous, nearly siiheriual, ami et'itainly always without any rihs.
I
The Tir.i\ Ai.iiA. White liiiiie of Michaux, plate l;!2, not
heiiij;- the T. <iIImi oI" Kitailu'l and Alton, (Mort. Kew. 1. c..)
which is ii native of llniigary, it is necessary to change its
name, and we prop(jse to call it Tll.iA Mhiialxu, (Michanx's
liiiiie.) it' liis plant should indeed jn'ove to he any thing more
than a snio(jther variety ol" our T. Ik ttnij^ihijKd.
I'LATE Will.
A lintiirli uf lid iiiiOiivl Ktzc. <i. Till j'niil. h. 'J'lu jlninr.
Gnu ml Ohsirnilionn. The Lime has long hecn a favorite
tree for aveiuies and public walks; it is [ilanti'd in the streets
of some of the principal tcjwns of France, Holland, and Ger-
Hiiuiy, and it is used for forming avenues both on tiie continent
of l']ui'o[)e anil in (Ireat l>ritain. It has of late years been
LA It (I IM, i:.\ V !■; i» 1,1 N I) i: n, o ii i, i m k.
109
is
iiiiicli |p1iiiiIc(1 iilciii'j till' streets ill Mevei'iil to\vii-< ami eities of
llu' I'nited Stille>, l)iit ill l'liilililel|iliiii it is m> iiiiuli :itt;i<kiil
l)y IllMi'ctM tllilt it JiniliaMv will iml Inn;:; Hlirvive. 'I'iie .-pefit'M
elii|)liiye(l I'm- tiii.'^ i)iir|iii,<e ii|i|";il's to lie |ililiei|ially the Klin*.
[le.iii, while tiie nativi! kinds, heiii;: iiiore lianly and vi^'oroiis,
tpiii^hl to have the inrrereiice, iiiirtieiilarly the pi-esciit species,
( '/'. Ill I' i-iijiliiillti.) wiiicli ill a L;o(id .>.(>il hei'dliies a lar e tree, aiid
is at the same time splendidly ornamental. 'I'lie insect that
devdiirs the leaves of tlic Fjiiideii a]ipears to Ik- a molli,'' which
suspends its c "oons at the ends of the twi"; of the trees it has
strippeil; tliesL- on.uht carel'iilly to he reiii.)\,'d and destroyed,
by which means the evil, il" not wholly cnred, wiaild Ije ile-
fidedly initijiated.
Tiie Diitcli plant the Lime in towns, along their widest
stivetM, mid hy the sides of their canals; and the whole
country is thus pcrfuiiKMl liy their tlowcis dnrinu' ?lie months
of July and August: they likewise iill'ord an ample repast for
the hees.
The wood of the European Lime Tree is of a i)ale Vidlow
or
white, close-L'rained, soft, liiilit. mid smooth, and not liahle to
))0 attacked hy insects. It is used hy pianol'orte-makeis li)r
sonndiii'i-boarils. and hv
liiiel-makers lor
variety of pnr-
post's. It is turned into domestic utensils (jf various kiiid.s,
carved into toys, &c. The most eli^ganl ii.se t(i which it lia.s
been applied is for curviiifr. for which it is sui)erior to any other
wood. Many of the line carvings in Windsor Castle, St. Panrs.
Trinity College Library at Cambridge, and in the Duke of
Devonshire's mansion iit Chatsworth, from the hand of the
celebrated Cibbons, are of this wood. It makes excellent char-
coal for gunpowder. IJaskets and cradles were formerly made
from
the I
\\\'.
The I
eaves are also emnlovi
il(
odder lijr
cattle ill Enropi ll is in lUissia and soiiie parts of Sweden
* A Kpecius uf Oilcttwus.
110 LARGE-LEAVED LINDEN, OR LIME.
tliiit the wt'll-kii.AVii bass niiits arc furmod fn<m the imu'i' hark
(.)!' tliis tivc. Till' liark ftrippi'd IVuiii young trees of six iiielies
to 11 I'uot ill (lianieter is soloctcd for this purpose. Tiiesc strips
are steeped in water till the bark .separates freely into layers;
it is then taiveii out and separated into stran<ls, whieh an- dried
in the shade, and afterward manufactured into the mats so
mueh used l)y gardeners ann uuholsterer.-f, iind for euvi'riiig
paekagi'S. Tiie iislieriuen of Sweden make lishing-nets of the
filu'es of till' inner bark, formed into a kind of llax; and the
sli''piierds of Carniola even '.veave a coarse cloth of it, which
serves them for their ordinary clothing. The whole plant
abounds with mucilage, the sap, like that of the Maple, allbrds
a eoiisideralile (piantity of sugar, and tiie honey [U'oduced by
the tlowers is considered .superior to all other kinds for its deli-
cacy, selling at three or four times the price ol' coniiiioii honey;
in Europe, it is used exclusively in medicine, and for making
some particular kinds oi liqiicv rs, especially rosolio. This Lime
Tree honey is only to be jirocured at the little town of Kowno,
on the river Niemen, in Tjithuaiiia, which is surrounded by an
extensive forest of Lime Trees. The triturated fruit i)ro(Iuces
also a paste very similar to that of cocoa. During the taste
for grotesque decorations, the Lime, like the Yew, was cut into
various imitative forms, and in some of the public gardens of
recreation round Paris and Amsterdam then.' are very impcjsing
colonnades, arcades, walls, pyramids, and other architt'ctural-
looking masses formed of this tree.
The European liin.k'ii attains a height of upward of one
hundred icet, and grows with vigor lor .^^everal centuries, lii
Switzerland there an; some very large and ancient Tiime Trees :
one, mentioned by DecandoUe the younger, near Jlorges, has a
trunk of twenty-four feet four inches in circumrerence ; anothe.,
near the great church at 15i>rne, which was planted bel'ore the
year lllU, is thirty-si.v feet in girth.
3
M A N G L E.
Xiihiiiil Onhr, RiiiziiriiOKE,!:, (R. Brown.) LlniKinn Chimfwu-
tion, DuDECAXDlilA, MoXOGY.
RIIIZOrnORA.* (LiNv.)
Tiibo of ilic ciifijx oboviito, coherent \vi,.i tlic ovary, the horder
diviiled into i'onr ol)long, pernistent sei^niciii.s. I'dnls tour, ob-
long, cniurginato, coriaceous, conihiplicato, bct'orc expansion em-
bracing the alternate stamens, tlie margiuti eaeli with a double
row of long, woolly hairij. .SV«//;tvw twice as many as the petals ;
twthcrs nearly sessile, largo, linear-oblong. Ocari/ 2-ccllcd, with
two ovules in each cell. Sliilf conical, short, 2-furrowcd; slii/ma
2-to()thed or bifid. Fruit O'Tiie or oblong, crowned near the b;is(!
with the persistent segments of the calyx, longer than the tube,
at length perforated at the apex by the radicle of the germinating
embryo.
Maritime trees of the tropics, with entire opposite leaves and
axillary ilowers.
* TIic niimo, fniiii />;;«, a fnul, ifc/im, In lunr, in !illii>ii)ii to tlio pcoil f;er-
luinatiii" hafiiro it f;il!s from tlio lir;iiK:lios.
lit
AMERICAN MANGLE, or MANGROVE.
FIlirZOI'IIiiKA A.MKIUCANA. FnHis iiliiiVido-ohhtlKjis oliliisi.'t; jHililiicnli's
Irkhotumis pdiulo lunijlonbu.^, nljll-i Kubidalln biJidis^ji-uiiiliHs titilmliilu-
chtfutls ohtiisis.
liiiiZdi'iioitA iii'iiii/lc. — JaciH'in, Amor., ji. 141, t. SI*. 15u(i\vn, Jam.,
p. :211. DiU'A.M)., I'nid., vol. iii. \>. '-Vl. Xltt., Floriil., pi. Hill. :">,
p. -y.^i). Ton. iuul (iiiAY, vol. i. p. 4S4, (not of Lixx.)
Ciiinhla AiiariiMku fuliis laar'uus. — CAiicsBY'ri Carol., vol. ii. p. (l^j,
t. 0:j.
Mdiiijlc iiqualiiv, j'lilUs siihriilHiKi'is d piDii-ldli,^. — I'u .Mn:ii, (ieii., p. 1:5.
Sloani;, Jam., p. 1.")"), Hist., vol. ii. p. ti3.
Manjid: (Ja/qjurilju. — I'lso's liru/.il, 1. 4, c. 87, Ii.
This tree is found in the ..laritiino swanip.s jC Loui.'^iaii.a .iml
East Florida, and along the coast ol' Texas is not unconiiiiou.
The Mangrove, like the famous IJanyun Fig, sends out innu-
merahle roots into the surrounding nuirshcs from the lusi-
forni fruits wiiich terminate its branches, so lliat after a while
a single tree becomes, as it were, the parent of a whole forest
of several miles in extent; and, growing well even into the
salt water, it is not nnfn'(|uent to see their branches loaded
with oyster! (the Ostfii /n/imt)) of an excpiisite llavor. Those
thickets likewise aflord a resort for various kinds of sea-fowl,
and, fringing tiie margin of the ocean ami the salt-))ools with
their spreading summits, they give a peculiar feature to tlie
tropical landscape, but at the same time afford shelter to clouds
of mosquitos. Tiie bark and IVuit are useful foi' tanning: the
lluwer, according to Loureint, dyes a very durable black, and,
according to Sloaue, all'ords a nuiterial for ink.
The Mangrove of the West Indies and Tropical America
becomes a tree idwut forty to fd'ty feet high anil two to three
feet in diameter, with a ferruuinous bark and white wood of no
great value t'xcept for fuel ; yet. according to Sloa-ie. the wood
IIJ
Klir/,i)it|iiir.i Anirrii'iMiii
/ntiri^mi . 'fit
/: /,,x. ■/>/,. >r.- ,/ /,
y.//,.,-.- ,/ t„. ,;,/„
AMERICAN MANGLE.
118
is good for building and for shinglos. Tiie wood of tliat of [ndin,
as dc>scvilj(,.d hy IJoxhiirgh in his '• Flora Indica," is of a dark-
roddish color, hard, and diirahlo.
The Mangrove is not very tall, hut very branching; the
branches, almost always opposite, elongated and pendant.
When touching the soil, they striifo root and become new
trees, which remultiply themselves in the same maimer, thus
forming an almost impenetrable l)ai r on the borders of the
sea.
Tlio leaves are opposite, entire, coriaceous, at first folded in-
ward, with caducous stipules between the petioles. The flowers
are pale yellow, the segments of the calyx lanceolate. The
anthers are subulate; the margin of the petals pilose; the
style bifid, with the divisions rather long and subulate. The
verdure of the Mangrove is dark and gloomy, and the whole
tree, inhabiting a region of desolation, presents an aspect of
sadness.
The most extraordinary plant of this, or rather a nearly-allied
genus, is the lilil::oi,h>m i/j/tniiorlihaonAmnvu)', (now Jinn/lrni.)
This tree gnjws conmion'.y in the maritime marshes of India;
and the branches of its numerous roots, ascending into tlie air,
produce the appearance of a large umI)rageous tree, as it were,
on stilts, or, as Koxliurgh sa3s, sujiported in the air on a circle
of converging hop-poles. The fruit, the leaves, and the bark ol
tiiis species are also said to alKird food to the native inhabitants.
A figure of it is given l)y Rumpliius, wi. iii. t. (iS, and by Rheede,
in tiie "Flora Malribarica," vol. vi. tab. ol, ;!2.
PLATE X.XIV.
A lintiirh uf llir iHititrtil Hi:r. a. Thr fruit.
V.ip,. IV.
G U A V A.
XniKi-dl (Inh r. Mvin'Acr.T:. Liinimni ('/nxxijlni/inii, Tcds.WDHiA.
]\I(INi)(iV.\"I.\.
rslDII'M.* (Link.)
((■//'/.'■-till If (or external germ) ('llipsoid or oliovatf, of'toii contrnolod
iit tlio sminiiit; \]io border at first nii(li\iilc(l and ovalo wliile in
flowor, af'teTward 1 to S-nlcl't. Pilal.9,iW(}. ^/((iiiiiik very iiiiinerouH,
distinct. iSV'//(' filifoi'in ; sI'Kjma oajiitato. Tlic orurii witli iVoin live
to twenty rolls, some of tliciii alioi'tivc, cacli coll snlidividod by tlio
intorpiisitiim of a placenta rosoniblinLr a disscjiinicnt. Oenhs muno-
I'ous, hiiri/.ontal. Frihl a many-soodod biTiy, coalod ^\itll tlio
adlioriiiL!; tiii'O of tlio calyx and oniwiiod by its jiorsisting lolu's.
The .«<■('/.'!' pcattorcd tlirdiigli the pulp in tlio vi]io berry, liaviiiir a
lioiiy or hard sliell. Tlio cniliri/o curved in a lialt'-oirelc round tlio
protruded base of tlie testa. Oilj/htlunx minute; tlio radicle ratlicr
long.
Trees or sbnibs eliielly indigenous to tlio intortro[iioa! regions of
America, ■\vitli ojiposito, entire, inipunetato, featlier-nerveil loaves,
reiliinclcs axillary, 1 to :!-llo\vored, each tlowcr with a pair of bractos.
The llowors wiiito.
* One of till' (irccl< niiiiifs I'lir tlic Priim'L'r:m;ilc. (•'mini is a eiirni[itiiin iif
llic AliiC'i'ic:iM ;ilii'ri;.;iMiil iiiiiiii' cf (! iiiii/iiIhi.
Ill
;IA,
0 ill
oils,
fivo
■ the
nne-
tlic
iii.i; a
1 llio
iithcr
IIS ot
.'ilVOS.
actes.
tion iM
I'l XXV.
I'lHiilhiiH biixilblitiiu.
Fh>ritfa (iuartt
Ctmrier d» la. k'ltirutt
Ill
ill
fU
wi
w
til
i;
tt
n
is
w
u
\'
(i
;i
r(
I'l
ii
V
FLOUIDA (UlAVA.
I'.-iMi M in.NiMii.ir.M. 'lliil'i-iiiii, raiii'il!'' t. nl'ili'is f'<'''-^ /»/,•(■'(/;>•.•../•»/.■,/<
•Mmato-obiimUs ulitmin iiul»ii'.i,nHli" <■ iii<ii-i)uic nfnlidls, y>. J'/m-nhf .~„hl(ini.s
ini-/.v47'/;i/.s iiiiijtiid'-; J'nirtu jii/rij't>niii.
l-'or a ! -lowU'ilge oi' this intuivsting tree or s^linib wo arc
iiiilclitiMl to till' late iiulcfatifiahle Ur. UaUlwiii, who met with it
ill soiiio part of Kast Flori(hi lu-ar the river St. .loinis. To
i<how liow very iiiiliki" tliis siiirirs is to all tia> oliuTs krowu. it
was hastily marked hy Mr, Sciiweiiiit/, in his lievhariiiiii. (of
wiiieli tho specimen lonns a jiart.) ••ijinrciis v'nrii'<" and at tiie
first hasty ghince some resendjlaiice may liu traced witli tho
Live Oak in tia- U'af and twig; Init, of conrse, tho presonco of
tlie fruit at onoe dispels the illu.-i<in.
1 have seen hut tho sinjilo spocimon now figured, and would
roeommond its examination to some future traveller. The twig
is round, covered with a gray bark, and at nean'.istances marked
with tho cicatrices of opposite fallen leaves. The li'aves on the
uiijier hranchlets are crowded together in opposite pairs, of a
very thick, opa(pio, rigid consistence, and appear to he seinpcr-
virent; they arc perfectly smooth on both sides, paler beiieatli,
dark-green above, cuneate-t)bovate, olituso, sometimes with an
attempt at a very sliort and blunt acumination. with the margin
rellccted, and beneath marked with numerous approxiinatin-^
foathored nerves; thoy are I'roin one inch to one and a half
inches long by one-half to threo-ipiarlers of an inch wide. Tho
peduncles are axillary and solitary, very thick in the IVuit-stalk,
and scarcely two lines long. Tho llowers 1 have not seen. The
berry is blaekish-pnrple, pear-shai)ed, about the si/e of a cherry.
and appears to have boon succulent, as us lal; internally it is
filled with horizontal rows of tlat, sulironiforin, pale-brownish,
bouy seod.s, with a narrow embryo curved into tho form of a
11.-)
no
FLO 11 1 D A G U A V A.
liorsi'shoe. Tlic cotjlcdoiis an; very siniill, and in the (^eed aro of
a bright waxy yoUow. Tliis species is very nearly allied to the
Piiqile-lVuited Guava, (P. Cutllcianum,) scarcely dill'ering in any
thing but the sniallness oi' the leaves and the pyrifunn fruit,
though the leaves of the Purple Guava, In'sides being much
larger, are also pubescent when you'.:;^. Most of the species of
this genus are cultivated in the tropics for thei". fruit. The P.
ji//ri/cniiii, or Common Gnava, bears a fruit aljout the size of
a hen's egg, yellowish, with a pecidiar odor; the pu'p is rather
firm, ilesh-colored, sweet, agreeable, and aromatic. In the West
Indies it is highly esteemed by all classes, Ijeing eaten raw, as a
dessert, or formed into an excellent sweetmeat and jelly.
'?f the fruit of the Purple Guava, to which ours is so closely
related, Lindlty remarks, "The excellent flavor of its fruit,
which is vei'y like that of strawberries and cream, is far supe-
ri(jr to either I', pur'ifcntin, /Kimi/uniiii, or jjo/i/cdr/ti//!." JMr.
Sabine remarks of the IVuit of this species, "that it is juicy, of
ii consistence much like that of a strawberry, to which it bears
some resemblance in flavor."
What the present species may become, when cultivated, re-
mains to be proved; but in a genus so genenilly interesting for
their fruit, the exiieriment is worth making when an oppor-
tunity may oiler. Probably Dr. Baldwin I'ound it growing near
or above New ►Smyrna, as ho did not go nnich farther into the
interior (;f East Florida.
PLATE XXV.
A lir<i.iii:h (if the nalund aizc in fntil.
I
! Oi
the
uiy
uit,
uch
sof
i /'.
I ol'
hfl-
/'est
LIS a
M-ly
niit,
II po-
xMr.
',0f
ears
, re
; for
jpor-
near
tho
4
I'l.XX'Vl
M
fUrlinl i;i/,/i''ilf//„
<'!ily|ilr;iiillies tliylrjiciilui
t/t it/iuiii/Ji,' ,/n /rt/ftt/l
C A L Y r T RANT II E S. ^
(SwAurz.)
Niihintl Or<h:r, MyktACK.K. Linwran Chmsifiralioii, TcoSANDKlA,
jSIoNdGYNIA.
Tiilic of tlic ('"/(/.)• oliovntp, with tlic Ijordor entire; wlion llowcniig,
liiirstiiij^ cirei-liirly in tlio iorni of ii luteral, and nt length deei-
(hious, lid. I'dnl ■ none, or two or throe iind minute. Slamcns many.
Sh/h' one; stli/ma ;innilc. Onin/ 2 or 3-cellcd, the colls 2-seeded.
The /((/•/■// liy ahortion 1-celled, 1 to 4-seeded.
Small trees of the We.st India Irtlaudd and •.; IJrazil, the leaves
with pinnated veins. Flowers small and uiimeroiis, usually in axillary
or terminal panieles.
FORKED CALYPTRANTIIES.
Calyi'Thaxtiies ciiYTKAcri.iA. Arkinn, fnUh omlis apirc atlciitialis
riijuliiiscidl; (tcinuiii tjldliri-'^, pcdiuuidls a.rillnri-la-,n!ii(dil>tis tr!c/'ul<,iitis
panictdtilis Jforilim/uc rufo-vdulinis.—DECA^o., Trod., vol. iii. p. -JaT.
C. cuYTiiAC'iLiA. Arborca, jpcduncuUs tcrminalibits (richolomis tomaitosis,
JiiUis orafi-s npiir nthnwdi'^.—iiviARTi, Prod., p. 711; Flor. Ind. Occid.,
vol. ii. p. !t21.
*Tlio nuiiii' fnim xiunrrT/iu, a rnl, and uvfti?, " Jlmnr, in ullusion to tlic opor-
I'ullJ fonu of tlif c;ilyx.
117
118
F (J H K E 1) C .\ 1. Y 1' T ]{ A N T II E S.
MVUTTS CIIYTnArn.IA. Polil)iriii:.<i iVrJiotmilis p/lili'riil,i/:.i fiiiimi/iisix,
fiiliii f/rriihii.t siilidi-tith UrmiiKtVJi'lfi. — Lix.v,, Aiikpii. Aciidoiii., vol. v.
p. StiS. SwAHTZ, Olisorv.. ].. 202.
Clii/frdi'iilifi. urbdirn, fullis urutis f/hibris oppositi.'', I'arnnis Irrmivililius.
— Bkowx, Jamaic, p. 2^9, t. 37, li,?. 2.
EniKXIA TALMCNS? I'OIUKT, Slljipl., Vol. ill. ]i. 122.
Tins plant forms an oloiraiit ami cnrions small troi', witli Iiavd
woikI, and in Janiaicu is ad'onntod an oxcfUent timlicr; but tlu'
trunks siddiini fxci'cd'fourtiH'n or fifteen inelies in diameter,
in Jamaica it is found in the dry nionntaiu-lands ; it is also
indigenous to the islands of St. Tlujnnis and riuadalou[)e. and it
has now also lieen found on Key West by Dr. I'lodirett.
The hranches ajjpear to he poveri'd wiili a gray and smooth
hark. The leaves, when in hud, as well as tiie j'oriug hranches,
llower-stalks, and calyx, are clad with a slujrt, soft, ferruginous
down, Avhicli wholly disa[)pears from the Iciives as they advance
in thi'ir deveIo])ineut ; they are of a lanceolate-ovate form,
mirrowed into a short petiole helow; above, acuminate but
obtuse; beneath they are distinctly jiennate-nerved, and too
opaque to admit the light through the resinous glands with
which they are nevertheless provided : they are about two
inches long by an inch in width. The llowering panicles are
trichotomous, usually ti.'rininal, and c(msiderably ramified. The
llowers are small and whitish, from the color of the stamens.
The cal\x is ferruginous and tomentose, formed of a small
obovate I'vt'u cup; the whole border, separating in a circular
manner. Hies over to one side, in the foi'm of a rouudt'd petal,
from whence issue the numerous liliforni stauu'us with small
whitish anthers. Tlie germinal fruit api)ears small, dry, and
tomentose; but I am unacquainted with it in a ripe state.
PLATE XXVI.
A linuii-h I'f the tmlnnil .'-Ci'. u. A Jhin r iniKjtiiJhil, .■^liuirin;/ the latcnil
lulltil'LldX of the lid of (hi: rilli/.r.
E U G E N I A.
(MiCllKLI, LiXN.)
Nulnml Order, MyrtACE.E. Linwran Chiss'ifiaitlun, ItOSANDRiA,
MONOCVNIA.
Thf tube of tlio cahir roimaisli, with the border ileejily 4-parteil.
]\hls four. SUniicna many, frco. Onirn 2 to H-ccUed, tbo eell^^
containiu,!; soveviil ovules. Bonn sub-irlobone, crowned will, the
Iicrsistin.LT cmIvx; when mature, 1 or rarely 2-cellcd. Sccb (uie or
tw,^ roundish and lariro. The embryo pseudo-monocotyledonous,
{\xa\oUiUd„uH very thiek an,l wholly blended together, the rndick
more or less distinct and very short.
These are trees or shrubs mostly indigenous to the Caribbean Is-
lands, or the warmer parts of America. The leaves and intlores-
eenco arc verv similar to those of the i^fyrtles.
* Po iKmUMl in lumor ..f Princo Eugene of Savoy, who was a pvoteeler an,l
eiieoura-er of botany, ami possessed a botanic jrardeu.
llil
S^LVLL-LEAYED EUGEXIA.
El.'dEN'IA DICIIOTOJIA. J'i'ilmir(ilj,s (i.rilliniljiis opposHi.'; d siilitrnnin/ilihils
folio bmijinrihiis liifulis ant liis liijhlin, Jlorihiis in (lichntoiniis fisaililms
cdlcris 'pcdiedhitis, fuUii dliplico-l'incculdtis ianl uUtnuaUs jxlldrldo-
2>Hnctati!<, cuhdlis (jlahris, juniiirlhiis ttlrinfjHc rnnudis calycibuf^quc i^ubcit-
ccnWous. — Decand., I'rod., vol. iii. p. 278.
Myrtus (liiholomn. — Vahl ! ^IS8., Poiret, Supiilcni., vol. iv. p. 5:]?
/9 FUAIillAN;^, foliiS oralis f/l'ihrix. EutiEXIA FKA(iUA.VS. WiLM)., Sp.
ri., vol. ii. p. 9G4. Bot. Magaz., t. 1242. U. munkua, Auul.,
Guian., vol. i. p. 41t.3, t. IDo ?
EuiiENiA ilintrlcal'-i, Lam., Encyu., p. 202.
Tins elegant and fragrant species of Eugenia, resembling a,
Myrtle, becomes, at Key West, according to Dr. Blodgott, a
tree. It is also indigenous to the islands of St. Domingo and
Cuba, where specimens have been collected by I'oiteau and La
Sagra. The variety /ivijraiw (for such I must consider it) is a
native of the high mountains in the southern part of Jam.aica
and Martinique, and, if the same with Aublet's K nioiifana,
is also a native of Guiana. The K. fi-<i(/r>iiis has many years
since been collected by Dr. Baldwin, in the vicinity of New
Smyrna, in Enrt Florida.
The wood of Jl dlairimta, according to Lamarck, is hard,
olose-grr.ined, and reddish, .and is much esteemed for articles of
furniture. The wood of the Florida Tree is exactly similar;
while that of E. moatana, according to Aublet, is hard, com-
pact, and white.
The branches of the plant now figured are covered with a
smooth, light-gray or silvery bark, and at the summits are
crowded witli small, shining, almost oparpie, leaves, but yet
interspersed with the usual i-esiuous vesicles of tlie genus ; they
are from an inch to an inch and a half in length, and about
three-ijuarters of an inch in breadth, Tiiostly elli[)ti(' or elliptic-
f-J
■i
:l
I'l WVII
<■/«//// Irarrt/ f.'rtt/cma I'mtn / i/irA, ■/,'///,
SM A liL-hH A V Kl) K I' <i M N I A.
liil
oMoiijr. and alwiiys iiiirrowtMl holow; sometimes tliey iire iieurly
limceoliite and ohtiise at the point ; scarcely any veins are visi-
bif on citlici' side, but tiie iiiidril) is iiromincnt bciiciitb. The
young leaves, Imds, peduncles, ami calyx are clothed with a
close, short, hoary pubescence, wliieh in the variety /rtujriuis
is nuicli less distinct or almost wanting. Tlu' peduncles are
axiihny, coming out toward the sinnmits oi" the branches, and
are of various lengths, sonu'times only a little longer than the
leaves, at otiier times crowded into tricliotomous branchlets
two or three times longer tlian the leaves , in their most simjile
form, except by the al'orlion of tiie lateial buds, tiny ternunate
in three llowers, the central one sessile in the fori\, and the
lateral ones on longisli, diverging pedicels; al otiier times the
peduncles are twice trifid, or even more ramified, and lengthened
out ver}' much in the progressive ripening of the fruit. The
segments of the calyx are always fo\ir. broad and rounded,
covered with resinous cists or vesicles, and pubescent or ciliate
on the margins. The pt'tals arc likewise rounded or concave,
whitish, witli a tingo of red. The stamens are lunnerous.
Style simple and sul)ulate. Tin; berry at length only l-.seedcd.
There arc a pair of miinite, subulate bractes under the base of
each l!ower-l)ud, but .so deciduous that they are seldom to be
seen.
One of the specimens of the variety //v(_(//vo/.s from New
Smvrna, has very slender twigs; and on the same specimen
there are obtuse and very K/iiifiili/-wii/i; leaves. In this also
tin' peduncles are chieliy axillary. This plant is nearly as
fragrant as the connnon Myrtle.
PLATE X.WII.
A hnnirli nj' lltr tinliirdl si:,\ a. Tin jh'iri r 'i lilllf , iilnn/fl. It. '/'I'f //.)•/■//,
iij' llic mitiii'iil stZi'.
IV.— H*
TALL EUGENLV.
EriiF.XIA I'llOCKHA. I'oliirllis iliiljlnri.^ uj-illdrilidf: ^-\-f<)iifi rlis fi'tii)
hrcviorlbiis sub Jhirc liilirdchtihiti!', fAiis ovilis ol/lnxc iicdniiiintls rn-
iimqiie. (jhibris. — Poiisct, Siiinil. P^iK-yc, vol. ii. p. l'2!l. Dkcand.,
Trort., vol. iii. p. 208.
^^vu■n•s ruocEUA. rtildiifulis rudfirds (mllaribns vmjlurh^fulds uniiix
acuinmalis: phidi" f/fd.hri's, rddii.^ finjdHs, rdulc urlmrro. — Swaktz, Ti'od.,
p. 77. Flor. Iiul. Occident., vol. ii. p. 887. W'ili.u., Sp. pi.,
vol. iv. p. itiJS.
Tins is aiiutluT plunt witli tlie aspi'ct ui' ii Myrtle, wiiicli
becomes a tri'e and attains an i'l('\ati()n of twciiiy to tliirty
fet't. It was discovered liy Swart/, in tiie linests of the interior
of Ilispaniola. It is likewise indii^iMKUis to the islands of Mar-
tinique and Santa Cnr/,, and has now been Ibinid coinnion on
Key West by the same gentleman who met with the pre-
ceding .species.
The wood appcu's to be white and close-; i-iineJ. The twijjjs
are clothed with a light gray, almost white and silvery, hark,
and are spreading and sonn'tiines zigzag. The leaves ar(! on
short jietioles or." and a half to two and a half inches long by
an inch to an inch ami a half wid". ovate-acnniiuate, and ob-
tuse, rather opaque, nearly scentless, though provided witii the
usual resinous vesicles, and from the bud (hey are perfectly
,«mooth. The llowers are said to be fragrant, and come out ou
separate axillary peduncles, from two to foui' logetlier; the
pedui'i'les at first are not more than three or four lines long,
but grow out at length to the extent of half an inch. Tiie seg-
ments of the calyx are four, rounded and Ijroad, rough, with
aromatic vesicle.', but smooth. Tin; p(,'tals, four, are rounded
and concave, slightly ciii.'ited, and ap[ii'ai' to liave lireii reddisji
white. iStameiis numerous, the anthers wliilish. The berry
spherical, brow lisli yellow, about tin' si/.e of a grain of Mack
122
<
r.iliitMii:! |ii(H'fr:i
A/// //
•t^etu
/,f/n/fi>:tttT f/fn
rngmm
i
Pl.XXIX
Htkf letivftl thtfft'tnti.
K"f^eiiiit iMixiroiia
ltiinhi*.firr It fhit 'h.v ilftnii.v.
pep
Mild
lir.sl
l-se
IIOV
tllil
dill
.1 L
I
I
\
Nh
liii
I'Dl
he
til
liUX- LEAVED EUdENlA.
\-l:i
\)v[)\n'r, stiuldinl over witli mmuToiis gliiiids or iiroiiiatic cists,
and irowiu'd with tlio hroiid, persisting border of tiie eulyx ; at
(irst 2-eelled, with several ovnles ; at length the berry is oidy
l-seeded; the seed large, witli no distinct cotyledons. It
liowers in April. The size of the leaves a[ipears to vary, .so
that in some .specimens they are uniibrmly only about hall' the
dimen.sions we have given.
PLATE XXVIII.
.1 hnoich of the v.atand aizr. and if /In hn/i-lnii-cl hind. a. A cliidlif </
tlic bcrric'".
BOX-LEAVED EUGEXIA.
EriM:NI.\ r.UXIKdl.I.V. I'ldniu-idifi nj-'dhdulina rniiin^i^ ii\(dlijh,ri-' In'i (■(.-■'«/;/('>■,
ludirclh'.'! Sidl ll'ifC li:lil-'lr/,nl(ll!y,fiilJi--i ol/OVatO-ohllinrjis iilitilsj.l htl.'<: ,ll/i-
nu(iti-'< opftr(.< stili/iin pinirlntig m(ii-<i'iic sidirci-dbili-i. — Dkcanu., I'l-dd.,
vol. iii. p. 27'). Wii.i.D., Sp. pi., V..I. ii. p. HOO.
MvuTC's juxiriii.iA. Ji'iiriindis linrisM'in!.'! niiifii'li>: nxiU'iriln'-', Jnlun
vuiicalis oliliiiKjiii iMiisis coiivcxiiiscidi-i.—^wwiTi, I'rod., p. VS. Fk)r.
Ind. Occid., vol ii. p. 8!)9. 31. imidimhi ? HwAiirz, Elor. Iiul. Occid.,
vol. ii. p. Hit.S.
Mvicri-s AXILLARIS. I'oiKKT, Diet., vol. iv. [). 412, (lion Swarl/..) M.
I'lilnli, Spreng. Syst., vol. ii. p. 4S:1.
This pliint, also a native of Cuba, St. Domingo, and .Tamnica,
hiis lieen observed at Key West hy Dr.Blodgett, where it is very
coinmon in sterile places, aflecting the vicinity of the sea, and
becoming a tree of about twenty feet in height, with a hard,
white, close-grained wood. The bark is whitish-gray and even ;
the twi'is are slender, and chiel'.y clothed with leaves toward
121
I! ( ) X - h K A \ E I) E U G E N I A.
tlicir smiiinits; [hoy aw wcd^o-obloiij;-, Honu'tiiiu'H alninst hinccch
latf, ol)tiisL', and ahvajH iiariMwcd liidow into a luiiuiti' [it'tioli',
^io tliiit tlii'v ai)j)t'ai" to he nearly .^ess^ile, ahovt; of a daikisli
f:reeii and .somewhat shiuinjx, beneath ihdl and jialci'. ^h iid( riy
nerved heuealh, soniewliat opanne, pnnctate, and nli.ulitly i'e\(>-
hite on the margin; they are abont one and a hall' ineiies long by
one-liair to tint
'•([ni
irters of an iiuli wide. The llower.s are vei
.'iniall, in axillary branching elnsters of three to seven together
on tln^ minnte and \ory short bracteate raceme; tlii're are two
niinnte liraeteoles nnder each llower; the calyx as well as the
than twice the leniith of the cdvx. The ealvx, racemes, and
tals are studded with resinous glands, and tiie latter are nion
twice the length of the calyx. The calyx,
minute liranehlets iire covered with a close lirownish pubescence.
Tile llowers are 2>f>fi/!/iuii<>iix, on many sjiecinu'ns sterile, though
furnished witii the jiistilhun; and nuuiyof the llowering clusters
are produced on the mdied branches where they have been pre-
ceded by the former leaves. The berry is dark brown, covered
with resinous glands or cists, about the si/e of a grain of black
])e[)[)er. and when mature C(jntains one or moie (rarely two)
large seed.s in one or two colls, with blended, Inseparable c(jty-
ledons.
PLATE XXIX.
A briuu-h of tin; naUiral size. (t. A Jlnu-cr iiil((ri/ul. h. Thckiri). r. A
Inrri/ willt two cttln.
I A.WIl.
1^
N.
^
/m/itifi .f/fmnn/
Tci'iuiiuillU i-:Uj(|i|i:i
A\tiiti/.'/ifr </*' • /^'/'^,//ji//
INDIAN ALMOND.
ya/nral Onhr, CoMnuETArK.r, (H. r.ruwn.) L!,n>mm 6'm..v/>/nt-
tij)i. Dkcaxdui.v, Mo.nugvma.
TEPvMIXALIA. (Linn. Dixanl.)
Klnw.is orteu roLY.iAMois lV„>u ul,o,h..n.-15onU.r of tlie r.h/.r a.'.i-
auo.,s. ,.nui,anu!ulo, r.-d.fl, ihe .livi.U.ns a...t.. J>,f'rls mm..
:,.„„/„s lei,, in a .louble vow, long.. tLau the calyx. (Mn;>, %v.tU
two (.r rlMTO ovalos. %/■' iilitornu so.n.wliat lu-ulr. i/nV- ""t
.,,ow I hx tlK' ralyx, cfi-.u .li-y, in.Ul.^ceuV. l-se..l.a. The .cal
i-oseniblinix an ahiuuia. C-'///.^/-/'- spirally .M.nvoh.te.
Trees of the largest si/.o or shruhs, >vltl, alternate or rarely opposho
l^,,ve-^ crou-aea toward the extremities of the l.ranches, a.,.! henee
,l,e tjenerie name. Flowers in spikes: the spikes in r..eeines or
pani'eles, l.isexual in the lower part, and male in t!,e n;.per.
S 1. Catappa, (C^erlner.) The drjpc co„q,ns.ol, v:llh the n.mjm
u-mrjvd or ini-ii-h, (ilkiniatal.
CATAPrA, OR INDIAN ALMOND.
Ti-niM 1 n M.rA e vr.s ppa. 7'o///.s ohnvaU, km allnnmli^ ^»l>lir. moUllrr p>,hr.<.
DKrAM..', I'roa., vol. iii. p. H. Ltnn-, -M'^""^- V" ■'^'*-
TniMINAl,.A CATAIM-A. Leaves uhont the extrennties of the hraneh-
lets on slant petioles, ohovate, enneiite, and attennalea, at the same
time slh^ditlv eordu'e at the base, a little repand, with a large
12G
CATAl'J'A, ()
IMJIA.X AL.MOMD.
oprc
(1 i;l;in(l lu'iicatli on each side tlic tiiiilrih iiciiv lljo l)iis
ili
Miliiai'v, siiiiplv
sliortc
or IliMii the loaves; (InqK!
i>\al, i'.iiiiih'c.-s(m1. i;Ialir'ius, « illi olcxatcd naxirular iiiarj;'iiis. cDiivr
liiitli r-i(lo:-. — Ai'.NnT, I'l'dd. Iiiil. (»ii( lit., vol. i. p. 813.
AClfllN S
J.-, w
I. i. tah. Ill"
Illiist. tah. 848, tiir. 1. A'I'i
liiiKKi), Flora Malaharica, vol. iv. talis. :] and t. Tuuuicv and Uuav,
F!or. X. A
HUT., vol. 1.
4S;1
"[>
A((iiiii)iNf; to Tonry and Gray, Dr. llaslor lias discovered this
rn Florida. A \arit'ty ol' it is known to
did t
roe ui >outlii.
I'.Mst ni
the C
iribiiean
Islands, which llinahoiilt and Knnth
iniaiiincd to hi> intro(hiced; hnt I'or tiiis supposition there is pro-
bahly no snilicient uroinul, us Poitean euliectcd it in thi' forests
t)f St. Doniinjio, <
near eonjiener, il no
Anblet, — iiis T<iiii/><
■il I
Kive a .xneennen now InMore me
ipe
t tl
le siune tliunr. was lounc
d in (
iniana h
'>■
; vet the favorite reuion of it.s e.\istence is
in tlie tro[)ieal l'or(>sts of India, on liie sandy and jirs .('lly coast;-
.f Malab;
ir, ai
id in tlie island of Java: it tl
injr to liheed. a very laru'e
form, like that ol' a loftv S
K'l'e
and splendid tree
ronies, accore
P.>'
pri
the leafy snnimit lieinii' eom-
jiosed of al!iiost-hori/,(jiital brandies disposed in circular sta.ucs.
Its wood is white, wvy hard, e(nered witli a smooth gray bark
w
hicl
1 IS re I
1 witl
iin.
Tlie leaves, situated near to the extre
un-
ties of the branchlets, six or seven together, at intervals, form
lioiit si,\ 111 niiK'
or
circular clusters of great regularity; they are a
inches long by three to five Mide, of an inver.sel}-ovoid
cuneate-oval ligiiiv, widening towanl the summit, where they
become almost round, with a short, abrupt, slanting ])oint in the
centre, narrowed and somewhat cordate at the base, nearly
entire, or obscurely though sometimes \cry distinctly erenulated
on the border, green and snuiotli aixjve, slightly imbeseent
beneath; the young leaves and shoots, as well as the peti(jles,
ilothed with a brown and close tomentum. The llowers are
mall, without scent, of a whitish 'i
rccii. aie
1 di
III iireat
ibers ill se\'eral almost terminal a.\illary slender spikes; 'hey
C A T A r r A, ( » 1! I X I) I A N A L M ( » X D.
nre nearly sessile, with oadtieous, coiieiive, oval, [lointt'd braetes.
The ealyx contains a small, ver^- hairy, u-toothed eup. The spikes
are not as long as the leaves. The IVuit is an elliptic shell, a
little compressed, glabrous, surromideil with an (devated margin,
eon\ex on both sides, and reddish brown when mature. This
druiie includes an oblong, very hard mit, of one cell, con-
el ry
taining a white kernel, of a taste appro;
filbort-nut. but more oily and soluble.
diing to that of the
In India it is also cultivated in gardens. The large al
mon(
like kernels of its nuts are eaten and served at the Ijest tables.
An oil is obtained from the kernels by expression, similar to that
of the olive, which is said never to become rancid. It is made
ii-t
o enudsions lilvc alniom
ds
The Indians
)U
the
leaves medicinally for indigestion, bilious allections, and other
ma
ladi
PLATE .\X.\ir.
tU I'linirli i,f IIh ii'iliinti .■^hr. </. Tla j/mn r. !•. ?}■■ mil.
TirmiiKiliii 11 ii::iiiii has a milky saji. and was believed to pro-
duce the iien/.oic acid, which, however, is now doubted.
Anothei- of the species, Ti iiniiKtUn nnii.r. is said to afford the
celebrated Chinese and .Iapane.-<e varnish used in their lacipier-
ware. This tree grows on the mountains of sevei'al of the
southern jirovinces of China, and in the Moluccas. It jiossesscH
a lactescent Juice, which, as well as its exhidatious <'ven. are said
to be deleterious; but the kernels of its fruits, like those of the
Catappa. are perfectly hannless and agreeabU'. vVt Batavia,
re'jular plantiitions are nuulcof th(> Tiniiiiiiilin Muhicrdiin.'m the
gardens and places of public resort, for the sake of its agreesdili'
shade.
CONOCARPUS.*
((i.iniiN'i-.r,.)
K,iliir.il 0,;hr. CoMBUF.TACK.K. Uininmi y.l„s.iJhvl!on, Pextan-
DlilA, MnXdCVNIA.
The flowors .l<'ns..lv M^tr.vir^.l' <1 i" irl"lmlar or oblo,.- s,.U<.-liko
funents.-rulK' (.f tlie ,„/./,,■ :.boul the hni-lh <.f ihc ovary, pw-
sist.nt; iho honh.r r.-.-h.lt. /'. /"/^ m-nc «,o»rv-.? five to ten. ox"-
Rorte.1; tlie anthers heart-shape.l. Oran/ coinpresse.!, contannns
two ovuh's. The fnnl.^ eoria.'e..ns, corky, and seah'-like. cU,sely
inihrieatecl, an.l inaehiseent. (o/yuA-/-. spirally e.nuolute.
Sn.all .narUin>o trees or shrubs, with alternate, entire, somewhat
coriaecous loaves. Tlea.U ui llowers peaunenlate,!, axillary, or ternu-
nal, solitary or in panicles.
BUTTON TREE.
i;,<,nuh,h.;.. cnp;n,V. ,w.;,../-//..-I)i:.'AN„., rro,l., vol. n. p. K-.
Ja<x,., An.er.. p. TS, t. oJ. ('ATiisuv's Carolina, i. :):i.
«,/,7^o,w.— l)KeANl>., 1. e. -, , , , 1
C„ -. .. cr<rU,. Fruits retnnvely i.nhrieate.l in a suhglo.iose head,
somewhat hort-shape,l, serrcely ^vin^e,l; tube of the ealyx not
,,,,„lueed hevond the ovary; leaves oval-lanceolate, mostly acute
or aeunnn.te at each en,l, usually with two d^'".ls at the base;
heads panicled.-TouuKV and (iiiAV, Flor. K An,er., vol, .. p. 48...
'^V^^^^^^r^ -"/"^"M » /'■"'"'. ''" ff"" rmiubUug lUo cone of ua
Vix,
not
48;'
ko
ii.it
im-
Ki
of ttU
4
I'l XXMll.
RITTOX THEE.
12!i
M<iii<jl«ihi iii-lmr CiiniKiarira f<illis .ialii/iii.<. — IfKiiM.. I'liriul. I'.at. Com-
MKi.iX, Ifdi-t. Auist., II. llf), uiiin. ic.
Abiiis niiiri/iiiKi. iiiiirl'ij'iilid i-dnartuniin. — I'lik., Aliiiiiu;., 1'^, t. 'J40, t'. S.
Ahii fructti laurifulia arlmr inaril'mta. — Si.uani:, Jiiiri. Hist., ii. ji. IS, t.
l(Jl, f. 2.
Jiiiioiiiinnlii. — I'l.r.M., ic. 1:!.'), t. 144, f. 2.
This is iinutlu-r tropicul AWst Indiiin trco wliiuli Uk.' soiitlicrn
cxtivinity of Ivist Florida liiis allurdcd. It liiis hccii oliscrvcd
(111 tlic slioiv ()(' Key Wt'st, Suutliorn Floridii, iiiid iinmrid 'I'aiiipa
Hay. Ill tiio AW'.st Indies, liko tlic MaiiiiTovc, with wliieli it
urow.-^, and for a i<ind of wliicli it is taken by tiie Spaniards,
wlio call it MiiiKjIc Sanii/OfKi, it aifects the low sand}' and niiidd}-
shores near tlio sea, where it Iieeoines an erect tree aliowt thirt\'
fi'et high, with the trunk a foot in diainetcr, having a sinootli,
whitish-gray hark and angular branchlets. In South .\inerica
it also e>:ists on the coast of f!naya(|uil, and in Ciiili. near \'al-
paraiso. In a country where the finest kinds of wood arc so
coinnion, that of the Button Tree is little esteemed, and it is.
llierefore, only used for fuel; it is. however, line and close-
grained, in the hranches brownish white, capable of a high
])olish. with scarci'ly any visible annual layers, and made uji
almost wholly of dotted medullary rays. The general aspect of
its inllorescence, and. indeed, its closely-imbricated inelegant
beads of llowcrs, K'ad us almost to compare it with some of the
Amciihirca; particularly the .\lder, while its real relations are t(j
the ])resent famil}', which includes in the C<niihnlinii itself, and
the singularly-splendid Cdconrla of Aublet, some of the most
elegant and beantil'ul of plants.
The bark is gray, liitterish, and astringent, and no doubt
medicinal. The leaves, of a yellowish green, are from two to
three inches long, three-quarters to an inch broad, acute at each
end, very smooth, and on short jietioles, which have fre((iiently
two glands at the base. The llowcrs, i'lr which buttertlies have
a great predilection, are very incons licuous. grei'iiish yellow.
Vol.. IV.-'J
130
lU'TTON TI} !•:[•:.
small, and cnlU'ftcil into gluhoso heads, in axillary and terminal
I'ew-liowered panir
Udi.
les on iiedicels al)out tlie k'nutli of tlio ca
The heads at k'ni:tli liecdme reddish: th
ip;
pi-
ades are
small and scale-like, cork}-, dilated elliptic, Internally concave,
with bnjad, thin, carinated mar^^ins, smd are very ol'ten abortive,
never more than 1-seeded, and imhesceiit at the sunnnit.
The island of Co
iflbrd;
s another illie(
1 hut
vi'ry distinct
iriii-iniilii iiK o
)f Jii
icipun, ]ait (iown
species, which may i the C. 2
as a variety of the ])resent by Decandolle; the cidyx, however,
is almost entirely smooth, with very acute segments, and the
leaves are sharply apiculated, and sometimes obtuse with a
short ])oiiit. In this the wood appears to be ver}' hard, and m.<
close-grained as mahogany, of a dull white, inclining to giny,
with a delicate featheri'd appciirance, and a thick baik, gray
externally and blackish within.
According to Prince Afaxiniilian, the liiirl< of tlie ('iniiKiirpiix
run i/iif.'iii (one of the ]ilants called Mangrove in IJra/ii) is nuich
used at liio .buu'iro f<ii' tainiing.
pL.\Ti; xxxirr.
A Irnnirh <j Ihr ),iiliii-'(l .w';r. n. Thr jh.ir.r. A. Tin- Jh-:i, of the
iKiliirnl ■•<'ii . c. '/'In' smiK' iiiiii/iiiliiil.
«.
:«
I %
SILKY r.uTTox tui:e
t.'iiNiiCAlU'l.S i:IlF.l'TA.
)• sr.uii'KA, (Vin-^
{rr, 111 llil'l
rilrril.) /•''/('
llllbuKjix Itll'ilUlllC (lilllll,
iiill.i ad ntriiin'iiiy p'lij'di'dn it^nii a
hili;.
!"■'
i-.<.s't' fi'll<j.s(i-s-irii'it-s
— DlXA.M)., I'l'i
vol. 111. p
M,ii,i/lr fota.i ulihwiiin liiio/ri.t KliiwjiK: nxMl Imuh/n
luiljiiLI'liXd (Ji
•hdiiA'Ua. —
tSLUANli,
Hist. .J mil., vol. ii. 1). 07, talj. 1«7, lii,^ 2.
ACCOUDI.NT,
to SI
OIUH'
this tree is ivuown in Jiinmicii l)y the
iiiinio o
Irc't, liiiviiif^ w
r tlic! Wiiito Mimgvovo,
(I attiiiiis till' lu'i.uht of twenty
hitc wood with a vuiy .Mnull pitli; thu hnriv is
also snioo
)crn louiu
til and wiiitish. Tliis variety, or
•cies, nas
also
wi
til the above, at Key
1
Dr. Bloil'ielt. We do not see any
Key West, in Kiist Florida, hy
thni'i
distniLruisli
h it as a
separf
ito siiecies Ironi tiie vrcrla except the peenhar
ilkv,
be elothed
shinin,^' pubescence with which the leaves contunie to be clothei
even in the adult state.
131
LAG UNCULAJUA.^
((j.i;ktni;i;.)
X((/iiiii/ Onlir, C(iMiiiii:TACi:.i;. LiniKiuu VliiKsljiialiuii, Dkcan-
DiiiA, M(i.\o(;yxia.
OtIiiT l)t)i'(U'i' |iorsistiiiir, suhcmiiiiiuiulato, H-lobed. I\l<tl.-i live, iiii-
1111(0, s]ii'failiiii;, iiml cuihiudiis. Sliiinins tiv(! or ton, in two scries,
ill(•lllll^■(l. iS7/y/r sill Ml Into ; sli(/)ii(t t'a)iit!ito. jV"< luai'ifiiiod, ooi'ia-
ooDiis, valvoloss, 1 or li-soodod, orowuod witli llio calyx. C'uli/tc-
liuiif! convolute; tlio nidiclo very long.
A troo of the Carililioau Inlands, with ojniosito, olliiitic, biuooth
loaves. IJacoiiios oiipositc, niany-llowei'ed, tlie Howor.s sessile, fnr-
iiisheil with dceidiioiis hraetes ; tin; calyx liilii'aoti'oiate at the siini-
iiiit. The seed gcriiiinatiiig within the nut. A genus nearly allied
to LUMNITZEKA of Illdiil.
WHITE MAXGIIOVE.
I
l.,Aiiixcii,AurA iiACK.MosA. (iinii!(i\ lil. ('ar)iol., vol. iii. p. 20!), t. 217.
Dix'ANii., I'rod., vol. iii. ji. 17.
C'uNuCAKi'i;s KACKMOSA. Ful.ii< huicaibtlii-nndis iihlii.siiisfiilis, J'n/i-ii/iiis
scf/nytdis. — Linn., >>ii. jil. Wii.i.u., vol. ii. p. Wo. iSwautz, Olw.,
!>. 7!3. Jacq., Anier., p. f<0, t. '>'-\.
* Fniin tiiijuiicuht, u little buttlu, iu alliLsiou to the form of the uut.
132
Ills
Pl.XWIV
lllul, M.n, Mi„^,^.->.;;r„pi„.,
tlbil.
Mump
V. 1
Siiioi
Tr
CDUU'
I'uur
by tl
sent
Flor:
Tl
{lino
long
oiitii
and
rait
or <
clou
^-iu;i
as t
silk
IIK'I
SIUJ
oVIi
wit
wrnkk^tSi
W II I T F. M A N s; i; (I V E.
];«
i:Ihis siJiiih-Cs, — Uiiuw.Ni:, Jam.. \i. l.V.t.
M"iii/lc Jiif'firn, fnliii (///yj/iV/.v ,./■ (i(/i-(r.yu misraililiii-i. — Si.oa.m:. .I;iiii.
].. l")i;. Hist., vol. ii. \>. (ill. tall. Is7, f. 1. Kui, Dciidr., [i. ll.'i.
SciiiA'H'Aiii'r.-. — KiriiARii, Anal. Fr., \>. !':2.
tSciiou.-fi!iiA r., iiniiiii'ii'i.- Sviiv.SiiEi., Syst. \'ogct., vol. ii. i>. '-V-'d.
This jiliint is u native ol" tlu' .sandy and iniuMy slioirs of tlu-
Cariblx'iin l.slands and tliu ni'iszliborinjr eontiiii'nt, wliui'u it bc-
(•<jn»i's a k»i'ty, branching tree, sonu'tinies dividin.ii' into throe or
tour trunks dose to the .uronnd : it i.s called White Mangrove
by tile English inhabilants of these islands. Dr. Blodgett ha.s
sent speeinii'iis cil' this tree also i'rom Key AVest, in East
Florida,
The III- iMciie- ire eylindrio and brownish, the tnigs ferru-
ginon>; tlie hM\t~ are opposite and .smooth, about three inches
long iiii!il an inch and a hall" wide, u})on short petioles, cpiite
entire, thick, and somewhat coriaceou,s, elliptic or ovate, obtu.se,
and sometimes emargiinite, with a pair of glands near the .sum-
mit of the petiole, and, in most of the leaves, toward the edge
a|i[)e:i;- a nutiJier of nii.sed glandular points, which are closed
or open. TLk llowcrs are ilisijosed in a.xillary and terminal
elongated nieemcs, the racemes sometimes trilid. Flowers
simdl. se.ssile, greenish white; the germ pyrilbrm. and, as well
as the short Ix-rder oil" the calyx, eovei-ed with a sh(jrt, whitisb.
silky })ubesce!i«'^i». Fi*tnls five, very small and caducous Sta-
mens live, not .'xseited. The germ at its sunnnit with two
sm.ill. dentiforin bra'^ifoies. the bractes them.selves short, broad-
ovate, and cartiK'oii*. Style, at length somewliat exserted,
with a snmll, enij|t«tate stigma. Nut l-seeded.
PLATE XXXIV,
A linnnli iif ll„ iiiitiin/l .'<;»■. ". Tin' iml in ^m idi'l;/ sluj,
'W%
11 A B HIT IJKKilY.
Xii/iini/ On/ii; Ki..i:A(i.\i:.i:, (JiissIlhi.) Ll/nntaii Chi'-sijiiitliiiii,
Dl(i:(lA, OlTANDKIA.
yili:riIKUI)IA,*(NrrrAu..) IllI'l'oPIlAr: (I'l i;sii.)
Fliiwurs DiiKi'iiii s. — Mali-; adj.r, 4-i!i'ri, iuirIi hir^cr tluiii tliiil uf tin;
I'l'iMulo. C'lfiM'i, iiiiiu'. Slaniiiia ci^^lit, iilti'i'iiatiiii;; with :i tiUMis ot'
I'iirlit .u'laiiils. Fi:.MAi.i: llnwcr with a siiiali l-i-lrlt, siiprrinr, caiiiiia-
iiuiatu (■('///.;■, imd C'ii;-ht liiaiids. .S/y/i one; si:<iiiui dhiiijiR', siiiicapi-
tute. 7)i('ry juioy, l-seoilcd, globosi.', iiivi'ritc'il with the llushy calyx.
iSmall trees, spiiiesreiit or iiiinriiied, \\itli tlie general a-^jieet ul"
J'JliiO(jiiiix. Jjeaves t'lilire, ()]Hl(l^ite, elothed witli silvery ami t'erni-
u'iiums scale.-:. Flowers small, in axillary elii>ters, cr in s[iikes.
Berries pulpy, diaphanous, searlet, suhaeid.
RABBIT BEUllY,
OH
WESTERN SlIEPH^llDIA.
8iii:i'iii:i;i»r
. .vmii:N-TEA
S'lilUs i''Jiiiiijfi-
'^■»»ftts. t/llllXI
s i/liihris,
III,
■'iiijili'
nr<fin"!'i-l
\mti;t!s, Jlnrlhiis 'ill III), ml ix.
-Mj'n.. tie
1. Aiuer.
> Vi
A. ii.
y. -2*0.
Loi don's
Ene,<e. lM(»ii.F>. J.
. >:>: \v\n
relUM et
l-rutie.,
p. l:>:21,
fii;. 12US.
lIooKHK, >1<>P.
B..1-. Am.
, vol. ii.
P-
V,]x,
t«h. 178,
(well ilhist
•aled.)
rillM'Ol'H^K
art/diliiu —
'i u^iJk b^Vior. Bi.r.
Am., p. 11
").
* Xiiincd
ill honor uf
U' Itiii' Mt. Win. SL
i-Jitlcrd, llleli
iwratcir of
the
l.ivir-
f^iril ISulanii:
(larilin. A
lUO.lt !^.ioUlili(' L'ilTJc
iior ami skill'ii
cuUivatur
1:5
t
i . :*
I
I'lX.V.W
sill pill ri|ii( iMLii'llli';!
l! 1 1 /ill I / /Sfri'i
hy''it\
Till
ii;itivc
J)r. l!i
hctwi'i
of .",4<
of I!a
soiiri,
hut it
Miui.l
tl.(j It
I'i.uhtc
tlio 1.
witli
USt'l'lll
ami II
All
(lill'cn
on till
from
with
lliclni
llfS I
and t
it r.n
\\w I).
pOlllK
In
r.anl
kill.'.
flftC'O
Mas^
of til
im;, I
I! A I! I! 1 T r. I", I! I! Y.
IM
This very uhcI'iiI, Imnly, iind (iniiiiiiciitiil tn'c is wliolly ii
iiMtivr (iT tlic uorllirni and \M'>tiTii ivvions of Ndrtli Aiiu'i'ica.
Dr. liiclianlsijii ohscrvi'd it on tlit- haidis of tiio .SasUatcliawaii,
hctwt'cii Carlton and Edmonton Ilonso Forts, in tlio latitude
ol' •")!'. and Major rA)n;:;"s party I'oinid it firowinix on tlic borders
ol' llainy I,iike, alioiit latilude r.)\ On the lianks of tiie Mis-
souri, tlie limit of its ^oiitliern ranj^e is tlie borders of tlie Platte,
lint it a|)[ieared to In' most abundant and fertile around Fort
Mandaii. or tlie (Ireat Northern Heiid ol' the Missouri, in about
thi; latitude of IS'; here it becomes a small tree twelve to
ei,i:hteen feet in lieii;ht. ami when adorned with its brilliant
scarlet berries, jiroduced in thick (dusters so as almost to conceal
tlu! branches, lew obji^cts arc; more ornamental. ('ontrastiMl also
with the silvery hue of the leaves, which I'eminds one of the
useful ()li\c: it presents at once an iippearance both strikiiii;'
and novel.
Amonjj,' the natives and Canadian vtnairenrs it has several
dilleri'ut names. According to Lewis and Clarke, it was known
on the .Missouri, to the natives, by the name of the I'abbit IJerry,
from lieiu!.;' fed on, probably. In' tlioM' animals, and it was met
with by their party in the gorges of the Itocky Mountains,
liichardson says the (,'rei'k Indiiin.s give it a name which signi-
fii's Fdoody Ilerry, (Metheoo-nieeva,) from the singular redness
iind transparency of its fruit. The Canadian voyageurs called
it (iniif'sf iJi' /id ii/\ or l>ull'alo-fat. from (he imaginary relish of
the berries, or from the practice of mixing them with their fat
j)ounded meat or penunican.
In 1S|.") 1 introduced a plant into the lji\eipool I'otanii^
flardeii; but. being kejit in the greenhouse, it was, 1 presume,
killed with kindiu'ss, and was soon lost. About twelve or
lifleen years ago, my friends Messrs. Windships, of Brighton, in
Massachust'tts, in the vicinity of Pxiston. obtained a few seeds
(if the iS/ii/Jni-</iii from the banks of the ]\rissonri. which, grow-
ing, giive origin to all the [ilants now in the luited States and
!:!(!
I! A li I! 1 T
K I! II V.
ill ]•:
niii"s(
iinipt'.
A .stiiiulard live iit tliis tiiiu' jirowiii''' in tlici
■ry is r(iiit(' us largo as an onliiiary Applo Tree dI" llie same
age, ami it is ^ct very vigorous and mcreasuig in si/,(
It
1
lu'iieve, aliont twenty I'eet liigli, with a liandsoine, erect triinl<.
clothed with a somewhat smootii hark, and jireseiils an ajipear-
am
V of the most vigorous health. Its resemhlanee to the Oi
i\c
is vi'i'v striking; it has a rounded, niiil'onn, elegant siiinmit, and
wiieii ill fruit, wiiicii is at tiie (.'lose of summer, scaivels' ini\
tl
ling cm
1 he more I)riiliai'.t, from
load of iH'iries with wiiich
it is e\ery where clad; these are aiiout the size of small red
currants, Juicy, hut not watery, of a pleasant suhacid taste,
mixed witli a sweetness whicii renders them generally agree-
dih
.Maiie into sweet iellw in tiie manner of currant-^. liir\'
are tiiought pi'iieralile hy most who have tasted them. Jiiit
the great use of the Sheiiheril
la wi
11 be for coiistructinu' heih.
or live leiices, at least in the Northern Stati'S where it thiiscs
well. Kept down l)y cutting, it hccomes suHlcientiy close, and
has alst) tiie advantage of ijcing tiuirny, green, or ratiier silvery,
ate in autumn, and it is attacked 1)\' no insect, nor siiliject
til
to iiiiy (
lisease or h]i'.iiit.
Tl
le iH'rries ai
V iireediiv de\'oured
WllO IIIK
ill tlie autumnal hirds,
k rounil the trei- in
particularly robins and hhiciiirds
tiirongs wliile any thing remains to lie had.
in its native state it is u small, nitlier nnrrow-toppe<l tree,
with the branches ending in stout sjiincs. The leaves are
ol)long-ovato, obtuse, shortly petiolati
liotli sides I
ree irom
lanv
(tl
iti
lilt covered with peltate (U- roiiiu
led
lie
irou!
di a 1
ens
ip[ieai' to be ciliated
iiiii! out as earlv as in Mm
are III (
Th:
lust
.iiicll
er-
Tl
le ('al\.\
Ih
l/r tic
I'onsideralil V larucr tli
that of the
female, and divided down to the base into lour snbovate.
obtuse divisions, internalh' \filo\\i>h, but outside scalv liki
tiie
lior
leaves.
T
le stamens are eiLiiit, witii oftentimes rath
t, jnibesceiit (ilami'iity ; tlic aiillicrs are oblong and 'J-celird.
C A N A I) IAN S II K I'll M I! I» I A.
1:'.7
'I'lic / ///"/' llowcrs iii'c .siiiiilli'i' ;iii(l slioitly |iciluMciiIat('. \villi-
uiil liny \('>tii;cs of sImiiicms. Tlit'i'c is one stvic, iiiid a tliii'k-
isli, i)l)li(iiic', siiliilli|ili:; stiuiiiii. Tlic ucrni iipiiciirs inrci-ioi',
liiit is. ill liict. (iiil_> iiiM'stcil \>y tlic tiiln' of tliL- culyx. Tlu'
hcnics arc ('(ilici'ti'd into cliistci's. and ari' spariiiiily scattered
uilli si'aics. Init liri,L:]it anil [(clincid. 'J'lic sccil, nr ratlicr nut.
Avitli a cartilai^iniiiis sludl, is suboviitc and sliiiiinj;-, iiincli like
tiiat III' Jf>/i/i<i/i/iiii : it is also scored fxtrrnaily, as if partly
'J-li)lii'd. ^^ilil a small pinji'i'tiuii at the hasr. The I'lnla'yi) is
sti'ai;:lit and Hal, uitiioiit ailimncn. and tin' radii'lo iiifrrior.
Tlio ('(ilyli'diiiis are larf;i', liiielc, and i)\al. Mr. Wyetii. in the
Kiicky .Miiiintaiiis, ohser\i'd a \ariety itf this species witli
yelliiw berries.
I'LATE .\.\.\V.
A liraiii-h ■)/■ //.r iiiiliii-'il .«CC
A secniid species iif (his ^'eiuis is the
SlIKl'llKKlJl.V CANAnK.VSIS, nv ('.\.\AnJ.VX SlIKl'IIKIfDlA, witil
elliptic-uvato leaves, nearly smooth above and iiaki'd beneath,
clothed with stellate hairs and fcrni^diioiis scales: the llowcrs
are also in axillary spikes. This specii's, it appears iVoni
Hooker, ran.u'cs far to the nortii. throiiiiliont Canada to l-'ort
l-'rankiin. on Mackenzie Jiiver. and Iroin Newtbiindland and
Hudson's Bay to tiie Kocky Mountains. In the State of New
^ 'ik I have met with it on the borders of the smaller inland
l.ike-. I •! well as on the shores of liidvc V.v'w; but tiiis speci'/s
.^ca'Cei becoincs a tree, is without tiiorus, and thi' berries,
ti'oiiuh eqiiiiUy brilliant (vith tiie preceding, are ratin'r un-
li'easant to the taste. On the authority oi" Men/.ii,'s, it is said
abo to exist on the northwest coast; but I luue not seen it
there.
IV.— !i»
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IMAGE EVALUATION
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ll'i.', .Mii;i;.)
X,lhini/ Oiilri: Ol.ACINK.K. Liinnnui ('hts.s'ijhutl,,!!, ()( lA.MUMA,
MoXOUVXlA.
Cc'.v-'- 4-t'xitlKMl, iiiiiiiitc, ]H'rsi.^lciit, not .MilMrtriii.Lr- Z'''"''^' f'""''
(li'Msclv jiilo.-o wilirni, (■(ini'iviiit, :i1mivc ri'Vuliitc. ,SV.//;ii /-.v i'i.i,'lit,
tlif liliiiiiciits .■;iiiilliiry. iinlluT^ ii.luuti', innir, i""'! liiK'iir, not
oxmtI.mI. (h;n-;i J-fcllril. l-s,',.,!..,!. N////.' one. Dmi',- m-.\W,
l-sfiilcil. — DuANH., Vol. i. p. •'>•!:!.
Ti-opicMl tivos or slinil.s Willi smoolli, iiltri-n:it.', .Mitir.', ollip-
ticiil or oviito, I'xstipuhito K'iivos; llowors mostly in sniiill, iixillary
llMllu'lrJ.
MOUNT AIX PLUM.
XlMllMA AMi:iUr,\NA. S,,:ii.,.«t, j\r,;.< „l,lnii,,;.-; ;.,,/»»(■»/;,< millUforis.—
LiNX., Sp. i-l. lloH. Cliir., 11'.':'.. Swart/., Ol.s., p. ^V^. Ddcani..,
I'roii., vol. i. p. o;!:'..
a unihi, foliis ovalis. .1'. //^'//;//../v:.-- I A-'iji IN, Auic-r.. p. I'l'i. t. -JTT,
liir. .-il. Lamauck, Uhist.. tal). •J'.t", iiu'- "!•
XlMIA'tA /»'
/„„„. — MAcrAiiVKN, Flora ol' .laniaii
liil ; a varii'tv,
liowcvor, witlioiit tlioriis.
Xi.>'i;ma
:ir>ih,il,i, ih>i-c ivV/./M), fnirlii /»/m..— I 'i.!' M int. Ccncr., p,
le. 201, tij--. 1.
* Niiliii'il in Ih.iinr nl' 1-'niti(i> Xiiinu s, !i ^\y.m\A\ iiatumlist iiii.l niissi ry.
l:!H
I
^
4
I'lXXXVI
.; W. r„.i .1.1
Ximniiii AMit'i'i<-:iii:i
u..„„/„,„ n„
I////* *//. //nit'f tn
'I
ill,!!',
.li-.
will
til.'
_\ca
.lul
Ircl
it i
1
vh
rill
illl
llM
\\n
Tl
1"
re
tu
ol
t\
T
\>
ii
1.
II
t
i
MAINTAIN I' MM. 1:!'.t
'I'liis ]ilimt luniis a small tree, witli an creel stem ami .-[Head-
in;i'. uray, vemii'cise. ami soiiiewliiit angular livaiielies. It is in-
digenous ti) tlie muuntains ol' Jamaica, Key \Ve>l in l^'iorida,
wliere it was I'dmid liy Dr. IJIod^^ett. and is also met witli in
the neiiildiiirliDiiil ol' Cartliaiicna. in llis|)ani<>la, and nnin\'
years n\ii> it was edlleeted iii tlie interim' ol' Kast Florida hy
.lolin liartram. iis Mr. \. (Iray ."^aw sjieeimens of it in liis eol-
leelion still extant. Aeeordinu' to Drs. \Vi;.:lit. and IJo.\!)nriili,
it is also iiidigenons to the coast ol' India.
It bears a drnpe the size of the plnm of iMiropc. or of a
liiiicon's CL'!-'. ji'llow. smooth, ami shininjr, l-seedcd. with a thin
rind and watery |inl|) of a pleasant sweet snhaiid taste. The
seed is laruf and while. Ihis |iliim is of an a^i'ee.ilile lhi\iir.
ami not inferior to the conimon varieties of that of Kin'ope; it
has a slijiht dej;ree of astrin.ufiiey, with a jileasant acidity. The
llower: lia\c a frajirant odor said to he like that of franl<incinse.
The wood is as yellow as that of the .'"^andal. and. in India, its
])o\\(ler is often snlisliluted for it hy the Brahmins in their
ndiiiious ceremonies.
The leaves i;row two or three to.iicther. cm short, lateral,
tnhercnloid hranchlets; tiiey are jietiolate. ohlonn-huK'eolate,
oiitnse, ami narrowed helow. smooth, ohseurcdy veined, aliont
two or two and a half inelies lorn;-, ami less than an inch hroad.
The llowers are disposed in small iieduncnlateil axillary and
snhterminal niidiels. the nmliels three or 1-lloweri'd. The calyx
is minnte and l-toothed. IV'tals four, lincar-ohloiiir. connivinj;'
into a tnlie helow. recurved at tln' apex, and co\-ered with rather
Ioii.l;' and dense lirow iiisli-yellow hairs within. Stamens ei,L;ht,
as loiii;' as the petals, the (ilaments like the most delicate thri'ads,
tli< anthers loiiu: and liiii'ar, ovary .S-anyled at the h;.se, conical
mid swhnlate, with the st_\le as long as the .stiuueus.
I'L.VTf; .W.WI.
..I liiiiiirh '■!' i/„ iiidtiiid .v/;(. ((. 7'Ai finit.
JNIACLL JIA
(Nt n.M.i..)
S.ilinvl Onhi; AimucaijI'i:.!:. (K. I'.n.wii.) L!,u><ia„ Chissiji,
tltjii, l)iii;( lA. Tf,ti;am'1!IA.
(iWcls liM'.rldf
lour, ('XSfl'l<
-Mai.i;
IWCIS Wltll
tli.' -■.//././■ 4-clctt. Sl'iitiins
il. Ki;.MAi,i; lluwns in irli'lml;
ir iiiii'-ii
Is ; llif r,ili/.r
t-blirl.d, Wilh tlir l>il>US illtf.MrUMl to.iri'tlKT. t'"/'..//" IM.II-
Sl;/h olif, tililoi-m, villous. (>n-ni.- imiiicniiis. .'ir
I'SfiiiLT into
1-sci'ili'il. S(t'l clioviile'.
•ll 1-Sl'Cllfll, COill-
ii ci.iniiimiul globiilui- lii-Ti-y ol' iiiuiiy I'llls, tlif cilU
A hicli'si'cnt tr>'<', r
L'llilW WciiM
■hih'il to till' l''n.-tir .-;i
1 with iii'iii-lv siiiiihir
1. Loiivi's iillcnial.', ontiiv, witlioiit stii.iilos. jin.ilnciiii,'
Miilo lldwors ill iicdmii-uliitid mnliuls.
ipci-iixilliiry simiilo sjn
Aiiu'iits iixillary
:it tirst lactcsi'iMit, irrci'
■.,,111 Ini, l>ut (listiiiL:-ui'
iiofuliar lialiit.
llarv. lii'iTV vi'iriicosc ami lai'iri', ivsu
.■iiililiip.'' an d'aniT''.
lush-vfin
i\v 111' \cllou'.
Xcarly alliiil to /lr,,ii-i-
.hcil 1)V llie coaK'M-i'iKi.' of till' ltciiiiS and a
OSAGE OKAXGE, on YELLOW WOOD.
Ma.miia AiiiANTiACA.— Xirr.,(icM. AiiKr.,vol.ii. 1.. -J^U. l.oi ih.n's
Kn.v.l. <.f riaiits, p. THl. ti.ir. l.-l-J.M!. Arl.oivtmii ot Fniti.', vol. iii.
VV
i:U-2, 1-'lii2, fijis. 1-22I!, 1:2-27. V2-2H. Lamiii.ht's f^u\'[>
■nK'iil to
I'inus 1. <■. Katon's Miimial, (Hd. 8,) p. 311.
* In honor ul
f ho fcluhnit.-a K™l"t:'-'- I'hiK'>'tlKT, »nd i.Mtn.u ,.( .K,t»n,l
Win. Macluio.
I'l WW I
Nhit'liii':! Aiir;Milt:i)':i
^'itiife i'ndii/e /'mis ,/ . /r
T
tlif
ixl<
Ml
mil
r.f!
CVI
t^in
!l \
.-11
r.)i
til
til
g''
III
Ik
W
V
\\
I'
\
I
■
<is.\<;i: <i I! A .N •; i:, oi; ^ki.i.ow uihih. hi
Tins r<'iii!irk;il>lt' tici', lli(iiii:li pi rt'crti} tliriviiiL' ami liaril\ in
tlie c-liiiiiii<- (if i*iiilaili'l|iliia. raini'il t'niiri .xci-il^, i|im-h not iiahinilly
i'\li'iiil lu the iiiirtli III' llif Arkaii^a-i llivi'i'; it is cmmi llicir nl'
rai'' (KTiirii'iins tiiid m'licrally ilcHliliitc of t'liiii. We ^aw a li'w
oM ill-;;rii\vii trif:* on tlic lianks of tin- I'oii. i Irw miles I'lum
l''uil Siiiilli. it wan niil\ un lln' rich ln\v Imltim-lamls nl" \Ut\
llisfi', nriir tin nlliicmc of ilic Kiann'sliu, iIimI wr lirlnlil tin-
Maclnra in |)crrcrliiiii. liirminv a ;.'r part m tiif pn'\aiiim:
iMiibra'jt'ons ftni'.st, ami attainintr an i-lfvatinn nl" lil'tv <»r sixty
II iw-
li-rl In a iliaimtiT i>( intwi'i'ii iwn ami •'nri' lirl. It is
I'ViT. iiiiiili iiiclini'ij. wlii'ii riill-;;iiiwii. Id tju'uw lint irri'iriiiai-
cprcailin;; liinlt.siif cinisiilcraldc cNti'iit, lli<)iii:li :it llr.-t it prfsmtH
a very <'ic;:aiit runnilisli .-jni'MiiiiiLr .siniiiiiit. Mm at all lipids it
>trikr.s tin- hrliulilrr as .sitim'tliin;^ rt'inarkalilr in 'In- Nipillii'ni
I'liii'sl liy till' liraiit}- ami ^ipl(•luloI• (tf ilM dark ami sliiniiiv' liiliaj;*',
wliifli ill apiii-arance str(ai,::ly n'si'mlilrs that ui'llir Oranirc; ami
llir iiiiiiK'rou.s spines wliicli tlir luamlifs pri'M'nt m'Iii tn iniilinii
tlic ciitniianson
Til
iiiit is aliki- .-iii'jiilar. I'l'sc'inlilin'' I'lil
^ri'tiwn ycllM\visli-;.'r('('n oraiip's. Imt, lillnl with a milky jniii',
ami, as they ripen at intervals, ur lieemne aliurtive. the l;i'i)iiiiiI
iM-neath. like an nrclianl, is strewn with this eiirinus rniil, wliiih,
wlion lil>t iliM'overeil lyili;^ lie;;leitiil Ipi'IIimiIi tlie (ree. liil the
voyagers to tear ami report it as a |i(iiMiii; ImiI the I'amily to
whieh it appertains, ami its relation to the .Miilherr;
pivsiiinptive sanetion lor its harmless ipialities.
illiail
The Maclnni was lii'sl noticeil hv Unnter ami !huiliar in liieir
lleil lliver, on the hanks of tiie IJllle .MissiMir,. of
near Nateliiloilies, ami upon the hanks
vo3a.i:e
the Washita Iviver;
of the Arkansas. ll was likewise ohserveil liy Dr. .lames, in
.Major Long's e.spetlition, along the hanks of the Arkansas nnil
the Canailian.
vear 1^1". ill the i^anleii oC .^lr. ''I. 'uteaii. at St. Loiii-;, whieh
1 lirst saw living plants, Ix'uring fruit, ahoiit tin
'I'e raiseil from seeds eolieeteil in the countrvof the ( )s
It was afterward introdiieed into lit
irden ol' the late Ml
1 IJ < I S A (i K ( » I! A N ( ; K. ( » I! Y i: 1, L ( t W Wool).
McAralinn. Ill' I'liiliidclpliia. IVoiii seeds collected \ty (luvcnii)r
Lewis. The lai't'cst ti'oo 1 liii\e st'cii ill cnlti\uti()ii is in iIk;
,i:;irdeii (if Mr. 'riioiiuis (now Daviil) liamlretli, in Fi'deral Sti-i'et.
l'iiilailei[iliiii. It is iiliDUt twentv leet liii;ii and live and a iiaif
in I'ii'cnniii rence. 'I'liis tree lias I'oi' many years lidiiie IVnil; Imt
tin.' seeds lia\c only nl' late been perrecled. in C()nse([nence uT
the ahseni'c ol' the staniinil'erons iniiividual. on the accession of
wiiich, iio\ve\cT. il |ir(idnce(l ahnndance of seeds nearly as larw
as tliose (if tiic Oiani^e. and inucji of tin' same form: these wero
indii aleil in the I'liiit ly an nnnsnal projection of tlie external
tidicrcles.
'I'iie wood of tlie Maclura is solid. hea\y. and elastic, of a fnu!
\e]l(i\v cdloi-, wiiicii. lil^c tile Knstic. it i'ea(iily c(anninnicates to
^^aler. anil it miLilit consei|nently be nsed as a dye. It is also
cajialile of recei\injr a line ]ioli>h. and resendiles satin-wood liy
its brilliant jzloss. The cdasticity and din'ability of its wood haws
long lu'cn ('(debrated I)y the Indians, who. from its nse, have
bestowed n|ion il the name of Iiow-wood. and tlie ( 'unadian.'^,
wild tra\('rsed tliese i'( ii.- in (|nest of fill's, loiew it loiiii' by
tlie name of the Hiis il'uri-. The bark, as in /irnn^noni /iii. alfoi'ds
a line white lia\. Anothei' important nse of the Maidnra, in
this climate, is tliat of liirinini!' live I'ence.s or lied,L;'es. for wliieh
imrpo.se it is well adapted, as it bears cnttini:. grows (dose, and
is very thorny, as wtdl as free from tiie atta(dss of iiligiit and
insects: it lias all tlu> advantage of l<ee[)ing for a long tinu;
green, and a]ipears. in all respects, as (degaut a fence as that of
the Wild Orange in the South. It has besides an additional
recommendation in its nse I'or lce(liiig sill\-W(a'ins. for whi(di
purpose it is scarcely inli'rioi' to the I'amons Munis luii/ll-
(■(1)1 1 it.'''
* IlilliTi'iit iijiiiiiiiiis lire now cnlirliiiiii'il iif tlio viilin' nt' llir Iciivrs nl' ilii"
Marluru a.s a I'uml I'nr .-ilk-wiiniis, muuo appruviiiir ami nilurs clr-cnura^iiif;
lluir u.sL'.
I'l. XX.WIll
.\h«'liii-!i .\lirii,iti;tr,i .
frra
a;e
iUV
1.11-
1'"
itsi
\vi
do
in
SI
mi
'2h
fill
Ic
111
t't
ir
tl
a
a
1:
li
('
V
OS
A (IK OUANliK, OK Y E M- O W WOOD.
It:
'I'hv 1
iriiuc
■lios ;uv lloxiiotis HU.l round, clothed with ii siiiootli
L;r;i\' bur
il.O usiiu
■k. Thi' k'iives nro idt.Tiiiit.'. iipt
llv oviil iUid acuiniiiMti'd; on tlir iH'urni
in lon'i I'oot-f^tiilks. mid
bnintdu's they
however, o
hase, vei
liciit; tlie U[)[K-
AV-n fousidei-iihly hir-.T, and hcavt-shiiptd at the
it iiuieronatcd and a litth^ pun-
tli ami shiniiii!. hut the petiole
V entire, with tlie poi
r surliiee ih suioo
;nid nerves o
11 I lie under .'^ide ol' the leaf are
;c)liie\vhat hirsutelv
puhes('ent. The petiole is ol'leii an iiieh
itsell' two to I'our iuehes, and one an
or more U)ii'
the 1
.eal'
d a hair to three iiiel
widi
Tl
R' ntlllltillill ruiiii
plant appears uniforinly weaker, more
delicate, and smaller
•-leaved, than the lertile plant. The ll
lowers
111
it are axillary, in peduncu
dated smal
,ds, each umhel
coiitainui'
about lil'teeu to twenty flowers, consisting i
lu'ri
ly of
a sum
mens, on
U -l-clel't calyx, wit., oval liairy segment
ant
1 lour sta-
Icmilheiied and exserted iilaments. The anther
's are
:i-celle(
1,1
WV'SC
and oval, openi
nil
lengthwise. In both plant;-
SI
ngle, undivided thorns
come out in the upper axils of the
leav(
Tlie yl/mf/t; capituluni eon
SI
-ts of
a eon
iieries ol' llowers
mil
ted into a
globul
form, about tin si/e ol" a cherry; tl
iiese
con
sisl also in a calyx of four divisions, hut less regular tl
laii
in the male,
three-fourths
an luc
a nee o
,f a tuft of long pubescent threads. The lierry
The styles and stigmas, one to each germ, are
h long, giving to the anient the appear-
(iUed with
a milky juice, becomes about the .size of a moderate hut not
large orange, having an irregular tes.-<ellated appearance, almost
like that of the Bread-fruit: these tes.-*ellations are the ""''"'.V"
enlarged llesliy summ
its of the segments of the calyx. The
khole of the calvces, a
surhice
t a short distance below the immedia
and
become partly ingrafted together into one ma^
transverse
rtioii of the fruit, therefore, presents a serie;
radiating and woody fib
1-sceded germs.
res, ai
luong which are i
mmersed the
The seeds are obovate, compressed, and nearly
as large as those of the or
•ange. The testa is ye
llowish white
1H OSACi: <>!!AN<ir:, OIJ YELLOW WOOD.
and ca
l-til:
iLiiiiiiiis;
tlici
(' IS no iUlMuncn. (UK
1 tl
IC l^l't'll IS ()
.r
vcUowisli brown. ikmhImIdii
liiiis. witli ili(> Viidicli' iiivfitcil IVoni llio
iixis of the IVuit, and curved partly over the inar;;in of tlic thick
and llcsliv cotyledons toward tlic point occupie(l hy the liyluni.
'I'lic I'riiit. wlicn ripi
nccnlcnt.
swcctisli lait insipid
taste, and is soniewliat acrid. As i'ar as we know, it is not
iten 1
)V anv annna
It is readily propaizated l>y sowin.ij- the seeds, and also Ly
tini;s of the root. v. niidi ,i;row much more readily than cnt-
cu
tiniis ol
th
iinch
Althoimii several male plants were
rai.sed in this vicinity, it is sin.uiilar to remark, that while the
fertile plant is in its utmost vigor, very lew of the lormer sur-
1, as their presence is necessary I'or fertility, it jirohaljly
the
an(
wou
Id be the liest way to iu.ural't the male on some one
branches of the bcarini;' plant.
A h
PLATE XXXVIL
rh of Ihi iiiiilf phiiil (if llii iiiiliirnl .'•■izf.
n>
,I,JI,.
(ink
cnlaiyal. h. Tla J'l muh' cqiili'-l'i
PLATE XXXVIIL
7V» fr'iil fif till- li'itiii-'il si:(\ (I. A triniz-vrrRc ."irlioii of Ihr ftrmic. h. T/n
"I'l""
// :rh view of the
:,f Ihr iilinr/irc t/inns in tin' m/7
77./
(/. 77ir sniiu: ilirishd if the teslit. c. Tin iiiil'i\'/o.
il trill, Ihr
f The
Besides the Fi'-'. we have, in
this interestinu- faniilv of plant-
the famous Bread-fruit of India and the islands of tlu' Pacilli';
the (.'ow Tree, or Talo de Vaca of Smtli America, which is
pply of rich
tai'p
d like a fountain
111 vields a
copious su
and wholesome milk. The nuts of the liroximinn (ilnnixlrmn,
when roustud, are used in the place of bread, in the West Indies,
(.SACK 01! AN (IK, <> U YELLOW WOOD. 1 1-
au.l l.avo a ta.tc similar to that of ha/ol-unts: th.> juice of all
tl.o plants of this family also contains more or less ol ea<.ul-
,.houc. Amidst this generally harmless group of plants, it is
.i„,n,lar to find the deadly Upas of Java, {AuUarl.-< lo.nn,na.)
^vhose inspissated juice is found to contain that most virulent
of all poisonous prin.^iples, strychnia. It is, however, some-
what doul)tful what the real alfinities of this plant are, as it is
iicknowledged to he an anomaly in the family.
Vol IV. -10
NETTLE TREE.
Xiihinil Onln; UlmacK/K, (Mirl)cl.) Lliiiiiiuii (Uiisxifiintlnii,
I'OLYGAMIA, DiaXIA.
CELTI8.* (Lix.v.)
Flowers rni.YdAMOi's. — S/iiiiu'dii/i- lldwcr witli tlio fiilyx S or (J-pnrtiMl.
(%rollii iioiic. <S7(/;;irt(.s four to scvoii. J\rJ'irl p.- rn- witli tin' ciilvx
ilc('[ily il-inirtcd. Xo curnUa. Ofitviuin l-ci'lK'd; '.he unilis t^uWUivy
and j>t'ii(liilinis. Sl^'/kxcry sliort; i<li'i/iii(i.'< two, (liickisli, sulmlalt', iiiid
sjircadiiitf. Jhii/ir j^Holiiilar, l-.-JociU'd, thinly coalid with a r-woilish
imliL J'Jiiiliiyii invfi'ti'd. ('uli/ldlijiin loldcd.
The troniis within its jiroiicr hounds includes <lo<idnons-loavod
trees ot' South I'-urope, tin; Levant, the mountains of Xopaul and
('ul)iv, and the torosts of the United States. The true Celtides have
alternate, entire, iletiduous, and mostly eordate leaves, generally
ohliquc at the base, o-nerved, entire, hut mostly serrated on tlie
margin. The sti|iule8 are inemhranaeeoii.s and deciduous. The
llowers are precocious, or npiiear before the expansion of the leaves,
with alilm-like irrei,ailarly-torn membranous perianth, the stamiuifer-
ous ones near the base of the branchlet iieilicellate, and three or four
toircther. The fertile llowers are solitary and axillary, on shoi-t
peiluneles. The drupes brownish yellow, rather sweet, insipid, and
nearly jiiiceless.
For the tropical spceies with axillary cymes coeval with the leaves,
two distinct styles, and an ovary with two ovules, I propose Jie mime
of TuACiiv:ii:NDito.\, (in allusion to their rouj^di ludiescent leaves and
twigs.) .Most of these species have a tough librous bark of the nature
of hemp.
I'l.XiLVIX.
I
I'l'llisi i-ftii'iihili
.»■„,„// /„„vv/ Ir///, /,;
,/,,„/.■
Cki.'
,1,
e'i:i.
'1
Dr.
wit
I''"-
iiit(
it, 1
IIIK-
ri-i
wii
liir
in;i
fac
aid
k-a
is
tli(
\
SilALL-LK.VVED XETTLE TURK.
Ci;l.riS lU.TKll.ATA. Fi'lii-' //(•(.*•//< -/.y, liihi-iunliilis siilirnriiiri !.y, r!.r ,1
(hi-iiiis i-ttii-iiliit.i, jhiliiiifiili.s j'rwli/d-i.i iiii{ll'>n.<.
Ciii.Ti.-i i(KriiLi.ATA.— TouuEV, ill AiinuU of Lycoiiiii, X. Y., vol. ii.
\K 247.
This l.iW--n)\viii-' siiocics of Nctllc I'f was iliscovciv.l liy
Dr. .lames near tlio l.ascof thv IW-ky Moiiii.aiiis; 1 liUcsviso met
witli it in the .simt- mnmitain raiijic, l>y small streams, and also
aloii- the borders of tiie Urepoii, toward the Jihie .Moiiiitaiiis,
lai-ticularly aioii- tlie banks of tiie Urulee, a small stream fallin;.
into that river. It does not, in tiio situations where wo observed
it, become a tiud)er tree, but rather a tall shrub, full of .slender,
and at lengtli smooth, branches. The leaves become thick and
ri-id, and are aln.ut an inch and a half long by k-.ss than an inch
svid.-. acute, but scarcely acuminate, witli a few irreuular serra-
lures toward the j)oint of the leaf, thou-h a inimber of the leaves
may W observed possessin- no serratun'S at all; the upp-'r sur-
face is .sinning and .scabrous; beneath the leaves are pubescent
along the nerves, though at length nearly (luiti; smootii; the
l>etioles art" one or two lines long and pubescent; the base of the
leaf is very obli(ine, rounded, and slightly sinuate.!. The drupe
is gblK..<e, s(.litary, brownish yellow, on a short peduncle. Of
the wood of this «pccies nothing is yet known.
I'LATE XXXIX.
.1 braiuh I'f tin luiOiriil. si;c.
LOXG-LEAVED NETTLE TREE.
Ckltis i.oxiiiroi.iA. /')//(
ii,i of(ilo-lii/i('t(il'ilis jiro)iiii.'<i: ucuiiiiiiiilis ni/ri/rrri-
//.>■ (A
iiii.s Id rii^ii!i.-< III nniiii I,
'ihris liiisi rotmidalis obliiniis snbvimadl
■ 1"-
•IkIi
ilisfrui'lifi
( (v^- (;/(',
finlilir
Cki.tis Ori'iilnilidi.-; fi iiitii/ri/u/jn. — XiTT., (ion. Am., vol. i. j). 202, (not
of Lamauck.)
This troo, finjwiiiir to tlio lioi.ulit of sixty or seventy feet,
iuliiihlts the deep sluuly fore.st.s wliicli Ixjnler tlie Missi.'<sip[)i
from St. liouis to the vieiiiity of tlie sea. Its even iuid not
(K'eply cleft Iji'i'k, in tlie ahsenee of its as[)iring summit, iit once
distinguishes this species from the Common Hack Berry. Like
all the rest of the genus, (conlined within its proper limits,) the
insignilica)it lihiiy llowers ap}>ear early in the s[)ring, hefore the
f the leaves. The small branches are smooth ami
expansion o
\ elldwisii hrowi
The leaves are smooth, of a thin consist
(.'lice,
and remarkable for the great length of their acuminated points,
of an ovate or ovate-lanceolate form, subteiuled by deciduous
stiimles, and at (irst pubescent lieneath, particularly along the
large vessels or veins; at length almost absolutely smooth, at no
time scabrous either aliove or beneath, and wiiolly entire on tia,'
margin. The length is about Iroiu three to three and a lialf
inches by one to one and a half wiiie. 'I'lie obli(piity of the base
varies accca'ding' to the position of the h'af on the liranch: those
(irst developeil are nearly e(pial at b;!se. andofa lanceolate form;
the later ones are larger, wider, and more oblique. The llowers
are as usual; the males about three together toward the base of
the brancli, the females solitary and axillary, coming out with
the opening leaves. The stiimens are from five to seven. The
margin of the calyx-segments is pubescent, but smooth, nari'ower,
and more deeply divided in f. OriiihiitnUs. to wliicli this species
Its
t,
)i
.1.
;o
LC
10
10
1.1
us
lit'
no
lu;
ilf
ISO
ISO
in;
IM'S
of
ith
;iio
,i'i\
s
IM.NI,
1
1
/jM
IMk w ,mM
Awi
p-\
I't'lllH llllltlll'llllil
l.iintf Inltvd \\lt/r Inr ■ {finrii/ni ,1 fi'itipl'.' CiiiZ/v
sliu
Ci
c
TIIIN-LEAVEI) NETTLE T U E K. U'>
hoars u du.c ullinity. Tho berry i. or a bruwni.h yellow, ua a
sliurt peduncle.
I'LATE XL.
A bnuich of llic wdnnd size.
TIIIN-LEAYEl) NETTLE TREE.
C.LTI. TKNoroLU. FUli. I'do-ondi. ar.uni.atis ..U,aaUUr .en-uli.
,j,s, cnl>,.'lhas ladalk caadlalls cr<ms aliud,, fmdlbm soUara^:-^ .. u .,
({en. Am., i. p. 202.
C,:,,,,. 0.r;,l,.l'd:s, ;i'i laaOf^iu.-\.^^., Euoyc. Lot., W l-> 1-
I'lnir^oox, SynopH., i. !>. 2112.
CrtTis 0.r;,/...A-';.v.-l)AULix,iTuN, Flcni C;estnra, p. 1M>.
Ckltis ^...//..-ruusH, Flor. Bur. An,., i. v ^'^'^ '""^ ""l-
T,„s specie., nearly allied to C. Ckridn.lulU. is utten ratlier a
.,,n.l/than a tree. Near HarperV IW iu Vn.ini. on tl.
.unnuits of the nei,hhorin,, nu.untains ol the Line hul.c ,t,
,„.v.rs at the height or two leet, with low spreadh., hranehes.
In other situations it beeou^es a tree, as in the vunn.ty o Let de-
1,,,,,, in IVnnsylvania. and other places in that State. It ,s best
aistin..uished by its broad, rather sh.,rt, and sn.ooth leaves when
.,.l,.lt,' and which are not scabrous on the upp..' surface : the n.ar-
,..in is now and then without serratures; their fonn is cordate^
ovate, very little a<.un,inated. The berries are solitary, brown,
and glaucous. It is, perhaps, little more than a var.ety ol (.
Orvkhntnlls.
The Amku.c.vx Nf,tt..e Tukk {^^CMs (Whh .talis) occurs in
,hnost every part of Massachusetts, and I know a tree ot .t, east
1.00 THICK-LEAVED NETTLE TREE.
of tlic Connecticut River, nciirly five icct in diiunctor." — G. 13.
Emkusox, Esq.
TincK-u:Avi:» Nf.ttlk Tp.kf. or Hack Bkkuv, {CcHis crmsl/oHti.)
This species is reauily distinguished by the large size, thickne.><s,
and roughness of tlie leaves; tlicy are often full six inches long
hy more than three inches Avide. The llowers, which arc very
inunerous, (in the trees of the forests of Kentucky,) appear long
before the development of the leaves, and are subtended by broad
caducous bractes. The divisions of the calyx are spathulate,
cucullate, scarcely torn, and not ciliate. The fruit, as well as
the llowers, from the falling of the small leaves which acccjm-
pany it, often appears disiujsed in racemes. The dru[)es are dark
brown, nearly black. This species also admits of .some variety.
In some the leaves are larger and more pubescent or even hirsute,
while others arc nearly smooth when adult.
The wooil of the Nettle Tree of Europe is Iilackish, hard, and
compact, heavy and without sap-,vood. It is so pliable and
tenacious, that it will bend nnich without breaking; it therefore
makes a good wood for the ,<hafts of carriages and other uses of
the wheelwright. It forms hoops which are very durable; and
it is said that, after ebony and box, it surpasses all otliers in
durability, strength, and beauty. It is likewise unattacked by
worms; and is esteemed fa- works of sculpture, as it neither con-
tracts nor cracks. The roots serve as a dye Ibr linen stuffs; and
an oil has been obtained from the seeds very similar to that of
sweet almonds.
I'l Zl.l.
Ill, I If 1 1,1 1 1
Fit lis |K' iliiri('ul;il;i
I Hfinir ijnhih, itll
N,
r»
ii
li
FIG THE E S.
Xatnntl Onhi; Aktocarpk.t;, (R. Brown.) Llnnmin Chi^.'^ifi'i,-
dnn, I'OI.VGAMIA, DkECIA.
FICUS.* (TouRN. Linn.)
l„,v,,.TOUS.— Tlio common recoi.tiU'lo sphcriciil or pyrifomi, rcsoinliliii.;
ii berry, ilosliy iind closed, inclnaiiii!; numoroiis iVistinrt aiul iiiinut.'
H.iwHMv. iV"'>; calyx S-i.arted. CuroUa none. Stamn>.<! one to
tlirco. FrnUi with tlio calyx i5 to n-partod, and no corolla. 7Vv-
lllliim one; stylo one, suluilate ; tlic stigma simple or bifid and un-
equal. &rd one, covered by the persistent subcarnose calyx.
Lactescent trees or shrubs, chiefly of Tropical America, Africa, a,i,l
India; leaves alternate, stipulate, stipules terminal, conical, r,,nv.iiu1.'.
Kecepta.les mostly axillary, solif.iry, or crowded, rarely disp,,sed in
terminal racemes, often bracteolato at base.
CIIERUY FIG TREE.
Frcus I'KnrNCUi.ATA. Foi;:.'^ onilo-uhhwi/is ailriinrlmis acHwiuoH.'^ ohtiisis,
/,,,..; ohsol.tr r,n;l„lh, rarpl,iriii;.< ;/h,hos!s sulH/n,iin<iti-i caluculatis jn'dun-
,,,/„/;,,._Wn.U)., Sp. pi., AiToN., TTort. Tvesven., vol. iii. p. Ar,0.
i7,w/.v ,n-hor AnirriraiK', avhtill follis von sar'ita,fn'rh< pis!, w.n/mlwlhu;
* A Latin word of uiiciTtaiii derivation.
151
1.-2
CIIi; l!I!Y FIC TKKF':.
fiiinriii;.^ e rfiiiii.1 (III iiiTniii iliiiitsnis prolifd-d. — l'i,rKi:N., Aliiiiifj., y.
lit, till.. 17H, iij;. 4.?
Tins species of Fig Tree wiis (liscovercd hy Jii(((ii!ii in tiic
islaml of Miirliiiiiitie; it is also imligenous to suiiie other nl' tiie
We.st Iiidiii I.-lamls, as well us to the iieij;hl)i)riii:x coiitiiitiit of
Tropical AiinTica. At Key West, aeeonliiij; to Dr. IJlodgett, it
heeoiiies a large spremling tree fifty feet in lieiglit, and, like some
otlier siH-'cies, particularly tlie famous nauyau Tree, (/'. IikIIki.)
it sends down rwjts from its lofty branches resembling roi)es,
which, on reaching the soil, at length become so niaiiy indejien-
(Iciit trunlss, in turn producing others; and,spreailing themselves
on all sides without interruption, they present a united summit
of prodigious extent, which, reposing on a multitude of trunks
of dilferent dimensions, .seems like the airy vault of some vast
edifii'e sustained by iumnneralde columns.
The bark ol' the branches ai)])ears to be gray and even; the
leaves are very .-mooth on botli sides, luit covered with innumer-
able minute dots on the ujpcr .surface. They are three to four
inchet lo;ig, one and a half U) two inclies wide, witii a peduncle
fi'rtjiii one and a half inches long. They have a few distant
penn ^tc' nerves inosculating toward the nuirgin of the leaf,
with !;. numerable intermediate slender reticulations of vessels;
they arc generally of an ovate form, roimded or almost cordate
at the base, with a short and blunt acnnuination; from their
a.xils ari.'^e one or two pcdinicli's about three-quarters of an inch
long, each tenninated by u bifid involucel, improperly called a
caly.K. The figs themselves are nearly globose, but sensibly
wider at the sinumit, about tlu' magnitude of small cherries,
greenish-yellow and purple at the summit, (as they iippear in a
withered state.) with a few purplish pale spots.
Of thi.s species there appears to be a distinct variety, if not a
species, which I shall for the present call /i nvntu ; the leaf is
PIXLU.
I'iiUN til I'vildlii
.Sliiiil iiilliil till llff.
I'HIiir.tr II liiillhy i riir/r.t.
oiiir
bom
size
Fk
W
in;
nil
iii
I..
Vv
1.
SI
ii!
ti
SIIORT-LEAVED FIG THEE.
153
elliptic, shortly acuminate, acute at base, and faintly nerved
beneath. It also becomes a large tree, producing a fig about the
.size of a cherry, which is yellow when ripe.
PLATE XLT.
A bnwrh of the ndurul. .•<!:,:. a. '!%• frnil.
SIIORT-LEAVED FIG THEE.
Fi,TS r.KKViKOi.iA. Folds conlalo-orat:.^ hdcfjm-l •/>■, vhUtsU aU„;rh:lk
l„;rli,.i;olal/s;/M,ns, ra,!.^ hnmcisL^, rarptaMC^ ;ihho,i^ d. preset, am-
IdUralis ^oWards hird pahuirukti^, mrolucdlis hijidis.
Tins is also a species of arborescent Fig, indigenous to Key
Wi'st, in East Florida, but by no means common, and, accord-
in- tc' I>r. lilodgett. its discoverer, it forms a tree with a, sUMidcr,
rdmost hori/ontal, stem, which in its progress tlirows oiV funicu-
lar roots, that serve as props to prevent the main trunk Iro.u
iK'coming entirely prostrate.
The branches are covered vith a light gray bark, il.e
-..aves arc about two i aches loig by one and a h;ilf uk:1;cs
xvi..', perfectly smooth on both surfaces, on peti.^les from one-
. .1 t.. thrce-fourihs ,/ an inch lung. The veins on the under
surface are so fir immersed as to be scarcely visible. The ligs,
about the size of small cherries, are of a llatlened, spheroidal
form, at first, as well as the bilid involucrum, slenderly villous;
they grow out chielly at the extremities of the twigs, on thick
pclieels, about two or three lines long, and when ripe are ol a
bright ish purple red. We do not iind any species with which
the present agrees. From the description and spccitic name,
IV.— ui*
154
8 M A L L - F R i: I T E D F I< i 1 R E ]■].
wo should suppose tlie present species allied to the F. junTi/d/i'd
of IIuuil)i)ldt iiud Bonphmd, hut it dilTers too much to be f--
IciTcd to that species.
TLATE XLII.
A bruitrli (if llu' lidhiml size.
SMALL-FRUITED FIG TREE.
Ficfs AUREA. Ghihm,fiili<s inlri/irriiiii.'! dlijiliri.^s siilifiniDiimlis nrulins-
cidis hasi jilcrisipie anyaxkilis pomliicrriis brcci-pcthilatix,fru('lihus (jlo-
bosis gcmmatls semlihus inrolucratis, involucris subtrifulis majusculis.
fi i,ATii'OLiA. Fuliis hilo-ovalis subcUiptms.
This species, according to its discoverer. Dr. Blodgett, he-
comes, at Key ^Vest, in East Fh)rida, ;i large tree, at first
parasitical on other trees, l)ut, destroying its supporter, it at
length reaches the ground and forms an independent trunk of
lar-.e dimensions. It hears, however, a very insignificant fruit,
only ahout the size of a pea, an<l orange-yellow when ripe.
The branches are covered with a whitish Ijark. The leaves,
three to four and a half inches long, are from one and a half
to two and a half broad ; the ])eduncles are about an inch in
lentith. The form of the leaves is almost similar with those
of the Orange, elliptic au<l narrower below, with a rounded
summit, and a very short, rather acute, projecting point or
acnmination ; they are dark green above, paler beneath, with
conspicuous feathered nerves which run together witiiin the
margin. The ligs are sessile, clustered by pairs, with a snnili,
valvular orifice, and are nearly half embraced by the sheathing,
liidd or trilld. one-sided iuvolucrum.
I'l Xlilll.
'"^'ni't// l'nf/7tf^ /tff tt
I'll MS AltlCa
lii{mtr f/off
tint
CiUl
t. 2
or 1
ill
luiv
Uk
th
T
in
h
a
V
ti
()
{
V
BANYAN TREE. '•'"'
This sp'olos appears to be very nearly allied to tl.e F. Mar-
l!uicc„.U of Willdenow, (the F. hnmfuUa of Lamarck;) but we
can by no means reconcile it to Sluane's figure, (liist. Jam,
t '>-'3 ) for in that species the leaves are lanceolate, and eight
or""niue inches long by two .vide, on petioles two inches or more
iu length; the fruit is also said to be scarlet, of the size of a
ha/.el-mit, and sweetish and not unpleasant. In our variety [i
the leaves are wholly oval and not narrowed at the base.
PLATE XLIII.
A bmwii uj Ihf imlnml size.
The milkv juice of the Fig Tree is more or less acrid and
fcti.l, however sweet and wholesome the fruit may be, and
that 'of the Firm toximna of Sumatra is accounted poisonous.
The sap of several of the South American and Mexican species,
inspissated, affords caoutchouc.
The cultivated Fig, [Flais mrim,) in its wild state, is an
lu.mMe and distorted shrul), aflbcting rocks and ruins, bearing
•v rvnit of inferior flavor, but with the parts of fructification
very perfect. Such figs as seem to drop off before maturity
arc commonly those in which the stamens are most numerous
or effective. These are carefully collected in the Levant to fer-
tilize the female blossoms of the cultivated Fig, which will ex-
plain the mystery of caprljkailon. Iu these countries the fruit
fresh, or dried in the sun, forms an important part of the fo..d
of the inhabitants.
The B.VNVAN- Tree, (F/rz/v Twlha.) nearly allied to our
F mura, becomes in India an iiuiiieuso tree, spreading v.mt
wide, and throwing down rope-like roots into the soil. M.rs-
160
BANYAN TREE.
dvu moutions one of those growing near Menijroe, twenty miles
west of Patiui, in 15en-iil, whieli gave the enormous (liameter
of :!70 feet ; the cireinnferencc of the shiulow, at noon, was
11 IG feet, and there were fifty or sixty stems. It is called the
Priests' Tree, and is held in sneh veneration hy the Gentoos,
that if any one c-ts olf a hrancli, he is looked ui)on as sacrile-
gious, and held in the greatest abhorrence.
r^
J
I'l.XI.IV
I'rntii'iiiis Kitii'jimiciis
/!•-,/ 7Vl<:
fft\tvf i-imiu
'mM
II AWT HORN.
Nalaral Order, RosACE.E, {suborder, PoME.K, Jus/icii.) Lin-
vmui Cln-ssifwatiun, ICOSANDUIA, Dl rENTACiVXIA.
CRATAEGUS. (Linn., cxclndin,!? some species.)
Adiiafo rv;(,/.,-.tu"nc un-colate, with a rt-elel't lionler. l\l<iU five, or-
l)i(Miliir. Si'imrns fiftoeii ■ :• iJioro. f^h/'r.s three to five, (rar«;ly one.)
J'umc or apple fleshy, ovate or jrlobosc, closed and crowned with
the persisting tecth of the calyx, and containing two to five hard
1-seeded nuts.
These are spiny shrubs or small trees, almost exclusively indige-
nous to Euroiie and tin United rtates of America, with simple, angn
hnly-h-.hed, incised, or toothed lo;.,es, furnished with stipules of
somewluit di tlcrent forms on the fertile or infertile branches. FIowims
white, in terminal corymbs, sometimes solitary. Bractcd subulate,
deci<luous. The fruit rather small, sweet, or agreeably acidulous.
RED TllOIlX, OR STBEillAN HAWTHORN.
(hiAT.Kiii'S SANfiuiNKA. Spomsii, fiiliif: scptangiiUs srrrnti.i lio.-ii imidnclis
pifloli^ s'lliMdiyii'idi-: — J'ai.i.as, Flora Rossica, vol. i. p. 'J;">, tub. 11,
(very good.)
CuAT.v.iiis SVMJUINEA. Lcavcs broa<lly obovate, somewhat cunea*'^ at
the base, incised and serrate, often slightly T) to 7-lobcd, a little
pubescent wdieii young, on short petioles, at length coriaceous and
shining; corymbs glabrous or somewhat pubescent; segments of
1.57
ir.M 11 El) TIIOIJN, on sir. EI! 1 AX 11 AW TIM) I! N.
tlic calyx entire,
3—1: I'ruit irloi)
iiiul, iifi wel
icdict'ls, not srlaiuliil
,ir: sl\le.-*
.— T
oititEV and GiiAV, Fh
X. Ai
11. 404.
[i DiAKjluaii opines short and stcmt, (loi
cultivation, Lintdmi ;)
fruit small, dark puriilc.
CiiAT.i'.uus punrktio, ,9 hrcri.'<]>i)ia. — Doi'iii,., in JIohk. Flor. ISor. Am.,
vol i. p. -201.
CR.STAGUS glamlulosa. — Puiisii, vol. i. [>. .'joT, (as it regards the plant
collected by Ca^it. Lewis in the Ivoeky Mountains.)
Cua;ta(1us JJfi/ii/l'i.-ii. — LiXDL., 15ot. liegist., tab. liSlO. Louno.v, Arbor.
Brit., vol. iii. p. «-';].
TiiLS .'specios of Hawthorn, whicli becomes a tree eighteen to
tweiity-five feet in lieiglit, is lirst met witli to the West, on liie
borders of rivulets, in tiie range of the Hooky Mountains, par-
ticularly on their nestern declivity, from whence it continues
along the banks of the Oregon, and partictdarly its triliuturies,
down to the shores of the Pacific. We foinid it also, in great
pt'rfectioii, loaded with its sweet, nearly black, and pleasant fruit,
on tlie banks of tlie Wahlam(>t. The stem attains to aliout the
diameter of three to six inches, with a whitish, compact, close-
grained wood, of which, in common with the Cralj Apiile of that
comdry, the natives make their wedges for splitting trees.
The Siberian plant, according to Pallas, b(\iiins to be found to
the south of the Ui'alian Mouidaius. and continues 1
M'voni
1 11
Obi through all the southern tract of Sll)eria. in dry mountainous
situations, and in the thickets which border the iiigiier rivulets;
exactly the sort of situations afTected by the American plant
in tlie aljiine region where it commences. It also, like ours,
liecomes a (fee twelve to eiiihteeii feet in heiiiht.
id Vh
■nk of lin<liiig haws, prolialily of tills
the following species, on Flat Head I'iver. which heads
the sources of the Missouri.
aiiaiiist
Almost entirely deprived of vegetable lliod. every accession of
I'ruit. however mea'jre, was hailed with delii;ht b\ our fan
ilslieil
11 ED TIKI UN, OR SinEllIAN II A^Y T II 0 R N. iry.t
party, iiud the ripo barrios of lliis Ihie Hawthorn vviv colU'cti'd
will! avidity. The bu.slies, or rather trees, were, however, so liiiiii
that we eould only come at the fruit on horseback, or after ascend-
ing the trunk, which often appeared ecpial to that of an ordinary
Apple Tri'c.
The summit of the tree is round and spreading, and the thorns
vary in size, though they are often short, and in no case nume-
rous. Tlie leaves arc broad and somewhat rounded aljove,
euneate at the ba.sc, smooth on the upper suriace, and always
more or less puljescent beneath; the margin is inci.se and serrate,
and divided often into five to seven shallow lol)es. The tlowers
are white, rather large, and numerous, disposed in a corymb,
with the peduncles and ba.se of the calyx more or less pilose
and glandular. The styles, three or four, are occasionally as
many as live. The segments of the calyx are rather long and
acuminated, menibrn eons on the margin, and appressed to the
llower. The berries uiv 4iortly elliptic or oval, and ncarb black
or dark purple when ripe. In the Siberian plant, dese.ili.'.l by
I'aUa.s, they are scarlet; but he ni.i.u ks that, according to Steller,
the haws of Kamischatka are both red ind l)lack, a;,d tinit there
tlu'y are not only used as agreeable fruits, init are also collected
for the purpose of distillation into s[.irit.-.. A good spirit s liki-
wise obtained by the fermentation and distillat.uu of the fnnt of
the connnon Hawthorn, {C.o.n/(UiiiilJi<i.)
This species is very nearly allied to C.ri„'r!i<'.i, with which
indeed Tallas compares it; but in f. nn'rina, the 1. ives have
longer petioles it luars nuicli larger llowers, wilhl;>>"ivr. segments
to the calyx. The fruit is also (in our plant nailer, and the
plant more decidedly arborescent.
I'L.VTE XLIV.
^l bi-iwh i]f the V'lli.md ,sui'. a. 'J'hejnnt.
RIVER HAWTHORN.
CuAT.Ecus itivri.Aui.s. FoUis ovalis rd ohomt'i .. ohla.sis aciiti.irc. inei.so-
:<rrr((tis bd.^i (ill()ii(itl!.'> brcri-prHnliili.^-; ctin/ndii.i i,,..':jliiri.< (/luliri-'-; ihiri-
bus ■parculifi, rahiris laciniis obltisii bncis.\-!nil.s iiilin''lidii.-'i.t ; fniclibiis
m'l/ri)). — Xltt., ill ToiuiEY and Gray, Flor. 'N. Am., vol, i. p. 'Mi.
(9 CUNKATA. Spiiiis brtfibu.i, foUis cuncalis oblim-'^, inchi.^.
Along the shady hordors of the rivulets of the Roc'x-y Momi-
taius we ol)sei'ved this speeies hk'iided with tiie f()riiu'r, Ix'eoiiiiiij;-
e(|ually a tree and produciiif:!; the same kind of 'jleasant daric
fruit. It was also oijS'>rved 1)V i)on,t;las in tiie interior of Oregon,
wlierc we likewise met witli it. It is, in all prohahility, the
smoother, supposed variety of C. pHndatit, mentioned hy Hooker
in his Flora.
The branches arc reddish brown, tlie leaves n^ai'ly as entire as
those of tlie Ai)i)le Tree, exee;'t in li, whiTe tliey are sli :litly
lobed; l)eneath very smooth, sliglitly pulx'scent above, ataite and
rather sharply serrate, with long spines. Tli" peduncles and calyx
jierfeetly smooth, the segments of the latter mere broad, obtuse
dehtiiiis. Tlu^ flowers are wliite and smaller than in the |)re-
ccdihL The berries are also Ijhiek, and possess nearly the same
sweet and ratlu'r insipid tasteoftheConnnon Haw, {C.<i.ri/iiiii;:'b(i.)
LANCE-LEAYED ITAWTIIORX.
CuATyHiii'S AiUiiiiiKsi \s. /ill niii.-',fuliifi bniiYiiliilis iiiri.-'ii-.'-irriili.t iifviii-
tjiic (icntl.s rur'tUr sidibibntis ()Jiihri--< fiiihtiis ail rniis jinln riili-", rnn/inbis
■niiil/ijiuris; mUcibiis i)llv-fis birliiii'^ subiilnlis iii/ii/ri^^Jluribii.s pi iitiiifi/ni".
CuAT/Kors arbori 'irn-1. — P^i.mott, tSkutcb., vol. i. p. TjoO. Touk. uiid
<;iiAV. Flor. N. Am., vol. i. [>. tiiij.
Kill
II-
^'A
•k
11,
er
us
l>'
111
ISO
ri'-
ii(^
nii-
,!,;.-■
'its.
,111(1
v\wx.
rralu'yiiK ^pbon'sriMiK
IdftiY /rumf A^IH'Mi^ ft
.iitxter orhi'if^u'ni .
L A X C E - L !•: A ^• i: D 11 A AV T HORN.
1(11
AccoiiDiXG to Klliott, tliis s^pocii's IiocoiiU's ii tivc of twi'ut}- to
thirty I'wt in lifii^lit, with spiviuliii-- liniiichcs. The IViiit is
oU)h(isc', quite small, and rcil. Ol'tiic ((iiaiity of the wood uothin;';
is yet known; lint nearly all tlie arliorescent sjieeief are of slow
growth, and have whitish, close-grained, very hard, and durable
Mood; that of the Connnon Hawthorn {C. oj-i/'ic(tii//i<i) is tough,
iind in England is used oceasiunuUy for axle-trees and handles
of tools.
Tiie Lance-leaved Thorn of Mr. Elliott was found on the
borders of thi- Ogeechee l!i\-er, in Georgia, near Fort ArgyU , and
near New Orleans, and in Texas by Drumniond and Uerlandier.
It is without armature. The leaves are lanceolate, acute at eacii
end, deeply serrated, smootii both above and beneath, exceiit
.some small tufts of hairs at the (hvisions of tlie veins, sometimes
slightly lo1)ed toward the sunnnit, (tliough not at all in our speci-
men.) The llowers are small, the calyx hairy at the base, with
the segments snudl and subulate.
To .show the great age to which the Common Hawthorn
attains. Witliering states of tlie variety called the Clastonbury
Thorn, existing in his time, in a lane by the churchyard of tiie
aliliey, (ISdl,) "It appears to be a very old tree. An old woman
of ninety never rememl)ers it otiierwise tiian as it now ajijiears.
ll blossoms twice a year: the wint'H' l)lossoms, which are almost
the si/.e of a sixpence, ai)i)ear abiait (.'hri.stmas, and sooner, if the
winter be severe. These produce no fruit." Tlie summer llowers
bore berries containing only a single seed, which, when sown, pro-
duced plants nowi.'^e din'ering from the (ommon kind.
The Common Hawthorn, though so lunnble in the hedgerow
beneath the cropping of the shears, when suflered to grow uj)
and stand alone attains the ordinary size of an Apple Tree;
and. occupying the village green for a long series of years, it
beconu's connected with our earliest recollections of the joyful
arrival of s[)ring. The n/d TLiirt]t<irii. again white with its fra-
grant blossoms, and their falling on the gro\uid like a shower of
Vdi.. IV.— 11
it;2
N A K E I> - F L (> W K RED 11 A W T 1 1 0 I! N.
wiiow, iiuirks a deliglitl'iil itii in tlio tlistiiiit rcmini.scenci'.s of ^\n^
writer, when yet the simplest Ijikjii oi" niitiire gave deiiglit.
With these pleasing recollections of the past, how toiiciiinj; iiiid
fiTiiphic are those beautiful lines of Goldsmith descriptive of tlie
"Deserted Village:"—
"Tlio Iliiwtliiiin Ijiisli, with swits ln'iu'iitli tlw s1i;h1i>,
]'\ir tiilkinj; ml'i' anil jmilliful ciiiivi'i'so iiiiiilc!
IIiiw cil'ti'ii liiivo I Ijli'ss'il llu' comiii}; (liiy,
When toil ri'miltiiij;- lent its luni to Jilny,
AikI ;i11 tlic villn^c tniiii, fniiii liilmr I'no,
lii'il up tlK'ir spurts Ijeiicatb tlio sjiroadinj; Irco,"
PLATE XLV.
A liraw-h (if III' luitiiriil si:i'. n. Tin' (jcvm (ii)il s/i/lrn.
NAKED-rLOWEIlED IIAWTIIORX,
APPLE HAW.
('UAT.TliiTIS jT.STTVATJS. SnlisiiiiiiiSH, jlurilmfi pViTnifilnis, fulus rilihuii/n-
ciinrifortinhiis rcl dlipllcls hrcri-jiiliiihitis opicr siilisitiiKitn-dcnhili.i inii/n-
Intis vrl inr-ifio-rremitis rariim Iriluhatis, jnmorHnin iniiHudis'is, ihniiiin
flliihrho, .mhtti.'^ (id ?•(•))/.« pidicfccndbus ; ciin/iiifu's :] tid I't-Jlnri.'t ijUiliris,
I iihiiididiisix ; .■>fi/li.'i 4-5, fri(rl!liiis nKixiiiiis i/loliu.^is ruhrix.
CuAT.TitiUS ((.'■■tiridi.'!. — TiiKKKY and Orav, Flor., i. p. 4GS.
CuAT.KtiUS cUiplic'i. — iM,Lii>rr, f>ketch., i. p. .041).
CuATiEaus opaca. — IlouK and AiiNoTT, Compaii. Botaii. Magaz., vol. i.
p. L'5.
Mispibis (I'sUcalis. — Wai.tku, Flor. Caroliiiiana, p. 14S,
Triis is another iU'boresceiit species of Hawthorn confined to
the Southern States of the Union, growing along the low, wet
N A K K l)-V 1, 1) W E 11 K D 11 A W T 11 U 1! N.
IC,:',
Ijiiiiks of rivers and ponds, from South Carolinii and Gi'or^ia to
Florida: it grows also in Louisiana and Arl<ansas. In Florida,
it is already in llower in the early part of the month oC Mareh,
and presents a \i'ry uuu>
)!• 1
il
i|ipeai'anee, as yet nearly destitute
of leaves, or presenting oidy llieir unfolding silky huds. The
{lowers are nearly as large as aiiple-lilossonis
,liitt
md pure wliite.
It becomes at length a true of twenty or tliirty feet in lieiglit,
branching from the base. The leaves are elli|)tical or oblong
wedge-sha|)ed, on tlu' infertile branches often obovate, on .-Iiort
petioles, toward the summit sinuately toothed, angled, or irregu-
larly crenate, rai'ely three-loljed or cleft, (piite whitely tonientose
when young before expansion, at length glabrous, but clothed
along the veins beneath with a brownish pubescence. The
cory
nibs are o to 5-llowered, and smooth. The divisions of
the calyx are short, triangular, smooth, and without glands;
tlio styles are four or I'lw. The fruit, which becomes red, is
very large and round, rii)ening in May or June, and is one-half
or three-fourths of an inch in diameter, juicy, fragrant, of an
agreeable subacid taste, and is nuich esteemed for tiirts, jellies,
and other articles of the dessert.
Oth
spc
cies of Hawthorn, indigenous to the I'nited States
might Ije adduced as attaining the si/e of tret's from ten to
twenty-li\e feet in height; but, as we have little or no notice of
their use and economy, we shall at present omit tlu'Ui.
c II i: 11 11 Y T II v: i:.
X,il,n;il Onl'i: Hosack.k, {.sii/innh i\ Amv(;i>ai.i; k. .Iiissicii.) /.in-
iKIilu Clilss'ijiinruiii, ICOSANDItlA, MoNdCVMA.
CEHASUS. (Ji-ssiKU.)
r„///r nivcoIalr-liciiiisplK'nciil; tlio iHirdcr tivo-fv •> '.■cidiKms.
I'll.ils -inviidiii^-. St'dit,!!^ lifliTii til tliirly. O'W/',/ uhihiMiis, Willi
two (MillatlTill I'didllldlis ovul''^. />/•"/"' .H'lol'osc!, fleshy, ilrstilllio
of bloom; tliu ?'"/ imnl mid liony, mostly globoso and ovon.
Trcos or slinih.s (dricfly of tli.' tmiiHTuti' imrts of Kiiropo iiiid
North Amrrifii, foriiiin,';' scvurul natural sections. Leaves serrated,
deekluous or suiniiorviroiit.
§ I. Floinrs corymlmo or rhixkral. Lnivcs (held units. True
CUEKUIKS.
SOFT-LEAYED CIIERIIY.
Ckhascs mollis. Foliis oblongis nvalkrc phrisqiw ohln.-i.'i sm-nhills suliins
toiiiiiilo.^o-iiubcf!ccntihHs, corymbi'i rdArmo.sis 5 ad G-Jluri'i l<imnifii.--is,
bmiiiis culjicimx Muxk rcfexis Inho piihcsiviitc brcrhvlh'i.^, dropa oroiilci.
Oerasus wioWs.— Dololas, in Hooker, Flor. ]ior. Am., vol. i. p. Wit.
ToKKF-Y and Gray, Flor. X. Amor., i. p. 410.
This species of Clierry, growing twelve to twenty-five fei-t
high, is confined to the Oregon Territory, and partienhirly to
tlie borders of the Oregon lliver and its tributaries as far
104
T
his
ll'.i.
•ct
far
■
Cci-Msiis iinillis
Soft UamI Itltriy Ifmirra /ruiilric mtillf
1
//-/,
PI . y.ixw .
I'l-r.-iMis lliciriiliii .
//<//l /fru >ii I /irirr
/'frij-lir tr f'litf/tfi' '/f llt<il-v
MS
W;
l.n
sol
IIH
iUl'
Sill
fill'
fill
(il
CO
dil
J"
(I
Ci
1 1 C) L L Y - h E A V E I) CII E R R Y.
lijo
MS its sources. Wo met witli it in thickets on liills, near the
Wiihliiiiiet, iii)\vering iibout tlie niontli of -May. The yoimg
liranciies are dariv ;ira\- ami sdinewhat ilowiiy. The leaves are
sol'tly downy lieneatli, on i-iiurt petioles, oblong, or oljlong-ovate,
mostly obtuse, sometimes acute, minutely .serrulate, two to two
and a half inches long by about an inch in width; stipules
small and deei)ly oiliate, as well as the lirarles. Flowers small
and white, the petals rounded and concave. Segments of the
calyx ovate, short, and obtn.se. >Stiguni clavate, petioles and
calyx tomentose. Fruit ovate, astringent, and uu[)leasant.
PLATE XLVI.
A liniitcli (if Ihc nntural s'uc, (ciih ijiimii/ fruil. a. Tin jhurn-.
Bki) or NoRTiiKiix riiF.UKV. (Ccrdi^iifi Pi'niiKiilrniii'd, Tor., and
(Ihav. (\ l)iiriiilix,^hv\i.i\w\ Mich., i\vlva,p. l-")li.) According to
Macmin. of West (,'hester, this tree in the Beech woods of Tioga
county, IVnnsylvania. attains the height of sixty feet, with a
diameter of eii;liteen inches.
i^ II. F/iDi-rrx ill riKi tii'x. a,ril/(iri/. Ijurix m iiii'i rrin iil <,r
jiirsisltiil. — rj.\ri!o-r'i:i!Asis, Tourn.. IX'cand.. Limnl ('In rrhs.
HOLLY-LEAYED CHERRY.
CiasAsrs iltcifoua. Fuliis Idln-ornliliiis xuhconlalix hrcri-pclioln/ix spinoxti-
f:iiiiiiilii-(l< iii/iti" rilicuhtfi.'i coriaciia i>iti(li--<, niirmis cnrti.'i fuli/.i siilxiyniin-
(.■'.. /o ,li-''iiii ii'ijira ovouhn acumiimta.
Ckm.asis il'ii-:/,,'!:,!. — NvTT., ill Toun. and OitAY, FKira X. Anirr., vol. i.
p. 411. IIouK aiul AuxoTT, Bot. ISeccliy, Suppl., p. .'itO, t. 83.
II U LL Y-LK A V V. \> (,' 11 K 1! H Y.
This is a siiuiU tree of Upjior Ciililoniiii. round Siinta Biirlifini
attaining tlio height of twelve to twenty feet, and eiiielly alleel-
ing dry and elevated hill-sides -within the mountain range. The
hiirk is ura\- and sonicwhat rounh ; the wood is reddisli. touuh,
d el(ise-L;i
■d. Tl
I'ave^
ihieh are ri''id, shinii
md
evergrt'cn. looic entindy lii\e those of the Holly; they are hroadly
oval, ])ointed, somewhat heart-sha[)ed at tl..; hase, very smooth
and shining ahove and elegantly retieuhited, ofti'u undulated,
and willi sharp jiungent serratui'es. Tiie raeeuies ol' liowi'rs are
ereet, somewhat crowded; the llowers whitt' and small, on short
])etiok's; the petals rounded and short; the calyx hemisplierieal,
with short triangular teeth. The stanuuis seated near to the
summit of the calyx; the stigma simple and ohtuse.
This trei". from its remarkahle and elegant api)earance, is well
wortl
tl
le true
I cultiv .ting as an ornament, and in its (pialities raid\.s with
L; I'els. The fruit is rather hirgc, dark purple, hitter,
and astringent.
PLATE XLVII.
A hnnirk of the ihddral >:l:c. <i. Tl'f i-/arn/. ti. T/ir ttmnr.
Tiie liAfitKi,, [Pruiiia. Ln II r(h('tr(ixi (■'<,) now so generally ciilti-
\ated in Euro[)e, was hrouglit from .\sia Minor. Liicullus, alter
con(|ui'ring tiie King of Pontus, with wliom the liomans had
warred for forty years, jtmorig his otiier trophies, hrouglit the
Cherry from the fields of Cerasonte, and, in transplanting it into
Italy, secured a monument of his triumph far more duralilo than
that which the senate aiK^. the people decreed him. The Laurel,
transplanted at first from Trehizond to Constantinople, had not
so brilliant a destiny; an envoy from the Kmperor of German}-,
David Ungnad, whose name is i.'",v scarcely known, two iiiindred
and sixty-two years ago brought a living plant to Clusiu.s, at
^'il'nlla. The name of LaiinhCi ra-siin was gi\en to it by Belon,
ALMOND CIIEIfFtV.
167
ir;l
•t-
11!
ly
ii
I,
l'(!
lit
wlio had seen it in its iiiitivo cmiiitrj, Iroiu its Iciivi-'S Ijuiiig liivu
liiosc of tiic Buy iiml its iVnit similar to clR'niL's.
Tlic leaves all'ord liy (lisliiiatioii a li(|iior which jirovcs a
violent poison to men and animals. Aecjofdiiig to Didiamel,
a s])oonl'nl of this water given to a dog killed him instanta-
neously. \'arions experiments and aeeiilents tend to eonlirm
the fact of the poweil'nlly-poisonous nature of Laurel water.
Fontana found that a singU' drop of the essential oil of this
plant, ai)plit'd to a wound on a dog, proved ecpially as fatal as the
venom of the vii)or, and was attended with the same .synqitoins.
Tho emanations from the Laurel being, in fact, the diluted
but volatile prussie or hydrocyanic acid, are not without their
inconveniences; lor, after reposing beneath it.s shade on a warm
<lay, a headache and tendency to vomit are said sometimes to
occur. Considerable use was formerly made of Laui'el-water i'or
the sake of tlie ]5itter Almond llavor which it connuunicales to
various articles of the dessert, lint from its dangerous ellects it
is now lint little used.
The ell'ect of this poison is so extremely rapid and violent,
attacking the V(M'y seat of vitality, the ner\()ns .system, that no
remedies have any lime to opei'ate. In the hand of the skilful
physician, however, this volatile poison proves sometimes a
powerfid I'euu'dy.
Ai.MoN'i) cur.iJKV. [Crni/nin CuroVtiiiKii'i. Mu^ii.. Flor.. mA. i.
p. 'JS.'). Wild Orange Tree, Mini.. Sylva, vol. ii. pi. S'.l.) Tiiis
elegant tree, nearly allied to ('. Iji-siln iii<(i . ■A\\yit.K\v>i to b(! common
along the baidcs of the Mississippi from New Orleans to Natchez.
It is also indigenous to South Carolina, Florida, and Arkansas.
It forms a Hue evergreen tree forty to fifty feet high, iloweiiug
in March and April. The leaves, acc(jrding to Elliott, are \-ery
])oisoiK)iis, frequently destroying cattle that are tempted to
browse on them early in the spring. It is known to the French
108
ALMOM) rilKHHY.
iiilialiitaiits ()
r I.
lOUlslilUll
l.v tl
11' .siiiiie iiiiiiu' lis
tlic LaiiiL'l of
EiimiM', Jjiiirl' r-Aiinnii/.
Till! IVuit ol' this siiccics is a small, black, bittor clifrry, witli
vi'iy little pulp fuul a sliull so tliiu as to crack between the
(infers
cii's of
teau, 1
A second {f. On-id, utitli.'^) anil proliably a third
t. Domiinro, in the collections of I'
lis section Iroiii
aine
hill.
separ
Laii
thii
iVagile shell. These seenx to i'orni u
ite j;enns from the true Cherries, no less than from the
be called Lki'Tocakva, in consideration of the
In
id
rels. and mav ne
1 am
1 I'raiiile, merely cartilaginous, shell of the dr
much more inr.iortant distinc-
this resjicct the drupe alVor
tion than that which exists lietweeii rnnni-s and CvnisK.^.
fin.iaiff lff>
HI . JII.VIII
I'rimiis Aiuericoiia.
tfihf riiini
I'runier ./ .Inifriifue
\F-
^;a'
Sa;i
TLLM TREE.
Xh'unil (>/■'/' >; II(.is.\cK.E. (-sv/Z/'j/v/m-, Amvckam'.i:, Jiiss.) /.i,i-
nirmi. ('Itissll'icdlinii^ lidSANDltlA. M()N(i(J VM A.
J'liCXrS. (TnrliNKriiKT.)
('.if'/.r lll'CCcil;itt'-liriili>lilu'l'i.-;il, the liol'ili^r "i-clv'ft, ili'ridlUJils. I'thils
s|piv;iiliiijj. ,S>(iiiniis litU't'ii lo thirty, (inny uhiln'cMi^, willi Iwo
i-iill;iti.'l'ill, lii'll(llllollri (ivulos. J)ii'j' nv:itc> nr (i\:il, lli'.-li\ , i;hilirc)US,
usiKillv cdVfri'd with a lilciuiji : nut liai.! iiml hnny, moi'o or Ifsn
coiiiiiri'ssccl, iieuti-' iiiid i:\'Lii, the inar,;^'ins jjunly LrroovL'il.
Trees or shriiiis of teiiijierale I'Hiiiiites in the Xdrtiieni hemisphere,
with tile leaves serrated, ediivnhite in veriialinii, ((ir lietore exiiai'.sioii.)
Tlie tidWeis eailii'r tlian the leaves, witli tlie pcdieels in uinliellaie
clusters.
WILD PLUM.
I'ui'XfS A.MKltl.'AN'A. Arli"n yriDHj ruipi's .•■■/loirsiriil'lui'^, fnl:;.< ,,i;il,,.
tililiinijis Vt'l (thin'ill''.< itt'ipilt <i t'l'iitl^ iii'iinmiiilh^ fntyi rii/ti'ifts, s't/i/f/.^ t'lift-
^is iliii'iltll lllilhii.1, pil'tili-- silli-l'i'/l'li"l'l^'i''-^, 'lil'liillis fiissiHliKs jKli/ri-
1'. A,\n:i!ieA.\A, — .M.Misii M.r,, Arhii^l.. p. 111. I»\i;i.i\iire\. Flora Ce-t.,
p. 'IX', mid ill ,\lllial. JjyeeUlM. X. ^'clli,, \nl. iii. p. S7, I. 1. T'lli-
ui;v and (Ikav, l''lcir. X. Aiiier., vol. i. \\. Id".
r. xiciiA.— Aitmn, Kuw., (ed. 1.) Viil. ii. \\. lii."i. It.il. Mair-, I. MIT.
I'l Ksll, l-'liir. Aim., vol. i. \i. -V-W. Wll.l.n.. Sp. [.1., vol. iv. p. Wo.
v. iiii:mai,is. — Mi.i.iurr. tSk.. voh i. p. ^Al.
IV. — 11-
lO'.t
170
WILD I'LC.M.
CkUASI'H NliillA, (L'li.^il.) — SlMilXiiK, ill ll|;c.\Mi.. I'|-ii(l., \m1. ii. \\. '\'\H.
HixiK., Flop. I!or. Am., vol. i. p. 1(>7.
Fi:\\' jilants in North Aiiicriru li;i\i" a luorc cxti'iisivc raiif^o
IIkiii this s[)Ocii's of rimn: it i> met with IVoiii tlii' S;'.skiit('hil-
\v;m toward IhidsoirH Day, and throiiyli all the iiitcniu'diatc
cotiiitiy to (u'orgia, Loiii.-^iaiia, and Tcxa.s. In tho wi'stcni jiart
111' tiic .'^tato of New York it i« \t ry coiiinioii. and. in soinci
instances, (as it appcari'd to nic in 1^)0,) it h,! ' i'; ;i t'ldtivatcd
iiy the ahoriiiincs around their dweliin;;s in tho suiiie nianner aw
the Chickasaw Piinii. Wiieii truly wild, it .sceni.s to allbct tho
hanks of streams and rich hoitoin-hiiuls. In Now Jersey, near
Franklin Furnace, (.'^ussex county.) I liave ohserveil tri'es tweiuy
to thirty feet hiiih. and witii trunks from si.x to fourteen inches
in diameter. Tlie ordinary heiphf. Imnevor. i.s from fd'teeii to
twenty I'cet. The wood is hard and of a I'eddish cohjr, like that
of tlie Wild Cherry, (f'niinis .■., i-<i/!ii<i.} The fruit, -vlien mature,
whicii is in the iiiontii of Anjiust. is from half an inch to an
iiicli in dianietei'. in some instances almost wholly \cllnw. hut
comiiioidy vermilion-red on one side, wholly red. or a mixture
of iiotii colors, and in all tlie varieties covered nioi-e or less with
a ver_\' evident hlooiii. Wlieu ri])e. it contains : verv' sweet,
thill iMiiii. with the disadvanta:;e however i4 havin.L;' a thick,
liitterish. acerh >kiii; hut hy cultivation it is eoiiKick'raiily ini-
pidved, and the fruit is sdmelimes. us Dr. Darlinnton remarks,
as lariio as a common aiiricot In rppei' Canada, where it was
formerly eultivaied. I ha\'e seen as iiiany as twelve distinct
\ariities ill t!ie same orciiard. It is also free frmn thi' attacks
111" the insi'cts which have proved -i fatal io nearly all the
cultivated IMums.
The stem sjireads out inti) a roundish head, \\ith many riiiid
■Mt4 sonx'whai thorny liranches. The leaves ne ohli.iiii-ovate
•M\4 .«inetim4-s ohuvato. almost alwii\s narrowed lii"l<«n. witiii a
(lis
vol
sm
so<
or
WILD PL CM.
171
(lir-tiiu't abnipt point nv aciiiiiiiiiitiuii, sliarjily fori'aU'il. stiinuly
M'incd, Mini uunv. or k-ss piihi'scciit Ijcnciitli. The ])c(li('i'ls arc
siiioolli, two to five togctliL'i", in clusters. Calyx piihcsccnt. the
scgniciits liuice-liiiear, serrulated at the apex; the petals u\al
or obovate, and roimdcd.
Pr-ATE XIA'TIT.
A hfiinrh of l]ir V'lliir'il ■<rj in fi'iH. n. A rhi-t, r <if lluii;
CllAJJ APrLE.
Xdtunil Ofi/i r, ]!us\ci;.K, [xiilinrilir, I'oMK.i:, .Tiiss.) IJinniiin.
Cln'<x]jliilt'liiii, IcnSANIllMA, PkNTAC V.MA.
I'Vin'S. (Lixx.)
r'(('/./'-fiilM' iirr(><il:it<', iiclnatc to llic llrsliy oviiry, IVcuii wliicli it is
iiiscii;iriiliic, \vil1i tlio lidi'di'i' ri-luhiMl. ]\Ui}.< live, roiniiii>li,
coiicuvo, on shdi't flaws. N///A.N usually (ivt! (ir Irss, distinct or
conjoinoil at the base. P'ihh- (nr .'ijiplo) tlc.-liy, ddscd, intiTiially
.O-ccUi'd, tlio (H'lls cui'lilaginous and ■2-sccdc'd. The seeds with ii
eharfaceous eoat.
Trees or slirul)s (in tlie ]ircseiit sei:tion) witli entire ni' pahnately-
hihed, serrated leaves. Viewers in terminal llattish clusters or
ooryinh.s. Fruit odihle when not too acerli or astrinjj;cnt.
RIVER CRAB ARPLE.
rVRUS EIVILAItlS. F,7/(,9 imHii •-.•iilis iiidirisis Jiliiidriliii-i trihihiilis ixfi.yin
iirip'ir f'-irri'li" ~»»i/«.< /••iMt-s/*;.'//)//^, .v/////n (•■>-4) liiisi I'mili/i's i/liiliri.-;
I'r'irlilius /'■ rimrris ^-i^fhinisisi •'ij, iii)i.hilii'<il><, lulii.^ culji-iids (Iciiikiii.
l/ir/illlis.
PyiiL'S riVw/rtJX- — ^i'«yiAS, in Ihn k. Flor. I!oi. Am.. \iil. i. p. 3(i:!, 1. Cs.
ToKiiKV uiiii] iJai \Y, Flor. N. Am., voh i. i>. 4T1.
]'yiu::i '//Vct^/'mW. — ^E^iNUAitn, Vciret. Sitka., 1. c. [i. l-'i:!.
Tiii> olopsint species ol' l'yrn> in ooiimiikH throngliont all tlie
liiwt'i or niiritiii.e |iorti(in <ii ihi' < )ri"j"' Ti-rritory. ami it iiiii-
17J
i
-n
^
\
Sirtr/atrit
PI jn.L\ .
vi-n.s r-iMil HIS.
A'tv»r ('ni/'
it'iritr ftiiiAmr
T; I VK !! (' I! A P. A I'
\. i;.
1-
Innnly iilTccts the slnidf of rirli, iillii\-i;il forests ncfir tlic Irssrr
.strciuiis iiiiil piJiids. It la'comcs a ticc ahoiit tlic size ol' the
Siljcriiin Criili, to wliicli it lias i\ closi' aH'mity, nml grows IVoiii
firtccri to twciitj-fivo fl'ct ill licii:lit. |ii'o(iiiciiig a Imnl wood,
capalilc III' receiving a liigli polisii, and is eiiiployinl ly tiie
natives lor iiialxiiig wedges. 'I'lie fruit grows in clnsters. and is
i<iiiall and iiiirple, scarcely tlic size of a cherry, of an agieealile
llavor. like that of sonic of our Maws: it has nothing of the
aceriiity or acidity of the ('oiiiinoii (.'rah, Imt is sweetish and
subacid wlieii ripe, 'i'iie natives near tlie .•~ea employ it, as they
do many more berries of the country, for food, being all too
indolent to cultivate the earth for any pnrpo.se whatever.
It extends, in all prijbability, from Tpper California to the
Kiissian possessions in the Xortli, as far as latitude ")7°. Men-
zies appears to have been its lirst discoverer, on what was then
vagiudy termed the northwest coast.
■ The leaves, which iippear with the llowers, are ovate, obtuse
or acute, entire, and more or le.ss serrated, pubescent beneath,
villous in the bud. at li'iigth nearly smooth; the lafer-[ir(jdiice(l
leaves are more or less incisidy lobed, sometimes distinctly
tliree-lobed, tlu^ niiddk' lobe incise and sliari>ly serrate<l. The
llowers conspicuous, wliit(> or tinged with red, in terminal
corymbs, with the cal^x and [leduncles villous, or tomeiito.se,
at other times with the exterior of the calyx smooth. The
petals oval, 'i'lie germ is pear-shaped, with three or four styles.
Apples very small, dark pur[ile, almost black when ripe, and
somewhat translucent, globose-ovoid, scarcely tiinbilicate at
base, and with the summit naked, the calyx, as in the Siberian
Crab, being deciduous. Seeds like those of the a[i[)le. and two
in :i cell, as usual.
I think it probable that the plants with ''smooth pedicels
and with the calyx externally smooth" ought to constitute a
distinct variety, which may be termed I'l/i'iCi rlnilurix ,3 Icrij)/.:.
In these the jiedicels are also ;:lanilular.
17}
NA I! r.(>W-],K A VK D ( I! A I! A I'
!■;.
Wliilt tllis Jililllt IllM}' liccoiiic li_v (•illli\;itinii I'liiiiidt yet he
(Ictci'iiiiiK'd. Till' iSihci'ian Cnili, (now so (iriiaiiiciitnl ami ficiu'-
rally culliviiti'd.) wliii'li also aH'ccts the alliuial hdidcis cil"
.streams uiid rivers nmiid Luke HaiUal, ami in Daouria, aeeord-
in,L' to Pallas, in its native soil oidy attains tlie Iieiuht of tlirei-
or fonr leet. ^'itli a trunk aliout as thick as a man's arm, and
lull (iT toituoiis liranches. Tlie berries, also, in {'alias's liirui'e,
(Flora Kossiea, vol. i.'tali. 1(1,) are not so larjic as ordinai'y
jH'as, and jiyril'orm or attenuate at the basi' like a pear. All
this ti'ihe of i)lants, so eminently sorvioeable both for (jrnament
and use, deserve cultivation in a ])re-eniinent degree; and the
present si)ecies has also the aiKiuUauc of l)ein,u' perfectly hardy
in all tem[ierate and even cold climatt's, as it .stretches along
the coast nearly to the vicinity of Eastern .Siberia.
All the plants of this section of P/jrii-s are nali\cs of Tem-
pertiti^ Kurupe ami Xurthern Asia..
I'LATE XLI.X.
A branch of the wtliirnl si:^. n. Thr ap/ilr.
Nakkow-Lk.wkd CuAii Ai'I'm:, {I'l/ms tnii/iixtl/n/id, Aiton-.)
This appears to he scarcely more than a variety of the I'l/ni.i
'■(iroimrid ; distinjiuishable, indeed, by its narrower leaves,
usuiilly entire, which are often acute lielow ; but. ,is the styles
are neither perfectly distinct nor constantly glabrous, and that
the 3oung leaves are also pubescent, no suflicient distini'tion
remains. The fruit is likewise wholly similar.
IMAGE EVALUATION
TEST TARGET (MT-3)
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I.I
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2.2
2.0
1.8
1.25 i 1.4 i 1.6
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Sciences
Corporation
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23 WEST MAIN STREET
WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580
(716) 872-4503
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I'vi'us /ViiierurmiH .
Amrnmn Mouxtnin .hh Xorhirr ,/' Jnie'rii/iif.
M 0 U N T A I N A S II.
>; 111. Li'ins imiiiiili (</• ji'i innllijiil ; .'.///As tin, In jiri, i/i.-<liii(/ ,
,//,,/„
M (//■ Inrliiiiiili
l>"h".l
-.'^(>i!i;is. I,
mil.
AMKIJK^VX MOUNTAIN ASIT.
I'VUIS AmkKH .\N.\. /'./;/.v i,:i,liiit'i< i/hiliri--, fiillul.'s iil,lui„;ii.l,iil''iul,ii;.t
tlf'iinontits //M7.^'o-.y( /■/''///.<, .<■(■/'/•<//'//
hi<-iii-iii'if I'll/Kill.'
-.'/"'
•nntli'i'^ihs
iiliijliii-!s, f,-)(ri:iiiis i/luljn.ti.i. — l)i;c\xi)., I'roil., viil. ii. ji. i;:!7. Ti
iiKV ami (iit.AY, Fliii'. X. Am., vul. i. |). i~-2.
iiiiir.-: A.Mi:iiii AN \. — Wii.i.ii., V
niiiii., vdl. I,
p. 'd*K I'l ii.<ii,
!'■
;!41.
Al iTI'AKIA. — .'i .Mirll., Flor. I
)or. .All!., Vol. I.
'.M).
TiiK MdWiitaiM Asli. (ir Kowaii Tire, of Xoitli Aiiu'rica. !,■<
iiift with ^parinjily in sliady. moist wiiod.-^ in moimlaiiKiu.-^ situa-
tions, from l/alirailoi- ami even (ircciiliml. tliroii-lioiil llu' New
Kniiiaiid Stales. New York, l'(imsvi\ aiii.i ; ami tiic \aiii't\ mi-
r,-iH,ir/i'i. willi sinailiT liiTrics. cxti'iids to tiic iii,L!ii iiioimtiuiis
of \ iririiiia and Xortli Carol
ma.
It forms a .small tivc of .i:ii'at l)cuit\, rcmaikalilc lor it.s
d(".^aiit fcatli(Mcil foliajic, in .Mav and .liiiu' clad with its white
and fraiirant hlossoms. and to the close of the year, even into
winter, decorated with its lai'LH' dusters of liiiuhl herries. wliieh
allord a favorite repast l()r thrnshe.s ai. I other frugivorons hirds.
on their animal round to more genial climates, or during thi'ir
liihurmil residcKce : —
" SMii^uini'i-i|iii- iiiriilt.i nilic'iit ;ui;iii:i liMici-." — \'lliiii|,.
Tbu K
nnipean s[iecies, which ilillors voiy little Imm the pre
th
170
A .M i: i: 1 (■ A N MoINTAlN ASH.
sent, liccoiiics, ill the Nnrtli III' Kiij^Imiil, S'litliiml, iiml \\';il(s.
■A Iri'i' (it t'liii-^idrnilili' t-'i/A'. SI) lis in'rasinnnUv In lie siiwii iiiln
jiliiiiks mill liiiiinls. it iitliiiiis tin- lii'i,i:lil nl' Iwriitv -(l\i' to
lliii'lv H'ct, witli a liiaiiictiT of twn fcft ; ami a tiiT in Scnllaini,
ill Furfarsliiro, at Old .Mmitrnsi', sixty-livi' vcais njil. is (ITlv frrt
liijili. willi ii (liaiiK'ttT of two I'fct tell iiiclii'S. Tlir wooil is said
to III' hard and diiralilr. lit liir I'conoiiiii'al |iiii'|iiisi's. siicli as
niiil-work. sfiTws liu- prfssrs. s|iiikrs for wlifids, ^^c. In aiwiiMit
liiiirs it was also cstocnird Hn- hows nrxt In tin' Vcw. Tiic
hi'irii's. dried and rcdiict'd to [lowdcr. have csfii Iktii iiiade into
hrcad ; and an ardent spirit may he distilled IVoiii liieni of a line
lla\or. hilt ill small i|naiitily. 'I'liiiiii:li atid and somewhat
asdimjeiit, they are iieeniinled wholesome, and. in (lie IliLili-
lands of Scotland, an- often eaten when perfeelly ripe; in the
eold and sterile eliniate of Kamtsehatka. aeeordiiiL' to (Iinelin,
tliey are used for the same purposes.
'I'liis tree was formerly iield saered. and in the .North of Mnu-
laiid it is ealleil the Witi h-ila/el. In Wales, it was formerly
planted in the ehnreli^ard as eomminily as tiie Yew. and, on a
certain day of the year, everyhody reli^iioiisly wore a cross mado
of the wood, as a oharin against fascinations and e\il spirits I
The .Vinerican s[iecies scarcely forms so larm' a tree as tiiat
of Knrope, attaining only the height of lli'teeii to twenty feet.
and the leaves are vt'i'y smooth, exet'iit hef u'e their complete
ex[)ansion ; the leallets are alioiil from thirleeii to fifteen, oh-
long-lanceolate, acuminated, with sliar]i and .1. .'p nnicronate
seriatnres. The cymes or liower-cliisters are large and com-
pound, and the fruit, like that ui' tiie Miiropean species, is of a
hriglit light scarlet. Tiie herries of the variety luli iiKiir/m are
also of the same color, hut smaller. Thi' seeds, (wo in a cell,
apiiear to have the same cartilaginous coat as in the apple.
i'h.VTl'; L.
A lii'tiiirli iif tlif iiiiini-'il Size. II. A rliisl, r iij'jliiircfs. I,. A Jlnin r inhiriji il.
C E n C O C A 11 V u s/
(111 Mil., Im'M-.., :iim1 Iu nth.)
n<nn, ('hissijhnlh.,,. IcnSANOKIA. MdNOdVNlA.
Ti'Ih. oftlu. o.l.ix cvlitHlri.'Ml, .■loiiirntr.l, tliv lowor i^irt j.-.i-l.triit, tin'
,,„,,lvr l,..n,i.i.lHMM.al, T.-lohcl, .K.ri.luo.H. 7'./.'/. .umu-. Si..n,..
,„„.v. <.ulr.l ..n Ih- iM-nKT of tlK. ...Ivx. Or,,,./ .ohtMry; ./y.'
,„,.„;„„,. ,i,i,;,,,n. MM,1 vilh.MH. Arl.V.n. n.m.w. .■,.n.r..,ms, .■.,.-
.h,1.'. with tli.' loti- iHTMst..nt una iMilai-in.u' I'lmno..^ style. Nh.
liiicaf.
ShrnlH or sntnll troos ;vitl, alternat,. strai^ht-v.',-.,!. .oria us,
svn-at. or ontiiv Irav.s on slioft ,.-tinl,.s. Stipules snu.ll, a,hu,tr to
„,„ 1,,.. .,f the petiole. Flowers Mnall, white, axillary or tenn,nutu,g
short braiR'hlets, mostly elustere.l.
* 'n.o nan,,, aeriv-.l fr.m ..,..., a tuih a„d .a,....;, u fruit, in rclVnn.. tu .I,o
iliann-tir 111' lliL' tVuii.
v.. I.. IV. -I'.;
177
FEATIIKll BUSH.
('KM'OcMM'rs i,i:iiU'iii,irs. h'nliix rrihi-i.i jk lu Dixatlilnix I'liifnJutis inlif/ris
(liiuiiiii (iU(brix xiil/his liiiiiiiild.iis iiiiifi/iiic ririiliili.s ; Jlarihua m .<>''//'//'/<
pilHi-'iK j\ir,-irilliil(.i ; i-iiiiilil riu'iiilnfuiti iiiiiiiisuiniiii IdrlilOSiiiii, — N i'l'TAI.I.,
in 'I'l'iatDY and (iiiAV, FKn'., Ami., i. p. 1'J7. IliM)i<i:it, Ic, pi., inli. ;;:^ t,
(inuil.)
\\i: lii>l uli^crxcil this curious siiimU ti-ci' in llic Itnckv .Mnmi-
t;iiii niiiLTi'. on llic lol'tv liills of IScar l!i\<'i' of 'riiii|i:ino;ios. nnir
till' ('('IchratiMl ••JJccr Sprin^is." wliii'h iilMninii with ciulpoiiii' acid.
We saw it aftcrwaid in the icntral cliiiiii. on cither side 'i'lionilK'r^''i<
IJavinc. toward thi' suniniits of tlic hiiilicst ridiics, to whii'Ii. hy
its cndiiiiiiL; and dari\ \(rdiu'c. it coiitiilnitcd to ;;ivc ii wild and
.iiiooiny r(>l)inj:. contrasted liy the Lilitterini.; white of the iin|ieiid-
inir elills of ■iMi'iss near which it i:iew. -'r the suniniits of tin-
IJci'T S|)riiiL!' hills it lonned "\teiisi\c thickets, each tree spi'ead-
in^'' out many liraiiclies at a few feet IVoiii the jiToiind w ith coii-
sidcrahlc rcLinlarity. almost in the niaiiiier of a I'eacli Tree. TIm'
stem was in some trees alioiit ii foot in diameter. an<l the Lrreatest
heii;lit of tiie i>lant did not excei'd fifti'cii i\'v\. It iiad much iiie
appeai'aiice of a stunted Olive Tree, and was Iiitteri>h to the taste.
The \voo(l is hard, toiij^h, whiti>Ii, and very close-iiraincd.
soini'wiiat rescmliliiiL' thai of the Itirch. It a|i|iearcd to he of
slow lirowth and scniiierx ireiit , the hark smooth andwhiti>ii,
the hnuiclilets full of circular cicatrices, and the leaves clustereil
at tlie I'xtreinities of tlio twi;.'s. The leaves are at lenj:th nearly
smooth, at lirst hairy, with a short puliescence. heneath always
softly \illoiis. with lirownish curled iiairs; their lc)rm is lanceo-
late, uhout one ami a iiiiaiter inches lonii' .nid three or four lines
wiile, flic iMirder entire and I'evolute; hi'iieath the liair.s on the
under side we see the usual strai;:ht nerves. The older leaves
and other parts of thi' plant e.xude in small (piaiitities an aro-
178
■I I.I
CcM'CiH'jtrpiis l<'(lil"olius
Fr>ilhrr hiilh
Hiiisno't (I jtlninr.t
Ill:
l-.i
till
\\\
1)1'
tin
,,li
.V
n\i
nil
U\:
\\f
is
1'"
r i; A T II i; i{ lusii.
17:»
liMlic II -ill. Iliuiliu tlic .'^cciit III" tliat luiiiid (111 Sdinc H|ircics (if
I'lirdi, (nr /ihild.) 'I'lii' lluwci's arc ."iiiiill iiml wliitr, |i|(h1iiiti1 nt
tlic cxlrfiniiics of tilt' t\\i;^.-<. iiiiij ar<' siicccc IimI Iiv the fiiiil.
wliicli foniis one of tin- iiidst niiiaikaliU' am' 'iiijrnlar cliaracti'is
<>r till- p'liii.-'; tlit'si' liavc a ^'h•Mll;f rofiiililiiii'C to tiic mtiIs of
llic (<i'i'aiiiiiiii, t'ai'li Miiall cvliinlric i'ar|H'i sciidinjr iiiit a loiijr,
|iluiin)sc, iDrliions tail, iicaily tv\o iii' '■ < in lcii.:lli. cir.i icil witli
yt'llti\visii-\vliit(> silky liairs, wliicli. a|'|H'arinjjr -iiiiiiltaiicnu^ly all
• iMT llic lnisli, ijivi' it I must rciiiarkaldc and um'oiniiiDii a|i|i(Mr-
aiifc. It scciikmI to incrcr puor dry snils, and would U'ar the cli-
iiiatc of Kiiro|i(' or the iiorllii'i'ii parts of flic riiilcd Slates very
will, ri'iiiii till' al|iiiii' situations in wliirli wr iinilin'iiily saw it it
is soiiirw lia* astriiiiivnl to IIr' ta>tr, and ajiircalily iliou^li not
|io\vi'ilully aromatic.
I'l.ATK 1,1.
A l<i;i„ih >,f tlir i„il'i,-iil s',:,', Ifilli :i.<Jni:t. II. Th,jluii;v. //. I'lu l',;t:i.
WEST INDIA DOGWOOD.
Xiihinil Ordi i\ \A.V.V\\\Siy>.V.. IJiiiKidii riii.-isijiciiliiiii. DlA-
DKI.I'IIIA, DwANimiA.
I'lSClDr.V.^' (LiXN.)
Ciil'lj' caiiipimulato, .""i-tootlicil. Ciirnlhi pn]iili(>n:i<'coii-i. with llic keel
(ilitusc. ,S7./, //,/(.<•• iniinaili'lpliiiiis, witli tlio triitli iVri' at thi' l>aso.
Si'/li; tililorin, i-lalinuis. Luikihc iicduH'llati'il, linear, with t'dur
liroad loiiiritiidiiial wiiii:;.-<, tho scuds s(>iianitod hy iMterriiplidiis in
the pii(L Tin; .«r((/x oval and ('OiiipR'ssi'd, witli a latoral liyinni ;
cmliryo cnrvi'd ; cotyUMlons tliick and cjliiitic: llic radiilc iii-
tli'i'tc'd. — Wost India trocs, willi dociiiuoii?;, nni'(|nally-iiinnatrd
loaves, prodiRcd after the dcvelopiueiit of the tlowers.
JAMAICA DOCaVOOI).
I'l.-l'tl>I,\ iMiVTIIlilNA. Ju,liiili.-: nrntis^ h JH minis sHiiilc l-aiji'C lililllil liill-
ifmrc, 'ili" iiilirviijitis.
I'l-riniA Ih-i/lliriiKi. — LiXN., Sp. ]il. Jacq., 7\nier., p. 200. Swaistz,
Ohs., p. :i77. Maci'adyen, Flora of .lamaiea, vol. i. p. -'iX.
Irlil/ii/iitnitlii't fdliis jtiiDioli.; (irnlis, ri('-i inis hrminnlilitis, .^iliijiiis fjiiiidn-
(thiiis. — liiiuWNi:, Jamaica, \\. i'.M).
Ciind arlior ]i"{ifl'i/^^"- ii'Hl ."/"';">'/, fru.riii! fulin, t-iliiiiiii uli.'i fniiin'ris
r.r'<liitililiii-< rulif mail lidiiiiirid' jliiriiilili.< unilit. — Si.oAM", Jam., vol. ii.
p. :52, tall. ITfl, lij,'s. 4, '). JiAMAiicK, Illnsl., tali. (In,-,, lijr. A.
JWiiild-inwiii, sllliiui.<i nlalix. — I'm'.mikr, lenii., '22!l, tah. 2:)3, fijtf. 2.
* Tlic iiiinif t'niiii jiis, h, n flsli, in ;illii>iciii tci il.s friipliiyiiicnt iiw ii ti.'^li-lmi-iiii
i*isrii|i.t ri'vlliiMiii
i.llll'H" /'.'./».'.'./
fi,i.-.tninl <h '•' liiiiiiiitffi,-
'0
^1
re
tv
I'.i
fit
si
ll
01
ii
IT
V
JAMAICA DOC wool). 181
Till- Jitiiiiiicii Dogwood is ii nativo of tin; Antilk's as well as
of the iR'iuiilioriii-,' coiitiiieiit of America, having heeii ol)serveil
hv limiiholdt anil Hoiiidaiul in the niouutaiiious places in New-
Spain, between Acai.uleo and Ma/.atlan. and we have now to
reeord it as a native of Key Wi'st, in Kast Florida, where it was
eolleeted hy Dr. ]51odgett. it heeonies a, tree of al>out twenty to
twenlv-tive U^i in height, not reiiiarkal>le for the elegance of its
form, the branches being straggling, l)nt yet heantiful in the
season of tiowering, which i- abont April, when, with blo.ssoni.s
similar to our favorite Wiiite Lounst, {llulnnhi imnthMuarla.)
the whole snnnnit of the tree is profnseiy h)aded; they eome
(.lit some time bclbre the leaves, in ninuerous panicles or spread-
in- cln>ters. of a Nviiitish color, mixed with purple; the npper-
niost petal or \e.\illnm in the centre tinged with green. The
vexillnm, externally, as well as the calyx, is covered with a
silky pubescence. The h'aves are uneipially pinnate, with
about live leaflets, which are either bmad-ovaie or obovate, an.l
slightly acuminate, entire, and beneath, as well as the foot-
stalk, more or less pube.-^cent, particularly when young. The
poll is large, stipitate, and villous, with four liroad undulated
longitudinal wings.
In Jamaica, this is esteemed one of the best timber trees in
the island; the wood is heavy, hard, and resinous, oar.se, cross-
grained, and of a light brown color; it is very dm'able either in
or out of water. It nndu's excellent piles for wharves; and the
.■stakes ,M.(m form, in the tropical countvies it inhabits, a good
live fence. The bark of the trunk is very astringent: it cures
the niauLLC in dogs, and would probably answer well for the tan-
ning of leather: it is best known, however, for its eflects as a
iish-poison, for which purpose it is ])ounded and mixed with the
water in some deep part of a river or creek, when the water
soon aciiuires a reddish siiadc, and in a few minutes the iish
begin to rise to the surface, where they float, as if they were
dead; the larger ones, however, recover, but the smaller fry are
1S2 JAMAICA DOC woo I).
dostn.yrd. Tlio tincture of tlio biirk, indcMl, is loun.l to be nil
intoiiso narcotic, and has been employed benelieiaily to relieve
tlie pain prodiKvd \,y carious teeth. Jacjuin observes that tliis
quality of inloxicatin- fish is found in many othi'r Anu'rican
]ilants. 7>pfu-n.-.;,i (,,.nnirh, of South America and T. plsndnria
of India and the Soutli Sea Islands, both plants of the same
family uitli the present, likewise possess tlie faculty of intoxi-
cating fish.
I'L.VTK ur.
A liniiirh «/ the luditnil ../.-c. ,i. Tin- jloims- <ni</ i/.,iim/ /■ ■,/.■,■. /,. TIr
muir, pi ij'i rt j„,(l.
4
t
I'l Mil
Vi'iiciii l:ilitiil(i|ii:4
Hriiiiil podded . '/caa'ii • fi<i't<i •' I'lryr si/it/ur
X'<i
Fl.
'I
or '
am
wpc
1'"'
v.'l
ACA( lA.*
(Xeckiik, \Vii.i,ii.)
X„hn:,l Onlir. Li;firMiN(is.K. Lhunnm ('l.t^.sijln,ti„„, I'l'iA-
(;AMIA, Md.MKClA.
Flowers roi.YdAMdUs, prifivt an.l t^tainiiiilViv.ii:^.— r.'/.v.': 1 to ,.-
t.M.tli.a. /',^'/.< I'clll-to live, (lislili.'t.oi-UhitiMl iiit()iiln(.lio|M'tiil..ils,
4 to 5-clft'l .•..nillu. ShiuHi,.^; iVoiu cidit or t.'U to two lnni4iv,l.
f.,,/.,w,- witl.oiit iiiinnii.fums hrtwcvn the .-onU, dry, (will, out
jiiilji.) aiiil 1-viilviil.
Tlioso arc trcosaMil .slirubs prin.ipally of warm or luil.l tliiuatis, whli
or witl.o.it slii>ulur or .cattcrr,! stilus. 'I'hc kavcs are usually siuall
au.l variously iminat.'.l: soMi..funcs (parliruhuly ii. Hi- N-w iiolhn.d
siRvic.-) 111.' tnu. Iravcs \u thr aaull M-r al.oilivr, ;nul llu- siniplo l-aly
,„.tiolcs, called i.liyllo.lcs, aloMc suitb' tl>cir place. Flowers oli.u
yllow, more rarely white or red, disposed in si^heric' ' -ads or in
sjiiki's.
BROAD-rODDEI) ACACIA.
Acacia i.ATisii.i.;tA. //,cn»;.v ///"/>/•-', /-/mmV ■,-J>':i:<, /-/"'''> 1 <>- 1. ">:/•";/'■>•
, //;y,/;.-/,s ul>li(.--is, ."tipnlif hiwUifoniulMS iliwldl'ili^-n.ril'ili--', r'ifl"l'<
pnlm^.-iihitis an/im/'ifii in pwu'iilani (miiirnhm w//»/;.v;)...s;/;.s InrnnUn-
l,mf],' si:i,:i.it", phiio, iiU-rnqm- ,/-v(/-/.— Dkcand., I'rod., vol. ii. p. -tCT.
A.-A(''IA LATisiMciCA. Im:n„-,s f'li!^ /.>////-"/-• parlMihi'.i qiiwr'J":/'-'^
rami.^ f.ruosis, gcwmis fjluhosi.^.—Lia^., ^p. I'l- Vv.n^oos, Rynops..
* Am ;incicnt Civk name, from ,i^.>:n,, to /."/»/, or .«/Hir;r«, many "f t'"'' ''V
c!.;s liein- tliurny. ^^^
I^l
II |[ () A D- I'o |» H i: li A (' A I' I A.
vol. ii. |i. -J";'!. W'li.i.ii.. Sji., vol. iv. |i. 10117. .\1 u i adui.n, Klur.
.liiiii.. viij. i. \i. ;lix.
JiVrnI 1,1.11 yj,:,n,.<,l, siliq'l'.s I'lfi.- ,'„»l/<;V»/.v, //-/V -'Mm. — I'l.r M 1 Dll. ( Kll.
r.iiriii.,) f. 'i.
'I'liis siH'c'u'S. like iiKiiiydtli.Ts of tlic frciuiH, rciiiaiUal.l.' \<y its
li-lil, \vilvillL^ rcMtlici-likc lnli;i;rc. is, airoriiinji to Dr. lUnd-ctt,
riirc lit Kcv Wr.-t. wliciv it l.ccoiiH'.s a very lar-c and .spn-atling
tivr. Ildwcriii,- in the nmntii ul' .May. It is als lativc of tiic
^\'^•^t Indies and llir warmer parts dl' tlie nei;jhl«>rin,u ecinlinent,
vlicre it was I'.Minil iy I'hnnicr and Anlilet. Accoidin;;,' to
Mad'ailyen. it i> a enltivated plant in .laniaii'a. It hears a jiivat
re.-enililance In tile .Vcaeia Tenured \>y Cate^hy, tali. I"-', wliirh is
ipiuted as .1. <iliiiii;i. thoii-li liy no means the same plant as
Plate :;r, (.1' 'i rew. wliirh hitler is the species most commoiily
t'iilli\ated under that name.
The wood ol' this Acaeia is said to he white, hard, and ehwe-
^n-ained. The trunk, as de-erihed hy Cateshy. attains a diameter
of three li'ct. and is aeeonited an exeidlent wood, next to the
maho.iiany olMaiiiaiea. and is tin' hest to he i'oiind in the Uahanui
Islands. Kor enrioiis cahinet-work it excels mahoj^any in its
variahle shininji tints, which ajipear like watered satin. Several
spe<'ies of the iicnns alllird very hard and dnrahle wooil.
The small hranches in this species are ^ray, slender, anil
.-oinewliat ziiizajr. The leaves are hipinnate. on main petioles, a
little more than an inch long; hetweeii the first pair of pinnules
is usually seen on the petiole a projectiiig thouLih sometimes
merely a depressed gland; the next pairs are without -.'lands to
the summit of the leaf-stalk, where there is then another
di'jiressed uland. The pinnules vary in our plant from two to
four iiair; (we have not seen five.) The leaflets of the iiinimle
are olilonji-elliiitic, nearly .smooth, ohtu.se, somewhat ohlique,
and rounded at hase, in from eight to fifteen or sixteen pairs.
From the axils of the two or three uppermost leaves come out
finiple OY aggregati'd peduncles, u.sually hy threes, above,
1! ltd A Iil'<i I) h !■; Ii A <• A <' I A.
18.1
niMMin;: t.,^..tli.T s.. iis lo lunn a sini.H s|.i..-r-lluNV.Mvcl imnnl,..
«itl. .■arl. ..r tl... .li.st.TS sul.t.M.I.Ml l.y latlirr |,„-v. .l.ri.lu<ms.
ai,iiflcxi<".Ml.-, scn.ic.nliitc mimI iunir.iimli" kiikdU. l>ra.'tcs. wl.i.li
ivsrml.lc stipules. Tin" llowiTs aiv .lisposcd in siil.crical. rather
MUMll liemls. on iieilnneles al.unl tiiiv.M|nailers of an inch Ion-:
they appear whif IV-.tn tl.<> e..l..r of th- Inn-. t..rtn..us. i>;ii.-liUe
stainenH. The ealyx is eaneseent. with a cose pnli.srenee. irnl
fivo-cleft at tiu' summit. '!'!..■ enruUa is deeply llve-i'aited. and ..f
a pumlish Immn. with ul.l..n-h"i<'e..late divisions. Tlie stamens
an. ten or more, Nvith v.-ry Ion- liK . -..ts. and very snndl whitish
rounded anthers. The le-nme (ae.ordin- to Dr. IMod-vtl) .s
r.an- or live in. h.s Ion-, Ihit, thin, numy-seeded. and an inrh or
more in ijreaiUii.
TLATK LIII.
iv.-ir
I N G A.
(I'l.UMIlllt, WlLl,I).)
Xiiliiml Orih r, Li:f;'.'Mi\ns.i^. LIiiiktkh r/,im!jliii/!o)t, Poly-
CAMIA, M()N(i;(IA.
Flowers I'OTA-dAMOi:?, peifccf, tiiiil niulc. — (.!////./■ o-tootlicd. Cornlli
inono]ietiil(Mis, tulnilur-runncl-roniioil, excccdinstlio calyx in lotiLrtli,
witli the Itonlin- ivu'ular and 4 or 5-uk'ft. S/'iiDuia iuuiutoih, oy-
scrtod, (10 lo 20O,) with tlio caiiiliary lilanicnts iiioro or lusri iinitod
intC' il tiibo. Lri/mnr Lroadly linear, eoniiiressed, ]-celk'il. ^V,v/^■
usually covorod with jmlp, uiore rarely with a pelliele or with fari-
naceous matter.
Rhruhs or trees of warm or trojiical climates, chietly indi;;-i'nous to
India and America, nsmilly uuarnu'd. Flowers in spikes or ulolmlar
heads, red or white, rarely yellow.
BLUNT-LEAVED TXGA.
In'(1A r.\(ifis-rATi.t Sjiun'.^ .^/ipiihirlliiis irdi-; filHn r<i)>/iiii"l<'-fi('iiii'>'itis,
fdlniVo: ^iihciiliinik-dVpUi'is siilKlhinili'ili'.s mcinhraiMccis ghihrix, qlnmlid'i.
* An Americiii iianio adopted by I'luiiiior.
f 'I'lic si«cilio iiiiimi (if uii:/iiis-niH. idludes to the slitirt and rather concealed
thorns with wliieh this tree is providi'd. TSrowne calls it llie h/iirk-l„i„l >^hnili,
and from (jthers in .Taniaiea, aeeonlin.L' to Maefadyen, il rcecivi'-' the timmhs oC
I'lirhiir/i 'I'lnini and \' /ilirifii- 7'rii'.
[.y-
,11a
■til,
oy-
t(Ml
iri-
: to
llMl-
Ills,
hlht.
iilcd
mil,
i
<
I,1V
<>tt>7<nri lith I'hil
lll'i.l I iiviiiN i'M\.
BL
U N T - L !•: AA' K I ' 1 ^' ' '
(licltdti
(lllKIl [II
lluli ijhtl'rUt inhrj'nni'l'ijh
(jriiiii '■iiji'
lal:.. ,/lnl„
1.^7
' //( r'i''r-
nram knnum
]i. 4:'>*i.
MiMnS.V IIIK/'I
1(1)1
disposHi^', U'jiiJiunc
/,„./„.— DixANi)., rrod., Vc
(/;,— Linn., ^\»
490. Wii.r.n.. ^1'- l''-. '^■"l- '^'- 1'
1000. Jacijuin,
•Flor.
Aiitil
vol. 1.
Ildi't. SclKHMiln-iuin, vol. ii.
t;ih. 11. SWAllTZ., Ol)S., p.
ti.b.
i^;',).
DllSCOl'llT.,
Ma( I'AinHN,
Flor. J:nii., vol. i. p.
30(J.
Ai-'K-ii-i 7"
'(Ir'I'iil'i
iliqai-
uimditi
rLUMU'.U.
(Ivl. 1!
iiniuiii,
ri.UKEX., till). 1, fig. 6.
Acacia
(irhorca mnjor sihuos'T, J'"'"''^ 'J
iiiiUtor, SI
Vquls
iiiloi'tis. —
Sloane, Hist. Jam., v
Ol. 11. p.
;j(i.
Miniom j'rid'icim, Ju'iis oni
IJiiowNK, Jamaic, p. --
ills blnalo-hinatk, sciitiinbus <
dro-iii
Uulihilf. —
Tins very singv
from ton to twenty R-L-t, is in
ilav-loavcd treo, attaining
abimt the lioi.^lit of
li^cnons to many <
,f the West Indi
Islaiuls, as wc
11 as to Cmnana and CayeniiP
on the ni'i.iililioriii.Li'
con
tinont, where it was ohsevvea by
1 by Humboldt and Bonplan
,d in the hitter phuv by Anblet. This is als.
ilso another ol" tli
Caribbean pro
States, haviiif;
Dr. Blod-ett.
,dnctions whieh extends to the limits of the Unit-.l
. been recently Ibnnd in Key West by our iVie.ul
The wo<
and tl
le nr
d is
id to be V(
How. the sinnmit of the tree irregi
liar,
ranches stra
jxray, nu
thorns are s
lininsr to brown, am
i:-linir. The smaller twi-s are round and
I covered with minute warts. The
tipuli
ir, or
come out at the ,i
UIK
lion of the leaf with
b.'stem; they vary in si/e, but an
ilwavs siiort. and in some
,f the twigs wi
holly absent.
Tiie leaves are bipinnate. only
four
in numlier
the leallets on ea(
1, pinule being only a single pair,
,,,sile. oliovate, very obHise or subemargma
te and rounded above.
ihibrons
and of a thin texture, wi
th widelv-rcticu
lated
the petiole channelled above, with a liollow
iunctiou of the secudarv ,ietiolcs. liaceni
circular iihiiu
iier\c!
1 at tl
terniiuai
llic peilice
loiiii' am
1 fasti'iiate. almost like a coryn
•rreeui
r-h \
cllow am
1 siiioolh, in
ilol
jose
heads. Calyx small,
thyrsoid.
Flowers
11,
188
G U A D A L 0 r P E IN G A.
fivo-tdotlRMl. Corolla more lliaii twii'o the Iciijith of the ciilv.v,
fivc'-clcf't toward tlio siiiiiniit, the seirinents
acu
te. Fil;
iin('ut><
iimncrous. slender, anil ea|)illar\', ncIIow. tliri'c times tlie lenLitii
)!■ th
1)11 ri
e eor
lie col
■ollii
I.
iC^'inne
toi'ulose, s[)irally t\vistt'(l.
redi
our
•(Is i
Ive or six, blaek, shinins', roundisl
1, eom-
pr
esscd, half covered with a white, tleshy, ai'ilhis-like pellicle
This plant has the credit oi" hein.i
nephritic comjjlaints, for the stone an(
pel
a sovereign remedy 11 )r
1 <;ravel, and also for ol)-
i^trnctions of the liver. The hai'k is the part employed; and
ISarham states (in his account of Jamaica, where this tree grows)
tliat in his time it was in such general nso that it was rare to
meet with a tree that had not been harked. The decoction, of
a red coloi', is very asti'ingent, and acts as a diuretic. It has also
been employed I'xternally' i s a lotion and injection, to i'emo\e tiic
relaxation of the parts, ['[ion the whole, it would seem to be
entitled to tlu; notice of [ihysicians, and descr\es ii further
examhuition.
PLATE J.IV.
A lirniirli iif tin: liiiliiral ^-uc. d. 'I'/h jlmrir ^niiiiirluil (hIhi-i/k/.
GUADALOUPE IXGA.
Ini:A ( Ir.MiAI.CrilNSIS. Jui /-///'V', /o///.v riii,jil,/il/,,-i/i iil'liillis,l'<iliii/i.-; iiliiii-illis
niilirliiiiii/ii i,< iili/)i.'-i.i i-iiiii.<l.< iildlii rriiiiis. i//iiiiJiil'i. in iHrhiiliiiiiiii /idinli
iji'lliri li iiiUr jUiiiih:, c<ijii(iili.\ ijluhiisis [inHi-illiilis /'(/'■iniu.^i.^, /((^niiiiin'
tiiiio (/Idhro. — DucANii., I'rod., vol. ii. p. 4:)(i.
MlMiiSA (iUADAI.l 1'1;.\.<1S. i''i/'Vx liijiiijif /(///i.//.v (j)-iii:ii(is, ohl'iijiiis tinh-
cori<K'ti.<, ((iii'iliilis ciiri/iiilio.^i.''. — Pdrsuu.n, Syiio[is., vol. ii. [i. -*'rJ..
Tins species also becomes a tree of twelve to twenty feet ele-
vation at Key West, according to the oljservation of tiie same
ir
V.I
? ■ H.i.Ul'l.
I'l. \x
'! n.i.„r.i;i/il1Ur~
/M,w ,Mi '
hn.ij.iltw/if llhjit
\\\ii\ (illilil;illl|ic'iiis
litiiti til- Li tUituli-liiufie
HCI
ilci
('('
\\]
lit
bl
ill
(Jl
k'
Ix
til
"1
l»
ul
li
111
VI
VI
CI
Ml
CI
II
ll
SI
h
G r.\ DA i,() r r !•: iN(iA.
180
^(•iitlciiiiui wlio (liM'i)V('rc(l till- iircccdiiii^-. The >i)cciiiicii dr-
H'rihcd li\' Pcrsooii (■■.iiiic from the island of (luadidi)ii[ir. Dccaii-
diillc Mi>i)Oct.s that it may lie ii inciv tlinrnlcss variety dftln' \nv-
ct'diii^- species, (J. iinniUN-niti ;) Imt, iVoiii iniiiiiToiis s[M'ciiiii'iis
Avhicli we liavc inspccti'd iVom Floiidii, tliore can remain very
little ddulit of its distinction as a peculiar species.
Tlie spines appear to lie vvlioily wantinii'; the l)ar]< of thi;
Ijranches is uray and rough with minute warts. The petioli'S arc
aliout threo lines long, and of the same h'ugth with tiie partial
ones; hoth nro strongly grooved nml distinctly articulated. The
leavi'S are smooth iind coriaceous, shining ahovo, didl and paler
heneath, delicately and reticulately veined, ([uite opaque from
their thickness, cuneate-oblong or lanceolatoK)hlong, ohtuse, and
sometimes rounded at the apex, at other times rather acute and
apieulated. A depres.sed gland at the summit of the petiole
lietween the stalks, and also one less distinct between the ]>airs
of leallets. The tlowers are axillary and long-pedunculate; they
likewise terminate the branches in corymbose racemes. The
heads of tlowers aiv hemispherical, and ap[)ear to have been
yeUo\vi,>^h green. The calyx is campaindate, with acute and
vi'ry distinct teeth; the corolla is nionopetalons, more widely
cMUipanulate at the suuniiit, twice as long as the calyx, with
acute segments. The pods are dark iiurplish brown, much
curved, three to four inches long, alfout half an inch wide,
attenuateil at the base, torulose iuid irregularly narrowed between
the seeds, but not interee|)te(l williiu. The seeds are deei) black,
somewhat compressed, and at one extremity half covered by a
bright rose-red lleshy and lobed arilli-;-.
PLATE LV.
A hnnirli "f llif iiiilnriii -"1:1: a. I'lic rii>i' pod. h. Tha ■^•><(.
S C 11 ^E F ¥ i: 11 A.
(.lACyUlN.)
Xuliirttl Order, (jKl.ASTniNK.K? Liiurvdn Cla-'isijicuHoii, DkkciA,
Tetisandhia.
])|ii;ciiir.-. — (jdii.r siiiiill, 4-iiiirtfil, jicrsistciit. 7' /"/.v foui', iiltcriiutin,i?
with the scji;ils. Stuiiiiiiii. lour, (iiiinisitc to llii' pcliils. Onirliim
L'-ci'IKmI. Sli(/)iiiis two. lirrrji dry, liiimrtiti', culls l-scedcd. t<(til
civet, iiliuio-c'oiivex ; iilliumcii tk'sliy ; uiiiliryo central, straiglit, iiiul
ihit.
Trcps of Trojiiciil Aiiici'lcM, willi iiltcnuitc, cntii'o, foriacooiiM loaves;
stipules none; ilowers sevenil, axillary, small and pcdieellaled, white
ol' "Tcen.
JAMAICA BOXWOOD.
Scii/iF.FFKUA nfxiroi.iA. FnJii.s hDicrdiilu-ovatls liii.ii (iltoiiKilis pkrisqHC
iicKtis rdiiiiilisijiic i/lnlirl.", ]Hi'ili,'< riri'lis dhlifsis.
Sc'iiynrriuiiA ruLTKScKNS, hiij-ifiilia. Foliis latins ovatis niiicronatis.
— ])i:cAND., Trod., vol. ii. p. 41. Lam., lUust., 1. 80!).
Jlii.ri fiiliu iDnjurr (ir)iiiiii}(iti), (irhitr buocij'cra, fructit. minorc crocco tUpjrcnu.
— Si.oANK, Hist. Janiai.'a, vol. ii. p. 10:2, tab. 200, lit;. 1.
AccniiDiXG lo Dr. Biudgctt, this plant, common at K03' West
and on tlio adjoining keys of Ea.st Flo'-ida, hocomcH a tree of
* .\:iiiii'(l ill 1 or ul' .James Christiuii SclnulVer, ol' Iiutisljuii, author of several
botaiiieal works.
VM
to
\
^
i
i
i
I'l I.VI
{.-"iiuiMMr- UhrkUa
ll/a,ftf<M*
Si h(i'ff<'i;i luixifoli;!
.hnv-uai H.'.y Hihhf Srhir/f/ni .( triuths ,1/ hum
th
Fi
of
P'
gi
w
T
w
tl
h
o
o
JAMAICA BOXWOOD.
101
thirty feet in lu-ioht, and is an article of export from the Ba-
hama Lshuuls, where it is valued at about forty dollars the ton.
From Poiteau's " Herbarium," it appears to grow in the island
of St. Domingo; it i= -1- npnarently identical with the Jamaica
plant of Sloane. The wood is pale yellow, very close and fnie-
grained, and might easily be mistaken for that of the true Box,
which name it bears in the Bahamas.
The twigs are slender and covered with a light gray bark.
The leaves^ are very smooth and shining on the upper surface,
with slender branching veins, lanceolate and very acute, yet on
the lower part of the same specimen blunt or even emargmate;
but thev are always narrowed below. The i.ale flowers (the
only ones I have seen) are small, on very sh:.rt peduncles, three
or four to-'ether, witli a rather minute caly:<, and four broadish,
green, oblong, obtuse petals. The stamens are usually four,
shorter than the petals, sometimes more by the mgraftment ol
two peduncles. The stigmas are two, and short. The berries
rather flattened and two-lobed, about the size of a grain of cubebs,
dry. but with a. thick integument, two-celled, two^eeded. and of
a pale oran-e-yellow when ripe. Appearances of resin are visible
on «ome of the bu.ls, and the berries have rather an acrid bitter
taste, something like that of tobacco; yet, notwithstanding
their disa-reealile taste, they are greedily devoured by birds.
Tlie white flowers of S./nil,sm>s, the S. comphta of Swart/,
M„l it. humble stature, a]>pear to distinguish it from our plant.
T.i^Ai'E LVI.
A huwrh of the mdmil si:.: u. Thcvmkjhmr. h. Thfnnf.
C E A N O T H U S/
(Lixx., in pnrt.)
Natunil Order, Eiiamxk.t:, (Dccand.) Linnrrnn Clasmfimtion,
PKXTAXnUIA, MOXOGYNIA.
Cohjx campanulatc, shortly 5-clcft, with the horilor docichinus. rdnh
live, nu'iillato, and arched, csscrtod, with long claws. Stamais ex-
scrtod. JJi-^l; thickened at the margin surrounding the ovary.
Sii/k'S three, uinted to the middle. Fruil dry and rigid, mostly
0-celled, ohtusely triangular, seated on the persistent tube of tho
calyx, tricoccous, dehiscing by the inner sutures. .Vcu/.v obovate,
even.
Shrubs or undershrubs, rarely smiUl trees, of tho temperate parts of
America. Roots largo and ligneous. Leaves alternate, ovate or
cUipti'ul, mostly serrate, sometimes entire, persistent or deciduous.
Flowere white or blue, in umbel-liko clusters, aggregated at the
extremities of the branches into thyrsoid corymbs. The taste of the
root an<l most other parts of the plant more or less astringent. One
of the species was formerly employed as a succedaneum for tea, and
hence the name of "New Jcrsii/ Tea."
* .Vniiueient Greek name cuiiiluyeil by TheuplirarttUH fur a filaiit nuw unknown.
102
i
■1 LVll
TlHM* iVallDlllllK
ainolluM i/nrxit'liiiutc Ccunolhf (hrrsiyJi'i'e ■
TREE CEAXOTIIUS.
CEAX'/riiis Tiiviii^iFi.onrs. Arhorca,mrl.i; ranm(wrliitls,f<,lilsonih.
obhwjis iiilnllqitki^, ohUms mmmmdis, tjla,HMoi<o-.sirriiM;s siih-
t/hhris, siihlii.^ siibclllosi': ; (h.i/rm nhloiif/o-oroUbus (kii.sijhris coyijm-
'inii;, ,'.nll<rr:i>^is trn,nH<M„s>i>ir, ranii'^ Jh.nj'cns folmis ; florihus nzuiri^.
Ckaxothus (!np:-;floms.—\^saiowi^, in Mom. Acad. St. rctorsl.., (1820.)
IlnoKKii, Flor". Bor. Am., vol. i. p. 125. 11ooki:iv und AiiNorr, in
IJot. 15ui!cliy, p. 131). TuiiiiKY and Guay, vol. i. p. 200.
Though .suveral .species of tlii.s ok-iint genus in California,
Oregon, and along tlio northwest coa.st, become considerahliJ
shrubs, this is the only one which can be classed among trees.
It was somewhat abundant on dry, gravelly hills in the vicinity
of Monterey, where I arrived in the month of March, about
the time that it was bursting into llower. My attention was
called to it in the wood-pile, where considerable stems, at least
us thick as a man's leg. lay consigned to the ignoble but still
imiH.rtant use of firewood. The wood appeared hard, tough,
of a reddish clor, and it allbrded a durable fuel. The l)ranches
were tortuous, spreading, and coveri'd with a rough Ijark; the
branchlets green and angular. Leaves nearly elliptic, the
uppermost ovate-oblong, all ghindularly serrulate ; al)ove smooth,
beneath pubescent, particularly along the three strong nerves
which traverse the leaf to the sunnnit ; the petioles very short ;
the upper branchlets terminating in thyrsoid panicles of deep
blue and very elegant tlowers, made up of numerous round,
dense clusters, in small corymbs; the terminal mass oval, alxn.t
three inches long by about an inch in wi.lth ; the clusters are
subtended by ovate, acuminate, broad, villous, and deciduous
bractes. Tlie calyx, petals, and peduncles, are of a deep sky-
blue ; the segments of the calyx ovate; the petals, as usual,
ungniculate and exserted, as well as the stamens; the anthers
are v.'Uow. With the fruit 1 am wholly unacquainted.
Vuu lV.-l:i ^''•■'
1D4
T U E E C E A N U T II U S.
As this is a liartly and very ornamental i)lant, it well dcwrvcs
cultivation. Tlie llower.s appear early in the spring, and tlic
whole sunnuit ol" the tree appears of an intense blue.
The bark of the CciiiioI/iiih a7:tin-m, a plant allied to the pre-
sent species, is esteemed in Mexico as a lebrifuge.
PLATE LVII.
^■1 lifiiiirli cf the iHiUifdl size. a. The Jhiirrr.
Ckanothl-s jiwcrociirpus. — Nutt., in Tnr.UKY iiiid Guay. As this is
not tlio plant of Willdenow, I take; tliis opportunity of cormtini,'
the orror, and propose to call it Cnmuthiis iiiqidciirpiif.
I'Eitsi.MMoN, (Dmptjrus Viri/nilnna.) ,9 pudkscicns. FuU'm litihlns vkiI-
lilcr jiil'-isifi.
Of this reniarkalde variety, with the leaves softly pilose
lieneath, I have seen specimens from Louisiana, collected l)y
Mr. Teinturier; and a very similar but less pubescent variety
was found in Georgia by tlie late Dr. Baldwin, (according to
specimens in the herbarium of the Academy of Natural Sciences
in tliis place.)
cs
10
to
I lAllI
Snake Wood.
Coliihriiltl Anu't'inuui /iin.i (//■ ('(iiilriiyre
C O L U B 11 1 N A.
(HiCI'AKD.)
Na(,u;d Order, RiiAMNE.F.. Li>N,<ran a>u>Hifirafum, Pentaxdria,
MoNOOYNIA.
0,h,x spvcadinir, .Vcleft; the tube iKnuisplun-icnl. P>f'>h five, ol-
oviite, involute, ,SV. • 'CVS live, ^vitl, ovate, -l-vAV'A atulinv. I>,.^h
il.sliy, ratlier <'.at, slightly rj-anirletl. Ovm-n immerse.l in a.i.l ad-
herini to the disk, ^^celled. %/c trifid. HHnmas throe. Fruil
tapsular, de'iisc'ent, trieocoous, gir,^ at the base by the adiiate, per-
ma.ient. entire tube of the ealyx. Sa:ds furnished with a sliort
i<talk, the testa eoriaeeo--', very smooth.
Trees or shrubs of Trnpieal America and Asia. Leaves alternate,
with pinnate .lerves, and retieuhUe.I witli transv.Tse veins. Flowers
in short, axillary cymes.
SNAKG-WOOD.
CoLunniNA Ameiucana. FM.< nnitis suhrtcnminans mlr;ir;s, sHbln.'
rmiu'U, Jbribus,,m farurjlnco-villosis, Jiorihus axillnribjis ,-or!/mb,m
iiiliirc()atii.
CEANOTiins coM,rimn.~lMiMicK. Dixanl., Prod., vol. ii. p. :!l.
ri;Ksi)iiN, Svnops., vol. i. p. 244.
liHAMNT- n-/;//,r/,M..-.lAC(iUiN', Amcr., 74, No, -J, Uort. Vindobon.,
vol. iii. tab. .-,(). V.V.K1,, Icon, rar., tab. lO,",. Linn., Sy^t., vol. i.
mo
SNA K E-WOOn.
IvilAMNUS arhorcH.i, fiilii.<! ohimili.'< vcno.<i.^, cnpati)/.-.' .ipharlri.'i, iitfi nic ad
nudklaU'in caluptrati-^. — Buowne, .Taniaic, p. 172, Xo. 2.
]{hamnus fcrrwjhieus. — Ni'TT., in Touuey aii<l Gray, Flora X. Am.,
vol. i. p. 2i>!, and Jourii. At'ad. X;it. Sc, I'liilad., vol. vii. ji. 90.
Arhiir lHU\-iJ\ra iwllcn, foVli hvijorihus spkndadhus jhrc pcidaptialu. —
CoM.M., ][ort., J). 4To, tal). HO.
A I'l.owKiiiXG si»ooiiiien of thirt tree was collectod at Key
Wc'st, ill East Florida, by Mr. Titian Pualc. From this im-
porfoct relic I conceived it to belong to a now species, which I
honco called the lerriiginous Buckthorn ; hut on comparing it
more attentively with, a line specimen of lihamnus cohihrlmm,
collected in St. Domingo by I'oiteau, I felt satisfied of their
identity. It is indigenous to the islands of St. Martin, tlic
Bahamas. Jamaica, St. Domingo, and Cuba, whore, on the high
niDinitains, it lioconies a tree of twenty feet in height; but on
the borders of the sea, among the brushwood, it seldom attains
a greater lieight than that of six or .seven foot. The branches
s})road out luri/ontally and are tliickly covered with loaves.
It is remarkable for thi' ferruginous d(jwn spread over the
petioles and Noung U'aves, as well as upon the j)oduncles and
calyx of tlie tiv)\vers. The bark is smooth and blackish, but
the younger branches are gray and down}'. The leaves an'
alternate, oval, somewhat acuminately and abruptly pointed,
entire, smooth and shining almve, tomeritose beneath when
young, afterward only so on the nerves, three to four inches
long by about two inches widi-; the petioles from a (piarter to
half an inch long. The llowers are small, disposed in sliort,
axillary corymbs, ci)ntaining in each duster idjout seven to ton.
'J'lio calyx is \iilous and ferruginous, live-parted, the divisions
ovate and somewhat acute; the |ietals, five in numlier, are nar-
row, linear-oblong, about the length i)f the divisions of the
calyx, unguiculate, concave, and partly endjracing the stamens,
which are about the same length. FU'sliy disk of the germ
conspicuous, broiidly live-lobod. 'J"h(> style is simple, termiiuiting
SNAKE-n'OOl).
197
i,; throe siiiipU", ol)tusc stigmas. The fruit, nearly hnlf-way
embraced by the persistent base of the calyx, is a capsule of
three lobes, with three valves and three elastic cells. The
seeds are solitary, nearly round, and somewhat compres.sed,
shining and black, remaining, often after the lapse of the cap-
sule, attached to the base of the cells. With the wood of this
tree or its economy I am unacquainted.
Another species of this genus, with smooth, elliptic, and some-
what acuminated leaves on longish petioles, occurs, according to
La Sagra, in Cuba. In this also the small axillary umbels are
very few-llowered, smooth, and pedicelhited : this might Ijo called
Co ithruia ijlabra.
PLATE LVIII.
A hnnirh of (he nntural size. a. The ,n„hd of jlowrr^. b. The flower n
link enlarged, e. The I lYimumiig attached to the reeeplarle.
IJ U C K T H O P N.
Xii/in-iil Onlt i; RiiAMXK.E. Liinimm Clunnljlration, rKXTANOKlA,
MoNOGYNIA.
RIIAMXUS.* (Li.vN.)
(V///r nroooliito, witli the border 4 or 5-clet't. I'ltuJ.^ four or five,
altoriKitiiijj witli tlio calyx, eiit'ro, cmargiiiato or i-loliod, riioru
or less C'liivoluto, somctuiic;; ivantiiii;. Tunis tliiii, rmiiiic llio tulu'
of the calyx. Stainitid situated before the petals. Onny free, and
not irninersed in the torus or dii^'c, 2 to 4-eelled. S/i/l(S two to
four, distinct, or eonibined. Fndt drupaceous, eoutaiuiiig two to
four eartilaginou:i nuts.
The 15urkthorns are all shrubs or snuUI trees, with alternate and
rarely opposite leaves, on short petioles, often pennatejy nerveil.
The tlowers are snudl and ii;reenish, usnaily in short axiihiry (JMslers
or small eorvndis.
CAROLINA BUCKTIIORX.
KuA.MXt-s CAitoi.ixiANrs, C^Vai.tkk, Flor. Carol., ]i. 101.) Enrtiis.
fulii.i <iraV<-<jhhiiHj'ts iii/if/riusriilis (jhihris, iDiibillis iiuluiiciihiiis, Jliirlliii.-<
licrmiiphrixUtci', fnirt' -is r/lnhosis. — MiniAux, Flor. Bor. Am., vol. i.
ji. l")!!. Decand., Prod., vol. ii. p. 20.
KiiA.MXus Cauoliniani s. Erect, unanned; leaves oval-oblong, ob-
scurely serrate, nearly glabrous, (or rarely pubescent lieneath ;)
* From llii' (cllic /■//», liiMiicliiiiL:' ; ;iim1 liriicr llic (Ircck /.uym^.
IDS
to
to
ll/IM
ob-
I'l. hlX
Carolina HucAthoni
J,%,iniiiis CirDldiifiiiis X,/;iriiii <^f In f'nrnlinr
ur
tl(
III
111
T
'J
iind
LiU
i.r
Arl
Tri
Mil
boi
wii
tVli
ve
lo(
Ui
pii
t\>
SII
\v
tl
al
it
CAROLINA BUCKTHORN.
199
umlit'ls axillary, on pcdiiiiuh^s iniicli shorter than the jiotiok's;
ilowors perfect, pciitandrous, (.sometimes tetrauilroii.s;) jictals mi-
nute, embraciiii^ the very short stamens; styles united to the sum-
mit; stigmas three; fruit globose, rather dry, 5i to 4-soedcd. —
TouiiEV and (jUAY, Flora N. Anier., i. ji. 202.
Tins fuie Bucktlioni, though usually ii shruh in our Suutlieni
iind Southwestern forests, on the borders of Palmetto Creek,
Laurens county, in Georgia, the late Jlr. Crooni observed trees
of this species thirty to forty feet high. In the forests of
Arkansas, they attain the height of ordinary Peach or Ajjple
Trees, and, congregated together, produce shady groves of con-
siderable extent. The quality or uses of its wood remain a
desideratum. The stems are, however, slender i()r their height,
being not more than four to si.v inches in diameter.
The leaves are three to six inches long and one to two inches
wide, oval-oblong and widening ti>ward the summit, the ex-
tremity more or les.s briefly acuminate, tlie border slenderly
serrulate, and sometimes irregularly waved; the lateral pennate
veins are ten to twelve, and rather distant; the very young
leaves before oxpansiim are somewhat ferruginously villous.
Undtels on stout pedicids, from 10 to lo-llowered. The cal^x
pubescent but not ferruginous, the segments laiu:e()late; petals
two-lobed at the extremity. The fruit, black, as large as a
small pea, is mostly three-seeded. Seeds black, plano-convex,
without a groove.
This species begins to ajipear in North Carolina and extends
through Georgi;' to Florida. West t)f tae Mississippi, it is
abundant on the banks of the Arkansas, and Mr. Say collected
it within the range of the Rocky Momitains.
In Bartram's Botanic Garden, at Kingsessing, where this
species is perfectly hardy, it forms an elegant tree, and has
attained the height of nearly twenty-five feet in twenty years.
Colonel Carr,the late worthy proprietor of this interesting garden,
tells me that for a ctnsiderable time the berries remain red. ami
200
IT 11 Sirs BUOKTHOUN.
arc very oniiniu'iitiil; at IcMifrtli towaril wIiiUt tlicy turn Mack,
and remain so lor a lonu; time, until .some famislii'd Hock of
robins liillrt upon anil strips tlicni nearly at onw.
PLATE LIX.
A branch <if titc nalural nl^c. a. Tlicjldim-dibirijul. /». The In rricis.
PURSirS BUCKTHORN.
IJiiAMM's I'nisiii.v.NTS, (Dt'caiid.) Jncnnis, nrr/u.^, J'nili.s ((ilo-iin/ili'ris
mmulc drxticiildl'i-ficrrdli-^' .^hIiIhs jiiihisi'tHlilnis iurr!.< hitirulilnis aliliiinis
Unmlis, pahmcuUs axiK'Tilmti iiiiihilliilisJlijrilni.^-'/iti- puhcdcotlihu.-; valji-e.
H-filo, pdalis initudis cdcidhifi.i.—lhniK., Flor. I'.or. Am., vol. ii. \>.V2'),
t. 43. Dkcaxi)., Trod., vol. ii. \<. ■2^>.
KiiA.MNUS a!ivj'oli(tti. — Vvii:'n, Flor. Am. Hv[<t., vol. i. p. lti<i, (iion
L'lLrhkr.)
Tins is another species of Buckthorn which Ixn-onies a tree of
ten to twenty I'eot elevation, with a trunk of nine inches in
diameter. It was discovered within the liooky Mountain range,
on the hanks of .Salmon Eiver, by Captain Lewis; and it is
of common occurrence on the borders of the ()re;,'on, in tlie
upland shady woods near the skirts of the prevailing Pine
forests. Menzies also met witli this tree near Nootka. on the
northwest coast of America. It bears a strong re.send)lance to
the Ji. Oirulliilunws,- but the leaves are broader, shorter, and
more decidedly serrated, and the Ijerry is strongly three-lobed.
The branches are round, dark brown, and pubescent. The
loaves are three to live inches long, petiolate, deciduous, but at
length somewhat coriaceous, broadly elliptic, rounded or rarely
somewhat acute at the base, obtuse or sometimes very sliortl}
CAT II A I! T 10 lU'CKTII O 11 N.
201
i<>r
aciimiiiMto, tlio iniir;j,in niiiiiitcly siTriiliitc, the yoiiiiL' Iciuch
inilicscciit at length, only (<o on tlio nerves Ijeiioiitli, the iierveH
in olilique Hnes; petioles puhe.scent. Stipnles quickly deeidnons,
jiiMJiincles solitary, an ineh or more lonjr, unihelhiteil; pedicels
puhescent, elonjrated in the fruit. Calyx externally ptdiescent,
six-cleft; the sejinients acute, internally cariiiate. Petals minute,
cuculhite, hilid at the apex, shorter than the calyx, very concave,
and cucullate. Stamens opposite the petals ami involved in
them. Germ nmall, ovate. Style shorter than tin; jrerm; tiie
stigma ohtuse and three-lohed. Berry wider ahove, three-ci'lled,
three-seeded. The seed ohovate, hlack, very shining, convex
cxteriiidly, internally with a central, elevated line at the hase,
at the hyluni yellow.
The C.VTiiAUTic BucKTiioiLV {RhdiniiKs oi/Iiiirliriis) appears to
he a native of the Northern States of the Union, as it occm's in
the wildest situations. The berries and syrup of this species
have long been employed in medicine. The juice of the berries,
in a dose of ii\Q or six drachms, proves a strong cathartic; but
it is generally made into a syrup. The bark has als(j an emetic
qualify. The juice of the unripe berries with alum gives a
yellow dye; that of the ripe fruit, concentrated by evaporation,
and treated in the same maimer with a solution of alum, ^ives
a green paste, — the sap-green employed by painters, — and, from
the manner in which it is prepared for sale, is called, in France,
rcrf tic rcmle.
In New England, particularly in the vieiniiV of Boston, this
species is much employeil for useful and orna-nental hedges, ami,
bearing well to be cut, growing thick, an<l remaining green till
winter, it is strongly recommended for this useful purpose.
IV.— l:l»
MANCIIINEEL.
NiiiKnil O/v/c/', p]ci'lK)UlilACK/T;? Li'iinmni (Viissijlrd/inu, M()N(F,-
CIA, MoNAnEUMllA.
lIirrOMANK.* (Linn.)
AfoxcKciors. — Mfilc flowers with a sulicinnpamiliito, omanonalo calyx
and no corolla. A single columnar iilanient terniinatiiii; in four
antliors. — In tlic fa-t'dc flower there is a 3-leaved caly.x and no
corolla. .S7'//l" very short. Slii/nta ti or T-clel't. Fniit, a (Iriipe con-
taining a six to seven or more celled nut; each cell witli one seed;
the colls indchiseent.
A large poisonous tree of Trojiical America, with alternate, entire
leaves ; the male flowers clustered in interruiitcd, terminal spikes.
The fi'uit solitary and sessile, resemliling an apple.
MANCIIINEEL.
irrPPOMAXK MANCINEIJ.A. lAjliifl omtis SnTi'llix. — LlN"N'.,WlLl.n., Sp. ]il.
liAMAUcK, lUust., t. 703. 3 ACQ., Am., edit, pid., t. 2:!8. Aiui.ct,
(Juian., vol. ii. p. 885.
flldhts Americana, lauroccrasi folio, venenata. Manrinello arbor sen Jlla.i-
.'^iiiilia dicta. — CoMMEL., Ilort., vol. i. p. 131, t. G8.
Jiajlnndi affum arbor jtdifcra, lacicsrcns, venenata, ii'jrifoUn, Mancanillo
Jlispani'-- dicta. — Si.oani;, Jamaic. Hist., vol. ii. p. 3, t. 15!).
* I'rum l-zii;, a hor»'', luid /laviu, ma</iirsx. Tlio iiuiiio, lidwcvor, was a]i]ilii'(l
by the Greeks to a very ditVereut jilaiit which grew in Areailia, said to render
liiirses furicins.
2(12
N(K-
iilyx
four
IK)
con-
sul;
itiro
ken.
i.rr.
1/-^^■-
r^iM
I' I i.X
.VLmi'liiiHf
Hi/i/KHHiiitr ■ ff/iii<'li:<///i
](iiuiiiii//ii r
Mn
Hi
Vil
CO!
K(
to
til
ail
ill
lu
<rl'
n'
ill
III
M
al
(\
III
(i
II
1,
('I
(I
f(
M A N C II I N E K L.
20:J
M<>,ir,n,Hla ;»/,",/./,/('.— Plum iKii, Gc.i., p. 40, t. 3. MSS. vol. vi. t.
109. Cateshy's Carol., vol. ii. p. 05, t. 0.').
Ador Amn-Miita Muneincllo dklajructu pond vcnenalo, nudrls srpkm-i
el jilurHjiis, In ossicalo muricnlo, iotldem loftdis dispcrliti), iiwtusin.—l'LV-
KKN, Ahiiag., p. 44. riiytog., tub. 142, fig. 4.
Ilippomanc urljorann. lactcscms, nimiditi tmiati-i ; petiidis ijlundidd imlah.i ;
jlorlbiis spiaiUs, mlxAis.—V,\w\s^v., Juiii., p. ^'-fjl.
The Mancliincol Tree atta'ns a great size on the sea-coast in
various parts of the West India Islands and the neijihljoring
continent. It lias also been found growing very conunon at
Key West, in low places, wliere it attains the height of thirty
to forty feet. It has nuich the aspect of a Pear Tree at a dis-
lance, while the fruit resembles in appearance and scent a small
api)le, and is produced in such abundance that the ground, when
they fall, appears as if it weve paved with them; they possess,
however, very little i)ulp, hei:.g internally occupied by a deeply-
grooved nut as largo as a chestnut. No aniuuil, except goats
and macaws, chooses to feed on them; and they become dry,
brown, anil spongy, and as useless as they are deleterious. Tlu;
wood, on the contrary, is in great esteem for tables, cabinets,
and other articles of furniture, being close-grained, heavy,
durable, finely variegated with brown, white, and snades of
AvUow, and susceptible of a high polish. Tables made of it
"almost resemble marble, and are e.pially smooth and shining.
Creat caution, however, is necessary in felling the tree; and,
before they begin, it is the usual i)ractico of the workmen,
first to kindle a fire round the stem, by which means the
milky sap becomes so nuK-h inspissated as not to follow the
blow's of the axe. Tli.n- al.<o take the further precaution to
cover the face with a net of gauze, to prevent the access both
of the juice and the particles of sup-wood, which might be dele-
terious.
All parts of tb<' Mauchineel Tree abound with a white, milky
sap. which is very poisonous, and so ca\istic that a sinde <h\)p
M A N cm N E E L.
reci'ivt'il upon tlie back of the hand immediately ])rodiices the
M'nsatioii of the toiicli of a coal oi" (ire, and soon raises a watery
blister. The Indians, accordin;:; to Hawkins, used to jjoison
tJK'ir arrows with this juice, which retained its venom tor a
loii!^ time. Another and much more deadly jjoison was com-
monly used for this })urpose, however, by the American savages
of tlie warmer parts of America, — namely, the vnniri, chielly
obtained fn)ni the juice of the t'ifn/i-Juioii; and this was distin-
giiishal)le liy producing the efli-'ct of tihnnts or lockjaw, wbicii,
mostly fatal, Avas sometimes protracted fcjr several days before
producing di'atli. It is reported that man\- of the Kuropeans
■who iirsi landeil in Surinam died suddenly from slee[)ing uiulcr
this tri'e; and there may probably be soTue foundation in truth
for such reports, when we take into consideration the volatile
nature of the poisonous principle of these pla.ics. As in the
Acnonious species of Rhus or Sumach, also, while many in-
dividuals arc- affected by the poison, others, for no evident
reas(m, can touch or handle these ])lants with impunity. Ifence,
though .Tacquin assei'ts that ho I'eposed under tlu' shade of the
Manchineel for the space of three hours without eN[>cricncing
any inconvenii'iice. it docs not follow that it would be er(ually
hannless to all who should hazard tiu; e\i)eriment; and, \\i[\\ a
laudable prudence, the inhabitants of Mai'tini((ue formerl}- burneil
down whole wooils of the Manchiuetd in order to clear their
country of so dangerous a ])esv.
fatesby acknowledges that h(> was not sudiciently satislicd of
its poisonous (puilities "till, assisting in the cutting down a tree
of this kind on Aii<lr<i^ Island, I paid for my incredulitj': sonu!
of the milky jioisvuious juice s) irting in my eyes, I was two
days totally deprived of sight, :,nd my eyes and face much
swelled, and lelt u violent pi'ickiug pain the fii'st twenty-lour
hoius. which from that time abated gradually with the suelling,
and went oil' without any application or remedy, none in that
M A N C 11 1 N E E L.
•Mi,
uninhiiliitfd isliuid being to be had. It is no woudor that tlie
sp-i) of this tree should be so vindcjit, when rain or dew lalliny
from its leaves on the naked body causes blisters on the skin,
and even the clUuvia of it arc so noxious as to ail'ect the senses
of those which stand any time under its shade."
Oily substances are considered the best remedy fur this
poison. Some also reeonunend a large glass of sea-water to
be drank instantly as a preventive.
The branches of the Manchineel arc covered with a grayish,
smooth bark. The leaves, which fall annually, are alternate,
petiolate, numerous, oval, pointed, almost cordate at the base,
slightly and distantly serrulate, dark green, rather thick,
shining, veined, and transversely nerved, tliree to four incdies
long l)y about two inches wide. Stipules oval and caducous.
The llowers are small and of a yellow ctdor, mona'cious, and
grow upon straight, terminal spikes, like catkins. The nude
llowers are minute, collected togethc ■ in clusters of about thirty
together, each cluster suljtended Ijy a concave, caducous scale.
The calycini" scales are accompanied at their base Ijy two large,
lateral, orbicular, depressed glands. The fertile flowers are
sessile and solitary. The drupe, in color and odor, is so like
a small apple that it might easily be mistaken for it; it is
shining, and of a ycUowish-gree.i color, with a white and milky
pulp. ' it c(mtains a thick, bony nut. full of angular crests
which preject almost tlirough the skin; it has, ordinarily. si.K
or seven, sometimes as many as fourteen? one-seeded cells, which
have no spontaneous dehiscence or valves. The mair llowers
have a very smal' onedruved, roundisli, 1)ifid calyx, witli a
straight, slender lUament as long again as the calyx, beanng
f.,ur ''roundish anthers. The J' male ilower, like the j-receding,
has no corolla, and consists of a three-leaved calyx, with round-
ish, obtuse, connivi'ut leallets. The ovary is oval, superior, as
long as the calyx, surmounted liy a straight, short style, d.'ei)ly
20fi
A L E U HI T E S.
diviilc'd into six or seven long, siil)niute, jiuinted, inid rellected
stiyniiis.
PLATE LX.
^■1 hranch of tlic nalural s'cc. a. Tlie maJc jliu\:\ h. 'J'hc (if/il<-li/.c
drtipc of llic nataral 7)iaf/niladc. c. A Inaoin rsc scclloii of the (Inqte
li'iriiif/ uLc cdl.s and one ahortive cdl. d. The. seed, of tin natural niag-
niladc. c. 'The kernel, with the inverted cmhrjo of the natural size.
The poisonous Upas, [Aiitiaris toxkarUt,) bearing solitary,
female flowers with two styles : d an unequal drupaceous
fruit, thoujiii only of one cell, still ajiproaelies nearer to the
anomalous Manehineel, iu this family, than to any plant of the
Ar/iiiiirpKi; witli whicli it is so unnaturally associated.
Akuriku, by its fruit, a two-celled, two-seeded, indehiscent
drupe, appears to bo almost intermediate with Antiaris jind
Hippomane. Wo are unacipiainted witii tlie structure of the
seed in Antiaris; Init tlic ()l)li([uity of the fruit, and its swelliuj^
out in(jre to one side, would seem to indicate tlie presence of
two germs. Those poisonous phiiits, as well as the Aleurites,
seem to form a natural group, wiiieh furtlier observation nuist
decide; if so considered, they iiiight bear tlie name of Ilii'i'o-
manEjE, from the well-kno^vn .Manehineel, and will be distin-
guished cliielly Irom tlie Kn'iKiHiu.vrE.K by tiieir indeiiisceut,
druiiaceous fruit of one or two to seven or more one-seeded
cells, in place of three, the characteristic number in Euplior-
biaceic.
The large oily kei'uels of the Aliiirilis fri/oki. known in the
Sandwich and Friendly Islands by the name of Too-tooo, are
employed by the natives, generally, for light:- pierced witii a
skewer, they are lighted like a candle or a torch, and burn well
and for ;x long time, giving out a Ijright llame and smoke. An
excellent oil is obtained from these nuts by expression, wliicli
A L E U R I T E S.
21)7
i.s used for a variety of purposes, and answers well for piiiut.
It constitutes, lil<ewise, one of tlio most ornnmental and cliarae-
teristic trees of tlie forest, visible at a great distance l)y tlie
paleness and whiteness of its verdure, and hence the name of
Alcurites given to it hy Forster, from its mealy appearance.
It grows rapidly and aiTords a fine shade, producing leaves
which resemble those of the Plane Tree.
F.NI) HI' Vol.. 1. or NUTTAl.I,.
HTKnKtHTI'F.li HV I.. .iitllNSOS k CO.
I'llll.AliKl.l'llH.
■| Jxv-d
s n ■••'.'■■u cji
^f:i?ggamM
'ir'iPj
r;'-»;-
"M livnd
iiir ft'-'' F i ■■.'' '<■'• i' ;•
■•fill ■a;ni|n?i,Sv ,,. a.,.] s n ;• u-a i '1
T. 1 R. nnt U S Pop), nt Aj' ru'L.tc, 1»9:,
Plate III.
Assam Hybrid Tea Plants at Pinehurst. Three and a halk YLAUb Old and LEbb,
SHOWING Variation in Size of Leaf and General Vigor of Growth.
I
^
•| 3iVld
rem oioi.njuSv i" Ki-io s n i'°<">v ■••I'J
/
^
F.b«> R.'pofl, U S D-iM ilAg.cjIu'o. I8«.
■;--*■■(..•• '>.
Plate V.
«!
BaWaTRiNG Hemp Plants.
%V; ■ *
ruar«'^ ^ X*.
' lt..»,-li.,.J>liiMI>^MliBiabi
t,- i
■i
Fig. 2. Routed Cuttings. LE-aves, and Roots.
•■sV
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