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'J'HE
lUTTKKFLIKS OF XOHTIl AMKRICA:
WILLIAM H. EDWAlfDS.
MEMHER OF Tin: MiiEnii:ix r.ST()V(.i.()(!ir.\i. snriF.TY
PIIlLADKLIMllA:
THE AMERICAN ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.
I,si;s_i,s72.
TKXT ItKI'ltIM I.I)
BOSTON: IIOUGIITOX, OSdOOI) AM) COMPANY.
1H7II.
Entomological Branch
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICUL i URE
OTTAWA - - CANADA
There be Infects wiili Hille lioines proakinj,' out before their eyes, but weake and tender
they be, and good for nothing; as the liutterliies. — /'////r ,■ J'hil. Holhiiid's 'J'nnis.
Many Infects there he that l)reed after
upon the Radilb leafe. From it arifelh a liltl
lotiier fort ; and principally of dew, which fetleth
e grub, and lo in process and tiact of time it
growcth l)igger and gathereth an hard hufke about iier. This is c\lled Chrylalis
fome time, when the hiilke is broken, he proveth a faire Hying Dutterlhe. — JluJ.
and
ifler
-i^7
PREFACE.
On completing tho present Volume, I have little to add, by way of Preface, to
the Advertisement that accom[)anied the first Part. I have endeavored to make
the work in some degree worthy the beautiful forms it represents, and to this end
have been fortunate in the eo-operation of an accurate artist and careful colorists.
To Mr. E. T. Cresson, the late Corresponding Secretary of tiie .Vmerican Entomo-
logical Society, I am under obligation for his constant supervision in all depart-
ments, and in the printing and pnblishing especially. From many li-pidopterists
whose names will be found mentioned, I have received kindly aid and generous
use of si)ecimen3.
It has been a delight to make known the charming loiterers of our mountains
and forests and lields, the study of whose ways has long been to me a recreation
and a constant pleasure such as naturalists oidy can appreciate and perhajis com-
prehend. Works of this class, if faithfully executed, cannot be remunerative in a
pecuniary sense, and the ^irejiaration of them must be strictly a labor of lovi". For
this reason, it has been the more gratifying to have received from my subscribers
•frequent assurances of satisfaction as the several Parts have ajipeared, and expres-
sions of approval and encouragement from entomologists and naturalists whose es-
timation I highly value. This has chiefly determined me to continue publication,
which I am the more willing to do, as many long kr.own S2)ecies of our but-
terflies still remain unfigured and the number of new ones increases with surprising
rapidity. Nearly one hundred have been brought to notice during the past
twelve months, a large part of which are the results (>f one season's intelligent col-
lecting in Colorado, by Mr. Mead, and the total number catalogued in the Synopsis
now excee<ls five hundred. It is useless for illustration to attempt to keep pace
with discovery in these circumstances, and in such a world as this continent af-
fords, but some effort should be made lest the very wealth of species prove a
hindrance to the study of this branch of natural history, for notliing is more per-
plexing and discouraging to the beginner than dry, unillustrated descriptions. I
hope therefore tv^ commence Volume II in course of the next few months.
W. II. EDWAPvDS.
Coalburgh, on the Kanawha River, West Virginia, June 1, 1872.
A i)V Kirn si: mi: NT.
Sl\<i: llic |iiilili('iilinii (if I'xiisdnviil mid I-(( "niilc's Lciiidoptcrcs dc rAiiK'riinic
S('|itfiitri()niilc, is:;:;, in wlucli tlic L-n'iitcr iiiiiidicr nf lliiltcrllirs ot' tlir I'liitt'd
Sfiltcs were <|(scril)cd iilld (imiivd. iiKist Iv rnilll llic |)lii((S of Altlint, tlicrc li;i\c licrii
lidded t(i uiir tiiiiiiii, ;ind to niir knowledge, |iiirtly iVoiii tiic ciiliirnciiiciit of the
States and partly froiii tlie (.liservatioiis of later naturalists, almost ort|iiite as maiiy
as were then known. California and the I'aciiie slope and the Hoeky .Mountains
have proved exceed in,i;ly rich in species. 'I'he same is true of Texas and of the
iiorlhern parts of the continent. And, wherever a lepidopterist has carefully
collected in the oM States, and in localities supposed to have heen thorou.<rhly
worked, new species, many of I hem conspicuous for si/e and heautv, have Keen
discovered.
Many Californian speciis wei-e (hscrihed Ity Dr, P.oisduval. in the Ann. Soc.
Knt. de France, none of which h.ave heen lif;iired, except two or three in Doulile-
day's (tenera. Kirhy descrihed and (iirured a few of the Northern sjiecies in his
Fauna I'.oreali Amer. in 1S:;7, and many descriptions, witli occasionally a plate,
are scattered throuuh scientilic journals and Proceedintrs of Societies.
.Nearly all the early descriptions are defective in certainty, hein<f too hrief, or
too cai'clessly wi'itten, to enahle us to identify the species, often applvini; to two or
more as well as diu', and often heiuir utterly irrecojz;nisaIile. Having;, from luv iirst
study of this heautifnl family, felt the want of illustrations, I lonij ai^-o |.ropo,-ed to
myself |<. pni)lish a complele work on the IJutterflies of North America, when I
Hhonid have amassed suflicient material aii.l coulil connuand the leisure la'cessary
to such an end. I have the material, hut I have not the wished for leisure, and I
am compelle.l at pre>ent to forego the more aud)itious attempt. Hut to carrv out,
even to a moderate de-ree, my cherished <lesire, as well as to enahle our lepidopte-
ri.sts to keep u]) somewhat with the advance of the study, I propose now to puMisIi
a suflicient number of new, or hitherto unfigur"d or disputed, spocies, to make at
least u moderate volume, leaving it for the future to deeidc whethci- I will continue
beyond that limit. One number, therefore, containing at least five plates, will 1
)e
T^
u
issued every three montlis. Kifjiires of Ixitli siirfnees will lie fjiveii, iiiul (if luitb
sexes wherever possible. The pajijes will not he iiiiiiihered. luit. with the plates,
will he so iirraiiged that finally the spt-cies of oaeh genus can lie lirouffht toj^ether.
This |)lan admits any eidarjjeinent of the volume which, whenevir concluded, will
he complete in itself.
Hy Xorth .Vmerini is to he understood all that part of the foiitinent north of
Mexico, accordinj: to the division adopted hy tiie Smithsonian Institution.
The h'tter press will, in most ea.scs, necessarily he coidined to teclinical (h-scrip-
tioiis, hut whenever it is possil)l(>, .such a history of the species will be given as 1
huve been able to gather from my own observations or from othi-rs.
ft is a matter of regret that, in so few instances, 1 shall Ik' able to snv any-
thing of the larvjr. Even among our old and common species, the larva' are but
little more known than in the days of Abbot: seventy years ago. His observations
seem to have be<
successors.
n mon
■e thorough or more fortunate than those of any of h
IS
With the second or third nun
and will ])e ccmcluded within the vol
Philauelpiilv, March, 1^>G8,
d)er a Synopsis of Species will he c(munenced
nine
W. 11. IvU WARDS.
lotb
t»s,
icr.
,vill
1 ot
ly-
)iit
)n8
\m
I ff^/f;0:?^:r''iV;f ({;"),,
L'rswn bv Mary Tearl
AJAX, VAK WAi,8H.II.. 1, r^ 6 3 9.
■/■ litrydf s i.lir\sii/t.'i a \/ir Abhrjtti A
'1' SinL'ldU-3 alh I'l.il^
IT
^i
Entomological Branch
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULVURE
OTTAWA - - CANADA
PAPILIO 1.
PAPILIO AJAX.
Papilio Ajax, Linnaeus, Syst. Nat. II, p. 750. Fab. Sj?t. Ent. p. 455.
Var. Wa/sliii.
Ajax. IJois. & Lee. tixt, (not platf) p. 4; ibid. Spec. Gen. I, p. 258.
Miirifl/ii.i, Tramer, pi. 'JS.
Sub-var. Ahhotii.
Ajax, Abbot, Ins. Ga. pi. 4.
Ajax, Folder, Spue. Lepid. p. !5.
Var. Tcldvwni'tlix, Folder, Zool. Xovara Exped.; ibid, Spec. Lepid. p. 15.
4/''r.i , Godart, Eiio. Moth. l.\, p. 53. Bois. & Loo. pi. 1, (not text).
Var. JA»rff//i(,«, Boisduval. IJois. & Loo. p. 8, pi. 2; ibid. Spec. Gen. 1, p. 257. Folder, j*pec.
Lo])id. p. 15.
Ajax, Espcr, Eur. Schmctt. 1, pi. 51. Hiibnor, Exot. Sauirol. Sohmott.
AJAX.— Vai!. WALSIIII.
Primarip.s broad, but little ^n-oduced apically ; costa moderately arclicd ; hind
margin in male concave, in female convex; tail short, narrow; thorax covered
with long hairf4; frontal hairs long and bristling.
Male. — Expands from -.(i to 2.8 inches.
Upper side pale black, marked and banded with greenish-yellow ; the hind
margin broadly edged with black which is much advanced on costa of primaries
and encloses a yellow band, divided by the nervurcs into spots that jiosteriorly
are lunate ; on the costa a yellow spot and a stri[)e that reaches from co.stal edge
to inferior corner of cell ; jireceding this is a broad common yellow band that termi-
nates on middle of secondaries and encloses on costal margin of j)rimaries a variable
black strijjc, bar or spot, often nearly obsolete ; next, a black band biiid on costa and
enclosing tliere a yellow stripe; and li second yellow band, narrow, ti'rminating at
a point below the first; ba.-^es of both wings and abdominal margin of secondaries
black on primaries a yellow streak quite at ba.se.
Secondaries regularly dentated, the excavations fringed with pale yellow;
tails of moderate length, straight, varying in width in individuals, often very
narrow, black, ti])ped only with pale yellow and .^lightly edged with same color at
base on either side; along hind margin four whitish lunules; near angle two luim-
lar clusters of blue scales on the black ground, above the hindmost of which is a
^
PAPILIO I.
ileep yellow i)ateli at the excavation of abdominal margin; over this is a hlaok sub-
ovate spot enclosing a blue streak or lunule; next almvc a sinuous crimson bar,
the upper edge often bordered by white; the disk opposite this bar irrorated with
line yellow scales.
Under side much the same in markings, t)i3 dark portions decidedly brown,
the light bands greenish-yellow more or less tinted with bull'; within the marginal
border, anterior to the macular band and to the s])ots on secondaries, is a reddish-grey
stripe separated from each of the luiudes by a black bar extending across the in-
terspace; the limb irrorated with yellow; the crimson bar as above but always
broadly edged with white, and nearly or quite connected with a sinuous crimson
stripe which runs through the middle of tins black band to the costal edge, and is
also edited anteriorly bv white.
Body black, the thorax above covered with long yellow-grey hairs, beneath
black quite to the head; a narrow yellow stripe j)asses along the side of thorax and
a yellow line starting at the insertion of secondaries passes along the side of abdo-
men to la.st segment; palpi black with yellow hairs interspersed; front of head fur-
nisiied with long bristling black hairs; antenna) reddish; club same above, reddish-
brown beneath.
Fejialk. — Same size and similar in color and markinsjs.
Sub-variety Annoxir. — Resembles the variety just described except that on
upper side of secondaries is a crimson streak, more or less distinct, nearly parallel
to abdominal margin.
In some respects Wd/a/iii is further from Tclanionides than the latter is from
Marcelhis. Besides the differences in the tail, the blackness of the body and the
bristling front are cons2)ieuous. More than lialf the individuals met with are of
the narrow tailed variety represented on the plate.
The egg is pale green, globular, smooth, .016 in diameter. Duration of this
state 7 to H days. The larva, on emerging from the egg, is black, covered with
minute papilla? from each of which proceed fine hairs. After first moult, which
takes place at three days, it is ash colored, still covered Avith the papilla;. These
are lost at the second moult, after four <lays, when the larva assumes the general
form and smooth skin which it shows ist maturity, the color being yellow-white,
Avith transverse grey stripes. After third moult, which takes place in six to eight
(lavs, the color is smokv-brown, each segment crossed bv four lines of which the
anterior is yellow and the rest dull white; the second, third and fourth segments
without yellow, and the white lines nearly crowded out by the expanding of the
brown; at the Junction of fourth and fifth segments is a velvety-black band pre-
ceded by a white on the fourth and followed by a yellow one on the fifth. At the
fourth moult, from seven to ten days, the color becomes darker, quite black on the
PAPILIO I.
four anterior segments and dorsally throughout, crossed by a pale yellow and four
grey stripes. This phase continues to maturity, about four days. Among GO larvjB
of Walshii there was remarkable uniformity, and especially none were green, nor
was there a ^race of the blue band on fourth segment which replaces the white one
in many larvae of Telamonides and Marcellus. Duration of larval state from 22 to
29 days.
Chrysalis .8 to .9 in length, greatest diameter .3; cylindrical, tapering pos-
teriorly from middle of abdomen; head triangular, terminated by two short, lateral
sub-conic points; another on thorax, triangular, the upper edge slightly curved,
beak-like; from this two small ridges pass along the wing cases and down the ab-
domen to extremity, and between them two others starting from upper segments of
the abdomen, on the outer sides of which last, in those chrysalids which are brown,
is a fine dentated light colored line; surface reticulated and on the abdomen
marked more or less distinctly by transverse abbreviated dark bars; color either
dead leaf brown or bright green. Duration of chrysalis state 14 days, but with fre-
quent cases of irregularity. Some of the chrysalids retain the imago till the follow-
ing spring.
!!
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iv/ii I"' ."Vliiy ,V,|>-<
AJAX, \-.\l
i'h;i.Ai\(()NiDr:s i
i. i;,.i.. .1 lu: ii-i
■/ hiiiiii/ Irimi 't Sliihuf limit
a I. f'hn\ii/ii/,v li Ki/i/ iiiiiipnUi-il
t'liDil pliinl /ii\i/nnt.
li
L..
PAPILIO II.
AJAX.— Vak. TELAMONIDES, Fcklcr.
Primaries morii ])r.xluccd tlian in Viir. Walsliii; costu more arched; liiiul
mar;j;iii in mule more excavated, in female cDnvi'x; tail longer and broader; thorax
covered witli lung hairs; frontal hairs of medium length.
j\Ialk. — Ex])and.s from li.<S to Ji.i inches.
Similar in color and dis})osition of bands and markings to Wdhhii ; the tail
not merely tipped with yellow, bnt bordered on either side from half to two-thirds
the distance from tip to base, the extreme edges, except at tip, being black; the
crimson bar narrower, often bilobed, and occasionally broken into two s[)( s; the
four marginal lunules usually distinct.
Body above as in Wdhh'd, but beneath much less l)lack, the collar being yel-
low and the yellow lateral stripes broad an<l bright; palpi yellow, the hairs at
extremity tip2ied with Idack; frontal hairs black, very slightly interspersed with
yellow at base next the eyes, shorter than in Walsh! i; antcnnie reddish, club same,
reddish-brown beneath.
Female. — Same size and resembles the male.
Telninonlflen is midway between the other two v M'ieties in size. It has the fore
wings of Walshii, especially in the female, but the hind wings are produced after
the manner of MnrccUiis, and it has the tail of Mnrccllus, as well as the yellow
throat and sides of tliorax and abdomen. Like Wahhil it has a crimson bar, but
this is often broken into two spots. The frontal hairs are not wholly black and
are but of medium length, and the hairs of pa1i)i are nearly yellow.
Egg similar to that of Wnhhii. Duration of this state 4 to 5 days.
Larva similar up to the second moult, after which there is a wide divergence,
some retaining a resemblance to Wfthhil, others being entirely black unrelieved })y
any light color whatever; in others the general color is grey, with white, black
and yellow bands on fourth and fifth segments, and the segments after fifth crossed
by one yellow and two dull white stripes. At other times the color is bhic-green,
each segment crossed by grey, yellow and clear white, the white band re])]aced by
turquoise-blue. Or the color is pale green throughout, except one yellow stripe on
each segment, the bands being blue, black and yellow. There is also a variety on
which the black stripes are broken into points giving the larva a speckled ajipear-
ance. Duration of larval state 15 to 18 days.
Chrysalis similar to that of Wakhil, and either brown or green. Duration of
this state 11 to 14 days.
1
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PAPILIO HI.
A.IAX.— Var. MAUCEJ.LUS, Boisduvul.
Primaries in both sexes eqiiully and largely prodnced, liiud niiir<;ins nincli
excavated; eosta less arched than in TtlamoitidcK; secondaries more prodnced; tail
longer and broader; thorax covered with short hairs; Ironlal hairs very short.
Mali;. — LiXjiands from W.'l to JJ.") inches.
Color deoj) black, the borders and bhiclc bands broader than in either of the
other varieties; the light portions pale bine-green in IVcsh spcciiiiens; the stripe be-
twei'n the forks of mesial black band rednced to a mere streak; the two common
green bands terminate on secondaries higher up the wing by nearly tlie ^vidtli of
one interspace; the tail very lotig and broad, bordered and edged as in TdoiiKniidni;
the crimson band reduced to a single Innate spot of varial)h> size, and occiusionally
wanting, with very rarely a second spot, always minute; the two middle lunules
on the margin distinct, the other two more or less obsolete; a greenish band at
base of botli wings, nn secondaries following the edge of the alxlominal fold. On
the under side the light portions tinted with bud", espccinlly on costaand along the
principal nervnres and either edge of the black eonnnon band; two crimson anal
spots; otherwise as in TcldnioiiiilcH.
J>ody above bliick, the thorax covered with short grey hairs; beneath wholly
bright yellow, except a narrow black stripe extending from the head to end of ab-
domen, {)assing beneath the insertion of the wings, and a stripe along lower part
of thorax and abdomen; a short black line inside the yellow space Jnst before the
last segment of the abdomen; palpi yellow; front of head furnished with verysho.t
hairs, black in front interspersed with yellow next the eyes; antcumu reddish; club
sume, reddish-brown beneath.
Fkmaj.k. — Expands 3.5 inches.
The green bands of deeper color and narrower, leaving th(> sariace very black.
In many cas<'s the green shade is re])laced by a soiled or buH'-white with no trace
of green. The second crimson spot appears more often than in the male.
J/f,7w//!M dilTers from the other varieties by its increased size and blackness
of wing3 and by their shapo in both sexes, by tlu^ absence more or less complete of
one or two of the yellow marginal lunules, by the substitution of a single large lu-
miie criiuson spot, occasiimally accompanied by a crimson point, in place; of bar of
Wtth/iii, or the double and usually eipial spots of J'< himonidia. It also dillers from
the latter in the proportionate length and breadth of tail ; is still moi'c yelh.w on
throat and thorax; the short frontal hairs are yellow and black, and the ])al])i
are yellow.
17
t '
I
^l!i
PAPILIO III.
Egg similar to that of WaLshii. Duration of this state 4 to 5 days.
The hirvuB of MdrccUus combine the variations of Wakhil an(i Tehmonides,
about one half resembling those of the former, and most of the remainder being
either grsen or blue-green, as before described, with blue, black and jellow bands
on fourth and iifth segments. Duration of the larval state twelve to uineteeu
days.
Chrysalis similar to that of Wakhii, but varying much in size, the largest
being .1 broader anil .2 longer; thoraciv. process more ])rominont and hooked, and
the reticulations and abbreviated bands more conspicuous. Color either brown or
green. Duration of chrysalis state 11 to 14 days.
I subjoin the diagnoses of these forms given by Mr. Felder in his Species
Lepidoi)terorura, Vienna, 18G4, pp. 15 and 59.
Section 23. Sub-section E. — ^[.vkcellus.
"Wings much broiiJiir tliiiu in p'- .^cdiiig sub-sections, (i.e. Sinon, &i'.) liind winj^s deeply
dentated, much more pioduced,ccsta convex, tlie lower disco-cellular ncrvule of ibre wings loss sinuous,
the cell of hind wing broader, the lower disco-cellular nervule much longer."
Sub-section F. — Telamoxides and Ajax [Ahhotn and Wahhil).
" Fore wings less produced apically, the cell shorter; co.>»ta of hind wings longer but anal region
much less produced than in MarccUm ; the superior and inferior disco-cellular nervules of fore wings a
little concave outward ; cell of hind wings much shorter, the inferior disco-cellular nervule shorter;
tail narrower, ;>liorter; club slender; front very hairy."
Here therefore are three well define.) forms, differing in many specific charac-
ters and long recognisid as distinct species. For eight years p:\st I have had
favorable opportunities for studying I'leir habits, and have been nitent on solving
what very early struck mo as a mystery. I am pleased at last at having met with
sufficient success to warrant my giving the results thus far obtained in this volume.
Mr. Wallace, (Natural Selections, pages 145-159,) has admirably described and
illustrated the phenomena of dimorphism or jtolymorjihism. This is occasioned by
common parents jiroducing two or more forms of ofTsjiring of distinct types, without
intermixture or hybridism, and among the le])idoptera, as stated by this author,
has usually been observed in the female sex only. We have many examples in our
fauna, partly cases of albinism, aa in C\)liii.s, of flavism, in Anthocaris, or of
melanism, as in Lyea?na, and notably in case oi Papilio Turniis, one of our largest,
most widely ditetril)uted and best known butterfiics. The male of this is always
yellow, but the females in the Middle and Southern States are dimorpliic, one
form being yellow like the n ii'e, the other black. (There are however occasional
cases of true hybridism between dimorphic forms, and I have several examples
of h-'^rid Turniis, one of which is perfect.) We have also a case of dimorphism
in Orapta laterrogationis, that embraces both sexes. There is another phenomenon
PAPILIO III.
called "seasonal" diinorphism by Mr. Wallace, where great (lifferoiiceg exist be-
tween the autuinual and verual broudd of the saiuu insect, occasional' y known to
occur.
These phenomena meet in the species AJnx, there being a complicated
seasonal polymorphism and also true polymorphism in both sexes. Moreover there
is a considerable degree of variation in each of the three principal forms (though
not to an extent to constitute intergrades) not merely in the imago but strikingly
in the larva and somewhat in the chrysalis. There is also a tendency to still further
departure from the average speciiic type, as seen in the sub-varieties of Wa/shii.
It is not certain which of these foinis was first described as Ajax and should
be entitled to give name to the species. The indefinite language of Linnieus and
Fabricius may apply to either. The figure of Esper, under the name of Ajax, repre-
sents Marcellus; Cramer's Jlarcel/us is the one which I designate u.. Wa/shii.
Abbot's figures represent a variety of this last, the difference consisting in the pres-
ence of a carmine stripe on the upper surface of secondaries. This form is not un-
common, though I believe the stripe is always imperfect and in no case so promi-
nent as appears on Abbot's j)late. About one individual in ten of either sex of
Wakhii exhibits traces of the stripe to a greater or less degree.
Boisduval and Lecoute regarded this Ahbolli as entitled to be considered the
true Ajax, because besides giving a figure of the imago, Abbot also gives the
larva and chrysalis, and they proposed to follow him. In the text they do so very
nearly, but their plate represents Telamoiudes. Felder also accepts Abbot's figure
as that of the typical Ajax.
As regards the claims of the three principal varieties they are equal ; neither
can be called a variety of the other, but they are varieties of one species. To avoid
confusion it seemed to me well to apply the name Ajax to them collectively and to
designate two of them by the names which have become familiar. The other I
name in recollection of the late Benjamin D. Walsh, whose untimely loss proves
well nigh irreparable to American Entomology. A second sub-variety of Wakhii,
characterized by very narrow tails and usually by diminutive size was pronounced
by Mr, Felder, to whom it had been submitted, as distinct and constituting a fourth
species, (see })late herewith).
I am not certain whether Walshii is as wide spread as Tclamonklcs or not.
Mr. Walsh informed me that he had never met with it in Illinois, where the
other was common. But I have received it from Eastern \ irginia and Dr. A. W.
Chapman hiia sent it to me from Florida. Dr. G. M. Levette^ has taken it
abundantly in the month of April, near Indianapolis. Abbot's figures pu^purt also
to have been taken from a Georgian insect. It seems probabie therefore that it
is wide spread but has been over-looked or confounded with Telamonides.
PAPILIO III.
WnkJiii appears in the Kanawha Valley (West Va.) from the fifteenth to
twentieth o^ March, by which time the peach ti'ces are usually in bloom. On
these the females may certainly be found, and a little later, on the apple and in
great numbers on the wild plum. The males appear a few days earlier and are to
be seen by the water side or upon the road, but rarely upon flowers. The larvae
feed on the Pawpaw (Asimina triloba, Gray), and as this is one of the latest of our
trees to put forth its leaves, th(! butterflies are out at least from two to three weeks
before the young shoots of the food i)lant are visible. But no sooner do these ap-
pear than the females hasten to deposit their eggs. I'clamontdes begins to fly some
weeks after Walshii, and both forms in this valley are for a time common. About
the first of June, Walsh'd disappears, and before the end of the month Tdamonidcs
also. I have never seen either later than June save in one instance. In this, Mr.
Tlieo. L. Mead captured a newly emerged Telamonidcs, at Coalburgh, 12th Sept.,
18GD. Mr. Mead is an accurate observer, and during several weeks spent with me,
paid particular attention to this species. Every season 1 have brought me great
numbers of butterflies taken in the vicinity, and as no other case of the late
appearance of these two forms has come to my knowledge, it may be assumed that
this occuirence of Tdamonidcs was exceptional.
About 1st of June, Marcdlus begins to appear and shortly is out in great
numbers, continuing to be abundant till last of October. ] have seen Marcdlus in
but one instance before last of May, and that was 11th April, 18G7, when I myself
captured a female on the wing, as much out of its season as the Tdamonidcs in
September.
I became satisfied in my own mind some years ago that one of these forms was
the summer or fall brood and the others the spring broods of the same insect, hav-
ing every year raised many of the larvae, either found on the leaves of the food
plant, or bred from eggs so found, and the results thus obtained agreeing with out-
side observations. l>ut however probable it might ap2)ear, it was not possible to
establish the certainty till the missing link could be su7)plied and one form bred
from eggs actually laid by another, especially wlieii the apjiearance of the Marcd-
lus taken in April and the Tda/nonides emerged from chrysalis in April, 1868,
hereafter referred to, furnished strong reasons for doubt.''"
* Note. — It is true that Pr. Morris, in 1802, hud stilted in his Synopsis, page 9, that Dr. Gray
cousid-r'^d AJax and Marcdlus to bo varieties of the same insect, and added, " This is now the opinion
of all tho collectors in this country. One of them declares that AJox is the spring and Marcdlus the
fall brood of the same species." But no reason for this opinion or proof of the assertion was given, and
Dr. Morris allowed mo to deny the identity of tho two species in his appendix, p. 351, without com-
ment. At best, no one seems to have more than reached an opinion founded in some cases probably on
&cts identical with those afterwards observed by me.
PAPILIO IIL
To obtain this missing link seemed impossible and year after year I had faded.
Twice I had seen a female Telamonides deposit an egg and succeeding in hatoliing
the larva therefrom. But in one instance it died before maturity and in the other,
the larva from an egg deposited 11th May, 18(>7, gave TclamoiiJdes in Ai)rn, 18()8.
1 had also succeeded in raising larvte from eggs seen to be deposited by Marcellus,
bu merely ascertained that the early summer brood of this form 2)rodueed its like a
few weeks later, without gaining any light as to the last brood of the season. The
females would not lay tiieir eggs in captivity, either in empty boxes or on cut
branches of the food plant.
In 1870, 1 determined to try the effect of confining the females with the grow-
ing food plant, and lOtli May, encloseil in a keg from Avhich the heads had been
removed and the upper end covered with gauze, a Tc/ainoiildes. During the day it
laid several eggs on the leaves. I was now obliged to leave home, and waa absent
two weeks. On returning I found six larvte only in the keg, of equal size and
about half grown. Others had been hatched but had either escajwd or had been
destroyed. By 5th June, these larvae had stopped feeding, although but three
weeks had elapsed since the female was enclosed. On 7th, they had fixed and
by 8th had become clirysalids. Between 20th and 24th they had yielded imagos,
2 (?, 4 $, all Marcellm. Time from laying egg to imago 35 days.
On 1st June, I enclosed three Tclanionidrs, and, on 2d, had obtained from them
37 eggs. From these, on 3d July, 2 $ 3Iarccllm emerged and others followed till
9th, when I had 12 S, 10 $, all 3IarceUus. Time from laying of egg to imago oJJ
days. One chrysalis from this brood went over the season, and 1st April, 1871,
yielded S Telamonides.
On 7th June, I enclosed a Marccllas and from it, on 2:jd, had five mature
larvae. On 4th July, 1 $ 3Iarcellus emerged, on Uth 3 i. Time from laying of
egg to imago 27 days. One chrysalis went over the season and was alive 1st April
1871, but died before yielding imago.
On 1st July, I enclosed a Mai-ce/lus, which in point of time would be of tho
second brood in succession from Telamonides. By 18th, there wore eighteen larvae
living from which resulted fourteen clirysalids. On 31st, the imagos began to ap-
pear and by 3u August, there were 4^, 3 2, all ALurcUns. Time 30 days. Seven
of this lot of clirysalids passed their period and one of them gave ? SLtrcelhis,
on 28th August, six weeks afterwards. The other six went over the season and
were living in the following February, but unfortunately were destroyed by lire
about the end of that month.
Late in August, from eggs of Marecllm obtained in same way, I had two
larvae which matured 12th Sept. One of these soon after yielded JIarce/liis, the
other went over the season but waa lost with those before mentioned.
PAI'ILIU 111.
"I*
On 1 r)tli Oct., I had several larva) feeding. Of these but one went to chrysa-
lis Iteforo frost killed the leaves of the food ])hint and caused the loss of the re-
mainder. This one yielded Ti/aiiioiih/rs •?, Llth April, 1871.
These observations therefore shewed that from lyamonldes came 3far( elites the
same season and T< lam on ides iu the following spring, that from Marcrlhts came
successive broods of JIurecllus the same season, auJ from the last brood Tela-
monldes in the s[)ring.
It also appeared that while there was a general limit to the duration of the
chrysalis state, namely about 12 days, there were frequent exceptions, the imagos
then emerging at ii-regular periods and some of nearly every brood living iu chrys-
alis till the following sj)ring.
The rapidity of growth from the egg was surprising, as compared with our other
Pajiilios. In 18(59, by obtaining very young larvie within a day or two after I
had had butterflies emerge from chrysalis, I became satisfied that, besides the first
brood from Wuhhii or Telanionides, there are three successive broods of Mtircllus
and the larvic of tlie fourth give chrysalids that go over the winter, thus making
five broods })er ycai*.
These observations faileti ro determine the connection between Walshil and
the other two forms, though I had gooil reasons for feeling confident as to what
that connection mi<i;ht be. For example, fi'om twentv-sevenchrvsalids obtained from
larvte found on the food plant in Sept. 1808, and which it is now jdain must have
come from the last brood of ^LiwreUns, emerged twenty-seven imagos between the
2d and 21st April, 18(58. Of these, twenty-six were Tcl(cmonides, and one was Wid-
shii. Also from chrysalids of Sept. 18()'.), emerged two var. Ahbnlii in ]\Iarch, 1870.
Out of fifty-seven chrysalids from larvie found on food plant in last of June
and 1st of July, 18(58, which were probal)Iy from first brood of Marcellxs, forty-
five produced MarccUus within the usual period; but five went over the winter, and
between 24th j\Iaich and 8th April, 18(59, yielded five Telamnnides. Another
larva fed iu August, 18(58 (2d or 3tl brood of Mircellas) produced Telanionides
23d March, 18(59.
In the sjiring of the present year, (1871) WaMiii was unusually abundant
and it seemed to me, at the expense of Telanionides, which was comparatively
scarce. On the lOth April, I confined three Wahhii Avith the food plant, and by
12th, had obtained one-hundred and twenty-five eggs. On the l(5th, I confined
two otluTs of same type separately and obtnined many more eggs. The larv.'e from
the last laying overtook in growth those of the first so that but one day intervened
)etwecn the first chrysalis of each. Between 17t h and 2;>tl May, all the survivors had
changed, numbering seventy. From these emerged, between 1st and (5th June,
i.i'iy-eight butterHies, of which 22 cC, ;)4 $, were Maveellus, one i, Walshil and one
FA I' ILK) III,
$, Te/amoni<les. On 23d Juno, full tiiroo weeks iil'tcr its period came another
$ Mdrccllna and a second followed on the I'Jth .July. Of the other chrysalids seven
are living at this date (loth Octoher). In these cases the eggs of each lot were
unusually long in hajching, 8 (htys, and the time from laying of egg to imago of
the first was 51 days und of the second 11.
On 23(1 May, I enclcsed another Wahhil with the usual result The eggshe-
gan to hatch on 2Sth, five days. From these, on 13th June, I liad thirty-two
chrysalids. The first imago appeared 24th June. Time from laying of eggs thirty-
one days. By 30th, 10 t, 7 'I, MarecUus hud emerged and 14 chrysalids are living
at this date (loth October).
On 27th May, I enclosed a Telamonides that had but a slight trace of
white at sides of the tail near the tip and in this respect approached Wahhii much
more nearly than I had before observed in that variety, though otherwise it was
distinctly Tela mo aides. From this I obtained many eggs which hatched on 31st
and gave nineteen larvaj. These were peculiar in that they were all remark-
ably black, and several entirely so, without even the usual white line on fourth
segment. The butterflies began to emerge on the 28th, and there resulted seven
Marcellas. Time from laying of egg ;52 days. At this date 1.5th October ten
chrysalids are living.
From another Telamonides enclosed 28th May, resulted 2 c?, 2 ? Marcellus on
3d and 4th July, and six chrysalids are still living (loth October.)
On 1st and 4th June, I enclosed several Marcellus, These laid scores of eggs
and in due time I had 123 larvte, and from them on 2d .July, seventy-six chrys-
alids. On the 5th, the imagos began to ap[iear and by 13th, 21 '*, 15 $, had emerged,
all Marcellus. At this date, (15th October) 40 chrysalids have long passed their
period. Time 34 days.
Finally, on 2i)th July, I enclosed a MarceUm, and obtained therefrom forty-
two chrysalids. Of these, thirteen produced Marcellus 4 $, 9? , and twenty-nine go
over the season.
It will be noticed that a large percentage of the chrysalids of nearly every
brood pass the winter, the pi '^portion seeming to increase as the broods succeed each
other. Of the first brood of Wahhii, of G7 chrysalids, 7 passed over; of the second
of 39 chrysalids, 14; of the first of Telamonides, o^ 11 chrysalids 10; of the second
of Telamonides of 10 chrysalids, (3 ; of the first brood oi Marcellus, of 70 chrys-
alids, 40; of the second brood of Marcellus, of 42 chrysalids, 29.
The summing up therefore of this whole series of observations is this; Walshii
produces Walshii, Telamonides and Marcellus, the same season ; Telamonides pro-
duces Marcellus the same season and its own type in the Spring; Marcellus ])vo-
l^
i
PAPILIO 111.
(lurossiicc'cssive broods of MurrelhiH tlie same season, and occasionally Trlauionides,
(iiitlividuiil taken l»y Mr. iMwul in Soptonibcr, 1S70) and tlii' last bntod ])roduces
Wd/.t/iii and Tildiiioitidoi in tlic; Sprinj^; and wlicncvcr any of the chrysalids of
either brood oi' Mirer// i/h j)ass the winter tliey [)ro(liiee the other two varieties, and
probably sometimes their own type (individual taken A])ril, 1867.) The chrysa-
lids of Wu/s/di that pa.sri the winter of 1871 — 2 will probably })roduce WaUhii
or Te/<imo)il(/i's.
Thus there are 3Inrce//iii' produced by three different types of parent, and Tcl-
amrynides by three and j)rol)ably Wa/a/iii by the same number. 1 have carefully
comi)ared individuals of each variety so H[)rung from several parents and can dis-
cover no tangible points of difference. Exce[)t in what 1 should call non-essential
variations and wliich each variety is subject to, such as width of the bands, &c.,
each is true to its own ty]ie no matter what its parentage.
The duration of the several states of egg, larva and chrysalis also differs
greatly, especially between Waishil and the other two varieties.
Ego. Larva. Chrysalis.
Wakhii, 7 to 8 days. 22 to 2!) days. 14 days.
Tcldmou'ules 4 to 5 days. \o to 18 days. 11 to 14 days.
Marce/lus, 4 to 5 days. 12 to V,) days. 11 to 14 days.
The female of AJax may frequently be seen coursing througli the pawpaw trees
which hereabouts covi!r the lower hill-sides, or hovering about tlie young ])lantg
that spring up in the cultivated fields, searching for leaves on which to deposit
her eggs. After touching or running over and rejecting several, she finds one
suitable to her i)ur])ose. Thereupon, balancing by the rapid fluttering of her wings,
she stands for an instant with legs stretched at full length, perpendicular to the
body, and curving down the abdomen till it touches the surface, deposits a single
egg; then flics away, presently to alight on a second leaf with like intent. Some-
times the egg is upon the stem and occasionally on the under side of the leaf, but
almost always it is on the U|)|)er side, and but one egg will usually be found on
the same leaf. The process of laying continues for several successive days. At
certain seasons it is almost impossible to find a young plant that is free from these
eggs and it is easy to collect scores of them.
On dissecting the abd(jmen of a newly emerged female the eggs are found to
be fully formed though not full-sized. I conclude that they mature with great
rapidity because fertile eggs are laid by apparently fresh and uninjured females.
With the Vanessans and Argynnides, (probably with the Nymphalidse generally,)
this is far from being the case, the eggs maturing in the ovaries for a long period
before they are ready for impregnation.
Total.
43 to 52 days.
30 to 36 days.
27 to 38 days.
m
I'Al'ILIO III.
Many eggs are tlcHtroyed l)y insects and spiders. There is a minute scarlet
spider scarcely larger than tin; egg itself, that moimts upon it and from a punc-
ture extracts the contents. I fre<iuently nwt the shells so despoiled before 1 dis-
covered the cause and have since observed the marauder in its operations. I have
also lost in a single night, owing as I sup])0sed to crickets, numbers of eggs laid iu
confinement.
The larvne, in every stage of growth, are to be found resting on the surfaces of
the leaves and one would su])p()se they must be nearly exterminated by birds. But
like all I'apilio larvsc, they emit from the head, at the same time that they jirojeeta
Yshaj)ed tentacle, a j)eculiarly acrid and sickening odor which must elfectually pro-
tect them. 1 have however seen sjtiders feeding upon them, attacking even the
head, and they have other enemies among the insects. They are very little troub-
led by ichneumon-Hies in this valley, antl I have rarely lost a chrysalis from that
cause. Ojusecpiently no Papilio is so abundant here throughout the season. 1
find on breeding them that a considerable jiercentage of the eggs do not hatch, and
that more or less of the larvae die at every moult, as well as in the eflbrt to
change to chrysalids. iNIultitudes of chrysalids nnist be destroyed in the winter by
birds and mice as they are but imperfectly concealed under stones and roots or
even among the stems of the grasses. So that of the tens of thousands (jf eggs
that are annually deposited but a very small ])roj)ortion produce butterflies.
I am now clearly of the opinion that the number of each sex in any species of
butterfly is about equal. On counting the Ajax that have emerged fi'ou) chry-
salis the last two seasons, I find 78 S, 83 ?, and with the Intcrrof/dfionis, Conniia,
and other sjiecies I find al)out the same pro])ortion. The scarcity of the females
noticed by all collectors is owing to their fre(pienting different localities from the
males.
With regard to obtaining the eggs of any sjiecies of butterfly, after two seasons
experience, I find not the least difliculty, provided the food plant be known. If,
on being confined with this, they do not immediately proceed to deposit their eggs,
it is because these are not matured. I have repeatedly failed with the large Ar-
gynnides until the month of September, and then have obtained hundreds of eggs.
The larvfe of Argynnis are the only ones however I have been unable to rear,
and so far I have failed in every instance, though with Euptoicta Cohnnb'uifi,
closely allied on one side, and the Vauessaus on the other, I liave had no difliculty
whatever.
J
T
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'rij^^A^^mAu?,
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I\ a'wii W Mai"; IV u '
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CLOI'IUP 5' ';. 5
t I
PARNASSIUS I.
PARNASSIUS CLARIUS. 1—4.
Parnansnis C/driiii^, Kvcr.suiaun, Buii. 'lu IIosc. XYI, p. I). 15ois. Ann. Ent. i?oe. Fr. 1852.
Clodlus, Hois. Lop. do la (,'ul 180!).
Male. Expands 2.2 to 2.4 inches.
Upper side sordid wliite ; the outer half of primaries semi-transparent,
crossed to first median iiervale by a submarginal row of Avliite lunules ; a second
abbreviated row of four similar huudi':- frj-ti tlie costa, separated from tlio wliite
ground l)y n. narrow semi-transj)arent sjiuco; ba.sc deii.-iely powdered witli black
■er nearly half
di^
d
atoms wlueh extend for some
the cell ; on the arc a pale black bar, another across cell ; sometimes a black: patdi
in submedian interspace. Secondaries luive the base and u^jper part of abdominal
margin densely powdered with black, Avhich rarely reaches the extremity of the cell ;
on costal margin a small, rather angular th;;.i round, s2)ot, either reddish yellow or
bright red, Avithin black ring, and occasionally with a white pupil ; in u])]»er discal
interspace a second similar spot, smaller, lait often represented by a black point
only ; in some individuals a ])ale black narrow bar near anal angle.
Under side vitreous ; the black markings of u])per side faintly reproduced;
both red spots conspicuous and usually with white pupils ; at l»<ise of secondaries (;e-
casionally traces of three or four red spots, but usually those are wholly wanting ;
where on upper side there is an anal bar, beneath i.- a pale red bar with blacki.sli
edges.
Bodv above covered with crcv hairs; thorax brownish A'l'llow above and beneath
as is also the abdomen beneath ; palpi a deeper shade of yellow ; antenme black.
FicMALK. Expands 2.4 to 2.() inches.
Nearly the Avhole of primaries semi-tra"sparent, crossed by a submarginal and
discal row of white lunules or spots ; a third row borders the extn>mity of the cell ;
the cellular bars larger than in male and the blaek atoms at ba,-;e much extended,
tilling a large part itf the cell.
Secondaries sordid wliite bordered by a row of large concolored lunules edged
anteriorly by narrow semi-trans]«irent crenations ; liie red spots much larger
than in male, the one on disc accompanied by a small black spo*. on its iiuier
side; anal patch large, red, edged by black ; (»n the uutler side this i>atfh has a
white centre and the s[)ots white ])upils; the basal red spots distuict ; abdomen fur-
nished with a large, white, corneous pouch.
PARNASSIUS I,
Larva unknown.
Found in tlie hit-rra Nevada, Yo Semite Valley and other localities in California.
Rcsjjecting this species, Mr. Henry Edwards writes, "I liaveseen Clarius on
the wing and have taken both sexes. They were flying in a shady canon of the
Sierras near Conner Lake, alighting fre(;[uently, taking short flights and having
very much the a})pcarance of dirty and worn Ptcridw. Their flight is a short,
jerking motion not unlike many Ilesperians and they are easily captured. C/artus
is a nmeh more common insect than Clod'nis and seems to have a far wider range.
I have also seen it in various parts of the Sierra Nevada from near INft. Slnista down
to Inyo' Co., while Chdiiis I only know from the specimens collected hy^Mr. Behrens
at Bodega. Chtrhis appears to be strictly a mountain insect, b(Mng found at as
high an elevation as 7500 feet, while Clodius occurs at far lower Lvels, and even at
the sea coast."
PARNASSIUS CLODIUS. o— (>.
Parnnssius Clodius, jMciu'trios, Enuin. Corp. Auim. Mus. St. Petersb. I. p. 73.
]\[.vi,i:. Expands 3 to 3.5 inches.
Upper side of both wings cream white, except the outer extremity of j)rimaries
which is semi-transparent and crossed, as in Clarlm, by two rows of white lunules;
in the cell two bars, as in that species, but the one on arc broader and at its lower
extremity sharper, the color of both being a dense black, theicin dilfering noticeably
from Clarius ; a black patch in sub-median interspace ; costa and base moderately
powdered with black scales which extend over nearly one-half the cell.
Secondaries densely powdered with black from ba.>^e quite to the extremity of
the cell ; two nearly round, bright I'ed spots, of equal size, situated as in Clarim, each
in abroad black ring and usually with a small white pupil; at anal angle a con-
spicuous black arc, sometimes wanting.
Under side vitreous, tiie bli.ck markings as above but paler; the ocelli
distinct, their pupils eidarged ; at anal angle a red arc edged by black ; at ba.'^e
thiee or four red ])atches, usually distinct with Avell dellned black edges, but
occasionally faint without black; these red spots when distinct are visible on
ujiper side.
Body above covered with grey hairs ; abdomen at extremity yellow, be-
neath yell iw brown ; palpi yellow brown ; anteniue black.
Fkm.vi.i;. I'nknown.
From several males taken at Bodega, ^Mariii Co., California, by Mr. James
Behrens.
Having seen but a limitiMl number of Parnassians from California, I luid sup-
posed the insect rt'presenleil by llgs. 5 and 0, on the i)late, to be a marked variety
S^.
m
PARNASSUS I.
i
of Clarius. But the protect of !Mr. IJehrens, who had socii a proof of the pLite,
and the result of a re-examiimtiou by Mr. Henry Etlwards, to whom I liad refer-
red the question, have made me think it probable that there are two species, and
that figs. 5 and (5 represent the true Clodlus of ]\Ienctries. Ilis description ])ur-
ports to have been taken from a single maU^ " brought from ( 'alifornia by Wos-
nosensky" witnout further notice of its habitat. ]\Ienetries states that it is dis-
tinguished from Clarius, Eversmann, by its great size and deail white color, and
he describes in nearly all respects an individual closely resembling the one fig-
ured on our plate.
Boisduval, in his paper of 18-52, gives a descripti(m of Clarius which seema
to have been drawn from individuals of that species, and he states that it is
found in the mountains of California.
But in his Lepidoptera of California, 18G9, he states that he was in error
in considering the species he had before described to be the Clarius of Evers-
mann and substitutes the/efor Clodius Menetries, omitting the former from his
list of species.
Mr. Edwards, \<\\o has devoted many seasons to collecting the C'alifor-
nian butterflies and who is largely acquainted with their habits and localities,
writes, "I am fully convinced from an examination of all the specimens Avith-
in my reach, in my collection and in those of Mr. Behrens and Dr. B"hr,
that we have two species of Parnassius nearly allied and that these have been
described by Eversmann and Menetries. The great dilierences appear to me
to be that Clodius is larger than Clarius, of a clearer white, less tj'ansparent,
with the red ocelli of a brighter, clearer coloi', and alwai/s with red spots at
the base of secontlarie^ beneath. The two black stri[ies on itrimaries are shar[)er,
Avider, and of a more intense black. In a long series of these insects perhaps
other characters would present themselves, but in what 1 have seen, the dis-
tinctions appear to be well preserved."
I have tabulated the differences between the males of ilie two S2)ecies. thus;
Clai;:us.
Expanse of wing 2.4 inches.
Color sordid-white.
Discal bar.s \y.\\c.
Sometimes black spot on inner niarfjin.
The two red spota, rather aimular, of unequal
size, one often a mere jioiiit.
Color of spots varjiiig from pale yellow red to
brijiht red.
.Sometimes a narrow, pale bar at anal angle ; of-
ten wantinsi.
Sometimes a ])ale red b ir at anal aiiixle bol.iw
Usually no red .*pots at base of seeoudaries.
,L01)IUS.
Expanse 3.5 iuehes
Color cieam-white.
Dense black.
Alway.s black s])(it i.n inner niaririn.
The two spots (if ci[ii;d size, rnunded.
Ccilor bright-red.
r.siialiy a ('ons]ii('uous, deep colored bar at ana)
angle.
Always a large red are at anal angle below.
1 Always red .sjmt.'i and usually eouspicuous.
Ill
PARNASSIUS I.
Glariiis, is also a mountain species. Clodlus, so far, has only been found
on low ground near the sea coast.
Until within a few year.-i this genus was supposed to be restricted to the
old world and to contain but a small number of species, scarcely more than
have already been found in North America. They mostly inhabit high mountain
regions, the Alps, Caucasus, Himalaya, the mountains of Siberia and China, and
recent expeditions have revealed the existence of many new species.
Parnassius is considered to form the connecting link between the Papilios
and the Pieridte, partaking of certain characteristics of both, yet presenting others
quite anomalous. The larvoe are furnished with the Y shaped tentacle on second
segment which is found in all the Panilionidie and is peculiar to them, but in
other respects resemble the larvie ', i't Hesporidie or of certain moths. So also
does the chrysalis, which, insteao c g naked and suspended by a single
thread around the middle of the body »i ii the Papilios and the Pieridie, is en-
veloped between leaves in a slight silken Aveb supported by several threads. It
is moreover cyliudro-conical in shape and is covered by a bluish powder as in
the moths of the genus Catocala. The butterfly, in general appearance, resembles
the Pieridaj as it does also in the palpi and antennje. Unlike any other lepidopte-
rous insect the extremity of the abdomen of the female is provided with a corneous
appendage, taking the form of a large, open pouch as in Clarius or of a small
keeled jwuch as in Nomion and Sayii. The larvae of the European species feed
upon species of saxifrage and selum and probably those of the American species
will be found upon similar plants.
,il
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a M 1 NTFTE [f ;■. 1. Eyg magnified . y. Abdon.uia: pouch .
3. Var. mvHRII.i. 4..-;:imf\9,(vWthout pouch )
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EVERSMANIl , 6.7, i.
.'4^JiiJi!j.,^'wM^
"^■"■^'^■'r'ft^'^rir'l'^ ituiiikt tri iril-|i-»llftill- ■
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H
PARNASSIUS II-IY.
PARNASBIUS SMINTHEUS.
Piinuissiiis SrniiUhrii^. fSniiii'-tlio-us) Doubloiluy, (!nn. IHur. Lep. jil. 4, 1S47. KJw. Proc, Acmi. Nat.
Sci. riiii. isc.L'.
I'/i'-hus, var. Kirby, Cat. p. 511, 1871.
A ar. Su//ii, 9 , E(iw. I'lYio. Kilt. Soc. Phil. ISG.^.
.^ Xomioii, 13ois. Ann. iSoc. Eiit. dc Fr. 18.j2.
Var. 7,V/(/-//, % , Edw. Trans. Am. Knt. Soo. 1S70.
Intin-mrdlm, Monetries, Euuni. Corp. Anini. ."Mus. .'^t. Potersburjr, IS,"),"), p. 72.
]\[alk. — Expands from 1.5 to 2.") incln^'s.
Upper .side pure white, seinl-triin.sparent at ajtex ami Hometiiiies narrowly alontc
liinu margin as far a.s tlie npper or even tlio seeond braneh of median ; bnt most often
tlie margin is bordered by wliito serrations, anterior to wbieli tint transinirent s^iaeo
takes the form of a narrow serrated band; ]n-imaries bave also an exti'a-diseal
row of spots, or rather of cln.sters of seales, sometimes limitt'd to the costid mar-
gin, sometimes extending qnite aeross the wing, or of any intermediate length;
these spots are cither dead-blaek and eonspicnons, or delicate and pale-colored; on
the arc an irregular black spot, sometimes terminating at the sub-costal ncrvuro,
but more often reaching the costal, and in form either sub-rolnnd or a curved bar,
sometimes (ln])lex, that portion between two nervures then being iH>arly or en-
tirely separated from the other and advanced towanls base of wing; a second sj> >t in
cell starting from the sub-costal, sometimes also large, i ,undcd, and at otlnisa nar-
row bar, but never quite reaching median nervuiv; costal edge of primaries densely
irrorated with coarse black scales, as is also the base and basil portion ..fcell ; beyond
cell are two, sometimes three black spots, each pu[)iHed with crimson; lliis color
is often wliolly wanting, or is present on the costal s[)ot only; another black spot is
usually found on the middle of inner margin, either witli -x- witliout a ciim-
sou pupil.
Secomlaries black at base and along abdominal margin (piite up to cell, the
basal third of which it covers, and often sends a curved blanch >ronnd the
extremity; hind margin sometimes innnaculate, but in most csis( ..ordered l)y a
row of rounded black spots and points, which extend more or les.-, across the wing;
on middle of costal margin a crimsim spot and another on disk, each in black ring
and of variable size, but usually small; these spots diiVer in sba.les of color in in-
^^'gUi'WUP WP~ ".li— ■ Wlf,i^i^(,t>LipMii.!ll»;it^ "-"..^.iTIWWHWgl i.l.LyT ,*iiiWI^I^J.P
PARNASSIUS II-IV.
i^
(lividuals from (loop crimson to ooliriiceous, iind fVo(|iioiitly are piipillod with Avhite;
miiiiy iiidiviiliKils also liavo a hlaok spot near anal angle, and there is very rarely
foniid a erinison dot within the hlack hasal sjiot that ocenpies the sub-costal inter-
space; fringes eoncolored, black at tijis of nervules.
On the under side the markings are repeated, the cellular spots but in part
dead-black, (he crimson spots as above, and where the })ateh next anal angle is ])res-
ent it is usually pupilled with crimson; there are also at base four black spots
usually more or less covered with crimson, but sometimes this last is wanting on one
or two or even altogether.
liodv small, black, covered thinlv Avith grev-brown hairs on both thorax and
abd.omeu above, more thickly Ijoneath, the color there being soiled yellow, often
with a fulvous tint; legs yellow and black; palpi yellow; antenna) white annulated
with narrow black rings; club black.
Fkmale. — Expands from 1.7 to 2.") inches.
Upper side white, often with a yellow tint, marked generally as in the male,
and exhibiting as great degree of v.;riatiou; tiie crimson spots larger, sometimes
even four being found in the extra-discal row, the fourth occupying the uj>[ier me-
dian inters])aee; the s[tot on inner margin always ])rcsent and largely [)upilled with
crimson; that near anal angle duplex, usually with criiuson })upils; on primaries
the transparent portions extend halfway to cell and quite across the wing, enclos-
ing a sub-marginal row of white lumdes; the hind margin of secondaries more
or less transparent and presenting a series of black crescents or of patches of
scales indicating obsolete crescents; there is also frequently a crimson sjiot at
base in sub-costal interspace; on the under side the basal spots vary as in the males,
from black to grey, and with or without crimson; abdomen furnished with a
blackish, corneous pouch, llattened and curved down ])osteriorly, and presenting
in front a thin, prominent keel; often there is no trace of this pouch.
Var. Fkmale. — The wings meianized and largely transparent. Found at
high elevations.
Var. Br.HRir. — Characterised principally by conspicuous submarginal black
spots on secondaries and orange discal spots, those ol' costal margin of primaries
either Avhite or pale orange, in the female the submarginal spots are very consjii-
cuous and tlu! mesial band on primaries broad; colored spots either orange or red.
From ISO s, -I'J ^, taken in C'oh)rado by Mr. T. L. ]\[ead, in June, July and
August, 1871; and several specimens received from Dr. llayden's Yellowstone
Expedition, taken in Montana.
EtiG. — Diameter .0.3 inch: chalky-white, button-sluipetl, the top depressed, base
flattened, the surface encrusted with hexagons that diminish as they approach the
PAllNASSIUS Il-IV.
micropyle, and showing at. each corner a minute cell. Deijosited upon leaves and
steins of 8edum,
Larva unknown.
In this series of specimens there is remarkahle variation; in size, the lar-
gest heing full twice tiiatof the smallest, in the extent of the transparent margin,
in the density of the hlaek horder to ahdominal margin, in the hook projected
around the extremity of cell, iu the size and sha[)e of the hlaek spots on costal mar-
gin of primaries, in the numhi-r and size of the crimson s[)()ts on same wings, those
of the costa varying from one to four; in the hlaek spot on inner margin, varying
from nil to a conspicuous patch, with or without crimson centre; in the sliape and
relative size of the two crimson spots on secondaries, and in tiie [)resence or ahsence
of one or two spots at anal angle; in the hind margin of secondaries, sometimes im-
maculate, at others ornamented with consj)icuoiis hlaek crescents; on the under
side also, the four hasal spots of secondaries, though always present, vary from
grey to hlaek, usually with crimson centres, hut fre(piently Avitlioiit, or show hut
two or three of the numher so marked; the colored spots also on hoth sides vary
from deep crimson to ochraceous and are either with or without white pu[)ils. \n
short the variation is sullicient to include several distinct sjiecies, were not the gra-
dations so regular that it is not possible to draw a dividing line. What I for-
merly described as Sitijii, 9, is undoubtedly but an extreme variation, and I ])re-
sume this is the Koinioa of Jjoisduval. P. lichri'i, I am .satislied, is another variety,
distinguished by the orange color of the spots and the heavy suhmarginal lunules
on secondaries, surely distinct enough to be ranked as a species were it not for the
many intergrades between it and the ty[)e.
Mr. ^[ead was fortunate iu obtaining numl)ers of eggs of yinhttJiciiii by en-
elosin<i; the females with the food ])lant. From some of these the drawiinis on the
plate were madehy]\Ir. Konopicky, Artist to the Museum of Comjiarative Zoology,
Cambridge, through the kindness of Dr. llagen. X large number of drawiyigs
of eggs of other species, sent by ^Fr. ^NTead, and representing rare Coloradian but-
terflies, were r'.ade by the same distinguished artist. To him also 1 am in<lebted
for the drav ings of the abdomiujd pouch represented on the plate.
The eggs obtained by AEr. ^[ead wen* caretully watched, but, two months after
they were deposited, and very near the end of tlu; season, they sliowed no signs of
hatching, though on opening some of them the living larvic wcyv, foun.il. Tlu'ref(U'e
weare still ignorant res[)ecting their period or the habits of th(' lai'vtc. If it had not
been for the speedy a[)proach of cold weather, tin; latter might be su[)posed to
hatch early in September and to spend the winter iu webs as do the larva; of
Melitaja. it was the opinion of Mr. Mead that this was impossible and that they
i!
PARNASSIUS Il-lV.
do not emerge from the eggs till Spring. (J)r. lliigen informs me tluit it was ob-
served by Bcliii'tU'r, as long ago as ]7")i, that the caterpillars oi' 1\ Aj)oUo wx're
found in the months of March and April in Switzerland, after the snow had gone,
and of such size that they must have been just hatched, and have spent the
winter in the egg.)
^ly attention has been called by ^Ir. Bates and Dr. Hagen to some remarks
on the nature of the ]>■ li of the female Parnassian by Von Siebold, and J)r.
Ilagen has kindly prepared an abstract of what is to be found jiriuted on the sub-
ject.
"A j)aper by I'rof. C Von Siebold was i)ublished in the Zeitung fiir A\'issen-
schaftliche Zoologie, IS'A), 111, pp. o-i — 01, and reprinted Ent. Zeit. Stettin, 18.j1,
XII, 2)p. 17(1 — 185. The lirst part is only historical to show that next to nothing was
previously known about the matter, and that Dr. Boisduval hail separated JJuritis
Apoll'inas genericaUy because its female had no pouch. Siebold doubted that
this organ formed part of the body and he found he could easily separate it in
Mtic)iio>i}jne, and with more difficulty in Apollo, as in this species it is glued
more strongly by its broad base to the flat underside of the abdomen. Later, Sie-
bold observed in the collections females of Apollo Avithout the })0uch, and con-
cluded that it was formed in coition by one of the sexes and woulil probably as-
sume the form externallv of a cast of the male organs. Mr. llni>er, IJericlite der
Schlesisehen Tauschvereiner, 1844, Xo. V, ]>. •>, had l)efore observed that females
of Apollo and Jfaeiiiotij/ne just emerging from the chrysalis had no pouch. Tlie
chemical examination by Dr. IJaumert showed that this apjiendage is soluble in
caustic alkalic as it would n(jt l)e if formed of chi^ine. When se[)aratetl and boiled
in the alkali it easily dissolved and only some brownish oily drops remained.
Siebold quotes SchieflTer, who gives a very good history of the transformation
of Apollo, " All spcchiic lis possessed this pouch which were raised by me. But in
those caught in the mountains the pouch was seldom unhurt; in specimens that had
long before emerged, as was eviilent from the bad condition of their wings, the
pouch was very nmch damaged, so that sometimes I was obliged to look sharply to
find the rudiments of it among the hairs of the abdomen."
Biebold believed that Schicirer's first statement (the italicised Avords) Avas a
mistake. Mr. Reutti, of Freiburg, had made ex[)erim(Mits for Siebold in 18")0. lie
took 50 caterpillars and from them raised 11 chrysalids only, because, as is stated
by Schicft'er, this species {Apollo) is difficult to raise. Jjetween 1 ")th and 2()th
July, he had 4 c?, 4 ?. The latter did not possess the jHmch on emerging from tin;
chrysalis. On the 17iii, at 1 P. M. 'iuej)air uuitCMi and so remained till late in the
night, and on the following moi'iiiiig the female had a avcU formed pouch on the
abdomen. The female died fourteen days later, Avithout any use of the pouch as
PARNASSIUS II-IV.
observed by Mr. Kontti, The formation of the keel in Apollo, Slebold tliinks de-
pends on tlie size and form of the organs of the male; the secretion passing between
the two claspers wonld form a keel."
With regard to the localities and habits o^ Sin in the us I give extracts fntni Mr.
Mead's letters. On the 8th of June, he writes from Fairplay, South Tark, Colorado.
"On Tuesday, I took a long walk, about eight miles, down Turkey Creek, finding
many unfamiliar insects. Flying along the road W( re two Papilio Ddiiniis, Avhich
I captured on the wing. Fap'dlo liiduhis was j)resent in modei-ate numbers. The
two IJurijmedori I send were on the flowei's of a s[)ecies of Larkspur which every-
Avhere sends up its bpi.kes of daric purple flowers. But what delighted me was the
abundance of Snihithcas along the road side. I took thirtecm specimens, nearly
all males, and many of them so fresh from chrysalis that the wings had \wt yet
thoroughly stiffened. The next day I discovered a favorite resort of this s])ecics
and in course of the morning captured forty-one. They show much variation iu
the number and size of the crimson spots. They were solitary in their habits and
fond of alighting on flowers, but did not appear to be attracted l)y damp spots on
the ground as is so usual with butterflies. Their flight was well sustained thougli
slow and within a few feet of the ground. All the females taken were j)rovided
with the i)ouch."
On the 22nd, "Yesterday Mr. B. brought me a female Parnassius with an
egg adhering to the ovi]iositor and said that it had dej)osited several eggs on a
"tuft of grass." On further inquiring he was not sure what the "grass" might b(',
and.I conjectured it might be the stone-croj), (Sedum) which grows here abundantly,
and the flowers of which are very attractive to these butterflies. Accordingly, on
searching, I found two empty egg shells on the plant, apparently punctured by some
insect. I also found on same numerous eggs of Fiiptoicta Cohunhinn, a species
which swarms everywhere on these hill sides," On the 27th, from Turkey Ci'cek
Junction, "The Parnassians lay eggs freely. I have about 100, laid indiscrimin-
ately on the box, or the cloth covering it, within which I hud enclosed a female
with the food-plant. Very few were on the i)lant itself" On the 24th of July,
" ]\ry eggs show no sign of hatching, but most of them retain their normal contour.
In regard to the theory of the formatior. of the poucli, it was suggested that the
period of connection between the sexes of these butterflies must be A*ery long. In
that case I should have found many jiairs in coitu, Avhereas I have not so found a
single ])air." On the 2tst of August, "I opened a I'aniassius egg to-day and found
a half-developed larva inside a])parently in a mitural state." On the 27th of Au-
gust, "To day I dissected a Parnassius egg carefully and found a completely formed
cateri)illar entirely black and somewhat hairy."
In another letter he exjn-esses the opinion that the eggs do not hatch until
PAUiNASSIUS II-IV,
li
th(! following S[)rin<;, iind on the oth ofSepteinlKT, lie writes from Kcnoslin House,
"All the leaves are tailing or have ehanged to their Autumnal lints and naturally
the bntterllies arc fast disaj)pearing." ^Tr. ]\[ead informs me since his return, that,
on the lOth of January, in Xew York, some of these eggs whieh had ))ecn of lato
kept in a warm room Avere found to have hatchetl, but the larva; had died from
want of nourishment.
Mr. ]Mead also state that, as a rule, the larger specimens of Smlnthcm, were
taken at the lower elevations. Tlie tbmales there also were usually white. On
the 8th and t)th of August, at Blue Kiver, in the Middle Park, at an elevation
of about 'JOOO feet, six specimens were taken, the males large and beautifully
marked, the colors bright and black spots distinct. ]3ut the females were different
from any others taken by him, being characterized by broad and dark marginal
borders, the black sj)ots intense and tlu) disks of a decided, though pale yellow,
the wings little obsi'ured by grey, (see fig 2, pi. )5.) Another of smaller size Avaa
of a deeper yellow, and brilliantly adorned, (see fig. 3, pi. 3.)
On the Kkh of August, several specimens were taken on the top of Berthoud's
Pass, at 11,300 feet, where was a grassy space of two or three acres extent. Others
were taken on the Peaks around Twin Lakes, at about 12,000 feet. The males did
not dilfer from the usual ty[)e, except in size, (see fig. 1. pi. 3,) but the females
Avere melanized, the greater part of the surface of the wings being ])la('k and trans-
parent, (s(;e figs. 4 and 5, pi. 3.) The same peculiarity had been noticed in the
specimens taken on 5th of August, on the Continental Divide, elevation 11,000
feet, on the trail from Georgetown to Middle Park and near Gray's Peaks. jMucIi
of the difference therefore existing between the size of these insects is owing, as
might be expected, to the difference in elevation at which they are found, because
the severity of the climate or the scanty sujjply of food on the mountain tops would
restrict the growth of the larvae. But why the general coloration of the male should
be identical at all altitudes while the females present such differences or Avhy at
great elevations there is such a tendency to nielanization in the females alone is
not clear unless in some Avay serving for i)rotoction. On this point Mr. ]\Iead
writes, "On the bleak summits of the peaks vegetation is scanty and the general as-
pect is dark and sombre. The rocks themselves are dark-colored, and the lichens
which nearly cover them are black and give the prevailing color. Lower doAvn Avhere
the "bunch" and "gramma" grass can thrive the prevailing tint is pale brown, even
during the height of the growing season, as the dead S2)ears of the last years growth
are remarkably persistent." Perhaps this may help to explain the melanism of the
Parnassius females found in the upper regions. A somewhat similar illustration
may be found in Chionobas. C. semidca, a blackish species, frequenting the Colo-
I'AUNASSIUS 11- IV.
riidiau .suininits, while the other spocics of this genus, C. clinj.ni>^ iiinl (!. Uldcrii,
both ochraeeous, are found holow.
I do not know why Smiiilli<iiA has heen assumed to he a variety o{ Plnthiix, as
there is no close restMuhlanet! between the speeies, not so much in fact as between
SinhUhciiH and JacquctnoniU, JJois. Pliahus is larger, of a mons opacpu^ while, with
a tendency in the males to yellow; the transi)arent marginal space is fir broader
und longer than in SmiidJicuH, and is wanting in the white serrations that charar-
teri/e the marginal edge; in the lattir; the grey sub-apical stripe in /V/rr////.v reaches
but a little way from eosta, usually only to lirst discoidid nervule; in SiiihilluKs it
is of all lengths and frecjuently extends quite across the wing; in PliorhuHiW margin
of secondaries is immaculate; in Sia'uitlicus there are almost always at least traces
of submarginal sjjots on the under side, and more often eons])iciious spots on both,
reaching the extreme shown in var. Jichrii; the red sjiots in PIkiIiks average twice
the size of those in Siiiiidhrus, and those at base of seeijiidai'ies, in both sexes, are
both laigv and intense; in S'iiilii//i<ii.'< they are small, much replaced by black
and often wanting altogether or reju'esented by a few scales oidy; tin; fiiiiges in
Plurhm are nnxed black and white at the ends of tln^ nei'vulcs, the black not dis-
tinct; in /Sill I II /he us they are there largely and distinctly black; the body u^ Phabus
is densely covered with long hair, in t^nilntlicus very thinly.
As to the females the diderences are still greater and almost preclude com-
parison. Except in the jjresence of red en primaries, the ^i}m\x\G Phabiis is much
more like that o^ Apollo.
PARXASSIUS EVERSMANXI.
PiirnnsMim ErcrnnKniiii. ^^Icnetrie.s, Knuni. Corp. Auim. Mus. St. Potursbur.:;, t'art I, pi. 1, ISGo. Scud-
dor, I'roc. Bo.st. Soc. Nat. Hist. 18G!3.
Male. — Expands 2.5 inches.
Upper side citron yellow, the nervures black and jn'omiiient ; primaries have
a broad, semi-transparent marginal border, preceded by a row of yellow lunules;
next anterior to these a grey stri[)e reaching from eosta to a littUi Ixdow median ncr-
vure, and followed bv a broad yellow band completelv crossina; the winii'; anterior
to this is a second grey stripe and a second yellow band that passes around the end
and lower side of cell; both these bands divided into spots by the nervules; in the
cell two sub-cpiadrate yellow spots sc{)arated by a grey bar; a similar bai- <in aic;
base of cell and eosta throughout s])rinkled with black; the hind ninrg'n distinctlv
edged by a yellow line. tSecondaries have an obsolete sid)-marginal row of grey
PAUNASSHJS Il-IV.
spots, iiuliciitt'd l)y tlio prt'sonoc of u siiiall cluster ot'scnles near outer nnj^lo and by
a few scales in the several iiitei's|)aces; the inuer margin broadly covered with
black, doubly excavated in and below cell, projecting ii point to end of cell, and
confluent at anal angle with a transverse black stripe that connects with the l)lack
discal spot; this spot is pointed with red; on the costa a large red spot within a
black ring; fringes l»lack.
Under side yellow, asliade paler, marked as above; secondaries have both cos-
tal and discal red spots large, equal, and with white centres; an elongated red spot
also within the l)lack spot at angle; at base three rod spots, all edged without by
black, the two lower ones liirge and the lf)west of all three enclosing a white spot.
Body black above covered thinly with yellow hairs, below densely covered;
legs black; palpi yellow; anteniue yellow and black.
From a single male, taken by Lieut. AV. II. Dall, in Aliaska, at the Kani-
parts, two hundred miles below Fort Yukon, June l-jtli. This belongs to the
Chicago Academy and is ])robably the only butterfly remaining of their former
large and valuable Collection. Fortunately, not long before the Are, Dr. Stim])son
hat) lent me this nnique, and for fear of future loss, I determined to figure it. The
only other specimeji of which I have knowledge is the one described by JMenetries,
and found in Siberia. ]Mr. Scudder has pointed out certain dilfercnccs that are
to be found between the i)resent specimen and that, consisting j)rincipally in
the ])resence of red in the discal spot on up))cr side of secondaries, and in the uji-
per basal spot of under side. The grey bands of our specimen are also narrower.
But these are variations that constantly occur among the Parnassians, and I have
no doubt both are to be referred to one sj)ccies.
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NEOPHASIA.
NEOPIiASIA MENAPIA. 1—3.
Neophasia Menapia, (Pieris) Felder, Weincr .^nt. Moiuits. Ill, p. 271, 1850. /^r/.s Tan,
Scudder, Proc. l?ost. Soc. Nat. Hist. 18G1. Ninonla, Bois. Lop. do la Cal. 1809.
Male. Expands 2 iuclic^,.
Ui)per side wliite with a taint pink tinge ; costal margin of primaries partly bor-
dered iVom base by a black band which curves downward at extremity covering the
arc ; apical border black, sinuate within, enclosing from three to five subovate wliite
spots, and terminating abruptly on second median nervule ; fringes white.
Under side white, the markings of upjier surface repeated ; the apical spots
enlarged ; the nervures of secondaries narrowly eilged by black scales, and crossed
by a sul)marginal black stripe not always complete.
Body black covered above with white hairs; beneath, thorax white, abdomen
yellowish; legs black and white; palpi same; antennae black; club black, tij) pale
fulv(jus.
FKitALE. Expands 2.2 inches. Similar to male.
This fine species is as yet rare in collections. According to Felder it is found
in Utah. Boisduval describes it as coming from eastern California ; and jMi'.
Scudder as found abundantly at Gulf of Georgia. Although Felder's description
was published in 1859 and translated in jNIorris's Syiio])sis in 18(;2, none of our col-
lectors suspected the identity of the species with Tau, Scnuhk'r, or Niaonia, Roi s.
till 1870 and after the Synopsis of the Pierida? in this work liad been published.
Dr. Behr, in 18G9, Tram. Am. Fnt. Soc. erected for the present and an allied
species the new genus Ncop/ia.^ia, between Fontia and Pirrix, "dittering from
the former by the shape of the wing, and from the latter by its gau/e-like
substance, by the shape and proportions of the head and the slenderness of the
thorax and abdomen." According to Dr. Behr, both these species are found in-
habitinn- the pine forest region of the mountain chains jiarallel to the coast of the
Pacific, and he agrees with Mr. Lorquin in the opinion that the larvae feed on
some coniferous tree; "an unusual food for a Picr'is, but not unknown in the case
of certain Australian species."
PIERIS I.
PIERIS BECKEETT, n. sp. 4—7.
Primaries ])ro(lnce(l ii]»ii'iilly, slightly cxcaviitotl on costal and hind margins.
jNIalk. Expands 2 inclios.
U2)por side pnre wliiti', the tcxtnre of secondaries slighter than that of pri-
maries, discovering the s])()ts of under surface; base of wings not powdered with
black as in allied species; primaries have the apical half of hind margin bordered
by small Idack patches or clusters of scales, diminishing in size to middle of mar-
gin; anterior to these two similar sub-apical j)atchcs and a third in upper median
interspace; on the arc a dense black snbrectangnlar spit (not reaching the costa)
with a central white streak. (Secondaries immaculate. Fi aigcs white except against
the ui)ical s[)Ots, thei-e black.
Under side white; the nervules at apex and on upper hind margin bordered
by black scales and sulfuscd with greenish yellow; tlie spot on intei'space black
and as on u])2jer side; cellular spot enlarged, its base broadened and posterior edge
excavated.
Secondaries have all the nervures and their branches yellow; those termina-
ting on hind margin edti;('(l bv broad bands of vellow "reen reachina; to middle of
disk and connected anteriorly; three large s])ots of same color about the cell, two
being at the outer angles, and one above and I'caching the costa; another large
triangular subapical s[)ot on costa; the nervures at base also banded with green ; all
these l)and3 and spots slightly sprinkled with bl; k scales.
Body above covei-ed with grey hairs; beneath, abdomen yellowish, thorax
white; legs wdiite; jialpi white, grey on upper side and at tip; antennae white
above and at base below, beyond brown; club black nearly covered with rows of
white scales; tip pale fulvous.
Fi:m.vi.e. Expands L* inches.
Primaries less jiroduccd and broader than in male; same shade of color; the
marginal spots enlarged and extended to second branch of median; in addition to
the three submargimd spots, which are also enlarged, is another in submedian in-
terspace and a sti'cak below this along inner margin; the cellular spot nuu-h en-
larged, rhomboidal, with slight central sti'cak; secoii(lari(>s have a patch on costa
and four on the marginal nervules comnuMicing at and [)osteri()r to subcostal; also
an intei-rupted submarginal stri])e opposite cell, posteriorly indistinct; under side
riERIS I.
n,s in male, except that a round black spot appears in snbine.lian interspace on
prniiai'ies. '
Taken by Mr. Plenry Edwards, at Viroinia City, Nevada, April 1870, on
flowers of Brassioa. Four indivi.luals were taken, and those were the only ones
Ztinct ' '^''"'' '' """'"'^ ^" iV«fo^//r« and Occldentalis, but is abundantly
At the request of Mr. Edwards I have named it in honor (using his own Ian-
guage) of oneof my earliest and most valued entumolo.ical friends, Dr. Ludwi-.-
Becker who laid down his noble life in the cause of science in Australia He wis
attached as naturalist and draughtsman to the great expediti..n of Burke and
\\ ills across the continent from Melbourne to the Gulf of Carpentaria, and died
>f_fatigue and privation at Cooper's Creek, New South AVales, in ISOl The
friend of Humboldt, Milne Edwards and Owen, he possessed a most observant and
philosophical miiid and liis papers upon various subjecfs connected with his f'nor-
ite science testify ^.o his vast and varied erudition. I have always promised myself
that^ I would commemorate our frieiulship by attaching his name to some sn'ecies
1 might discover, and the present is very appropriate as a few moments before I
took my first specimen of this Fleris I was thinking very much of ]?ecker and of
the many happy collecting days we had passed in the forests of Australia "
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VERNALIS 1 2 4, 3, 4 9
VIRGINIENSIS 5 6 6, 7 8 ?
T Smrlairslidi "Phils,
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PIERIS II.
PIERIS VERNALIS. 1—4.
Pliris Vernnlk, Edwards, Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil. 18G4.
Male. Expands 1.7 inch.
Upper side white; primaries have small black serrated spots at the extremi-
ties of the apical nervures, preceded by an imperfect abbreviated row of small
black patches; a black bar on the arc. Secondaries more delicate, showing the
markings of under side.
Under side of primaries white; the spots reproduced, but pale colored and
ddated, those at apex tinged with greenish grey; an additional bhick patch on sub-
median interspace, sometimes wanting. Secondaries have all the nervures broailly
edged with greenish grey so that none of the white surface appears except in nar-
row stripes in the cell and interspaces; near hind margin a band formed by grey
serrations connecting the nervules.
Body above covered with blue grey hairs; beneath, thorax gn>y white, abdo-
men yellow; palpi yellowish; antennoe black above, annulated below with white;
club black tipped with ferruginous.
Female. Expands 1.8 inch.
Color less pure, similarly marked, the spots larger, the discal bar conspicuous:
secondaries show clusters of grey scales on costa and at outer angle and in the in-
terspaces on the margin ; under side as in the male.
I have taken this species at Coalburgh, W. Va., in the month of March, it be-
ing one of the earliest butterflies of Spring, but it is exceedingly rare. I have also
received it from the vicinity of Philadelphia. It was brought by Mr. Ridings, in
181)4, from Colorado and may perhaps be nuich more abumlant westward. It much
resembles Protodice, and would be usually taken for a variety of that species, but
besides its much earlier flight, it presents decided differences, being smaller,' of a
less pure white and quite differently marked on tlie under side of secondaries. Its
nearest allies are Sysimbri, Bois., a Californian species, and Calyce, Edw., from
Nevada.
PIEUIS 1
PIEIUS YIUGINIEXSIS. 5—8.
Ptirin \'iiyiiu'<n:iiii, KJwiirdH, Tniii.s. Am. Knt. Soo. 1S70.
Mali:. Expaiuls 1.7 inch.
U]»]ier side white, loss pure than Olerncca and much ohscured by grey brown
ecak'S which are scattered over the whole surtace hut are dense on a])('X, cosfa and
basal half of primaries and at base and along the snI)co,stal and incjdian nervures
of secondaries; a grey i)atch also on costa of secondaries.
Under side wliite, the nervnres all bordered witii grey brown, most conspicu-
ously on sub-median of both Avingsandthe branuhesofthia nerv are on secondaries;
shoulder pale orange.
Body above blue grey, beneath wliite; palpi white tipped with grey; antennaj
blackish above, (inely annulatetl with white below; club black tipped with yellow-
ish.
Fkmale. Expands l.i) inch.
Similar to male, the surface usually still more obscured.
This species is allied to Okracea, from which it may be read'^y distinguished
by the sha[)e of its wings, which are longer and narrower, by their texture, which
is more delicate, and l)y the constant presence of grey scales over the suri'ace. In
the Kanawha <listrict it rei)la(!cs OUvivca which is yet unknown tliere. It is not
uncommon in the month of .May, fre<juenting open woods rather than gardens, and
in this respect differing in habit from the allied species. I have never met with it
Liter than June, though Olcmcea, in the Northern tStates, is most abundant after
that month and continues breeding till the early autumn fi'osts.
I have received specimens of V!r(/!nicits!.'i from Mr. Wm. Saundei'sof London,
Canada, and ain informed by him that it is there a rare insect.
The larvaj of this grou[) of Pieris feed upon garden vegetables, Brassica, Ra-
phanus, Nasturtium, and allied plants in a wild state, and are sometimes exceed-
ingly destructive. The female butterfly deposits great numbers of long slender
l)ointed eggs uj)on the nndiu- side of the leavers, often a score or more upon a single
leaf. Tlu!se eggs are greenish white in color, and stand at right angles to the
surface. To an inexperienced person they might seem to be eggs of some fly, or
the result of a disease of the leaf itself, but they would not be suspected to be the
eggs of any butterfly.
In four or five days the young larva3 emerge, one tenth of an inch in length,
green in color, reipiiring a keen sight to disc(jver them. At once they attack the
leaf eating a small hole and to the margin of this they return when disposed to
feed till all the surrounding ])arts are eaten away. The large leaves of horse rad-
ish may be seen entirely consumed in this way leaving but the skeleton untouched.
I» I E R I S
When at rest the krvre lie extondod upon tin; snrfiico of the loaf, generally alonj;
one of the ribs or in a depression, and as tliev retain their j;reen eolor to maturity
they are efleetwaily sereciicd from iiulieo. W'iieii iiiiituns they are aliout one iinh
in lenji'tli, eyiii hieal, covered with line white papilhi; from eiii'h <>f vhicii is emit-
ted u single short hair. The chrysalids are brownish white marked aiiterinriy b\
a few jioints and short lines of bliielc, and are (listingnishable from tiiosc* of any
otlier geinis by angular ridges on the baek of the; wing envers and he;id. 'J'hey
may be seen attaehed to fences and buildings near the food jtlant, or to tlie ]ihints
themselves. This deseriptioti will apj)ly either to O/cmccn, or Jin/Kif, which in
both larval and chrysalis states are extremely alike. And doubtless will be
found to ajjply as well to the same stages of Viri/inumls.
Fortiniately multitudes of these insects are destroyed by small iehueumon-fHes
which deposit their eggs in the very young larvie. From these |)roceed gi'iibs
which feed u[)on the sul)stance of tiie lai'va, but instinctively avoid any vital part.
In due time the larva becomes a chrysalis and shortly after the matured grid»s
eat their Avay out ami soon become Hies, while nothing is left of the chrysalis
but the emi)ty ^hell.
Until within a few years, Olcracca Avas considered to be our only eastern spe-
cies of this group, and although in its larval stati; somewhat destructive yet was
never so much so as to excite alarm. But of late /■'. liapae, an Euro[)ean Hj)e('ies,
and a pest of that continent, has been introducetl, first being seen in the vicinity
of Quebec. From ])robal»iy two or three individuals and from that centre it has
rapidly increased, and, year by year, made its way ^outh and \\'est till it swarms
in many [)arts of xSew York and New Jersey and in Ohio. Already the loss to the
cabbage crop alone begins to be estimated at millions of dollars annually, and it is
probable 'hat this species will continue to extend its area till it lias taki n ])0sses-
sion of the whole continent east of the iiockv ^fountains.
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ANTHOi^VUlS I
/VXTIIOCAUIS JiEAKIKTI]. I— 1.
AntUocarix Rfal-iftH, Eilwiivls, Tnms. Am. Eiit. Sdc, 18r,!).
Malk. Expands l.;5 to l.-") iiicli.
rppcr side soiled wliitc, lilnckisli at, l)aso; ])riniarios liavo a large bright or-
ange ai)ieal patch, as in Sam, edged on the apex by blaek as in that, sjieeies, with
serrated blaek spots also npon the hind margin; a narrow bar, straight, -lightly
irrcguhir on its edges and of neai'ly uiiiforin intensity of l)laek, crosses tlie wing
from middle of costa to inner angle; costal edge much specked with black scales;
fringe alternate white and black.
Secondaries have three or four patches of black at tips of njiper nervules ;
fringe white, black at ends of nervules.
Tnder side white; the orange spots reduced and paler; costa of jirimaries and
the whole space on apex and margin outside tlu^ oi-anLi'e, (h-nsely covered with green
[)atches; on the arc a heiit bar ; secondaries densely and nnifurndy coveicd fr(jni
l)ase to mai'gin by iai'ge gi'cen patches.
Fr.MAi.i;. Expands 1.7 iiii'h. Same color as male; costal margin slightly
specked; the orange spots paler and narrower, reaching fromcusta to hind margin,
not ediii'd bv black on inner side, but on outer i)y a siiuious band, l)etweeu which
and the ajiical border is a series of sei'rated s[)()ts, often continent ; tlu^ band con-
nected with the triangular nmrginal spots by black nervures; on the arc a bent
bar, starting from costal edge; beneath as in the male, except that eosta, margins
aiul secondaries are nnich less spotted with green.
California. Vicinity of San Francisco. From specimens in my own collec-
tion and those of Messrs. Reakirt and Henry Edwards, and I))-. Uehr.
The distinctness of the })resent s]iecies from Surn was first pointed (ait to me
by ]\Ir. Ivcakirt and [ have since learned that ewr ( 'alifoi'uian le|)idopterists had
assured thciiiselves of the same thing. Ihit I am not at all cei'lain that this is not
the species intendeil to be descrilu'd by Dr. IJoisdiival. 1 lis description applies
eniiallv well to either form, but as our collci'tors have agreeij in calling the larger
Sara, 1 have no hesitation in following ti.em.
The males of the two species much resemble each olheroii the upper side ex-
cent in si/.e. S(ir(t expanding more by three or four teiilhs. in Snra / the blacdc
discal banil is waved and of faint color. [\\ Sara % thediscul bar is separated from
the c.ista. In JkCi/.-irfii ' the costal margin of primaries is alwaxs irrorated, and tlu;
UMriiin of secondaries ii:j never without black sj)ots. Uu the under side it is much
ANTIIOCAUIS I.
more and diiriTciitly marked with ifroi-n. The yellow form is also wholly wanting
\\\ Rcakirlii. In a letter fVom Air. Henry Edwards dated September, 1G()!), he
says. — "This 8i)eeies is one of the earliest inseets of our spring, and may be seen
even so soon as Alareh if the season be favorable. As far as my own observation
goes it is found generally in oak groves, flying abont flowers, and is but rarely seen
in open })asturcs; liking shade anil flying rapidly from flower to flower. It rarely
alights, and is diflienlt to take on the wing, 1 have met with it chiefly in the
nei-j'hljorhood of l^an Fi'anciseo, As to Sara, I first met with it two vears au;o in
.Santa Chira Co., and was at once struck by its larger size, the yellow color of most
of the females, and the al)sence of th(! irrorated line along tho anterior margin, as
well as by the much fainter green markings on the under side of lower wings.
Uidike lieakirtit, this species seems to prefer the open fields, flies much more slow-
ly, aiid alights often upon flowers of Brassicu', Nasturtium, etc. I am so accusto-
med to the two forms that I can now distinguish them by the Jiight alone. S'nra
appears early in Alay, or jjrobably in the warmer parts of the .State as soon as xVp-
ri!. and continues on the wing until August. Probably at least one-half the fe-
males are moro or less tinged with yellow."
ANTIIOCARIS COOPEKII. 5—8.
Anthncarix Cooperii, Uelir, Triiiis. Aiu. Ent. Soc, 1869. Angelina, Boisduval, Lep. do la Cal'o.,
18(;0.
Al.vi.E. Ex[)an(ls 1.4 inch.
U])per side soiled white with a yellow tinge, much irrorated with black at base
of wings; primaries have a small j)ale orange sub-apical patch, as in female /i'm/'-
//■///, edged at apex by spots of greenish-black, i)artly united into a band; on the
arc a narrow, nearly straight blackish bar, not quite reaching thecosta; fringes
white, the nervules on j)rimaries largely and on secondaries slightly tipped with
black.
lender side of primaries white ; the orange 2)atch rejjeated, bui paler ; apex
tinged with green and, as well as eosta, somewhat irrorated with greenish-black ;
discal spot nearly obsolete.
Secondaries nuich covered by yellow-green patches, most dense next base.
I^ody abovi' grey, beneath, thorax covered by yellow hairs; palpi white tip-
])ed Viitb grey.
Female. Expands 1.5 inch. Same color as male; the orange patch want-
ing, but the nervules witiiin the space orange; a))ical spots sejiarated and less dis-
tinct. Under side of ])rimaries have the apex de^ndedly greenish-yellow; in oth-
er resi)ects like the male.
From S;iii Diego, California; Collection of Dr. 13ehr.
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IJnisduviil, Ann. I'liit. Soc. de Vr. 1852.
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'jXiKiiKis :: inciK'.s
Uppor sido piiro wliito, hlackisli at Inise ; primurit'.s liavc a large bri^lit oran!i;e
apical 2)atcli, l)roa(lly eiI;i;iHl at apox ot'Avlni^ \>y hhKtk and ciiclosiiii; on liiiid iiiar-
t^iii two soi'nitt'd black rii)()t.s; jxvsturiorly edged Ity a broad black band wliicli cx-
tcuils from costal edge acros-t tbo cell, covering tlie arc, and coimect?4 witli a waved
band of ".rr')gular width and le.srf intensity of color that reaches to inner angle;
costal margin .-lightly specked with black; secondaries usnally immaculate, but
sometimes marked by small black patches on the ends of the nervules, especially
at and near the outer angle; fring;^ of primaries alti'rnate yellowish and black, of
secondaries white, except at tips of nervules Avhero it is l)lacl:.
Under side white tinged with yellow on hind margin and apex of primaries ;
the orange spot reduced, pale ; apex specked with black ; on the art; a broken
black bar. Hecond iries have the nervuri;s yellow, and iho surface covered thinly
and irregularly with greenish points and patche-s.
Ji(jdy above covered with grey hairs; beneath, al)domen yellowish, tli-irax
white; pal[)i white tipped with grey ; autenme brown above, Avhitish below : club
black, white at tip.
Fk.mali:. .Same size.
Upper side color of male ; the orange patch paler and narrower, no', bordered
with black on inner .side, but edgi^l witliout by a siinions blackish band or stripe
more or less complete, betwetm which and the blackish apical borJer are serrated
white spots, sometimes confluent ; discal mark, a bent bar not vjxteudiug beyond
the arc : under side as in male.
Vdrlciij A, Female. — Upper side pale yellow, marked as in the type.
California. Found especially in Santa Clara County: rare in vicinity of San
Francisco, where it is r(>i)laced by A. Jintk-uiii. Accortling to Mr. Henry Ed-
wards, nearly one half f)f the females are of the yellow variety
(See notes on A. licahirt'u.)
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(OLIAS AI.KXANDKA. 1—1.
CdHux Mr.riinilrn. % 9. Kdv/anls. I'm.'. Knt. Sur. I'liilii. ii, p. 11. iM'i."..
Mali:. I^xpaiuls truiii l.l* t(» li.'J iiiclns.
rplKT side liriglit Iciiioti-ycllnw, willi a ^irrciiisli tiiinc <in tlic inner Iiiilf of
secoiularics ; Itasc of wiiijjs and cdsta of priinaiics slii^liily |)o\v(U'ri'(l with lilack
scales; friiijfc yellow.
I'riiiiaries liave a Itroail iiiaek inariiiiial liaiid, the inner edj^e of whieli is usu-
ally not crenated, hut is |iarallel to the niariiin, with a small ani^nlar projection upon
the subniedian inter-spacc; at the apex it curves slijflitly and extends a little way
alon<? the costal inar<riu, h'ss than in C /'/li/'xHcc ; on the inner niaruin it ti-rnii-
nates as in tiiat species; this hand is crossed to the fringe ly the yellow nervidcs;
on the arc is a narrow lilack mark, in length not exccedinj; half the arc, sometimes
u little dilated and then enclosiuji; a yellow poirit.
Secondaries have a narrow maririn terminating; acutely iK'forc the anal an<:;le,
crenatcd within antl crossed hy tli<' yellow nervures: sometimes nn the arc is a mi-
nute spot of ]>alcr cohtr, hut this is usually wantinji;.
Under side: primaries sajne yellow as al>ovc, pale at apex and on inner mar-
gin; costal margin slightly powdered with minute hlack scales and edged with pale
roseate ; discal spot as ahov<' ; otherwise imtna"ulatc. S'condaries whollv greenish-
yellow, covered with l)lack scales; .liscal spot small, rounde<l, silver-white, without
II border; otherwise immaculate ; nor is tlu're a jiink tinge at base as in l'/u7in(icf
and many species of (o//(m,* edge of costa pale roseate to the end of the costal ncr-
vure only; fringe of both wings yellow.
Pal[)i pale yellow ; legs and anteunie pale roseate ; club blackish above, brown-
ish-yellow below and at tip.
Fkmai.k. Expands 2.'A inches.
L'jiper side less brightly colored, having a greenish tinge throughout, and with-
out a marginal band; fringe yellow and otherwise as in the male.
Variety (/, Fi'male ; expands '2.i inches.
Primaries have the api'x Ithiish-white. and an obsolete macular hand, indica-
ted only by clusters of sc;des along the margin and apex and l»y a line of scales
anterior to these ; on the under side of .seconchiries the hind and inner margins have
a bluish tint.
COMAS I.
From Colorado. Mr. .riimos Ki(liii}>;s, who colloctod in that r('<;ion in 1804,
informs mc thut he took this spt'cii's at Kmpirc City, hij^h up in th(! mountains
near the Bnowy Kango, in the month of August ; that it wa.s moderately abundant
but very wild and dillieult to capture on account of the unevenness of the ground.
COLIAS HELENA. 5—7.
Colias Hckna CHol'-o-im) I $ . Edward-s, I'roc. Kiit. Soc. Phila. ii, p. 80. 1803,
Male. Expands 1.") inch.
Upper .side greonish-ycllow, deepest colored on secondaries, sprinkled with
black on the costa of primaries and at the base of the wings ; border of primaries
broad, black, much advanced on the costa, not crossed by yellow nervures ; that of
secondaries of medium width, short, terminating midway on the margin ; both bor-
ders erose on inner edge; primaries have a slender, black, discal mark; second-
aries only an indistinct ])ale point; fringes rose-red.
Under side: primaries in color nnich as above, with a similar discal maik;
secondaries dark greenish-yellow, covered with fine black scales ; discal spot small,
round, silver-white, with no border; at the base a few rosy scales; body black
above, yellow beneath; collar rosy; pal])i yellow with rosy hairs at extremity ; legs
and antenna; rosy ; club brown.
Ff.malk. Ex})ands 1.7 inch.
Upper side .soiled white with a slight green tinge; primaries have a brownish-
black border, very broad at the apex, terminating in a jwint at the inner angle, the
inner edge on the inferior nervules emarginated ; secondaries have a narrow border
at outer angle only ; discal spots as in the male; fringes rose-red.
Under side : primaries same white as above, the apex and costal margin washed
with yellow ; secondaries as in the nude.
From Mackenzie's lliver, taken by Mrs. Koss, in 1802.
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COLIAS 11.
CO LIAS CIIKISTJNA. 1—1.
('ni;,i* (Vn-lfllifi. J> 9. Ivlwaids. I'n.f Miit. Sec. I'liila. ii. p. 7'.». 1S03.
M All',, Kxpaiids 2.1 inclics.
r|>|i('r siilc : priniiiriiN lirinlit yellow, with a Inrije (Iccp-dranj:;!' pat<'li on fho
disk, wliicli rca<'Iics iicitluT the costa nor llic I)mm', and o('cii|iics alioiit onc-iialt' the
Kjiaco inside the Itorder; the liorder is ln'oad, Mack, crossed hy the yellow nervures
nearly or (|uite to the niarjiin, and resernhles ('. HKn/lhrnii' in the outline of its
inner e<life; discal spot small and hhu'k ; edn'c of cosla rose-red.
Secondaries lemon-yellow witii ii pale oranjie patch which is coidined to the
outer lindt, reachinj; neither th(M'osta nor ahdominal inariiin ; the honler narrow,
with a very even inner ed<;e, also crossed hy the yellow nervures; discal spot large,
deep-oianiic ; Irinj^e of huth wings long, rose-red.
I'nderside: primaries same yellow, the hasal half |iale-orar.^e ; coital mar-
gin spriid<led with line hlack scales; hetween the nervnles three or linir sul>-mar-
ginal hrown points or clusters of sc;des ; dise:d spot as al>ove.
Secondaries more greenish, covered uniformly with line iilack scales ; an oh-
solele sMh-margiual row of hrowii |ioints; discal spot small, round, silver-wiiitc, in
a reildish-hrowu circlet ahout which area few scales of same coloi- ; a few rosy
scales !ii the hase; fringe and costal edge of each wing rose-red; palpi pale yellow;
legs and auteniiie rosy; clnh hlackish.
In three specimens out of four there were no traces of the suh-marginal points.
I'i.MAi.i:. lApands 'l.'\ inches.
Upper side wholly pale yellow, without a hordei' ; dlscal spots as in tlu' male,
that of secondaries heing more yellowish; fringes rose-i'cd.
Tiider side paler and immaculate, excej)ting the discal spots; the hasal half
of jirimaries hrownish-yellow insteail of orange; otherwise like the male.
Taken at the jtortage of Slave River, hy Mrs. IJeruard (_'. Koss, late (jf Fort
Simjjson, in 18(12.
COLIAS II.
f'or.iAs !{i:ni{ii. 0—7.
Cofiat) lirhrii. % 9 KilwarilH, I'r.ic. Kill. Soc I'liilii, vi. |., 2()1. ISnO.
^r.VI.r.. I'xpilllds !..'» inch.
rppcr side j^ifciiisli-vcilnw, imicli s|)i-iiiklc<l with miimti' hliick hcsiIoh, cspoci-
iill\ (111 |trimiiri<'s ; hasc of wiii^s Muck ; hiixl iiiar^in of |>riiiiarii>H hroiidly ('<l<i;»'(l
witli Muck, which is covered with ;frcciiish-y«'llow scales and not dearly defined on
the inner side; the iiiai'ninal holder of secondaries is clear hiack.of niediiiin width,
well defmcil on inner side, ciirvinj^ re^idarly, with no |»roniiiient projections, and
tenniiuuinii a little short of the anal aii;,de; costa of primaries rose-colored; diseal
Bpot a ininiite yellow streak ed<;ed with liiack scales; discul spot of secondaries
small, round and yellow; friii<i;es ^frecnish-yt'llow.
I'ndi'r side j;reenish-yellow, paler than secondaries altovc, entirely specked
with hlack scales, except on inner inarj;in of primaries, where the color is whitish;
diseal spot of primaries a yellow streak, of secondaries minute, yell((W, edged with
a few rosy scales; costa of each wing rose-colored; ahdomen and pal]>i greenish-
yellow ; legs and anteniiie rose-colored.
Ki'.mam:. a little larger than i\w male, paler green, the marginal Mack bor-
der less distinct and more expanded at apex of primaries; fiinges both above and
below roseate, in contrast to the fringes of the male, which are yellow.
From two males, and one female, received fnmi Dr. Herman liohr, San Fran-
cisco, and taken by members of the State (Jeological Survey among the Yo Se-
mite mountains, at an elevation of about lO.tMH) feet above the sea.
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COLfAS 111.
COLIAS EURYTHEME. 1—6.
CoUiis Eim/thini'', (Ku-rvtli'-e-iiio ). Hoisdiival. Ami. Hut. Soi'. ilo Fr. 1S.')2. Am^ifu'iIi'Mi, UoisJ.
ill. JMum, Var. (hil!/,>rn!rn, :Murietri('-.s, Cat. Imp. Ai;ad. Sci. St. Tetorsb. Edum ? lioLsd. aud Uec. p. Gl.
^[ali;. Expands 2 to 2^^ iiu-lio.s.
l'I)per side uniform I)rio]it orango, with an opaline reflection ; eo,stal and abdo-
iiininl inargin.s sulpliur yellow ; ba.se of primaries covered with black scales which
e.xteiul a little way alon<i; inner marsiin ; base of secondaries covered in .'•ame man-
ner as also part of cell and of lower median interspaces; primaries have a large
black sub-ovate di.scal spot; marginal band l)roa(l, black, crossed at apex by yel-
low iiervule.s, the general direction of the inner edge, from submedian to di.seo-cen-
tral, being parallel to the margin, sometimes crenulate and sometimes nearly .straight,
with a slight pnjpjection on the sub-median ; from the disco-central curving to co.s-
tal edge and diminishing to a point at about one-third the distance from ape.x; ; on
iinier margin throwing out an acuminate branch, which is depressed on ui)pei' side
and terminates nearly at the middle of margin.
Secondaries have the border one-half the width of that of primaries, erose with-
ni, counnencing half way between the co,stal and ui)per branch of sub-costal and
ending at first branch of median ; a rounded deej) orange discal spot, upon the an-
terior edge of which is .sometimes a dot of same color; fringes yellow at base, ro.se-
ate at extremity.
L nder side deep yellow, usually with an orange tinge upon disk of primaries ;
costal margin of primaries and disk lightly powdered with fine black scales ; a
sub-marginal transverse row of small black patches, the three lower distinct, others
more or less obsolete; three black dots in the sub-costo-apical interspaces near the
edge; di.scal spot black, oval, enclosing a .streak which is yellow, or sometimes mar-
garitaceous.
Secondaries have a row of faint brown points j)arallel to margin, a small patch
on costa ; a round discal inargaritaceous spot, in a brown ring, about which is a
second, paler and broader; at in.sertion of median a small red spot; costal edges
and fringes 0+' !'^i'. >\'nigs roseate.
Body aoove covered with greenish-yellow hairs, which, on the- collar, are
ro,seate at extremity; abdomen black above, partly covered with yellow scales;
under side yellow; legs pale roseate; palpi yellow beneath, black above; an-
tennae and club pale roseate.
CO LI AS IIL
Fkmai.k. Expands '_*.") iiiclus.
Upper side oranifc, less pure than in male, much obscnri'd by black scales at
base <)f'])riniarics and over whole of secondaries ; often, however, the color is <^reen-
Ish-yellow with a deep oranij;e tint upon the disk and inner margin (»f primaries
and a slight flush of same over secuiidaries ; primaries have the niarj^inal border
broad, dilated at apex, nuich advanced on eosta, the inner edpie not clearly defnied,
with two deep sinuses on the sub-median and up])er median interspaces; within
the border a transverse, yellow, macular liajid, of which the .spot in median inter-
8])aco is usually wantinj;; discal spot large, nearly rouml.
Secondaries have the border irregular, dilated at upper end and [)artly enclos-
ing a yellow macular baml ; discal spot and fringes as in male.
Un(h'r side |ial( yellow, or greenish-yellow, (according to the prevalence of
orange or greenish-yi'Uow on upper side,) tinted with orang(! on disk of [)rimuries;
the sub-marginal jiatches and points distinct; discal spots as in male, that of pri-
maries having the central spot conspicious.
Variety A, 4". Color above and below greenish-white ; marked as in the type.
Lauva : mature, length 1.1 iiicli. Dorsal surface dark velvety green, linely
jdicated transversely. On either side a narrow white line on which are irregular
patches of briglit vermillion, some »jf which are oeeasionally shaded with orange
yellow. Underside g'.een.
CuiiYsALis light grei'U, with a stigmatal yellow line, above which is a brown
',toint on each segment ; a sub-dorsal brown patch commencing at edge of wing cov-
ers and occujtying two or three .-segments. Length .'Jo inch.
Vaut greenish wliite, translucent, ])ointed at one end and truncated at the other,
ribbed longitudinally with transverse strite between. Length, .030 inch, greatest
width .00!) inch.
From notes by L. K. llayhurst, Esq., Sedalia, Missouri, who succeeded in rais-
ing the larvie from eggs depijsited l)y a female in captivity. The larva.' fed upon
Trifolium repens (white clover) and T. retlexum (Buffalo grass). The eggs hatched
July 1st ; changed to pupa' July Lnh and the butterflies emerged July 24th. Mr.
llayhurst adds, "the larvse are .scarcely different from those of C Fliilodlcc, except
in being larger and having the Literal .spots of a brighter scarlet."
According to Dr. IJehr, "the caterpillar is of a lively green with a brimstone
colored stripe ab(j\e the feet, and feeds upon a specie;, of llosackia, and i)robably
other liguminous plants." This species is widely distributed over the western part
of the Continent, both in tiie Mississippi valley and on the Pacific slope. Dr. Behr
says "it is very eonunon in California," and it also is in the vicinity of New Orleans
and in pait (jf Texas. Very rarely specimens have been taken east of the AUe-
ghanies. 1 have never met vv'ith it myself, either in New York, New Jersey or even
COLIAS III,
in West Virginia. Nor liave I received it from (loorgiti, although large miscel-
laneous collections have heen sent me from that Htate. Mr. Keai<irt has taken a
single s])ecimen at New Castle, Delaware. This is supposed to be the species form-
erly mentioned ])y autliors as Ediua, Avhieh it somewhat, hut by no means closely,
resembles. Boisduval ct Leconte say of this luhtsa, "it is found in the S])ring, but
esi)ecially in the Autuuni, in the fields in the vicinity of Xcw York, less common
than F/i!hdirr;" (a S2)ecies which swarms in that region). Wliich of course is
erroneous. The ociuunon and careless i)ractice of pronouncing American insects
identical with European has led to endl(>ss perplexity. No geinis has suHered
more in this respect tlian Ch/!u.i, as the names JLi<ilr,\Pal,vno, PlummoHc, Xastes,
JEdusa, and CInjHothnne show. Excei)ting XnsUs, wliich comes to us from Labra-
dor, it is more than doid)tful if one of these is American.
It is dillicult to say whether the present species is the one designated as Eury-
themehy Dr. Boisduval or not, as his short an.l very general description wouUl at-
tach to almost any orange Cu/!a4 whatever. But of late years this name has been
so api)lied by American lepidopterists, the species I have separated as Kecwaydln
being regarded as a variety only.
It is uncertain also what the brief mention of Amphidum was intended to cover.
This is described as "wholly like Edusa, having the border of the same form and"
breadth" only wanting the glandular space that characterises that si)ecies. Its lo-
cality is given as the North of California, and we are told that it is "perhaps but a
variety of the preceeding," (Eurythrmc.) Xo such form is known in any of the
large Californian collections to which I have luul access.
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COLIAS IV.
C0LIA8 KEEWAYDIX, ii. sp. 1—9.
Malk. Expancln from 1.(5 to 1.8 inehoH.
Upper side 8uli)lmr yellow, the disk of both wiii^s more or less tinted with
orange, which oeeasioiially luw im opuliue rellectioii ; on primaries the orange is
deepest next base and on inner margin, towards hind margin insiiisilily passing
into yell<iw; on Beeontlaries the tint is less deep, extends <piite up to the marginal
border bnt lades into yellow ttjwards costal and al)il(iniinal margin; base thickly
powdered with black which extends a little way along inner margin of primaries,
and, on secondaries, covers part of the cell and median interspaces; discal spot of
primaries black, sub-ovate, often nnich compressed, hut sianetinies alninst eircidar;
marginal border black, of median width, crossed at apex and often throughnnt by
yellow nervnles; regular on its inner edge, with a slight projection on sul)-medi-
an and an indentation below that nervure, not qnite ])arallel to the margin in its
general course, but approaching it somewhat near the disco-central; beyond this,
curving roundly towards costa and terminating (usually (juite abruptly) on c<tstal
edge at about one-fourth distance from ajjcx to base; on inner margin projecting a
short, attenuated spur.
Secondaries have the discal spot deep orange, ocea.sionally with a snudl atten-
dant spot on its anterior edge; the marginal boriler narrowed, usually regular, but
sometimes a little excavated between the nervnles, commencing above the upper
branch of sub-costal and ending acutely at or a little beyimd the iirst branch of
median ; fringes yellow, edged slightly without by roseate, more decidedly at apex
of primaries.
Under side uniform deep yellow ; costal edges and fringes roseate; costal mar-
gin of primaries and the whole of secondaries much sprinkled with line black
scales; discal spot of j)rimaries sub-ovate, sometimes triangular, black, with a dot
or streak of yellow, or sometimes white, in the centre ; the sub-marginal row of brown
spots faint, consisting of but a few scales and })artly obsolete; secondaries have a
similar row of spots, a small elongated patch on costa and a roseate spot at inser-
tion of median; discal spot large, margaritacecuis, in a narrow brown ring about
which is a j)aler halo ; the attendant spot, if any, a dot in the centre of a
similar ring.
Body covered with yellow-grey hairs which are tipp('(l with faint roseate on
the collar; abdomen black partly covered with yellow scales, beneath yellow; tho-
COLIAS IV.
rnx yellow; Icjix roscnU'; palpi yellow, diirk on upjuT huU', roHoale at extremity;
nnteiiiue and eltil) roneatc.
Variety A, /f. Upper sido palo yellow with n very slight tinpo of nrnngo
on disk of juiinaries; .sonietiincs wholly witliont orunjic and then nniforni lemon-
yellow; the mar<;inal borders aNo very pale. (Fig. 7.)
Fkmalk. Expands 1.7 to H.l inehes.
rpper Hurfaec- yellow, the Hccondaries having a greenish tint; disk of ]>rima-
ries slightly tinted with orange; ]>rinuirie.s liavo the marginal border hroad, more
or less excavated between tlu* nervnies and enclosing a macnlar yellow ban<l, usu-
ally eoniplete, allhongh the spot in median interspace is often but faint ; dis^-al spot
large, black, circular or ovate, and sometimes enclosing a central isj)ot.
Soe(mdariefl have the horder abbreviate(l jmsteriorly and dilatecl towards (aiter
angle, there enclosing two or three yellow spots of a band which disappears in the
ground coh)r; discal sjMjt as in male
I'nder side greenish-yellow except ,it base and on disk of ]triniaries which are
deep yellow; tliscal spot of j)rimarics large; with a central white oi- yellow spot.
The usual typo frcan California and Texas.
Variety A, V. Upper side of primaries luight orange and of BPCondaries
pale oran"(', both wiiiLis much obscui'cd bv black scales; macular band vellow.
From Illinois. (Fig- •"'■)
Variety ]>, .. Color above greenisb-wliite, tlu; set'ondarics with a faint yel-
low tint; beneath secondaries and apex of ])rimaries more decidedly yellow;
marked as in the tyi)e. From California and Texas.
Larva unknown.
Found in the valley of the ^lississippi from Nehra.ska and Illinois to Texas
and westward to the Pacific, occupying nuich the same region a.s J'Juryt/innr, but
apparently less common and more local than that s])ccie.s. Also occasionally I'ound
in the Middle States and Canada.
My attention was first called to the dilfcrcnces between the two species passing
under the name of Eiu'ijthcmc by J)r. IJehr, in ISO"). In a letter then received
from him, he says, "These are two good species but have hitherto been considered
as one. 1 am certain either of the two is different from the Euro[)ean C'firi/.mf/irmr;"
(of which s[)ecie-! Dr. B;)isihival had CDUsidered Eari///inne as i)robal)ly a varietv.)
"It is easy enough to characterise the males, but as to the females, I am often at
a loss myself; and at the same time the two species are easy to recognize when on
the wing." And again in 18(18, " I will send yiai a i)air of each of the two Colias.
The difference is about the same a.s between Edma and Jfi/rmirlonr whose repre-
CO LI AS IV.
Bcntativos they nro. Tlio iiiiiIcm nre oiisy to m-ogiiizi-, luit iIk* fVniiilcs npproiich
••iirli nilir.-so niuili, tjijit, ill si.iiit' (if Illy H|.fciiMciis I mil |m/./|(.,l myself, i'.m.»H'iiilly
when they Hi't! not qiiUc fnsli."
I liiive reci'lvod (DcccihIhm- IHtlM,) a very iiitiTcsling Porit's ot" spcciiucnH of
hotli V.uriilhrmc iiikI AVr/m//(/m from Mr. Ht'iiry KdwaniM, of Siiii KiiinciMo, u
cinvfiil iiiiil cxiicriciici'il ohscrvcr, sliowiiin' .i niiicli widn- vjiiiiitioii in K><w<(ii<lin
tliim ill till' otiicr, Itdtli ill size and colnr. Sdiiic of llic niiilcH an- verv Hiniiil
HcMiccly one Imif llic size of the l.cst <lcvi!o|ic(l, ami tlicy v;iiy in color (lum (l»f|.
oranj,'o to Iciiion-ycllow. Mr. I'Mwiinis writes "I may iiuiicc tlmt tlic tli-lit of tlin
new sjM'cics is miicli more nipid and varinl than tiiat ol' J-jir)// /huh — that thcoMlv
variety which appears in the hitter is in the c;ise of tii<' ailiiiio femide, while the
male of the new species is eoiistanlly sulijecl to run into liie hiiion-yellow Viirietv,
which however, is rarely so well (leline(| ns in the speciinen I send yoii. [I'intircil in
plate.] There appear to he two liroods dnriii<; the year, the insect heiiii; most
ahiindant early in the spriln,^ in fact, hefore J-jiri///Hiti.t; makes its iippearaiiee. It
seems to he local and hy no means widely distrihiited. I have ehiellv found it at
Alameda and along the eastern side of the J5ay as far as the San .lose district, hut
it does not appear in 8an Mateo Comity, thoujih J-Jiiri/f/HUH' is \i'vy {•(tmiaon there.
As it is always hovering over j.lants of .Medicago, I presume the caterpillar feeds
upon that, hut nothing is known hy me of either larva or chrysalis at present."
From Illinois and vicinity of >.'ew Urle;::!s i have received these two species
in about e(|ual numbers, but of a hirge number sent me by I'rof. Moore, from Ox-
ford, Miss., all were lua-i/l/icine. On the other iiand specimens sent by I)r. Linee-
cuin, and taken in Washington Co., Te.\as, have been nearly or quite all of the other
species. Of this collection about one-fourth the females were all)iiio, and the others
were quite distinet in size and color from the lemale of JuirylhniH'. iJut two fe-
males sent from Illinois by Mr. Walsh do very elosely ap])ruuch that of Eurijthemc,
and justify the remark of Dr. 13ehr. (Fig. o.)
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COLIAS V.
COLIAS EUKYDICE. 1—4.
Colias Euri/di'ce, (Eu-ryd'-i-ei-) Vnihd. .Ann. Soe. Ent. Franco, 1852. Wosnescnski, M^n^trife,
Catal. Acad. St. Petersburg, l^o.j. ? . Rhxloiera Lonjuiiii, Boisd. Ann. Ent. Soc. France, 1854.
Male. Expands 2.5 inches.
Upper side of prinuiries dark fuscous on torminid liidf and on costal margin;
base thickly powdered with black .scales and partly covered by loiiu; greyish hairs;
extra basal space violet pink with an opaline reilection, but changing to deep brown-
ish yellow when viewed oblicjuely, slightly specked next base an<l next costa by
dark blue scales and cut by black nervures, deeply excavated at extremity of cell,
moderately on submedian intersjiaco, and projecting prominently along the upper
median interspaces into the fuscous border; three pink streaks on costal edge hear
apex.
Secondaries deep brownish yellow, clear yellow on costal and abdominal mar-
gin ; immaculate, fringes ro.seate.
Under .side deep yellow, pale on inner margin of j)rimaries ; costal edges pink ;
edffe of hind margin of primaries pink with deej) ferruginous marginal points in
the interspaces ; a subniarginal common row of similar itoints, partly wanting on
primaries ; two or three such points on costa of primaries and a small patch of fer-
ruginous scales near outer angle of secondaries ; at base of secondaries a deep rose-
ate streak on median nervure ; discal spot of primaries round, silvered, within a
large black ring ; of secondaries large, i-ound, silvered, within a broad ferruginous
rin'', on the anterior edge of which is a second ring enclosing a silver jioint.
Body above covered with greyish yellow hairs, beneath yellow ; legs pink ;
palpi yellow, pink at extremity ; antenna brownish i)ink.
Fkmale. Expands 2.15 inches.
Upi>er side ])ale <!;reenish yellow, more decided yellow on secondaries; immac-
ulate, except the discal sj)ot on primaries, Avhich is round, })ale brown. UncU'r
side of jii'iinaries yellow, of .secondaries pale bufi'; discal spots on both wings silver
in faint pink rings.
Lakva unknown.
Found in California and Oregon.
This lovely sj)ecies was first made known by Dr. Boisduval who exhibited spec-
imens of it and other Californian butterllies at a meeting of the Ent. tSoc. France,
COLIAS V.
in 1854. The Report mentions, " C. Eanjdice, the most beautiful of all known Co-
liatk'.s, liaving the size and form of Qcsonia, with much the same design; but in this
brilliant species the yeUow is replaced by a vivid orange and the fore wings have
a vi(jlet reilection" and "ftkodocera Lon/ulni, Avhich has nearly the form of our
Tihamni, with the hind wings a little less angular and a black spot upon the mid-
dle of the fore wings."
The Lorquhii has proved to be the female of Eurijdicc, connecting the genera
of Colias and Gonrptcri/x (Rhodocera) in a remarkable mannei'.
]\Ir. Henry Edwards writes mo of this species. "This insect is too rare for us
to malvc many observations upon it. It apj)oars to be very local, its chief home being
in JNIarin Co. about 25 or !^0 miles from San Francisco. I have also heard of it
near Sacramento and have occasionally seen it flying in the streets of this city (San
Francisco). It appears in May, the female being sometimes found as late as Au-
gust. Its flight is very rapid and wild and it is exceedingly dillicult to capture.
I have seen it alight on the flowers of thistle, but only for a few moments and then
away to some considerable distance. The collector who is fortuiuite enough to se-
cure a good male has indeed a i)rize. The female is more common and is more
readily captured. I have heard of certain years in which this species has been com-
mon, so that, like many other butterflies, it may appear periodically in considera-
ble immbers."
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COLIAS VI.
COLIAS KDWAIIDSII, (r,..|ir in lit.). 1—-).
M.vi.i:. lC.\|iim(ls lM inclics.
Upper .'^iilu 1)ri«j;lit Iciiinii yellow. coIdI' of Alr.niiiilrn ; liasc ot' wiiiijjs slii,'litlv
powdorod witli hliick scales ; primaries have a iiaridw. Iilack, mainiiial liaiid, the
inner edge of whieh is nearly reijular, e.xtemliiiu a litth' way on costa, and oti in-
ner inarii'in projeetiiin- a short atfeiuialed spur; this hand cut nearly to the trinije
hy the yellow iierviiles; discal s|)ot hlaek, suhovate : costal ed^-c and apic:d part of
fringe roseate, at and ai)ove inner aiiLde yellow. Sicdiidaries have a narinw mar-
ginal hand terminating at the lower hraiich of median, cut liy the nervnies, nearly
regular within, there heing oidy slight projections on the nervules; discal spot
wanting; fringe yellow.
I'lider side of primaries pale yellow, i'ading towards hind margin and still
more on inner maigin ; discal spot hlaek with a few roseate >eales in centre; cos-
tal margin slightly covereil with hlaek scales. Secondaries mneh covered with
same scales, most densely at hase and in middle of disk ; ground color very pale
yeUow ; at hasi; of meilian a small roseate spot; discal spot of medium size, inarga-
ritaceoiis, with rosy .scales ahont its edge ; i'ringes as above ; costal I'dges of hotli
wings roseate.
JJody above, lemon yellow, beneath inclining to whitish ; palpi whitish ; legs
pale roseate; antennje roseate; clid) brown al)ov<', ochrey yellow beneath and at tip.
Fi;.M.VLi;. K.xpands 'l.'-\ inches.
U])per side same color as male ; hind margin of [irimaries has a broad, incom-
plete border, re])resented at inner angle by a few scales oidy ; discal spot as in male,
bnt with a few scales oidy in centre.
Secondaries have a large, rounded, orange spot on disk, without ring; beneath
as in male, except that secondaries are jnore densely powdered with black, giving
a grey sluule to the wing ; discal spot larger, distinct, I'dged with roseate; fringe
of primaries, above and below, pal(> I'oseate, exce[it at tln^ inner angle of piimaries ;
C'cstal edge of secondaries, and l)oth hind and abdominal margins fringed with roseate.
Variety A, ■. Color nuich paler; primaries have a narrow iiorder of sep-
arated scales edging tlie whole margin, expanded on cosla into ;i laigc patch;
discal spot of j)riinaries pure l)lack, of secondaries oiMuge; beneath as in the type.
( )ne male, two females, from the collection of Di'. ndir, taken near N'irginia
City, at high elevations, and named by Dr. I>ehr in boiiur of Henry I'^bvards,
Esq., of San FraneLsco.
Tills species belongs to the same group as Alccaiidrd and FjnUla.
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COLIAS VII.
COLIAS OCCIDENTALIS. 1—5.
CoUas occulentaliK, 8cudd';r. I'roc. Bust. Soc. Nat. Hist. 1862.
Male. Expands 2 inches.
Upper side lemon yellow ; primaries have a broad, black marginal border,
not cut by the nervules, erose within and nearly straight to the curve, advanced
on costa to o-ie-fourtli the distance from apex to base, and on inner margin pro-
jecting an unusually long, attenuated spur; discal spot con-colored, oval, in a pale
black rnig. Secondaries have the border broad and nearly even on the inner
edge; discal spot large, round, orange; fringes roseate except at inner angle of pri-
maries and outer of secondaries where they are yellow.
Under side deep yellow ; costal edge of primaries and basal half of secondi -
ries much irrorated with black; primaries inmiaculat m excepting the discal spot,
which is yellow in oval black ring ; secondaries have an obsolete sub-marginal
series of ferruginous patches, the middle ones only distinct ; a ferruginous patch on
costa ; at base a roseate point ; discal spot large, round, silvery with a roseate tinge,
within a brown ring that is much specked with roseate scales.
Body above black covered with greenish hairs ; below yellow ; collar roseate ;
legs roseate ; palpi ycliow, roseate on upper side ; antennoe dark brown above,
paler below ; club brown.
Female. Expands 2.4 inches.
Upper side deeper colored inclining to orange on disk of secondaries ; the
latter without marginal band ; that of primaries broad, faintly marked, consisting
merely of patches of grey scales enclosing large yellow spots ; discal spot large,
sub-ovate, black enclosing a yellow streak ; that of secondaries large, ro and, orange ;
under side of primaries deej) yellow on disk ; rest of wing, and all of secondaries
pale ; discal spots as in male.
Female. Variety A ; upper side greenish white ; secondaries with a broad
border enclosing whitish spots as on primaries.
Taken on Mackenzies River and at the Gulf of Georgia, British Columbia.
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SGUDDERII, 1,2,5 ,3,4 ?,5 ? ,var.
MEAD 1 1 , 6,7,4,8 ?,9, win^ wilh |la<id.
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COLIAS VIII.
COLIAS SCUDDERII.
CoUas ScmhhrU, Rcakirt, Proc. Acad. Nut. Sci. Phil. ISOr).
Mali;. — Expaiuls 1.8 to 2 inclios.
Upper .siilo greenish yellow; iiiargiiiiil borders broad, black, on primaries reg-
ularly crenated within, or sometimes, very slightly crose, little advanced on costa
projecting a short, attenuated fi\mv on inner margin, and usually cut to the edge by
yellow nervules; discal spot of primaries small, blacic, sub-ovate, of secondaries
pale yellow, corresponding in shape to the spot beneath; fringes roseate, yellow at
inner angle of i)rimaries and outer angle of secondaries.
Under side dark greenish-yellow, the costa of primaries and whole of second-
aries densely irrorateil with fine black scales; discal s[iot of [jriinaries small, black,
subovate, with yellow streak, sometimes sub-triangular, a m;'re line about a yellow
spot; of secondaries a silver s})ot, edged with roseate scales in narrow ferruginous
ring, sometimes accompanied by a point of ferruginous, or a largo spot with silver
pupil; sometimes also a stout ray of ferruginous projects from the large spot to-
wards hind margin; on costal edge of secondaries a lew ferruginous scales and a
bright pink spot at base; otherwise immaculate.
Body above covered with yellow and grey hairs, beneath concolored; collar
roseate, legs roseate; i)al[)i yellow, grey in front; antenna) roseate; club brown
above, roseate below.
Femalk. — Same size.
Upper side pale yellow, much irrorated with black aliMig costal margin and
apex and hind margin of primaries, but showing no regular band or spot; discal
spots as in male; under side still more densely irrorated except along hind margin
of secondaries, the disk having a greyish-yellow shade.
Var. A. — Fkmalk. — Color pale greenish-white; the margin of primaries
much irrorated at tips of nervules, aiul sometimes, small patches of scales at ori-
gin of sub-costal nervules; under side white at base and on inner margin of pri-
maries, yellow at apex and over Avhole of secondaries, this yi'llow space always
densely irrorated. In both sexes there is much variation in size of dorsal spots on
under side.
'■1 I
COLIAS VIII.
Taken in alMuuliinco by Mr. !Moii(l, in Colorado, in tlio u|)por Arkansas Valley
and in the vicinity of Twin T^akcH, during July 1<S71. Tlie siu'i'ics scciuh to ro-
pluc'o C. Alexandra, which Ih more peculiar to the Platte Valley, althougii individ-
uals of both species are to be found in either district. Four-fifths of the feiiudes of
iS('U(hU'ril, taken were albinos, while with Altxandra the all/mos were exccedinj;ly
rare. The latter species was first ol)servcd by Mr. ATead on the ir»th of June, near
the South Park, at an elevation of about JKXX) feet, and a few days later it waa
abundant at Turkey Creek Junction. i\Iany eggs were obtained, deposited on a
dwarf species of Lupinus. A young larva was also found. It was three-fourths
inch in length, clear green, with a doubU', yellow-white dorsal stripe and a single
lateral stripe of similar color,each stripe enclosing a broken roseate line.
COLIAS MEADII.
Coliixs MdidH, Etlwiirds, Trans. Am. Hnt. Soc. l^tTl.
Secondaries presenting a large sub-ovate, ochraceous, glandular space at base of
subcostal nervure, as in Edusa.
M.VLK. — Expands 1.7 inch.
Upper side fiery orange, of uniform shade quite to the marginal border and
with an opaline vefiection; bases of wings densely irrorated with black; alxlominal
margin of secondaries green and yellow similarly irrorated; the border of prima-
ries very broad, black, erose Avithin, not much advanced on costaand })rojecting but
a short spur on inner margin; that of secondaries nearly as broad, covering the
whole margin; discal spot of primaries merely indicated by a few black scales on a
deeper orange ground; of secondaries deep orange; fringes roseate mixed with
yellow.
Under side of primaries yellow green .\ costal and hind margins, buff on
disk; the anterior part of the wing much specked with black; di.'^cal spot yellow
in black oval; secondaries yellow-green, though varying in depth of color in in-
dividuals, and much obscured by black scales; discal spot silvery in a large
ferruginous patch, sometimes iiccompanied by a second small spot; a roseate spot
at base; otherwise immaeuliite.
Body above black; collar roseate, thorax and abdomen green; legs pale
roseate; palpi green, roseate in front and at tip; antennsB roseate; club brown
tipped with fulvous.
Female. — Expands 1.9 inch.
Primaries orange, sometimes as bright as in the male, but often duller colored;
COLIAS VIM.
socondarios much irrorated with bhick, ^ivinjf tla' whoh' wiiiu; a (hill orango-groy
hIkuIp; within the niarf^iniil borders a coiiiplote Hcrii'H of siiiiiU yellow spots, not
wholly enclosed on secondaries; diseal spot ot ])riniiiries an orange streak in small
hlaek oval; on the under side the green is of a bluish, often greyish tint.
Taken in Colorado by Mr. T. L. Mead, in the month of duly, ISJl. Mr.
Mead wrote from Twin Lakes, on llitli July, "On Sth, w(,' left Fair])lay in
an open hack which carries the weekly mail for this section. Tim driver was a
Yankee boy who obligingly delayed altogether more than an hour for me to catch
specimen.s on the "divide." This is the water-sln-d between the IMatte and
Arkansas valleys. Probably the pass is very nearly IiJ,();H) feet above the sea.
Above 11,000 feet an elegant 8j)ecies of Collas makes its a|)[)earance. It is liery
orange and the female also is very bright. I secured 12 sjiecimens." I'lom I'air-
play, 24th July, "Last Saturday wo rode out to Ml. Lincoln and made tlio
ascent. I took 34 specimens of the fiery Colias." He also took a single specimen
at Kenosha House, a few days later. The si)ecies fre(picnis the highest peaks
and ranges, and none were obtained at a lower level liian 10,000 feet above the
.sea.
This Colias bears close resemblance to ILcId, but may be readily distin-
guished by the glandular spot before spoken of (see I'late), a character not found in
IIccla,and so decisive that it is not necessary to point out minor points of diilerence.
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ARGYiNNIS I.
ARGYXXIS DIANA. 1—4.
Argynnis Diana. S . ('raim-f. H. 4, pi. 08. Fiib., Knt. Syst. III. 4t7. Say, Am. Ent. I.
pi. 17. Boisdiiv.il and LcCcmte, p. 14y. 9 . Ivlwanls, I'mo. Ent. Soc. ]'hil. iii, p. 431. (18G4.)
Male. Expands .).:> inclies.
l^'pixu- .side, from the l)ase to Ix'voud middle of wiii<rs, dark velvet-l)ro\vn ; the
outor liml) dee]) orange, formin>>; u wide band, crenate within on ])rimarie.s and ent
by the brown sliade ak)ng the nervures almost to the margin ; both wings edged
by ii brown line, which is i)recedetl by a seeond, somewhat indistinet, but conspi-
cuous at the ero.ssing of the nervures, especially on [)rimaries, where, at each cro.ss-
ing, is a patch of brown scales; u[)on the orange band a double row of lounded
brown spots, the outer one partly obs(dete, the inner distinct and having the three
lower spots much larger than the others.
Under .side of primaries, next base, black, edged without by a zig-zag line
similar to that of C'ybele ami allied sj)ecies, the interspaces next within this line
of the color of the margin ; transvei'.se ])atches of .same color in the cell ; next the
arc an irregular silver bar; on the costa a few silver scales; outer limb orange-
brown ; the three largest spots of sub-marginal row reaj)[)ear faintly.
Secondaries have a silky gloss; the basal two-thirds a <l(>ad-leaf brown ; outer
limb same as on primaries, immaculate; edging the lirown space i.^ an interrupted
black line, more or less covered by silver sc;i' - and terminathig, on each margin,
in a triangular silver spot; between the costa 'id sub-costal a silver crescent, (>dgcd
anteriorly by black; at the junction of same im rviUi- a fi s silver scales; < u the
arc an indistinct eyelet of darker brown; within tlu m:' gin a c(mtinuous band of
elongated silver crescents.
Jiody above velvet brown, beneath same as .secondaries ; legs and jialpi same
color; antenuic dark brown above, ferruginous below; club dark brown pped
with ferruginous.
Fejiali:. Expands nearly four inches.
Upper side ])lack, Avith blue or green reflections. Primaries liave three trans-
verse rows or spots; the marginal small, rounded, white or bluish-white he .sub-
marginal elongated, rectangular, wanting two spots next the costa. 1' -h-white;
the median of irregular blue patches; a blue patch on the co.sta; lUe two lower
spots of the submarginal and median united.
Secondaries have a marginal row of bluish white l)ars between and reaching
to the nervures, the three or four hinder ones broadest and bisected by a black
line ; a broad submarginal metallic blue band, divided by the nervures into oblong
AUCVNXIS I.
pnnts. cii' li ut" wliicli, oxcopt tho two oxtrcmo, oncldsiii.t!; a roundt'd black s|M)t near
its aiitcriiir vd-j:^. l'"riiii;is of hoth \viiiL'"s wliito, liliiclc at ends of iKM'vmvs.
I'lidcf siilc d}' |ir'nii:ii-i(s lilack, witli a sliiilit i)lut' rcilcction ; apical border
l)ro\vii; (111 tlica|ir\ :i wliilc piilcli edited within l)y silver; a niai'iiinal row of wliito
crescents, iiearlv olisolele aiiove, the lower ones |)receded by a i;rey shadow and
streak; a median inw of whitish sjtots correspondinii; to those of npper surface ; a
larn'c white |iatcli on costa ; anterior to tho median a. row of spots, of wliicli tho
lower is pni-ple, the n|)|ier one •ireen. much eloiiiialed ; in the cell three _<i;roen spots,
that next the arc sli;:htly silvered ; belwo'ii lhiM)ther two a faint brown patch; sil-
ver scales on the costa.
Secondiiries have the ba-al two-thirds brown, varying; in shade iii different
.S])ecimens, from blackish to dark red, and usually with a i;reenish-<i-rey reflection;
this space I'da'eil without by a silvery lino moro or less complete, (but sometimes
wholly wantiiii;',) which tei'minales on the margins in ti'iaiiLiular silver spots; the
silver crescent as in the male; eyelet on the arc oftiMi silvered ; outer lindj blaek-
ish-brown, with u'reen rellectioiis ; liind maruiu e(li:;ed by a narrow jii'cy l)aiid,
which is preceded by silver crescents as in the uiale.
I'xidy black above, red laxtwu below, legs and ])al])i red brown; antennte as in
the male, but a ; hade darker.
S|Hrimens vary uuu'li, some liaving tho spots of upper surface prroon instead
of blue; the variation in silveriuii- below is extreme, irom almost nothinji; to com-
plete ornamentation.
Tho larva is uid<nown.
Until (]uite recently this biitterlly has been idmost uidvuown in Collections.
Boisduval and T^e( 'onte say that tlu'y never saw it, and that their description, as
well as that of (Jodart, and proiiably of Fabricins, were taken from the figure of
Cramer. This iigui'c of ( 'ranter's is luuch better than that of Say, which uiust
have been maile from a woni-oiil specimen, as his description also indicates. Bay
says he hail taken the species in (ieorgia, l-'lorida, Arkansas and Missouri. No
mention is made of the female by any author, and it seems to have been unknowu
till its discovery by me in iStil, in Kanawha County, \\'est \'iigiiiia. On the
20th August I saw, ibr tlu> tirst time, a uialo, hovering alxmt the flowers of the
Iron-weed ( Vernonia fascicnlata ),aud succeeded in taking it. Two days afterwards,
in same vicinity, while ))reaking my way through a diaise thicket of same weed,
hoping to find another Diana, I came suddenly upon a large black and blue butter-
fly feeding so (piietly as to allow me to stand iwnv it stano si'conds and watch its
motions. It seeine(l to be a new sjiocios of Limeiiitis, allied to Ursula, which it
resembled in color. lUit on taking it, I saw it was a female Argynnis, and the
general pattern of the under wing left little iloubt of its afliuity to Diana male,
despite its total difTerence in color ami of upper surface. Subsequent captures con-
!
AHliVNMS I.
finiR'd tliis roiijc'ctiin', and Diit ot" tlic larn'c nuinlx'r lluil liavt' siucc' been taken the
males liave been of the known type and tlie leniales l)laek, with no tendency in
either to vary in the (Hicetion of the other.
When niv attention was ealled to tlie species, I fonnd it not very uncommon,
always upon or near the Iron weed, which is very ahniidant and jirows in rank
luxuriance u[ion the I'ich Ixittoni lands of the Kanawha river, Imiuently reaching;-
a lieight of eight to ten feet, and, in Aniiiist, covered hy heads of [»nr[ih' llowi'rs that
jiossess a reinai'kahle attraction for UKtst buttertlies. l)otli sexes ai'c conspicuous,
the males from the strong contrast of color, and the females from their great size
and the hahit. of alighting on the tojimost llowers and I'csting with wings erect and
niotioidess. It is an exceedingly alci't and waiy species, dilfering in this from our
other Argvnnides. At the slightest alarm it will lly high into the woods, uvav
wliieh, upon tiie narrow bottoms or I'ivcr slopes it is invariably found. It is a true
southei'u sjH'cies. sensitive to cold, not to be looked for in the cooler [)art of the morn-
ing, but Hying down from the forest when the sun is well up. From elcvi'U to three
o'clock is its feeding tinie.
Altogether, nearly At) of both sexes were taken in IStif, between the 2()th and
;:)Oth August, the males all woi'U and corresponding with Say's ligurt', tlu' females
in large proportion fresli from clu-ysalis. In bSCi.") nearly one hundi'ed were taken
in same locality with like I'esults. In the two years following they were extrenudy
rare. On the 4th dulv, 1S(>7, a pei'fect male, vi ry dih'ercnt in shadis of coloi- from
the poor specimens hitherto seen, Avas taken, and two othei's wei'c seen shortly aftei-,
but in the absence of llowering plaiUs it was impossible to approach tliese last.
In Jnlv, ISCiC), Mr. .bimes liidings, while on an entomological excursion in
Georgia, captured thi'ce pei'Icct males near Atlanta, fi'om one of which our ligui(;
was drawn. These were all by the road side in the sandy, tlowei'less pine fori'st, and
had alighted on logs or ti'ce tiainks. No females were seen by .Mr. Hidings.
NVe may be sure, therei()re, that the males emerge early in July and are in
flight till last of August, and the I'emales from early in August till last of Sej)teni-
ber. And that the range of the s]ieeies is tViim (Jeorgia to the l.iwei- part of \\ est
Virginia, but Imw far west we have no kiiowle(lge. except iV(aii Say's menlion of
Ai'kansas ami Missouri. It probably may be ibnnd along New River (as the uj)-
per jiart of tin' Kanawha is called) which Hows irom the mountains of North Caro-
lina, and oilers a chainiel by which many soutlieiai species of butlci'ilies, and insects
of otlu'r orders, iind their way t) the warm valley <if the Kanawha.
The contrast between the sexes in the pn sent speci<s has no parallel among
North American Initterilies. In the instance of Papilio Turnns there are i'emales
of two colors, one of which reseiiddes the male in color and markings, and the other
l(Jlaucus), whik' dilfeiing in color, retains the markings. And in Tnrmis there are
manv cases where the two colors are mingled in the same individual, giving theiu a
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ARGYNNIS I.
brown or a mottled appearance. I have a cnrious example of this last, taken on
the Kanawha, where the whole Hurface is mottled, sometimes yellow j)revailing,
sometimes black. IJut in Diana the sexes are absolntely separatetl in color, and, on
the upper surface, as widely sejiarated in markinn'S. On ])art of" the lower surface
there is a resembUnicc, but any other two species of Argynnis that may be .selected
are nearer each other than are the two sexes of Diana.
In the Sixth Edition of '^ yell's Elements of Geology, figure 179, is repre-
sented a fossil butterfly (reproduced below) from the miocene beds of Croatia, taken
from Ilcer's Tnsektenfauna dcr Tertian ttc., wliich bears a singular resemblance to
Diana male. It is called Yaiu'ssa Pluto in the text, but is ]>lainly an Argynnis.
Even the colors of the insect were partially preserved, llecr himself calls attention
to the resemblance to Diana, though he inclines to think it still more resembles Va-
nessa Iledonia, Cramer, an Indian species. He says, "among butterflies of a simi-
lar coloration may be mentioned A. Diana,
Cramer. This butterfly is black (dark
brown?) and is furnished on the outer bor-
der witli a row of yellow spots divided by
the nervures. These yellow spots reach
to the border and eiich one has two black
(lots. Diana is decidedly larger. In size
and coloration the fossil agrees l)ctter with
Iledonia, yet tliis })oint cannot ho. decided
with certainty until a specimen is found with the outer border completely i)re-
scrved." With the Pluto are found Dragon-Hies "with speckled wings, like those
of the Southern States of North America." Lyell, page '2A'). And on page 2oG,
"the insect fauna of the age of the beds of Oeningen, (miocene,) like the plants,
are of a recent American type."
Variations in size are of little moment in comparing species, as every species
furnishes individuals both much larger and much snudler than the average. Form
and markings are essential, and coloi'ation in a less degree. In the present case,
taken in connection with the character of the fauna, I am apt to believe that our
superb Diana comes of a venerable antiquity, aiul is entitled to rank as the head
of this large and 'ooiiutiful fiiniily.
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AUGYNMS 11.
ArvGYNNi^ cYjn:Li:. \—l
Argynn!^ (),hih (Cyb'-e-lu), Fabriciu«, Knt. Syst. Ill, tl.".. (i.xlarf, Kuc. Moth. IX, 203.
Uoisduval :uiil l.cCiiiitc, 1,')!. J)iij,hiiis'! Cniiiicr, jilito o7.
Triiiiarics broad, s^troiijily arclu'd, slightly concave^ on hind niara;in.
]\[Ai,r,. Expands ;! inciics.
Ui)[K'i- ,si(K' t'nlviiiis, inclinint;; to hitcoii.<, brown at bax' ; wIkiIc .^uriaco marked
and spotted with black ; [ir'nnaries ediicd by a narrow biie. preceded by a second,
heavier and parallel, npnn which rests a series ot' cdiiiiected hinnles, each cncliisiiif";
a ronnded i'ulvous spot; the clear f'nlvous space between the lines cut into s])ots by
the Idack nervules; ix'yond the Innides a row of larj^e round spots, a bar on costa,
and a luavy zig-zag median hand; outside the cell a spot sha|)ed like the letter 1'
iuverteil, inclosing a fulvous space; three sinuous bars across ihe cell.
Secondaries have tlie subniarginal line oidy, and a sei'its of detached uncon-
nected crescents; a row of small rounded spots and a median band of irregidar
spots, crescent or rectangular, almost obsolete on the abdominal mai'gin but expand-
[n<^ largelv near costa in the direction of the base; on the arc ix s|)ot like the let-
ter 8 ; nervnres black only from the submarginal line to edge; fringes yellowish
at the emarginations, black at tips of ncrvides.
ruder side of ])rimaries pale yellowish-brown, the ajjical space yellowish and
enclosing a bright l)rown patch on costal margin; the hind margin has abroad
border of same color, except at the extremities, where it is yellowish; resting on the
border next inner angle are three lanceolate black spots, beyond these, to apex, five
others, bro\.r. ■ all enclosing yellowish spaces, those next apex slightly, if at all,
sprinkled with silver scales; on the patch are three silver spots; the black markings
of uj)per surface repeated.
8ccondaries have the basal two-thirds re(l-brown, more or less motth'd with
yellow; himl margin brown, fading into yellow near anal angle; the space between
the two outer rows of silver spots bright yi'llow and immaculate, making a consjii-
cuous band, characteristic of the sjiecies; the silver spots are twenty-four or twenty-
five in nund)er, viz: seven large dentate upon the border, all edged above with
brown; a second row of eight irregular, the eighth, a stripe on the margin, often
wanting; a third row of live or six, the lirst lunulale, the second nunute, the third
minute, often wanting, the fourth jiyriform, cut hy the are, the lii'lli and sixth
streaks ; next two round s])ots in the cell, a third below the median and two at the
junction of the nervures above; the shoulder broadly silvereil ; abdominal margin
lightly; all these spots, except the marginal row, the last on third row and the two
AiniVNMS II
;
lu'xt t)iisi', arc oilgi'd with liliii'k. alntvi' ; llic tliiTc rouiitl spol.s mar base i-hrli'd with
black.
Iindy above cdlor ot" base, below liu'lit bud"; lej,'s and palpi siill lij^litci' ; aiilm-
1111" fulvous idtove, I'eiTUninous below; club bla<"k, rciTUi;iiious al lip.
l''r,M Ai.i:. Kxpaiids ;!.."» iiidu's.
Lutcous ; the base UKa'e obscun', ol'tcM alum.-t black, spots and lines heavier.
Under side duller colored; the l)aud on secondaries broad and inunaculale.
'I'lie two species, ( 'ylu'lc and Aphrodite, liavc fj;enerall_v been confounded by au-
thors and collectors. lioisduval and LcConte say, "it appears to us without doubt
that I*. Aphrodite of I"'abricius is the same as his ("ybcK', only we believe that ho
has described the mali' from nature under the luinie of Aplirodite. and llu' female
under the name of Cvbele from the lijiure of Cramer." The iiiiure in IJoisduval
and LoC'ontc is that of ('ybeic female.
The Daphnis ot' ( 'I'anier ivprescnts neither (Vbelenor Aphro(|ite. The fore
wings are too narrow and pointed for either, 'i'be color and markiniis of upjior
surface are lu'arest Aphrodite; the niulcr side of bind wings is also ni'arest Aphro-
dite in the basal color, but it has the immaculate yellow band of (Vbele.
(Jodart says "(ybele has the outer row of silver spots sepiirated from tne next,
by n. pale /ruiixrcr.tc .s'/'//^/o//x hmid, hrniid in I he Jruia/i-, rcri/ iHin-mr In the iiin/c ;"
of Aphrodite, "that it has a yellow band posterioi'ly," thus confusing tbe two spe-
cies and the sexes of one; inasmuch as Cybcle in both sexes has a broad yellow
hand, and Aphrodite a narrow one, usually so encroached on by the basal color as
not improju'rly to bo called a "sinuous" band, but if anything, broad in the male,
narrow in the female, (iodart adils, "wi" Jind it (Aidirodite) vei-y similar to Cy-
bcle."
In Harris' Insects of Mass. '2d ed. 1<S(12, Aphrodite is described as being
"tawnv yellow in the males, ochre yellow in the females," which applies prettv
well to ( 'ybt'le, but not at all to Aphrodite. The figure given is Aplirodite female.
Cybele is not mentioned by Dr. Harris as found in New JOngland.
In Wi'stwood and Humphicy's British Butterllies is a general descri])tion and
a figure of what is called an Aphrodite, an American insect, on one occasion taken
ill Kngland. Jt is certainly iKtt to be recognised as Aphi'odite or any other Ame-
rican species. The text says, "there are several very closely allied American spe-
cies including the present, if indeed they are not merely varieties of each other."
Kirby (Fauna Bor.) describes Aphrodite at length, and his description is
copied in ^Forris, (Syn. T>ep. N. Am.) Jle gives Aphrodite as synonymous with
Cybele. 1 have followed this description carefully, with specimens of both in
hand, and am unahlo to determine which he describes. He says, "prinuiry wings
'tawny orancfr^ — at the posterior margin is a drep nrnnge hand edged with black;"
I :
AlKiVNMS II.
"liciH'utli, ill tlic cxtcriinl iiii;;l»' nrc live silver iniirj;;iiiiil (riiiiifilfs Kiiniioinifcil in'/h
lihtrL' ;" scci (III juries iiliilenieiilli " iiiive ii pule /turn if iiinn/ina/ /iiiiii/, ji null'!; ilia I series
of seven triiili^llliir spots r(///. '/ //•//// ///arl." None of tliese eliiiriieters lieloiij; to
Aplirodite, and unless it lie the color — "tawny orange" "and the tawny marginal
liaiid" — lioii" l)elong to ( 'yliele.
Mr. A. K. (Jrote, wlio spent si\"ral iiioiitlis the past year (lH(i7) in exaniin-
ing tlie principal entomological collections of lOniope, informs me that in none of
them are ilicsc two species separated, sonu'times being lalitdeil by one name, some-
tiinoH by the other.
The desciiplioii df ( 'ybele by I'^abriciiis is as follows: —
•' Alis (li'iii;itii liilvin nijirii iii;i(iil.iti>: i»iil)lus mai'iiliH 'M iir^'cntciM.
I'iij)i7iii /idjiliiiix. ('ram. Ins. r>, t;ilp. .^T, li','. 1''. 1'".
Haliital in .\iiioi'i('a.
Statiira ]ira('('i'ii('iitimii [i.e. .\t;laja. .Xplirndih", I'Cc ]. .\i lo (iiriiifn ilontatac, liiliMiMiifrrn niapulntnc
Sul)f us I ill 111 I. •! iirlo in alis ant iris ct L'l'i in ]iiisticis arirrntca. I''a>cia ll:i\ a in alis |i(isli('is aiilc inaVLrini'lil."
This description is correct in the es.sential parlicidars, c(//or A/Avy/M, .second-
aries with a 1,1 llnir li(tiiil. The e.xacl iiiimlier of silver ^pots is immaterial, as in
both ypecies they vary.
The ilescription of Aphrodite is as follows: —
".Mis ili'iit.-ilis I'lilvis niiri'i) iiianilatis : jmsliois snlidis i'uAi'is ; niarulis 21 arj;ontois.
Habitat in Anniiia im riiliniiali.
Mi'ilius. AntiMiiiae I'l'rrn^ini'ao flava iiii:i'.i. apici; I'crni'^iiu'a. .\lai' supra I'ulvai'. iiii.'rii niaoiilatac.
Suiitiis anticao f'nlvao, iiii;rii mariilalao juiiK'tisi|ni' i|natiinr apicis arfioiitcis. I'usticai! t'lisi-ut' I'ascia apifi.s
flavosccnto iiiaoiilisiiuc 24 arL'i :it('is."
(\)](tv fii/i''iii!< ; fori' wing hem nlli fiilrmn^; hind wings /tniiaf/i fii.^coiix, {\\;it is,
black and red.
This description applies particularly to .\phi'odite female.
I therefore present, lor the first time, descriptions and figures of the males and
females of both species, (ybele is the lai'ger, and the diffei'eiice in color between
the soxes is much less than in Aphrodite. In the latter the male is much smaller
in ])rop()rtion 1o the female, is brighter colored than ('ybele, and has very little
brown at base of wings. The black markings are noticeably more delicate, tho
marginal lines on primaries neari'r together, more or less txclnding the fulvous
spots which, in ('ybele, ai'c distinct along the wiiole margin. The margin of
secondaries also has an edge line like the primaries; the median band is formed
of small crescents, separated by wide spaces and obsolete on costal margin ; an«l
there is no black space between the costal and subcostal a.s in CVbele. On the un-
der side the silvt'r marginal and costal spots are decidetl, while in (.'ybele they are
usually wanting, or indicated l)y a few scales only; the basal color of secondaries
is cinnamon-lirown, and tho band is more or le.ss encroached on by the ground
color ; the pyriform spot of third row is cut Ijy the are as in ( ybele, but the smaller
usm
ARGYNNIS II.
spot thus made is edged above Avith black and is in eiibct a distinct spot. Com-
paring the females, Cybelc is luteous, very dark at base, heavily marked with
black. Aj)hrodite is suffused -with a I'ich red tint that seems as if in tli" very tex-
ture of tlie Aving, and that makes living sj)eeimens consj)ier.ous ; the under side of
primaries is red fulvous, of secondaries deep ferruginous, and the band is almost
"wholly crowded out. I have taken scores of individuals of both species, in
many localities and for many seasons, and there is no mistaking either at first
glance.
Cybek' is Ibund in the lowlands of Xew York, and in New Jersey, Pennsyl-
vania and A'irginia and westward to Illinois. IIoav much, farther south I am un-
able to say, but have not received it in collections from Georgia, Florida or Louis-
iana, nor from beyond the [Mississippi River. In West Virginia, on the Kanawha
Elver, it is abundant in June and September, frequenting gardens and clover fields
'.i. June, and later, the Iron Aveed, in company with innumerable Pajjilios, Vanes-
sas and llesperians, and occasionally an Ajiliroditc or Diana.
Of the larvie nothing is known, as is unfor;unit('ly the case with the larviC of
a, large proportion of our buttcrllies. Probably, like the European species of
■this family, it feeds upon the wild violet.
it:
II
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ARGYNNIS III,
ARGYNNIS Al'IlUODTTK. 1 — 1.
Ai-;///nni^ Aj>hro(fi'f'' ( A]ili-ro-iII-ti' ), Fiiliriciiis, Kiit. Syst. llf. -llli. (';/lrli ? (loilnrt, Ent. ^Icth.
IX, 204. Kii-by, Faun. I'.ni-. IV. -J'.);!. Harris, Ins. .Mass. istl.'. l'S."),
Primarii'.s hi'oad, istniiinly iin-Iicd, slightly concave (ui hind marii'in.
Malk. JCx|>iiiids '1 to '1:1 inches.
Upper side i>ri,iilit :vd t'nlvons, siiLihtiy obscui'e at base, niai'ked and s])otted
with bhick ; priniai'ies edited by a donble niarninal line, enclosinii' between the ncr-
vulcs t'nlvons streaks next inner angle and points at apex; other niarking.s as iu
Cybele, but more delicate.
Secondaries liav( also a doulile marginal line more sepai'ated than on prima-
ries and enclosing a clear t'nlvons space, the snbiiiarginal at thc! intersections ex-
panding into sjHits that extend a little distance npon the nervnle ; the marginal
crescents as in (Vlxde, but I'educed ; the I'onndcd spots minute; the median row
consists of small, widely separated ci'cscents; the mark on the ark like the letter
S; fringes bud' at the emaiginatioiis, black at tips of nervules.
Tiider side of primai'ies rc(ldish next base and on innei' margin, l)nff towai'ds
apex, with brown apical patch and hind margin; on the patch two or three silver
spots; the border edged by lanceolate spots, the lower two black, the other six
brown, enclosing silvei' s|)aces.
Secondai'it's have the l)asid two-thirds cinnamon brown, which color so en-
croaches on the bulf space that is between the two outer rows of silver spots, espe-
cially at the extremities, that it does not pnsent a pure band, as in ("vbele; hind
margin same brown as on pi'imaries; on this I'csts a sei'ies of seven silver spots,
the two next apex lu'arly oval, the rest dentate: the second row consists (tf seven
elongate or pyriform; the third of six, the first cre.<cent. second miiuite, third often
wanting, fourth pyriform, cut by the arc into two, the lower as wi'll as the up[)er
edged above with black; fifth crescent, sixth minute; within the cell one. some-
tini"s two r(»und spots; an oval lielow the median ami two ])atches at i>a<e: all
edged with black above, except the outer row. which is edged with i)rown, and the
two basal patches, shoulder and abdominal niaigin heavily silvert'd.
Hody above color of base, beneath bull', legs and jialpi bi'own ; anteunie ful-
vous abo-v-e, pale below ; club black ferruginous at tip.
Fi:.M.\Li:. Expands •_'.(! inches.
Less fulvous than the male, the outer lind) inclining to luteous ; sutruscd on
the basal half with a iiery tint, very noticeable in fi'csh specimens; hind margin
of primaries lias a heavy black bortler enclosing fulvous streaks and points; base
! r
^i;
AUUYNNIS 111
f
!iii(l inner margin rccldi.sli ; soconcliirios IxMiciith ncai'ly covcivd with dense ferrugi-
nous almost obliterating the band.
This sjHK'ies has usually been confounded with (yliele. For a full comparison
of the two sec the preceding ])a|)er.
A})hrodite is common throughout the southei-n and less elevated ])arts of Ivew
England and of Canada, butulso of the mountainous parts of southern New York
and of Pennsylvania, iind is occasionally found in West A'irginia and as far west
as Illinois. Mr. Scudder, in his List of .Ihitterllies of New England, says it is not
foniul among the White Mountains, wheie it is I'eplaced by Atlantis. In the Cats-
kill Mountains, of ^.'ew York, it is a very connnon species, but not to the exclu-
sion of Atlantis, which also is tolerably abundant. The males are first seen in
that reaiion from the 1st to lOth of Julv and the females about the loth, living
through the open woods and upon the still uncut meadows. In the sunlight the
red tint, esp(>cially of the females, is intense. Something of this is lost in cabinet
s])ecinu'ns, but it is always sulliciently ])reserved to show a strong contrast to Cy-
bele. lii the Northern States Aphrodite produces but a single brood. In West
Virginia, upon the Kanawha Iliver, there are two, in Jun(> and 8epteml)er. These
southern specimens are less brightly colored. I have never seen the larviX", but am
infornu'd by Mr. 1). \V. J 'eadle, of St. Catherines, Canada, that "they feeil upon
all kinds of wild vi(jlet, that, they feed at night, but lie concealed during the day
beneath chips or stones on the ground. In appearance they nuich resemble the
larvte of V. Antiopa, and are found early in July."
:i
ITrHwr. !]■/ Ms,rypHatt.
bovver, htb F'V'iia
NO KOMI a . 1.?; 6,3,4 9.
ARGYNNIS IV.
ARGYXNIS NOKOMTS.
Arrji/niiis .Vr//,v;)(n'.t ( N'o-ko'-iiiis), Ililwurds, I'roc. Acid. .Vaf. Sci. fMiil. 1302.
PrimaricH broatl, Btroiigly nrchcd, slightly coiicnvc on liind murgiii.
Mali;. — Expiinds 8.4 inclics.
Ujjpor side iiiiifonii fiery fid vnus, very little dusky at l)as( ; hind inaririiis
edged by two parallel blaeU lines, the outer one delicate, the other heavv, the i'ld-
vous spaocH between cut into spots by the black nervules; both wings in.scribed and
spotted with bhu^k, more coarsely than in AphrodUc; the rounded spots small; the
clear fulvous extra discal spare notably })road; tiie submarginal spots on piiniaries
hiuidar at apex, otherwise serrate; (jii secondaries lunular, separated from eaeh
other and from tlie marginal lines; tlie mesial band of se(;oudarieai formed of sepa-
rate cri'scents; the spot on arc like the letter S.
Under side of primaries bright red at base and on disk, changing to fulvous
on outer limb and (piite to bind margin; apical portion gulden yellow, the anterior
six submarginal s[)()ts well silvered; lour silvered subapical sfjots, the u[i[)er two
minute, eaeh on an olivaceous ground, posteriorly edged by black scales.
Secondaries uniform golden yellow from ba,-e to margin; the silver spots con-
spicuous, the outer row entirely surrounded by black, and all tlu^ others iieavily
edged anteriorly by black; the seven spots of outer row narrow, eloiigalcd except
the two at outer angle, which are broad ami rounded; of the eight spots of second
row, the first three from costaand fifth and sixth rounded, the iourth small, seventh
lanceolate, the eighth a dash on the margin; the third row of ihri'e, largt^ and ir-
regular; in cell a rounil spot in black ring, m oval below, and two spots without
eilging at origin of upper nervures; costa and abdominal margin lightly silvered.
Jjody above fulvims, below bulf slightly tinted with fidvous; legs buff; palpi
buff, deep fulvous at tip; antenme dark brown abeve, fulvous below; club brown
tipped with fulvous.
Fk.malk. — Expands ;>.i) inches.
Upj)er side dark chocolate brown, tiie black markings inilistinctly siiown; the
disks spotted with bright yellow, which takes the form of a common band of spots
separated by the black nervules, and very imieli resembling in sinqicand distribu-
tion the blue spots on DhuKi female, enclosing in same way as in that species the
roundeil extra disc:il black sj)()ts; these elongated spots an? sometimes tinted slightly
with fulvous, especially on primarie.'j, and are much and irregularly irroruled with
w
i;n.i
AROYNNIS IV.
black sfiilps; tho suhmiiri^itiiil luniilcs nn* yellow jiml (he spaces botwcon tlio mar-
ginal liiu's partially so, giviii;; tlio oH'cct of a (loiil)li' row of inarj:;inal spots on sec-
ondaricH; in tlio cell of primaries two transverse yellow stripes and nearer hase a
8tri[H} eomposed of gri'enish seales; under side similar to male exce|)t that tlie yel-
low is more doeided and not golden and the margins of both wings as well as the
apieal portion of primaries much irrorated with black; tlut subapieal silver spots
are also on a black ground; soeondaries have; the basal portion much obscured by
a greenish-brown tint, and much irrorate<l with black, the? belt between the two
outer rows of silver sj)ots Iteing clear yellow and immaculate.
From 5,^ 2$, brought from Arizona by the Exploring JCxpcdition luuler
Lieut. AVhceler, in l.SJl, l)Ut with no further intimation of their locality. Tho
original specimen from which the (leseri])tion of the species was drawn was received
by me in 1H(>"J, through the Snuthsonian, and was labelled " Hitter Root Mountains."
Until the ])resent year (lH7li) it has been an uni((ue in my collection and, so far as
I know, not found in any other. But the species is so superb an one that I have
not hesitated to redraw the plate. It is allied to Lc/o in many respects, in the
geiuM'al appearanc(t of the upper side of the male, and in the colors of the female.
But in the shape of the spots the feinali' bears a curious resemblance to JJlana. I
regret that 1 am able to add u(»thing of its history.
hi !^
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I'll'
ARGYXNI8 V.
AKGYXXTS ATLANTIS. 1—3.
Arr/t/nni.t Athintix. K.l\v:ii-il>. I'nic. Aca'l. Nut. Sri. I'lill., H(i2.
r*riiiiari('- loiii;' iiud narmw, iiioilci'atcly ari'licil ; liiml inarii'iii .^lig'litly convox.
Mali:. Expands from 1.7") to 2."J-"» iiicli(s.
Upper side fidvoiis, obsouro at l)a.«'; hotli wiii^s liavo !)road l)lark hind ma'-
gins which enclose more or h>ss f'idvoiis hetwecn the nervnles of seeon(hirie.<, a id
at inner ani^le of primaries; the niarninal spui- cither liinnlar or -ei'rate, ol'tcn
eoidhient on secondaries as on primaries, and reslini;' on tlie hor(h'r ;. tlie s[iots of
median row on secondaries narrow and conlhient, forminjj; an ;ui;iidar l)and, in this
res])ect dilferini!; from tlie otlier Athintic s])ecies; the other markiiiiis as in Aphro-
dite ; friiii^'cs yclhiwisii, lilaek at tips of iiei'viih -.
FiuK'i' side of primaries I'eddish. costa and apex liji'lit linlf with lii'own apical
patch and hind margin ; npon the patch two silver s[iots; on the mariiin ei^ht >er-
rate s[)ots, the tipper si.x hrown encdosing silver trianules, the two lowei' black.
Secondaries dark reil hrown, mtich mottled with greenish ni'cy or with dral) ;
the band lietweeii the two outer row of sjiots pale yellow, tisiially yiwvo iVoiii mar-
gin to mariiin ; upon die border a series of seven triangular silver sjiots edged be-
low with hlaidc and nhove liy a few black scales preceded by brown Innule-; the
second row consists of seven rounded or oval spots, each ]»roiecting a brown shadow
upon the band; the third row of six spiots, of which tlie fourth is cut into two by
the arc and the smaller spot edged above with black; two round s])ots in the cell,
a third, long oval at origin of median and two at base of upper nei'vuiis; all <'X-
cept the la.st edged aiiove with black ; the round spots and i.ival wh(dly ; sliouider
and abdominal margin liroadly silvrcd.
I'ody above color of base of wings ; beneath, aljdou.en yellowi.-h, thorax grey;
palpi reddish grey; anteniuc fulvous; club black, tipped with ferruginous.
Ff..M.\i.E. Expands I'mm 'l.'l') to "2.7") inches.
Color inclining to luteous; the black margins v(>ry heavy.
Atlantis is re;idily ili-tingnished from Aphroilite hy its smaller size, duller
color, broad black margins, conlhient median hand of secimdaries and color of same
wings below ; also by the longer and narinwer fore wings, it is found in the
mountainous districts of New York and i:i Uritish America at least a^ I'ai- noi'lh
as ]lu]K'rt's House, Hudson's l>ay, and l^alcc Winnipeg. Among the ('a'.-ki!l
mountains of Xew York it is not uncommon in ei'i'lain localities, such as narrow
passes through the UKruntaius and in the gr;.ss litdils, which in tiiost> places often
■! Ill f !
'VT,'; '^'a;-?nT"rpnTrr>W-!BJe ' W ■■*'!P" ^"WUffWUSS^
AU(;V\MS V.
pkirt llic forest. IJnt it is nii'ciy to ho seen in the o[)Cn country, where Ajijirodite
nl)uuii(ls. 'J'iie males tipiieai-, in llie Catskills, early in Juno, two or tliroi' weeks
hofore Aplirodito. Thi'y may he soon in company with Limenitis Arthemis and
L. Prosor])ina, alighted in smail clustorH among the damp leaves hy the road side
or upon offal of any descrij)tion. All these fq)ecies ar? attracted hy any (lecaving
animal matter, and a jneco of meat or a dead hird or snake lias irresistihle charms
for them. ]\rr. Scudder, in the List of lUitterflics of Now England, mentions that
Atlantis is common in tlie valleys ahout tlie Wliitc Mountains the last of July and
early in August, wliich is a month and more later than tliey appear in tlie Cats-
kills. The northern specimens arc diminutive in size. According to Mr. Scud-
dor, Aj)hrodito is not found among the White ^Mountains. The three species, At-
lantis, Aphrodite and Cyhelo f)ccu[)y sevei'ally northern, middle and soutliern l)elts
of the Athintic slo])o. Of the otlier two large Atlantic species, Diana strictlv ho-
longs to a holt still more southern than Cyhelo. I<lalia alone is ',erv generally
distrihuted, th(Kigh nowhei-o eommoa, being found occasionally from Elaine to
Georgia, east of the Alleghenies.
The larvfo of \tlautis I am unacquainted witli, but I am informed by Mr.
Scudder that the late Mr. C. II. Slmrtleff found both larva) and pui)a? at Eastport,
]Maine. lie seems to have left no memoranda respecting them but the foUowinsr,
taken from his Journal; "they suspend themselves by the tail to rails, boards or
logs lying on the ground."
t
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IVI
Ali(;VNNIS VI
AlKIYXNIS (alupim:. i— 4.
Argijnniit CulUppr. (<':>\-]\\,'-]H't l!(>i.s,luv;il, Ann, .<.«■. Knt. .1.' I'ruir,-, 'J sor. x. p. r,02. \^'>'2.
Primaries loii.i^, iiiirrow. moilcriitcly arrhcd. slii;litly coiicavc on liiiul margin.
jMalk. Kx|iiiii<ls 2.:') iiirlics.
Tppcr si. ic (lull I'lilvoiis, very much obscured, the ncrvulcs heiiii:; hroadly edged
with black, and inner angles ofboth wingsand three-tburths the surface of socond-
aries, of same color ; hind margins blacis, with heavy, conlhieiit dentations : th(>
discal intersnaces of |ii'imaries and marginal spots ofboth wings of a |)aler fulvous
tlian the ground color, and on sccondariirs an extra median row of still lighter spots,
corresponding to the silver spots of lower surface, each starting from the black
median l)and (which is conlluent) and terminating in one of the rounded l)lack
spots; other markings of liolh winu's a-^ in the allied species; fringes yellowish,
Wack at tips of nervules.
Umh'r siilc of primaries fidvous at base and along the lower nervures and
thoir 1)ranches; costa, outer half of cell and inters[)aces on the disk clear yellow;
the outer limb mixed or mottled with fulvous; the sul)maiginal sei'rations black-
ish next inner an'j;le and almost wanting above, enclosing triangular spots more or
less silvcreil; two silver spots on subapieal ])ati'h.
Secondaries vellow, the basal two-thirds more oi- less mottled with reddish-
brown of a darker shade than that of primaries ; the l)and between the outer rows
of spots clear yeUow, immaculate; the silver spots are 'J:'. or L' I in number, viz: the
martjinal row of >^vvv\\, large, triangular, all edged above with brown; the sec.md
of eli^-ht, the first and lifth obovate, second and third long oval, fourth mimite,
sixth loll"- anil rectangular, seventh an<l eighth irregular, all edged slightly abov(>
withbhicic; the third row of tbur or livi', the lirs( large, semi-oval, second often
wanting, third pyritbriu. cut by the arc, lifth a streak, the iirst, third and Ibarih
edited above with black: in the cell one or two small rounded spots, a third, long
oval, at base of median, these wholly eilged with black ; a silver ])atch at Inise of
costal; shoulder and abdominal margin silvered.
TMxly above dark fulvous,beneath. yellow on abdomen. greyish-yellowon thorax ;
paliii grey fulvous; antenna' fulvous; club black, ferruginous at lip.
Femali:. Expands nearly three inches.
Color paler, fading to whitish on the disk and in the extra nu'dian and mar-
ginal spots of secondaries ; the black markings heavier than in the male ; under
side paler, but similar to male.
ARGYNNIS VI.
i. 1
'
From (Ailitbrnia. Tlu; most fominoii or only spocics of Aiyi/nnis found in
vicinity of San Francisco, accordin-; to Dr. UvUv, wlio adds " it stvms pretty uni-
versally distrilmtcd tlirou^liout our State. There exists l)nt one generation, and
the inia.ii;o is found in dune." Oftlie larva I can obtain no information.
It is didieult to determine this species from the dia,i,niosis of Dr. Hoisrhivai,
whicli possibly includes at least two species, lh(. other heinj,^ Coroiii,; liejir!
Dr. Boisduval does not notice the dark coloration of upper .surface or the con-
spicuous pale K])ot8 of secondaries, Jlut the present is the Hjiecies designated by
the nanu' in our collections, and is so rccogn ! by J)r. iJehr in his paper on tl
Argynnitles of California, A/ut. Acad. Saf. ,Sci. Calif. lSt;2.
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IMAGE EVALUATION
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ARGYNNIS VII.
ARGYXNIS HE8PEKLS. 1-3.
Argynim Tfcsperis, Clles'-po-ris) Kdward., S , Proe. Km. Soc. I'lul. ii. j, no.'. 1804.
Primaries long, narrow, nioderatdy arclu'd, l.incl niar-in .sli..-litly convex
Mai,i;. Expands 1>.;; iiiclios. ^ ^ j
Vppvv si.le ,1,.,.,, tMl voMs, ol,,sn.ro at haso ; prin.arics have a narrow black hind
margin ; the snhniarginal .sj)ots .sornito and conllucnt.
Secondaries bordered by two fine parallel lines on which the .spots are serrate
sometn.u-s .lentate; the niedian .spots fbr.n a narrow, continent band, as in Adcn.i
its ; other niarkn.gs of both wings as in that species ; fringe yellowish, black ut tips
01 nervnie.s. " '■
Uiuler side of primaries pale fulvous inclining to iuteous; the apex, upper
part^.vf margin, apical patch and upper serrations f^-rruginous ; the si;)ts within
he latter bufi; lower serrations blackish enclosing fulvous .spots ; the spots on patch
bull as also are tlio apical iiiters[)aces.
8cH-o.idaric^ deep t;.,-n.ginous, excepting the space between the two outer rows
of spot.s, which IS buf},_an. immaculate ; ( Imt occasionally this space is encroached on
by the ba.sal color, as ,n Ap/u-oclilc ;) the spots are L>:5 or 24 in .lumber, viz : the mar-
gnial row of seven, triangular, edged ab.ve with ferruginous; the second row of
eight mostly narrow and .-longated ; the eighth, on inner margin, lunular and in-
comp ete; all but the eigiuh projecting a ferruginous shadow on the buff belt and
all edged above with black; tli.. third row of four or five, the first lunulAr second
minnte or wanting, third semi-oval, cut into two by the arc, the lower part ed-red
al,ove wuh black, the fourth and fifth streaks ; all these are edged above with black •
within the c<.l one or two small round spots; an oval at base of me.lian ; tlie.se
la.st wholly edged with black; a patch at base of costal; .shoulder and ab.lo-
niinal margin greyish ; all the spots are buff, some of them occasionallv sprinkled
with a few .scales of silver. « i
Tiody abov,. color of base ; bencUh greyish ; palpi reddish-grev ; antonn.o ful-
vous, club black ti[»[)ed with ferruginous.
Female. Expands '2A inches.
Paler colored, but otherwise similar to the male.
Found in Colorado, and first taken by Mr. James Ridings in 1864. It seems
to be not uncommon in that region.
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AIKIYXNIS >r()NTI( OI.A. 1—1.
Ariji/nnU Monllcoh, Helir, I'roc. (":il, Aciid. Nar. Sci. l»r,j. p. 172, und l^OH, p. 84. /.,nnf,
Boisduviil, Ann. Soc. Kni. Fr. \^'<1. \\. ;iii;!.
rriinarics l)nt;i<l, iiKtdcriitcIy iirdicd. .«li;:litly «<tiic!iv(' (in liiiid iniirgiii.
Mam:, Kx|tan(l.-< '_*.('• iinlics.
r|»l't'r side l>iiiilil I'ldvuii.-:, marked and .-"iHdtcd witli Idack a.s in alliccl spofics;
both \vin;.f.s I'dLicl hy a dimlilt' lint.' wliicli cnclu-i'-H fulvitiis H|»acc.-< liciwccn the
nervuk's ; the Hul»niarj;inal spots arc himdar on secondaries ami hniidaror dentate
on primaries, eonneeled Avitii eaeli other and with the mari^inal lines; the rounded
.spots on ((liter lind» unusually laru;e, e.\eept the J'ourth on secondaries and the lour
upper ones on primaries, which are minute; the median l)and on primaries heavv,
the st'purate spots of which it iscomposeil much dill'iiT-ed; that of, secondaries heavv
and eonlluent ; the eelhdar spot of secondaries like the letter S, l)ut varies nuich,
beinjj; sometimes very open, and sometimes comitri'ssed into a rouml spot ; frin^^es
yellowish at the emar;;i nations.
Under Bide of primaries hright red-fulvous over the whole l)ase, disk and in-
ner ma r<f in ; costal and apical j)orti(ins hutl'w'th a violet tinge m'xt the hind mar-
gin; this margin and the apical patch hrown ; same markings as on upper surface ;
the suhmarginal spots idackish next inner angle, hrown towards ajiex, enclosing
severally fulvtais or hull' spaces; on the patch iiuH" spots.
Secondaries violet hrown mori' or le.<s mottled with clear hrown ; between the
two outer row-s of spots a ludt of rather paler shade than the grounil color, much
encroache<l on by the l)rown shadows projected hy l»(»th ntws of spots; hind mar-
gin brown; the spots are twenty two in nundter, vi/ : scvi-n submarginal, long and
very narrow, edge«l without by a few scales <»f black ; eight median of moderate
.size, heavily edged with blackabove; thethird row of four, all heavily edged with black
above, the fir.st and third crescent, the second cut by the arc, the lower part edged
with black above; in the cell one, sometimes two, rounded spots and an oval below
the median, surrounded by black; all these spots light bulf without silvering.
Body above fulvous, below bull"; legs light bull"; )>alpi same color edged with
fulvous; anteuriic black above, fulvous Indow ; club black tipped with fulvous.
Female. Kx])ands 2.8 inches.
Color somewhat paler than the male ; the ])lack markings heavy ; the spots
enclosed in the submarginal dentations paler than the ground. Under side like the
AIKiVNNls VIII.
imlMlH. „,,i,.al H,„,t on primari.. H..,n..ti.„c.s silven..!. an alno tl»o outrr row ou sec
A.rordin^r to Dr. I}.].,-. (pn,HT first nt.d) " tho ,liafi„osi« of^m;,r T]ois.I
In a letter fn.n. I,., IJ.,.r. da...! San J.^nMu-is..., A..,. 10, l.S.S, |... .. s. ■ :
.•./... l.a.n, .M .hlli.n.nt lon.Ii.i.s iron. J. /..:.. It in norc aip n. am L
tonn.l ,n tl.o \ o Son.itc valley an.l „tl,er n.onntain loealitie« "
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ARGYNNIS IX.
ARGYXXIS IIALCYOXE.
Argynnia ILdci/onc (II;iI-c_v'-o-nc). New s]iccics.
Primaries broad, moderately arcliod, concave on hind mar"-in.
Mali:, Expands 2.") indies,
ri)l)er side fulvous, inclining to hilcous, very little duskv at the base; the
hind margins bordered by two parallel lines which enclose narrow fulvous spaces
between the nervules; thesubmarginal 8p"otsof])rimaries serrated, enclosing spaces
a httlo paler than the ground color ; those of secondaries hinular and connected
with each other asAvell as with the marginal lines; the median l)and of secondaries
confluent; other markings as in the allied species, less d,.licate than in J/rspcns,
but very much more so than in Montlcola; fringes luteous, black at tips of nervules.
Under side of primaries pale fulvous at base antl on inner mar-in, yellowish
or buff on costa and disk, with brown sub-apical jiatch ; hiixl margin vellowish-
brown; sub-marginal spots serrate at inner angle and black, toward^he apex
lunular and brown, all the latter enclosing spots more or less silvered ; on the
brown patch two silver spots; the other markings of upper surface repeated.
Secondaries deep red-brown, more or less mottled with yellowish ; hind margin
brown, paler towards anal angle; the space between the two outer rows of silver
spois encroached on by the basal shade ; the silver spots are twenty two or three in
number, viz : the outer row of seven, rounded or oval at outer an-le, remainder
elongated, all edged slightly al)ove and below with black scales and surmounted bv a
broad blown shade; the second row of seven, the first three and fifth obovate, Amrth
small, rounded, the sixth and seventh nearly rectangular, edgcl above with black-
tac third row of four or five, the first and fourth crescent, s.coml often wantin.-, third
pyriform, cut by the arc, fifth on the margin, a streak, all ed-ed above wiiirblack •
HI the cell a rounded spof, another below median, both surrounded with black • two
small patches of silver at base of nervures ; shoulder and abdominal margin
heavily silvered. ^
Body above luteous, beneath yellowish; palpi yellowish ; antenna) dark above,
lulvous below ; club black, ferruginous at tip.
Female unknown.
From hvo specimens, taken in Colorado by Dr. Vclie, and now in the collec-
tion of B, D. Walsh, Esq. of Kock Island.
T
AXSiS-THKHIS.
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liawi i>v M.ir'/l-»-V*
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ARGYNNIS X.
ARGYNNLS LETO.
Argt/nnis Lcto, Bchr, Proc. Cal. Acad. Nat. Sci. I'liil. 18C2.
Priraarias broad, moderately arched, slightly convex on hind margin
Male.— Expand.s from 2.G to 3 inches.
Upper side pale fulvous, obscure at base, lightly marked and spoiled with black-
huul marguis of both wings bordered by two fine parallel lines between which the
space IS fulvous; primaries have a submarginal row of serrated .spot., not touchinrr
each other or the marginal lines; a transverse line of rounded spots, an indistinc't
bar on costal margin, sometimes wanting, a zigzag median band of separated spots,
mostly lunular; outside the arc a spot shaped like the letter P inverted, and three
sinuous bars across the cell.
^ Secondaries have a submarginal row of lunate spots, separated and not touch-
ing tne marginal lines, a second of small r, i.nded spots or points, and a mesial of
small Widely separated crescents in size and shape like those of Aphrodite; on
the arc a pyriform or obovate spot.
^ Under side: primaries pale fulvous at base, light buff on costal margin and
in the marginal interspaces, the nervules edged with brown; the sub-apical
pate 1 brown; submarginal spots serrated, enclosing buft" spaces, not silvered- other
markings as on upper surfiice.
Secondaries dull ferruginous from the base to second row of spots; between
the two outer rows a broad bulf b(>lt as in Cybcle; the silver spots are twentv-one
or twenty-two in number, viz; seven submarginal, lunate, edged with ferruo^hums
below and above; the second of seven or eight, all but tiie last heavily edge.lal.ove
with black, and projecting a brown shadow upon the belt, the first, second and fifth
largest third and sixth half the size of the others, the fourth minute, the .seventh
and eighth (when present) streaks; the third row of three, edged also with black
above; a sniall rounded spot in the cell, a patch at origin of median nervure and
another at base of costal; costa at base and abdominal margin sijohtlv if at all
silvered. o . > ,
Body above dark brown, beneath, abdomen yellowish; palpifulvous; antenme
fulvous; club black tipped with fulvous.
w
ARGYNNIS X.
Fkmali:. — Expands I? inches.
Upper sulo (lark fcrrufj;! nous-brown from base to niiildle of disk, and beyond,
to tlio bnjwa margin;'! band, greyirfh-yollow. On the under Hide, j)riinari('s have
the base and inner niar<;in ])ort-wino coh)r and the apical and costal jiortion, as far
OS middle of cell, greyish-yellow; secondaries have thf basal two-thirds deep ferru-
ginous, and between the two outer rows of s[)ots a clear band of greyish-yellow,
brighter colored than on upper side; spots as in the male.
This species has been found somewhat abundantly in the Yo Semite district
of C.difornia and in Oregon. The males that have reached our collections aro
mostly in good condition, but with the exception of two females received from
Oregon, through the kindness of Mr. Henry Edwards, all the specimens of that
sex known to me have been faded out to a pale brown and sordid white, without a
trace of their orijiinal beautiful coloring. The contrast between the sexes in this
species is of same nature as in Diana and Nokomls, and it is a very curious prob-
lem how the sexes in these species have come to differ so remarkably when in near-
ly every other member of the extensive genus Argynnis they arc essentially alike.
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ARGYNNIS XI.
i\PGYNNIS ED WAllDSII. 1—4.
Argijnnist Edwards!!, ]'ve>kirf, I'roc. Ent. Soe. Phil., iSfiT.
Priiiuiries long iiuJ auiTDW, moderately areliod ; slightly concfve on liird
margin.
^Ialic. Expands nearly 8 inclics.
Upper .«ide juih; fidvouB, a little dusky at base, marked and spotted with black;
hind margin edtii'd by two fine ]»arallel lines, on which rest a series of connected
lunidcs, which enclose fulvous spots a shack^ paler than the ground color; other
mai'kings as in the alHed species, rather more delicate than in most; a sagittate sj)ot
in the submediau inters[»ace near base.
Secondaries have the extra discal spots small; a discal band of small separated
lunules ; tlio spot on the arc like the letter C ; fringes luteous in the emarginati:)ns.
Under side of primaries jiale reddish fulvous at Itase and along the posterior
nervides; remainder of wings light buif, except the apex and hinil margin, which
are greenish ; the submarginal silver spots are seven in number, triangidar, the three
posterior ones edged l>y blackish sagittate spots ; three anterior subapical spots sil-
vered, the middle one large, sub-ovate.
^(.'condaries pale olivaceous somewhat mottled with but!'; the band between
the two outer rows of silver s])ots nuich encroached on by the ground color, as
in Aphrodite', the silver spots are twenty-four in nundjer ; viz. seven submarginal,
large, lunular or sub-triangular, each edged above by olivaceons; the second row
of seven, the f)urth minute, the others large, mostly sub-ovate, sliglitly edged altove
with black, and below j)rojecting olivaceous shadows on the band; the t'ii-d row of
five, the first and fourth luiudar, the second minute or wanting, the third largo, j)yri-
form, cut by the arc, the fifth a stripe on the margin, all edged above Avith black ;
in the cell one or tworo-.iaded spots and three at origin of the nervures ; shoulder
and abdominal margin silvered.
Body above fulvous, below buf!'; legs and palpi fulvous; antenna," dark brown
above, light below; club black, ferruginous at ti}).
Femalr. Expands 2.8 inches. Primaries shorter, hind margin straight.
Upper side obscured by black, much as in C(i//i)>j)r, showing like that species
pale lunules within the submarginal sjjots and a discal row of ])ale s{)ots corres-
ponding in shai)e to the second silvered row of under side; apex ot primaries
also paler than the ground color ; hind margin of primaries broad, blackish, of sec-
ondaries similar in color, but of medium width.
J
1
■1\
ARGYNNIS XI.
Under side as in male except that apex and hind margin of primaries and
whole of secondaries are of a deeper olivaceous, a paler shade of same color tinting
those i^arts that in the male are buff; the silver spots large, the outer row triangu-
lar, slightly edged by black above ; the spots little if at all edged by black.
Larva unknown.
From specimens taken by Mr. James Ridings in the mountains near Emjiire
City, Colorado, in August 18G4.
This species had been known in collections for several years piior to Mr. Ri-
dings' expedition, from the collecting of IMessrs Wood, Drexler, and others, and had
been erroneously taken for Aglaia, an European species to Avhich it bears some re-
soiri1)]aiico. As Dr. Behr has remarked " nearly all the Californian Argynnides
(wliich includes the Rocky ]\Its. and Eastern species as v.cll) belong to the type of
A(/hiia, which is altogether more developed and more numerously represented on
this continent than in th old world, where the tyj^e oi FapMa takes its place."
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ARGYi\NIS XII.
ARGYNNLS BJ<:ii H KXS II. \ _t.
Ar>j,/miis lirhrcnHi, Ethvaivls, Trans, Anicr, Kut. S,r', Into.
Primaries narrow, slightly arched, concave on liind margin.
Male. Expands 2.2 inches.
Ann ^f'^;'7;:'' ''"" f"^.^'""'^' "'"^'^^ «^^«c"rcd at l)ase; primaries bordered by two
hne parallel lines enclosing very narrow fulvous spaces between the nervules ; rest-
mgon these a series of small black crescents, each enclosing a f\ilvous spot; the
round submargnial spots of medium size; other markings as in //..^^n-/; and al-
lied species. o / "•
Secondaries liave a double marginal line enclosing large fulvous spaces ; the
Z 1 ll'^'il'''''','-'' ""' ^l"^te touching each other or the line; the rounded
T^Zfl U " ^-^^Vonfluent, forming an unusually narrow band, much
like thatof //.,^;.m; on the arc a, recurved black spot enclosing a narrow ful-
vous space; between the submarginal spots and median line a row of pale fulvous
spots corresponding to the second silvered series beneath.
Under side: primaries light buff, at base and along the nervules i)ale ferru-W-
nous;_on land margin and at apex dark brown; the marginal spots sagittate bhu-k
next inner angle, deep brown above and near apex lost in the^rouml J^r^lL
upper hve enclosing silver spaces; on the sub-apical patch three silver spots; other
markings as above. ^ '
Secondaries of a deep, dense ferruginous, (much as in female Aphrodilc) which
ro " ofTr I "' -^ '""^^^ '' """"^^ violet-brown space b/tween the outer
ro^vsof spots; these are twenty-one or twenty-two in number, all silvercnl vi/ ■
seven submarginal, narrow, elongated, edged above bv broad ferruo-inous crescents-
asecond row of seven mostly oval or pyriform ; a third of fi ve, of wh ich the first and'
third are semi-oval, the second a point, fourth and fifth streaks on the maro-ia •
both the two last rows narrowly edged with black; in the cell a round spot and a
point; an oval at base of median, another at base of costal ; shoulder and abdominal
margin lightly silvered.
Body above fulvous; beneath, abdomen buff, thorax covered with "rav-ful-
ferru inous ^'''^^'' ^"^^°"'' ''''^'""'^ ^^^"^ ''^°'''' ^"^'''"' ^'^°''' '^"^ ^^''^^' ^'^
U ;i
ARGYNNIS XII.
Female. Expands 2.4 inolics. Upper side of a duller shade ; the marginal
borders of primaries broad, black, with no fulvous sj)ace; the submarginal cres-
cents heavy, enclosing very small pale fulvous spots ; other markings heavier than
in male.
Tender side similar to male, except that primaries have the base and hind mar-
gin deep fulvous ; secondaries have the same ferruginous tint with a similar violet-
brown submarginal si)ace.
Taken at IMendoiIno, California. From 1 r?, 1 ?, iu thoT'ollection of James
Behrens, Esq., San Francisco, to Avhom I tidce pleasure in dedicating tliis fine and
distinct species.
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AUdYNNlS ZKKKNK. 1—1.
Anii/iiiiU Zrriiii . llnixliiviil, Anil. I'.iil. Soi', |''r.. Ix.'rJ. lldir, > N'.i. !l > I'l , Cal. Acml. \;it. Sri.
l>^'i-*. IvUviinls, I'nir. Kilt. S(M'. IMiil.. IsiU. //,/,/„ .y„ . liuis.lnviil. I,r|, ,1.. luCiir,.., ImIH.
I'l'iiiiiirics liroiid. strdiiiily iirclird, iniii'li iihiikIciI iit jipcx, cinivcx mi liiml
iiiar^iii.
^^Al,l;. lv\|i;iii(ls L'.l to •_'.•'! iiidirs.
I |>|icr ,~iilc deep t'lilvniis ; liiml iiiiiriiiiis elided l»v two line pMridlfl lines wliirli
Cllclnsc II I'ldvim-i s|i,i('(' ; (tii tlicsc rrst ;i scries nt' licnvy l)l;l<'k lilindi'S, edmieeted
oil |iriiiiaries, se|iiiriileil on seeomhiries ; other iiiiii kiiiLis iis in Moii/lcn/n ; tViniies
vellowisii in tlie eiiiiirniiiiitions.
I'llder side of pi'iiiiiiries eiiiiiiiiiion I'ed e\ee|it at apex, wliere it is lniH'; siil)-
apieal p:iie!i I'eri'iigi lions ; spots without silver, imlV except at inner an^h', tliere
yiill'iised hy th(^ ground color.
Secondaries leri'iiuinous, mottled with IhiH', which is usually more or less tint-
eil with pink ; suliniarn'inal hand much covered liy the i'ei'nii;inoiis shadows pro-
jected liy lioth rows ot' spots ; hind margin terruu,inous ; spots yellowish hull', with-
out silver; the seven suhmai'ji'iiial larii'e, idiiiided or t rianiiiilar, edn'cd aliove and
hclow liy a lew dark hrowii .scales, and ahovealso liy t'erruninous luiiules; the sec-
ond row mostly large; the first, second, third, iit'tli and sixth, nearly c«|Ual in size,
suhovate, all heavily eilgcd ahove with hlack ; the third row of live, of which
the iirst, fourth and iif'lh are semi-oval, the second a point, the third large, pyri-
foi'in, cut hy tlu^ arc, all heavily edgeil ahove with hlack ; in the cell one or two
suiiill spots ill hlack rings, and an oval in ring at liase of median.
Body above fulvous, below, thorax grey-fulvous; legs biilT; palpi ImlT below,
fulvous above; autenna> brown; club black, tip ferruginous.
Fk.mai.i;. Expands 12. 1 inches.
Upper side dull fulvous, much obscin'cd at base; the sub-apical I'lilvous sjtots
pale; under side of jirimaries deeper red; spots without silver.
California; found according to Dr. 15elir, bet ween Nevada ( 'ity and ])ear^'allev.
In 18()2, ill ])a[)er above cited, Dr. JVhr says, "The diagnosis that Dr. llois-
duval gives of Zereno certainly comjn'isos two species," and he temporarily desig-
nates the two as Nos. 8 and 1* in his list of (.'aliforniau Argynniiles. hi his subse-
quent paper of 18G3, he names No. 8 Monlicola, leaving Zrvcne to the other species.
n
I*
.1 I
I i!
, III
!'
ARGYNMS XIII.
Ill 1804, Pi'oc. Eiit. t^ot'. riiila., I translatt'd J)r. Bulir's (.k',scTi])tion, H])[)lying
the iiaiiu! Zcrcnr, Buis., to the species Xo. !).
In ISOD, Dv. Boisduval publislicd liisswuiul paper on Califbrnlan Lejiidoptcra,
utterly ignoring all that had been done by Icpidopteri.sts sinee 18;')2, and luiined as
new thirty-five s[)eeie8 of buttcrflie.s, the greater part of whieh have l)een described
in Proceedings of scientific societies years ago. In the other orders Dr. Boisdu-
val has proceeded with like indiflerence.
In the last i)aper he intimates that his former diagnosis of Zcrene includes
two sj)ecies, and he aj)[)lies that name to Jfoiiticofa Behr, giving to the other, that
of Ilyddiipe. Xevertheless according to the recogiiizi'd rule in such cases, the
names Moitticnla ixnA Zcrene Avill remain as Dr. Behr determined them.
In both these papers the very general descriptions given often apply to two
or more sj)ecies, and some of taem will continue to be a ])uzzle to students who have
no access to the types in Dr. Boisduval's collection. In many other cases it is im-
possible to tell what the descriptions are intended to represent, as in Anthocaris lan-
ccohtta, C. Amphhium, P. Lrucod'wc, Mel. PukheUa, M. Cocyta. &c. There is also
a constant tendency to di^.cern European forms undei what are called "local mod-
ifications," as in cases of A. Aiiaonoides, G. Eu) yilwme, Tlicela dumctorum, Cocn.
Californiea and Gnlactlmt.^, Thnnaos Cervantes, Ilcsperlas Comma and Si/lvnnus,
Avhich is calculated to perplex and mislead. AVith profound respect for Dr. Bois-
duval, every lepidopterist in this country has cause to regret the confusion thus
introduced into our fauna.
RUg
tera,
(d as
ibcd
sdu-
idc8
that
the
two
lave
im-
lan-
also
lod-
hcn.
mis,
>ois-
thus
!' i
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.-STfiiSJ-TnfJiJKiS,
8 ii '
;>uv;n b;Mjrvrs<rl
rifc;vADE:wSTS i ^. 6 349.
■i:siRciiu^».,ii. Pill.'
i
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irj i
lis
ARGYNNIS XIV.
ARGYNNIS NEVADENSIS. 1—4.
Argynnis Nevadensis, Edwards, Trans. Am. Eut. Soc. iii, p. 14.
Primaries long, narrow, strongly arched, convex on liinJ margin.
Mali:. Plvpantls 2.2 inches.
Upper side pale yellow fulvous, slightly obscured at base; hind margins bor-
dered by two i)arallel lines, enclosing throughout narrow fulvous spaces Ijctween
the uervules ; the submarginal luiiules narrow, serrated or lunular, connected with
each other and with the marginal lines ; and enclosing large concolored fulvoiis
spots, other inarkings delicate, well defined, similar to those of Edwcmhii ; tin,
median baud of secondaries being confluent and the discal sjjot large, ()j)en, much
like the letter C inverted ; fringes luteous, ou i)rimaries blackish at entls of ner-
vules.
Under side of primaries pale buff, next base and inside the two cellular
spots wit! a faint reddish tint; apex olivaceous; the two lower submarginal spots
black, enclo. ing buff spaces, the others, six in number, olivaceous encl(jsing sil-
ver spots; submarginal patch olivaceous with two silver spots and sometimes a
third Oil the margin. Secondaries yellow, the disk mottled with, olivaceous ; the
band between the two outer rows of spots narrow, distinct ; the silver spots unusu-
ally large, iridescent, 24 ui number, viz: seven submarginal, sub-triangular, edged
both above and below by black scales and above by a broad olivaceous border; the
second row of seven, the first three, fifth and sixth nearly e(iual, subovate, the
fourth small, triangular, th« seventh subquadrate, all narrowly edged above with
black and projecting olivaceous shadows upon the band ; the third row of five,
the first semi-oval, the fourth and fifth lunate, the second obsolete, thii-d large,
Rub-])yriform, cut by the arc, all narrowly edged witli ])lack; in the cell two small
round spots and below median a long oval, these three edged with black; two sil-
ver patches at margin of upper nervures; shoulder and alxlominnl margin lightly
silvered. IJody above fulvous, beneath buff; legs buff, })alpi buff, ferruginous above
and at tip; antennre brown above, fulvous and grey beneath; club black tijiped with
ferruginous.
Fkmale. Expands 2.8 inches.
Color a shade paler; the marginal lines diffuse, on jirimaries forming ;• 1)road
blacV band showing traces of fulvous spots only next inner angle; the spots within
mmm
■''[ I'i
ni
ii
ARUYNNIS XIV.
apical lunulcs whitish; sccoiKhirit's proscnt a row of 8])ots, a shade paler than the
ground, corresponding to llie second silvered row of under side.
Under side of ])riniaries yellow bnif, deep fulvous at base, on inner margin
tliroughout, and over three fourths of cell, passing into reddish buft' towards inner
angle ; sub-marginal spots enclosing, thntughout, silver s[)aces. JSecondarii's [)ale
buff, mottled Avith diu'ker shade; silver spots large, the second row completely but
delicately edged with black, the sub-marginal nearly ovate.
Taken in the valleys of the Hierra, near Virginia City, Nevada.
In the mai'kings of up[)er side and in the form and size of the silver spots, Ne-
vadciisU is nearest JulwanUii.
Mr. lleniy Edwards, to whom we owe the discovery of this fine species, Avrites
as follows respecting it. "The range of Nevadensis appears to be very limited as
I have only seen it in the immediate neighborhood of Virginia, but it is there by
no means rare. It loves to ilv about the warm canons of the mountains and is cs-
pecially abundant near Washoe Lake. This is a beautiful sheet of water about two
miles wide by seven long ahrost on the summit of the s[)ur of the Sierra of which
Mt. Davidson is the highest jjcak and on the sides of which Virginia is built. It
is nearly GOOD feet al)ove the sea level and its shores are covered in the Spring with a
luxuriant gi'owth of Composita.', Violaceai and Liliacete. About this Lake during
this summer (1870) I saw scores o^ Nrvndcnsis, but I oidy caj)tureda few, oAving to
th(>ir wonderfully swift flight. I rarely saw them alight and it Avas necessary to
take them on the wing. Tim males are very jiugnacious and chase each (jther Avith
great earnestness, ''""he capture of our mountain butterflies is always a task of diffi-
culty from the uneven nature c*^' the ground, and frequently the Avork is terrible.
One has to toil oAa'r dry mountains covered Avith "sage brush," Avith not a tree in
sight, and rarely Is a drop of water to be found throughout a days tramp."
Note. — Since the publication of the plate of Arg. Edwanhii, that sjiecies has
been confidently asserted by no less enunent authorities than Dr. Staudinger and
Mr. Moschler to be identical with A(//aia.
Dr. Staudinger Avrites, (ith A])ril, 1871 : "There is not the least doidit that
A)'(/. Edwardsll is Arrj. Aj/hiui, \ai\\\. There is not the lead difference and the
Aijldia from Asia differ nuich more from the true European type than your Ay-
la'ia of Colorado, which differs onl;/ in ntinw."
I am not advised that either of these naturalists have any acquaintance with
the American species beyond Avhat is to be gained from my plate and description.
Certainly the insect is as yet excessiA'cly rare in collections.
At the date of ])ublicalion of the [date, (18()!)) I had the use of the few spe-
cimens collected by ^lessrs Wood, Drexler and Ridings, Avhich comprised, so far as
I knew, all that Avere to bc! fouiid in collections in this country. Quite lately, Mr.
T. L, Mead has placed in my liauds a number of specimens taken by him, in June
i'*
ARGYNNIS XIV.
of the present year, (1871) in Colorado, viz. 15:?, 69, all of wliieli are fresh and
in the best })ossil)le condition. With snllicicnt material therefore for coiiiparison,
I am at a loss to see the resemblance! between this s]>(>cics and Ai/Iain. Indi'cd it
is not too much to say that they belong to diU'civnt sections of tlie ;;-cinis. They
constantly dill'er in size, in the form of the win^s, in color, and in the numluT,
size and shape of the silver spots. The form of the fore-winjis is a distinjinishing
characteristic lu'tween species of this genns, and so is tlie size and shape of the sil-
ver spots, especially the sul)-marginal spots of both wings. ])r. IJehr, in his paper
on Californian Argynnides, I'roc. Cal. Acad. Xat. Sci. A|)ril 21, 18(»2, says "of great
importance for the diagnosis of these specimens is the shape of the marginal
lunuhe."
tS> also does the presence or absence of a ch-ar butf or yell(nv .band between
the two outer rows of silver spots constitute a highly imj)ortant distinction, as is
strikingly exemplified in Cyhele and Aphrodite, for which 1 refer to the plates of
those species in this Volume.
As to the species in question, in size, Edwardsii is at least from one third to
one half the larger in superficial area. As to shai)e of foi-e-wings, in the male
yl^A/w, these are broml, stronyhj arched, not at all prodiurd apically and as nearly
as p(jssible straight on kind maryin. In the female they are distinctly convex
on hind margin.
In the male of lidmnHhii, the fore-wings are remarkably lonr/, narrow, much
■produced apically, di(j}ithi arched and distinctly concarc on hind margin. In the
female the wings are shorter and broader than in the mah-, but the margin is
strai;/ht, not rounded iSIr. Ueakirt says, "The wings of this species are rela-
tively more narrow and more elongated than in any member of this genus witli
which I am ac(juainteil."
The margin of the hind wing in the female is not circular as in ])oth sexes of
A(jlaia, hut the win;/ is produced so that the outline is oral, and from the anal angle
to upper median ni'rvide the margin is not curved, but sfraii/ht.
In A</laia, I have seen no specimen with more than the faintest traces of
sub-marginal silver spots on xnider side of fore-wings — merely a few silver
scales — and none of sub-apical silver spots. The figure of J'^sper represents no
such spots and that of iiumpiircys reri/ small viart/inal lunular spots. AV^est-
wood, in the description, makes no mention of them. On secondaries the spots
arc small; the third row from the margin consists of three only, and of these
the miildle one is truncated, sto])[)ing at the arc; the spot.s of the second row
are stmill and rounded and the sub-marginal are small, narrow, and lunate.
In Ji'dwardsii, on the fore-wings are seven conxpiciious subnuirginal silver
triangles and three sub-apical spots, ten in all ; Ix'sides these, in fresh specimens,
two or three of the rounded black spots in the mesial row ai'e always jiiore or less
silvered. On secondaries are 24 distinct spots. Tlie third row contains live, the
middle one of which is very large, sub-pgrifonn, cut by tlu; arc; of the second
row, six are large, nearly equal in size, sub-ovate; the submarginal are la)'ge
and triangular, in the female all these spots are found, but they are still more
conspicuous, and the submarginal esi)ecially so.
ARGYNNIS XIV.
Ill short, the Rpecies is reinarkal)ly silvered. The silver spots also are hea-
vily edged with black, (luite contrary to what appears in Ai/htin.
As to color, passing by the ui)per surtace as of less consccpience, though the
shades of fulvous are dillcreiit in both sexes, in Afjkiia, three fourths of the under
surface of the fore-wings is tinted with dull fii/i'oun, the suhmurginal portions onlij
being ochraceous ; the secondaries are of a chroDic-cjn'vii mottled with oeliraceous
from base to second row of silver spots, and the hand between this and outer row
is broad, oehraeeoiis and not encroached on by the basal green color.
\n. Ed }mrdsii, deep fulvous covers half the cell of fore wings and that part of
the interspaces next below the cell, and the median nervurcs are narrowly bor-
dered Avith same color nearly to the T.iargin; the remainder of the cell and all
the upper interspaces being a briglit bull'. In the female tlie basal color is in-
tensified to a fieri/ red, covci'ing the whole of the two inferior median interspaces.
In the male, the ground color is ])<i.le olivaeeous motth'd with buff, with a very nar-
row buff hand between the silvered rows. In the female the whole wing except
the submarginal band is olivaeeous vpon a brown r/round, giving a mottled appear-
ance to the surface ; {ind at the margin and anterior to the marginal spots it is
wholly brown ; the sub'umr(jinal bund is of a brighter green, owing to the absence
there of the sub-color.
These dift'erences are specific and it is not necessary to look for others of
minor importance.
On referring to Humphreys as cited, the very title of the species indicates the
peculiar color of the under surface of secondaries; "A. Aglaia. The Dark Green
Fritillary." The description reads. "The outer margin of the fore-wings in the
males is almost straight or scarcely perceptibly concave, whilst that of the females
is distinrtlfi rounded. Beneath, tlie hind wings are varied with green and yellow
with about seven silvery spots at the base, an irregular row of seven silver spots
beyond the middle of the wing and a row of seven submarginal.
Two varieties are mentioned by Westwood and one is figured under the name
A. Charlotta, neither of which have any nearer approach to the American
species.
Godart says of Aglaia, "The silver spots are usually small and round"
I hav^ thought it well to go thus into details as to the distinction between
Aglaia ano Edwardsii, as perhaps, and with as good reason, JVevadcnsis may be
pronounced a variety of Aglaia.
For if Edwardsii is Aglaia, and there is not " the least difference except in
name," we may as well deny specific characters altogether, or call all green forms
one species, all brown another and so on.
The truth is, the sooner the theory of identity bi'tween the European and
North American fauna in this department is ex2)loded the better. It is founded
on the merest modicum of fact, and leads its advocates into inconsistencies and
contradictions. Unquestionably, certain boreal and alpine butterflies have passed
from one continent to the other in high latitudes, as have a few strong flying Va-
nessans and Coliades, but I believe the whole number common to the temperate
regions of both continents can be counted on one's fingers.
f
Mils EOT 'm^,ipi.^.
1.
jf^
, IvMaivl-.Ji
Pi(Wr-nA I'-' htli Tlni"
i'Ka:. (';_,)> N 1 .. i"- ■ 4 u;
MIlLfTJlA [.
MELTT.EA ClIALCKDOX. I — I
MrUtja C/M,, (ri.Ml-cvMn,,) I!„i.s,l,n;,l ; |.,.uM,.,l.y a,,,! Ilcwitsun, il.u. Diur. I,,,, „1 -i •
Au... Knt. Sn... ,|.,^F,. is:,2. l.;,lw,.nls, |',„,.. |,„t. S„c. I'hil. l,s(L'.
]M.vm:. E.\|)iiii(1s iilxiut two iiR'lu's.
/;i'l>''^-'-i'l''l'l'';-lcs|K.tt..awith|.alcM,(.lnvyyc.llnwi,HnnisvorsoHnuous
tlu. 1UI..1 mar,-nH ,>.It^,.l l.y a sori.s of n.! spots, .onu.ti.n..s ronspin.ous, 1„.( u>,ia!ly
H..ial,_rall.,.r nHl.stUR.t and o.rasionally wl.olly wa.itin- tl.o vclNnv HOots vary
much .Ml nulivi.luals l.otli as to si/o a..,! form ;.l>,.t usuallv tl.o first on Hul.-n.a/.
ginalrowot ].nmarms is mi.„.t,., (lu- s.roiul ..f ni.Mli.nn si;,., l.ifi.l on cost,! ,„ai-
g.n, tl.o spots of tl.o inner l,n.n,.h pa.'tially iv-i; tl.o ti,i..l row son.rwiiat laPMT
than the second; in tho cell a conipn^sse.l ha.-, a spot near base, an.l on i,,,,,.,- n.ar-
gin a turd On secondaries iho first two yellow rows arc con.posed of s...all
spots, but those of tl.o third a.'o largo and elongated; ibur yellow spots ncir
base. ^
rnder shlo of primaries bright brick red; the marginal border broa.l, ....nco-
lored, and i.resent.ng on its anterior e.lge a series of deep yellow h.nules, those nevt
inuor angle frequently obsol,.te; beyond this a second row of rou..d..d spots o,.e or
tAvo patches on costa and sometimes a ^i.ot in cell; a black line on the arc and two
transverse hnes in cell 8econdari.>s have also a red marginal border, a Bubn.ar-h.al
series of hirge yellow lunules on a black ground, preceded by a row of roun.led'deeo
red spots on a black ground, ea.-h edged by a d,.licate yellow bonier; across the disk
abandot largo yellow spots, divided by the black h.n..l..s and cut u.u„uanvat
either extremity by a transverse black line; next b,>vond this a ivd band\.x.
paneled in cell a.id there enclosing a yellow spot in a black ring; at base of ncrv'ures
tour yellow spots, and another on shoulder.
Body above black, the segm<.nts .;f the abdomen e.lg(..l with vellow and to-
wards the extremity with red; sides of abdou.en red, below vellow;\horax yellow
legs and jialpi red; antennic black above, red below; club black.
Female. Expands 2.5 inches.
Primaries bnjader, more round
apical ly; spots larger.
M.VTriti: Lauva. Length 1.5 inch. Color black, finel
head black, bilobed
compressed, furnished with simi)le black
y irroratcd with white ;
from third segment to lust, seven rows of thick
f'pines; on l)ody,
many branching spines, the dorsal
MEL I T^ A I.
row orango, the others hlue-Wack, those of second lateral row rising from tubercn-
lateJ orange spots; legs anti pro-legs black.
CiiiiYSALis. Length .7 inch Cylindrical; color pearl-white, marked with
])atches and j'oints of dark brown ; on the abdomen several rows of orange tubercles.
Mr. Henry Edwards speakingof CAf/Ztw/oft says: — "The perfect insect appears
to be generally distributed throughout the Htate, extending also into Oregon and
Xevada. The lirst individuals make taeir appearance about the second week in
April and successive broods are hatched up to middle of July. The caterpillar
feedo ui)on Scrophularia chietly, though I have observed it upon Di[)sacuH, Castil-
Icja and Loniccra. It is one of the most abuiid-nt of our species, every canon lead-
ing from the mountain chains to the valley ^elow being productive of large num-
bers. It is an active insect, seldom remaining settled in one place and is very
pugnacious, di'iving away e\ ery other butterfly which m:iy venture near it. On
this account it is very troiiblesome to the collector and I have lost several rare
insects entirely through this habit of Clialcedon. Like all ]\[elitieas, it is subject
to considerable variation, in some individuals the reddish patches covei'ing nearly
the -whole of the upper surface of the primaries. The female is far less common
than the male, is inactive and Hies but little."
T
i '
T"
y A r ;■; i - s 1 _ ^
i !
: 1
GRAPTA I.
GRAPTA FAUXUS. 1-4.
Grapta Faunux, Edwards, Proc. Acad. \iit. Sci. I'liil. 1802.
Male. Expands 2.1 inelios.
PriiuurieH deeply incised on both l.ind and inner mar-ins; hind niaroi„s
throngliout irreoularly dentated ; a prominent tail on middle of secondaries ami a
smaller one between this and the anal angle.
_ U])per side deep orange fnlvons, paler noxt apex of primaries ; base of both
wings and abdominal margin of seeon.laries a Ihtle duskv, the latter clothed ^vill,
long hairs; primaries have a broad black hind mai-in, dilated at the apex bor-
dered withm by a series of obsolete tawny huuiles; on the inner ma.-in a lar-o
black spot joins the marginal band, there enclosing a tawny spot ; on the costal iiun-
fein near apex, a broad abbreviated bar, black withont, ferruginons within, nu.s
ouhqudy back almost to the marginal band ; from the middle of the costa a l.roa.l
black bar extends to the median nerviire, covering the arc; within the cell two
round black spots in a transverse line and a third a little back of the same line near
inner margin, divided unequally by the lower median nervnle; in the me.lian in-
terspaces, two rounded black spots placed nearly at right angles to the lirst three •
costa edge <>f both wings and the incision of inner margin of primaries sprinkled
with black and tawny ; the hind margin of seeon.laries is black slight! v tinted with
tulvous, clouded within, and passes gra.hially into the basal color, (x-cnpving nearlv
hait the wing; costal margin broad, brownish black ; on this is an elon-ated black
spot below which, nearer the cell, is a second, and in the middle of 'the win- a
third, divided by the nervure ; fringe white in the emarginations.
Under side. Both wings dark brown next base, with an irregular common
blackish band across the middle, darkest on its outer ed-e and within the abd..mi-
nal margin, where its outline is obliquely serrated ; bev.md this band, the color is
paler brown mottled with grey white, which is clearest on costa of primaries- the
whole surface cloiKled with vinous, an.l more or less crossed bv line ai)hreviated
streaks of dark brown; apex of lu'imaries yellow brown, with three small lanceo-
late, ferruginous s])ots, the lower one enclosing a blue or green j.oint ; the hind mar-
gin of both wings, below these, is bordered by a series of conlluent blue black, s<.me-
times olive green spots, following the outline of the win-; a little aiilerl.u' to this
another series of rounded spots of same c.jlor. those on secondaries largest and some-
M
GRAPTA I.
times having black centres, on primaries minute, except the two at the ends of the
row; in the dise of secondaries, a wliite G, varying in form, but usually thick and
angular with each en(,' sharp and barbed ; body above black, covered with greenish
hairs ; below, brown grey ; antennie dark brown above, whitish below ; club black
with a yellow tip.
Fkmale. Expands 2.8 inches.
Hind margin of })rimarics less incised and the dentations, especially of sec-
ondaries, h prominent. Color of upi)er surface a shade more yellowish than in
male. The under side in some cases marked as in male, but of duller colors, and
the separate markings nuich less distinct. In most however the color is greyish-
brown, darker next base; the submarginal lines and green spots showing faintly ;
the silver mark delicate, usually open and like that of Prozac, but sometimes an
angular C.
Larva unknown.
This species is very common in the Catskill Mountains in the month of Au-
gust, frequenting the forest roads in company with a few Proyne and Comma, and
is of similar haljits. It is deeper colored than its allies and the black markings are
of greater extent, making it a conspicuous species. It is usually seen alighted on
the ground, and although alert and quick in its motions, may be captured without
difficulty. The species is also common in the Adirondacks and White Mount-
ains, and probably throughout the northern part of the continent. I have received
it from Fort Simpson and from Kupert House, Hudson's Bay, and also from Nova
Scotia.
I
lakMik^biiii-i^
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l>rii'«iiby NTflry Ptii
T :i«if,lAivr. hih \'h'\*
C!OMy.A,l,g, 6. 3, 4- 6, .') V VAFi.
a^Mitlure Iiwvof
^BSBBseoMmiiMni
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II
i|i;!i'
(J U A FT A II.
GUAPTA f'OM.MA. 1— o.
Grnpta Cmmu, Harris, Inn. Muss. <'.„//,„,„. Fit,h, Xuw York Ileports, IS^iC.
Male. Expiuids 2.;5 inclus.
PriinurieH dc-cply inciscl; Ja,,,! margins slightly .icntaU'd; a bm.d tail of
luedmiii length on niiddln of secondaries.
Uj^i-cr side bright fnlvons; ].riniario8 havc^ a black marginal band of nicdin.n
width, ddatod at apex, edged within by a .s.Tie.s <.f ].alo vellow spots; on inner
margin a lerruginons patch joins the marginal bandr a similar snb-apieal patch on
costa; on costal margin a broad snb-rectangniar blade patch; within the cell two
small ronn.led black spots transverse, and at right angles to these three others in
the submedian and first and second median interspaces; coslale(Jgesof both wings,
and the incision of inner margin of primaries, s|.riid<led with black and yellow "or
pale fulvous. Secondaries have the outer limb d.eep ferru-inoiis and the rest of
wmg to base mottled with ferruginous and fulvous; a sub-marginal series of small
yellow lunules; on costal margin a large, elongated black sj.ot, another of small
size at base of iirst sub-costal nervule and a third at base of second median; fringe
of both wings fuseous, whitish in the emarginatioiis; the margins themselves nar-
rowly edged with purplish.
Under side mottled in shades of brown and yellow; the basal sj.aee limited
by a line, angular ..n pi'imaries, wavy on secondaries, next inside which the C(jlor
is darkest, next base greyish; in cell two long, narrow, dark spots; extra basal
space greyish; apex uf primaries dark brown, often castaneous, enclosing „„ the
edge a yellowish spot or luiiule; sub-a[>ical patch grey-brown inclining to white;
along the incision a broken or wavy strij)e of metallic blue, anterior to widcli is a icw'
of black imints, distinct at liie- extremities and the posterior ones ench.sed in diva-
ceous patches; costal edge spe.>ked with brown, grey and buff. On secondaries
the extra basal space is motth'd with brown, grey, olivaceous and vellow; the sub-
apical ixitch olivaceous or castaneous, as is also the curved stripo\'xten(ling from
this patch to anal angle; along the margin a line of metallic blue lunules ''partly
separated from the patch and stripe by yelhnv; a row of black points as on prima-
ries; the silver C varies in size and foi'in, being thick, rounded ami barbed, or deli-
cate and open with no barb; occasionally also interrupted as in JiUrrrrx/afioms;
the whole surface of both wings inscribed with fine brown abbreviated lines.
\i! il
GRAPTA II.
IJody iibovc! (liiik IhIvdus, the tlionix cuvcrcil witli j;r('('iiisli lniiis; Itclow gn-y
fernigiiioiis; Icjis pulr ItiilV; |Piil|»i ImlT, I'lilviiiis iit tip iiml iim! on ii|i|K'r siili'; iiii-
tuiiiuu (lark brown above, biiil' below; eliilt black, yellowish at lip.
Fkm.m.i;. lOxpandi^ 2/) iiielies.
Kathor less iiu-ised than tbi! male ami on iipjuM' side similar. I'mler side
varviny; between dark lirowii and vellow brown; in eitber ease a ";rev sbade over
the cxtrii basal space, and the inarkinj;s nearly lost in tlie j;ronnd color.
Commd is found in the Eastern and Middle States and at least as far West as
Illinois. And also in Canada and Uritish America. 1 have received it froni Nova
Scotia and fi'oni Fort Simpson, Mackenzies Uiver. It is rather local, l»nt where it
is found it i.s abundant. It is one of tli(! eominoiiest species on tlu^ Kanawha
liiver, there beinii; several sneeossive broods from early in the season to Novendier.
The larva is found on the hop, nettle and false nettle ( Hoebmeria) feeding
sin<;ly. It conceals itself on the under side of a leaf the outer cdj^os of wliich are
drawn tou;ether l)y silken threads sulliciently to afford a jirotection I'rom lis;iit and
the weather. From this cover tho larva emei'j;es at ninht to ^v{.'i\, and be^inninj^
at the extremity of the leaf consumes it evenly across until not enough is left for
slu'lter when it betakes itself to another and repeats the sumo proce.sH. Owinj^ to
this ])eeuliarity this species is easily discovered, as the bent and eaten leaf betrays
its presence.
The ega; is nearly spherical, rather smaller at top than at bottom, depressed
slightly at either end, ribbed vertically, ])ale green and one sixteenth of an inch
in diameter. It is usually laid upon the surface of a young leaf, or, in case of the
hop upon oneof th(( tendrils, near the extremity. The young larva' appear in four
days, are one tenth of an inch long, black covereil with short hairs, and like all
young larvic of butterflies, have the faculty of spinning threads whereby they at-
tach themselves to the leaf or break their fall in case of danger. As they become
older and can better adhere to the leaf no such aid is re(piired, but whenever ne-
cessary for safety, as in a glass breeding cage, they will cover their path with a
web and walk seenrcly as on a rotigh surface.
When one-third grown these larvie are black, with dorsal and fir.st lateral
rows of spines pale green more or les,s tipped with black, the second lateral row of
spines black tipped with white and the lowest, or infra-stigmatal row. entirely
white resting at base on greenish ])apilla'; the head spines black; between the first
two lateral rows are nai'row, transverse whitish stiia^; from base of each dorsal
spine fork greenish bars to anteri(jr edge of the segment and similar bars start
from the base of each of the first laterals ; the .spiracles oval, black within a white
nng.
At the next moult all the spines become white and at the base of the second
(i I! APT A 11.
latonils, on Stli to llth sojjinont iucliisivcs iipiiciirs ii fciiiiixinous point. Willi very
littlo clmngo this type rcMcheH nmturity. ()lii(r liiiv;r me iilnin>t wliolly hliick to
jniilnrity, wimti'i , the (IoivmI and liitcnii urccn spots und sliowinu,' nicifly trnnsverso
Htriii' on ciicli scunicnt. ( )tlH'i's iirc Ithu
,'liil
(■ voiin";-, liut wlicn oiic-lliiid urowii
lu'coMic fi'n'cnisji wliitc with t'liint siiinlfs of hhick intcisiicrscd sis if seen tlioiiiiii ii
scini-transpiircnt skii;. And oliicis unnin iiif like tiic hisi hk iiiioiicd Imt hiivc a
icddisii or vinous tint instead i
ifhh
have not Ini n iihlc to di^'ovcr tliat tho
variation of the larva; has anv i-onncctioii with the sex or witli thi' shades of color
of tl
le on
tterib
The icnuth of the mature lai'va is ].!'.") inch. When alxint to tninsforin it
selects a convenient place, on the under side of a project in, i;' rock, or of a fence
rail, or of a weather hoard of the house, or the inidrili of a hop-leal', and havinj?
spun a little hiittoii of pale red silk fixes the hooks of its anal li\ns therein and
hanj^s sus|)ended, head downwards, in the sha})e of a iisli-ho(dc, and iininoveaiile,
for the space of twenty to twenty-four hours, no ehauiit' heinj;' perceptihle except
in the col(»r of the skin which heeomi's partly transj)aront and loses its dark color,
owinu; to its gradual partinj^ from the chrysalis within. Suddenly, and to a looker
on without any ]»reinonitoi'V sym])toin, a rent takes jilacc! in the skin at the hack
of the head just wiile enoii.iih to allow the jiassan'c of the chrysalis, the heail of
which at once emeru;es. J>y a ra|)id contraction and expansion of the folds of tho
11 s of
al)doiiien tlu^ larva draws the skni upwaros successively discoverini;; the par
tlu' fullv formed chrvsalis, until at last, and in scarcelv more than one minute of
tl
me, the entire skin IS jiattiered aliout the anal ti'ct. Jt now hends itselt violently to
disent;aj;e the end of the chrysalis, which is loiii;', pointed and hard, furnished wilh
several little hooks, meanwhile retainiiif;; its hold oi' the skin by the folds of its ah-
domen, until after a severe ell'oit convulsively reachini;' out and feelinjj;in all direc-
tions for the ohject of its search, it touches the hiitton of silk and at once grasps it
with its hooks and fixes them in it securi'ly. Then by a twisting motion it man-
ages to disengage the loose skin, which fills to the ground, and the cliiTsalis rests.
The whole process is most interesting to witness and excites renewed wonder with
every re])ctition, at the ingenuity of the means employed and the delicacy of the
instinct displayed, llow to strip off the skin and much more tlu^ legs hy which
the creature is sus[)eiidi'd, without losing its hold, and at same time to securely
fasten the chrysalis, is a problem that would seem imjiossilile to solve, and yet this
little insect accomplit'hes it unerringly, when to fail would be certain de'strueticm.
And not this species only, but the larvtc of all butterllies which form suspended
clirysalids, embracing the whole of the great I'amily of Xymphalida', that is, a large
proportion of all existing s])eeies of bultcrtlies, undei'go a similar transformation.
The chrysalis is uow greeu iu color, soft uud iudefeusible, susceptible to tlie
') i
> 'il
:', I,
I (
GRAFT A II.
slightest injury, and for a few nionienti^ the sovenil parts of the future hutterfly
may be seen and rt'iidily scjiarated ; the wings foUled elo.se and env<do[)ing the
tliorax, the antcnuie iiiid jn-oboscas stretehed at length along the back. Ihit very
speedily a complete casing is formed by the exuding fmi parts of the body of
a viscous fluid, which binds together the tender jmrts, and covers the whole with
a coating like varnish. This soon hardens, and the chrysalis is ready to take its
chance against injui'v.
The chrysalis of Comma is gi-cy or brown (»f (wo or three shades, "with golden
protuberances upon the abdomen, and with jn-omineiit eye and ])alpi covers and a
sharp projection at back of head. 'J'his state continues about eleven days. A
few hours before the buttci'lly i.^ to em. rge the metallic spots lose their lustre and
the skin changes to a dai'k color indicating its separation from the imago within.
At length the covering of the head ])arts, the insect struggles to disengage its head
and legs and then feel)ly crawls forth, seeking instinctively some object on which
to fasten. The body, legs and antenna? are full sized on emerging from the chry-
salis, l)ut th(! wings are undeveloped, being no move than one fourth inch long,
yet having their charactei'istie shape and showing distinctly, though in miniature,
every marking and spot that will afterwards appear.
So soon as the insect has attained a supjiort it rests quietly, while the surface
of the body dries and the wings expand slowly in length and breadth, each little
spot in its due ])roportion, till in course of half an hour they have reached their
full size, but still hang nerveless and limj). 15y a gentle fanning motion the limp-
ness disajjpears, the wing becomes thoroughly dry and the i)erfect butterfly is
ready for ilight.
In habits Comma is extremely alert and restless, flying swiftly and for short
distan'-e.- oidy. It frequents the roads, especially in damp p-laees, or collects in
considerable nund)ers on the sides of the ci'eeks or upon damp stoues by tlie forest
brook, not in clusters, as is the habit witii juaiiy butterllies, but scaltei'ed about
in close neighborhood with wings outspread to receive the full henefit of the
sun. Ill the Catskills it is in company with Faiiini.'^, on the Kanawha Iviver with
Fabr'u'il and Inlrrvoijalionix, but greatly outnii.nbei'ing these last.
The heavy frosts of Xovember drive them into winter quarters and seeking
out holes in trees, or crevices in rocks, they pass the season in a dormant state
ready to rea|)pear with the hrst warm breath of s])ring. IJut a very small propor-
tion however survive as they areexjiosed in their deli useless state to attack- from
many enemies. During the s])ring a few solitary individuals, faded and broken,
arc on the wing, and soon after the young leaves of the hop begin to slutw them-
selves the females are iiovering about intent on depositing their eggs.
H::-!^
GRAPTA II.
Note. — Comma was consitlorcd by Dr. Fitcli as identical witli the European
G album, lie siiys, "This species is common to botli siiles of the Atlantic. Dr.
Harris regarded our American insect as diil'erent from the European and accord-
ingly named it Comma. He supposed the wings in the ioriiier to be more deeply
indented and that specimens from the two continents could he at once di^tingui^^hed
by this mark. Jiut how fallacious this character is will ajtpear from the remark
of JMr. AVestwood, Hunii)lireys' British l>utterflies, page 50, who observes, 'This
species is subject to au extraordinary variation in the fcn-ni of its wings. In some
specimens the incision in the hind margin of the fore-wings is sodcc[)tliat it forms
nearly a semi-circle, whilst in others it is scarcfly more than a sextiint, the other
indentations being equally varied.' The American specimens vary in same man-
ner. On com])aring them on the one hand witli the descriptions wliieh European
authors give of C ulhum, and on tlie other with the descriptidu which Dr. Harris
gives of Comma, every one must admit that of the two the former is 2)lainly the
species to which our insect pertains."
I have also been assured by both Dr. Btaudinger and ]\lr. Mi'schler, since the
publication of my plate of Faunus. that, beyond all question, Fuunus is neither
more or less than C album.
I thought it well therefore to enclose to Dr. tStuudinger a male and female
Comma from West Virginia and a male /Saij/nis from the llocky ^Mountains, with-
out names, for his determination. He replies, oth ,Iune, (1871) "As to the three
individuals of Grapta Faunus, which have arrived in recognisable condition, I do
not doubt for an instant that they arc Grapta {Papilio) C'«//v«/h, L., although a
very little modified so that odc viiiiJd vet'iin the name of I'auuus as that of a race
or variety. The form of your hemisphere is distinguished ])rincipally by the liind
wings being a little less excised and by the border of the wings being blaekcr ; at
least to judi/c bij these tlirce individuals, ('whieh alone 1 know apart from your fy-
ures). But this individual from the Itocfy Mountains is more unmistakable, and
approaches our European antl f?iberian form nearer than the tvo from West Vir-
ginia. I rejieat that your fauna agrees marvellously with the European." (The
italics are mine.)
Now Faunus on the oiae hand, and Comma and Satyrus on the otner, belong
to distinct sub-groups, tiie latter being allied to Interrogationis, and it becomes a
matter of interest to know that one European s])ecies exists so similar to both as
to deceive practiced observers.
I have taken jiains to bring together a number of specimens of the European
O album, many of which were sent me by Mr. 11. AV. Uates, expressly to show the
widest variation, and I have considted autliors within my reacli wlio describe and
figure the species and its larva\ It certainly is very variable, and bears a resem-
blance in its several jdiases to at least these three American species, Comma,
Faunus, and Satyrus, Edw., (the last not yet ligured, but brought from California
and llocky Mountains.) C album also exhibits several phases that are not imitated
by any yet known American S])pcies.
ISome individuals are dee]>ly incised and indented after the peculiar manner
of Faunus, and have much resemblance on botli surfaces to that species. (This
inii
GRAPTA 11.
type is figured in Espor, Eur. Sehmett. I, pi. o9.) But Faunus is notably larger,
is deeper fulvous by many degrees, and has a much broader border to tlie hind
margin of jiriniaries. Tliis border is deep black, not ferruginous, even edged
within and never crenated as is often the case with C allnim. Tlie sjiots are also
intense black. The outer half of secondaries is black encloshig simply a few sub-
marginal yellowish points. In G alhnm this j)art of the wing is ferruginous and
the yellowish pcjints are much enlarged, often into ])atches that form a connected
band across the wing, breaking up Avhat otherwise would be the anterior portion
of the ferruginous border into spots; thus giving tlie wing a nuicular appearance
never found in J'hiiuKx, nor in Vonniia but paralleled in /Safi/riis.
Tiie under side of tlmse individuals of C alZ/ioi that in any way a])proach
Faunus is cast in the same gen;Tai pattern with that sj)ecies, but the colors are
diiferent and the nuirbling much less decided. The basal shade is a dull red-
brown vnried by lighter brown; the marginal border is of t'.ie same dull color and
the intermediate or mesial s[)aco is grey brown. Fauiius has all the colors intense,
the basal shade black brown, as is also the marginal border, and the intermediate
space pale brown mottled with grey which becomes conspicuously white on the
subapical ])atch. The whole surface is suiliised with vinous and the general effect
of this marbling aiul coloration is far more beau' ful than can well be described or
than can be imitated at all successfully. No C album is at all com])arable to Fau-
nuA in these respects. The under side of C album is described by Mr. AVestwood,
in the work l)efore cited, as "greyish ashen" and by Mr. Htainton as "dusky brown."
The marginal row of metallic sjjots in Faunus is sometimes blue-black, sometimes
green, those of C album are green.
Other specijiiens of C album are like Comma in the form of the wings and ex-
tent of iiuh'utation, as Avell as general appearance of both surfaces. (For this
phase see Esper, I, pi. l."}.) ]jut without giving further details as to the differ-
ences between these two, Comma [)resents one character that is decisive. Instead
of marginal green spots, in Comma these are blue and anterior to them is a com-
mon row of bliick ])oints as in Julcrrof/afionis. Other s[)ecimens of C album, as
has been said, rvsom\)\e iSt/i/rus in the macular upper surface, ))ut this species par-
takes of tlie same peculiarities beneath, II ntioned as distinguishing Comma.
liesidi's these resemblances many males of C album liavethe whole under sur-
face suffused with sluules of yellow, from pale to ochraceous, a feature as yet found
in no American species.
The females C album differ still more decidedly from the females of the three
species, yellow being ol'ti>n a prevailing tint of the under sni'i'ace.
Eet'ore describing Faunu--:, in 1<S(>2, I enclosed :5|)ecune:is to Mr. Sbiinton and
requeste<l him to compare them with C'ctbum. The following was his rejdy.
"Lewisliam near London, lOtli Feb. 18(')2. I have carefully examined the butler-
flies enclosed in your letter and linve compared them with American Rpeciniens in
the collection of the Jiritish Museum. !No. 2 (/uiunus) is a distinct, unnamed spe-
cies, which in the List of Lepidoj)tera in B. M.,l'i\vt 1, 181 1, follows V.Froyne as
Vanessa — ? from Martins Falls, Albany Hiver, Hudson's Bay."
Unfortunatelv the larva of Faunus is still unknown. But those of Comma
G RAPT A II,
and Sal>/i'us arc known nml settle the question of identity between eitlier of these
species and 0 album. The kirva of Com?/«( is illustrated in our plate. That of
Safi/rus is described by :Mr. II. II. Stretch, as "dead black willi a greenish Avhito
dorsal band from third to last segment," and he has furnished me with an ad-
mirable drawing -which justifies his description.
On the other hand the larva of Calhtim is described by Air. AVestwood as bc-
; "of a brownish red cohjr, the back being reddish in front with tlie hinder part
ite," and die accompanying plate represents the first six segments as red, tlie re-
in a;
■white
mainder white, and is altogether cpiite unlike any known American species.'
Neither Faiinus nor Comma are subject to any wide variation, as I can assert
from a long flimiiiarity with both species,'nor do the specinn'us of S-ih/rus that I
have seen, numbering perhaps twenty, vary to any greater degree. On the otiicr
hand, V aWumwxvic^ no an to resemble not only'tliese tliree'^distinct species, but
has an over_dus of vaiiation suflicient to include resemblances to as many more.
Unquestionably these_ several species and all others of the genus have spruu"- from
one ancient form Avhich may not unlikely have been near one of the many phases
of the present C album. Uut one variety after another became permanent, each
throwing off new varieties of its own, in time also to become ]iermanent, till now
we have many groups all alli(Hl but all distinctly separated. A\'e have in Xorth
America at least nine well mai'ked species of"^Grapta divisible into four groups,
namely, that oi' Fro;/ne, oi' Si/nius, of Comma and oi Faun us.
There is a d'Terence of opinion about the value of tliis genus, many European
lepidopterists considering it not properly separable from Vanessa. Ijut if '-the co-
descendants of the same form must be kept together in one group scjjarate from the
co-descendants of any other form," (Darwin's Descent, 1 ]i. IS].) then no genus is
better founded than Grapta. The several species diifer decidedly fi'om the true
Vanessaus not only in the shape of the wings, but so far as is known in the pre-
paratory stages. The larva) are solitary, not gregarious, as are the true Vanessaus.
This difference of itself is generic and there could be no surer token of distinct
ancestry.
jti
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-I;
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I, vi. ..tM.jrvPsart,
r.R-AS, I '.'..'^.3 4 9 5. l.AH'/A 6. CHRYSAF.l S .
'' '■■m.lai*- : ^'' ■'*''■
Hi
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GRAPTA ill.
i , t
GKArTA DllYAS. 1— C.
Grnpta Dri/ns, Edwards, Trans. Am. Eiit. Soc. 1870.
]\[ale. Expands 2.4 iiiclios.
Primaries inuderiitoly iiK'isod ; liiiid margins slightly dcntatod; a hrniid tail
of modium longtli on middle of seeondarios.
Upper side yellow fidvims marked with hlaek and ferrnginous as in Comma and
Intn-rofjat'K)»h; secondaries almost wholly Idaek as in the latter species, the black
shade gradually passing into fulvous near base; three fulvous sub-marginal points
or spots at outer angle; a black patch on costa and spot in cell, in some casc^ only
distinguished by a deeper shade than the gnniiid color; fringes white in the emar-
ginations, fuscous at tips of ni'rvules.
Under side marbled in shades of grey, brown, ferruginous, olivaceous and
honey yellow; more or less suffused with lilaccous and throughout densely covered
with fine, abbreviated streaks of ferruginous; the basal si^ace limited witlumt. by
an irregular deep brown or ferruginous common discal band; in ('ell three distinct
brown spots; the extra basal space lilaccous on both wings but on secondaries
mixed with yellow and olivaceous; beyond, to margins, j.rimiirics partly yellow,
partly clear yellow, the latter colin- at apex and bmer angle; secondaries have a
large, nebulous, ferruginous or olivaceous patcii near outer angle and a nebulous
cui^ved stripe of simiiar color froui median nervure to anal angle, the foi'mer en-
closing on costal edge a yellow spot; both wings crossed by a conspicuous sub-
marginal row of black points or small spots; on primaries a sul)-apical ferruginous
patcli enclosing a lilaccous spot on costa; the incision edged by a brown line which
is preceded by metallic grey, or blue-grey binules c.lgcd with black; similar lu-
nules ou secondaries; costal edge of primaries lilaccous and bufl', crossed to the ner-
vure by ferruginous streaks an<l spots; silver spot an open (', large, narrow, thick-
ened at extremities, sometimes interrupted on the lower side.
Body above fulvous covered with greenish hairs; below pale vinous brown;
legs buff; palpi buff below, ferruginous above and at tip; clul> black, tipped with
ferruginous.
Female. Expands 2.0 inches.
Hind margin of primaries a little less iiu-is(Ml; the dentations as m male.
Upper side similar to male; under side honey yellow densely covered with ferru-
a i
GRATIA III,
;i I
!' I
ginons Ptroaks; the pattoni of niarklii<j;s as iu male but faint and nearly lost in the
f;r(»iin(l color; pome individualH li.nlit, tlio yi'Ilow pri'doiniiiatin^-; in others the
i('rrii<;inoii.s utrcak.s };ive eoNtr to tlie whoU; .surface; Hub-uiarninal black spots less
cons2)i(niouH, and sonictiincs on disc, of primaries wanting; marginal lunnlcs as in
nialo but less distinct; silver spot as in male, but sometimes a mere line not
thickened at extremities.
]\rATri{Fj Lakva. Tien<i;th 1.2o inch. Color ])ale fjreen marked with
greenish white at the base of each S])ine with lines of same color ac -oss each seg-
ment; head dull ])ink covered with short spines and havinj^ at n])per angl(M)u each
side a large branching spine ]nnk at base, black at tip; a black jtatch on cither side
of face; mandil)les black ; body furnished with seven rows of many branching yellow
spines, each branch tijiped with black; under side green; legs reddish brown, jiro-
legs green; si)iracles black; on the <Slh to 11th segments inclusive an orange spot
immediately anterior to each spiracle.
Chrysalis delicate white, not much clouded, the wing cases and whole front
having a sheen of bronze; the abdominal tid)ercles bronze. Or the general color
is pale brown, clouded with darker shades, not metallic except on the tubercles;
the palpi cases are long and sharji, and the prominence on back of head is pointed.
In size and general form the chrysalis resembles that of 'iinna.
I have occasionally taken thissjiecies at Coalburgh, W. Va. and in the Catskill
Mountains and was foi-meriy inclined to regaril it as a variety of either Votmna or
Iiilen-o(jatlonis. ])uring the season of 1S70 I was fortunate in obtaining two
of its larvoe and from them the butterflies. They were feeding on the hop,
in July, and in' habit resembled the ]arv;e of Cuninia, remaining concealed on
the under side of a folded li<d', and eating from the outi'r extrcmitv so Ions
as enough remained to afford protection. These larvie were neai-ly mature and
shortly after changed to chrysalids. In this state they continued tea days and
yielded one male and one female butterfly, the white chrysalis [)ro(lucing the female.
This species is between Comnm and Inlcrrogationls. The shape is that of the
latter as is also the shade of color of upper side. On the under side of the male
the markings are rather nearer Comma but with a difference iu coloration. The
under side of the female differs materially from that of either species.
Note. — While the foregoing description was passing through the jiress, be-
tween the 10th and 18th May (1871), I took eight larvie of Di'i/as from the hop,
from half grown to mature. The younger ones were dull white, with an interrupt-
ed supra-stigmatal blackish line; as they a])proached maturity this ilisappcared and
the color changed to green. Between 20tli May and 2nd June emerged G cj, 1 ?.
0im^
i*<
y
['cdwn oy Mrii'v l'''irt
i5
5
\
1
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GRAPTA IV,
GEAPTV INTERROGATIOXIS.
Grapta Tnterrogationia, Fabricius.
Var. Umbrosa, Lintner, Trans. Am. Ent. Soc. 1869, p. 313; l«70, p. 197.
Inlerrogaticmis, Fabr. 9 , Suppl. p. 424. Godart, Euc. Meth. IX, p. 302. Ilarri.s. Ins. .^^a.s.s. Ed,
ISfrJ, p. 29:^, (text, not plate.)
Caurmm, Cramer, l , pi. 19. Fab. % , Sp. In.-!, p. 94 ; Ent. Syst. p. 78. Abbot & Smith, % ,
Ins. Oa. p\ 11. Iliibiier, Fsot. Schmett. II, S 9 • Bois. & hoc. ■& . pi. 51.
Var. Fulin'cii, Edward.s, Trans. Ain. Ent. Sue. 1870, p. 5.
Infei-roijationiii, Harris, 9 , Ins. Alass. Ed. 1852, plate. Lintner. Trans. Am. Ent. Soc. 18G9, p.
315,1870, p. 197.
IXTERROGATIOXIS, vak. l^xMBROSA.
Form alike in both sexos, primaries slightly falcated, little ox»^ised; tail prom-
inent, broad at base, tapering; anal angle slightly or not at all produced.
Male. Ex[)and.s 2.G inches.
Upper side fulvous, marked and s])otted with black; primaries have a broad,
black marginal border, somewhat suffu.-<ed willi ferruginous at the n[)per part of tiie
incision on hind margin and next inner angle; upon the disk hve rounded spots
disposed in a right angle, the two smallest being in cell and the others in the in-
terspices; between the lower two of these last, transverse to them, two small spots
or Mitches of scales; another in lower discoidal inters])ace, and a large sub(pia<lrate
spot from the costa covering the arc; next the marginal bonier on costa a large
patch suffused with ferruginou-i and a smaller one on inne. margin. Secondaries
have the outGr two-thirds overlaid with black, most den.se behind the cell, Imt
towards outer angle and on disk showing the fulvous sub-color, into which the
black shade gnulually fades an<l disaj)])ears towards liase; on costal margin a deep
black duplex s])ot, and a small .><pot on arc; tail ashy-grey, marginal border lightly
touched with same hue, and sometimes the tips of the nervules on primaries;
fringes white in the emarginations, fuscous at the nervules.
Under side variegated with feiTuginous, brown, olivaceous and more or less
snfhiscd with purple; the basal thiril limited by an irregulai' fenuginous, |iartlv
olivaceous band, witliin which the p.rouiid is yellow-hiown streaked with terrugi-
nous; outside the band, ])rimaries have a narrow belt of yellow-brown, beyond
which the colors are brown and olivaceous; a lilac patch near inner angle, and a
large sub-apical one on costa enclosing a patch of whitish; secondaries olivaceous
GRAPTA IV.
k
on costal mardn and along the wliole liind margin, except just over the tail, where
tlie tint is lilaooous; the rest of the limb t;uftii.s<;(l with ])nrple; commencing at the
upper sub-costal nervule a deep ferruginous patch extends to median and is con-
timu'd ill ii broad, cnrvod, postci'iorly attenuated stripe to anal angle; crossing
both wings is a row of l)lack ])oints, on secondaries lying within the ferruginous
Htripe, eacli liaving ii faint olivaceous halo; along the incision of primaries a series
of metallic blue or green stre;;ks or nai'row Innules; on secondaries these are large
and distinctly luindar; discal mark on secondaries an interrupted C, usually
silvered, but at times aureous; costal edge of ])rimaries crossed to sub-costal
nervure bv ferruginous streaks and ])atc]ies, between which the ground color is
buff.
Body above fulvous, covered iin tliorax with green hairs; beneath grey-ferru-
ginous; legs buff; palpi buff, on upper side fulvous; antennsE fuscous above,
annulated below with buff; club fulvous tipped with buflf.
Fkmajj;. — Expaiuls '■) inches.
I'pper side similar to male; fringes similar.
Under side bi'own suffuseil with bliu'-grey; the bind margin of primaries
olive-brown; on secondaries the sub-marginal stripe and patch Init faintly indi-
cated; the metallic s])ots less distinct than in ujale and more or less wanting; the
common row of black ])oints conspicuous.
Egg .02 in diameter; smootli, spherical, flattened at top and slightly at base;
from the centre of the base proceed ten narrow ribs, at first scarcely raised above
the surface, increasing gradually in ]n'ominence as they ascend, and terminating
abruptly and p(>rpendieularly at the rim of the flattened top, marked on either
side by transverse parallel grooves; (see plate). Color pale green.
Tbe larviB emerge from the egg in from three to four days. At first, they are
one-tenth ineb in length, translucent, greenish, covered with hairs; tbe head large,
bilobed, black. In a few liours they change to blav';k. Afh'r first moult, (length
.3 inch I wliicli takt's place in about two days, they arc black, mo'-e or less specked
with wliite, and begin to be cIhIIkmI witli short spines, all black f-icept those on
eighth and tentli segments, whicli are whitish. After another interval of two days
the second moult takes jilace (length .4 ineb), and the larvte begin to assume the
type that they retain to maturity, 'i'he spines arc in seven rows, one dorsal, two
lateral on each side and one iulra-sligmatal, fleshy at base, sl(>nder and many-
branching at extremity; the doival and first lateral on third segment are black,
on second, fnuith and eleventh, russet, the rest yellow; the second laterals black
throughout, the lowest row greenish; head bilol)ed, black, with short black spines
at vertices.
Ml
ilifi
GRAPTA IV.
After tliird moult (Iciio-tl, .(] inch), ^n-hich takes place two ,lavs later the
opines are greatly en la.-v.! an.l lengthened, in fn.ni two to three ,'lavs further
(length A) inch), the fourth and hust moult oeeurs. From the third moult the
larvae vary greatly, both in color of body and of .spines. Some are black, linely
specked '.vith yellowish; others are yellow-hrown, specked with v(ll..w tubercles-
others grey-brown with indistinct re.hlish lines between the s[.in(.s mi the dorsal and'
two lateral rows and mm'h tubcrculated; others are black with fidv.uis stripes and
profusely covered with yellowish tidjcrculated spots and points, 'i'l.c colors of the
spines vary from black to fulvous ami green and yellow. From Inur to live davs
after the last moult, the length having increased to J. (I inch, the larva stojis tivd-
ing and within twenty-four hours changes to chrysalis. Duration of the larval
state about fifteen days.
The chrysalids vary slightly in color, being in sliades of brown clouded witli
olivaceous or lilac; sometimes u dark green stripe from the tail along the spii^idcs
as far as the wing cases; in all, the surface is somewhat bronzed an.f deciiledly on
back of head and on the abdominal tubercles, excepting the four middle ones
which are silvered; pali)i cas.'s (.rominent, and mesonotal i)rocess i)rominent,
arched and thin. Duration of chrysalis state eleven days.
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GRAFT A V.
INTERKOGATTOXIH, Vak. FAP.rjC'11.
Form alike in both sexes; i.riMiarics strun-ly fal.Mtv.l, much oxcisod- tail
ioiiger, narrower, less tapering than in Umhrom', anal angle much i.ro.luced.'
Male.— Expands 2.5 to 2.7 inches.
Upper side bright red-f\dvous, the terminal third of primaries and whnle of
secondaries obseured by f.-rruginous; spds as in U,nhmm^ hind mariims .,f b,.th
wnigs and abdominal margin at the fold largely ed-ed with lilac;' frin<.es bn-
Under side clon.le.l in shades of brown and f<Tniginous, sometimes partially
suffused by purple; the general i-attern as in Umb,-n.a^ without the strikin- .Hver-
sity of color; the common row of Idack points more or less obsolete; costafed-e of
prnnaries ferrugin.ais Ijcaded by small round yellow spots, between which an.rihe
sub-costal nervr.re the ground is yellow specked with ferruginous; silver mark as
in Liithrom.
Fkmalk. — Expands ',\ inches.
Upper side similar to male; under side brown suffused with ochrnceons
deeply along land margin; sometimes partially suffused with j.urplish instead of
ochraceous; the whole surface covered with fine abl)reviated feiTu-inous streaks-
the conunon row of black points obsolete, ox represented bv two .n- three at outer
angle and apex only, iind always minute.
These varieties difU-r in slia])e of wings, in comparative breadth and leiK-th
Of the tad, ni the prominence of anal angle; in both sexes in the color of npner
surface, m that of the marginal edges, ami of the fiinoes; in the color of under
surface and ni the relative position and extent of the vel'low and ferru-duous mai'k-
mgs of the costal margin of primaries. These differences are conq.icuous and
constant, there benig, so far as I know, no intergrades.
Until the publication of Mr. Lintner's paper of 1800, these two forms had
been treated by late authors as one species, one or the other, or the sexes of either
benig descrdxHl as Caunum or InUrnHjallonU indilf.Tcntlv. .Jud-iie.' bv the
imagos alone each was entitled to rank as a species, as thcv ]»r'esente.l constant dif-
fcrenc.^ ni essential characters and Mr. Lintner very ,u-operlv separate.! then,
But bchevmg that the .larkcr species did not fall within the Fabrician descriptions"
he applied to it the name liiibrosa. '
GRAFT A V.
It a|>|ioar('(l to mo tluit Faljcicius had dcsiTilit'd llic t'ciiialc (if tliis fn/fjrom
as Iiif< rn)(/ufion!fi, and that tin; oidy douhtt'iil jpoiiit was whcthtr \\v had (k'scrihcd
the corrt'siMdidinj;' male, or citlior sex of tlio otlicr species, as C luiriuin. Miit iii-
asiniich as the name C (iiircinn was pre-oeeiipied, that sid)se(jii(:!itly <;iveii to I he
t'einale must I'xteiid to its mah', and liie otiier spirits wiiether really deserihed liy
Fahrieius or not, shouUl be regarded as unnamed. 1 therefore proposed for it the
name Fnln'lcll.
As is well known, the larva; that pnidiice these two forms are reiiiarkahly
variable, JA»r sev(!ral years I had endeavored to ascertain wliieli type of larva
produeiMl either species of imai^o or the sexes of either, but with no satisfactory
result, inasmuch as when I thounht the matter determined by one series (;f ob-
servations, the next perha|)s woidd unsettle everything.
On the Ith dune, (jf this present year, (bS71) I noticed two females ['iii/)ro.m
flying about the hop-vines near my house, at Coalburgh, and had no diiliculty in
('a[)turing them. I enclosed them in a keg over a ])ranch of the vine, eovei'ing
witli a cloth. On the (ith, a hirge munber of eggs had been laid, a few of which
were on the upper h'aves of the vine, but the greater [)art on the cloth. On the
IHli, they were hatching and 1 romoveil the larva; to the house and enclosed in a
))reeding-cage. From these 1 obtained 18 chrysalids, which proiluced, on od July
andsubscfpient days, 11 Umhrom, 5S, G '?, and 0 Fahricil, 1 $, 5?.
On the 2'.)th July, and successive days till oth August, I took eleven fe-
males of same typo, no others being seen, and enclosed in same way as before.
From these 1 obtained hnndi'cds of eggs, and separated the larva* therefrom into
three lots, one comprising those hatched from eggs laid on tlu' cloths, one from u
large cluster laiil on a single leaf, and all others in the thii'd. Wy 3d Se])teniber
many imagos had appeared. From the eggs on cloth resulted 4!), of which 2U
were Umhrom, 14 ,?, loi, and 20 FabricU, 11 1?, I)?. From the leaf 8 Uinbrosa,
T) '', 3 ?, and G Fubricil, 4(?, 2 l, and from the remainder 2G Fiiiirum, 14 i, 12 •+,
and 8 Fthiicii, G S, 2'i.
In each lot of larvie all the different tyi)es of coloration known to me were re-
presented, and there certainly is no connection between either of them and the
varieties or sexes of the imagos.
These forms therefore ai'c but one species, and so far it would appear that
the darker of chc two was the type and the other a variety. But although
I have not been able to obtain females of Fabrlcu, and to determine this point
absolutely, yvt from the fact that the two forms are invariably found together,
even where, as in many districts, Fihricii greatly ont nundiers Umhrom, and from
the analogous case of Ajax, I believe that the eggs of Fohricii will also pi'odnce
both types of imago. If this be so neither can be considered as a variety of the
HI
ORAl'TA V.
other. Tlioy are dimorphii^ tiinns of Jn/d-rni/tifloin'K, iiiid to <listin,u;iiisli them
from tu'diiiiiiy vjirii'tics, I li:ivc ^ivcii tliciu botli s|M'cilir ii.iiiics, iiidiciiliiiL^' tlicir
rtilationsliip.
■ (Since di.scovi'riiiff tlic diinorpldsiii of /ii/imif/n/ioiiiK, I iiu'liiic to i\\'u\kfiriij)-
tan OtiiUiKl mid Diijftx will jirovo to lie l>iit one s|K'cirs ;dso. 'I'lic Ciisc woldd
not liowcvor I k' strictly pandlcl with luUi'i'txidiUniix, luit iiiijilit jirovc to he a iiiodi-
lication oi" .seasonal dinior|iliisni. J ohtaiiied in May, of this year, seven specini'iis
of />ry^M, and all that I hav(i het'ore seen liav(! heen hntd or taken in the early
part of the Hcason. at the same time with ('nnniKi, \\\\\\v from j;reat nnmhers of the
Uirvie obtained in the Autumn 1 have had nothing hut ('itninin. 'I'he eai'lv Itrood
only therefore may |irovti to l)e dimorphic).
//ilcrr(i(/(i/l<)iii.f is al)undant over the whole eastern part of the I'nited ."^latcs
and in Canad:). How far west it is found I am luiahle to sav, certainlv how-
ever, as far as Iowa, and from Mi.ssouri to Texas, lint it has not been fmnid in
Colorado hy Mr. Mead, who has collecti'tl extensively in that Slate. In ^^'est
Virginia, 1 liave found tin; variety I'lnhrdm the most common, hut in the ( atskill
Mountains the ])ro]iortions were reversed. ^Ir. J^intnei- states that the I'csidts of
his collecting in ]\Iiddle New York show the greater ahnndance also of the
variety Juihricii. On flie other haml, Dr. Harris says, that in Massiichir^etls, the
male " is often hiack-winged," meaning i'liilirwd. The .southern sjiei-imens are
larger than thos(> from the north, dilfering one-half inch in ex|)anse of wing.
'J'he larva' feed upon the ho]), elm, n<'ttle, false-nettle, (H(ehmeria) and, at
Coalhurgh, may usually he found in diiferent stages of growth from ahout 2()th
May till Septendjer. I have frc(juently seen .several females at once Hying in ami
out mv hop-vines, alighting on tlu^ ends of the shoots or on the tender leaves to de-
posit their eggs. The hutterilies are then always battered and worn, evidently a
long period having elapsed since they emerged from chrysalis. TIk; eggs an;
usually laid singly, but sonu'times threes oi' four may be seen on the; same leaf.
Two or more may also occasionally be tbund standing one on end of the other per-
pendicular to the surface of the leaf, aii<l 1 have seen four, five and as many as
eight in one .stalk (see jilate) The larvic are easily raised in conlinement and
will submit to a change of food, as from ho]) to lio'hineria, without the slightest
hesitancy. Like its congeners this species hyberuates and a])[)ears in the early
8j)ring.
When it is considi'red Ik w many eggs are laid, and that so .short a time In-
tervenes between the egg and the imago, it is surprising how few hutterilies of this
spe?ie.s are the result. From eggs that A\'re laid on my vines in July and Augu.st,
auK-unting, J am sure, to many hnnilicds, Vv'i'v i'vw larva' were hatched, and gradu-
ally these became more and more scarce, so that at la.st 1 could with difliculty di.s-
IMAGE EVALUATION
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I
GRAFT A V.
cover a single one. The eggs are destroyed hy spiders and various insects by whole-
sale. 1 have had thecontcnts of one of my kegs swept away Inanlghl, leaving not u
trace of shell behind, and in same way I have lost scores of small larva*. The
only safe mode of securing them is to transfer the larvie as soon as hatched to the
liouse. Finally, after the larvte have escaped all apparent danger and have
changed to chrysalids, the imago therein is often destroyed by ichneuinon-llies.
So that it is doubtful if much more than two ]»er cent, of the eggs laid produce but-
terflies. The perils of the winter di'stroy nearly all the hist brood, and in the
Spring but few of the butterflies are to be seen. They become more j»lenty as
the successive bvood.s appear, but, one season with another, the number seeuhs to
be about the same.
XoTK. — The first mention of a Papilio O anrrnm is in Linuieus, Syst. Nat. 17'i'>,
I, p. 477, its follows. "(J aureuin, 1'. N. alls angulatis fulvis nigro maculatis; pos-
ticis s'lbtus C aureo notatis. llai)itat in Asia."
This six'cies is now recogni/ed as eipiivalent to Aii'/r/ira, Cramer, pi. IWS, an
Asiatic species found in India anil Japan, materially dillering from any American
Grapta.
In 1775, Fabricius, Syst. Ent. page oOO, describes Caiirciim nearly in same
words, viz: "!'. alls dentato-caudatis, fulvis, nigro-inaculatis; 2)osticis subtus C
aureo notatis. Habitat in Asia," and refers to Linniuus.
In 17'Sl, Fabricius, Sp. Ins. 11, p. 'M. again describes (J inirctim in same words,
with same reference to Linnseus and habitat, but refers also to Cramer, II, pi. lU,
fig. E. F. Cramer's ligures pi)r])ort to represent an American species, wbicli may
j./operly be considen'd as the one hail in view liy Fabricius. although there was
error in his rel'ereiu'e to Linna'us and in his habitat, cau.sed naturally l)y the vague
description of Linna'us.
I am satisfiei' that Cramer's figures are intended to represent T^iiiftrom f,
though the execution is wretched. Mr Scudder cDiijectured that iliey might have
been taken from a third species jntssibly to be found in the Snnthern Stiiies and
West hulies, and he ])roposed for this the name Cramvrii. IJut 1 think the dilli-
culty is altogether with the artist.
In 17'.*7, Abbot (Insects of Georgia) figured, without description, as C aureiim
the male rnilnofn.
In 17'.*'S, Fabricius (Supp't p. 424), for the first time mentions and describes P.
ln(rrro(i((l'ionin, viz; "alis caudatis fulvis nigro maculatis, subtus (/kiucus: ulrii/a
puiicfot'Uiii nifp'oruiih, j)osticis C uui'eo uotutis.
Habitat in America boreali.
Nimis alliiiis 1'. 6 auno at pmiUo major et alro .vibhts (//auccc siriga piindorum
ni^/roru/ii.''
Wings tailed, fulvous sjiotted with black, brnciilh (jldticDiix (i. e. a bine or green
inclining to grey or white) with a Iranxiursc buml (x/riifi) tif b/ac/: /tainfs. '" * * *
Extremely like J*. Canirutn but a little lart/cr and i\\ti w'uiijs bcncaik ijlaiicous '>mth
a transverse band of black po'ml«.
GRAFT A V.
This (losi-riptioii apj)lies woll to tlio foinalo dnhrosa, which iiI(tiio of the soxes
of eitlu'f form ciiii 1m' caUnl {^I'MIcouh, tliis word cxprcsfiiii;!; thi; hiuc-gri'V color
with whidi the wiiij^s arc siiiliiM-d. It is not often used by Fahriciiis. In iii.s
Ent. Syst. I have Keen aide to discover it hut few times. ()\w of these; is used iu
(lescriiiinj; the American species, JlK/ijitaiii.f Achcrontu, tlio under side of which is
a sha(h( fiffrrcv that nearly apjiroaciies the femah; ('nilintxa. This latter is also
distinf^uished l»y a row of distinct hlack jMjints cros^in;; Ijoth winiis.
I conclu<le therefore that the female I'liihroKa is the trui' />i/irroi/afio/ilK,V:ih.
This was the opinion of ( Jmlart. In l-aic. Mcth. IX, p. IJOli. he says; " i'aliriciu.s
has taken tlut male for (' nuniiiu of Linntcus and has made of the lemale a sejja-
rate species under the name (»f /ii/iri'ot^tiiioniJt."
JJoisduval and Leconte ^ive a figure copied from one of Abhot's drawings, com-
posed -ipparent ly of the upper surfaet^ of Fabricii and the under surface of I 'iiifirum.
The shajie is rather that of the latter. These authors state that although there
would seem ti» 1k' mure than one sp«ries, yet as the caterpillars are the same, tho
butterllies must l)e the siime also. A «-orrect conclusion from incorrect premises,
for it is not ini|ilied that caterpillars had Ikh-u proved to Im' the same hv breeding
from the egg, and resemblance in the larvie by no means ind'jates identity iu
the imago.
The figures of Iliibner are admirable, and represent both sexes of CnJirom,
under tho name C dim iiiii. I do not lind Fabricii anywhere figureil except in
the wood-cut of the feumh> in ll.irris.
The liistory of fnlt rnKidtion'm, and that of .|yV/.r, illustrates the defects of tli(^
])resent system of determining genera andspecits, tijunded asit is on one stage oidv of
the insect's existence, and omitting the other three, the egg, larva and chrvsalis,
from consideration. (\'rtainly all those stages an; importaiU, if not e(|uallv so, to
atrue conception of either genus or species. Even so minute objects a-; the eggs of
butterllies, somi'times scarcely to be (listinguished by thonakeil eye, and always ri'-
quiring examination under the microscope, are f mud to differ gcneiically in shape
and ornanientation a-* decidedly ;is do the bult<'rflies produced from them. .Nutii-
ing can be more distinct than the snuMith, spherical eggof Papil'o. thegraiiniated,
lenticular egg of Tarnassius, the fusiform of I'ieris, the ribbed ovoid of N'anessa.,
the sculptiued conoid of .Vrgynnis, tin; dome-topped cylinder of Danais, or the
semi-sphere (d" I'ampliila. And so far as I have been able to examine the eggs of
our butterflies, those of the same geinis, besidi'.s luaring a g<'neric resendil.nice,
have each their specific ditferences. T'lius Ajnx is distinguishable froi'> TnnuDi,
or Troilu-f, or Pltihnnr; Plulfxlice from Euri/tlteini', or Akxaadni. So with
JJiaiKi, L'liht'lr, A/ihroill/r, and the Sutijri and JLxpcmhr.
Tlie larvio ami chysalid^ also fall naturally into gr<»ups, or in other words dif-
fer generically, though genera foumled upon these groupings would disarrange very
I
materially many of the highly artificial divisions at |»resi'nt recognised. And tlu
differ individually s(( that one need never !•«• mistaken for another, even in sia
cases of similarity as in the larvic of L. 7> /.<//>/>»/.< and Jj. I'rtmld.
IJut, inasmuch as the imago is the only one of tlui four stages that is usually
known, th<^ determining characters are sought in it alone, in the distributiou of the
nervures, in peculiarities of legs, palj)i and unteimie, I'orm of
wuiy;s ana markuiira
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GRAPTA V.
or coloration. Nearly all these are generic, that is, they helong to all the mem-
bers of a group, and the last two only, markings and coloration, are relied on for
separoting species. These are always variable, and to distinguisli between essential
and non-essential variations is often very much a matter of individual judgment
where one may be right or wrong and whore opinions will differ. Mimy species
are distinct beyond all doubt, but very often one form runs into another, or seems
to branch from another, or several seem to be intermediate between two that are
themselves distinct. To determine therefore which of these is a good species, and
which is a variety, is difficult and almost always unsati^^filctory. So in this un-
certainty some naturalists name as distinct every form that presents differences
that are tangible enough to be described intelligibly, while others rest ui)on the
broad and comfortable ground that closely allied, or even tolerably distinct, forms
in which there can be shown intergrades, are to be classed a.s a species and its
varieties. Notwithstanding, it is certain that, among the butterflies, the prepara-
tory stages of such allied forms are often found to be abundantly distinct, as in the
case of the Graptas C album, Salynis and Comma, all of which, judging by the
imago alone, might be considered as one sj)ecies, and indeed have been by exj)ert
lepidopterists. Yet, the larvae of all of them being known, they are shown to be
not merely distinct species but .sc])arated ])y a much wider interval than are many
others. On the other hand, and exactly the reverse of this, imagos undeniably
distinct may prove to be but one and the same species, an in the ease of the two
varieties o^ Interrogation lif and the three o^ Ajax.
No doubt very many of the present names of species of butterflies are to be re-
giirded as provisional, always subject to rectification. But before the first stej) can bo
taken towards con-ect knowledge, differing forms of imago nnist be distinguished
by name so as to be recognised and their study fiuHiated, instead of being thrown
together indiscriminately, and lost sight of as varidies of thisor that sj)eeies, when
in most cases absolutely nothing is known about them, and any oi)i:iie!i is, at best,
but guess-work. But when such forms are found by breeding from tiie egg to be
only varieties, they will take their proper ])laces in the Catalogues and yet lose no-
thing of interest, and will help to form the material by which the naturalists of the
happy future will read clearly the riddles that as yet jjcrplex us.
I
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GRAPTA VI.
GRAFPA SATYRrS.
(irap/'t Sii/i/riifi. ''Siit'-y-nis i Kdwanls, Trans. Am. Miit. Sue. 1S70.
M
\i.i;
-K
.VIKIIKiS _' UK
Iks.
pi'ot
br
Primaries inoilcrati'ly iiifisi'd uikI dctitatt'd; tail long, tapering; anal angle
luceil.
Upper side nnitonn ycllow-f'nlvons, dnsky at base, and spotted with blackish
)\vn; marginal
bt.rd
ers nai'row, often obsolete next niari^in, so
tbat but a lint* or
stri|)o of brown remains within; a large snbapical spot on eostal margin of prima-
ries, and a seeond covering tlx; arc, sub-rectangnlar, dilated on eosta; other spots
as in OtiiiiiKi and allied species; niarginal border of sec(tiKlari»'H precede(l by a
series of irregular pale brown or ferruginous patches, usually more or less obsolete,
but s(»n)etiuu's crossiug the entire wing; a large blackish spot on middle of costal
margin, another in cell, tlu; two often conlluent, and a small spot at origin of the
upper median nervules; fringes dark brown, white in the emarginations.
Tnder side marbU'd in shades of brown. mor(> or less sulVused with vel
low
tlie l)asal area, occupying nearly half the wings, limited by a line that is angular
on ])riinaries, wavy in secondarit's, as in (hnnmi, on the inner side of which the
shade of brown is darkest; in cell of primaries three; elongated l»rown spots edged
by darker lines, the extra basal spa(;e more or less tinted with yellow, nmch covered
Avith fine, abbreviated, U^rruginons streaks; ajiex of primaries yellow-brown, some-
times tinted with olivaceous, enclosing three ferruginous points aiKl limited below
by a ferriiginons line running back from the angle of margin; sid)-i:pical |>alch
greyish-white; incision bordered by a broad band which anteriorly is black and en-
closes luteous Innnles; secondaries have a similar but abbreviated border next
above the tail, and posteriorly traces of such a border, obsolete; a sub-marginal
ferruginous or olivaceous arc from anal angle to tail, and similar colored subapical
patch; both wings crossed by an extra discal row of idack dots, not complete except
at the extremities; silver murk shapeil like an inverted C, large, open, often very
slender, barbetl at hnver extremity.
Body fulvous above, beneath either yellow-grey or vinous; legs pale bn fi, pr<j-
legs vinous, with blackish stripe on front; j)alpi bud' below, fulvous at tip; antenniju
dark brown above, buff below; club black, buii'at tip.
i|!
ii is
G RAPT A VI
I'lMAi.r. — Siimo si/.o.
Siinihir ill t'ui'iii iiinl on u|i|k:i' side similar in colur iiinl iii:ii'lviii;;~; liciiciitli
nearly iiiiiroriii wimkI, m- olivaceous Itrown, or vinous, willi niiiikinus as in male, Imt
imlistiiiet and more or less ohsoU-tc; silver mark wry slemler ami open, sll^fjitly
barljed.
full
I'oiind ill tlif liocky MoiintMiiis, in Colorado, and in ( 'alirnniia and Oreiron.
I am iiidilitcfl to II. U. Streleli, J'^stj., lor the drawing ol' the iar\a, and tlio
owiiijr (Ifseriptioii.
Matiki; Lai!V.v. Head Mack, aiij:;ular, Itilohed, spiny and willi a spiny tulK-r-
•(dor of Ifodv Mack willi a liroad, "■recni-ii-wliitt
cle at each of tlic upper angles; c
dorsal stripe, wliicli on llie anterior segments is cloiidecl willi Idack; on eaeli sej;-
ment. on tins r-lripe, is a line V-sliape(l Mack mark having' its aii^le at tli(^ dor>al
spine; the spines lorm seven rows; the dorsal j;reeiiisli-\vliite, wantiiij; on the lirst
lour segments; iIk^ lirst lateral row ofsame color, present on all se^iueiits iVomtlit!
second; the second lateral row hlack, the third greenish-white, wanting on tlio
lirst I'oiir and teriiiiiial scgmeiits, and sjiriiiging I'rom an iiifra-stigmatal lino of
samecolor; all the spines are thinly coveriM
1 witl
1 short, hristliiii'.cuuctdoieil hairs
excejit that those near the tips of th(! white spines are hiackish.
Found on nettles, (I'rtica) at Congress S[)rings, Santa (Jlarii Co., California.
]\rr. lleiirv IMwards also writes, San I-'iancix-o, L'lith March 1.S72.
Th
hirva No. I r)ii your plate is .same as one 1 raised last year, which produced tho
male I now send you {\tfi/ni.H). I liad two (>tliers exactly like il, Imt they died
hcfore coming to maturity. Their food was the stinging nettle and 1 could not get
any of this jihnl in the city to keep them alive. I mention this to show that tho
coloring of the larva is constant, as if the same in four individuals, it is pretty g<iod
proof that the likenes.s extends throughout the species."
Sti/i/riia forms one of the remarkalile gi-ou]), I ho several members of which re-
semble Olio or other of the phases of (J aUm,iii, and to which I have referred in the
notoH to Comma. It as yet 1ms nowhere been found common, ^fr. Mead saw not
more than half a dozen s|)ecimens in Colorado, where Z(/>/ii/r!is was abundant. I
have also received it from tlio Island of tSan .hian, taken in company with G.
Sllcnus,
GRAPTA VI.
GUAITA ZKlMlVUrS.
Grapta Zi-phi/rut (Zcph'-y-nw), K<lwariN, Triiii!*. Am lint. Sue. 1S70.
Mali;. — Kxj)anils 1.8 lo 2 inches.
Primiiri(S (k'e|>Iy incised, inodKriitcly ileiitated ; spcondiiries have posteriorly
throe proiuiiu'iit fleutalioiis, usually ei[ual, soinetiiiies the secniid pnxliicctl ; tail l<»nj^,
united at huso with third dentation; outer angle strongly produced, and margin
deeply incised.
npper side flory-red fulvous, fading into yellow fulvous on disk; primaries
have a narrow fuscous honler often sulluscd witii ferruginous, preceded throughout
by a series (;f elongated yellow lunules; the horder of secoudarics still narrower, often
interrupted, sometimes ferruginous, and supporting large yellow lunules, which ar(3
rather indistinct in outline, and always continent; primaries havea largo suhapical
ferruginous patch, a smaller one near inner angle; a large hlack spot, depressed,
covering the arc, fre(|uently nnu-h dilated on cr»sta; live small hlack spots arranged
as in the allied speci<'s; secnndarics have the outer liml) more or less irrorated
with ferruginous, forming a sort •»f band anterior to the yellow luiuiles; a large
black patch on midille of costa and a small sub-triangular spot on are, sometimes
connected with the [»atch; fringes fuscous at tl|is "f norvules and somewhat on the
interspaces, mixed irregularly with yellow and white.
Under siilo grey-brown, but varying much in individuals, in some the grey
shade predominating, giving a hoary appearance to the whole surface, others (piite
dark, but all densi'ly c(»vercd with line, al'l)revialed lines darker than tlu; ground;
the basal space is usually brown, limite(| on the disk by a moderately irregular
outline, very closely as in Graci/iK and Prot/nc, well delined except against cell
of ])rimaries; in the cell three (elongated brown spots edged with black, two being
in line next sub-costal and the third against the space that is between the two
others and next median; both wings have an extra-discal com]ilete row of
black jtoints, edged by luteous scales, often conspicuously, except those on costal
in';rgin of j)rimarie.'. which an- edged anteriorly by small pure white lunations;
three dark brown serrated spots at apex; the incision bordered by a cinereous,
sometimes plnmbagincnis, wavy line, edged anteriorly by velvety black; on sec-
ondaries a similar line, but interrupted beyoml the tail and fre(]uently there
obsolete; costal margin of primaries marked with irri'gular [)atches of dark ))rown
and grey white; edge of inner margin of same wings and of costal of secondaric's
beaded with brown and white; discal silver spot narrow, bent at an angle of about
fitly degrees, not barbed, but acuminate at either extremity, the limbs either of even
length or the lower one shorter.
Body fulvous, beneath grey-brown; legs grey; palpi grey, blackish in front
'nr
I,
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[|
GRAPTA VI.
nnd nt tip; nntcmiip brown anmiliitcd with whitish honciith; ohib black, yollow
nt tip.
Fkma i.i;. — Same hI/.p.
rppcr Hi(hi h'sH iiilciHc, iiiar<;iiu more y<'ll(>w; beneath lighter tolureil tliau
moHt males, but similarly marked.
A[ATiKr. L.VKVA. — lienj^th l.aiiieh.
Hody I'liriiished with six rows nt" many branehinj; spines; head black, with
short black spines at vertices; sej^mcnls frnm secdiid tDcighth. i»oth inclusive, liright
buff inclining to orange; remaining segments pure white. Along the sides are two
waved orange lines uniting irregularly; the interspaces, which are buff or white,
according as they are anterior or posterior, are marked with black dots; above tho
orange lines are some i'aint black lines, and some bljck patches an- discernible at
the ba«e ol" lateral spines; spiracles black, broadly bordered with white; under uide
dull flesh color; feet and pro-legs black with pinkish tinge.
CiniYsAMS. — Length 1 inch.
Color brown, the general shape as in Comiiio, but the niesonotul process more
prominent and rounded; the pal[)i cases more produced and c'ompresscd at base; the
upper tubercles silvered.
To ^Ir. Henry Edwards 1 am indebted ibr the foregoing description of tho
larva and chrysalis, and to Mr. iStretch for tho drawings reproduced on the
plate. ^^r. Edwards intbrms me that this larva was taken by Jiim in July,
1S71, in the Yo Semite Vallev, and wa.s feeding on Azalia occidentalis, a most
unexpected food-plant for larvic of (irapta. It was raised to maturity, the change
to chrysalis occuring 2!>th of .Inly, and the butterlly emerged loth of August.
The einularity of this larva to that of (J alhtnii is remarkable, inasmuch as the
butterflies behmg to diflerent groups of the genu:*, while the larviC of Vomnxt and
tSnti/nis, which species in the imago resemble phases of C album, wm wliolly unlike
the larva of the latter.
In the description o( Zcphi/rim, I have Ri)oken of the three elongated spots in
cell of primaries on luider surface. These are found, similar in shajie and scarcely
varying in position, in all the smaller ( Jraptas. In Prnijne there are very rarely in-
stances of same })eculiarity, but almost invariably the two uj»per82H)t.s are united and
produced so as to form a long, narrow band running from subcostal obliquely to
median at base, and the third spot is produced in the same manner and rnus paral-
lel to the other. Out of nundjcrs of (Jraptas of other species, I have found no
instance of these parallel bands except in Prorjnr. In the figure of C Ar()enteum,
(synonymous with Pvoync) in Kirby's Fauna Bor. Amer. these stripes are well in-
dicated.
G RAPT A VI.
Tn Tinipta rnfrrrni/niionln tluTc; arc iiIho r.iuiiil tlircc (iHiiliir h\h\*h, Imt tlif-
forciil ill sliii|)(' siikI |iosiii(iii IVuin lliusc Itcluif iiu'iitiniictl; iiii<> lM'iii;r siih-rlioni-
l)(>iiltil, i|i'|i<'iiiliii^ rroiii siiltcostal ami niiiiiiiiir (il>lii|iii'lv hack lu a pniiit on a
cciitnil line tVniii l)as('; just Im-Iow tliis spot ami a litllr aiittrior, aii<l sc|iaral(M|,
Htartiti^ iriini tlic (■ciitral line, is aiiotlKi- s|i<it of nearly Hain(> slia|M> that (>\t*iiil.s to
nu'(liaii, tlic two t'oniiiii^ a Itrokcii line; near liasc, niiiiiiii^ with llic central line is
the third spot, small, Inii;^ Mval. In ./ nlhian, which should he classed with llio
(Jraptas, very iiiiich such an arraniienieiit ol'tlie three spots oeenrs as in Inlrrriufit-
llonix, lait the two outer spots are coiineeted at their aiiiilcs on the eeiilial line, and
the flmaller one is much eiilarifcil. In t!ie true Vanessaiis there are also three cel-
luhir spots, hut n»oi .• widely dilliriiiij; still from those of the Hiiiall (jlraplas. In
Atif!(i/)<i the lower sp(»t is turned ohli(pieIy to the upper, the position o(" tliis last and
th(! hasal spot heiiijf much as in Inftrrix/nliu/iis. ' M'iIIk rl'tl the two outer sp(»ts
are large and eonllueiit forininj? a hroad zigzag In 1 across cell; the third spot
does not run with the central line hut crosses itoolieuelv from itsoriy-in on median
near l)ase. Tn fh/!jhrn!rii tin; arran<;ement is i luch ',<' in Jfil/i' r/il. Siicli features
illustrate aflinities, and also show how a j^( mis hecnme^' broken into groups with
a t»'\f) I y to further divi>ion.
/(■j)/ii/ni.'< was taken ahundantly by Mr, Mend, diiriuj^ the mouth of Au.^int,
1871, in ('olorado, and was found throughout the Statt; wherever colUdtiourt were
made, frotpiently in company with a small species allied to FmnniK, to which I
have given the name of Ifi/hoi, and of \ aiiessa Aiiflojid. Mr. Mead Avrites, ''()n
the 2Sth,on South I'ark road, in th(( iuoiintaiii.s about twenty miles from tin; I'ark,
I found a large, smooth rock, exposetl to the sun, on w hich were several (Jraptas,
^cy>/(y;vw and a species numbered three (////A^•(). On this rock and in immediate
vicinity I cai)tured twenty Zijt/ii/ru.i and live of the other. 1 had previously, on the
l(jth, found both s[tecies together in the vicinity of Jlerthouds i'ass, where lii'teen
of the smaller one were taken with a few Z< plnjriis, oti a small jiatch of llower.s
high nj) th(! mountain. These were the only occasions on which the small (irapta
(Ifi/Ins) was seen." I have also received Zrpltyrus from Mevuda, and from Fort
Simpson, Mackenzies River.
<11
Mr
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LIMENITIS I.
LBIENITIS PROSERPINA. 1—4.
Limcniti's Proxrrpiiia, (I'ros-ui'-pi-na,) % , Kdwards, I'roe. Knt. Soe. I'liila. 18C5, p. 148; Trans.
Amcr. Ent. Soc. I, p 2H(), 18ti7.
Mali:. Expaiuls 2.25 inches.
Upper side black, secondaries only having a sliglit bhiish (occasionally green-
ish) tinge ; liind margins of secondaries bordered by a double row of blue (or green)
crescents; the sid)niarginal row is continued on ])riiuaries. Itut is indistinct, almost
obsolete; beyond the cresci'iits, on secondaries, is a row of russet spots suruKUinted
by blue (or green) scales, which are more or less conspicuous; in some specimens
the russet spots are distinct across the whole wing, in some two or three onlv are
seen, and in others they are altogether wanting; the blue scales or sj)ots make a
circular band across secondaries, and are contiinied across primaries with more or
less distinctness (often becoming whitish) to the costa, and coi'respond with the
white band of under surface; the contour of this band abov«' is like that of Arthe-
mu, and it terminates on the costa in a white streak ; there is also a white subapi-
cal spot divided into two or three by the nervules; emarginations white.
Under side brown, varying in shade from blackish to russet, and in this re-
spect and in markings remarkably like Arf/irnuK, except that the white baiul of the
latter is here always slight and sometimes ])artly wanting ; both wings have a dou-
ble row of blue (uv green) crescents, preceded ])y a row of n^unded I'usset s])Ots,
large on secondaries, and on these, edged above and below with black ; the spcjt at
mner angle of j)rimaries is Avanting; alK)ve the russet spots is a curved whitish baiul
or streak, common to both wings, sometimes half the Avidtli oi' the band of Arf/icmls,
but sometimes indicated by a few scales oidy above the russet spots; the subapical
spot and costal streak of u])per side repeated cons])icuously ; base of wings marked
by russet spots edged with black; between these are metallic blue (or green) natches
as in A)'f/iniii'!<.
Body below white ; fore legs Avhite ; palpi wliite, edged with black ; antennaj
and club black, tipped with ferruginous.
Femalk. Expands 2.0 inches. Similar in markings.
This fine species I first noticed in the Catskills, in 1803, when a single male in
not very good conditicm was taken. In 1807, I found it abundant in the Stoney
Clove and from 2nd to 4th July, took several fresh specimens. In the latter part
of July and first ten days of August 1868, I saw many more, of both sexes, both
I
LIMENITIS I.
\" !
in Stoney Clove and npon thn Clove road, sonth of tlie ^fountain House, but all
wore much rubbed and broken, Tliey sbould be souglit for early in July in tbat
region.
In tlie eolU'ction of ^Ir Cbarle.s Wilt, of Pbiladclpbia, are two females, from
one of wliicb tlie figure in tbe plate is taken. Tli('S(> sju'ciniens are ratlier lar-
ger tliaii tbose found in tbe Catskill.s. Tbey are understood to bav(( been taken
in tbe Mountains of IVnuHvlvaiiia, but in wbat loeulity is not now known, as tbey
were supposed to be a variety of Irsu/fi.
Frosrrpinn lias tbe same babits, and, in tbe Catskills, tbe .same season, as Ar-
tJiemh, witli wbieb it assoeiates, frofpientiug tbe forest jiatbs, rarely seen in tbe open
country, and always attraetcd by any animal matter. It is mueb less abundant
tban AHlieinlii,ii\u\ is more sby and dillieult of ea[)ture, Hying into tbe trees at tbe
sligbtest alarm. It unites tbe cbaraeters of I'rfiu/a and Arthonin in a singular
manner. Excepting tbe wbite band on ])rimaries, tbe upper surface is tbat of Lr-
mla, wbile tbe lower is very near Arf/irmls, varying in sliades of ground color from
dark to ligbt brown and reddisb-brown as does tbe latter s])eeies.
Mr. Scudder lias not noticed Proscrjnna among tbe Wbite Mountains, but it
will probably be found tbere.
all
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WEIDEMEYEBII. 125-3 4.9
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LIMKMTIS II.
IJ.MEMTIS WKIDHMKVKKII. 1-
Llmnulis \V,;,lni„,frr;;, IMw.inls. I'rur. Afu.l. Nat. Sci. I'hil. iMJl.
^r.vi.i;. IvNpiinds lM; iticlics.
r,.,,,.,. side I.nnvnish-I.ladc with a l.r„a,l, n.niinoM, white han.l a litth- hcvo,,.!
h,. Mu<l,ll.. o wmgs iK.nt towards .-..s.a on ,„i,nari..s a,.d taj,mn^. postc-riuriv on
cvon.h..u.s, dmdcd „.to h.n. spots hy th. hhu-k nmur.-s; outside the hand, on
econdanes, a row of h. vous spots more or k.s ohsoh-te ; on hoth Avin.s a suhn.ar-
ginal .senes of small white spots, n.innte or ohsokle on s.ron.h.ries ; anterior to
hose, on costal margin of primaries, a sh<.rt, transverse row of f„nr white spots
the second from costa larovst, the fourth minute. '
U.uler side paler with the hand and costal spots as ahove ; the fulvous spots
on secondaries large; a eomnu.n, sulMuarginal series of lar,e lunules, (hlulh-
wlute except towards apex, where the inner portion is whit.-,) Vut transverselv and
unequally hy a crenated hlack line that is parallel to the margin ; on prima'ric.s a
icrrugmous har upon the arc, foUowe.l within the cell successiudv hy hlue atoms
ahluish-white har, ferruginous patch, and the hlue atoms n.-ar hase*; costa ferru-
ginous; on secoudaries, the entire ahdon.inal margin up to n.edian and the costa
next base, hlmsh-white, the nervures being heavy and Idack ; rest of hasal space
between costal and median hlue-grey, crossed irregularlv bv hlack stripes.
Bo<Iy above black, al>domen beneath white, with' a white strip., laterallv •
legs WacK, white on un<ler side; palpi white, hlack above; antenmeaud .-lub blaJk!
Femaliv. Expands 3 inches ; similar in colors and inarkin-s to male.
Larva unknown.
Found in Colorado; common in vic-inity of Pike's Peak, according to Mr.
Kidings, who collected in that regif)n in 1864.
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LiMExrrrs in.
LLAIENITIS LOIK^UIXI. 1—4.
Limenilis Lorquini, BoisJuval, Am.. Hut. Soc. rraiico, 1852.
Male. Expands 2.4 inches.
Upper side durk velvety brown except the apex and upper part of hind mar-
gin of primaries, Avhich is fulvous ; both wings crossed by a yellowish-white medi-
an band sejiarated into spots by the nervules and bent forward nearly at right an-
gles on costal margin of primaries ; midway between the band a;id apex an abbre-
viated row of four small white spots depending from the eosta ; near anal angle two
small, rather indistinct, fulvous spots ; fringes dark brown, white in the emargina-
tions.
Under side ferruginous except base and inner margin of primaries, which are
fuscous, and base ot secondaries which is fuscous mottled with ferruginous ; the
spots as on upi)er side, but in addition, a submarginal common series of bluish-
white lunules aiul sagittate spots, each, except the apical, edged above with fuse(jus.
Shoulder and abdominal margin of secondaries broadly bordered with bluish-white,
and the ferruginous s])Ots of basal space partly covered with same color.
Body dark brown above, with a lateral white line near extremity of abdomen ;
thorax grey and fulvous; legs fuscous; palpi white, dark brown above; antenme
and club dark brown, tip ferruginous.
Fkmale. Exj)ands 2.7 inches. In color and markings similar to the male.
According to Dr. Behr, "the caterpillar feeds on willows and looks very like
that of Bissippm as figured by Boisduval and Leconte, the fleshy spines of the
neck being considerably shorter and whole coloration of a brighter green." JSIr.
Henry Edwards says of the imago, "It is always found where A\'illows grow, fly-
ing up and down pathways in the hottest sunshine. It alights frequently an<ria
an easy prey to the collector. I have never found it far from the vicinitv of water."
it
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LIMENITIS IV.
LIMEXITIS JUIKDOWII. 1—3
i/m.«r//. ^mW,; Ilubncr, Zutra^^e V, , • 1... AV„/,w, Doubh.l.y, Gon. Diur. Lo,,., pi. 30.
Boh. Ann. Lnt. S„c. l-r., lSo2. Ivlwanls, I..-,,... .Vcad. Xat. S.!. IMnla,. 1S.;2. CW.^-nuVv, ,]{u,l..r
Al.vu:. Lxpaiids nearly llirco iiu-lus.
Upper Hide velvety oliv l,r..wM, deepest on outer liii,l, ; hind niMr-ins l,„nlered
by abroad cronafed hand, ( paler than disk, ) throe.oh which n.ns'adnrk iin..-
a lar-o golden yello>v apical sj-ot lilln the space between the n.aruinal bMnd and the
narrow costal i)order of primaries; across the disk a common whit.' l.an.l. <..in-
mencing on costa of primaries with a largv spot cut into three bv the nervures f„l-
Wd by a second, oval, .separated from the lirst bv a wide space an,l ont of'line
in the direction of nincr angle; after this, the band is nninterrnpted except bv the
brown nervures, and dimini.shes to a } it a little within abdominal mar-in'; .m
arc ot primaries, a narrow ferruginous bar and another in the cell, each e('Ure(l l)y
black wavy lines; a similar line midway between the bars; at anal an-l.. a black
si)Ot within a ferruginous luiinle; fringes brown, white in the emarginations.
Under side ])ale brown, with a lironze lustre on secondaries; |,rimaries have
a broad, brown hind margin, crenated next inner angle, with a faint pale blue line
running through it and edged anteriorly by a narrow j.ale blue ))and ; sub-apical
spot as above, paler; below this to inner margin dark velvet v brown; the white
band as above; bars in cell large, pale fulvous; marginal border of .secomlaries
narrow, crenated, enclosing a blue line and bordered anteriorly by a broad blue band •
the white band is edged without and at its extremity .suffused with pale blue in-
clining to purple; beyond to base bars of blue alternating with vellow-brown from
co,stal to medwn nervures; abdominal margin blue, especially liext ba.se; the ner-
vures about base much bordered by l)lue.
Body above olive-brown, beneath white; palpi white below, brown above-
antenna) and club dark brown. '
This beautiful species connects the genera of Limniitis and ITvtcroclivoa It
IS found more or less throughout Calif(.ri.ia, espeeiallv in the .southern counties
frequenting wooded valleys, and is of similar ha])its to Lorqnlni.
_ R.'specting its habits Mr. Henry P^dwards writes, "This is a far more local
insect than Lorqubu, and is never found in any great numbers. Its usual haunts
are in suady canons and by the side of creeks. Its flight is slow an.l -raceful and
It occasionally floats along with outspread wings for a C()nsideral)Ie distance. It
frequently alights near small pools of water and is greatly attracted bv any offen-
sive odor. I have more than once seen it in the vicinitv of slaughter "houses
alighting upon the foul drainage from these places." Of the larva, I am unable
to obtain any information.
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AIWTI IIA 1.
AI'ATIKA ALICIA, new s|Krics. J— 4.
Malk. Exi)iui(ls li..") iiiclics.
U|)|i('r side: |)riiiiiiri(s liiwiiy mI 1)iisc, jiloiii;- imici' iiiiiriiiii, iijioii liiiid iiiiirniri
abovcMiiiicr Jiii,tilc, iind wi'!;';:; Uic cell ; ivst of wiii^' l';isn>iis; in the second iiic-
diaii iiil('rs|iiicc ;i lar^c tdacU ocellus with lawny iris ; n|ioii the oiilcr I'liil) two
transvi'rs(! rows of spots, tlio .siil)-iiiar,t;iiial of foiif, wintc, cxtciidiii^' from costa to
the ocellus, roiiiid('(l or oval, except the second which is coi'date and ontsidi; tho
line; the iiie<lian low, sinnons, of seven, lainc, yellowisji-wliite, the liflh ncai'ly
twice the size of an V other, the i'onrth smallest and the two last connected, all rounded
or oval ; a hiack iiar at extremity of cc I and two idunded spots near hase.
Secondaries tawny, fii: coiis upon co.~ta and upon inaii;in at outer aii^le; hind
marjrin bordered hy two lines, of which iIk; onli'r (»iie is heavy and jiaralh'l to mar-
j;in,the inner is delicate, siniiuns iVoin the iniddh; to outer an^le; across the disk a
rowof;-ix oval hlack spots, the lirst, thiid, fourth and liftli neai-jy e(pial in si/.e,tho
second much lariicrtliau either of the others and the sixth smallest ; heyond these
an in<listinet siinious hrown line and two marks in the cell ; on middUi of costa a
liir"-e vellow-white patch ; fi'iii;:;cs alternal(^ whit(! and i'uscons.
I'mler side ol' primaries }z;rey white next hase and pale yelhtw-lirowii on
inner inariiin ; the apical half nuich clouded with fuscous; upoiv hiiul mai,uin a
dull ferrujiinons line, anterioi' to which is a second, fuscous, less distinct, partly
sinuous, and servini;' a.s the outer ed;;e of the fuscous space ; two Idack ocelli, with
five hrown irides, one i orrcspondiuL'- to that of upper siiiwiicc, the other near apex,
small and eiiclosin-i- a coidate wiiite spot ; theolh(; spots as almvc lint inoic dif-
fused ami piiicr white towanls costa; aci'o^s the disk a sinuous hlackish hand for-
deriu"' the inner e(l;:v of the row ol" spnis ; the hlack marks in cell as alio\( .
Secondaries <irey-white with a pearly or lilao tin,<;c; hind mar,i;in pale brown ;
across the disk anterior t(iand part ly eiidiracin,-, the ocelli a nairow cloud ol' pah^ fus-
cous; upon hind mar;;in a line like that oi: primarii's, prece(le(l hy a second cor-
respoudiu"' to that of uppei' side ; beyond the cliaided space a brown sinuous linc^
runniuff from co.tal nervure nearly across the win^, then half-way towards and
over to abdominal ma:-,uin, formiiij; in the last of its c(airse two civnations, the an-
terior of which encloses an oval black spot ed<;e(! !-y liL;ht luown ; in the cell a bar
and two small spots, and a third next al>o\c the cell on suiicostal ; six ocelli cor-
respondiiii^ to the hlack spots of upper surface, hut ^mailer, the last one du[>lex,
each surrounded by a brown iris and dark halo an ' enclosing a nietallie green
pupil.
i '!
APATURA I.
Body above tawny, beneath soiled white ; legs yellowish ; palpi same, tipped
with fuscous ; antennae brown, annulated with white, club blackish above, ferru-
ginous below, yellowish at tip.
Female. Expands 2.3 inches.
Primaries less produced and much broader than in male ; secondaries broad
and rounded ; the color of under suiface more purple, but otherwise like the male.
This species is allied to Celtis in shape and general markings, but is much
larger with the spots and ocelli relatively larger, and is of quite different coloring.
The only specimens I have seen arc those figured on the plate. They were sent
me from New Orleans, and Avere taken in the vicinity.
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PAPHIA.
PAPHIA GLYCERimi. 1—0.
Paplua Ghjccrlum, Doubluduy, C!on. Diur. Lep. pi. 50. Riley. Am. Ent. Feb. 1870.
Male. Expands 1.7 inch.
Upper side copper red; liind margins edged by a black bordcT with ^vay or
purple reflections ; on the arc of primaries a black band, a patch on costa of second-
aries and a stripe near outer angle. Under side dead-leaf brown, with a grey
lustre, tinted on inner margin of primaries with reddish, and throughout den'^sely
covered with dark scales; the basal half of both wings deep-colored', limited with-
out by a wavy edge; beyond this,,-and reaching to the dark marginal border, a
broad, wavy band of paler color, bifurcated on costal margin; a small cluster of
luteous scales in sub-costal interspace of secondaries and on middle of disk.
Body above reddish brown, beneath color of wings ; legs buff; palpi grey
brown ; antennae black above, reddish below.
Female. Expands 1.9 inch.
Upper side pale red; marginal border of primaries very broad, enclosino- a
yellow-red, wavy band, imperfectly bifurcated : on secondaries a similar band,
contracted at outer angle, much expanded on disk and partly enclosed by a
black striijo from outer angle ; under side vinous brown, with grey reflec-
tions.
_ The larva when young is light bluish green thickly covered with soiled white
papdLne. Scattered among these are light orange papilla; of a larsrer size with oc-
casionally one of brown. These papilLne are hemispherical, hard, opaque and shin-
ang, and the larva feels rough and harsh to the touch. At each moult some of the
papilla3 disappear, especially all the brown ones, the green shade becomes more
apparent and the skin softer.
Mature Im-va; length l.oo inch; cylindrical, tapering each way from third
segment; color light bluish green ; surface rough, covered with whitish papilla);
head sub-quadrate, bilobed, bluisli green, a pair of orange papilla; on vertex ; neck
green, constricted, retracted within second segment when at rest; spiracles brown-
ish yellow. Chrysalk at first light green, soon changing to whitish green or to
light cinerous brown; the whole surface indistinctly marked with fine parallel
streaks of darker color ; in form short, thick, gibbous, the abdominal segments
contracted almost into a hemisphere.
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The genus Papilla contains a numlu'r of Hpecios wliidi inhabit the tropical
re.'ions of America, from >Moxico to JJrazil, hut (rh/ccr'mni is the only ones wliose
lango i.s known to cxtcMtl into the 1 nited l^tates. It in found upon th(! prairies
of Illinois, ^lissouri, Kansas and Texas.
I have never seen it on the Aving, hut am indehted principally to Dr. L. K.
Ilayhurst, of tSedalia, iMo., for copious notes upon its hahits and for descriptions,
us also for the drawing of the food-plant, larva and chrysalis represented on the
plate.
Dr. Ilayhurst says : "The larvic feed on the ])lant commonly known as Wild
Sage, Croton capitatuin, as many as a dozen individuals heing sometimes found on
one low' hush.
" The leaf of this plant is ovate-lanceolate, ahout two inches long and three
fourths inch hroad. On the mid-rih the larva extends itself, its head toward hase
of leaf and attaches a thread to the edge at ahout one third the distance from hase
to apex. l}y a tension ou the thread it draws this edge jiartly towards the other
and there fastens it, heing assisted hy the natural tendency of the leaf to curl in-
ward. The operation is repeated until tlic edges meet, 'when the larva ])roceeds to
join them firndy, almost to the apex, leaving a small opening through which to
eject its castings.
" During the heat of the day, it remains concealed, hut towards evening comes
'out to feed, though sometimes it feeds upon its own house, eating the leaf half
way down from hase to point, then ahandoning it and rolling up a new one.
" When placed in a cool, shaded room, the larvte sehlom rolled up leaves, hut
fed at random over the plant, and when at rest 6imj)ly lay extended on the leaves.
Many, though not all, of the rolled leaves that I cut open, were completely lined
with a closely woven coating of strong white silk.
" In a glass hreeding cage, the larva will travel over the sides as readily as
over a rough surface. This it docs hy s[)inning a sort of ro2)e-ladder in advance,
descrihing segments of circles by the motion of its head from one side to the other.
" Wlien ready to transform it spins a hutton of white silk on the under side
of a leaf or branch, and, fastening the anal legs therein, doubles upon itself until
the extremities meet. In this position it remains about twenty four hours when it
suddenly throws off its larval skin and becomes a chrysalis. Some of my chrysa-
lids were eighteen and twenty days before the butterfly emerged.
" The flight of the butterfly is exceedingly rapid, with a dry, whistling sound.
Althou^'li easily alarmed it seldom leaves a favorite locality, but continues to fly
about until danger has passed. It is curious as the Yanessas, and I have several
times taken it by standing motionless, when after numberless rapid circlings
and dashes about me, it would suddenly alight on the ring of my net.
V ' <
PAP III A.
" Undoubtedly this species hyboriiatcs. Early in Novenihor tlio Imtterflics
that I hiid bred from larva? wen; slill active but had gone into winter quartern
araoug the dried loaves and stems of the food })lant in the breeding cage, selecting
the ch)sest, narrowest corners and si^ncczing themselves in. After the Aveather had
become quite cold I jiut the cage into a dark cellar and left it there about a week
when I brought it back to the warm room. The butterllies were dormant but soon
revived and Hew about as briskly as ever. I then returned them to the cellar
whore they remained till the 8j)ring when I brought them out and]ilacod them in
the sun. After a few hours two revived and Hew about the room. Tlie other
was dead.
" During last winter, (1870) in February, a tree was felled en the line of the
railroad on which I was at work. As it fell it split open and was found to be
hollow. The cavity was partly fdled with dirt and hickory-nut shells, but among
the stuff that foil out were some twenty butterflies, mostly Vanessas — Antiopa and
Atalanla. But among these were seven specimens of Ghjccrlum.
" This species has but one brood. I have noticed that the food jilant docs not
sprout up and leaf sufficiently to support the larva) before 1st of July.
" I have found the butterfly very common wherever the food j)lant occurs
throughout South AYestern Missouri, Southern Kansas, the Indian Nations and in
Texas, particularly on the dry hills bordering on the Brazos llivcr."
I have also received notes respecting this s])ccics from Mr. J. II. ]\ruhl(>man,
of "NVoodburn, Ills., who seems to have first observed its transformations. Mv.
Muhleman says, " I am satisfied that there is but one brood. Last year I examined
the food plant during several months, but found no larva) till September. The but-
terfly is shy and difficult to capture. I have observed it in orchards resting on the
sunny side of the trees, at other times on the road or upon the fences, and it has much
the appearance of a Vanessa, only while this last rests with wings half s])read,
the other rests with wings closed. I have found the larva? from ;Jrd Soi)teml)or
to 30th The chrysalis state lasts from 10 to 14 days. ll\ last butterfly ap-
peared 10th of October. At this date, 2,jth of Jan., I have U\o living specimens,
proving the fact of the hybernation of the s])ecios."
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THECLA I.
THECLA LAETA. 1—4.
Tlicda Iseta, Edwards, % , Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil. 18G2. ? , Thecla ClothiUh, Edw. Proc.
Ent. 8oe. Phil. 1803.
Male. Expands .9 inch.
Upper side black ; ficar base of primaries a few scales of deep metallic blue ;
next anal angle of secondaries a band of .same color, which extends halfway along
the hind margin, many of the scales being replaced by black ; beyond this band a
fine line of blue scales follows the margin to outer angle ; anal angle edged Avith
red ; fringe grey.
Under side of secondaries and apex and costal margin t)f primaries slate blue
with a green reflection ; costal edge of i)rimarics red ; disk of same wings smoko
color ; beyond the cell, on costal margin, a transverse, abbreviated seiies of five
small red spots, edged posteriorly with white, the last tAvo obscured by the smoky
hue of the disk.
Secondaries have two series of red spots parallel to the hind margin; those of
the exterior small and towards the outer angle minute, each more or less surrounded
by a lelicate white border, in which are a few black scales; the inner series crcesea
the middle of the wing, is sinuous, the spots large, brighter red and crescent
shaped, bordered posteriorly with Avhite in which are a few black scales ; edge of
the wing at anal angle and at the intersection of the adjoining nervures red; thorax
and abdonun above black, beneath white ; legs and antennte annulated white and
black ; palpi white ; club black, red at tip.
Female. Expands 1.1 inch.
Upi)er side black ; the base of primaries, and inner margin for two-thirds its
length, and all of secondaries, excej,!, the costa, dark metallic blue. Untlcr side
greenish-grey, losing the green tinge on inner margin of primaries; in addition
to the five spots on disk of male are two blackish, rather indistinct spots, bdow the
others, nearer the base.
Canada ; Maine ; "\^''cst Virginia,
The male of Ma originally described wjij one of two taken near London,
Canada, by Mr. Saunders in 18(51. In Ain-il of the present year (ISC.H) at Coal-
burgh, Kanawha Co. AV. Va., 1 was called by a laborer to look at a " fly " in ii j)ost
hole that he was digging beneath a hop vine, which " fly " he sujiposcd he had
brought to light in )ns operations. I took the insect between thumb and linger.
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and A'orv iiiucli to my surprise it proved to l)e a perfect specimen of Irrfa female,
that doubtless had been at rest on the vine, and cliilli'd by the cool morning air
had been suddenly jarred from its place into the hole. The diilerence in color be-
tween the nude and female is much of the same nature as between the sexes of
lluda Poms, the female being nuicli more highly ornamented with blue than the
male. The sexes in Tlicda liave similar markings on under surface and are easily
identified by liiat means. On comparison, this female proved to be identical with
Thccid Cldlhlldc, -which I described in hS*;:} from a worn and faded sjiecimen re-
ceived from llev. Mr. Provauchcr, near Quebec, having then no suspicion of its
affinity to laia.
Mr. Scudder, in his Supplement to a List of the Butterflies of New England
{Proc. Ji'Mf. Soc. Xdf. Hid. 1808), mentions Clothildc as having been taken near
Paris, ^faine, on 22nd July.
Tiie Theclas are widely dispersed, hut are rarely met with and are difficult of
capture from their extreme restlessness and activity, darting about with so rapid,
jerking a motion that it is almost impossible for the eye to follow them. The pre-
sent sjiecies is tropical iu its colox'ing and seems quite out of latitude in the North-
ern States.
TIIECLA ACADKA. ,">— 7.
Thecla Acadira, Edwarls, I'loc. Acad. Nat. Sci. J'liila. 18G2.
Male. Expands 1.2 inch.
Uj)[)er side dark brown; costal edge of j .imarics red; on the disk a smooth
oval spot; secondaries have a single tail (unless the very slight ])rojection at extrem-
ity of the secoiul median nervule be so designated) which is black, edged towards an-
al angle and tipped with white; i'rom its base a bluish white line extends along the
margin t(Mhe anal angle; the space next above this line sprinkled slightly with
fulvous scales making a broad band mine or less distinct, which terminates beyond
the tail in a clear fulvous spot; fringe of both wings fuscous, at the anal angle
black, next before the tail vhite, l)eyond it black through which runs a white line.
Under side grey with a ])early lustre (but sometimes brownish-grey or even
sordid grey-white); on primaries a short discal bar edged with white; beyond
this, a bent, transverse row of black spots each surrounded by white, the one
next costa minute, the next three round, fourth and fifth oval and .-ixth double;
within and along the margin a, row of clongati'd pale fulvous sjiots, gradually be-
coming obsolete towards apex, narrowly edged on the inner side by black on
which rests a line of bluish-white.
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III
THEf'LA 1.
Secondaries have a Ions; diseal streak, a curved transverse row of l)lM('k spots
and streaks, eadi surrounded or edf^od by white, the six ironi costa nearly round,
the lifth l)eini.- anterior to the general line, the seventh long and bent towards anal
angle, the last a streak running up the margin and bent near its inner extremitv ;
hind margin edged with whitish and bordered l)y a vei'million (sometimes orange)
band which is divided by the nervures into spots, eaeli of which is archetl above
and edged with black on which rests a lino of bluish white ; this band extends
some distance up tiieabd(miinal margin and encloses, on hind margin near anal an-
gle, a large rounded space sprinkled with blue atoms; the threeor four red spots
next outer angle partly obsolete iuul the si)ot next the blue jtatch sometimes edged
on tne nuirginal side by black ; in some specimens a black edge at anal angle.
Body above dark brown, below greyish-white ; legs greyish-white ; palpi white,
at extremity black tipi)ed with white; antenna) black anniilated with white; club
black, reddish at tij).
FErjALK. 8ame size. Similar to the male, only wanting the oval spot on pri-
maries.
Taken in ("anada, near London, and in various parts of Xew En'dand aiul
New York.
I have received from Mr. Saunders a descrii)tion of the larva and chrysidis
of this species as follows :
" Found feeding on willow, June 11, 18(5.'), June 18, 18(;(',, and about middle
of June 18(>7 and 18()8. Length O.O;] inch; nniscifonu. Uvad very small, pale
brown and shining, drawn within the second segment win ii at rest. Vxnh above
green, of a moderately dark sluule, thii covered with very short ^vhitish hairs,
scarcely visible without a magnifier. iUr thickest frnm third to tenth sciriuents •
a dorsal line of a darker shade of green than the rest ,>t' body. Dorsal niii(.n flat,
rather wide and bordered with a raised whitish-yellow lino, beginning at tlie third
segment and growing fainter on twelfth and thirteenth. Sides Of in.dy inclined at
an almost acute angle and stri^jcd with faint obli(iue lines of greenisli-ydl.iw. A
whitish-yellow line borders the under surface beginning at theuiiterior e(li;c of sec-
ond segment, and exteniling entirely around the Inxly to a point .ipposite the place
of beginning; this line is raised in the same manner as that bordering the dorsal
ridge. Twelfth and thirteenth segments nuu'h flattened. Under sni'face similar
to upper, Avith the same coating of short fine hairs; feet and proU'gs |, ,rtake of the
general color. In a younger speeinu'ii the head was almost hi;; ' ith a streak of
white across the mandibles. The under side was rather tleeper in color than upper,
with a faint bluish tint.
"Cbrysalis 0.;52 inch long; greatest wi(Uh 0.15 inch; thickly cdvered with
minute liairs. Color pale brown with many dots and patclies of a darker shade j
THECLA I.
a dark ventral stripe from seventh to terminal segments ; sides of body with four
or five short Hnes of dark brown. The duration of the chrysaHs state is about
eight or nine days. I have had .specimens enter the chrysalis as late as July 3rd."
Since the lescriptiini of Acndica, in 1862, some of our lepidopterists have
doubted if this species was not identical with falacer, Godart, and of Bois. and Lee.
Messrs. Grote and Rubinson have contributed some valuable papers on this and al-
lied Theclas to the Trans. Am. Ent. Soc. 1867, and show clearly that falncer of
Godart and of the text of Bois. ami Lee. (but not of the plate,) and of Harris, Ins,
Mass. is properly T. Calanus, Wcstwood ; that falacer of Bois. and Lee. plate, is a
distinct species, now called inorata, G. & li.; and that Acadica differs from either.
The latter is readily distinguished from the others by the color of its under surface,
the extra-discal band of spots, and the extended vcrmillion border.
The flowers in the accompanying Plate are said to be varieties of Phlox diva-
ricata, and are common in the woods throughout the Kanawha district in the
m^iiths of April and May.
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THECLA II.
TIIECLA ONTAKIO. 1-2.
Thechi Ontario, Edwards, Tra.is. Am. Eiit. Soe. ii, p. 20!), 1809.
Male. Exi)ands 1.1 inch.
Upper side ,lark brown, color of T. Acadica ; on costal margin of primaries a
bi^e sn^ooth oval spot; secondaries have a single tail and a ver/slight^p^n
t^2.:\r ""' '" ";'"'t = '''"" ^''^ '--^f tl-tail afhintlhiteli::
extend along the margin to anal angle; at this angle a few scales of fulvous- be-
tweenthe first and second median nervules a,i indistin.-t n.arginal dark . ,o .bl
Md^jdjareafew ftdvous scales i.crescentf;n-n.; tail black,tip,^d;^^
Under side uniform light brown, color of T. (Mhnm, AVestw. {f„hccr of Godart
and Harris); across the disk of primaries a nearly straight narrow bund of
spots, sightly edged without by white; this band^is conHnuo: ^ p^' ^ ^ 'j^
spots m the second and third median interspaces are somewhat lunnh to aula
ted; para lei to the margin is a second band of faint spots, of dark brown ne!]y
obsolete at each extremity; on the inner edgeof the thieeor four middle mol^
distinct of these spots are a few white scales.
Secondaries have a discal row of spots like those of primaries, but separated
forming a nearly straight line (the two middle spots onlv being o itside 1 e £
from he costa to a point just above the black space that ^urmoiuits the bl mv " h
hen turning towards abdominal margin in a zigzag course forming th 1 te V
the last hmb of which is long and reaches the extreme margin ; hind niar.-in ed^ II
by a fine whitish line and lx.rdered by a row of spots occ%;ing it !: fe'
each of which is edged above with a curved black line on whic-h i^ a second bth'
white line; the four spots next apex almost obsolete, merelv slu, Wa d W
tmge than the ground color and on these the black crescents are not lis n td
the white me is represented by a few scales only ; the fifth spot a shade darker tha
Ue preceding and edged above with a narrow patch of orange-red ; the «ix
black with a broad red arch between it and the black line, bevond the t la W
patch 0 blue scales on a black ground which it .Iocs not wholly cov /ka 'n.
above the blue a small black spot on which are a few red scales at 1 " t
rotvnded black spot narrowly edged above with white, between which and the black
and white lines, which here are not crescent, is a red space
Body above fuscous; beneath, abdomen ashy-brown, thorax blue-..rev.
egs
\i i
THl'irLA II.
wliito iiiid liliick ; ])!il|ii wliito tipped with Ijlnck ; iiiitonnir aiiiiiilatcd white und
black; cliih hlack tipped with f'ernin'inoiis.
From a single .speeimeu taken hy Mr. E. B. Reed, at PortHtuuley, Ontario, in
July, l.S().S.
This speeieH is allied to T. Itumuli, Harris, {/ii/perlel, IJois. and Lee.), hut dif-
fers in several respects; especially in the color of under surface, in the ahsencc^ of
a fulvf)us horder to th(! discal lines in each wing, in the conspicioiis blue j)atch and
red and black sul)niarginal crescents; //»/«»// also is double-tailed, the shorter of
the two, being twice as long as the tail of the present species.
i:!
!i!:l#r:'l
THECLA f^TIiUiOSA. ;5— 0.
Thicla stl'iijosti, Iliirrii', Ins. .Masn.
Male. Expands 1.1 inch.
Upper side fuscous, without sj)ots; secondaries have two tails, the niner one
twice the length of the other, each bordered and tipped with white ; fringes fuscous,
on secondaries crossed by a whitish line.
Under side jjale brown; the outer liinl)s of l)oth wings crossed by four irregu-
lar, rather wavy white lines, varying a little in individuals, but of which the two in-
ner ones on primaries ap})roximate posteriorly ; the third being shorter than the sec-
ond and the fourth or outer one reaching only to middle of wing ; on secondaries
the inner line extends nearly across, then bending at a small angle; runs some way
u]) abdominal margin, ])receded in the last part of its course by another line near-
ly parallel to it; above the termination of these two u circlet of white on the marg-
in ; the outer line is short and limited to the middle of the wing ; [)riniaries have a
submarginal row of indistinct brown luindes edged anteriorlv bv white; secondaries
have u similar series, but posteriorly large, bright red, edged above with black which
itself is edged with white, enclosing next anal angle a large black space nearly cov-
ered with blue scales ; beyond this a small black spot ; another at the angle sur-
mou'.ited by a red stripe edged like the lunules and extending up the margin ; the
lunules next outer angle usually exhibit a few scales of red ; nun-gins of both wings
edged by a line whitish line.
Body fuscous, beneath greyish-white ; legs white annulated with brown ; ])alpi
white, the ujjper joint black tip])ed with white ; antennte annulated black and white;
club fuscous tippeil with white.
Fkmale. Expands 1.2 inch.
Paler than male; in some cases showing a fulvous spot near anal angle of sec-
ondaries; the wavy line edged anteriorly by dark bi-own.
;■!
THECLA II,
^Sy/vy/o-w has also lu'cntiikcii ill :\r!iss!iclmsctt^; at Thornton. \.\v Flanipshiiv ;
and at CoalhiiVj^Hi, \V. Va., hiit seems to he rarer than most sjuries of the ocniis.
The phint represented in the plate is ,S7A/*r r;/v/////rr/, and is not nneommon
among tiie mountains of West Virginia, flowering in .May.
The hirvu of this spocios is thus (h-stM-ihed hy Mr. Wm. Sann(h'rs.
"Taken wlien hnsji-heating, June l.'Jtii, IHCll ( liondon, ()ntari(t,) upon a spe-
cies of ( 'ratu'gus.
Lengtli one-]ialf ineh. Head greenish-l,rown. PxhIv (lattened, sloping ah-
ruptly at;^id(.:; color velvet-green, with a deeper colored dorsal stripe; anterior
edge of second segment yellowish-brown with a I'vw darker dots; middle segment
laterally striped Avith two or three faint yellow ohli(pie lines ; the last two segments
have each a lateral yellow ])ateh ; from the liftli to terminal a faint yellow basal liiu! ;
under surface bluish-green.
Changed to chrysalis June lijth.
Length of pupa M7. Form nearly oval ; head-case rounded ; body dark red-
dish-brown with Idack marking,, and thickly covered with line hairs; anterior
segments with many black j)atehes ; a dark ventral line from (1th to iL'th seo'ment "
I'','
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VIC .A'.'.n:
\ V>.l-i' I.Y '^i:.^ AM us. 5.11 a. 79.
i i
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LYCJNA I.
LYCyENA VIOLACEA. 1—4.
Lycmna violacea, Edwards, Proc. Ent. Soc. Phila. 1866.
Male. Expands .9 to 1.2 inch.
Upper side usually deep glossy violet blue, but sometimes with a pink tinge;
costal margin of i)rimaries silvery ; hind margins of both wings edged bv a black
line which is expanded on the apical half of primaries into u border; oii this part
of the wing the fringe is black, but on the lower half and on secondaries it is white
with bla-k at the ends of the nervules ; occasionally on secondaries it is entirely
white; in many cases the black marginal line turns the anal angle and there thick-
ens so as to make a conspicuous spot ; as often there is an elongated spot at the out-
er angle and sometimes five or six dots between these two spots along the margin.
Under side of both wings greyish-white, of uniform color entirelv to the mar-
gin ; primaries have a dark grey discal streak, a sub-marginal transverse row of
SIX rather broad, mostly elongatrd black spots, the first next costa in advance of the
hne, the others parallel to the margin, the 8rd, 4th, and oth standing obliquelv ;
along the margin a row of six points, often partly obsolete, each preceded bv a dis-
tinct dark-grey crescent, these last uniting so as to make a crenated line.
Secondaries have a discal streak; three black spots in a row between the
streak and base, one being on either margin, the third midway between them ; a
transverse row of eight clear black spots across the disk, the two next costa largest,
much in advance of the others and over against the streak, with which aiurthe
eighth spot they form a direct line ; the third is separated from the second by a con-
siderable space, the fourth is turned oblicpiely ; the seventh is long, lunular and .
back of the line ; eighth, near the margin, elongated ; along the margin is a i-ow of
six Wackish dots, palest at outer angle, that next anal angle double, the one pre-
ceding largest ; each spot surmounted by a crescent as on j)riniaries.
Body a])ove blue, beneath white; palpi white; antenntc black ringed with
whhe ; club black tipped with ferruginous.
Female a. Same size; paler and dull colored; the hind margin and apex of
primaries with a broad blackish border; costa of both wings obscured bv same
color.
b. Upper side uniform blackish-brown ; under side like the mal?.
On the Kanawha River this is the t'arlicst l)utterfiv of the year. After the
stormy weather of March is past, usually about the 20th, on the first sunny day,
LYC.ENA I.
;' ^ :i ■!
will surely bo soon two or throe of those little " hiirl)ingers of Sprinp;" gently flit-
ting about any moist, sheltered spot on the road, out of reaeh of the wind whieh
still has a wintry ehill, eons[)ieuous from their charming color, whieh, in the sun-
light is intense, as near as may 1)0 Wkc Sah'iajxitnis among flowers. They evi-
dently enjoy their es('ai)e from long imprisonment and make the most of their stay,
which will ho but brief, scarcely beyond the next night's frost.
By the 3rd or 4th of April, we usually have one or two very warm days, the
mercury at 80°, and then these little butterHies swarm along ;he sandy sides of the
creeks, gathering in clusters as close as they can stand, in favorite spots, motion-
less, with wings erect and closed, wholly intent on extracting from the sand some
fluid no doubt delightful. With them will often be seen some of the smaller Hos-
perians, es])eeially that sturdy little fellow, IT. Samoscf, 8cud. inrmori>i, Edw.) who
has placed himself like a sentinel outside the throng, with wings half open and sus-
picious antennae, ready to dart away for the least cause, frightening for a moment
his busy associates. He will not return till the danger is past, but they, after flut-
tering about a little, settle down as before. These are all males, for the females do
not ap])ear till some days after, or about the 10th. By this time the poach trees
are in full bloom, and the females are especially attracted to them. But as a gene-
ral thing this species is not partial to flowers.
Most of the females are of the black type, variety />. Out of nearly one hun-
dred taken in 18G7 but five were blue.
By the end of April, viohicea is no more seen, there being but a single brood.
I have received specimens taken near Pliiladol[)hia and at London, Canada.
This species is probably to be found dispersed over Now England and New York,
and 1 think has been confounded with Lurla of Kirby, a paler species with mot-
tled under surface, and of which an excellent figure is given in the Fauna Boreali-
Americana.
LYCiENA LYGDAMAS. 5—7.
Lycsenn Li/ffdamas, (Lyg'-da-inas,) Doubleday. Poli/ommatus Lygdamas. The Entomologist, No.
14, Dec. 1841.
Male. P^xpands 1.8 inch.
Upper side wholly si Ivor- blue ; costa of both wings and the nervules for a lit-
tle distance from the margins fuscous ; fringes long, fuscous.
Under side uniform grey-brown; piimarios have a small round black spot
within the coll, a bent bar at its extremity, both edged entirely with white ; Avithin
the margin a transverse curved row of seven large rounded black spots, the two
lower ones connected, all surrounded by white.
LYCENA 1,
Secondaries have a small black spot within the cell, another on costal margin,
a narrow stri])o in the clislc, and a .sinuous row ot' sjjot.s within the mui-giii shuilur to
those of primaries, all edged with white.
Body above fuscous covered with blue hairs ; abdonion hcneath white ; palpi
white at base, fuscous at extrciiii^ty ; antcnnje black annulated with white; club
black, white near tip, which itself is black.
Femalk. Same size.
Upper side sometimes entirely blue except along the margins which are fus-
cons ; the bluodeeper cijlored and less dense than in the male ; sometimes the greater
part of the surface is fuscous, the blue shade being conliued to the base of the win<''s ;
under side paler, but marked as in the male.
Found in Michigan, Ohio, West Virginia and through the Southern States to
Georgia. Doubleday gives its habitat in the pine forests, but in West Virginia,
I have usually found it in the garden or about houses. It appears there early
in April, a few days after violacea, but is rare, not more than half a dozen being
seen in a, season.
!i
I' i
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LYC./ENA II.
LYC.ENA PSEUUARdlOIAJS. 1—;?.
Lt/nrna P»fH,larijioh», JUuHtluviil, Boi.s. & Loc. Lep. des Amcr. p. 118, text, not pinto. Ed-
wards, Proo. Am. Knt. Soo. l«C(i. Ar;,wlH», Abbot & Smith, In.^. Go,., pi. 15. lY.yeWa, Ilarria, Ins.
Muss. 2nd. edition, jiiii^d 274, toxt, not plato.
Male. Expand.-^ 1.1 indi.
Upper side (Jdicate pule blue with a puik tinge; co.sta of primaries wilvery;
hind ma'-<,nn.s edged by a blaek line which sometimes is eximmled upon the apical
part of primaries into a border; fringes black and white on primaries, wliite (m
secondaries.
Under side white, sometimes pure, but oftenf* Avith a greyish tinge ; the spots
and markings pale blaek or brown, often nearly or quite wanting; when distinct,
primaries have a discal streak, a transverse row of six s])ots, mostly elongated, the
third, fourth and lifth turned obliquely, tlic sixth frequently Avanting; a marginal
row of dots each pivceded by a serrated t(ioth.
Secondaries have three dots in a transverse row near the base ; a discal streak;
a row of eight minute spots acn)ss the disk, the two next costa much in advance of
the others, the next four and tlie eighth nearly [)arall(l to the margin, the seventh
back of the line ; the margin l)ordered by a row of black points, each preceded by
a serrated tooth as on ])rimaries.
Body above blue, below white; palpi black above, white below, tipped with
white ; antenme black, ringed with white ; club black tipped with ferruginous,
F.KMALE. Same size.
The apical half of costal margin and the whole of hind margin of primaries
and costal of secondaries broadly, and basal half of [jriniaric's narrowly, ed-nnl with
black; the rest of primaries violet-blue, (sometimes lilac or green) exce])t a lar<re
whitish patch on the disk; secondaries a duller blue, not metallic; the hind mar-
gin edged by a row of small, rounded, blackish sjwts. Under, side purer white
than the average of inales. Fringes as in the male.
Larva unknown except as given in the plates of Abbot and Smith and in
Boisduval and Leconte. The descripticm aecomj)anying the latter is as follows-
"Head black ; l)otly green, pubescent ; back yellowish ; a d(jr.sid red stripe, inter-
rupted, cut transversely near the middle by a red arc which is concave posteriorly ;
sides with oblique stripes of darker shade than the ground color ; above the legs a
stripe of obscure green."
LY(!;KNA II.
Tho fijiiiro in Abbot roprcHotits lliclicad as red; body ^rocu ; ii dorsal bhii'k
Htript^ uiiiiitcniiptt'd ; Hides witli oldiiiiic black stripes; and tbcrcfon) diU'crs uuito-
rially from Hoisdiivarrt (h'si-ription, as it doos also from his liifiirc.
The present Hpccics is found in Vir<;inia, Ohio, and in llie iiionntainons dis-
tricts as far south as ( Jeorijia ; also in PeMnsylvaiiia and oeeasionally in N'ew York.
I lia\i' often ^n'cn it in the months of May and June, upon the AUejihaiiies of
Virj^inia, saunteriii}; listlessly along scarcely faster than the lund)erin<,s nld-fash-
ioncd Htago coach which still forms the medium of travel in those picturescpie re-
gions.
Its large wings and disproportionately slender body give tiiis species a slower
and niorci tortuous and trenndons llight tiian any other of our eastern Lyea'nidic.
On tho Kanawha lliver it is rather a comuKtn species during its season, the
males somewhat frecpienting the roads, especially where they skirt the edges of tho
woods, but very much ])referring the brooksides in the forest. The females arc
rarely to be seen in th(^ same localities, but are foinid in th(^ more open woods among
shrubs and low plants. The second brood a[ipears in July and is nuich less nu-
merous than the ilrst. At this season, the channels of the small streams are near-
ly dry, and lying as they ahvays do in this region, between lofty and abrupt hills,
serve as a highwiiy for many butterflii's, Melitieas, ( Jraptas and others. Many may
lie here taken that are not often seen elsewhere, as the rare J'. Tdnjuliiiiis and J'Ju-
damus CclluK. This last named is exceedingly ran^ and very hK-al in its habits.
Mr. Ridings, while spending some weeks with me, in 18(57, discovered n weather
beaten log lying across one of these streams in the deptlis of the forest, on which
for an hour or two the mid-day sun shone and on and about which he captured
many specimens of Oi/iin, returning for several successive days for the jmrpose.
1 wa.s formerly under the impression that the males of all butterflies were very
much uiore numerous than the females. They usually ajtpear earlier and may be
on the wing from a week to a fortnight, according to the species, before a female is
si'cn. lint 1 now incline to think the sexes nearly e([ual in number. This is the
result of my exjterience in rearing fi(»m tlu' larvic. The lemales wouKl naturally
be in the neighborhood of the ])lants ujion which their larvie feed, and upon wliic^h,
the eggs are to be de}iosited. These are likely to be away from the flowers or the
si)ots fre(iuented by the males and remote; consecpaently as a rule far more nudes
are taken by collectors than females.
Abbot & Kinith iigured the pi-esent species under the name Arglolm, consid-
ering it iilcntical with the European sj)ecies of that name, which it strikingly resem-
bles in size and color of its upper surface, though diil'ering beneath in several respects.
Boisduval and Leconte describe I'l^eiidarjiulus with no reference to Abbot and
Smith's ligures or name, but refer to the true Aryiulus as very near their sj)ecies.
LYC.KNA II.
us their iiatiit' also indicates. In the (lescription they make repeated eoinpari-iotis
with . I ri/io/i/.s, and cNhc* hyMayinj?; "the tint of llie under side, tiie size (d'the l)laek
dots and the iuar;;inal hmnies easily distinu;nisii this species from Ai'ijiohi*," all
which is correct as between the males of the twt) species in ([nestion. They aNo
describe the frinsjesof the male as white cut with black implyiuL; the tVinj;(' of b.th
wings. Of the fi'Uiale ihey say; "The n|)per side i uf a paler and less vicdet blue,
with ii larjfe black border upon the fijrewings and a mar;;inal series of points of
same color nearly as in the female of Ai'i/Io/iia, At the extremity of tlu; discal cidl
of f
orewini;s is likewise a sm
all l)lack arc. 'JMie frin"e of forewinus is cut with
black." This description of the female is that of the species li;fured by Abbot and
Smith. The li<;nrc of female on tlu; j)late also represents that species, and follows
the text. But the description of thi; male, except in its comparisons with An/io-
lus, and tlic fijjjurc eorresp(mdin<; on the plate, seems not to indicate t\n' Ari/iohis
of Abbot and Smitli.any more than Xif/lccf'i or Viohicca. The li!j;ures rather rep-
res(>nt the former of these two, especially in the lon<f white fringe to hind wiiij^s,
while tlu' text describes the fringe(»f I'lo/arca, that is, white cut with black on both
winfi;s. It is very didicult to (U'terminc closely allied species from any but the
most carefully executed plates and in the case of J'/tcudnrf/ioho^, I think it prob-
able the' description was intended to cover what were considered varieties of one
species. In this rather con fnsi'd state of things it seems to me proper to lix the
name PttriKldrf/lo/ua upon that si)ecies wliii'h is nearest the true Aryiutm, and which
is also the one figured by Abbot and Smith.
The figures of 7Vi/(^//'y/V>//w in Harris represent Z(«'/ff, Kii'by; at least, the
under side is of that species, while the text describes X('(jlccta, Edw. which replaces
pHciKhu'ijioIus in the Xorthern States.
The plant figured in our plate Is the Sand Blackberry, 11. cuneifolius, common
in Virginia.
LYCAENA NEGLECTA. 4—6.
Lycmna ncghcta, Edwards, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil. 1802. Pseudarr/iolus, Harris, Inserts
Massachusetts, 2nd cditinii, page 274, (text).
Male. Ex[)an(ls 1.1 inch.
Ul)per side of primaries delicate azure-blue, paler in the disk and silvery on
costal margin ; secondaries greyish-blue, with a broad azure margin ; both wings
edged by a black line which expands toward.s ajiex of primaries into a narrow bor-
der and runs a little way along costal margin; fringe of jirimaries white cut with
black at tips of the nervures ; of secondaries also sometimes cut with black, but
usually wholly white.
ifi
LYC/ENA II.
'I ;
I
Undei" sifle pure wliito with a bluish tint ; primaries have a fuscous disoal streak
and a transverse row of six fuscous, abbreviated streaks set obli(|uely ; secondaries
have a (Uscal strealc, three jujints near l)asc and eii:''.!, points or streaks crossing the
disk in a toi luous hue ; both wings l)ordered •>;, eonllueut fuscous spots, which form
a crenated band, each spot enclosing a tiarker point.
Fi:;jiAi.E. Same size.
Upper o'.'les of both wings of a deeper and more metallic blue ; primaries have
p. broad iuscous hind margin, and tliis color extends more narrowly along costal
uiargin to base, wiiere it is spj'itdchM' with blue scales; a faiuL discal streak; hind
mar;ria of secondaries bordered by a row of small fuscous spots. Under side as in
the male.
i/arva, according to ]\Ir. Saunders "found feeding on Dogwood, 12th July.
Fed it afterv.ards on "Willow, which it readily ate. Length .4."), somewliat onisci-
form, distinctly annulated. Head small, d:irl -hining brown with a black streak
down the middle, mandil)les brown with a transverse streak of ])aler color above.
Body dull greenish white; with a f tint tinge of yellow; the second segment of a
deeper shade of green, with a blackish line across its posterior edge; a brown dor-
sal line; a dull green band across iinterior poi'tion of iifth segment and another in
same position on eh veiith ; on each side of eacii segment, from fifth to ch^venth, a
spiot of same hue extending obliquely Ijackward. Entire ui)i)er surface covered
with minute dots from which arise short, line liairs."
Found in the Northern States from Xt'w England to AVisconsin ; in Canada
aiid in British America as far north as Lake Winnipeg ; occasional in W. Virginia.
This species replaces P),cH(Jar(i'whi< in the North and has usually been regard-
ed as the sjiecies so named. It dilfers iiowever in size, in shade of color and in the
delicacv of markings on under surface.
The existence of two distinct species confounded under the WAmo Pscialargio-
h'S was suspected by ]Mr. Edward l)oul)leday as long age as 1841, as aj)2)ears from
ii marks by him in the "Eutomoh)gist" of that year, page 20J).
Xrfjlccta is by jio means a connuou species. So far as my own experience goes
1" tlie N(;rthern States 1 havo seldom seen more than two or three individuals up-
on a June day. At certain spots in the Catskills, especially near the "Fawns Leap*'
in the Clove south of the Mountain House, a few may always be seen at that season
ilying about tiie wet spots by the road side. But in June ISfiO, in the vicinity of
Coalbargh, \V. Va., ^ycY/Zcr/a appeared in large luimlxM's, while I scarcely saw a doz-
en j'.-<('ii<l(fri/io/ii.'^, usually so abundant. In the following years to the present
(18Gl'j, Ncyleda has again been rare in this district.
SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES.
Papilio A.TAX. — The chrysalids meiUioiicd in the toxt as having jtas.sod over
the winter of 1871—2, commenced yielding imagos in February and continued till
12th April, with the following results:
From 1st and 2nd brood WaUu — 2^. 2?, Tclamonidcs, lS,MarccIlus.
From Walsh'd of 23rd .^Nlay— 'i /, 2?, Tclamonidcs^, 1 ,', Man-c/bts.
From Iclamonidcs of 27th Mny — 7(?, 3$, Tc/amonidca.
From Tclamonidcs of 28th May — 3<?, 3$, Tclamonidcs.
From Marccllus of 1st and 4th June— 13.?, 23?, Tclamonidcs, 3 ,:, jrarccllus.
From Marccllus of 2!)tli July— 14 c?, 13?, Tclamonidcs.
Total 4(!.^ 40 ?, Tclamonidcs, 1,?, 4 ?, Marccllus, and no Walslu'i.
Nevertheless, between the 11th of April and 1st of May, Walshii was exceed-
ingly abundant on the wing, and up to2!)th of April, Mr. Mead, who was with me,
had taken G3 specimens, while he had talcen or seen but one Tclamonidcs. Soon
after 1st of May, tlie latter viiricty appeared in small numbers, too early evidently
to have sprung from Walslui of this year. 15y 2oth of ^lay, TdamoniJcs suddeidy
api>eared in such force as to make it certain that they had now begun to come froin
the larva; jr/oduced from eggs of Walsh ii. ]hit why not one of nearly one hun-
dred chrysalids, from so many broods of 1871, and of all the varieties, should yield
Walshii, whiloOut of doors this variety was so abundant ami for weeks tlie only
one ilying, is surprising. The same tb.ing hiid haj)pened with cluysalids carried
over the winter of 18(18 — 9, when of 32 imagos but one was Wahliiil As the clirvs-
alids were kept in the house and the imagos emerged prematurely, some of them
by several weeks, owing to the warm temperature, it is possible that the artificial
acceUu-atiou may have had to do with pnxbicing tlie later varieties at the ex-
pense of the earlier, or WaJshii.
Xkoptiasia Me.vapia.— The figure given on the plate as the female is erro-
neous. Until (piite lately the two S(>xes were su])])Osed to be similar, but specimens
taken on iSan Juan Island by Dr. Bremnei', show a wide dilferenc;e.
Female. — Size of male. Color yellowish or soiled white; the black apical
patch eidarged, the five enclosed Bpots being yellowish; costal stripe as in male;
secondaries have a broad black border enclosing on the margin a series of separated,
rounded yellowish spots that occupy the interspaces from outer angle to lower
I;
if:
III
' '• 1
■■!■ i! :l
\l
SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES.
branch of median nervuro, each spot posteriorly and at the edge of th( margin
being orange; alxloniiiial margin orange tinted.
Under side yellow; primaries marked as above, bnt seeondaries have all the
nervnres broadly bordered with black scales, which, beyond the disk, nearly iill
the interspaces; the black marginal hand as above, the sjwts smaller; an orange
patch on edge of margin in each interspace; costal and abdominal margin orange.
CoLiAS EuRYTiiEMi::. — From ]\[r. Ilayhnrst 1 have received an admirably
executed drawing of the egg, larva and chrysalis of this sj)ecies. The egg is long,
fusiform, ril)bed longitmhiially. Length of mature larva 1.4 inch; cylindrical,
tapering posteriorly from 1 Itli segment; head green, translucent; body dark green,
somewliat jiilose, each segment transversely creased; a narrow whiie lateral band
from second to last segment, through the middle of which runs a broken line of
Vermillion red. Tiiis larva is a little longer and larger than that of O. F/ti/odice,
which it much resembles, but is without the series of semi-circular l)laek spots next
under the; lateral hand, usually seen on tiie latter. The eggs were deposited on
.Builalo (rrass, (Trilolium rcllexum) and the larvaj fed tlu'reou. ("hrysalis .!)o inch
in Icnglh; cylindrical, tapering to a point [)usteriorly; tlic head case also produced
to a point; inesonotal process rounded anil not very prominent ; a whitish lateral
line runs from wing cases to extrcnnty of al)domv'n, above which is a black stri[)e
that crosses two or three of the upper abdominal segments. Tiie shape diU'ei-s froui
that i)^ Pluloilicf, in the attenuation of the head cas(! and lesser prominence of the
process; also in absence of the ivbdominal markings. This description however is
given from the drawing.
("oLiAs Ai.iix WDUA. — This species was found by j\[r. Mead to be very com-
mon in certain lo(!alilics in Colorado. "It was first observed aiiuul dune loth, when
four males were taken near the South Park; elevation ",)()(>() fet't. On 21st, at
Turkey Creek Junction, 27 >''. and 7 i were taken, all in fine condition. l>ut 'mo
or two of the females were albinos, this variety being exceedingly rare. I'he la-t
Alcxnndrd was taken August 2Sth. 'The eggs were laiil upon Lupinus."
From an ^'•^'^ sent me, a maguilieil drawing ha-; lieen made by ^dr. Konopickv.
Tlie shape is tusiibi-m, like tlial of egg dI' L'tiri/f/ifiiir, and it is longitudinally fur-
nished with IM or 20 ribs, between which throughout are transvei'se I'ihs ol' less
prominence.
AucYXXTS DiAXA. — This butterfly contiiuies to be the rarest of its genus.
A few individuals appear ab(»ut th(j first day of didy, in Kanawha, when the
milk-weeds (.Vselepia) ai'e in bloom, the llowers of which are vej'y attractive to
all butterflies. But it is only u[)ou sucii [latches of (his plant as are near the
SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES.
forest that it need be looked for. My garden is on tlie river side not more than
forty rods from the woods and planted with flowers in niashes expressly to at-
tract butterflies, Petunias, Single Zinnias, Phloxes, &c. At all times swarms of
Papilios are to be seen, and when Cyhele is in season it also abounds. But I
do not recollect soeiiig more than one Diana there in years, and it flew about
as if supicious of the place and presently darted off" to the woods again. On
the 10th of July of the present year, (1872) when triivelling over the James River
and Kanawha Turnj)ikc, in Fayette Co. W. Va., west of ]^>ig ScwoU Mountain, in
course of a drive of ten miles through the white-oak forest, I saw twenty-five or
thirty fresh mak's, no donljt that morning emerged from ehrysjdis. The}' wei'e on
the road, either uj)on sand or on horse dung, solitary except in one instance, when
I saw two together. So intent were they usually upon their own concerns that I Wiis
able to alight and approach them without much difliculty, and as I always liave a
net at hand when travelling, I succeeded in taking four specimens in bcHUtiful c()n-
dition. But if struck at and missed, they were alarmed and flew wildly up and
down the road with surjn'ising swiftness, and frequently in and out of the wood, so
that it was useless to follow them. The same day, ]\Ir. Jidius Meyer, of Brooklyn,
was H' the vicinity and ()l)served the s-nne comparative abundance of indivichials
and their unusual gentleness and cnptured nine, (all males, no females being seen
by either of us). But for several succeeding days, altliough he walked repeatedly
over the same ground and over other roads in the neighborhood, he was not able
to take a single one. They were two wary to be ai)proached. Except in these in-
stances I have scarcely ever known of a perfect male being taken by any collector, for
the surface of the wings is sensitive to the slightest touch, and flying about tin; forest
as is the habit of these insects, tmpiently in furious chase of each other, the wings
become rubbed and broken. I doubt if a jierfect specimen could be fjund the sec-
ond day from chrysalis. This species is to be found here and there over a large
extent of tiie Southern States, but it can nowhere 1k' common. It seems irreclaim-
able by civilization, and as if in process of extinction.
I succeeded, in September 18(51), in obtaining eggs from females enclosed with both
violets and our common iron-weed (Vernonia .'asciculata) and in course of a few
days the larv;e were duly iuitcbed. But they could be induced to eat nothing and
BJiortly died.
Mr. llayburst, then at Sedalia, Missouri, afterwards wrote me that be hud suc-
ceeded in raising one lai va from some of these eggs that I bad sent him, until it
reached the second moult, when it died. This one fed on the haves of the other
species of Vernonia (Novcboracensis). Mr. Meyer suggests that the didiculty in
raising Argynnis larvic from llu egg, is owing to the dryness of the Invediiig boxes.
In a state of nature these larva) feed in the forest, on low growing plants and in
:'!:li
;■ !
Ill
m.
n
SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES.
moist places, and in the absence of the proper conditions shrivel and die, dry up,
in iad.
Tlie eggs were sub-conic, more rounded at tlie base than eggs of Oybcle, strong-
ly ribbed vertically and horizontally.
Aroyxms CynioLic, — ]\Ir. Wra. Saunders has described the larva and chrys-
alis of this species in the Caniidian Entomologist for August, 1872. The larvse
were taken early in June, when just about to change to chrysalids, having gathered
in some numl)ers under jjieees of bark placed by Mr. Saunders near the edge of a
wood and in tlie vicinity of ])utclics of violets with the view of enticing the larvaj
to take refuge thereunder wiicn ready to change. By tliis haj)py thought tlie way
is pointed out for ol)taining the larva of any sj)ecies of Argynnis. The eggs of
Gybvle I have myself obtained abundantly from females enclosed with plants of
violet, but although they hatched, tlie larva: refused to eat and soon died. These
eggs are gcnerically like tliose q\' Aplirndilc, JJhuiu, Atlant'n^,ix\\i\.^(i\(iV'd\ other sjjc-
cics il;at 1 have procured in same manner. They are all sub-conic, resting on a
broad base, furnLshed with strong vertical ribs which are strengthened by smaller
cross ribs. The eggs of the several species dilfer mostly from each other in com-
parative height, lircadlh of base and curvature of sides. There is but one anuiial
brood. In West Virginia, tbe eggs are deiiosited late in the season, in S('|)ti'inl)('r,
and as they hatch in fourteen days nffcr, it is probal)le tliat the larva;, after having
moulted once or twice, stoj) f(!eding and pass the winter in a torpid state, ready to
revive with the lirst ajiproaeh of Spring.
Akoyxxis IIalcyoxk. — ^Mr. Mead writes; "This species begfu to appear, Gth
July, at Fairplay. It was fre(piontly seen at Twin Ijakes."
Fkmai.i:. Expands :> inches. U|)[)er side pahsr fulvous than the male, the
subinaiginal spots liidcd lo sonlid whi^'; on uudcr side the sj)ots are well silvered.
AiUiYXNis EnwAUDSM. — "Specimens were taken around Denver, June 1st,
also on Turkey Creek smd in the South Park, but none were seen at Twin J^idces,
July 8th to 21st. A single nuich worn specimen was t:d<;en in the Middle Park,
Aug.l2th. The second brood apj)ears about the midiUe of August."
Ak<;v\nis IIksi'ekis. — "This sjuM'ies was first found (ju Turkey (,'reek, June
2 1th, when four lualcs were captured at wet places in the njad. They were ex-
ceedingly shy. A few days after, several were taken high up on a UKiuntain side
where they were attracted by vaiioiis Ijowers, especially Labiataj, and were then
very accessible. With them weic; Arj. A/laiiiis."
SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES.
Argyxxis Atlaxtts.— I was much surprLsed at findin.!; several Allantis
among Mr, Mead's colleetiotis. They were seen jicar Turkey Creek and also in
the Arkansas Valley. A female in captivity deposited eggs on violets. The larva
ami chrysalis o? Atlanfls are described in Packard's (iuide, p. 2.")2.
AiKJYX.vis Apiiiiooiti; — Three specimens were ohtained hy :\[r. Mead, vary-
ing somewhat from those found in the Atlantic Htates, in that tiie male approaches
the female in style of coloring, having the decj) ferruginous under side of seconda-
ries and the fiery line above that is seen la tl-c females. It is a striking variation,
and only after much consideration did I conclude that the species Vi-AH Aphrodile.
The females were very n-uch as in eastern specimens. No Cijhdc was seen by
Mr. Mead.
GuAF'TA Failvtis.— This species has l)een taken hy iNlr. .Tulius Meyer (July
1872) in Fayette Co. \V. Va., the most southern locality as yet known to me.
Ltmi:xitis WicrnrcMKYKuir.— Of this species ]\[r. Mead says, "I found my
first specimen on the banks of Turkey Creek, June Oth. No more were seen until
2.")th. It seems to be very local and is not tbund above the altitude at whicli wil-
lows flourish."
Li.UKXFTrs Prosiorpixa.— In liis paper entitled "A Systematic llevision of
the American Butterflies, Ac." Rc[)ort Peabody Acad. Sei. 1871, Mr. Scudder
gives Pi-oxcrplm as a synonymn of Ursula, with which opinion I by no means agree.
rro.^rrpina seems to be conflned to the mountain districts, ami ajtart from the re-
markable white band that (jharacterises it, has a great i'csend)lance io L. Arthcmis
in the cohering of the under surface and which Ur.vila has not. The otily test of a
.species, next to the certain one of brcjcding it from the egg, is constancy to type,
and when a particular form is found year after year, in any locality, the inference
is irresistible that it peri)etuates its own type antl is therefore distinct. AV^e call
such form a species, without knowing more of its history than a[)[)ears on the sur-
face, and it is upon exactly this sort of evidence that half our s])ecies rest. If ever
by breetUng from the egg Proserpina shall be proved to be only a variety or di-
morphous form of Ursida, the discovery will be most interesting, as well as con-
vincing.
Apatura Alicia. — In tlio paper aljove quoted, Alicia, together wiii! CfJiis,
is given as synonym of Lii^von, Fab. Ft is possible that tlui former may be
Lyeaoti, as seems to be the (.pinion of .Mr. Butler, in Cat. Diur. Lep. of Brit. Mus.
1869. p. r>7, but 1 cannot doubt its distinctness from Celtls, Bois. The figure of
ifri
»
19
1
i
1
ill
111
SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES.
this last species in Boisduval and Leconte agrees well with the common Apatura,
of West Virginia, the larva of which feeds on Celtis occidentalis. It is of an oli-
vaceous brown quite different from the fulvous of Alicia, which species is very
exactly represented on tlie plate. Tliere are many other differences which may be
seen on comparing the two plates in question. These species are allied, but no more
nearly than Coinim and Faiiims, or many others that could be cited. h\ the notes
on Alicia as first printed, the species was compareil with Clyton by mistake for
Celtis.
IM
t '^
I J
' ! '
SYSTEMATIC INDEX.
Numerical
Kumcrical
Heading of Plates.
Order of
Heading of plates.
Onlcr of
riatos.
riatcs.
PAPILIOXIDJi.
Argymiis V.
24
Paiiilio I.
. 1
Argynnis VI. .
. 25
X
Papilio II. .
9
Argymiis VII.
20
Papilio III.
. 3
Argymiis VIII.
. 27
Paruassiua I.
4
Argymiis IX.
28
Parnassius II. .
5
Argymiis X.
. 29
Parnassius III.
()
Argymiis XI.
30
Parnassius IV. .
. 7
Argymiis XTI,
. 31
Argymiis XIII.
32
PlEEIB.E.
Argymiis XIV.
. ;]3
Pieris 1.
8
Melitica I. .
34
Pieris II. .
. 9
Grapta I. .
. 35
Anthocaris I.
10
Gra[>ta II. .
36
Anthocaris II. .
. 11
Grapta III.
. 37
Colias I.
12
V
Grapta IV. .
38
Colias II. .
. 13
Grapta V.
. 39
Colias in. .
14
X
Grapta VI. .
40
Colias IV.
. 15
Liinenitis I.
. 41
Colias V. .
u;
Limeiiitis II.
42
Colias VI.
. 17
Liraeiiitis III. .
. 43
Colias VII. .
18
Linienitis 1\'.
44
Colias VIII. .
. 10
A pat lira I.
. 45
Nymphalip-t:.
Papliia I.
46
Ai'gyiuiis I. .
20
Thecla I. .
. 47
Argyiiuis II.
. 21
Thecla II. .
48
Argymiis III.
22
LyCcTiia I.
. 49
Argyiuiis IV'. .
. 23
Lycu-Mia II. .
50
-
'tl"'
«••=:
XoTE. — Tliiri Index will enable the Binder to arrange the I'lat'M.
ALIMIABETICAL INDEX.
/!
1 i •
I I I
Antliocharis Cooperii. . . 10
llfiildrtii. . . 10
8ara 11 3l»
Apiitura Alicia 45 lo5
«
«
22
24
;il
Argyniii.s Aplirodite.
Atlantis.
Ik'lirciisii.
Calli[)])0. . . 25
(Vlu'li". . . . 21
J)iaiia. . . . 20
JCdwardsii. . . ;)0
Ilaleyonc. . . 2cS
Ilcsperis. ... 20
L(>t() 29
Monticola. . . 27
NevadeiiHis. . 33
Nokoiuis. . . . 23
Zcreiio. .... 32
Coliam Alexandra. . . 12
" Ik'hrii. ... 13
Chippewa ( Helena). 12
Christina. ... 13
" Edwardsii 17
" Enrydice. ... Hi
" Enrytlienie. ... 14
" Keewaydin. ... 15
" Meadii. 19
" Oecidentalis. . . 18
" Hcuddei'ii 19
Grapta Comma 30
. . . 35
«
«
a
I'ngi'.
as
37
71
75
81)
I i
07
03
87
83
79
85
81
93
(■)
91
41
44
42
43
55
53
45
49
GO
57
59
101
99
Faunns
Interrogationismr.Eab-
ricii 39 li;
XoTi:. — The Plates and Pages of tl
riatfi,
CraptaJnterrogationis rc/^'.Um-
brosa 3<S
" iJryas 37
" • Kityrus 40
" Zepliyrns. . . . 40
Limenitis Cali t'orniea (IJre-
ddwii). , . . 44
" Loniniiii. . . 43
'' I'rosei'piiia. . . 41
" "Weidenicyei'li, . 42
Lyeit'iia Lygdanuis. , . . 49
" Xeglecta. ... 50
" Pseudargiolus. . . 50
Molaeea. . . . 49
]\relita'a Chalecdon. ... 34
Nenphasia ^fenapia. , . 8
Papilio Ajax v<ir. Walshii. . 1
" Ajax var. Teianionides. 2
" Ajax var. Mareelln.s. 3
l*aphia Glyeerinm. . . . 4G
i'aiiiassius Clarins. . . 4
Clod ins. ... 4
" Eversmanni. . 7
" Bniintheus. . . 5
" Bmintheu.s. . . G
" Siuintheus. . . 7
Pieris Peekerii 8
" Vernalis. . . .9
" Virginiensis. . . 9
Theela Aeadiea .... 47
" LiPta 47
" Ontario 48
" Strigosa, .... 48
le hound Volume may be number(
Page.
Ill
109
121
123
133
131
127
129
150
155
153
149
97
29
1
5
1
lay
37
17
18
27
21
30
33
34
142
141
145
146
'd in
jH'ncil according to this Alphabetical Index.
I ii
DATKS OF ISSn: OF PAIITS l-IO.
Part 1.— Juno. ISOS (on covci- April, ISC.S ).— (Joiitaininn' Ar<j;im>'is Duma, A,
Ci/bele, ^1. Aplirodile. A. XokoDiis. A Alhinlis.
Pai!T 1^. — Octolx'i', IcSCiS (on cover Au<;-ust. JSOS). — Cunt;iiiilng Art/i/iiiiis dil-
I'qipe, A. Jlcspn-ls, Co/las Alcvaiulni. ('. Clupinicd [Jldeiui), C. JlrhrU,
C. C/irls/liui, Apatunt Al'ir'nt.
Part 3.— May. ISC!) (on cover Dt'ceniber, ISOS), — ContainiiiLr Ari/i/imis Monli-
c()h(, 1. J/d/n/o/ic, Linxni/is J'roscrjilNH. Li/ctiiia Vuihicca. L. LiiiidauKU^,
Thcchi Laid, T. Acada'a.
Part 4. — Soptonil)er, LSCiU (on cover April, ISG'J).— L'ontainiii,ij,' Anjiiiniis Ldo,
CoUm Eui'ntherne, C. Keewaydln, Lbnm'dis Weidetmi/eril, Theda Ontario,
T. iSlrifjotia.
Part 5. — April, 1S70 (on cover l)cceiiil»er, iSll'.l),— Containing Ai'(jiiiuii>< J-M-
loards'd. Collar Kiii'ijdivc, L'anaui'ix L<>r(pilm, Graptii Faimux, Li/rana
P.seudarr/iolio^. L. Niujleda.
Part 6. — Augnst. 1S70 (on cover Juno, 1870).— Containing Argi/iinls Belirciisii,
A. Zerene. CoUas Edwardfi'd,A)dhofliarix L'rakirlii, A.Coopcr'u, Liu/cnifix
Californicfi ( Bredow'd).
Part 7. — March, LS71 (on cover Jaiuiarv, 1871). — Containing Paniasshis Cla-
rins, P. Clodms, CoUas OccldanUdh, Anthocltarii^ Sma,MeHta:a Chalcedoii,
Papilla Ghicer'mm.
Pakt 8. — Septonihor, 1871 (on cover Angusf. 1S71). — Containing JVeophasia
Menapla. Pier is Beckerii, P. Virginiensis, P. Vcnia/is. Argnnniii jVeva-
doisis, Grapta Comma, G. Drj/as.
Part 9. — January, 1872 (on cover December. 1871). — Containing Papilio Ajar,
var. Walshii, var. TeJamonidcs, var. Marcdhts, Grapta, Interrogationa^,
var. Umbrosa, var. Fahricil.
Part 10.— September, 1872 (on cover July, 1872).— Containing Parnas.^ius
SminthcKS. P. Eversmanni, Grapta Sati/rns:. G. ZcpJii/rKs. ('(dins Jfcadii,
C. Smddcrii.
Supplement.— January, 1873.— Containing new Plates of Avji/niiis Diana, A.
Nokomis, A. Leto. Supplementary Note.s. Index. Synop.sis.
m
"T-
it!
Hii
i ! '
}l 'il
SYNOrSLS
OK
NOirni AMI^RICAN l?UTTi:ilFLIi:s.
BT
;%'
WILLIAM II. KDVV Alios,
UBUBER OF THE AMEItWAN BUTOUOLOQIOAL SOCIKTT.
PHILADELPHIA:
THE AMERICAN ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.
1872.
TEXT nicriMNiKr)
BOSTON: HOUGHTON, OSGOOD AND COMPANY.
1879.
'■
IMAGE EVALUATION
TEST TARGET (MT-3)
V
A
:/
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5r /^^^
^.
1.0
I.I
1.25
m 1^
lU 12 2
t lii 110
1.4
1.6
m
V)
A
M
■^^.'V
'^
/
y
Photographic
Sciences
Corporation
li V»f : - ^'^AlN STRIET
WEBSTEK:, !.Y. MS80
(716) 873-4503
AUTHORS AND WORKS QUOTED IN SYNOPSIS.
Abbot. — Insects of Georgia
Agassiz. — Lake Superior.
American Entomologist, St. Louis.
Annals of the New York Lyceum of Natural History.
Annals de la Sociote Entomologique do France. ....
liehr. — Proceedings of the Caliioniia Academy of Natural Sciences.
Boi::<duval. — Icones liistori(iue des Lepidojjteres. . . . .
** Species general des I^epidopteres, I. . . . .
" Lepidopteres de la Californie, . . . . ,
Boisduval and LeOjnte. — Lepidopteies de I'Amerique septentrionale.
Butler. — CatalogueofSatyriuje in British Museum.
Canadian Naturalist, V
Catalogue of the Museum of St. Petersburgh
Craujcr. — Papillons exoti(jues. .......
Curtis. — Ross's Arctic Expedition. Ajipendix. ....
Doubleday, Ilewitson & Westwood.— (k-nera of Diurnal Lei)idoptera.
Drury. — Illustrations of Exotic Entomology
D'Urban. — Canadian Naturalist, V.
Edwards.— Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelp
" Proceedings of the Entomologicral Society of I'hiladelphia.
" Transactions of the American Entomological Society.
" Butterflies of North America
Entomologist's Monthly IMagazine, London. ....
Esper. — Die Europalschen Schmetterlinge. ....
" Die Auslandischen Schmetterlinge. . * .
Fabricius. — Systema Entomologiie.
" Species Insectorum, II
" Mantissa Insectorum, II
" Entomologia Systematica, II 1
Felder. — Le2>idopterol()gische Fragmente, A\'icn
" Keise der Novara.
Fischer. — JCntoiiJographie de la llussie. ....
Fitch. — New Yoik Agricultural lieport, 111. ....
. 1707
I80O
18G9— 70
18:J3
1836
1809
1833
. 1808
18">7
IHoo—GS
1779—82
. 1835
1840—52
1770—82
iia.
i,S(;h_72
1777— !M
1785—118
1775
1781
17.S7
1793
1859
. 1807
1823—24
1859
IV
ii I!
Freycr. — Ncuere Beitrage zur Schmottorlingskunde. . . . 1831 — CtS
Geycr, in Hiibner's Exotisclier SchmetU'rlinge
(iotlart. — Encyclopcdie ^Nretliodicjue, IX. 1819
" Duponchels' Huppleineut. . .... 1832 — 42
Grca.slin. — Annals de la Socicte Eutoinologique dc France. . .
Gray.— Griffith's Animal Kingdom, XV 1832
Grote and Kobinson. — Annals N. Y. J^yceum of Natural History. .
Gucrin. — Ifonograi)liie de Ilcgne Animal. .... . 1844
Harris. — New England Farmer. ...... .
" Inseets of ]Massaclin.«ctts, 2nd edition. .... 18G2
Herbst. — Natursystem, Selimetterlinge. ..... 1800
Herrich-Selijelfer. — Europaiselien Helimetterlinge. . . . 1847 — 50
TIcwitson. — Illustradons of I^yca-nidie. ......
Hiil)ner. — Sammlung Eurojiai^elier Selnnetterlingc. . . 179.'> — 1827
" Sammlung Exoti.-clier Selimetterlinge. . . . 1810 — 24
" Verzeiehniss bekannter Selimetterlinge. .... 181G
" Zutrage zuf Sitmmlung Exotisclier Selimetterlinge. . . 1818 — 25
Kirby. — Fauna Boreali-Amcricana, IV. ... ... 1837
Kirtland. — Siiliman's American Journal, XIII. 183G
Lei'ebvre. — Annals de la Socicte Entomologique de France. . . .
Linuit'us. — ^luseum Ludoviea3 Ulrica? Reginse. . ... 17G4
" Systenia Natune, II. ....... 1707
" ISIantissa, I. ........ 1777
Lucas. — Papillons Exoti(]ues. ...... . 1835
]\Ieiietries. — Catalogue of the Museum of St. Petersburg!!. . . .
" Nouv. J\[em. Soc. Imp. de Moscou
l\[oschlcr. — Wiener Entomologisclie Monatsclirift. .....
Kew England Fanner 1829
New York Agriculiural Tleports, III. ...... 1859
Nouvelle !^[emoires Societe Impcriale de Moscou, III. . .
Packard.— Guide to the Study of Insects 1809
Parker. — American ICntomologist. ....... 1870
Poe_\. — Centurie liopidoptercs dc I'ilc (1(^ Cuba. .... 1832
" jMemoria;' s(jbre la Historia natural de la Isla de Cuba. . , 1851
Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Philadelphia. . . .
" " California Academy of Natural Sciences. . .
" " Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadeliihia. . .
" " Essex Institute, Salem, Mass
Proceedingsof the Boston Rocioty of Natural ITistory. .
" " Zoological Socioty of Liiiidon.
Rainbur. — Fauiie Entomologique de rAmlalou.sie.
Reakirt. — Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia.
" Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Philadelphia.
Ridings. — Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Philadelphia. .
Riley. — Ainerican Entomologist. ........
Ross. — Arctic Expedition, A.ppendix. ......
Saunders. — Paekaid's (Juide to Study of Insects.
Say. — American Entomology. .... ...
Scudder. — Proceedings of the} Boston Society of Natural History.
" Proceedings of the Essex Institute. ....
'■ Transactions of the Chicago Academy of Sciences. .
Silliman's American Journal of Science and Arts, XIII. .
Smith. — A !)l)ot's Insects of Georgia. ......
Sommer. — Ijnisduval's Icones
StoU. — Supplementl)and zu Cramers Papillons exotiques.
Swainson's Z)i>logical Illustrations. ......
Thunberg. — Dissartatio Insecta Succica, II. .
Transactions of the American Entomological Society, Philadclohia.
•' " Entomological Society of London.
" " Chicago Academy of Natural Sciences
Westvvood. — Humphrey's l>ritish Buttorllics. .....
Wiener Eutomologische Mouatschrift.
1838-
I8:3r>
1824—28
18:J(;
17U7
1787— 1)0
1820—21
17'.>1
1848
.1 Si
s"2-3sroi>sis
or
NORTH AMERICAN BUTTERFLIES.
PAPILIOXID^..
PAPILIO, Linn.
1. PiiiLEXOR. Linn. Mant. I, p. 53-"). Dnirv, Exot. Lis. I, pi. 11. Fabr. Syst.
Ent. p. 44;"). Al)l)ot, Lis. Geo. pi. 3. (lodart, Enc. IX, p. 40.
Say, Am. Ent. pi. 1. Bois. & Loc. pi. 11. P>ois. ISp. Gen. p. 324.
Ast'inoiia, Gi-anicr, pi. 208.
Hah. — Atlantic to Pacific.
2. ViLLiERsii, Eois. Bois. & Lee. pi. 14. Bois. Spec. Gen. p. 325.
DcvlUicrs, Godart, Enc. IX, p. 810.
Hub. — Florida; Cuba.
3. ZoLiCAON, Bois. Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. 1852.
Hub. — California ; Colorado.
4. AsTEEiAS, Drury, I, pi. 11. Cramer, pi. 385. Fabr. Mant. Ins. II, p. 2.
Fabr. Ent. Syst. Ill, p. 0. Godart, Enc. IX, p. 58. Bois. &
Lcc. ])1. 4. Bois. Spec. Gen. p. 3:52. Harris, Ins. ]\Iass. p. 212,
Troihis, Abbot, Ins. Geo. pi. 1.
Var. Brrvicnittla, Saunders, Packard's Guide, ]). 245.
Ilab. — Atlantictfe Western States; Canada; Colorado; New Mexico.
5. IxDUA, Reakirt, Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil. 18(5(3.
ILih. — Colorado.
6. Bairdii. Edwards, Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil. 1866.
Hub. — New Mexico.
7. Calverleyi, /, Grote, Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil. 1864, pi. 10.
Hab. — Long Island; Florida, ('^, Mead).
ii
2
SYNOPSIS or NOUTII AMKRK AX IJUTTERFLIES.
8. Tkoilus, Linn. Mim. Lud. Tlric. p. 1M7; Syst. Nat. 11, p. 7 U\. Dniry, Exot.
Ins. II, j.l. :•.. Kiihr. Syst. Knt. |). M I. (Vhmicm-, pi. '3»7. (Jo-
dart, Knr. TX,]). ()(). liois.A Ia'C. pi, 10. IJois. Spec. < Jrn. '.V.H.
Ilioniua, Ahliot, Ins. (Jcd. j). 'J. Fcldcr, Zool. Nov. Kxped.
y/«/>. — Atlantic, Houtlu'rn and Western States.
9. Palamkpks, Drury, Exot. Ins. I, p. ID. Cramer, ]>1. O:].
Caleluis, Fabr. Syst. I'Jit. p. 4.")o. (indart, Knc. IX, p. oi). Bois. &
\jVV. pi. o. Jjuis. Spec. CJen. p. '•'>'■'>! .
Hah. — \'ir";inia to Floriila; Gulf States.
\h
10. TuRXUs, Linn. Mant. Fns. I, p. 530. Fahr. Syst. Ent. ]>. 4.')2; Sp. Ins. II, p.
IC). (Jodart, Enc. LX, p. 5"). Say, Am. Ent. Ill, ])1. 4l). Hois.
& Lee. pi. (), 7. Bois. Spec. Gen. p. oo8. Lucas, Pa]). Exot. yar.
S, pi. 18.
Ah'UJnums, Cramer. \A. 38.
$ GInucux, (l)laek var.) Linn. Syst. Nat. II, p. 74(5. Cramer, pi. 130.
Fahr. Syst. Ijit. jt. 44 "), Ciodart, Enc. IX, p. GO. Bois. & Lee.
j.l. 8, \)' Bois. Spec. Gen. j). ;i35.
//(///. — Atlantic, Gulf and AVestern States; British America, from
Nova Scotia to Fort Simpson.
11. lIuTULUS, Bois. Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. 1832.
Ilith. — California; Colorado.
12. EuRYMEDOX, Bois. Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. 18o2.
Var. Allntiiu,^, Felder, Zool. Nov. Exped.
Hid). — California; Washington; Colorado.
13. PiLU-Mxus, Bois. Spec. Gen. p. 340. Menetries, Cat. Mus. St. Petersb, pi. 7.
Hub. — New Mexico.
14. Dauxus. Bois. Spec. Gon. p. 342. Ridings, Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil. 18G2, fig.
Huh. — Colorado; New Mexico.
15. Crespiiontks, Ci-amer, pi. IGo, IGG. Bois. & Lee. pi. 12, 13. Bois. Spec.
(ieii. ]). 3")5.
Hah. — Southern States; occasional in Illinois, Michigan, West Vir-
ginia, Ontario.
I ',
SYNOPSIS OK Nornii .\Mr:Hrc.vv iifTTr.UKi.irx
8
10. Ajax, Linn. Syst. Nat. 11, p. T'lO. Fill.. Syst. F.nt. j.. 4").
Viir. \\'((/.i/iii, Kdwiirds. Puittorflies ot Nortii Amcric'i, Pl.itc I of Papilio.
JJajr, Hois, it Lee. tt'xt (not plate) p. 4; ibiil. Spec. Gen. I, p. 2o8.
3Ifii'(T//ii», Cramer, ])1. 08.
Hul)-var. Ahhotii, Edwards, plate above pitcd.
Ajax, Al.l.ot, Ins. ({a. pi. 4. Fcldcr, Hpcc. Lcpid. p. 15.
Var. JWainoiildrx, Fcldcr, Zo(»l. Nov. Kxpcd.; iliid. S|.(c. Lcpid. p. lo.
Edwards, Buttcrdics of North Aincrica, IMatc 11 of Papilio.
AJa.r, Cfodart, Enc. Mctli. IX, p. '>:]. Hois. & Lir. pi. 1. (not text)
Viir. J/«m7A/.y, l}(»isdiival. Pn.is. & Lir. p. 8, pj. •_'; ibid. Spec. ( Jen. L P-
2.')-. FoMor, Spec. Lcpid. p. 1.".. Edwards, ButtcrllicH of North
America, Plate III of Pajjilio.
Ajax, Esper, Eur. Sclimett, L pi. •")1. Iliibncr, Exot. Samml. Sehmett.
JJal). — Penii.sylvania to Texas; Mississijtjii Valley.
17. Sixo.v, Fabr. Syst. Ent. p. 4')2. Cramer, pi. .'517. Godart, Enc. IX. ].. 5:3.
I5iis.it Lee. pi. 3. liois. 8pee. Gen. p. 200.
Protrsihditi, Drnry, Exot. Ins. I, pi. 22.
Jfdh. — Florida; Cuba,
18. PoLYi)AMA.s, Linn .Alus. Lud. Ulrie. p. 192. Drnry, I, pi. 17. Cramer, pi.
211. Fabr. Sp. Ins. II, p. 8; Ent. iSyst. I, p. M. Gcxlart, Enc.
IX, ]). .']!». 15ois. ct Lee. pi. 15. liois. Spec. Gen. p. ;J21.
Ilid). — Florida; Cuba; ^lexico.
PARNASSIUS, Latreillc.
1. Clodius, Menetrics, Enuin. Cor]». Anim. ]Mus. St. Petersb. I, p. 73. Bois.
Lcp. do la Cal. 18(V.). Edwards, Butterflies of North America,
Plate I of Parnassius.
Hub. — California; Montana.
2. Clauius, Bois. Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. 1852. Edwards, Plate above cited.
Hub. — California; Nevada; ^lonlaua.
3. Smixtheus, Doubleday, Gen. Diur. Lep. I, j)l. 4. Edw., Proc. Aoiid. Nat.Sci.
Phil. 1802; Buttcrllies of N. America, i'l. II, III of Parnassius.
Intermedins, Menetrics, Enum. Corp. Anim. Mus. fc?t. I'etersb. 1, 72.
$ Var. Suijii, Edwards, IVoc. Ent. {>oc. Phil. 1803.
'/Xomion, Bois. Ann. Ent. iSoe. de Fr. 1852; Lep. de la Cal. 1800.
cfVar. liclii'ii, Edwarils, Trans. Am. Ent. !Soc. 1870.
ILab. — iiocky ^Mountains; Colorado; Montana.
SYNOPSIS or NOItTIt AMr.lilCAN lU'TTLllFLIKfl.
! .:.
4. EvEiisMAXXii, Monotrios, Kmim. CWp. Anini. Mii«. Ht. iVtorab. I, p, 73, pi.
1. ^ruddrr, I'rru-, Jiost. iSoc. Niil. J list. iH(li).
JIab. — Aliasku.
LEITALIS, Dalman.
1. Melitk, hinii. Syst. Nat. II, p. T-m. (Vamor, \i\. \'h\. Fabr. Eiit, Sy-^. Ill,
1, KiO. f^wainsun, Zuol. lllusst. 1st eer. pi. 22. liois. iSpcc. Geii.
p. 422.
llab. — Ni'W Mc;xu'().
NEOPIIASJA, Belir.
1. Menapia, Fckler, Wion. Eut. Moiiats. Ul, p. 271, 18o9. EJwards, Butterflies
of North America, Plate I of Pieris.
Titu, Sciidder, l»roc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. 18G1.
Kl/io)iia, Bois. Lc]). de la Cal. 18()1>.
JJab. — California ; Oregon ; North West t'oa.st.
PIERIS, Bc'lirank.
1. Oleracea, Bois. S]iec. (}(>n. ."ilH. ►Scudder, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. 1861.
Harris, Now England Fanner, VIII, 402; Ins. Mass. p. 213;
Agassiz, Lake ISuperior, })1. 7.
Casta, Kirby, Fauna Bor. Am. IV, })1. 3.
Cnicifrrarinii, Bois. Spec. Gen. 519.
JIab. — Maine to Colorado ; British America.
2. Fbigida, Scudder, Proc. Bowt. Soc. Nat. Hist. 1861.
JIab. — Labrador.
3. Castoria, Roakirt, Proc. Acad. Nat. Soi. Phil. 1866.
Reseda, Bois. Lcp. de la Cal, 186!).
4. Rapae, Linn. Syst. Nat. II, 759. Bois. Spec. Gen. 520. Humphreys' Brit.
But. pi. 5,
Ilab. — Canada to Virginia.
5. Yreka, Reakirt, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Pliil. 1866.
Hub. — California.
6. Vexosa, Scudder, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist, 1861.
NastuHii, Bois. Lop. do la Cal. 1869.
Hab. — California.
SYJfoi'srs OF NouTir AMrnic Av iit'iTi:i!Fr,rF.s.
7. Maroivams, Sc'U(l(Kr, Proc, liost. Sn-. Nat. Hist. 1801.
Huh. — Calitbniiu; ({ulCuf (teorgia.
8. Pallida, Soiuhlor, Phk-. Post. 8oc. Nat. Hist. 1801.
Jlicrulin, Jioirf. Ix.'i». (le lu C'al. LSOii.
Hub. — Gulf of Georgia.
9. pROTODK-i;, Poi.s. & Li-c. pi. 17. Pois. ^^wc. Goii. 'AW. Scuadur, Proc Post.
Hoc. Nat. Hist. 18(;j.
//a/,.— -.Southern, .Middle nwA Western States; Colorado; Califoruiu.
10. OcciDKXTALts, Ueakirt, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sei. IMdl. 18(;<i.
llab. — Culoradi); California.
11. SlSYMliui, Poisduval, Ann. Knt. Soe. Fr. l,S,')i!,
ILib. — California.
VI. Vkk.valis, E.hvards. Proc. Knt. Sue. Cldl. 1804; Puttorflies of North Amer-
ica, Plate H of IMcris.
Hub. — New Jersi'v; West Virginia; Missouri; Colorado.
13. Beckerii, Edwards, l?ntterflies of North America, Plate I of Pieris.
ILib. — Nevada.
14. MoxusTE, Linn. Mus. Lud. Ulric. p. 2:57. Fabi, Syst. Ent. p. 470. Godart,
Enc. Meth. IX, p. 141. Pois. 8pec. Gen. I, p. 4'J"».
Clcomes, Pois. & Lee. \\ 43, \A. IC).
Orscis, Godart, Enc. Meth. IX, p. 1 II,
Hab. — Southern States,
NATHALIS, Poisduval.
1. loLE, Poisduval, S]>ec. Gen. I, p. 58i).
Var. Jrnir, Fiu-h, ',\\\\ New York Report, ]). 107.
Hab. — Missouri to Texas; Colorado.
ANTHOCARIS, Poisduval.
1. Gexutia, Fabricins, Ent. Syst. Ill, 1, 1!)3. Godart, Enc. Meth. IX, p. 108
Pois. Spec. Gen. 1. 505.
$ X'^w«/«ov7, Godart, Enc. Meth. IX, p. 108.
Hab. — New York to Virginia; Western States; Texas.
2. Credsa Donhloday, Gen. Diur. Lep. pi. 7.
Hab. — liockv Mountains.
w
v^-^
I li
m
. 5 '.
. I
Hi '
6
HYXOI'HIS <)l' NdllTII AMKIUCAN lUTTKUri.l i;s.
15. Ai.'.soN'iDKs, I?(»is(liiviil. (ill (l('s('ri|iti<m of A. >»ir(t.) Aim. ICiit. Sdc. Vr. 1S")2.
K.lwiinis, I'loc. Kilt. Sue. IMiil. 18()3.
//>i/). — ( 'iilifonii;! ; ( 'ulonida.
4. liANcicol.ATA, niiisdiiviil, Ann. Sue. lint. Vv. \H')'2.
Kdu'drd.^ii, Iltlir, TiiinM. Am. Kiit. Soc. l.SdS).
JIttli. — Ctilit'oriiia.
T). »Sai!A, Hoiwdiiviil. .\nn. Sdc. Knt. I'r. l.S,")'J. Ivlwanls, I{uttt'r(li<'s of North
Amcririi, I'latc 11 of AntliocariH.
ll<tl). — Ciiliforiiia.
n. rooPKRII, Belli-, Trans. .\iii. l]nt. Soc. ISCJJ. Kdwanlf^, IJiittcrllioH of North
Aiiitrica, I'latc 1 of Antliocari.-t.
Aiif/r/iiia, Bois. Lc|). dc la Cal. liSCi!).
//f//>. — San Diogo, Califurnia.
CALLIDIIVAS, JJoisd.
1. AitGAXTK, Fal)r. Syst. Eiit. j). 470; Knt. Syst. Ill, 1, 181). Godart, Enc. Muth.
IX, |.. U2. IJok Spec. (Jfii. I, C.l'L*.
(?. Jlfrsi/lii, ("lamcr, pi. 17'>.
$. Ci/j>r!s, CrainiT, pi. UU.
$. t'liidiu, Gudait, I'Jic. Mt'th. IX, p, 03,
Hub. — 'JV.xaH ; Florida.
2. Cypuis, Fabr. Knt. Syst. Ill, 1,212. Godart, Enc. Moth. IX, p. 01. B
ois.
poc
(icii. I, I). ('.2;}.
Iftih. — New Mexico.
3. EuBULE, Linn. Syst. Nat. II, p. 704. Fahr. Syst. Ent. j). 477; Ent. Syst. Ill,
1, 200. Cranior, pi. 120. Abbot, Ins. Geo. [d. 5. Boils. Sjiec.
(Jen. I, j». (U3. Bois. & Lee. ]>. 74.
Var. f. jSoince, Linn. Sy.st. Nat. II, ]>. 7(»4. Fabr. Syst. Ent. n. 477.
Jfah. — Soiitliern States; Illinois; Ohio; West Va.; Long Island.
4. Makcellixa, C'ranier. pi. Ki:?. I^ilir. Sp. Ins. II, p. 40; Ent. Syst. 1 1 F, 1, 200.
Godart, Ene. Meth. IX, p. 02. Bois. S])OC. Gen. I, p. 1515. Bois.
&I
I, id. 24.
(X lA'V. p. /-I, I
//«/>. — Southern States.
GONEITEKYX, Leaeli.
1. Cloiuxdi;, Godart, Enc. Meth. IX, p. 81'}.
lihoduccra chrlndr, Bois. Spec. Gen. I, oOO. Uoubl. (icn. Diur. Lcp. p. 71.
Hab. — New Mexico.
MYNOl'SI.S (It- NOUTM AM IIIMIA N III TTl:i;l I.I r><.
li. M.i:ui:la, Fal.r. ISyst. Kill. |t. 471); Kiit. .Syst, 111. 1. liTJ. CJtMliut, Em;. Mttli.
1 X. |). «".». 15((is, cVi L^^^■. |>. 71, [il. So. iioia. irfpcc. GcU. 1. [u UIKJ.
Ju-clijjKin, i'vmuvv, pi. 12J).
JI(ib. — Floiitla ; Texas ; New Mexico.
3. Lyhidk, (i<Hlart, Enc. Mcih. I.\. |.. iw.
A'Aw/. /ji/.iiilr, lloit). S|H!c. Gen. I. p. Ho:}.
ifaA. — Texu8; New Mexico.
COLIAS, Fabri(;iu8.
1. EuRYDicii, Boisduval. Ami. Ent. Soc. Vr. lHo2, p. 32. Eilwanlri, IJutterllien of
Xortli America, pi. V mI" ( '(»lia.-*.
Woxnrmtiski, Monetrie.'^, Cat. -\ nl. J^ci. St. Peters) jiir;;. 18oo
'i'. li/ifitloc( r>i Jjiin/iinii!, I'ois .\i ii. Ent Soc. l''r. hS.">li.
y/a/>. — ( "aliloriiia ; Oir^^jii.
2. C.ESo.MA, Stoll. Su[)pl. Cramer, pi. II, Goilart, Eiic. Metli. IX. p. 98. J5ois.
iSi J .ee. p. (')7, pi. "J'J. IJni , Spec*. ( iell. I. p. OoO.
JIii/i. — Soutlierii ami W esimi States.
3. EiTiiYnir.Mi;, JJnis. Ann. i-jit. Soc. Fr. isr)2. Edwards, Butterllies of North
.\mcrica, pi. Ill of Colias.
Var. At>i/)/u(lii.'<a, Hois. Ann. Ent. Soc. I'r. IS.l'J.
U(lui«i,\.\r. ('ti/l/ornicd, Mciietries. Cat. .Vcad. Sci. St. IVtcrsburg, l.S.V).
JId/,. — Soiitlieni, Western ami Pacific State.s.
4. Keewaydix, Edwards, Butterflies of North America, pi. IV of Cidia.-^.
JI<(/). — Southern, Western and I'acilic Stales ; occasional in Middle
States and Canada.
5. Christina, Edwards, Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil. ISO:}; Butterflies of North America,
pi. II of Colias.
ir<if>. — Great Slave T^ake.
I
6. Ariadne, Edwards, Proc. Ent. Soc Phil. 1870.
Jfdft. — Oregon.
7. Hecla, Lefebvre, Ann. Ent. Soc. Fr. 1 S.",r., p. 383.
ffah. — Disco Island; Cireeuland.
m
H SYNOI'HIS OF NOUTII AMliUICAN UUTTKUFLIES.
8. Bt)OTHii, Curtis, Appendix Ross' Arctic Exi)lorations, Nat. Hist. pi. A p. 65.
Var. Chione, Curtis. Ross' Arc. Exp. j). 0(5.
Hub. — Boreal America.
9. OcciDEXTALis, Fcudder, Proe. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. 1862.
Hub. — Gulf of Georgia; M'Kenzics River.
10. Alexaxdua, Edwards, Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil. 1863 ; Butterflies of North Am-
erica, ])1. I of Colias.
Ilab. — Colorailo ; Rocky Mountains.
11. Emilia, Edwards, Trans. Am. Ent. Soc. Phil. 1870.
Ilab. — Calitbrnia.
m^
11
Si
U
wj; •
VI. EinvAitDsii, Bclir, Butterflies of North America, pi. VI of Colias.
Hub. — Californ ia.
13. PiiiLODKK, Godart, Enc. Mctli. IX. p. 100. Bois. & Lee. p. 64, pi. 21.
Bois. Spec. Gen. 1. j). (»47.
Var. Anllnjalc, lluUncr, Zutr. j). 807.
Hub. — Atlantic States ; Missisijipi Valley ; Canada.
14. IxTEEioR, Scudder, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. 1862.
Ilab. — Hudson's Bay ; Lake Sui)erior.
15. Chippewa, Edwards.
Helena (pre-occupied) Edwards, Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil. 1863. Butterflies
of North America, })1. I of Colias.
Ilab, — Great Slave Lake.
16. ScuDDERii, Reakirt, Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil. 1867.
Hab. — Colorado.
17. Najstes, Bois. Icon. [)l. 8. Godart, Dupon. Suppl. pi. 15.
Hub, — Labrailor.
18. Pal-exo, Linn. Syst. Nat. 11, p. 761. Fain-. Syst. Ent. p. 476; Ent. Syst,
HI, p. 207. Esper, Eur. Schmett. pi. 42. Bois. Spec. Gen. I,
p. 64").
Hnb. — Labrailor.
&
BLl
SYXOPSIS OF NOKTIl AMICIUCAN' IJUTTKKl'LlliS,
9
19 Pelidxf, Roisduval, Icoiies, pi. 8, lSo2. Bois. & Lw. ). 0(1, pi. 21.
Libraihtremix, SciuhUT, x"''oc JJost. Soi'. Nat. Hist. 18(j2.
llab. — Laln-iulor.
20. Bkiihii, Edwards, Proc. Eut. Soc. Phil. 18(50; Puttorflies of North America,
])1, n ot'Colias.
Hah. — California : Yo Somite Mountains.
TERIAS, Swainson.
1. NiciPPE, Cramer, III. ]d. 210. Fahr. Ent. Syst. TTT. p. 208. Godirt, Enc.
Moth. IX. p. lO:}. t?ay, Am. Ent. II. p. 70, pi. oO. Bois. c\: Lee.
p. o'), pi. 20. Bois. S])ee. (rcn. I. jt. do;'),
JLih. — Pennsylvania to Gulf of .Mexico; Mississijipi Valley.
2. PuoTERPiA, Fabrieius, Hp. Ins. II. p. 50; Syst. Ent. ]). 478. Godart, Enc.
Mcth. IX. p.'Ul. Bois. Spec. Gen. I. p. Go-i.
][<th. — Texas ; New Mi'xico.
3. Mexicaxa, Boisdu\al, Spec. Gen. I. p. 055, pi. 3.
Jfih. — Texas ; New ^lexieo.
4. MiuEA, Menctrics, Nouv. Mem. Soc. Imp. ^Mose. III. pi. II. Bois. Spec. Gen.
I. p. 059.
Hah. — California (aeeording to ^lenetries).
5. Lisa, Boisduval, Bois. & Lee. \\ 53, pi. 10. Bois. Spec. Gen. I. p. GGl.
Picris smilax, Godart, Enc. ^letli. IX. ]>. 13().
//(,/;.„Rhode Island to Gulf of Mexico; Western States.
G. Delia, Cramer. Ins. IV. pi. 273. Godart, Enc. Moth. IX. p. 137. Bois. &
Lee. p. 40, pi, 18. Bois. Spec. Gen. I. j). G(;3.
Hah. — Florida to Louisiana.
;. JiKTTXDA, Boisduval, Boi> ; Lee. ]i. 52, pi. 19. Bois. Spec. Gen. I. p. (5()5,
Hah. — Southern States.
8. Elatiiea, Cramer, Ins. II. pi. 99. Fabr. S]). Ins. II. p, 44 ; Ent. Syst. III.
p. 19G. Godart, Euc. xMeth. IX. p. 13G. Bois. Spec. Gen. I. p.
GG4.
Hah. — Florida.
„ 3
m":
r1
k
i
10
SYNOPSIS OP NORTH AMKRICAX IH'TTERFLIES.
"J. rALMiUA, Pn(>y, Mi'iii. Niit. Ilist. do la Isltule Cuba, 1, p. 24U.
JIad. — St. Simou's Island, Georgia.
HELICONID.E.
ITHO^riA, Doubleday.
1. DiAPHANA, Dniry, II, pi. 7. Ciuiikt, III, pi. 2:51.
JI(il>. — Florida; Louisiana.
CALLITITOMIA, Bates.
I. Lycaste, Fabr. Ent. Syst. IH, p. Kil. Godart, Enc. Mcth. IX, p. 221. Ilea-
kirt, Proc. Ent. Soe. Pliil. LSdo.
Jlab. — Los Angelos, California.
MECHAXITIS, Fabricius.
1. Californica, Reakirt, Proe. Ent. Soc. Phil. 1805.
//«/». — Los Angelos, California.
IIELICOXIA, Latreille.
1. CuARiTONiA, Linn. Syst. Nat. II, j). 7o7. Cramer, II, pi. 191. Fabr. Ent.
Syst. Ill, p. 170. Godart, Enc. Meth. IX, p. 210. Bois. &
Lee. p. HO, pi. 41.
Hal). — Florida; St. Simon's Island, Georgia.
COL.ENIS, Iliibner.
1. Julia, Fabr. Syst. Ent. p. 509. Godart, Enc. Meth. IX, p. 2.
Alcioiicn, Cramer, II I, pi. 215.
Mad. — Texas.
DANAID^.
DANAIS, Latreille.
1. Arciiippus, Cramer, III, pi. 20(). Godart, Enc. Meth. IX, p. 184. Bois.
& J^cc. p. lo7, pi. 40.
JL'.isipj>u,'i, Fabr. ;Mant. Ins. II, p. 27 ; Ent. Syst. Ill, p. 50.
Nee Archlppus, Fabr. Ent. Syst. Ill, p. 50,
JIab. — From Atlantic to Pacilic.
li-i-
SYNOPSIS or NORTH AMF.UK'A.V lU'TTlCKKI.IKS.
11
2. Berenice, Cramer, III, pi. 205. Bois. & Leo. ]). KVt, pi. 3!).
Erippm, Fabr. Ent. Syst. I, p. 41). Gudart, Eiic. Meth. IX, p. 186.
GiUppus, Abbot, Ins. Geo. I, ])1. 7.
Hub. — Southern States ; Now ]\[cxico ; Colorado.
3. Stkigosa, Bates, Entomologist's Monthly Magazine, I, p. 32, 1864.
Hab. — Texas.
AGERONIDJ.
AGEIIONIA, Iliibner.
1. Feronia, Linn. Mus. Uhl. p. 283; Syst. Nat. p. 770. Drury, I, pi. 10.
Cramer, II, j). 102. Fabr. Ent. Syst. ill, p. 22G. Godart, Enc.
Meth. IX, p. 428.
Hub. — Texas.
2. Fornax, Hiibn. Samnd. Exot. Schmett. Doubl. &IIeAvit. Gen. Diur. Lep. pi. 10.
Hab. — Texas.
NYMPHAL1D.E.
AGRAULIS, Blanchard.
1. Vanilla., Linn. Syst. Nat. II, p. 787. Cramer, III, ji. 212. Fabr. :Nrant. Ins.
II, p. 64. Godart, Enc. Meth. IX, p. 262. Bois. & Lee. p. 143,
pi. 42.
Passiflont, Fabr. Ent. Syst. Ill, p. 60.
Hab. — Southern States.
EUPTOIETA, Doubleday.
1. Claudia, Cramer, I, pi. 61).
Coluiiibina, Fabr. Ent. Syst. Ill, p. 148. Godart, Enc. Meth. IX, p. 260.
Bois. & Lee. p. lo3, pi. 44.
Hab. — Long Island to Gulf of Mexico; Mississippi Valley; New
Mexico.
ARGYNNIS, Fabrlcius.
1. T>^vNA, <? Cramer, pi. 98. S Fab. Sp. Ins. p. 110; Ent. Syst. Ill, p. 145.
<? Godart, Enc. Meth. IX, p. 257. S Say, Am. Ent. I, pi. 17.
c? Bois. & Lee. p. 148. ? Edwards, I'roc. Ent. Soc. Phii. 1864;
S ^ Butterflies of North America, ]>1. I of Argynnis.
HaL. — West Virginia to Georgia; Arkansas.
12
SYXOl'SIS OK NORTH AMKKICAX lUrTTF-afKLlKH.
ill.
(>it<.
,1 ;.l
■, i
; I
il:
2. Idai-ia, Drmv, Exot. Ins. pi. 13. Cnimor, pi. 44. Fabr. Svst. Eiit. p. 510;
Knt. Syst. 111. p. 14"). (Jodiirt, Eiir. Mctli, IX. j.. L'C:;. IJois.
and Lee. p. 147, pi. 4o. Harris, Ins. Mass. p. 2So, 1802.
y/r//>. — Massachusc'ttei to Arkansas.
:?. Lkto, r.("lir, Proc. Cal. Acad. Nat. Hci. 1802. Edwards, Butterflies of North
America, ])1. X of Ari>yiinis.
?Cybfh; Hois. Lep. de la ("al. 1809.
Hah, — California ; Oregon.
4. NoKOMis, S Edwards, Pi-oe. Acad. Nat. 8ei. Phil. 1802 ; S Butterflies of North
America, pi. IV of Arifvnnis.
Hah. — Bitter Hoot Mountains, Montana.
T). Cyhklf, Fal)r. 8yst. Ent. p. ',10; Ent. Syst. III. p. 44'). Godart, Eno. :\reth.
IX. p. 2(>;). Bois. and Lee. jt. 1"»1, j)l. 4-3. Edwards, Butterflies
of North America, j)l. II of Argynnis.
1 Daphne, Cramer, ])1. 'u.
Hah. — Atlantic^ and Western States ; Canada.
0. AiMUonrn;, Fabr. Mant. Ins. 2, p. 'V2; Ent. Syst. 111. \^. 144. Harris, Ins.
]\Iass. p. 28"), 18()2. Edwards, Butterflies of North America, pi.
in of Arjryiniis.
Hah. — Xorthern and ]\Iiddle States ; AVest Virginia ; Canada.
7. Behuknsii, Edwards, Butterflies of North America, i)l. XII of Argynnis.
Hah. — Cape Mendocino, California.
8. Haix'YOXE, S Edwards, Butterflies of North America, pi. IX of Argynnis.
Hah. — Colorado.
9. CoKOXis, Behr, Proc. Cal. Acad. Nat. Sci. 1802. Edwards, Proc. Ent. Soc.
Phil. 18(!4.
Juha, Bois. Lep. de la Ca.l. 1809.
Hah. — California.
10. Callipi'e, Bois. Ann. Ent. Soc. Fr. 18")2. Behr. Proc. Cal. Acad. Nat. Sci.
1802. Edwards, Butterflies of North America, pi. VI of Ar-
gynnis.
Hal). — California.
SYNOPSIS OF XOUTH AMEKK AX BUTTEKFLIES,
18
11. I':dwakdsii, Roaklrt, Proc. Eiit. Soo. Pliil. 1800. Edwards, Butterflies of
North Aiucrica, \)\. XI of Arii;yiiiiis.
Hab- — Coloi-ado ; Kocky Mountains.
12. Nevadensis, Edwards, Trans. Am. Ent. Soc. 1870 ; Ikittorllies of Xorth Am-
orii-a. pi. XIV of Argyaiiis.
I/nl). — Nevada.
13. Atlaxtis, Edwards, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sei. Phil. 18(;2 ; J^utterflies of Nortli
Anu'riea, pi. V of Arsj^ynnis.
JM. — Catskill Mountains ; Whito :Mountains ; Nova Scotia ; Jiritish
America.
14. RuPESTUis, Eohr, Proc. Cal. Acad. Nat. Sei. 18(;2, 18(;3.
Ila/j. — Sierra Nevada, California.
lo. :Mox'rivA(}A, Behr, Proc. Cal. Acad. Nat. Sei. 1862, 18G3.
£(/lei.% Bois. Lcp. de la Cal. 180'J
Ila/j. — Califi)rnia.
16. AsTAHTE, Doubleday, Gen. Diur. Lcp. pi. 23 ; Edwards, Proc. Ent. Soc Phil
1862.
Hal). — California,
17. Zerexe, Bois. Ann. Soc. Ent. do Fi-. 18.V2. Behr, Proc. Cal. xVcad. Nat.
Sei. 1862, 186;]. Eilwards, Butterflies of North America, pi.
XIII of Argynnis.
Hydaspes, Bois. Lep. de la Cal. 1869.
Hah. — California.
18. MoxTicoLA, Belir, Proc. Cal. Acad. Nat. Sei. 1862, 1863, Edwards, Butter-
flies of North America, pi. VI 11 of Argynnis.
Zerenc, Boisduval, Ann. Soc. Ent. de Fr. 18.32.
Hah. — California ; Oregon.
19. Hespekis, Edwards, Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil. 1864; Butterflies of North America,
pi. VII of Argynnis.
Hah. — Colorado.
20. Adiante, Bois. Lep. de la Cal. 1869. Behr (without name), Proc. Cal. Acad.
Nat. Sei. 1862.
Hah. — California.
I :
I
i,
IP
If 1 m
■i 1 i
;• i!
if
til i
14 SYNOI'SIS OK .NOUTII A.MintlCA.N Ill'TTKUI'M KS.
21. MvuiNA, Criiiiior, |)1. IS!). Fabr. 8p. Tns. p. KK); Ent. Svst. HI,]*. 14.').
Say, Am. Knt. \A. ir>. Kirhy, Faumi Jior. IV. [k 2!)(). ilarri.s,
Jus. :Mass. J.. 2.S(;, 1,S(>2.
jri/rlssa, (Jolart, Eiic. Mctli. IX,].. 2(')S.
Jf(i/j. — Xortlic'Mi Stall's; Canada; Calitoriiia.
22. MoxTiNL-.s, SiMiddcr, Proc. Essex Ins. 18(;;5; Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. 18G3.
J fa/). — Wliiti! Mountains.
2;*.. :MoiMiisii, Roakirt, Pnu-. Acad. Nat. 8ci. Phil. 18G0.
Jfi'/). — Oregon.
24. Tkki.axis, Ilnhncr, Exot. Scliinett. iMoseld'-r, Wein Ent. Monat. 18GG.
O-inianiis, liois. Jcones ])l. 11>. Bi>is. & Lee. p. 1 ")7.
Jftf). — Labrador; Fort Simpson; Boreal Anieriea.
2.'), FuKUiA, Tlumberg, Dissert. IF. j.. 47. Moseliler, Wein. Ent. Monat. 18GG.
Jfii/i. — Labrador.
2G. PoLAurs, Boisdiival, Teones ])1. 20. Bois. & Lee. p. lo9. ^loschler, Wein.
Ent. Monat. ISGG.
Jfd/). — Labrador.
27. Frkya. Esper. Eur. Selimett ]A. 109. Godart, Ene. :\reth. IX. p. 273. Bois.
leones, pi. 111. Kirby, Fauna Bor. p. oUl. ^losehJer, Wein.
Ent. Monat. 18GG. .
Ilafj. — Labrador.
28. CiiAUicLEA, Herbst. pi. 272. Bois. & Lee. p. IGl. Bois. Spec. Gen. j). 11.
II(dj. — Labrador; ITudsons Bay.
29. BoisDUVALii, Sommer, Bois. L'ones pi. 20.
JIaf). — Labrador; lludsons Bay; Boreal America.
30. Ni:no(juis, Reakirt, Proc. Aead. Nat. Sei. Phil. 18G6.
Mormo/ii'i, JJnisdnval, Ia'J). de la Cal. 18G9.
JJ(i/>. — Uoeky ^Mountains ; Oregon.
31. Bkllona, Fabr. Syst. Ent. p. 517. Godart, Enc. iMeth. IX. p. 271. Bois. &
Lee. ]). 1G4, pi. 45. Harris, Ins. .Alass. ]i. 287, 18G2.
Mud. — Northern States ; Canada ; Calil'oruia.
PYNOPSia OP NORTH AlIKUICAN BUTTEKFLIKS.
15
32. Epithore, Bois., Edwards, Proc. Eiit. Soc. Phil. 1804. Bois. Lep. de la
Cal. 18G9.
Ilab. — California.
33. BiscHOFFii, Edwards, Trans. Am. Ent. Soc. 1870.
Hal). — Aliaska.
MELTT.EA, Fabricius.
Group 1.
1. Phaetox, Drury, Exot. Ins, I. pi. 21. Cramo-, pi. 183. Fabr. Syst. Ent. p.
481. Ent. Syst. Ill, p. 46. Bois. & Lee. p. IGG, pi. 47. Har-
ris, Ins. Mass. p. 288, 18G2.
Phaetonlca, Godart, Enc. Meth. IX. p. 288.
Ilab. — Eastern and Middle States ; West Virginia.
2. Chalcedon, Doubleday, Gen. Diur. Lep. pi. 23. Edwards, Proc. Ent. Soc.
Phil. 18G2. Butterflies of North America, pi. I of Melita'a.
Ilab. — California ; Oregon ; Colorado (Keakirt).
3. CooPERii, Bohr, Proc. Cal. Acad. Kat. Sci. 18G3.
Ilab. — California.
4. AxiciA, Doubleday, Gen. Diur. Lep. pi. 23. Edwards, Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil.
18G2. Bois. Lep. de la Cal. 18G0.
Hab. — Rocky Mountains ; Nevada ; California.
5. Editha, Boisduval, Ann. Soc. Ent. de Fr. 1852.
Anicia, Boisduval, Lep. de la Cal. 18(59.
Hab. — Vicinity of Sau Francisco.
6. Sterope, Edwards, Trans, Am. Ent. Soc. 1870.
Ilab. — Oregon.
7. Helvia, Scudder, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. 18G9.
Hab. — Aliaska.
8. QuiNO, Behr, Proc. Cal. Acad. Nat. Sci. 18G3.
Hab. — Southern California.
9. NuBiGENA, Behr, Proc. Cal. Acad. Nat. Sci. 18G3.
Hab. — Tuolumne River, California.
IG
SYNOl'SIS Ol NOllTU AMKUIC'AX BUTTERFLlia.
^ i <
Group II.
10. Leanika, Folder. Lop. Frag. AVoiii. 1859. Bolir, Proc. Cal. Acad. Nat. Sci.
lcS()3. IJoi.^. Lop. do la Cal. 18fi9.
Ilab. — Yo Semite, Contra Costa, Culifbruia.
11. TiiKKLA, Edwards, Trans. Am. Ent. Soo. 1870.
Hub. — iSouthcrn California.
12. TiiEoxA, Monetrios, Enum. Corp. Anim. Acad. St. Petersburg, 1, p. 86, pi. 2.
Huh, — Southern California.
Group III
13. Palla, IJois. Ann. See. Ent. Fr. IH-l'J. Behr, Proc. Cal. Acad. Nat. Sci. 18G3.
Hah. — Vicinity of San Francisco.
14. WiiiTXEYii, r.olir, Proc. Cal. Acad. Nat. Sci. 180;].
Hub. — Tuolumne Iliver, Lake Talioe, California.
15. Gaiuui, P>elir, Proc. Cal. Acad. Nat. Sci. 18G3.
Sonone, Bois. Lop. de la Cal. 18G9.
Hah. — Los Angelos, California.
IG. HoFFMANxr, Bolir, Proc. Cal. Acad. Nat. Sci. 18G3.
HclcUa, Boi- . Lop. de la Cal. 18G9.
Ilab. — Lake Telioe, California ; Nevada.
Group IV.
17. MiNUTA, Edwards, Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil. 18G1.
Ilab. — Texas.
18. Akachxe, Edwards, Trans. Am. Ent. Soc. 18G9.
Fola, Bois. Lep. de la Cal. 18G9.
Hab. — Colorado.
PIIYCIODES.IIubner.
1. Harrisii, Scuddor. Proc. Essex. Ins. 18G3.
Ismcria, Harris, Ins. Mass. p. 288, 18G2. fismeria, Bois. <fc Lee. p. 168,
pi. 46.
Ilab. — Eastern and Middle States ; Miss. Valley.
2. Nycteis, Doubleday, Gen. Di. Lep. pi. 23.
(Enone, Scudder, Proc. Essex. Ins. 1863.
Hab. — Eastern and Middle States ; Missouri ; Colorado.
Wr
I il
SYNOPSIS OF NORTH AMKRICAN IJUTTKUFI.IES.
17
Cl.
8,
8. Carlota, rvcakirt, Proc. Ent. Soc. rial. 18(57.
Kyctels, Edwards, Proc. Aciul. Nut. Sci, Phil. 18(51.
l[,(h. — West Yirj^iinia to Missouri ; Colorado.
4. Packakdii, Saunders, Packard's Guide, \\ 2oO, 18G".).
Ilah. — (Jrimsl)v, Canada.
6. TuAROS, Bois. & Lee. ]i. 170, pi. 47. (Xot of Cramer, nor of Drnry, vide Edw.
Trans. Am. Ent. Soc. 18G8.) Harris, Ins. Mass. ]). 289, 18(52.
7/-„/,._N„rthern. Middle, Eastern States ; ^Eiss. Valley ; Colorado.
6. PiiAox, Edwards, Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil. 1804.
? Tharos, Urury and Cramer.
JIa/j. — Georgia to Louisiana.
7. Maucia, Edwards, Trans. Am. Ent. Soc. 1868.
^ Tharo.% Drury and Cramer.
Jlab. — ]\Iiddle and Eastern States.
8. Batesii, Keakirt, Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil. 18G5.
Jfab. — Virginia; West Virginia.
9. Montana, Bchr, Proc. Cal. Acad. Nat. Si-i. 18G3.
Hab. — Lake Tehoe, California.
10. Mata, Reakirt, Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil. 18G7.
Jlab. — Colorado.
11. Pallida, Edwards, Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil. 1864 ;
Jlab. — Kansas; Texas. • •
12. Texana, Edwards, Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil. 18G3.
JJab. — Texas.
13. PiCTA, Edwards, Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil. 1804.
Jlab. — Nebraska; Colorado.
14. Mylitta, Edwards, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil. 1861,
Collinsia, Behr, Proc. C-j1. Acad. Nat. Sci. 18G3.
Collina, Bois. Lep. de la Cal. 1869.
Jlab. — California.
'il'l,
IH
SYNOl'rtlS OK NOKTir AMI'.KICA.V m"rTi;UFL,UM.
lo. l*UATi;xsis, Hclir, I'roc. Cal. Acnd. Xat. Sri. IHO;].
J'Jim/d, ]{()is.. I.ci>. (Ic; lii Cal. ISiil).
$, OivipcKtrin, Ik'lir, Proc. Cal. Acad. Nat. Sei. 18G3.
Jlal). — Caliiornia.
IG. OusA, Boisduval, l.c)). dc; la Cal. 18(J9.
JIa/j. — Caliiornia.
17. Vesta, Edwards, Trau.^. Am. Ent. 8oc. 1809.
JIab. — Waco, Texas.
ERE8IA, Doubloday.
1. CixcTA, Edwards, Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil. 1804.
JIab.— Texan.
2. PuNX'TATA, Edwards, Trans. Am. I'hit. Soc. 1870.
JIab, — New ^Mexico.
SYNCHEOE, Boisduval.
1. Jaxais, Drury, Ins. Ill, pi. 17. Godart, Enc. Meth. IX, p. 392.
Ilab. — Texas.
2. Sauxdeksh, Doubleday, Gen. Diur. Lop. pi. 24.
//<//>.— Texas.
3. Erodyle, Bates, Entomologist's Monthly Magazine, I. p. 84, 18G4.
Ilab. — Texas.
4. Lacikia, Ilubner, Zutrage, f. 899.
Ilab. — A\'aco, Texas.
CYSTIXEURA, Boisduval.
DoucAs, Eabr., Syst. Ent. j). oOS, (177o).
Mardania, Cramer, pi. 213, (1782). Doubleday, Gen. Diur. Lep. pi. 31.
Ifer.vl!a, Fabr. Ent. Syst. III. p. 247, (1793).
JIab. — Waco, Texas.
*';i
BYNOPSISI OF NOIITII AHKRICAN ntTTTF.RFr.fKS.
19
GRAPTA, Doubloduy.
1. I\TKitK()(;ATt()Ni.s, Fiiln-icius.
Var. imliro.vi, Lintncr, Tnms. Am. Kiit, Soc. ISO'J, p. ;u:5; 1870, p. 197.
Kclwanls, JJuttorflk's ofXoitli America, Plate IV of (Jnvpta.
Intcrroffat!o,ns,¥iihr.9,i^ni)]A.]).42\. (iodart, Eiic. Alctli. IX, p. 302.
IlarriH, \m. ^hi^n. Ed. l.Sr>2, p. 2\)H, (text, iint plate.)
Caureum, Ciamer, ,f, pi. 19. Fabr. ,f, Sp. Ins. p. 9-1. Abbot, ,f, liis. (}a.
1)1.11. Ilnbiier, Exot. .Sohiiu'tt. ir, cfr. P.ois. et Lee. ,(, pi. r,l.
Var. Fahricii, Edwards, Trans. Am. Ent. Woe. 1870, p. o ; Butterllies of
North Aniorica, Plate Vof/jrapta.
Intcrroyafionix, Harris, v. Ins. ^Nfass. Ed. l8-")2, plate. Lintner, Trans. Am.
Ent. Soc. 1809, p. 31,'); 1870, p. 197.
lldl). — Eastern United States ; Canada.
2. DiiYAs, J':dwards, Trans. Am. Ent. Soc. 1870; Butterflies of North America,
Plate TIE of Grapta.
Hah. — West Virginia; New York.
3. Comma, Harris, Tn^. :\rass. 1st Ed. p. 221; 2d Ed. p. 800, p], 4. Edwards, But-
terflies of North America, Plate 11 of Gra2)ta.
Hal). — Eastern United States ; Canada.
4. Satyrds, Edwards, Trans. Am. Ent. Soc. 1809; Butterflies of North America,
Plate VI of Grapta.
Ilah. — Rocky Mountains; Colorado; California; Oregon.
5. ;Maksyas, Edwards, Trans. Am. Ent. Soc. 1870.
Hah. — California.
6. Faunus, Edwards, Proe. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil. 1802; Butterflies of Nortli Am-
erica, llate I of Grapta.
i/"»/>.— Catskill ^Mountains; White Mountains; Canada.
7. Hylas, Edwards, Trans. Am. Ent. Soc. 1872.
Hub. — Colorado.
8. OuEAS, Edwards, Trans. Am. Ent. Soc. 1809.
Cal/jiim,, Behr. Proc. Cal. Acad. Nat. Sci. 1803.
Hal). — California.
9. Pkogne, Cramer, pi. h. Fabr. Gen. Ins. p. 204. Godart, Enc. Mcth. IX. p.
304 Bois. & Lee. p. 188, j)!. 50. Harris, Ins. Mass. p. 801, 1862.
G argenteum, Kirby, Faun. Bor. Am. IV, p. 294.
Hab. — Northern and Western States; Canada.
I I
I
J
I ]
1 i i , '
.1 1\
■M
l:\
IMt
liO
HYNOl'SIM Ol" .NOKTll AM KKK'A.N m;TTi:Kl'I.U'.M.
10. (lUvciLW, (iroto & llol.iiison, Ami. Lye. XmI. Hist, X. V. 18(J7.
Jfnfi. — Wliiti! Mouiitiiiiis,
11. /Kl'iiYurs, Ivhvards, 'rrniis. ,\m. ICiit. Sue. 1S7(),
Ilaf). — Ciilit'oriiiii; Orogon; Rocky MtH.
12. SiLEMis, Edwards, Tnins. Am. Knt. Hoi-. 1870.
Ifd/). — Orcjion.
VAN less A, FiihriciuH.
1. iV.\Tioi'A, Linn. Syst. Nat. U. p. 77(5. Fal.r. Syst. Ent. \\ rm-, Ent. Ryst. IIT, p.
lir).*Espor. Enr. Sclnnclt. j)!. li (lodart, Enc. .Mcth. LX.,]). -^OH.
liois. & hvv. ]). 17:5. IhmU, Ins. lAInss. p. 2l)G, lcS(J2.
LintiicrU (var.) Fitcli, T) vul. X. Y. Ivcports.
JIafj. — rnileil States, J>ritisli Anu-ncu, Yukuu Kiver.
2. Calipounk'a, P>()is. Ann. Soc. Ent. (U; Fr. 1852.
Jf((ij, — Calit'ornia ; Oregon.
;i. MiLUicuTir, (iodart, Ene. Metli. IX, j). ;5()7, liois. & Lcc. p. 187. pi. 50. Harris,
Ins. .Mass. ]). ;5(»2, Lsc.L'.
Furcillaln, Say, Am. JOnt. 11, pi. 27.
i/«/>. — Northern ami Western States; California; British Am.
4. J-ALBUM, IJois. it Lee. p. IS."), pi. ,-)(). Harris, Ins. M-iss. p. 2i)8, 18G2.
ILib. — Northern States; Jjrilish Am.
PYRA:\rErS, iruhner.
1. HUNTEBA, Drury, Ins. I, ])1. ">. Fahr. Syst. Ent. p. 491); Ent. Syst. Ill, p.
104. Abhot, Ins. Ga.pl.l). (iodart, Enc. Moth. IX. i). o24. liois.
& Lee. p. 180, ])!. IS. Harris, Ins. Mass.]). 2U2, 1SG2.
Ilah. — U. S., Atlantic to raeiiic ; Drit. Am.
2. Cabdui, Linn. Sy.st. Nat. 2, p. 274. Fabr. Syst. Ent. \>. 490 ; Ent. Syst. Ill, p.
104. Godart. P^nc. j\[eth. IX. p. 32o. Bo'.d. «& Lcc. p. 178. Harris,
Ins. :Mass. p. 291, 1S(;2.
Ilah. — U. S., Atlantic to Paeilie; Brit. Am.
3. Caiiyi:, Ilubner, Samml. Exot. Schmctt. 1806.
JIab. — Culiforuia.
ihl;
aiL-
■^
HYNOI'HIH ur Xoltlll AMIKK \\ lU TTMtll.I IX
21
4. ATALANTA.Linii.Syst. Nat. t>, {.. 77'J. Fal.r.Syst. Ki.t. ,,..-.(» I; Knt.Svst. 1 1 1, p.
118. Godurt, Eiic. Mcth. IX. ].. :;ii). ]{ui«. Si Lcc. i.. 17J. llurriH,
IiiH. M11S.X. J). L'!»t, 18(12,
Hah.—V. H., Atlantic to I'iicilic; Brit. Am.
JUXOXIA, Hiilmor.
Lavinia, rramor, pi. 21. Harris, Ins. Ala.^s. p. -JlKJ, l.St)2.
Fllrhv, VAn: ICnf. Syst. 1 1 1, p. !H).
Orlthya, Alihot, Ins. (la. pi. 8.
Cccn'm, Hois. A L<r. p. ISl*. pi. 40.
7/;//>.— Southern and Western Statos; occa.si()nul inN. Y.; Culilbrniu.
AXAKTIA, Hul.ner.
Jatroimiak, Linn. Syst. Nat. 2, j.. 770. Cran.er. pi. 202. Fab. Syst. Ent. p. 493;
Ent. Syst. lir, J). 08. Godart, i:nc. Meth. IX. p. 207.
Hub. — Texaa.
s:\rYrvXA, Westwood.
Kabwinski, Geyer in Ilubner, Saniinl. Exot. Schmutt. III. Doubleday. Gen
\y\\\V. Lep, J)l. Ai\, flir. 2.
Hub. — Texas ; Xew Mexico.
VICTOmXA, Blaneluird.
Stelexes, Linn. Syst. Nat. 2, 7.-,(). Cramer, j.l. 71 >. Fabr. Syst. Ent. p. 45G, Ent.
Syst. Ill, p. 84. Lucas, Pap. Exot. ].l. 70.
Lavinia, Fabr. Syst. Ent. p. 450; Ent. Syat. Ill, p. 22.
llab. — Xew Mexico.
EUREMA, Ilubner.
Lethe, Fabr. Ent. Syst. Ill, p. 80. Ilubner, Saniml. Exot. Sclimett. II, pi. 2G.
Hab. — Texas; Xew Mexico.
CYBDELIS, Doubleday.
Hyperipte, Hubnor, Samml. Exot. Schmctt. ISOO.
Hab. — Florida.
TLAIETES, AVestwood.
1. CoRESiA, Doubleday, Gen. Diur. Lep. JI. Edwards, Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil. 1862.
Zerynthia, Ilubner, Samnd. Exot. Scluuett. IL
Hab. — Texa^j; Xew Mexico.
1
i
i !
I
i ::;
if I n
'i «rj
!:1^ !'
' f'l
i
!
M
If
•22
SYXOPSIS OF NOIiTII AMKItlCAN BUXII I!l LJKS.
2. Elkuciia, Ilubnor. Samml. Exot. Sclun, II. Doubleilay, Gen. Diur. Lep. pi. 33.
JIab. — Florida (Apaluchicuhi)
3. Petueus, Cramer, pi. 87. Es^ier. Ausl. pi. 58.
Hab. — Xew Mexico.
CALLICOEE, Hubner.
CiiYMENA, Cramer, pi. 24. Fabr. Sp. Ins. p. 53; Ent. Syst. Ill, p. 43. Lucas,
Pap. Exot. pi. 72.
Hhb. — Florida.
LIMEXITIS, Fabricius.
1. Aethemis, Drury, Ins. ii, pi. 10. Say, Am. Ent. pi. 23. Bois. & Lee. p. 202,
pi. 54. Harris, Ins. ^Nlass. p. 283, pi. 1. 18G2.
Lamina, Fabr. Ent. Syst. Ill, p. 118. Godart, Eiic. Meth. IX. p. 580.
JIab. — Northern States ; British Am.; Fort Sinij)son,
2. "VVeidemeyerii, Edwards, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil. 1861 ; Butterflies of North
America, pi. 2 of Limenitis.
Ilab. — Colorado, Rocky Mts.
3. Proserpina, Edwards, Proc. Ent. Soe. Phil. 1865; Trans, Am. Ent. See. 1867.
Butterflies of North America, pi. 1 of Limenitis.
Hob. — Catskill Mts.; White Mts.; Nova Scotia; Canada.
4. Ursula, Fabr. Ent. Syst. Ill, p. 82. Abbot, Ins. Geo. j^l. 10. Godart, Enc.
Meth. IX. p. 380. Bois. & Lee. p. 199, pi. 53.
Astyannx, Fabr. Syst. Ent. p. 447.
Ephestion, Stoll. Supp. pi. 25. Godart, Enc. Meth. IX. p. 42. Harris,
Ins. Mass. p. 283, 1862.
Hab. — Atlantic and Southern States; ]Miss. Valley; Canada.
5. LoRQUixii, Bois. Ann. Soc. Ent. de Fr. 1852. Edwards, Butterflies of North
America, pi. 3 of Limenitis.
Hab. — California.
6. :Misipptts, Fabr. Syst. Ent. p. 481 ; Ent. Syst. III. p. 50.
Dmipm, Godart, Enc. JNleth. IX. j). 393. Bois. & Lee. p. 204, pi. 55.
Harris, Ins. :Mass. p. 281, 1862.
Hah. — U. S., Alantic to Pacific; Canada.
life,
SYNOPSIS OF NOKTH AAIKUICAX IIUTTKKFLIES.
23
7. Califorxica, Butler, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1805.
Eulalia, Bois. Ann. Hoc. Ent. ¥y. 1852. (not of Doublcday.)
Bredowii, Edwards, Butterflies of North America, pi. 4 of Limenitis, (not
of Hubner.)
Hub. — California.
APATURA, Fabricius.
1. Celtis, Bois. & Loc. p. 210, pi. 57.
Hub. — Virginia to Florida ; Western States.
2. Idyia, Hubner, Exot. Sclimett.
Hab. — Texas; Indian Territory.
3. CiA'TON, Bois. & Lee. p. 208, pi. 56.
Hab. — Southern and Western States; occasional in New York.
4. Alicia, Edwards, Butterflies of North America, pi. 1 of Apatura.
Hab. — Southern States; Texas.
5. Proserpina, Scuddcr, Trans. Chicago Acad. Nat. Sci. 1869.
Hab. — Iowa.
MEGISTANIS, Westwood.
AcHEROXTA, Fabr. Syst. Ent. p. 501. (1775j; Ent. Syst. Ill, p. 76.
Cadmus, Cramer, pi. 22. (177!>.)
Hah. — Texas; New Mexico.
AGANISTHOS, Boisduval.
Orion, Fabr. Syst. Ent. p. 485; Ent, Syst. Ill, p. B6. Godart, Euc. Meth. IX. p.
308. Bois. Sz Lee. p. li»5, pi. 52.
Odlus, Fubr. Syst. Ent. p. 457-
Danae, Cramer, pi. 84.
//rti.— Florida.
PAPHIA, Westwood.
Glycerium, Doubleday, Gen. Diur. Lep, ])1. 50. Riley, Am. Entomologist, Feb
1870. Edwards, Butterflies of North America, plate.
Hab. — Illinois to Kansas; Texas.
I
2i
SYNOrsiS OF XOUTII AMEUICAX I5UTTKRFLIKS.
LIBYTHEID/E.
LIBYTIIEA, Fabridus.
1. Caeinenta, Cramer, II, pi. 108. Fab. Sp. Ins. p. 104; Ent. Syst. Ill, p. 139.
Hub. — New Mexico; Arizona.
2. MoTYA, Boisduval & Lcconte, ])1. 04.
Iliib, — Southern States.
3. BACHMAXxrr, Kirtland, Silliinan's Journal, XIII, now .series, p. 336.
llab. — Middle and AV'esteru States.
SATYRID.E.
EUPTYCIIIA, Ilubuer.
1. EuRYTUS, Fab. Syst. Ent. p. :87.
Eurytris, Fab. Ent. Syst. Ill, p. 157. Harris, Ins. Mass. p. 306, 1862.
Eurylhris, (Jodart, Eue. Meth. IX, pp. 4Go, 495. Bois. & Lee. pi. 01.
Ci/mcla, Cramer, \A. 1 '•)'!.
VyihcUa, llubner, Verz. Bek. Sclimett. ji. 54.
Hab. — Atlantic, Southern and Western States ; Canada.
2. SosYBirs, Fab. Ent. Syst. Ill, p 21'.). Godait, Enc. Meth. IX, pp. 465,
495. Bois. & Lee. pi. 03.
Hub. — Middle, Sout'-eru and AVestern States.
3. RuBTUCATA, Edwards, Trans. Am. Ent. Soc. 1871.
Hab. — AVaco, Texas.
4. Aeeolata, Abbot, Ins. Ga. pi. 1:5. Godart, Enc. IMeth. IX, pp. 464, 494.
Bois. & Lee. pi. 03.
Hab. — Southern States; Morristown, X. J. (^^ Julius Meyer.)
5. Gemma, Hubner, Samml. Exot. Schmett. ]il. 7. Bois. & Lee. pi. 62.
Hab. — "West Va. ; Southern States.
CCENONYMPHA. Hubner.
1. Pampiiiloides, Roakiit, Proc. Ent. Soc. Pliil. 1806.
Hab. — Colorado.
xNORXATA, Edwards, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil. 1801.
Hab. — Lake Winnineg; West Coast; Vancouver's Island.
SYNOPSIS OF NOUTU AMKUK'A.N JiUTTEUFLIKS.
25
3. Californica, Westwood & Hewitson, Goii. Diur. Lep. p. 398, pi. 07. Boisdu-
- val, Ann. See. Ent. Fr. 18G2.
Var. Ceres, Butler, Ent. Month. ]Vla«;. 18G6.
Hab. — California.
4. OcHRACEA, Edward.s Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil. 1861.
Hub. — Lake Winnipeg; California; Kansa.s.
5. Ampelos, Edwai-ds, Trans. Am. Ent. Soc. 1871.
Hab. — Oregon.
6. Galactina, Boisdiival, Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. 18o2.
Hab. — California.
7. KoDiAK, Edwards, Trans. Am. Ent. Soc. 1870.
Hab. — Kodiak.
8. Brexda, Edwards, Trans. Am. Ent. Soc. 1870.
Hab. — Los Angelos, California.
SATYRUS, Westwood.
1. Pegala, Fabricius, Syst. Ent. p. 41»4 ; Ent. Syst. Ill, p. 230. Godart, Enc,
Meth. IX, p. o24. Westwood, (icn. Diur. Lej). p. 392. Ed-
wards, Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil. 1800.
i/«i?i.— Gulf States.
2. Alope, Fabricius, Ent. Syst. HI, p. 229. Godart, Enc. Meth. IX, p. 524.
Bois. & Lee. p. 228, pi. 59. Harris, Ins. Mass. p. 305, 1802.
Hab. — Atlantic and Western States; Texas; Canada.
3. Nephele, Kirby, Fauna Bor. Am. p. 297. Harris, Ins. Mass. p. 300, 1802.
Edwards, Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil. 180(;.
Hab. — Northern, JNIiddle and Western States; Canada.
4. Boi'iPis, Behr, Proc. Cal. Acad. Nat. Sci. 1804. Edwards, Pn)c. Eirt. Soc. Phil.
1800.
Hab. — California.
6. Gabbii, Edwards, Trans. Am. Ent. Soc. 1870.
Hab. — Oregon.
6. Ariaxe, Boisdnval, Ann. Soc. I-nt. Fr. 1852.
Hab. — California; Nevada.
"I
Pi
pi
hi
«
I \
20
SYNOPSIS OF NOBfH AMERICAN HUTTERFLIES.
(
7. SiLVESTKis, Edwards, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil. 1801.
(Etm, Bois. Lc'p. lie la Cal. 1869.
JIab. — California ; Nevada.
8. Sthenele, l^oisduval, Aim. ^oc. Ent. Fr. 1852.
Jlci/i. — (.'alifornia.
9. RiniNGSii, Edwards, Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil. 1865.
JIab. — Colorado.
EREBIA, Dalmau.
1. Epipsodea, Bntler, Cat. Satyridsp, Br. IMusouni, p. 80, pi. 2. 1868.
If'tb. — Rocky Mountains.
2. Vesagds, Hewitson & Wostwood, Gen. Diur. Lep. pi. 64.
Hab. — Rocky ^Mountains.
3. IMaXvIXUs, Ilewitson & Westwood, Gen. Diur. Lep. pi. 64.
Ilab. — Rocky Mountains; Aliaska.
4. Rossir, Curtis, Appendix, Ross' Arctic Explorations, Nat. Hist. p. 57, pi. A.
Jlab. — Boreal America.
5. Fasc'IATA, Butler, Cat. Satyrida?, Br. Museum, p. 92, pi. 2, 1868.
Hub. — Boreal America.
6. DiscoiDALis, Kirby, Fauna Bor. Am. p. 208, pi. 3.
Jlab. — Boreal America ; Fort Simpson ; Aliaska.
LETHE, Hubner.
PoRTLANDiA, Fabricius, Ent. 8yst. IH, p. 103. Bois. & Lee. p. 226, pi. 58.
Andromacha, Hubner, (^amml. Exot. Schmett. pi. 89. Say, Am. Ent.
Ill, pi. 3(i.
Hub. — West Virginia to Missouri ; Southern States.
PARARGE, Hubner.
BoiSDuvALLii, Harris, Ins. Mass. p. 305, 1862.
Canthus, Bois. & Lee. pi. 60. (not of Linn, and Fab.)
Hab. — New Jersey to Canada ; Illinois.
SYNOPSIS OF NORTH AMKIUCAX lUTTFRFUES.
27
ClIIONOBAS, Eoisduval.
1. JuTTA, llubner, Europ. Sdimett. pi. 120. Bois. Iconcs, pi. oS. Milschler,
Wien. Ent. Monat. IV, p. o42; VII, ]). 201. Sciukler, Proc.
Ent. Soc. Phil. 1805.
Balder, Hiibner, Zutrago, p. 48. Poih!. Icoiios. pi. \\\). Wm. & IjOc. p.
21(;.
Hah. — Boreal America; Hudson's Buy; Labrador; Quebec.
2. CiiRYXUS, Ilewitson, Gen. Diur. Lejt. pi. (i4. Edwards, Proc. Ent. 8oe. Phil.
18(J3. Hcud.lcr, Pro('. Ent. Hoc. Phil. 18()5.
ITcth. — R( »cky Mountains.
3. Nevauexsis, Felder. Reise der Fr. Novara, III. pi. (>2. Scudder, Proc. Ent.
Soc. Phil. 1805.
Hah. — C-alitbrnia ; Nevada.
4. GiCfAs, Butlei', Gat. Batyridse, Br. .Aluseum, p. 101, pi. 2, 1808.
Hah. — V^ancouver's Island.
5. Semidea, Say, Am. Ent. III. pi. oO. Harris, Ins. Mass. p. 304, 1802.
Seudder, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. 1803; Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil.
18()0.
Also, Bois. & Lee. p. 222.
Hah. — White Mountains, New Ilanipshire.
6. Oeno, Boisduval, Icones, p. lUo, pi. 39. Bois. & Lee. p. 220. INldschler,
Wien. Ent. ]\Ionat. IV. p. 342; VII. p. 211. Seudder, Proc.
Ent. Soc. Phil. 180.").
Also, Boisduval, Icones,' p. 107, j)!. 40. Mdschler, Wien. Ent. Monat.
VII, p. 205.
Cramhis, Freyer, Neu Beitrage, V, p. 9!), pi. 440. Westwood, Gen.
Diur. Lep. p. 383.
Hah. — Boreal America; Labrador.
7. AssiMius, Butler, Gat. Satyridse, Br. Museum, ]). 103, pi. 2, 1868.
Hah. — Boreal America; Repulse Bay.
8. Uhlerii, Reakirt, Proc. Ent. Soc. IMiil. 1806.
Hah. — Colorado.
28
SYNOPSIS OF NOKTII AMKHICAN HUTTKKFLIKS.
9. SuiuiYALiXA, Curtis, Appendix Iloss' Arctic Explorationa, p. 08.
llnl). — Boreal America.
10. Calais, 8cuJdcr, 9, Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil. 18Go.
$ Taygdc, Edwards, Proc. Acad. N-.;t. Sci. Phil. 18G2. ? (not s), Hub-
ncr, Samml. Exot. Schmett.
Hab. — Eupert House, Hudson's Pay.
11. BouE, Esper, Europ. Schmett. pi. 100. Bois. Icones, p. 193, pi. 37. Scud-
der, Proc. Ent, Hoc. Phil. IHO").
7ioo/(?6', llubncr, Europ. tSchniett. I, llgs. 1025 — 1028. Bois. Iconea, p.
191, pi. 37. M.ischler, Wien. Ent. :Monat. IV. p. 342.
Taygetc, Hubner, Saininl. Exot. Schmett. Mcischler, Wien. Ent. Monat.
IV, p. 342; YII. p. 213.
Hal). — Labrador.
12. Stuetchii, Edwards, Trans. Am. Ent. Soc. 1870.
Hab. — Nevada.
W:
I' I
LYCilNIDil.
THECLA, l^ibricius.
1. Halesus, Cramer, pi. 98. Fab. f?p. Ins. p. 11(5; Ent. Syst. Ill, p. 273. Godart,
Enc. Meth. IX, p. 020. Bois. & Lee. p. 83, pi. 25.
DoUchoff, Hubner, Zutrag. ]>. 219.
Juani/d, Scudder. Proc. Post. Soc. Nat. Hist. 1868.
Hub. — Florida to Texas; California.
2.. M-ALBUM, Boisduval. Bois. & Lcc. p. 80, pi. 20'.
Var. P^i/c/u; Bois. & Lcc. p. 88, ]>1. 27.
JIab. — Southern States; occasional in Virginia and Pennsylvania.
3. Spinetokum, Boisduval in Ilewitsoii's lllus. Lye. Ill, fig. 198, 199; Lep. de
la Cal. 1809.
Hab. — California.
4. Favoxius, Abbot, Ins. Ga. pi. 14. Godart, Enc. Meth. IX, p. 035.
Liparops, Bois. & Lee. p. 99, pi. 31.
Hah. — Southern States.
iii m.
SYNOPSIS or yoRTrr amkuk a\ iu'ttkkflif-s.
29
5. HuMULi, Harris, Ins, Mass. p. 27(>, 18G2.
McHnus, Hubiier, Zutrag. fig. 121, 122.
Fttvonius, liois. & Lee. j). Uo, pi. ;}0.
Hyperiei, l^ois. & Loe. p. J»0, pi. 2(S.
Hub. — Soutliorn and AVestern 8tates.
6. Califorxica, Edwards, Proe. Acad. Nat. Bci. Phil. 1802.
Borm, liois. Lep. do la Cal. 18G"J.
ILih. — California.
7. AcADicA, Edwards, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil. 1802; Butterflies of North
America, pi. I of Tliecla.
Var, Sotvhegayi, AVhitney.
//«/>.— New England; Now York; Canada.
8. Cygnus, Edwards, Trans. Am. Ent. Soc. 1871.
Ilab. — Nevada.
9. Edwakdsii, Saunders, MSB.— See Can. Entom. I, p. 98, 99. Scudder, Pr^c.
Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. p. 274, 1870.
Falacer, Harris, Ins. j\Iass. p. 270, 18()2. Scudder, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat.
Hist. p. 378, 18(58; Trans. Chicago Acad. Nat. Sci. I, p. 331.
Calanus, Grote & Robinson, Trans. Am. Ent. Soc. I, pp. 172, 324.
jfiTaZi.— Northern and Western States; Canada.
10. Calanus, Hubner, Sannnl. exot. Schmett. AVestwood & Ilewitson, Gen. Diur.
Lep. II, 48(]. Scudder, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. p. 275, 1870.
Falacer, Godart, Enc. Meth. IX, pp. 000, 033. Bois. & Lee. p. 92, pi.
29. Scudder, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. ]). 378, 1808; Trans.
Chicago Acad. Nat. Sci. I, 331. Grote & Eobiuson, Trans. Am
Ent. Soc. I. p. 172.
//a^».— Atlantic and AA^estern States; Canada.
11. LoRATA, Grote & Robinson, Trans. Am. Ent. Soc. I, p. 171, 1807,
Hab. — Virginia.
12. Ontario, Edwards, Trans. Am. Ent. Soc. 1808; Butterflies of North America
pi. 2 of Tliecla.
Hab. — Canada.
! S
30
SYNOPSIS or NORTH AMKKICAN lU'TTKUFLIKS.
I' >t
13. Strioosa, Harris, Ins. Mass. ]). 270, 18G2. K.lwanlH, r.ntterflies of North
Anu'vioa, ]»1. 2 ofTliccla.
jrab.—'Svw Englaiu! : ^unv York ; AV^'st Virginia.
14. Sylvixus, Boisdiival, Ann. Ent. See. de Fr. 1852.
JIab. — California.
lo. Smilacis, 'Boisdnval. Bois. & TiCe. p. 107, pi. 33.
Jldh. — ;Miil(;le and Western States.
10. AmuKNiANA, Harris, Ins. Mass. p. 277, 1802.
Hah. — Massachusetts.
17. Castai:is, Edwards, Trans. Am. Ent. Soc. 1871.
JIab. — Texas.
18. S.F.Pit'M, Roisdnval, Ann. Ent. Hoe. do Fr. 1852.
Ilab. — California.
19. AuRKTonrM, Boisdnval, Ann. Ent. Soo. de Fr. 1852.
Hub. — California.
20. Chalcis, Behr, MS8. Edwards in Trans. Am. Ent. Soc. 1809.
JFab. — California.
21. Tetua, Bohr, :N[SS. Edwards in Trans. Am. Ent. Soc. 1870.
JIab. — California.
22. Dkyope, Edwards, Trans. Am. Ent. Soc. 1870.
Ilab. — California.
23. Gkunus, Boisdnval, Ann. Ent. Soc. de Fr. 1852.
Ilab. — California.
24. Mopsus, Hubner, Zutrag. fig. 135, 130. Bois. & Leo. p. 109, p. 34. Harris,
Ins Mass. p. 278, 1802.
jfab, — New England to Missouri ; Colorado ; Canada.
25. PoEAs, Hubner, Samml. Exot. Schmctt. Bois. & Lee. p. 111. pL 35.
JJcon, Goilart, Enc. Moth. IX, p. 030.
JIab. — Southern States; West Virginia.
HYXOI'Srs or N0T!TH AMKTUCAX miTTF.RPLrKS.
.•^1
2G. InuH, Codiirt, Enc. Metli. IX, j). 074. Bois & T>(H'. p. 101, pi. .31.
JIu/k— Middle and Southoni Htatcs.
27. Arsack, Boisduvid. Buia. & Loc. ]>. 10;i, pi. ,32.
Var. Jli'iirid, (iroto & Koljinson.
Jlaij. — Middle and tSoutluTii States.
28. Iroidks, Boi.sduval, Ann. Eat. Soc. do Fr. 1852.
Hub. — California.
2'.). NiPiiox, llidjiier, Zutraj;. fig. 20o, 201. Bois. & Lee. ]\ 105, pi. 33.
Jlab, — Northern and Middle States; Colorado; Canada.
30. Erypiion, Boisduval, Ann. Ent Soc. de Fr. 1852.
//«/>. — California.
31. Augustus, Kir])y, Fauna Bor. Amor. IV, pi. 3. Harris, Ins. Mass. p. 279,
18(;2.
11(1 f). — New England; New York; Canada.
32. Behrii, Edwardf, Trans. Ain. Ent. Soc. 1870.
Hal). California.
33. Nelsoni, Boisduval, Lop. de la Cal. 1809,
Ilab. — California.
34. DuMETORUM, Boisduval, ^Ann. Ent. Soc. de Fr. 1852.
Viridis, Edv.ards, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil. 18(52.
ITab. — California.
35. Affinis, Edwards, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil. 1802.
//aZ<.— Utah.
30. L.ETA, Edwards, Proc Aca<l. Nat. Sci. 1802; Buttorflles of North Aniori(>a,
1.1. 1 of Theela.
? Clothilde, Edwards, Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil. 1803.
IIaJ>. — Canada; Maine; Catskill Mts., N. York; Kunuwha, "West
Virginia.
SI
: 'I'
i ,:■.
32
HYNOI'SIH OF NOUTII AMi;UlCAX BUTTiajFI-IKS.
FENTSECA, Groto.
Tarqdinil's, Fiibric-lus, Ent. Syst. Ill, p. ;;r,). (Jodmt, ICiic. Melli. IX, j). 580.
liuis. <Si Iav. [). 1L\S, j»l. ;!7.
Vur. l*orHnina, ScuddiT, Proc. Essox. Ins. 18G3.
JM). — Atlantic and WcHtern HtutoH.
CIIKY.SOrilAXrH, lIubntT.
1. Ajir.RiCAXA, DTrhaii, Can. Nat. V. \i. -40. llarris, lus. Mass. p. 273,
l.S(;2.
rhlem, P>()is. ct Loc. p. 123.
Ifijpojtlilt'dx, Hois. Ann. Ent. Soc. dc Fr. liSi")2.
Hdb. — Northern States; Canada; California.
2. Epixaxtiie, IJoiwdnval. Bois. & Lw-. p. 127, i)l. 38. llarris, Ins. Mass. j).
274, 1S(;2.
Hal). — Xew England; Minnesota; Canada.
3. DoKCAs, Kirbv, Fanna Ror. Amor. IV, ]>]. 2.
Il(d). — British Aniejioa.
4. ViLtoixiirrsis, Edwards, Trans. Am. Ent. Soc. 1870.
I£ab, — Xevada,
5. AiiOTA, Bois(hival, Ann. Ent. Soe. de Fr. 18o2.
Hub. — Californi;i.
(i. Nais, Edwards, Trans. Am. Ent. Soc. 1870.
llab. — Caliibrnia; Xevada.
7. Helloides, Boi8(hival, Ann. Ent. 8oe. dc Fr. 1852.
Hub. — Caliibrnia.
8. Iantiie, Edwards, Trans. Am. Ent. Soc. 1871.
Hub. — Virginia City, Xevada.
9. Makiposa, Reakirt, Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil. 18G7.
Kivuliff, Bois. Lcp. de la Cal. 18G9.
Jfib. — ( 'alilbrnia.
:i"'" I
ill!
10. CASTito, Reakirt, Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil. 18G7.
Zcroc, Bois. Lep. dc la Cal. 18G!).
Hub. — Colorado; Utah.
\W'
SYNOPSIS OF NOKTll AMKUKAN JJUTTKUrUJiS.
11.
12.
13.
14.
lo.
16.
17.
6.
IIkhmks, Kdwanls, Trans. Am. Kiit. Six;. 1870.
Ifdlt. — Ciilit'oniiii ; Nevada.
Hylli's, Cramer, pi. 11. Fal). Sp. Ins. j). 100; Eiit. Sysl. Ill, ]). 2'):].
Thoe, B(iis. in (iuerin. lle^. Anim. do Ciiv. pi. <S1. r>ois. it Lee p. 125,
pi. ;;h.
Hub. — Northern States; Iowa; Wisconsin; Canada.
DiONE, Scudder, Proc. Bost. Hoc Nat. Hist. 1808; Trans. Chicago Acad.
Nat. Hcl. 18(J8.
][(th. — Iowa; Missouri.
Xantiioidks, Bolsduval, Ann. Ent. Hoc. do Fr. 1852.
Hub. — California.
( J()U(i()X, Boisduval, Ann. Ent. Hoc. do Fr. 1852.
ILib. — Calitornia.
RuiiiBu.s, Bchr, Proc. Ent. Hoc. Phil. ISOf?,
Hab. — Oregon
CuPUEUS, Edwards, Trans. Am. Ent. Hoc. 1870.
Hah. — Oregon.
LYC.ENA, Fabriciu
Heteroxea, Boisduval, Ann. Ent. Hoi'. do Fr. 1852.
Hah. — California.
RuFEscEXs, Boisduval, Lep. do la Cal. 1809.
Hah. — California.
Nestos, Boisduval, Lep. de la Cal. 1801).
Hah. — California.
t'lLLA, Behr, Proc. Cal. Acad. Nat. Hci. 1807.
Hah. — California.
Ai:iiAjA, Bohr, Proc. Cal. Acad. Nat. Hci. 18(;7.
Hah. — Calii.i-nia.
FuLiGixosA, Edwards, Proc. Acad. Nat. Hci. Phil. 1802.
Suasa, Bois. Lop. de la Cal. 180U
Hah. — California.
;m
HYNorsiS OV NOKTII AMKKK AN lUTTnirM IIM.
HI-'
t
7. liin;A, JJoistluviil, Ltp. dc la Ciil. 1801).
JI(i/». — Calii'oriiiu.
8. Batt(>ii)i;h, Hdisdnval, Ijcp. do hi Cal., 18(5!>.
I/dfi. — Culiluriiiii.
9. (iLAUcov, Edwards, Trims. Am. Eiit. Soo. 1871.
JJu/j. — iS'uvadii.
10. AcMov, Jlowitsoii & Wostwood, Gen. Diur. Ti('[». pi. 70.
Aiit.(ri/nii, J>()is. Ami. i'^iit. Soc. Fr. lHo'2.
JJu/j. — Culifuniiu; C'uloratlo.
11. ScuDDKRir, Edwards, Proc. Acad. Nat. Scl. Phil. 18G2.
Ildh. — Cuiuida; New York.
12. Lnnxi, Hoisdiival, Lcp. de la Cal. 1809.
JIdb. — Calitbrnia.
13. Calchas. Behr, Proc. Cal. Acad. Nat. Sci. 18G7.
^''iviu)n, Puis. L.'p. do la Cal. 1809.
llab. — Calitbrnia.
14. Anna, Edwards Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil. 1802.
Oijomi, Koakirt, Proc. Ent. Soc. Pliil. 18(')7.
Ai'Djirofoxm, Pi-lir, I'roc. Cal. Acad. Nat. f^ci. 1807.
Philemon, Pois. Lop. do la Cal. 1809.
Hab, — California ; Nevada ; Colorado.
15. REOi , KoiKdnval, Lop. do la Cal. ISOO.
Hab. — Mt. Diablo, California; San Diego.
10. Comyntas, Godart, Enc. Moth. IX, p. 000 Bois. & Lee. p. 120, pi. 36.
Harris, Ins. Mass. p. 27a, 18(')2.
Hab. — Atlantic, W(3storn and Southern States; Canada.
17. A.MYNTULA, Boisduval, Ann. Ent. Soc. Fr. 1852.
Hab. — California.
18. Mom LA, Roakirt, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil. 1806.
JIab. — California.
ly'
SYNOPSIS ov NoKTii AMiiuicAX rii;TTi;Kri.ir..s.
85
10. Tkjua, Ilnikirt, Troc. Acad. Nut,. 8ci. I'liil. l.SOO.
Ifal). — Call lorn iii.
20. Catalina, Hcakirt, Proc. Acml. Nut. Sel. IMiil. ISC.C.
Jl(i/>. — Culit'oniiu.
21. Shasta, Ivlwiinis, Proc. Acail. Nat. Sci. Phil. 18<;2.
Ildij. — Caliluriiiu.
22. ExiLiH, Boisdiival, Ann. Kiit. Soc. Fr. 18o2.
JI(i6. — C'alilurnia; Arizona.
23. IsoLA, Rcakirt, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. IMiil. 1800.
JIuL — AVaco, Texas.
24. Gyas, Edwards, Trans. Am. Eiit. Soc. 1871.
JJdL — Arizona.
2o. FiLEXUS, Pocy, Cent, de I'isle tie Cuba. Boia. & Lcc. jj. 114, pi. oo.
Hal). — iSc (utliern iStutcs.
20. Aquilo, Poisdiival, Iconos, pi. 12. Mosclder, "Wien. Ent. ^Monat. IV, p. 343.
FrankUnil, Curtis, Appendix lloss' Arctic Exj)! orations, i>. 09.
ll(d>. — IJoreal America ; Labrador.
27. ExoPTES, Boisduval, Ann. Ent, Soc. Fr. 1852.
llab. — California.
28. Pardaus, Bebr, Proc. Cal. Aciul. Nat. Sci. 1807.
ll(tl>. — California.
29. FuLLA, Edwards, Trans. Am. Ent. Soc. 1870.
Halt. — Calilbrnia.
30. ViACA, Edwards, Trans. Am. Ent. Soc. 1871.
Hab. — Sierra Nevada, California.
31. MiNTHA, Edwards, Trans. Am. Ent. Soc. 1870.
Hab. — Calit't trnia.
32. Xerxes, Boisduval, Ann. Ent. Soc. Fr. 1852.
Hab. — California.
i
86
BYN()r8IH Ol' NOKTll AMKUKAV IJUTTIvlU'LIKS.
JI(t/). — Calilbrnia.
34. Tehama, ll.-nklit, Proc. Acad. Nut. Si-i. 18(5(5.
J/(t/). — S()utlu>ru Calitbiiiia.
r.5. llusTf(^v, ?, ICdwanIs, Piw. lOnt. Hoc. Tliil. 18(51.
i/a/>. — Colorado.
■h-
8G. riiKUics, Poisduval, Ann. Ent. Soc. Fr. 1852.
JJ<il>. — Calilbrnia.
37. LouQUiNi, Ik^ir, Proc. Cal. Acad. Nat. Sci. 18157.
J/(i/>. — Calitbrnia.
38. Makicopa, llcakirt, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Pliil. 180G.
JJa/). — Calilbrnia.
31). lOiiYMUS, l?oisduval, Ia'j). do la Cal. 18(50.
JJnl). — Calilbrnia,
40. Rapauok, lloakirt, Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil. 1807.
Hal). — Colorado.
41. S;EinoT-us, Boisdnval, Ann. Ent. Soc. Fr. 1852.
liah. — Calilbrnia.
42. D^.PALUS, liolir, Proc. Cal. Acad. Nat. Sci. 1807.
Ifa/>. — Calilbrnia.
43. PuiLKROS, Poisdnval, lii'p. do Li Cal. 18()0.
Jl<t/>. — Calilbrnia.
44. IcAuoiPKs, P.oisdnval, Ann. Ent. Soc. Fr. 1852.
JJah. — California.
45. Amica, i:dwards Proc. Ent. Poc. Pliil. 18(53.
jfab. — Fort lloss, iMackcn/Zu's lUvcr.
40. Mkktila, Edwards, Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil. 1806.
JIab. — California.
BYNOi'srs oi' Noirni AMi:iU( AN imrrKiU'MKH.
87
47. AiiDKA, Edwards. Trans. Am. Eat. Soc. 1^71.
Jlitb. — Xovada.
48. Oiicus, Eilwards, 'I'rans. Am. Eiit. Soc. 1870.
llah. — (.alilbniia,
49. IEeuos, Edwards, I'raiis. Am. l<:ii(,. Soo. 1871.
ll,t(t. — California.
60. liKiiuir, Edwards, IVoc. Acad. Nat. S^-i. riiil. 18(52.
rolilj)li<niii!<, r.ois. Lf[). d(- la Cal. 18(ii).
Jlah. — Cidllornia,
T)!. AiNTi.vcis, Koisdnval, Ann. Em. Soc. Er. 18(;2.
Jlnlt. — Calilorniu.
62. Lyodamah, Donhlcday, Tlu> Enlomoloj^lsl, 1841. Edwards, Butt.'rllics of
^iortli America, pi. 1 of Lyca'tia.
Jfah. — ^[■■■liij^nm to Georgia; Colorado.
T):]. Pi:MiirNA, Edwards, Proc. Acad. Nat. e^ci. IMiil. i8(i2.
JIal). — Now Yoric; Canada; J?ri(ish Amcriciu
«
r.4. KoDiAK, ICdwards, 'iVuns. Am. l^^iit. Soc. 1870.
JIalt. — Jvodialv.
r)5. Lycka, f]dw!mls, Proc. Ent. JSoc. Phil. 18(M.
JIdb. — Colorado.
r)(>. ViOLAciiA, E.lwards, Proc, ICiit. Hoc. IMiil. 18(;(5; r>mtorllics of North America,
|>1. 1 ot'Lyca'na.
lial). — Virginia to i\[in esotu; Ciuiiula.
57. Lucia, Kirhy, Eann:,. Por. Am. p. 200, pi. '^.
JW.udaniiolu^, Harris, Ins. Mass. (l_:;s. H)~y, 100. (not text) 1802.
Uab. — New Englaml; New York; Canada.
58. PiASTiM, IJoisdnval, Ann. l-jit. 8oc. Er. 1852.
iic/*<>, I'ld wards, I 'roc. Ent. 8oc. Phil. 18(!t.
JInb. — Calitbruia.
i
88
SYXOPSIS OF NORTU AMERICAN BUTTERFLIES.
59. Neglecta, Edwards, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil. 18G2; Butterflies of Nortli
America, pi. 2 of Lyctena.
Pseudargiohis, HarrLs, Ins. Mus^. p. 274, text (not plate), 1852.
IIal).~-Ne\y England; Middle States; Minnesota; Colorado; Canada.
60. Pseud ARGiOLUs, Bois. & Lee. p. 118, text (not i)late). Edwards, Proc. Ent.
Soc. Phil. 18(J0; Butterflies of North America, pi. 2 of Lycseua.
Argiolus, Abbot. Ins.Ga. pi. 15.
i^ai.-— Virginia; Pennsylvania; Southern States.
ERYCINIDiE,
LEjMONIAS, Westwood.
1. MoRMO, Felder, Wien. Ent. Monat. Ill, p. 271.
Damdi, Behr, Proc. Cal. Acad. Nat. Sci. 1865.
Hab. — California; Arizona; New Mexico,
2. ViRGULTi, Behr, Proc. Cal. Acad. Nat. Sci. 1865.
Hab. — Southern California.
3. Palmerii, Edwards, Trans. Am. Ent. Soc. 1870.
Hab. — Utah.
CHARIS, Ilubner.
1. CiENius, Linn. Syst. Nat, II, p. 106.
Puwttfe, Bois. & Lee. p. i;]!, pi. 37.
Hab. — Southern States; Texas.
2. BoREALiH, Grote & Robinsor., A.nn. New York Lye. Nat. Hist. 186&
Hab. — New York; Michigan; West Virginia.
EUM^EUS, Hubner.
1. Atala, Poey, Cent. Lep. Guerin, Icon. Regne Anira. Ins. text, p. 489.
Doubleday & Hewitson, Gen. Diur. Lep. pi. 74.
Toxea, Gray, Griffith's Anim. King. XV, pi. 43. Guerin, Icon. Regne
Anim. Ins. pi. 80.
Hab. — Florida.
2. MimrAs, Hubner, Samml. Exot. Sehmett. Bois. Spec. Gen. pi. 21.
Toxm, Godart, Yaw. Metli. IX, p. 826. Lucas, Lep. Exou pi. 79.
Hab. — Texas; New Mexico.
SYNOPSIS OF NOBTH AMERICAX niTTTERFLIES. 39
HESPERIDJ.
ERYCIDES, Hubnor.
1. Urania, Westwood & Ilewitson, Gen. I)iur. Lep. pi. 79.
Ilab. — Texas.
2. Tex/va, Scudder, Report Peabody Acad. Sci. 1871.
Ilab. — Texas.
3. Sanguixea, Rcuddc r, Report Peabody Acad. Sci. 1871.
Hub. — Texas.
THYMELE, Fabricius.
1. Pkoteus, Liimreus, Syst. Nat. II, p. 701. Fab. Sy.st. Ent. p. 532. Cramer,
pi. 2(10. Abbot, Ills. Ga. pi. 18. Bois. & Lee. pi. G*J.
Ilab.— Gu\{ States.
2. SniPLicius, SKjH, Siippt. Cramer, pi. 39.
jiab. — New Mexico; Texas.
EPARGYREUS, ITubner.
1. TiTYRUs, Fabricius, Syst. Ent. p. o32. Abbot, In.s. Ga. ))1. 19. Bois. & Lee.
pi. 72. Harris, Ins. Mass. p. 310, pi. V, 18G2.
Clarus, Cramer, ])1. 41.
Hub. — Atlantic, Gulf and Western >States; Canada.
2. Hesus, Westwood & Ilewitson, Gen. Diur. Lep. pi. 78.
Hub. — Texas.
ACHALARUS, Scudder.
Lycidas, Abbot, Ins, Ga. pi. 20. Bois. & Lee. pi. 71.
Li/clade.% ilubner, Ziitrag. fig. 021, ()22.
Hub. — Southern and A\"estern States; New York.
ACOLASTUS, Scudder
Savtgxyi, Godart, according to Scudder, Report P< abody Acad Sci. 1871.
Hub.— Key West, Florida.
SPATHILEPI A, Butler.
Cellus, Boisduval, Bois. & Lee. pi. 73.
Ilab. — Southern States; West Virginia.
I
40
SYNOPSIS OP NORTH AMTIRIOAN BUTTPRFLIES.
TIIORYBES, Sciuldcr.
1. Batuyllus, Abbot, Ins. Ga. pi. 22. Bois. & Lee. pi. 74.
Hal). — Southern States.
2. Pylades, Sciulder, Proc. Post. Soc. Nat. ilbt 1870.
Bathyllns, Harris, Ins. Mass. p. 312, 1862.
Hal). — Northern and Middle States.
3. Nevada, Scudder, Report Peabody Acad. Sci. 1871.
Hub. — Nevada.
ACHYLODES, Ilubner.
Thuaso, Ilubner, Samml. Exot. Schniett.
Eantis, Bois. Sp. Gen. , V f?.
Tamcnimd, Edw. Trans. - Int. Soc. 1871.
Hab. — Texas.
NISONIADES, Ilubner.
1. JuvENALis. Fabricius, Ent. Syst. HI, p. 'MVX Abbot, Ins. Ga. pi. 21. Bois. &
Lee. pi. 05. Harris, Ins. .Alass. p. SOU, 18G2.
Costa/i.'i, AVestwood, Gen. Diur. J.ep. ])1. 79.
Hab. — Southern and Aliddlc States.
2. PKiisius, Seuddcr, Proc. Essex Ins. 1802, p. 170.
Hab. — Northern and Midille States. '
3. Martialis, Scudder, Trans. Chicago Acad. Nat. Sci. 18u0, p. 335.
Hab. — Iowa.
4. IcELUs, Lintner, 23rd Rep. N. Y. St. illus. Nat. Hist. 1872, p. 162, pi. 7.
Hab. — New York.
5. LrciLius, Lintner, 23rd Rep. N. Y. St. illus. Nat. Hist. 1872, p. 1G4, pi. 7.
i/«Z».— New York.
6. Ausoxms, Lintner, 23rd Rep. N. Y. St. illus. Nat. Hist. 1872, p. 166, pi. 7.
Hab. — New York.
7. Brizo, Boisduval, Bois. & Lee. pi. GO. Harris, Ins. Mass. 1862, p. 309.
Hab. — Northern and Middle States.
8. Tristis, Boisduval. Ann. Soc. Ent, de Pr. 1852.
Hab. — California.
^.i'^l
SYNOPPTS OF JTOKTII A^IKniCAX m;TTEIJFLn:9.
41
9. ? Tages, var. Ceuvantes, Giuslin, Ann. Soc. Ent. de Fr. 1852. Bois ibid
18o2.
llab. — Califoi nia.
PHOLISOKA, Scnddor.
1. Catullus, Cramer, pi. 2G0. Fab. Ent. Sy.st. Ill, p. r.48. Abbot, Ins. Ga.
pi. 24.
Ilab. — Atlantic, Southern and Western States.
2. Hayhuustii, Edwards, Trans. Am. Ent. Soc. 1870.
Hah. — Missouri; West Virginia.
LEUCOSCIRTES, Scudder.
1. Ekicetorum, Boisduval, Ann. Soc. Ent. de Fr. 1852.
Alba, Edw. Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil. 18G(>.
llab. — California; Oregon.
2. Oceaxuj!, Edwards, Trans. Am. Ent. Soc. 1871,
llab. — Arizona.
IIESPERIA, Fabricius.
1. Tessellata, Scudder, Report Peabody Acad. Sci. 1871.
Ollem, Westw. & Ilninph. Brit. But. pi. ;J8. (not Linn.)
llab.—MuXiWa, Southern and Western States ; Colorado.
2. CENTAURE.E, Rauibur, Faun. And. pi. 8, 18;]!). Ilerr. SclneiF. Schmett. Eur.
I, 18;]9. j^L'schler, Wien. l^it. ]\Ionat. VIII, j). 1U3.
Wyandot, Edw. Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil. 18()o.
llab. — Labrador to Virginia.
3. RuRALis, Boisduval, Ann. Soc. Ent. de Fr. 1852.
Eicara, Edw. Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil. 18(54, pi. 1.
llab. — California; Colorado.
4. Cjespitalis, Boisduval, Ann. Soc. Ent. de V\\ 1852.
llab. —California.
5. SciiiPTUUA, Boisduval, Ann. Soc. Ent. de Fr. 1852.
i/aZi. —California.
6. Petueius, Edwards, Trans. Am. Ent. Soc. 1871.
Hah. — Nevada.
42
SYNOPSIS OF NOHTH AMERICAN BUTTERFLIES.
II
ANCYLOXYPIIA, l',l,lcr.
XuMiiOR, Fiibriciiis, Ent. Syst. Ill, p. ;j21.
Piicr, llubiier, Zutrag. f, 275, 27(5.
JIart/inuim, Harris, Ins; Alass. 2iul l':(l. p. 308, 18G2.
JIab. — Atlantic and Western .States.
OAIIISMA, Sciulder.
PowESHEiK, Parker, Am. Ent. II, p. 271, 1870.
Ilab. — Iowa; Illinois.
THYMJOLTCUS, Ilubner.
1. Waco, Edwards, Trans. Am. Ent. Soc. 18G7.
Var. Minima, Ya{\\. ibid, 1870.
7/r,/,._T(.x;is.
2. Puocius, E Iwai'ds, Tran^. Am. ICiit. 8ac. 1371.
Hah. — Texas.
3. AiiE.vi:, Edwards, Trans. Am. Ent. Soc. 1871.
Hah. — Arizona.
4. Gaiuta, IleakirL, Proc. Ent. Hoc. I'hil. iy(;7.
Hyku, Edw. Trans. Am. Ent. Sue;. 1871.
Hah. — Colorado.
5. RuiiicoLA, Boisduval, Ann. Soc. Ent. do Fr. 1852.
Hal). — California.
POTANTll US, Scudder.
1. Omaha, Edwards, Proc. Ent. Soc. Pliil. 18G3.
Jliuffo, Edw. ibid, 180-3.
Hah. — Colorado.
2. Califobxica, Scudder, Rej)ort Peabody Acad. Sci. 1871.
Hal). — California.
CYCLOPIDES, Ilubner.
1. Maxdan, Edwards, Proc. Ent. Soc. IMiil. 1802, pi. 5.
/ Mesapano Scud, l^roc. Post. Soc. Nat. Hist. 1868.
Hah. — Great Slave Lake; Maine.
2. Skada, Edwards, Trans. Am. Ent. Soc. 1871.
Hub. — Aliaska.
SYNOPSIS OF NOUTII AMERICAN nUTTEI!Fr.i::S.
AMBLYSCIRTES, 8cii(l<l.r.
1. ViALia, Edwards, Proc. Acad. Nat. Soi. Phil. 18G2.
Hab. — Middle and Western States.
2. Eos, Edwards, Trans. Am. Ent. Soc. 1871.
Hab. — Texas.
3. SA>rosET, Scuddor, Proc. Essex Ins. p. 78, 18G2.
Ilcr/on, Scuddcr, ihid, p. 77.
Kcmoria, Edw. Proc. Ent, Soc. Phil, 18G3.
Alternata, G. & II. Trans. Am. Eat. Soc. 18G7.
Ilab. — Northern and Middle States.
4. KiowAii, Reakirt, Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil. 18G7.
Hab. — Colorado.
5. Iloiuis, Edwards, Trans. Am. Ent. Soc. 1871.
//«/>.— Texas.
STOMYLES, Scudder.
TicxToit, Ilnhner, Zutrag. f. 51"), 51G.
Oncko, Scud. Proc. Essex. Ins. 18G2.
Wahnlla, Edw. Ti-ans. Am. Ent. Soc. 1869.
7/a/;.— Gulf States.
OCYTES, Scudder.
1. RiDiNGSii, Pveakirt, Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil. 18v.'.
Hab. — Colorado.
2. Mete A, Scudder, Proc. Essex Ins. 18G2,
Hab. — Connecticut ; Colorado.
3. Draco, Edwards, Trans. Am. Ent. Soc. 1871.
Hab. — Colorado; Utah; California.
4. Seminole, Scudder, Report Peabody Acad. Sci. 1871.
//ai.— Florida.
POANES, Scudder.
Massasoix, Scudder, Proc. Essex Ins. 18G2.
Hab. — New England; New York.
PriYCANASSA, Scudder.
Viator, Edwards, Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil. 18G4. pi. 1.
Hab. — Gulf States; Illinois.
43
44
SYNOPSIS OF NOKTH AMiiRICAX BUTTKJIFLIES.
ATRYTONE, Scudder,
1. Iowa, Scudder, Trans, Chicago Acad. Nat. 8ci, 1869.
ViiclHii.t, Abbot, Ins. Ga. pi. 17. (not Fab.)
Iiu/j. — Florida; Iowa.
2. Delaware, Edwards, Proc. Ent. Soc. Fhil. 18G3, pi. 5.
2, Lo(jnn, Edw, ibid, pi. 1.
Hab. — West Virginia; Delaware; Tennsylvauia.
3. CoxspicuA, Edwardb, 9, Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil. 1863. Scud, i, Proc. Chicago
Acad. Nat. Sei. 1868. Parker, Can. Ent. 1871.
Hub. — Michigan ; Wisconsin ; Iowa.
4. Zabulox, Boisduval. Bois. & Lee. pi. 76.
Hub. — West Virginia; Southern States.
5. IIonoMOK, Harris, Ins. Mass, 2nd Ed. p. 313, 1862.
Qiiadaquhia, Scud. Proc. Best. Soc. Nat. Hist. 1868:
Pocahontas, var. ?, ibid, Proc. Es.<ex Ins. 1862.
Hah. — New England; Middle States; Canada.
EUTHYMUS, Scudder.
PhylvEUS, Drury, 1, pi. 13. Bois. & Lee. pi. 78.
VitelUus, Fab. Ent. Syst. Ill, p. 327.
Hab. — Middle, Southern and Western States.
PAMPIIILA, Fabricius.
1. Juba, Scudder, Report Peabody Acad, Sei. 1871.
Comma, Bois. Ann. Soc. Ent. de Fr. 1852. (not Linn.)
Hab. — California; Colorado.
2. Columbia, Scudder Report Peabody Acad. Sei. 1871.
Hab. — California.
3» Sassacus, Scudder, Proc. Essex Ins. 1862.
Hab. — New England.
4. Napa, Edwards, Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil. 1864, pi. 1.
Dacotah, Edw. Trans. Am. Ent. Soc. 1871.
Hab. — Colorado.
5. Melane, Edwards, Trans. Am. Ent. Soc. 1869.
Hab. — California.
' I
s*riM&*
SYNOPSIS OP NORTH AMERICAN BUTTEUFLIKS.
40
G. Ottoe, Edwards, Prnc. Ent. Soe. Pliil. 1800.
Ilab. — Kansas; Indian Territory.
ATALOrEDES, ScMddcr.
1. Huron, Edwards, Troc. Eat. 8oc. Pliil. 180.'?, j.!. 1.
Hob. — West Virginia; Louisiana; Texas.
2. Campestris, Boisduval, Ann. Soe. Ent. de Fr. 18o2.
11(d). — California.
ANTHOMASTER, Scudder.
1. Leoxardus, Harris, Ins. Mass. 2nd Ed. p. 31 i, 18G2.
Ilab. — New England to West Virginia.
2. Uncas, Edwards, Proe. Ent. Soe. Phil. 1803, jil. 5.
Hub, — Pennsylvania; Ohio.
POLITES, Scudder.
1. PECKiU3,.Kirby, Faun. Bor. Anier. IV, p. 300, pi. 4.
Wamsutta, Harris, Ins. Mass. 2iid Ed. p. 318, 1862.
i/aZ».— Northern and Middle States; Canada.
2. Sabuleti, Boisduval, Ann. Soe. Ent. de Fr. 1852.
Ilab. — California.
OCIILODES, Seuddor.
1. Nemorum, Boisduval, Ann. Soe. Ent. de Fr. 1852.
Yreka, Edw. Proe. Ent. Soe. Phil. 1800.
Ilab. — California.
2. Agricola, Boisduval, Ann. Soe. Ent. de Fr. 18o2.
Ilab. — California,
3. SoNORA, Scudder, Report Peabody Acad. Sri. 1871.
Hab. — Sierra Nevada, California.
AUGIADES, Hubnor.
? 1. Sylvanoides, Boisduval, Ann. Soe. Ent. de Fr. 1852.
Ilab. — California.
?2. Pratincola, Boisduval, Ann. Soe. Ent. deFr. 1852.
Hob. — California.
i
f
^
4G
SYNOPSIS or XOllTn AMHUICAN BUTTKEl'LlJiH.
ITEDONK, Soudder.
1. BiiKTTUs, Boisduviil, 9, 13()iH. & Lcc. jil. 75.
W'ui(jlna, ,?, Sciul. Proc. Ewsex Ins, 1802.
//ffi.— Gulf States.
2. OuoNO, Scudder, Report Pciibody Acad. Sci. 1871t
llab. — Northern States.
3. EoEREMKT, Seudder, Proc. Essex Ins. 18G2.
Otho, Bois. & I^ee. pi. 77.
Hab. — Middle and AVestern States.
4. Ohio, Abbot, Ins. Ga. pi. 11.
/M.— Gulf States.
LTMOCITORES, Scudder.
1. Mystic, Scudder, Proc. Essex Ins. 1802. Edw. Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil. 1863, pi. 1.
Hab. — New England; New York; Canada.
2. PoNTiAC, Edwards, Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil, 18G3, pi. 11.
Ilah. — Michigan.
3. BiMACULA, Grote & Robinson, Ann, Lye, Nat. Hist. N. Y. 1867.
Acanootus, Scud. Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. 1868.
Hab. — New England.
4. Manataaqua, Scud. Proc. Essex Ins. 1802.
Cerncs, Harris, Ins. Mass. 2nd Ed. p. 316, 1862.
Hab. — Southern States.
6. Cernes, Bois. & Ijcc. pi. 76.
Arogos, Bois. & Lee. pi. 76.
Ahatoii, Harris, Ins. Mas^. 2nd Ed. p. 317, 1862.
? Tauinas, Fab. Mant. Ins. p. 84.
Hab. — Colorado and States East of Rocky Mountains.
6. LiciNUS, Edwards, Trans. Am Ent. Soc. 1871.
Hab. — Texas.
7. Arpa, Boisduval. Bois. & Lee. pi. 68.
ZTa^.— Gulf States.
8. Palatka, Edwards, Trans. Am. Ent. Soc. 1867.
Hab. — Florida,
HYXOPSIS or NOUTII AMIOUKAX UUTTKUI'LIES.
47
9. BULENTA, Bolwduvul. Boirt. it Lee. pi. (\7.
Ilah. — Gulf States.
ErrHYES, Sru.ldcr.
1. Metacomkt, IliirriH, Ins. IVfass. 2ii(l VA. p. •.Ml, \^(\%
Rurca, E«l\v. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil. 18()2.
Hab. — Miildle and Western States.
2. Attalus, Edwards, Trans. Am. Ent. .Soc. 1,S71.
Hal). — Texas.
3. OsYKA, Edwards, Trans. Am. Ent. Soc. 18G7.
Iltib. — Florida; Texas.
4. Verxa, Edwards, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil. 1862.
JIab. — Maryland ; Virginia.
6. Vestuis, Boisduval, Ann. Soc. Ent. do Fr. 18o2.
Hub. — California.
LERODEA, Scudder.
1. EuFALA, Edwards, Trans. Am. J':nt. Soc. 1809.
Hdb. — Louisiana ; Texas.
2. FuscA, Grote & Robinson, Trans. Am. Ent. Soc. ISO/.
Hab. — Georgia; Florida.
PRENES, Scudder.
1. Panoquix, Scudder, Proc. Essex Ins. 1802.
Ophis, Edw. Trans. Am. Ent. Soc. 1871.
Hah. — New England; Florida.
2. OcoLA, Edwards, Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil. 18G3. pi. 11.
Hab. — Gulf States.
CALPODES, Ilubner,
Ethlius, Cramer, IV, 392.
Ckcmnis, Fab. Ent. Syst. Ill p. 331.
Olyiithus, Bois. & Loc. pi. 7").
Hab. — Gulf States.
48
SYNOPSIS OF NOIITH AMF-UK'AX nUTTKIlFMES.
If I
:i '
Ji . ,■
It' .-:;5i
OLTGOKIA, ScuiUlcr,
Macitlata, Edwanln, Proc. Eiit. Soc. IMiIl. IHCA. \>\. 1.
Hub. — CJt'uryia ; Louisiana.
ij:i{e:>ia, Scuddor.
1. Accir.s, Al)l)ot, Ttih. rja. pi. 'l'.).
Moiioco, Sc'uddcr, Proc. Khkox Ins. 18G2.
Nortonil, Edw. TruuH. Am. VaxL Soc. 1807.
PuadcJln, Groto & Robin.son, Trans. Am. Eut. Soc. 1867.
Hab.—QwU States.
2. HiAV.VA, SciKlder, Proo. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. 18G8.
Ilab, — ^lassacliusottH; New York.
MEGATHYMUS, Scudder.
Yuccj':, Boisduval. Bois. & Lcc. pi. 70.
Hub. — Gulf States; California.
The following species have been described by Scudder and Burgess only from
peculiarit.es in genital armor, and their value is not determined. All belong to
the Genua Nisoniades. See also Parker, Canadian Entomologist, 1871.
Terentius, Funeralis, Ovidius, Eunius, Propertius, Tibullus, Iloratius, Virgi-
lius, Plautus.
SUPPLEMENT.
Papilio AliasKA, Scudder, Proc, Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. 1869.
Hab. — Aliaska; Hudson's Bay.
PiEEis ViRGixiENSis, Edwards, Trans. Am. Ent. Soc. 1870; Butterflies of North
America, Plate II of Pieris.
Hab. — West Virginia; Ontario, Canada.
PlEEls HuLDA, Edwards, Trans. Am. Ent. Soc. 1869.
Hab. — Kodiak.
Pieris Calyce, Edwards, Trans. Am. Ent. Soc. 1870.
Hab. — Nevada.
Anthocaris Julia, Edwards, Trans, Am. Ent. Soc. 1872.
Hab. — Colorado.
BYXOP8IH OF XOUTII AMI'.Krc.V.V JllTTr.lfrMKS.
49
A.NTUot'Aius Olymima, I'Mwiinls, Tniiis. Am. I]iit, Soc. isjl.
Jliih. — Went Virgiiiiii; Illinois; Mis.soiiri; Ti-xaa.
ANTiioCiVms IIyantis, IMwunlH, Traii.s, Am. Kiit. 8oc. 1871.
lldh. — Culitorniti.
Antiiocauw IlKAKiitTir, Kdwanls, Tmns. Am. I-nt. Soc. 1809; Butti'rflioa of
Xorlli Amcricii, I'lato I of Aiitii(trari.s.
lldh. — Calii'oniia.
CoLFAH Mi:Ai>it, Edwards, Trans. Am. lOnt. Soc. 1.S71; ButUTllios ot'XortU Amur-
ica, I'late VUlofColius.
Hub. — Colorado.
CoLiAH AsTU.KA, I'Mwards, Trans. Am. Ent. Hoc. 1H7L'.
ll(tl>. — Montana.
AncjYXNis Ixop.N'ATA, Eilwanls, Trans. Am. Ent. Hoc. 1872.
][<ih. — California.
Aroywis Mkadii, I'Mwards, Trans. Am, Ent. Hoc. 1872.
. J[(ih. — Colorado; Montana.
Akgyxnis Euuyxomi;, Edwards, Trans. Am. Ent. Hoc. 1872.
lldh. — Colorado.
Akoyxxw I3ui;mxi:uh, Edwards, Trans. Am. Ent. Hoc. 1872.
Ilah. — Han Juan island.
Argyxxis IIklhxa, Edwards, Trans. Am. Ent. Hoc. 1871.
lldh. — Colorailo.
Phy'ciodes Orseis, Edwards, Trans. Am. Hoc. 1871.
Huh. — California.
Phyciodes Caxaci:, J^^dwards, Trans, Am. Ent. Hoc. 1871.
Hah. — Houthcrn California.
Phyciodes Camillus, Edwards, Trans. Am. Ent. Hoc. 1871.
? 2 Emhsa, ibid. 1871.
Hah. — Colorado.
Grapta Hilexus, S, Edwards, Trans. Am. Ent, Hoc, 1872; S, ibid, 1870.
Hah. — Oregon; Han Juan Island.
Erebia Rhodia, Edwards, Trans. Am. Ent. Hoc. 1871.
Hah. — Colorado
50
SYNOPSIS OF \OKTU AMERICAN BUTTERFLIES.
I , ^!l
EuEBiA Callias, Edwards, Trans. Am. Eut. Soc. 1871
Hah. — Colorado.
Erebia Haydenii, Edwards, in Report of Ilayden's Yellowstone Exjoed. of 1871.
llah. — ^Montana.
Erebia Meaph, Edwards, Trans. Am. Ent. '>oc. 1872.
ILih. — Colorado.
Satykcs CiiAROx, Edwards, Trans. Am. Ent. 8oe. 1872.
Hub. — Colorado.
CiiRYSOPiiAXUS SiRius, Edwar<ls, Trans. Am. Ent. Soc. 1871.
Hub. — Colorado.
Thecla Nixus, Edwards, Trans. Am. Ent. 8oc. 1871.
Hub. — Colorado.
Tuecla Autolycus, Edwards, Trans. Am. Ent. Soc. 1871.
llab. — Texas.
TiiECLA Alcestis, Eilwards, Trans. Am. Ent. Soc. 1871.
Hub. — Texa^:.
Ly'C-EXA Dauxia, Edwi.rds, Trans. Am. Ent. Soc. 1871.
Hub. — ( ,'olorado.
Lyc.exa Alce, Edwards, Trans. Am. Eni. Soc. 1871,
Hah. — Colorado.
Lyc^xa Ly'cea, Edwards, .t, Proc. Ent. Soc. Fhii. 18G4; 5, Trans. Am. Ent.
Soc. 1871.
Hub. — Colo'-ado.
Lyc.exa Rusti • Edwards, "J, Proo. Ent. Soc. Phil. 18Go; <?, Trans. Am. Ent.
Soc. 1871.
Hub. — Colorado
ERRATA.
Argyxxts Monno)7!a, Bois. 18(19, i-; ^Tontivaga, Bclir, l8Go, not Ncnoqii Is, Heak.
Piiyciodes Or.srt, Bois. 18G9, is Moxtaxa, Bohr, 18G3.
CmoxoBAS Stretchii, Edwards, 1370, is Satyrus Ridixgsii, EdNv. 18G5.
Lyc.exa CUla, Belir, 18G7, is Teilvma, E 'akirt, 18GG.
For VicToRiXA Sti".i,i:xi;s, read V. Sti:xi:i.i:s.
Argy'xxis Astarte, Doublcday, is bel'cved not to be a IS'orth American species.
SYNOPSIS OP NORTH AMERICAN BUTTERFLIES.
61
NOTES.
In preparing the Synopsis manuscriiit names have heen omirted and names
of species tliat liave heen erroneously credited to the :N"orth Americiin fauna. As
respects the genera, I have aimed at giving those willi vvliicli our ]e2)idopterists have
now for several years been familiar. An exception was necessary in case of the
Hesperidse, a family hitherto greatly neglected and in which material had accunui-
lated to a vast extent, rendering revision imperative. Mr. Scudder has for some
years been engaged in this work, and his recently published results I have large-
ly followed.
Pages 1 to (5, 10, 11 and 19, have been reprinted with corrections since their
origiual issue.
Papilio Aliaska. — I have substituted this name for Mnchmn, considerino- the
American insect to be sufficiently distinct from the European to entitle it to a^spe-
cific name, as pointed out by Mr. Scudder.
Papilio Calverleyh.— Tlie individual described by .Air. Grote was a male
and seemed to bo a vari(;ty of Adcrlas, rather because of its similarity of siiaj)e,
and from its having been taken wlierc Asferim was a common specie;!, and from'
(he fact that in so well worked a district as Western Long hsland nothing ap-
proaching it had before been seen. It was regarded as one of tliose extremc*vari-
ations occasionally seen among the butterflies. I have examined the fine female
taken by Mr. Mead, high up the St. John's Iliver, Florida, and ctTtainly cannot
nndertake to pronounce it a variety. It is as distinct in all res])ects except in shape
from Aderias as is Tuniiis. If it is a mere variety, no better illus(ratit)n of the
origin of a S2)ecie3 is needeil. It is not improbable^that this butterfly is common
enough in southern Florida, which is a terra incognita to lepidopterists. That an
individual should have ])eou fouiul on Long Island is less remarkable when we
consider how many strictly southern insects and birds have been found there
while unknown upon the adjoining main land.
Thecla Liparops.— By reference ,o the original nnpublislied drawings of
Abbot, in the British Museum, Mr. ^<-udder has ascertained that this species was
intended by Boisduval and Leconte U represent the butterfly described by Ilari-is
as Strigosa. How utterly unlike the latter as delineated in 'this Volume a glance
will show. On comparing the description in BoLsduval and Leconte with the
insect, and then with their plate, it is evident that the description icas not drawn
from the former, but from the plate, which is so wretched an attempt at copying
*
62
SYNOPSIS OF NOETH AMERiCAN BUTTERFLIES.
Abbot that nothing less direct than Mr, Scudder's statement would establish the
fact that it was intended to be a copy. For forty years the species has puzzled
lepidopterists, nothing like that plate having been seen in nature. It seems to me
beyond doubt in such case that no right can attach to the description or plate in
Boisduval and Leconte, and that the name given by Harris should be retained.
Phyciodes Ismeria. — The case of this species is parallel to that of Liparops,
and we are now told that the figures in Boisduval and Leconte are meant to repre-
sent Carlota, Reakirt. These figures likewise purport to be coj^ies from Abbot, but
give no idea whatever of the butterfly. The description is made up in same man-
ner as that of Liparops, and on same grounds I think the name Ismeria should
be discarded and Carlota retained.
There are enumerated in the Synopsis 509 species, of which, previous to 1852,
137 were known to belong to the then United States and British America. Be-
tween 1852 and 18G0, 61 species were added, and since 1860, 311.
ii
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